diff --git a/-I-WA_kSkfA.txt b/-I-WA_kSkfA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5ae786803401f2c45dcd9961bc2ee58099f9154 --- /dev/null +++ b/-I-WA_kSkfA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3999 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right +so today, we're + +going to have a review of the +visual and oculomotor systems + +that I've covered so far. + +And what I'm going +to do is I'm going + +to go over many, many +basic facts in a rather + +quick fashion, which will sort +of refresh your memory of what + +we have covered so far +and also will make you + +more aware of what you want to +look at carefully when you look + +at the material on the +website, on Stellar, + +and also when you read +the assigned readings. + +I want to remind all +of you again that you + +will have to put +together that paper + +on the accessory optic system +that I will mention very + +briefly at the +end of the review. + +And your prime task +there will be-- + +that's an old paper +published in the 1960s, which + +was a major discovery +at the time-- + +and your task will +be predominantly + +to say what-- well, first of all +what has been discovered there, + +that you can cover in a +paragraph and then to add to it + +what people have +contributed to the study + +of that area since +that original paper. + +All right, so anyway +then I will mention + +at the end or so a bit +more about the exam, which + +is going to take place on +Wednesday right in here, which + +is going to consist of +multiple choice questions. + +All right, so to +begin with then, + +let's talk about the basic +wiring of the visual system + +that we have covered. + +And that is outlined here for +the primate and for the human. + +And I should mention as I had +gone in the initial lecture + +that this is different from +many of the lower level + +species in which the +two eyes look sideways, + +and each eye sends all of its +retinal ganglion cell axons + +across to the other +hemisphere in the brain. + +Now this big change +occurred when + +the eyes move to the front. + +And we have discussed already +why that may have happened. + +And as a result of this, if you +imagine cutting your vertically + +in half, you divide it into +the nasal and temporal hemi + +retinae. + +And it so happens +that the nasal hemi + +retina of one eye and +the temporal retina + +of the other eye +goes to one side, + +and the obvious happens +to the other side. + +The connections are made to +several areas, most notably + +for our purposes, was the +lateral geniculate nucleus + +but also the superior colliculus +and several other structures + +that we have talked +about that include + +the accessory optic system. + +Once the connections +come up to the cortex, + +several cortical areas-- we'll +talk about that in a minute-- + +have evolved that are involved +in progressively higher levels + +of visual analysis. + +Now this circle here-- +hopefully you guys + +remember-- is either called +the Vieth-Muller circle, + +or it's called the horopter. + +And it was shown by a +clever experimentalist + +that if you put any +spot along that circle + +when the person fixes at +this point in the circle, + +all of those points impinge on +corresponding points in the two + +retinae. + +However, if there's +an object that + +seemed to be beyond or closer +to the eye than the circle, + +then they hit non equivalent +points in the retina. + +And that non equivalency +is actually used + +for depth perception, +as we have discussed, + +and I will mention again when +it comes to a stereopsis. + +So that is the very, very +basic wiring arrangement. + +And then if you +proceed from here + +and look at the retina and +the lateral geniculate nucleus + +in a bit more detail, first +starting with the retina. + +I wanted to point out +to you first of all + +that there are two different +kinds of photoreceptors. + +You all know this +very well by now. + +You knew this before +you came to class. + +You have the rods and the cones. + +There are three basic types of +cones, red, green, and blue, + +which more appropriately refer +to short, medium, and long + +wavelength selective cones. + +And then we have the rods. + +Now what happens is +that the light comes in, + +in this case from the bottom +if you look at yourself. + +The light comes in, and +it goes through many + +of the cells in the retina. + +And it impinges +on the receptors, + +which are facing away from +the light against the pigment + +epithelium. + +And as I've mentioned +to you, there + +have been some +interesting questions + +as to why this strange +arrangement had emerged. + +Nobody had predicted that +before we had any anatomy, + +people just thought if +there were any receptors, + +they would face the light. + +So that's certainly a strange +arrangement, an unusual one. + +And a lot of +speculation have been + +advanced as to why +this has happened. + +And I will just briefly +mention two of those. + +One is that when +these photoreceptors + +are right against the +pigment epithelium, which + +in diurnal animals is black, +and absorbs the photons thereby + +preventing scattering of light. + +As a result of which, +you can gain high acuity. + +And that is known by the +fact that if you assess + +the visual capacities of albinos +who don't have a black pigment + +epithelium because they +lack pigment-- that's + +the definition of +being an albino-- + +most people have very poor +vision because the photons + +come into the eye, and they +scatter all over the place + +and activate many photoreceptors +rather than just those + +which the incoming photon +would hit directly. + +So that is the +arrangement for these. + +Another factor, which I don't +think I may not have mentioned + +is that what you have +in these photoreceptors + +are little packets, if you talk +about the rods in particular, + +you have little +packets, each of which + +has the molecules, +which are sensitive + +to the incoming light. + +And each of these +packets-- there + +are about 1,000 packets +in each of these rods. + +And each of those 1,000 packets +is about 10,000 molecules. + +So we're talking about +gigantic numbers. + +Now what happens is that given +this 1,000 of-- about 1,000 + +packets, they are not +there for your life. + +What happens is that +the packets gradually + +disintegrate and get +replaced by a new one. + +It's about once every 10 +days you lose a packet, + +and you gain a new one. + +Now that means that some of +this stuff gets sloughed off. + +And one of the reasons people +think that the photoreceptors + +ended up facing away from +the light is that they could + +be close to this inner +part of the retina + +where anything that's +sloughed off can be absorbed + +rather than being just +thrown into the eye itself, + +into the vitreous, +because if that + +were to happen over +many, many years, + +the vitreous would become +cloudy, and you couldn't see. + +So those are two +possible reasons + +why this strange +arrangement has evolved. + +And you see this in +virtually all species. + +There are just a few species +that have-- and most of those + +are actually in the sea-- +who have photoreceptors + +that face towards the light. + +All right, and then +if you proceed here, + +the other amazing thing +that had been discovered + +is that all the photoreceptors +hyper polarized to light. + +Again, they do the opposite +of what people had thought. + +You'd think that +when photons come in, + +they would activate +the photoreceptors, + +and they would send the +signal down the stream + +through the eye. + +Turns out the opposite +happens that the discharge + +on the neurotransmitter +here occurs + +when there's a darkening rather +than an increase in light. + +That's an important +factor to remember. + +That's true for all +the forests accept + +as all photoreceptors +hyperpolarized to light. + +You know this well already. + +I must have said that +about 10 times by now. + +Now the amazing +thing is that when + +you come to the bipolar cells, +the next set of receptors here, + +it was discovered +that two basic types + +of several different types +like from for the major parasol + +cells, but there are two basic +types, the on and the off. + +And this is accomplished by +having two kinds of synapses + +in the on and off bipolar cells, +sign conserving ones and sign + +inverting ones. + +This is accomplished +in the on bipolars + +by virtue of the [INAUDIBLE] +six receptor site + +and the [INAUDIBLE] one and +two for the off bipolar cells. + +So that means now that you have +signals in some of these cells + +when there's an increase in +light and the signals in some + +where there's a +decrease in light. + +So that's the situation for +the on and off bipolars. + +And then when you come into the +level of the ganglion cells, + +two major classes of ganglion +cells are the on and the off. + +Now I'll talk about that in +more detail in just a minute. + +Now the other +interesting, curious thing + +is that when you +look at the rods, + +the rods-- and they connect +to their bipolar cells. + +They are all sign +inverting synapses. + +They only come in one +type, at least in humans + +and in primates. + +So what happens then to +create on and off section + +done in the inner +retina by virtue + +of having a synapse here +[INAUDIBLE] to amacrine cell, + +which is a glycinergic synapse, +and it also makes connections + +to the on bipolar, +which is a gap junction. + +And this way, it becomes +a double ended system + +for the rods as well +as for the cones. + +So hopefully you guys +all remember this. + +I know it's complicated. + +But that is something that one +doesn't have a choice about. + +That's how it simply is. + +All right, so now we move on. + +And we are going to look at +the lateral geniculate nucleus. + +Here's a cross section of it. + +I've shown you before. + +It was discovered that +the lateral geniculate + +nucleus in central retina-- +this is a monkey retina. + +The human is very +similar, so input + +from a monkey retina to the +lateral geniculate nucleus. + +And the six layers consist +of two major types, + +the parvocellular so called +the magnocellular layers. + +And what was discovered is +that the parvocellular layers + +get input from the +midget cells that we'll + +talk about in just a minute. + +And the bottom two layers, which +are the magnocellular layers + +get input from +the parasol cells. + +And then what happens is that +when you go from central vision + +to peripheral vision, +you have a huge change + +in the productive percentage +of midget and parasol cells + +that you have in the retina +and in the lateral geniculate + +nucleus near the fovea. + +In the foveola itself, you +don't have any parasol cells, + +but in the fovea itself you do. + +And there's a ratio +of about eight to one. + +And then as you go +to the periphery, + +eventually they're +equally in number. + +So there's a huge emphasis +on the midget system + +in central vision and +the much increased + +emphasis on the parasol +cells in peripheral vision. + +So that's the arrangement. + +And this is reflected +in the geniculate, which + +has six layers in central +vision after about 18 degrees. + +And it has four layers +in the periphery where + +the midget and parasol +inputs are pretty much + +equal as reflected +by these four layers. + +So that's the basic arrangements +for the lateral geniculate + +nucleus. + +Now if we move on-- let +me say one more thing. + +The receptive field properties +of cells in the retina, + +in retinal ganglion +cells, I should say, + +and in the lateral geniculate +nucleus are highly similar. + +They're virtually identical. + +You have circular +receptive fields + +with centers around antagonism. + +All right, now if you +move on and move up + +to the visual +cortex, what happens + +is that there's a huge +change that arises, + +the beautiful discoveries +made by Hubel and Wiesel + +for which they had +received the Nobel Prize. + +And this is just a quick +view of the monkey brain. + +Here is area V1. + +I'll come back to the +other areas in a minute. + +The nice thing about +this in the monkey + +is that this area is +[INAUDIBLE] as I had told you. + +And because of that, +it's easy to study + +the cells and their +properties in area V1. + +All right, so now if one +examines the properties + +of single cells +in area V1, it was + +discovered some major +transformations had occurred + +in the inputs from the +lateral geniculate nucleus. + +And these major transforms can +be summarized in just a second. + +But I will first tell you +that there is a differential + +input from the parvocellular +and magnocellular layers, which + +project respectively to [? 4C ?] +beta and [? 4C ?] alpha. + +And then there's +yet another class + +of cells that originates in +the retina that are project + +into the inter lamina +layers, and they + +project into the upper +portions of the visual cortex. + +So now if one looks in +detail at the properties + +of these cells, which we +have discussed quite a bit. + +You can refer to +these as transforms. + +The transforms of the visual +input into the cortical cells. + +So when you're record +from these cortical cells, + +you'll find one big transform +is that these cells, + +the overwhelming +majority of these cells, + +become orientation selective. + +Many cells become +direction selective, + +virtually all simple cells and +about half the complex cells. + +So direction selectively +becomes very important. + +We'll talk about that in a +bit more detail later on. + +Then, some cells are +spatial frequency selective. + +Many cells get an +input from both eyes. + +And there's a +convergence of input + +from the on and off channels. + +This is also true for +some of the cells that + +get a convergent input from +the midget and parasol cells. + +So those are the +major transforms + +that you see in +the visual cortex. + +All right, so now as a result of +having made these discoveries, + +people came up with +a question of how + +is this organized in +the visual cortex. + +And the first point +that I had made + +is that there's a +topographic layout + +of the visual field +in visual cortex. + +But with much more +area allocated + +for central vision than +peripheral vision simply + +copying the relative +percentage of cells + +already in the retina that +exist in central vision + +and peripheral vision +and because the thickness + +of the gray matter in cortex is +about two millimeters roughly. + +And it's constant. + +More space has to be +allocated for central vision + +than peripheral vision. + +And as a result of +these people that + +studied the spacial +arrangement and organization + +of the visual cortex-- +and the initial model + +that was proposed, +if you remember, + +is the Hubel and +Wiesel model, according + +to which in one +direction you have + +the alternation of +left and right eyes. + +You have column, left, +right, left, right. + +And in the other direction, +you have a systematic change + +in the orientation of cells. + +Now this model +didn't fare that well + +because it's not as neat +as has been proposed. + +An alternative model +was the Raidial model. + +And the last one +I'm showing here, + +which I call the Swirl +model is not really a model + +because some very +clever experiments that + +have been carried +out by [INAUDIBLE] + +actually did optical +recording and demonstrated + +that the visual +cortex from the top + +looks something +like this where you + +have indeed systematic +arrangement of orientations + +in left and right eye columns. + +But it's not a +straight linear factor, + +but it's kind of a +swirly arrangement. + +So that then established +what is the layout + +of the primary visual cortex. + +OK now the other important +thing that we had emphasized + +is that contrary to some +of the popular ideas + +that people have had that +the cells in the brain + +are feature selective, +meaning that they'll extract + +specific features from the +visual scene like say one cell + +extracts color, another cell +extracts a particular face, + +and so on. + +It turns out that that's +a false impression + +that people had gained. + +And instead what is +happening that any given one + +cell processes many different +kinds of visual information. + +And it's the activity of +thousands and thousands + +of cells in a network that +can come up with the percepts + +that you perceive. + +Now that's extremely +complicated, 10 times more + +complicated than any computer. + +And it is something +that to a larger extent + +still has not been solved. + +You don't know how does a +person recognize a face. + +You can tell oh, it takes place +in various parts of the brain + +and so on. + +But exactly physically +how that's done + +is something that's still +remains largely a mystery. + +All right, so now +let's move on and talk + +about extrastriate cortex. + +And extrastriate cortex-- here's +a diagram of the monkey brain + +again. + +Now I'll point out +here's area V1. + +And once you get close to +the lunate sulcus here, + +V2 begins and folds under. + +And then inside +there we have V3. + +And then actually make +folds back out again. + +You have area V4 here. + +And then you have areas +MT and MST right here. + +And then, in addition, +you have, of course, + +your infertemporal +cortex area, which + +plays a very important role in +complex analyses such as faces. + +And then you come +to the frontal lobe + +here, in which you have +the frontal eye fields + +and medial eye fields that +also process visual information + +but mostly for eye +movements that I + +will talk about later on. + +So that then is in a +nutshell the arrangement. + +And much of the work that has +been done in the past dozen + +years or so was to examine what +these extrastriate areas do + +for vision. + +And I'll come back +to that when we + +talk about higher level +visual processing. + +Now basically the +fact is that there + +are more than 30 visual +areas and that there + +are more than 300 +interconnections among them. + +Initially the idea was-- +the feature detection idea-- + +that each of these areas +is specific for analyzing + +a particular type of percept. + +But then it became more evident, +increasingly more evident, + +that these areas tremendously +interact with each other + +and perform these +very complex analyses + +based on networks being active. + +Now the basic major +cortical visual areas, + +V1 I just talked about, V2 +I mentioned, V3, V4, MT. + +Then when you come to +the temporal cortex, + +you come to infertemporal +region that I just mentioned. + +And then in the +parietal cortex, we + +have the lateral +parietal sulcrus, + +the ventral interparietal, and +the medial superior temporal + +sulcrus. + +So those are some +of the major areas. + +And then as I've already +noted, in the frontal cortex, + +we have the frontal eye fields. + +And then even we had the medial +eye fields, which are not + +listed here that +also play a role + +in eye movements, +perhaps a lesser + +extent in visual +analysis as such. + +But many of the cells there too +have visual receptive fields, + +although they are +very hard to discern. + +They much more clearly have +motor fields than visual field. + +All right so now what +we are going to do is + +we are going to go +back to the beginning + +and look at the so-called +on and off channels briefly. + +We talked about that a lot. + +Again, to reemphasize, +all photoreceptors + +hyperpolarize to light. + +And then because the two major +classes of neurotransmitter + +receptor sites in +the bipolar cells, + +you create a double ended +system from a single + +ended one creating the +so-called on and off. + +Now these systems were +discovered initially + +by Keffer Hartline, +who received the Nobel + +Prize for that +remarkable discovery. + +And he thought at the +time that the on system + +signaled when a +stimulus came on. + +And the off channel +signaled when it went off. + +That was his idea, +which turned out + +to be all wrong because that's +not what these cells are about. + +What these cells are about, as +I've pointed out repeatedly, + +is that they can process both +light increment and light + +decrement with an +excitatory response. + +That means because of the +nature, the physical nature, + +of light that some objects +in the world reflect light, + +and some objects in +the world absorb light. + +Because of this, +as you look around, + +some objects look +black, and some objects + +look white, or whatever. + +And because of that, to +be able to rapidly process + +something that is a dark object +as well as a light object, + +you need to have +excitatory signals + +to go to the central nervous +system to process that. + +So therefore, we can +say, first of all, + +that we have these cell types. + +And they won't have sensor +surround antagonism. + +And let me add +one more fact here + +is that they're comfortable +with adaptation, + +that the average firing rate, +average maximum firing rate, + +of a retinal ganglion cell is +maybe about 400 to 600 hertz. + +And that is a rather +limited frequency range. + +And yet, you have to +analyze practically + +over 10 log units of +light information. + +And because of that, the +sensor surround antagonism + +has evolved so that +these cells always + +look at local contrast +changes rather than absolutes. + +So then, if you look at +the on and off cells, + +I've told you, in accordance +with the sensor surround + +antagonism, if you split +a small spot of light + +in the center of +receptive fields, + +on cells fire when +you increase it. + +Off cells fire when +you decrease it. + +But when you use a +much larger spot, + +you get a lesser +response because + +of the surround antagonism. + +So that's the basic principle +of these two types of cells. + +And then, I told you +about these experiments, + +in which two +2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate had + +been used, which is for +brief purposes, called APB. + +And I told you about two +types of experiments, + +one doing single cell recordings +in various parts of the brain + +and the others to do +behavioral studies. + +And what the signal cell +recordings had shown + +is that the-- let me +first say what APB does. + +APB is what? + +Anybody remember? + +It's a neurotransmitter analog. + +And what neurotransmitter is it? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Very good. + +Glutamate. + +All right so what you do is +when you inject this substance + +into the eye-- this is +an artificial substance-- + +it blocks the on +cells from being + +able to respond +to incoming light + +but does nothing +to the off cells. + +So if you do this and study +the responses of single neurons + +in various parts of +the brain-- there + +have been all these +different hypotheses + +as to why we had the +on and off channels. + +One of them was to create +sensor surround antagonism. + +And the other one was to +create orientation direction + +selectivism in the cortex. + +But it turned out that when +you injected APB into the eye, + +and you blocked the on channel, +the off input to the cells, + +and the off cells +therefore, still + +had sensor surround antagonism. + +And the cells in +the cortex still + +had orientation and +direction selectivities. + +So these two systems +did not arise + +for the purpose of creating +those basic attributes, which + +are so central for being able +to analyze the visual scene. + +Now the second +important finding was + +that when you did +a behavioral study + +and asked monkeys to +detect light increment + +and detect light +decrement, there + +was a huge deficit in detecting +light increments but no deficit + +in detecting light decrement. + +So these observations +and many other studies + +analyzing why there +are on and off channels + +came up with the +conclusion, which I think + +is quite valid that +these two systems + +have evolved to enable +organisms to quickly respond + +to both light detrimental +and light incremental input. + +And you probably remember +the little quick movie + +I showed you that you +have a fish in the ocean. + +Fish also have on and +off channels of course. + +If there's a bird in the +sky, like an osprey that + +is seen by virtue +of light decrement, + +your off system tells +that fish, oh, there's + +a bird up there +so it can escape. + +And if a predator +from below that is + +lit up by the sunshine, the +on system in response to that + +and enables this fish to escape. + +So that's one example of the +function, the prime function, + +of the on and off channels. + +All right so that's +the basic fact then. + +So to conclude then, +the on and off channels + +have emerged in the +course of evolution + +to enable organisms to process +both light incremental and + +light decremental information +rapidly and effectively. + +So that's the conclusion +then in a nutshell + +of the on and the off channels. + +Now we can move on and look +at the so-called midget + +and parasol cells that had +been discovered initially + +in the cat. + +And they were called +the x and y cells. + +In the monkey, it's +called midget and parasol + +because when you look +at them anatomically, + +the midget cells are small. + +And they're very +small dendritic arbors + +where the parasols +cells are much bigger + +and have much larger +dendritic arbors that + +look like an umbrella. + +So those two systems +were discovered, + +and statistical analysis +revealed that they are totally + +separate types of cells. + +They're not a continuum. + +So the question then became why +did these two systems evolve? + +And why did nature +go to such trouble + +as to make sure that they +were separate in retina + +and separate in the +geniculate to the monkey? + +And then, in the +cortex, sometimes it + +remains separate-- sometimes the +two systems remain separate-- + +and sometimes they +converge as I had + +noted in those +transforms in area V1. + +So now if you look +at that, you've + +seen this several times now. + +The midget system, the +center in central retina + +consists of just a single cone. + +And therefore, +this system should + +be able to tell you about color +whereas the parasol system has + +mixed inputs both in the +center and the surround. + +Furthermore, the parasol +system response much more + +trangently than +the midget system. + +So temporal information can +be processed more effectively + +by the parasol system +than the midget system. + +So those are the initial +observations at the single cell + +level. + +And then behavioral +studies were carried out + +in which either the midget +or the parasol system + +were selectively blocked. + +And then performance was +tested where those systems had + +been blocked and where +the systems were intact. + +And when this was done, +some major findings emerged. + +Before I tell you about +that, let me just reiterate + +again what these +connections are. + +Here we have the midget +and the parasol cells + +as well as the cornea +cellular cells. + +They project through +the geniculate + +up to the visual cortex. + +And then from there, +there has been + +lots of debate as to what is +the nature of the connections + +to higher areas in the brain. + +And we talked about +that quite a bit. + +And some beautiful +studies had been + +carried out showing +that the input to area + +MT in the parietal +lobe is dominated + +by the parasol +system, but the input + +to V4 in the temporal +lobe is about + +equal for the two systems. + +So that was the +basic factor then. + +And so now the +question then comes up, + +what is the contribution +of these two + +systems, the midget +and the parasol? + +And so experiments +are carried out + +where lesions are made in either +parvocellular or magnocellular + +geniculate. + +And then the monkey was tested, +as I've said, in intact areas, + +in areas where the midget +system and areas where + +the parasol system +had been blocked. + +Now one additional +fact is that when + +you block both of +these by lesion + +in the lateral geniculate +nucleus, for the most part, + +the monkey becomes blind. + +OK, so these two +systems are really + +central for being able to +process visual information. + +All right so now, if one looks +at what kinds of deficits + +arise, a monkey can be +trained in a whole bunch + +of different tasks. + +It talked about these. + +Color vision, texture +perception, pattern perception, + +shape perception, brightness, +[INAUDIBLE] scotopic vision, + +contrast sensitivity, +stereopsis, motion perception, + +flicker perception. + +We'll talk about those first. + +So it was found that +there was severe deficits + +after a parvocellular lesion, +meaning when the midget + +system was blocked in color +vision, and texture perception, + +pattern perception, +and shape perception. + +Also in contrast sensitivity +and severe in stereopsis. + +None of those cause a deficit +with the magnocellular region, + +mean eliminating +the parasol system. + +But when examine motion +perception and flicker + +perception, there was a +moderate to major deficit + +where that system was missing. + +So that's then established. + +I'll come back to these later. + +Established at least +in some people's mind + +why these two +systems have emerged + +in the course of evolution. + +And so a summary statement +to that effect is shown here. + +If you look at the ability +to process spatial frequency + +by the midget and +parasol system, + +the midget system +can process it up + +to much higher +spatial frequencies. + +The obverse is the case when +it comes to temporal frequency. + +The parasol system can +process to much higher levels + +of rapid motion +or flicker, as you + +can see in this little diagram. + +So the midget system +extends the range + +of vision in the spatial +frequency wavelength range. + +And the parasol +system extends it + +in the temporal frequency range. + +So that's why these two +systems have evolved. + +And then if you look +at this in terms + +of the relative number of cells +in the retina that are devoted + +to these two attributes-- +I told you that + +in the foveola, there no input +at all to the parasol system. + +So therefore, what +about this fine vision + +that the fovea makes possible +for you is due to the fact + +that area is dominated +by the midget system. + +Then as you go progressive +to the periphery, + +that ratio changes as +I had just shown you + +because increased +emphasis has to be placed + +a seeing motion and rapid +changes in the periphery. + +So that's what happens with +the parasol system's increased + +number of cells in +the periphery that + +can handle that requirement. + +So now we're going +to move on and talk + +about various aspects +of visual processing. + +And we'll start first with +color vision and adaptation. + +As I've shown you before, one +of the beautiful advances that + +had been made initially +actually, believe it or not, + +by Newton-- I mentioned +that I think-- + +was the discovery of-- I +shouldn't say discovery-- + +the invention on +the color circle. + +Now this invention arose in part +because it was established-- + +it's a well-known +fact-- that we don't + +have opposites along these axes. + +You don't have a +yellowish blue color. + +You don't have a +reddish green color. + +But anything that's not an +opposite in this color circle, + +you do have. + +So you have yellowish red, +or you have yellowish green, + +and so on. + +So the color circle +was then elaborated + +upon over many years. + +This is a slightly +modified version + +from what Newton had invented. + +And this is set up +in such a fashion + +that when you go +around this circle-- + +I should say disk I suppose-- +you change the hue of course. + +And then when you go from +the center of the periphery, + +you increase saturation. + +This is not the perfect +display, especially + +because the projector +isn't perfect. + +But the center is +supposed to be white. + +And all this is +fairly equal luminent. + +And so you go from +unsaturated to saturated. + +Now I will say +already at this point + +another very important +factor in appreciating + +the beauty of the +color circle is + +that when you +analyze after images, + +it was found that if you adapt +to something that's yellow, + +you adapt the eye +to this wavelength. + +And then you shift +it to white, then + +you get an after-effect, +which is blue. + +And if you do that for red, +the after-effect is green. + +And the same thing is all +the way around the circle. + +If you have this one, +the after-effect is here. + +So the color circle +perfectly predicts + +what you're after images +are due to adaptation, which + +occurs as a result of +having bleached selectively + +the molecules in the various +cone types that we have, + +the three cones, +red, green, and blue. + +So that's the basic rule +of the color circle, + +which can be used extensively. + +And I think you +yourself can have + +a lot of fun studying this +in your off time, which you + +don't have too much of I'm sure. + +But it's really a wonderful +thing to play around with. + +Since this course is rather +heavily fact oriented, + +I want you to remember +these basic facts + +that I had listed before. + +I just noted along +the color circle, + +you have three attributes, hue, +brightness, and saturation. + +And then I also mentioned +to you that there + +is a distinction between +the psychological + +and the physical +attribute of images. + +And this arrangement is such +that I gave you an example of. + +For example, when a tree +falls in the forest, + +is there a sound when +there's nobody around? + +And the answer is +a distinctive no. + +Why? + +Because sound is a +psychological attribute. + +If you're on the +other hand, you'd + +have said well, if a +tree falls in the forest, + +through some +wavelength result that + +are in the range of hearing. + +And that, of course, yes. + +But if you say sound, +that's something you hear. + +It's not something +that's a physical thing. + +So that applies to +many aspects of vision, + +as well as audition +and many other senses + +that you must make a +distinction between what + +your psychological +disposition is as opposed + +to what a physical fact is. + +The next thing here +is that we have + +three types of photoreceptors, +a short, medium, + +and long wavelength +for the cones. + +And then we have also +a different wavelengths + +peak for the rods. + +All of these peaks +are broadly tuned + +to enable you to-- +some are in the brain-- + +examine the relative +amounts of information + +from these three wavelengths. + +That then enables +you to perceive + +many, many other colors partly +because of color [INAUDIBLE] + +and partly because of variety +of amount of activity of them. + +And then I mentioned +Grassman's laws. + +Every color has a +complementary, which when mixed + +properly yields gray. + +That should do with again +with the color circle. + +So in other words, +to go back to that, + +if you mix yellow and +blue in equal amounts, + +you get white or +gray I should say. + +And the same thing for +anything that's and opposite. + +But then if you mix +things which are not + +at diagonals to each other, then +you get an in between color. + +So if you mix yellow and +green, you get yellowish green. + +All right so that's +Grassman's laws. + +So if you have non complementary +colors, you get intermediate. + +And if you get complementary +colors, you get gray. + +Again to make sure that +you understand this, + +complementary means this +and that, this and that, + +this and that, which are on +the opposites on the lines that + +intersect the center +of the color circle. + +We move on. + +And we talk about Abney's law. + +That is not very important. + +And you don't have +to remember that. + +The luminance of a mixture +of differently colored lights + +is equal to the sum of the +luminance of its components. + +That another fact, but you +don't need to know that. + +The last thing that +I want to mention + +is so-called metamers, which +are stimuli which look the same + +but are the product of different +subcompositions of wavelengths. + +So because we only have three +different cone photoreceptors, + +you can, in a +sense, if you will, + +fool them a little bit by +very carefully mixing things + +up with different wavelengths +to activate them equally. + +So that is what is +called a metamer when + +you can't tell the difference +between two stimuli. + +They look identical even though +their wavelength compositions + +are different. + +OK so now another factor +that I should note here + +when it comes to color +vision is that when + +you look at the response +characteristics of cells + +in the retina-- and I'm talking +about the retinal ganglion + +cells-- when we look at the +cells in the geniculate, which + +is here, what you find actually +is just a few major categories. + +This is a color circle here. + +And one presents the +stimuli around the circle + +and see how the cell responds. + +And what you're see +here is one cell, + +which is a blue on cell, a green +off cell, a yellow on cell, + +and a green on cell. + +Now it turns out if you record +from hundreds and hundreds + +of cells, you only +get these categories. + +You don't ever get any cells +which are at the diagonals. + +So to see the +diagonals, something + +has to be taking place in the +cortex on the basis of what + +is coming in from the retina and +the lateral geniculate nucleus. + +Now when you come to adaptation, +we talk about that quite a bit. + +And also with after images, I'll +come back to that in a minute. + +It was discovered in +some very nice example + +that you take a cell, +and you adapt it + +to various levels of +overall illumination, + +and then see how the +cell responds to it, + +and then you stimulate +the receptive field. + +What you find is that +here's the same cell. + +Here's a background illumination +of a huge range over five log + +units. + +And what you find is that when +most of the cell is adapted, + +it responds always the same. + +So it's looking not at over +all levels of illumination, + +it's looking at differences +in illumination. + +It's looking at contrast. + +Now how many of you remember +the formula for contrast? + +Anybody? + +All right, I think that's a +really good thing to remember. + +I'm sure when you go +to a party, people + +would be fascinated +by you knowing + +the formula for contrast. + +OK, so contrast +equals-- you take + +the stimulus, +which is call it x. + +And you take the background, +which you called y. + +You subtract one from the other. + +Then you add the two up. + +And then you +multiply this by 100. + +So that your contrast. + +What this formula +means that this applies + +to endless levels of +overall illumination. + +You can do this in the sunshine. + +You can do this in the +moonshine because you're + +looking at the differences +between the background + +and the stimulus itself. + +AUDIENCE: What is x and y? + +PROFESSOR: As I've said, x +is the illumination level + +for the target. + +Suppose you take a cell, and +you shine a spot of light on it + +like that. + +Then you remove it, and you +measure the background level. + +And so x is a visual stimulus. + +y is the background. + +We talk about light adaptation. + +Again, I want you to +know a few basic facts. + +The overall level +of illumination + +is close to 10 log units. + +But in contrast to +that, if you just + +look at reflected +light, that varies + +over a much smaller +range because on the very + +bright illumination +conditions, even a black object + +will reflect some light. + +So you're talking about direct +light versus reflected light. + +So when you do reflected +light, you get a smaller range. + +Now the pupil plays a role +in the amount of light + +it controls getting +into the eye. + +But it can only do that +over a range of 16 to one. + +Now because of that, the +major role of adaptation + +has to do with +the photoreceptors + +in your rods and your cones. + +And the way that works +is, if you remember, + +is that you can think +of your molecules + +in your photoreceptors as +existing in two forms, bleached + +and unbleached. + +And because of the +millions and millions + +of them that I told +you already about, + +1,000 times 10,000 in +just a single cone, + +there's a relative percentage +of bleached and unbleached + +molecules in each +cone and in each rod. + +And so what is happening is +that during dark adaptation, + +there's a huge increase +in the unbleached, + +and during light +adaptation, there's + +an increase in the +bleached molecules. + +So therefore, any +increase in the rate + +of at which quanta are +delivered to the eye + +is also in the +proportion of decrease + +in the number of +pigment molecules + +available to absorb +those quanta. + +Retina ganglion +cells are selected + +sensitive to local +contrast differences + +not absolute levels +of illumination. + +I've said that many +times over again. + +OK, and that's why this +formula, this contrast formula, + +is one that's the most useful +in being able to depict + +what kind of input +these cells are getting. + +So that then is the arrangement +about light adaptation. + +Now let's move on to depth +perception, which is one + +the most intriguing capacities +that we have since our retinae + +essentially are like a +two dimensional surface. + +So whatever comes +onto the retina, + +some mechanisms have +to be able to tell you + +where things are in depth. + +And because it's such +a complex problem, + +quite a number of +different mechanisms + +have evolved to make it +possible for you to do that. + +And that means that first +we have oculomotor cues. + +We don't need to +talk about those. + +But we have visual cues, +which have binocular cues, + +stereopsis we talked +about quite a bit. + +And the binocular cues are +motion parallax, shading, + +interposition size, +and perspective. + +All these cues we can +utilize to tell us + +where things are in depth. + +So now if we look +at stereopsis-- + +I've handed out to you some +of these autostereograms. + +If you look at these, you +can't see it looking at that. + +You have to do it +on those sheets + +that I handed out to you. + +You can see something in depth. + +And this arises by +virtue of the fact + +that stimuli are arranged +in such a fashion + +that they selectively activate +neurons in the visual cortex + +that code depth by +virtue of the fact + +that they get disparity +inputs from the two eyes. + +Now another central +mechanism-- I + +should add one more +thing about stereopsis. + +I think I've mentioned it. + +In fact, 10% of the population +in the United States lack + +stereopsis in most cases due to +either misalignment of the two + +eyes or do to ambliopia, +meaning one eye doesn't see + +as well as the other. + +But those people can +still do many things + +and do depth quite well. + +They can't thread +needles, but they + +can do courser depth quite well. + +And one of those is +due to motion parallax. + +Now the basic rule +about motion parallax + +that cause the brain +to evolve to analyze it + +is that when objects +are different distances + +from the eyes as depicted +here, the objects that + +are closer to the +eye when this object + +moves over a greater range +on the retinal surface + +than those that +are further apart. + +You can see the +green versus the red. + +So therefore, the +system is such that it + +has evolved to be able +to see small differences + +in the relative motion of +objects in the retinal surface. + +And I showed you +an example of that. + +And I'll show it to you +again because this is fun. + +This is essentially similar +to the random autostereogram + +except it's just a single +bunch of random dots. + +And as soon as I +set this in motion, + +you see them in three dimensions +beautifully because these move + +over a greater range than these. + +And these move even less so. + +So this differential +motion commands + +you to see it in depth. + +So that's quite a +remarkable ability. + +And monkeys are even +better at it than we are. + +And even fish have +this kind of capacity + +as do many, many other species. + +It's so central to our +ability to process depth. + +OK + +Studies have been +carried out to determine + +where and how +these are analyzed. + +And when we came +to where, here's + +an example of looking at a +brain in a normal stereo-blind + +subject. + +When you only present +motion parallax, + +you only presents stereo. + +And when you do the +stereo, monocularly, you + +don't see depth, and +the brain is not active. + +So this tells you +which part of the brain + +is active and involved +in analysis of stereopsis + +and which one is involved in +the analysis of motion parallax. + +I showed you this picture and +several others telling you + +which areas it is. + +The limitation of that +is that it can tell you + +where it takes +place in the brain, + +but it doesn't tell +you how it takes place. + +So because of that, +many studies have + +been carried out +doing single cell + +recordings in these +cortical areas. + +And it was discovered +that the there are indeed + +cells already in +area 17 that get + +disparate input +from the two eyes. + +Beautiful work by +[INAUDIBLE] showing this. + +And establish therefore +that already in area 17, + +you have neurons that tell +you about stereoscopic depth. + +And then it was also discovered, +especially in area MT, + +to a lesser extent +already in V1 also, + +that you have cells that +respond to differential motion. + +And so those cells +are presumptively + +involved in the processing +of depth information + +based on motion parallax. + +Now another mechanism +involved that we + +talked about is shading. + +Light coming from +above like from the sun + +had been incorporated +into the visual system + +to tell you whether an object +is towards you or away from you. + +And this is an example of that. + +Here the light is from above, +and the darkness is below. + +This is reversed here. + +And because of that, you +see this as protruding, + +and you see this as receding. + +And so I showed you several +examples, some in the handout, + +of the fact that even shading +is a hue that's used quite + +extensively in depth perception. + +Now we come to form perception. + +I'll talk about this briefly. + +I mentioned three +kinds of theories. + +One is that the former +is due to the fact + +that neurons respond +selectively to line + +segments of different +orientations in V1. + +Another theory was that +they have a spatial mapping + +of the stimuli on to the +visual cortex since you + +have topography. + +And the third one is +that form perceptions + +are accomplished by +Fourier analysis. + +We talked about each of these. + +And I pointed out to +you that even when + +there are no orientation +segments in the display, + +you can still see and +identify faces quite well, + +as seen in the Wall +Street Journal where + +these kinds of pictures appear +every day in the paper itself. + +Now then if you move +on, and you look + +at the layout of how the +cortexes-- this is a monkey + +cortex here. + +This is a visual field. + +If you present these three +stimuli in the visual field, + +this is the area that's +activated in the cortex + +because more area is +allocated to central vision + +and peripheral vision. + +And so you say oh, this +is much bigger than those. + +But that's not the case. + +You can tell that +they're identical. + +Now even more +dramatic is the fact + +that if you put these three +disks centered-- OK, so half + +of it goes to the +ipsilater and half of it + +to the contralateral +visual hemisphere. + +What you get are a bunch +of half circles like that. + +And it doesn't look +anything like that. + +So the idea that somehow +images are laid down + +in the visual cortex, and +the mind then looks at it + +is totally wrong. + +It's wrong to the extent +that it's ridiculous. + +The last analysis theory +is accepted by some people. + +And doing computer analyses has +revealed that system actually + +can be mimicked +extremely well based + +on what we know about +the organization + +of the visual cortex. + +It has all the basic +attributes that you need, + +orientation, +direction selectivity, + +and phase that enable +you to break down + +the visual scene in an +analytical fashion, which + +is kind of foreign to our +thinking, namely Fourier + +analysis. + +Then we spent some time talking +about prosthesis, which you're + +going to hear quite +a bit about actually + +when Chris Brown is going to +lecture because that has been + +so successful in +the auditory system + +with the cochlear implant, which +is a remarkable achievement. + +We have many more +than 50,000 by now + +in the United States who +have cochlear implants. + +And they can talk and do all +kinds of remarkable things. + +We don't have this +in the visual system. + +And I've mentioned to you that +one of the big differences + +is that in the retina, there +are more than a million fibers + +in each eye that come from the +ganglion cells that project + +into the brain, whereas when you +talk about the auditory system, + +you only have about +30,000 fibers. + +So the magnitude is much less. + +But also there +are other factors, + +namely the retina is a +very difficult structure + +to work with. + +And also when people become +blind, most cases the retina + +degenerates. + +So you can't put a +device into the eye + +very effectively in most +blind people to create vision. + +So another alternative is +to try some other regions. + +Some people have advocated to +do this in the visual cortex. + +And the problem there is we have +the huge magnification factor. + +So if you put 256 stimuli +like this in the visual scene, + +this is the actual +physical activation. + +And once you know +what this layout is, + +then you can put electrodes +in, which are spaced like this. + +Then, if you were +to stimulate these, + +then you would create an image, +which is at least moderately + +similar to this that would +be in slightly different + +washed out colors, but which +would still essentially + +be a square. + +So if you do that then, +and you take a camera, + +and you take the +input to the camera + +and connect it selectively +to this proportional implant. + +If you put the word, fiat +lux-- remember what that is? + +Let there be light. + +You get a pretty +good reproduction + +of what has been put in there. + +But by contrast, if you take +a ray of electrodes, which + +are equally spaced-- then, +if you activated all those, + +you would get a butterfly image. + +And if you then put in the +fiat lux to the camera, + +it would look like that. + +So that would mean +that they would + +get a pretty false +impression of the world, + +and you wouldn't be +able to even read. + +So therefore, it would be very +important to take into account + +the functioning of +the visual system, + +as well as functioning +of the individual neurons + +if you are going to create +a prosthetic device. + +So now we will move on. + +And I will say a few +words about illusions. + +We talked about quite +a few illusions, + +and you got some of +those in the hand out. + +The one I mentioned to you +that I think all of you enjoyed + +is the Hermann grid +illusion, which + +shows the smudges at the +smudges at the intersections. + +And the famous theory that +was advanced by Baumgartner + +is that it's due to the fact +that if you have a cell that + +is centered around +here, as opposed + +to not at the intersections, +this cell would + +be inhibited more than this one. + +So this hypothesis had been +accepted by many people + +a few years back, +and it has appeared + +in many, many textbooks. + +It turns out this +theory is all wrong + +if you remember +because first of all, + +here you just make +a small change + +in the physical +layout of the lines. + +And you don't get +the effect at all, + +even though if you put a cell +here, as opposed to here, + +the arrangement +is still the same. + +So consequently, +that theory is wrong. + +And it's even further proven by +the fact that when you analyze + +it physically to see what the +number of cells is in this area + +here-- and this is +for parasol cells. + +And this is for +the midget cells. + +You have a huge number of cells. + +And this is shown +only for the on cells. + +You can double that +for the off cells. + +You would activate +this teeny area here, + +five degrees from the fixation. + +You would activate 365 midget +cells and 50 parasol cells, + +half of which would be on and +half of which would be off. + +So this theory is +just incorrect. + +And so alternative ideas +have been developed still + +sort of under debate. + +And one is that this takes place +because of the simple cells + +in the visual cortex as +we have talked about it. + +Now then, another set of +illusions we talked about + +are the after-effect illusions. + +And the experiments that +we so informally did here + +asked if you look at +a particular display, + +you fix it for a while, and +then you change the display, + +you have an after-effect, right? + +A very dramatic after-effect. + +And one of those was the +rotating dots in the circle. + +And I showed it to you. + +The experiment was that you +adapt to it with one eye, + +and then you look at the display +afterwards with the other eye, + +and then you would +have no effect, which + +proves that this takes +place in the retina + +and proves it is due +to the adaptation that + +takes place in the +photoreceptors. + +All right so those were +the so-called interlocking + +experiments we had discussed. + +So now let me move +on and talk some more + +about the deficits in vision +arise as a function of lesions. + +And I already showed +you a whole set + +of those when we talked +about the lesions + +of the midget and +parasol systems. + +And now if you look at +this in more detail, + +we add to this, +what happens when + +you remove V4 and remove MT? + +And it's quite striking +that the deficits are far, + +far less when you take +out the midget system. + +You have very mild +deficits with V4 lesions + +for most of these up here. + +These are basic +visual capacities. + +But MT lesions do give you +pretty much the same deficits + +as a magnocellular lesion that +blocks the parasol system. + +Now then when +higher level visual + +capacities we have now +analyzed-- I showed you those + +as well-- you found +that there was + +some dramatic deficits with +V4 lesions when monkeys + +had to choose less a stimuli and +had to learn visual percepts, + +they had severe deficits +with a V4 lesion. + +So that suggests +that an area like V4 + +plays a very important role in +higher level visual processing. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: What does +the pronounced mean? + +Is that-- + +PROFESSOR: Pronounced? + +It means like a strong deficit. + +AUDIENCE: So more than severe? + +PROFESSOR: No, no. + +You can see by the color also. + +Severe is the strongest. + +Pronounced is strong. + +Moderate is weaker. + +And mild is mild. [CHUCKLES] + +OK so now, next I want to +turn to eye movement control. + +And when we do that +I want to remind you + +that the many cortical areas as +well as the subcortical areas + +that play a significant role +in eye movement control. + +And one way to test this is +to electrically stimulate + +various regions in +the brain and see + +if you get any eye movements. + +And this happens in many areas. + +The ones we have here are +superior colliculus, of course, + +we talked a lot about. + +V1, LIP, the medial eye fields, +and the frontal eye fields. + +Now in all but one +of these you get + +a constant vector [INAUDIBLE] at +any sight where you stimulate, + +meaning no matter where the eye +is looking when you stimulate, + +you've got a particular +vector as depicted here. + +The exception to that +is the medial eye fields + +where you have a place code. + +The result of stimulating +any given area + +is to bring the eye, +normally where the eye is, + +into that motor field. + +Now different regions +obviously in these areas + +have different vectors. + +So that's the basic layout. + +And then the question arose how +do these get down to the brain + +stem ocularmotor complex that +drives the eye muscles that we + +had talked about. + +Well, the way the +experiment was done then + +is to remove the +superior colliculus. + +And when that was +done, what you found + +was really quite +dramatic, namely + +that you could no +longer drive cells + +from the posterior +part of the cortex, + +but you could still drive +them from the anterior part. + +This led to the idea that +you have two major systems + +in saccadic eye +movement generation, + +the so-called posterior system +and the anterior system. + +And then when people looked +at the question of well, + +we have these two systems. + +What do they do? + +It was discovered that +the posterior system + +is very important for generating +quick saccades, especially + +express saccades, because when +you remove the colliculus, + +you never got an +express saccade again. + +And the anterior system plays a +very important role in stimulus + +selection and the +sequencing of eye movements + +because you make so many eye +movements in rapid succession, + +you have to make +plans ahead to decide + +where you're going to +look in a sequence. + +And that was found to be very +important for the frontal eye + +fields because when +you remove that, there + +was a major deficit in target +selection and in sequencing. + +So then when this +was done, we also + +examined, if you remember +the question, of what + +is the role of these various +areas when you block inhibition + +or you increase inhibition. + +So we use muscimal +and bicuculline to do + +that as shown here. + +And it showed that with V1, +you get a strong interference + +with both, and you also +get a strong deficit + +in visual discrimination +because to be + +able to analyze +the visual scene, + +you need to have interaction +between excitation + +and inhibition both +for eye movements + +and for visual discrimination. + +And then with a frontal +eye field lesion, + +you've got facilitation as +you did in the colliculus + +when you put in bicuculline, +which eliminates inhibition. + +The monkey couldn't +help but makes saccades. + +But you've got +interference with muscimal. + +LIP had no effect. + +So that's then in a summary +was what we had discussed. + +And this is +something, of course, + +you need to go over +again in your notes, + +and in Stellar, and in +the assigned readings + +so that you can remember +this for the exam. + +OK and then I pointed out to +you that even though we never + +think of eye movements, we +have an incredible number + +of structures and +a number of tasks + +to be able to make +each eye movement. + +We have to select a target. + +We have to decide what each-- +every time you move your eye, + +there are dozens of targets. + +We have to select one of those. + +Then we have to +decide what they are. + +Then we have to decide +which one to look + +at which one not to look at. + +And then we have to +use our system, which + +is a spatial organization +of the motor fields + +to eventually generate +an eye movement. + +Now in reality then what happens +is that many other systems-- + +I showed you this before, too-- +many other systems are involved + +in generational eye movements, +hearing, touch, so on. + +And we had generated +all sorts of systems + +to enable for you to do this. + +the so-called anterior +and the posterior systems + +that reach the brain stem +through various channels here. + +This is available for +you on the internet. + +It's also available to you +on the assigned reading. + +So now lastly we'll turn +to motion perception. + +And when we talked +about motion perception, + +I pointed out to you +that in the area of V1, + +we have simple cells, +and complex cells, + +several different +classes of simple cells. + +And almost all of these cells, +if you look at their responses + +to light increment +and light decrement, + +meaning light edges +and dark edges, + +almost every one of these +cells is direction selective. + +And it's also true for +most complex cells. + +About half the complex +cells, maybe more, + +are also direction selective. + +So direction selectivity is one +of the most central features + +in the visual system +that we use extensively + +not just to analyze +motion but also + +to be able to see depth +by virtue of motion. + +Paradox + +So now we can say, because of +all those little experiments + +I had shown you, that the +parasol system and because + +of the lesion experiments +plays a central role in motion + +analysis. + +And when we do those experiments +with a apparent motion, when + +we moved little spots in +color or in small differences + +in shape, color and +small difference in shape + +didn't matter, indicating +that the parasol system plays + +a central role in us seeing +apparent motion the way we + +see it. + +All right. + +So now, last very briefly +I want to say here + +is about the +accessory optic system + +because this is what you're +going to be writing about. + +And I just wanted to remind you +that the basic discovery was + +that in the retina, the +cells of [INAUDIBLE] that + +feed into the accessory +optic system come in three + +different direction +selectivities as shown here + +and that these three direction +selectivities correspond + +to the direction selectivity +of semicircular canals. + +That's quite a +remarkable discovery. + +And this then +enables the organism + +through the system, +which by the way + +these cells respond to all +the slow movements, that's + +prime function is +to-- so they claim, + +and I think that's +correct-- is to stabilize + +the eye with respect +to the world. + +So when you walk +around, what happens + +is you can still see the world +very clearly with no blurring + +because the accessory optic +system adjusts the eye + +to keep it stable with respect +to the world out there. + +And in fact, I can't remember +if I told you this story. + +Way back when in Germany +when some people were treated + +for pneumonia, they used the +drug-- I forget the name of it + +right now-- that +caused malfunctioning + +in the semicircular canals. + +As a result of +that, that system, + +which co-exists with the +accessory optic system + +no longer was able to +stabilize the eyes. + +And so here was this guy in +Munich living in a neighborhood + +where he had lived +for many, many years. + +And he realized that he +can't see anything clearly + +when he's walking on the street. + +Everything was blurry. + +And so he said oh, my god. + +I won't be able to +recognize my friend. + +I won't be able to +say hello to him. + +And so what he +learned to do is this. + +Hi, Joe. + +Like that. + +He stabilized his +head by holding it. + +So that highlights +for you the fact + +that this system of +stabilizing the eye + +through the accessory +optic system + +plays a very +important central role + +in your being able to +move around in the world + +and being able to analyze +the visual scene in spite + +of the fact that +you're moving around. + +So the last thing I wanted +to show you-- first, + +I'm going to show +you one more picture. + +But first, let me say a couple +of words about the exam again. + +I've told you the exam is +a multiple choice exam, + +probably something about +100 or so questions. + +Almost all of them +deal with basic facts, + +I should say basic facts. + +So you've got to +know your facts. + +And what you need to do +is read each question, + +circle the choice. + +You don't get punished +extra for being wrong. + +If you're wrong, you're wrong. + +But I'm not going +to subtract on top + +of that the wrong answers +from the right answers. + +So choose an answer, +even if you don't know it + +for every question. + +And you'll have a probability of +one in four, maybe one in five + +of getting the right answer +if you're totally ignorant. + +So that's what the exam is. + +It's going to take about an +hour or so, hour and a half + +maybe, depending on +how fast you read + +and how fast you make decisions. + +And that's going to take +place this coming Wednesday + +right in this room. + +Now the last thing I +wanted to show you is-- I + +mean I seem to be so +certain about everything + +being right and wrong here. + +I just wanted to tell you +one thing, a note of caution. + +And the caution +is this one here. + +This is a wonderful +sculpture by Naum Gabo. + +I don't know if you've +ever heard of Naum Gabo. + +Anyway, this is obviously +you can almost instantly + +say it's an upper body +and a face, right? + +But the fact is +that, as I say here, + +as many scientific +hypotheses of brain function + +are appealing but a far +cry from the real McCoy. + +So we are still groping. + +And yes, we are a long +way from phrenology, + +but still many of the hypotheses +and ideas that we have + +are wrong and are more like +a cartoon of what it really + +is like. + +And of course, the +further up, in my opinion, + +you go from the +retina, the higher + +the fancifulness of the ideas. + +At least when it +comes to the retina, + +I think we are +reasonably comfortable + +that we know a lot +about the photoreceptors + +and how they interact. + +And that's fairly close +to the way it really is. + +So that may be more like +a photograph of Obama. + +But when it comes to the +cortex of the higher areas, + +things are a bit more like that. + +So that's the end of it then. + +Thank you very much. + +And I wish you the best of +luck on your exam on Wednesday. + +[APPLAUSE] + +Oh, thank you. + +Thank you. + +That's very nice. + +I appreciate it. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00krscK7iBA.txt b/00krscK7iBA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..507fb5051634fed6572b5f1b04c42ccb253c03b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/00krscK7iBA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1667 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this segment we will go through two + + align:start position:0% +in this segment we will go through two + + + align:start position:0% +in this segment we will go through two +examples of maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +examples of maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +examples of maximum likelihood +estimation just in order to get a feel + + align:start position:0% +estimation just in order to get a feel + + + align:start position:0% +estimation just in order to get a feel +for the procedure involved and the + + align:start position:0% +for the procedure involved and the + + + align:start position:0% +for the procedure involved and the +calculations that one has to go through + + align:start position:0% +calculations that one has to go through + + + align:start position:0% +calculations that one has to go through +our first example will be very simple we + + align:start position:0% +our first example will be very simple we + + + align:start position:0% +our first example will be very simple we +have a binomial random variable with + + align:start position:0% +have a binomial random variable with + + + align:start position:0% +have a binomial random variable with +parameters N and theta so think of + + align:start position:0% +parameters N and theta so think of + + + align:start position:0% +parameters N and theta so think of +having a coin that you flip n times and + + align:start position:0% +having a coin that you flip n times and + + + align:start position:0% +having a coin that you flip n times and +theta is the probability of heads at + + align:start position:0% +theta is the probability of heads at + + + align:start position:0% +theta is the probability of heads at +each one of the tosses so we flip it and + + align:start position:0% +each one of the tosses so we flip it and + + + align:start position:0% +each one of the tosses so we flip it and +times and we observe a certain numerical + + align:start position:0% +times and we observe a certain numerical + + + align:start position:0% +times and we observe a certain numerical +value little K for the random variable K + + align:start position:0% +value little K for the random variable K + + + align:start position:0% +value little K for the random variable K +and on the basis of that numerical value + + align:start position:0% +and on the basis of that numerical value + + + align:start position:0% +and on the basis of that numerical value +we would like to estimate theta + + align:start position:0% +we would like to estimate theta + + + align:start position:0% +we would like to estimate theta +according to the maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +according to the maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +according to the maximum likelihood +methodology the first step is to write + + align:start position:0% +methodology the first step is to write + + + align:start position:0% +methodology the first step is to write +down the likelihood function this is the + + align:start position:0% +down the likelihood function this is the + + + align:start position:0% +down the likelihood function this is the +probability of obtaining this particular + + align:start position:0% +probability of obtaining this particular + + + align:start position:0% +probability of obtaining this particular +piece of data if the true parameter is + + align:start position:0% +piece of data if the true parameter is + + + align:start position:0% +piece of data if the true parameter is +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +now since K is a binomial random + + align:start position:0% +now since K is a binomial random + + + align:start position:0% +now since K is a binomial random +variable the probability of obtaining K + + align:start position:0% +variable the probability of obtaining K + + + align:start position:0% +variable the probability of obtaining K +heads in entosis is given by this + + align:start position:0% +heads in entosis is given by this + + + align:start position:0% +heads in entosis is given by this +expression here so what we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +expression here so what we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +expression here so what we need to do is +to take the data that we have observed + + align:start position:0% +to take the data that we have observed + + + align:start position:0% +to take the data that we have observed +plug it in this formula leave theta free + + align:start position:0% +plug it in this formula leave theta free + + + align:start position:0% +plug it in this formula leave theta free +we have here a function of theta and + + align:start position:0% +we have here a function of theta and + + + align:start position:0% +we have here a function of theta and +then maximize this function of theta + + align:start position:0% +then maximize this function of theta + + + align:start position:0% +then maximize this function of theta +over all theta let us now do this + + align:start position:0% +over all theta let us now do this + + + align:start position:0% +over all theta let us now do this +calculation actually instead of + + align:start position:0% +calculation actually instead of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation actually instead of +maximizing this expression it's a little + + align:start position:0% +maximizing this expression it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing this expression it's a little +easier to maximize the logarithm of this + + align:start position:0% +easier to maximize the logarithm of this + + + align:start position:0% +easier to maximize the logarithm of this +expression and the logarithm of this + + align:start position:0% +expression and the logarithm of this + + + align:start position:0% +expression and the logarithm of this +expression is as follows there's the + + align:start position:0% +expression is as follows there's the + + + align:start position:0% +expression is as follows there's the +first term which is the logarithm of the + + align:start position:0% +first term which is the logarithm of the + + + align:start position:0% +first term which is the logarithm of the +n choose K term then the logarithm of + + align:start position:0% +n choose K term then the logarithm of + + + align:start position:0% +n choose K term then the logarithm of +theta to the K is K times log theta and + + align:start position:0% +theta to the K is K times log theta and + + + align:start position:0% +theta to the K is K times log theta and +finally the logarithm of the last term + + align:start position:0% +finally the logarithm of the last term + + + align:start position:0% +finally the logarithm of the last term +is n minus K log of 1 minus theta so we + + align:start position:0% +is n minus K log of 1 minus theta so we + + + align:start position:0% +is n minus K log of 1 minus theta so we +need to maximize this expression with + + align:start position:0% +need to maximize this expression with + + + align:start position:0% +need to maximize this expression with +respect to theta in order to do that we + + align:start position:0% +respect to theta in order to do that we + + + align:start position:0% +respect to theta in order to do that we +take the derivative with respect to + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative with respect to +theta here there is no theta involved we + + align:start position:0% +theta here there is no theta involved we + + + align:start position:0% +theta here there is no theta involved we +get a contribution of 0 this term has a + + align:start position:0% +get a contribution of 0 this term has a + + + align:start position:0% +get a contribution of 0 this term has a +derivative of K divided by theta and + + align:start position:0% +derivative of K divided by theta and + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of K divided by theta and +this term here has a derivative which is + + align:start position:0% +this term here has a derivative which is + + + align:start position:0% +this term here has a derivative which is +n minus K + + align:start position:0% +n minus K + + + align:start position:0% +n minus K +time's the derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +time's the derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +time's the derivative of this +logarithmic term which is 1 over what is + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic term which is 1 over what is + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic term which is 1 over what is +inside the logarithm but by the chain + + align:start position:0% +inside the logarithm but by the chain + + + align:start position:0% +inside the logarithm but by the chain +rule because of this minus sign here we + + align:start position:0% +rule because of this minus sign here we + + + align:start position:0% +rule because of this minus sign here we +get also a minus sign and we obtained + + align:start position:0% +get also a minus sign and we obtained + + + align:start position:0% +get also a minus sign and we obtained +this expression now at the maximum the + + align:start position:0% +this expression now at the maximum the + + + align:start position:0% +this expression now at the maximum the +derivative has to be equal to zero and + + align:start position:0% +derivative has to be equal to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +derivative has to be equal to zero and +this gives us now an equation for theta + + align:start position:0% +this gives us now an equation for theta + + + align:start position:0% +this gives us now an equation for theta +that we can solve let us take this term + + align:start position:0% +that we can solve let us take this term + + + align:start position:0% +that we can solve let us take this term +move it to the right hand side and then + + align:start position:0% +move it to the right hand side and then + + + align:start position:0% +move it to the right hand side and then +cross multiply with the denominators to + + align:start position:0% +cross multiply with the denominators to + + + align:start position:0% +cross multiply with the denominators to +obtain the relation that K minus K theta + + align:start position:0% +obtain the relation that K minus K theta + + + align:start position:0% +obtain the relation that K minus K theta +this is obtained by multiplying this K + + align:start position:0% +this is obtained by multiplying this K + + + align:start position:0% +this is obtained by multiplying this K +with this one minus theta factor has to + + align:start position:0% +with this one minus theta factor has to + + + align:start position:0% +with this one minus theta factor has to +be equal to this term times theta which + + align:start position:0% +be equal to this term times theta which + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to this term times theta which +is n times theta minus K theta the K + + align:start position:0% +is n times theta minus K theta the K + + + align:start position:0% +is n times theta minus K theta the K +theta terms cancel and we're left with + + align:start position:0% +theta terms cancel and we're left with + + + align:start position:0% +theta terms cancel and we're left with +this expression which tells us that + + align:start position:0% +this expression which tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +this expression which tells us that +theta should be equal to K over N so + + align:start position:0% +theta should be equal to K over N so + + + align:start position:0% +theta should be equal to K over N so +this is the maximum likelihood estimate + + align:start position:0% +this is the maximum likelihood estimate + + + align:start position:0% +this is the maximum likelihood estimate +for this particular problem which is a + + align:start position:0% +for this particular problem which is a + + + align:start position:0% +for this particular problem which is a +pretty reasonable answer if you would + + align:start position:0% +pretty reasonable answer if you would + + + align:start position:0% +pretty reasonable answer if you would +like to rephrase what we just found in + + align:start position:0% +like to rephrase what we just found in + + + align:start position:0% +like to rephrase what we just found in +terms of estimators and random variables + + align:start position:0% +terms of estimators and random variables + + + align:start position:0% +terms of estimators and random variables +the maximum likelihood estimate tour is + + align:start position:0% +the maximum likelihood estimate tour is + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum likelihood estimate tour is +as follows we take the random variable + + align:start position:0% +as follows we take the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +as follows we take the random variable +that we observe our observations and + + align:start position:0% +that we observe our observations and + + + align:start position:0% +that we observe our observations and +divided by N and this is now a random + + align:start position:0% +divided by N and this is now a random + + + align:start position:0% +divided by N and this is now a random +variable which will be our estimator now + + align:start position:0% +variable which will be our estimator now + + + align:start position:0% +variable which will be our estimator now +notice that in this particular example + + align:start position:0% +notice that in this particular example + + + align:start position:0% +notice that in this particular example +the answer that we got is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +the answer that we got is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +the answer that we got is exactly the +same as the answer that we got in the + + align:start position:0% +same as the answer that we got in the + + + align:start position:0% +same as the answer that we got in the +context of Bayesian inference when we + + align:start position:0% +context of Bayesian inference when we + + + align:start position:0% +context of Bayesian inference when we +were finding the maximum a posteriori + + align:start position:0% +were finding the maximum a posteriori + + + align:start position:0% +were finding the maximum a posteriori +probability estimator but for the + + align:start position:0% +probability estimator but for the + + + align:start position:0% +probability estimator but for the +special case where the prior was a + + align:start position:0% +special case where the prior was a + + + align:start position:0% +special case where the prior was a +uniform distribution so if we assume + + align:start position:0% +uniform distribution so if we assume + + + align:start position:0% +uniform distribution so if we assume +that theta is actually a random variable + + align:start position:0% +that theta is actually a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +that theta is actually a random variable +but has a uniform distribution so that + + align:start position:0% +but has a uniform distribution so that + + + align:start position:0% +but has a uniform distribution so that +we have a flat prior and we carry out + + align:start position:0% +we have a flat prior and we carry out + + + align:start position:0% +we have a flat prior and we carry out +maximum posteriori probability + + align:start position:0% +maximum posteriori probability + + + align:start position:0% +maximum posteriori probability +estimation we do obtain exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +estimation we do obtain exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +estimation we do obtain exactly the same +estimate and this is consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +estimate and this is consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +estimate and this is consistent with the +comments that we made earlier that + + align:start position:0% +comments that we made earlier that + + + align:start position:0% +comments that we made earlier that +maximum likelihood estimation can be + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimation can be + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimation can be +interpreted also as map estimation with + + align:start position:0% +interpreted also as map estimation with + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted also as map estimation with +a flat prior + + align:start position:0% +a flat prior + + + align:start position:0% +a flat prior +let us now move to our second example + + align:start position:0% +let us now move to our second example + + + align:start position:0% +let us now move to our second example +which will be a little more complicated + + align:start position:0% +which will be a little more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +which will be a little more complicated +here we have n random variables that are + + align:start position:0% +here we have n random variables that are + + + align:start position:0% +here we have n random variables that are +independent identically distributed they + + align:start position:0% +independent identically distributed they + + + align:start position:0% +independent identically distributed they +all have a normal distribution with a + + align:start position:0% +all have a normal distribution with a + + + align:start position:0% +all have a normal distribution with a +certain mean and variance but both the + + align:start position:0% +certain mean and variance but both the + + + align:start position:0% +certain mean and variance but both the +mean and the variance are unknown and we + + align:start position:0% +mean and the variance are unknown and we + + + align:start position:0% +mean and the variance are unknown and we +want to estimate them on the basis of + + align:start position:0% +want to estimate them on the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +want to estimate them on the basis of +these observations the first step is to + + align:start position:0% +these observations the first step is to + + + align:start position:0% +these observations the first step is to +write down the likelihood function that + + align:start position:0% +write down the likelihood function that + + + align:start position:0% +write down the likelihood function that +is the probability density function for + + align:start position:0% +is the probability density function for + + + align:start position:0% +is the probability density function for +the vector of observations given some + + align:start position:0% +the vector of observations given some + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of observations given some +set of parameters because of + + align:start position:0% +set of parameters because of + + + align:start position:0% +set of parameters because of +Independence the Joint Distribution of + + align:start position:0% +Independence the Joint Distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +Independence the Joint Distribution of +the vector of X's that we have obtained + + align:start position:0% +the vector of X's that we have obtained + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of X's that we have obtained +is the product of the PDFs of the + + align:start position:0% +is the product of the PDFs of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the product of the PDFs of the +individual X's of the x i's so the PDF + + align:start position:0% +individual X's of the x i's so the PDF + + + align:start position:0% +individual X's of the x i's so the PDF +of a typical X I that has variance V and + + align:start position:0% +of a typical X I that has variance V and + + + align:start position:0% +of a typical X I that has variance V and +mean mu is of this form so this is the + + align:start position:0% +mean mu is of this form so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +mean mu is of this form so this is the +likelihood function in this case this is + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function in this case this is + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function in this case this is +the probability density of obtaining a + + align:start position:0% +the probability density of obtaining a + + + align:start position:0% +the probability density of obtaining a +particular vector X of observations when + + align:start position:0% +particular vector X of observations when + + + align:start position:0% +particular vector X of observations when +we have these particular parameters we + + align:start position:0% +we have these particular parameters we + + + align:start position:0% +we have these particular parameters we +would like to maximize this function as + + align:start position:0% +would like to maximize this function as + + + align:start position:0% +would like to maximize this function as +in our previous example it is actually + + align:start position:0% +in our previous example it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +in our previous example it is actually +little easier to maximize the logarithm + + align:start position:0% +little easier to maximize the logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +little easier to maximize the logarithm +of this expression and this is the same + + align:start position:0% +of this expression and this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +of this expression and this is the same +as minimizing the negative of the + + align:start position:0% +as minimizing the negative of the + + + align:start position:0% +as minimizing the negative of the +logarithm of this expression now when we + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of this expression now when we + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of this expression now when we +take the logarithm of this expression we + + align:start position:0% +take the logarithm of this expression we + + + align:start position:0% +take the logarithm of this expression we +have a product so we're going to get a + + align:start position:0% +have a product so we're going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +have a product so we're going to get a +sum of logarithms and I leave it to you + + align:start position:0% +sum of logarithms and I leave it to you + + + align:start position:0% +sum of logarithms and I leave it to you +to verify that the negative logarithm of + + align:start position:0% +to verify that the negative logarithm of + + + align:start position:0% +to verify that the negative logarithm of +this expression is of this form plus + + align:start position:0% +this expression is of this form plus + + + align:start position:0% +this expression is of this form plus +some other constant that does not + + align:start position:0% +some other constant that does not + + + align:start position:0% +some other constant that does not +involve the parameters and which comes + + align:start position:0% +involve the parameters and which comes + + + align:start position:0% +involve the parameters and which comes +from this factor of 1 over square root 2 + + align:start position:0% +from this factor of 1 over square root 2 + + + align:start position:0% +from this factor of 1 over square root 2 +pi in particular this term here appears + + align:start position:0% +pi in particular this term here appears + + + align:start position:0% +pi in particular this term here appears +when we take the logarithm of this and + + align:start position:0% +when we take the logarithm of this and + + + align:start position:0% +when we take the logarithm of this and +this happens n times because we have a + + align:start position:0% +this happens n times because we have a + + + align:start position:0% +this happens n times because we have a +product of n terms and this term here + + align:start position:0% +product of n terms and this term here + + + align:start position:0% +product of n terms and this term here +appears when we take the logarithm of + + align:start position:0% +appears when we take the logarithm of + + + align:start position:0% +appears when we take the logarithm of +this expression and after we put in the + + align:start position:0% +this expression and after we put in the + + + align:start position:0% +this expression and after we put in the +minus sign + + align:start position:0% +minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign +were actually considering the negative + + align:start position:0% +were actually considering the negative + + + align:start position:0% +were actually considering the negative +of the logarithm now to carry out the + + align:start position:0% +of the logarithm now to carry out the + + + align:start position:0% +of the logarithm now to carry out the +minimization what we need to do is to + + align:start position:0% +minimization what we need to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +minimization what we need to do is to +take the derivative of this expression + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of this expression + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of this expression +with respect to MU set it to zero and + + align:start position:0% +with respect to MU set it to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to MU set it to zero and +also take the derivative with respect to + + align:start position:0% +also take the derivative with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +also take the derivative with respect to +V and set it to zero as well + + align:start position:0% +V and set it to zero as well + + + align:start position:0% +V and set it to zero as well +solve those equations and find the + + align:start position:0% +solve those equations and find the + + + align:start position:0% +solve those equations and find the +optimal mu and V so let's start by + + align:start position:0% +optimal mu and V so let's start by + + + align:start position:0% +optimal mu and V so let's start by +optimizing with respect to meal so we're + + align:start position:0% +optimizing with respect to meal so we're + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing with respect to meal so we're +going to take the derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +going to take the derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the derivative of this +expression with respect to MU and set it + + align:start position:0% +expression with respect to MU and set it + + + align:start position:0% +expression with respect to MU and set it +to zero this term does not involve mu so + + align:start position:0% +to zero this term does not involve mu so + + + align:start position:0% +to zero this term does not involve mu so +we only need to take the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +we only need to take the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +we only need to take the derivative of +this and the derivative of this is going + + align:start position:0% +this and the derivative of this is going + + + align:start position:0% +this and the derivative of this is going +to be there's a term 1 over V and then + + align:start position:0% +to be there's a term 1 over V and then + + + align:start position:0% +to be there's a term 1 over V and then +the derivative of the quadratic divided + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the quadratic divided + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the quadratic divided +by 2 is just X I minus mu and we have + + align:start position:0% +by 2 is just X I minus mu and we have + + + align:start position:0% +by 2 is just X I minus mu and we have +one term for each possible i we get this + + align:start position:0% +one term for each possible i we get this + + + align:start position:0% +one term for each possible i we get this +equation now we can cancel out V and + + align:start position:0% +equation now we can cancel out V and + + + align:start position:0% +equation now we can cancel out V and +we're left with the equation that the + + align:start position:0% +we're left with the equation that the + + + align:start position:0% +we're left with the equation that the +sum of the x i's is equal to the sum of + + align:start position:0% +sum of the x i's is equal to the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the x i's is equal to the sum of +the Meuse which is n times mu and now we + + align:start position:0% +the Meuse which is n times mu and now we + + + align:start position:0% +the Meuse which is n times mu and now we +can send n to the denominator to obtain + + align:start position:0% +can send n to the denominator to obtain + + + align:start position:0% +can send n to the denominator to obtain +that the estimate of MU is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that the estimate of MU is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that the estimate of MU is going to be +the sum of the x i's divided by n so the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the x i's divided by n so the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the x i's divided by n so the +maximum likelihood estimate of the mean + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimate of the mean + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimate of the mean +takes a very simple and very natural + + align:start position:0% +takes a very simple and very natural + + + align:start position:0% +takes a very simple and very natural +form it is just the sample mean now let + + align:start position:0% +form it is just the sample mean now let + + + align:start position:0% +form it is just the sample mean now let +us continue with the minimization with + + align:start position:0% +us continue with the minimization with + + + align:start position:0% +us continue with the minimization with +respect to V in order to carry out that + + align:start position:0% +respect to V in order to carry out that + + + align:start position:0% +respect to V in order to carry out that +minimization we need to take the + + align:start position:0% +minimization we need to take the + + + align:start position:0% +minimization we need to take the +derivative of this expression with + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this expression with + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this expression with +respect to V and set it to zero + + align:start position:0% +respect to V and set it to zero + + + align:start position:0% +respect to V and set it to zero +the derivative of the first term is + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the first term is + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the first term is +equal to n over 2 times 1 over V and + + align:start position:0% +equal to n over 2 times 1 over V and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to n over 2 times 1 over V and +then from here when we take the + + align:start position:0% +then from here when we take the + + + align:start position:0% +then from here when we take the +derivative we obtain the sum of all + + align:start position:0% +derivative we obtain the sum of all + + + align:start position:0% +derivative we obtain the sum of all +these terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +/ to v-squared + + align:start position:0% +/ to v-squared + + + align:start position:0% +/ to v-squared +but actually when we take the derivative + + align:start position:0% +but actually when we take the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +but actually when we take the derivative +of 1 over V the derivative is minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +of 1 over V the derivative is minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of 1 over V the derivative is minus 1 +over V squared and for this reason here + + align:start position:0% +over V squared and for this reason here + + + align:start position:0% +over V squared and for this reason here +we will have a minus sign so this is the + + align:start position:0% +we will have a minus sign so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +we will have a minus sign so this is the +derivative with respect to V we set it + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to V we set it + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to V we set it +equal to zero and carry out some algebra + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and carry out some algebra + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and carry out some algebra +what is the algebra involved here we can + + align:start position:0% +what is the algebra involved here we can + + + align:start position:0% +what is the algebra involved here we can +delete this term - that appears here and + + align:start position:0% +delete this term - that appears here and + + + align:start position:0% +delete this term - that appears here and +there this term V cancels out this + + align:start position:0% +there this term V cancels out this + + + align:start position:0% +there this term V cancels out this +exponent here then we take this V move + + align:start position:0% +exponent here then we take this V move + + + align:start position:0% +exponent here then we take this V move +it to the other side and then take this + + align:start position:0% +it to the other side and then take this + + + align:start position:0% +it to the other side and then take this +N and move it to this side underneath + + align:start position:0% +N and move it to this side underneath + + + align:start position:0% +N and move it to this side underneath +this term and finally what we obtain + + align:start position:0% +this term and finally what we obtain + + + align:start position:0% +this term and finally what we obtain +after you carry out this algebra is this + + align:start position:0% +after you carry out this algebra is this + + + align:start position:0% +after you carry out this algebra is this +expression that the estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +expression that the estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +expression that the estimate of the +variance is some form of the sample + + align:start position:0% +variance is some form of the sample + + + align:start position:0% +variance is some form of the sample +variance where we use the value of the + + align:start position:0% +variance where we use the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +variance where we use the value of the +optimal value of MU and the optimal + + align:start position:0% +optimal value of MU and the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +optimal value of MU and the optimal +value of MU we have already found it's + + align:start position:0% +value of MU we have already found it's + + + align:start position:0% +value of MU we have already found it's +given by this expression here so we + + align:start position:0% +given by this expression here so we + + + align:start position:0% +given by this expression here so we +obtain a pretty natural estimate for the + + align:start position:0% +obtain a pretty natural estimate for the + + + align:start position:0% +obtain a pretty natural estimate for the +variance as well by using this maximum + + align:start position:0% +variance as well by using this maximum + + + align:start position:0% +variance as well by using this maximum +likelihood methodology now these two + + align:start position:0% +likelihood methodology now these two + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood methodology now these two +examples were particularly nice because + + align:start position:0% +examples were particularly nice because + + + align:start position:0% +examples were particularly nice because +the algebra was not too complicated and + + align:start position:0% +the algebra was not too complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +the algebra was not too complicated and +the answers turned out to be what you + + align:start position:0% +the answers turned out to be what you + + + align:start position:0% +the answers turned out to be what you +might have guessed without using any + + align:start position:0% +might have guessed without using any + + + align:start position:0% +might have guessed without using any +fancy methods but in other problems the + + align:start position:0% +fancy methods but in other problems the + + + align:start position:0% +fancy methods but in other problems the +calculations may be more complicated and + + align:start position:0% +calculations may be more complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +calculations may be more complicated and +the answers may not be so obvious \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/03CJMrAP4vc.txt b/03CJMrAP4vc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8129315776345578366a978e4283067db0aa36a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/03CJMrAP4vc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,883 @@ +align:start position:0% + +again we will divide + + align:start position:0% +again we will divide + + + align:start position:0% +again we will divide +in four groups we will start by making + + align:start position:0% +in four groups we will start by making + + + align:start position:0% +in four groups we will start by making +sweat now you're experts you know how to + + align:start position:0% +sweat now you're experts you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +sweat now you're experts you know how to +make a sweat + + align:start position:0% +make a sweat + + + align:start position:0% +make a sweat +okay either with chipola or + + align:start position:0% +okay either with chipola or + + + align:start position:0% +okay either with chipola or +with the albion my recommendation would + + align:start position:0% +with the albion my recommendation would + + + align:start position:0% +with the albion my recommendation would +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +that the people who are using + + align:start position:0% +that the people who are using + + + align:start position:0% +that the people who are using +the radicchio would make the sweat with + + align:start position:0% +the radicchio would make the sweat with + + + align:start position:0% +the radicchio would make the sweat with +allio while for the others i think + + align:start position:0% +allio while for the others i think + + + align:start position:0% +allio while for the others i think +chipotle would be better + + align:start position:0% +chipotle would be better + + + align:start position:0% +chipotle would be better +then the next step will consist in + + align:start position:0% +then the next step will consist in + + + align:start position:0% +then the next step will consist in +taking the + + align:start position:0% +taking the + + + align:start position:0% +taking the +piezo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we will mix it + + align:start position:0% +and we will mix it + + + align:start position:0% +and we will mix it +and we will toast it a tiny bit + + align:start position:0% +and we will toast it a tiny bit + + + align:start position:0% +and we will toast it a tiny bit +after that we will add the broth + + align:start position:0% +after that we will add the broth + + + align:start position:0% +after that we will add the broth +so while the sweat is cooking you will + + align:start position:0% +so while the sweat is cooking you will + + + align:start position:0% +so while the sweat is cooking you will +have to prepare + + align:start position:0% +have to prepare + + + align:start position:0% +have to prepare +some broth and i will tell you then + + align:start position:0% +some broth and i will tell you then + + + align:start position:0% +some broth and i will tell you then +all the details of the other details on + + align:start position:0% +all the details of the other details on + + + align:start position:0% +all the details of the other details on +the way good + + align:start position:0% +the way good + + + align:start position:0% +the way good +you have cutting boards they are on the + + align:start position:0% +you have cutting boards they are on the + + + align:start position:0% +you have cutting boards they are on the +other side + + align:start position:0% +other side + + + align:start position:0% +other side +kitchens wash your hands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you want you can put the radicchio + + align:start position:0% +if you want you can put the radicchio + + + align:start position:0% +if you want you can put the radicchio +with gonna be very good so you have to + + align:start position:0% +with gonna be very good so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +with gonna be very good so you have to +wash your hose and just + + align:start position:0% +wash your hose and just + + + align:start position:0% +wash your hose and just +chop it very very thin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what i want you to do is practice + + align:start position:0% +so what i want you to do is practice + + + align:start position:0% +so what i want you to do is practice +and then get through it together and + + align:start position:0% +and then get through it together and + + + align:start position:0% +and then get through it together and +then you make + + align:start position:0% +then you make + + + align:start position:0% +then you make +pieces about the size + + align:start position:0% +pieces about the size + + + align:start position:0% +pieces about the size +is ready i will tell you like each + + align:start position:0% +is ready i will tell you like each + + + align:start position:0% +is ready i will tell you like each +recipe has a different order in the + + align:start position:0% +recipe has a different order in the + + + align:start position:0% +recipe has a different order in the +ingredients but then at some point you + + align:start position:0% +ingredients but then at some point you + + + align:start position:0% +ingredients but then at some point you +will add + + align:start position:0% +will add + + + align:start position:0% +will add +the rice with the fire a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the rice with the fire a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the rice with the fire a little bit +higher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so otherwise it starts to stick just for + + align:start position:0% +so otherwise it starts to stick just for + + + align:start position:0% +so otherwise it starts to stick just for +a couple of minutes and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +a couple of minutes and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of minutes and then we have the +problem so how much rice + + align:start position:0% +problem so how much rice + + + align:start position:0% +problem so how much rice +typically you can consider something + + align:start position:0% +typically you can consider something + + + align:start position:0% +typically you can consider something +like 80 grams + + align:start position:0% +like 80 grams + + + align:start position:0% +like 80 grams +per person i usually do something like + + align:start position:0% +per person i usually do something like + + + align:start position:0% +per person i usually do something like +100 pounds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so well you have the rice you have the + + align:start position:0% +so well you have the rice you have the + + + align:start position:0% +so well you have the rice you have the +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +i would say each team can cook something + + align:start position:0% +i would say each team can cook something + + + align:start position:0% +i would say each team can cook something +like 400 grams + + align:start position:0% +like 400 grams + + + align:start position:0% +like 400 grams +how much is in each bag um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i told you we were going to add the + + align:start position:0% +i told you we were going to add the + + + align:start position:0% +i told you we were going to add the +broth + + align:start position:0% +broth + + + align:start position:0% +broth +but we would use a trick instead of + + align:start position:0% +but we would use a trick instead of + + + align:start position:0% +but we would use a trick instead of +adding the broth i'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +adding the broth i'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +adding the broth i'm going to take +idado and put it in your + + align:start position:0% +idado and put it in your + + + align:start position:0% +idado and put it in your +sofrito yeah and then we will add the + + align:start position:0% +sofrito yeah and then we will add the + + + align:start position:0% +sofrito yeah and then we will add the +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +hot water boiling water so the advantage + + align:start position:0% +hot water boiling water so the advantage + + + align:start position:0% +hot water boiling water so the advantage +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +well we will have one pot less to clean + + align:start position:0% +well we will have one pot less to clean + + + align:start position:0% +well we will have one pot less to clean +per group + + align:start position:0% +per group + + + align:start position:0% +per group +so you should do this in your dorm it's + + align:start position:0% +so you should do this in your dorm it's + + + align:start position:0% +so you should do this in your dorm it's +also something to take into + + align:start position:0% +also something to take into + + + align:start position:0% +also something to take into +consideration + + align:start position:0% +consideration + + + align:start position:0% +consideration +so we take the data we put it in the + + align:start position:0% +so we take the data we put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +so we take the data we put it in the +software + + align:start position:0% +software + + + align:start position:0% +software +and then it's important when you add the + + align:start position:0% +and then it's important when you add the + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's important when you add the +water it has to be boiling water not + + align:start position:0% +water it has to be boiling water not + + + align:start position:0% +water it has to be boiling water not +cold + + align:start position:0% +cold + + + align:start position:0% +cold +okay now what we are doing we are + + align:start position:0% +okay now what we are doing we are + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what we are doing we are +toasting it + + align:start position:0% +toasting it + + + align:start position:0% +toasting it +a tiny bit but we don't want it to stick + + align:start position:0% +a tiny bit but we don't want it to stick + + + align:start position:0% +a tiny bit but we don't want it to stick +we just toast it for a minute + + align:start position:0% +we just toast it for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +we just toast it for a minute +and you add the adding yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after we add the water we stir but then + + align:start position:0% +after we add the water we stir but then + + + align:start position:0% +after we add the water we stir but then +we just + + align:start position:0% +we just + + + align:start position:0% +we just +leave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we keep adding hot water and + + align:start position:0% +so we keep adding hot water and + + + align:start position:0% +so we keep adding hot water and +we stir every i don't know four or five + + align:start position:0% +we stir every i don't know four or five + + + align:start position:0% +we stir every i don't know four or five +minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes +and when it's ready how do we know when + + align:start position:0% +and when it's ready how do we know when + + + align:start position:0% +and when it's ready how do we know when +it's ready + + align:start position:0% +it's ready + + + align:start position:0% +it's ready +we eat it we taste a tiny bit + + align:start position:0% +we eat it we taste a tiny bit + + + align:start position:0% +we eat it we taste a tiny bit +and we decide and we may also have to + + align:start position:0% +and we decide and we may also have to + + + align:start position:0% +and we decide and we may also have to +add salt most likely you will have to + + align:start position:0% +add salt most likely you will have to + + + align:start position:0% +add salt most likely you will have to +add a little bit of salt + + align:start position:0% +add a little bit of salt + + + align:start position:0% +add a little bit of salt +so you taste it you decide is it hard + + align:start position:0% +so you taste it you decide is it hard + + + align:start position:0% +so you taste it you decide is it hard +is it soft do i need to add a little bit + + align:start position:0% +is it soft do i need to add a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +is it soft do i need to add a little bit +of salt + + align:start position:0% +of salt + + + align:start position:0% +of salt +so here it's different from when we make + + align:start position:0% +so here it's different from when we make + + + align:start position:0% +so here it's different from when we make +pasta when we make pasta we put + + align:start position:0% +pasta when we make pasta we put + + + align:start position:0% +pasta when we make pasta we put +a lot of salt because then we get rid of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of salt because then we get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of salt because then we get rid of +the water with the risotto we keep + + align:start position:0% +the water with the risotto we keep + + + align:start position:0% +the water with the risotto we keep +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +in the same pot so when you add salt you + + align:start position:0% +in the same pot so when you add salt you + + + align:start position:0% +in the same pot so when you add salt you +really add just a pinch at the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when the rice is almost ready + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how much did you sprinkle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no just like that not too long less than + + align:start position:0% +no just like that not too long less than + + + align:start position:0% +no just like that not too long less than +a minute + + align:start position:0% +a minute + + + align:start position:0% +a minute +for the sausage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i need to make the camera oh my goodness + + align:start position:0% +i need to make the camera oh my goodness + + + align:start position:0% +i need to make the camera oh my goodness +thank you gotcha wait i'm gonna take six + + align:start position:0% +thank you gotcha wait i'm gonna take six + + + align:start position:0% +thank you gotcha wait i'm gonna take six +five four three two + + align:start position:0% +five four three two + + + align:start position:0% +five four three two +oh yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0XUW8l1Dzyc.txt b/0XUW8l1Dzyc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f55f1794ad0329e205c3de9889f06c9c00634d32 --- /dev/null +++ b/0XUW8l1Dzyc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +i'm an instructor at chip i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +i'm an instructor at chip i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +i'm an instructor at chip i'm going to +talk to you today about + + align:start position:0% +talk to you today about + + + align:start position:0% +talk to you today about +the most important + + align:start position:0% +the most important + + + align:start position:0% +the most important +resources + + align:start position:0% +resources + + + align:start position:0% +resources +resources for + + align:start position:0% +resources for + + + align:start position:0% +resources for +finding and using + + align:start position:0% +finding and using + + + align:start position:0% +finding and using +biomedical information especially + + align:start position:0% +biomedical information especially + + + align:start position:0% +biomedical information especially +information connected with the study of + + align:start position:0% +information connected with the study of + + + align:start position:0% +information connected with the study of +the human genome + + align:start position:0% +the human genome + + + align:start position:0% +the human genome +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so this is going to be uh something + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be uh something + + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be uh something +probably slightly different from what + + align:start position:0% +probably slightly different from what + + + align:start position:0% +probably slightly different from what +you've heard so far i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +you've heard so far i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +you've heard so far i'm going to +concentrate more on um + + align:start position:0% +concentrate more on um + + + align:start position:0% +concentrate more on um +actual um locations and most of them + + align:start position:0% +actual um locations and most of them + + + align:start position:0% +actual um locations and most of them +will be websites where you can find + + align:start position:0% +will be websites where you can find + + + align:start position:0% +will be websites where you can find +information going to talk about this and + + align:start position:0% +information going to talk about this and + + + align:start position:0% +information going to talk about this and +how this information is uh stored and + + align:start position:0% +how this information is uh stored and + + + align:start position:0% +how this information is uh stored and +represented how it's accessible and uh + + align:start position:0% +represented how it's accessible and uh + + + align:start position:0% +represented how it's accessible and uh +what it can be used for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you're gonna see a long list of + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna see a long list of + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna see a long list of +references to sites websites with urls + + align:start position:0% +references to sites websites with urls + + + align:start position:0% +references to sites websites with urls +don't worry if you can't remember all of + + align:start position:0% +don't worry if you can't remember all of + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry if you can't remember all of +them because of course i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +them because of course i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +them because of course i'm going to +distribute the slides and it will be + + align:start position:0% +distribute the slides and it will be + + + align:start position:0% +distribute the slides and it will be +easier to just look them up + + align:start position:0% +easier to just look them up + + + align:start position:0% +easier to just look them up +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +going to start with something that + + align:start position:0% +going to start with something that + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with something that +you've probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heard about many times before + + align:start position:0% +heard about many times before + + + align:start position:0% +heard about many times before +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +so-called central dogma of molecular + + align:start position:0% +so-called central dogma of molecular + + + align:start position:0% +so-called central dogma of molecular +biology as you know uh + + align:start position:0% +biology as you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +biology as you know uh +almost all our cells contain dna + + align:start position:0% +almost all our cells contain dna + + + align:start position:0% +almost all our cells contain dna +in their nucleus dna is a molecule that + + align:start position:0% +in their nucleus dna is a molecule that + + + align:start position:0% +in their nucleus dna is a molecule that +encodes information for at least from + + align:start position:0% +encodes information for at least from + + + align:start position:0% +encodes information for at least from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +purposes of this presentation this is + + align:start position:0% +purposes of this presentation this is + + + align:start position:0% +purposes of this presentation this is +what we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +what we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +what we're interested in +and this this information is + + align:start position:0% +and this this information is + + + align:start position:0% +and this this information is +transcribed into rna molecules that then + + align:start position:0% +transcribed into rna molecules that then + + + align:start position:0% +transcribed into rna molecules that then +exits the nucleus under the form of + + align:start position:0% +exits the nucleus under the form of + + + align:start position:0% +exits the nucleus under the form of +mrna + + align:start position:0% +mrna + + + align:start position:0% +mrna +mrna is then translated into proteins + + align:start position:0% +mrna is then translated into proteins + + + align:start position:0% +mrna is then translated into proteins +and proteins are + + align:start position:0% +and proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +and proteins are +ultimately what + + align:start position:0% +ultimately what + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately what +is responsible for + + align:start position:0% +is responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +is responsible for +essentially all the external + + align:start position:0% +essentially all the external + + + align:start position:0% +essentially all the external +manifestations all the observable + + align:start position:0% +manifestations all the observable + + + align:start position:0% +manifestations all the observable +properties of + + align:start position:0% +properties of + + + align:start position:0% +properties of +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +biology so i'm talking about things like + + align:start position:0% +biology so i'm talking about things like + + + align:start position:0% +biology so i'm talking about things like +metabolism in general physiology + + align:start position:0% +metabolism in general physiology + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism in general physiology +diversity between individuals + + align:start position:0% +diversity between individuals + + + align:start position:0% +diversity between individuals +disease drug response + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these are all + + align:start position:0% +these are all + + + align:start position:0% +these are all +in some way or another due to the + + align:start position:0% +in some way or another due to the + + + align:start position:0% +in some way or another due to the +different proteins that act + + align:start position:0% +different proteins that act + + + align:start position:0% +different proteins that act +within our cells and outside our cells + + align:start position:0% +within our cells and outside our cells + + + align:start position:0% +within our cells and outside our cells +so we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have +names of course for + + align:start position:0% +names of course for + + + align:start position:0% +names of course for +the extremes of the spectrum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we call genotype + + align:start position:0% +we call genotype + + + align:start position:0% +we call genotype +this uh + + align:start position:0% +this uh + + + align:start position:0% +this uh +information is encoded into in the dna + + align:start position:0% +information is encoded into in the dna + + + align:start position:0% +information is encoded into in the dna +and on the other hand we can call + + align:start position:0% +and on the other hand we can call + + + align:start position:0% +and on the other hand we can call +phenotype whatever is at the other + + align:start position:0% +phenotype whatever is at the other + + + align:start position:0% +phenotype whatever is at the other +extreme of the spectrum everything we + + align:start position:0% +extreme of the spectrum everything we + + + align:start position:0% +extreme of the spectrum everything we +can observe can measure from from + + align:start position:0% +can observe can measure from from + + + align:start position:0% +can observe can measure from from +the outside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what i'm + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm +going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +try to show you is that + + align:start position:0% +try to show you is that + + + align:start position:0% +try to show you is that +as you move from one end to the spectrum + + align:start position:0% +as you move from one end to the spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +as you move from one end to the spectrum +to the other you're going to encounter + + align:start position:0% +to the other you're going to encounter + + + align:start position:0% +to the other you're going to encounter +very different forms of information of + + align:start position:0% +very different forms of information of + + + align:start position:0% +very different forms of information of +data and each one has its own specific + + align:start position:0% +data and each one has its own specific + + + align:start position:0% +data and each one has its own specific +nature and function and needs to be + + align:start position:0% +nature and function and needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +nature and function and needs to be +treated with different tools it needs to + + align:start position:0% +treated with different tools it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +treated with different tools it needs to +be represented in different ways + + align:start position:0% +be represented in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +be represented in different ways +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and essentially these are the um + + align:start position:0% +and essentially these are the um + + + align:start position:0% +and essentially these are the um +questions i'm going to answer + + align:start position:0% +questions i'm going to answer + + + align:start position:0% +questions i'm going to answer +how is all this information represented + + align:start position:0% +how is all this information represented + + + align:start position:0% +how is all this information represented +what are different ways that we can + + align:start position:0% +what are different ways that we can + + + align:start position:0% +what are different ways that we can +restore and + + align:start position:0% +restore and + + + align:start position:0% +restore and +describe this information + + align:start position:0% +describe this information + + + align:start position:0% +describe this information +where does it come from where is it + + align:start position:0% +where does it come from where is it + + + align:start position:0% +where does it come from where is it +stored how do we find retrieve and use + + align:start position:0% +stored how do we find retrieve and use + + + align:start position:0% +stored how do we find retrieve and use +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we've talked about the two ends of the + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about the two ends of the + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about the two ends of the +spectrum so + + align:start position:0% +spectrum so + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum so +there are some + + align:start position:0% +there are some + + + align:start position:0% +there are some +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +deep differences between the kind of + + align:start position:0% +deep differences between the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +deep differences between the kind of +information you find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you're talking about the genotyping + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about the genotyping + + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about the genotyping +when you're talking about phenotypes for + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about phenotypes for + + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about phenotypes for +example the genotype is digital because + + align:start position:0% +example the genotype is digital because + + + align:start position:0% +example the genotype is digital because +each base pair in our dna can be exactly + + align:start position:0% +each base pair in our dna can be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +each base pair in our dna can be exactly +represented using one of four symbols + + align:start position:0% +represented using one of four symbols + + + align:start position:0% +represented using one of four symbols +apgc then you can also think about + + align:start position:0% +apgc then you can also think about + + + align:start position:0% +apgc then you can also think about +insertions deletions and so on but + + align:start position:0% +insertions deletions and so on but + + + align:start position:0% +insertions deletions and so on but +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +using a small number of symbols you can + + align:start position:0% +using a small number of symbols you can + + + align:start position:0% +using a small number of symbols you can +provide an exact + + align:start position:0% +provide an exact + + + align:start position:0% +provide an exact +representation of our genome of all the + + align:start position:0% +representation of our genome of all the + + + align:start position:0% +representation of our genome of all the +three billion base pairs that compose + + align:start position:0% +three billion base pairs that compose + + + align:start position:0% +three billion base pairs that compose +our dna + + align:start position:0% +our dna + + + align:start position:0% +our dna +on the other hand the phenotype is uh + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand the phenotype is uh + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand the phenotype is uh +say analog + + align:start position:0% +say analog + + + align:start position:0% +say analog +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +most phenotypes are collective in nature + + align:start position:0% +most phenotypes are collective in nature + + + align:start position:0% +most phenotypes are collective in nature +they cannot be measured exactly or + + align:start position:0% +they cannot be measured exactly or + + + align:start position:0% +they cannot be measured exactly or +precisely they cannot even be defined + + align:start position:0% +precisely they cannot even be defined + + + align:start position:0% +precisely they cannot even be defined +precisely in most cases um + + align:start position:0% +precisely in most cases um + + + align:start position:0% +precisely in most cases um +you always have to take into account the + + align:start position:0% +you always have to take into account the + + + align:start position:0% +you always have to take into account the +effect of environmental factors that + + align:start position:0% +effect of environmental factors that + + + align:start position:0% +effect of environmental factors that +again are very hard to describe in a + + align:start position:0% +again are very hard to describe in a + + + align:start position:0% +again are very hard to describe in a +quantitative way + + align:start position:0% +quantitative way + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative way +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +at the root of all this is uh + + align:start position:0% +at the root of all this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +at the root of all this is uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +one of the biggest problems in the in + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest problems in the in + + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest problems in the in +the study of protein is the fact that + + align:start position:0% +the study of protein is the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +the study of protein is the fact that +the proteins are not uniquely determined + + align:start position:0% +the proteins are not uniquely determined + + + align:start position:0% +the proteins are not uniquely determined +by their sequence + + align:start position:0% +by their sequence + + + align:start position:0% +by their sequence +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +for dna you just look at the sequence + + align:start position:0% +for dna you just look at the sequence + + + align:start position:0% +for dna you just look at the sequence +and you know essentially all that there + + align:start position:0% +and you know essentially all that there + + + align:start position:0% +and you know essentially all that there +is to know about dna for proteins you + + align:start position:0% +is to know about dna for proteins you + + + align:start position:0% +is to know about dna for proteins you +cannot look at the + + align:start position:0% +cannot look at the + + + align:start position:0% +cannot look at the +sequence of a protein and understand + + align:start position:0% +sequence of a protein and understand + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of a protein and understand +just by looking at it what the protein + + align:start position:0% +just by looking at it what the protein + + + align:start position:0% +just by looking at it what the protein +is going to do not even how it's going + + align:start position:0% +is going to do not even how it's going + + + align:start position:0% +is going to do not even how it's going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +not even what this three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +not even what this three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +not even what this three-dimensional +structure is going to be that that's + + align:start position:0% +structure is going to be that that's + + + align:start position:0% +structure is going to be that that's +right difficult enough then + + align:start position:0% +right difficult enough then + + + align:start position:0% +right difficult enough then +understanding what the protein does just + + align:start position:0% +understanding what the protein does just + + + align:start position:0% +understanding what the protein does just +by looking at the sequence is still + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the sequence is still + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the sequence is still +very far from being feasible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um on the other hand it's interesting to + + align:start position:0% +um on the other hand it's interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +um on the other hand it's interesting to +see that our knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +see that our knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +see that our knowledge of +these things has progressed in the + + align:start position:0% +these things has progressed in the + + + align:start position:0% +these things has progressed in the +opposite direction because obviously + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction because obviously + + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction because obviously +it's much easier to observe a phenotype + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to observe a phenotype + + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to observe a phenotype +than to observe dna in ourselves so + + align:start position:0% +than to observe dna in ourselves so + + + align:start position:0% +than to observe dna in ourselves so +the first studies of inherited traits + + align:start position:0% +the first studies of inherited traits + + + align:start position:0% +the first studies of inherited traits +date back to mendel in 1866 + + align:start position:0% +date back to mendel in 1866 + + + align:start position:0% +date back to mendel in 1866 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +dna + + align:start position:0% +dna + + + align:start position:0% +dna +was discovered more or less + + align:start position:0% +was discovered more or less + + + align:start position:0% +was discovered more or less +the same years but at the time there was + + align:start position:0% +the same years but at the time there was + + + align:start position:0% +the same years but at the time there was +no nobody had any idea there was any + + align:start position:0% +no nobody had any idea there was any + + + align:start position:0% +no nobody had any idea there was any +collection between these two things + + align:start position:0% +collection between these two things + + + align:start position:0% +collection between these two things +between the + + align:start position:0% +between the + + + align:start position:0% +between the +dna and inherited traits + + align:start position:0% +dna and inherited traits + + + align:start position:0% +dna and inherited traits +it took uh + + align:start position:0% +it took uh + + + align:start position:0% +it took uh +over 80 years for this um + + align:start position:0% +over 80 years for this um + + + align:start position:0% +over 80 years for this um +for this concept to be uh for for this + + align:start position:0% +for this concept to be uh for for this + + + align:start position:0% +for this concept to be uh for for this +to be proven so the the + + align:start position:0% +to be proven so the the + + + align:start position:0% +to be proven so the the +pro definite proof that genes are made + + align:start position:0% +pro definite proof that genes are made + + + align:start position:0% +pro definite proof that genes are made +of dna + + align:start position:0% +of dna + + + align:start position:0% +of dna +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +dates back to 1952. + + align:start position:0% +dates back to 1952. + + + align:start position:0% +dates back to 1952. +after that progress was faster because + + align:start position:0% +after that progress was faster because + + + align:start position:0% +after that progress was faster because +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +lucidation of the structure of dna and + + align:start position:0% +lucidation of the structure of dna and + + + align:start position:0% +lucidation of the structure of dna and +the replication mechanism + + align:start position:0% +the replication mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +the replication mechanism +came one year later + + align:start position:0% +came one year later + + + align:start position:0% +came one year later +then the genetic code was the cipher + + align:start position:0% +then the genetic code was the cipher + + + align:start position:0% +then the genetic code was the cipher +between 1961 and 1966 + + align:start position:0% +between 1961 and 1966 + + + align:start position:0% +between 1961 and 1966 +something that we now take for granted + + align:start position:0% +something that we now take for granted + + + align:start position:0% +something that we now take for granted +like the discovery of introns uh + + align:start position:0% +like the discovery of introns uh + + + align:start position:0% +like the discovery of introns uh +only happened in 1977 + + align:start position:0% +only happened in 1977 + + + align:start position:0% +only happened in 1977 +and finally uh the human genome project + + align:start position:0% +and finally uh the human genome project + + + align:start position:0% +and finally uh the human genome project +that uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh +officially + + align:start position:0% +officially + + + align:start position:0% +officially +declared a success last year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brought us to the point where we now + + align:start position:0% +brought us to the point where we now + + + align:start position:0% +brought us to the point where we now +know the exact + + align:start position:0% +know the exact + + + align:start position:0% +know the exact +base pair sequence of uh our genome so + + align:start position:0% +base pair sequence of uh our genome so + + + align:start position:0% +base pair sequence of uh our genome so +we now + + align:start position:0% +we now + + + align:start position:0% +we now +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +with a sufficient degree of certainty + + align:start position:0% +with a sufficient degree of certainty + + + align:start position:0% +with a sufficient degree of certainty +we're going to talk about this more + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about this more + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about this more +later we know the exact base pair + + align:start position:0% +later we know the exact base pair + + + align:start position:0% +later we know the exact base pair +composition of uh the human genome and + + align:start position:0% +composition of uh the human genome and + + + align:start position:0% +composition of uh the human genome and +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +several other genomes but of course the + + align:start position:0% +several other genomes but of course the + + + align:start position:0% +several other genomes but of course the +human one is the one we're most + + align:start position:0% +human one is the one we're most + + + align:start position:0% +human one is the one we're most +interested in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay going back again from genotype to + + align:start position:0% +okay going back again from genotype to + + + align:start position:0% +okay going back again from genotype to +phenotype there's another thing to note + + align:start position:0% +phenotype there's another thing to note + + + align:start position:0% +phenotype there's another thing to note +i've just said that we now have the + + align:start position:0% +i've just said that we now have the + + + align:start position:0% +i've just said that we now have the +complete sequence for our genome but of + + align:start position:0% +complete sequence for our genome but of + + + align:start position:0% +complete sequence for our genome but of +course this is an approximation it's an + + align:start position:0% +course this is an approximation it's an + + + align:start position:0% +course this is an approximation it's an +abstraction actually because uh + + align:start position:0% +abstraction actually because uh + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction actually because uh +even if we're all human beings there are + + align:start position:0% +even if we're all human beings there are + + + align:start position:0% +even if we're all human beings there are +no two human beings that are exactly the + + align:start position:0% +no two human beings that are exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +no two human beings that are exactly the +same and this is a consequence of the + + align:start position:0% +same and this is a consequence of the + + + align:start position:0% +same and this is a consequence of the +fact that um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that there are differences between the + + align:start position:0% +that there are differences between the + + + align:start position:0% +that there are differences between the +dna of to + + align:start position:0% +dna of to + + + align:start position:0% +dna of to +any human beings these differences are + + align:start position:0% +any human beings these differences are + + + align:start position:0% +any human beings these differences are +due to uh polymorphisms like single + + align:start position:0% +due to uh polymorphisms like single + + + align:start position:0% +due to uh polymorphisms like single +nucleotide polymorphisms so locations + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide polymorphisms so locations + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide polymorphisms so locations +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +uh instead of having the base that + + align:start position:0% +uh instead of having the base that + + + align:start position:0% +uh instead of having the base that +everybody else has you have a different + + align:start position:0% +everybody else has you have a different + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else has you have a different +base + + align:start position:0% +base + + + align:start position:0% +base +uh microsatellites repeats insertions + + align:start position:0% +uh microsatellites repeats insertions + + + align:start position:0% +uh microsatellites repeats insertions +deletions translocations these are all + + align:start position:0% +deletions translocations these are all + + + align:start position:0% +deletions translocations these are all +things that can happen to your dna + + align:start position:0% +things that can happen to your dna + + + align:start position:0% +things that can happen to your dna +sequence that can modify it in ways that + + align:start position:0% +sequence that can modify it in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +sequence that can modify it in ways that +of course are not + + align:start position:0% +of course are not + + + align:start position:0% +of course are not +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enough to turn you into another to + + align:start position:0% +enough to turn you into another to + + + align:start position:0% +enough to turn you into another to +another animal you're still a human + + align:start position:0% +another animal you're still a human + + + align:start position:0% +another animal you're still a human +being but your dna sequence is slightly + + align:start position:0% +being but your dna sequence is slightly + + + align:start position:0% +being but your dna sequence is slightly +different from the + + align:start position:0% +different from the + + + align:start position:0% +different from the +sequence that every of of any other + + align:start position:0% +sequence that every of of any other + + + align:start position:0% +sequence that every of of any other +human being + + align:start position:0% +human being + + + align:start position:0% +human being +uh so on the average there is one of + + align:start position:0% +uh so on the average there is one of + + + align:start position:0% +uh so on the average there is one of +these polymorphisms every thousand bases + + align:start position:0% +these polymorphisms every thousand bases + + + align:start position:0% +these polymorphisms every thousand bases +so if you think we have three billion + + align:start position:0% +so if you think we have three billion + + + align:start position:0% +so if you think we have three billion +base pairs it adds up to a + + align:start position:0% +base pairs it adds up to a + + + align:start position:0% +base pairs it adds up to a +very large number of differences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which means that when you study a human + + align:start position:0% +which means that when you study a human + + + align:start position:0% +which means that when you study a human +genome you i mean we now have + + align:start position:0% +genome you i mean we now have + + + align:start position:0% +genome you i mean we now have +the sequence of the human genome but + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of the human genome but + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of the human genome but +then if you go and look at one + + align:start position:0% +then if you go and look at one + + + align:start position:0% +then if you go and look at one +individual you're not going to find that + + align:start position:0% +individual you're not going to find that + + + align:start position:0% +individual you're not going to find that +his dna matches exactly the sequence + + align:start position:0% +his dna matches exactly the sequence + + + align:start position:0% +his dna matches exactly the sequence +that you find in the in the human genome + + align:start position:0% +that you find in the in the human genome + + + align:start position:0% +that you find in the in the human genome +databases you're going to find + + align:start position:0% +databases you're going to find + + + align:start position:0% +databases you're going to find +approximately one difference every + + align:start position:0% +approximately one difference every + + + align:start position:0% +approximately one difference every +thousand bases and understanding what + + align:start position:0% +thousand bases and understanding what + + + align:start position:0% +thousand bases and understanding what +these differences do and mean and what + + align:start position:0% +these differences do and mean and what + + + align:start position:0% +these differences do and mean and what +is their consequence is one of the most + + align:start position:0% +is their consequence is one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +is their consequence is one of the most +interesting problems in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +current bioinformatics and microbiology + + align:start position:0% +current bioinformatics and microbiology + + + align:start position:0% +current bioinformatics and microbiology +because now we finally have the tools of + + align:start position:0% +because now we finally have the tools of + + + align:start position:0% +because now we finally have the tools of +looking at our genome with this level of + + align:start position:0% +looking at our genome with this level of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at our genome with this level of +detail we can look at individual base + + align:start position:0% +detail we can look at individual base + + + align:start position:0% +detail we can look at individual base +pairs and we can see well there should + + align:start position:0% +pairs and we can see well there should + + + align:start position:0% +pairs and we can see well there should +be an a here and instead we have a c + + align:start position:0% +be an a here and instead we have a c + + + align:start position:0% +be an a here and instead we have a c +does that cause any problem + + align:start position:0% +does that cause any problem + + + align:start position:0% +does that cause any problem +so again we're going to go back to this + + align:start position:0% +so again we're going to go back to this + + + align:start position:0% +so again we're going to go back to this +uh soon + + align:start position:0% +uh soon + + + align:start position:0% +uh soon +and the same thing happens for + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing happens for + + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing happens for +phenotypes although in a slightly + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes although in a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes although in a slightly +different way phenotypes are + + align:start position:0% +different way phenotypes are + + + align:start position:0% +different way phenotypes are +generalizations too so when we talk + + align:start position:0% +generalizations too so when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations too so when we talk +about things like species + + align:start position:0% +about things like species + + + align:start position:0% +about things like species +and i said we're all human beings but + + align:start position:0% +and i said we're all human beings but + + + align:start position:0% +and i said we're all human beings but +we're all different from the genetic + + align:start position:0% +we're all different from the genetic + + + align:start position:0% +we're all different from the genetic +point of view so it means that putting + + align:start position:0% +point of view so it means that putting + + + align:start position:0% +point of view so it means that putting +all us together into uh + + align:start position:0% +all us together into uh + + + align:start position:0% +all us together into uh +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +big group + + align:start position:0% +big group + + + align:start position:0% +big group +when one species is a generalization of + + align:start position:0% +when one species is a generalization of + + + align:start position:0% +when one species is a generalization of +course and even going down to ethnicity + + align:start position:0% +course and even going down to ethnicity + + + align:start position:0% +course and even going down to ethnicity +or even a concept like disease these are + + align:start position:0% +or even a concept like disease these are + + + align:start position:0% +or even a concept like disease these are +generalizations because these are + + align:start position:0% +generalizations because these are + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations because these are +constant that's constants that cannot be + + align:start position:0% +constant that's constants that cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +constant that's constants that cannot be +defined in a precise formal way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will see and we go as we go forward + + align:start position:0% +we will see and we go as we go forward + + + align:start position:0% +we will see and we go as we go forward +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +we're going to encounter very different + + align:start position:0% +we're going to encounter very different + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to encounter very different +forms of data and we're going to need + + align:start position:0% +forms of data and we're going to need + + + align:start position:0% +forms of data and we're going to need +different methods to uh to manipulate + + align:start position:0% +different methods to uh to manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +different methods to uh to manipulate +the state according to what the purpose + + align:start position:0% +the state according to what the purpose + + + align:start position:0% +the state according to what the purpose +of our work is so just to make this + + align:start position:0% +of our work is so just to make this + + + align:start position:0% +of our work is so just to make this +clear if we are + + align:start position:0% +clear if we are + + + align:start position:0% +clear if we are +working at the level of dna + + align:start position:0% +working at the level of dna + + + align:start position:0% +working at the level of dna +then the + + align:start position:0% +then the + + + align:start position:0% +then the +typical + + align:start position:0% +typical + + + align:start position:0% +typical +operations we might be interested in + + align:start position:0% +operations we might be interested in + + + align:start position:0% +operations we might be interested in +doing are for example sequence matching + + align:start position:0% +doing are for example sequence matching + + + align:start position:0% +doing are for example sequence matching +so to understand if a certain stretch of + + align:start position:0% +so to understand if a certain stretch of + + + align:start position:0% +so to understand if a certain stretch of +a sequence + + align:start position:0% +a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +a sequence +uh matches anything else that you've + + align:start position:0% +uh matches anything else that you've + + + align:start position:0% +uh matches anything else that you've +seen before so this is useful for + + align:start position:0% +seen before so this is useful for + + + align:start position:0% +seen before so this is useful for +example when you discover a new gene you + + align:start position:0% +example when you discover a new gene you + + + align:start position:0% +example when you discover a new gene you +want to know first of all if it's really + + align:start position:0% +want to know first of all if it's really + + + align:start position:0% +want to know first of all if it's really +a new gene or if it's already been seen + + align:start position:0% +a new gene or if it's already been seen + + + align:start position:0% +a new gene or if it's already been seen +somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else +and if it's a new gene you would like to + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a new gene you would like to + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a new gene you would like to +understand have an idea what it does and + + align:start position:0% +understand have an idea what it does and + + + align:start position:0% +understand have an idea what it does and +if you find a similarity between your + + align:start position:0% +if you find a similarity between your + + + align:start position:0% +if you find a similarity between your +new gene and something is already known + + align:start position:0% +new gene and something is already known + + + align:start position:0% +new gene and something is already known +that can give a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +that can give a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +that can give a lot of information +uh we're talking about discovering genes + + align:start position:0% +uh we're talking about discovering genes + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're talking about discovering genes +finding genes in in a dna sequence is + + align:start position:0% +finding genes in in a dna sequence is + + + align:start position:0% +finding genes in in a dna sequence is +not trivial + + align:start position:0% +not trivial + + + align:start position:0% +not trivial +there are programs that do this they + + align:start position:0% +there are programs that do this they + + + align:start position:0% +there are programs that do this they +just look at the sequence and they find + + align:start position:0% +just look at the sequence and they find + + + align:start position:0% +just look at the sequence and they find +locations in the dna sequence that might + + align:start position:0% +locations in the dna sequence that might + + + align:start position:0% +locations in the dna sequence that might +contain genes + + align:start position:0% +contain genes + + + align:start position:0% +contain genes +and i'm not going to go into details on + + align:start position:0% +and i'm not going to go into details on + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm not going to go into details on +this but there are + + align:start position:0% +this but there are + + + align:start position:0% +this but there are +various reasons why this is a + + align:start position:0% +various reasons why this is a + + + align:start position:0% +various reasons why this is a +pretty complex thing to do from the + + align:start position:0% +pretty complex thing to do from the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty complex thing to do from the +computational point of view + + align:start position:0% +computational point of view + + + align:start position:0% +computational point of view +homology searches uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again these are uh these refer to + + align:start position:0% +again these are uh these refer to + + + align:start position:0% +again these are uh these refer to +looking for similarities between the + + align:start position:0% +looking for similarities between the + + + align:start position:0% +looking for similarities between the +between dna sequences in different + + align:start position:0% +between dna sequences in different + + + align:start position:0% +between dna sequences in different +organisms so if you find uh + + align:start position:0% +organisms so if you find uh + + + align:start position:0% +organisms so if you find uh +if you discover the function of a + + align:start position:0% +if you discover the function of a + + + align:start position:0% +if you discover the function of a +certain gene in in the mouse for example + + align:start position:0% +certain gene in in the mouse for example + + + align:start position:0% +certain gene in in the mouse for example +you want we would like to know if it + + align:start position:0% +you want we would like to know if it + + + align:start position:0% +you want we would like to know if it +does the same thing in humans so again + + align:start position:0% +does the same thing in humans so again + + + align:start position:0% +does the same thing in humans so again +if you find a high degree of similarity + + align:start position:0% +if you find a high degree of similarity + + + align:start position:0% +if you find a high degree of similarity +between the two genes + + align:start position:0% +between the two genes + + + align:start position:0% +between the two genes +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you can hypothesize that they are also + + align:start position:0% +you can hypothesize that they are also + + + align:start position:0% +you can hypothesize that they are also +going to have the same function + + align:start position:0% +going to have the same function + + + align:start position:0% +going to have the same function +of another + + align:start position:0% +of another + + + align:start position:0% +of another +we've talked about polymorphism so + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about polymorphism so + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about polymorphism so +another uh + + align:start position:0% +another uh + + + align:start position:0% +another uh +very common + + align:start position:0% +very common + + + align:start position:0% +very common +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +operation is performance dna sequences + + align:start position:0% +operation is performance dna sequences + + + align:start position:0% +operation is performance dna sequences +is snip detection so if you sequence the + + align:start position:0% +is snip detection so if you sequence the + + + align:start position:0% +is snip detection so if you sequence the +same stretch of dna from a certain + + align:start position:0% +same stretch of dna from a certain + + + align:start position:0% +same stretch of dna from a certain +number of different individuals then you + + align:start position:0% +number of different individuals then you + + + align:start position:0% +number of different individuals then you +can compare them and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +can compare them and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +can compare them and you're going to +find that most of the locations are the + + align:start position:0% +find that most of the locations are the + + + align:start position:0% +find that most of the locations are the +same for all the individuals but some of + + align:start position:0% +same for all the individuals but some of + + + align:start position:0% +same for all the individuals but some of +them will be different + + align:start position:0% +them will be different + + + align:start position:0% +them will be different +and this this is how snaps are + + align:start position:0% +and this this is how snaps are + + + align:start position:0% +and this this is how snaps are +discovered how single nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +discovered how single nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +discovered how single nucleotide +polymorphisms are these colors there are + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms are these colors there are + + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms are these colors there are +locations where + + align:start position:0% +locations where + + + align:start position:0% +locations where +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +different individuals don't have the + + align:start position:0% +different individuals don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +different individuals don't have the +exact same nucleotide and um + + align:start position:0% +exact same nucleotide and um + + + align:start position:0% +exact same nucleotide and um +we'll talk later about why genotyping is + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk later about why genotyping is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk later about why genotyping is +important what kind of information you + + align:start position:0% +important what kind of information you + + + align:start position:0% +important what kind of information you +can get from that and how this relates + + align:start position:0% +can get from that and how this relates + + + align:start position:0% +can get from that and how this relates +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to diseases to basically trying to + + align:start position:0% +to diseases to basically trying to + + + align:start position:0% +to diseases to basically trying to +figure out what is the relationship + + align:start position:0% +figure out what is the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what is the relationship +between the genotype and in this case + + align:start position:0% +between the genotype and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +between the genotype and in this case +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +polymorphisms in your genotype and + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms in your genotype and + + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms in your genotype and +phenotype like disease + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the level of rna uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it might be interesting to look at + + align:start position:0% +it might be interesting to look at + + + align:start position:0% +it might be interesting to look at +alternative splicing transcription + + align:start position:0% +alternative splicing transcription + + + align:start position:0% +alternative splicing transcription +rearrangements these are all things that + + align:start position:0% +rearrangements these are all things that + + + align:start position:0% +rearrangements these are all things that +happen to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the original dna sequence when it's + + align:start position:0% +to the original dna sequence when it's + + + align:start position:0% +to the original dna sequence when it's +transcribed into rna it is it undergoes + + align:start position:0% +transcribed into rna it is it undergoes + + + align:start position:0% +transcribed into rna it is it undergoes +a series of transformations that um + + align:start position:0% +a series of transformations that um + + + align:start position:0% +a series of transformations that um +that can + + align:start position:0% +that can + + + align:start position:0% +that can +of course affect in a very deep way + + align:start position:0% +of course affect in a very deep way + + + align:start position:0% +of course affect in a very deep way +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the final product + + align:start position:0% +the final product + + + align:start position:0% +the final product +and this process the process of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transcribing the dna sequences into rna + + align:start position:0% +transcribing the dna sequences into rna + + + align:start position:0% +transcribing the dna sequences into rna +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +of course at the basis of expression + + align:start position:0% +of course at the basis of expression + + + align:start position:0% +of course at the basis of expression +analysis and you've heard a lot + + align:start position:0% +analysis and you've heard a lot + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and you've heard a lot +in the other lectures about microarrays + + align:start position:0% +in the other lectures about microarrays + + + align:start position:0% +in the other lectures about microarrays +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +not going to go into too much details on + + align:start position:0% +not going to go into too much details on + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go into too much details on +this but differential analysis + + align:start position:0% +this but differential analysis + + + align:start position:0% +this but differential analysis +clustering and so on these are all the + + align:start position:0% +clustering and so on these are all the + + + align:start position:0% +clustering and so on these are all the +usual + + align:start position:0% +usual + + + align:start position:0% +usual +things that can be done using + + align:start position:0% +things that can be done using + + + align:start position:0% +things that can be done using +microarrays using gene expression + + align:start position:0% +microarrays using gene expression + + + align:start position:0% +microarrays using gene expression +microarrays + + align:start position:0% +microarrays + + + align:start position:0% +microarrays +if we talk about proteins uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you're studying a protein the + + align:start position:0% +if you're studying a protein the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're studying a protein the +interesting things to do with the + + align:start position:0% +interesting things to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things to do with the +protein are trying to predict its active + + align:start position:0% +protein are trying to predict its active + + + align:start position:0% +protein are trying to predict its active +domains in order to have an idea of what + + align:start position:0% +domains in order to have an idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +domains in order to have an idea of what +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how the protein might behave what + + align:start position:0% +how the protein might behave what + + + align:start position:0% +how the protein might behave what +function it might have how it might + + align:start position:0% +function it might have how it might + + + align:start position:0% +function it might have how it might +interact with other proteins with with + + align:start position:0% +interact with other proteins with with + + + align:start position:0% +interact with other proteins with with +other genes and so on + + align:start position:0% +other genes and so on + + + align:start position:0% +other genes and so on +uh predicting the three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +uh predicting the three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +uh predicting the three-dimensional +structure of a protein is + + align:start position:0% +structure of a protein is + + + align:start position:0% +structure of a protein is +another very + + align:start position:0% +another very + + + align:start position:0% +another very +important and very complex task + + align:start position:0% +important and very complex task + + + align:start position:0% +important and very complex task +studying homology and conservation of + + align:start position:0% +studying homology and conservation of + + + align:start position:0% +studying homology and conservation of +proteins across + + align:start position:0% +proteins across + + + align:start position:0% +proteins across +different organisms + + align:start position:0% +different organisms + + + align:start position:0% +different organisms +can give you a + + align:start position:0% +can give you a + + + align:start position:0% +can give you a +give you a + + align:start position:0% +give you a + + + align:start position:0% +give you a +very good idea of + + align:start position:0% +very good idea of + + + align:start position:0% +very good idea of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the importance of some some proteins + + align:start position:0% +of the importance of some some proteins + + + align:start position:0% +of the importance of some some proteins +so if something has been around for + + align:start position:0% +so if something has been around for + + + align:start position:0% +so if something has been around for +millions of years as + + align:start position:0% +millions of years as + + + align:start position:0% +millions of years as +it's going to it probably means that + + align:start position:0% +it's going to it probably means that + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to it probably means that +it's involved in a very basic mechanism + + align:start position:0% +it's involved in a very basic mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +it's involved in a very basic mechanism +while there are some proteins that are + + align:start position:0% +while there are some proteins that are + + + align:start position:0% +while there are some proteins that are +new that are only specific to human + + align:start position:0% +new that are only specific to human + + + align:start position:0% +new that are only specific to human +beings and and that again can give you + + align:start position:0% +beings and and that again can give you + + + align:start position:0% +beings and and that again can give you +some information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally uh something that is very + + align:start position:0% +and finally uh something that is very + + + align:start position:0% +and finally uh something that is very +challenging and uh it's receiving a lot + + align:start position:0% +challenging and uh it's receiving a lot + + + align:start position:0% +challenging and uh it's receiving a lot +of attention is the automatic + + align:start position:0% +of attention is the automatic + + + align:start position:0% +of attention is the automatic +construction and analysis of uh + + align:start position:0% +construction and analysis of uh + + + align:start position:0% +construction and analysis of uh +metabolic pathways and regulatory + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways and regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways and regulatory +pathways if you're able to understand + + align:start position:0% +pathways if you're able to understand + + + align:start position:0% +pathways if you're able to understand +how proteins interact with each other + + align:start position:0% +how proteins interact with each other + + + align:start position:0% +how proteins interact with each other +and interact with the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +and interact with the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +and interact with the rest of the +of the cell how they + + align:start position:0% +of the cell how they + + + align:start position:0% +of the cell how they +then regulate other genes and in turn + + align:start position:0% +then regulate other genes and in turn + + + align:start position:0% +then regulate other genes and in turn +other proteins then you can use this + + align:start position:0% +other proteins then you can use this + + + align:start position:0% +other proteins then you can use this +information to try to build + + align:start position:0% +information to try to build + + + align:start position:0% +information to try to build +in a computational way the kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +in a computational way the kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +in a computational way the kind of uh +pathway maps that biologists have been + + align:start position:0% +pathway maps that biologists have been + + + align:start position:0% +pathway maps that biologists have been +drawing by hand for + + align:start position:0% +drawing by hand for + + + align:start position:0% +drawing by hand for +decades + + align:start position:0% +decades + + + align:start position:0% +decades +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +of course we're still very far away from + + align:start position:0% +of course we're still very far away from + + + align:start position:0% +of course we're still very far away from +being able to do this in in the general + + align:start position:0% +being able to do this in in the general + + + align:start position:0% +being able to do this in in the general +case it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it works in some limited cases we're + + align:start position:0% +it works in some limited cases we're + + + align:start position:0% +it works in some limited cases we're +going to see later uh some examples of + + align:start position:0% +going to see later uh some examples of + + + align:start position:0% +going to see later uh some examples of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +of these things but uh these are all + + align:start position:0% +of these things but uh these are all + + + align:start position:0% +of these things but uh these are all +very challenging problems that of course + + align:start position:0% +very challenging problems that of course + + + align:start position:0% +very challenging problems that of course +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +still very much open + + align:start position:0% +still very much open + + + align:start position:0% +still very much open +and finally when we get to the phenotype + + align:start position:0% +and finally when we get to the phenotype + + + align:start position:0% +and finally when we get to the phenotype +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +put a very long list of things here but + + align:start position:0% +put a very long list of things here but + + + align:start position:0% +put a very long list of things here but +can talk about population genetics about + + align:start position:0% +can talk about population genetics about + + + align:start position:0% +can talk about population genetics about +association studies + + align:start position:0% +association studies + + + align:start position:0% +association studies +situational studies are studies that try + + align:start position:0% +situational studies are studies that try + + + align:start position:0% +situational studies are studies that try +to correlate + + align:start position:0% +to correlate + + + align:start position:0% +to correlate +the presence of a certain genotype with + + align:start position:0% +the presence of a certain genotype with + + + align:start position:0% +the presence of a certain genotype with +an observed phenotype like in in the + + align:start position:0% +an observed phenotype like in in the + + + align:start position:0% +an observed phenotype like in in the +most common case + + align:start position:0% +most common case + + + align:start position:0% +most common case +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +association studies based on snaps they + + align:start position:0% +association studies based on snaps they + + + align:start position:0% +association studies based on snaps they +just look at two different alleles of + + align:start position:0% +just look at two different alleles of + + + align:start position:0% +just look at two different alleles of +his name and they try to + + align:start position:0% +his name and they try to + + + align:start position:0% +his name and they try to +figure out if there's a statistical + + align:start position:0% +figure out if there's a statistical + + + align:start position:0% +figure out if there's a statistical +correlation between one or two alleles + + align:start position:0% +correlation between one or two alleles + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between one or two alleles +and the disease and that might mean that + + align:start position:0% +and the disease and that might mean that + + + align:start position:0% +and the disease and that might mean that +the sniff is indeed responsible + + align:start position:0% +the sniff is indeed responsible + + + align:start position:0% +the sniff is indeed responsible +for the disease in some way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and clinical trials of course to + + align:start position:0% +and clinical trials of course to + + + align:start position:0% +and clinical trials of course to +validate all this + + align:start position:0% +validate all this + + + align:start position:0% +validate all this +okay so two more + + align:start position:0% +okay so two more + + + align:start position:0% +okay so two more +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +slides about philosophy and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +slides about philosophy and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +slides about philosophy and then we'll +start with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more practical stuff + + align:start position:0% +more practical stuff + + + align:start position:0% +more practical stuff +i've already mentioned the word gene a + + align:start position:0% +i've already mentioned the word gene a + + + align:start position:0% +i've already mentioned the word gene a +lot of times and i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +lot of times and i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +lot of times and i'm gonna +mention it again + + align:start position:0% +mention it again + + + align:start position:0% +mention it again +uh very often so + + align:start position:0% +uh very often so + + + align:start position:0% +uh very often so +it might be interesting to ask ourselves + + align:start position:0% +it might be interesting to ask ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +it might be interesting to ask ourselves +what is a gene and this is something + + align:start position:0% +what is a gene and this is something + + + align:start position:0% +what is a gene and this is something +that um it's a question to which the + + align:start position:0% +that um it's a question to which the + + + align:start position:0% +that um it's a question to which the +answer is probably obvious but + + align:start position:0% +answer is probably obvious but + + + align:start position:0% +answer is probably obvious but +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +it turns out that there are actually + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that there are actually + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that there are actually +many possible answers according to the + + align:start position:0% +many possible answers according to the + + + align:start position:0% +many possible answers according to the +context you're in according to the uh + + align:start position:0% +context you're in according to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +context you're in according to the uh +different view of the world that you are + + align:start position:0% +different view of the world that you are + + + align:start position:0% +different view of the world that you are +that you're using so uh for example if + + align:start position:0% +that you're using so uh for example if + + + align:start position:0% +that you're using so uh for example if +you ask a classical geneticist what is + + align:start position:0% +you ask a classical geneticist what is + + + align:start position:0% +you ask a classical geneticist what is +the gene you will get the answer that a + + align:start position:0% +the gene you will get the answer that a + + + align:start position:0% +the gene you will get the answer that a +gene is the smallest unit of inheritance + + align:start position:0% +gene is the smallest unit of inheritance + + + align:start position:0% +gene is the smallest unit of inheritance +this is the definition that + + align:start position:0% +this is the definition that + + + align:start position:0% +this is the definition that +goes back to to mandel + + align:start position:0% +goes back to to mandel + + + align:start position:0% +goes back to to mandel +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +uh if you ask + + align:start position:0% +uh if you ask + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you ask +someone who's doing medical research + + align:start position:0% +someone who's doing medical research + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's doing medical research +you will get the answer that the that + + align:start position:0% +you will get the answer that the that + + + align:start position:0% +you will get the answer that the that +the gene is a disease causing traits so + + align:start position:0% +the gene is a disease causing traits so + + + align:start position:0% +the gene is a disease causing traits so +hear about uh the the palestinian gene + + align:start position:0% +hear about uh the the palestinian gene + + + align:start position:0% +hear about uh the the palestinian gene +or the gene for cystic fibrosis and so + + align:start position:0% +or the gene for cystic fibrosis and so + + + align:start position:0% +or the gene for cystic fibrosis and so +on so + + align:start position:0% +on so + + + align:start position:0% +on so +in this case the word gene has a very + + align:start position:0% +in this case the word gene has a very + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the word gene has a very +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +clinical connotation + + align:start position:0% +clinical connotation + + + align:start position:0% +clinical connotation +if you ask a molecular biologist you get + + align:start position:0% +if you ask a molecular biologist you get + + + align:start position:0% +if you ask a molecular biologist you get +the answer that the gene is a recipe is + + align:start position:0% +the answer that the gene is a recipe is + + + align:start position:0% +the answer that the gene is a recipe is +essentially a program to build one or + + align:start position:0% +essentially a program to build one or + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a program to build one or +more proteins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we can go on we can ask biochemists + + align:start position:0% +and we can go on we can ask biochemists + + + align:start position:0% +and we can go on we can ask biochemists +and you will get the answer that the + + align:start position:0% +and you will get the answer that the + + + align:start position:0% +and you will get the answer that the +gene is an element in a metabolic + + align:start position:0% +gene is an element in a metabolic + + + align:start position:0% +gene is an element in a metabolic +network it's an active + + align:start position:0% +network it's an active + + + align:start position:0% +network it's an active +element in uh + + align:start position:0% +element in uh + + + align:start position:0% +element in uh +one of those big networks of um + + align:start position:0% +one of those big networks of um + + + align:start position:0% +one of those big networks of um +interacting genes that that regulate + + align:start position:0% +interacting genes that that regulate + + + align:start position:0% +interacting genes that that regulate +each other and that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overall realize a metabolic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if process ask a modern geneticist you + + align:start position:0% +if process ask a modern geneticist you + + + align:start position:0% +if process ask a modern geneticist you +will get the answer that the gene is a + + align:start position:0% +will get the answer that the gene is a + + + align:start position:0% +will get the answer that the gene is a +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +locus on a chromosome a certain region + + align:start position:0% +locus on a chromosome a certain region + + + align:start position:0% +locus on a chromosome a certain region +of a chromosome that has a functional + + align:start position:0% +of a chromosome that has a functional + + + align:start position:0% +of a chromosome that has a functional +characterization is it locus that was + + align:start position:0% +characterization is it locus that was + + + align:start position:0% +characterization is it locus that was +studied and was found was found to have + + align:start position:0% +studied and was found was found to have + + + align:start position:0% +studied and was found was found to have +a specific function in our + + align:start position:0% +a specific function in our + + + align:start position:0% +a specific function in our +in our biology and finally if you ask + + align:start position:0% +in our biology and finally if you ask + + + align:start position:0% +in our biology and finally if you ask +the bioinformatician you will get the + + align:start position:0% +the bioinformatician you will get the + + + align:start position:0% +the bioinformatician you will get the +answer that the gene is just a stretch + + align:start position:0% +answer that the gene is just a stretch + + + align:start position:0% +answer that the gene is just a stretch +of dna where we know + + align:start position:0% +of dna where we know + + + align:start position:0% +of dna where we know +uh there is a gene because the database + + align:start position:0% +uh there is a gene because the database + + + align:start position:0% +uh there is a gene because the database +tells us that there's a gene there so we + + align:start position:0% +tells us that there's a gene there so we + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that there's a gene there so we +know it has a transcription star site a + + align:start position:0% +know it has a transcription star site a + + + align:start position:0% +know it has a transcription star site a +coding sequence star site has axons and + + align:start position:0% +coding sequence star site has axons and + + + align:start position:0% +coding sequence star site has axons and +entrance in certain positions + + align:start position:0% +entrance in certain positions + + + align:start position:0% +entrance in certain positions +okay so in the following we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so in the following we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in the following we're going to +see examples of all of these different + + align:start position:0% +see examples of all of these different + + + align:start position:0% +see examples of all of these different +ways to look at the gene + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and to start of course we're going + + align:start position:0% +okay and to start of course we're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay and to start of course we're going +to start from + + align:start position:0% +to start from + + + align:start position:0% +to start from +the beginning so from dna sequence data + + align:start position:0% +the beginning so from dna sequence data + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning so from dna sequence data +and now we're starting to + + align:start position:0% +and now we're starting to + + + align:start position:0% +and now we're starting to +look at + + align:start position:0% +look at + + + align:start position:0% +look at +where all these different pieces of + + align:start position:0% +where all these different pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +where all these different pieces of +information i've told you about can be + + align:start position:0% +information i've told you about can be + + + align:start position:0% +information i've told you about can be +found and how they're + + align:start position:0% +found and how they're + + + align:start position:0% +found and how they're +stored and represented + + align:start position:0% +stored and represented + + + align:start position:0% +stored and represented +so if we're talking about dna sequence + + align:start position:0% +so if we're talking about dna sequence + + + align:start position:0% +so if we're talking about dna sequence +data the first place to go is of course + + align:start position:0% +data the first place to go is of course + + + align:start position:0% +data the first place to go is of course +genbank genbank is the + + align:start position:0% +genbank genbank is the + + + align:start position:0% +genbank genbank is the +largest repository of sequence data + + align:start position:0% +largest repository of sequence data + + + align:start position:0% +largest repository of sequence data +it accepts direct submissions from + + align:start position:0% +it accepts direct submissions from + + + align:start position:0% +it accepts direct submissions from +researchers so anybody in the world who + + align:start position:0% +researchers so anybody in the world who + + + align:start position:0% +researchers so anybody in the world who +sequences a new piece of dna can send it + + align:start position:0% +sequences a new piece of dna can send it + + + align:start position:0% +sequences a new piece of dna can send it +to gem back and it's put in the big + + align:start position:0% +to gem back and it's put in the big + + + align:start position:0% +to gem back and it's put in the big +cauldron uh + + align:start position:0% +cauldron uh + + + align:start position:0% +cauldron uh +this is data from one most recent data + + align:start position:0% +this is data from one most recent data + + + align:start position:0% +this is data from one most recent data +that i could find from one year ago it + + align:start position:0% +that i could find from one year ago it + + + align:start position:0% +that i could find from one year ago it +contained more than 22 million sequences + + align:start position:0% +contained more than 22 million sequences + + + align:start position:0% +contained more than 22 million sequences +on a hundred thousand distinct organisms + + align:start position:0% +on a hundred thousand distinct organisms + + + align:start position:0% +on a hundred thousand distinct organisms +with total + + align:start position:0% +with total + + + align:start position:0% +with total +almost 30 billion nucleotides + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is the + + align:start position:0% +and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the +url for genbank + + align:start position:0% +url for genbank + + + align:start position:0% +url for genbank +and genbank is at the basis of the ncbi + + align:start position:0% +and genbank is at the basis of the ncbi + + + align:start position:0% +and genbank is at the basis of the ncbi +cluster so the national center for + + align:start position:0% +cluster so the national center for + + + align:start position:0% +cluster so the national center for +biotechnology information is a branch of + + align:start position:0% +biotechnology information is a branch of + + + align:start position:0% +biotechnology information is a branch of +the nih that has the + + align:start position:0% +the nih that has the + + + align:start position:0% +the nih that has the +task of assembling the largest possible + + align:start position:0% +task of assembling the largest possible + + + align:start position:0% +task of assembling the largest possible +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +databases of biomedical information + + align:start position:0% +databases of biomedical information + + + align:start position:0% +databases of biomedical information +they manage gem bank and um + + align:start position:0% +they manage gem bank and um + + + align:start position:0% +they manage gem bank and um +genbank in turn is at the basis for a + + align:start position:0% +genbank in turn is at the basis for a + + + align:start position:0% +genbank in turn is at the basis for a +lot of other resources that we're going + + align:start position:0% +lot of other resources that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +lot of other resources that we're going +to see now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that are all part of this cluster of + + align:start position:0% +that are all part of this cluster of + + + align:start position:0% +that are all part of this cluster of +ncbi resources they're all + + align:start position:0% +ncbi resources they're all + + + align:start position:0% +ncbi resources they're all +interconnected so you can easily jump + + align:start position:0% +interconnected so you can easily jump + + + align:start position:0% +interconnected so you can easily jump +from one to the other and + + align:start position:0% +from one to the other and + + + align:start position:0% +from one to the other and +that is a very powerful way of + + align:start position:0% +that is a very powerful way of + + + align:start position:0% +that is a very powerful way of +exploring + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this kind of data so this is a graph + + align:start position:0% +this kind of data so this is a graph + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of data so this is a graph +that shows you the growth of gem bank in + + align:start position:0% +that shows you the growth of gem bank in + + + align:start position:0% +that shows you the growth of gem bank in +recent years you can see + + align:start position:0% +recent years you can see + + + align:start position:0% +recent years you can see +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +very steep + + align:start position:0% +very steep + + + align:start position:0% +very steep +growth of the number of base pairs and + + align:start position:0% +growth of the number of base pairs and + + + align:start position:0% +growth of the number of base pairs and +the almost + + align:start position:0% +the almost + + + align:start position:0% +the almost +equally steep rate + + align:start position:0% +equally steep rate + + + align:start position:0% +equally steep rate +growth of the number of sequences and + + align:start position:0% +growth of the number of sequences and + + + align:start position:0% +growth of the number of sequences and +you can probably tell that the number + + align:start position:0% +you can probably tell that the number + + + align:start position:0% +you can probably tell that the number +there were sequences longer were + + align:start position:0% +there were sequences longer were + + + align:start position:0% +there were sequences longer were +sequencing longer and longer sequences + + align:start position:0% +sequencing longer and longer sequences + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing longer and longer sequences +because the blue graph grows more + + align:start position:0% +because the blue graph grows more + + + align:start position:0% +because the blue graph grows more +rapidly than the red one + + align:start position:0% +rapidly than the red one + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly than the red one +but anyway + + align:start position:0% +but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway +what do you do when you have all these + + align:start position:0% +what do you do when you have all these + + + align:start position:0% +what do you do when you have all these +accumulated sequences so in genbank you + + align:start position:0% +accumulated sequences so in genbank you + + + align:start position:0% +accumulated sequences so in genbank you +just have + + align:start position:0% +just have + + + align:start position:0% +just have +sequences by themselves that can be very + + align:start position:0% +sequences by themselves that can be very + + + align:start position:0% +sequences by themselves that can be very +short very long but they're just + + align:start position:0% +short very long but they're just + + + align:start position:0% +short very long but they're just +independent sequences that were put + + align:start position:0% +independent sequences that were put + + + align:start position:0% +independent sequences that were put +there by investigators + + align:start position:0% +there by investigators + + + align:start position:0% +there by investigators +so the thing you can do if you have + + align:start position:0% +so the thing you can do if you have + + + align:start position:0% +so the thing you can do if you have +enough sequences from the same organism + + align:start position:0% +enough sequences from the same organism + + + align:start position:0% +enough sequences from the same organism +you can try assembling them putting them + + align:start position:0% +you can try assembling them putting them + + + align:start position:0% +you can try assembling them putting them +together and trying to reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +together and trying to reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +together and trying to reconstruct the +entire genome and this is um + + align:start position:0% +entire genome and this is um + + + align:start position:0% +entire genome and this is um +what was done to assemble the human + + align:start position:0% +what was done to assemble the human + + + align:start position:0% +what was done to assemble the human +genome for example and all the other + + align:start position:0% +genome for example and all the other + + + align:start position:0% +genome for example and all the other +genomes that are being + + align:start position:0% +genomes that are being + + + align:start position:0% +genomes that are being +sequenced + + align:start position:0% +sequenced + + + align:start position:0% +sequenced +uh you start with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you look at the cluster you look at the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the cluster you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the cluster you look at the +sequences you have and if you can find + + align:start position:0% +sequences you have and if you can find + + + align:start position:0% +sequences you have and if you can find +overlaps + + align:start position:0% +overlaps + + + align:start position:0% +overlaps +then you know that + + align:start position:0% +then you know that + + + align:start position:0% +then you know that +these two sequences are related in some + + align:start position:0% +these two sequences are related in some + + + align:start position:0% +these two sequences are related in some +way and you proceed from there so let's + + align:start position:0% +way and you proceed from there so let's + + + align:start position:0% +way and you proceed from there so let's +say you've sequenced + + align:start position:0% +say you've sequenced + + + align:start position:0% +say you've sequenced +this sequence + + align:start position:0% +this sequence + + + align:start position:0% +this sequence +then another one + + align:start position:0% +then another one + + + align:start position:0% +then another one +they're they're + + align:start position:0% +they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're +distinct they have an overlap so you + + align:start position:0% +distinct they have an overlap so you + + + align:start position:0% +distinct they have an overlap so you +don't know where they are on the genome + + align:start position:0% +don't know where they are on the genome + + + align:start position:0% +don't know where they are on the genome +but then if you sequence a third one + + align:start position:0% +but then if you sequence a third one + + + align:start position:0% +but then if you sequence a third one +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +overlaps the first one and includes the + + align:start position:0% +overlaps the first one and includes the + + + align:start position:0% +overlaps the first one and includes the +second one then you know that you can + + align:start position:0% +second one then you know that you can + + + align:start position:0% +second one then you know that you can +basically arrange them in this + + align:start position:0% +basically arrange them in this + + + align:start position:0% +basically arrange them in this +this way and uh then let's say you + + align:start position:0% +this way and uh then let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +this way and uh then let's say you +sequence another one and again you find + + align:start position:0% +sequence another one and again you find + + + align:start position:0% +sequence another one and again you find +an overlap with one they already have so + + align:start position:0% +an overlap with one they already have so + + + align:start position:0% +an overlap with one they already have so +you go like this and in the end you're + + align:start position:0% +you go like this and in the end you're + + + align:start position:0% +you go like this and in the end you're +going to build + + align:start position:0% +going to build + + + align:start position:0% +going to build +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +map that tells you where all these + + align:start position:0% +map that tells you where all these + + + align:start position:0% +map that tells you where all these +fragments should be positioned on the + + align:start position:0% +fragments should be positioned on the + + + align:start position:0% +fragments should be positioned on the +chromosome + + align:start position:0% +chromosome + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome +and you have different levels of + + align:start position:0% +and you have different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have different levels of +coverage so you have regions that you've + + align:start position:0% +coverage so you have regions that you've + + + align:start position:0% +coverage so you have regions that you've +seen only once regionalizing twice which + + align:start position:0% +seen only once regionalizing twice which + + + align:start position:0% +seen only once regionalizing twice which +is seen three times if you have a + + align:start position:0% +is seen three times if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +is seen three times if you have a +sufficient degree of coverage then you + + align:start position:0% +sufficient degree of coverage then you + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient degree of coverage then you +can say well okay i i believe it's going + + align:start position:0% +can say well okay i i believe it's going + + + align:start position:0% +can say well okay i i believe it's going +this this is the right sequence + + align:start position:0% +this this is the right sequence + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the right sequence +and uh and you proceed from there you + + align:start position:0% +and uh and you proceed from there you + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and you proceed from there you +take that for uh for granted you proceed + + align:start position:0% +take that for uh for granted you proceed + + + align:start position:0% +take that for uh for granted you proceed +from there by connecting more and more + + align:start position:0% +from there by connecting more and more + + + align:start position:0% +from there by connecting more and more +overlapping pieces + + align:start position:0% +overlapping pieces + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping pieces +and again this is how the human genome + + align:start position:0% +and again this is how the human genome + + + align:start position:0% +and again this is how the human genome +was sequenced essentially + + align:start position:0% +was sequenced essentially + + + align:start position:0% +was sequenced essentially +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +up to a + + align:start position:0% +up to a + + + align:start position:0% +up to a +level + + align:start position:0% +level + + + align:start position:0% +level +of coverage uh i think it's five or six + + align:start position:0% +of coverage uh i think it's five or six + + + align:start position:0% +of coverage uh i think it's five or six +times coverage so each stretch of dna in + + align:start position:0% +times coverage so each stretch of dna in + + + align:start position:0% +times coverage so each stretch of dna in +the human genome has been sequenced at + + align:start position:0% +the human genome has been sequenced at + + + align:start position:0% +the human genome has been sequenced at +least five or six times for uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +validation so and the details of uh how + + align:start position:0% +validation so and the details of uh how + + + align:start position:0% +validation so and the details of uh how +this process + + align:start position:0% +this process + + + align:start position:0% +this process +has been implemented in cbi are here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and in addition to the human genome + + align:start position:0% +uh and in addition to the human genome + + + align:start position:0% +uh and in addition to the human genome +of course we have a lot of other genomes + + align:start position:0% +of course we have a lot of other genomes + + + align:start position:0% +of course we have a lot of other genomes +that are completed or near completion uh + + align:start position:0% +that are completed or near completion uh + + + align:start position:0% +that are completed or near completion uh +these numbers are probably higher by now + + align:start position:0% +these numbers are probably higher by now + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers are probably higher by now +uh we have over a thousand viruses and + + align:start position:0% +uh we have over a thousand viruses and + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have over a thousand viruses and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +many other + + align:start position:0% +many other + + + align:start position:0% +many other +organisms from + + align:start position:0% +organisms from + + + align:start position:0% +organisms from +different domains of life of course + + align:start position:0% +different domains of life of course + + + align:start position:0% +different domains of life of course +eukaryotes are the hardest reasons to + + align:start position:0% +eukaryotes are the hardest reasons to + + + align:start position:0% +eukaryotes are the hardest reasons to +uh to sequence but uh the human genome + + align:start position:0% +uh to sequence but uh the human genome + + + align:start position:0% +uh to sequence but uh the human genome +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +considered finished by now it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's harder as hard as to to go + + align:start position:0% +it's harder as hard as to to go + + + align:start position:0% +it's harder as hard as to to go +above this level of accuracy it's been + + align:start position:0% +above this level of accuracy it's been + + + align:start position:0% +above this level of accuracy it's been +and it's probably not + + align:start position:0% +and it's probably not + + + align:start position:0% +and it's probably not +it's even not necessary because the + + align:start position:0% +it's even not necessary because the + + + align:start position:0% +it's even not necessary because the +differences between two human beings are + + align:start position:0% +differences between two human beings are + + + align:start position:0% +differences between two human beings are +are probably the same order magnitude so + + align:start position:0% +are probably the same order magnitude so + + + align:start position:0% +are probably the same order magnitude so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but now we have uh several other + + align:start position:0% +but now we have uh several other + + + align:start position:0% +but now we have uh several other +organisms including a chimp that was + + align:start position:0% +organisms including a chimp that was + + + align:start position:0% +organisms including a chimp that was +recently released and it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +recently released and it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +recently released and it's going to be +very interesting because + + align:start position:0% +very interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting because +it's essentially identical to the human + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially identical to the human + + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially identical to the human +genome so there is + + align:start position:0% +genome so there is + + + align:start position:0% +genome so there is +one percent + + align:start position:0% +one percent + + + align:start position:0% +one percent +the differences are about one percent + + align:start position:0% +the differences are about one percent + + + align:start position:0% +the differences are about one percent +between the genomes of the human and the + + align:start position:0% +between the genomes of the human and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the genomes of the human and the +chimp and it would be very interesting + + align:start position:0% +chimp and it would be very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +chimp and it would be very interesting +to see exactly where these differences + + align:start position:0% +to see exactly where these differences + + + align:start position:0% +to see exactly where these differences +are and and + + align:start position:0% +are and and + + + align:start position:0% +are and and +and why these differences are + + align:start position:0% +and why these differences are + + + align:start position:0% +and why these differences are +responsible for the fact that we are + + align:start position:0% +responsible for the fact that we are + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for the fact that we are +humans and they are uh monkeys + + align:start position:0% +humans and they are uh monkeys + + + align:start position:0% +humans and they are uh monkeys +again this is a link that uh to um + + align:start position:0% +again this is a link that uh to um + + + align:start position:0% +again this is a link that uh to um +the entry + + align:start position:0% +the entry + + + align:start position:0% +the entry +point for the description of all the + + align:start position:0% +point for the description of all the + + + align:start position:0% +point for the description of all the +genomes that are stored in ncbi + + align:start position:0% +genomes that are stored in ncbi + + + align:start position:0% +genomes that are stored in ncbi +and and new genomes the small ones the + + align:start position:0% +and and new genomes the small ones the + + + align:start position:0% +and and new genomes the small ones the +viruses and bacteria there are new + + align:start position:0% +viruses and bacteria there are new + + + align:start position:0% +viruses and bacteria there are new +genomes essentially every week so it's + + align:start position:0% +genomes essentially every week so it's + + + align:start position:0% +genomes essentially every week so it's +uh these numbers constantly change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now uh + + align:start position:0% +now uh + + + align:start position:0% +now uh +we we now have the + + align:start position:0% +we we now have the + + + align:start position:0% +we we now have the +complete sequence of the human genome + + align:start position:0% +complete sequence of the human genome + + + align:start position:0% +complete sequence of the human genome +where do you find it + + align:start position:0% +where do you find it + + + align:start position:0% +where do you find it +so the best resource in my opinion for + + align:start position:0% +so the best resource in my opinion for + + + align:start position:0% +so the best resource in my opinion for +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +looking at the human genome in + + align:start position:0% +looking at the human genome in + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the human genome in +literally is golden path uh goldenpath + + align:start position:0% +literally is golden path uh goldenpath + + + align:start position:0% +literally is golden path uh goldenpath +is a genome browser for several + + align:start position:0% +is a genome browser for several + + + align:start position:0% +is a genome browser for several +different organisms initially was only + + align:start position:0% +different organisms initially was only + + + align:start position:0% +different organisms initially was only +for human now it has mouse rat chimp + + align:start position:0% +for human now it has mouse rat chimp + + + align:start position:0% +for human now it has mouse rat chimp +drosophila yeast and few others + + align:start position:0% +drosophila yeast and few others + + + align:start position:0% +drosophila yeast and few others +the the nice things about goldenpath is + + align:start position:0% +the the nice things about goldenpath is + + + align:start position:0% +the the nice things about goldenpath is +that it has uh it gives a graphical view + + align:start position:0% +that it has uh it gives a graphical view + + + align:start position:0% +that it has uh it gives a graphical view +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you can see it in the next slide it's + + align:start position:0% +you can see it in the next slide it's + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it in the next slide it's +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +it's very clear it's very easy to find + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear it's very easy to find + + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear it's very easy to find +uh all the information you need about + + align:start position:0% +uh all the information you need about + + + align:start position:0% +uh all the information you need about +the certain region of the chromosome + + align:start position:0% +the certain region of the chromosome + + + align:start position:0% +the certain region of the chromosome +on the other hand uh all the information + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand uh all the information + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand uh all the information +it provides is available in in + + align:start position:0% +it provides is available in in + + + align:start position:0% +it provides is available in in +easy to download and to parts formats so + + align:start position:0% +easy to download and to parts formats so + + + align:start position:0% +easy to download and to parts formats so +if you want to build your own database + + align:start position:0% +if you want to build your own database + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to build your own database +that contains the same information that + + align:start position:0% +that contains the same information that + + + align:start position:0% +that contains the same information that +something that is + + align:start position:0% +something that is + + + align:start position:0% +something that is +pretty easy it provides arbitrary dna + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy it provides arbitrary dna + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy it provides arbitrary dna +sequences so you can ask for any region + + align:start position:0% +sequences so you can ask for any region + + + align:start position:0% +sequences so you can ask for any region +of any human chromosome you'll get back + + align:start position:0% +of any human chromosome you'll get back + + + align:start position:0% +of any human chromosome you'll get back +the exact dna sequence for that region + + align:start position:0% +the exact dna sequence for that region + + + align:start position:0% +the exact dna sequence for that region +which is something that + + align:start position:0% +which is something that + + + align:start position:0% +which is something that +you might think it's it's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's it's easy by now but + + align:start position:0% +it's it's easy by now but + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's easy by now but +two or three years ago still it was + + align:start position:0% +two or three years ago still it was + + + align:start position:0% +two or three years ago still it was +still something that was + + align:start position:0% +still something that was + + + align:start position:0% +still something that was +almost uh impossible to to obtain and + + align:start position:0% +almost uh impossible to to obtain and + + + align:start position:0% +almost uh impossible to to obtain and +goldenpath was the first site to provide + + align:start position:0% +goldenpath was the first site to provide + + + align:start position:0% +goldenpath was the first site to provide +something like this + + align:start position:0% +something like this + + + align:start position:0% +something like this +it gives you the absolute position of uh + + align:start position:0% +it gives you the absolute position of uh + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you the absolute position of uh +see all the known elements of our genome + + align:start position:0% +see all the known elements of our genome + + + align:start position:0% +see all the known elements of our genome +so genes markers mutations other + + align:start position:0% +so genes markers mutations other + + + align:start position:0% +so genes markers mutations other +features they tell exactly they are at + + align:start position:0% +features they tell exactly they are at + + + align:start position:0% +features they tell exactly they are at +this location in terms of the absolute + + align:start position:0% +this location in terms of the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +this location in terms of the absolute +base pair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the url + + align:start position:0% +this is the url + + + align:start position:0% +this is the url +for golden path and this is + + align:start position:0% +for golden path and this is + + + align:start position:0% +for golden path and this is +how it looks like this is an example + + align:start position:0% +how it looks like this is an example + + + align:start position:0% +how it looks like this is an example +we're looking at the region that + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the region that + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the region that +contains + + align:start position:0% +contains + + + align:start position:0% +contains +the tlr1 gene and you can see all these + + align:start position:0% +the tlr1 gene and you can see all these + + + align:start position:0% +the tlr1 gene and you can see all these +different tracks + + align:start position:0% +different tracks + + + align:start position:0% +different tracks +that provide + + align:start position:0% +that provide + + + align:start position:0% +that provide +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +information on different objects so for + + align:start position:0% +information on different objects so for + + + align:start position:0% +information on different objects so for +example up here we have the genes we + + align:start position:0% +example up here we have the genes we + + + align:start position:0% +example up here we have the genes we +have different + + align:start position:0% +have different + + + align:start position:0% +have different +sets of known genes we have predicted + + align:start position:0% +sets of known genes we have predicted + + + align:start position:0% +sets of known genes we have predicted +genes according to different prediction + + align:start position:0% +genes according to different prediction + + + align:start position:0% +genes according to different prediction +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +we have the mrnas that were + + align:start position:0% +we have the mrnas that were + + + align:start position:0% +we have the mrnas that were +aligned to this gene we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have a tract like this one that shows + + align:start position:0% +we have a tract like this one that shows + + + align:start position:0% +we have a tract like this one that shows +you the conservation between human and + + align:start position:0% +you the conservation between human and + + + align:start position:0% +you the conservation between human and +mouth in this region so you can see it's + + align:start position:0% +mouth in this region so you can see it's + + + align:start position:0% +mouth in this region so you can see it's +very interesting to see that obviously + + align:start position:0% +very interesting to see that obviously + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting to see that obviously +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +coding part of the gene is the one that + + align:start position:0% +coding part of the gene is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +coding part of the gene is the one that +is most highly conserved between human + + align:start position:0% +is most highly conserved between human + + + align:start position:0% +is most highly conserved between human +and mouse because the functional part so + + align:start position:0% +and mouse because the functional part so + + + align:start position:0% +and mouse because the functional part so +it undergoes + + align:start position:0% +it undergoes + + + align:start position:0% +it undergoes +uh selective pressure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are tracks that tell you the + + align:start position:0% +there are tracks that tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +there are tracks that tell you the +location of snips and so on there are + + align:start position:0% +location of snips and so on there are + + + align:start position:0% +location of snips and so on there are +many others that of course don't fit in + + align:start position:0% +many others that of course don't fit in + + + align:start position:0% +many others that of course don't fit in +here but you can customize the display + + align:start position:0% +here but you can customize the display + + + align:start position:0% +here but you can customize the display +you can select the tracks you want to + + align:start position:0% +you can select the tracks you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you can select the tracks you want to +see and you get your own view of + + align:start position:0% +see and you get your own view of + + + align:start position:0% +see and you get your own view of +uh of a certain + + align:start position:0% +uh of a certain + + + align:start position:0% +uh of a certain +genetic region you have the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +genetic region you have the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +genetic region you have the coordinates +up here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chromosome forward band and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is + + align:start position:0% +and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and this is +just to show that you can query it for + + align:start position:0% +just to show that you can query it for + + + align:start position:0% +just to show that you can query it for +any this is the same + + align:start position:0% +any this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +any this is the same +dna region we were looking at before but + + align:start position:0% +dna region we were looking at before but + + + align:start position:0% +dna region we were looking at before but +in this case we asked for the dna + + align:start position:0% +in this case we asked for the dna + + + align:start position:0% +in this case we asked for the dna +sequence and we get it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's another uh way of looking at the + + align:start position:0% +there's another uh way of looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +there's another uh way of looking at the +genome using the ncbi map viewer it's + + align:start position:0% +genome using the ncbi map viewer it's + + + align:start position:0% +genome using the ncbi map viewer it's +essentially the same thing it's a + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same thing it's a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same thing it's a +graphical browser to look at + + align:start position:0% +graphical browser to look at + + + align:start position:0% +graphical browser to look at +genomes and annotations of genomes + + align:start position:0% +genomes and annotations of genomes + + + align:start position:0% +genomes and annotations of genomes +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +is organized around several maps they + + align:start position:0% +is organized around several maps they + + + align:start position:0% +is organized around several maps they +have sequence maps + + align:start position:0% +have sequence maps + + + align:start position:0% +have sequence maps +cytogenetic maps + + align:start position:0% +cytogenetic maps + + + align:start position:0% +cytogenetic maps +linkage maps pollution hybrid human + + align:start position:0% +linkage maps pollution hybrid human + + + align:start position:0% +linkage maps pollution hybrid human +mouse homology maps so each one of these + + align:start position:0% +mouse homology maps so each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +mouse homology maps so each one of these +is a view that gives you a different set + + align:start position:0% +is a view that gives you a different set + + + align:start position:0% +is a view that gives you a different set +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different set of objects in the view so + + align:start position:0% +different set of objects in the view so + + + align:start position:0% +different set of objects in the view so +in the sequence map you find information + + align:start position:0% +in the sequence map you find information + + + align:start position:0% +in the sequence map you find information +about the genes + + align:start position:0% +about the genes + + + align:start position:0% +about the genes +transcripts imaging clusters and so on + + align:start position:0% +transcripts imaging clusters and so on + + + align:start position:0% +transcripts imaging clusters and so on +in cytogenic map for example you find + + align:start position:0% +in cytogenic map for example you find + + + align:start position:0% +in cytogenic map for example you find +information about + + align:start position:0% +information about + + + align:start position:0% +information about +disease genes about bands break points + + align:start position:0% +disease genes about bands break points + + + align:start position:0% +disease genes about bands break points +it's it's extremely detailed because of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's extremely detailed because of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's extremely detailed because of +course it can rely on the whole set of + + align:start position:0% +course it can rely on the whole set of + + + align:start position:0% +course it can rely on the whole set of +uh ncbi databases so basically + + align:start position:0% +uh ncbi databases so basically + + + align:start position:0% +uh ncbi databases so basically +everything that + + align:start position:0% +everything that + + + align:start position:0% +everything that +could possibly um + + align:start position:0% +could possibly um + + + align:start position:0% +could possibly um +want to know + + align:start position:0% +want to know + + + align:start position:0% +want to know +is in there + + align:start position:0% +is in there + + + align:start position:0% +is in there +i personally find it a bit + + align:start position:0% +i personally find it a bit + + + align:start position:0% +i personally find it a bit +complex to use a bit harder to use than + + align:start position:0% +complex to use a bit harder to use than + + + align:start position:0% +complex to use a bit harder to use than +than golden belt but it's a matter of + + align:start position:0% +than golden belt but it's a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +than golden belt but it's a matter of +taste it's organized in a different way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shows you much more detailed information + + align:start position:0% +shows you much more detailed information + + + align:start position:0% +shows you much more detailed information +here in this graphical bars on on the + + align:start position:0% +here in this graphical bars on on the + + + align:start position:0% +here in this graphical bars on on the +features of the of the genetic region + + align:start position:0% +features of the of the genetic region + + + align:start position:0% +features of the of the genetic region +but then the coding information is a bit + + align:start position:0% +but then the coding information is a bit + + + align:start position:0% +but then the coding information is a bit +harder they use all these abbreviations + + align:start position:0% +harder they use all these abbreviations + + + align:start position:0% +harder they use all these abbreviations +here so + + align:start position:0% +here so + + + align:start position:0% +here so +it's a matter of taste + + align:start position:0% +it's a matter of taste + + + align:start position:0% +it's a matter of taste +they essentially + + align:start position:0% +they essentially + + + align:start position:0% +they essentially +serve the same purpose with different + + align:start position:0% +serve the same purpose with different + + + align:start position:0% +serve the same purpose with different +levels of + + align:start position:0% +levels of + + + align:start position:0% +levels of +detail in different areas + + align:start position:0% +detail in different areas + + + align:start position:0% +detail in different areas +now we've talked about snips + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's the only form of mutation we're + + align:start position:0% +it's the only form of mutation we're + + + align:start position:0% +it's the only form of mutation we're +going to talk about but it's also the + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about but it's also the + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about but it's also the +most important one because + + align:start position:0% +most important one because + + + align:start position:0% +most important one because +first of all snips are the most common + + align:start position:0% +first of all snips are the most common + + + align:start position:0% +first of all snips are the most common +form of variation in our genome uh + + align:start position:0% +form of variation in our genome uh + + + align:start position:0% +form of variation in our genome uh +they're much more frequent than + + align:start position:0% +they're much more frequent than + + + align:start position:0% +they're much more frequent than +microsatellites or insertions deletions + + align:start position:0% +microsatellites or insertions deletions + + + align:start position:0% +microsatellites or insertions deletions +and other things + + align:start position:0% +and other things + + + align:start position:0% +and other things +and they're important because for + + align:start position:0% +and they're important because for + + + align:start position:0% +and they're important because for +example they can be used as genomic + + align:start position:0% +example they can be used as genomic + + + align:start position:0% +example they can be used as genomic +markers so snips are at a fixed location + + align:start position:0% +markers so snips are at a fixed location + + + align:start position:0% +markers so snips are at a fixed location +in the genome + + align:start position:0% +in the genome + + + align:start position:0% +in the genome +and if you know where the snip is you + + align:start position:0% +and if you know where the snip is you + + + align:start position:0% +and if you know where the snip is you +can find it you can find the same + + align:start position:0% +can find it you can find the same + + + align:start position:0% +can find it you can find the same +location in + + align:start position:0% +location in + + + align:start position:0% +location in +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +individuals + + align:start position:0% +individuals + + + align:start position:0% +individuals +so you can use them as markers you can + + align:start position:0% +so you can use them as markers you can + + + align:start position:0% +so you can use them as markers you can +use them as causal candidates for + + align:start position:0% +use them as causal candidates for + + + align:start position:0% +use them as causal candidates for +diseases because a certain percentage of + + align:start position:0% +diseases because a certain percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +diseases because a certain percentage of +the snaps introduce changes that then + + align:start position:0% +the snaps introduce changes that then + + + align:start position:0% +the snaps introduce changes that then +have some consequence on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on on + + align:start position:0% +on on + + + align:start position:0% +on on +basically the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the genotype and the phenotype what i + + align:start position:0% +the genotype and the phenotype what i + + + align:start position:0% +the genotype and the phenotype what i +mean is that for example if you have a + + align:start position:0% +mean is that for example if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +mean is that for example if you have a +snip in the coding sequence of a protein + + align:start position:0% +snip in the coding sequence of a protein + + + align:start position:0% +snip in the coding sequence of a protein +you're going to get a protein that has a + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a protein that has a + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a protein that has a +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +abnormal sequence and that can be a + + align:start position:0% +abnormal sequence and that can be a + + + align:start position:0% +abnormal sequence and that can be a +change that doesn't cause any any + + align:start position:0% +change that doesn't cause any any + + + align:start position:0% +change that doesn't cause any any +consequence or it might be a very + + align:start position:0% +consequence or it might be a very + + + align:start position:0% +consequence or it might be a very +dramatic change for example + + align:start position:0% +dramatic change for example + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic change for example +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +most extreme example is there are some + + align:start position:0% +most extreme example is there are some + + + align:start position:0% +most extreme example is there are some +snaps that introduce a stop in the + + align:start position:0% +snaps that introduce a stop in the + + + align:start position:0% +snaps that introduce a stop in the +protein sequence so the protein sequence + + align:start position:0% +protein sequence so the protein sequence + + + align:start position:0% +protein sequence so the protein sequence +is truncated and still just being + + align:start position:0% +is truncated and still just being + + + align:start position:0% +is truncated and still just being +modified is truncated shorter than it + + align:start position:0% +modified is truncated shorter than it + + + align:start position:0% +modified is truncated shorter than it +should be and there are + + align:start position:0% +should be and there are + + + align:start position:0% +should be and there are +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you can imagine this is a change that + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine this is a change that + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine this is a change that +can be very + + align:start position:0% +can be very + + + align:start position:0% +can be very +dangerous there are many diseases that + + align:start position:0% +dangerous there are many diseases that + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous there are many diseases that +are due to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +are due to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +are due to the fact that +you have snaps that truncate proteins + + align:start position:0% +you have snaps that truncate proteins + + + align:start position:0% +you have snaps that truncate proteins +they can be used as evolutionary markers + + align:start position:0% +they can be used as evolutionary markers + + + align:start position:0% +they can be used as evolutionary markers +between because snips arise randomly + + align:start position:0% +between because snips arise randomly + + + align:start position:0% +between because snips arise randomly +during + + align:start position:0% +during + + + align:start position:0% +during +you know replication and then they are + + align:start position:0% +you know replication and then they are + + + align:start position:0% +you know replication and then they are +transmitted from one generation to the + + align:start position:0% +transmitted from one generation to the + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted from one generation to the +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +and there are it's very interesting to + + align:start position:0% +and there are it's very interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +and there are it's very interesting to +study uh how snips + + align:start position:0% +study uh how snips + + + align:start position:0% +study uh how snips +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how sniffs get uh how the frequency of + + align:start position:0% +how sniffs get uh how the frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +how sniffs get uh how the frequency of +the snap changes in the population so if + + align:start position:0% +the snap changes in the population so if + + + align:start position:0% +the snap changes in the population so if +you have a snip that provides an + + align:start position:0% +you have a snip that provides an + + + align:start position:0% +you have a snip that provides an +advantage + + align:start position:0% +advantage + + + align:start position:0% +advantage +to you because i mean most of snaps are + + align:start position:0% +to you because i mean most of snaps are + + + align:start position:0% +to you because i mean most of snaps are +deleterious but in some cases this nib + + align:start position:0% +deleterious but in some cases this nib + + + align:start position:0% +deleterious but in some cases this nib +can also provide an advantage if it + + align:start position:0% +can also provide an advantage if it + + + align:start position:0% +can also provide an advantage if it +generates something that was + + align:start position:0% +generates something that was + + + align:start position:0% +generates something that was +not present before and that works better + + align:start position:0% +not present before and that works better + + + align:start position:0% +not present before and that works better +than the original + + align:start position:0% +than the original + + + align:start position:0% +than the original +so if you have a snip that introduces a + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a snip that introduces a + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a snip that introduces a +change is beneficial then you will + + align:start position:0% +change is beneficial then you will + + + align:start position:0% +change is beneficial then you will +given given enough time you will see + + align:start position:0% +given given enough time you will see + + + align:start position:0% +given given enough time you will see +that the frequency of the snips + + align:start position:0% +that the frequency of the snips + + + align:start position:0% +that the frequency of the snips +increases in the population more and + + align:start position:0% +increases in the population more and + + + align:start position:0% +increases in the population more and +more individuals are going to have + + align:start position:0% +more individuals are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +more individuals are going to have +the variant form + + align:start position:0% +the variant form + + + align:start position:0% +the variant form +the snap uh on the other hand if a snip + + align:start position:0% +the snap uh on the other hand if a snip + + + align:start position:0% +the snap uh on the other hand if a snip +is neutral then there is no selective + + align:start position:0% +is neutral then there is no selective + + + align:start position:0% +is neutral then there is no selective +pressure and it will either go away by + + align:start position:0% +pressure and it will either go away by + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and it will either go away by +chance or will stay at a certain uh + + align:start position:0% +chance or will stay at a certain uh + + + align:start position:0% +chance or will stay at a certain uh +basic level of frequency so you can + + align:start position:0% +basic level of frequency so you can + + + align:start position:0% +basic level of frequency so you can +study the frequency of this nip to + + align:start position:0% +study the frequency of this nip to + + + align:start position:0% +study the frequency of this nip to +understand if it's if it's undergoing + + align:start position:0% +understand if it's if it's undergoing + + + align:start position:0% +understand if it's if it's undergoing +selective pressure so to know if it's + + align:start position:0% +selective pressure so to know if it's + + + align:start position:0% +selective pressure so to know if it's +deteriorating or not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or you + + align:start position:0% +or you + + + align:start position:0% +or you +can or you can use it to reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +can or you can use it to reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +can or you can use it to reconstruct the +basically the history of our genome you + + align:start position:0% +basically the history of our genome you + + + align:start position:0% +basically the history of our genome you +can use uh there are ways of calculating + + align:start position:0% +can use uh there are ways of calculating + + + align:start position:0% +can use uh there are ways of calculating +the age of his name so you know when + + align:start position:0% +the age of his name so you know when + + + align:start position:0% +the age of his name so you know when +that mutation arose + + align:start position:0% +that mutation arose + + + align:start position:0% +that mutation arose +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in the history of our genome + + align:start position:0% +in the history of our genome + + + align:start position:0% +in the history of our genome +now the largest + + align:start position:0% +now the largest + + + align:start position:0% +now the largest +database of snips that we have again is + + align:start position:0% +database of snips that we have again is + + + align:start position:0% +database of snips that we have again is +an ncbi it's called the bisnip + + align:start position:0% +an ncbi it's called the bisnip + + + align:start position:0% +an ncbi it's called the bisnip +currently contains over 4 million human + + align:start position:0% +currently contains over 4 million human + + + align:start position:0% +currently contains over 4 million human +names actually i think that by now this + + align:start position:0% +names actually i think that by now this + + + align:start position:0% +names actually i think that by now this +number is closer to 5 million snips + + align:start position:0% +number is closer to 5 million snips + + + align:start position:0% +number is closer to 5 million snips +and almost 50 of these snips are + + align:start position:0% +and almost 50 of these snips are + + + align:start position:0% +and almost 50 of these snips are +validated which is uh something very + + align:start position:0% +validated which is uh something very + + + align:start position:0% +validated which is uh something very +important means that that the snip has + + align:start position:0% +important means that that the snip has + + + align:start position:0% +important means that that the snip has +been observed + + align:start position:0% +been observed + + + align:start position:0% +been observed +independently multiple times + + align:start position:0% +independently multiple times + + + align:start position:0% +independently multiple times +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +so you know it's a true snip it's not it + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's a true snip it's not it + + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's a true snip it's not it +could be + + align:start position:0% +could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be +many times uh since sequencing is not an + + align:start position:0% +many times uh since sequencing is not an + + + align:start position:0% +many times uh since sequencing is not an +exact process + + align:start position:0% +exact process + + + align:start position:0% +exact process +if you just look at the set of + + align:start position:0% +if you just look at the set of + + + align:start position:0% +if you just look at the set of +sequencing traces you could think that + + align:start position:0% +sequencing traces you could think that + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing traces you could think that +there is a snip when it's actually just + + align:start position:0% +there is a snip when it's actually just + + + align:start position:0% +there is a snip when it's actually just +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +sequencing error now if the snippet was + + align:start position:0% +sequencing error now if the snippet was + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing error now if the snippet was +violated it means it was observed + + align:start position:0% +violated it means it was observed + + + align:start position:0% +violated it means it was observed +several times by independent + + align:start position:0% +several times by independent + + + align:start position:0% +several times by independent +investigators and that gives you the + + align:start position:0% +investigators and that gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +investigators and that gives you the +almost + + align:start position:0% +almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost +total certainty that it's a true snap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are other databases of snaps + + align:start position:0% +there are other databases of snaps + + + align:start position:0% +there are other databases of snaps +another very important one is the snip + + align:start position:0% +another very important one is the snip + + + align:start position:0% +another very important one is the snip +consortium database that code spring + + align:start position:0% +consortium database that code spring + + + align:start position:0% +consortium database that code spring +hardware + + align:start position:0% +hardware + + + align:start position:0% +hardware +that offers uh the important thing about + + align:start position:0% +that offers uh the important thing about + + + align:start position:0% +that offers uh the important thing about +tfc is that they uh first of all all the + + align:start position:0% +tfc is that they uh first of all all the + + + align:start position:0% +tfc is that they uh first of all all the +thc sniffs are validated so they + + align:start position:0% +thc sniffs are validated so they + + + align:start position:0% +thc sniffs are validated so they +basically take snaps on db's name and + + align:start position:0% +basically take snaps on db's name and + + + align:start position:0% +basically take snaps on db's name and +they check them again to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +they check them again to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +they check them again to make sure that +they're really snipped and while doing + + align:start position:0% +they're really snipped and while doing + + + align:start position:0% +they're really snipped and while doing +that they also look at the frequency of + + align:start position:0% +that they also look at the frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +that they also look at the frequency of +the snips so what do i mean you know a + + align:start position:0% +the snips so what do i mean you know a + + + align:start position:0% +the snips so what do i mean you know a +sniff is a is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a polymorphism that substitutes the + + align:start position:0% +it's a polymorphism that substitutes the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a polymorphism that substitutes the +nucleotide you should have in one + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide you should have in one + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide you should have in one +location with a different one okay so if + + align:start position:0% +location with a different one okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +location with a different one okay so if +you look at a population of individuals + + align:start position:0% +you look at a population of individuals + + + align:start position:0% +you look at a population of individuals +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you're going to see that the major + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see that the major + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see that the major +allele of the snap the one the common + + align:start position:0% +allele of the snap the one the common + + + align:start position:0% +allele of the snap the one the common +one has a certain frequency + + align:start position:0% +one has a certain frequency + + + align:start position:0% +one has a certain frequency +so it appears for example in 80 of the + + align:start position:0% +so it appears for example in 80 of the + + + align:start position:0% +so it appears for example in 80 of the +individuals and the alternative allele + + align:start position:0% +individuals and the alternative allele + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and the alternative allele +appears in 20 + + align:start position:0% +appears in 20 + + + align:start position:0% +appears in 20 +of the population + + align:start position:0% +of the population + + + align:start position:0% +of the population +now knowing this frequency is very + + align:start position:0% +now knowing this frequency is very + + + align:start position:0% +now knowing this frequency is very +important because uh it allows you then + + align:start position:0% +important because uh it allows you then + + + align:start position:0% +important because uh it allows you then +to uh do association studies for for + + align:start position:0% +to uh do association studies for for + + + align:start position:0% +to uh do association studies for for +example to look for a correlation + + align:start position:0% +example to look for a correlation + + + align:start position:0% +example to look for a correlation +between a disease and this polymorphism + + align:start position:0% +between a disease and this polymorphism + + + align:start position:0% +between a disease and this polymorphism +because then you + + align:start position:0% +because then you + + + align:start position:0% +because then you +observe a second population + + align:start position:0% +observe a second population + + + align:start position:0% +observe a second population +that is affected by a disease and you + + align:start position:0% +that is affected by a disease and you + + + align:start position:0% +that is affected by a disease and you +find that in that second population the + + align:start position:0% +find that in that second population the + + + align:start position:0% +find that in that second population the +alternative allele + + align:start position:0% +alternative allele + + + align:start position:0% +alternative allele +occurs with the frequency of 40 instead + + align:start position:0% +occurs with the frequency of 40 instead + + + align:start position:0% +occurs with the frequency of 40 instead +of 20 then there might be an indication + + align:start position:0% +of 20 then there might be an indication + + + align:start position:0% +of 20 then there might be an indication +that this need has something to do with + + align:start position:0% +that this need has something to do with + + + align:start position:0% +that this need has something to do with +the disease but in order to be able to + + align:start position:0% +the disease but in order to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the disease but in order to be able to +do this you have to know what is the + + align:start position:0% +do this you have to know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +do this you have to know what is the +baseline frequency what is the original + + align:start position:0% +baseline frequency what is the original + + + align:start position:0% +baseline frequency what is the original +frequency in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +normal so to speak human beings + + align:start position:0% +normal so to speak human beings + + + align:start position:0% +normal so to speak human beings +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +um i guess the question + + align:start position:0% +um i guess the question + + + align:start position:0% +um i guess the question +is what is the base population + + align:start position:0% +is what is the base population + + + align:start position:0% +is what is the base population +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +that's what i was going to say next of + + align:start position:0% +that's what i was going to say next of + + + align:start position:0% +that's what i was going to say next of +course the biggest problem here is that + + align:start position:0% +course the biggest problem here is that + + + align:start position:0% +course the biggest problem here is that +different populations may have different + + align:start position:0% +different populations may have different + + + align:start position:0% +different populations may have different +frequencies of snips + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of snips + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of snips +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this is one of the reasons why snaps are + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the reasons why snaps are + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the reasons why snaps are +used for population genetics because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +especially in the past when populations + + align:start position:0% +especially in the past when populations + + + align:start position:0% +especially in the past when populations +were much more closer there now if a + + align:start position:0% +were much more closer there now if a + + + align:start position:0% +were much more closer there now if a +snip + + align:start position:0% +snip + + + align:start position:0% +snip +arises in a population then it tends to + + align:start position:0% +arises in a population then it tends to + + + align:start position:0% +arises in a population then it tends to +be limited to that population you're not + + align:start position:0% +be limited to that population you're not + + + align:start position:0% +be limited to that population you're not +going to find it in in + + align:start position:0% +going to find it in in + + + align:start position:0% +going to find it in in +in a different population unless there's + + align:start position:0% +in a different population unless there's + + + align:start position:0% +in a different population unless there's +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +genetic interchange between the two so + + align:start position:0% +genetic interchange between the two so + + + align:start position:0% +genetic interchange between the two so +when you look at the frequency of snip + + align:start position:0% +when you look at the frequency of snip + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at the frequency of snip +it's very important to specify what + + align:start position:0% +it's very important to specify what + + + align:start position:0% +it's very important to specify what +population you're looking at because + + align:start position:0% +population you're looking at because + + + align:start position:0% +population you're looking at because +we're going to have an example in two + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have an example in two + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have an example in two +slides so + + align:start position:0% +slides so + + + align:start position:0% +slides so +let's just + + align:start position:0% +let's just + + + align:start position:0% +let's just +get back to this in a second because i + + align:start position:0% +get back to this in a second because i + + + align:start position:0% +get back to this in a second because i +wanted to tell you about other snip + + align:start position:0% +wanted to tell you about other snip + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to tell you about other snip +resources quickly + + align:start position:0% +resources quickly + + + align:start position:0% +resources quickly +haplotype map project this is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +haplotype map project this is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +haplotype map project this is kind of a +new project that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is aimed at developing a haplotype map + + align:start position:0% +is aimed at developing a haplotype map + + + align:start position:0% +is aimed at developing a haplotype map +of human genome i don't know if you had + + align:start position:0% +of human genome i don't know if you had + + + align:start position:0% +of human genome i don't know if you had +a lecture about haplotypes about + + align:start position:0% +a lecture about haplotypes about + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture about haplotypes about +selecting + + align:start position:0% +selecting + + + align:start position:0% +selecting +you're gonna okay + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna okay +so you're gonna have it + + align:start position:0% +so you're gonna have it + + + align:start position:0% +so you're gonna have it +later than this one but when you hear + + align:start position:0% +later than this one but when you hear + + + align:start position:0% +later than this one but when you hear +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +about haplotypes just remember that + + align:start position:0% +about haplotypes just remember that + + + align:start position:0% +about haplotypes just remember that +hapmap is a project that is aiming at + + align:start position:0% +hapmap is a project that is aiming at + + + align:start position:0% +hapmap is a project that is aiming at +building a complete hepatitis map of the + + align:start position:0% +building a complete hepatitis map of the + + + align:start position:0% +building a complete hepatitis map of the +human genome + + align:start position:0% +human genome + + + align:start position:0% +human genome +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +don't have time to go into that now but + + align:start position:0% +don't have time to go into that now but + + + align:start position:0% +don't have time to go into that now but +it's a very important resource that is + + align:start position:0% +it's a very important resource that is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very important resource that is +really the next step after uh what tfc + + align:start position:0% +really the next step after uh what tfc + + + align:start position:0% +really the next step after uh what tfc +is doing after + + align:start position:0% +is doing after + + + align:start position:0% +is doing after +determining the frequency of snaps in + + align:start position:0% +determining the frequency of snaps in + + + align:start position:0% +determining the frequency of snaps in +different populations + + align:start position:0% +different populations + + + align:start position:0% +different populations +that the hepa project allows you to + + align:start position:0% +that the hepa project allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +that the hepa project allows you to +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +uh basically + + align:start position:0% +uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically +what this can tell you about the + + align:start position:0% +what this can tell you about the + + + align:start position:0% +what this can tell you about the +evolution of our genome but this will + + align:start position:0% +evolution of our genome but this will + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of our genome but this will +become clear when + + align:start position:0% +become clear when + + + align:start position:0% +become clear when +in the lecture about hepatitis + + align:start position:0% +in the lecture about hepatitis + + + align:start position:0% +in the lecture about hepatitis +uh hgbase another database of snips uh + + align:start position:0% +uh hgbase another database of snips uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh hgbase another database of snips uh +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +it's manually curated so you find it + + align:start position:0% +it's manually curated so you find it + + + align:start position:0% +it's manually curated so you find it +it's very limited but you find + + align:start position:0% +it's very limited but you find + + + align:start position:0% +it's very limited but you find +information that has very high quality + + align:start position:0% +information that has very high quality + + + align:start position:0% +information that has very high quality +it's all manually + + align:start position:0% +it's all manually + + + align:start position:0% +it's all manually +verified and it's it focuses on on the + + align:start position:0% +verified and it's it focuses on on the + + + align:start position:0% +verified and it's it focuses on on the +potential consequences of sniffs so + + align:start position:0% +potential consequences of sniffs so + + + align:start position:0% +potential consequences of sniffs so +you're going to find a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find a lot of +information about + + align:start position:0% +information about + + + align:start position:0% +information about +known associations between snaps and + + align:start position:0% +known associations between snaps and + + + align:start position:0% +known associations between snaps and +diseases + + align:start position:0% +diseases + + + align:start position:0% +diseases +alfred at yale is another very small + + align:start position:0% +alfred at yale is another very small + + + align:start position:0% +alfred at yale is another very small +database but it has a very high + + align:start position:0% +database but it has a very high + + + align:start position:0% +database but it has a very high +quality and it focuses on frequency data + + align:start position:0% +quality and it focuses on frequency data + + + align:start position:0% +quality and it focuses on frequency data +and what they do is very very + + align:start position:0% +and what they do is very very + + + align:start position:0% +and what they do is very very +interesting they go + + align:start position:0% +interesting they go + + + align:start position:0% +interesting they go +look + + align:start position:0% +look + + + align:start position:0% +look +at many many different populations and + + align:start position:0% +at many many different populations and + + + align:start position:0% +at many many different populations and +especially population as small isolated + + align:start position:0% +especially population as small isolated + + + align:start position:0% +especially population as small isolated +populations from where we are places + + align:start position:0% +populations from where we are places + + + align:start position:0% +populations from where we are places +like like small islands and in + + align:start position:0% +like like small islands and in + + + align:start position:0% +like like small islands and in +pacific or remote villages in siberia + + align:start position:0% +pacific or remote villages in siberia + + + align:start position:0% +pacific or remote villages in siberia +and so on so they actually try to look + + align:start position:0% +and so on so they actually try to look + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so they actually try to look +for isolated populations to um + + align:start position:0% +for isolated populations to um + + + align:start position:0% +for isolated populations to um +maximize the differences in snap + + align:start position:0% +maximize the differences in snap + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the differences in snap +frequency that they're going to find in + + align:start position:0% +frequency that they're going to find in + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that they're going to find in +order to have a + + align:start position:0% +order to have a + + + align:start position:0% +order to have a +picture of the of human diversity this + + align:start position:0% +picture of the of human diversity this + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the of human diversity this +as complete as possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and finally have snipper that i'm + + align:start position:0% +uh and finally have snipper that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh and finally have snipper that i'm +citing because we developed it a chip + + align:start position:0% +citing because we developed it a chip + + + align:start position:0% +citing because we developed it a chip +uh this is an + + align:start position:0% +uh this is an + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is an +is a resource that tries to integrate + + align:start position:0% +is a resource that tries to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +is a resource that tries to integrate +information from all the places that the + + align:start position:0% +information from all the places that the + + + align:start position:0% +information from all the places that the +city so far so it takes information + + align:start position:0% +city so far so it takes information + + + align:start position:0% +city so far so it takes information +mainly from the snip from golden path + + align:start position:0% +mainly from the snip from golden path + + + align:start position:0% +mainly from the snip from golden path +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +from tsc from alfred from hgbase and it + + align:start position:0% +from tsc from alfred from hgbase and it + + + align:start position:0% +from tsc from alfred from hgbase and it +tries to put everything together in a + + align:start position:0% +tries to put everything together in a + + + align:start position:0% +tries to put everything together in a +unified view that allows you to look at + + align:start position:0% +unified view that allows you to look at + + + align:start position:0% +unified view that allows you to look at +the gene find all the snaps around that + + align:start position:0% +the gene find all the snaps around that + + + align:start position:0% +the gene find all the snaps around that +gene see all the features of the snips + + align:start position:0% +gene see all the features of the snips + + + align:start position:0% +gene see all the features of the snips +whether they are + + align:start position:0% +whether they are + + + align:start position:0% +whether they are +the fact the coding sequence or the + + align:start position:0% +the fact the coding sequence or the + + + align:start position:0% +the fact the coding sequence or the +promoter sequence or whatever and then + + align:start position:0% +promoter sequence or whatever and then + + + align:start position:0% +promoter sequence or whatever and then +look at the everything look at + + align:start position:0% +look at the everything look at + + + align:start position:0% +look at the everything look at +everything that is known about + + align:start position:0% +everything that is known about + + + align:start position:0% +everything that is known about +about individual snips and it has + + align:start position:0% +about individual snips and it has + + + align:start position:0% +about individual snips and it has +provides a way of exporting this data in + + align:start position:0% +provides a way of exporting this data in + + + align:start position:0% +provides a way of exporting this data in +different formats to make it easier to + + align:start position:0% +different formats to make it easier to + + + align:start position:0% +different formats to make it easier to +process later and + + align:start position:0% +process later and + + + align:start position:0% +process later and +i'm just going to show you one slide + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to show you one slide + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to show you one slide +from sniper but + + align:start position:0% +from sniper but + + + align:start position:0% +from sniper but +this is a + + align:start position:0% +this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a +is the winner that describes that tells + + align:start position:0% +is the winner that describes that tells + + + align:start position:0% +is the winner that describes that tells +you information about the particular + + align:start position:0% +you information about the particular + + + align:start position:0% +you information about the particular +snippet this is a divisive identifier + + align:start position:0% +snippet this is a divisive identifier + + + align:start position:0% +snippet this is a divisive identifier +and so you can see there is a top part + + align:start position:0% +and so you can see there is a top part + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can see there is a top part +where you have general information where + + align:start position:0% +where you have general information where + + + align:start position:0% +where you have general information where +the snip is this is the position on + + align:start position:0% +the snip is this is the position on + + + align:start position:0% +the snip is this is the position on +chromosome six + + align:start position:0% +chromosome six + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome six +what the ldls are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the gene it belongs to notch 4 + + align:start position:0% +the gene it belongs to notch 4 + + + align:start position:0% +the gene it belongs to notch 4 +and here it tells you that this gene is + + align:start position:0% +and here it tells you that this gene is + + + align:start position:0% +and here it tells you that this gene is +in the coding sequence of the gene and + + align:start position:0% +in the coding sequence of the gene and + + + align:start position:0% +in the coding sequence of the gene and +it actually causes an amino acid change + + align:start position:0% +it actually causes an amino acid change + + + align:start position:0% +it actually causes an amino acid change +at position 319 + + align:start position:0% +at position 319 + + + align:start position:0% +at position 319 +uh it affects protein domains this is + + align:start position:0% +uh it affects protein domains this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh it affects protein domains this is +the list of protein domains that are + + align:start position:0% +the list of protein domains that are + + + align:start position:0% +the list of protein domains that are +affected by the snap + + align:start position:0% +affected by the snap + + + align:start position:0% +affected by the snap +this is the list of some matters uh all + + align:start position:0% +this is the list of some matters uh all + + + align:start position:0% +this is the list of some matters uh all +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +investigators who have + + align:start position:0% +investigators who have + + + align:start position:0% +investigators who have +observed this net and it's it's a long + + align:start position:0% +observed this net and it's it's a long + + + align:start position:0% +observed this net and it's it's a long +list so it means that this is definitely + + align:start position:0% +list so it means that this is definitely + + + align:start position:0% +list so it means that this is definitely +a true snip + + align:start position:0% +a true snip + + + align:start position:0% +a true snip +and finally under here i want to show + + align:start position:0% +and finally under here i want to show + + + align:start position:0% +and finally under here i want to show +you uh this data comes from tsc and it's + + align:start position:0% +you uh this data comes from tsc and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you uh this data comes from tsc and it's +the frequency information data so um + + align:start position:0% +the frequency information data so um + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency information data so um +they sampled 41 individuals from + + align:start position:0% +they sampled 41 individuals from + + + align:start position:0% +they sampled 41 individuals from +population of african-americans and they + + align:start position:0% +population of african-americans and they + + + align:start position:0% +population of african-americans and they +found that + + align:start position:0% +found that + + + align:start position:0% +found that +these are the frequencies for the two + + align:start position:0% +these are the frequencies for the two + + + align:start position:0% +these are the frequencies for the two +alleles 72 percent a 28 g + + align:start position:0% +alleles 72 percent a 28 g + + + align:start position:0% +alleles 72 percent a 28 g +and then they looked at a different + + align:start position:0% +and then they looked at a different + + + align:start position:0% +and then they looked at a different +population these are caucasians i think + + align:start position:0% +population these are caucasians i think + + + align:start position:0% +population these are caucasians i think +and they found very different allele + + align:start position:0% +and they found very different allele + + + align:start position:0% +and they found very different allele +frequencies so different that what was + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so different that what was + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so different that what was +the minor allele in the first case is + + align:start position:0% +the minor allele in the first case is + + + align:start position:0% +the minor allele in the first case is +now the major allele + + align:start position:0% +now the major allele + + + align:start position:0% +now the major allele +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +this is a very clear demonstration of + + align:start position:0% +this is a very clear demonstration of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very clear demonstration of +why it's important to know what + + align:start position:0% +why it's important to know what + + + align:start position:0% +why it's important to know what +population we're talking about when we + + align:start position:0% +population we're talking about when we + + + align:start position:0% +population we're talking about when we +set the frequency of a snip because if + + align:start position:0% +set the frequency of a snip because if + + + align:start position:0% +set the frequency of a snip because if +you started + + align:start position:0% +you started + + + align:start position:0% +you started +if you take + + align:start position:0% +if you take + + + align:start position:0% +if you take +if you believe these numbers and then + + align:start position:0% +if you believe these numbers and then + + + align:start position:0% +if you believe these numbers and then +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +try to run an association study using + + align:start position:0% +try to run an association study using + + + align:start position:0% +try to run an association study using +the snip + + align:start position:0% +the snip + + + align:start position:0% +the snip +on population + + align:start position:0% +on population + + + align:start position:0% +on population +on different population you're going to + + align:start position:0% +on different population you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +on different population you're going to +find totally different numbers that and + + align:start position:0% +find totally different numbers that and + + + align:start position:0% +find totally different numbers that and +this doesn't have anything to do with + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't have anything to do with + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't have anything to do with +disease you're going to just get + + align:start position:0% +disease you're going to just get + + + align:start position:0% +disease you're going to just get +results that + + align:start position:0% +results that + + + align:start position:0% +results that +are misleading because you are not + + align:start position:0% +are misleading because you are not + + + align:start position:0% +are misleading because you are not +looking at the same population and the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the same population and the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the same population and the +baseline frequency of the snape and two + + align:start position:0% +baseline frequency of the snape and two + + + align:start position:0% +baseline frequency of the snape and two +populations is very different + + align:start position:0% +populations is very different + + + align:start position:0% +populations is very different +so this is uh uh just to show that um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the advantages of having an integrated + + align:start position:0% +the advantages of having an integrated + + + align:start position:0% +the advantages of having an integrated +view that brings together information + + align:start position:0% +view that brings together information + + + align:start position:0% +view that brings together information +from different sources and allows you to + + align:start position:0% +from different sources and allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +from different sources and allows you to +get a clear picture of + + align:start position:0% +get a clear picture of + + + align:start position:0% +get a clear picture of +what the snip does and and everything + + align:start position:0% +what the snip does and and everything + + + align:start position:0% +what the snip does and and everything +that is known about it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excuse me + + align:start position:0% +excuse me + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +uh well + + align:start position:0% +uh well + + + align:start position:0% +uh well +it's just telling you that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proteins have uh + + align:start position:0% +proteins have uh + + + align:start position:0% +proteins have uh +the sequence of a protein is + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of a protein is + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of a protein is +what contains + + align:start position:0% +what contains + + + align:start position:0% +what contains +portions there are active domains there + + align:start position:0% +portions there are active domains there + + + align:start position:0% +portions there are active domains there +are the portions of the protein that + + align:start position:0% +are the portions of the protein that + + + align:start position:0% +are the portions of the protein that +then physically uh do something for + + align:start position:0% +then physically uh do something for + + + align:start position:0% +then physically uh do something for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +this domain here is the extra extra + + align:start position:0% +this domain here is the extra extra + + + align:start position:0% +this domain here is the extra extra +uh extracellular domain is the main that + + align:start position:0% +uh extracellular domain is the main that + + + align:start position:0% +uh extracellular domain is the main that +goes outside + + align:start position:0% +goes outside + + + align:start position:0% +goes outside +uh the cell this is a calcium binding + + align:start position:0% +uh the cell this is a calcium binding + + + align:start position:0% +uh the cell this is a calcium binding +domain so these are structures of the + + align:start position:0% +domain so these are structures of the + + + align:start position:0% +domain so these are structures of the +protein sequence that are known to have + + align:start position:0% +protein sequence that are known to have + + + align:start position:0% +protein sequence that are known to have +some functional + + align:start position:0% +some functional + + + align:start position:0% +some functional +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some function they're important because + + align:start position:0% +some function they're important because + + + align:start position:0% +some function they're important because +they do something and if you have a snap + + align:start position:0% +they do something and if you have a snap + + + align:start position:0% +they do something and if you have a snap +that affects one of them + + align:start position:0% +that affects one of them + + + align:start position:0% +that affects one of them +that snip in turn might + + align:start position:0% +that snip in turn might + + + align:start position:0% +that snip in turn might +cause the protein to work + + align:start position:0% +cause the protein to work + + + align:start position:0% +cause the protein to work +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to to um i mean it can change the + + align:start position:0% +to to um i mean it can change the + + + align:start position:0% +to to um i mean it can change the +function of a snip + + align:start position:0% +function of a snip + + + align:start position:0% +function of a snip +of the product + + align:start position:0% +of the product + + + align:start position:0% +of the product +uh well this is this is not meant to be + + align:start position:0% +uh well this is this is not meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh well this is this is not meant to be +an accurate prediction of what this nip + + align:start position:0% +an accurate prediction of what this nip + + + align:start position:0% +an accurate prediction of what this nip +does uh and + + align:start position:0% +does uh and + + + align:start position:0% +does uh and +we get so many because all these domains + + align:start position:0% +we get so many because all these domains + + + align:start position:0% +we get so many because all these domains +are overlapping + + align:start position:0% +are overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +are overlapping +and this is this information comes from + + align:start position:0% +and this is this information comes from + + + align:start position:0% +and this is this information comes from +swiss profit database of protein + + align:start position:0% +swiss profit database of protein + + + align:start position:0% +swiss profit database of protein +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you see for example this + + align:start position:0% +so you see for example this + + + align:start position:0% +so you see for example this +first domain covers almost all of the + + align:start position:0% +first domain covers almost all of the + + + align:start position:0% +first domain covers almost all of the +protein + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excuse me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no no it's just that + + align:start position:0% +no no no it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +no no no it's just that +that these domains can be overlapping + + align:start position:0% +that these domains can be overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +that these domains can be overlapping +it's just because the the swiss bar + + align:start position:0% +it's just because the the swiss bar + + + align:start position:0% +it's just because the the swiss bar +people they annotate the protein + + align:start position:0% +people they annotate the protein + + + align:start position:0% +people they annotate the protein +sequence saying okay from here to here + + align:start position:0% +sequence saying okay from here to here + + + align:start position:0% +sequence saying okay from here to here +we know that + + align:start position:0% +we know that + + + align:start position:0% +we know that +this happens but um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well sometimes they + + align:start position:0% +well sometimes they + + + align:start position:0% +well sometimes they +well there are some domains that cover + + align:start position:0% +well there are some domains that cover + + + align:start position:0% +well there are some domains that cover +the entire protein or half of the + + align:start position:0% +the entire protein or half of the + + + align:start position:0% +the entire protein or half of the +protein just because for example in this + + align:start position:0% +protein just because for example in this + + + align:start position:0% +protein just because for example in this +case the extracellular domain + + align:start position:0% +case the extracellular domain + + + align:start position:0% +case the extracellular domain +it means that this portion of the + + align:start position:0% +it means that this portion of the + + + align:start position:0% +it means that this portion of the +protein is is extracellular + + align:start position:0% +protein is is extracellular + + + align:start position:0% +protein is is extracellular +and then inside that domain you can have + + align:start position:0% +and then inside that domain you can have + + + align:start position:0% +and then inside that domain you can have +other subdomains like all these that + + align:start position:0% +other subdomains like all these that + + + align:start position:0% +other subdomains like all these that +have other other characteristics so i'm + + align:start position:0% +have other other characteristics so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +have other other characteristics so i'm +just reporting here a list of all the + + align:start position:0% +just reporting here a list of all the + + + align:start position:0% +just reporting here a list of all the +domains that + + align:start position:0% +domains that + + + align:start position:0% +domains that +that contain that location but they can + + align:start position:0% +that contain that location but they can + + + align:start position:0% +that contain that location but they can +be overlapping + + align:start position:0% +be overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +be overlapping +okay so it doesn't necessarily mean that + + align:start position:0% +okay so it doesn't necessarily mean that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it doesn't necessarily mean that +this name affects all of them in some + + align:start position:0% +this name affects all of them in some + + + align:start position:0% +this name affects all of them in some +meaningful way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this one is probably the only one that + + align:start position:0% +this one is probably the only one that + + + align:start position:0% +this one is probably the only one that +could be + + align:start position:0% +could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be +affected by the presence of his nip + + align:start position:0% +affected by the presence of his nip + + + align:start position:0% +affected by the presence of his nip +because it's a binding domain so it + + align:start position:0% +because it's a binding domain so it + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a binding domain so it +might be that it doesn't work anymore as + + align:start position:0% +might be that it doesn't work anymore as + + + align:start position:0% +might be that it doesn't work anymore as +a binding domain + + align:start position:0% +a binding domain + + + align:start position:0% +a binding domain +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +don't get confused by this display it's + + align:start position:0% +don't get confused by this display it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't get confused by this display it's +just a list of stressful domains that + + align:start position:0% +just a list of stressful domains that + + + align:start position:0% +just a list of stressful domains that +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +that include that location + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now the next step i'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +now the next step i'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +now the next step i'm going to talk +about genes again + + align:start position:0% +about genes again + + + align:start position:0% +about genes again +and the starting point uh when we talk + + align:start position:0% +and the starting point uh when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +and the starting point uh when we talk +about genes is locus link + + align:start position:0% +about genes is locus link + + + align:start position:0% +about genes is locus link +locus link + + align:start position:0% +locus link + + + align:start position:0% +locus link +is a curated directory of genes from 13 + + align:start position:0% +is a curated directory of genes from 13 + + + align:start position:0% +is a curated directory of genes from 13 +organisms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +were curated here is very important so + + align:start position:0% +were curated here is very important so + + + align:start position:0% +were curated here is very important so +genes are discovered either + + align:start position:0% +genes are discovered either + + + align:start position:0% +genes are discovered either +experimentally or + + align:start position:0% +experimentally or + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally or +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +programs like gen scan that look at the + + align:start position:0% +programs like gen scan that look at the + + + align:start position:0% +programs like gen scan that look at the +dna sequence and and + + align:start position:0% +dna sequence and and + + + align:start position:0% +dna sequence and and +tell you where a gene might be + + align:start position:0% +tell you where a gene might be + + + align:start position:0% +tell you where a gene might be +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +the gene has to be studied in order to + + align:start position:0% +the gene has to be studied in order to + + + align:start position:0% +the gene has to be studied in order to +know what it does uh what + + align:start position:0% +know what it does uh what + + + align:start position:0% +know what it does uh what +all its relationship to other genes and + + align:start position:0% +all its relationship to other genes and + + + align:start position:0% +all its relationship to other genes and +biological processes are so + + align:start position:0% +biological processes are so + + + align:start position:0% +biological processes are so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +locus link is basically a repository of + + align:start position:0% +locus link is basically a repository of + + + align:start position:0% +locus link is basically a repository of +information about genes and it collects + + align:start position:0% +information about genes and it collects + + + align:start position:0% +information about genes and it collects +everything that is known about genes + + align:start position:0% +everything that is known about genes + + + align:start position:0% +everything that is known about genes +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they they say their its central function + + align:start position:0% +they they say their its central function + + + align:start position:0% +they they say their its central function +is to establish an accurate connection + + align:start position:0% +is to establish an accurate connection + + + align:start position:0% +is to establish an accurate connection +between the defining sequence for locus + + align:start position:0% +between the defining sequence for locus + + + align:start position:0% +between the defining sequence for locus +and other descriptors it basically means + + align:start position:0% +and other descriptors it basically means + + + align:start position:0% +and other descriptors it basically means +you have a stretch of dna you know that + + align:start position:0% +you have a stretch of dna you know that + + + align:start position:0% +you have a stretch of dna you know that +there's a gene + + align:start position:0% +there's a gene + + + align:start position:0% +there's a gene +let's collect everything that is known + + align:start position:0% +let's collect everything that is known + + + align:start position:0% +let's collect everything that is known +about about that gene + + align:start position:0% +about about that gene + + + align:start position:0% +about about that gene +so it gives you information about the + + align:start position:0% +so it gives you information about the + + + align:start position:0% +so it gives you information about the +sequence itself about the functions of + + align:start position:0% +sequence itself about the functions of + + + align:start position:0% +sequence itself about the functions of +the gene + + align:start position:0% +the gene + + + align:start position:0% +the gene +links to other databases about the gene + + align:start position:0% +links to other databases about the gene + + + align:start position:0% +links to other databases about the gene +different names for the gene phenotypes + + align:start position:0% +different names for the gene phenotypes + + + align:start position:0% +different names for the gene phenotypes +that are known to be associated with a + + align:start position:0% +that are known to be associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +that are known to be associated with a +gene + + align:start position:0% +gene + + + align:start position:0% +gene +homologist to other genes in the same + + align:start position:0% +homologist to other genes in the same + + + align:start position:0% +homologist to other genes in the same +organism or in different organisms the + + align:start position:0% +organism or in different organisms the + + + align:start position:0% +organism or in different organisms the +location of this gene in several + + align:start position:0% +location of this gene in several + + + align:start position:0% +location of this gene in several +different maps this is all information + + align:start position:0% +different maps this is all information + + + align:start position:0% +different maps this is all information +that you can find in locust link + + align:start position:0% +that you can find in locust link + + + align:start position:0% +that you can find in locust link +and the most important thing uh + + align:start position:0% +and the most important thing uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the most important thing uh +at least from + + align:start position:0% +at least from + + + align:start position:0% +at least from +our point of view is that locust link + + align:start position:0% +our point of view is that locust link + + + align:start position:0% +our point of view is that locust link +provides a nomenclature of genes no + + align:start position:0% +provides a nomenclature of genes no + + + align:start position:0% +provides a nomenclature of genes no +logos link assigns a name to each gene + + align:start position:0% +logos link assigns a name to each gene + + + align:start position:0% +logos link assigns a name to each gene +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if you stick to that name then you're + + align:start position:0% +if you stick to that name then you're + + + align:start position:0% +if you stick to that name then you're +sure that everybody knows what you're + + align:start position:0% +sure that everybody knows what you're + + + align:start position:0% +sure that everybody knows what you're +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +because this again it might seem a + + align:start position:0% +because this again it might seem a + + + align:start position:0% +because this again it might seem a +trivial problem but + + align:start position:0% +trivial problem but + + + align:start position:0% +trivial problem but +for historical reasons in many many + + align:start position:0% +for historical reasons in many many + + + align:start position:0% +for historical reasons in many many +cases genes have lots of different names + + align:start position:0% +cases genes have lots of different names + + + align:start position:0% +cases genes have lots of different names +even if if it's the same gene + + align:start position:0% +even if if it's the same gene + + + align:start position:0% +even if if it's the same gene +uh people have been calling them with + + align:start position:0% +uh people have been calling them with + + + align:start position:0% +uh people have been calling them with +different names and it's a mess when you + + align:start position:0% +different names and it's a mess when you + + + align:start position:0% +different names and it's a mess when you +try to to sort out which gene is which + + align:start position:0% +try to to sort out which gene is which + + + align:start position:0% +try to to sort out which gene is which +if you stick to the local synthetic + + align:start position:0% +if you stick to the local synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +if you stick to the local synthetic +enclosure then at least you know you + + align:start position:0% +enclosure then at least you know you + + + align:start position:0% +enclosure then at least you know you +have one way of naming genes + + align:start position:0% +have one way of naming genes + + + align:start position:0% +have one way of naming genes +and that's it + + align:start position:0% +and that's it + + + align:start position:0% +and that's it +so it gives a name it gives a number and + + align:start position:0% +so it gives a name it gives a number and + + + align:start position:0% +so it gives a name it gives a number and +you can use these as identifiers to look + + align:start position:0% +you can use these as identifiers to look + + + align:start position:0% +you can use these as identifiers to look +up your gene and other databases if they + + align:start position:0% +up your gene and other databases if they + + + align:start position:0% +up your gene and other databases if they +use the same nomenclature + + align:start position:0% +use the same nomenclature + + + align:start position:0% +use the same nomenclature +and of course + + align:start position:0% +and of course + + + align:start position:0% +and of course +again it's part of the ncbi cluster and + + align:start position:0% +again it's part of the ncbi cluster and + + + align:start position:0% +again it's part of the ncbi cluster and +all ncbi resources use + + align:start position:0% +all ncbi resources use + + + align:start position:0% +all ncbi resources use +this way of naming genes then + + align:start position:0% +this way of naming genes then + + + align:start position:0% +this way of naming genes then +unfortunately there are other resources + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately there are other resources + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately there are other resources +that we'll + + align:start position:0% +that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll +learn to mention later that use a + + align:start position:0% +learn to mention later that use a + + + align:start position:0% +learn to mention later that use a +different way of naming genes and + + align:start position:0% +different way of naming genes and + + + align:start position:0% +different way of naming genes and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +makes things very difficult when you're + + align:start position:0% +makes things very difficult when you're + + + align:start position:0% +makes things very difficult when you're +trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to +build + + align:start position:0% +build + + + align:start position:0% +build +programs to integrate information from + + align:start position:0% +programs to integrate information from + + + align:start position:0% +programs to integrate information from +different places because + + align:start position:0% +different places because + + + align:start position:0% +different places because +it's very very hard to know exactly + + align:start position:0% +it's very very hard to know exactly + + + align:start position:0% +it's very very hard to know exactly +how to reconcile different ways of + + align:start position:0% +how to reconcile different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +how to reconcile different ways of +naming genes again it might seem a + + align:start position:0% +naming genes again it might seem a + + + align:start position:0% +naming genes again it might seem a +trivial problem but uh but it's not and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's also complicated by the fact that + + align:start position:0% +it's also complicated by the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +it's also complicated by the fact that +uh as + + align:start position:0% +uh as + + + align:start position:0% +uh as +we're saying before + + align:start position:0% +we're saying before + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying before +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +genes may appear in several different + + align:start position:0% +genes may appear in several different + + + align:start position:0% +genes may appear in several different +forms + + align:start position:0% +forms + + + align:start position:0% +forms +uh there are variants of the same gene + + align:start position:0% +uh there are variants of the same gene + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are variants of the same gene +there are um + + align:start position:0% +there are um + + + align:start position:0% +there are um +similar there are genes that are very + + align:start position:0% +similar there are genes that are very + + + align:start position:0% +similar there are genes that are very +similar to each other so sometimes they + + align:start position:0% +similar to each other so sometimes they + + + align:start position:0% +similar to each other so sometimes they +are considered to be the same genes + + align:start position:0% +are considered to be the same genes + + + align:start position:0% +are considered to be the same genes +sometimes they are not and and all these + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they are not and and all these + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they are not and and all these +are things that make the + + align:start position:0% +are things that make the + + + align:start position:0% +are things that make the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +make naming genes uh kind of a complex + + align:start position:0% +make naming genes uh kind of a complex + + + align:start position:0% +make naming genes uh kind of a complex +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +deterministic task + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so unigene is another resource at ncbi + + align:start position:0% +so unigene is another resource at ncbi + + + align:start position:0% +so unigene is another resource at ncbi +that takes a slightly different approach + + align:start position:0% +that takes a slightly different approach + + + align:start position:0% +that takes a slightly different approach +uh it + + align:start position:0% +uh it + + + align:start position:0% +uh it +it's an attempt + + align:start position:0% +it's an attempt + + + align:start position:0% +it's an attempt +of uh at collecting all the genbank + + align:start position:0% +of uh at collecting all the genbank + + + align:start position:0% +of uh at collecting all the genbank +sequences that refer to a region of the + + align:start position:0% +sequences that refer to a region of the + + + align:start position:0% +sequences that refer to a region of the +genome where a gene is known to be so + + align:start position:0% +genome where a gene is known to be so + + + align:start position:0% +genome where a gene is known to be so +essentially uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh +if we know that a certain region of our + + align:start position:0% +if we know that a certain region of our + + + align:start position:0% +if we know that a certain region of our +of a chromosome contains a gene then we + + align:start position:0% +of a chromosome contains a gene then we + + + align:start position:0% +of a chromosome contains a gene then we +can go into genbank and look at all + + align:start position:0% +can go into genbank and look at all + + + align:start position:0% +can go into genbank and look at all +these sequences that fall into that + + align:start position:0% +these sequences that fall into that + + + align:start position:0% +these sequences that fall into that +region so all the sequences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come + + align:start position:0% +come + + + align:start position:0% +come +ultimately come from from that gene are + + align:start position:0% +ultimately come from from that gene are + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately come from from that gene are +part of that gene uh and unigine puts + + align:start position:0% +part of that gene uh and unigine puts + + + align:start position:0% +part of that gene uh and unigine puts +them all together in one cluster and + + align:start position:0% +them all together in one cluster and + + + align:start position:0% +them all together in one cluster and +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then tries to provide a description + + align:start position:0% +and then tries to provide a description + + + align:start position:0% +and then tries to provide a description +of all why all these sequences of uh + + align:start position:0% +of all why all these sequences of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of all why all these sequences of uh +description of + + align:start position:0% +description of + + + align:start position:0% +description of +uh the features of all these sequences + + align:start position:0% +uh the features of all these sequences + + + align:start position:0% +uh the features of all these sequences +so they're all similar they all come + + align:start position:0% +so they're all similar they all come + + + align:start position:0% +so they're all similar they all come +from the same location from the same + + align:start position:0% +from the same location from the same + + + align:start position:0% +from the same location from the same +region of the genome + + align:start position:0% +region of the genome + + + align:start position:0% +region of the genome +but they might represent multiple forms + + align:start position:0% +but they might represent multiple forms + + + align:start position:0% +but they might represent multiple forms +of the same gene so they're probably not + + align:start position:0% +of the same gene so they're probably not + + + align:start position:0% +of the same gene so they're probably not +identical to each other they might come + + align:start position:0% +identical to each other they might come + + + align:start position:0% +identical to each other they might come +from different tissues so they might + + align:start position:0% +from different tissues so they might + + + align:start position:0% +from different tissues so they might +have different properties and and so on + + align:start position:0% +have different properties and and so on + + + align:start position:0% +have different properties and and so on +uh and again this is the + + align:start position:0% +uh and again this is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and again this is the +url for unigene it's uh + + align:start position:0% +url for unigene it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +url for unigene it's uh +includes information for 38 organism + + align:start position:0% +includes information for 38 organism + + + align:start position:0% +includes information for 38 organism +and i think that one year ago this + + align:start position:0% +and i think that one year ago this + + + align:start position:0% +and i think that one year ago this +number was something like 14. so it's + + align:start position:0% +number was something like 14. so it's + + + align:start position:0% +number was something like 14. so it's +growing very fast + + align:start position:0% +growing very fast + + + align:start position:0% +growing very fast +and um the interesting thing is this + + align:start position:0% +and um the interesting thing is this + + + align:start position:0% +and um the interesting thing is this +this is an automated process so locus + + align:start position:0% +this is an automated process so locus + + + align:start position:0% +this is an automated process so locus +link is a created directory it means + + align:start position:0% +link is a created directory it means + + + align:start position:0% +link is a created directory it means +that there are + + align:start position:0% +that there are + + + align:start position:0% +that there are +there's people who spend their + + align:start position:0% +there's people who spend their + + + align:start position:0% +there's people who spend their +days going through gene records and and + + align:start position:0% +days going through gene records and and + + + align:start position:0% +days going through gene records and and +adding information checking it + + align:start position:0% +adding information checking it + + + align:start position:0% +adding information checking it +correcting it unigine is an automatic + + align:start position:0% +correcting it unigine is an automatic + + + align:start position:0% +correcting it unigine is an automatic +it's an automated system so uh it's + + align:start position:0% +it's an automated system so uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's an automated system so uh it's +actually a + + align:start position:0% +actually a + + + align:start position:0% +actually a +automatic procedure that that looks into + + align:start position:0% +automatic procedure that that looks into + + + align:start position:0% +automatic procedure that that looks into +uh all looks at all the jam bank + + align:start position:0% +uh all looks at all the jam bank + + + align:start position:0% +uh all looks at all the jam bank +sequences and tried to build these + + align:start position:0% +sequences and tried to build these + + + align:start position:0% +sequences and tried to build these +clusters + + align:start position:0% +clusters + + + align:start position:0% +clusters +based on um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the uh + + align:start position:0% +on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +on the uh +on the location of the sequences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i've mentioned the fact that it's + + align:start position:0% +i've mentioned the fact that it's + + + align:start position:0% +i've mentioned the fact that it's +interesting to study homologies between + + align:start position:0% +interesting to study homologies between + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to study homologies between +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +genes and different organisms so + + align:start position:0% +genes and different organisms so + + + align:start position:0% +genes and different organisms so +homologying is a + + align:start position:0% +homologying is a + + + align:start position:0% +homologying is a +database of orthologs so uh + + align:start position:0% +database of orthologs so uh + + + align:start position:0% +database of orthologs so uh +what it does it is um + + align:start position:0% +what it does it is um + + + align:start position:0% +what it does it is um +they take all the sequences and join + + align:start position:0% +they take all the sequences and join + + + align:start position:0% +they take all the sequences and join +bank they compare each sequence + + align:start position:0% +bank they compare each sequence + + + align:start position:0% +bank they compare each sequence +with all the other sequences in german + + align:start position:0% +with all the other sequences in german + + + align:start position:0% +with all the other sequences in german +at least in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a set of organisms and um and if they + + align:start position:0% +in a set of organisms and um and if they + + + align:start position:0% +in a set of organisms and um and if they +find a good match between the two + + align:start position:0% +find a good match between the two + + + align:start position:0% +find a good match between the two +sequences then this this pair is added + + align:start position:0% +sequences then this this pair is added + + + align:start position:0% +sequences then this this pair is added +to the homologing database + + align:start position:0% +to the homologing database + + + align:start position:0% +to the homologing database +so right now it's um + + align:start position:0% +so right now it's um + + + align:start position:0% +so right now it's um +encompasses 25 organisms + + align:start position:0% +encompasses 25 organisms + + + align:start position:0% +encompasses 25 organisms +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in this 25 organizations they have 470 + + align:start position:0% +in this 25 organizations they have 470 + + + align:start position:0% +in this 25 organizations they have 470 +000 ortholog players so pairs of genes + + align:start position:0% +000 ortholog players so pairs of genes + + + align:start position:0% +000 ortholog players so pairs of genes +from different organisms that are highly + + align:start position:0% +from different organisms that are highly + + + align:start position:0% +from different organisms that are highly +similar to each other + + align:start position:0% +similar to each other + + + align:start position:0% +similar to each other +the all these are put into them + + align:start position:0% +the all these are put into them + + + align:start position:0% +the all these are put into them +into the database and then if you find + + align:start position:0% +into the database and then if you find + + + align:start position:0% +into the database and then if you find +there are three organisms that share + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a similarity relationship then this in + + align:start position:0% +a similarity relationship then this in + + + align:start position:0% +a similarity relationship then this in +turn is is marked because it means that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that you're finding a match that has an + + align:start position:0% +that you're finding a match that has an + + + align:start position:0% +that you're finding a match that has an +even higher quality so if you find that + + align:start position:0% +even higher quality so if you find that + + + align:start position:0% +even higher quality so if you find that +organism a + + align:start position:0% +organism a + + + align:start position:0% +organism a +shares a gene with organism b and b + + align:start position:0% +shares a gene with organism b and b + + + align:start position:0% +shares a gene with organism b and b +shares it with c if then you find that c + + align:start position:0% +shares it with c if then you find that c + + + align:start position:0% +shares it with c if then you find that c +shares it with a then you've built what + + align:start position:0% +shares it with a then you've built what + + + align:start position:0% +shares it with a then you've built what +they call a triplet and + + align:start position:0% +they call a triplet and + + + align:start position:0% +they call a triplet and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that's a confirmation that actually + + align:start position:0% +that's a confirmation that actually + + + align:start position:0% +that's a confirmation that actually +this gene might be + + align:start position:0% +this gene might be + + + align:start position:0% +this gene might be +really the same gene that is conserved + + align:start position:0% +really the same gene that is conserved + + + align:start position:0% +really the same gene that is conserved +across all these organisms + + align:start position:0% +across all these organisms + + + align:start position:0% +across all these organisms +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and this one is partly curated partly + + align:start position:0% +and this one is partly curated partly + + + align:start position:0% +and this one is partly curated partly +calculated so + + align:start position:0% +calculated so + + + align:start position:0% +calculated so +they have an automated procedure that + + align:start position:0% +they have an automated procedure that + + + align:start position:0% +they have an automated procedure that +looks at sequence similarity using + + align:start position:0% +looks at sequence similarity using + + + align:start position:0% +looks at sequence similarity using +all the many algorithms to do that and + + align:start position:0% +all the many algorithms to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +all the many algorithms to do that and +they give the similarity score and then + + align:start position:0% +they give the similarity score and then + + + align:start position:0% +they give the similarity score and then +they have a subset uh + + align:start position:0% +they have a subset uh + + + align:start position:0% +they have a subset uh +yeah this is not mentioned here but but + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is not mentioned here but but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is not mentioned here but but +then most of these uh entries and this + + align:start position:0% +then most of these uh entries and this + + + align:start position:0% +then most of these uh entries and this +are also manually curated to make sure + + align:start position:0% +are also manually curated to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +are also manually curated to make sure +that they're + + align:start position:0% +that they're + + + align:start position:0% +that they're +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that they're really similar genes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i think it's a swift model it's with uh + + align:start position:0% +i think it's a swift model it's with uh + + + align:start position:0% +i think it's a swift model it's with uh +no it's probably the blast score okay + + align:start position:0% +no it's probably the blast score okay + + + align:start position:0% +no it's probably the blast score okay +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +they have a threshold of something i + + align:start position:0% +they have a threshold of something i + + + align:start position:0% +they have a threshold of something i +don't remember but + + align:start position:0% +don't remember but + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember but +they give you the score in the in + + align:start position:0% +they give you the score in the in + + + align:start position:0% +they give you the score in the in +addition to all the other information so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +ensemble + + align:start position:0% +ensemble + + + align:start position:0% +ensemble +this is not part of ncbi this is + + align:start position:0% +this is not part of ncbi this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is not part of ncbi this is +something that comes from europe from + + align:start position:0% +something that comes from europe from + + + align:start position:0% +something that comes from europe from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +amble european biofrom ethics institute + + align:start position:0% +amble european biofrom ethics institute + + + align:start position:0% +amble european biofrom ethics institute +the sanger institute + + align:start position:0% +the sanger institute + + + align:start position:0% +the sanger institute +it's something that is + + align:start position:0% +it's something that is + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that is +pretty similar to locust link + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar to locust link + + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar to locust link +in scope it's + + align:start position:0% +in scope it's + + + align:start position:0% +in scope it's +again it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +again it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +again it's a it's a +software system for the automated + + align:start position:0% +software system for the automated + + + align:start position:0% +software system for the automated +annotation of genomes it's a basically + + align:start position:0% +annotation of genomes it's a basically + + + align:start position:0% +annotation of genomes it's a basically +means it's a system that discovers genes + + align:start position:0% +means it's a system that discovers genes + + + align:start position:0% +means it's a system that discovers genes +and tries to find as much information as + + align:start position:0% +and tries to find as much information as + + + align:start position:0% +and tries to find as much information as +possible about this this genes + + align:start position:0% +possible about this this genes + + + align:start position:0% +possible about this this genes +and uh and then all the information is + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then all the information is + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then all the information is +available through a search interface + + align:start position:0% +available through a search interface + + + align:start position:0% +available through a search interface +it's limited to 10 organisms + + align:start position:0% +it's limited to 10 organisms + + + align:start position:0% +it's limited to 10 organisms +but it provides a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +but it provides a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +but it provides a lot of information +about uh about the genes in this + + align:start position:0% +about uh about the genes in this + + + align:start position:0% +about uh about the genes in this +about these organisms so it provides + + align:start position:0% +about these organisms so it provides + + + align:start position:0% +about these organisms so it provides +information about genes about proteins + + align:start position:0% +information about genes about proteins + + + align:start position:0% +information about genes about proteins +diseases snaps + + align:start position:0% +diseases snaps + + + align:start position:0% +diseases snaps +cross-specific analysis microarray data + + align:start position:0% +cross-specific analysis microarray data + + + align:start position:0% +cross-specific analysis microarray data +so it's essentially a combination of + + align:start position:0% +so it's essentially a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +so it's essentially a combination of +locus length devil snip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homology and a few other things + + align:start position:0% +homology and a few other things + + + align:start position:0% +homology and a few other things +it has a very powerful uh + + align:start position:0% +it has a very powerful uh + + + align:start position:0% +it has a very powerful uh +latex interface it's actually very nice + + align:start position:0% +latex interface it's actually very nice + + + align:start position:0% +latex interface it's actually very nice +very easy to use + + align:start position:0% +very easy to use + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to use +so you can do queries on this huge + + align:start position:0% +so you can do queries on this huge + + + align:start position:0% +so you can do queries on this huge +database + + align:start position:0% +database + + + align:start position:0% +database +in a relatively simple way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the biggest problems with this + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest problems with this + + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest problems with this +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +at least from our point of view is that + + align:start position:0% +at least from our point of view is that + + + align:start position:0% +at least from our point of view is that +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +uses its own way of naming genes this is + + align:start position:0% +uses its own way of naming genes this is + + + align:start position:0% +uses its own way of naming genes this is +essentially what i was referring to + + align:start position:0% +essentially what i was referring to + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what i was referring to +before when i was saying that not + + align:start position:0% +before when i was saying that not + + + align:start position:0% +before when i was saying that not +everybody uses the locus link way of + + align:start position:0% +everybody uses the locus link way of + + + align:start position:0% +everybody uses the locus link way of +naming genes they have + + align:start position:0% +naming genes they have + + + align:start position:0% +naming genes they have +their own alternative + + align:start position:0% +their own alternative + + + align:start position:0% +their own alternative +scheme for naming genes and + + align:start position:0% +scheme for naming genes and + + + align:start position:0% +scheme for naming genes and +going from one to the other is sometimes + + align:start position:0% +going from one to the other is sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +going from one to the other is sometimes +tricky there are links between the two + + align:start position:0% +tricky there are links between the two + + + align:start position:0% +tricky there are links between the two +databases but of course it's not + + align:start position:0% +databases but of course it's not + + + align:start position:0% +databases but of course it's not +they don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +they don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +they don't necessarily +match very well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what else okay and finally a few words + + align:start position:0% +what else okay and finally a few words + + + align:start position:0% +what else okay and finally a few words +about gene regulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so gene regulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of course it's it's almost uh needless + + align:start position:0% +of course it's it's almost uh needless + + + align:start position:0% +of course it's it's almost uh needless +to say it's an extremely complex + + align:start position:0% +to say it's an extremely complex + + + align:start position:0% +to say it's an extremely complex +mechanism our understanding of how gene + + align:start position:0% +mechanism our understanding of how gene + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism our understanding of how gene +revolution works is still very limited + + align:start position:0% +revolution works is still very limited + + + align:start position:0% +revolution works is still very limited +uh when you + + align:start position:0% +uh when you + + + align:start position:0% +uh when you +hear uh about microarrays about the + + align:start position:0% +hear uh about microarrays about the + + + align:start position:0% +hear uh about microarrays about the +concept of gene expression that's + + align:start position:0% +concept of gene expression that's + + + align:start position:0% +concept of gene expression that's +measured by microarrays this is a + + align:start position:0% +measured by microarrays this is a + + + align:start position:0% +measured by microarrays this is a +gene expression is the most um + + align:start position:0% +gene expression is the most um + + + align:start position:0% +gene expression is the most um +let's say + + align:start position:0% +let's say + + + align:start position:0% +let's say +uh visible + + align:start position:0% +uh visible + + + align:start position:0% +uh visible +consequence of + + align:start position:0% +consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of +everything that is + + align:start position:0% +everything that is + + + align:start position:0% +everything that is +in in this complex mechanism so there is + + align:start position:0% +in in this complex mechanism so there is + + + align:start position:0% +in in this complex mechanism so there is +a um + + align:start position:0% +a um + + + align:start position:0% +a um +what what you see is that under certain + + align:start position:0% +what what you see is that under certain + + + align:start position:0% +what what you see is that under certain +conditions a certain set of genes is is + + align:start position:0% +conditions a certain set of genes is is + + + align:start position:0% +conditions a certain set of genes is is +highly regular is is highly expressed or + + align:start position:0% +highly regular is is highly expressed or + + + align:start position:0% +highly regular is is highly expressed or +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +underexpressed and so on but this is a + + align:start position:0% +underexpressed and so on but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +underexpressed and so on but this is a +consequence of the fact that there is a + + align:start position:0% +consequence of the fact that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of the fact that there is a +very complex machinery behind it that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that determines which genes are active + + align:start position:0% +that determines which genes are active + + + align:start position:0% +that determines which genes are active +or not and how much in different + + align:start position:0% +or not and how much in different + + + align:start position:0% +or not and how much in different +conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +and and this is actually a system that + + align:start position:0% +and and this is actually a system that + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is actually a system that +integrates + + align:start position:0% +integrates + + + align:start position:0% +integrates +a lot of different factors that might + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different factors that might + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different factors that might +include the following for + + align:start position:0% +include the following for + + + align:start position:0% +include the following for +in no particular order the tissue we + + align:start position:0% +in no particular order the tissue we + + + align:start position:0% +in no particular order the tissue we +know very well that + + align:start position:0% +know very well that + + + align:start position:0% +know very well that +the set of genes that are expressed in + + align:start position:0% +the set of genes that are expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +the set of genes that are expressed in +one tissue is very different from the + + align:start position:0% +one tissue is very different from the + + + align:start position:0% +one tissue is very different from the +sort of genes are expressed in another + + align:start position:0% +sort of genes are expressed in another + + + align:start position:0% +sort of genes are expressed in another +tissue + + align:start position:0% +tissue + + + align:start position:0% +tissue +uh developmental stage genes that are + + align:start position:0% +uh developmental stage genes that are + + + align:start position:0% +uh developmental stage genes that are +expressed during uh + + align:start position:0% +expressed during uh + + + align:start position:0% +expressed during uh +development of the embryo for example + + align:start position:0% +development of the embryo for example + + + align:start position:0% +development of the embryo for example +are not the same they are expressed in + + align:start position:0% +are not the same they are expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +are not the same they are expressed in +an adult + + align:start position:0% +an adult + + + align:start position:0% +an adult +organism + + align:start position:0% +organism + + + align:start position:0% +organism +the time the time can mean either the + + align:start position:0% +the time the time can mean either the + + + align:start position:0% +the time the time can mean either the +time of day you for the cases like the + + align:start position:0% +time of day you for the cases like the + + + align:start position:0% +time of day you for the cases like the +circadian rhythm there are genes that + + align:start position:0% +circadian rhythm there are genes that + + + align:start position:0% +circadian rhythm there are genes that +are expressed in the morning and not in + + align:start position:0% +are expressed in the morning and not in + + + align:start position:0% +are expressed in the morning and not in +the not in the evening + + align:start position:0% +the not in the evening + + + align:start position:0% +the not in the evening +or time at a larger scale there are uh i + + align:start position:0% +or time at a larger scale there are uh i + + + align:start position:0% +or time at a larger scale there are uh i +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +there are processes that take years to + + align:start position:0% +there are processes that take years to + + + align:start position:0% +there are processes that take years to +complete like um + + align:start position:0% +complete like um + + + align:start position:0% +complete like um +puberty for example these are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there is a this + + align:start position:0% +so there is a this + + + align:start position:0% +so there is a this +regulation mechanism is able to work at + + align:start position:0% +regulation mechanism is able to work at + + + align:start position:0% +regulation mechanism is able to work at +very different + + align:start position:0% +very different + + + align:start position:0% +very different +temporal resolutions + + align:start position:0% +temporal resolutions + + + align:start position:0% +temporal resolutions +external signals of course all response + + align:start position:0% +external signals of course all response + + + align:start position:0% +external signals of course all response +to external stimuli + + align:start position:0% +to external stimuli + + + align:start position:0% +to external stimuli +and it also depends on the expression + + align:start position:0% +and it also depends on the expression + + + align:start position:0% +and it also depends on the expression +state of any number of other genes + + align:start position:0% +state of any number of other genes + + + align:start position:0% +state of any number of other genes +because genes + + align:start position:0% +because genes + + + align:start position:0% +because genes +regulate each other + + align:start position:0% +regulate each other + + + align:start position:0% +regulate each other +through feedback loops and so on so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again it's a very complex system we're + + align:start position:0% +again it's a very complex system we're + + + align:start position:0% +again it's a very complex system we're +slowly working to try to understand how + + align:start position:0% +slowly working to try to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +slowly working to try to understand how +it works + + align:start position:0% +it works + + + align:start position:0% +it works +so we have for now is um + + align:start position:0% +so we have for now is um + + + align:start position:0% +so we have for now is um +some understanding of what transcription + + align:start position:0% +some understanding of what transcription + + + align:start position:0% +some understanding of what transcription +factors the translation factors are + + align:start position:0% +factors the translation factors are + + + align:start position:0% +factors the translation factors are +proteins that bind to the upstream + + align:start position:0% +proteins that bind to the upstream + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that bind to the upstream +regions of the genes + + align:start position:0% +regions of the genes + + + align:start position:0% +regions of the genes +and are able to control their expression + + align:start position:0% +and are able to control their expression + + + align:start position:0% +and are able to control their expression +their activity because translational + + align:start position:0% +their activity because translational + + + align:start position:0% +their activity because translational +factor because usually uh the most + + align:start position:0% +factor because usually uh the most + + + align:start position:0% +factor because usually uh the most +common case these bind to the + + align:start position:0% +common case these bind to the + + + align:start position:0% +common case these bind to the +promoter region of a gene + + align:start position:0% +promoter region of a gene + + + align:start position:0% +promoter region of a gene +they combine with each other forming + + align:start position:0% +they combine with each other forming + + + align:start position:0% +they combine with each other forming +complexes and these complexes then + + align:start position:0% +complexes and these complexes then + + + align:start position:0% +complexes and these complexes then +activate the transcription machinery + + align:start position:0% +activate the transcription machinery + + + align:start position:0% +activate the transcription machinery +that then + + align:start position:0% +that then + + + align:start position:0% +that then +gives rise to the + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to the + + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what starts everything else and in the + + align:start position:0% +what starts everything else and in the + + + align:start position:0% +what starts everything else and in the +end you get that the gene is expressed + + align:start position:0% +end you get that the gene is expressed + + + align:start position:0% +end you get that the gene is expressed +because it's translated in the protein + + align:start position:0% +because it's translated in the protein + + + align:start position:0% +because it's translated in the protein +is produced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and transition factors they were saying + + align:start position:0% +and transition factors they were saying + + + align:start position:0% +and transition factors they were saying +don't act alone they they have to + + align:start position:0% +don't act alone they they have to + + + align:start position:0% +don't act alone they they have to +interact with the target gene but they + + align:start position:0% +interact with the target gene but they + + + align:start position:0% +interact with the target gene but they +also interact with each other + + align:start position:0% +also interact with each other + + + align:start position:0% +also interact with each other +in a combinatorial fashion what this + + align:start position:0% +in a combinatorial fashion what this + + + align:start position:0% +in a combinatorial fashion what this +means is that + + align:start position:0% +means is that + + + align:start position:0% +means is that +looking at the individual transition + + align:start position:0% +looking at the individual transition + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the individual transition +factor is usually not sufficient to + + align:start position:0% +factor is usually not sufficient to + + + align:start position:0% +factor is usually not sufficient to +understand what it's going to do because + + align:start position:0% +understand what it's going to do because + + + align:start position:0% +understand what it's going to do because +the same transition factor + + align:start position:0% +the same transition factor + + + align:start position:0% +the same transition factor +in different combinations with other + + align:start position:0% +in different combinations with other + + + align:start position:0% +in different combinations with other +transition factors might have different + + align:start position:0% +transition factors might have different + + + align:start position:0% +transition factors might have different +uh different roles + + align:start position:0% +uh different roles + + + align:start position:0% +uh different roles +so what we need to look at is the + + align:start position:0% +so what we need to look at is the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we need to look at is the +pattern of transitional factors that + + align:start position:0% +pattern of transitional factors that + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of transitional factors that +binds to a certain gene and that in turn + + align:start position:0% +binds to a certain gene and that in turn + + + align:start position:0% +binds to a certain gene and that in turn +will determine the + + align:start position:0% +will determine the + + + align:start position:0% +will determine the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +spatial temporal tissues dependent + + align:start position:0% +spatial temporal tissues dependent + + + align:start position:0% +spatial temporal tissues dependent +expression of the target gene okay + + align:start position:0% +expression of the target gene okay + + + align:start position:0% +expression of the target gene okay +and again we are still + + align:start position:0% +and again we are still + + + align:start position:0% +and again we are still +doing the very early steps in the + + align:start position:0% +doing the very early steps in the + + + align:start position:0% +doing the very early steps in the +process of trying to understand how + + align:start position:0% +process of trying to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +process of trying to understand how +these patterns are actually structured + + align:start position:0% +these patterns are actually structured + + + align:start position:0% +these patterns are actually structured +how they work + + align:start position:0% +how they work + + + align:start position:0% +how they work +so what do we + + align:start position:0% +so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we +ah + + align:start position:0% +ah + + + align:start position:0% +ah +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +so the first step again we're moving the + + align:start position:0% +so the first step again we're moving the + + + align:start position:0% +so the first step again we're moving the +first steps uh the first thing you need + + align:start position:0% +first steps uh the first thing you need + + + align:start position:0% +first steps uh the first thing you need +to do is you need to be able to reliably + + align:start position:0% +to do is you need to be able to reliably + + + align:start position:0% +to do is you need to be able to reliably +identify + + align:start position:0% +identify + + + align:start position:0% +identify +which transaction which transcription + + align:start position:0% +which transaction which transcription + + + align:start position:0% +which transaction which transcription +factors bind to a given gene + + align:start position:0% +factors bind to a given gene + + + align:start position:0% +factors bind to a given gene +and where exactly in the promoter region + + align:start position:0% +and where exactly in the promoter region + + + align:start position:0% +and where exactly in the promoter region +of the gene they bind + + align:start position:0% +of the gene they bind + + + align:start position:0% +of the gene they bind +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +transition factors bind to locations + + align:start position:0% +transition factors bind to locations + + + align:start position:0% +transition factors bind to locations +that are called transition factor + + align:start position:0% +that are called transition factor + + + align:start position:0% +that are called transition factor +binding sites uh they're small stretches + + align:start position:0% +binding sites uh they're small stretches + + + align:start position:0% +binding sites uh they're small stretches +of dna that are recognized by the factor + + align:start position:0% +of dna that are recognized by the factor + + + align:start position:0% +of dna that are recognized by the factor +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so if you know where the binding sites + + align:start position:0% +so if you know where the binding sites + + + align:start position:0% +so if you know where the binding sites +are you have a first idea of um + + align:start position:0% +are you have a first idea of um + + + align:start position:0% +are you have a first idea of um +what factors bind to this this gene + + align:start position:0% +what factors bind to this this gene + + + align:start position:0% +what factors bind to this this gene +uh and how they may be arranged + + align:start position:0% +uh and how they may be arranged + + + align:start position:0% +uh and how they may be arranged +especially so if you know the two + + align:start position:0% +especially so if you know the two + + + align:start position:0% +especially so if you know the two +factors have to interact with each other + + align:start position:0% +factors have to interact with each other + + + align:start position:0% +factors have to interact with each other +probably their binding sites will have + + align:start position:0% +probably their binding sites will have + + + align:start position:0% +probably their binding sites will have +to be close to each other + + align:start position:0% +to be close to each other + + + align:start position:0% +to be close to each other +or at least let's say if you find two + + align:start position:0% +or at least let's say if you find two + + + align:start position:0% +or at least let's say if you find two +binding sites that are close to each + + align:start position:0% +binding sites that are close to each + + + align:start position:0% +binding sites that are close to each +other there is a very high chance that + + align:start position:0% +other there is a very high chance that + + + align:start position:0% +other there is a very high chance that +the two factors will interact + + align:start position:0% +the two factors will interact + + + align:start position:0% +the two factors will interact +and uh it might be that they when they + + align:start position:0% +and uh it might be that they when they + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it might be that they when they +interact they act in a certain way where + + align:start position:0% +interact they act in a certain way where + + + align:start position:0% +interact they act in a certain way where +they don't interact because they're far + + align:start position:0% +they don't interact because they're far + + + align:start position:0% +they don't interact because they're far +apart then they act in a different way + + align:start position:0% +apart then they act in a different way + + + align:start position:0% +apart then they act in a different way +and so knowing the map of binding sites + + align:start position:0% +and so knowing the map of binding sites + + + align:start position:0% +and so knowing the map of binding sites +and the promoter of a gene is something + + align:start position:0% +and the promoter of a gene is something + + + align:start position:0% +and the promoter of a gene is something +that can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +give you + + align:start position:0% +give you + + + align:start position:0% +give you +some initial information then you can + + align:start position:0% +some initial information then you can + + + align:start position:0% +some initial information then you can +build on + + align:start position:0% +build on + + + align:start position:0% +build on +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +still something is very hard to do + + align:start position:0% +still something is very hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +still something is very hard to do +computationally + + align:start position:0% +computationally + + + align:start position:0% +computationally +uh the the ways that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two of the people i've been using to do + + align:start position:0% +two of the people i've been using to do + + + align:start position:0% +two of the people i've been using to do +this are usually based on pattern + + align:start position:0% +this are usually based on pattern + + + align:start position:0% +this are usually based on pattern +matching so the binding site as i said + + align:start position:0% +matching so the binding site as i said + + + align:start position:0% +matching so the binding site as i said +is a small stretch of dna usually goes + + align:start position:0% +is a small stretch of dna usually goes + + + align:start position:0% +is a small stretch of dna usually goes +from five to about 20 or 25 base pairs + + align:start position:0% +from five to about 20 or 25 base pairs + + + align:start position:0% +from five to about 20 or 25 base pairs +so they're really short + + align:start position:0% +so they're really short + + + align:start position:0% +so they're really short +and they're characterized by uh + + align:start position:0% +and they're characterized by uh + + + align:start position:0% +and they're characterized by uh +concessional sequences they are not very + + align:start position:0% +concessional sequences they are not very + + + align:start position:0% +concessional sequences they are not very +in general they're not + + align:start position:0% +in general they're not + + + align:start position:0% +in general they're not +very um + + align:start position:0% +very um + + + align:start position:0% +very um +concerned not very precise so it's uh + + align:start position:0% +concerned not very precise so it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +concerned not very precise so it's uh +essentially impossible to look at a + + align:start position:0% +essentially impossible to look at a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially impossible to look at a +piece of dna and say well okay i'm sure + + align:start position:0% +piece of dna and say well okay i'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +piece of dna and say well okay i'm sure +that this location here is a binding + + align:start position:0% +that this location here is a binding + + + align:start position:0% +that this location here is a binding +site + + align:start position:0% +site + + + align:start position:0% +site +so you can try using uh the terminating + + align:start position:0% +so you can try using uh the terminating + + + align:start position:0% +so you can try using uh the terminating +methods like like just looking for + + align:start position:0% +methods like like just looking for + + + align:start position:0% +methods like like just looking for +instances of of the motifs + + align:start position:0% +instances of of the motifs + + + align:start position:0% +instances of of the motifs +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +i thought i had something on this but + + align:start position:0% +i thought i had something on this but + + + align:start position:0% +i thought i had something on this but +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can look for instances of the motifs + + align:start position:0% +you can look for instances of the motifs + + + align:start position:0% +you can look for instances of the motifs +uh using either deterministic meters or + + align:start position:0% +uh using either deterministic meters or + + + align:start position:0% +uh using either deterministic meters or +probabilistic methods pattern matching + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic methods pattern matching + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic methods pattern matching +there's a lot of things that you can try + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of things that you can try + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of things that you can try +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +almost all cases + + align:start position:0% +almost all cases + + + align:start position:0% +almost all cases +people rely on transfer translate + + align:start position:0% +people rely on transfer translate + + + align:start position:0% +people rely on transfer translate +is a largest the largest available + + align:start position:0% +is a largest the largest available + + + align:start position:0% +is a largest the largest available +database about transcription factors + + align:start position:0% +database about transcription factors + + + align:start position:0% +database about transcription factors +it's a database that provides + + align:start position:0% +it's a database that provides + + + align:start position:0% +it's a database that provides +information on the factors themselves it + + align:start position:0% +information on the factors themselves it + + + align:start position:0% +information on the factors themselves it +provides examples of their binding sites + + align:start position:0% +provides examples of their binding sites + + + align:start position:0% +provides examples of their binding sites +and it provides descriptions of their + + align:start position:0% +and it provides descriptions of their + + + align:start position:0% +and it provides descriptions of their +interactions with genes and the + + align:start position:0% +interactions with genes and the + + + align:start position:0% +interactions with genes and the +important thing is that + + align:start position:0% +important thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is that +most of the information in transfect is + + align:start position:0% +most of the information in transfect is + + + align:start position:0% +most of the information in transfect is +experimentally validated + + align:start position:0% +experimentally validated + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally validated +so for example the binding sites these + + align:start position:0% +so for example the binding sites these + + + align:start position:0% +so for example the binding sites these +are binding sites that have been + + align:start position:0% +are binding sites that have been + + + align:start position:0% +are binding sites that have been +observed experimentally so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you actually you can actually trust the + + align:start position:0% +you actually you can actually trust the + + + align:start position:0% +you actually you can actually trust the +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +that that particular piece of sequence + + align:start position:0% +that that particular piece of sequence + + + align:start position:0% +that that particular piece of sequence +they give you is a binding site for the + + align:start position:0% +they give you is a binding site for the + + + align:start position:0% +they give you is a binding site for the +transition factor in question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so in the end without going into + + align:start position:0% +okay so in the end without going into + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in the end without going into +too much detail what you can do is you + + align:start position:0% +too much detail what you can do is you + + + align:start position:0% +too much detail what you can do is you +can take these binding sites you can use + + align:start position:0% +can take these binding sites you can use + + + align:start position:0% +can take these binding sites you can use +them to train your favorite pattern + + align:start position:0% +them to train your favorite pattern + + + align:start position:0% +them to train your favorite pattern +matching method + + align:start position:0% +matching method + + + align:start position:0% +matching method +uh and then you can try + + align:start position:0% +uh and then you can try + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then you can try +scanning new sequences looking for + + align:start position:0% +scanning new sequences looking for + + + align:start position:0% +scanning new sequences looking for +binding sites and there are + + align:start position:0% +binding sites and there are + + + align:start position:0% +binding sites and there are +this is one of the things that we're + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the things that we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the things that we're +currently working on a chip there are + + align:start position:0% +currently working on a chip there are + + + align:start position:0% +currently working on a chip there are +various ways of doing this and it + + align:start position:0% +various ways of doing this and it + + + align:start position:0% +various ways of doing this and it +again complete it's a + + align:start position:0% +again complete it's a + + + align:start position:0% +again complete it's a +rather uh difficult problem from a + + align:start position:0% +rather uh difficult problem from a + + + align:start position:0% +rather uh difficult problem from a +computational point of view because + + align:start position:0% +computational point of view because + + + align:start position:0% +computational point of view because +these patterns that you have to look for + + align:start position:0% +these patterns that you have to look for + + + align:start position:0% +these patterns that you have to look for +are not very + + align:start position:0% +are not very + + + align:start position:0% +are not very +specific they are not + + align:start position:0% +specific they are not + + + align:start position:0% +specific they are not +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand +doing it computationally sorry doing + + align:start position:0% +doing it computationally sorry doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing it computationally sorry doing +doing it experimentally is very + + align:start position:0% +doing it experimentally is very + + + align:start position:0% +doing it experimentally is very +slow very expensive so you can only do + + align:start position:0% +slow very expensive so you can only do + + + align:start position:0% +slow very expensive so you can only do +that for a small number of genes and + + align:start position:0% +that for a small number of genes and + + + align:start position:0% +that for a small number of genes and +small number of factors if you have a + + align:start position:0% +small number of factors if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +small number of factors if you have a +meter like this + + align:start position:0% +meter like this + + + align:start position:0% +meter like this +if you have a computation meter to + + align:start position:0% +if you have a computation meter to + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a computation meter to +detect binding sites that works well + + align:start position:0% +detect binding sites that works well + + + align:start position:0% +detect binding sites that works well +then you can think about doing this on a + + align:start position:0% +then you can think about doing this on a + + + align:start position:0% +then you can think about doing this on a +large scale looking for example + + align:start position:0% +large scale looking for example + + + align:start position:0% +large scale looking for example +all the binding sites for a certain + + align:start position:0% +all the binding sites for a certain + + + align:start position:0% +all the binding sites for a certain +factor in all the human genes + + align:start position:0% +factor in all the human genes + + + align:start position:0% +factor in all the human genes +and that will give you + + align:start position:0% +and that will give you + + + align:start position:0% +and that will give you +a very interesting picture of everything + + align:start position:0% +a very interesting picture of everything + + + align:start position:0% +a very interesting picture of everything +that might be regulated by that factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're not there yet this is one of + + align:start position:0% +so we're not there yet this is one of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're not there yet this is one of +the things we're working on in our lab + + align:start position:0% +the things we're working on in our lab + + + align:start position:0% +the things we're working on in our lab +and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +going to take a lot of work but the + + align:start position:0% +going to take a lot of work but the + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a lot of work but the +rewards are potentially very interesting + + align:start position:0% +rewards are potentially very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +rewards are potentially very interesting +because this is something that + + align:start position:0% +because this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +because this is something that +will then allow you if it works to um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to build to automatically build the + + align:start position:0% +to build to automatically build the + + + align:start position:0% +to build to automatically build the +networks that describe how genes + + align:start position:0% +networks that describe how genes + + + align:start position:0% +networks that describe how genes +regulate each other + + align:start position:0% +regulate each other + + + align:start position:0% +regulate each other +and that is something that + + align:start position:0% +and that is something that + + + align:start position:0% +and that is something that +of course + + align:start position:0% +of course + + + align:start position:0% +of course +has a lot of potential interest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we talked about gene expression we + + align:start position:0% +okay we talked about gene expression we + + + align:start position:0% +okay we talked about gene expression we +talked about microarrays + + align:start position:0% +talked about microarrays + + + align:start position:0% +talked about microarrays +you might have already + + align:start position:0% +you might have already + + + align:start position:0% +you might have already +heard + + align:start position:0% +heard + + + align:start position:0% +heard +about these things but i was just going + + align:start position:0% +about these things but i was just going + + + align:start position:0% +about these things but i was just going +to list the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +main sources of available microarray + + align:start position:0% +main sources of available microarray + + + align:start position:0% +main sources of available microarray +data public microarray data so for + + align:start position:0% +data public microarray data so for + + + align:start position:0% +data public microarray data so for +example again at ncbi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geo is a database gene expression + + align:start position:0% +geo is a database gene expression + + + align:start position:0% +geo is a database gene expression +omnibus is a database of gene expression + + align:start position:0% +omnibus is a database of gene expression + + + align:start position:0% +omnibus is a database of gene expression +and hybridization array data + + align:start position:0% +and hybridization array data + + + align:start position:0% +and hybridization array data +it uh offers 12 000 + + align:start position:0% +it uh offers 12 000 + + + align:start position:0% +it uh offers 12 000 +experiments essentially 12 000 + + align:start position:0% +experiments essentially 12 000 + + + align:start position:0% +experiments essentially 12 000 +hybridization experiments on over 500 + + align:start position:0% +hybridization experiments on over 500 + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization experiments on over 500 +different platforms + + align:start position:0% +different platforms + + + align:start position:0% +different platforms +uh so if you're interested in doing some + + align:start position:0% +uh so if you're interested in doing some + + + align:start position:0% +uh so if you're interested in doing some +form of data analysis on microarray data + + align:start position:0% +form of data analysis on microarray data + + + align:start position:0% +form of data analysis on microarray data +and you don't + + align:start position:0% +and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't +have the time or the money to uh + + align:start position:0% +have the time or the money to uh + + + align:start position:0% +have the time or the money to uh +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +to do your own microarrays + + align:start position:0% +to do your own microarrays + + + align:start position:0% +to do your own microarrays +you can go to jio and you have 12 000 of + + align:start position:0% +you can go to jio and you have 12 000 of + + + align:start position:0% +you can go to jio and you have 12 000 of +them to choose from + + align:start position:0% +them to choose from + + + align:start position:0% +them to choose from +and they also offer a very powerful + + align:start position:0% +and they also offer a very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +and they also offer a very powerful +interface to search since microarray + + align:start position:0% +interface to search since microarray + + + align:start position:0% +interface to search since microarray +data sets are very large they they + + align:start position:0% +data sets are very large they they + + + align:start position:0% +data sets are very large they they +include thousands of measurements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you need um + + align:start position:0% +you need um + + + align:start position:0% +you need um +they provide a very + + align:start position:0% +they provide a very + + + align:start position:0% +they provide a very +useful search interface that allows you + + align:start position:0% +useful search interface that allows you + + + align:start position:0% +useful search interface that allows you +to select the data sets you're + + align:start position:0% +to select the data sets you're + + + align:start position:0% +to select the data sets you're +interested in and to extract data from + + align:start position:0% +interested in and to extract data from + + + align:start position:0% +interested in and to extract data from +these data sets and + + align:start position:0% +these data sets and + + + align:start position:0% +these data sets and +look at for example the behavior of the + + align:start position:0% +look at for example the behavior of the + + + align:start position:0% +look at for example the behavior of the +same gene in different experiments + + align:start position:0% +same gene in different experiments + + + align:start position:0% +same gene in different experiments +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different genes in the same experiment + + align:start position:0% +different genes in the same experiment + + + align:start position:0% +different genes in the same experiment +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +lots of + + align:start position:0% +lots of + + + align:start position:0% +lots of +different queries that are common when + + align:start position:0% +different queries that are common when + + + align:start position:0% +different queries that are common when +you work with microarray data + + align:start position:0% +you work with microarray data + + + align:start position:0% +you work with microarray data +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh the stanford microwave database again + + align:start position:0% +uh the stanford microwave database again + + + align:start position:0% +uh the stanford microwave database again +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +repository of all the macro + + align:start position:0% +repository of all the macro + + + align:start position:0% +repository of all the macro +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +large number of + + align:start position:0% +large number of + + + align:start position:0% +large number of +micro experiments performed at stanford + + align:start position:0% +micro experiments performed at stanford + + + align:start position:0% +micro experiments performed at stanford +and a portion of these are public + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ncr 60 again from stanford is a + + align:start position:0% +ncr 60 again from stanford is a + + + align:start position:0% +ncr 60 again from stanford is a +famous data set that includes gene + + align:start position:0% +famous data set that includes gene + + + align:start position:0% +famous data set that includes gene +expression profiles for + + align:start position:0% +expression profiles for + + + align:start position:0% +expression profiles for +60 human cancer cell lines and the um + + align:start position:0% +60 human cancer cell lines and the um + + + align:start position:0% +60 human cancer cell lines and the um +information on drug activity correlated + + align:start position:0% +information on drug activity correlated + + + align:start position:0% +information on drug activity correlated +with gene expression patterns so they + + align:start position:0% +with gene expression patterns so they + + + align:start position:0% +with gene expression patterns so they +measure how the gene expression uh + + align:start position:0% +measure how the gene expression uh + + + align:start position:0% +measure how the gene expression uh +patterns change when these cell lines + + align:start position:0% +patterns change when these cell lines + + + align:start position:0% +patterns change when these cell lines +are subject to different uh to different + + align:start position:0% +are subject to different uh to different + + + align:start position:0% +are subject to different uh to different +drugs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other resources for gene expression are + + align:start position:0% +other resources for gene expression are + + + align:start position:0% +other resources for gene expression are +found in different + + align:start position:0% +found in different + + + align:start position:0% +found in different +pga projects pga are programs for + + align:start position:0% +pga projects pga are programs for + + + align:start position:0% +pga projects pga are programs for +genomic applications there are large + + align:start position:0% +genomic applications there are large + + + align:start position:0% +genomic applications there are large +projects managed by the nih so the trex + + align:start position:0% +projects managed by the nih so the trex + + + align:start position:0% +projects managed by the nih so the trex +pga for example offers + + align:start position:0% +pga for example offers + + + align:start position:0% +pga for example offers +565 microarrays from + + align:start position:0% +565 microarrays from + + + align:start position:0% +565 microarrays from +mouse and red models of sleep infection + + align:start position:0% +mouse and red models of sleep infection + + + align:start position:0% +mouse and red models of sleep infection +hypertension pulmonary disease + + align:start position:0% +hypertension pulmonary disease + + + align:start position:0% +hypertension pulmonary disease +the hop genes + + align:start position:0% +the hop genes + + + align:start position:0% +the hop genes +pga again more than 500 microarrays from + + align:start position:0% +pga again more than 500 microarrays from + + + align:start position:0% +pga again more than 500 microarrays from +several human diseases + + align:start position:0% +several human diseases + + + align:start position:0% +several human diseases +cardiogenomics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +provide microarray data on mouse models + + align:start position:0% +provide microarray data on mouse models + + + align:start position:0% +provide microarray data on mouse models +of cardiac development and signal + + align:start position:0% +of cardiac development and signal + + + align:start position:0% +of cardiac development and signal +transduction + + align:start position:0% +transduction + + + align:start position:0% +transduction +and finally a human gene expression + + align:start position:0% +and finally a human gene expression + + + align:start position:0% +and finally a human gene expression +index these are just + + align:start position:0% +index these are just + + + align:start position:0% +index these are just +some of the most important most + + align:start position:0% +some of the most important most + + + align:start position:0% +some of the most important most +useful public resources microwave data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm going + + align:start position:0% +i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going +to go through this + + align:start position:0% +to go through this + + + align:start position:0% +to go through this +final part very quickly + + align:start position:0% +final part very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +final part very quickly +because i'm almost out of time and uh if + + align:start position:0% +because i'm almost out of time and uh if + + + align:start position:0% +because i'm almost out of time and uh if +you'd rather stop me with questions or + + align:start position:0% +you'd rather stop me with questions or + + + align:start position:0% +you'd rather stop me with questions or +if there's anything you would + + align:start position:0% +if there's anything you would + + + align:start position:0% +if there's anything you would +like to discuss about + + align:start position:0% +like to discuss about + + + align:start position:0% +like to discuss about +what i said so far we could stop here or + + align:start position:0% +what i said so far we could stop here or + + + align:start position:0% +what i said so far we could stop here or +i could just + + align:start position:0% +i could just + + + align:start position:0% +i could just +run through this last + + align:start position:0% +run through this last + + + align:start position:0% +run through this last +portion quickly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this last part was about + + align:start position:0% +so this last part was about + + + align:start position:0% +so this last part was about +the last step in the process from + + align:start position:0% +the last step in the process from + + + align:start position:0% +the last step in the process from +proteins to phenotypes + + align:start position:0% +proteins to phenotypes + + + align:start position:0% +proteins to phenotypes +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +was going to talk about protein + + align:start position:0% +was going to talk about protein + + + align:start position:0% +was going to talk about protein +databases but the situation important + + align:start position:0% +databases but the situation important + + + align:start position:0% +databases but the situation important +databases is a bit different from what + + align:start position:0% +databases is a bit different from what + + + align:start position:0% +databases is a bit different from what +we've seen so far protein database the + + align:start position:0% +we've seen so far protein database the + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen so far protein database the +protein world is much more complex than + + align:start position:0% +protein world is much more complex than + + + align:start position:0% +protein world is much more complex than +the dna in rna world for the reasons + + align:start position:0% +the dna in rna world for the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +the dna in rna world for the reasons +that i've explained in the beginning + + align:start position:0% +that i've explained in the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +that i've explained in the beginning +some of the reasons are the protein + + align:start position:0% +some of the reasons are the protein + + + align:start position:0% +some of the reasons are the protein +interact with each other in very complex + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other in very complex + + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other in very complex +ways they combine in three dimensions + + align:start position:0% +ways they combine in three dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +ways they combine in three dimensions +they catalyze chemical reactions they um + + align:start position:0% +they catalyze chemical reactions they um + + + align:start position:0% +they catalyze chemical reactions they um +general heavy behavior is much harder to + + align:start position:0% +general heavy behavior is much harder to + + + align:start position:0% +general heavy behavior is much harder to +describe in in quantitative terms than + + align:start position:0% +describe in in quantitative terms than + + + align:start position:0% +describe in in quantitative terms than +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +then everything else we've seen so far + + align:start position:0% +then everything else we've seen so far + + + align:start position:0% +then everything else we've seen so far +uh so what protein secret protein + + align:start position:0% +uh so what protein secret protein + + + align:start position:0% +uh so what protein secret protein +databases give you is usually + + align:start position:0% +databases give you is usually + + + align:start position:0% +databases give you is usually +information about + + align:start position:0% +information about + + + align:start position:0% +information about +the sequence of a protein and that's the + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of a protein and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of a protein and that's the +easy part + + align:start position:0% +easy part + + + align:start position:0% +easy part +the known or computed three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +the known or computed three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +the known or computed three-dimensional +structure the known or inferred + + align:start position:0% +structure the known or inferred + + + align:start position:0% +structure the known or inferred +functional domains + + align:start position:0% +functional domains + + + align:start position:0% +functional domains +and ideally also the uh + + align:start position:0% +and ideally also the uh + + + align:start position:0% +and ideally also the uh +functional protein what the protein does + + align:start position:0% +functional protein what the protein does + + + align:start position:0% +functional protein what the protein does +in different conditions but again this + + align:start position:0% +in different conditions but again this + + + align:start position:0% +in different conditions but again this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +we're getting to the um + + align:start position:0% +we're getting to the um + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting to the um +area where things start becoming hard to + + align:start position:0% +area where things start becoming hard to + + + align:start position:0% +area where things start becoming hard to +uh formalize and to represent in + + align:start position:0% +uh formalize and to represent in + + + align:start position:0% +uh formalize and to represent in +in a computational system + + align:start position:0% +in a computational system + + + align:start position:0% +in a computational system +so as a consequence uh protein databases + + align:start position:0% +so as a consequence uh protein databases + + + align:start position:0% +so as a consequence uh protein databases +first of all tend to be older because + + align:start position:0% +first of all tend to be older because + + + align:start position:0% +first of all tend to be older because +they were + + align:start position:0% +they were + + + align:start position:0% +they were +started earlier than genomic databases + + align:start position:0% +started earlier than genomic databases + + + align:start position:0% +started earlier than genomic databases +they're less integrated they're less + + align:start position:0% +they're less integrated they're less + + + align:start position:0% +they're less integrated they're less +complete nomenclature is a mess it's + + align:start position:0% +complete nomenclature is a mess it's + + + align:start position:0% +complete nomenclature is a mess it's +much less standardized + + align:start position:0% +much less standardized + + + align:start position:0% +much less standardized +so it's it it's harder to work on + + align:start position:0% +so it's it it's harder to work on + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it it's harder to work on +protein databases than + + align:start position:0% +protein databases than + + + align:start position:0% +protein databases than +all the other resources we've seen so + + align:start position:0% +all the other resources we've seen so + + + align:start position:0% +all the other resources we've seen so +far the biggest database is swiss prod + + align:start position:0% +far the biggest database is swiss prod + + + align:start position:0% +far the biggest database is swiss prod +uh 120 000 sequence entries 9 000 human + + align:start position:0% +uh 120 000 sequence entries 9 000 human + + + align:start position:0% +uh 120 000 sequence entries 9 000 human +proteins in swiss draw which + + align:start position:0% +proteins in swiss draw which + + + align:start position:0% +proteins in swiss draw which +uh is a pretty small number if you think + + align:start position:0% +uh is a pretty small number if you think + + + align:start position:0% +uh is a pretty small number if you think +that we already + + align:start position:0% +that we already + + + align:start position:0% +that we already +have complete information in golden path + + align:start position:0% +have complete information in golden path + + + align:start position:0% +have complete information in golden path +about 20 000 genes and each gene is + + align:start position:0% +about 20 000 genes and each gene is + + + align:start position:0% +about 20 000 genes and each gene is +known to + + align:start position:0% +known to + + + align:start position:0% +known to +on the average code for + + align:start position:0% +on the average code for + + + align:start position:0% +on the average code for +probably two or more proteins so + + align:start position:0% +probably two or more proteins so + + + align:start position:0% +probably two or more proteins so +uh these are the proteins for which we + + align:start position:0% +uh these are the proteins for which we + + + align:start position:0% +uh these are the proteins for which we +know something they're very very very + + align:start position:0% +know something they're very very very + + + align:start position:0% +know something they're very very very +small number compared to the total + + align:start position:0% +small number compared to the total + + + align:start position:0% +small number compared to the total +number of proteins that + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins that + + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins that +are thought to be in our cells + + align:start position:0% +are thought to be in our cells + + + align:start position:0% +are thought to be in our cells +it's composed of a core + + align:start position:0% +it's composed of a core + + + align:start position:0% +it's composed of a core +set of data elements the sequence the + + align:start position:0% +set of data elements the sequence the + + + align:start position:0% +set of data elements the sequence the +references taxonomic data for this + + align:start position:0% +references taxonomic data for this + + + align:start position:0% +references taxonomic data for this +protein + + align:start position:0% +protein + + + align:start position:0% +protein +and then annotations about the functions + + align:start position:0% +and then annotations about the functions + + + align:start position:0% +and then annotations about the functions +of this protein domains and sites the + + align:start position:0% +of this protein domains and sites the + + + align:start position:0% +of this protein domains and sites the +structures similarities association with + + align:start position:0% +structures similarities association with + + + align:start position:0% +structures similarities association with +diseases variant forms of the protein + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again this + + align:start position:0% +and again this + + + align:start position:0% +and again this +it's hard to link this database with + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to link this database with + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to link this database with +locus link or unigene but it is its own + + align:start position:0% +locus link or unigene but it is its own + + + align:start position:0% +locus link or unigene but it is its own +identifiers for proteins but + + align:start position:0% +identifiers for proteins but + + + align:start position:0% +identifiers for proteins but +don't need to go into these + + align:start position:0% +don't need to go into these + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to go into these +problems now this is a graph that shows + + align:start position:0% +problems now this is a graph that shows + + + align:start position:0% +problems now this is a graph that shows +you the + + align:start position:0% +you the + + + align:start position:0% +you the +growth of swiss cross in recent years + + align:start position:0% +growth of swiss cross in recent years + + + align:start position:0% +growth of swiss cross in recent years +and as you can see it's growing but at a + + align:start position:0% +and as you can see it's growing but at a + + + align:start position:0% +and as you can see it's growing but at a +much smaller rate than + + align:start position:0% +much smaller rate than + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller rate than +genbank or other resources like that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have databases about the + + align:start position:0% +we have databases about the + + + align:start position:0% +we have databases about the +three-dimensional structure of proteins + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional structure of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional structure of proteins +like pdb + + align:start position:0% +like pdb + + + align:start position:0% +like pdb +different visualization options + + align:start position:0% +different visualization options + + + align:start position:0% +different visualization options +mmdb is essentially the same thing but + + align:start position:0% +mmdb is essentially the same thing but + + + align:start position:0% +mmdb is essentially the same thing but +implemented as cbi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pfm at this angle institute is a + + align:start position:0% +pfm at this angle institute is a + + + align:start position:0% +pfm at this angle institute is a +database of protein domains and protein + + align:start position:0% +database of protein domains and protein + + + align:start position:0% +database of protein domains and protein +families they + + align:start position:0% +families they + + + align:start position:0% +families they +look for domains + + align:start position:0% +look for domains + + + align:start position:0% +look for domains +in the proteins and then they look for + + align:start position:0% +in the proteins and then they look for + + + align:start position:0% +in the proteins and then they look for +similarities between proteins on the + + align:start position:0% +similarities between proteins on the + + + align:start position:0% +similarities between proteins on the +basis of the domains that were + + align:start position:0% +basis of the domains that were + + + align:start position:0% +basis of the domains that were +identified + + align:start position:0% +identified + + + align:start position:0% +identified +they use similarity measures they use + + align:start position:0% +they use similarity measures they use + + + align:start position:0% +they use similarity measures they use +hidden markov models + + align:start position:0% +hidden markov models + + + align:start position:0% +hidden markov models +again they have a + + align:start position:0% +again they have a + + + align:start position:0% +again they have a +created + + align:start position:0% +created + + + align:start position:0% +created +portion with a small number of protein + + align:start position:0% +portion with a small number of protein + + + align:start position:0% +portion with a small number of protein +families + + align:start position:0% +families + + + align:start position:0% +families +uh with but the notation there is a high + + align:start position:0% +uh with but the notation there is a high + + + align:start position:0% +uh with but the notation there is a high +quality and then there's a second + + align:start position:0% +quality and then there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +quality and then there's a second +portion of pfam that has + + align:start position:0% +portion of pfam that has + + + align:start position:0% +portion of pfam that has +smaller families of lower quality + + align:start position:0% +smaller families of lower quality + + + align:start position:0% +smaller families of lower quality +this is an example of a display a pfem + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of a display a pfem + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of a display a pfem +display of a protein with all the + + align:start position:0% +display of a protein with all the + + + align:start position:0% +display of a protein with all the +different domains that were found in the + + align:start position:0% +different domains that were found in the + + + align:start position:0% +different domains that were found in the +protein with details here so give it + + align:start position:0% +protein with details here so give it + + + align:start position:0% +protein with details here so give it +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +nice graphical display + + align:start position:0% +nice graphical display + + + align:start position:0% +nice graphical display +i'm going to skip protein interaction + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to skip protein interaction + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to skip protein interaction +databases and i um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want to get + + align:start position:0% +want to get + + + align:start position:0% +want to get +okay to the end uh + + align:start position:0% +okay to the end uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay to the end uh +we're getting to the + + align:start position:0% +we're getting to the + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting to the +phenotype end of the spectrum finally + + align:start position:0% +phenotype end of the spectrum finally + + + align:start position:0% +phenotype end of the spectrum finally +and there's just a couple of resources + + align:start position:0% +and there's just a couple of resources + + + align:start position:0% +and there's just a couple of resources +that have to be cited because they're + + align:start position:0% +that have to be cited because they're + + + align:start position:0% +that have to be cited because they're +extremely important one of them is omim + + align:start position:0% +extremely important one of them is omim + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important one of them is omim +omim is a catalogue of human genes and + + align:start position:0% +omim is a catalogue of human genes and + + + align:start position:0% +omim is a catalogue of human genes and +genetic disorders + + align:start position:0% +genetic disorders + + + align:start position:0% +genetic disorders +again hosted by the ncbi + + align:start position:0% +again hosted by the ncbi + + + align:start position:0% +again hosted by the ncbi +it's um + + align:start position:0% +it's um + + + align:start position:0% +it's um +it's it's basically a collection of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's basically a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's basically a collection of +text articles that talk either about a + + align:start position:0% +text articles that talk either about a + + + align:start position:0% +text articles that talk either about a +gene or about the disorder and they're + + align:start position:0% +gene or about the disorder and they're + + + align:start position:0% +gene or about the disorder and they're +linked with each other so + + align:start position:0% +linked with each other so + + + align:start position:0% +linked with each other so +if you're looking at the entry for a + + align:start position:0% +if you're looking at the entry for a + + + align:start position:0% +if you're looking at the entry for a +gene you can find + + align:start position:0% +gene you can find + + + align:start position:0% +gene you can find +a description biochemical feature the + + align:start position:0% +a description biochemical feature the + + + align:start position:0% +a description biochemical feature the +function mapping and then you can find + + align:start position:0% +function mapping and then you can find + + + align:start position:0% +function mapping and then you can find +core all known correlations between that + + align:start position:0% +core all known correlations between that + + + align:start position:0% +core all known correlations between that +gene and diseases + + align:start position:0% +gene and diseases + + + align:start position:0% +gene and diseases +allelic variants so all known + + align:start position:0% +allelic variants so all known + + + align:start position:0% +allelic variants so all known +polymorphisms of that gene with the + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms of that gene with the + + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms of that gene with the +corresponding + + align:start position:0% +corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding +clinical + + align:start position:0% +clinical + + + align:start position:0% +clinical +outcome if there is any and then you can + + align:start position:0% +outcome if there is any and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +outcome if there is any and then you can +also go the other way around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it has + + align:start position:0% +it has + + + align:start position:0% +it has +14 000 entries again these numbers are + + align:start position:0% +14 000 entries again these numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +14 000 entries again these numbers are +probably + + align:start position:0% +probably + + + align:start position:0% +probably +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +larger by now because again this is a + + align:start position:0% +larger by now because again this is a + + + align:start position:0% +larger by now because again this is a +graph that shows you how it is not very + + align:start position:0% +graph that shows you how it is not very + + + align:start position:0% +graph that shows you how it is not very +up to date but you can imagine that it's + + align:start position:0% +up to date but you can imagine that it's + + + align:start position:0% +up to date but you can imagine that it's +been growing at least at this speed or + + align:start position:0% +been growing at least at this speed or + + + align:start position:0% +been growing at least at this speed or +faster + + align:start position:0% +faster + + + align:start position:0% +faster +since 98. + + align:start position:0% +since 98. + + + align:start position:0% +since 98. +and finally pubmed i probably all know + + align:start position:0% +and finally pubmed i probably all know + + + align:start position:0% +and finally pubmed i probably all know +what pubmed is a database of citations + + align:start position:0% +what pubmed is a database of citations + + + align:start position:0% +what pubmed is a database of citations +from the biomedical literature it + + align:start position:0% +from the biomedical literature it + + + align:start position:0% +from the biomedical literature it +contains 12 million entries + + align:start position:0% +contains 12 million entries + + + align:start position:0% +contains 12 million entries +starting from the mid-60s and + + align:start position:0% +starting from the mid-60s and + + + align:start position:0% +starting from the mid-60s and +it provides references and tricks linked + + align:start position:0% +it provides references and tricks linked + + + align:start position:0% +it provides references and tricks linked +to online uh resources + + align:start position:0% +to online uh resources + + + align:start position:0% +to online uh resources +full-text articles in some cases + + align:start position:0% +full-text articles in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +full-text articles in some cases +supplementary materials + + align:start position:0% +supplementary materials + + + align:start position:0% +supplementary materials +uh and it's one of the + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's one of the +most used resources in this field there + + align:start position:0% +most used resources in this field there + + + align:start position:0% +most used resources in this field there +they claim they receive 30 million + + align:start position:0% +they claim they receive 30 million + + + align:start position:0% +they claim they receive 30 million +searches per month + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +one last thing gene ontology + + align:start position:0% +one last thing gene ontology + + + align:start position:0% +one last thing gene ontology +gene ontology is something that stays at + + align:start position:0% +gene ontology is something that stays at + + + align:start position:0% +gene ontology is something that stays at +a slightly higher level above everything + + align:start position:0% +a slightly higher level above everything + + + align:start position:0% +a slightly higher level above everything +that we've seen so far + + align:start position:0% +that we've seen so far + + + align:start position:0% +that we've seen so far +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +idea of genetology is to build a dynamic + + align:start position:0% +idea of genetology is to build a dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +idea of genetology is to build a dynamic +control vocabulary that can be used to + + align:start position:0% +control vocabulary that can be used to + + + align:start position:0% +control vocabulary that can be used to +describe biological concepts + + align:start position:0% +describe biological concepts + + + align:start position:0% +describe biological concepts +uh if you look at something like like + + align:start position:0% +uh if you look at something like like + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you look at something like like +omim or pubmed you're going to find a + + align:start position:0% +omim or pubmed you're going to find a + + + align:start position:0% +omim or pubmed you're going to find a +textual description for example of + + align:start position:0% +textual description for example of + + + align:start position:0% +textual description for example of +disease that references + + align:start position:0% +disease that references + + + align:start position:0% +disease that references +concepts that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they need to have need to be precisely + + align:start position:0% +they need to have need to be precisely + + + align:start position:0% +they need to have need to be precisely +defined so that we all know we're + + align:start position:0% +defined so that we all know we're + + + align:start position:0% +defined so that we all know we're +talking about the same thing when you + + align:start position:0% +talking about the same thing when you + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the same thing when you +use the same word and the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +use the same word and the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +use the same word and the purpose of +gene ontology is to + + align:start position:0% +gene ontology is to + + + align:start position:0% +gene ontology is to +try to do this + + align:start position:0% +try to do this + + + align:start position:0% +try to do this +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +at least three domains a molecular + + align:start position:0% +at least three domains a molecular + + + align:start position:0% +at least three domains a molecular +function biological process cellular + + align:start position:0% +function biological process cellular + + + align:start position:0% +function biological process cellular +component + + align:start position:0% +component + + + align:start position:0% +component +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it's organized on three taxonomies and + + align:start position:0% +it's organized on three taxonomies and + + + align:start position:0% +it's organized on three taxonomies and +each taxonomy contains concepts and + + align:start position:0% +each taxonomy contains concepts and + + + align:start position:0% +each taxonomy contains concepts and +sub-concepts and so on that + + align:start position:0% +sub-concepts and so on that + + + align:start position:0% +sub-concepts and so on that +try to + + align:start position:0% +try to + + + align:start position:0% +try to +describe everything that is known about + + align:start position:0% +describe everything that is known about + + + align:start position:0% +describe everything that is known about +molecular functions biological + + align:start position:0% +molecular functions biological + + + align:start position:0% +molecular functions biological +biological process and several + + align:start position:0% +biological process and several + + + align:start position:0% +biological process and several +components using a standardized + + align:start position:0% +components using a standardized + + + align:start position:0% +components using a standardized +nomenclature so that when you want to + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature so that when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature so that when you want to +refer for example for to a certain + + align:start position:0% +refer for example for to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +refer for example for to a certain +component of a cell instead of just + + align:start position:0% +component of a cell instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +component of a cell instead of just +saying its name + + align:start position:0% +saying its name + + + align:start position:0% +saying its name +you can cite the gene ontology term that + + align:start position:0% +you can cite the gene ontology term that + + + align:start position:0% +you can cite the gene ontology term that +describes that component and everybody + + align:start position:0% +describes that component and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +describes that component and everybody +else will be able to go to genotology + + align:start position:0% +else will be able to go to genotology + + + align:start position:0% +else will be able to go to genotology +and see what's the exact definition of + + align:start position:0% +and see what's the exact definition of + + + align:start position:0% +and see what's the exact definition of +the word you're using + + align:start position:0% +the word you're using + + + align:start position:0% +the word you're using +it's a work in progress uh still very + + align:start position:0% +it's a work in progress uh still very + + + align:start position:0% +it's a work in progress uh still very +far from being complete it has all the + + align:start position:0% +far from being complete it has all the + + + align:start position:0% +far from being complete it has all the +usual problems that occur when you're + + align:start position:0% +usual problems that occur when you're + + + align:start position:0% +usual problems that occur when you're +trying to build taxonomies that it's + + align:start position:0% +trying to build taxonomies that it's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to build taxonomies that it's +very hard to formalize + + align:start position:0% +very hard to formalize + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to formalize +things that come from natural language + + align:start position:0% +things that come from natural language + + + align:start position:0% +things that come from natural language +so it to find the exact definition of + + align:start position:0% +so it to find the exact definition of + + + align:start position:0% +so it to find the exact definition of +all the terms that people use especially + + align:start position:0% +all the terms that people use especially + + + align:start position:0% +all the terms that people use especially +in this field is very hard but this is + + align:start position:0% +in this field is very hard but this is + + + align:start position:0% +in this field is very hard but this is +where they are now and it's a work in + + align:start position:0% +where they are now and it's a work in + + + align:start position:0% +where they are now and it's a work in +progress so it + + align:start position:0% +progress so it + + + align:start position:0% +progress so it +will keep growing in the future + + align:start position:0% +will keep growing in the future + + + align:start position:0% +will keep growing in the future +and this is a view of + + align:start position:0% +and this is a view of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a view of +taxonomy for example for uh + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy for example for uh + + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy for example for uh +biological process if you are talking + + align:start position:0% +biological process if you are talking + + + align:start position:0% +biological process if you are talking +about cell communication then + + align:start position:0% +about cell communication then + + + align:start position:0% +about cell communication then +uh response to external stimulus is hub + + align:start position:0% +uh response to external stimulus is hub + + + align:start position:0% +uh response to external stimulus is hub +class of cell communication + + align:start position:0% +class of cell communication + + + align:start position:0% +class of cell communication +responsibility stimulus defense response + + align:start position:0% +responsibility stimulus defense response + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility stimulus defense response +is a subclass again of all these and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you want to talk about the immune + + align:start position:0% +if you want to talk about the immune + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to talk about the immune +response you can cite this genomology + + align:start position:0% +response you can cite this genomology + + + align:start position:0% +response you can cite this genomology +term and everybody will be able to go + + align:start position:0% +term and everybody will be able to go + + + align:start position:0% +term and everybody will be able to go +to genealogy and see exactly where this + + align:start position:0% +to genealogy and see exactly where this + + + align:start position:0% +to genealogy and see exactly where this +term is in the taxonomy of concepts + + align:start position:0% +term is in the taxonomy of concepts + + + align:start position:0% +term is in the taxonomy of concepts +about biological processes + + align:start position:0% +about biological processes + + + align:start position:0% +about biological processes +okay i think we're + + align:start position:0% +okay i think we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay i think we're +out of time + + align:start position:0% +out of time + + + align:start position:0% +out of time +it was just a conclusion slide that i'll + + align:start position:0% +it was just a conclusion slide that i'll + + + align:start position:0% +it was just a conclusion slide that i'll +just let you read + + align:start position:0% +just let you read + + + align:start position:0% +just let you read +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because i think it's just repeating what + + align:start position:0% +because i think it's just repeating what + + + align:start position:0% +because i think it's just repeating what +been saying so far that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're drowning in data and converting + + align:start position:0% +we're drowning in data and converting + + + align:start position:0% +we're drowning in data and converting +this data into knowledge is not easy we + + align:start position:0% +this data into knowledge is not easy we + + + align:start position:0% +this data into knowledge is not easy we +need automated tools + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to access this data to make sense of it + + align:start position:0% +to access this data to make sense of it + + + align:start position:0% +to access this data to make sense of it +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +convert into formats that we can use + + align:start position:0% +convert into formats that we can use + + + align:start position:0% +convert into formats that we can use +and of course this is + + align:start position:0% +and of course this is + + + align:start position:0% +and of course this is +a challenging task + + align:start position:0% +a challenging task + + + align:start position:0% +a challenging task +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +as we saw biomedical data covers a whole + + align:start position:0% +as we saw biomedical data covers a whole + + + align:start position:0% +as we saw biomedical data covers a whole +spectrum of knowledge representation and + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of knowledge representation and + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of knowledge representation and +management techniques that that we know + + align:start position:0% +management techniques that that we know + + + align:start position:0% +management techniques that that we know +about \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0qEIs6ie2q8.txt b/0qEIs6ie2q8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc7562f0312124ded6697180a291639a23f87b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/0qEIs6ie2q8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we previously discussed the concept of + + align:start position:0% +we previously discussed the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +we previously discussed the concept of +conservation of momentum we will soon + + align:start position:0% +conservation of momentum we will soon + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of momentum we will soon +see that there is another very powerful + + align:start position:0% +see that there is another very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +see that there is another very powerful +conservation principle in physics called + + align:start position:0% +conservation principle in physics called + + + align:start position:0% +conservation principle in physics called +the conservation of energy it states + + align:start position:0% +the conservation of energy it states + + + align:start position:0% +the conservation of energy it states +that there was a certain quantity called + + align:start position:0% +that there was a certain quantity called + + + align:start position:0% +that there was a certain quantity called +energy that remains unchanged in the + + align:start position:0% +energy that remains unchanged in the + + + align:start position:0% +energy that remains unchanged in the +system except for any that flows in or + + align:start position:0% +system except for any that flows in or + + + align:start position:0% +system except for any that flows in or +out of the system it's hard to say + + align:start position:0% +out of the system it's hard to say + + + align:start position:0% +out of the system it's hard to say +exactly what energy is it's an abstract + + align:start position:0% +exactly what energy is it's an abstract + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what energy is it's an abstract +quantity that we count up in a certain + + align:start position:0% +quantity that we count up in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that we count up in a certain +way when calculating the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +way when calculating the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +way when calculating the energy of the +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +we must keep careful track of any energy + + align:start position:0% +we must keep careful track of any energy + + + align:start position:0% +we must keep careful track of any energy +that enters or leaves the system there + + align:start position:0% +that enters or leaves the system there + + + align:start position:0% +that enters or leaves the system there +are also a number of different forms of + + align:start position:0% +are also a number of different forms of + + + align:start position:0% +are also a number of different forms of +energy kinetic energy gravitational + + align:start position:0% +energy kinetic energy gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +energy kinetic energy gravitational +energy elastic energy electrical energy + + align:start position:0% +energy elastic energy electrical energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy elastic energy electrical energy +heat energy and others each of these has + + align:start position:0% +heat energy and others each of these has + + + align:start position:0% +heat energy and others each of these has +its own formula for calculation if you + + align:start position:0% +its own formula for calculation if you + + + align:start position:0% +its own formula for calculation if you +sum all these energies up for a system + + align:start position:0% +sum all these energies up for a system + + + align:start position:0% +sum all these energies up for a system +the total will remain unchanged except + + align:start position:0% +the total will remain unchanged except + + + align:start position:0% +the total will remain unchanged except +for what goes in and comes out it turns + + align:start position:0% +for what goes in and comes out it turns + + + align:start position:0% +for what goes in and comes out it turns +out that using energy rather than force + + align:start position:0% +out that using energy rather than force + + + align:start position:0% +out that using energy rather than force +one can construct a complete system of + + align:start position:0% +one can construct a complete system of + + + align:start position:0% +one can construct a complete system of +mechanics that is fully equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that is fully equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that is fully equivalent to +the Newtonian system this was done by + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian system this was done by + + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian system this was done by +Lagrangian Hamilton and you may + + align:start position:0% +Lagrangian Hamilton and you may + + + align:start position:0% +Lagrangian Hamilton and you may +encounter their system in the future if + + align:start position:0% +encounter their system in the future if + + + align:start position:0% +encounter their system in the future if +you take more advanced courses in + + align:start position:0% +you take more advanced courses in + + + align:start position:0% +you take more advanced courses in +physics however even in the Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +physics however even in the Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +physics however even in the Newtonian +system energy remains a useful concept + + align:start position:0% +system energy remains a useful concept + + + align:start position:0% +system energy remains a useful concept +this week we will discuss kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +this week we will discuss kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +this week we will discuss kinetic energy +the energy associated with the motion of + + align:start position:0% +the energy associated with the motion of + + + align:start position:0% +the energy associated with the motion of +a mass and also the concept of work + + align:start position:0% +a mass and also the concept of work + + + align:start position:0% +a mass and also the concept of work +which allows us to calculate how the + + align:start position:0% +which allows us to calculate how the + + + align:start position:0% +which allows us to calculate how the +action of a force changes the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +action of a force changes the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +action of a force changes the kinetic +energy we will see that the work done by + + align:start position:0% +energy we will see that the work done by + + + align:start position:0% +energy we will see that the work done by +a force is calculated by evaluating an + + align:start position:0% +a force is calculated by evaluating an + + + align:start position:0% +a force is calculated by evaluating an +integral that in general depends upon + + align:start position:0% +integral that in general depends upon + + + align:start position:0% +integral that in general depends upon +the specific trajectory or path taken by + + align:start position:0% +the specific trajectory or path taken by + + + align:start position:0% +the specific trajectory or path taken by +the object or system however we will + + align:start position:0% +the object or system however we will + + + align:start position:0% +the object or system however we will +also see that there was a special class + + align:start position:0% +also see that there was a special class + + + align:start position:0% +also see that there was a special class +of forces called conservative forces for + + align:start position:0% +of forces called conservative forces for + + + align:start position:0% +of forces called conservative forces for +which the work integral is path + + align:start position:0% +which the work integral is path + + + align:start position:0% +which the work integral is path +independent and instead depends only on + + align:start position:0% +independent and instead depends only on + + + align:start position:0% +independent and instead depends only on +the starting and ending points finally + + align:start position:0% +the starting and ending points finally + + + align:start position:0% +the starting and ending points finally +when we'll discuss examples of both + + align:start position:0% +when we'll discuss examples of both + + + align:start position:0% +when we'll discuss examples of both +conservative and non-conservative forces \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1OnsQj9qpZs.txt b/1OnsQj9qpZs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..358279e0569a7e65d2ddb7d45b633698c5d697f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1OnsQj9qpZs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Okay, thank you. Uh thank you again for + + align:start position:0% +Okay, thank you. Uh thank you again for + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, thank you. Uh thank you again for +doing the work, the reflection and and + + align:start position:0% +doing the work, the reflection and and + + + align:start position:0% +doing the work, the reflection and and +trying to engage your mind and and hand + + align:start position:0% +trying to engage your mind and and hand + + + align:start position:0% +trying to engage your mind and and hand +in this activity. Um next coming up is + + align:start position:0% +in this activity. Um next coming up is + + + align:start position:0% +in this activity. Um next coming up is +the propeller case study. our first + + align:start position:0% +the propeller case study. our first + + + align:start position:0% +the propeller case study. our first +session. Erdin is going to moderate it + + align:start position:0% +session. Erdin is going to moderate it + + + align:start position:0% +session. Erdin is going to moderate it +with uh the actual CEO of Propella, John + + align:start position:0% +with uh the actual CEO of Propella, John + + + align:start position:0% +with uh the actual CEO of Propella, John +Conson. And what we'll do for this, + + align:start position:0% +Conson. And what we'll do for this, + + + align:start position:0% +Conson. And what we'll do for this, +we're going to have a very interactive + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a very interactive + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a very interactive +no slides workshop. Um you have all + + align:start position:0% +no slides workshop. Um you have all + + + align:start position:0% +no slides workshop. Um you have all +received the uh the case brief + + align:start position:0% +received the uh the case brief + + + align:start position:0% +received the uh the case brief +description of the case study. Hope you + + align:start position:0% +description of the case study. Hope you + + + align:start position:0% +description of the case study. Hope you +had a chance to look at it. Um and we'll + + align:start position:0% +had a chance to look at it. Um and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +had a chance to look at it. Um and we'll +just set it up in a second. + + align:start position:0% +just set it up in a second. + + + align:start position:0% +just set it up in a second. +That's great. Thank you very much. + + align:start position:0% +That's great. Thank you very much. + + + align:start position:0% +That's great. Thank you very much. +Can we proceed with the with the case + + align:start position:0% +Can we proceed with the with the case + + + align:start position:0% +Can we proceed with the with the case +study? Yeah. Okay. Great. John, thank + + align:start position:0% +study? Yeah. Okay. Great. John, thank + + + align:start position:0% +study? Yeah. Okay. Great. John, thank +you so much for being here. Uh you may + + align:start position:0% +you so much for being here. Uh you may + + + align:start position:0% +you so much for being here. Uh you may +not know this, but the students here + + align:start position:0% +not know this, but the students here + + + align:start position:0% +not know this, but the students here +know you already through the case study. + + align:start position:0% +know you already through the case study. + + + align:start position:0% +know you already through the case study. +So here is why we're doing it. Let me + + align:start position:0% +So here is why we're doing it. Let me + + + align:start position:0% +So here is why we're doing it. Let me +just make a few remain. John, uh you can + + align:start position:0% +just make a few remain. John, uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +just make a few remain. John, uh you can +uh make yourself Yeah, please. Um all + + align:start position:0% +uh make yourself Yeah, please. Um all + + + align:start position:0% +uh make yourself Yeah, please. Um all +right, folks. So here here's the deal. + + align:start position:0% +right, folks. So here here's the deal. + + + align:start position:0% +right, folks. So here here's the deal. +Entrepreneurship is neither science nor + + align:start position:0% +Entrepreneurship is neither science nor + + + align:start position:0% +Entrepreneurship is neither science nor +art. It is a craft. And in a craft, + + align:start position:0% +art. It is a craft. And in a craft, + + + align:start position:0% +art. It is a craft. And in a craft, +learning from mentors, learning from + + align:start position:0% +learning from mentors, learning from + + + align:start position:0% +learning from mentors, learning from +leaders is essential. This is why we are + + align:start position:0% +leaders is essential. This is why we are + + + align:start position:0% +leaders is essential. This is why we are +doing this is why we are doing case + + align:start position:0% +doing this is why we are doing case + + + align:start position:0% +doing this is why we are doing case +studies. They're going to be very + + align:start position:0% +studies. They're going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +studies. They're going to be very +interactive. The goal is for you to + + align:start position:0% +interactive. The goal is for you to + + + align:start position:0% +interactive. The goal is for you to +express what you think, to argue and + + align:start position:0% +express what you think, to argue and + + + align:start position:0% +express what you think, to argue and +debate. Uh expect cold calls. So, we do + + align:start position:0% +debate. Uh expect cold calls. So, we do + + + align:start position:0% +debate. Uh expect cold calls. So, we do +expect you to have read the case studies + + align:start position:0% +expect you to have read the case studies + + + align:start position:0% +expect you to have read the case studies +before the case presentation. So, be + + align:start position:0% +before the case presentation. So, be + + + align:start position:0% +before the case presentation. So, be +ready. And the reason we're beginning + + align:start position:0% +ready. And the reason we're beginning + + + align:start position:0% +ready. And the reason we're beginning +with this case study is this. Let's + + align:start position:0% +with this case study is this. Let's + + + align:start position:0% +with this case study is this. Let's +let's make no mistake about it. the the + + align:start position:0% +let's make no mistake about it. the the + + + align:start position:0% +let's make no mistake about it. the the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +field of addiction doesn't provide a lot + + align:start position:0% +field of addiction doesn't provide a lot + + + align:start position:0% +field of addiction doesn't provide a lot +of hope for us at the moment and I think + + align:start position:0% +of hope for us at the moment and I think + + + align:start position:0% +of hope for us at the moment and I think +that's just the reality of it. Uh we we + + align:start position:0% +that's just the reality of it. Uh we we + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the reality of it. Uh we we +cannot yet say that that there are + + align:start position:0% +cannot yet say that that there are + + + align:start position:0% +cannot yet say that that there are +solutions that are going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +solutions that are going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +solutions that are going to be uh +certainly be able to address those + + align:start position:0% +certainly be able to address those + + + align:start position:0% +certainly be able to address those +problems. We're in a state of this + + align:start position:0% +problems. We're in a state of this + + + align:start position:0% +problems. We're in a state of this +perhaps hopeless stasis and and that's + + align:start position:0% +perhaps hopeless stasis and and that's + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps hopeless stasis and and that's +and that's what it is. And so as we were + + align:start position:0% +and that's what it is. And so as we were + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what it is. And so as we were +designing the program together, + + align:start position:0% +designing the program together, + + + align:start position:0% +designing the program together, +one of the things that we were asking is + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that we were asking is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that we were asking is +what can we do to give people hope? + + align:start position:0% +what can we do to give people hope? + + + align:start position:0% +what can we do to give people hope? +Because entrepreneurship and innovation + + align:start position:0% +Because entrepreneurship and innovation + + + align:start position:0% +Because entrepreneurship and innovation +begins with hope. And when we learned + + align:start position:0% +begins with hope. And when we learned + + + align:start position:0% +begins with hope. And when we learned +about Propeller and what John and his + + align:start position:0% +about Propeller and what John and his + + + align:start position:0% +about Propeller and what John and his +team are doing, we just said, "Oh my + + align:start position:0% +team are doing, we just said, "Oh my + + + align:start position:0% +team are doing, we just said, "Oh my +god, this is this is the way. What a + + align:start position:0% +god, this is this is the way. What a + + + align:start position:0% +god, this is this is the way. What a +great case to really bring to life this + + align:start position:0% +great case to really bring to life this + + + align:start position:0% +great case to really bring to life this +the importance of hope." Um that's + + align:start position:0% +the importance of hope." Um that's + + + align:start position:0% +the importance of hope." Um that's +number one. And number two, really there + + align:start position:0% +number one. And number two, really there + + + align:start position:0% +number one. And number two, really there +is a lot to learn from this case study + + align:start position:0% +is a lot to learn from this case study + + + align:start position:0% +is a lot to learn from this case study +about how technologies get + + align:start position:0% +about how technologies get + + + align:start position:0% +about how technologies get +commercialized, how leaders steward + + align:start position:0% +commercialized, how leaders steward + + + align:start position:0% +commercialized, how leaders steward +those technologies. So let's thank you. + + align:start position:0% +those technologies. So let's thank you. + + + align:start position:0% +those technologies. So let's thank you. +Thank you very much. + + align:start position:0% +Thank you very much. + + + align:start position:0% +Thank you very much. +Um let let's begin Marco. May I please + + align:start position:0% +Um let let's begin Marco. May I please + + + align:start position:0% +Um let let's begin Marco. May I please +summarize have ask you to summarize part + + align:start position:0% +summarize have ask you to summarize part + + + align:start position:0% +summarize have ask you to summarize part +A of the case where the background of + + align:start position:0% +A of the case where the background of + + + align:start position:0% +A of the case where the background of +John is described in the healthcare + + align:start position:0% +John is described in the healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +John is described in the healthcare +field. + + align:start position:0% +field. + + + align:start position:0% +field. +Have you have you read the case? + + align:start position:0% +Have you have you read the case? + + + align:start position:0% +Have you have you read the case? +Okay, that's that's fine. Who who has + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's that's fine. Who who has + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's that's fine. Who who has +read the case? Raise your hand. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +read the case? Raise your hand. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +read the case? Raise your hand. Yeah, +Sarah, please. Will you will you + + align:start position:0% +Sarah, please. Will you will you + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah, please. Will you will you +summarize uh John John's background? How + + align:start position:0% +summarize uh John John's background? How + + + align:start position:0% +summarize uh John John's background? How +he came into the healthcare field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yesterday. So I look you see the best I + + align:start position:0% +yesterday. So I look you see the best I + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday. So I look you see the best I +can. Uh John is someone who has uh + + align:start position:0% +can. Uh John is someone who has uh + + + align:start position:0% +can. Uh John is someone who has uh +really started corporate America. Um so + + align:start position:0% +really started corporate America. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +really started corporate America. Um so +large organizations + + align:start position:0% +large organizations + + + align:start position:0% +large organizations +where um mobile just it is 3M um + + align:start position:0% +where um mobile just it is 3M um + + + align:start position:0% +where um mobile just it is 3M um +essentially lot going on that company so + + align:start position:0% +essentially lot going on that company so + + + align:start position:0% +essentially lot going on that company so +computer products sticky notes uh but + + align:start position:0% +computer products sticky notes uh but + + + align:start position:0% +computer products sticky notes uh but +also has uh quite the the healthcare uh + + align:start position:0% +also has uh quite the the healthcare uh + + + align:start position:0% +also has uh quite the the healthcare uh +arm as well. Um and so looks like how + + align:start position:0% +arm as well. Um and so looks like how + + + align:start position:0% +arm as well. Um and so looks like how +did this gain the track recorders + + align:start position:0% +did this gain the track recorders + + + align:start position:0% +did this gain the track recorders +through that through that preparation to + + align:start position:0% +through that through that preparation to + + + align:start position:0% +through that through that preparation to +really focus in healthcare uh which is + + align:start position:0% +really focus in healthcare uh which is + + + align:start position:0% +really focus in healthcare uh which is +where he he started career + + align:start position:0% +where he he started career + + + align:start position:0% +where he he started career +and Billy started subping in solely on + + align:start position:0% +and Billy started subping in solely on + + + align:start position:0% +and Billy started subping in solely on +on healthcare uh and developments on it + + align:start position:0% +on healthcare uh and developments on it + + + align:start position:0% +on healthcare uh and developments on it +the part um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's fair That's that that that that's + + align:start position:0% +that's fair That's that that that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's fair That's that that that that's +all fair. And so the goal is going to be + + align:start position:0% +all fair. And so the goal is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +all fair. And so the goal is going to be +we we're going to go through a a set of + + align:start position:0% +we we're going to go through a a set of + + + align:start position:0% +we we're going to go through a a set of +questions to set up the case and then + + align:start position:0% +questions to set up the case and then + + + align:start position:0% +questions to set up the case and then +John will offer his reflections on your + + align:start position:0% +John will offer his reflections on your + + + align:start position:0% +John will offer his reflections on your +comments. That's going to be key and + + align:start position:0% +comments. That's going to be key and + + + align:start position:0% +comments. That's going to be key and +then we'll have a Q&A with everyone in + + align:start position:0% +then we'll have a Q&A with everyone in + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll have a Q&A with everyone in +the group. Now so as you can see John is + + align:start position:0% +the group. Now so as you can see John is + + + align:start position:0% +the group. Now so as you can see John is +coming into this field into a startup + + align:start position:0% +coming into this field into a startup + + + align:start position:0% +coming into this field into a startup +that eventually became Propeller from a + + align:start position:0% +that eventually became Propeller from a + + + align:start position:0% +that eventually became Propeller from a +corporate background. Now Mark, if I + + align:start position:0% +corporate background. Now Mark, if I + + + align:start position:0% +corporate background. Now Mark, if I +could go to you for a second, you are + + align:start position:0% +could go to you for a second, you are + + + align:start position:0% +could go to you for a second, you are +going into the field of SUD + + align:start position:0% +going into the field of SUD + + + align:start position:0% +going into the field of SUD +entrepreneurship from the academic + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship from the academic + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship from the academic +field, right? You you are a faculty + + align:start position:0% +field, right? You you are a faculty + + + align:start position:0% +field, right? You you are a faculty +member, a Rockefeller, you're spinning + + align:start position:0% +member, a Rockefeller, you're spinning + + + align:start position:0% +member, a Rockefeller, you're spinning +out your company. How do you think your + + align:start position:0% +out your company. How do you think your + + + align:start position:0% +out your company. How do you think your +pathways well your pathways are + + align:start position:0% +pathways well your pathways are + + + align:start position:0% +pathways well your pathways are +different from Johnson even though you + + align:start position:0% +different from Johnson even though you + + + align:start position:0% +different from Johnson even though you +are in a sense ending up in a similar + + align:start position:0% +are in a sense ending up in a similar + + + align:start position:0% +are in a sense ending up in a similar +destination, but how do you think how + + align:start position:0% +destination, but how do you think how + + + align:start position:0% +destination, but how do you think how +you think, what the skills you have, how + + align:start position:0% +you think, what the skills you have, how + + + align:start position:0% +you think, what the skills you have, how +you think about the world, how is it + + align:start position:0% +you think about the world, how is it + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the world, how is it +different from John's? I think they + + align:start position:0% +different from John's? I think they + + + align:start position:0% +different from John's? I think they +probably + + align:start position:0% +probably + + + align:start position:0% +probably +actually here here's a + + align:start position:0% +actually here here's a + + + align:start position:0% +actually here here's a +I think they are probably 100% + + align:start position:0% +I think they are probably 100% + + + align:start position:0% +I think they are probably 100% +different. Um I'm sort of coming from + + align:start position:0% +different. Um I'm sort of coming from + + + align:start position:0% +different. Um I'm sort of coming from +the molecular mechanism aspects of it. + + align:start position:0% +the molecular mechanism aspects of it. + + + align:start position:0% +the molecular mechanism aspects of it. +Uh not so much from from any uh any + + align:start position:0% +Uh not so much from from any uh any + + + align:start position:0% +Uh not so much from from any uh any +business uh development side + + align:start position:0% +business uh development side + + + align:start position:0% +business uh development side +and I feel like I understand the basics + + align:start position:0% +and I feel like I understand the basics + + + align:start position:0% +and I feel like I understand the basics +of what needs to be done but not + + align:start position:0% +of what needs to be done but not + + + align:start position:0% +of what needs to be done but not +probably how to do it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And I hope I will make progress on that + + align:start position:0% +And I hope I will make progress on that + + + align:start position:0% +And I hope I will make progress on that +quickly. + + align:start position:0% +quickly. + + + align:start position:0% +quickly. +Okay. And so how do you how do you think + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And so how do you how do you think + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And so how do you how do you think +about it in your company right now? What + + align:start position:0% +about it in your company right now? What + + + align:start position:0% +about it in your company right now? What +skills do you acquire about bringing + + align:start position:0% +skills do you acquire about bringing + + + align:start position:0% +skills do you acquire about bringing +additional team members? What skills do + + align:start position:0% +additional team members? What skills do + + + align:start position:0% +additional team members? What skills do +you need to nurture in yourself as the + + align:start position:0% +you need to nurture in yourself as the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to nurture in yourself as the +entrepreneur leading event? And that's + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur leading event? And that's + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur leading event? And that's +an important question for all of you. + + align:start position:0% +an important question for all of you. + + + align:start position:0% +an important question for all of you. +You're partly you are to meet others so + + align:start position:0% +You're partly you are to meet others so + + + align:start position:0% +You're partly you are to meet others so +you can identify additional skill sets. + + align:start position:0% +you can identify additional skill sets. + + + align:start position:0% +you can identify additional skill sets. +You're also to bro yourself. How do you + + align:start position:0% +You're also to bro yourself. How do you + + + align:start position:0% +You're also to bro yourself. How do you +think about it? + + align:start position:0% +think about it? + + + align:start position:0% +think about it? +Well, I definitely need uh everyone that + + align:start position:0% +Well, I definitely need uh everyone that + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I definitely need uh everyone that +is uh focusing on on different aspects + + align:start position:0% +is uh focusing on on different aspects + + + align:start position:0% +is uh focusing on on different aspects +than than just the research itself. + + align:start position:0% +than than just the research itself. + + + align:start position:0% +than than just the research itself. +Basically, I will need advisor. I will + + align:start position:0% +Basically, I will need advisor. I will + + + align:start position:0% +Basically, I will need advisor. I will +need uh probably at some point a CEO + + align:start position:0% +need uh probably at some point a CEO + + + align:start position:0% +need uh probably at some point a CEO +that has experience in in the field + + align:start position:0% +that has experience in in the field + + + align:start position:0% +that has experience in in the field +ideally in the field of healthcare and + + align:start position:0% +ideally in the field of healthcare and + + + align:start position:0% +ideally in the field of healthcare and +then maybe even more in the field of SUD + + align:start position:0% +then maybe even more in the field of SUD + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe even more in the field of SUD +if possible. + + align:start position:0% +if possible. + + + align:start position:0% +if possible. +Why why would you like a CEO instead of + + align:start position:0% +Why why would you like a CEO instead of + + + align:start position:0% +Why why would you like a CEO instead of +you being the CEO yourself? + + align:start position:0% +you being the CEO yourself? + + + align:start position:0% +you being the CEO yourself? +Well, because that's that's not what I + + align:start position:0% +Well, because that's that's not what I + + + align:start position:0% +Well, because that's that's not what I +will do best. Uh maybe I can try it but + + align:start position:0% +will do best. Uh maybe I can try it but + + + align:start position:0% +will do best. Uh maybe I can try it but +I don't think it would be efficient for + + align:start position:0% +I don't think it would be efficient for + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think it would be efficient for +the company to be fast to be to be yeah + + align:start position:0% +the company to be fast to be to be yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the company to be fast to be to be yeah +to be moving as quickly as possible. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now um who would like Thank you. Uh who + + align:start position:0% +Now um who would like Thank you. Uh who + + + align:start position:0% +Now um who would like Thank you. Uh who +would like to summarize uh part B of the + + align:start position:0% +would like to summarize uh part B of the + + + align:start position:0% +would like to summarize uh part B of the +case where the technology is described? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Um my name is Tomokco. Nice to meet you. + + align:start position:0% +Um my name is Tomokco. Nice to meet you. + + + align:start position:0% +Um my name is Tomokco. Nice to meet you. +So um the B is about the the scientist + + align:start position:0% +So um the B is about the the scientist + + + align:start position:0% +So um the B is about the the scientist +discovering um + + align:start position:0% +discovering um + + + align:start position:0% +discovering um +an obs made an obser observation which + + align:start position:0% +an obs made an obser observation which + + + align:start position:0% +an obs made an obser observation which +came to an idea where it could um + + align:start position:0% +came to an idea where it could um + + + align:start position:0% +came to an idea where it could um +channel into the sorry I'll take my + + align:start position:0% +channel into the sorry I'll take my + + + align:start position:0% +channel into the sorry I'll take my +notes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into the baby suffering from + + align:start position:0% +into the baby suffering from + + + align:start position:0% +into the baby suffering from +irregulatory breathing and + + align:start position:0% +irregulatory breathing and + + + align:start position:0% +irregulatory breathing and +um is Dr. P Da he did say it right + + align:start position:0% +um is Dr. P Da he did say it right + + + align:start position:0% +um is Dr. P Da he did say it right +Dr. + + align:start position:0% +Dr. + + + align:start position:0% +Dr. +He really narrowed into the interest + + align:start position:0% +He really narrowed into the interest + + + align:start position:0% +He really narrowed into the interest +that he discovered and um he found a + + align:start position:0% +that he discovered and um he found a + + + align:start position:0% +that he discovered and um he found a +niche which was the opioid exposed + + align:start position:0% +niche which was the opioid exposed + + + align:start position:0% +niche which was the opioid exposed +babies and um + + align:start position:0% +babies and um + + + align:start position:0% +babies and um +yeah and there was obviously a need uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah and there was obviously a need uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and there was obviously a need uh +unmet medical need in in the research + + align:start position:0% +unmet medical need in in the research + + + align:start position:0% +unmet medical need in in the research +that he he has continued and he + + align:start position:0% +that he he has continued and he + + + align:start position:0% +that he he has continued and he +developed actually a medical device that + + align:start position:0% +developed actually a medical device that + + + align:start position:0% +developed actually a medical device that +can um that have seemed to give result + + align:start position:0% +can um that have seemed to give result + + + align:start position:0% +can um that have seemed to give result +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +experiment. It's it says experimental. + + align:start position:0% +experiment. It's it says experimental. + + + align:start position:0% +experiment. It's it says experimental. +So, I'm guessing it was some kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +So, I'm guessing it was some kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +So, I'm guessing it was some kind of uh +clinical trial or something that they + + align:start position:0% +clinical trial or something that they + + + align:start position:0% +clinical trial or something that they +did. They actually seen a positive + + align:start position:0% +did. They actually seen a positive + + + align:start position:0% +did. They actually seen a positive +effect on the medical device that he + + align:start position:0% +effect on the medical device that he + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the medical device that he +made and then he made the connection + + align:start position:0% +made and then he made the connection + + + align:start position:0% +made and then he made the connection +with um John who has then yeah wanted to + + align:start position:0% +with um John who has then yeah wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +with um John who has then yeah wanted to +make this into the market. + + align:start position:0% +make this into the market. + + + align:start position:0% +make this into the market. +Great. Let me push this a little + + align:start position:0% +Great. Let me push this a little + + + align:start position:0% +Great. Let me push this a little +further. What does the UI + + align:start position:0% +further. What does the UI + + + align:start position:0% +further. What does the UI +Oh yeah. I also + + align:start position:0% +Oh yeah. I also + + + align:start position:0% +Oh yeah. I also +wanted to highlight was I done this + + align:start position:0% +wanted to highlight was I done this + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to highlight was I done this +really interesting a lot of medical and + + align:start position:0% +really interesting a lot of medical and + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting a lot of medical and +scientific advances. Um the point about + + align:start position:0% +scientific advances. Um the point about + + + align:start position:0% +scientific advances. Um the point about +serendipity and observations with this + + align:start position:0% +serendipity and observations with this + + + align:start position:0% +serendipity and observations with this +great uh which really actually gave + + align:start position:0% +great uh which really actually gave + + + align:start position:0% +great uh which really actually gave +science into + + align:start position:0% +science into + + + align:start position:0% +science into +the health applications um to like + + align:start position:0% +the health applications um to like + + + align:start position:0% +the health applications um to like +um you know like other famous examples + + align:start position:0% +um you know like other famous examples + + + align:start position:0% +um you know like other famous examples +are you know aloning pencil like an + + align:start position:0% +are you know aloning pencil like an + + + align:start position:0% +are you know aloning pencil like an +observation of something like really + + align:start position:0% +observation of something like really + + + align:start position:0% +observation of something like really +crystallizing everything. + + align:start position:0% +crystallizing everything. + + + align:start position:0% +crystallizing everything. +That's a great point. Now let me push + + align:start position:0% +That's a great point. Now let me push + + + align:start position:0% +That's a great point. Now let me push +again on the technology promoting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in in this book is in general does + + align:start position:0% +in in this book is in general does + + + align:start position:0% +in in this book is in general does +technology as + + align:start position:0% +technology as + + + align:start position:0% +technology as +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so first we need to describe it in ways + + align:start position:0% +so first we need to describe it in ways + + + align:start position:0% +so first we need to describe it in ways +that are simple understandable also + + align:start position:0% +that are simple understandable also + + + align:start position:0% +that are simple understandable also +comprehensive. So what does a technology + + align:start position:0% +comprehensive. So what does a technology + + + align:start position:0% +comprehensive. So what does a technology +do? + + align:start position:0% +do? + + + align:start position:0% +do? +So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Uh so whoa. Uh so basically uh sto + + align:start position:0% +Uh so whoa. Uh so basically uh sto + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so whoa. Uh so basically uh sto +stoastic resonance + + align:start position:0% +stoastic resonance + + + align:start position:0% +stoastic resonance +um and the idea of using that as a + + align:start position:0% +um and the idea of using that as a + + + align:start position:0% +um and the idea of using that as a +signal amplifier. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah. So, so leveraging that uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah. So, so leveraging that uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah. So, so leveraging that uh +technology uh in combination with uh + + align:start position:0% +technology uh in combination with uh + + + align:start position:0% +technology uh in combination with uh +some of the discoveries in uh biology + + align:start position:0% +some of the discoveries in uh biology + + + align:start position:0% +some of the discoveries in uh biology +uh in relation to the squid and and what + + align:start position:0% +uh in relation to the squid and and what + + + align:start position:0% +uh in relation to the squid and and what +was observed in in in + + align:start position:0% +was observed in in in + + + align:start position:0% +was observed in in in +um a completely different uh uh area of + + align:start position:0% +um a completely different uh uh area of + + + align:start position:0% +um a completely different uh uh area of +expertise and kind of uh connecting + + align:start position:0% +expertise and kind of uh connecting + + + align:start position:0% +expertise and kind of uh connecting +those dots together in order to uh + + align:start position:0% +those dots together in order to uh + + + align:start position:0% +those dots together in order to uh +leverage that in a in a way that can be + + align:start position:0% +leverage that in a in a way that can be + + + align:start position:0% +leverage that in a in a way that can be +used to + + align:start position:0% +used to + + + align:start position:0% +used to +uh help + + align:start position:0% +uh help + + + align:start position:0% +uh help +uh treat substance use + + align:start position:0% +uh treat substance use + + + align:start position:0% +uh treat substance use +uh sufferers. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +uh sufferers. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +uh sufferers. Yeah. +Okay. Good start. Now, let's let's do + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Good start. Now, let's let's do + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Good start. Now, let's let's do +this again. Hey, uh if I'm if I'm + + align:start position:0% +this again. Hey, uh if I'm if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this again. Hey, uh if I'm if I'm +pushing this is purely with the goal of + + align:start position:0% +pushing this is purely with the goal of + + + align:start position:0% +pushing this is purely with the goal of +land, there's nothing else going on. + + align:start position:0% +land, there's nothing else going on. + + + align:start position:0% +land, there's nothing else going on. +This is this is a goal, right? But put + + align:start position:0% +This is this is a goal, right? But put + + + align:start position:0% +This is this is a goal, right? But put +yourself in the in the shoes of Dr. pay + + align:start position:0% +yourself in the in the shoes of Dr. pay + + + align:start position:0% +yourself in the in the shoes of Dr. pay +the P right you've identified this + + align:start position:0% +the P right you've identified this + + + align:start position:0% +the P right you've identified this +interesting Panamani you're fascinated + + align:start position:0% +interesting Panamani you're fascinated + + + align:start position:0% +interesting Panamani you're fascinated +by it you've also been working on it for + + align:start position:0% +by it you've also been working on it for + + + align:start position:0% +by it you've also been working on it for +a number of years you've been working 15 + + align:start position:0% +a number of years you've been working 15 + + + align:start position:0% +a number of years you've been working 15 +years so there is something near you + + align:start position:0% +years so there is something near you + + + align:start position:0% +years so there is something near you +that be care that it goes somewhere and + + align:start position:0% +that be care that it goes somewhere and + + + align:start position:0% +that be care that it goes somewhere and +it is important for you that someone + + align:start position:0% +it is important for you that someone + + + align:start position:0% +it is important for you that someone +like John gets interest + + align:start position:0% +like John gets interest + + + align:start position:0% +like John gets interest +you need to find a way to kind of date + + align:start position:0% +you need to find a way to kind of date + + + align:start position:0% +you need to find a way to kind of date +in a way John is not a scientist he's + + align:start position:0% +in a way John is not a scientist he's + + + align:start position:0% +in a way John is not a scientist he's +been around technology but we're not a + + align:start position:0% +been around technology but we're not a + + + align:start position:0% +been around technology but we're not a +scientist We need to explain it to him + + align:start position:0% +scientist We need to explain it to him + + + align:start position:0% +scientist We need to explain it to him +in a way that can dispense and more + + align:start position:0% +in a way that can dispense and more + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that can dispense and more +importantly he feels compelled by right + + align:start position:0% +importantly he feels compelled by right + + + align:start position:0% +importantly he feels compelled by right +so let's lend describe this to to John + + align:start position:0% +so let's lend describe this to to John + + + align:start position:0% +so let's lend describe this to to John +and what John is going to do he will + + align:start position:0% +and what John is going to do he will + + + align:start position:0% +and what John is going to do he will +tell you how Dr. Pedapha presented in + + align:start position:0% +tell you how Dr. Pedapha presented in + + + align:start position:0% +tell you how Dr. Pedapha presented in +the game because there is a reason he + + align:start position:0% +the game because there is a reason he + + + align:start position:0% +the game because there is a reason he +got interested right and one of those + + align:start position:0% +got interested right and one of those + + + align:start position:0% +got interested right and one of those +reasons is Dr. the beta for and how he + + align:start position:0% +reasons is Dr. the beta for and how he + + + align:start position:0% +reasons is Dr. the beta for and how he +described it. So, let's let's Oh, do you + + align:start position:0% +described it. So, let's let's Oh, do you + + + align:start position:0% +described it. So, let's let's Oh, do you +need the mic? Yes. What? No. Yes. Yes. I + + align:start position:0% +need the mic? Yes. What? No. Yes. Yes. I + + + align:start position:0% +need the mic? Yes. What? No. Yes. Yes. I +I will be using it. I'm sorry. Yeah. No. + + align:start position:0% +I will be using it. I'm sorry. Yeah. No. + + + align:start position:0% +I will be using it. I'm sorry. Yeah. No. +So, you go and and then let's go with + + align:start position:0% +So, you go and and then let's go with + + + align:start position:0% +So, you go and and then let's go with +you again. Yep. And + + align:start position:0% +you again. Yep. And + + + align:start position:0% +you again. Yep. And +sorry about that. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wait. We do actually. + + align:start position:0% +Wait. We do actually. + + + align:start position:0% +Wait. We do actually. +Yeah. Oh, there. Yeah. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Oh, there. Yeah. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Oh, there. Yeah. Yeah. +So let let's let's do it. Let's describe + + align:start position:0% +So let let's let's do it. Let's describe + + + align:start position:0% +So let let's let's do it. Let's describe +it the technology in a way that raises + + align:start position:0% +it the technology in a way that raises + + + align:start position:0% +it the technology in a way that raises +the interest + + align:start position:0% +the interest + + + align:start position:0% +the interest +and is understood. + + align:start position:0% +and is understood. + + + align:start position:0% +and is understood. +So this technology it there is um the + + align:start position:0% +So this technology it there is um the + + + align:start position:0% +So this technology it there is um the +signals are very weak and usually it's + + align:start position:0% +signals are very weak and usually it's + + + align:start position:0% +signals are very weak and usually it's +too weak for normal uh devices to pick + + align:start position:0% +too weak for normal uh devices to pick + + + align:start position:0% +too weak for normal uh devices to pick +up. So it's impossible to measure these. + + align:start position:0% +up. So it's impossible to measure these. + + + align:start position:0% +up. So it's impossible to measure these. +But by utilizing this particular + + align:start position:0% +But by utilizing this particular + + + align:start position:0% +But by utilizing this particular +technology, you can amplify it as Corey + + align:start position:0% +technology, you can amplify it as Corey + + + align:start position:0% +technology, you can amplify it as Corey +said and put it in a form where it's + + align:start position:0% +said and put it in a form where it's + + + align:start position:0% +said and put it in a form where it's +very easily detectable. + + align:start position:0% +very easily detectable. + + + align:start position:0% +very easily detectable. +Um, and that's powerful because you're + + align:start position:0% +Um, and that's powerful because you're + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and that's powerful because you're +putting from impossible into something + + align:start position:0% +putting from impossible into something + + + align:start position:0% +putting from impossible into something +that's real. Um, realistic. + + align:start position:0% +that's real. Um, realistic. + + + align:start position:0% +that's real. Um, realistic. +Um, boom. Right. Everyone observe. She's + + align:start position:0% +Um, boom. Right. Everyone observe. She's + + + align:start position:0% +Um, boom. Right. Everyone observe. She's +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +that was impossible before. With this + + align:start position:0% +that was impossible before. With this + + + align:start position:0% +that was impossible before. With this +innovation, it is. + + align:start position:0% +innovation, it is. + + + align:start position:0% +innovation, it is. +All of a sudden, John is interested, + + align:start position:0% +All of a sudden, John is interested, + + + align:start position:0% +All of a sudden, John is interested, +right? What he needs to know now is that + + align:start position:0% +right? What he needs to know now is that + + + align:start position:0% +right? What he needs to know now is that +that impossible thing is also valuable, + + align:start position:0% +that impossible thing is also valuable, + + + align:start position:0% +that impossible thing is also valuable, +right? Do you want to give that a shot? + + align:start position:0% +right? Do you want to give that a shot? + + + align:start position:0% +right? Do you want to give that a shot? +Right? So, not all possible things are + + align:start position:0% +Right? So, not all possible things are + + + align:start position:0% +Right? So, not all possible things are +valuable. + + align:start position:0% +valuable. + + + align:start position:0% +valuable. +Why don't you give it a go? Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Why don't you give it a go? Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Why don't you give it a go? Yeah. +That was good. Impossible is not + + align:start position:0% +That was good. Impossible is not + + + align:start position:0% +That was good. Impossible is not +possible. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um +uh let's see. Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can can you reframe that one more time, + + align:start position:0% +can can you reframe that one more time, + + + align:start position:0% +can can you reframe that one more time, +please? + + align:start position:0% +please? + + + align:start position:0% +please? +Right. So what Tomoka said, she said, + + align:start position:0% +Right. So what Tomoka said, she said, + + + align:start position:0% +Right. So what Tomoka said, she said, +"Hey, + + align:start position:0% +"Hey, + + + align:start position:0% +"Hey, +uh signal amplification of the sky was + + align:start position:0% +uh signal amplification of the sky was + + + align:start position:0% +uh signal amplification of the sky was +impossible before this technology." + + align:start position:0% +impossible before this technology." + + + align:start position:0% +impossible before this technology." +And if I'm speaking loudly, it still + + align:start position:0% +And if I'm speaking loudly, it still + + + align:start position:0% +And if I'm speaking loudly, it still +doesn't help, right? Because + + align:start position:0% +doesn't help, right? Because + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't help, right? Because +No, dude. I need the mic. Could could I + + align:start position:0% +No, dude. I need the mic. Could could I + + + align:start position:0% +No, dude. I need the mic. Could could I +use the mic just for uh for media + + align:start position:0% +use the mic just for uh for media + + + align:start position:0% +use the mic just for uh for media +purpose? So right what what Toma is + + align:start position:0% +purpose? So right what what Toma is + + + align:start position:0% +purpose? So right what what Toma is +saying hey there is this interesting + + align:start position:0% +saying hey there is this interesting + + + align:start position:0% +saying hey there is this interesting +technology that we've been working on + + align:start position:0% +technology that we've been working on + + + align:start position:0% +technology that we've been working on +for a long time and by the way this is + + align:start position:0% +for a long time and by the way this is + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time and by the way this is +not just in our field this is now a + + align:start position:0% +not just in our field this is now a + + + align:start position:0% +not just in our field this is now a +general phenomenon that physicists are + + align:start position:0% +general phenomenon that physicists are + + + align:start position:0% +general phenomenon that physicists are +aware of that biologists are aware of so + + align:start position:0% +aware of that biologists are aware of so + + + align:start position:0% +aware of that biologists are aware of so +it's real and signal amplification of + + align:start position:0% +it's real and signal amplification of + + + align:start position:0% +it's real and signal amplification of +this kind was impossible before it is + + align:start position:0% +this kind was impossible before it is + + + align:start position:0% +this kind was impossible before it is +possible now so John is interested huh + + align:start position:0% +possible now so John is interested huh + + + align:start position:0% +possible now so John is interested huh +something that was impossible is + + align:start position:0% +something that was impossible is + + + align:start position:0% +something that was impossible is +possible now but he needs to know that + + align:start position:0% +possible now but he needs to know that + + + align:start position:0% +possible now but he needs to know that +this is valuable as well that there is + + align:start position:0% +this is valuable as well that there is + + + align:start position:0% +this is valuable as well that there is +value in signal amplification. What do + + align:start position:0% +value in signal amplification. What do + + + align:start position:0% +value in signal amplification. What do +you say to him? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So there's there's uh this idea of of + + align:start position:0% +So there's there's uh this idea of of + + + align:start position:0% +So there's there's uh this idea of of +stoastic resonance has has been around + + align:start position:0% +stoastic resonance has has been around + + + align:start position:0% +stoastic resonance has has been around +um for a really long time. It's it's a + + align:start position:0% +um for a really long time. It's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +um for a really long time. It's it's a +proven technology and it's a it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +proven technology and it's a it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +proven technology and it's a it's a it's +a proven way of of amplifying signals + + align:start position:0% +a proven way of of amplifying signals + + + align:start position:0% +a proven way of of amplifying signals +that are otherwise undistinguishable + + align:start position:0% +that are otherwise undistinguishable + + + align:start position:0% +that are otherwise undistinguishable +like um and the noise and uh this is + + align:start position:0% +like um and the noise and uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +like um and the noise and uh this is +something we can apply to to many + + align:start position:0% +something we can apply to to many + + + align:start position:0% +something we can apply to to many +different problems and uh can capitalize + + align:start position:0% +different problems and uh can capitalize + + + align:start position:0% +different problems and uh can capitalize +on on some further investment. + + align:start position:0% +on on some further investment. + + + align:start position:0% +on on some further investment. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Uh do you want to give that a go? + + align:start position:0% +Uh do you want to give that a go? + + + align:start position:0% +Uh do you want to give that a go? +Hi Jeff. There you go. + + align:start position:0% +Hi Jeff. There you go. + + + align:start position:0% +Hi Jeff. There you go. +Yes. So my name is Gifty and I just + + align:start position:0% +Yes. So my name is Gifty and I just + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. So my name is Gifty and I just +wanted to add on that at least in the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to add on that at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to add on that at least in the +case study it mentioned that you know + + align:start position:0% +case study it mentioned that you know + + + align:start position:0% +case study it mentioned that you know +current um technology so with the + + align:start position:0% +current um technology so with the + + + align:start position:0% +current um technology so with the +stoastic resonance it was used to like + + align:start position:0% +stoastic resonance it was used to like + + + align:start position:0% +stoastic resonance it was used to like +help with motor functions. So that was + + align:start position:0% +help with motor functions. So that was + + + align:start position:0% +help with motor functions. So that was +one evidence of why that technology may + + align:start position:0% +one evidence of why that technology may + + + align:start position:0% +one evidence of why that technology may +work. Um, and then as you referred to + + align:start position:0% +work. Um, and then as you referred to + + + align:start position:0% +work. Um, and then as you referred to +earlier, I forgot the name, but um, it + + align:start position:0% +earlier, I forgot the name, but um, it + + + align:start position:0% +earlier, I forgot the name, but um, it +did mention how um, was it Corey? + + align:start position:0% +did mention how um, was it Corey? + + + align:start position:0% +did mention how um, was it Corey? +Cory. + + align:start position:0% +Cory. + + + align:start position:0% +Cory. +Cory, yes. With the vibrating insoles. + + align:start position:0% +Cory, yes. With the vibrating insoles. + + + align:start position:0% +Cory, yes. With the vibrating insoles. +So, that's all examples as well as the + + align:start position:0% +So, that's all examples as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +So, that's all examples as well as the +squid um, you know, reference that was + + align:start position:0% +squid um, you know, reference that was + + + align:start position:0% +squid um, you know, reference that was +made. So, that's all evidence that, you + + align:start position:0% +made. So, that's all evidence that, you + + + align:start position:0% +made. So, that's all evidence that, you +know, there's somewhere, you know, you + + align:start position:0% +know, there's somewhere, you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +know, there's somewhere, you know, you +can go somewhere with this technology. + + align:start position:0% +can go somewhere with this technology. + + + align:start position:0% +can go somewhere with this technology. +Yeah. All right. Uh, so now Melanie, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. All right. Uh, so now Melanie, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. All right. Uh, so now Melanie, +let's go to you. Thank you. Uh so + + align:start position:0% +let's go to you. Thank you. Uh so + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to you. Thank you. Uh so +Melanie you're now John and + + align:start position:0% +Melanie you're now John and + + + align:start position:0% +Melanie you're now John and +you're speaking with Dr. Peter you + + align:start position:0% +you're speaking with Dr. Peter you + + + align:start position:0% +you're speaking with Dr. Peter you +you've heard about this tech + + align:start position:0% +you've heard about this tech + + + align:start position:0% +you've heard about this tech +you want to ask questions what questions + + align:start position:0% +you want to ask questions what questions + + + align:start position:0% +you want to ask questions what questions +do you ask Dr. paid for because right + + align:start position:0% +do you ask Dr. paid for because right + + + align:start position:0% +do you ask Dr. paid for because right +your mindset is not purely scientific. + + align:start position:0% +your mindset is not purely scientific. + + + align:start position:0% +your mindset is not purely scientific. +You're wondering hey can this become + + align:start position:0% +You're wondering hey can this become + + + align:start position:0% +You're wondering hey can this become +something commercial. + + align:start position:0% +something commercial. + + + align:start position:0% +something commercial. +What are the questions that you ask? + + align:start position:0% +What are the questions that you ask? + + + align:start position:0% +What are the questions that you ask? +Um sure good morning uh my name is + + align:start position:0% +Um sure good morning uh my name is + + + align:start position:0% +Um sure good morning uh my name is +Melanie Jimmerson. Um I think in a + + align:start position:0% +Melanie Jimmerson. Um I think in a + + + align:start position:0% +Melanie Jimmerson. Um I think in a +response to a question I'd asked would + + align:start position:0% +response to a question I'd asked would + + + align:start position:0% +response to a question I'd asked would +first start with the mindset and the + + align:start position:0% +first start with the mindset and the + + + align:start position:0% +first start with the mindset and the +mindset is that progress is not linear + + align:start position:0% +mindset is that progress is not linear + + + align:start position:0% +mindset is that progress is not linear +but it's more of a momentum or continuum + + align:start position:0% +but it's more of a momentum or continuum + + + align:start position:0% +but it's more of a momentum or continuum +of everything that we're continuing to + + align:start position:0% +of everything that we're continuing to + + + align:start position:0% +of everything that we're continuing to +work on. Um and so I would ask next is + + align:start position:0% +work on. Um and so I would ask next is + + + align:start position:0% +work on. Um and so I would ask next is +for this viable idea how could we + + align:start position:0% +for this viable idea how could we + + + align:start position:0% +for this viable idea how could we +continue the continuum of the + + align:start position:0% +continue the continuum of the + + + align:start position:0% +continue the continuum of the +progression of the technology that we + + align:start position:0% +progression of the technology that we + + + align:start position:0% +progression of the technology that we +have and in what scales? Yeah. So um how + + align:start position:0% +have and in what scales? Yeah. So um how + + + align:start position:0% +have and in what scales? Yeah. So um how +will the technology develop? Right. + + align:start position:0% +will the technology develop? Right. + + + align:start position:0% +will the technology develop? Right. +How will the tech develop? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Other questions? + + align:start position:0% +Other questions? + + + align:start position:0% +Other questions? +How will the tech develop? + + align:start position:0% +How will the tech develop? + + + align:start position:0% +How will the tech develop? +Hi, I'm Dr. Ray Denny. It's nice to meet + + align:start position:0% +Hi, I'm Dr. Ray Denny. It's nice to meet + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, I'm Dr. Ray Denny. It's nice to meet +everyone here. Other questions I would + + align:start position:0% +everyone here. Other questions I would + + + align:start position:0% +everyone here. Other questions I would +ask, how reliable is this technology? If + + align:start position:0% +ask, how reliable is this technology? If + + + align:start position:0% +ask, how reliable is this technology? If +we're going to be administering it to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be administering it to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be administering it to +premature babies, it has to be reliable. + + align:start position:0% +premature babies, it has to be reliable. + + + align:start position:0% +premature babies, it has to be reliable. +Also, it has to be reproducible. + + align:start position:0% +Also, it has to be reproducible. + + + align:start position:0% +Also, it has to be reproducible. +uh define reliable. Reliable in what + + align:start position:0% +uh define reliable. Reliable in what + + + align:start position:0% +uh define reliable. Reliable in what +sense? + + align:start position:0% +sense? + + + align:start position:0% +sense? +Reliability when it's detecting the + + align:start position:0% +Reliability when it's detecting the + + + align:start position:0% +Reliability when it's detecting the +signals, how likely is it to detect the + + align:start position:0% +signals, how likely is it to detect the + + + align:start position:0% +signals, how likely is it to detect the +correct signal + + align:start position:0% +correct signal + + + align:start position:0% +correct signal +and how basically how safe is it? Right? + + align:start position:0% +and how basically how safe is it? Right? + + + align:start position:0% +and how basically how safe is it? Right? +Is it reliable? Is it safe? + + align:start position:0% +Is it reliable? Is it safe? + + + align:start position:0% +Is it reliable? Is it safe? +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um how can it actually be deployed? + + align:start position:0% +Um how can it actually be deployed? + + + align:start position:0% +Um how can it actually be deployed? +What do you mean? So + + align:start position:0% +What do you mean? So + + + align:start position:0% +What do you mean? So +what do + + align:start position:0% +what do + + + align:start position:0% +what do +manufactured? What is it going to look + + align:start position:0% +manufactured? What is it going to look + + + align:start position:0% +manufactured? What is it going to look +like that's usable? So even if + + align:start position:0% +like that's usable? So even if + + + align:start position:0% +like that's usable? So even if +that's your job + + align:start position:0% +that's your job + + + align:start position:0% +that's your job +doesn't know the answer to those. + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know the answer to those. + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know the answer to those. +Oh okay. Okay. So he wouldn't be asking + + align:start position:0% +Oh okay. Okay. So he wouldn't be asking + + + align:start position:0% +Oh okay. Okay. So he wouldn't be asking +the question + + align:start position:0% +the question + + + align:start position:0% +the question +because if if you as a business person + + align:start position:0% +because if if you as a business person + + + align:start position:0% +because if if you as a business person +go to a science person and say hey how + + align:start position:0% +go to a science person and say hey how + + + align:start position:0% +go to a science person and say hey how +will you take it to market? + + align:start position:0% +will you take it to market? + + + align:start position:0% +will you take it to market? +That's you're not proving a value. + + align:start position:0% +That's you're not proving a value. + + + align:start position:0% +That's you're not proving a value. +So I'm asking I'm not asking how you + + align:start position:0% +So I'm asking I'm not asking how you + + + align:start position:0% +So I'm asking I'm not asking how you +take it to market. I'm asking what is + + align:start position:0% +take it to market. I'm asking what is + + + align:start position:0% +take it to market. I'm asking what is +the vehicle for this technology to be + + align:start position:0% +the vehicle for this technology to be + + + align:start position:0% +the vehicle for this technology to be +actually introduced into the real world. + + align:start position:0% +actually introduced into the real world. + + + align:start position:0% +actually introduced into the real world. +So like it's so the technology is there + + align:start position:0% +So like it's so the technology is there + + + align:start position:0% +So like it's so the technology is there +but the the they put it into a bassinet, + + align:start position:0% +but the the they put it into a bassinet, + + + align:start position:0% +but the the they put it into a bassinet, +right? So I think the question would be + + align:start position:0% +right? So I think the question would be + + + align:start position:0% +right? So I think the question would be +but I mean I'm assuming that this came + + align:start position:0% +but I mean I'm assuming that this came + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean I'm assuming that this came +to John before the bassinet was fully + + align:start position:0% +to John before the bassinet was fully + + + align:start position:0% +to John before the bassinet was fully +developed. + + align:start position:0% +developed. + + + align:start position:0% +developed. +How do you productize it? + + align:start position:0% +How do you productize it? + + + align:start position:0% +How do you productize it? +How do you productize it? Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +How do you productize it? Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +How do you productize it? Yeah. +How can the technology be okay? I got + + align:start position:0% +How can the technology be okay? I got + + + align:start position:0% +How can the technology be okay? I got +you. That that's fair. How would that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be deployed? + + align:start position:0% +be deployed? + + + align:start position:0% +be deployed? +I thank you. + + align:start position:0% +I thank you. + + + align:start position:0% +I thank you. +B says + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah. Uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah. Uh +well you have this in front. + + align:start position:0% +well you have this in front. + + + align:start position:0% +well you have this in front. +Um one of my question is how is it + + align:start position:0% +Um one of my question is how is it + + + align:start position:0% +Um one of my question is how is it +differentiated in particular? You have + + align:start position:0% +differentiated in particular? You have + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated in particular? You have +vibrating solutions, random noise + + align:start position:0% +vibrating solutions, random noise + + + align:start position:0% +vibrating solutions, random noise +generators that are available in a + + align:start position:0% +generators that are available in a + + + align:start position:0% +generators that are available in a +consumer goods space that have no + + align:start position:0% +consumer goods space that have no + + + align:start position:0% +consumer goods space that have no +regulation associated for them. So what + + align:start position:0% +regulation associated for them. So what + + + align:start position:0% +regulation associated for them. So what +are the discoveries that have been made + + align:start position:0% +are the discoveries that have been made + + + align:start position:0% +are the discoveries that have been made +that could differentiate this and apply + + align:start position:0% +that could differentiate this and apply + + + align:start position:0% +that could differentiate this and apply +this through to warrant the additional + + align:start position:0% +this through to warrant the additional + + + align:start position:0% +this through to warrant the additional +cost and overhead required to make this + + align:start position:0% +cost and overhead required to make this + + + align:start position:0% +cost and overhead required to make this +into a medical device technology. And + + align:start position:0% +into a medical device technology. And + + + align:start position:0% +into a medical device technology. And +then this leads directly into the + + align:start position:0% +then this leads directly into the + + + align:start position:0% +then this leads directly into the +question about intellectual property. + + align:start position:0% +question about intellectual property. + + + align:start position:0% +question about intellectual property. +What about this resonance or particular + + align:start position:0% +What about this resonance or particular + + + align:start position:0% +What about this resonance or particular +form of resonance is going to be + + align:start position:0% +form of resonance is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +form of resonance is going to be +optimizable or going to be patentable + + align:start position:0% +optimizable or going to be patentable + + + align:start position:0% +optimizable or going to be patentable +such that it's not obvious to anybody + + align:start position:0% +such that it's not obvious to anybody + + + align:start position:0% +such that it's not obvious to anybody +who's been developing bathing suits that + + align:start position:0% +who's been developing bathing suits that + + + align:start position:0% +who's been developing bathing suits that +were already in the market at that time + + align:start position:0% +were already in the market at that time + + + align:start position:0% +were already in the market at that time +such that there is a moat formed through + + align:start position:0% +such that there is a moat formed through + + + align:start position:0% +such that there is a moat formed through +intellectual property. + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property. + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property. +Okay. Right. So now you're introducing + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Right. So now you're introducing + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Right. So now you're introducing +IP and what we need to start thinking + + align:start position:0% +IP and what we need to start thinking + + + align:start position:0% +IP and what we need to start thinking +about all of us is John is already + + align:start position:0% +about all of us is John is already + + + align:start position:0% +about all of us is John is already +thinking when he is hearing all that + + align:start position:0% +thinking when he is hearing all that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking when he is hearing all that +he's thinking who do we need on the + + align:start position:0% +he's thinking who do we need on the + + + align:start position:0% +he's thinking who do we need on the +team? We need IP who the right crack the + + align:start position:0% +team? We need IP who the right crack the + + + align:start position:0% +team? We need IP who the right crack the +folks to go that for that + + align:start position:0% +folks to go that for that + + + align:start position:0% +folks to go that for that +we need manufacturing right so we need + + align:start position:0% +we need manufacturing right so we need + + + align:start position:0% +we need manufacturing right so we need +to start thinking about team composition + + align:start position:0% +to start thinking about team composition + + + align:start position:0% +to start thinking about team composition +okay Dr. seems coming to you. Thanks + + align:start position:0% +okay Dr. seems coming to you. Thanks + + + align:start position:0% +okay Dr. seems coming to you. Thanks +Mark. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Perfect. He already said my two points + + align:start position:0% +Perfect. He already said my two points + + + align:start position:0% +Perfect. He already said my two points +really which were + + align:start position:0% +really which were + + + align:start position:0% +really which were +from a regulatory perspective. What are + + align:start position:0% +from a regulatory perspective. What are + + + align:start position:0% +from a regulatory perspective. What are +the predicate devices that you would be + + align:start position:0% +the predicate devices that you would be + + + align:start position:0% +the predicate devices that you would be +referencing in filing a 510K + + align:start position:0% +referencing in filing a 510K + + + align:start position:0% +referencing in filing a 510K +so that the FDA can understand hazards + + align:start position:0% +so that the FDA can understand hazards + + + align:start position:0% +so that the FDA can understand hazards +and efficacy are the only two things the + + align:start position:0% +and efficacy are the only two things the + + + align:start position:0% +and efficacy are the only two things the +government I mean are the core + + align:start position:0% +government I mean are the core + + + align:start position:0% +government I mean are the core +foundational issues and then on the + + align:start position:0% +foundational issues and then on the + + + align:start position:0% +foundational issues and then on the +intellectual property landscape um it's + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property landscape um it's + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property landscape um it's +just vital to spend dozens or hundreds + + align:start position:0% +just vital to spend dozens or hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +just vital to spend dozens or hundreds +of hours searching the entire IP + + align:start position:0% +of hours searching the entire IP + + + align:start position:0% +of hours searching the entire IP +landscape that could be relevant to this + + align:start position:0% +landscape that could be relevant to this + + + align:start position:0% +landscape that could be relevant to this +because uh you know the business model + + align:start position:0% +because uh you know the business model + + + align:start position:0% +because uh you know the business model +has to hinge on + + align:start position:0% +has to hinge on + + + align:start position:0% +has to hinge on +uh not just excellence but protection. + + align:start position:0% +uh not just excellence but protection. + + + align:start position:0% +uh not just excellence but protection. +Yeah. Uh and could I actually put you + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Uh and could I actually put you + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Uh and could I actually put you +very quickly on the spot? You've been in + + align:start position:0% +very quickly on the spot? You've been in + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly on the spot? You've been in +the shoes of talking about your + + align:start position:0% +the shoes of talking about your + + + align:start position:0% +the shoes of talking about your +innovations at MSG to potential + + align:start position:0% +innovations at MSG to potential + + + align:start position:0% +innovations at MSG to potential +licensers of that technology. How do you + + align:start position:0% +licensers of that technology. How do you + + + align:start position:0% +licensers of that technology. How do you +how did you present those innovations, + + align:start position:0% +how did you present those innovations, + + + align:start position:0% +how did you present those innovations, +sir? What what high level advice do you + + align:start position:0% +sir? What what high level advice do you + + + align:start position:0% +sir? What what high level advice do you +have for the folks here as to what's + + align:start position:0% +have for the folks here as to what's + + + align:start position:0% +have for the folks here as to what's +important? Um + + align:start position:0% +important? Um + + + align:start position:0% +important? Um +that's that's too big a question. um + + align:start position:0% +that's that's too big a question. um + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's too big a question. um +because it depends I guess on whether + + align:start position:0% +because it depends I guess on whether + + + align:start position:0% +because it depends I guess on whether +you're starting from the health care + + align:start position:0% +you're starting from the health care + + + align:start position:0% +you're starting from the health care +organization and let's say a consortium + + align:start position:0% +organization and let's say a consortium + + + align:start position:0% +organization and let's say a consortium +of neonatal intensive care units who + + align:start position:0% +of neonatal intensive care units who + + + align:start position:0% +of neonatal intensive care units who +meet regularly and identify unlongfelt + + align:start position:0% +meet regularly and identify unlongfelt + + + align:start position:0% +meet regularly and identify unlongfelt +needs and they could be the pulling + + align:start position:0% +needs and they could be the pulling + + + align:start position:0% +needs and they could be the pulling +function to bring the technology into + + align:start position:0% +function to bring the technology into + + + align:start position:0% +function to bring the technology into +existence as opposed to the technology + + align:start position:0% +existence as opposed to the technology + + + align:start position:0% +existence as opposed to the technology +ology push which is from the research + + align:start position:0% +ology push which is from the research + + + align:start position:0% +ology push which is from the research +labs and companies with a cool new thing + + align:start position:0% +labs and companies with a cool new thing + + + align:start position:0% +labs and companies with a cool new thing +and we always said at MGH that the magic + + align:start position:0% +and we always said at MGH that the magic + + + align:start position:0% +and we always said at MGH that the magic +space the serendipitous space is how you + + align:start position:0% +space the serendipitous space is how you + + + align:start position:0% +space the serendipitous space is how you +match up tech push with clinical pull + + align:start position:0% +match up tech push with clinical pull + + + align:start position:0% +match up tech push with clinical pull +and so that's the highle way that I + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the highle way that I + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the highle way that I +would think about it as opposed to just + + align:start position:0% +would think about it as opposed to just + + + align:start position:0% +would think about it as opposed to just +how you would present it I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +how you would present it I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +how you would present it I mean that's +more like hey is there a particular + + align:start position:0% +more like hey is there a particular + + + align:start position:0% +more like hey is there a particular +neo neonatal intensive care unit that's + + align:start position:0% +neo neonatal intensive care unit that's + + + align:start position:0% +neo neonatal intensive care unit that's +very very interested in + + align:start position:0% +very very interested in + + + align:start position:0% +very very interested in +in certain issues with premature infants + + align:start position:0% +in certain issues with premature infants + + + align:start position:0% +in certain issues with premature infants +and has all is eager to be the first + + align:start position:0% +and has all is eager to be the first + + + align:start position:0% +and has all is eager to be the first +pilot site for a clinical trial once we + + align:start position:0% +pilot site for a clinical trial once we + + + align:start position:0% +pilot site for a clinical trial once we +figure out whether this is a 510K + + align:start position:0% +figure out whether this is a 510K + + + align:start position:0% +figure out whether this is a 510K +application because there's strong + + align:start position:0% +application because there's strong + + + align:start position:0% +application because there's strong +predicates or whether it's a PMA or an + + align:start position:0% +predicates or whether it's a PMA or an + + + align:start position:0% +predicates or whether it's a PMA or an +IDN + + align:start position:0% +IDN + + + align:start position:0% +IDN +which our friends can explain all of + + align:start position:0% +which our friends can explain all of + + + align:start position:0% +which our friends can explain all of +those pathways are very complex and of + + align:start position:0% +those pathways are very complex and of + + + align:start position:0% +those pathways are very complex and of +course I'm sorry to keep babbling but + + align:start position:0% +course I'm sorry to keep babbling but + + + align:start position:0% +course I'm sorry to keep babbling but +there's the um + + align:start position:0% +there's the um + + + align:start position:0% +there's the um +the uh the institutional review + + align:start position:0% +the uh the institutional review + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the institutional review +committees for + + align:start position:0% +committees for + + + align:start position:0% +committees for +the trials uh for human studies which + + align:start position:0% +the trials uh for human studies which + + + align:start position:0% +the trials uh for human studies which +this would be the first um if one was + + align:start position:0% +this would be the first um if one was + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the first um if one was +doing a study of the device in a + + align:start position:0% +doing a study of the device in a + + + align:start position:0% +doing a study of the device in a +clinical setting then you've got to have + + align:start position:0% +clinical setting then you've got to have + + + align:start position:0% +clinical setting then you've got to have +institutional review board approval and + + align:start position:0% +institutional review board approval and + + + align:start position:0% +institutional review board approval and +the IRB is going to say, "Hey, is this + + align:start position:0% +the IRB is going to say, "Hey, is this + + + align:start position:0% +the IRB is going to say, "Hey, is this +uh FDA approved or not? If not, then + + align:start position:0% +uh FDA approved or not? If not, then + + + align:start position:0% +uh FDA approved or not? If not, then +show me that you've done your homework + + align:start position:0% +show me that you've done your homework + + + align:start position:0% +show me that you've done your homework +as far as uh the pathway." So, it gets + + align:start position:0% +as far as uh the pathway." So, it gets + + + align:start position:0% +as far as uh the pathway." So, it gets +complex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and then to you, Leonardo. + + align:start position:0% +and and then to you, Leonardo. + + + align:start position:0% +and and then to you, Leonardo. +I was just going to say some additional + + align:start position:0% +I was just going to say some additional + + + align:start position:0% +I was just going to say some additional +questions that haven't really been + + align:start position:0% +questions that haven't really been + + + align:start position:0% +questions that haven't really been +touched upon. Um, how much does it cost? + + align:start position:0% +touched upon. Um, how much does it cost? + + + align:start position:0% +touched upon. Um, how much does it cost? +What's the market size? Um, are there + + align:start position:0% +What's the market size? Um, are there + + + align:start position:0% +What's the market size? Um, are there +already patents in place? And who else + + align:start position:0% +already patents in place? And who else + + + align:start position:0% +already patents in place? And who else +is on board? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I uh Adams + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +on board. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, let's uh go last to Leonardo and + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let's uh go last to Leonardo and + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let's uh go last to Leonardo and +then John had you come take center stage + + align:start position:0% +then John had you come take center stage + + + align:start position:0% +then John had you come take center stage +offer reflections on on the + + align:start position:0% +offer reflections on on the + + + align:start position:0% +offer reflections on on the +perspectives. So please + + align:start position:0% +perspectives. So please + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives. So please +very briefly um one question and then + + align:start position:0% +very briefly um one question and then + + + align:start position:0% +very briefly um one question and then +John I'm sure will uh comment why why we + + align:start position:0% +John I'm sure will uh comment why why we + + + align:start position:0% +John I'm sure will uh comment why why we +care about the technology is there a + + align:start position:0% +care about the technology is there a + + + align:start position:0% +care about the technology is there a +problem to solve and we will also + + align:start position:0% +problem to solve and we will also + + + align:start position:0% +problem to solve and we will also +discuss and John will present there is + + align:start position:0% +discuss and John will present there is + + + align:start position:0% +discuss and John will present there is +actually no predicate so we have to be a + + align:start position:0% +actually no predicate so we have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +actually no predicate so we have to be a +pioneer in creating everything creating + + align:start position:0% +pioneer in creating everything creating + + + align:start position:0% +pioneer in creating everything creating +regulation and negotiating with FDA and + + align:start position:0% +regulation and negotiating with FDA and + + + align:start position:0% +regulation and negotiating with FDA and +that's really suffering so but why we + + align:start position:0% +that's really suffering so but why we + + + align:start position:0% +that's really suffering so but why we +care about that and then I'll pass it to + + align:start position:0% +care about that and then I'll pass it to + + + align:start position:0% +care about that and then I'll pass it to +John + + align:start position:0% +John + + + align:start position:0% +John +yeah John uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah John uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah John uh +please join us if you here. So I want to + + align:start position:0% +please join us if you here. So I want to + + + align:start position:0% +please join us if you here. So I want to +make sure there's uh there is a great + + align:start position:0% +make sure there's uh there is a great + + + align:start position:0% +make sure there's uh there is a great +deal of time to interact with you saying + + align:start position:0% +deal of time to interact with you saying + + + align:start position:0% +deal of time to interact with you saying +welcome by the way. Thank you so much + + align:start position:0% +welcome by the way. Thank you so much + + + align:start position:0% +welcome by the way. Thank you so much +for for + + align:start position:0% +for for + + + align:start position:0% +for for +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +Dr. Cy you're raising your hand. Just + + align:start position:0% +Dr. Cy you're raising your hand. Just + + + align:start position:0% +Dr. Cy you're raising your hand. Just +one other loose topic is the management + + align:start position:0% +one other loose topic is the management + + + align:start position:0% +one other loose topic is the management +of conflict of interest to the extent + + align:start position:0% +of conflict of interest to the extent + + + align:start position:0% +of conflict of interest to the extent +that it's invented somewhere by somebody + + align:start position:0% +that it's invented somewhere by somebody + + + align:start position:0% +that it's invented somewhere by somebody +and you need that person the inventor in + + align:start position:0% +and you need that person the inventor in + + + align:start position:0% +and you need that person the inventor in +the new in the startup in order to + + align:start position:0% +the new in the startup in order to + + + align:start position:0% +the new in the startup in order to +provide domain expertise in which case + + align:start position:0% +provide domain expertise in which case + + + align:start position:0% +provide domain expertise in which case +the management of conflict of interest. + + align:start position:0% +the management of conflict of interest. + + + align:start position:0% +the management of conflict of interest. +If the inventor is a employee of a + + align:start position:0% +If the inventor is a employee of a + + + align:start position:0% +If the inventor is a employee of a +provider organization like Rockill or + + align:start position:0% +provider organization like Rockill or + + + align:start position:0% +provider organization like Rockill or +Mass General, then that's a whole space + + align:start position:0% +Mass General, then that's a whole space + + + align:start position:0% +Mass General, then that's a whole space +that has to have a lot of uh attention + + align:start position:0% +that has to have a lot of uh attention + + + align:start position:0% +that has to have a lot of uh attention +pay to it. + + align:start position:0% +pay to it. + + + align:start position:0% +pay to it. +Would would you have a comment for that? + + align:start position:0% +Would would you have a comment for that? + + + align:start position:0% +Would would you have a comment for that? +Yes. + + align:start position:0% +Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. +And several more. Um so I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +And several more. Um so I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +And several more. Um so I don't want to +start with that. I'd like to start more + + align:start position:0% +start with that. I'd like to start more + + + align:start position:0% +start with that. I'd like to start more +at the beginning and then jump into this + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning and then jump into this + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning and then jump into this +and we'll come back. Is that all right? + + align:start position:0% +and we'll come back. Is that all right? + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll come back. Is that all right? +So yeah in that case let's let me ask + + align:start position:0% +So yeah in that case let's let me ask + + + align:start position:0% +So yeah in that case let's let me ask +you John would you offer + + align:start position:0% +you John would you offer + + + align:start position:0% +you John would you offer +some perspectives on the journey that + + align:start position:0% +some perspectives on the journey that + + + align:start position:0% +some perspectives on the journey that +are not in not in the case study it + + align:start position:0% +are not in not in the case study it + + + align:start position:0% +are not in not in the case study it +perhaps offer more to the students. + + align:start position:0% +perhaps offer more to the students. + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps offer more to the students. +Sure. Sure. And in fact I was uh taking + + align:start position:0% +Sure. Sure. And in fact I was uh taking + + + align:start position:0% +Sure. Sure. And in fact I was uh taking +some notes so let me reflect on those. + + align:start position:0% +some notes so let me reflect on those. + + + align:start position:0% +some notes so let me reflect on those. +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +what came up in early was uh hey what + + align:start position:0% +what came up in early was uh hey what + + + align:start position:0% +what came up in early was uh hey what +kind of abilities do you need to really + + align:start position:0% +kind of abilities do you need to really + + + align:start position:0% +kind of abilities do you need to really +get a venture going right and abilities + + align:start position:0% +get a venture going right and abilities + + + align:start position:0% +get a venture going right and abilities +are very important right we hear about + + align:start position:0% +are very important right we hear about + + + align:start position:0% +are very important right we hear about +knowledge skills and abilities all + + align:start position:0% +knowledge skills and abilities all + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge skills and abilities all +throughout our lives you need to develop + + align:start position:0% +throughout our lives you need to develop + + + align:start position:0% +throughout our lives you need to develop +knowledge you need to develop skills and + + align:start position:0% +knowledge you need to develop skills and + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge you need to develop skills and +you need to have abilities and I think + + align:start position:0% +you need to have abilities and I think + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have abilities and I think +synonymous with skills are traits right + + align:start position:0% +synonymous with skills are traits right + + + align:start position:0% +synonymous with skills are traits right +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +starting a venture + + align:start position:0% +starting a venture + + + align:start position:0% +starting a venture +whether it's focused on substance use + + align:start position:0% +whether it's focused on substance use + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's focused on substance use +disorder or something else requires I + + align:start position:0% +disorder or something else requires I + + + align:start position:0% +disorder or something else requires I +believe + + align:start position:0% +believe + + + align:start position:0% +believe +first and foremost a trait of + + align:start position:0% +first and foremost a trait of + + + align:start position:0% +first and foremost a trait of +resilience. + + align:start position:0% +resilience. + + + align:start position:0% +resilience. +Resilience because nothing goes the way + + align:start position:0% +Resilience because nothing goes the way + + + align:start position:0% +Resilience because nothing goes the way +you expect it to go. + + align:start position:0% +you expect it to go. + + + align:start position:0% +you expect it to go. +There will be setbacks along the way. + + align:start position:0% +There will be setbacks along the way. + + + align:start position:0% +There will be setbacks along the way. +Things that you think are slam dunk are + + align:start position:0% +Things that you think are slam dunk are + + + align:start position:0% +Things that you think are slam dunk are +not. You will be surprised + + align:start position:0% +not. You will be surprised + + + align:start position:0% +not. You will be surprised +and it's your ability to take a step + + align:start position:0% +and it's your ability to take a step + + + align:start position:0% +and it's your ability to take a step +back, + + align:start position:0% +back, + + + align:start position:0% +back, +learn from that setback and then set a + + align:start position:0% +learn from that setback and then set a + + + align:start position:0% +learn from that setback and then set a +new more powerful course to succeed. So + + align:start position:0% +new more powerful course to succeed. So + + + align:start position:0% +new more powerful course to succeed. So +resilience is absolutely key to the + + align:start position:0% +resilience is absolutely key to the + + + align:start position:0% +resilience is absolutely key to the +success of your venture in this space + + align:start position:0% +success of your venture in this space + + + align:start position:0% +success of your venture in this space +and any other startup space. Got it? + + align:start position:0% +and any other startup space. Got it? + + + align:start position:0% +and any other startup space. Got it? +Startup. Another trait I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +Startup. Another trait I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +Startup. Another trait I'd like to +reflect on is actually + + align:start position:0% +reflect on is actually + + + align:start position:0% +reflect on is actually +reflected and written about long ago in + + align:start position:0% +reflected and written about long ago in + + + align:start position:0% +reflected and written about long ago in +a book by a gentleman named Jim Collins + + align:start position:0% +a book by a gentleman named Jim Collins + + + align:start position:0% +a book by a gentleman named Jim Collins +called Good to Great, who did extensive + + align:start position:0% +called Good to Great, who did extensive + + + align:start position:0% +called Good to Great, who did extensive +research on what made companies really + + align:start position:0% +research on what made companies really + + + align:start position:0% +research on what made companies really +successful over a sustained period of + + align:start position:0% +successful over a sustained period of + + + align:start position:0% +successful over a sustained period of +time. + + align:start position:0% +time. + + + align:start position:0% +time. +He concluded among many things that + + align:start position:0% +He concluded among many things that + + + align:start position:0% +He concluded among many things that +leadership at the top of a company needs + + align:start position:0% +leadership at the top of a company needs + + + align:start position:0% +leadership at the top of a company needs +to be humble but driven. + + align:start position:0% +to be humble but driven. + + + align:start position:0% +to be humble but driven. +And I think we've seen countless + + align:start position:0% +And I think we've seen countless + + + align:start position:0% +And I think we've seen countless +examples especially the last few years + + align:start position:0% +examples especially the last few years + + + align:start position:0% +examples especially the last few years +where you can say to yourself, "This + + align:start position:0% +where you can say to yourself, "This + + + align:start position:0% +where you can say to yourself, "This +person is really driven + + align:start position:0% +person is really driven + + + align:start position:0% +person is really driven +but maybe not so humble, + + align:start position:0% +but maybe not so humble, + + + align:start position:0% +but maybe not so humble, +right? This person's really brilliant + + align:start position:0% +right? This person's really brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +right? This person's really brilliant +and they know it, but perhaps not so + + align:start position:0% +and they know it, but perhaps not so + + + align:start position:0% +and they know it, but perhaps not so +humble. And while they may have great + + align:start position:0% +humble. And while they may have great + + + align:start position:0% +humble. And while they may have great +success, it's the companies that endure + + align:start position:0% +success, it's the companies that endure + + + align:start position:0% +success, it's the companies that endure +that are most important to us. The + + align:start position:0% +that are most important to us. The + + + align:start position:0% +that are most important to us. The +companies that + + align:start position:0% +companies that + + + align:start position:0% +companies that +provide innovation after innovation that + + align:start position:0% +provide innovation after innovation that + + + align:start position:0% +provide innovation after innovation that +return great stockholder wealth, but + + align:start position:0% +return great stockholder wealth, but + + + align:start position:0% +return great stockholder wealth, but +also improve human lives. and the CEOs + + align:start position:0% +also improve human lives. and the CEOs + + + align:start position:0% +also improve human lives. and the CEOs +and the CEOs in lineage of those + + align:start position:0% +and the CEOs in lineage of those + + + align:start position:0% +and the CEOs in lineage of those +companies + + align:start position:0% +companies + + + align:start position:0% +companies +if they're humble and driven typically + + align:start position:0% +if they're humble and driven typically + + + align:start position:0% +if they're humble and driven typically +provide and deliver on those kinds of + + align:start position:0% +provide and deliver on those kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +provide and deliver on those kinds of +promises. Right? So traits resilience, + + align:start position:0% +promises. Right? So traits resilience, + + + align:start position:0% +promises. Right? So traits resilience, +humble but driven. + + align:start position:0% +humble but driven. + + + align:start position:0% +humble but driven. +Okay. Uh thanks for letting me get that + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh thanks for letting me get that + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh thanks for letting me get that +one out. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's all about technology meeting needs. + + align:start position:0% +It's all about technology meeting needs. + + + align:start position:0% +It's all about technology meeting needs. +So we're going to talk about payar for a + + align:start position:0% +So we're going to talk about payar for a + + + align:start position:0% +So we're going to talk about payar for a +second. Right. So he's down at Woods + + align:start position:0% +second. Right. So he's down at Woods + + + align:start position:0% +second. Right. So he's down at Woods +Hole and he discovers that every time + + align:start position:0% +Hole and he discovers that every time + + + align:start position:0% +Hole and he discovers that every time +the table shakes, the squid that he's + + align:start position:0% +the table shakes, the squid that he's + + + align:start position:0% +the table shakes, the squid that he's +doing an experiment on, the axon fires. + + align:start position:0% +doing an experiment on, the axon fires. + + + align:start position:0% +doing an experiment on, the axon fires. +And he wonders why why does this axon + + align:start position:0% +And he wonders why why does this axon + + + align:start position:0% +And he wonders why why does this axon +fire every time the table shakes? And + + align:start position:0% +fire every time the table shakes? And + + + align:start position:0% +fire every time the table shakes? And +the table shakes because it's trying to + + align:start position:0% +the table shakes because it's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +the table shakes because it's trying to +maintain a saline temperature bath at a + + align:start position:0% +maintain a saline temperature bath at a + + + align:start position:0% +maintain a saline temperature bath at a +constant level. And to do that, it stirs + + align:start position:0% +constant level. And to do that, it stirs + + + align:start position:0% +constant level. And to do that, it stirs +the saline. That saline uh tub is next + + align:start position:0% +the saline. That saline uh tub is next + + + align:start position:0% +the saline. That saline uh tub is next +to the table. And when it stirs, it + + align:start position:0% +to the table. And when it stirs, it + + + align:start position:0% +to the table. And when it stirs, it +makes the table shake. but just ever so + + align:start position:0% +makes the table shake. but just ever so + + + align:start position:0% +makes the table shake. but just ever so +slightly. And at first, Dr. Pedapar + + align:start position:0% +slightly. And at first, Dr. Pedapar + + + align:start position:0% +slightly. And at first, Dr. Pedapar +didn't even realize that the table was + + align:start position:0% +didn't even realize that the table was + + + align:start position:0% +didn't even realize that the table was +shaking. + + align:start position:0% +shaking. + + + align:start position:0% +shaking. +So, he couldn't figure it out why. So, + + align:start position:0% +So, he couldn't figure it out why. So, + + + align:start position:0% +So, he couldn't figure it out why. So, +this is an important trait, too. + + align:start position:0% +this is an important trait, too. + + + align:start position:0% +this is an important trait, too. +Collaboration. + + align:start position:0% +Collaboration. + + + align:start position:0% +Collaboration. +What did he do? He didn't sit back and + + align:start position:0% +What did he do? He didn't sit back and + + + align:start position:0% +What did he do? He didn't sit back and +just say, "Whoa, what could it be?" + + align:start position:0% +just say, "Whoa, what could it be?" + + + align:start position:0% +just say, "Whoa, what could it be?" +He went to go see another Collins, + + align:start position:0% +He went to go see another Collins, + + + align:start position:0% +He went to go see another Collins, +believe it or not. Only this one happens + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not. Only this one happens + + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not. Only this one happens +to be at MIT. + + align:start position:0% +to be at MIT. + + + align:start position:0% +to be at MIT. +And he says, "I noticed whenever this + + align:start position:0% +And he says, "I noticed whenever this + + + align:start position:0% +And he says, "I noticed whenever this +table shakes, this axe on fires. What + + align:start position:0% +table shakes, this axe on fires. What + + + align:start position:0% +table shakes, this axe on fires. What +the heck is it?" And Jim Collins, + + align:start position:0% +the heck is it?" And Jim Collins, + + + align:start position:0% +the heck is it?" And Jim Collins, +another one says to him, "Oh, it's + + align:start position:0% +another one says to him, "Oh, it's + + + align:start position:0% +another one says to him, "Oh, it's +stochastic resonance." + + align:start position:0% +stochastic resonance." + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic resonance." +And at this time, maybe stochastic + + align:start position:0% +And at this time, maybe stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +And at this time, maybe stochastic +resonance is around 10 years old as a + + align:start position:0% +resonance is around 10 years old as a + + + align:start position:0% +resonance is around 10 years old as a +field of science. It just celebrated its + + align:start position:0% +field of science. It just celebrated its + + + align:start position:0% +field of science. It just celebrated its +40th year anniversary in 2021, by the + + align:start position:0% +40th year anniversary in 2021, by the + + + align:start position:0% +40th year anniversary in 2021, by the +way. So, it's a 42y old known technology + + align:start position:0% +way. So, it's a 42y old known technology + + + align:start position:0% +way. So, it's a 42y old known technology +now. + + align:start position:0% +now. + + + align:start position:0% +now. +And Pafar says, "What the heck's that?" + + align:start position:0% +And Pafar says, "What the heck's that?" + + + align:start position:0% +And Pafar says, "What the heck's that?" +And Pafar is no dummy, right? physics, + + align:start position:0% +And Pafar is no dummy, right? physics, + + + align:start position:0% +And Pafar is no dummy, right? physics, +undergrad, MD, Duke, UNCC, + + align:start position:0% +undergrad, MD, Duke, UNCC, + + + align:start position:0% +undergrad, MD, Duke, UNCC, +had Harvard, right? Practicing + + align:start position:0% +had Harvard, right? Practicing + + + align:start position:0% +had Harvard, right? Practicing +physician, now chair of neurology at the + + align:start position:0% +physician, now chair of neurology at the + + + align:start position:0% +physician, now chair of neurology at the +Dell Medical School. So, he's pretty + + align:start position:0% +Dell Medical School. So, he's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Dell Medical School. So, he's pretty +bright guy, but he's humble enough to + + align:start position:0% +bright guy, but he's humble enough to + + + align:start position:0% +bright guy, but he's humble enough to +listen to what Dr. Collins has to say + + align:start position:0% +listen to what Dr. Collins has to say + + + align:start position:0% +listen to what Dr. Collins has to say +and he dives in and he starts his + + align:start position:0% +and he dives in and he starts his + + + align:start position:0% +and he dives in and he starts his +journey of, well, I want to have this + + align:start position:0% +journey of, well, I want to have this + + + align:start position:0% +journey of, well, I want to have this +apply to helping babies breathe. Now, + + align:start position:0% +apply to helping babies breathe. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +apply to helping babies breathe. Now, +where did he come up from with that + + align:start position:0% +where did he come up from with that + + + align:start position:0% +where did he come up from with that +idea? Well, it just so happens back in + + align:start position:0% +idea? Well, it just so happens back in + + + align:start position:0% +idea? Well, it just so happens back in +the 70s, there were a couple guys at + + align:start position:0% +the 70s, there were a couple guys at + + + align:start position:0% +the 70s, there were a couple guys at +McGill University who wrote some papers + + align:start position:0% +McGill University who wrote some papers + + + align:start position:0% +McGill University who wrote some papers +on mathematical modeling of human + + align:start position:0% +on mathematical modeling of human + + + align:start position:0% +on mathematical modeling of human +respiration + + align:start position:0% +respiration + + + align:start position:0% +respiration +and Dr. Pedafar through his experience + + align:start position:0% +and Dr. Pedafar through his experience + + + align:start position:0% +and Dr. Pedafar through his experience +in looking at babies in the NICU knew + + align:start position:0% +in looking at babies in the NICU knew + + + align:start position:0% +in looking at babies in the NICU knew +that there were breathing problems + + align:start position:0% +that there were breathing problems + + + align:start position:0% +that there were breathing problems +and so he thought, well, if I can make + + align:start position:0% +and so he thought, well, if I can make + + + align:start position:0% +and so he thought, well, if I can make +this work to help babies breathe, that + + align:start position:0% +this work to help babies breathe, that + + + align:start position:0% +this work to help babies breathe, that +could be really something. So he did + + align:start position:0% +could be really something. So he did + + + align:start position:0% +could be really something. So he did +further computational modeling + + align:start position:0% +further computational modeling + + + align:start position:0% +further computational modeling +and then developed the very first device + + align:start position:0% +and then developed the very first device + + + align:start position:0% +and then developed the very first device +and back in 197475 + + align:start position:0% +and back in 197475 + + + align:start position:0% +and back in 197475 +published his first paper with one + + align:start position:0% +published his first paper with one + + + align:start position:0% +published his first paper with one +neonate that said hey guess what this + + align:start position:0% +neonate that said hey guess what this + + + align:start position:0% +neonate that said hey guess what this +stochastic stimulation seems to work now + + align:start position:0% +stochastic stimulation seems to work now + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic stimulation seems to work now +he didn't have it all sorted out he + + align:start position:0% +he didn't have it all sorted out he + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't have it all sorted out he +didn't know what the amplitude he didn't + + align:start position:0% +didn't know what the amplitude he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know what the amplitude he didn't +know what frequency but again he was + + align:start position:0% +know what frequency but again he was + + + align:start position:0% +know what frequency but again he was +humble he was driven that led him to + + align:start position:0% +humble he was driven that led him to + + + align:start position:0% +humble he was driven that led him to +work at Harvard + + align:start position:0% +work at Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +work at Harvard +and the V institute where they developed + + align:start position:0% +and the V institute where they developed + + + align:start position:0% +and the V institute where they developed +better prototypes. + + align:start position:0% +better prototypes. + + + align:start position:0% +better prototypes. +They did first investigational device + + align:start position:0% +They did first investigational device + + + align:start position:0% +They did first investigational device +studies on humans. They expanded the + + align:start position:0% +studies on humans. They expanded the + + + align:start position:0% +studies on humans. They expanded the +number of babies that they were looking + + align:start position:0% +number of babies that they were looking + + + align:start position:0% +number of babies that they were looking +at and went from that one and they did + + align:start position:0% +at and went from that one and they did + + + align:start position:0% +at and went from that one and they did +in 2009 a study with 10 preterm infants + + align:start position:0% +in 2009 a study with 10 preterm infants + + + align:start position:0% +in 2009 a study with 10 preterm infants +and showed, yep, we're actually seeing + + align:start position:0% +and showed, yep, we're actually seeing + + + align:start position:0% +and showed, yep, we're actually seeing +improvement in breathing control in + + align:start position:0% +improvement in breathing control in + + + align:start position:0% +improvement in breathing control in +preterm newborns. Fantastic. + + align:start position:0% +preterm newborns. Fantastic. + + + align:start position:0% +preterm newborns. Fantastic. +All right, so stop there. That's a big + + align:start position:0% +All right, so stop there. That's a big + + + align:start position:0% +All right, so stop there. That's a big +important story about I think Dr. Pafar + + align:start position:0% +important story about I think Dr. Pafar + + + align:start position:0% +important story about I think Dr. Pafar +does it help and I'm coming back here we + + align:start position:0% +does it help and I'm coming back here we + + + align:start position:0% +does it help and I'm coming back here we +good any follow- on question about early + + align:start position:0% +good any follow- on question about early + + + align:start position:0% +good any follow- on question about early +innovation + + align:start position:0% +innovation + + + align:start position:0% +innovation +so now we'll go so this is the + + align:start position:0% +so now we'll go so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so now we'll go so this is the +innovation this is the technology now + + align:start position:0% +innovation this is the technology now + + + align:start position:0% +innovation this is the technology now +there's the next phase right which is + + align:start position:0% +there's the next phase right which is + + + align:start position:0% +there's the next phase right which is +okay from technology to I'll call MVP + + align:start position:0% +okay from technology to I'll call MVP + + + align:start position:0% +okay from technology to I'll call MVP +minimum viable product and now and and + + align:start position:0% +minimum viable product and now and and + + + align:start position:0% +minimum viable product and now and and +Dr. pafar turdan's you know explanation + + align:start position:0% +Dr. pafar turdan's you know explanation + + + align:start position:0% +Dr. pafar turdan's you know explanation +upfront isn't a business person he's not + + align:start position:0% +upfront isn't a business person he's not + + + align:start position:0% +upfront isn't a business person he's not +literally thinking about well what is + + align:start position:0% +literally thinking about well what is + + + align:start position:0% +literally thinking about well what is +the product + + align:start position:0% +the product + + + align:start position:0% +the product +right I I I know I've got a concept here + + align:start position:0% +right I I I know I've got a concept here + + + align:start position:0% +right I I I know I've got a concept here +of this pad that baby can lay down on to + + align:start position:0% +of this pad that baby can lay down on to + + + align:start position:0% +of this pad that baby can lay down on to +improve breathing but what what really + + align:start position:0% +improve breathing but what what really + + + align:start position:0% +improve breathing but what what really +is the product so that's really the + + align:start position:0% +is the product so that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +is the product so that's really the +second phase of this development right + + align:start position:0% +second phase of this development right + + + align:start position:0% +second phase of this development right +and serendipity with the squid love the + + align:start position:0% +and serendipity with the squid love the + + + align:start position:0% +and serendipity with the squid love the +word serendipity for me right I just + + align:start position:0% +word serendipity for me right I just + + + align:start position:0% +word serendipity for me right I just +left running a company for four years + + align:start position:0% +left running a company for four years + + + align:start position:0% +left running a company for four years +out on the west west coast that happened + + align:start position:0% +out on the west west coast that happened + + + align:start position:0% +out on the west west coast that happened +to be my was my first experience in + + align:start position:0% +to be my was my first experience in + + + align:start position:0% +to be my was my first experience in +electro stem right for pain management + + align:start position:0% +electro stem right for pain management + + + align:start position:0% +electro stem right for pain management +couldn't get the board to go in the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get the board to go in the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get the board to go in the +direction I want CMS had dropped + + align:start position:0% +direction I want CMS had dropped + + + align:start position:0% +direction I want CMS had dropped +coverage of our number one device which + + align:start position:0% +coverage of our number one device which + + + align:start position:0% +coverage of our number one device which +was tens to treat low back pain they had + + align:start position:0% +was tens to treat low back pain they had + + + align:start position:0% +was tens to treat low back pain they had +covered it for 20 years and 60% of our + + align:start position:0% +covered it for 20 years and 60% of our + + + align:start position:0% +covered it for 20 years and 60% of our +revenue disappeared in a period of 4 + + align:start position:0% +revenue disappeared in a period of 4 + + + align:start position:0% +revenue disappeared in a period of 4 +months you have 600 employees and when + + align:start position:0% +months you have 600 employees and when + + + align:start position:0% +months you have 600 employees and when +60% of your revenue goes away in a very + + align:start position:0% +60% of your revenue goes away in a very + + + align:start position:0% +60% of your revenue goes away in a very +short period of time, you better + + align:start position:0% +short period of time, you better + + + align:start position:0% +short period of time, you better +scramble. You better be resilient. + + align:start position:0% +scramble. You better be resilient. + + + align:start position:0% +scramble. You better be resilient. +So, we did. We got the company. We + + align:start position:0% +So, we did. We got the company. We + + + align:start position:0% +So, we did. We got the company. We +stabilized it. We survived. But it was + + align:start position:0% +stabilized it. We survived. But it was + + + align:start position:0% +stabilized it. We survived. But it was +time for me to move on because I + + align:start position:0% +time for me to move on because I + + + align:start position:0% +time for me to move on because I +couldn't get the board to expand into + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get the board to expand into + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get the board to expand into +other areas, other technologies to + + align:start position:0% +other areas, other technologies to + + + align:start position:0% +other areas, other technologies to +address pain. + + align:start position:0% +address pain. + + + align:start position:0% +address pain. +Fast forward to the end of 2016. My + + align:start position:0% +Fast forward to the end of 2016. My + + + align:start position:0% +Fast forward to the end of 2016. My +stepson has an overdose + + align:start position:0% +stepson has an overdose + + + align:start position:0% +stepson has an overdose +in our house in the bathroom. + + align:start position:0% +in our house in the bathroom. + + + align:start position:0% +in our house in the bathroom. +We discover him blue. Luckily, because + + align:start position:0% +We discover him blue. Luckily, because + + + align:start position:0% +We discover him blue. Luckily, because +he had been going through counseling, we + + align:start position:0% +he had been going through counseling, we + + + align:start position:0% +he had been going through counseling, we +had Narcan in the house. We revived him. + + align:start position:0% +had Narcan in the house. We revived him. + + + align:start position:0% +had Narcan in the house. We revived him. +He's doing great. He's living in + + align:start position:0% +He's doing great. He's living in + + + align:start position:0% +He's doing great. He's living in +Michigan. Happy that he's alive. A month + + align:start position:0% +Michigan. Happy that he's alive. A month + + + align:start position:0% +Michigan. Happy that he's alive. A month +later, after I had been working with + + align:start position:0% +later, after I had been working with + + + align:start position:0% +later, after I had been working with +Harvard on a microbiome project, they + + align:start position:0% +Harvard on a microbiome project, they + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard on a microbiome project, they +called me and said, "We got this other + + align:start position:0% +called me and said, "We got this other + + + align:start position:0% +called me and said, "We got this other +technology we want you to look at. We + + align:start position:0% +technology we want you to look at. We + + + align:start position:0% +technology we want you to look at. We +don't know how to get it to market. We + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to get it to market. We + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to get it to market. We +can't get any of the big companies + + align:start position:0% +can't get any of the big companies + + + align:start position:0% +can't get any of the big companies +interested. Why not? You've worked at + + align:start position:0% +interested. Why not? You've worked at + + + align:start position:0% +interested. Why not? You've worked at +big companies. Tell us what we're + + align:start position:0% +big companies. Tell us what we're + + + align:start position:0% +big companies. Tell us what we're +missing. I go down. I look at it. Within + + align:start position:0% +missing. I go down. I look at it. Within + + + align:start position:0% +missing. I go down. I look at it. Within +a day, I tell them why. No company's + + align:start position:0% +a day, I tell them why. No company's + + + align:start position:0% +a day, I tell them why. No company's +going to look at it for a while. They + + align:start position:0% +going to look at it for a while. They + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at it for a while. They +believe me. About two weeks later, + + align:start position:0% +believe me. About two weeks later, + + + align:start position:0% +believe me. About two weeks later, +impressed with what it could do for + + align:start position:0% +impressed with what it could do for + + + align:start position:0% +impressed with what it could do for +opioid exposed babies. Barbara and I, my + + align:start position:0% +opioid exposed babies. Barbara and I, my + + + align:start position:0% +opioid exposed babies. Barbara and I, my +incredible spouse partner, agreed this + + align:start position:0% +incredible spouse partner, agreed this + + + align:start position:0% +incredible spouse partner, agreed this +is what we were supposed to do. + + align:start position:0% +is what we were supposed to do. + + + align:start position:0% +is what we were supposed to do. +went back to Harvard said I want it. I + + align:start position:0% +went back to Harvard said I want it. I + + + align:start position:0% +went back to Harvard said I want it. I +want to bring it to market. They said + + align:start position:0% +want to bring it to market. They said + + + align:start position:0% +want to bring it to market. They said +okay that started the MVP journey. What + + align:start position:0% +okay that started the MVP journey. What + + + align:start position:0% +okay that started the MVP journey. What +is the MVP? Right? Luckily some of the + + align:start position:0% +is the MVP? Right? Luckily some of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the MVP? Right? Luckily some of the +skills that I had early in my career was + + align:start position:0% +skills that I had early in my career was + + + align:start position:0% +skills that I had early in my career was +as a marketing analyst. + + align:start position:0% +as a marketing analyst. + + + align:start position:0% +as a marketing analyst. +Right? Okay. What could this become? How + + align:start position:0% +Right? Okay. What could this become? How + + + align:start position:0% +Right? Okay. What could this become? How +do customers what is the niku? What is + + align:start position:0% +do customers what is the niku? What is + + + align:start position:0% +do customers what is the niku? What is +the market size? What is the + + align:start position:0% +the market size? What is the + + + align:start position:0% +the market size? What is the +application? What's the competition? All + + align:start position:0% +application? What's the competition? All + + + align:start position:0% +application? What's the competition? All +those things that I learned as a + + align:start position:0% +those things that I learned as a + + + align:start position:0% +those things that I learned as a +marketing analyst early in my career, I + + align:start position:0% +marketing analyst early in my career, I + + + align:start position:0% +marketing analyst early in my career, I +started applying to this opportunity and + + align:start position:0% +started applying to this opportunity and + + + align:start position:0% +started applying to this opportunity and +started thinking about + + align:start position:0% +started thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +started thinking about +how to bring it to market. + + align:start position:0% +how to bring it to market. + + + align:start position:0% +how to bring it to market. +I thought this is going to be easy, + + align:start position:0% +I thought this is going to be easy, + + + align:start position:0% +I thought this is going to be easy, +right? I'm going to put together some + + align:start position:0% +right? I'm going to put together some + + + align:start position:0% +right? I'm going to put together some +slides, PowerPoint slides. I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +slides, PowerPoint slides. I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +slides, PowerPoint slides. I'm going to +get in front of some angel investors. + + align:start position:0% +get in front of some angel investors. + + + align:start position:0% +get in front of some angel investors. +I'm living in Boston. I'm living in + + align:start position:0% +I'm living in Boston. I'm living in + + + align:start position:0% +I'm living in Boston. I'm living in +conquered mass. It's former CEO, 30 plus + + align:start position:0% +conquered mass. It's former CEO, 30 plus + + + align:start position:0% +conquered mass. It's former CEO, 30 plus +years of experience in medical devices. + + align:start position:0% +years of experience in medical devices. + + + align:start position:0% +years of experience in medical devices. +Harvard technology with MGH, right? And + + align:start position:0% +Harvard technology with MGH, right? And + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard technology with MGH, right? And +University of Massachusetts, the three + + align:start position:0% +University of Massachusetts, the three + + + align:start position:0% +University of Massachusetts, the three +institutions collaborated on it. + + align:start position:0% +institutions collaborated on it. + + + align:start position:0% +institutions collaborated on it. +Got a real market need. I got + + align:start position:0% +Got a real market need. I got + + + align:start position:0% +Got a real market need. I got +investigational devices developed. I've + + align:start position:0% +investigational devices developed. I've + + + align:start position:0% +investigational devices developed. I've +got clinical studies. I've got patents. + + align:start position:0% +got clinical studies. I've got patents. + + + align:start position:0% +got clinical studies. I've got patents. +I'm going to get $2 million right away + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get $2 million right away + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get $2 million right away +after my first presentation or two. + + align:start position:0% +after my first presentation or two. + + + align:start position:0% +after my first presentation or two. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Fail. Fail. Fail. Right. angel + + align:start position:0% +Fail. Fail. Fail. Right. angel + + + align:start position:0% +Fail. Fail. Fail. Right. angel +investors. They're great. They're + + align:start position:0% +investors. They're great. They're + + + align:start position:0% +investors. They're great. They're +wonderful, right? But at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +wonderful, right? But at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful, right? But at the end of the +day, they're hobbyists that are looking + + align:start position:0% +day, they're hobbyists that are looking + + + align:start position:0% +day, they're hobbyists that are looking +to make 40 $50,000 investments, maybe 10 + + align:start position:0% +to make 40 $50,000 investments, maybe 10 + + + align:start position:0% +to make 40 $50,000 investments, maybe 10 +or $20,000, and they want something a + + align:start position:0% +or $20,000, and they want something a + + + align:start position:0% +or $20,000, and they want something a +little bit more proven, and they want a + + align:start position:0% +little bit more proven, and they want a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more proven, and they want a +whole lot of your equity up front. + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of your equity up front. + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of your equity up front. +So, somebody told me about how to write + + align:start position:0% +So, somebody told me about how to write + + + align:start position:0% +So, somebody told me about how to write +a grant, and I'm like, well, wait, how + + align:start position:0% +a grant, and I'm like, well, wait, how + + + align:start position:0% +a grant, and I'm like, well, wait, how +do you spell grant? Even though I was a + + align:start position:0% +do you spell grant? Even though I was a + + + align:start position:0% +do you spell grant? Even though I was a +former CEO, I didn't really know how to + + align:start position:0% +former CEO, I didn't really know how to + + + align:start position:0% +former CEO, I didn't really know how to +spell grants, + + align:start position:0% +spell grants, + + + align:start position:0% +spell grants, +let alone write one. + + align:start position:0% +let alone write one. + + + align:start position:0% +let alone write one. +So, I went on the internet. Oh. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +So, I went on the internet. Oh. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +So, I went on the internet. Oh. Oh, +yeah. There's these things called SBI. + + align:start position:0% +yeah. There's these things called SBI. + + + align:start position:0% +yeah. There's these things called SBI. +Oh, yeah. I'll write one. No problem. + + align:start position:0% +Oh, yeah. I'll write one. No problem. + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, yeah. I'll write one. No problem. +Spent a couple days, tossed it in. This + + align:start position:0% +Spent a couple days, tossed it in. This + + + align:start position:0% +Spent a couple days, tossed it in. This +will be easy. All the same assumptions I + + align:start position:0% +will be easy. All the same assumptions I + + + align:start position:0% +will be easy. All the same assumptions I +made with angel investors. I get this + + align:start position:0% +made with angel investors. I get this + + + align:start position:0% +made with angel investors. I get this +feedback. I don't know. Couple months + + align:start position:0% +feedback. I don't know. Couple months + + + align:start position:0% +feedback. I don't know. Couple months +later, + + align:start position:0% +later, + + + align:start position:0% +later, +it wasn't scored. Wow. That that must + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't scored. Wow. That that must + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't scored. Wow. That that must +mean this is great. It was so good. They + + align:start position:0% +mean this is great. It was so good. They + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is great. It was so good. They +didn't even score it, + + align:start position:0% +didn't even score it, + + + align:start position:0% +didn't even score it, +right? No, dummy. Means it was so bad, + + align:start position:0% +right? No, dummy. Means it was so bad, + + + align:start position:0% +right? No, dummy. Means it was so bad, +right? that nobody even wanted to give + + align:start position:0% +right? that nobody even wanted to give + + + align:start position:0% +right? that nobody even wanted to give +it a second look. They didn't even want + + align:start position:0% +it a second look. They didn't even want + + + align:start position:0% +it a second look. They didn't even want +to waste time discussing your grant + + align:start position:0% +to waste time discussing your grant + + + align:start position:0% +to waste time discussing your grant +application. + + align:start position:0% +application. + + + align:start position:0% +application. +Oh man. Okay, angels aren't going + + align:start position:0% +Oh man. Okay, angels aren't going + + + align:start position:0% +Oh man. Okay, angels aren't going +anywhere. I'm not getting any love on + + align:start position:0% +anywhere. I'm not getting any love on + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere. I'm not getting any love on +the grants. Oh, start a substance use + + align:start position:0% +the grants. Oh, start a substance use + + + align:start position:0% +the grants. Oh, start a substance use +disorder challenge, NIH, sponsored by + + align:start position:0% +disorder challenge, NIH, sponsored by + + + align:start position:0% +disorder challenge, NIH, sponsored by +the National Institute on Drug Abuse. I + + align:start position:0% +the National Institute on Drug Abuse. I + + + align:start position:0% +the National Institute on Drug Abuse. I +think I'll apply for that. + + align:start position:0% +think I'll apply for that. + + + align:start position:0% +think I'll apply for that. +$10,000 award. + + align:start position:0% +$10,000 award. + + + align:start position:0% +$10,000 award. +Applied. get it and I get the $10,000 + + align:start position:0% +Applied. get it and I get the $10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +Applied. get it and I get the $10,000 +and I'm really excited about it. But you + + align:start position:0% +and I'm really excited about it. But you + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm really excited about it. But you +know what the real benefit is sitting + + align:start position:0% +know what the real benefit is sitting + + + align:start position:0% +know what the real benefit is sitting +right here in this room. + + align:start position:0% +right here in this room. + + + align:start position:0% +right here in this room. +The benefit was oh you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +The benefit was oh you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +The benefit was oh you're going to get +to learn how to write a grant. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +to learn how to write a grant. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +to learn how to write a grant. Oh, +super. + + align:start position:0% +super. + + + align:start position:0% +super. +And we're going to teach you how to do + + align:start position:0% +And we're going to teach you how to do + + + align:start position:0% +And we're going to teach you how to do +it. + + align:start position:0% +it. + + + align:start position:0% +it. +And I get on the phone with Elena + + align:start position:0% +And I get on the phone with Elena + + + align:start position:0% +And I get on the phone with Elena +and she basically tells me, a former CEO + + align:start position:0% +and she basically tells me, a former CEO + + + align:start position:0% +and she basically tells me, a former CEO +of a midcap company who developed a 35-y + + align:start position:0% +of a midcap company who developed a 35-y + + + align:start position:0% +of a midcap company who developed a 35-y +year career with many of the world's + + align:start position:0% +year career with many of the world's + + + align:start position:0% +year career with many of the world's +best companies in medical devices, is + + align:start position:0% +best companies in medical devices, is + + + align:start position:0% +best companies in medical devices, is +going to teach me how to write a grant. + + align:start position:0% +going to teach me how to write a grant. + + + align:start position:0% +going to teach me how to write a grant. +She lays it on the line. This is going + + align:start position:0% +She lays it on the line. This is going + + + align:start position:0% +She lays it on the line. This is going +to be tough. + + align:start position:0% +to be tough. + + + align:start position:0% +to be tough. +You're not going to like it. You're + + align:start position:0% +You're not going to like it. You're + + + align:start position:0% +You're not going to like it. You're +going to do everything I tell you to do. + + align:start position:0% +going to do everything I tell you to do. + + + align:start position:0% +going to do everything I tell you to do. +You're going to do homework. You're + + align:start position:0% +You're going to do homework. You're + + + align:start position:0% +You're going to do homework. You're +going to submit it. I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +going to submit it. I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to submit it. I'm going to +evaluate it. I'm going to critique it. + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it. I'm going to critique it. + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it. I'm going to critique it. +and you're going to write it again. + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to write it again. + + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to write it again. +And that went on for + + align:start position:0% +And that went on for + + + align:start position:0% +And that went on for +six months. + + align:start position:0% +six months. + + + align:start position:0% +six months. +Write, rewrite, write, rewrite, write, + + align:start position:0% +Write, rewrite, write, rewrite, write, + + + align:start position:0% +Write, rewrite, write, rewrite, write, +rewrite. + + align:start position:0% +rewrite. + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite. +Submit the grant after it. + + align:start position:0% +Submit the grant after it. + + + align:start position:0% +Submit the grant after it. +Wasn't perfect. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wasn't a really great score, but I got + + align:start position:0% +Wasn't a really great score, but I got + + + align:start position:0% +Wasn't a really great score, but I got +scored. And I got Naida to step in and + + align:start position:0% +scored. And I got Naida to step in and + + + align:start position:0% +scored. And I got Naida to step in and +give us our very first grant. + + align:start position:0% +give us our very first grant. + + + align:start position:0% +give us our very first grant. +Amazing. This set the foundation. + + align:start position:0% +Amazing. This set the foundation. + + + align:start position:0% +Amazing. This set the foundation. +To date, we've won over $8 million in + + align:start position:0% +To date, we've won over $8 million in + + + align:start position:0% +To date, we've won over $8 million in +non-dilutive awards and grants. + + align:start position:0% +non-dilutive awards and grants. + + + align:start position:0% +non-dilutive awards and grants. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +And taking exactly what she told me and + + align:start position:0% +And taking exactly what she told me and + + + align:start position:0% +And taking exactly what she told me and +working at it year after year after + + align:start position:0% +working at it year after year after + + + align:start position:0% +working at it year after year after +year. The last grant I applied to was + + align:start position:0% +year. The last grant I applied to was + + + align:start position:0% +year. The last grant I applied to was +scored an 18. And we'll know in a couple + + align:start position:0% +scored an 18. And we'll know in a couple + + + align:start position:0% +scored an 18. And we'll know in a couple +weeks if we've got that grant. + + align:start position:0% +weeks if we've got that grant. + + + align:start position:0% +weeks if we've got that grant. +And if you're not familiar with grant + + align:start position:0% +And if you're not familiar with grant + + + align:start position:0% +And if you're not familiar with grant +scores, they go from 10 to 90. + + align:start position:0% +scores, they go from 10 to 90. + + + align:start position:0% +scores, they go from 10 to 90. +Lower is better. Usually 30, you're in + + align:start position:0% +Lower is better. Usually 30, you're in + + + align:start position:0% +Lower is better. Usually 30, you're in +the ballpark to get funded. So getting + + align:start position:0% +the ballpark to get funded. So getting + + + align:start position:0% +the ballpark to get funded. So getting +an 18 is pretty darn good. Going from + + align:start position:0% +an 18 is pretty darn good. Going from + + + align:start position:0% +an 18 is pretty darn good. Going from +not being scored to 18 is fantastic. So + + align:start position:0% +not being scored to 18 is fantastic. So + + + align:start position:0% +not being scored to 18 is fantastic. So +why do I bring up this important + + align:start position:0% +why do I bring up this important + + + align:start position:0% +why do I bring up this important +element, right? Because in order to go + + align:start position:0% +element, right? Because in order to go + + + align:start position:0% +element, right? Because in order to go +from an idea and a technology and + + align:start position:0% +from an idea and a technology and + + + align:start position:0% +from an idea and a technology and +investigational devices to an MVP + + align:start position:0% +investigational devices to an MVP + + + align:start position:0% +investigational devices to an MVP +towards commercialization, you need + + align:start position:0% +towards commercialization, you need + + + align:start position:0% +towards commercialization, you need +money, + + align:start position:0% +money, + + + align:start position:0% +money, +right? + + align:start position:0% +right? + + + align:start position:0% +right? +And there in my opinion, my humble + + align:start position:0% +And there in my opinion, my humble + + + align:start position:0% +And there in my opinion, my humble +opinion, there is no better source of + + align:start position:0% +opinion, there is no better source of + + + align:start position:0% +opinion, there is no better source of +funding for a startup in this space than + + align:start position:0% +funding for a startup in this space than + + + align:start position:0% +funding for a startup in this space than +the NIH and NIDA specifically. + + align:start position:0% +the NIH and NIDA specifically. + + + align:start position:0% +the NIH and NIDA specifically. +This is absolutely America's seed fund. + + align:start position:0% +This is absolutely America's seed fund. + + + align:start position:0% +This is absolutely America's seed fund. +And the support that you receive, and by + + align:start position:0% +And the support that you receive, and by + + + align:start position:0% +And the support that you receive, and by +the way, I'm not getting paid for this. + + align:start position:0% +the way, I'm not getting paid for this. + + + align:start position:0% +the way, I'm not getting paid for this. +Nothing on the side, all right? is + + align:start position:0% +Nothing on the side, all right? is + + + align:start position:0% +Nothing on the side, all right? is +immeasurable + + align:start position:0% +immeasurable + + + align:start position:0% +immeasurable +as long as you remember to stay humble + + align:start position:0% +as long as you remember to stay humble + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you remember to stay humble +but driven. Right? What does + + align:start position:0% +but driven. Right? What does + + + align:start position:0% +but driven. Right? What does +non-dilutive mean? It means that you're + + align:start position:0% +non-dilutive mean? It means that you're + + + align:start position:0% +non-dilutive mean? It means that you're +not picking up the phone every week and + + align:start position:0% +not picking up the phone every week and + + + align:start position:0% +not picking up the phone every week and +talking to 10 different investors who + + align:start position:0% +talking to 10 different investors who + + + align:start position:0% +talking to 10 different investors who +are saying, "Why aren't you moving + + align:start position:0% +are saying, "Why aren't you moving + + + align:start position:0% +are saying, "Why aren't you moving +faster?" + + align:start position:0% +faster?" + + + align:start position:0% +faster?" +Okay? It means that you have time to + + align:start position:0% +Okay? It means that you have time to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay? It means that you have time to +think about how you're going to go to + + align:start position:0% +think about how you're going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +think about how you're going to go to +market. means that you have credibility + + align:start position:0% +market. means that you have credibility + + + align:start position:0% +market. means that you have credibility +when talking to physicians that are + + align:start position:0% +when talking to physicians that are + + + align:start position:0% +when talking to physicians that are +interested in using your product or your + + align:start position:0% +interested in using your product or your + + + align:start position:0% +interested in using your product or your +technology. It means that you have + + align:start position:0% +technology. It means that you have + + + align:start position:0% +technology. It means that you have +something to show to people struggling + + align:start position:0% +something to show to people struggling + + + align:start position:0% +something to show to people struggling +with addiction that there is a promise + + align:start position:0% +with addiction that there is a promise + + + align:start position:0% +with addiction that there is a promise +that you are working on something that + + align:start position:0% +that you are working on something that + + + align:start position:0% +that you are working on something that +will help resolve an issue. + + align:start position:0% +will help resolve an issue. + + + align:start position:0% +will help resolve an issue. +That is really what you get. And oh, by + + align:start position:0% +That is really what you get. And oh, by + + + align:start position:0% +That is really what you get. And oh, by +the way, after you get these other + + align:start position:0% +the way, after you get these other + + + align:start position:0% +the way, after you get these other +things sorted out, + + align:start position:0% +things sorted out, + + + align:start position:0% +things sorted out, +it's an incredible backdrop to + + align:start position:0% +it's an incredible backdrop to + + + align:start position:0% +it's an incredible backdrop to +investors. + + align:start position:0% +investors. + + + align:start position:0% +investors. +It's proof. It's a proof source that you + + align:start position:0% +It's proof. It's a proof source that you + + + align:start position:0% +It's proof. It's a proof source that you +know what you're doing and that you have + + align:start position:0% +know what you're doing and that you have + + + align:start position:0% +know what you're doing and that you have +a path forward towards success and + + align:start position:0% +a path forward towards success and + + + align:start position:0% +a path forward towards success and +you've been successful in the past and + + align:start position:0% +you've been successful in the past and + + + align:start position:0% +you've been successful in the past and +in all likelihood you'll be successful + + align:start position:0% +in all likelihood you'll be successful + + + align:start position:0% +in all likelihood you'll be successful +in the future. It's a fantastic proof + + align:start position:0% +in the future. It's a fantastic proof + + + align:start position:0% +in the future. It's a fantastic proof +for source to get grants. by the way + + align:start position:0% +for source to get grants. by the way + + + align:start position:0% +for source to get grants. by the way +you can't answer these questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right really really well until you write + + align:start position:0% +right really really well until you write + + + align:start position:0% +right really really well until you write +a grant because you've got to answer all + + align:start position:0% +a grant because you've got to answer all + + + align:start position:0% +a grant because you've got to answer all +these questions when you apply for an + + align:start position:0% +these questions when you apply for an + + + align:start position:0% +these questions when you apply for an +SBI grant all these things that we + + align:start position:0% +SBI grant all these things that we + + + align:start position:0% +SBI grant all these things that we +talked about what's your price what's + + align:start position:0% +talked about what's your price what's + + + align:start position:0% +talked about what's your price what's +your go to market what what's your IP + + align:start position:0% +your go to market what what's your IP + + + align:start position:0% +your go to market what what's your IP +right what's your cost of your product + + align:start position:0% +right what's your cost of your product + + + align:start position:0% +right what's your cost of your product +what margins are you targeting how big + + align:start position:0% +what margins are you targeting how big + + + align:start position:0% +what margins are you targeting how big +is the need + + align:start position:0% +is the need + + + align:start position:0% +is the need +What's the adoption rate? What's going + + align:start position:0% +What's the adoption rate? What's going + + + align:start position:0% +What's the adoption rate? What's going +on with reimbursement? What's going on + + align:start position:0% +on with reimbursement? What's going on + + + align:start position:0% +on with reimbursement? What's going on +with regulatory pathway? You have to + + align:start position:0% +with regulatory pathway? You have to + + + align:start position:0% +with regulatory pathway? You have to +understand all those. And in my opinion, + + align:start position:0% +understand all those. And in my opinion, + + + align:start position:0% +understand all those. And in my opinion, +humble opinion is the best person to + + align:start position:0% +humble opinion is the best person to + + + align:start position:0% +humble opinion is the best person to +write the grant is the person that's + + align:start position:0% +write the grant is the person that's + + + align:start position:0% +write the grant is the person that's +leading the company. I can't tell you + + align:start position:0% +leading the company. I can't tell you + + + align:start position:0% +leading the company. I can't tell you +how many people I call me up over the + + align:start position:0% +how many people I call me up over the + + + align:start position:0% +how many people I call me up over the +last two years, oh, I see you've done + + align:start position:0% +last two years, oh, I see you've done + + + align:start position:0% +last two years, oh, I see you've done +really well with some grants. Who do you + + align:start position:0% +really well with some grants. Who do you + + + align:start position:0% +really well with some grants. Who do you +use? + + align:start position:0% +use? + + + align:start position:0% +use? +And I go, I write them. No, no, you + + align:start position:0% +And I go, I write them. No, no, you + + + align:start position:0% +And I go, I write them. No, no, you +don't write them. + + align:start position:0% +don't write them. + + + align:start position:0% +don't write them. +You're an NBA from the University of + + align:start position:0% +You're an NBA from the University of + + + align:start position:0% +You're an NBA from the University of +Colorado. + + align:start position:0% +Colorado. + + + align:start position:0% +Colorado. +You don't write them. Come on. + + align:start position:0% +You don't write them. Come on. + + + align:start position:0% +You don't write them. Come on. +By the way, when I went to Colorado for + + align:start position:0% +By the way, when I went to Colorado for + + + align:start position:0% +By the way, when I went to Colorado for +my NBA, they used to say, we used to say + + align:start position:0% +my NBA, they used to say, we used to say + + + align:start position:0% +my NBA, they used to say, we used to say +it's the best NBA program in the Rocky + + align:start position:0% +it's the best NBA program in the Rocky + + + align:start position:0% +it's the best NBA program in the Rocky +Mountains. Try and name another. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Mountains. Try and name another. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Mountains. Try and name another. Okay. +So, um, so yeah, I can't tell you how + + align:start position:0% +So, um, so yeah, I can't tell you how + + + align:start position:0% +So, um, so yeah, I can't tell you how +important it is to develop that skill in + + align:start position:0% +important it is to develop that skill in + + + align:start position:0% +important it is to develop that skill in +writing grants + + align:start position:0% +writing grants + + + align:start position:0% +writing grants +and how valuable it is. It's not just + + align:start position:0% +and how valuable it is. It's not just + + + align:start position:0% +and how valuable it is. It's not just +about securing the funding and the + + align:start position:0% +about securing the funding and the + + + align:start position:0% +about securing the funding and the +relationship. It's also what you learn + + align:start position:0% +relationship. It's also what you learn + + + align:start position:0% +relationship. It's also what you learn +when you realize, oh, I've got to write + + align:start position:0% +when you realize, oh, I've got to write + + + align:start position:0% +when you realize, oh, I've got to write +about this + + align:start position:0% +about this + + + align:start position:0% +about this +now. I've got to I've got to write about + + align:start position:0% +now. I've got to I've got to write about + + + align:start position:0% +now. I've got to I've got to write about +in innovation. Oh, I've got to write + + align:start position:0% +in innovation. Oh, I've got to write + + + align:start position:0% +in innovation. Oh, I've got to write +about significance. Oh, I've got to + + align:start position:0% +about significance. Oh, I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +about significance. Oh, I've got to +write my commercialization plan. I've + + align:start position:0% +write my commercialization plan. I've + + + align:start position:0% +write my commercialization plan. I've +got to write about my team. I've got to + + align:start position:0% +got to write about my team. I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +got to write about my team. I've got to +write about our facilities. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And you've got to write it in a + + align:start position:0% +And you've got to write it in a + + + align:start position:0% +And you've got to write it in a +convincing way so that you get a low + + align:start position:0% +convincing way so that you get a low + + + align:start position:0% +convincing way so that you get a low +score. All right, Erden, go. So in the + + align:start position:0% +score. All right, Erden, go. So in the + + + align:start position:0% +score. All right, Erden, go. So in the +moment that um I want to ask you about + + align:start position:0% +moment that um I want to ask you about + + + align:start position:0% +moment that um I want to ask you about +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +Dr. Pafar approaches you what strikes + + align:start position:0% +Dr. Pafar approaches you what strikes + + + align:start position:0% +Dr. Pafar approaches you what strikes +your interest? Why are you beginning to + + align:start position:0% +your interest? Why are you beginning to + + + align:start position:0% +your interest? Why are you beginning to +think hey this is not just a great + + align:start position:0% +think hey this is not just a great + + + align:start position:0% +think hey this is not just a great +technology this can be a product and + + align:start position:0% +technology this can be a product and + + + align:start position:0% +technology this can be a product and +once more this can be a successful + + align:start position:0% +once more this can be a successful + + + align:start position:0% +once more this can be a successful +business. + + align:start position:0% +business. + + + align:start position:0% +business. +Um so the quick answer is oh my gosh + + align:start position:0% +Um so the quick answer is oh my gosh + + + align:start position:0% +Um so the quick answer is oh my gosh +you're talking about something that a + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about something that a + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about something that a +baby lays down on and it helps them. + + align:start position:0% +baby lays down on and it helps them. + + + align:start position:0% +baby lays down on and it helps them. +Gee, babies laid down a lot in hospitals + + align:start position:0% +Gee, babies laid down a lot in hospitals + + + align:start position:0% +Gee, babies laid down a lot in hospitals +and at home. This could be amazing, + + align:start position:0% +and at home. This could be amazing, + + + align:start position:0% +and at home. This could be amazing, +right? It was one of the first + + align:start position:0% +right? It was one of the first + + + align:start position:0% +right? It was one of the first +opportunities that I saw in my career + + align:start position:0% +opportunities that I saw in my career + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities that I saw in my career +where there was a potential medical to + + align:start position:0% +where there was a potential medical to + + + align:start position:0% +where there was a potential medical to +consumer crossover + + align:start position:0% +consumer crossover + + + align:start position:0% +consumer crossover +that really got me excited. also + + align:start position:0% +that really got me excited. also + + + align:start position:0% +that really got me excited. also +the evidence that they had developed the + + align:start position:0% +the evidence that they had developed the + + + align:start position:0% +the evidence that they had developed the +link between here's the technology and + + align:start position:0% +link between here's the technology and + + + align:start position:0% +link between here's the technology and +the explanation of the mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +the explanation of the mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +the explanation of the mechanism of +action for that technology to the + + align:start position:0% +action for that technology to the + + + align:start position:0% +action for that technology to the +results that they were seeing in + + align:start position:0% +results that they were seeing in + + + align:start position:0% +results that they were seeing in +investigational studies. All right. And + + align:start position:0% +investigational studies. All right. And + + + align:start position:0% +investigational studies. All right. And +to be clear, what we're doing is we're + + align:start position:0% +to be clear, what we're doing is we're + + + align:start position:0% +to be clear, what we're doing is we're +talking about what stochastic resonance + + align:start position:0% +talking about what stochastic resonance + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what stochastic resonance +does at this level because it's not just + + align:start position:0% +does at this level because it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +does at this level because it's not just +generic stoastic resonance. Okay. It's + + align:start position:0% +generic stoastic resonance. Okay. It's + + + align:start position:0% +generic stoastic resonance. Okay. It's +for in this application at what + + align:start position:0% +for in this application at what + + + align:start position:0% +for in this application at what +frequency, at what amplitude. All right, + + align:start position:0% +frequency, at what amplitude. All right, + + + align:start position:0% +frequency, at what amplitude. All right, +we're talking about a randomness in + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about a randomness in + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about a randomness in +terms of the up and down movement, which + + align:start position:0% +terms of the up and down movement, which + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the up and down movement, which +by the way is less than half the + + align:start position:0% +by the way is less than half the + + + align:start position:0% +by the way is less than half the +diameter of a human hair. I brought a + + align:start position:0% +diameter of a human hair. I brought a + + + align:start position:0% +diameter of a human hair. I brought a +device for you to see it break so you + + align:start position:0% +device for you to see it break so you + + + align:start position:0% +device for you to see it break so you +can feel it for yourself. And you're + + align:start position:0% +can feel it for yourself. And you're + + + align:start position:0% +can feel it for yourself. And you're +talking about a randomness in a + + align:start position:0% +talking about a randomness in a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about a randomness in a +frequency bandwidth, a speed between 30 + + align:start position:0% +frequency bandwidth, a speed between 30 + + + align:start position:0% +frequency bandwidth, a speed between 30 +and 60 hertz. And it randomizes in that + + align:start position:0% +and 60 hertz. And it randomizes in that + + + align:start position:0% +and 60 hertz. And it randomizes in that +speed and it randomizes in the up and + + align:start position:0% +speed and it randomizes in the up and + + + align:start position:0% +speed and it randomizes in the up and +down movement. And that is the + + align:start position:0% +down movement. And that is the + + + align:start position:0% +down movement. And that is the +brilliance of what Dr. Pafar discovered. + + align:start position:0% +brilliance of what Dr. Pafar discovered. + + + align:start position:0% +brilliance of what Dr. Pafar discovered. +It was that stimulation at that level + + align:start position:0% +It was that stimulation at that level + + + align:start position:0% +It was that stimulation at that level +which actually improved breathing. And + + align:start position:0% +which actually improved breathing. And + + + align:start position:0% +which actually improved breathing. And +he discovered that yes with it started + + align:start position:0% +he discovered that yes with it started + + + align:start position:0% +he discovered that yes with it started +with the squid and also he proved it + + align:start position:0% +with the squid and also he proved it + + + align:start position:0% +with the squid and also he proved it +computationally through mathematics + + align:start position:0% +computationally through mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +computationally through mathematics +which I can never do. + + align:start position:0% +which I can never do. + + + align:start position:0% +which I can never do. +Please. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. Yeah. So why did I say um well + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. So why did I say um well + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. So why did I say um well +some of it had to do with whether or not + + align:start position:0% +some of it had to do with whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +some of it had to do with whether or not +I was even really ready to I mean you + + align:start position:0% +I was even really ready to I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +I was even really ready to I mean you +know it it it at my age after my career + + align:start position:0% +know it it it at my age after my career + + + align:start position:0% +know it it it at my age after my career +most people say + + align:start position:0% +most people say + + + align:start position:0% +most people say +time to cash in, join a country club, + + align:start position:0% +time to cash in, join a country club, + + + align:start position:0% +time to cash in, join a country club, +play golf, you know, hang out. and um + + align:start position:0% +play golf, you know, hang out. and um + + + align:start position:0% +play golf, you know, hang out. and um +and I knew that even if I were to secure + + align:start position:0% +and I knew that even if I were to secure + + + align:start position:0% +and I knew that even if I were to secure +some investment right away, it was going + + align:start position:0% +some investment right away, it was going + + + align:start position:0% +some investment right away, it was going +to be a big hardship potentially on my + + align:start position:0% +to be a big hardship potentially on my + + + align:start position:0% +to be a big hardship potentially on my +family. Um so that was a big big element + + align:start position:0% +family. Um so that was a big big element + + + align:start position:0% +family. Um so that was a big big element +of it, right? Um the other element + + align:start position:0% +of it, right? Um the other element + + + align:start position:0% +of it, right? Um the other element +was I didn't feel that the clinical + + align:start position:0% +was I didn't feel that the clinical + + + align:start position:0% +was I didn't feel that the clinical +studies were robust enough to take me to + + align:start position:0% +studies were robust enough to take me to + + + align:start position:0% +studies were robust enough to take me to +clearance as fast as I want. By the way, + + align:start position:0% +clearance as fast as I want. By the way, + + + align:start position:0% +clearance as fast as I want. By the way, +point of clarification. All right, we + + align:start position:0% +point of clarification. All right, we + + + align:start position:0% +point of clarification. All right, we +discovered during our journey that it's + + align:start position:0% +discovered during our journey that it's + + + align:start position:0% +discovered during our journey that it's +not 510K, right? + + align:start position:0% +not 510K, right? + + + align:start position:0% +not 510K, right? +It's a denovo, right? A denovo is not a + + align:start position:0% +It's a denovo, right? A denovo is not a + + + align:start position:0% +It's a denovo, right? A denovo is not a +510K. A ven denovo means what? New to + + align:start position:0% +510K. A ven denovo means what? New to + + + align:start position:0% +510K. A ven denovo means what? New to +the world. New. So the FDA says we want + + align:start position:0% +the world. New. So the FDA says we want + + + align:start position:0% +the world. New. So the FDA says we want +all this safety testing, nonclinical and + + align:start position:0% +all this safety testing, nonclinical and + + + align:start position:0% +all this safety testing, nonclinical and +clinical. And we want efficacy, right? + + align:start position:0% +clinical. And we want efficacy, right? + + + align:start position:0% +clinical. And we want efficacy, right? +And we want you to present this to + + align:start position:0% +And we want you to present this to + + + align:start position:0% +And we want you to present this to +obvious. And I was feeling like I didn't + + align:start position:0% +obvious. And I was feeling like I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +obvious. And I was feeling like I didn't +even know it was going to be a denovo. I + + align:start position:0% +even know it was going to be a denovo. I + + + align:start position:0% +even know it was going to be a denovo. I +thought it was going to be a 510K plus + + align:start position:0% +thought it was going to be a 510K plus + + + align:start position:0% +thought it was going to be a 510K plus +clinical studies is what I thought + + align:start position:0% +clinical studies is what I thought + + + align:start position:0% +clinical studies is what I thought +initially. Um, by the way, resilience we + + align:start position:0% +initially. Um, by the way, resilience we + + + align:start position:0% +initially. Um, by the way, resilience we +applied for denovo in April 2023. We + + align:start position:0% +applied for denovo in April 2023. We + + + align:start position:0% +applied for denovo in April 2023. We +said they said no. FDA said no because + + align:start position:0% +said they said no. FDA said no because + + + align:start position:0% +said they said no. FDA said no because +the clinical study that we used was too + + align:start position:0% +the clinical study that we used was too + + + align:start position:0% +the clinical study that we used was too +small. + + align:start position:0% +small. + + + align:start position:0% +small. +they felt and we knew we were at risk + + align:start position:0% +they felt and we knew we were at risk + + + align:start position:0% +they felt and we knew we were at risk +and they moved the goalpost on + + align:start position:0% +and they moved the goalpost on + + + align:start position:0% +and they moved the goalpost on +cytotoxicity testing from a qualitative + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxicity testing from a qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxicity testing from a qualitative +test to a quantitative test and by the + + align:start position:0% +test to a quantitative test and by the + + + align:start position:0% +test to a quantitative test and by the +way there is an ambasset pad in the US + + align:start position:0% +way there is an ambasset pad in the US + + + align:start position:0% +way there is an ambasset pad in the US +now in any niku that passes the new test + + align:start position:0% +now in any niku that passes the new test + + + align:start position:0% +now in any niku that passes the new test +but that didn't matter to them they + + align:start position:0% +but that didn't matter to them they + + + align:start position:0% +but that didn't matter to them they +wanted us to pass it and that's okay + + align:start position:0% +wanted us to pass it and that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +wanted us to pass it and that's okay +right um a month after the FDA told us + + align:start position:0% +right um a month after the FDA told us + + + align:start position:0% +right um a month after the FDA told us +no in April 2023 they knew another study + + align:start position:0% +no in April 2023 they knew another study + + + align:start position:0% +no in April 2023 they knew another study +was coming out study was published in + + align:start position:0% +was coming out study was published in + + + align:start position:0% +was coming out study was published in +Jamma pediatrics 181 newborns and what + + align:start position:0% +Jamma pediatrics 181 newborns and what + + + align:start position:0% +Jamma pediatrics 181 newborns and what +this technology does is it reduces as + + align:start position:0% +this technology does is it reduces as + + + align:start position:0% +this technology does is it reduces as +shown in the JAMA pediatric study which + + align:start position:0% +shown in the JAMA pediatric study which + + + align:start position:0% +shown in the JAMA pediatric study which +is what we're submitting with our new + + align:start position:0% +is what we're submitting with our new + + + align:start position:0% +is what we're submitting with our new +denovo soon to go in is that it reduces + + align:start position:0% +denovo soon to go in is that it reduces + + + align:start position:0% +denovo soon to go in is that it reduces +the amount of morphine that is required + + align:start position:0% +the amount of morphine that is required + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of morphine that is required +to help calm these babies. In fact, it + + align:start position:0% +to help calm these babies. In fact, it + + + align:start position:0% +to help calm these babies. In fact, it +over a 21-day period, these babies need + + align:start position:0% +over a 21-day period, these babies need + + + align:start position:0% +over a 21-day period, these babies need +44 less fewer doses when they're on our + + align:start position:0% +44 less fewer doses when they're on our + + + align:start position:0% +44 less fewer doses when they're on our +pad. So that's two a day fewer doses of + + align:start position:0% +pad. So that's two a day fewer doses of + + + align:start position:0% +pad. So that's two a day fewer doses of +morphine to calm them down. That's a + + align:start position:0% +morphine to calm them down. That's a + + + align:start position:0% +morphine to calm them down. That's a +good thing. It reduces their length of + + align:start position:0% +good thing. It reduces their length of + + + align:start position:0% +good thing. It reduces their length of +treatment as well. And we're just about + + align:start position:0% +treatment as well. And we're just about + + + align:start position:0% +treatment as well. And we're just about +to start analysis on a new study that we + + align:start position:0% +to start analysis on a new study that we + + + align:start position:0% +to start analysis on a new study that we +completed at TUS. + + align:start position:0% +completed at TUS. + + + align:start position:0% +completed at TUS. +There wasn't one baby who started + + align:start position:0% +There wasn't one baby who started + + + align:start position:0% +There wasn't one baby who started +following birth that was on our pad that + + align:start position:0% +following birth that was on our pad that + + + align:start position:0% +following birth that was on our pad that +was ever treated or ever required + + align:start position:0% +was ever treated or ever required + + + align:start position:0% +was ever treated or ever required +treatment with morphine. + + align:start position:0% +treatment with morphine. + + + align:start position:0% +treatment with morphine. +So a different study than the one that + + align:start position:0% +So a different study than the one that + + + align:start position:0% +So a different study than the one that +was just published in Jamma Pediatrics, + + align:start position:0% +was just published in Jamma Pediatrics, + + + align:start position:0% +was just published in Jamma Pediatrics, +which by the way started five years ago. + + align:start position:0% +which by the way started five years ago. + + + align:start position:0% +which by the way started five years ago. +So those are two principal reasons. + + align:start position:0% +So those are two principal reasons. + + + align:start position:0% +So those are two principal reasons. +Thanks. Great question. + + align:start position:0% +Thanks. Great question. + + + align:start position:0% +Thanks. Great question. +Please. + + align:start position:0% +Please. + + + align:start position:0% +Please. +Um, one of the things that I noticed in + + align:start position:0% +Um, one of the things that I noticed in + + + align:start position:0% +Um, one of the things that I noticed in +the case study was, um, kind of the + + align:start position:0% +the case study was, um, kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +the case study was, um, kind of the +burden on the hospitals. So, like, you + + align:start position:0% +burden on the hospitals. So, like, you + + + align:start position:0% +burden on the hospitals. So, like, you +know, I mean, my my twins were in a + + align:start position:0% +know, I mean, my my twins were in a + + + align:start position:0% +know, I mean, my my twins were in a +NICU, I experienced firsthand the + + align:start position:0% +NICU, I experienced firsthand the + + + align:start position:0% +NICU, I experienced firsthand the +craziness that the staff deals with. So + + align:start position:0% +craziness that the staff deals with. So + + + align:start position:0% +craziness that the staff deals with. So +I'm curious, was there any when when you + + align:start position:0% +I'm curious, was there any when when you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm curious, was there any when when you +guys were going to these different + + align:start position:0% +guys were going to these different + + + align:start position:0% +guys were going to these different +institutions for the clinical studies, + + align:start position:0% +institutions for the clinical studies, + + + align:start position:0% +institutions for the clinical studies, +what was kind of the response that you + + align:start position:0% +what was kind of the response that you + + + align:start position:0% +what was kind of the response that you +got from the hub? Was there a lot of, + + align:start position:0% +got from the hub? Was there a lot of, + + + align:start position:0% +got from the hub? Was there a lot of, +you know, uh push back with a concern of + + align:start position:0% +you know, uh push back with a concern of + + + align:start position:0% +you know, uh push back with a concern of +uptake? Because that's generally a big + + align:start position:0% +uptake? Because that's generally a big + + + align:start position:0% +uptake? Because that's generally a big +problem. Um, and did did any of the + + align:start position:0% +problem. Um, and did did any of the + + + align:start position:0% +problem. Um, and did did any of the +studies also look at, you know, were was + + align:start position:0% +studies also look at, you know, were was + + + align:start position:0% +studies also look at, you know, were was +there decre decreased resources like + + align:start position:0% +there decre decreased resources like + + + align:start position:0% +there decre decreased resources like +were they discharged from the hospital + + align:start position:0% +were they discharged from the hospital + + + align:start position:0% +were they discharged from the hospital +quicker or like did were any of them? + + align:start position:0% +quicker or like did were any of them? + + + align:start position:0% +quicker or like did were any of them? +So everybody got the question. And it + + align:start position:0% +So everybody got the question. And it + + + align:start position:0% +So everybody got the question. And it +was, you know, basically infants that + + align:start position:0% +was, you know, basically infants that + + + align:start position:0% +was, you know, basically infants that +are exposed to opioids after birth as + + align:start position:0% +are exposed to opioids after birth as + + + align:start position:0% +are exposed to opioids after birth as +they experience withdrawal, which is + + align:start position:0% +they experience withdrawal, which is + + + align:start position:0% +they experience withdrawal, which is +neonatal abstinence syndrome, sometimes + + align:start position:0% +neonatal abstinence syndrome, sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +neonatal abstinence syndrome, sometimes +called neonatal opioid withdrawal + + align:start position:0% +called neonatal opioid withdrawal + + + align:start position:0% +called neonatal opioid withdrawal +syndrome, right? Placed a heavy burden + + align:start position:0% +syndrome, right? Placed a heavy burden + + + align:start position:0% +syndrome, right? Placed a heavy burden +on the staff at hospitals. So what did + + align:start position:0% +on the staff at hospitals. So what did + + + align:start position:0% +on the staff at hospitals. So what did +we investigate? What did we find? What + + align:start position:0% +we investigate? What did we find? What + + + align:start position:0% +we investigate? What did we find? What +were hospitals saying about the + + align:start position:0% +were hospitals saying about the + + + align:start position:0% +were hospitals saying about the +situation? Well, I'm going to go back to + + align:start position:0% +situation? Well, I'm going to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +situation? Well, I'm going to go back to +the very first grant, right? Which is an + + align:start position:0% +the very first grant, right? Which is an + + + align:start position:0% +the very first grant, right? Which is an +SBI phase one. And what does an SBI + + align:start position:0% +SBI phase one. And what does an SBI + + + align:start position:0% +SBI phase one. And what does an SBI +phase 1 do? It tells you you need to + + align:start position:0% +phase 1 do? It tells you you need to + + + align:start position:0% +phase 1 do? It tells you you need to +tell us two things. You need to tell us + + align:start position:0% +tell us two things. You need to tell us + + + align:start position:0% +tell us two things. You need to tell us +is your technology feasible? Can it be + + align:start position:0% +is your technology feasible? Can it be + + + align:start position:0% +is your technology feasible? Can it be +reproduced? The question over here, can + + align:start position:0% +reproduced? The question over here, can + + + align:start position:0% +reproduced? The question over here, can +it be done accurately? + + align:start position:0% +it be done accurately? + + + align:start position:0% +it be done accurately? +Can you produce a device that's going to + + align:start position:0% +Can you produce a device that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Can you produce a device that's going to +consistently perform the way it needs to + + align:start position:0% +consistently perform the way it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +consistently perform the way it needs to +to develop and provide the efficacy that + + align:start position:0% +to develop and provide the efficacy that + + + align:start position:0% +to develop and provide the efficacy that +you think it provides? And the second + + align:start position:0% +you think it provides? And the second + + + align:start position:0% +you think it provides? And the second +part of an SPR phase one is what's the + + align:start position:0% +part of an SPR phase one is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +part of an SPR phase one is what's the +commercial feasibility? + + align:start position:0% +commercial feasibility? + + + align:start position:0% +commercial feasibility? +And the commercial feasibility goes + + align:start position:0% +And the commercial feasibility goes + + + align:start position:0% +And the commercial feasibility goes +right to the heart of what + + align:start position:0% +right to the heart of what + + + align:start position:0% +right to the heart of what +the users of the product babies but in + + align:start position:0% +the users of the product babies but in + + + align:start position:0% +the users of the product babies but in +this case because they can't really talk + + align:start position:0% +this case because they can't really talk + + + align:start position:0% +this case because they can't really talk +about what they need. They do cry really + + align:start position:0% +about what they need. They do cry really + + + align:start position:0% +about what they need. They do cry really +well though. But there are caregivers at + + align:start position:0% +well though. But there are caregivers at + + + align:start position:0% +well though. But there are caregivers at +hospitals could explain to us what the + + align:start position:0% +hospitals could explain to us what the + + + align:start position:0% +hospitals could explain to us what the +burden is in caring for these babies and + + align:start position:0% +burden is in caring for these babies and + + + align:start position:0% +burden is in caring for these babies and +whether or not our device had promise in + + align:start position:0% +whether or not our device had promise in + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not our device had promise in +helping them with the burden that they + + align:start position:0% +helping them with the burden that they + + + align:start position:0% +helping them with the burden that they +had. So + + align:start position:0% +had. So + + + align:start position:0% +had. So +during my phase one grant, that's what + + align:start position:0% +during my phase one grant, that's what + + + align:start position:0% +during my phase one grant, that's what +$222,000 gave me, the opportunity to do + + align:start position:0% +$222,000 gave me, the opportunity to do + + + align:start position:0% +$222,000 gave me, the opportunity to do +technical feasibility and commercial + + align:start position:0% +technical feasibility and commercial + + + align:start position:0% +technical feasibility and commercial +feasibility. And as part of the + + align:start position:0% +feasibility. And as part of the + + + align:start position:0% +feasibility. And as part of the +commercial feasibility, we did several + + align:start position:0% +commercial feasibility, we did several + + + align:start position:0% +commercial feasibility, we did several +things, but I'll just reflect on one + + align:start position:0% +things, but I'll just reflect on one + + + align:start position:0% +things, but I'll just reflect on one +experience. I went to Bay State Medical + + align:start position:0% +experience. I went to Bay State Medical + + + align:start position:0% +experience. I went to Bay State Medical +Center in central Massachusetts. I spent + + align:start position:0% +Center in central Massachusetts. I spent + + + align:start position:0% +Center in central Massachusetts. I spent +a day with the head of the neonatal + + align:start position:0% +a day with the head of the neonatal + + + align:start position:0% +a day with the head of the neonatal +intensive care unit and the pediatric + + align:start position:0% +intensive care unit and the pediatric + + + align:start position:0% +intensive care unit and the pediatric +group uh physicians there. + + align:start position:0% +group uh physicians there. + + + align:start position:0% +group uh physicians there. +And the day ended with a two-hour + + align:start position:0% +And the day ended with a two-hour + + + align:start position:0% +And the day ended with a two-hour +session in a nice room where we talked + + align:start position:0% +session in a nice room where we talked + + + align:start position:0% +session in a nice room where we talked +and they also did surveys, completed a + + align:start position:0% +and they also did surveys, completed a + + + align:start position:0% +and they also did surveys, completed a +survey before we did our talk, etc. And + + align:start position:0% +survey before we did our talk, etc. And + + + align:start position:0% +survey before we did our talk, etc. And +there I met Dr. Raja Singh. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The feedback was incredible. They told + + align:start position:0% +The feedback was incredible. They told + + + align:start position:0% +The feedback was incredible. They told +us that they would love something like + + align:start position:0% +us that they would love something like + + + align:start position:0% +us that they would love something like +this to help them care for their opioid + + align:start position:0% +this to help them care for their opioid + + + align:start position:0% +this to help them care for their opioid +exposed babies, which was a big issue to + + align:start position:0% +exposed babies, which was a big issue to + + + align:start position:0% +exposed babies, which was a big issue to +them. And they explained what the burden + + align:start position:0% +them. And they explained what the burden + + + align:start position:0% +them. And they explained what the burden +was. And they explained how constantly + + align:start position:0% +was. And they explained how constantly + + + align:start position:0% +was. And they explained how constantly +they had to hold these babies and how + + align:start position:0% +they had to hold these babies and how + + + align:start position:0% +they had to hold these babies and how +the morphine doses for some babies was + + align:start position:0% +the morphine doses for some babies was + + + align:start position:0% +the morphine doses for some babies was +just burdensome, etc. Which is all great + + align:start position:0% +just burdensome, etc. Which is all great + + + align:start position:0% +just burdensome, etc. Which is all great +and good. You get that in the surveys, + + align:start position:0% +and good. You get that in the surveys, + + + align:start position:0% +and good. You get that in the surveys, +right? You you you got that information, + + align:start position:0% +right? You you you got that information, + + + align:start position:0% +right? You you you got that information, +but it was the end in the hallway, + + align:start position:0% +but it was the end in the hallway, + + + align:start position:0% +but it was the end in the hallway, +right? That mattered so much to me. Dr. + + align:start position:0% +right? That mattered so much to me. Dr. + + + align:start position:0% +right? That mattered so much to me. Dr. +Sing came up to me and she looked at me + + align:start position:0% +Sing came up to me and she looked at me + + + align:start position:0% +Sing came up to me and she looked at me +and she said, + + align:start position:0% +and she said, + + + align:start position:0% +and she said, +"Whatever you want, however I can help, + + align:start position:0% +"Whatever you want, however I can help, + + + align:start position:0% +"Whatever you want, however I can help, +just let me know." + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fast forward, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we get another grant. We're going to do + + align:start position:0% +we get another grant. We're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +we get another grant. We're going to do +the study at Rainbow Baby Children's + + align:start position:0% +the study at Rainbow Baby Children's + + + align:start position:0% +the study at Rainbow Baby Children's +Hospital in Cleveland. The head of the + + align:start position:0% +Hospital in Cleveland. The head of the + + + align:start position:0% +Hospital in Cleveland. The head of the +uh NICU leaves for a position at the + + align:start position:0% +uh NICU leaves for a position at the + + + align:start position:0% +uh NICU leaves for a position at the +NIH. They can't do the study because the + + align:start position:0% +NIH. They can't do the study because the + + + align:start position:0% +NIH. They can't do the study because the +new head of the program can't do it. I + + align:start position:0% +new head of the program can't do it. I + + + align:start position:0% +new head of the program can't do it. I +need to find a replacement. Literally, + + align:start position:0% +need to find a replacement. Literally, + + + align:start position:0% +need to find a replacement. Literally, +where am I going to have the study done + + align:start position:0% +where am I going to have the study done + + + align:start position:0% +where am I going to have the study done +that we had gotten basically the + + align:start position:0% +that we had gotten basically the + + + align:start position:0% +that we had gotten basically the +go-ahhead from Naida to to do? I call up + + align:start position:0% +go-ahhead from Naida to to do? I call up + + + align:start position:0% +go-ahhead from Naida to to do? I call up +Tus Medical Center because it's in the + + align:start position:0% +Tus Medical Center because it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +Tus Medical Center because it's in the +back yard here for me. + + align:start position:0% +back yard here for me. + + + align:start position:0% +back yard here for me. +And no, I call base Bay State Dr. Singh. + + align:start position:0% +And no, I call base Bay State Dr. Singh. + + + align:start position:0% +And no, I call base Bay State Dr. Singh. +She's going to help. Well, she's no + + align:start position:0% +She's going to help. Well, she's no + + + align:start position:0% +She's going to help. Well, she's no +longer here. + + align:start position:0% +longer here. + + + align:start position:0% +longer here. +Where where'd she go? Oh, she went to + + align:start position:0% +Where where'd she go? Oh, she went to + + + align:start position:0% +Where where'd she go? Oh, she went to +TUS. + + align:start position:0% +TUS. + + + align:start position:0% +TUS. +Oh, okay. Call toughs. There's Dr. + + align:start position:0% +Oh, okay. Call toughs. There's Dr. + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, okay. Call toughs. There's Dr. +Singh. Sure, we'll do it. + + align:start position:0% +Singh. Sure, we'll do it. + + + align:start position:0% +Singh. Sure, we'll do it. +Relationships, collaboration, right? + + align:start position:0% +Relationships, collaboration, right? + + + align:start position:0% +Relationships, collaboration, right? +Support. Those are the things that, you + + align:start position:0% +Support. Those are the things that, you + + + align:start position:0% +Support. Those are the things that, you +know, you just need to stay on top of. + + align:start position:0% +know, you just need to stay on top of. + + + align:start position:0% +know, you just need to stay on top of. +So, long- winded answer, apologize. Um, + + align:start position:0% +So, long- winded answer, apologize. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +So, long- winded answer, apologize. Um, +in the studies themselves, the JAMAP + + align:start position:0% +in the studies themselves, the JAMAP + + + align:start position:0% +in the studies themselves, the JAMAP +pediatrics looked at length of stay. It + + align:start position:0% +pediatrics looked at length of stay. It + + + align:start position:0% +pediatrics looked at length of stay. It +looked at time on crib. It looked at + + align:start position:0% +looked at time on crib. It looked at + + + align:start position:0% +looked at time on crib. It looked at +morphine doses, cumulative morphine + + align:start position:0% +morphine doses, cumulative morphine + + + align:start position:0% +morphine doses, cumulative morphine +doses. On the new study that's going to + + align:start position:0% +doses. On the new study that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +doses. On the new study that's going to +be published in the next year coming out + + align:start position:0% +be published in the next year coming out + + + align:start position:0% +be published in the next year coming out +of TUS is going to look at length of + + align:start position:0% +of TUS is going to look at length of + + + align:start position:0% +of TUS is going to look at length of +stay, length of treatment, and whether + + align:start position:0% +stay, length of treatment, and whether + + + align:start position:0% +stay, length of treatment, and whether +or not any babies were where their + + align:start position:0% +or not any babies were where their + + + align:start position:0% +or not any babies were where their +symptoms were so severe they needed to + + align:start position:0% +symptoms were so severe they needed to + + + align:start position:0% +symptoms were so severe they needed to +be treated with morphine. And as I I + + align:start position:0% +be treated with morphine. And as I I + + + align:start position:0% +be treated with morphine. And as I I +already kind of stole it a little bit. I + + align:start position:0% +already kind of stole it a little bit. I + + + align:start position:0% +already kind of stole it a little bit. I +know just at a very high level, we + + align:start position:0% +know just at a very high level, we + + + align:start position:0% +know just at a very high level, we +didn't have one baby move on to morphine + + align:start position:0% +didn't have one baby move on to morphine + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have one baby move on to morphine +treatment at TUS, which was amazing. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3cwTBMI346I.txt b/3cwTBMI346I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23fd0e662962a448dadcc71ce9b37786f54c4b2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3cwTBMI346I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what I'm going to do is finish up + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do is finish up + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do is finish up +purines today and talk about some + + align:start position:0% +purines today and talk about some + + + align:start position:0% +purines today and talk about some +interesting aspects of purine metabolism + + align:start position:0% +interesting aspects of purine metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +interesting aspects of purine metabolism +I hope I'm going to be able to get + + align:start position:0% +I hope I'm going to be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +I hope I'm going to be able to get +through giving you handouts for + + align:start position:0% +through giving you handouts for + + + align:start position:0% +through giving you handouts for +parameters and deoxy nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +parameters and deoxy nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and deoxy nucleotide +biosynthesis as well the parameters are + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis as well the parameters are + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis as well the parameters are +pretty straightforward much simpler than + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward much simpler than + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward much simpler than +the purines and so I think if I have + + align:start position:0% +the purines and so I think if I have + + + align:start position:0% +the purines and so I think if I have +time today depending on when I get + + align:start position:0% +time today depending on when I get + + + align:start position:0% +time today depending on when I get +finished I might talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +finished I might talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +finished I might talk a little bit about +deoxynucleotide metabolism since both + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotide metabolism since both + + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotide metabolism since both +Brennan's lab in my lab both work in + + align:start position:0% +Brennan's lab in my lab both work in + + + align:start position:0% +Brennan's lab in my lab both work in +that area so it would be good for you + + align:start position:0% +that area so it would be good for you + + + align:start position:0% +that area so it would be good for you +guys to know what's going on in the + + align:start position:0% +guys to know what's going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +guys to know what's going on in the +department and its central to new + + align:start position:0% +department and its central to new + + + align:start position:0% +department and its central to new +nucleotide metabolism okay so I will put + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide metabolism okay so I will put + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide metabolism okay so I will put +this you have we started out we were + + align:start position:0% +this you have we started out we were + + + align:start position:0% +this you have we started out we were +drawing this this is my notes that I + + align:start position:0% +drawing this this is my notes that I + + + align:start position:0% +drawing this this is my notes that I +tried to reproduce a few to look at and + + align:start position:0% +tried to reproduce a few to look at and + + + align:start position:0% +tried to reproduce a few to look at and +I'm not gonna read so this was a big + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna read so this was a big + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna read so this was a big +overview slide of where we're going okay + + align:start position:0% +overview slide of where we're going okay + + + align:start position:0% +overview slide of where we're going okay +and so central to everything and I will + + align:start position:0% +and so central to everything and I will + + + align:start position:0% +and so central to everything and I will +put this wasn't in the original packet + + align:start position:0% +put this wasn't in the original packet + + + align:start position:0% +put this wasn't in the original packet +but I will put this up I'll try to get a + + align:start position:0% +but I will put this up I'll try to get a + + + align:start position:0% +but I will put this up I'll try to get a +better better version of that but prpp + + align:start position:0% +better better version of that but prpp + + + align:start position:0% +better better version of that but prpp +is central and Weavin we've been talking + + align:start position:0% +is central and Weavin we've been talking + + + align:start position:0% +is central and Weavin we've been talking +we are talking about Yu novo purine + + align:start position:0% +we are talking about Yu novo purine + + + align:start position:0% +we are talking about Yu novo purine +biosynthesis but again not only is to + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis but again not only is to + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis but again not only is to +know ro important so is Salvage salva it + + align:start position:0% +know ro important so is Salvage salva it + + + align:start position:0% +know ro important so is Salvage salva it +depends on the cell type you know if you + + align:start position:0% +depends on the cell type you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the cell type you know if you +have cancer cells that are rapidly + + align:start position:0% +have cancer cells that are rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +have cancer cells that are rapidly +growing or B cells and T cells de novo + + align:start position:0% +growing or B cells and T cells de novo + + + align:start position:0% +growing or B cells and T cells de novo +becomes really important and other types + + align:start position:0% +becomes really important and other types + + + align:start position:0% +becomes really important and other types +of cells almost everything is Salvage + + align:start position:0% +of cells almost everything is Salvage + + + align:start position:0% +of cells almost everything is Salvage +and so I have that PRPP at least in the + + align:start position:0% +and so I have that PRPP at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +and so I have that PRPP at least in the +purine case and I'll show you an example + + align:start position:0% +purine case and I'll show you an example + + + align:start position:0% +purine case and I'll show you an example +of that in a few minutes goes directly + + align:start position:0% +of that in a few minutes goes directly + + + align:start position:0% +of that in a few minutes goes directly +can can make your nucleotide directly + + align:start position:0% +can can make your nucleotide directly + + + align:start position:0% +can can make your nucleotide directly +that's a salvage pathway and we'll see + + align:start position:0% +that's a salvage pathway and we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +that's a salvage pathway and we'll see +that the note - no row pathway which is + + align:start position:0% +that the note - no row pathway which is + + + align:start position:0% +that the note - no row pathway which is +what it was describing at the end and + + align:start position:0% +what it was describing at the end and + + + align:start position:0% +what it was describing at the end and +you've already seen this in recitation + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen this in recitation + + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen this in recitation +from last week is 10 steps to get i en't + + align:start position:0% +from last week is 10 steps to get i en't + + + align:start position:0% +from last week is 10 steps to get i en't +to iymp but then you need to get to GMP + + align:start position:0% +to iymp but then you need to get to GMP + + + align:start position:0% +to iymp but then you need to get to GMP +and AM P okay and I showed you how all + + align:start position:0% +and AM P okay and I showed you how all + + + align:start position:0% +and AM P okay and I showed you how all +of this branches off with the cofactor + + align:start position:0% +of this branches off with the cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +of this branches off with the cofactor +folate between purines and pyrimidines + + align:start position:0% +folate between purines and pyrimidines + + + align:start position:0% +folate between purines and pyrimidines +okay and and in the end we need both + + align:start position:0% +okay and and in the end we need both + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and in the end we need both +purines and pyrimidines we need it in + + align:start position:0% +purines and pyrimidines we need it in + + + align:start position:0% +purines and pyrimidines we need it in +the nucleotide level so two hydroxyl so + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide level so two hydroxyl so + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide level so two hydroxyl so +two prime three prime sucide Rock CIL's + + align:start position:0% +two prime three prime sucide Rock CIL's + + + align:start position:0% +two prime three prime sucide Rock CIL's +which in the diphosphate stage that's + + align:start position:0% +which in the diphosphate stage that's + + + align:start position:0% +which in the diphosphate stage that's +also unusual okay most of the time you + + align:start position:0% +also unusual okay most of the time you + + + align:start position:0% +also unusual okay most of the time you +don't see high levels of diphosphates + + align:start position:0% +don't see high levels of diphosphates + + + align:start position:0% +don't see high levels of diphosphates +inside the cell either the + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell either the + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell either the +monophosphates or triphosphates so part + + align:start position:0% +monophosphates or triphosphates so part + + + align:start position:0% +monophosphates or triphosphates so part +of the the complexity I think of + + align:start position:0% +of the the complexity I think of + + + align:start position:0% +of the the complexity I think of +nucleotide metabolism is figuring out + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide metabolism is figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide metabolism is figuring out +where the kindnesses are and the faucet + + align:start position:0% +where the kindnesses are and the faucet + + + align:start position:0% +where the kindnesses are and the faucet +aces are and you'll notice that I've + + align:start position:0% +aces are and you'll notice that I've + + + align:start position:0% +aces are and you'll notice that I've +avoided that and that's because every + + align:start position:0% +avoided that and that's because every + + + align:start position:0% +avoided that and that's because every +organism is different and every cell + + align:start position:0% +organism is different and every cell + + + align:start position:0% +organism is different and every cell +type is different and the regulation is + + align:start position:0% +type is different and the regulation is + + + align:start position:0% +type is different and the regulation is +a little bit different but I think it's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different but I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different but I think it's +important to realize that to make the + + align:start position:0% +important to realize that to make the + + + align:start position:0% +important to realize that to make the +oxy nucleotides which are required for + + align:start position:0% +oxy nucleotides which are required for + + + align:start position:0% +oxy nucleotides which are required for +DNA replication and repair it's done at + + align:start position:0% +DNA replication and repair it's done at + + + align:start position:0% +DNA replication and repair it's done at +the dye phosphate level so you make + + align:start position:0% +the dye phosphate level so you make + + + align:start position:0% +the dye phosphate level so you make +deoxynucleotides okay but they still + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotides okay but they still + + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotides okay but they still +have to be converted to deoxy ntps + + align:start position:0% +have to be converted to deoxy ntps + + + align:start position:0% +have to be converted to deoxy ntps +for DNA okay and over here you need to + + align:start position:0% +for DNA okay and over here you need to + + + align:start position:0% +for DNA okay and over here you need to +again make ntps + + align:start position:0% +again make ntps + + + align:start position:0% +again make ntps +for RNA okay so that's sort of the big + + align:start position:0% +for RNA okay so that's sort of the big + + + align:start position:0% +for RNA okay so that's sort of the big +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +we have a primitive pathway a purine + + align:start position:0% +we have a primitive pathway a purine + + + align:start position:0% +we have a primitive pathway a purine +pathway de novo we're not going to be + + align:start position:0% +pathway de novo we're not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +pathway de novo we're not going to be +able to talk about perimeters put the de + + align:start position:0% +able to talk about perimeters put the de + + + align:start position:0% +able to talk about perimeters put the de +novo not the de novo the salvage pathway + + align:start position:0% +novo not the de novo the salvage pathway + + + align:start position:0% +novo not the de novo the salvage pathway +with permit means is extremely important + + align:start position:0% +with permit means is extremely important + + + align:start position:0% +with permit means is extremely important +it's a major target of cancer + + align:start position:0% +it's a major target of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +it's a major target of cancer +therapeutics now I think only in the + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics now I think only in the + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics now I think only in the +last few years has it been realized that + + align:start position:0% +last few years has it been realized that + + + align:start position:0% +last few years has it been realized that +in many cancers you have both pathways + + align:start position:0% +in many cancers you have both pathways + + + align:start position:0% +in many cancers you have both pathways +going on and it turns out now with + + align:start position:0% +going on and it turns out now with + + + align:start position:0% +going on and it turns out now with +isotopic labeling and mass spec + + align:start position:0% +isotopic labeling and mass spec + + + align:start position:0% +isotopic labeling and mass spec +metabolomic s-- is coming into its own + + align:start position:0% +metabolomic s-- is coming into its own + + + align:start position:0% +metabolomic s-- is coming into its own +so you can tell actually by feeding the + + align:start position:0% +so you can tell actually by feeding the + + + align:start position:0% +so you can tell actually by feeding the +cells this is all done in tissue culture + + align:start position:0% +cells this is all done in tissue culture + + + align:start position:0% +cells this is all done in tissue culture +we couldn't tell by feeding the cells + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't tell by feeding the cells + + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't tell by feeding the cells +whether the purine the deoxynucleotides + + align:start position:0% +whether the purine the deoxynucleotides + + + align:start position:0% +whether the purine the deoxynucleotides +came from to novo or whether they came + + align:start position:0% +came from to novo or whether they came + + + align:start position:0% +came from to novo or whether they came +from Salvage and so we're getting a + + align:start position:0% +from Salvage and so we're getting a + + + align:start position:0% +from Salvage and so we're getting a +really different view of nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +really different view of nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +really different view of nucleotide +metabolism and as i said in the very + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and as i said in the very + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and as i said in the very +beginning I think the next decade we're + + align:start position:0% +beginning I think the next decade we're + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I think the next decade we're +gonna under + + align:start position:0% +gonna under + + + align:start position:0% +gonna under +and a lot more about how all these + + align:start position:0% +and a lot more about how all these + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot more about how all these +things interact and the kinase and + + align:start position:0% +things interact and the kinase and + + + align:start position:0% +things interact and the kinase and +phosphatases that put the nucleotides + + align:start position:0% +phosphatases that put the nucleotides + + + align:start position:0% +phosphatases that put the nucleotides +into the correct phosphorylation state + + align:start position:0% +into the correct phosphorylation state + + + align:start position:0% +into the correct phosphorylation state +so that's key to everything and it's + + align:start position:0% +so that's key to everything and it's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's key to everything and it's +it's complicated + + align:start position:0% +it's complicated + + + align:start position:0% +it's complicated +ok so what I want to do now is briefly + + align:start position:0% +ok so what I want to do now is briefly + + + align:start position:0% +ok so what I want to do now is briefly +talk about the purine pathway okay so we + + align:start position:0% +talk about the purine pathway okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the purine pathway okay so we +can look at the biology I'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +can look at the biology I'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +can look at the biology I'm not gonna +write this down because I'm most of you + + align:start position:0% +write this down because I'm most of you + + + align:start position:0% +write this down because I'm most of you +already know this so we'll just go + + align:start position:0% +already know this so we'll just go + + + align:start position:0% +already know this so we'll just go +through it again purines assent + + align:start position:0% +through it again purines assent + + + align:start position:0% +through it again purines assent +appearing nucleotides is central to + + align:start position:0% +appearing nucleotides is central to + + + align:start position:0% +appearing nucleotides is central to +everything okay so knowing where they + + align:start position:0% +everything okay so knowing where they + + + align:start position:0% +everything okay so knowing where they +come from and how you control them is + + align:start position:0% +come from and how you control them is + + + align:start position:0% +come from and how you control them is +really pretty important and we don't + + align:start position:0% +really pretty important and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +really pretty important and we don't +understand that much so I mean n keys + + align:start position:0% +understand that much so I mean n keys + + + align:start position:0% +understand that much so I mean n keys +and dntps are central to our genetic + + align:start position:0% +and dntps are central to our genetic + + + align:start position:0% +and dntps are central to our genetic +material okay so we need to get them and + + align:start position:0% +material okay so we need to get them and + + + align:start position:0% +material okay so we need to get them and +we need to control them if these levels + + align:start position:0% +we need to control them if these levels + + + align:start position:0% +we need to control them if these levels +become imbalanced you have mutate or + + align:start position:0% +become imbalanced you have mutate or + + + align:start position:0% +become imbalanced you have mutate or +phenotypes in DNA replication and so + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes in DNA replication and so + + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes in DNA replication and so +fidelity of deoxynucleotide DNA + + align:start position:0% +fidelity of deoxynucleotide DNA + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity of deoxynucleotide DNA +replication is really important and + + align:start position:0% +replication is really important and + + + align:start position:0% +replication is really important and +regulated by bribing nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +regulated by bribing nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +regulated by bribing nucleotide +reductases okay building blocks for + + align:start position:0% +reductases okay building blocks for + + + align:start position:0% +reductases okay building blocks for +cofactors we've seen Flavin's we've seen + + align:start position:0% +cofactors we've seen Flavin's we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors we've seen Flavin's we've seen +nad we've seen Kawai none of this is an + + align:start position:0% +nad we've seen Kawai none of this is an + + + align:start position:0% +nad we've seen Kawai none of this is an +accident adenine can self-assemble from + + align:start position:0% +accident adenine can self-assemble from + + + align:start position:0% +accident adenine can self-assemble from +cyanide for mate in the prebiotic world + + align:start position:0% +cyanide for mate in the prebiotic world + + + align:start position:0% +cyanide for mate in the prebiotic world +and so that's why this central to + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why this central to + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why this central to +everything so there in a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +everything so there in a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +everything so there in a lot of the +cofactors we've already talked about is + + align:start position:0% +cofactors we've already talked about is + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors we've already talked about is +they're not necessarily the business-end + + align:start position:0% +they're not necessarily the business-end + + + align:start position:0% +they're not necessarily the business-end +but they've got the phosphates in the + + align:start position:0% +but they've got the phosphates in the + + + align:start position:0% +but they've got the phosphates in the +adenine stuck onto n which presumably + + align:start position:0% +adenine stuck onto n which presumably + + + align:start position:0% +adenine stuck onto n which presumably +helps in some way for binding we're + + align:start position:0% +helps in some way for binding we're + + + align:start position:0% +helps in some way for binding we're +using GTP and ATP everywhere in the + + align:start position:0% +using GTP and ATP everywhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +using GTP and ATP everywhere in the +course of this semester you've seen it + + align:start position:0% +course of this semester you've seen it + + + align:start position:0% +course of this semester you've seen it +right in your macro molecular machines + + align:start position:0% +right in your macro molecular machines + + + align:start position:0% +right in your macro molecular machines +that you've talked about especially in + + align:start position:0% +that you've talked about especially in + + + align:start position:0% +that you've talked about especially in +the first part of the course with the + + align:start position:0% +the first part of the course with the + + + align:start position:0% +the first part of the course with the +translational and protein folding and + + align:start position:0% +translational and protein folding and + + + align:start position:0% +translational and protein folding and +protein degradation all require energy + + align:start position:0% +protein degradation all require energy + + + align:start position:0% +protein degradation all require energy +ATP we will see in today's pathway in + + align:start position:0% +ATP we will see in today's pathway in + + + align:start position:0% +ATP we will see in today's pathway in +today's lecture on purine biosynthesis + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture on purine biosynthesis + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture on purine biosynthesis +de novo it turns out five + + align:start position:0% +de novo it turns out five + + + align:start position:0% +de novo it turns out five +the ten enzymes use ATP okay so and + + align:start position:0% +the ten enzymes use ATP okay so and + + + align:start position:0% +the ten enzymes use ATP okay so and +we'll see and what you would hopefully + + align:start position:0% +we'll see and what you would hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see and what you would hopefully +now well know is what ATP does I'm going + + align:start position:0% +now well know is what ATP does I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +now well know is what ATP does I'm going +to show you two examples but you've seen + + align:start position:0% +to show you two examples but you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +to show you two examples but you've seen +the same thing really over and over and + + align:start position:0% +the same thing really over and over and + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing really over and over and +over again so this should be sort of you + + align:start position:0% +over again so this should be sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +over again so this should be sort of you +might not know whether it uses ATP to at + + align:start position:0% +might not know whether it uses ATP to at + + + align:start position:0% +might not know whether it uses ATP to at +the gamma position chemistry at the game + + align:start position:0% +the gamma position chemistry at the game + + + align:start position:0% +the gamma position chemistry at the game +of position or at the Alpha position but + + align:start position:0% +of position or at the Alpha position but + + + align:start position:0% +of position or at the Alpha position but +the chemistry is the same over and over + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry is the same over and over + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry is the same over and over +again and so that part hopefully is part + + align:start position:0% +again and so that part hopefully is part + + + align:start position:0% +again and so that part hopefully is part +of your repertoire now about thinking + + align:start position:0% +of your repertoire now about thinking + + + align:start position:0% +of your repertoire now about thinking +about the role of ATP young primary + + align:start position:0% +about the role of ATP young primary + + + align:start position:0% +about the role of ATP young primary +metabolic pathways and we've also seen + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways and we've also seen + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways and we've also seen +in the last in that reactive oxygen + + align:start position:0% +in the last in that reactive oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +in the last in that reactive oxygen +species section you know we are + + align:start position:0% +species section you know we are + + + align:start position:0% +species section you know we are +signaling by many mechanisms signaling + + align:start position:0% +signaling by many mechanisms signaling + + + align:start position:0% +signaling by many mechanisms signaling +by phosphorylation is all over the place + + align:start position:0% +by phosphorylation is all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +by phosphorylation is all over the place +and a lot of people are trying to + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of people are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of people are trying to +understand and I think one of the + + align:start position:0% +understand and I think one of the + + + align:start position:0% +understand and I think one of the +futures is how do you integrate + + align:start position:0% +futures is how do you integrate + + + align:start position:0% +futures is how do you integrate +signaling and primary metabolic pathways + + align:start position:0% +signaling and primary metabolic pathways + + + align:start position:0% +signaling and primary metabolic pathways +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and we're almost there I decided I wrote + + align:start position:0% +and we're almost there I decided I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +and we're almost there I decided I wrote +a lecture on this and decided we really + + align:start position:0% +a lecture on this and decided we really + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture on this and decided we really +still it's really still very + + align:start position:0% +still it's really still very + + + align:start position:0% +still it's really still very +phenomenological but all of these key + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological but all of these key + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological but all of these key +regulators and signaling linked to + + align:start position:0% +regulators and signaling linked to + + + align:start position:0% +regulators and signaling linked to +purines and pyrimidines in some way I + + align:start position:0% +purines and pyrimidines in some way I + + + align:start position:0% +purines and pyrimidines in some way I +think the linkages aren't totally clear + + align:start position:0% +think the linkages aren't totally clear + + + align:start position:0% +think the linkages aren't totally clear +in my opinion okay so why else do we + + align:start position:0% +in my opinion okay so why else do we + + + align:start position:0% +in my opinion okay so why else do we +care about purines when I was your age + + align:start position:0% +care about purines when I was your age + + + align:start position:0% +care about purines when I was your age +purine and nucleotide metabolism was + + align:start position:0% +purine and nucleotide metabolism was + + + align:start position:0% +purine and nucleotide metabolism was +front and center why because people were + + align:start position:0% +front and center why because people were + + + align:start position:0% +front and center why because people were +successful at making drugs based on + + align:start position:0% +successful at making drugs based on + + + align:start position:0% +successful at making drugs based on +these molecules the central role it + + align:start position:0% +these molecules the central role it + + + align:start position:0% +these molecules the central role it +plays in replication and repair has made + + align:start position:0% +plays in replication and repair has made + + + align:start position:0% +plays in replication and repair has made +them successful targets at many + + align:start position:0% +them successful targets at many + + + align:start position:0% +them successful targets at many +different levels here I was this has + + align:start position:0% +different levels here I was this has + + + align:start position:0% +different levels here I was this has +both purines and pyrimidines but I'll + + align:start position:0% +both purines and pyrimidines but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +both purines and pyrimidines but I'll +just pick out a few this guy acyclovir + + align:start position:0% +just pick out a few this guy acyclovir + + + align:start position:0% +just pick out a few this guy acyclovir +is why we use as an anti herpes medicine + + align:start position:0% +is why we use as an anti herpes medicine + + + align:start position:0% +is why we use as an anti herpes medicine +in fact I think I've taken it here + + align:start position:0% +in fact I think I've taken it here + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I think I've taken it here +McAfee opium cures childhood leukemia + + align:start position:0% +McAfee opium cures childhood leukemia + + + align:start position:0% +McAfee opium cures childhood leukemia +coalfire being is something that's been + + align:start position:0% +coalfire being is something that's been + + + align:start position:0% +coalfire being is something that's been +studied my lab it's a drug that it's not + + align:start position:0% +studied my lab it's a drug that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +studied my lab it's a drug that it's not +particularly effective but it's used + + align:start position:0% +particularly effective but it's used + + + align:start position:0% +particularly effective but it's used +clinically against certain hematological + + align:start position:0% +clinically against certain hematological + + + align:start position:0% +clinically against certain hematological +cancers and so these are all + + align:start position:0% +cancers and so these are all + + + align:start position:0% +cancers and so these are all +antimetabolites now I focused on + + align:start position:0% +antimetabolites now I focused on + + + align:start position:0% +antimetabolites now I focused on +signaling + + align:start position:0% +signaling + + + align:start position:0% +signaling +which is what everybody's focused on in + + align:start position:0% +which is what everybody's focused on in + + + align:start position:0% +which is what everybody's focused on in +reality I think the success if there is + + align:start position:0% +reality I think the success if there is + + + align:start position:0% +reality I think the success if there is +success against cancer is going to be + + align:start position:0% +success against cancer is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +success against cancer is going to be +mixing the two I think unique + + align:start position:0% +mixing the two I think unique + + + align:start position:0% +mixing the two I think unique +combinations of metabolic inhibitors you + + align:start position:0% +combinations of metabolic inhibitors you + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of metabolic inhibitors you +know they're dead toxic so is everything + + align:start position:0% +know they're dead toxic so is everything + + + align:start position:0% +know they're dead toxic so is everything +but somehow figuring out how to use + + align:start position:0% +but somehow figuring out how to use + + + align:start position:0% +but somehow figuring out how to use +multiple approaches to avoid the + + align:start position:0% +multiple approaches to avoid the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple approaches to avoid the +resistance problem which is a really + + align:start position:0% +resistance problem which is a really + + + align:start position:0% +resistance problem which is a really +important problem and to combine the two + + align:start position:0% +important problem and to combine the two + + + align:start position:0% +important problem and to combine the two +once we understand the interconnections + + align:start position:0% +once we understand the interconnections + + + align:start position:0% +once we understand the interconnections +better I think is where it will be to + + align:start position:0% +better I think is where it will be to + + + align:start position:0% +better I think is where it will be to +get successful more successful + + align:start position:0% +get successful more successful + + + align:start position:0% +get successful more successful +therapeutics but ultimately what we + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics but ultimately what we + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics but ultimately what we +would like to do is catch it in the bud + + align:start position:0% +would like to do is catch it in the bud + + + align:start position:0% +would like to do is catch it in the bud +rather than waiting to try to treat + + align:start position:0% +rather than waiting to try to treat + + + align:start position:0% +rather than waiting to try to treat +something where it's completely out of + + align:start position:0% +something where it's completely out of + + + align:start position:0% +something where it's completely out of +control and I know okay so I'll just + + align:start position:0% +control and I know okay so I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +control and I know okay so I'll just +show you one of my favorite ladies + + align:start position:0% +show you one of my favorite ladies + + + align:start position:0% +show you one of my favorite ladies +Gertrude Elian she worked at Burroughs + + align:start position:0% +Gertrude Elian she worked at Burroughs + + + align:start position:0% +Gertrude Elian she worked at Burroughs +Wellcome for many many years + + align:start position:0% +Wellcome for many many years + + + align:start position:0% +Wellcome for many many years +she went to Hunter College as did many + + align:start position:0% +she went to Hunter College as did many + + + align:start position:0% +she went to Hunter College as did many +in New York City as did many outstanding + + align:start position:0% +in New York City as did many outstanding + + + align:start position:0% +in New York City as did many outstanding +women's scientists and she was involved + + align:start position:0% +women's scientists and she was involved + + + align:start position:0% +women's scientists and she was involved +at Burroughs Wellcome and discovery from + + align:start position:0% +at Burroughs Wellcome and discovery from + + + align:start position:0% +at Burroughs Wellcome and discovery from +her cap toe purines acyclovir treating + + align:start position:0% +her cap toe purines acyclovir treating + + + align:start position:0% +her cap toe purines acyclovir treating +herpes and easy easy T okay so you made + + align:start position:0% +herpes and easy easy T okay so you made + + + align:start position:0% +herpes and easy easy T okay so you made +seminal contributions never had PhD so + + align:start position:0% +seminal contributions never had PhD so + + + align:start position:0% +seminal contributions never had PhD so +anyhow okay so what I also wanted to + + align:start position:0% +anyhow okay so what I also wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow okay so what I also wanted to +show you we're going to talk about you + + align:start position:0% +show you we're going to talk about you + + + align:start position:0% +show you we're going to talk about you +know verow pathways I just want to show + + align:start position:0% +know verow pathways I just want to show + + + align:start position:0% +know verow pathways I just want to show +you this is a typical in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +you this is a typical in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +you this is a typical in the case of the +purines salvage pathway so what does + + align:start position:0% +purines salvage pathway so what does + + + align:start position:0% +purines salvage pathway so what does +that mean you get the basis and nucleic + + align:start position:0% +that mean you get the basis and nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +that mean you get the basis and nucleic +acid bases from your diet or your + + align:start position:0% +acid bases from your diet or your + + + align:start position:0% +acid bases from your diet or your +breaking down your DNA and your RNA you + + align:start position:0% +breaking down your DNA and your RNA you + + + align:start position:0% +breaking down your DNA and your RNA you +have nucleic acid basis or you have + + align:start position:0% +have nucleic acid basis or you have + + + align:start position:0% +have nucleic acid basis or you have +nucleosides okay so can you take those + + align:start position:0% +nucleosides okay so can you take those + + + align:start position:0% +nucleosides okay so can you take those +and make them into the right components + + align:start position:0% +and make them into the right components + + + align:start position:0% +and make them into the right components +to do RNA biosynthesis and DNA + + align:start position:0% +to do RNA biosynthesis and DNA + + + align:start position:0% +to do RNA biosynthesis and DNA +replication make ATP etc and so he is an + + align:start position:0% +replication make ATP etc and so he is an + + + align:start position:0% +replication make ATP etc and so he is an +example of hypo xanthine reacting with + + align:start position:0% +example of hypo xanthine reacting with + + + align:start position:0% +example of hypo xanthine reacting with +our central foster Y Basile + + align:start position:0% +our central foster Y Basile + + + align:start position:0% +our central foster Y Basile +pyrophosphate which i had in the + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate which i had in the + + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate which i had in the +original slide that i talked about last + + align:start position:0% +original slide that i talked about last + + + align:start position:0% +original slide that i talked about last +time to make in this case the nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +time to make in this case the nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +time to make in this case the nucleotide +and why is this interesting + + align:start position:0% +and why is this interesting + + + align:start position:0% +and why is this interesting +it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting +because it turns out that many parasites + + align:start position:0% +because it turns out that many parasites + + + align:start position:0% +because it turns out that many parasites +like Malaya and malaria don't have any + + align:start position:0% +like Malaya and malaria don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +like Malaya and malaria don't have any +purines + + align:start position:0% +purines + + + align:start position:0% +purines +so where do they get the appearance from + + align:start position:0% +so where do they get the appearance from + + + align:start position:0% +so where do they get the appearance from +to replicate their DNA they have to use + + align:start position:0% +to replicate their DNA they have to use + + + align:start position:0% +to replicate their DNA they have to use +Salvage okay so the salvage pathways + + align:start position:0% +Salvage okay so the salvage pathways + + + align:start position:0% +Salvage okay so the salvage pathways +have for treatment of those things that + + align:start position:0% +have for treatment of those things that + + + align:start position:0% +have for treatment of those things that +become front-and-center + + align:start position:0% +become front-and-center + + + align:start position:0% +become front-and-center +can you make specific inhibitors of + + align:start position:0% +can you make specific inhibitors of + + + align:start position:0% +can you make specific inhibitors of +fossil ribosome pyrophosphate reaction + + align:start position:0% +fossil ribosome pyrophosphate reaction + + + align:start position:0% +fossil ribosome pyrophosphate reaction +with with the bases and we're pretty + + align:start position:0% +with with the bases and we're pretty + + + align:start position:0% +with with the bases and we're pretty +good at that + + align:start position:0% +good at that + + + align:start position:0% +good at that +actually for insurance lab has done some + + align:start position:0% +actually for insurance lab has done some + + + align:start position:0% +actually for insurance lab has done some +beautiful work and there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +beautiful work and there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful work and there's a lot of +things in clinical trial targeting + + align:start position:0% +things in clinical trial targeting + + + align:start position:0% +things in clinical trial targeting +targeting Salvage pathways okay so again + + align:start position:0% +targeting Salvage pathways okay so again + + + align:start position:0% +targeting Salvage pathways okay so again +there's something different about the + + align:start position:0% +there's something different about the + + + align:start position:0% +there's something different about the +both metabolism of us and and whatever + + align:start position:0% +both metabolism of us and and whatever + + + align:start position:0% +both metabolism of us and and whatever +is invading us that's not true in cancer + + align:start position:0% +is invading us that's not true in cancer + + + align:start position:0% +is invading us that's not true in cancer +okay so cancer is a much tougher problem + + align:start position:0% +okay so cancer is a much tougher problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay so cancer is a much tougher problem +because you get normal cells as well + + align:start position:0% +because you get normal cells as well + + + align:start position:0% +because you get normal cells as well +that's the question on what the + + align:start position:0% +that's the question on what the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the question on what the +therapeutic index is okay so so that's + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic index is okay so so that's + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic index is okay so so that's +all they want to say the introduction to + + align:start position:0% +all they want to say the introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +all they want to say the introduction to +the biology and then I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +the biology and then I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +the biology and then I want to talk +about one cofactor and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +about one cofactor and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +about one cofactor and then I'm going to +talk about the pathway itself okay so + + align:start position:0% +talk about the pathway itself okay so + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the pathway itself okay so +there's one cofactor which I sort of + + align:start position:0% +there's one cofactor which I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there's one cofactor which I sort of +told you I was I was going there in the + + align:start position:0% +told you I was I was going there in the + + + align:start position:0% +told you I was I was going there in the +first place + + align:start position:0% +first place + + + align:start position:0% +first place +and so this COPO i mean break this now + + align:start position:0% +and so this COPO i mean break this now + + + align:start position:0% +and so this COPO i mean break this now +I'll be here okay so the one cofactor + + align:start position:0% +I'll be here okay so the one cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +I'll be here okay so the one cofactor +that I wanted to talk about is folate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me also show you you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +let me also show you you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +let me also show you you don't have to +sit and look at this but I'm gonna show + + align:start position:0% +sit and look at this but I'm gonna show + + + align:start position:0% +sit and look at this but I'm gonna show +you it's all written out so you don't + + align:start position:0% +you it's all written out so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you it's all written out so you don't +have to bob up and down it's all written + + align:start position:0% +have to bob up and down it's all written + + + align:start position:0% +have to bob up and down it's all written +out on the handout so this is folate and + + align:start position:0% +out on the handout so this is folate and + + + align:start position:0% +out on the handout so this is folate and +let me just point out a few things this + + align:start position:0% +let me just point out a few things this + + + align:start position:0% +let me just point out a few things this +is gonna be the business end of the + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be the business end of the + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be the business end of the +molecule so I want you to know where the + + align:start position:0% +molecule so I want you to know where the + + + align:start position:0% +molecule so I want you to know where the +business end of the molecule is I don't + + align:start position:0% +business end of the molecule is I don't + + + align:start position:0% +business end of the molecule is I don't +expect you to remember the structures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but what does this sort of look like any + + align:start position:0% +but what does this sort of look like any + + + align:start position:0% +but what does this sort of look like any +anybody this is the kind of chemistry I + + align:start position:0% +anybody this is the kind of chemistry I + + + align:start position:0% +anybody this is the kind of chemistry I +mean I think there's a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +mean I think there's a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +mean I think there's a bunch of +heterocyclic chemistry that you find in + + align:start position:0% +heterocyclic chemistry that you find in + + + align:start position:0% +heterocyclic chemistry that you find in +biology that most of you haven't been + + align:start position:0% +biology that most of you haven't been + + + align:start position:0% +biology that most of you haven't been +exposed to and it's not intuitive what + + align:start position:0% +exposed to and it's not intuitive what + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to and it's not intuitive what +the most reactive positions are this + + align:start position:0% +the most reactive positions are this + + + align:start position:0% +the most reactive positions are this +cofactor is much simpler + + align:start position:0% +cofactor is much simpler + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor is much simpler +than Flavin's which we very briefly + + align:start position:0% +than Flavin's which we very briefly + + + align:start position:0% +than Flavin's which we very briefly +talked about before okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +talked about before okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +talked about before okay so this is a +poly glutamate on the end okay so this + + align:start position:0% +poly glutamate on the end okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +poly glutamate on the end okay so this +is folate and what you really need to + + align:start position:0% +is folate and what you really need to + + + align:start position:0% +is folate and what you really need to +know is that this is five six seven + + align:start position:0% +know is that this is five six seven + + + align:start position:0% +know is that this is five six seven +eight and this is ten so the active part + + align:start position:0% +eight and this is ten so the active part + + + align:start position:0% +eight and this is ten so the active part +of this cofactor is here okay + + align:start position:0% +of this cofactor is here okay + + + align:start position:0% +of this cofactor is here okay +so everything's going to happen at + + align:start position:0% +so everything's going to happen at + + + align:start position:0% +so everything's going to happen at +either and five you can if you have a + + align:start position:0% +either and five you can if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +either and five you can if you have a +copy of this you can just circle and + + align:start position:0% +copy of this you can just circle and + + + align:start position:0% +copy of this you can just circle and +five and 10 and n five that's where all + + align:start position:0% +five and 10 and n five that's where all + + + align:start position:0% +five and 10 and n five that's where all +the chemistry is going to happen and it + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry is going to happen and it + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry is going to happen and it +turns out the way this cofactor works so + + align:start position:0% +turns out the way this cofactor works so + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the way this cofactor works so +this is one two three four and so this + + align:start position:0% +this is one two three four and so this + + + align:start position:0% +this is one two three four and so this +is for a and this is ten a you know + + align:start position:0% +is for a and this is ten a you know + + + align:start position:0% +is for a and this is ten a you know +eight a and so this sort of looks like + + align:start position:0% +eight a and so this sort of looks like + + + align:start position:0% +eight a and so this sort of looks like +it sort of looks like Flavin's and it + + align:start position:0% +it sort of looks like Flavin's and it + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of looks like Flavin's and it +sort of looks like turns and turns + + align:start position:0% +sort of looks like turns and turns + + + align:start position:0% +sort of looks like turns and turns +actually can undergo redox chemistry + + align:start position:0% +actually can undergo redox chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +actually can undergo redox chemistry +under certain sets of conditions these + + align:start position:0% +under certain sets of conditions these + + + align:start position:0% +under certain sets of conditions these +molecules are only involved in one + + align:start position:0% +molecules are only involved in one + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are only involved in one +carbon transfer okay so the major focus + + align:start position:0% +carbon transfer okay so the major focus + + + align:start position:0% +carbon transfer okay so the major focus +is one carbon transfers and it can do it + + align:start position:0% +is one carbon transfers and it can do it + + + align:start position:0% +is one carbon transfers and it can do it +in the methyl state in the aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +in the methyl state in the aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +in the methyl state in the aldehyde +state or it can do it in the acid State + + align:start position:0% +state or it can do it in the acid State + + + align:start position:0% +state or it can do it in the acid State +so all three oxidation states from one + + align:start position:0% +so all three oxidation states from one + + + align:start position:0% +so all three oxidation states from one +carbon transfers and so then how does it + + align:start position:0% +carbon transfers and so then how does it + + + align:start position:0% +carbon transfers and so then how does it +do it in the chemistry actually is + + align:start position:0% +do it in the chemistry actually is + + + align:start position:0% +do it in the chemistry actually is +fairly simple compared to the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple compared to the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple compared to the chemistry +that we've looked at before then we + + align:start position:0% +that we've looked at before then we + + + align:start position:0% +that we've looked at before then we +looked at a little bit of teams we + + align:start position:0% +looked at a little bit of teams we + + + align:start position:0% +looked at a little bit of teams we +looked at a little bit at Flavin's + + align:start position:0% +looked at a little bit at Flavin's + + + align:start position:0% +looked at a little bit at Flavin's +this is much simpler and so what we're + + align:start position:0% +this is much simpler and so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is much simpler and so what we're +after in the end and I'll show you how + + align:start position:0% +after in the end and I'll show you how + + + align:start position:0% +after in the end and I'll show you how +we get there so here's in five methyl + + align:start position:0% +we get there so here's in five methyl + + + align:start position:0% +we get there so here's in five methyl +and we'll see this is tetrahydrofolate + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see this is tetrahydrofolate + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see this is tetrahydrofolate +so this ring is completely reduced and + + align:start position:0% +so this ring is completely reduced and + + + align:start position:0% +so this ring is completely reduced and +so this is tetra + + align:start position:0% +so this is tetra + + + align:start position:0% +so this is tetra +hydro Foley and this can undergo + + align:start position:0% +hydro Foley and this can undergo + + + align:start position:0% +hydro Foley and this can undergo +oxidation and reduction and that becomes + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and reduction and that becomes + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and reduction and that becomes +very important in the permitting pathway + + align:start position:0% +very important in the permitting pathway + + + align:start position:0% +very important in the permitting pathway +to form fine Medine which is a major + + align:start position:0% +to form fine Medine which is a major + + + align:start position:0% +to form fine Medine which is a major +target of flurry years so which is a + + align:start position:0% +target of flurry years so which is a + + + align:start position:0% +target of flurry years so which is a +drug that's to use clinically anyhow + + align:start position:0% +drug that's to use clinically anyhow + + + align:start position:0% +drug that's to use clinically anyhow +this is the reduced state here so this + + align:start position:0% +this is the reduced state here so this + + + align:start position:0% +this is the reduced state here so this +is where the tetra hydro is so both of + + align:start position:0% +is where the tetra hydro is so both of + + + align:start position:0% +is where the tetra hydro is so both of +these can be oxidized and that would be + + align:start position:0% +these can be oxidized and that would be + + + align:start position:0% +these can be oxidized and that would be +folate okay so you can make + + align:start position:0% +folate okay so you can make + + + align:start position:0% +folate okay so you can make +dihydrofolate folate and + + align:start position:0% +dihydrofolate folate and + + + align:start position:0% +dihydrofolate folate and +tetrahydrofolate and the oxidations + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate and the oxidations + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate and the oxidations +occur here in here and we're not going + + align:start position:0% +occur here in here and we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +occur here in here and we're not going +to look at that because we're not gonna + + align:start position:0% +to look at that because we're not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +to look at that because we're not gonna +have time to look at permitting + + align:start position:0% +have time to look at permitting + + + align:start position:0% +have time to look at permitting +metabolism but the dihydrofolate plays + + align:start position:0% +metabolism but the dihydrofolate plays + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism but the dihydrofolate plays +an important role so targeted + + align:start position:0% +an important role so targeted + + + align:start position:0% +an important role so targeted +methotrexate + + align:start position:0% +methotrexate + + + align:start position:0% +methotrexate +some people might if you have rheumatoid + + align:start position:0% +some people might if you have rheumatoid + + + align:start position:0% +some people might if you have rheumatoid +arthritis you take methotrexate is one + + align:start position:0% +arthritis you take methotrexate is one + + + align:start position:0% +arthritis you take methotrexate is one +of the drugs that people take nowadays + + align:start position:0% +of the drugs that people take nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +of the drugs that people take nowadays +okay so what's unusual about this and + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's unusual about this and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's unusual about this and +this is key to the peering pathway it's + + align:start position:0% +this is key to the peering pathway it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is key to the peering pathway it's +also key to the permitting pathway + + align:start position:0% +also key to the permitting pathway + + + align:start position:0% +also key to the permitting pathway +that's why folates have been central + + align:start position:0% +that's why folates have been central + + + align:start position:0% +that's why folates have been central +people have made folates for decades + + align:start position:0% +people have made folates for decades + + + align:start position:0% +people have made folates for decades +even when I was your age people are + + align:start position:0% +even when I was your age people are + + + align:start position:0% +even when I was your age people are +making folates + + align:start position:0% +making folates + + + align:start position:0% +making folates +as for treatment therapies in cancer + + align:start position:0% +as for treatment therapies in cancer + + + align:start position:0% +as for treatment therapies in cancer +okay and it's been successful in fact if + + align:start position:0% +okay and it's been successful in fact if + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it's been successful in fact if +you any of you've gone to Princeton's + + align:start position:0% +you any of you've gone to Princeton's + + + align:start position:0% +you any of you've gone to Princeton's +chemistry department the whole + + align:start position:0% +chemistry department the whole + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry department the whole +department was funded on an anti folate + + align:start position:0% +department was funded on an anti folate + + + align:start position:0% +department was funded on an anti folate +that Ted Taylor made 25 or 30 years ago + + align:start position:0% +that Ted Taylor made 25 or 30 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +that Ted Taylor made 25 or 30 years ago +and they've tried it again under + + align:start position:0% +and they've tried it again under + + + align:start position:0% +and they've tried it again under +different conditions and it's now being + + align:start position:0% +different conditions and it's now being + + + align:start position:0% +different conditions and it's now being +used clinically so okay so how does this + + align:start position:0% +used clinically so okay so how does this + + + align:start position:0% +used clinically so okay so how does this +work okay so we have this oxidation + + align:start position:0% +work okay so we have this oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +work okay so we have this oxidation +state we have this oxidation state and + + align:start position:0% +state we have this oxidation state and + + + align:start position:0% +state we have this oxidation state and +we'll see that this can ring open and so + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that this can ring open and so + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that this can ring open and so +this would be the aldehyde state and + + align:start position:0% +this would be the aldehyde state and + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the aldehyde state and +this can hydrolyze and that would be the + + align:start position:0% +this can hydrolyze and that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +this can hydrolyze and that would be the +acid state okay so I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +acid state okay so I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +acid state okay so I'm going to show you +in a second I'm going to walk you + + align:start position:0% +in a second I'm going to walk you + + + align:start position:0% +in a second I'm going to walk you +through where those different states + + align:start position:0% +through where those different states + + + align:start position:0% +through where those different states +came from so methyl state aldehyde state + + align:start position:0% +came from so methyl state aldehyde state + + + align:start position:0% +came from so methyl state aldehyde state +it's house its state okay so there's a + + align:start position:0% +it's house its state okay so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's house its state okay so there's a +model because I like to have though the + + align:start position:0% +model because I like to have though the + + + align:start position:0% +model because I like to have though the +windows open you probably can't see them + + align:start position:0% +windows open you probably can't see them + + + align:start position:0% +windows open you probably can't see them +very well up there now but you can pull + + align:start position:0% +very well up there now but you can pull + + + align:start position:0% +very well up there now but you can pull +it up on your computer if you want I'm + + align:start position:0% +it up on your computer if you want I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it up on your computer if you want I'm +gonna write out the model okay so we + + align:start position:0% +gonna write out the model okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +gonna write out the model okay so we +started out over here with + + align:start position:0% +started out over here with + + + align:start position:0% +started out over here with +tetrahydrofolate okay + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate okay + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate okay +so this is tetrahydrofolate and we have + + align:start position:0% +so this is tetrahydrofolate and we have + + + align:start position:0% +so this is tetrahydrofolate and we have +nothing here so what you notice was we + + align:start position:0% +nothing here so what you notice was we + + + align:start position:0% +nothing here so what you notice was we +could have something a 10-5 something a + + align:start position:0% +could have something a 10-5 something a + + + align:start position:0% +could have something a 10-5 something a +tan 10 will see the methyl group is + + align:start position:0% +tan 10 will see the methyl group is + + + align:start position:0% +tan 10 will see the methyl group is +always at n 5 it could be at either + + align:start position:0% +always at n 5 it could be at either + + + align:start position:0% +always at n 5 it could be at either +chemically but it's always a 10-5 will + + align:start position:0% +chemically but it's always a 10-5 will + + + align:start position:0% +chemically but it's always a 10-5 will +see the aldehyde group is always a 10 10 + + align:start position:0% +see the aldehyde group is always a 10 10 + + + align:start position:0% +see the aldehyde group is always a 10 10 +it could be either chemically but it's + + align:start position:0% +it could be either chemically but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it could be either chemically but it's +not okay so these are gonna be the key + + align:start position:0% +not okay so these are gonna be the key + + + align:start position:0% +not okay so these are gonna be the key +stages and here we have no carbons okay + + align:start position:0% +stages and here we have no carbons okay + + + align:start position:0% +stages and here we have no carbons okay +so somehow we have to get the carbons + + align:start position:0% +so somehow we have to get the carbons + + + align:start position:0% +so somehow we have to get the carbons +into the molecule so we start out with + + align:start position:0% +into the molecule so we start out with + + + align:start position:0% +into the molecule so we start out with +this molecule tetrahydrofolate okay so + + align:start position:0% +this molecule tetrahydrofolate okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule tetrahydrofolate okay so +what happens is you can start out here + + align:start position:0% +what happens is you can start out here + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is you can start out here +and use for mate + + align:start position:0% +and use for mate + + + align:start position:0% +and use for mate +so form a is going to be the source of + + align:start position:0% +so form a is going to be the source of + + + align:start position:0% +so form a is going to be the source of +the one carbon in this case so the names + + align:start position:0% +the one carbon in this case so the names + + + align:start position:0% +the one carbon in this case so the names +in this pathway are again horrible just + + align:start position:0% +in this pathway are again horrible just + + + align:start position:0% +in this pathway are again horrible just +like the purine pathway and on the next + + align:start position:0% +like the purine pathway and on the next + + + align:start position:0% +like the purine pathway and on the next +slide I've written out the names okay so + + align:start position:0% +slide I've written out the names okay so + + + align:start position:0% +slide I've written out the names okay so +it turns out that one enzyme can do + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that one enzyme can do + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that one enzyme can do +three of these activities okay so this + + align:start position:0% +three of these activities okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +three of these activities okay so this +is one of the enzymes and so this is + + align:start position:0% +is one of the enzymes and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the enzymes and so this is +activity one and it touches a four mate + + align:start position:0% +activity one and it touches a four mate + + + align:start position:0% +activity one and it touches a four mate +so they call it a four make like I gave + + align:start position:0% +so they call it a four make like I gave + + + align:start position:0% +so they call it a four make like I gave +the names again in my opinion a horrible + + align:start position:0% +the names again in my opinion a horrible + + + align:start position:0% +the names again in my opinion a horrible +but what they what it allows you to do + + align:start position:0% +but what they what it allows you to do + + + align:start position:0% +but what they what it allows you to do +is so what I'm gonna draw out now is not + + align:start position:0% +is so what I'm gonna draw out now is not + + + align:start position:0% +is so what I'm gonna draw out now is not +the whole structure I'm just gonna focus + + align:start position:0% +the whole structure I'm just gonna focus + + + align:start position:0% +the whole structure I'm just gonna focus +on the business end of the molecule okay + + align:start position:0% +on the business end of the molecule okay + + + align:start position:0% +on the business end of the molecule okay +over here and skip this ring over here + + align:start position:0% +over here and skip this ring over here + + + align:start position:0% +over here and skip this ring over here +but that ring is there and its key to + + align:start position:0% +but that ring is there and its key to + + + align:start position:0% +but that ring is there and its key to +the key to making all of this work so + + align:start position:0% +the key to making all of this work so + + + align:start position:0% +the key to making all of this work so +I'm just gonna do this like that okay + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna do this like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna do this like that okay +and so what can happen is that you can + + align:start position:0% +and so what can happen is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +and so what can happen is that you can +formulate and form and so this is now n + + align:start position:0% +formulate and form and so this is now n + + + align:start position:0% +formulate and form and so this is now n +10 for whole tetrahydrofolate okay so + + align:start position:0% +10 for whole tetrahydrofolate okay so + + + align:start position:0% +10 for whole tetrahydrofolate okay so +this is n 10 and we'll call this R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's the first step that's the + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the first step that's the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the first step that's the +ends on the same enzyme catalyzes the + + align:start position:0% +ends on the same enzyme catalyzes the + + + align:start position:0% +ends on the same enzyme catalyzes the +next step and what you can picture + + align:start position:0% +next step and what you can picture + + + align:start position:0% +next step and what you can picture +happening here if you if you watch me is + + align:start position:0% +happening here if you if you watch me is + + + align:start position:0% +happening here if you if you watch me is +this nitrogen is juxtaposed to this + + align:start position:0% +this nitrogen is juxtaposed to this + + + align:start position:0% +this nitrogen is juxtaposed to this +image okay so can attack to form a + + align:start position:0% +image okay so can attack to form a + + + align:start position:0% +image okay so can attack to form a +tetrahedral intermediate and then lose a + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral intermediate and then lose a + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral intermediate and then lose a +molecule of water okay so that's called + + align:start position:0% +molecule of water okay so that's called + + + align:start position:0% +molecule of water okay so that's called +a cyclo hydrolase okay so this guy is + + align:start position:0% +a cyclo hydrolase okay so this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +a cyclo hydrolase okay so this guy is +attacking and then you have loss of + + align:start position:0% +attacking and then you have loss of + + + align:start position:0% +attacking and then you have loss of +water and this is a cyclo hydrolase okay + + align:start position:0% +water and this is a cyclo hydrolase okay + + + align:start position:0% +water and this is a cyclo hydrolase okay +so this is the same enzyme so this is 2 + + align:start position:0% +so this is the same enzyme so this is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the same enzyme so this is 2 +this is 1 but they're both on the same + + align:start position:0% +this is 1 but they're both on the same + + + align:start position:0% +this is 1 but they're both on the same +polypeptide okay so there are three of + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide okay so there are three of + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide okay so there are three of +these on one polypeptide you've seen + + align:start position:0% +these on one polypeptide you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +these on one polypeptide you've seen +that before in recitation last week and + + align:start position:0% +that before in recitation last week and + + + align:start position:0% +that before in recitation last week and +so now what you've formed is and again + + align:start position:0% +so now what you've formed is and again + + + align:start position:0% +so now what you've formed is and again +this is a cycle hydrolase now what + + align:start position:0% +this is a cycle hydrolase now what + + + align:start position:0% +this is a cycle hydrolase now what +you've formed is this structure okay so + + align:start position:0% +you've formed is this structure okay so + + + align:start position:0% +you've formed is this structure okay so +it lost a molecule of water so you can + + align:start position:0% +it lost a molecule of water so you can + + + align:start position:0% +it lost a molecule of water so you can +draw whoops an R okay and so if you + + align:start position:0% +draw whoops an R okay and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +draw whoops an R okay and so if you +hydrolyze this you can get back to the + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze this you can get back to the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze this you can get back to the +aldehyde stage okay so if water adds + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde stage okay so if water adds + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde stage okay so if water adds +here this is an iminium system water can + + align:start position:0% +here this is an iminium system water can + + + align:start position:0% +here this is an iminium system water can +add it can collapse it can bring open it + + align:start position:0% +add it can collapse it can bring open it + + + align:start position:0% +add it can collapse it can bring open it +can wring close okay so the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +can wring close okay so the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +can wring close okay so the chemistry +here and we're going to see that + + align:start position:0% +here and we're going to see that + + + align:start position:0% +here and we're going to see that +somewhat really similar chemistry + + align:start position:0% +somewhat really similar chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat really similar chemistry +actually because we're gonna use flow n + + align:start position:0% +actually because we're gonna use flow n + + + align:start position:0% +actually because we're gonna use flow n +10 formal tetrahydrofolate in two steps + + align:start position:0% +10 formal tetrahydrofolate in two steps + + + align:start position:0% +10 formal tetrahydrofolate in two steps +in the peering pathway so this chemistry + + align:start position:0% +in the peering pathway so this chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +in the peering pathway so this chemistry +I'm drawing right now is related to the + + align:start position:0% +I'm drawing right now is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm drawing right now is related to the +pathway in general and so this is called + + align:start position:0% +pathway in general and so this is called + + + align:start position:0% +pathway in general and so this is called +5/10 nephila diene the names again a + + align:start position:0% +5/10 nephila diene the names again a + + + align:start position:0% +5/10 nephila diene the names again a +horrible tetrahydrofolate and then the + + align:start position:0% +horrible tetrahydrofolate and then the + + + align:start position:0% +horrible tetrahydrofolate and then the +third enzyme in this pathway so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +involved is a dehydrogenase so D H and + + align:start position:0% +involved is a dehydrogenase so D H and + + + align:start position:0% +involved is a dehydrogenase so D H and +so what you can imagine you can do here + + align:start position:0% +so what you can imagine you can do here + + + align:start position:0% +so what you can imagine you can do here +is we have an iminium system and NADPH + + align:start position:0% +is we have an iminium system and NADPH + + + align:start position:0% +is we have an iminium system and NADPH +is the reductive so you can reduce this + + align:start position:0% +is the reductive so you can reduce this + + + align:start position:0% +is the reductive so you can reduce this +down to methylene tetrahydrofolate okay + + align:start position:0% +down to methylene tetrahydrofolate okay + + + align:start position:0% +down to methylene tetrahydrofolate okay +so this can be converted to nad P okay + + align:start position:0% +so this can be converted to nad P okay + + + align:start position:0% +so this can be converted to nad P okay +so this is a dehydrogenase okay we've + + align:start position:0% +so this is a dehydrogenase okay we've + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a dehydrogenase okay we've +seen that used over and over again this + + align:start position:0% +seen that used over and over again this + + + align:start position:0% +seen that used over and over again this +is the same enzyme so this is also mth + + align:start position:0% +is the same enzyme so this is also mth + + + align:start position:0% +is the same enzyme so this is also mth +FD and I've given you the net then + + align:start position:0% +FD and I've given you the net then + + + align:start position:0% +FD and I've given you the net then +nomenclature on the next slide so if you + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature on the next slide so if you + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature on the next slide so if you +want to look so this is tetrahydrofolate + + align:start position:0% +want to look so this is tetrahydrofolate + + + align:start position:0% +want to look so this is tetrahydrofolate +whatever but so it has us it has a + + align:start position:0% +whatever but so it has us it has a + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but so it has us it has a +formal law gays it has a cyclo hydrolase + + align:start position:0% +formal law gays it has a cyclo hydrolase + + + align:start position:0% +formal law gays it has a cyclo hydrolase +and it has a dehydrogenase all on one + + align:start position:0% +and it has a dehydrogenase all on one + + + align:start position:0% +and it has a dehydrogenase all on one +all on one enzyme and so what do you + + align:start position:0% +all on one enzyme and so what do you + + + align:start position:0% +all on one enzyme and so what do you +generate then you generate so this is + + align:start position:0% +generate then you generate so this is + + + align:start position:0% +generate then you generate so this is +methylene tetrahydrofolate okay and this + + align:start position:0% +methylene tetrahydrofolate okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +methylene tetrahydrofolate okay and this +is the key player in permitting + + align:start position:0% +is the key player in permitting + + + align:start position:0% +is the key player in permitting +biosynthesis which we aren't going to + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis which we aren't going to + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis which we aren't going to +talk about and this is it's an enzyme + + align:start position:0% +talk about and this is it's an enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +talk about and this is it's an enzyme +called Thein video late synthase which + + align:start position:0% +called Thein video late synthase which + + + align:start position:0% +called Thein video late synthase which +makes by MIDI which is a major target + + align:start position:0% +makes by MIDI which is a major target + + + align:start position:0% +makes by MIDI which is a major target +for drugs in the treatment of cancer + + align:start position:0% +for drugs in the treatment of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +for drugs in the treatment of cancer +okay so now you can even take this a + + align:start position:0% +okay so now you can even take this a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now you can even take this a +step further and reduce this further we + + align:start position:0% +step further and reduce this further we + + + align:start position:0% +step further and reduce this further we +still have with still now here we're + + align:start position:0% +still have with still now here we're + + + align:start position:0% +still have with still now here we're +still if you ring openness you're at the + + align:start position:0% +still if you ring openness you're at the + + + align:start position:0% +still if you ring openness you're at the +aldehyde stage okay you can reduce the + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde stage okay you can reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde stage okay you can reduce the +aldehyde stage down to the methyl group + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde stage down to the methyl group + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde stage down to the methyl group +and that's got then getting us into the + + align:start position:0% +and that's got then getting us into the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's got then getting us into the +methyl state the aldehyde state in the + + align:start position:0% +methyl state the aldehyde state in the + + + align:start position:0% +methyl state the aldehyde state in the +acid State okay so I think when you sit + + align:start position:0% +acid State okay so I think when you sit + + + align:start position:0% +acid State okay so I think when you sit +down and look at this it looks + + align:start position:0% +down and look at this it looks + + + align:start position:0% +down and look at this it looks +complicated for us it's really not that + + align:start position:0% +complicated for us it's really not that + + + align:start position:0% +complicated for us it's really not that +complicated so this can just ring open + + align:start position:0% +complicated so this can just ring open + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so this can just ring open +and conceivably it could ring open in + + align:start position:0% +and conceivably it could ring open in + + + align:start position:0% +and conceivably it could ring open in +either direction it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +either direction it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +either direction it depends on the +enzyme that's catalyzing it but we + + align:start position:0% +enzyme that's catalyzing it but we + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme that's catalyzing it but we +always get in 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate + + align:start position:0% +always get in 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate + + + align:start position:0% +always get in 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate +that's what's used inside the cell + + align:start position:0% +that's what's used inside the cell + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's used inside the cell +people don't find + + align:start position:0% +people don't find + + + align:start position:0% +people don't find +ten methyl tetrahydrofolate but + + align:start position:0% +ten methyl tetrahydrofolate but + + + align:start position:0% +ten methyl tetrahydrofolate but +chemically that could happen so what + + align:start position:0% +chemically that could happen so what + + + align:start position:0% +chemically that could happen so what +happens this is now a new enzyme and + + align:start position:0% +happens this is now a new enzyme and + + + align:start position:0% +happens this is now a new enzyme and +again it's a dehydrogenase so NADPH is + + align:start position:0% +again it's a dehydrogenase so NADPH is + + + align:start position:0% +again it's a dehydrogenase so NADPH is +going to nad P ok so this is a new + + align:start position:0% +going to nad P ok so this is a new + + + align:start position:0% +going to nad P ok so this is a new +enzyme I'm not gonna write out the name + + align:start position:0% +enzyme I'm not gonna write out the name + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme I'm not gonna write out the name +but this then reduces this to okay n + + align:start position:0% +but this then reduces this to okay n + + + align:start position:0% +but this then reduces this to okay n +5-methyl tetrahydrofolate so what we've + + align:start position:0% +5-methyl tetrahydrofolate so what we've + + + align:start position:0% +5-methyl tetrahydrofolate so what we've +done in is in this particular in the + + align:start position:0% +done in is in this particular in the + + + align:start position:0% +done in is in this particular in the +pathway i've drawn out here is where do + + align:start position:0% +pathway i've drawn out here is where do + + + align:start position:0% +pathway i've drawn out here is where do +we get the one carbon from here we got + + align:start position:0% +we get the one carbon from here we got + + + align:start position:0% +we get the one carbon from here we got +it from the for me okay and we can + + align:start position:0% +it from the for me okay and we can + + + align:start position:0% +it from the for me okay and we can +change the oxidation states to get all + + align:start position:0% +change the oxidation states to get all + + + align:start position:0% +change the oxidation states to get all +three of these oxidation states + + align:start position:0% +three of these oxidation states + + + align:start position:0% +three of these oxidation states +depending on what we need to do with it + + align:start position:0% +depending on what we need to do with it + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what we need to do with it +you have to have the right enzymes and + + align:start position:0% +you have to have the right enzymes and + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have the right enzymes and +the right complexes to be able to make + + align:start position:0% +the right complexes to be able to make + + + align:start position:0% +the right complexes to be able to make +this all work now many of you might not + + align:start position:0% +this all work now many of you might not + + + align:start position:0% +this all work now many of you might not +recall this but in the bank avec paper + + align:start position:0% +recall this but in the bank avec paper + + + align:start position:0% +recall this but in the bank avec paper +you read for recitation last week one of + + align:start position:0% +you read for recitation last week one of + + + align:start position:0% +you read for recitation last week one of +the controls with with this tri + + align:start position:0% +the controls with with this tri + + + align:start position:0% +the controls with with this tri +functional protein and it does not exist + + align:start position:0% +functional protein and it does not exist + + + align:start position:0% +functional protein and it does not exist +in the pure an ozone okay that's been + + align:start position:0% +in the pure an ozone okay that's been + + + align:start position:0% +in the pure an ozone okay that's been +Quebec has been interested never in + + align:start position:0% +Quebec has been interested never in + + + align:start position:0% +Quebec has been interested never in +these enzymes and channeling of reactive + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes and channeling of reactive + + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes and channeling of reactive +intermediates in these systems this does + + align:start position:0% +intermediates in these systems this does + + + align:start position:0% +intermediates in these systems this does +not exist in the permanent paren ozone + + align:start position:0% +not exist in the permanent paren ozone + + + align:start position:0% +not exist in the permanent paren ozone +so then the question is how do you get + + align:start position:0% +so then the question is how do you get + + + align:start position:0% +so then the question is how do you get +back and so there are three methylating + + align:start position:0% +back and so there are three methylating + + + align:start position:0% +back and so there are three methylating +agents inside the cell in a biology does + + align:start position:0% +agents inside the cell in a biology does + + + align:start position:0% +agents inside the cell in a biology does +anybody know what the other two are so + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what the other two are so + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what the other two are so +this is unusual and five methyl so this + + align:start position:0% +this is unusual and five methyl so this + + + align:start position:0% +this is unusual and five methyl so this +is n five this is again n 10 says so s + + align:start position:0% +is n five this is again n 10 says so s + + + align:start position:0% +is n five this is again n 10 says so s +adenosylmethionine is probably the most + + align:start position:0% +adenosylmethionine is probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +adenosylmethionine is probably the most +prevalent what's what's another one yeah + + align:start position:0% +prevalent what's what's another one yeah + + + align:start position:0% +prevalent what's what's another one yeah +so methyl cobalamin so s + + align:start position:0% +so methyl cobalamin so s + + + align:start position:0% +so methyl cobalamin so s +adenosylmethionine is a universal + + align:start position:0% +adenosylmethionine is a universal + + + align:start position:0% +adenosylmethionine is a universal +methylating agent inside the cell and + + align:start position:0% +methylating agent inside the cell and + + + align:start position:0% +methylating agent inside the cell and +then you also have i'm not going to draw + + align:start position:0% +then you also have i'm not going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +then you also have i'm not going to draw +the structure out we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +the structure out we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +the structure out we're not going to +talk about it but methylcobalamin and + + align:start position:0% +talk about it but methylcobalamin and + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it but methylcobalamin and +there's a single web + + align:start position:0% +there's a single web + + + align:start position:0% +there's a single web +that uses all three of these methyl + + align:start position:0% +that uses all three of these methyl + + + align:start position:0% +that uses all three of these methyl +groups okay now if I had another five + + align:start position:0% +groups okay now if I had another five + + + align:start position:0% +groups okay now if I had another five +lectures I would talk about this enzyme + + align:start position:0% +lectures I would talk about this enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +lectures I would talk about this enzyme +this was studied extensively by Rowena's + + align:start position:0% +this was studied extensively by Rowena's + + + align:start position:0% +this was studied extensively by Rowena's +Matthews lab who was one of Cathy's + + align:start position:0% +Matthews lab who was one of Cathy's + + + align:start position:0% +Matthews lab who was one of Cathy's +mentors and then Cathy was involved in + + align:start position:0% +mentors and then Cathy was involved in + + + align:start position:0% +mentors and then Cathy was involved in +getting the first structures many years + + align:start position:0% +getting the first structures many years + + + align:start position:0% +getting the first structures many years +ago the little pieces so it's one of + + align:start position:0% +ago the little pieces so it's one of + + + align:start position:0% +ago the little pieces so it's one of +these enzymes is huge and it's got a + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes is huge and it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes is huge and it's got a +juggle these three methyl groups to do + + align:start position:0% +juggle these three methyl groups to do + + + align:start position:0% +juggle these three methyl groups to do +the chemistry it's really sort of + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry it's really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry it's really sort of +fascinating and so what it does is it + + align:start position:0% +fascinating and so what it does is it + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating and so what it does is it +takes homocysteine so this is + + align:start position:0% +takes homocysteine so this is + + + align:start position:0% +takes homocysteine so this is +homocysteine and converts it to Matheny + + align:start position:0% +homocysteine and converts it to Matheny + + + align:start position:0% +homocysteine and converts it to Matheny +I'm not going to draw this structure so + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to draw this structure so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to draw this structure so +you're methylate so you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you're methylate so you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're methylate so you're going to +methylate that's cysteine okay and then + + align:start position:0% +methylate that's cysteine okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +methylate that's cysteine okay and then +you're back to tetrahydrofolate okay so + + align:start position:0% +you're back to tetrahydrofolate okay so + + + align:start position:0% +you're back to tetrahydrofolate okay so +there's another important reaction that + + align:start position:0% +there's another important reaction that + + + align:start position:0% +there's another important reaction that +I just want to put in here is that + + align:start position:0% +I just want to put in here is that + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to put in here is that +there's another way to go from + + align:start position:0% +there's another way to go from + + + align:start position:0% +there's another way to go from +tetrahydrofolate to this one which is + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate to this one which is + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate to this one which is +methylene tetrahydrofolate and so in + + align:start position:0% +methylene tetrahydrofolate and so in + + + align:start position:0% +methylene tetrahydrofolate and so in +addition to being able to put on the one + + align:start position:0% +addition to being able to put on the one + + + align:start position:0% +addition to being able to put on the one +carbon with formate does anybody have an + + align:start position:0% +carbon with formate does anybody have an + + + align:start position:0% +carbon with formate does anybody have an +idea what another major way is probably + + align:start position:0% +idea what another major way is probably + + + align:start position:0% +idea what another major way is probably +the major way of doing one carbon + + align:start position:0% +the major way of doing one carbon + + + align:start position:0% +the major way of doing one carbon +transfers from metabolic labeling + + align:start position:0% +transfers from metabolic labeling + + + align:start position:0% +transfers from metabolic labeling +experiments that comes from an amino + + align:start position:0% +experiments that comes from an amino + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that comes from an amino +acid + + align:start position:0% +acid + + + align:start position:0% +acid +what amino acid could you use so somehow + + align:start position:0% +what amino acid could you use so somehow + + + align:start position:0% +what amino acid could you use so somehow +we want to get from here to here this is + + align:start position:0% +we want to get from here to here this is + + + align:start position:0% +we want to get from here to here this is +also a major target of therapeutics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody got any ideas we need to get one + + align:start position:0% +anybody got any ideas we need to get one + + + align:start position:0% +anybody got any ideas we need to get one +carbon out of an amino acid fine what + + align:start position:0% +carbon out of an amino acid fine what + + + align:start position:0% +carbon out of an amino acid fine what +did you say + + align:start position:0% +did you say + + + align:start position:0% +did you say +Simon that's an amino acid Oh fire me + + align:start position:0% +Simon that's an amino acid Oh fire me + + + align:start position:0% +Simon that's an amino acid Oh fire me +Oh miss ine + + align:start position:0% +Oh miss ine + + + align:start position:0% +Oh miss ine +yeah see I guess I'm deaf okay I didn't + + align:start position:0% +yeah see I guess I'm deaf okay I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah see I guess I'm deaf okay I didn't +hear no that's not it + + align:start position:0% +hear no that's not it + + + align:start position:0% +hear no that's not it +okay so I'm not gonna spend a lot of + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm not gonna spend a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm not gonna spend a lot of +time but serene okay so this is ours + + align:start position:0% +time but serene okay so this is ours + + + align:start position:0% +time but serene okay so this is ours +I'll draw this out because I think this + + align:start position:0% +I'll draw this out because I think this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll draw this out because I think this +is really important this can be + + align:start position:0% +is really important this can be + + + align:start position:0% +is really important this can be +converted into from maldehyde doesn't + + align:start position:0% +converted into from maldehyde doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +converted into from maldehyde doesn't +anybody know what the cofactor would be + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what the cofactor would be + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what the cofactor would be +that would do that and then what you end + + align:start position:0% +that would do that and then what you end + + + align:start position:0% +that would do that and then what you end +up with is glycine so this is the major + + align:start position:0% +up with is glycine so this is the major + + + align:start position:0% +up with is glycine so this is the major +way sarin is a major one carbon donor so + + align:start position:0% +way sarin is a major one carbon donor so + + + align:start position:0% +way sarin is a major one carbon donor so +serine is going to generate a + + align:start position:0% +serine is going to generate a + + + align:start position:0% +serine is going to generate a +formaldehyde equivalent which then can + + align:start position:0% +formaldehyde equivalent which then can + + + align:start position:0% +formaldehyde equivalent which then can +get picked up here and make methylene + + align:start position:0% +get picked up here and make methylene + + + align:start position:0% +get picked up here and make methylene +tetrahydrofolate anybody have any idea + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate anybody have any idea + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahydrofolate anybody have any idea +of how you would convert serine into + + align:start position:0% +of how you would convert serine into + + + align:start position:0% +of how you would convert serine into +glycine you do learn about this cofactor + + align:start position:0% +glycine you do learn about this cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +glycine you do learn about this cofactor +what is the cofactor that works on all + + align:start position:0% +what is the cofactor that works on all + + + align:start position:0% +what is the cofactor that works on all +amino acids if you want to do something + + align:start position:0% +amino acids if you want to do something + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids if you want to do something +to it there's only one P o P yeah so + + align:start position:0% +to it there's only one P o P yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +to it there's only one P o P yeah so +this is unusual + + align:start position:0% +this is unusual + + + align:start position:0% +this is unusual +ppl P is sort of an amazing cofactor it + + align:start position:0% +ppl P is sort of an amazing cofactor it + + + align:start position:0% +ppl P is sort of an amazing cofactor it +can do alpha decarboxylation as Rasim is + + align:start position:0% +can do alpha decarboxylation as Rasim is + + + align:start position:0% +can do alpha decarboxylation as Rasim is +a shion's it can do alcohol reactions it + + align:start position:0% +a shion's it can do alcohol reactions it + + + align:start position:0% +a shion's it can do alcohol reactions it +can do and then you can do it activates + + align:start position:0% +can do and then you can do it activates + + + align:start position:0% +can do and then you can do it activates +the beta position so you can do beta + + align:start position:0% +the beta position so you can do beta + + + align:start position:0% +the beta position so you can do beta +eliminations replacements it can do + + align:start position:0% +eliminations replacements it can do + + + align:start position:0% +eliminations replacements it can do +probably 10 or 15 different reactions + + align:start position:0% +probably 10 or 15 different reactions + + + align:start position:0% +probably 10 or 15 different reactions +this one is unusual in that what you're + + align:start position:0% +this one is unusual in that what you're + + + align:start position:0% +this one is unusual in that what you're +doing is you're doing an aldol reaction + + align:start position:0% +doing is you're doing an aldol reaction + + + align:start position:0% +doing is you're doing an aldol reaction +okay so you're cleaving that bond and + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're cleaving that bond and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're cleaving that bond and +our reverse aldol reaction in this case + + align:start position:0% +our reverse aldol reaction in this case + + + align:start position:0% +our reverse aldol reaction in this case +so and then the other thing is you want + + align:start position:0% +so and then the other thing is you want + + + align:start position:0% +so and then the other thing is you want +to link this into premies you have + + align:start position:0% +to link this into premies you have + + + align:start position:0% +to link this into premies you have +dihydrofolate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is dihydrofolate and that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is dihydrofolate and that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is dihydrofolate and that's +a major player in permitting metabolism + + align:start position:0% +a major player in permitting metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +a major player in permitting metabolism +to make them eating okay I'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +to make them eating okay I'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +to make them eating okay I'm not gonna +have time to talk about this but folate + + align:start position:0% +have time to talk about this but folate + + + align:start position:0% +have time to talk about this but folate +is the central player in both purine and + + align:start position:0% +is the central player in both purine and + + + align:start position:0% +is the central player in both purine and +pyrimidine metabolism and people have + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidine metabolism and people have + + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidine metabolism and people have +spent a lot of time thinking about it + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time thinking about it + + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time thinking about it +and I think the chemistry I'm into + + align:start position:0% +and I think the chemistry I'm into + + + align:start position:0% +and I think the chemistry I'm into +conversions once you sit and walk + + align:start position:0% +conversions once you sit and walk + + + align:start position:0% +conversions once you sit and walk +through this yourself start over here + + align:start position:0% +through this yourself start over here + + + align:start position:0% +through this yourself start over here +and see if you can draw out the + + align:start position:0% +and see if you can draw out the + + + align:start position:0% +and see if you can draw out the +mechanisms it's the same mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms it's the same mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms it's the same mechanisms +we've seen over and over again in + + align:start position:0% +we've seen over and over again in + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen over and over again in +addition to a carbonyl and loss of water + + align:start position:0% +addition to a carbonyl and loss of water + + + align:start position:0% +addition to a carbonyl and loss of water +okay all right so now what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so now what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so now what I want to do +is okay so that's the entry that was the + + align:start position:0% +is okay so that's the entry that was the + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so that's the entry that was the +introductory part and really what I want + + align:start position:0% +introductory part and really what I want + + + align:start position:0% +introductory part and really what I want +to do now was put you can put that up + + align:start position:0% +to do now was put you can put that up + + + align:start position:0% +to do now was put you can put that up +here for those of you still want to + + align:start position:0% +here for those of you still want to + + + align:start position:0% +here for those of you still want to +stare at it what I want to do now is + + align:start position:0% +stare at it what I want to do now is + + + align:start position:0% +stare at it what I want to do now is +talk about the pathway and what I want + + align:start position:0% +talk about the pathway and what I want + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the pathway and what I want +to do is write out the pathway and then + + align:start position:0% +to do is write out the pathway and then + + + align:start position:0% +to do is write out the pathway and then +use a PowerPoint to talk about a few + + align:start position:0% +use a PowerPoint to talk about a few + + + align:start position:0% +use a PowerPoint to talk about a few +features of the pathway that I think are + + align:start position:0% +features of the pathway that I think are + + + align:start position:0% +features of the pathway that I think are +the most interesting okay and that you + + align:start position:0% +the most interesting okay and that you + + + align:start position:0% +the most interesting okay and that you +can make generalizations to other + + align:start position:0% +can make generalizations to other + + + align:start position:0% +can make generalizations to other +pathways like what is the role of + + align:start position:0% +pathways like what is the role of + + + align:start position:0% +pathways like what is the role of +glutamine okay that's you know + + align:start position:0% +glutamine okay that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +glutamine okay that's you know +personally control consider what is the + + align:start position:0% +personally control consider what is the + + + align:start position:0% +personally control consider what is the +role of ATP okay and we're gonna see the + + align:start position:0% +role of ATP okay and we're gonna see the + + + align:start position:0% +role of ATP okay and we're gonna see the +role this the roles you see in the + + align:start position:0% +role this the roles you see in the + + + align:start position:0% +role this the roles you see in the +peering pathway are used in many but + + align:start position:0% +peering pathway are used in many but + + + align:start position:0% +peering pathway are used in many but +metabolic pathways so those are the ones + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways so those are the ones + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways so those are the ones +I decided to focus on okay so what I + + align:start position:0% +I decided to focus on okay so what I + + + align:start position:0% +I decided to focus on okay so what I +want to do is go step by step and just + + align:start position:0% +want to do is go step by step and just + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is go step by step and just +make a few comments and then I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +make a few comments and then I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +make a few comments and then I'm gonna +use a PowerPoint over here so you can + + align:start position:0% +use a PowerPoint over here so you can + + + align:start position:0% +use a PowerPoint over here so you can +see what I have written down I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +see what I have written down I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +see what I have written down I'm gonna +write down a few things so that's the + + align:start position:0% +write down a few things so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +write down a few things so that's the +nomenclature there's the path there's + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature there's the path there's + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature there's the path there's +there's a path we will start there + + align:start position:0% +there's a path we will start there + + + align:start position:0% +there's a path we will start there +okay so I told you that the first step + + align:start position:0% +okay so I told you that the first step + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I told you that the first step +in this pathway is we start with fossil + + align:start position:0% +in this pathway is we start with fossil + + + align:start position:0% +in this pathway is we start with fossil +ride to Co pyrophosphates central to a + + align:start position:0% +ride to Co pyrophosphates central to a + + + align:start position:0% +ride to Co pyrophosphates central to a +lot of things it's chemically very + + align:start position:0% +lot of things it's chemically very + + + align:start position:0% +lot of things it's chemically very +unstable it falls apart it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +unstable it falls apart it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +unstable it falls apart it's hard to +isolate and the first step in this + + align:start position:0% +isolate and the first step in this + + + align:start position:0% +isolate and the first step in this +pathway we talked about this briefly in + + align:start position:0% +pathway we talked about this briefly in + + + align:start position:0% +pathway we talked about this briefly in +recitation is to make fossil ribose on + + align:start position:0% +recitation is to make fossil ribose on + + + align:start position:0% +recitation is to make fossil ribose on +me okay so the inter + + align:start position:0% +me okay so the inter + + + align:start position:0% +me okay so the inter +thing about this pathway so as you start + + align:start position:0% +thing about this pathway so as you start + + + align:start position:0% +thing about this pathway so as you start +out and again the nomenclature I've + + align:start position:0% +out and again the nomenclature I've + + + align:start position:0% +out and again the nomenclature I've +written out in on the exam you probably + + align:start position:0% +written out in on the exam you probably + + + align:start position:0% +written out in on the exam you probably +will have something about purines there + + align:start position:0% +will have something about purines there + + + align:start position:0% +will have something about purines there +I will give you the pathway and I will + + align:start position:0% +I will give you the pathway and I will + + + align:start position:0% +I will give you the pathway and I will +give you all the names of the enzymes + + align:start position:0% +give you all the names of the enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +give you all the names of the enzymes +okay so you don't need to memorize that + + align:start position:0% +okay so you don't need to memorize that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you don't need to memorize that +I'm probably the only one that knows the + + align:start position:0% +I'm probably the only one that knows the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm probably the only one that knows the +names because I've worked on it very + + align:start position:0% +names because I've worked on it very + + + align:start position:0% +names because I've worked on it very +confusing okay okay so what's unique + + align:start position:0% +confusing okay okay so what's unique + + + align:start position:0% +confusing okay okay so what's unique +again and we've already mentioned this + + align:start position:0% +again and we've already mentioned this + + + align:start position:0% +again and we've already mentioned this +is you start out with ribose phosphate + + align:start position:0% +is you start out with ribose phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +is you start out with ribose phosphate +ribose 5-phosphate and what you're going + + align:start position:0% +ribose 5-phosphate and what you're going + + + align:start position:0% +ribose 5-phosphate and what you're going +to do and this is what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to do and this is what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to do and this is what we're going to +walk through is that the first thing you + + align:start position:0% +walk through is that the first thing you + + + align:start position:0% +walk through is that the first thing you +do is you build up the emitter so Moy + + align:start position:0% +do is you build up the emitter so Moy + + + align:start position:0% +do is you build up the emitter so Moy +'ti of your purine okay so using sort of + + align:start position:0% +'ti of your purine okay so using sort of + + + align:start position:0% +'ti of your purine okay so using sort of +basic metabolites and ATP there are five + + align:start position:0% +basic metabolites and ATP there are five + + + align:start position:0% +basic metabolites and ATP there are five +steps out of the ten that use ATP you + + align:start position:0% +steps out of the ten that use ATP you + + + align:start position:0% +steps out of the ten that use ATP you +make this amino imidazole ribonucleotide + + align:start position:0% +make this amino imidazole ribonucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +make this amino imidazole ribonucleotide +and then what you do again step by step + + align:start position:0% +and then what you do again step by step + + + align:start position:0% +and then what you do again step by step +is convert this into the perimeter + + align:start position:0% +is convert this into the perimeter + + + align:start position:0% +is convert this into the perimeter +moiety so you make your purine okay so + + align:start position:0% +moiety so you make your purine okay so + + + align:start position:0% +moiety so you make your purine okay so +that's a step one step at a time and + + align:start position:0% +that's a step one step at a time and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a step one step at a time and +this was unraveled using metabolic + + align:start position:0% +this was unraveled using metabolic + + + align:start position:0% +this was unraveled using metabolic +labeling experiments okay so the first + + align:start position:0% +labeling experiments okay so the first + + + align:start position:0% +labeling experiments okay so the first +enzyme I'll spend a little bit of time + + align:start position:0% +enzyme I'll spend a little bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme I'll spend a little bit of time +on because I think it's a paradigm for + + align:start position:0% +on because I think it's a paradigm for + + + align:start position:0% +on because I think it's a paradigm for +many enzymes in metabolism in general we + + align:start position:0% +many enzymes in metabolism in general we + + + align:start position:0% +many enzymes in metabolism in general we +do you get ammonia from most of the time + + align:start position:0% +do you get ammonia from most of the time + + + align:start position:0% +do you get ammonia from most of the time +the major source of ammonia is glutamine + + align:start position:0% +the major source of ammonia is glutamine + + + align:start position:0% +the major source of ammonia is glutamine +okay so that's something that you see in + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's something that you see in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's something that you see in +this pathway so glutamine okay you all + + align:start position:0% +this pathway so glutamine okay you all + + + align:start position:0% +this pathway so glutamine okay you all +know glutamine has this part in this + + align:start position:0% +know glutamine has this part in this + + + align:start position:0% +know glutamine has this part in this +sidechain it's going to glue to me okay + + align:start position:0% +sidechain it's going to glue to me okay + + + align:start position:0% +sidechain it's going to glue to me okay +and so you form glutamic acid and the + + align:start position:0% +and so you form glutamic acid and the + + + align:start position:0% +and so you form glutamic acid and the +ammonia from the airmid is going to + + align:start position:0% +ammonia from the airmid is going to + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia from the airmid is going to +interact with the surrogacy or + + align:start position:0% +interact with the surrogacy or + + + align:start position:0% +interact with the surrogacy or +pyrophosphate which is always bound to + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate which is always bound to + + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate which is always bound to +magnesium I can form foster IBUs on me + + align:start position:0% +magnesium I can form foster IBUs on me + + + align:start position:0% +magnesium I can form foster IBUs on me +okay and so I'm now going to start being + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I'm now going to start being + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I'm now going to start being +sloppier instead of writing phosphate + + align:start position:0% +sloppier instead of writing phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +sloppier instead of writing phosphate +here I'm going to have a phosphorous + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to have a phosphorous + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to have a phosphorous +with a circle around it that means we + + align:start position:0% +with a circle around it that means we + + + align:start position:0% +with a circle around it that means we +always have the five prime phosphate and + + align:start position:0% +always have the five prime phosphate and + + + align:start position:0% +always have the five prime phosphate and +furthermore what I'm gonna do is replace + + align:start position:0% +furthermore what I'm gonna do is replace + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore what I'm gonna do is replace +all of this within our group ribose + + align:start position:0% +all of this within our group ribose + + + align:start position:0% +all of this within our group ribose +5-phosphate is present at every single + + align:start position:0% +5-phosphate is present at every single + + + align:start position:0% +5-phosphate is present at every single +step in the pathway and in fact one of + + align:start position:0% +step in the pathway and in fact one of + + + align:start position:0% +step in the pathway and in fact one of +the reasons I thought this pathway was + + align:start position:0% +the reasons I thought this pathway was + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons I thought this pathway was +interesting every enzyme in the pathway + + align:start position:0% +interesting every enzyme in the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +interesting every enzyme in the pathway +has to have a binding site for ribose + + align:start position:0% +has to have a binding site for ribose + + + align:start position:0% +has to have a binding site for ribose +5-phosphate well if any of you ever + + align:start position:0% +5-phosphate well if any of you ever + + + align:start position:0% +5-phosphate well if any of you ever +thought about how many bollock pathways + + align:start position:0% +thought about how many bollock pathways + + + align:start position:0% +thought about how many bollock pathways +evolved where does it come from these + + align:start position:0% +evolved where does it come from these + + + align:start position:0% +evolved where does it come from these +really complicated pathways Wady start + + align:start position:0% +really complicated pathways Wady start + + + align:start position:0% +really complicated pathways Wady start +how do you think about that well this + + align:start position:0% +how do you think about that well this + + + align:start position:0% +how do you think about that well this +might be a fantastic place to look at + + align:start position:0% +might be a fantastic place to look at + + + align:start position:0% +might be a fantastic place to look at +that why because you might have a ribose + + align:start position:0% +that why because you might have a ribose + + + align:start position:0% +that why because you might have a ribose +5 binding site for everything so maybe + + align:start position:0% +5 binding site for everything so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +5 binding site for everything so maybe +it starts with something that binds + + align:start position:0% +it starts with something that binds + + + align:start position:0% +it starts with something that binds +ribose 5-phosphate anyhow this is an + + align:start position:0% +ribose 5-phosphate anyhow this is an + + + align:start position:0% +ribose 5-phosphate anyhow this is an +unusual path weight in that you have + + align:start position:0% +unusual path weight in that you have + + + align:start position:0% +unusual path weight in that you have +something you have a really good handle + + align:start position:0% +something you have a really good handle + + + align:start position:0% +something you have a really good handle +on to hang on to and as we already + + align:start position:0% +on to hang on to and as we already + + + align:start position:0% +on to hang on to and as we already +talked about so this we're gonna call + + align:start position:0% +talked about so this we're gonna call + + + align:start position:0% +talked about so this we're gonna call +our what's unusual there are a couple + + align:start position:0% +our what's unusual there are a couple + + + align:start position:0% +our what's unusual there are a couple +things I want to say about this but we + + align:start position:0% +things I want to say about this but we + + + align:start position:0% +things I want to say about this but we +already talked about this a little in + + align:start position:0% +already talked about this a little in + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about this a little in +terms of channeling okay and this + + align:start position:0% +terms of channeling okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +terms of channeling okay and this +question of why you would ever want to + + align:start position:0% +question of why you would ever want to + + + align:start position:0% +question of why you would ever want to +have clustering enzymes and that's + + align:start position:0% +have clustering enzymes and that's + + + align:start position:0% +have clustering enzymes and that's +because the half-life of this is about + + align:start position:0% +because the half-life of this is about + + + align:start position:0% +because the half-life of this is about +10 seconds at 37 degrees okay so it took + + align:start position:0% +10 seconds at 37 degrees okay so it took + + + align:start position:0% +10 seconds at 37 degrees okay so it took +a lot of effort to see this thing I mean + + align:start position:0% +a lot of effort to see this thing I mean + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of effort to see this thing I mean +you couldn't see a by normal methods + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't see a by normal methods + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't see a by normal methods +people inferred this presence because we + + align:start position:0% +people inferred this presence because we + + + align:start position:0% +people inferred this presence because we +Buchanan actually was able to see the + + align:start position:0% +Buchanan actually was able to see the + + + align:start position:0% +Buchanan actually was able to see the +next enter me in the pathway and + + align:start position:0% +next enter me in the pathway and + + + align:start position:0% +next enter me in the pathway and +inferred the existence of this and many + + align:start position:0% +inferred the existence of this and many + + + align:start position:0% +inferred the existence of this and many +of these intermediates in the pathway + + align:start position:0% +of these intermediates in the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +of these intermediates in the pathway +which is why Bank a big focus on this + + align:start position:0% +which is why Bank a big focus on this + + + align:start position:0% +which is why Bank a big focus on this +are chemically unstable let's see if I + + align:start position:0% +are chemically unstable let's see if I + + + align:start position:0% +are chemically unstable let's see if I +have one of these I don't have it in + + align:start position:0% +have one of these I don't have it in + + + align:start position:0% +have one of these I don't have it in +this pathway I'll show you one other one + + align:start position:0% +this pathway I'll show you one other one + + + align:start position:0% +this pathway I'll show you one other one +which has a half-life of five seconds or + + align:start position:0% +which has a half-life of five seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +which has a half-life of five seconds or +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +they took forever for people to identify + + align:start position:0% +they took forever for people to identify + + + align:start position:0% +they took forever for people to identify +it because when you try to work it up as + + align:start position:0% +it because when you try to work it up as + + + align:start position:0% +it because when you try to work it up as +a chemist it falls apart okay and I + + align:start position:0% +a chemist it falls apart okay and I + + + align:start position:0% +a chemist it falls apart okay and I +would say this is something any of you + + align:start position:0% +would say this is something any of you + + + align:start position:0% +would say this is something any of you +get into metabolomics people are looking + + align:start position:0% +get into metabolomics people are looking + + + align:start position:0% +get into metabolomics people are looking +for metabolites now there's one + + align:start position:0% +for metabolites now there's one + + + align:start position:0% +for metabolites now there's one +metabolite that people have found quite + + align:start position:0% +metabolite that people have found quite + + + align:start position:0% +metabolite that people have found quite +frequently and it seems + + align:start position:0% +frequently and it seems + + + align:start position:0% +frequently and it seems +to be involved in regulation of + + align:start position:0% +to be involved in regulation of + + + align:start position:0% +to be involved in regulation of +glycolysis okay it's this one + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis okay it's this one + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis okay it's this one +see we're am i okay immuno emitters oh + + align:start position:0% +see we're am i okay immuno emitters oh + + + align:start position:0% +see we're am i okay immuno emitters oh +right this one okay and that's because + + align:start position:0% +right this one okay and that's because + + + align:start position:0% +right this one okay and that's because +it's stable and though one of the other + + align:start position:0% +it's stable and though one of the other + + + align:start position:0% +it's stable and though one of the other +ones are not very stable so I wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +ones are not very stable so I wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +ones are not very stable so I wouldn't +be surprised if you ended up finding a + + align:start position:0% +be surprised if you ended up finding a + + + align:start position:0% +be surprised if you ended up finding a +lot more metabolites that are playing a + + align:start position:0% +lot more metabolites that are playing a + + + align:start position:0% +lot more metabolites that are playing a +central role in regulating enzymes in + + align:start position:0% +central role in regulating enzymes in + + + align:start position:0% +central role in regulating enzymes in +primary metabolism because wait as the + + align:start position:0% +primary metabolism because wait as the + + + align:start position:0% +primary metabolism because wait as the +serine come from does anybody know where + + align:start position:0% +serine come from does anybody know where + + + align:start position:0% +serine come from does anybody know where +the Sirian comes from that's plays a key + + align:start position:0% +the Sirian comes from that's plays a key + + + align:start position:0% +the Sirian comes from that's plays a key +role in making this full lady analog do + + align:start position:0% +role in making this full lady analog do + + + align:start position:0% +role in making this full lady analog do +anybody in it have any idea so serine is + + align:start position:0% +anybody in it have any idea so serine is + + + align:start position:0% +anybody in it have any idea so serine is +from 3-phosphoglycerate acid in the + + align:start position:0% +from 3-phosphoglycerate acid in the + + + align:start position:0% +from 3-phosphoglycerate acid in the +glycolysis pathway it's actually very + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis pathway it's actually very + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis pathway it's actually very +straightforward to write a mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +straightforward to write a mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward to write a mechanism of +how you get there + + align:start position:0% +how you get there + + + align:start position:0% +how you get there +intimately links the glycolysis pathway + + align:start position:0% +intimately links the glycolysis pathway + + + align:start position:0% +intimately links the glycolysis pathway +to purine metabolism okay and we'll also + + align:start position:0% +to purine metabolism okay and we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +to purine metabolism okay and we'll also +say here of course this is full way but + + align:start position:0% +say here of course this is full way but + + + align:start position:0% +say here of course this is full way but +we also need glycine that's the next + + align:start position:0% +we also need glycine that's the next + + + align:start position:0% +we also need glycine that's the next +step in the small molecule and this + + align:start position:0% +step in the small molecule and this + + + align:start position:0% +step in the small molecule and this +pathway it needs glycine so everything + + align:start position:0% +pathway it needs glycine so everything + + + align:start position:0% +pathway it needs glycine so everything +is integrated once you see sort of see + + align:start position:0% +is integrated once you see sort of see + + + align:start position:0% +is integrated once you see sort of see +the big picture and have central + + align:start position:0% +the big picture and have central + + + align:start position:0% +the big picture and have central +pictures of primary metabolism + + align:start position:0% +pictures of primary metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +pictures of primary metabolism +everything becomes much more integrated + + align:start position:0% +everything becomes much more integrated + + + align:start position:0% +everything becomes much more integrated +okay so how does this happen okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so how does this happen okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how does this happen okay so +what I want to do is I want to talk a + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do is I want to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do is I want to talk a +little bit about this enzyme so here's + + align:start position:0% +little bit about this enzyme so here's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about this enzyme so here's +all whoa okay so here let me just talk + + align:start position:0% +all whoa okay so here let me just talk + + + align:start position:0% +all whoa okay so here let me just talk +about this this is so if we call this + + align:start position:0% +about this this is so if we call this + + + align:start position:0% +about this this is so if we call this +pure F just so we have a name pure if + + align:start position:0% +pure F just so we have a name pure if + + + align:start position:0% +pure F just so we have a name pure if +it's called in a Mito trance race okay + + align:start position:0% +it's called in a Mito trance race okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's called in a Mito trance race okay +and what it's going to do is it's going + + align:start position:0% +and what it's going to do is it's going + + + align:start position:0% +and what it's going to do is it's going +to take glutamate glutamine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and it turns out these enzymes have + + align:start position:0% +okay and it turns out these enzymes have + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it turns out these enzymes have +a domain they always have multiple + + align:start position:0% +a domain they always have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +a domain they always have multiple +domains and the domain that uses the + + align:start position:0% +domains and the domain that uses the + + + align:start position:0% +domains and the domain that uses the +glutamine can be the same okay there are + + align:start position:0% +glutamine can be the same okay there are + + + align:start position:0% +glutamine can be the same okay there are +actually two different convergent + + align:start position:0% +actually two different convergent + + + align:start position:0% +actually two different convergent +evolution of glutamine binding domains + + align:start position:0% +evolution of glutamine binding domains + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of glutamine binding domains +that do the same chemistry so what you + + align:start position:0% +that do the same chemistry so what you + + + align:start position:0% +that do the same chemistry so what you +do is we've seen this again many many + + align:start position:0% +do is we've seen this again many many + + + align:start position:0% +do is we've seen this again many many +times so you form a covalent + + align:start position:0% +times so you form a covalent + + + align:start position:0% +times so you form a covalent +intermediate which then hydrolyzes to + + align:start position:0% +intermediate which then hydrolyzes to + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate which then hydrolyzes to +glutamate regenerating the SH okay and + + align:start position:0% +glutamate regenerating the SH okay and + + + align:start position:0% +glutamate regenerating the SH okay and +what happened during this reaction you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generate a manga okay so the goal of + + align:start position:0% +generate a manga okay so the goal of + + + align:start position:0% +generate a manga okay so the goal of +these amido trance races in general in + + align:start position:0% +these amido trance races in general in + + + align:start position:0% +these amido trance races in general in +many many metabolic pathways is to + + align:start position:0% +many many metabolic pathways is to + + + align:start position:0% +many many metabolic pathways is to +generate ammonia okay + + align:start position:0% +generate ammonia okay + + + align:start position:0% +generate ammonia okay +and so to me what's striking about this + + align:start position:0% +and so to me what's striking about this + + + align:start position:0% +and so to me what's striking about this +is the way nature evolved these + + align:start position:0% +is the way nature evolved these + + + align:start position:0% +is the way nature evolved these +metabolic enzymes that generate ammonia + + align:start position:0% +metabolic enzymes that generate ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic enzymes that generate ammonia +and so what you see in a cartoon view so + + align:start position:0% +and so what you see in a cartoon view so + + + align:start position:0% +and so what you see in a cartoon view so +we're always going to have all of these + + align:start position:0% +we're always going to have all of these + + + align:start position:0% +we're always going to have all of these +enzymes they may be a single polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +enzymes they may be a single polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes they may be a single polypeptide +they may be two polypeptides but they + + align:start position:0% +they may be two polypeptides but they + + + align:start position:0% +they may be two polypeptides but they +all have a glutamine age domain okay so + + align:start position:0% +all have a glutamine age domain okay so + + + align:start position:0% +all have a glutamine age domain okay so +the glutamine A's is just generating the + + align:start position:0% +the glutamine A's is just generating the + + + align:start position:0% +the glutamine A's is just generating the +ammonia okay but what what do we have we + + align:start position:0% +ammonia okay but what what do we have we + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia okay but what what do we have we +started out with fossil ribosome + + align:start position:0% +started out with fossil ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +started out with fossil ribosome +pyrophosphate so once we generate the + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate so once we generate the + + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate so once we generate the +ammonia what can happen you can narrow + + align:start position:0% +ammonia what can happen you can narrow + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia what can happen you can narrow +by it turns out by a dissociative + + align:start position:0% +by it turns out by a dissociative + + + align:start position:0% +by it turns out by a dissociative +mechanism displace the pyrophosphate to + + align:start position:0% +mechanism displace the pyrophosphate to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism displace the pyrophosphate to +form Fostoria boson me okay so all of + + align:start position:0% +form Fostoria boson me okay so all of + + + align:start position:0% +form Fostoria boson me okay so all of +these kinds of reactions involve + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of reactions involve + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of reactions involve +dissociative rather than an associative + + align:start position:0% +dissociative rather than an associative + + + align:start position:0% +dissociative rather than an associative +transition states that's not possibly + + align:start position:0% +transition states that's not possibly + + + align:start position:0% +transition states that's not possibly +not important but what what's amazing + + align:start position:0% +not important but what what's amazing + + + align:start position:0% +not important but what what's amazing +about this is that PRPP + + align:start position:0% +about this is that PRPP + + + align:start position:0% +about this is that PRPP +okay and in this case in this case binds + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this case in this case binds + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this case in this case binds +to one to me and the glutamine binds to + + align:start position:0% +to one to me and the glutamine binds to + + + align:start position:0% +to one to me and the glutamine binds to +this second domain okay + + align:start position:0% +this second domain okay + + + align:start position:0% +this second domain okay +so ammonia what would happen to a mon + + align:start position:0% +so ammonia what would happen to a mon + + + align:start position:0% +so ammonia what would happen to a mon +your friend went out into solution yeah + + align:start position:0% +your friend went out into solution yeah + + + align:start position:0% +your friend went out into solution yeah +guess protonated really rapidly becomes + + align:start position:0% +guess protonated really rapidly becomes + + + align:start position:0% +guess protonated really rapidly becomes +unreactive I don't know why nature + + align:start position:0% +unreactive I don't know why nature + + + align:start position:0% +unreactive I don't know why nature +designed this but what you see with all + + align:start position:0% +designed this but what you see with all + + + align:start position:0% +designed this but what you see with all +these enzymes is she makes it tunnel + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes is she makes it tunnel + + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes is she makes it tunnel +across the domain interface that's about + + align:start position:0% +across the domain interface that's about + + + align:start position:0% +across the domain interface that's about +40 25 to 40 angstroms long so the + + align:start position:0% +40 25 to 40 angstroms long so the + + + align:start position:0% +40 25 to 40 angstroms long so the +ammonia that's released never gets out + + align:start position:0% +ammonia that's released never gets out + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia that's released never gets out +into solutions is another example of + + align:start position:0% +into solutions is another example of + + + align:start position:0% +into solutions is another example of +channeling reactive intermediate which + + align:start position:0% +channeling reactive intermediate which + + + align:start position:0% +channeling reactive intermediate which +we talked about that's potentially a + + align:start position:0% +we talked about that's potentially a + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about that's potentially a +reason for channeling in the peering + + align:start position:0% +reason for channeling in the peering + + + align:start position:0% +reason for channeling in the peering +pathway so there's a tunnel and the + + align:start position:0% +pathway so there's a tunnel and the + + + align:start position:0% +pathway so there's a tunnel and the +tunnel can be 20 to 25 we have a number + + align:start position:0% +tunnel can be 20 to 25 we have a number + + + align:start position:0% +tunnel can be 20 to 25 we have a number +of structures okay and the ammonia + + align:start position:0% +of structures okay and the ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +of structures okay and the ammonia +channels and I have no idea I mean this + + align:start position:0% +channels and I have no idea I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +channels and I have no idea I mean this +surprised the heck out of me I thought + + align:start position:0% +surprised the heck out of me I thought + + + align:start position:0% +surprised the heck out of me I thought +the way nature would hold on to this is + + align:start position:0% +the way nature would hold on to this is + + + align:start position:0% +the way nature would hold on to this is +by hanging on to not the covalent + + align:start position:0% +by hanging on to not the covalent + + + align:start position:0% +by hanging on to not the covalent +intermediate put the preceding + + align:start position:0% +intermediate put the preceding + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate put the preceding +tetrahedral intermediate and then when + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral intermediate and then when + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral intermediate and then when +the white substrate was there release it + + align:start position:0% +the white substrate was there release it + + + align:start position:0% +the white substrate was there release it +and then bind it sitting right next to + + align:start position:0% +and then bind it sitting right next to + + + align:start position:0% +and then bind it sitting right next to +it but nature in all designs has done + + align:start position:0% +it but nature in all designs has done + + + align:start position:0% +it but nature in all designs has done +this thing where you have this channel + + align:start position:0% +this thing where you have this channel + + + align:start position:0% +this thing where you have this channel +and he has an example of pure F so the + + align:start position:0% +and he has an example of pure F so the + + + align:start position:0% +and he has an example of pure F so the +glutamine this is the glutamine A's + + align:start position:0% +glutamine this is the glutamine A's + + + align:start position:0% +glutamine this is the glutamine A's +domain up here and here's where the + + align:start position:0% +domain up here and here's where the + + + align:start position:0% +domain up here and here's where the +fossil ride Basile pyrophosphate binds + + align:start position:0% +fossil ride Basile pyrophosphate binds + + + align:start position:0% +fossil ride Basile pyrophosphate binds +down here you can't see the channel but + + align:start position:0% +down here you can't see the channel but + + + align:start position:0% +down here you can't see the channel but +this is work of Ken Smith a number of + + align:start position:0% +this is work of Ken Smith a number of + + + align:start position:0% +this is work of Ken Smith a number of +years ago it was the first one that + + align:start position:0% +years ago it was the first one that + + + align:start position:0% +years ago it was the first one that +showed the channel in this pathway okay + + align:start position:0% +showed the channel in this pathway okay + + + align:start position:0% +showed the channel in this pathway okay +so that's common and we're going to look + + align:start position:0% +so that's common and we're going to look + + + align:start position:0% +so that's common and we're going to look +at another glutamine requiring enzyme in + + align:start position:0% +at another glutamine requiring enzyme in + + + align:start position:0% +at another glutamine requiring enzyme in +this pathway it's the fourth enzyme in + + align:start position:0% +this pathway it's the fourth enzyme in + + + align:start position:0% +this pathway it's the fourth enzyme in +the pathway also as a channel again it's + + align:start position:0% +the pathway also as a channel again it's + + + align:start position:0% +the pathway also as a channel again it's +distinct the gluten at all does this + + align:start position:0% +distinct the gluten at all does this + + + align:start position:0% +distinct the gluten at all does this +glutamine A's covalent intermediate but + + align:start position:0% +glutamine A's covalent intermediate but + + + align:start position:0% +glutamine A's covalent intermediate but +the structure of the glue Tammany's + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the glue Tammany's + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the glue Tammany's +domain is is distinct okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +domain is is distinct okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +domain is is distinct okay okay so +what's the next enzyme in the pathway so + + align:start position:0% +what's the next enzyme in the pathway so + + + align:start position:0% +what's the next enzyme in the pathway so +the next enzyme in the pathway again is + + align:start position:0% +the next enzyme in the pathway again is + + + align:start position:0% +the next enzyme in the pathway again is +a paradigm + + align:start position:0% +a paradigm + + + align:start position:0% +a paradigm +for many many enzymes and primary + + align:start position:0% +for many many enzymes and primary + + + align:start position:0% +for many many enzymes and primary +metabolic pathways and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways and if you look at +the structure let's just go back to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +counselor so then the X if you look at + + align:start position:0% +counselor so then the X if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +counselor so then the X if you look at +this pathway what you now want to do so + + align:start position:0% +this pathway what you now want to do so + + + align:start position:0% +this pathway what you now want to do so +we keep the ribose 5-phosphate all the + + align:start position:0% +we keep the ribose 5-phosphate all the + + + align:start position:0% +we keep the ribose 5-phosphate all the +way through the whole thing that's those + + align:start position:0% +way through the whole thing that's those + + + align:start position:0% +way through the whole thing that's those +that's the scalpel now what are you + + align:start position:0% +that's the scalpel now what are you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the scalpel now what are you +going to add you're gonna add glycine + + align:start position:0% +going to add you're gonna add glycine + + + align:start position:0% +going to add you're gonna add glycine +okay so here's your Fostoria bustled + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's your Fostoria bustled + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's your Fostoria bustled +mean and you're gonna add glycine how do + + align:start position:0% +mean and you're gonna add glycine how do + + + align:start position:0% +mean and you're gonna add glycine how do +you add how do you inactivate an amino + + align:start position:0% +you add how do you inactivate an amino + + + align:start position:0% +you add how do you inactivate an amino +acid + + align:start position:0% +acid + + + align:start position:0% +acid +what's you've seen activation of amino + + align:start position:0% +what's you've seen activation of amino + + + align:start position:0% +what's you've seen activation of amino +acids now many times what are the two + + align:start position:0% +acids now many times what are the two + + + align:start position:0% +acids now many times what are the two +ways you can activate amino acids see + + align:start position:0% +ways you can activate amino acids see + + + align:start position:0% +ways you can activate amino acids see +either a generally or phosphorylate so + + align:start position:0% +either a generally or phosphorylate so + + + align:start position:0% +either a generally or phosphorylate so +that's a paradigm that you see over and + + align:start position:0% +that's a paradigm that you see over and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a paradigm that you see over and +over again in nature this enzyme uses + + align:start position:0% +over again in nature this enzyme uses + + + align:start position:0% +over again in nature this enzyme uses +ATP this is one of the five enzymes and + + align:start position:0% +ATP this is one of the five enzymes and + + + align:start position:0% +ATP this is one of the five enzymes and +it forms inorganic phosphate so your + + align:start position:0% +it forms inorganic phosphate so your + + + align:start position:0% +it forms inorganic phosphate so your +phosphorylating not a gentle ating and + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylating not a gentle ating and + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylating not a gentle ating and +so I'm gonna show I'll show you what the + + align:start position:0% +so I'm gonna show I'll show you what the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm gonna show I'll show you what the +mechanism is up there you've already + + align:start position:0% +mechanism is up there you've already + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism is up there you've already +seen this mechanism but the idea is you + + align:start position:0% +seen this mechanism but the idea is you + + + align:start position:0% +seen this mechanism but the idea is you +phosphorylate this you're gonna form the + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate this you're gonna form the + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate this you're gonna form the +faso anhydride and then the fausto + + align:start position:0% +faso anhydride and then the fausto + + + align:start position:0% +faso anhydride and then the fausto +anhydride can't react with the amino + + align:start position:0% +anhydride can't react with the amino + + + align:start position:0% +anhydride can't react with the amino +group and genetically this is something + + align:start position:0% +group and genetically this is something + + + align:start position:0% +group and genetically this is something +that's not one of my students worth not + + align:start position:0% +that's not one of my students worth not + + + align:start position:0% +that's not one of my students worth not +a long time ago there was evidence that + + align:start position:0% +a long time ago there was evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +a long time ago there was evidence that +this intermediate which is chemically + + align:start position:0% +this intermediate which is chemically + + + align:start position:0% +this intermediate which is chemically +unstable could channel between the two + + align:start position:0% +unstable could channel between the two + + + align:start position:0% +unstable could channel between the two +proteins so you don't generate this out + + align:start position:0% +proteins so you don't generate this out + + + align:start position:0% +proteins so you don't generate this out +in solution where it can fall apart and + + align:start position:0% +in solution where it can fall apart and + + + align:start position:0% +in solution where it can fall apart and +it can analyze it gets transferred + + align:start position:0% +it can analyze it gets transferred + + + align:start position:0% +it can analyze it gets transferred +directly in fact in the early days when + + align:start position:0% +directly in fact in the early days when + + + align:start position:0% +directly in fact in the early days when +I in when we invented the first + + align:start position:0% +I in when we invented the first + + + align:start position:0% +I in when we invented the first +biochemistry labs at MIT they use this + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry labs at MIT they use this + + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry labs at MIT they use this +system yeah I really push them to the + + align:start position:0% +system yeah I really push them to the + + + align:start position:0% +system yeah I really push them to the +limit because they were dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +limit because they were dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +limit because they were dealing with a +substrate they had a very short + + align:start position:0% +substrate they had a very short + + + align:start position:0% +substrate they had a very short +half-life anyhow they learned a lot from + + align:start position:0% +half-life anyhow they learned a lot from + + + align:start position:0% +half-life anyhow they learned a lot from +the exercise so what you're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +the exercise so what you're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise so what you're gonna have +then is ribose I'm just going to call it + + align:start position:0% +then is ribose I'm just going to call it + + + align:start position:0% +then is ribose I'm just going to call it +R okay yeah so here's our glycine woops + + align:start position:0% +R okay yeah so here's our glycine woops + + + align:start position:0% +R okay yeah so here's our glycine woops +guess I better get the structure right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is from glycine okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is from glycine okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is from glycine okay so +what what we will see is that this is + + align:start position:0% +what what we will see is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +what what we will see is that this is +another we're not getting very far but + + align:start position:0% +another we're not getting very far but + + + align:start position:0% +another we're not getting very far but +this is a member of the a TP grasp super + + align:start position:0% +this is a member of the a TP grasp super + + + align:start position:0% +this is a member of the a TP grasp super +family of enzymes okay they all do the + + align:start position:0% +family of enzymes okay they all do the + + + align:start position:0% +family of enzymes okay they all do the +same chemistry so let me just move + + align:start position:0% +same chemistry so let me just move + + + align:start position:0% +same chemistry so let me just move +forward + + align:start position:0% +forward + + + align:start position:0% +forward +a little bit I'm not going to draw this + + align:start position:0% +a little bit I'm not going to draw this + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit I'm not going to draw this +out you guys have seen this chemistry + + align:start position:0% +out you guys have seen this chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +out you guys have seen this chemistry +many times so what's happening in this + + align:start position:0% +many times so what's happening in this + + + align:start position:0% +many times so what's happening in this +chemistry is you have a carboxylate ATP + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is you have a carboxylate ATP + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is you have a carboxylate ATP +phosphorylates it and then you attack by + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylates it and then you attack by + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylates it and then you attack by +a new nucleophile okay in this case the + + align:start position:0% +a new nucleophile okay in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +a new nucleophile okay in this case the +nucleophile is the amino group a fossil + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile is the amino group a fossil + + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile is the amino group a fossil +ribosomal I mean okay so what I just + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal I mean okay so what I just + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal I mean okay so what I just +want you to see here if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +want you to see here if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +want you to see here if you look at this +there are four enzymes that are involved + + align:start position:0% +there are four enzymes that are involved + + + align:start position:0% +there are four enzymes that are involved +in purine metabolism that all have the + + align:start position:0% +in purine metabolism that all have the + + + align:start position:0% +in purine metabolism that all have the +same structure they all have ATP grass + + align:start position:0% +same structure they all have ATP grass + + + align:start position:0% +same structure they all have ATP grass +structures they all form they all go + + align:start position:0% +structures they all form they all go + + + align:start position:0% +structures they all form they all go +through faso anhydride intermediates and + + align:start position:0% +through faso anhydride intermediates and + + + align:start position:0% +through faso anhydride intermediates and +you can from bioinformatics pick these + + align:start position:0% +you can from bioinformatics pick these + + + align:start position:0% +you can from bioinformatics pick these +structures out okay so this is again an + + align:start position:0% +structures out okay so this is again an + + + align:start position:0% +structures out okay so this is again an +example once people defined this this + + align:start position:0% +example once people defined this this + + + align:start position:0% +example once people defined this this +almost a new sequence homology between + + align:start position:0% +almost a new sequence homology between + + + align:start position:0% +almost a new sequence homology between +these proteins but by knowing this + + align:start position:0% +these proteins but by knowing this + + + align:start position:0% +these proteins but by knowing this +chemistry you can actually pick out that + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you can actually pick out that + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you can actually pick out that +these are going to be family members and + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be family members and + + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be family members and +if you know if they organize in bacteria + + align:start position:0% +if you know if they organize in bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +if you know if they organize in bacteria +and operons you can even guess it's a + + align:start position:0% +and operons you can even guess it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and operons you can even guess it's a +substrate and then you can test this + + align:start position:0% +substrate and then you can test this + + + align:start position:0% +substrate and then you can test this +model that they go through + + align:start position:0% +model that they go through + + + align:start position:0% +model that they go through +fausto and hydride intermediates and i'm + + align:start position:0% +fausto and hydride intermediates and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +fausto and hydride intermediates and i'm +over but the next step in this pathway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the next step in this pathway we're + + align:start position:0% +okay the next step in this pathway we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay the next step in this pathway we're +going to come back and what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +going to come back and what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +going to come back and what we're gonna +what are we going to use we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to use we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to use we're going to +use intent formal tetrahydrofolate + + align:start position:0% +use intent formal tetrahydrofolate + + + align:start position:0% +use intent formal tetrahydrofolate +that's why I went through this we're + + align:start position:0% +that's why I went through this we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I went through this we're +gonna put a formal group here and again + + align:start position:0% +gonna put a formal group here and again + + + align:start position:0% +gonna put a formal group here and again +the chemistry is just the same go home + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry is just the same go home + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry is just the same go home +and think about the chemistry of how you + + align:start position:0% +and think about the chemistry of how you + + + align:start position:0% +and think about the chemistry of how you +generate all the different oxidation + + align:start position:0% +generate all the different oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +generate all the different oxidation +states of the carbon and then I think + + align:start position:0% +states of the carbon and then I think + + + align:start position:0% +states of the carbon and then I think +you can see the chemistry in this + + align:start position:0% +you can see the chemistry in this + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the chemistry in this +pathway actually is pretty simple once + + align:start position:0% +pathway actually is pretty simple once + + + align:start position:0% +pathway actually is pretty simple once +you know a few basic reactions + + align:start position:0% +you know a few basic reactions + + + align:start position:0% +you know a few basic reactions +the ATP grass family is interesting the + + align:start position:0% +the ATP grass family is interesting the + + + align:start position:0% +the ATP grass family is interesting the +amido trance race and the channel is + + align:start position:0% +amido trance race and the channel is + + + align:start position:0% +amido trance race and the channel is +interesting as being general in + + align:start position:0% +interesting as being general in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting as being general in +metabolism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3p-AfjvEDqs.txt b/3p-AfjvEDqs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..016349fdad7a0472ed81f80cce0c0c37998a6e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3p-AfjvEDqs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6832 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so we're becoming familiar + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so we're becoming familiar + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so we're becoming familiar +with the important terms in the + + align:start position:0% +with the important terms in the + + + align:start position:0% +with the important terms in the +hamiltonian the rotational term the spin + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the rotational term the spin + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the rotational term the spin +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +term spin + + align:start position:0% +term spin + + + align:start position:0% +term spin +spin and spin rotation anything else uh + + align:start position:0% +spin and spin rotation anything else uh + + + align:start position:0% +spin and spin rotation anything else uh +and we haven't done much with these two + + align:start position:0% +and we haven't done much with these two + + + align:start position:0% +and we haven't done much with these two +but once you can write the various + + align:start position:0% +but once you can write the various + + + align:start position:0% +but once you can write the various +operators in a form involving the the + + align:start position:0% +operators in a form involving the the + + + align:start position:0% +operators in a form involving the the +usual angular momentum operators that + + align:start position:0% +usual angular momentum operators that + + + align:start position:0% +usual angular momentum operators that +appear in the labels of our basis + + align:start position:0% +appear in the labels of our basis + + + align:start position:0% +appear in the labels of our basis +functions it becomes a trivial matter + + align:start position:0% +functions it becomes a trivial matter + + + align:start position:0% +functions it becomes a trivial matter +and so these are all simple but I talked + + align:start position:0% +and so these are all simple but I talked + + + align:start position:0% +and so these are all simple but I talked +about this operator replacement for spin + + align:start position:0% +about this operator replacement for spin + + + align:start position:0% +about this operator replacement for spin +orbit where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we take what is the a microscopically + + align:start position:0% +uh we take what is the a microscopically + + + align:start position:0% +uh we take what is the a microscopically +more honest form for the spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +more honest form for the spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +more honest form for the spin orbit +operator and say well for the special + + align:start position:0% +operator and say well for the special + + + align:start position:0% +operator and say well for the special +case where uh s doesn't change we can + + align:start position:0% +case where uh s doesn't change we can + + + align:start position:0% +case where uh s doesn't change we can +replace this by a constant times uh uh + + align:start position:0% +replace this by a constant times uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +replace this by a constant times uh uh +um some constant time L and this by some + + align:start position:0% +um some constant time L and this by some + + + align:start position:0% +um some constant time L and this by some +constant times s and we just have an + + align:start position:0% +constant times s and we just have an + + + align:start position:0% +constant times s and we just have an +operator a constant times + + align:start position:0% +operator a constant times + + + align:start position:0% +operator a constant times +L.S and this gives us what we need for a + + align:start position:0% +L.S and this gives us what we need for a + + + align:start position:0% +L.S and this gives us what we need for a +lot of the spin orbit Matrix elements + + align:start position:0% +lot of the spin orbit Matrix elements + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the spin orbit Matrix elements +that we'll encounter + + align:start position:0% +that we'll encounter + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll encounter +and this operator form is very useful if + + align:start position:0% +and this operator form is very useful if + + + align:start position:0% +and this operator form is very useful if +we uh have written The Matrix the basis + + align:start position:0% +we uh have written The Matrix the basis + + + align:start position:0% +we uh have written The Matrix the basis +functions in terms of spin orbitals + + align:start position:0% +functions in terms of spin orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +functions in terms of spin orbitals +which we will get to but it's extremely + + align:start position:0% +which we will get to but it's extremely + + + align:start position:0% +which we will get to but it's extremely +inconvenient for garden + + align:start position:0% +inconvenient for garden + + + align:start position:0% +inconvenient for garden +variety uh calculations and so you want + + align:start position:0% +variety uh calculations and so you want + + + align:start position:0% +variety uh calculations and so you want +to replace it and the form we took for + + align:start position:0% +to replace it and the form we took for + + + align:start position:0% +to replace it and the form we took for +this and for this have already been + + align:start position:0% +this and for this have already been + + + align:start position:0% +this and for this have already been +reduced many years ago and nobody ever + + align:start position:0% +reduced many years ago and nobody ever + + + align:start position:0% +reduced many years ago and nobody ever +thinks about the true microscopic forms + + align:start position:0% +thinks about the true microscopic forms + + + align:start position:0% +thinks about the true microscopic forms +of these unless people really are uh + + align:start position:0% +of these unless people really are uh + + + align:start position:0% +of these unless people really are uh +masochists so uh but the reason I talk + + align:start position:0% +masochists so uh but the reason I talk + + + align:start position:0% +masochists so uh but the reason I talk +about this is that the spin orbit this + + align:start position:0% +about this is that the spin orbit this + + + align:start position:0% +about this is that the spin orbit this +form of the spin orbit a + + align:start position:0% +form of the spin orbit a + + + align:start position:0% +form of the spin orbit a +L.S is uh reduced in such a way that it + + align:start position:0% +L.S is uh reduced in such a way that it + + + align:start position:0% +L.S is uh reduced in such a way that it +makes people think that you don't have + + align:start position:0% +makes people think that you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +makes people think that you don't have +any spin orbit perturbations between + + align:start position:0% +any spin orbit perturbations between + + + align:start position:0% +any spin orbit perturbations between +states of different + + align:start position:0% +states of different + + + align:start position:0% +states of different +Spin and that is wrong in fact that's + + align:start position:0% +Spin and that is wrong in fact that's + + + align:start position:0% +Spin and that is wrong in fact that's +what spin orbit was born for to mix + + align:start position:0% +what spin orbit was born for to mix + + + align:start position:0% +what spin orbit was born for to mix +states of different Spin and so this is + + align:start position:0% +states of different Spin and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +states of different Spin and so this is +convenient but it's misleading and there + + align:start position:0% +convenient but it's misleading and there + + + align:start position:0% +convenient but it's misleading and there +are many textbooks which say this is the + + align:start position:0% +are many textbooks which say this is the + + + align:start position:0% +are many textbooks which say this is the +spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +spin orbit +operator and then they proceed to talk + + align:start position:0% +operator and then they proceed to talk + + + align:start position:0% +operator and then they proceed to talk +about Matrix elements off diagonal and + + align:start position:0% +about Matrix elements off diagonal and + + + align:start position:0% +about Matrix elements off diagonal and +spin which you can see is + + align:start position:0% +spin which you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +spin which you can see is +impossible uh or they say that the uh + + align:start position:0% +impossible uh or they say that the uh + + + align:start position:0% +impossible uh or they say that the uh +there's no term in the hamiltonian that + + align:start position:0% +there's no term in the hamiltonian that + + + align:start position:0% +there's no term in the hamiltonian that +changes SP and that's also wrong so + + align:start position:0% +changes SP and that's also wrong so + + + align:start position:0% +changes SP and that's also wrong so +there's all sorts of stuff in the + + align:start position:0% +there's all sorts of stuff in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's all sorts of stuff in the +literature about this that's confusing + + align:start position:0% +literature about this that's confusing + + + align:start position:0% +literature about this that's confusing +okay so last time I mostly talked about + + align:start position:0% +okay so last time I mostly talked about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so last time I mostly talked about +double p + + align:start position:0% +double p + + + align:start position:0% +double p +and we set up the Matrix for the dou pi + + align:start position:0% +and we set up the Matrix for the dou pi + + + align:start position:0% +and we set up the Matrix for the dou pi +state in terms of and we evaluated many + + align:start position:0% +state in terms of and we evaluated many + + + align:start position:0% +state in terms of and we evaluated many +of these uh Matrix + + align:start position:0% +of these uh Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +of these uh Matrix +elements I alluded in the electron notes + + align:start position:0% +elements I alluded in the electron notes + + + align:start position:0% +elements I alluded in the electron notes +to double Sigma plus and I should have + + align:start position:0% +to double Sigma plus and I should have + + + align:start position:0% +to double Sigma plus and I should have +completely set up that Matrix but I + + align:start position:0% +completely set up that Matrix but I + + + align:start position:0% +completely set up that Matrix but I +think that that's a good warm-up task + + align:start position:0% +think that that's a good warm-up task + + + align:start position:0% +think that that's a good warm-up task +for you and so we're we have a + + align:start position:0% +for you and so we're we have a + + + align:start position:0% +for you and so we're we have a +matrix double Pi double Sigma + + align:start position:0% +matrix double Pi double Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +matrix double Pi double Sigma +and we'd like to understand uh the + + align:start position:0% +and we'd like to understand uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd like to understand uh the +interaction between double pi and double + + align:start position:0% +interaction between double pi and double + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between double pi and double +Sigma and so what goes in + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and so what goes in + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and so what goes in +here and what goes in there are two + + align:start position:0% +here and what goes in there are two + + + align:start position:0% +here and what goes in there are two +terms there are terms that come from um + + align:start position:0% +terms there are terms that come from um + + + align:start position:0% +terms there are terms that come from um +the uh a or 1 12 a l+ as my see I'm + + align:start position:0% +the uh a or 1 12 a l+ as my see I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the uh a or 1 12 a l+ as my see I'm +writing it down below as I promised I + + align:start position:0% +writing it down below as I promised I + + + align:start position:0% +writing it down below as I promised I +should uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there are terms that that come from + + align:start position:0% +and there are terms that that come from + + + align:start position:0% +and there are terms that that come from +uh L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uncoupling and that's minus + + align:start position:0% +uncoupling and that's minus + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupling and that's minus +B + + align:start position:0% +B + + + align:start position:0% +B +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +J plus L minus + J minus + + align:start position:0% +J plus L minus + J minus + + + align:start position:0% +J plus L minus + J minus +l+ okay so the the terms that result in + + align:start position:0% +l+ okay so the the terms that result in + + + align:start position:0% +l+ okay so the the terms that result in +interactions between double pi and + + align:start position:0% +interactions between double pi and + + + align:start position:0% +interactions between double pi and +double Sigma involve Matrix elements of + + align:start position:0% +double Sigma involve Matrix elements of + + + align:start position:0% +double Sigma involve Matrix elements of +these operators that we can't + + align:start position:0% +these operators that we can't + + + align:start position:0% +these operators that we can't +evaluate because we lost + + align:start position:0% +evaluate because we lost + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate because we lost +L and + + align:start position:0% +L and + + + align:start position:0% +L and +so we deal with that + + align:start position:0% +so we deal with that + + + align:start position:0% +so we deal with that +symbolically and we say okay we're going + + align:start position:0% +symbolically and we say okay we're going + + + align:start position:0% +symbolically and we say okay we're going +to have a matrix + + align:start position:0% +to have a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +to have a matrix +element um V + + align:start position:0% +element um V + + + align:start position:0% +element um V +Pi um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +double + + align:start position:0% +double + + + align:start position:0% +double +PI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +12 12 a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +l+ s minus V + + align:start position:0% +l+ s minus V + + + align:start position:0% +l+ s minus V +Sigma double + + align:start position:0% +Sigma double + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma double +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + +12 okay + + align:start position:0% +12 okay + + + align:start position:0% +12 okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh l+ raises Lambda from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +uh l+ raises Lambda from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +uh l+ raises Lambda from 0 to +1 s minus + + align:start position:0% +1 s minus + + + align:start position:0% +1 s minus +lowers Sigma from2 to minus a + + align:start position:0% +lowers Sigma from2 to minus a + + + align:start position:0% +lowers Sigma from2 to minus a +half and uh so we can evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +half and uh so we can evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +half and uh so we can evaluate the +effect of s minus on these basis + + align:start position:0% +effect of s minus on these basis + + + align:start position:0% +effect of s minus on these basis +functions but we can't evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +functions but we can't evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +functions but we can't evaluate the +effect of l+ and so what we end up doing + + align:start position:0% +effect of l+ and so what we end up doing + + + align:start position:0% +effect of l+ and so what we end up doing +is just saying we're going to call this + + align:start position:0% +is just saying we're going to call this + + + align:start position:0% +is just saying we're going to call this +Alpha uh V Pi V + + align:start position:0% +Alpha uh V Pi V + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha uh V Pi V +Sigma where this is just an unevaluated + + align:start position:0% +Sigma where this is just an unevaluated + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma where this is just an unevaluated +constant that expresses the spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +constant that expresses the spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +constant that expresses the spin orbit +interaction between a double pi and a + + align:start position:0% +interaction between a double pi and a + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between a double pi and a +double + + align:start position:0% +double + + + align:start position:0% +double +Sigma but there's going to be other + + align:start position:0% +Sigma but there's going to be other + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma but there's going to be other +terms like when we we switch the sign of + + align:start position:0% +terms like when we we switch the sign of + + + align:start position:0% +terms like when we we switch the sign of +uh Omega to minus a half minus a half + + align:start position:0% +uh Omega to minus a half minus a half + + + align:start position:0% +uh Omega to minus a half minus a half +and we switch this to to uh L minus s+ + + align:start position:0% +and we switch this to to uh L minus s+ + + + align:start position:0% +and we switch this to to uh L minus s+ +it would generate another term that + + align:start position:0% +it would generate another term that + + + align:start position:0% +it would generate another term that +looks like Alpha but we have to be + + align:start position:0% +looks like Alpha but we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +looks like Alpha but we have to be +careful to discover whether it is this + + align:start position:0% +careful to discover whether it is this + + + align:start position:0% +careful to discover whether it is this +alpha or minus this + + align:start position:0% +alpha or minus this + + + align:start position:0% +alpha or minus this +Alpha and this leads to this is a very + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and this leads to this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and this leads to this is a very +important thing because you get the + + align:start position:0% +important thing because you get the + + + align:start position:0% +important thing because you get the +wrong answer you end up uh getting uh uh + + align:start position:0% +wrong answer you end up uh getting uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +wrong answer you end up uh getting uh uh +zero Matrix elements when you should + + align:start position:0% +zero Matrix elements when you should + + + align:start position:0% +zero Matrix elements when you should +have non-zero Matrix elements and non + + align:start position:0% +have non-zero Matrix elements and non + + + align:start position:0% +have non-zero Matrix elements and non +zero when you should have zero so this + + align:start position:0% +zero when you should have zero so this + + + align:start position:0% +zero when you should have zero so this +is a very important and subtle point + + align:start position:0% +is a very important and subtle point + + + align:start position:0% +is a very important and subtle point +which most most mostly you never see and + + align:start position:0% +which most most mostly you never see and + + + align:start position:0% +which most most mostly you never see and +this Matrix element the the one from + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix element the the one from + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix element the the one from +here uh you get V + + align:start position:0% +here uh you get V + + + align:start position:0% +here uh you get V +Pi uh Del Pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3es the sigma double Sigma 12 okay and + + align:start position:0% +3es the sigma double Sigma 12 okay and + + + align:start position:0% +3es the sigma double Sigma 12 okay and +what I wanted what I started doing last + + align:start position:0% +what I wanted what I started doing last + + + align:start position:0% +what I wanted what I started doing last +time was saying okay here are the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +time was saying okay here are the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +time was saying okay here are the Matrix +here are the the basis functions what + + align:start position:0% +here are the the basis functions what + + + align:start position:0% +here are the the basis functions what +operator connects between + + align:start position:0% +operator connects between + + + align:start position:0% +operator connects between +and so you can just automatically by + + align:start position:0% +and so you can just automatically by + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can just automatically by +looking at the basis function say okay I + + align:start position:0% +looking at the basis function say okay I + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the basis function say okay I +need something that raises + + align:start position:0% +need something that raises + + + align:start position:0% +need something that raises +Omega and that's going to be J + + align:start position:0% +Omega and that's going to be J + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and that's going to be J +minus and we need something that + + align:start position:0% +minus and we need something that + + + align:start position:0% +minus and we need something that +uh that raises Lambda and that's going + + align:start position:0% +uh that raises Lambda and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +uh that raises Lambda and that's going +to be l+ so we will get a a b of + + align:start position:0% +to be l+ so we will get a a b of + + + align:start position:0% +to be l+ so we will get a a b of +R uh l+ + + align:start position:0% +R uh l+ + + + align:start position:0% +R uh l+ +J + + align:start position:0% +J + + + align:start position:0% +J +minus and that will be the the other + + align:start position:0% +minus and that will be the the other + + + align:start position:0% +minus and that will be the the other +Matrix element and we'll just call this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix element and we'll just call this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix element and we'll just call this +one beta V Pi V + + align:start position:0% +one beta V Pi V + + + align:start position:0% +one beta V Pi V +Sigma and again because it has in it + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and again because it has in it + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and again because it has in it +this Matrix element of L Plus or L yes + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix element of L Plus or L yes + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix element of L Plus or L yes +should be the J and L be reversed in + + align:start position:0% +should be the J and L be reversed in + + + align:start position:0% +should be the J and L be reversed in +order doesn't matter they they commute + + align:start position:0% +order doesn't matter they they commute + + + align:start position:0% +order doesn't matter they they commute +they don't you know that's a good point + + align:start position:0% +they don't you know that's a good point + + + align:start position:0% +they don't you know that's a good point +because uh normally since J includes + + align:start position:0% +because uh normally since J includes + + + align:start position:0% +because uh normally since J includes +some L you you say oh I should I have to + + align:start position:0% +some L you you say oh I should I have to + + + align:start position:0% +some L you you say oh I should I have to +be careful but one of the results that I + + align:start position:0% +be careful but one of the results that I + + + align:start position:0% +be careful but one of the results that I +wrote in my notes but I didn't talk + + align:start position:0% +wrote in my notes but I didn't talk + + + align:start position:0% +wrote in my notes but I didn't talk +about in last lecture shows that these + + align:start position:0% +about in last lecture shows that these + + + align:start position:0% +about in last lecture shows that these +these uh body components or these these + + align:start position:0% +these uh body components or these these + + + align:start position:0% +these uh body components or these these +operators that operate on the body frame + + align:start position:0% +operators that operate on the body frame + + + align:start position:0% +operators that operate on the body frame +uh do commute so J components commute + + align:start position:0% +uh do commute so J components commute + + + align:start position:0% +uh do commute so J components commute +with L components and J components do + + align:start position:0% +with L components and J components do + + + align:start position:0% +with L components and J components do +commute with s components in the + + align:start position:0% +commute with s components in the + + + align:start position:0% +commute with s components in the +body and that's + + align:start position:0% +body and that's + + + align:start position:0% +body and that's +unexpected and and so you can start to + + align:start position:0% +unexpected and and so you can start to + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected and and so you can start to +be sloppy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so we have these two symbols + + align:start position:0% +here okay so we have these two symbols + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so we have these two symbols +Alpha and Beta And the reason for Alpha + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and Beta And the reason for Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and Beta And the reason for Alpha +is Alpha is like a spin orbit and beta + + align:start position:0% +is Alpha is like a spin orbit and beta + + + align:start position:0% +is Alpha is like a spin orbit and beta +is like B + + align:start position:0% +is like B + + + align:start position:0% +is like B +rotation and so that's the reason for + + align:start position:0% +rotation and so that's the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +rotation and so that's the reason for +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notation + + align:start position:0% +notation + + + align:start position:0% +notation +okay so uh one point of caution is how + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh one point of caution is how + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh one point of caution is how +do we handle these things when we have + + align:start position:0% +do we handle these things when we have + + + align:start position:0% +do we handle these things when we have +States of uh opposite sign of projection + + align:start position:0% +States of uh opposite sign of projection + + + align:start position:0% +States of uh opposite sign of projection +quantum numbers and then there is the + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and then there is the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and then there is the +douet sigma + + align:start position:0% +douet sigma + + + align:start position:0% +douet sigma +Matrix which I didn't uh write out but + + align:start position:0% +Matrix which I didn't uh write out but + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix which I didn't uh write out but +but you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we fill in this Matrix and uh what we + + align:start position:0% +so we fill in this Matrix and uh what we + + + align:start position:0% +so we fill in this Matrix and uh what we +find is I'm not going to write it out + + align:start position:0% +find is I'm not going to write it out + + + align:start position:0% +find is I'm not going to write it out +it's in the notes we find that this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix does + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +block + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonal for the pi Matrix we we had a a + + align:start position:0% +diagonal for the pi Matrix we we had a a + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal for the pi Matrix we we had a a +block that had positive + + align:start position:0% +block that had positive + + + align:start position:0% +block that had positive +Omega and a block that had Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega and a block that had Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and a block that had Omega +negative Omega and there were no Matrix + + align:start position:0% +negative Omega and there were no Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +negative Omega and there were no Matrix +elements between them and so just by + + align:start position:0% +elements between them and so just by + + + align:start position:0% +elements between them and so just by +writing down the Matrix we discovered + + align:start position:0% +writing down the Matrix we discovered + + + align:start position:0% +writing down the Matrix we discovered +that there was a kind of a block + + align:start position:0% +that there was a kind of a block + + + align:start position:0% +that there was a kind of a block +diagonalization and if we just if we + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization and if we just if we + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization and if we just if we +work out the the positive Omega block we + + align:start position:0% +work out the the positive Omega block we + + + align:start position:0% +work out the the positive Omega block we +really know what's in the negative Omega + + align:start position:0% +really know what's in the negative Omega + + + align:start position:0% +really know what's in the negative Omega +block and so that we don't really have + + align:start position:0% +block and so that we don't really have + + + align:start position:0% +block and so that we don't really have +to do the full + + align:start position:0% +to do the full + + + align:start position:0% +to do the full +Matrix but then when we get to Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Matrix but then when we get to Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix but then when we get to Sigma +States it turns out that there is an off + + align:start position:0% +States it turns out that there is an off + + + align:start position:0% +States it turns out that there is an off +diagonal element between the two signs + + align:start position:0% +diagonal element between the two signs + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal element between the two signs +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Omega and we'd like to make that go + + align:start position:0% +Omega and we'd like to make that go + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and we'd like to make that go +away and we make it go away by going to + + align:start position:0% +away and we make it go away by going to + + + align:start position:0% +away and we make it go away by going to +a parody + + align:start position:0% +a parody + + + align:start position:0% +a parody +basis so parity is a is an operator that + + align:start position:0% +basis so parity is a is an operator that + + + align:start position:0% +basis so parity is a is an operator that +corresponds to reflection in the body + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to reflection in the body + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to reflection in the body +frame um it's an operator that commutes + + align:start position:0% +frame um it's an operator that commutes + + + align:start position:0% +frame um it's an operator that commutes +with the exact hamiltonian that means + + align:start position:0% +with the exact hamiltonian that means + + + align:start position:0% +with the exact hamiltonian that means +that it corresponds to a rigorous + + align:start position:0% +that it corresponds to a rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +that it corresponds to a rigorous +symmetry and that means + + align:start position:0% +symmetry and that means + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry and that means +that uh igen functions of the + + align:start position:0% +that uh igen functions of the + + + align:start position:0% +that uh igen functions of the +hamiltonian can be labeled with the igen + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian can be labeled with the igen + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian can be labeled with the igen +values of the operator that commutes + + align:start position:0% +values of the operator that commutes + + + align:start position:0% +values of the operator that commutes +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +hamiltonian that the hamiltonian is + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that the hamiltonian is + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that the hamiltonian is +automatically Block diagonalized in the + + align:start position:0% +automatically Block diagonalized in the + + + align:start position:0% +automatically Block diagonalized in the +uh igen values of an operator that + + align:start position:0% +uh igen values of an operator that + + + align:start position:0% +uh igen values of an operator that +commutes with the + + align:start position:0% +commutes with the + + + align:start position:0% +commutes with the +hamiltonian and so we're entitled to + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and so we're entitled to + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and so we're entitled to +have to construct functions which are + + align:start position:0% +have to construct functions which are + + + align:start position:0% +have to construct functions which are +igen functions of par + + align:start position:0% +igen functions of par + + + align:start position:0% +igen functions of par +and that's what we're going to do first + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're going to do first + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're going to do first +today and then once we do that we're + + align:start position:0% +today and then once we do that we're + + + align:start position:0% +today and then once we do that we're +going to uh pick up the information + + align:start position:0% +going to uh pick up the information + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh pick up the information +about these an annoying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factors + + align:start position:0% +factors + + + align:start position:0% +factors +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +par parody is reflection in a in the x z + + align:start position:0% +par parody is reflection in a in the x z + + + align:start position:0% +par parody is reflection in a in the x z +plane Z is always the internuclear axis + + align:start position:0% +plane Z is always the internuclear axis + + + align:start position:0% +plane Z is always the internuclear axis +Z is almost always the the Symmetry axis + + align:start position:0% +Z is almost always the the Symmetry axis + + + align:start position:0% +Z is almost always the the Symmetry axis +in in polyatomic molecules but uh we + + align:start position:0% +in in polyatomic molecules but uh we + + + align:start position:0% +in in polyatomic molecules but uh we +could have chosen the YZ plane for + + align:start position:0% +could have chosen the YZ plane for + + + align:start position:0% +could have chosen the YZ plane for +diatomic molecules with cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecules with cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecules with cylindrical +symmetry uh there is no reason for + + align:start position:0% +symmetry uh there is no reason for + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry uh there is no reason for +distinguishing between X and Y but it's + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing between X and Y but it's + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing between X and Y but it's +important to do so because there are + + align:start position:0% +important to do so because there are + + + align:start position:0% +important to do so because there are +some hidden things you know the wave + + align:start position:0% +some hidden things you know the wave + + + align:start position:0% +some hidden things you know the wave +functions are in fact functions of X and + + align:start position:0% +functions are in fact functions of X and + + + align:start position:0% +functions are in fact functions of X and +Y and there is some phase in so we just + + align:start position:0% +Y and there is some phase in so we just + + + align:start position:0% +Y and there is some phase in so we just +sort of have to agree that this is the + + align:start position:0% +sort of have to agree that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have to agree that this is the +operator we're going to use to classify + + align:start position:0% +operator we're going to use to classify + + + align:start position:0% +operator we're going to use to classify +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parody okay so our wave function has + + align:start position:0% +parody okay so our wave function has + + + align:start position:0% +parody okay so our wave function has +three factors J Omega + + align:start position:0% +three factors J Omega + + + align:start position:0% +three factors J Omega +M and Lambda s + + align:start position:0% +M and Lambda s + + + align:start position:0% +M and Lambda s +Sigma and so in order to + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and so in order to +classify uh wave function according to + + align:start position:0% +classify uh wave function according to + + + align:start position:0% +classify uh wave function according to +what this operator does to them we have + + align:start position:0% +what this operator does to them we have + + + align:start position:0% +what this operator does to them we have +to apply this operator to each of the + + align:start position:0% +to apply this operator to each of the + + + align:start position:0% +to apply this operator to each of the +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +parts okay so vibrations vibrations are + + align:start position:0% +parts okay so vibrations vibrations are + + + align:start position:0% +parts okay so vibrations vibrations are +just like this and + + align:start position:0% +just like this and + + + align:start position:0% +just like this and +reflection in a plane that contains the + + align:start position:0% +reflection in a plane that contains the + + + align:start position:0% +reflection in a plane that contains the +internuclear axis that's clearly not + + align:start position:0% +internuclear axis that's clearly not + + + align:start position:0% +internuclear axis that's clearly not +going to do anything to vibrations so uh + + align:start position:0% +going to do anything to vibrations so uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to do anything to vibrations so uh +Sigma V on the vibrational wave function + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V on the vibrational wave function + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V on the vibrational wave function +always gives + + align:start position:0% +always gives + + + align:start position:0% +always gives +plus now in order to know what Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +plus now in order to know what Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +plus now in order to know what Sigma V +does to this rotational wave function + + align:start position:0% +does to this rotational wave function + + + align:start position:0% +does to this rotational wave function +this uh this rotational wave function we + + align:start position:0% +this uh this rotational wave function we + + + align:start position:0% +this uh this rotational wave function we +have to look at the microscopic form of + + align:start position:0% +have to look at the microscopic form of + + + align:start position:0% +have to look at the microscopic form of +the wave + + align:start position:0% +the wave + + + align:start position:0% +the wave +function or we have to say well let's + + align:start position:0% +function or we have to say well let's + + + align:start position:0% +function or we have to say well let's +just choose a phase convention see if we + + align:start position:0% +just choose a phase convention see if we + + + align:start position:0% +just choose a phase convention see if we +can get away with it and so what we do + + align:start position:0% +can get away with it and so what we do + + + align:start position:0% +can get away with it and so what we do +is we say minus1 to the J minus Omega + + align:start position:0% +is we say minus1 to the J minus Omega + + + align:start position:0% +is we say minus1 to the J minus Omega +and that's called the cond and shortly + + align:start position:0% +and that's called the cond and shortly + + + align:start position:0% +and that's called the cond and shortly +phase convention and that choice of face + + align:start position:0% +phase convention and that choice of face + + + align:start position:0% +phase convention and that choice of face +convention results in uh J X and j+ + + align:start position:0% +convention results in uh J X and j+ + + + align:start position:0% +convention results in uh J X and j+ +minus Matrix elements being real and + + align:start position:0% +minus Matrix elements being real and + + + align:start position:0% +minus Matrix elements being real and +positive if we had done some other phase + + align:start position:0% +positive if we had done some other phase + + + align:start position:0% +positive if we had done some other phase +convention then it wouldn't be you + + align:start position:0% +convention then it wouldn't be you + + + align:start position:0% +convention then it wouldn't be you +couldn't be sure that JX and j+ minus + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be sure that JX and j+ minus + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be sure that JX and j+ minus +would both be real and both be + + align:start position:0% +would both be real and both be + + + align:start position:0% +would both be real and both be +positive so JY is going to be imaginary + + align:start position:0% +positive so JY is going to be imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +positive so JY is going to be imaginary +uh in this phase convention uh but um so + + align:start position:0% +uh in this phase convention uh but um so + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this phase convention uh but um so +this is the cond of shortly phase conven + + align:start position:0% +this is the cond of shortly phase conven + + + align:start position:0% +this is the cond of shortly phase conven +mention it's convenient it's almost + + align:start position:0% +mention it's convenient it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +mention it's convenient it's almost +always used for functions where you have + + align:start position:0% +always used for functions where you have + + + align:start position:0% +always used for functions where you have +the magnitude and the body + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude and the body + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude and the body +projection and that's + + align:start position:0% +projection and that's + + + align:start position:0% +projection and that's +nice and so over here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +nice and so over here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +nice and so over here we're going to +have minus1 to the S minus + + align:start position:0% +have minus1 to the S minus + + + align:start position:0% +have minus1 to the S minus +Sigma because we have we want to emulate + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because we have we want to emulate + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because we have we want to emulate +the Contin and shortly phase convention + + align:start position:0% +the Contin and shortly phase convention + + + align:start position:0% +the Contin and shortly phase convention +for all parts of the wave function but + + align:start position:0% +for all parts of the wave function but + + + align:start position:0% +for all parts of the wave function but +then what do we do with the L Lambda + + align:start position:0% +then what do we do with the L Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +then what do we do with the L Lambda +part we'd like to write plus L minus + + align:start position:0% +part we'd like to write plus L minus + + + align:start position:0% +part we'd like to write plus L minus +Lambda but we don't know what L + + align:start position:0% +Lambda but we don't know what L + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda but we don't know what L +is and uh excuse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me so we have to do something else and + + align:start position:0% +me so we have to do something else and + + + align:start position:0% +me so we have to do something else and +uh one solution is to say well we don't + + align:start position:0% +uh one solution is to say well we don't + + + align:start position:0% +uh one solution is to say well we don't +know what L is so let's just get rid of + + align:start position:0% +know what L is so let's just get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +know what L is so let's just get rid of +it just not write it and the other solu + + align:start position:0% +it just not write it and the other solu + + + align:start position:0% +it just not write it and the other solu +solution is to make that positive Lambda + + align:start position:0% +solution is to make that positive Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +solution is to make that positive Lambda +is an integer so going from minus Lambda + + align:start position:0% +is an integer so going from minus Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +is an integer so going from minus Lambda +to plus Lambda is changing the exponent + + align:start position:0% +to plus Lambda is changing the exponent + + + align:start position:0% +to plus Lambda is changing the exponent +by two times an integer which is an even + + align:start position:0% +by two times an integer which is an even + + + align:start position:0% +by two times an integer which is an even +integer and minus one to any even + + align:start position:0% +integer and minus one to any even + + + align:start position:0% +integer and minus one to any even +integer is one so uh the big thing is + + align:start position:0% +integer is one so uh the big thing is + + + align:start position:0% +integer is one so uh the big thing is +not switching the sign of Lambda here + + align:start position:0% +not switching the sign of Lambda here + + + align:start position:0% +not switching the sign of Lambda here +but the big thing is leaving out L and + + align:start position:0% +but the big thing is leaving out L and + + + align:start position:0% +but the big thing is leaving out L and +that's the that's the phase di mention + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the phase di mention + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the phase di mention +that is generally used and there's one + + align:start position:0% +that is generally used and there's one + + + align:start position:0% +that is generally used and there's one +more little thing and that's a little s + + align:start position:0% +more little thing and that's a little s + + + align:start position:0% +more little thing and that's a little s +and I'm going to put a little uh s up + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to put a little uh s up + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to put a little uh s up +here because there are two flavors of + + align:start position:0% +here because there are two flavors of + + + align:start position:0% +here because there are two flavors of +Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States a sigma State you you you know + + align:start position:0% +States a sigma State you you you know + + + align:start position:0% +States a sigma State you you you know +what a sigma orbital is a sigma orbital + + align:start position:0% +what a sigma orbital is a sigma orbital + + + align:start position:0% +what a sigma orbital is a sigma orbital +is something that has axial + + align:start position:0% +is something that has axial + + + align:start position:0% +is something that has axial +symmetry right I mean a sigma orbital uh + + align:start position:0% +symmetry right I mean a sigma orbital uh + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry right I mean a sigma orbital uh +you might make from S Plus s or or P + + align:start position:0% +you might make from S Plus s or or P + + + align:start position:0% +you might make from S Plus s or or P +Sigma plus P Sigma and uh + + align:start position:0% +Sigma plus P Sigma and uh + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma plus P Sigma and uh +so Sigma orbital might look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this or you might change the phases you + + align:start position:0% +this or you might change the phases you + + + align:start position:0% +this or you might change the phases you +might have an antibonding Sigma orbital + + align:start position:0% +might have an antibonding Sigma orbital + + + align:start position:0% +might have an antibonding Sigma orbital +but it's obvious that a sigma orbital + + align:start position:0% +but it's obvious that a sigma orbital + + + align:start position:0% +but it's obvious that a sigma orbital +has to have positive reflection symmetry + + align:start position:0% +has to have positive reflection symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +has to have positive reflection symmetry +in a + + align:start position:0% +in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a +plane but you can have Sigma States say + + align:start position:0% +plane but you can have Sigma States say + + + align:start position:0% +plane but you can have Sigma States say +from pi^ + + align:start position:0% +from pi^ + + + align:start position:0% +from pi^ +squ so if you have two two Pi orbitals + + align:start position:0% +squ so if you have two two Pi orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +squ so if you have two two Pi orbitals +occupied in a certain way you can get uh + + align:start position:0% +occupied in a certain way you can get uh + + + align:start position:0% +occupied in a certain way you can get uh +well this configuration gives triplet + + align:start position:0% +well this configuration gives triplet + + + align:start position:0% +well this configuration gives triplet +Sigma minus singla Sigma plus and sing + + align:start position:0% +Sigma minus singla Sigma plus and sing + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma minus singla Sigma plus and sing +Delta so there is something that's + + align:start position:0% +Delta so there is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +Delta so there is something that's +surprising you can only get Sigma minus + + align:start position:0% +surprising you can only get Sigma minus + + + align:start position:0% +surprising you can only get Sigma minus +symmetry from two Pi orbitals or two + + align:start position:0% +symmetry from two Pi orbitals or two + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry from two Pi orbitals or two +Delta orbitals or two fi + + align:start position:0% +Delta orbitals or two fi + + + align:start position:0% +Delta orbitals or two fi +orbitals and as long as you build wave + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and as long as you build wave + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and as long as you build wave +functions where the orbital Ang momentum + + align:start position:0% +functions where the orbital Ang momentum + + + align:start position:0% +functions where the orbital Ang momentum +of the uh the two orbitals are arranged + + align:start position:0% +of the uh the two orbitals are arranged + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh the two orbitals are arranged +to cancel you get a sigma State and you + + align:start position:0% +to cancel you get a sigma State and you + + + align:start position:0% +to cancel you get a sigma State and you +can get these Sigma minus States and + + align:start position:0% +can get these Sigma minus States and + + + align:start position:0% +can get these Sigma minus States and +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +but so when you apply Sigma V to uh + + align:start position:0% +but so when you apply Sigma V to uh + + + align:start position:0% +but so when you apply Sigma V to uh +Lambda greater than zero it just takes + + align:start position:0% +Lambda greater than zero it just takes + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda greater than zero it just takes +you into uh a a different basis function + + align:start position:0% +you into uh a a different basis function + + + align:start position:0% +you into uh a a different basis function +it takes you into Lambda + + align:start position:0% +it takes you into Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +it takes you into Lambda +uh less than + + align:start position:0% +uh less than + + + align:start position:0% +uh less than +zero but if you apply Sigma V to Lambda + + align:start position:0% +zero but if you apply Sigma V to Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +zero but if you apply Sigma V to Lambda +equals z it takes you into something the + + align:start position:0% +equals z it takes you into something the + + + align:start position:0% +equals z it takes you into something the +same thing it can't change Sigma but it + + align:start position:0% +same thing it can't change Sigma but it + + + align:start position:0% +same thing it can't change Sigma but it +could give you a minus + + align:start position:0% +could give you a minus + + + align:start position:0% +could give you a minus +one and so there is this extra + + align:start position:0% +one and so there is this extra + + + align:start position:0% +one and so there is this extra +unexpected thing that + + align:start position:0% +unexpected thing that + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected thing that +happens and we represent it by a little + + align:start position:0% +happens and we represent it by a little + + + align:start position:0% +happens and we represent it by a little +s up + + align:start position:0% +s up + + + align:start position:0% +s up +here and uh uh s is equal to zero for + + align:start position:0% +here and uh uh s is equal to zero for + + + align:start position:0% +here and uh uh s is equal to zero for +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +states + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +except Sigma minus states where s is + + align:start position:0% +except Sigma minus states where s is + + + align:start position:0% +except Sigma minus states where s is +one so it's a little fine point but + + align:start position:0% +one so it's a little fine point but + + + align:start position:0% +one so it's a little fine point but +there are Sigma minus States and you + + align:start position:0% +there are Sigma minus States and you + + + align:start position:0% +there are Sigma minus States and you +have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about +them and so we put that in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so this then gives us what does Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +so this then gives us what does Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +so this then gives us what does Sigma V +do to the all of the wave functions we + + align:start position:0% +do to the all of the wave functions we + + + align:start position:0% +do to the all of the wave functions we +have a -1 to the J + a half we have a -1 + + align:start position:0% +have a -1 to the J + a half we have a -1 + + + align:start position:0% +have a -1 to the J + a half we have a -1 +to the S - Sigma + Lambda plus little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s okay and uh uh we + + align:start position:0% +s okay and uh uh we + + + align:start position:0% +s okay and uh uh we +can simplify + + align:start position:0% +can simplify + + + align:start position:0% +can simplify +this so we + + align:start position:0% +this so we + + + align:start position:0% +this so we +have min-1 to the J - + + align:start position:0% +have min-1 to the J - + + + align:start position:0% +have min-1 to the J - +Omega plus s - Sig + + align:start position:0% +Omega plus s - Sig + + + align:start position:0% +Omega plus s - Sig +plus Lambda plus little + + align:start position:0% +plus Lambda plus little + + + align:start position:0% +plus Lambda plus little +s and there's an awful lot of stuff here + + align:start position:0% +s and there's an awful lot of stuff here + + + align:start position:0% +s and there's an awful lot of stuff here +it would be nice to compress it into a a + + align:start position:0% +it would be nice to compress it into a a + + + align:start position:0% +it would be nice to compress it into a a +simpler form um and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so I I say that it can be simplified + + align:start position:0% +uh so I I say that it can be simplified + + + align:start position:0% +uh so I I say that it can be simplified +to minus one to + + align:start position:0% +to minus one to + + + align:start position:0% +to minus one to +the lamb plus little S Plus big s minus + + align:start position:0% +the lamb plus little S Plus big s minus + + + align:start position:0% +the lamb plus little S Plus big s minus +Sigma okay and so what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay and so what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay and so what we want to do is +find a way to combine these things to uh + + align:start position:0% +find a way to combine these things to uh + + + align:start position:0% +find a way to combine these things to uh +uh to get rid of symbols by by making + + align:start position:0% +uh to get rid of symbols by by making + + + align:start position:0% +uh to get rid of symbols by by making +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +integers okay and + + align:start position:0% +integers okay and + + + align:start position:0% +integers okay and +so uh there's lots of ways of doing that + + align:start position:0% +so uh there's lots of ways of doing that + + + align:start position:0% +so uh there's lots of ways of doing that +uh what we really want to do is show + + align:start position:0% +uh what we really want to do is show + + + align:start position:0% +uh what we really want to do is show +that minus Lambda minus + + align:start position:0% +that minus Lambda minus + + + align:start position:0% +that minus Lambda minus +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +uh uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I guess that's we just want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to oh I see what I've done this is I + + align:start position:0% +to oh I see what I've done this is I + + + align:start position:0% +to oh I see what I've done this is I +I've written I've written something + + align:start position:0% +I've written I've written something + + + align:start position:0% +I've written I've written something +that's that's that's wrong let's just uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'm getting ahead of my myself okay + + align:start position:0% +um I'm getting ahead of my myself okay + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm getting ahead of my myself okay +so I want to reduce this to min-1 to the + + align:start position:0% +so I want to reduce this to min-1 to the + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to reduce this to min-1 to the +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +Sigma - s + 2 + + align:start position:0% +Sigma - s + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma - s + 2 +* s - + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma little less okay so what have I + + align:start position:0% +Sigma little less okay so what have I + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma little less okay so what have I +done here + + align:start position:0% +done here + + + align:start position:0% +done here +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I have a plus s + + align:start position:0% +I have a plus s + + + align:start position:0% +I have a plus s +here and I want to get to minus s so I + + align:start position:0% +here and I want to get to minus s so I + + + align:start position:0% +here and I want to get to minus s so I +just take I switch the sign of s and I I + + align:start position:0% +just take I switch the sign of s and I I + + + align:start position:0% +just take I switch the sign of s and I I +add back to + + align:start position:0% +add back to + + + align:start position:0% +add back to +S okay and now I I have uh um a + + align:start position:0% +S okay and now I I have uh um a + + + align:start position:0% +S okay and now I I have uh um a +uh we have a sigma here and I've + + align:start position:0% +uh we have a sigma here and I've + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have a sigma here and I've +switched the sign of Sigma so I have to + + align:start position:0% +switched the sign of Sigma so I have to + + + align:start position:0% +switched the sign of Sigma so I have to +uh to subtract away + + align:start position:0% +uh to subtract away + + + align:start position:0% +uh to subtract away +those and um and uh + + align:start position:0% +those and um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +those and um and uh +um I have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and this is this is uh minus Lambda + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is this is uh minus Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is this is uh minus Lambda +minus Sigma and so you just put it all + + align:start position:0% +minus Sigma and so you just put it all + + + align:start position:0% +minus Sigma and so you just put it all +together I'm sorry I should be able to + + align:start position:0% +together I'm sorry I should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +together I'm sorry I should be able to +do this in my sleep but uh once you have + + align:start position:0% +do this in my sleep but uh once you have + + + align:start position:0% +do this in my sleep but uh once you have +this you have S which is half integer + + align:start position:0% +this you have S which is half integer + + + align:start position:0% +this you have S which is half integer +minus Sigma which is half integer so + + align:start position:0% +minus Sigma which is half integer so + + + align:start position:0% +minus Sigma which is half integer so +this is an integer two times an integer + + align:start position:0% +this is an integer two times an integer + + + align:start position:0% +this is an integer two times an integer +is is an even number and so we get rid + + align:start position:0% +is is an even number and so we get rid + + + align:start position:0% +is is an even number and so we get rid +of it and so the whole thing can be + + align:start position:0% +of it and so the whole thing can be + + + align:start position:0% +of it and so the whole thing can be +simplified to this this more convenient + + align:start position:0% +simplified to this this more convenient + + + align:start position:0% +simplified to this this more convenient +form Sigma minus S Plus little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s okay + + align:start position:0% +s okay + + + align:start position:0% +s okay +so that was just a little detour now so + + align:start position:0% +so that was just a little detour now so + + + align:start position:0% +so that was just a little detour now so +we know what Sigma V does to our basis + + align:start position:0% +we know what Sigma V does to our basis + + + align:start position:0% +we know what Sigma V does to our basis +functions and uh um we're going to first + + align:start position:0% +functions and uh um we're going to first + + + align:start position:0% +functions and uh um we're going to first +use this to uh deal with this business + + align:start position:0% +use this to uh deal with this business + + + align:start position:0% +use this to uh deal with this business +of uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um a + + align:start position:0% +um a + + + align:start position:0% +um a +Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh uh greater well it's so we'll have a + + align:start position:0% +uh uh greater well it's so we'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh greater well it's so we'll have a +a pi state + + align:start position:0% +a pi state + + + align:start position:0% +a pi state +and a sigma State and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and a sigma State and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and a sigma State and we're going to +have an l+ + + align:start position:0% +have an l+ + + + align:start position:0% +have an l+ +here so this will take Sigma to + + align:start position:0% +here so this will take Sigma to + + + align:start position:0% +here so this will take Sigma to +Pi and we're interested in uh how this + + align:start position:0% +Pi and we're interested in uh how this + + + align:start position:0% +Pi and we're interested in uh how this +symbol can be related + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to minus Pi L minus + + align:start position:0% +to minus Pi L minus + + + align:start position:0% +to minus Pi L minus +Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma +so what is the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +so what is the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the relationship between +these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symbols so we have a matrix element of + + align:start position:0% +symbols so we have a matrix element of + + + align:start position:0% +symbols so we have a matrix element of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hamiltonian and so this is a + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and so this is a +number and we we know also that well so + + align:start position:0% +number and we we know also that well so + + + align:start position:0% +number and we we know also that well so +we have some Matrix element of the + + align:start position:0% +we have some Matrix element of the + + + align:start position:0% +we have some Matrix element of the +hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +Lambda to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to +Prime it's a + + align:start position:0% +Prime it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Prime it's a +number and if we apply Sigma V to a + + align:start position:0% +number and if we apply Sigma V to a + + + align:start position:0% +number and if we apply Sigma V to a +number doesn't do + + align:start position:0% +number doesn't do + + + align:start position:0% +number doesn't do +anything so we have two things we do we + + align:start position:0% +anything so we have two things we do we + + + align:start position:0% +anything so we have two things we do we +apply Sigma V to the number that this + + align:start position:0% +apply Sigma V to the number that this + + + align:start position:0% +apply Sigma V to the number that this +thing is equal to and it doesn't do + + align:start position:0% +thing is equal to and it doesn't do + + + align:start position:0% +thing is equal to and it doesn't do +anything and we apply Sigma V to each of + + align:start position:0% +anything and we apply Sigma V to each of + + + align:start position:0% +anything and we apply Sigma V to each of +the parts of this and we know what it + + align:start position:0% +the parts of this and we know what it + + + align:start position:0% +the parts of this and we know what it +does and by using that we can work out + + align:start position:0% +does and by using that we can work out + + + align:start position:0% +does and by using that we can work out +uh what is the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +uh what is the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is the relationship between +these two + + align:start position:0% +these two + + + align:start position:0% +these two +things okay so Sigma V on say + + align:start position:0% +things okay so Sigma V on say + + + align:start position:0% +things okay so Sigma V on say +l+ what does that + + align:start position:0% +l+ what does that + + + align:start position:0% +l+ what does that +do well uh + + align:start position:0% +do well uh + + + align:start position:0% +do well uh +l+ is + + align:start position:0% +l+ is + + + align:start position:0% +l+ is +lx+ i l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y + + align:start position:0% +y + + + align:start position:0% +y +LX is X is y p z minus uh uh z p + + align:start position:0% +LX is X is y p z minus uh uh z p + + + align:start position:0% +LX is X is y p z minus uh uh z p +y right did I get that right yep and uh + + align:start position:0% +y right did I get that right yep and uh + + + align:start position:0% +y right did I get that right yep and uh +Sigma v x z takes X into plus x z into + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma v x z takes X into plus x z into + + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma v x z takes X into plus x z into + +z and y into minus y so we can work out + + align:start position:0% +z and y into minus y so we can work out + + + align:start position:0% +z and y into minus y so we can work out +what Sigma V does to each of the + + align:start position:0% +what Sigma V does to each of the + + + align:start position:0% +what Sigma V does to each of the +components of L and what we find that + + align:start position:0% +components of L and what we find that + + + align:start position:0% +components of L and what we find that +Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma +V on L +us gives uh plus minus lus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whoops + + align:start position:0% +whoops + + + align:start position:0% +whoops +okay and so you can you can work that + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you can you can work that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you can you can work that +through and it's really nice because we + + align:start position:0% +through and it's really nice because we + + + align:start position:0% +through and it's really nice because we +don't have to look at the differential + + align:start position:0% +don't have to look at the differential + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to look at the differential +oper operators we do we just look at the + + align:start position:0% +oper operators we do we just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +oper operators we do we just look at the +classical + + align:start position:0% +classical + + + align:start position:0% +classical +mechanical uh forms of these things you + + align:start position:0% +mechanical uh forms of these things you + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical uh forms of these things you +can write that for L but not for + + align:start position:0% +can write that for L but not for + + + align:start position:0% +can write that for L but not for +S and + + align:start position:0% +S and + + + align:start position:0% +S and +so uh you get you get what the the + + align:start position:0% +so uh you get you get what the the + + + align:start position:0% +so uh you get you get what the the +Symmetry operator does to the angular + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry operator does to the angular + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry operator does to the angular +momentum we've already written what + + align:start position:0% +momentum we've already written what + + + align:start position:0% +momentum we've already written what +Sigma V does to each of the basis + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V does to each of the basis + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V does to each of the basis +functions and so we can put this all + + align:start position:0% +functions and so we can put this all + + + align:start position:0% +functions and so we can put this all +together and what we find is and I'm + + align:start position:0% +together and what we find is and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +together and what we find is and I'm +doing skip over to the the Gory details + + align:start position:0% +doing skip over to the the Gory details + + + align:start position:0% +doing skip over to the the Gory details +because that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +really something that you can you can do + + align:start position:0% +really something that you can you can do + + + align:start position:0% +really something that you can you can do +for yourself and so if we have a uh a + + align:start position:0% +for yourself and so if we have a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +for yourself and so if we have a uh a +matrix element of this + + align:start position:0% +matrix element of this + + + align:start position:0% +matrix element of this +form Pi + + align:start position:0% +form Pi + + + align:start position:0% +form Pi +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +l+ n Prime double Sigma + + align:start position:0% +l+ n Prime double Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +l+ n Prime double Sigma +plus Omega minus + + align:start position:0% +plus Omega minus + + + align:start position:0% +plus Omega minus +one so we know what Sigma V does to this + + align:start position:0% +one so we know what Sigma V does to this + + + align:start position:0% +one so we know what Sigma V does to this +we know what Sigma V does to this and we + + align:start position:0% +we know what Sigma V does to this and we + + + align:start position:0% +we know what Sigma V does to this and we +know what Sigma V does to that and so we + + align:start position:0% +know what Sigma V does to that and so we + + + align:start position:0% +know what Sigma V does to that and so we +uh we get minus1 to the little S + + align:start position:0% +uh we get minus1 to the little S + + + align:start position:0% +uh we get minus1 to the little S +Plus uh I'm just writing down what's in + + align:start position:0% +Plus uh I'm just writing down what's in + + + align:start position:0% +Plus uh I'm just writing down what's in +my notes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you know that Sigma V will take + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know that Sigma V will take + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know that Sigma V will take +Pi Omega into Pi minus Omega with some + + align:start position:0% +Pi Omega into Pi minus Omega with some + + + align:start position:0% +Pi Omega into Pi minus Omega with some +minus one factors it'll take Sigma Omega + + align:start position:0% +minus one factors it'll take Sigma Omega + + + align:start position:0% +minus one factors it'll take Sigma Omega +minus1 into minus Omega + 1 that's what + + align:start position:0% +minus1 into minus Omega + 1 that's what + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 into minus Omega + 1 that's what +this did and and so we have this stuff + + align:start position:0% +this did and and so we have this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +this did and and so we have this stuff +1+ 1 that's even 1 12 +2 that's + + align:start position:0% +1+ 1 that's even 1 12 +2 that's + + + align:start position:0% +1+ 1 that's even 1 12 +2 that's +odd two Omega well Omega is half integer + + align:start position:0% +odd two Omega well Omega is half integer + + + align:start position:0% +odd two Omega well Omega is half integer +so 2 Omega is uh um an odd integer it + + align:start position:0% +so 2 Omega is uh um an odd integer it + + + align:start position:0% +so 2 Omega is uh um an odd integer it +combines with the 1/2 plus2 and so we + + align:start position:0% +combines with the 1/2 plus2 and so we + + + align:start position:0% +combines with the 1/2 plus2 and so we +end up + + align:start position:0% +end up + + + align:start position:0% +end up +getting just Min + + align:start position:0% +getting just Min + + + align:start position:0% +getting just Min +-1 to the little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s and so what you end up finding is that + + align:start position:0% +s and so what you end up finding is that + + + align:start position:0% +s and so what you end up finding is that +this Matrix element is equal to uh n + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix element is equal to uh n + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix element is equal to uh n +Pius Omega + + align:start position:0% +Pius Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Pius Omega +lus n Prime Sigma + + align:start position:0% +lus n Prime Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +lus n Prime Sigma +Plus or let's put it a little s here and + + align:start position:0% +Plus or let's put it a little s here and + + + align:start position:0% +Plus or let's put it a little s here and +dou Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +UHA + + + align:start position:0% +UHA + + + + align:start position:0% +UHA + +one so we have we have this symbol that + + align:start position:0% +one so we have we have this symbol that + + + align:start position:0% +one so we have we have this symbol that +looks like it's a + + align:start position:0% +looks like it's a + + + align:start position:0% +looks like it's a +beta but it's and this looks like a beta + + align:start position:0% +beta but it's and this looks like a beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta but it's and this looks like a beta +but they're they're related by minus1 to + + align:start position:0% +but they're they're related by minus1 to + + + align:start position:0% +but they're they're related by minus1 to +the little s and so for Sigma State + + align:start position:0% +the little s and so for Sigma State + + + align:start position:0% +the little s and so for Sigma State +Sigma plus States they are equal but for + + align:start position:0% +Sigma plus States they are equal but for + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma plus States they are equal but for +Sigma minus States they're minus1 * + + align:start position:0% +Sigma minus States they're minus1 * + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma minus States they're minus1 * +they're related by a sign flip and that + + align:start position:0% +they're related by a sign flip and that + + + align:start position:0% +they're related by a sign flip and that +turns out to be incredibly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important and so the general result at + + align:start position:0% +important and so the general result at + + + align:start position:0% +important and so the general result at +the bottom of page three it says plus or + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of page three it says plus or + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of page three it says plus or +minus times The Matrix element should be + + align:start position:0% +minus times The Matrix element should be + + + align:start position:0% +minus times The Matrix element should be +minus one to the little s the general + + align:start position:0% +minus one to the little s the general + + + align:start position:0% +minus one to the little s the general +result okay so this was a detail but it + + align:start position:0% +result okay so this was a detail but it + + + align:start position:0% +result okay so this was a detail but it +turned out to be an important detail and + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be an important detail and + + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be an important detail and +the reason it's important is because + + align:start position:0% +the reason it's important is because + + + align:start position:0% +the reason it's important is because +we're going to go to a parody basis set + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go to a parody basis set + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go to a parody basis set +and that block diagonalizes the + + align:start position:0% +and that block diagonalizes the + + + align:start position:0% +and that block diagonalizes the +hamiltonian and we really like that and + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and we really like that and + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and we really like that and +we're also going to have uh another + + align:start position:0% +we're also going to have uh another + + + align:start position:0% +we're also going to have uh another +packaging so we have parody which is + + align:start position:0% +packaging so we have parody which is + + + align:start position:0% +packaging so we have parody which is +expressed by plus or minus one and we + + align:start position:0% +expressed by plus or minus one and we + + + align:start position:0% +expressed by plus or minus one and we +have E and F which is a repackaging of + + align:start position:0% +have E and F which is a repackaging of + + + align:start position:0% +have E and F which is a repackaging of +the parody concept and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the parody concept and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the parody concept and we're going to +talk about both of those in the + + align:start position:0% +talk about both of those in the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about both of those in the +now okay are we all together on this I + + align:start position:0% +now okay are we all together on this I + + + align:start position:0% +now okay are we all together on this I +mean it's not beautiful but I mean there + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not beautiful but I mean there + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not beautiful but I mean there +are little details that you have to deal + + align:start position:0% +are little details that you have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +are little details that you have to deal +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +and I assure you that without + + align:start position:0% +and I assure you that without + + + align:start position:0% +and I assure you that without +having heard this you someday you're + + align:start position:0% +having heard this you someday you're + + + align:start position:0% +having heard this you someday you're +going to be looking at a matrix element + + align:start position:0% +going to be looking at a matrix element + + + align:start position:0% +going to be looking at a matrix element +and what you're going to discover is all + + align:start position:0% +and what you're going to discover is all + + + align:start position:0% +and what you're going to discover is all +of the things that are supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +of the things that are supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that are supposed to be +zero are not and all of the things that + + align:start position:0% +zero are not and all of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +zero are not and all of the things that +are supposed to be not zero are and + + align:start position:0% +are supposed to be not zero are and + + + align:start position:0% +are supposed to be not zero are and +you're going to be really + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be really + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be really +annoyed and it's because of this and + + align:start position:0% +annoyed and it's because of this and + + + align:start position:0% +annoyed and it's because of this and +it's because when you're manipulating + + align:start position:0% +it's because when you're manipulating + + + align:start position:0% +it's because when you're manipulating +symbols sometimes your intuition about + + align:start position:0% +symbols sometimes your intuition about + + + align:start position:0% +symbols sometimes your intuition about +what they mean + + align:start position:0% +what they mean + + + align:start position:0% +what they mean +is wrong and you have to find a way to + + align:start position:0% +is wrong and you have to find a way to + + + align:start position:0% +is wrong and you have to find a way to +check without actually looking at the + + align:start position:0% +check without actually looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +check without actually looking at the +microscopic forms of + + align:start position:0% +microscopic forms of + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic forms of +things whether you can uh you can trust + + align:start position:0% +things whether you can uh you can trust + + + align:start position:0% +things whether you can uh you can trust +your intuition and so there's usually a + + align:start position:0% +your intuition and so there's usually a + + + align:start position:0% +your intuition and so there's usually a +tricky way of being able to do that and + + align:start position:0% +tricky way of being able to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +tricky way of being able to do that and +so this is an example and the example is + + align:start position:0% +so this is an example and the example is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is an example and the example is +based on a number not changing when you + + align:start position:0% +based on a number not changing when you + + + align:start position:0% +based on a number not changing when you +apply an operator to it but then the + + align:start position:0% +apply an operator to it but then the + + + align:start position:0% +apply an operator to it but then the +Matrix element that is is that number + + align:start position:0% +Matrix element that is is that number + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix element that is is that number +is built of an operator and two basis + + align:start position:0% +is built of an operator and two basis + + + align:start position:0% +is built of an operator and two basis +functions and they do change when you + + align:start position:0% +functions and they do change when you + + + align:start position:0% +functions and they do change when you +apply a symmetry operator so that's a + + align:start position:0% +apply a symmetry operator so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +apply a symmetry operator so that's a +very useful trick okay so now what we're + + align:start position:0% +very useful trick okay so now what we're + + + align:start position:0% +very useful trick okay so now what we're +going to want to do is construct parity + + align:start position:0% +going to want to do is construct parity + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to do is construct parity +functions because the parity functions + + align:start position:0% +functions because the parity functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions because the parity functions +enable you to block diagonalize the + + align:start position:0% +enable you to block diagonalize the + + + align:start position:0% +enable you to block diagonalize the +sigma State and enable you to block + + align:start position:0% +sigma State and enable you to block + + + align:start position:0% +sigma State and enable you to block +diagonalize the world so that uh uh you + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize the world so that uh uh you + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize the world so that uh uh you +don't have to write this sexet Delta + + align:start position:0% +don't have to write this sexet Delta + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to write this sexet Delta +State as a 12x 12 Matrix but as two 6x6 + + align:start position:0% +State as a 12x 12 Matrix but as two 6x6 + + + align:start position:0% +State as a 12x 12 Matrix but as two 6x6 +matrices and if sex Delta is going to be + + align:start position:0% +matrices and if sex Delta is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and if sex Delta is going to be +perturbed by States like sex + + align:start position:0% +perturbed by States like sex + + + align:start position:0% +perturbed by States like sex +pi and SE Sigma through sex Pi you you + + align:start position:0% +pi and SE Sigma through sex Pi you you + + + align:start position:0% +pi and SE Sigma through sex Pi you you +you're you're going to see that you're + + align:start position:0% +you're you're going to see that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're going to see that you're +going to do those + + align:start position:0% +going to do those + + + align:start position:0% +going to do those +uh the it's a simpler calculation okay + + align:start position:0% +uh the it's a simpler calculation okay + + + align:start position:0% +uh the it's a simpler calculation okay +so we would like to have uh wave + + align:start position:0% +so we would like to have uh wave + + + align:start position:0% +so we would like to have uh wave +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +which are igen functions of the parody + + align:start position:0% +which are igen functions of the parody + + + align:start position:0% +which are igen functions of the parody +operator because we're entitled to it so + + align:start position:0% +operator because we're entitled to it so + + + align:start position:0% +operator because we're entitled to it so +suppose we Define a function s which is + + align:start position:0% +suppose we Define a function s which is + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we Define a function s which is +a linear combination of states that + + align:start position:0% +a linear combination of states that + + + align:start position:0% +a linear combination of states that +basis states that have uh + + align:start position:0% +basis states that have uh + + + align:start position:0% +basis states that have uh +um opposite signs of projection quantum + + align:start position:0% +um opposite signs of projection quantum + + + align:start position:0% +um opposite signs of projection quantum +numbers because that's what this is + + align:start position:0% +numbers because that's what this is + + + align:start position:0% +numbers because that's what this is +doing this is changing the signs of all + + align:start position:0% +doing this is changing the signs of all + + + align:start position:0% +doing this is changing the signs of all +the projection quantum numbers and so uh + + align:start position:0% +the projection quantum numbers and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +the projection quantum numbers and so uh +clearly we're going to want to build + + align:start position:0% +clearly we're going to want to build + + + align:start position:0% +clearly we're going to want to build +something that in order to make igen + + align:start position:0% +something that in order to make igen + + + align:start position:0% +something that in order to make igen +functions of the parody operator we're + + align:start position:0% +functions of the parody operator we're + + + align:start position:0% +functions of the parody operator we're +going to have both signs of all the + + align:start position:0% +going to have both signs of all the + + + align:start position:0% +going to have both signs of all the +projection quantum numbers and we're + + align:start position:0% +projection quantum numbers and we're + + + align:start position:0% +projection quantum numbers and we're +going to have to build a linear + + align:start position:0% +going to have to build a linear + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to build a linear +combination of them that gives either + + align:start position:0% +combination of them that gives either + + + align:start position:0% +combination of them that gives either +plus one or minus one when this + + align:start position:0% +plus one or minus one when this + + + align:start position:0% +plus one or minus one when this +operates okay and so we we take the + + align:start position:0% +operates okay and so we we take the + + + align:start position:0% +operates okay and so we we take the +square root of two one over square root + + align:start position:0% +square root of two one over square root + + + align:start position:0% +square root of two one over square root +of two because there's going to be two + + align:start position:0% +of two because there's going to be two + + + align:start position:0% +of two because there's going to be two +functions and uh we write n uh Lambda S6 + + align:start position:0% +functions and uh we write n uh Lambda S6 + + + align:start position:0% +functions and uh we write n uh Lambda S6 +Sigma Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +JM plus or minus - one to the J minus + + align:start position:0% +JM plus or minus - one to the J minus + + + align:start position:0% +JM plus or minus - one to the J minus +big S Plus little + + align:start position:0% +big S Plus little + + + align:start position:0% +big S Plus little +s n minus Lambda + + align:start position:0% +s n minus Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +s n minus Lambda +s minus + + align:start position:0% +s minus + + + align:start position:0% +s minus +Sigma minus Omega J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M so so I've taken + + align:start position:0% +M so so I've taken + + + align:start position:0% +M so so I've taken +all all of the projection quantum + + align:start position:0% +all all of the projection quantum + + + align:start position:0% +all all of the projection quantum +numbers and I've switched the signs of + + align:start position:0% +numbers and I've switched the signs of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and I've switched the signs of +all of the projection body frame + + align:start position:0% +all of the projection body frame + + + align:start position:0% +all of the projection body frame +projection quantum numbers I didn't just + + align:start position:0% +projection quantum numbers I didn't just + + + align:start position:0% +projection quantum numbers I didn't just +switch the + + align:start position:0% +switch the + + + align:start position:0% +switch the +spatial uh quantum number and I have + + align:start position:0% +spatial uh quantum number and I have + + + align:start position:0% +spatial uh quantum number and I have +chosen this phase Factor + + align:start position:0% +chosen this phase Factor + + + align:start position:0% +chosen this phase Factor +here and uh so when we do that what we + + align:start position:0% +here and uh so when we do that what we + + + align:start position:0% +here and uh so when we do that what we +discover is is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops I want Sigma V operating on that + + align:start position:0% +oops I want Sigma V operating on that + + + align:start position:0% +oops I want Sigma V operating on that +linear combination so this SI is this + + align:start position:0% +linear combination so this SI is this + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination so this SI is this +thing and what we're going to discover + + align:start position:0% +thing and what we're going to discover + + + align:start position:0% +thing and what we're going to discover +when we uh so when we apply Sigma V to + + align:start position:0% +when we uh so when we apply Sigma V to + + + align:start position:0% +when we uh so when we apply Sigma V to +this it gets it gives you that when you + + align:start position:0% +this it gets it gives you that when you + + + align:start position:0% +this it gets it gives you that when you +apply y Sigma V to this it gives that + + align:start position:0% +apply y Sigma V to this it gives that + + + align:start position:0% +apply y Sigma V to this it gives that +and there's a phase factor and so when + + align:start position:0% +and there's a phase factor and so when + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a phase factor and so when +you do all of this you discover that + + align:start position:0% +you do all of this you discover that + + + align:start position:0% +you do all of this you discover that +this Choice + + align:start position:0% +this Choice + + + align:start position:0% +this Choice +gives I functions of the parody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operator so this choice this linear + + align:start position:0% +operator so this choice this linear + + + align:start position:0% +operator so this choice this linear +combination of positive and negative + + align:start position:0% +combination of positive and negative + + + align:start position:0% +combination of positive and negative +projection quantum numbers with this + + align:start position:0% +projection quantum numbers with this + + + align:start position:0% +projection quantum numbers with this +phase Factor gives igen functions of the + + align:start position:0% +phase Factor gives igen functions of the + + + align:start position:0% +phase Factor gives igen functions of the +parity operator and parity can only have + + align:start position:0% +parity operator and parity can only have + + + align:start position:0% +parity operator and parity can only have +two signs they only two parities and so + + align:start position:0% +two signs they only two parities and so + + + align:start position:0% +two signs they only two parities and so +uh there are these two different igen + + align:start position:0% +uh there are these two different igen + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are these two different igen +values okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +values okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +values okay so this is +great and we could + + align:start position:0% +great and we could + + + align:start position:0% +great and we could +stop uh uh we could we could say all + + align:start position:0% +stop uh uh we could we could say all + + + align:start position:0% +stop uh uh we could we could say all +right we we can now write the parity + + align:start position:0% +right we we can now write the parity + + + align:start position:0% +right we we can now write the parity +functions for all states and for example + + align:start position:0% +functions for all states and for example + + + align:start position:0% +functions for all states and for example +a double Pi state with Omega 3 Hales and + + align:start position:0% +a double Pi state with Omega 3 Hales and + + + align:start position:0% +a double Pi state with Omega 3 Hales and +we just put the parody label inside the + + align:start position:0% +we just put the parody label inside the + + + align:start position:0% +we just put the parody label inside the +cat + + align:start position:0% +cat + + + align:start position:0% +cat +uh is 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +uh is 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh is 1 2 +* pi + + align:start position:0% +* pi + + + align:start position:0% +* pi + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +plus or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +-1 to the J minus s there's no little s + + align:start position:0% +-1 to the J minus s there's no little s + + + align:start position:0% +-1 to the J minus s there's no little s +for pi States or little s for pi States + + align:start position:0% +for pi States or little s for pi States + + + align:start position:0% +for pi States or little s for pi States +is zero um double Pi minus 3es + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's these are the parity States + + align:start position:0% +so that's these are the parity States + + + align:start position:0% +so that's these are the parity States +the parity uh basis functions for Omega + + align:start position:0% +the parity uh basis functions for Omega + + + align:start position:0% +the parity uh basis functions for Omega += 3 Hales and it's the same thing for + + align:start position:0% += 3 Hales and it's the same thing for + + + align:start position:0% += 3 Hales and it's the same thing for +Omega equal 1/2 because this Factor + + align:start position:0% +Omega equal 1/2 because this Factor + + + align:start position:0% +Omega equal 1/2 because this Factor +doesn't change and it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change and it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change and it's the same thing +for double + + align:start position:0% +for double + + + align:start position:0% +for double +Sigma because double Sigma plus because + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because double Sigma plus because + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because double Sigma plus because +again this factor is the + + align:start position:0% +again this factor is the + + + align:start position:0% +again this factor is the +same so we have the parody functions and + + align:start position:0% +same so we have the parody functions and + + + align:start position:0% +same so we have the parody functions and +you know it's it's not very surprising + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's not very surprising + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's not very surprising +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +only time you get into trouble is when + + align:start position:0% +only time you get into trouble is when + + + align:start position:0% +only time you get into trouble is when +you have a double Sigma minus State and + + align:start position:0% +you have a double Sigma minus State and + + + align:start position:0% +you have a double Sigma minus State and +then the parity function the positive + + align:start position:0% +then the parity function the positive + + + align:start position:0% +then the parity function the positive +parity function has a minus sign here + + align:start position:0% +parity function has a minus sign here + + + align:start position:0% +parity function has a minus sign here +instead of a positive sign so the it's + + align:start position:0% +instead of a positive sign so the it's + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a positive sign so the it's +only the double Sigma minus State or the + + align:start position:0% +only the double Sigma minus State or the + + + align:start position:0% +only the double Sigma minus State or the +sigma minus states that have something + + align:start position:0% +sigma minus states that have something + + + align:start position:0% +sigma minus states that have something +special and you you can sort of remember + + align:start position:0% +special and you you can sort of remember + + + align:start position:0% +special and you you can sort of remember +positive Omega negative Omega with this + + align:start position:0% +positive Omega negative Omega with this + + + align:start position:0% +positive Omega negative Omega with this +Factor + + align:start position:0% +Factor + + + align:start position:0% +Factor +here okay and that that is enough but it + + align:start position:0% +here okay and that that is enough but it + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and that that is enough but it +turns out it's + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's + + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's +inconvenient um it's inconvenient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because in the + + align:start position:0% +because in the + + + align:start position:0% +because in the +Spectra or in the energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +levels the parodies so let's just make a + + align:start position:0% +levels the parodies so let's just make a + + + align:start position:0% +levels the parodies so let's just make a +little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the energy + + align:start position:0% +so the energy + + + align:start position:0% +so the energy +levels for a double Sigma state if we + + align:start position:0% +levels for a double Sigma state if we + + + align:start position:0% +levels for a double Sigma state if we +write j 0 1 2 3 parody goes like this it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alternates and for our douet Sigma minus + + align:start position:0% +alternates and for our douet Sigma minus + + + align:start position:0% +alternates and for our douet Sigma minus +State we're going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have pairs of + + align:start position:0% +have pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +have pairs of +levels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here I'm going to label them by n + + align:start position:0% +and here I'm going to label them by n + + + align:start position:0% +and here I'm going to label them by n +instead of J but we get Zer 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +instead of J but we get Zer 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +instead of J but we get Zer 1 2 +3 and uh what we what we find is this is + + align:start position:0% +3 and uh what we what we find is this is + + + align:start position:0% +3 and uh what we what we find is this is +plus uh this + + align:start position:0% +plus uh this + + + align:start position:0% +plus uh this +is uh plusus minus plus plus + + align:start position:0% +is uh plusus minus plus plus + + + align:start position:0% +is uh plusus minus plus plus +minus now I got it wrong there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is plus these are both plus these + + align:start position:0% +this is plus these are both plus these + + + align:start position:0% +this is plus these are both plus these +are both minus these are both plus and + + align:start position:0% +are both minus these are both plus and + + + align:start position:0% +are both minus these are both plus and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +yep so we see within Sigma States + + align:start position:0% +yep so we see within Sigma States + + + align:start position:0% +yep so we see within Sigma States +there's an alternating parody + + align:start position:0% +there's an alternating parody + + + align:start position:0% +there's an alternating parody +alternating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parity what do the matter with me + + align:start position:0% +parity what do the matter with me + + + align:start position:0% +parity what do the matter with me +okay minus minus plus plus minus minus + + align:start position:0% +okay minus minus plus plus minus minus + + + align:start position:0% +okay minus minus plus plus minus minus +so these two things resemble each other + + align:start position:0% +so these two things resemble each other + + + align:start position:0% +so these two things resemble each other +but for + + align:start position:0% +but for + + + align:start position:0% +but for +every rotational level there's two + + align:start position:0% +every rotational level there's two + + + align:start position:0% +every rotational level there's two +rotational levels and they have two + + align:start position:0% +rotational levels and they have two + + + align:start position:0% +rotational levels and they have two +parities we're going to + + align:start position:0% +parities we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +parities we're going to +define a new version of par new + + align:start position:0% +define a new version of par new + + + align:start position:0% +define a new version of par new +packaging of parody and what we discover + + align:start position:0% +packaging of parody and what we discover + + + align:start position:0% +packaging of parody and what we discover +when we do that we're calling it e andf + + align:start position:0% +when we do that we're calling it e andf + + + align:start position:0% +when we do that we're calling it e andf +that all of the levels of a singet sigma + + align:start position:0% +that all of the levels of a singet sigma + + + align:start position:0% +that all of the levels of a singet sigma +plus state our e- + + align:start position:0% +plus state our e- + + + align:start position:0% +plus state our e- +levels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and for a pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state so we'll have J again 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +state so we'll have J again 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +state so we'll have J again 1 2 +3 the parities would + + align:start position:0% +3 the parities would + + + align:start position:0% +3 the parities would +alternate + + align:start position:0% +alternate + + + align:start position:0% +alternate +oops but what we have here is e f e f + + align:start position:0% +oops but what we have here is e f e f + + + align:start position:0% +oops but what we have here is e f e f +e f so this EF labeling is going to + + align:start position:0% +e f so this EF labeling is going to + + + align:start position:0% +e f so this EF labeling is going to +simplify the level diagram in a way that + + align:start position:0% +simplify the level diagram in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +simplify the level diagram in a way that +is convenient for making spectral + + align:start position:0% +is convenient for making spectral + + + align:start position:0% +is convenient for making spectral +assignments it's it's you know it's kind + + align:start position:0% +assignments it's it's you know it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +assignments it's it's you know it's kind +of silly you have one quantity par which + + align:start position:0% +of silly you have one quantity par which + + + align:start position:0% +of silly you have one quantity par which +is a fundamental quantity and that + + align:start position:0% +is a fundamental quantity and that + + + align:start position:0% +is a fundamental quantity and that +parity has a minus one to the J in + + align:start position:0% +parity has a minus one to the J in + + + align:start position:0% +parity has a minus one to the J in +here and basically all we're doing is + + align:start position:0% +here and basically all we're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +here and basically all we're doing is +we're taking out this minus1 to the + + align:start position:0% +we're taking out this minus1 to the + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking out this minus1 to the +J and by doing that it provides a + + align:start position:0% +J and by doing that it provides a + + + align:start position:0% +J and by doing that it provides a +labeling which makes it easier for + + align:start position:0% +labeling which makes it easier for + + + align:start position:0% +labeling which makes it easier for +spectroscopists to understand how their + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopists to understand how their + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopists to understand how their +spectrum is sampling the energy level + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is sampling the energy level + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is sampling the energy level +diagram so you have two different things + + align:start position:0% +diagram so you have two different things + + + align:start position:0% +diagram so you have two different things +two different sets of labels to describe + + align:start position:0% +two different sets of labels to describe + + + align:start position:0% +two different sets of labels to describe +the same phenomenon one is more physical + + align:start position:0% +the same phenomenon one is more physical + + + align:start position:0% +the same phenomenon one is more physical +but less convenient in certain + + align:start position:0% +but less convenient in certain + + + align:start position:0% +but less convenient in certain +applications and people just get + + align:start position:0% +applications and people just get + + + align:start position:0% +applications and people just get +confused about okay so what is the F + + align:start position:0% +confused about okay so what is the F + + + align:start position:0% +confused about okay so what is the F +label are + + align:start position:0% +label are + + + align:start position:0% +label are +we no I'm not I'm not criminal + + align:start position:0% +we no I'm not I'm not criminal + + + align:start position:0% +we no I'm not I'm not criminal +yet so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can we're going to Define EF + + align:start position:0% +can we're going to Define EF + + + align:start position:0% +can we're going to Define EF +Symmetry + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +uh the E symmetry is going to be a wave + + align:start position:0% +uh the E symmetry is going to be a wave + + + align:start position:0% +uh the E symmetry is going to be a wave +function that under Sigma V uh behaves + + align:start position:0% +function that under Sigma V uh behaves + + + align:start position:0% +function that under Sigma V uh behaves +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +uh J minus a + + align:start position:0% +uh J minus a + + + align:start position:0% +uh J minus a +half i + + align:start position:0% +half i + + + align:start position:0% +half i +e and for f symmetry it's uh minus + + align:start position:0% +e and for f symmetry it's uh minus + + + align:start position:0% +e and for f symmetry it's uh minus +minus1 to the J so we know what Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +minus1 to the J so we know what Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 to the J so we know what Sigma V +does to the the various signed Omega + + align:start position:0% +does to the the various signed Omega + + + align:start position:0% +does to the the various signed Omega +components and now we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +components and now we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +components and now we're just going to +say okay we can take two uh we can take + + align:start position:0% +say okay we can take two uh we can take + + + align:start position:0% +say okay we can take two uh we can take +this minus one to the J + + align:start position:0% +this minus one to the J + + + align:start position:0% +this minus one to the J +out and we will then label the states uh + + align:start position:0% +out and we will then label the states uh + + + align:start position:0% +out and we will then label the states uh +as e that have this uh property and as F + + align:start position:0% +as e that have this uh property and as F + + + align:start position:0% +as e that have this uh property and as F +that have this + + align:start position:0% +that have this + + + align:start position:0% +that have this +property and so at the bottom of page + + align:start position:0% +property and so at the bottom of page + + + align:start position:0% +property and so at the bottom of page +four I I give the EF label douet pi and + + align:start position:0% +four I I give the EF label douet pi and + + + align:start position:0% +four I I give the EF label douet pi and +douet sigma plus and minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States so we can we can arrange the + + align:start position:0% +States so we can we can arrange the + + + align:start position:0% +States so we can we can arrange the +hamiltonian either + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian either + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian either +in parody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blocks or in EF + + align:start position:0% +blocks or in EF + + + align:start position:0% +blocks or in EF +symmetry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blocks it doesn't matter because the uh + + align:start position:0% +blocks it doesn't matter because the uh + + + align:start position:0% +blocks it doesn't matter because the uh +J is always a good quantum + + align:start position:0% +J is always a good quantum + + + align:start position:0% +J is always a good quantum +number and so parity and EF differ by a + + align:start position:0% +number and so parity and EF differ by a + + + align:start position:0% +number and so parity and EF differ by a +factor of minus one to the J and so all + + align:start position:0% +factor of minus one to the J and so all + + + align:start position:0% +factor of minus one to the J and so all +we're doing is we're we're we're we're + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is we're we're we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is we're we're we're we're +going to a parody basis and we're doing + + align:start position:0% +going to a parody basis and we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +going to a parody basis and we're doing +some stuff with h signs of off diagonal + + align:start position:0% +some stuff with h signs of off diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +some stuff with h signs of off diagonal +elements and it doesn't change anything + + align:start position:0% +elements and it doesn't change anything + + + align:start position:0% +elements and it doesn't change anything +it just leads to a simplification of the + + align:start position:0% +it just leads to a simplification of the + + + align:start position:0% +it just leads to a simplification of the +level structure or the labels on the + + align:start position:0% +level structure or the labels on the + + + align:start position:0% +level structure or the labels on the +level structure which turns out to be of + + align:start position:0% +level structure which turns out to be of + + + align:start position:0% +level structure which turns out to be of +enormous value when we try to understand + + align:start position:0% +enormous value when we try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +enormous value when we try to understand +what we see in a + + align:start position:0% +what we see in a + + + align:start position:0% +what we see in a +spectrum I mean basically what you're + + align:start position:0% +spectrum I mean basically what you're + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum I mean basically what you're +going to see is that we have p q and R + + align:start position:0% +going to see is that we have p q and R + + + align:start position:0% +going to see is that we have p q and R +branches + + align:start position:0% +branches + + + align:start position:0% +branches +where J changes by minus1 0 and + one + + align:start position:0% +where J changes by minus1 0 and + one + + + align:start position:0% +where J changes by minus1 0 and + one +and P and R branches are always e to e + + align:start position:0% +and P and R branches are always e to e + + + align:start position:0% +and P and R branches are always e to e +or F to F and Q is always e to F or F to + + align:start position:0% +or F to F and Q is always e to F or F to + + + align:start position:0% +or F to F and Q is always e to F or F to +e it's a really really important + + align:start position:0% +e it's a really really important + + + align:start position:0% +e it's a really really important +simplification and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and when you have off diagonal + + align:start position:0% +and when you have off diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +and when you have off diagonal +interactions between states it's always + + align:start position:0% +interactions between states it's always + + + align:start position:0% +interactions between states it's always +going to be either diagonal in parity or + + align:start position:0% +going to be either diagonal in parity or + + + align:start position:0% +going to be either diagonal in parity or +diagonal in EF + + align:start position:0% +diagonal in EF + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal in EF +Symmetry and it's since the levels are + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry and it's since the levels are + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry and it's since the levels are +the parody levels alternate within a + + align:start position:0% +the parody levels alternate within a + + + align:start position:0% +the parody levels alternate within a +group and the EF doesn't it's much + + align:start position:0% +group and the EF doesn't it's much + + + align:start position:0% +group and the EF doesn't it's much +easier to make a diagram that summarizes + + align:start position:0% +easier to make a diagram that summarizes + + + align:start position:0% +easier to make a diagram that summarizes +what states are going to perturb which + + align:start position:0% +what states are going to perturb which + + + align:start position:0% +what states are going to perturb which +states using EF labels than parody + + align:start position:0% +states using EF labels than parody + + + align:start position:0% +states using EF labels than parody +labels + + align:start position:0% +labels + + + align:start position:0% +labels +you have to just you know um if you have + + align:start position:0% +you have to just you know um if you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have to just you know um if you have +an experience that you just have to you + + align:start position:0% +an experience that you just have to you + + + align:start position:0% +an experience that you just have to you +just have to play with it and you'll + + align:start position:0% +just have to play with it and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +just have to play with it and you'll +discover how wonderful enf + + align:start position:0% +discover how wonderful enf + + + align:start position:0% +discover how wonderful enf +is and it's it's an example of you know + + align:start position:0% +is and it's it's an example of you know + + + align:start position:0% +is and it's it's an example of you know +the The Way You observe something leads + + align:start position:0% +the The Way You observe something leads + + + align:start position:0% +the The Way You observe something leads +you to an optimal way of representing it + + align:start position:0% +you to an optimal way of representing it + + + align:start position:0% +you to an optimal way of representing it +which is often not the most physical way + + align:start position:0% +which is often not the most physical way + + + align:start position:0% +which is often not the most physical way +of representing it and uh so that's + + align:start position:0% +of representing it and uh so that's + + + align:start position:0% +of representing it and uh so that's +probably all I want to say for now + + align:start position:0% +probably all I want to say for now + + + align:start position:0% +probably all I want to say for now +so next time I will uh begins dealing + + align:start position:0% +so next time I will uh begins dealing + + + align:start position:0% +so next time I will uh begins dealing +with perturbations between different LS + + align:start position:0% +with perturbations between different LS + + + align:start position:0% +with perturbations between different LS +States Lambda States and uh uh second + + align:start position:0% +States Lambda States and uh uh second + + + align:start position:0% +States Lambda States and uh uh second +order Corrections of the energy levels + + align:start position:0% +order Corrections of the energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +order Corrections of the energy levels +do to the interactions say a pi State + + align:start position:0% +do to the interactions say a pi State + + + align:start position:0% +do to the interactions say a pi State +and a sigma state they're not perturbing + + align:start position:0% +and a sigma state they're not perturbing + + + align:start position:0% +and a sigma state they're not perturbing +each other but the sigma State interacts + + align:start position:0% +each other but the sigma State interacts + + + align:start position:0% +each other but the sigma State interacts +with the pi state in such a way that it + + align:start position:0% +with the pi state in such a way that it + + + align:start position:0% +with the pi state in such a way that it +causes es Lambda doublings in the pi + + align:start position:0% +causes es Lambda doublings in the pi + + + align:start position:0% +causes es Lambda doublings in the pi +state or uh the pi State interacts with + + align:start position:0% +state or uh the pi State interacts with + + + align:start position:0% +state or uh the pi State interacts with +the sigma state that produces something + + align:start position:0% +the sigma state that produces something + + + align:start position:0% +the sigma state that produces something +that looks like a spin rotation + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a spin rotation + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a spin rotation +splitting in the sigma State and so we + + align:start position:0% +splitting in the sigma State and so we + + + align:start position:0% +splitting in the sigma State and so we +have now patterns in the Spectrum and we + + align:start position:0% +have now patterns in the Spectrum and we + + + align:start position:0% +have now patterns in the Spectrum and we +need to understand where these patterns + + align:start position:0% +need to understand where these patterns + + + align:start position:0% +need to understand where these patterns +come from and it come they come from off + + align:start position:0% +come from and it come they come from off + + + align:start position:0% +come from and it come they come from off +Matrix elements between states labeled + + align:start position:0% +Matrix elements between states labeled + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix elements between states labeled +by with ef Symmetry and uh there is a + + align:start position:0% +by with ef Symmetry and uh there is a + + + align:start position:0% +by with ef Symmetry and uh there is a +procedure for calculating all of these + + align:start position:0% +procedure for calculating all of these + + + align:start position:0% +procedure for calculating all of these +effects which uh may look tedious but + + align:start position:0% +effects which uh may look tedious but + + + align:start position:0% +effects which uh may look tedious but +it's uh it's simple okay so that's it + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it's simple okay so that's it + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it's simple okay so that's it +for today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4jqpHCWVq6Y.txt b/4jqpHCWVq6Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ccd9160744249d0c249299da8c119a14e53b0aa --- /dev/null +++ b/4jqpHCWVq6Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11920 @@ +align:start position:0% + +and I'd like to introduce today will or + + align:start position:0% +and I'd like to introduce today will or + + + align:start position:0% +and I'd like to introduce today will or +will is on the research faculty of + + align:start position:0% +will is on the research faculty of + + + align:start position:0% +will is on the research faculty of +Prescott College in Arizona and will is + + align:start position:0% +Prescott College in Arizona and will is + + + align:start position:0% +Prescott College in Arizona and will is +one of the directors of the uh five + + align:start position:0% +one of the directors of the uh five + + + align:start position:0% +one of the directors of the uh five +science impact centers uh the other + + align:start position:0% +science impact centers uh the other + + + align:start position:0% +science impact centers uh the other +universities in addition to ourselves + + align:start position:0% +universities in addition to ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +universities in addition to ourselves +are University of Pennsylvania and + + align:start position:0% +are University of Pennsylvania and + + + align:start position:0% +are University of Pennsylvania and +University of New + + align:start position:0% +University of New + + + align:start position:0% +University of New +Mexico and will is here because we want + + align:start position:0% +Mexico and will is here because we want + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico and will is here because we want +to way we can collaborate he's he's + + align:start position:0% +to way we can collaborate he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +to way we can collaborate he's he's +talked about he has this techn + + align:start position:0% +talked about he has this techn + + + align:start position:0% +talked about he has this techn +technology and visualization techniques + + align:start position:0% +technology and visualization techniques + + + align:start position:0% +technology and visualization techniques +and he recognizes we had a very fruitful + + align:start position:0% +and he recognizes we had a very fruitful + + + align:start position:0% +and he recognizes we had a very fruitful +discussion in our seminar this morning + + align:start position:0% +discussion in our seminar this morning + + + align:start position:0% +discussion in our seminar this morning +that he needs to uh place this within + + align:start position:0% +that he needs to uh place this within + + + align:start position:0% +that he needs to uh place this within +the process and the process he wants to + + align:start position:0% +the process and the process he wants to + + + align:start position:0% +the process and the process he wants to +talk about is a process we're interested + + align:start position:0% +talk about is a process we're interested + + + align:start position:0% +talk about is a process we're interested +in is collaborative problem solving and + + align:start position:0% +in is collaborative problem solving and + + + align:start position:0% +in is collaborative problem solving and +a joint back fighting process so we're + + align:start position:0% +a joint back fighting process so we're + + + align:start position:0% +a joint back fighting process so we're +hoping that that will bear fruit I'm + + align:start position:0% +hoping that that will bear fruit I'm + + + align:start position:0% +hoping that that will bear fruit I'm +sure it will bear fruit in a joint + + align:start position:0% +sure it will bear fruit in a joint + + + align:start position:0% +sure it will bear fruit in a joint +venture to come so I'll will take + + align:start position:0% +venture to come so I'll will take + + + align:start position:0% +venture to come so I'll will take +over thanks very much Herman I uh um I'm + + align:start position:0% +over thanks very much Herman I uh um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +over thanks very much Herman I uh um I'm +probably not going to stand for this + + align:start position:0% +probably not going to stand for this + + + align:start position:0% +probably not going to stand for this +whole during during the whole talk if + + align:start position:0% +whole during during the whole talk if + + + align:start position:0% +whole during during the whole talk if +that's all right I'll stand up so you + + align:start position:0% +that's all right I'll stand up so you + + + align:start position:0% +that's all right I'll stand up so you +can get a look at me a look at me is + + align:start position:0% +can get a look at me a look at me is + + + align:start position:0% +can get a look at me a look at me is +probably sufficient I want let you know + + align:start position:0% +probably sufficient I want let you know + + + align:start position:0% +probably sufficient I want let you know +there uh there's some cheap uh flights + + align:start position:0% +there uh there's some cheap uh flights + + + align:start position:0% +there uh there's some cheap uh flights +that come into town here you can see + + align:start position:0% +that come into town here you can see + + + align:start position:0% +that come into town here you can see +that uh Northwest has a special + + align:start position:0% +that uh Northwest has a special + + + align:start position:0% +that uh Northwest has a special +flight you get really good rates if if + + align:start position:0% +flight you get really good rates if if + + + align:start position:0% +flight you get really good rates if if +you come in on Northwest uh the uh um + + align:start position:0% +you come in on Northwest uh the uh um + + + align:start position:0% +you come in on Northwest uh the uh um +pilot is very experienced at not flying + + align:start position:0% +pilot is very experienced at not flying + + + align:start position:0% +pilot is very experienced at not flying +and so I that is one slide that just + + align:start position:0% +and so I that is one slide that just + + + align:start position:0% +and so I that is one slide that just +tears my granddaughter apart she cannot + + align:start position:0% +tears my granddaughter apart she cannot + + + align:start position:0% +tears my granddaughter apart she cannot +stand it scares her to death but I uh + + align:start position:0% +stand it scares her to death but I uh + + + align:start position:0% +stand it scares her to death but I uh +it's one of my favorite because I wonder + + align:start position:0% +it's one of my favorite because I wonder + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of my favorite because I wonder +if this is civilization looking at + + align:start position:0% +if this is civilization looking at + + + align:start position:0% +if this is civilization looking at +events happening + + align:start position:0% +events happening + + + align:start position:0% +events happening +um a little history there I'll let you + + align:start position:0% +um a little history there I'll let you + + + align:start position:0% +um a little history there I'll let you +read the f + + align:start position:0% +read the f + + + align:start position:0% +read the f +we've been NASA funded have worked with + + align:start position:0% +we've been NASA funded have worked with + + + align:start position:0% +we've been NASA funded have worked with +uh what does it take to help Urban + + align:start position:0% +uh what does it take to help Urban + + + align:start position:0% +uh what does it take to help Urban +jurisdictions solve their problem agenda + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions solve their problem agenda + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions solve their problem agenda +for about a decade now um we have worked + + align:start position:0% +for about a decade now um we have worked + + + align:start position:0% +for about a decade now um we have worked +in these various areas and had some of + + align:start position:0% +in these various areas and had some of + + + align:start position:0% +in these various areas and had some of +these these projects um uh also with BLM + + align:start position:0% +these these projects um uh also with BLM + + + align:start position:0% +these these projects um uh also with BLM +and some with jurisdictions with whom + + align:start position:0% +and some with jurisdictions with whom + + + align:start position:0% +and some with jurisdictions with whom +you have worked I'm going to sit now so + + align:start position:0% +you have worked I'm going to sit now so + + + align:start position:0% +you have worked I'm going to sit now so +you get a clear shot of the visuals + + align:start position:0% +you get a clear shot of the visuals + + + align:start position:0% +you get a clear shot of the visuals +there no more funny stuff coming up that + + align:start position:0% +there no more funny stuff coming up that + + + align:start position:0% +there no more funny stuff coming up that +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +that ostrich was the best I had um these + + align:start position:0% +that ostrich was the best I had um these + + + align:start position:0% +that ostrich was the best I had um these +are places where we've done + + align:start position:0% +are places where we've done + + + align:start position:0% +are places where we've done +presentations or had projects in The + + align:start position:0% +presentations or had projects in The + + + align:start position:0% +presentations or had projects in The +Last 5 Years + + align:start position:0% +Last 5 Years + + + align:start position:0% +Last 5 Years +so that only lets you know we travel and + + align:start position:0% +so that only lets you know we travel and + + + align:start position:0% +so that only lets you know we travel and +talk a lot that um these are the issues + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot that um these are the issues + + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot that um these are the issues +with which we find + + align:start position:0% +with which we find + + + align:start position:0% +with which we find +people dealing no matter where we go + + align:start position:0% +people dealing no matter where we go + + + align:start position:0% +people dealing no matter where we go +these are probably characteristics of + + align:start position:0% +these are probably characteristics of + + + align:start position:0% +these are probably characteristics of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +issues they they cross disciplines + + align:start position:0% +issues they they cross disciplines + + + align:start position:0% +issues they they cross disciplines +jurisdictional boundaries and they're + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictional boundaries and they're + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictional boundaries and they're +here to stay they are not going away we + + align:start position:0% +here to stay they are not going away we + + + align:start position:0% +here to stay they are not going away we +do need to resolve these lately we've + + align:start position:0% +do need to resolve these lately we've + + + align:start position:0% +do need to resolve these lately we've +given a lot more attention to disaster + + align:start position:0% +given a lot more attention to disaster + + + align:start position:0% +given a lot more attention to disaster +issues they can be co-mingled with + + align:start position:0% +issues they can be co-mingled with + + + align:start position:0% +issues they can be co-mingled with +terrorist events as to how you handle + + align:start position:0% +terrorist events as to how you handle + + + align:start position:0% +terrorist events as to how you handle +them technically how you handle them + + align:start position:0% +them technically how you handle them + + + align:start position:0% +them technically how you handle them +from a process point of view is much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different I would hesitate to speak + + align:start position:0% +different I would hesitate to speak + + + align:start position:0% +different I would hesitate to speak +to um science issues here at m at MIT + + align:start position:0% +to um science issues here at m at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +to um science issues here at m at MIT +but due to the nature of the project + + align:start position:0% +but due to the nature of the project + + + align:start position:0% +but due to the nature of the project +with USGS we really we really must take + + align:start position:0% +with USGS we really we really must take + + + align:start position:0% +with USGS we really we really must take +a look at the science and we're finding + + align:start position:0% +a look at the science and we're finding + + + align:start position:0% +a look at the science and we're finding +local jurisdictions increasingly aware + + align:start position:0% +local jurisdictions increasingly aware + + + align:start position:0% +local jurisdictions increasingly aware +of what science can offer them as they + + align:start position:0% +of what science can offer them as they + + + align:start position:0% +of what science can offer them as they +work to resolve um issues a lot of + + align:start position:0% +work to resolve um issues a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +work to resolve um issues a lot of +science information out there and it's + + align:start position:0% +science information out there and it's + + + align:start position:0% +science information out there and it's +really hard to step through a lot of + + align:start position:0% +really hard to step through a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +really hard to step through a lot of +this and really make it relevant uh to a + + align:start position:0% +this and really make it relevant uh to a + + + align:start position:0% +this and really make it relevant uh to a +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +jurisdiction uh dealing + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction uh dealing + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction uh dealing +with um what do they do with their own + + align:start position:0% +with um what do they do with their own + + + align:start position:0% +with um what do they do with their own +land preservation not all this is bad + + align:start position:0% +land preservation not all this is bad + + + align:start position:0% +land preservation not all this is bad +news there some of this is good news we + + align:start position:0% +news there some of this is good news we + + + align:start position:0% +news there some of this is good news we +seem to be getting more U uh crop land + + align:start position:0% +seem to be getting more U uh crop land + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be getting more U uh crop land +uh production per capita our yields are + + align:start position:0% +uh production per capita our yields are + + + align:start position:0% +uh production per capita our yields are +going up and then you may you might want + + align:start position:0% +going up and then you may you might want + + + align:start position:0% +going up and then you may you might want +to peel the onion of this data and ask + + align:start position:0% +to peel the onion of this data and ask + + + align:start position:0% +to peel the onion of this data and ask +well at what price are our yields going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up this is me GA information and when + + align:start position:0% +up this is me GA information and when + + + align:start position:0% +up this is me GA information and when +when you get to the level of of + + align:start position:0% +when you get to the level of of + + + align:start position:0% +when you get to the level of of +science that touches on climate change + + align:start position:0% +science that touches on climate change + + + align:start position:0% +science that touches on climate change +it's really scary to people and the + + align:start position:0% +it's really scary to people and the + + + align:start position:0% +it's really scary to people and the +results of this will really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be they will change the way civilization + + align:start position:0% +be they will change the way civilization + + + align:start position:0% +be they will change the way civilization +inhabits and uses the earth and the way + + align:start position:0% +inhabits and uses the earth and the way + + + align:start position:0% +inhabits and uses the earth and the way +parts of civilization interact with each + + align:start position:0% +parts of civilization interact with each + + + align:start position:0% +parts of civilization interact with each +other this is not new news and in + + align:start position:0% +other this is not new news and in + + + align:start position:0% +other this is not new news and in +today's Boston Globe we see scientists + + align:start position:0% +today's Boston Globe we see scientists + + + align:start position:0% +today's Boston Globe we see scientists +warn Artic is warming CL qu that's been + + align:start position:0% +warn Artic is warming CL qu that's been + + + align:start position:0% +warn Artic is warming CL qu that's been +going on we've known about this for 15 + + align:start position:0% +going on we've known about this for 15 + + + align:start position:0% +going on we've known about this for 15 +or 20 years and and we still are + + align:start position:0% +or 20 years and and we still are + + + align:start position:0% +or 20 years and and we still are +reluctant to take any action about + + align:start position:0% +reluctant to take any action about + + + align:start position:0% +reluctant to take any action about +it we're probably living in a time when + + align:start position:0% +it we're probably living in a time when + + + align:start position:0% +it we're probably living in a time when +we you who are students at least will + + align:start position:0% +we you who are students at least will + + + align:start position:0% +we you who are students at least will +deal with the worst problems and + + align:start position:0% +deal with the worst problems and + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the worst problems and +challenges that Civilization has ever + + align:start position:0% +challenges that Civilization has ever + + + align:start position:0% +challenges that Civilization has ever +faced the work we do is with techn + + align:start position:0% +faced the work we do is with techn + + + align:start position:0% +faced the work we do is with techn +techology how do we how do we take the + + align:start position:0% +techology how do we how do we take the + + + align:start position:0% +techology how do we how do we take the +science use technology and pipeline that + + align:start position:0% +science use technology and pipeline that + + + align:start position:0% +science use technology and pipeline that +to decision makers the work that that + + align:start position:0% +to decision makers the work that that + + + align:start position:0% +to decision makers the work that that +you Excel with here is really the + + align:start position:0% +you Excel with here is really the + + + align:start position:0% +you Excel with here is really the +process of how you do that and then how + + align:start position:0% +process of how you do that and then how + + + align:start position:0% +process of how you do that and then how +do you resolve the conflicts uh that + + align:start position:0% +do you resolve the conflicts uh that + + + align:start position:0% +do you resolve the conflicts uh that +result once the different scenarios are + + align:start position:0% +result once the different scenarios are + + + align:start position:0% +result once the different scenarios are +portrayed what I'll show you as we + + align:start position:0% +portrayed what I'll show you as we + + + align:start position:0% +portrayed what I'll show you as we +progress here is how we build scenarios + + align:start position:0% +progress here is how we build scenarios + + + align:start position:0% +progress here is how we build scenarios +let me make a couple editorial comments + + align:start position:0% +let me make a couple editorial comments + + + align:start position:0% +let me make a couple editorial comments +here um we work with decision makers who + + align:start position:0% +here um we work with decision makers who + + + align:start position:0% +here um we work with decision makers who +are elected or senior staff in + + align:start position:0% +are elected or senior staff in + + + align:start position:0% +are elected or senior staff in +jurisdictions this is not the private + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions this is not the private + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions this is not the private +sector these are public sector decision + + align:start position:0% +sector these are public sector decision + + + align:start position:0% +sector these are public sector decision +makers they differ from the science + + align:start position:0% +makers they differ from the science + + + align:start position:0% +makers they differ from the science +community in several different ways now + + align:start position:0% +community in several different ways now + + + align:start position:0% +community in several different ways now +let you fill in the blanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here it's um always wonderful to have a + + align:start position:0% +here it's um always wonderful to have a + + + align:start position:0% +here it's um always wonderful to have a +literate audience and I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +literate audience and I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +literate audience and I don't have to +read these these things + + align:start position:0% +read these these things + + + align:start position:0% +read these these things +um and it and uh these differences are + + align:start position:0% +um and it and uh these differences are + + + align:start position:0% +um and it and uh these differences are +probably to be acknowledged and + + align:start position:0% +probably to be acknowledged and + + + align:start position:0% +probably to be acknowledged and +celebrated rather than trying to resolve + + align:start position:0% +celebrated rather than trying to resolve + + + align:start position:0% +celebrated rather than trying to resolve +them I don't know that we would ever + + align:start position:0% +them I don't know that we would ever + + + align:start position:0% +them I don't know that we would ever +really want to + + align:start position:0% +really want to + + + align:start position:0% +really want to +jam Mayors together with + + align:start position:0% +jam Mayors together with + + + align:start position:0% +jam Mayors together with +Scientists I think what we need is a is + + align:start position:0% +Scientists I think what we need is a is + + + align:start position:0% +Scientists I think what we need is a is +a bridge that double-edged Arrow up + + align:start position:0% +a bridge that double-edged Arrow up + + + align:start position:0% +a bridge that double-edged Arrow up +there that helps get the information + + align:start position:0% +there that helps get the information + + + align:start position:0% +there that helps get the information +from the science Community packaged and + + align:start position:0% +from the science Community packaged and + + + align:start position:0% +from the science Community packaged and +over to decision makers in such a form + + align:start position:0% +over to decision makers in such a form + + + align:start position:0% +over to decision makers in such a form +that it can in form their decisions but + + align:start position:0% +that it can in form their decisions but + + + align:start position:0% +that it can in form their decisions but +these people don't have to change their + + align:start position:0% +these people don't have to change their + + + align:start position:0% +these people don't have to change their +cultural or business backgrounds in + + align:start position:0% +cultural or business backgrounds in + + + align:start position:0% +cultural or business backgrounds in +order to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what we do has got to be uh uh + + align:start position:0% +that what we do has got to be uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +that what we do has got to be uh uh +relevant and it's got across disciplines + + align:start position:0% +relevant and it's got across disciplines + + + align:start position:0% +relevant and it's got across disciplines +I think that's been pretty obvious + + align:start position:0% +I think that's been pretty obvious + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's been pretty obvious +Society uh societal questions are + + align:start position:0% +Society uh societal questions are + + + align:start position:0% +Society uh societal questions are +difficult to separate from science + + align:start position:0% +difficult to separate from science + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to separate from science +questions I've done it here but it's + + align:start position:0% +questions I've done it here but it's + + + align:start position:0% +questions I've done it here but it's +very arbitrary if we look at uh at + + align:start position:0% +very arbitrary if we look at uh at + + + align:start position:0% +very arbitrary if we look at uh at +population growth uh as a + + align:start position:0% +population growth uh as a + + + align:start position:0% +population growth uh as a +as a proxy if you will for a host of + + align:start position:0% +as a proxy if you will for a host of + + + align:start position:0% +as a proxy if you will for a host of +societal questions we see mega cities + + align:start position:0% +societal questions we see mega cities + + + align:start position:0% +societal questions we see mega cities +emerging this work is done by Susan + + align:start position:0% +emerging this work is done by Susan + + + align:start position:0% +emerging this work is done by Susan +walkter at um at Wharton and it's + + align:start position:0% +walkter at um at Wharton and it's + + + align:start position:0% +walkter at um at Wharton and it's +interesting to see the US configured in + + align:start position:0% +interesting to see the US configured in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to see the US configured in +this way we will deal with this in one + + align:start position:0% +this way we will deal with this in one + + + align:start position:0% +this way we will deal with this in one +way or another whether we cope wisely + + align:start position:0% +way or another whether we cope wisely + + + align:start position:0% +way or another whether we cope wisely +with this or not uh remains to be seen + + align:start position:0% +with this or not uh remains to be seen + + + align:start position:0% +with this or not uh remains to be seen +one of the projects we're looking at is + + align:start position:0% +one of the projects we're looking at is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the projects we're looking at is +how do we with the USGS science impact + + align:start position:0% +how do we with the USGS science impact + + + align:start position:0% +how do we with the USGS science impact +project look at these areas where po po + + align:start position:0% +project look at these areas where po po + + + align:start position:0% +project look at these areas where po po +ation will + + align:start position:0% +ation will + + + align:start position:0% +ation will +concentrate and balance that with + + align:start position:0% +concentrate and balance that with + + + align:start position:0% +concentrate and balance that with +resource availability or uh hazardous + + align:start position:0% +resource availability or uh hazardous + + + align:start position:0% +resource availability or uh hazardous +areas Transportation limitations um + + align:start position:0% +areas Transportation limitations um + + + align:start position:0% +areas Transportation limitations um +other such + + align:start position:0% +other such + + + align:start position:0% +other such +things um I'm going to step through + + align:start position:0% +things um I'm going to step through + + + align:start position:0% +things um I'm going to step through +these very quickly I just want to note + + align:start position:0% +these very quickly I just want to note + + + align:start position:0% +these very quickly I just want to note +that we're losing population in the + + align:start position:0% +that we're losing population in the + + + align:start position:0% +that we're losing population in the +middle of the US and gaining it in these + + align:start position:0% +middle of the US and gaining it in these + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the US and gaining it in these +other areas which you + + align:start position:0% +other areas which you + + + align:start position:0% +other areas which you +see this one is uh Phoenix as built + + align:start position:0% +see this one is uh Phoenix as built + + + align:start position:0% +see this one is uh Phoenix as built +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +there 23 jurisdictions here all of them + + align:start position:0% +there 23 jurisdictions here all of them + + + align:start position:0% +there 23 jurisdictions here all of them +use a comprehensive or general planning + + align:start position:0% +use a comprehensive or general planning + + + align:start position:0% +use a comprehensive or general planning +process all of them talk to each other + + align:start position:0% +process all of them talk to each other + + + align:start position:0% +process all of them talk to each other +none of them would build Phoenix this + + align:start position:0% +none of them would build Phoenix this + + + align:start position:0% +none of them would build Phoenix this +way given the chance to start from + + align:start position:0% +way given the chance to start from + + + align:start position:0% +way given the chance to start from +scratch again no elected official no + + align:start position:0% +scratch again no elected official no + + + align:start position:0% +scratch again no elected official no +planner likely no citizen let me show + + align:start position:0% +planner likely no citizen let me show + + + align:start position:0% +planner likely no citizen let me show +you how we got this + + align:start position:0% +you how we got this + + + align:start position:0% +you how we got this +way using written General plans which + + align:start position:0% +way using written General plans which + + + align:start position:0% +way using written General plans which +sets the stage for incremental change + + align:start position:0% +sets the stage for incremental change + + + align:start position:0% +sets the stage for incremental change +incremental + + align:start position:0% +incremental + + + align:start position:0% +incremental +changes that that are keyed to whatever + + align:start position:0% +changes that that are keyed to whatever + + + align:start position:0% +changes that that are keyed to whatever +time frame possibly as we talked this + + align:start position:0% +time frame possibly as we talked this + + + align:start position:0% +time frame possibly as we talked this +morning the period of uh term of office + + align:start position:0% +morning the period of uh term of office + + + align:start position:0% +morning the period of uh term of office +of an elected official uh Board of + + align:start position:0% +of an elected official uh Board of + + + align:start position:0% +of an elected official uh Board of +Commissioners or something these are + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners or something these are + + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners or something these are +costly and they build things like this + + align:start position:0% +costly and they build things like this + + + align:start position:0% +costly and they build things like this +now this is satellite imagery some of + + align:start position:0% +now this is satellite imagery some of + + + align:start position:0% +now this is satellite imagery some of +you have seen this before it's so vivid + + align:start position:0% +you have seen this before it's so vivid + + + align:start position:0% +you have seen this before it's so vivid +that I play it again and again this is + + align:start position:0% +that I play it again and again this is + + + align:start position:0% +that I play it again and again this is +um landset from 73 forward the yellow + + align:start position:0% +um landset from 73 forward the yellow + + + align:start position:0% +um landset from 73 forward the yellow +line is the urban boundary of the + + align:start position:0% +line is the urban boundary of the + + + align:start position:0% +line is the urban boundary of the +Phoenix Metro area the red is + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix Metro area the red is + + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix Metro area the red is +disappearing agricultural + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +land that comes up to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +99 if you saw that happening under your + + align:start position:0% +99 if you saw that happening under your + + + align:start position:0% +99 if you saw that happening under your +kitchen + + align:start position:0% +kitchen + + + align:start position:0% +kitchen +sink + + align:start position:0% +sink + + + align:start position:0% +sink +who would you call uh this is this is + + align:start position:0% +who would you call uh this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +who would you call uh this is this is +Tucson uh this is more accurate because + + align:start position:0% +Tucson uh this is more accurate because + + + align:start position:0% +Tucson uh this is more accurate because +this is from 1950 forward and what you + + align:start position:0% +this is from 1950 forward and what you + + + align:start position:0% +this is from 1950 forward and what you +see emerging are building permits so + + align:start position:0% +see emerging are building permits so + + + align:start position:0% +see emerging are building permits so +everything legal built in Tucson is + + align:start position:0% +everything legal built in Tucson is + + + align:start position:0% +everything legal built in Tucson is +included uh In Color by decade here and + + align:start position:0% +included uh In Color by decade here and + + + align:start position:0% +included uh In Color by decade here and +from a planning perspective you can + + align:start position:0% +from a planning perspective you can + + + align:start position:0% +from a planning perspective you can +imagine the problems that emerge as you + + align:start position:0% +imagine the problems that emerge as you + + + align:start position:0% +imagine the problems that emerge as you +put um a high residential population + + align:start position:0% +put um a high residential population + + + align:start position:0% +put um a high residential population +against the Natural Area of Mount Lemon + + align:start position:0% +against the Natural Area of Mount Lemon + + + align:start position:0% +against the Natural Area of Mount Lemon +here the big horn sheep are gone you + + align:start position:0% +here the big horn sheep are gone you + + + align:start position:0% +here the big horn sheep are gone you +need to bridge these people across the + + align:start position:0% +need to bridge these people across the + + + align:start position:0% +need to bridge these people across the +reto wash to population centers down + + align:start position:0% +reto wash to population centers down + + + align:start position:0% +reto wash to population centers down +here the Santa Cruz River no longer + + align:start position:0% +here the Santa Cruz River no longer + + + align:start position:0% +here the Santa Cruz River no longer +flows unless it floods used to be a + + align:start position:0% +flows unless it floods used to be a + + + align:start position:0% +flows unless it floods used to be a +steamboat ran up down the Santa Cruz + + align:start position:0% +steamboat ran up down the Santa Cruz + + + align:start position:0% +steamboat ran up down the Santa Cruz +River it's + + align:start position:0% +River it's + + + align:start position:0% +River it's +a it's an impressive ditch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today but we in in our travels and the + + align:start position:0% +today but we in in our travels and the + + + align:start position:0% +today but we in in our travels and the +work we've done we've never run across + + align:start position:0% +work we've done we've never run across + + + align:start position:0% +work we've done we've never run across +anyone who intended ill for their + + align:start position:0% +anyone who intended ill for their + + + align:start position:0% +anyone who intended ill for their +Community really people would like to do + + align:start position:0% +Community really people would like to do + + + align:start position:0% +Community really people would like to do +the right Thing by and large they differ + + align:start position:0% +the right Thing by and large they differ + + + align:start position:0% +the right Thing by and large they differ +in uh in in what it is how to accomplish + + align:start position:0% +in uh in in what it is how to accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in in what it is how to accomplish +it the methodology and so forth um this + + align:start position:0% +it the methodology and so forth um this + + + align:start position:0% +it the methodology and so forth um this +is kind of where we see written General + + align:start position:0% +is kind of where we see written General + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of where we see written General +plans and this is a brief uh + + align:start position:0% +plans and this is a brief uh + + + align:start position:0% +plans and this is a brief uh +um kind of interlude here where I I show + + align:start position:0% +um kind of interlude here where I I show + + + align:start position:0% +um kind of interlude here where I I show +digital comprehensive planning + + align:start position:0% +digital comprehensive planning + + + align:start position:0% +digital comprehensive planning +modelbased planning as really the + + align:start position:0% +modelbased planning as really the + + + align:start position:0% +modelbased planning as really the +technology which will better Embrace + + align:start position:0% +technology which will better Embrace + + + align:start position:0% +technology which will better Embrace +science bring science to the + + align:start position:0% +science bring science to the + + + align:start position:0% +science bring science to the +decision-making table and produced added + + align:start position:0% +decision-making table and produced added + + + align:start position:0% +decision-making table and produced added +value for really less money this is what + + align:start position:0% +value for really less money this is what + + + align:start position:0% +value for really less money this is what +we spend on + + align:start position:0% +we spend on + + + align:start position:0% +we spend on +written General plans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today and these are the documents by + + align:start position:0% +today and these are the documents by + + + align:start position:0% +today and these are the documents by +which we guide the future of the nation + + align:start position:0% +which we guide the future of the nation + + + align:start position:0% +which we guide the future of the nation +by the way we shape the places where we + + align:start position:0% +by the way we shape the places where we + + + align:start position:0% +by the way we shape the places where we +live work and play be they Crossroads or + + align:start position:0% +live work and play be they Crossroads or + + + align:start position:0% +live work and play be they Crossroads or +huge mega + + align:start position:0% +huge mega + + + align:start position:0% +huge mega +cities this is how uh this is the + + align:start position:0% +cities this is how uh this is the + + + align:start position:0% +cities this is how uh this is the +process by which a written General plan + + align:start position:0% +process by which a written General plan + + + align:start position:0% +process by which a written General plan +is developed we go through that process + + align:start position:0% +is developed we go through that process + + + align:start position:0% +is developed we go through that process +and in most most + + align:start position:0% +and in most most + + + align:start position:0% +and in most most +jurisdictions repeatedly and it costs a + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions repeatedly and it costs a + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions repeatedly and it costs a +fortune to do that maybe 5 years maybe + + align:start position:0% +fortune to do that maybe 5 years maybe + + + align:start position:0% +fortune to do that maybe 5 years maybe +10 in our case in Yavapai County it was + + align:start position:0% +10 in our case in Yavapai County it was + + + align:start position:0% +10 in our case in Yavapai County it was + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um this is something that we really + + align:start position:0% +um this is something that we really + + + align:start position:0% +um this is something that we really +never have figured out a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +never have figured out a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +never have figured out a lot of people +have done some good academic studies on + + align:start position:0% +have done some good academic studies on + + + align:start position:0% +have done some good academic studies on +this we we we don't know this and I just + + align:start position:0% +this we we we don't know this and I just + + + align:start position:0% +this we we we don't know this and I just +pose it as an unanswered question to you + + align:start position:0% +pose it as an unanswered question to you + + + align:start position:0% +pose it as an unanswered question to you +jumping to + + align:start position:0% +jumping to + + + align:start position:0% +jumping to +technology uh digital comprehensive + + align:start position:0% +technology uh digital comprehensive + + + align:start position:0% +technology uh digital comprehensive +planning is the model Suite by which we + + align:start position:0% +planning is the model Suite by which we + + + align:start position:0% +planning is the model Suite by which we +would propose to interface science with + + align:start position:0% +would propose to interface science with + + + align:start position:0% +would propose to interface science with +decision + + align:start position:0% +decision + + + align:start position:0% +decision +makers we have the modeling capability + + align:start position:0% +makers we have the modeling capability + + + align:start position:0% +makers we have the modeling capability +to do this we are extremely weak on the + + align:start position:0% +to do this we are extremely weak on the + + + align:start position:0% +to do this we are extremely weak on the +process by which this occurs or as we've + + align:start position:0% +process by which this occurs or as we've + + + align:start position:0% +process by which this occurs or as we've +mentioned any process to resolve + + align:start position:0% +mentioned any process to resolve + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned any process to resolve +conflicts that may ensue from okay how + + align:start position:0% +conflicts that may ensue from okay how + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts that may ensue from okay how +do we get to this particular Preferred + + align:start position:0% +do we get to this particular Preferred + + + align:start position:0% +do we get to this particular Preferred +Future uh written General plan does this + + align:start position:0% +Future uh written General plan does this + + + align:start position:0% +Future uh written General plan does this +uh it'll build land use scenarios + + align:start position:0% +uh it'll build land use scenarios + + + align:start position:0% +uh it'll build land use scenarios +economic + + align:start position:0% +economic + + + align:start position:0% +economic +scenarios uh in the case of Lake Tahoe + + align:start position:0% +scenarios uh in the case of Lake Tahoe + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios uh in the case of Lake Tahoe +working with Rich burnoff will be doing + + align:start position:0% +working with Rich burnoff will be doing + + + align:start position:0% +working with Rich burnoff will be doing +environmental thresholds um these are + + align:start position:0% +environmental thresholds um these are + + + align:start position:0% +environmental thresholds um these are +conditions that the local community does + + align:start position:0% +conditions that the local community does + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that the local community does +not want to exceed there are always + + align:start position:0% +not want to exceed there are always + + + align:start position:0% +not want to exceed there are always +placeholders that we build into the + + align:start position:0% +placeholders that we build into the + + + align:start position:0% +placeholders that we build into the +software uh tourist numbers appearing + + align:start position:0% +software uh tourist numbers appearing + + + align:start position:0% +software uh tourist numbers appearing +disappearing for a weekend a season are + + align:start position:0% +disappearing for a weekend a season are + + + align:start position:0% +disappearing for a weekend a season are +simply a different land use attribute so + + align:start position:0% +simply a different land use attribute so + + + align:start position:0% +simply a different land use attribute so +if you're GIS uh literate you understand + + align:start position:0% +if you're GIS uh literate you understand + + + align:start position:0% +if you're GIS uh literate you understand +the attributes that go with Parcels + + align:start position:0% +the attributes that go with Parcels + + + align:start position:0% +the attributes that go with Parcels +tourists just change those attributes + + align:start position:0% +tourists just change those attributes + + + align:start position:0% +tourists just change those attributes +for that particular period of + + align:start position:0% +for that particular period of + + + align:start position:0% +for that particular period of +time and you go around the loop again + + align:start position:0% +time and you go around the loop again + + + align:start position:0% +time and you go around the loop again +the interesting thing here is your + + align:start position:0% +the interesting thing here is your + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting thing here is your +investment is in a model and it's very + + align:start position:0% +investment is in a model and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +investment is in a model and it's very +easy to go in and change the variables + + align:start position:0% +easy to go in and change the variables + + + align:start position:0% +easy to go in and change the variables +in the model or the time frame or + + align:start position:0% +in the model or the time frame or + + + align:start position:0% +in the model or the time frame or +whatever you may wish to change the + + align:start position:0% +whatever you may wish to change the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you may wish to change the +database the population growth rates uh + + align:start position:0% +database the population growth rates uh + + + align:start position:0% +database the population growth rates uh +and generate new scenarios you can save + + align:start position:0% +and generate new scenarios you can save + + + align:start position:0% +and generate new scenarios you can save +those off in the lower rightand corner + + align:start position:0% +those off in the lower rightand corner + + + align:start position:0% +those off in the lower rightand corner +here as old scenarios do configuration + + align:start position:0% +here as old scenarios do configuration + + + align:start position:0% +here as old scenarios do configuration +control on the one you want to save as + + align:start position:0% +control on the one you want to save as + + + align:start position:0% +control on the one you want to save as +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +um as the real + + align:start position:0% +um as the real + + + align:start position:0% +um as the real +one our digital uh our comprehensive + + align:start position:0% +one our digital uh our comprehensive + + + align:start position:0% +one our digital uh our comprehensive +General plan has three model + + align:start position:0% +General plan has three model + + + align:start position:0% +General plan has three model +elements we have a fourth that's uh + + align:start position:0% +elements we have a fourth that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +elements we have a fourth that's uh +seldom used but deals with + + align:start position:0% +seldom used but deals with + + + align:start position:0% +seldom used but deals with +sustainability it's very simple Force to + + align:start position:0% +sustainability it's very simple Force to + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability it's very simple Force to +tie sustainability to land use by using + + align:start position:0% +tie sustainability to land use by using + + + align:start position:0% +tie sustainability to land use by using +the methodology of Wacker Nagle and + + align:start position:0% +the methodology of Wacker Nagle and + + + align:start position:0% +the methodology of Wacker Nagle and +Reese very straightforward I've got a + + align:start position:0% +Reese very straightforward I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +Reese very straightforward I've got a +couple slides later on about that the + + align:start position:0% +couple slides later on about that the + + + align:start position:0% +couple slides later on about that the +interesting thing to us is that when you + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing to us is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing to us is that when you +takes folks into the future they start + + align:start position:0% +takes folks into the future they start + + + align:start position:0% +takes folks into the future they start +to agree get them out there 50 years and + + align:start position:0% +to agree get them out there 50 years and + + + align:start position:0% +to agree get them out there 50 years and +their political their religious their + + align:start position:0% +their political their religious their + + + align:start position:0% +their political their religious their +cultural + + align:start position:0% +cultural + + + align:start position:0% +cultural +differences really disappear we all want + + align:start position:0% +differences really disappear we all want + + + align:start position:0% +differences really disappear we all want +clean water clean air well behaved + + align:start position:0% +clean water clean air well behaved + + + align:start position:0% +clean water clean air well behaved +children well behaved grandparents + + align:start position:0% +children well behaved grandparents + + + align:start position:0% +children well behaved grandparents +grandparents of babysit children help + + align:start position:0% +grandparents of babysit children help + + + align:start position:0% +grandparents of babysit children help +pay some of the cost of this that and + + align:start position:0% +pay some of the cost of this that and + + + align:start position:0% +pay some of the cost of this that and +the other thing peace on + + align:start position:0% +the other thing peace on + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing peace on +Earth very few of us want to fight + + align:start position:0% +Earth very few of us want to fight + + + align:start position:0% +Earth very few of us want to fight +there's some interesting academic + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting academic + + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting academic +literature that says we're genetically + + align:start position:0% +literature that says we're genetically + + + align:start position:0% +literature that says we're genetically +inclined to + + align:start position:0% +inclined to + + + align:start position:0% +inclined to +Warfare but all the people we talk with + + align:start position:0% +Warfare but all the people we talk with + + + align:start position:0% +Warfare but all the people we talk with +really uh share common values when you + + align:start position:0% +really uh share common values when you + + + align:start position:0% +really uh share common values when you +get out far enough into the future + + align:start position:0% +get out far enough into the future + + + align:start position:0% +get out far enough into the future +therein is lies the value of being able + + align:start position:0% +therein is lies the value of being able + + + align:start position:0% +therein is lies the value of being able +to construct a model that takes people + + align:start position:0% +to construct a model that takes people + + + align:start position:0% +to construct a model that takes people +into the + + align:start position:0% +into the + + + align:start position:0% +into the +future also therein lies the problem and + + align:start position:0% +future also therein lies the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +future also therein lies the problem and +the challenge of what is the process by + + align:start position:0% +the challenge of what is the process by + + + align:start position:0% +the challenge of what is the process by +which you get to this future of peace + + align:start position:0% +which you get to this future of peace + + + align:start position:0% +which you get to this future of peace +and harmony + + align:start position:0% +and harmony + + + align:start position:0% +and harmony +quiet and clean + + align:start position:0% +quiet and clean + + + align:start position:0% +quiet and clean +environment and that's where I think we + + align:start position:0% +environment and that's where I think we + + + align:start position:0% +environment and that's where I think we +have an excellent opportunity for + + align:start position:0% +have an excellent opportunity for + + + align:start position:0% +have an excellent opportunity for +collaboration we do not resolve the + + align:start position:0% +collaboration we do not resolve the + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration we do not resolve the +conflicts uh and roadblocks along the + + align:start position:0% +conflicts uh and roadblocks along the + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts uh and roadblocks along the +way but the future is a magic place to + + align:start position:0% +way but the future is a magic place to + + + align:start position:0% +way but the future is a magic place to +go and when we model into the future we + + align:start position:0% +go and when we model into the future we + + + align:start position:0% +go and when we model into the future we +just sidestep all the current problem + + align:start position:0% +just sidestep all the current problem + + + align:start position:0% +just sidestep all the current problem +agenda that folks have and once they + + align:start position:0% +agenda that folks have and once they + + + align:start position:0% +agenda that folks have and once they +agree on a common future then it's + + align:start position:0% +agree on a common future then it's + + + align:start position:0% +agree on a common future then it's +easier for them to back up and look at + + align:start position:0% +easier for them to back up and look at + + + align:start position:0% +easier for them to back up and look at +the concrete steps that take them there + + align:start position:0% +the concrete steps that take them there + + + align:start position:0% +the concrete steps that take them there +I don't talk about every slide that long + + align:start position:0% +I don't talk about every slide that long + + + align:start position:0% +I don't talk about every slide that long +thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heavens a spatial growth model uh simply + + align:start position:0% +heavens a spatial growth model uh simply + + + align:start position:0% +heavens a spatial growth model uh simply +builds maps of the Future IT U has + + align:start position:0% +builds maps of the Future IT U has + + + align:start position:0% +builds maps of the Future IT U has +characteristics that we can model any + + align:start position:0% +characteristics that we can model any + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics that we can model any +size it's scalable um uh geographically + + align:start position:0% +size it's scalable um uh geographically + + + align:start position:0% +size it's scalable um uh geographically +we can do SUB area modeling and uh any + + align:start position:0% +we can do SUB area modeling and uh any + + + align:start position:0% +we can do SUB area modeling and uh any +area within a model can be treated um um + + align:start position:0% +area within a model can be treated um um + + + align:start position:0% +area within a model can be treated um um +differently so it has endless land use + + align:start position:0% +differently so it has endless land use + + + align:start position:0% +differently so it has endless land use +categories that include water use to + + align:start position:0% +categories that include water use to + + + align:start position:0% +categories that include water use to +build a spatial growth model and this is + + align:start position:0% +build a spatial growth model and this is + + + align:start position:0% +build a spatial growth model and this is +the heart of the technical process + + align:start position:0% +the heart of the technical process + + + align:start position:0% +the heart of the technical process +you've got to tell it what land it can + + align:start position:0% +you've got to tell it what land it can + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to tell it what land it can +develop what's up for grabs + + align:start position:0% +develop what's up for grabs + + + align:start position:0% +develop what's up for grabs +here that's a value judgment then you've + + align:start position:0% +here that's a value judgment then you've + + + align:start position:0% +here that's a value judgment then you've +got to tell it by what rules can it + + align:start position:0% +got to tell it by what rules can it + + + align:start position:0% +got to tell it by what rules can it +develop that land where can you put + + align:start position:0% +develop that land where can you put + + + align:start position:0% +develop that land where can you put +multifam single family where is open + + align:start position:0% +multifam single family where is open + + + align:start position:0% +multifam single family where is open +space go uh where does commercial + + align:start position:0% +space go uh where does commercial + + + align:start position:0% +space go uh where does commercial +residential go what goes for New Roads + + align:start position:0% +residential go what goes for New Roads + + + align:start position:0% +residential go what goes for New Roads +and you wait those priorities for that + + align:start position:0% +and you wait those priorities for that + + + align:start position:0% +and you wait those priorities for that +land as it's being developed you need to + + align:start position:0% +land as it's being developed you need to + + + align:start position:0% +land as it's being developed you need to +know how your population is arriving how + + align:start position:0% +know how your population is arriving how + + + align:start position:0% +know how your population is arriving how +many people are in multif family single + + align:start position:0% +many people are in multif family single + + + align:start position:0% +many people are in multif family single +family situations and so forth and you + + align:start position:0% +family situations and so forth and you + + + align:start position:0% +family situations and so forth and you +need to time step this is the heart then + + align:start position:0% +need to time step this is the heart then + + + align:start position:0% +need to time step this is the heart then +of a spatial growth model and really if + + align:start position:0% +of a spatial growth model and really if + + + align:start position:0% +of a spatial growth model and really if +you deal with any of the other 20 some + + align:start position:0% +you deal with any of the other 20 some + + + align:start position:0% +you deal with any of the other 20 some +spatial growth models that are out there + + align:start position:0% +spatial growth models that are out there + + + align:start position:0% +spatial growth models that are out there +these are the conditions that uh that + + align:start position:0% +these are the conditions that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +these are the conditions that uh that +must Prevail we've designed ours to run + + align:start position:0% +must Prevail we've designed ours to run + + + align:start position:0% +must Prevail we've designed ours to run +uh in ezri compatible format and + + align:start position:0% +uh in ezri compatible format and + + + align:start position:0% +uh in ezri compatible format and +standard GIS um programs and be very + + align:start position:0% +standard GIS um programs and be very + + + align:start position:0% +standard GIS um programs and be very +almost uh embarrassingly simple to + + align:start position:0% +almost uh embarrassingly simple to + + + align:start position:0% +almost uh embarrassingly simple to +run uh this is a population um uh + + align:start position:0% +run uh this is a population um uh + + + align:start position:0% +run uh this is a population um uh +projection for how people arrive it's + + align:start position:0% +projection for how people arrive it's + + + align:start position:0% +projection for how people arrive it's +the kind of data necessary to support + + align:start position:0% +the kind of data necessary to support + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of data necessary to support +building a model it's kind + + align:start position:0% +building a model it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +building a model it's kind +of information the public never wants to + + align:start position:0% +of information the public never wants to + + + align:start position:0% +of information the public never wants to +see unless you get someone that is + + align:start position:0% +see unless you get someone that is + + + align:start position:0% +see unless you get someone that is +quizzical and curious about where'd you + + align:start position:0% +quizzical and curious about where'd you + + + align:start position:0% +quizzical and curious about where'd you +get that you always need to have that + + align:start position:0% +get that you always need to have that + + + align:start position:0% +get that you always need to have that +underneath that but running those rules + + align:start position:0% +underneath that but running those rules + + + align:start position:0% +underneath that but running those rules +on Tucson you can see growth by decade + + align:start position:0% +on Tucson you can see growth by decade + + + align:start position:0% +on Tucson you can see growth by decade +here's 2010 + + align:start position:0% +here's 2010 + + + align:start position:0% +here's 2010 +2020 uh it's just a standard sprawl rule + + align:start position:0% +2020 uh it's just a standard sprawl rule + + + align:start position:0% +2020 uh it's just a standard sprawl rule +set in that one this is what we get uh + + align:start position:0% +set in that one this is what we get uh + + + align:start position:0% +set in that one this is what we get uh +from that + + align:start position:0% +from that + + + align:start position:0% +from that +run and we can run that at the regional + + align:start position:0% +run and we can run that at the regional + + + align:start position:0% +run and we can run that at the regional +level and you'll see this running from + + align:start position:0% +level and you'll see this running from + + + align:start position:0% +level and you'll see this running from +1991 to + + align:start position:0% +1991 to + + + align:start position:0% +1991 to +2050 uh projecting population growth uh + + align:start position:0% +2050 uh projecting population growth uh + + + align:start position:0% +2050 uh projecting population growth uh +basically around existing Transportation + + align:start position:0% +basically around existing Transportation + + + align:start position:0% +basically around existing Transportation +corridors uh as this goes into future + + align:start position:0% +corridors uh as this goes into future + + + align:start position:0% +corridors uh as this goes into future +the yellow represents anticip ated + + align:start position:0% +the yellow represents anticip ated + + + align:start position:0% +the yellow represents anticip ated +growth very clumsy very basic very + + align:start position:0% +growth very clumsy very basic very + + + align:start position:0% +growth very clumsy very basic very +Regional uh not done at at the parcel + + align:start position:0% +Regional uh not done at at the parcel + + + align:start position:0% +Regional uh not done at at the parcel +level at all we can jump to another one + + align:start position:0% +level at all we can jump to another one + + + align:start position:0% +level at all we can jump to another one +here in Yavapai County Arizona where we + + align:start position:0% +here in Yavapai County Arizona where we + + + align:start position:0% +here in Yavapai County Arizona where we +have an enormous growth rate that 4% + + align:start position:0% +have an enormous growth rate that 4% + + + align:start position:0% +have an enormous growth rate that 4% +there uh this is the verie valley south + + align:start position:0% +there uh this is the verie valley south + + + align:start position:0% +there uh this is the verie valley south +of Sedona 50,000 people live there this + + align:start position:0% +of Sedona 50,000 people live there this + + + align:start position:0% +of Sedona 50,000 people live there this +growth rate out to 2050 would bring a + + align:start position:0% +growth rate out to 2050 would bring a + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate out to 2050 would bring a +quarter million people in addition of + + align:start position:0% +quarter million people in addition of + + + align:start position:0% +quarter million people in addition of +the 50,000 living there the only land + + align:start position:0% +the 50,000 living there the only land + + + align:start position:0% +the 50,000 living there the only land +available for development is shown in + + align:start position:0% +available for development is shown in + + + align:start position:0% +available for development is shown in +colors all the rest of the land is state + + align:start position:0% +colors all the rest of the land is state + + + align:start position:0% +colors all the rest of the land is state +federal or tribal land even this + + align:start position:0% +federal or tribal land even this + + + align:start position:0% +federal or tribal land even this +triangular piece of land here is State + + align:start position:0% +triangular piece of land here is State + + + align:start position:0% +triangular piece of land here is State +trust land which we've assumed for + + align:start position:0% +trust land which we've assumed for + + + align:start position:0% +trust land which we've assumed for +modeling purposes is available for + + align:start position:0% +modeling purposes is available for + + + align:start position:0% +modeling purposes is available for +development you'll see the allocation uh + + align:start position:0% +development you'll see the allocation uh + + + align:start position:0% +development you'll see the allocation uh +to land use types over here now running + + align:start position:0% +to land use types over here now running + + + align:start position:0% +to land use types over here now running +the first scenario + + align:start position:0% +the first scenario + + + align:start position:0% +the first scenario +um 4% population growth rate out to 20 + + align:start position:0% +um 4% population growth rate out to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +um 4% population growth rate out to 20 +2050 means we've got to go find those + + align:start position:0% +2050 means we've got to go find those + + + align:start position:0% +2050 means we've got to go find those +circles and take that land down from the + + align:start position:0% +circles and take that land down from the + + + align:start position:0% +circles and take that land down from the +national forest or public lands to + + align:start position:0% +national forest or public lands to + + + align:start position:0% +national forest or public lands to +develop it we have run out of land um in + + align:start position:0% +develop it we have run out of land um in + + + align:start position:0% +develop it we have run out of land um in +the existing model we cannot tolerate + + align:start position:0% +the existing model we cannot tolerate + + + align:start position:0% +the existing model we cannot tolerate +another quarter million people this does + + align:start position:0% +another quarter million people this does + + + align:start position:0% +another quarter million people this does +not visually portray what's happened to + + align:start position:0% +not visually portray what's happened to + + + align:start position:0% +not visually portray what's happened to +the quality of life if you fully develop + + align:start position:0% +the quality of life if you fully develop + + + align:start position:0% +the quality of life if you fully develop +all of this and that's what the public + + align:start position:0% +all of this and that's what the public + + + align:start position:0% +all of this and that's what the public +groups with whom we met said oh my God + + align:start position:0% +groups with whom we met said oh my God + + + align:start position:0% +groups with whom we met said oh my God +you put a quarter million people on top + + align:start position:0% +you put a quarter million people on top + + + align:start position:0% +you put a quarter million people on top +of us I don't even want to live here + + align:start position:0% +of us I don't even want to live here + + + align:start position:0% +of us I don't even want to live here +anymore good we've now achieved managed + + align:start position:0% +anymore good we've now achieved managed + + + align:start position:0% +anymore good we've now achieved managed +unattractiveness which is a goal that + + align:start position:0% +unattractiveness which is a goal that + + + align:start position:0% +unattractiveness which is a goal that +some communities have I think it was + + align:start position:0% +some communities have I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +some communities have I think it was +Jackson Wyoming and Jackson Hole that U + + align:start position:0% +Jackson Wyoming and Jackson Hole that U + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson Wyoming and Jackson Hole that U +quit filling their potholes in and + + align:start position:0% +quit filling their potholes in and + + + align:start position:0% +quit filling their potholes in and +people said this is terrible I i' hate + + align:start position:0% +people said this is terrible I i' hate + + + align:start position:0% +people said this is terrible I i' hate +to live here look at look at these + + align:start position:0% +to live here look at look at these + + + align:start position:0% +to live here look at look at these +streets + + align:start position:0% +streets + + + align:start position:0% +streets +wonderful I think city council has since + + align:start position:0% +wonderful I think city council has since + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful I think city council has since +been replaced and there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +been replaced and there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +been replaced and there's a lot of +sprawl outside Jackson Hole now um You + + align:start position:0% +sprawl outside Jackson Hole now um You + + + align:start position:0% +sprawl outside Jackson Hole now um You +can change the variables here uh with + + align:start position:0% +can change the variables here uh with + + + align:start position:0% +can change the variables here uh with +the densities on the right and begin to + + align:start position:0% +the densities on the right and begin to + + + align:start position:0% +the densities on the right and begin to +fit more people in you can keep doing + + align:start position:0% +fit more people in you can keep doing + + + align:start position:0% +fit more people in you can keep doing +that and keep clustering it this one + + align:start position:0% +that and keep clustering it this one + + + align:start position:0% +that and keep clustering it this one +however has a miracle occur see up here + + align:start position:0% +however has a miracle occur see up here + + + align:start position:0% +however has a miracle occur see up here +where we we stop from 4% to and go to 1% + + align:start position:0% +where we we stop from 4% to and go to 1% + + + align:start position:0% +where we we stop from 4% to and go to 1% +this public group said let's presume + + align:start position:0% +this public group said let's presume + + + align:start position:0% +this public group said let's presume +because 4% growth is going to kill us + + align:start position:0% +because 4% growth is going to kill us + + + align:start position:0% +because 4% growth is going to kill us +it's going to be a rotten place to live + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a rotten place to live + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a rotten place to live +let's presume that some public + + align:start position:0% +let's presume that some public + + + align:start position:0% +let's presume that some public +policy reduces growth to 1% and we have + + align:start position:0% +policy reduces growth to 1% and we have + + + align:start position:0% +policy reduces growth to 1% and we have +this kind of scenario we love it we can + + align:start position:0% +this kind of scenario we love it we can + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of scenario we love it we can +live with that that's good how that + + align:start position:0% +live with that that's good how that + + + align:start position:0% +live with that that's good how that +Miracle happens and how you reduce + + align:start position:0% +Miracle happens and how you reduce + + + align:start position:0% +Miracle happens and how you reduce +growth and manage it down to 1% + + align:start position:0% +growth and manage it down to 1% + + + align:start position:0% +growth and manage it down to 1% +is quite another + + align:start position:0% +is quite another + + + align:start position:0% +is quite another +matter that's one of the advantages of + + align:start position:0% +matter that's one of the advantages of + + + align:start position:0% +matter that's one of the advantages of +dealing so far out in the future + + align:start position:0% +dealing so far out in the future + + + align:start position:0% +dealing so far out in the future +Miracles can occur in the in the + + align:start position:0% +Miracles can occur in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +Miracles can occur in the in the +variables and you make assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +variables and you make assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +variables and you make assumptions that +do that sort of thing um this then is + + align:start position:0% +do that sort of thing um this then is + + + align:start position:0% +do that sort of thing um this then is +more tightly clustered growth and + + align:start position:0% +more tightly clustered growth and + + + align:start position:0% +more tightly clustered growth and +everything fit you can run this at the + + align:start position:0% +everything fit you can run this at the + + + align:start position:0% +everything fit you can run this at the +parcel level that was the regional level + + align:start position:0% +parcel level that was the regional level + + + align:start position:0% +parcel level that was the regional level +this is the parcel level this is Oak + + align:start position:0% +this is the parcel level this is Oak + + + align:start position:0% +this is the parcel level this is Oak +Creek Village just south of um Sedona + + align:start position:0% +Creek Village just south of um Sedona + + + align:start position:0% +Creek Village just south of um Sedona +and and we just kept tightening up + + align:start position:0% +and and we just kept tightening up + + + align:start position:0% +and and we just kept tightening up +density here until we had a pedestrian + + align:start position:0% +density here until we had a pedestrian + + + align:start position:0% +density here until we had a pedestrian +community so the model is very scalable + + align:start position:0% +community so the model is very scalable + + + align:start position:0% +community so the model is very scalable +that way and what you've seen now is how + + align:start position:0% +that way and what you've seen now is how + + + align:start position:0% +that way and what you've seen now is how +we technically accommodate different + + align:start position:0% +we technically accommodate different + + + align:start position:0% +we technically accommodate different +opinions and values we have not resolved + + align:start position:0% +opinions and values we have not resolved + + + align:start position:0% +opinions and values we have not resolved +their conflict or helped them develop a + + align:start position:0% +their conflict or helped them develop a + + + align:start position:0% +their conflict or helped them develop a +course of action we've simply shown + + align:start position:0% +course of action we've simply shown + + + align:start position:0% +course of action we've simply shown +where different um densities would take + + align:start position:0% +where different um densities would take + + + align:start position:0% +where different um densities would take +them with fixed population growth rates + + align:start position:0% +them with fixed population growth rates + + + align:start position:0% +them with fixed population growth rates +or if you vary the population growth + + align:start position:0% +or if you vary the population growth + + + align:start position:0% +or if you vary the population growth +rates how it would go this is a case + + align:start position:0% +rates how it would go this is a case + + + align:start position:0% +rates how it would go this is a case +study uh we didn't do it as a case study + + align:start position:0% +study uh we didn't do it as a case study + + + align:start position:0% +study uh we didn't do it as a case study +we did it as a real project but I + + align:start position:0% +we did it as a real project but I + + + align:start position:0% +we did it as a real project but I +present it here as a case study the the + + align:start position:0% +present it here as a case study the the + + + align:start position:0% +present it here as a case study the the +issue here is starter castles these + + align:start position:0% +issue here is starter castles these + + + align:start position:0% +issue here is starter castles these +things showing up on 40 acre parcels and + + align:start position:0% +things showing up on 40 acre parcels and + + + align:start position:0% +things showing up on 40 acre parcels and +losing the Big Sky feel in Montana + + align:start position:0% +losing the Big Sky feel in Montana + + + align:start position:0% +losing the Big Sky feel in Montana +scares them to death up there and this + + align:start position:0% +scares them to death up there and this + + + align:start position:0% +scares them to death up there and this +was uh really during the 90s when there + + align:start position:0% +was uh really during the 90s when there + + + align:start position:0% +was uh really during the 90s when there +was a lot oftc money coming uh um out + + align:start position:0% +was a lot oftc money coming uh um out + + + align:start position:0% +was a lot oftc money coming uh um out +out of the East and into the West uh + + align:start position:0% +out of the East and into the West uh + + + align:start position:0% +out of the East and into the West uh +this has slowed somewhat but the issue + + align:start position:0% +this has slowed somewhat but the issue + + + align:start position:0% +this has slowed somewhat but the issue +here is one of private property rights + + align:start position:0% +here is one of private property rights + + + align:start position:0% +here is one of private property rights +this guy gets a building permit builds + + align:start position:0% +this guy gets a building permit builds + + + align:start position:0% +this guy gets a building permit builds +that house he's got a fantastic view he + + align:start position:0% +that house he's got a fantastic view he + + + align:start position:0% +that house he's got a fantastic view he +does everything legal well so to his + + align:start position:0% +does everything legal well so to his + + + align:start position:0% +does everything legal well so to his +neighbors there goes the view and + + align:start position:0% +neighbors there goes the view and + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors there goes the view and +therein lies the the problem which I + + align:start position:0% +therein lies the the problem which I + + + align:start position:0% +therein lies the the problem which I +think uh is we touched on it this + + align:start position:0% +think uh is we touched on it this + + + align:start position:0% +think uh is we touched on it this +morning let me segue to it now Leta what + + align:start position:0% +morning let me segue to it now Leta what + + + align:start position:0% +morning let me segue to it now Leta what +did I do that you're SN back there + + align:start position:0% +did I do that you're SN back there + + + align:start position:0% +did I do that you're SN back there +I I can Replay that for you and send it + + align:start position:0% +I I can Replay that for you and send it + + + align:start position:0% +I I can Replay that for you and send it +to you you'll have it um but the the the + + align:start position:0% +to you you'll have it um but the the the + + + align:start position:0% +to you you'll have it um but the the the +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +is the biggest problem I think threatens + + align:start position:0% +is the biggest problem I think threatens + + + align:start position:0% +is the biggest problem I think threatens +civilization is that we value the + + align:start position:0% +civilization is that we value the + + + align:start position:0% +civilization is that we value the +individual short-term good over the + + align:start position:0% +individual short-term good over the + + + align:start position:0% +individual short-term good over the +long-term Collective good and I don't + + align:start position:0% +long-term Collective good and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +long-term Collective good and I don't +know how to resolve that that's really a + + align:start position:0% +know how to resolve that that's really a + + + align:start position:0% +know how to resolve that that's really a +a theological problem + + align:start position:0% +a theological problem + + + align:start position:0% +a theological problem +and we don't we don't know how to go + + align:start position:0% +and we don't we don't know how to go + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't we don't know how to go +there and and the best hope I would have + + align:start position:0% +there and and the best hope I would have + + + align:start position:0% +there and and the best hope I would have +for that is that by some conflict + + align:start position:0% +for that is that by some conflict + + + align:start position:0% +for that is that by some conflict +resolution + + align:start position:0% +resolution + + + align:start position:0% +resolution +process we can begin to show people the + + align:start position:0% +process we can begin to show people the + + + align:start position:0% +process we can begin to show people the +wisdom the value and we need a dose of + + align:start position:0% +wisdom the value and we need a dose of + + + align:start position:0% +wisdom the value and we need a dose of +economics in here as well of of + + align:start position:0% +economics in here as well of of + + + align:start position:0% +economics in here as well of of +respecting the long-term common good + + align:start position:0% +respecting the long-term common good + + + align:start position:0% +respecting the long-term common good +lest we shoot ourselves in the same foot + + align:start position:0% +lest we shoot ourselves in the same foot + + + align:start position:0% +lest we shoot ourselves in the same foot +with both bullets uh what we did here + + align:start position:0% +with both bullets uh what we did here + + + align:start position:0% +with both bullets uh what we did here +was a a current trends for this area + + align:start position:0% +was a a current trends for this area + + + align:start position:0% +was a a current trends for this area +that showed growth looking like that + + align:start position:0% +that showed growth looking like that + + + align:start position:0% +that showed growth looking like that +they didn't like that a bit we met with + + align:start position:0% +they didn't like that a bit we met with + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't like that a bit we met with +the ranchers they said okay you can + + align:start position:0% +the ranchers they said okay you can + + + align:start position:0% +the ranchers they said okay you can +develop all this land in blue we met + + align:start position:0% +develop all this land in blue we met + + + align:start position:0% +develop all this land in blue we met +with the environmentalists they said + + align:start position:0% +with the environmentalists they said + + + align:start position:0% +with the environmentalists they said +well we're going to save some steep + + align:start position:0% +well we're going to save some steep + + + align:start position:0% +well we're going to save some steep +slopes and riparian areas developers + + align:start position:0% +slopes and riparian areas developers + + + align:start position:0% +slopes and riparian areas developers +said you can take this blue land out so + + align:start position:0% +said you can take this blue land out so + + + align:start position:0% +said you can take this blue land out so +they each gave us a land + + align:start position:0% +they each gave us a land + + + align:start position:0% +they each gave us a land +bank uh they don't use the word zoning + + align:start position:0% +bank uh they don't use the word zoning + + + align:start position:0% +bank uh they don't use the word zoning +up there they never use the word zoning + + align:start position:0% +up there they never use the word zoning + + + align:start position:0% +up there they never use the word zoning +um and we were advised not to use it l + + align:start position:0% +um and we were advised not to use it l + + + align:start position:0% +um and we were advised not to use it l +we go out horizontally and in a box + + align:start position:0% +we go out horizontally and in a box + + + align:start position:0% +we go out horizontally and in a box +and so we called them suitability rules + + align:start position:0% +and so we called them suitability rules + + + align:start position:0% +and so we called them suitability rules +it's zoning you read any one of those + + align:start position:0% +it's zoning you read any one of those + + + align:start position:0% +it's zoning you read any one of those +and it's zoning each group had their own + + align:start position:0% +and it's zoning each group had their own + + + align:start position:0% +and it's zoning each group had their own +uh set of rules the interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +uh set of rules the interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +uh set of rules the interesting thing +here was when we portrayed the results + + align:start position:0% +here was when we portrayed the results + + + align:start position:0% +here was when we portrayed the results +and we did this to a packed House of 250 + + align:start position:0% +and we did this to a packed House of 250 + + + align:start position:0% +and we did this to a packed House of 250 +people at Museum of the Rockies with 250 + + align:start position:0% +people at Museum of the Rockies with 250 + + + align:start position:0% +people at Museum of the Rockies with 250 +people standing outside waiting to come + + align:start position:0% +people standing outside waiting to come + + + align:start position:0% +people standing outside waiting to come +in for a second showing the ranchers + + align:start position:0% +in for a second showing the ranchers + + + align:start position:0% +in for a second showing the ranchers +wanted clustered development around + + align:start position:0% +wanted clustered development around + + + align:start position:0% +wanted clustered development around +existing community + + align:start position:0% +existing community + + + align:start position:0% +existing community +centers + + align:start position:0% +centers + + + align:start position:0% +centers +so the environmentalists so did the + + align:start position:0% +so the environmentalists so did the + + + align:start position:0% +so the environmentalists so did the +developers my gosh what was the + + align:start position:0% +developers my gosh what was the + + + align:start position:0% +developers my gosh what was the +difference here there when when we ran + + align:start position:0% +difference here there when when we ran + + + align:start position:0% +difference here there when when we ran +this thing out 50 years they really all + + align:start position:0% +this thing out 50 years they really all + + + align:start position:0% +this thing out 50 years they really all +wanted to preserve that open space to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to preserve that open space to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to preserve that open space to +have cluster development and and their + + align:start position:0% +have cluster development and and their + + + align:start position:0% +have cluster development and and their +values were the same the thing they + + align:start position:0% +values were the same the thing they + + + align:start position:0% +values were the same the thing they +agreed on wholeheartedly is my God we do + + align:start position:0% +agreed on wholeheartedly is my God we do + + + align:start position:0% +agreed on wholeheartedly is my God we do +not want to go where we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +headed uh this is uh just another little + + align:start position:0% +headed uh this is uh just another little + + + align:start position:0% +headed uh this is uh just another little +visual I'll let that play forward Gary + + align:start position:0% +visual I'll let that play forward Gary + + + align:start position:0% +visual I'll let that play forward Gary +Fram at the Cape Cod Commission had done + + align:start position:0% +Fram at the Cape Cod Commission had done + + + align:start position:0% +Fram at the Cape Cod Commission had done +this uh and I'll I'll follow this with a + + align:start position:0% +this uh and I'll I'll follow this with a + + + align:start position:0% +this uh and I'll I'll follow this with a +sequence of uh growth that we had out + + align:start position:0% +sequence of uh growth that we had out + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of uh growth that we had out +Beyond + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this that's their current buildout um we + + align:start position:0% +this that's their current buildout um we + + + align:start position:0% +this that's their current buildout um we +made some baseline assumptions and did a + + align:start position:0% +made some baseline assumptions and did a + + + align:start position:0% +made some baseline assumptions and did a +Model run for them uh and uh based on + + align:start position:0% +Model run for them uh and uh based on + + + align:start position:0% +Model run for them uh and uh based on +what we did they need to start a + + align:start position:0% +what we did they need to start a + + + align:start position:0% +what we did they need to start a +development out in the Bay of about that + + align:start position:0% +development out in the Bay of about that + + + align:start position:0% +development out in the Bay of about that +size uh to accommodate New Growth it + + align:start position:0% +size uh to accommodate New Growth it + + + align:start position:0% +size uh to accommodate New Growth it +seemed quite all right with the + + align:start position:0% +seemed quite all right with the + + + align:start position:0% +seemed quite all right with the +residents with whom we talked to put uh + + align:start position:0% +residents with whom we talked to put uh + + + align:start position:0% +residents with whom we talked to put uh +newcomers out there they were very they + + align:start position:0% +newcomers out there they were very they + + + align:start position:0% +newcomers out there they were very they +thought that was the right place for + + align:start position:0% +thought that was the right place for + + + align:start position:0% +thought that was the right place for +them um we can revise that growth + + align:start position:0% +them um we can revise that growth + + + align:start position:0% +them um we can revise that growth +scenario and and then just step through + + align:start position:0% +scenario and and then just step through + + + align:start position:0% +scenario and and then just step through +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +uh different alternative land use uh + + align:start position:0% +uh different alternative land use uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh different alternative land use uh +things a short-term impacts I'm not + + align:start position:0% +things a short-term impacts I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +things a short-term impacts I'm not +going to take the time to dwell on the + + align:start position:0% +going to take the time to dwell on the + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the time to dwell on the +model uh for that much but this really + + align:start position:0% +model uh for that much but this really + + + align:start position:0% +model uh for that much but this really +deals with episodic events whatever it + + align:start position:0% +deals with episodic events whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +deals with episodic events whatever it +may be uh those those sorts of + + align:start position:0% +may be uh those those sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +may be uh those those sorts of +things uh an interesting thing to note + + align:start position:0% +things uh an interesting thing to note + + + align:start position:0% +things uh an interesting thing to note +here particularly because of your + + align:start position:0% +here particularly because of your + + + align:start position:0% +here particularly because of your +interest in conflict resolution and and + + align:start position:0% +interest in conflict resolution and and + + + align:start position:0% +interest in conflict resolution and and +The Human Side of Things is how + + align:start position:0% +The Human Side of Things is how + + + align:start position:0% +The Human Side of Things is how +emergency managers look at things and + + align:start position:0% +emergency managers look at things and + + + align:start position:0% +emergency managers look at things and +how planners look at things + + align:start position:0% +how planners look at things + + + align:start position:0% +how planners look at things +and the difference in in how they do why + + align:start position:0% +and the difference in in how they do why + + + align:start position:0% +and the difference in in how they do why +don't they why don't they work better + + align:start position:0% +don't they why don't they work better + + + align:start position:0% +don't they why don't they work better +together they use the same + + align:start position:0% +together they use the same + + + align:start position:0% +together they use the same +Technologies um the same Maps they need + + align:start position:0% +Technologies um the same Maps they need + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies um the same Maps they need +to know the same addresses the same data + + align:start position:0% +to know the same addresses the same data + + + align:start position:0% +to know the same addresses the same data +sets it's in my opinion and I used to be + + align:start position:0% +sets it's in my opinion and I used to be + + + align:start position:0% +sets it's in my opinion and I used to be +a far + + align:start position:0% +a far + + + align:start position:0% +a far +Chief + + align:start position:0% +Chief + + + align:start position:0% +Chief +uh and I I never pulled up in front of a + + align:start position:0% +uh and I I never pulled up in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I I never pulled up in front of a +house on fire where people wanted to + + align:start position:0% +house on fire where people wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +house on fire where people wanted to +have a + + align:start position:0% +have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a +meeting they wanted you to jump out of + + align:start position:0% +meeting they wanted you to jump out of + + + align:start position:0% +meeting they wanted you to jump out of +those trucks and take care of that fire + + align:start position:0% +those trucks and take care of that fire + + + align:start position:0% +those trucks and take care of that fire +and do not talk to me they are screaming + + align:start position:0% +and do not talk to me they are screaming + + + align:start position:0% +and do not talk to me they are screaming +put the fire out my children are in + + align:start position:0% +put the fire out my children are in + + + align:start position:0% +put the fire out my children are in +there my dogs in there save my stereo I + + align:start position:0% +there my dogs in there save my stereo I + + + align:start position:0% +there my dogs in there save my stereo I +got a 12pack in + + align:start position:0% +got a 12pack in + + + align:start position:0% +got a 12pack in +there a planner can't do that a planner + + align:start position:0% +there a planner can't do that a planner + + + align:start position:0% +there a planner can't do that a planner +has got to have meetings they've got to + + align:start position:0% +has got to have meetings they've got to + + + align:start position:0% +has got to have meetings they've got to +work with the community so the decision + + align:start position:0% +work with the community so the decision + + + align:start position:0% +work with the community so the decision +processes are different and getting + + align:start position:0% +processes are different and getting + + + align:start position:0% +processes are different and getting +these people to work together is usually + + align:start position:0% +these people to work together is usually + + + align:start position:0% +these people to work together is usually +a very serious um objective that we have + + align:start position:0% +a very serious um objective that we have + + + align:start position:0% +a very serious um objective that we have +with every Community uh for its own good + + align:start position:0% +with every Community uh for its own good + + + align:start position:0% +with every Community uh for its own good +for its own cost Effectiveness safety + + align:start position:0% +for its own cost Effectiveness safety + + + align:start position:0% +for its own cost Effectiveness safety +and so forth this is U maybe an + + align:start position:0% +and so forth this is U maybe an + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth this is U maybe an +editorial comment but we will fight we + + align:start position:0% +editorial comment but we will fight we + + + align:start position:0% +editorial comment but we will fight we +will fight and kill for the right to do + + align:start position:0% +will fight and kill for the right to do + + + align:start position:0% +will fight and kill for the right to do +this and if you've worked with planning + + align:start position:0% +this and if you've worked with planning + + + align:start position:0% +this and if you've worked with planning +jurisdictions and so forth you it + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions and so forth you it + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions and so forth you it +happens on both + + align:start position:0% +happens on both + + + align:start position:0% +happens on both +coasts + + align:start position:0% +coasts + + + align:start position:0% +coasts +um we deal with fire uh much the same + + align:start position:0% +um we deal with fire uh much the same + + + align:start position:0% +um we deal with fire uh much the same +way it's it's very complex to deal with + + align:start position:0% +way it's it's very complex to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +way it's it's very complex to deal with +fire and it takes a lot of agencies when + + align:start position:0% +fire and it takes a lot of agencies when + + + align:start position:0% +fire and it takes a lot of agencies when +you get a big fire we work with fire at + + align:start position:0% +you get a big fire we work with fire at + + + align:start position:0% +you get a big fire we work with fire at +home uh this is the flammable fuels + + align:start position:0% +home uh this is the flammable fuels + + + align:start position:0% +home uh this is the flammable fuels +around uh Prescot prescot's burned down + + align:start position:0% +around uh Prescot prescot's burned down + + + align:start position:0% +around uh Prescot prescot's burned down +twice so we have a uh an ingrained + + align:start position:0% +twice so we have a uh an ingrained + + + align:start position:0% +twice so we have a uh an ingrained +aversion to fire um this is a model we + + align:start position:0% +aversion to fire um this is a model we + + + align:start position:0% +aversion to fire um this is a model we +did of uh um in working with all those + + align:start position:0% +did of uh um in working with all those + + + align:start position:0% +did of uh um in working with all those +agencies they wanted a training session + + align:start position:0% +agencies they wanted a training session + + + align:start position:0% +agencies they wanted a training session +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we we lit a model fire for them that + + align:start position:0% +we we lit a model fire for them that + + + align:start position:0% +we we lit a model fire for them that +burned like that ran it over that was a + + align:start position:0% +burned like that ran it over that was a + + + align:start position:0% +burned like that ran it over that was a +4day fire we compressed it into an 8 + + align:start position:0% +4day fire we compressed it into an 8 + + + align:start position:0% +4day fire we compressed it into an 8 +hour shift and um they dispersed + + align:start position:0% +hour shift and um they dispersed + + + align:start position:0% +hour shift and um they dispersed +resources and did everything in their + + align:start position:0% +resources and did everything in their + + + align:start position:0% +resources and did everything in their +training process for that 6 months later + + align:start position:0% +training process for that 6 months later + + + align:start position:0% +training process for that 6 months later +that's where the next fire started we + + align:start position:0% +that's where the next fire started we + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the next fire started we +had nothing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to um this was a controlled burn in New + + align:start position:0% +to um this was a controlled burn in New + + + align:start position:0% +to um this was a controlled burn in New +Mexico uh you read about several years + + align:start position:0% +Mexico uh you read about several years + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico uh you read about several years +ago um but people will build a a a Shak + + align:start position:0% +ago um but people will build a a a Shak + + + align:start position:0% +ago um but people will build a a a Shak +roof house in a national forest they + + align:start position:0% +roof house in a national forest they + + + align:start position:0% +roof house in a national forest they +won't build this metal roof house which + + align:start position:0% +won't build this metal roof house which + + + align:start position:0% +won't build this metal roof house which +is still probably pretty safe that may + + align:start position:0% +is still probably pretty safe that may + + + align:start position:0% +is still probably pretty safe that may +be S that could possibly be saved + + align:start position:0% +be S that could possibly be saved + + + align:start position:0% +be S that could possibly be saved +particularly if they've cleared a little + + align:start position:0% +particularly if they've cleared a little + + + align:start position:0% +particularly if they've cleared a little +buffer around it but they'll build that + + align:start position:0% +buffer around it but they'll build that + + + align:start position:0% +buffer around it but they'll build that +and then they want taxpayers to come in + + align:start position:0% +and then they want taxpayers to come in + + + align:start position:0% +and then they want taxpayers to come in +and and suppress that fire and and they + + align:start position:0% +and and suppress that fire and and they + + + align:start position:0% +and and suppress that fire and and they +they don't want Fires at any cost so + + align:start position:0% +they don't want Fires at any cost so + + + align:start position:0% +they don't want Fires at any cost so +it's interesting when people want to be + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting when people want to be + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting when people want to be +regulated and affiliated with the + + align:start position:0% +regulated and affiliated with the + + + align:start position:0% +regulated and affiliated with the +government or deail with them so they + + align:start position:0% +government or deail with them so they + + + align:start position:0% +government or deail with them so they +can go do this and then call the + + align:start position:0% +can go do this and then call the + + + align:start position:0% +can go do this and then call the +government to bring all the resources in + + align:start position:0% +government to bring all the resources in + + + align:start position:0% +government to bring all the resources in +and take care of that fire which becomes + + align:start position:0% +and take care of that fire which becomes + + + align:start position:0% +and take care of that fire which becomes +tragically personal in all too many + + align:start position:0% +tragically personal in all too many + + + align:start position:0% +tragically personal in all too many +cases + + align:start position:0% +cases + + + align:start position:0% +cases +uh the event model uh does just that + + align:start position:0% +uh the event model uh does just that + + + align:start position:0% +uh the event model uh does just that +builds that perfect hurricane across the + + align:start position:0% +builds that perfect hurricane across the + + + align:start position:0% +builds that perfect hurricane across the +U island of Maui that could be a fire + + align:start position:0% +U island of Maui that could be a fire + + + align:start position:0% +U island of Maui that could be a fire +could be a terrorist event could be + + align:start position:0% +could be a terrorist event could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be a terrorist event could be +anything uh we initially built a model + + align:start position:0% +anything uh we initially built a model + + + align:start position:0% +anything uh we initially built a model +uh for a hurricane and it picks out the + + align:start position:0% +uh for a hurricane and it picks out the + + + align:start position:0% +uh for a hurricane and it picks out the +parcels underneath it simply by piercing + + align:start position:0% +parcels underneath it simply by piercing + + + align:start position:0% +parcels underneath it simply by piercing +through different GIS layers that um are + + align:start position:0% +through different GIS layers that um are + + + align:start position:0% +through different GIS layers that um are +subject to the highest wind speed it + + align:start position:0% +subject to the highest wind speed it + + + align:start position:0% +subject to the highest wind speed it +then prints out uh where the uh property + + align:start position:0% +then prints out uh where the uh property + + + align:start position:0% +then prints out uh where the uh property +losses are based on the values um the + + align:start position:0% +losses are based on the values um the + + + align:start position:0% +losses are based on the values um the +taxes assessed values per parcel now you + + align:start position:0% +taxes assessed values per parcel now you + + + align:start position:0% +taxes assessed values per parcel now you +can run this over a current land use + + align:start position:0% +can run this over a current land use + + + align:start position:0% +can run this over a current land use +scenario or you can do a future land use + + align:start position:0% +scenario or you can do a future land use + + + align:start position:0% +scenario or you can do a future land use +growth and run that over it also it it + + align:start position:0% +growth and run that over it also it it + + + align:start position:0% +growth and run that over it also it it +doesn't uh it it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't uh it it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't uh it it doesn't +matter uh this little community of + + align:start position:0% +matter uh this little community of + + + align:start position:0% +matter uh this little community of +keii um we compressed a lot of + + align:start position:0% +keii um we compressed a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +keii um we compressed a lot of +information in this the Red Roof + + align:start position:0% +information in this the Red Roof + + + align:start position:0% +information in this the Red Roof +structures are new the year is 2030 the + + align:start position:0% +structures are new the year is 2030 the + + + align:start position:0% +structures are new the year is 2030 the +Red Roofs have been built um since the + + align:start position:0% +Red Roofs have been built um since the + + + align:start position:0% +Red Roofs have been built um since the +brown roofs which are there now you're + + align:start position:0% +brown roofs which are there now you're + + + align:start position:0% +brown roofs which are there now you're +looking at a at a 10-ft storm surge that + + align:start position:0% +looking at a at a 10-ft storm surge that + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a at a 10-ft storm surge that +has overwashed from the right where the + + align:start position:0% +has overwashed from the right where the + + + align:start position:0% +has overwashed from the right where the +ocean is you're seeing right here the + + align:start position:0% +ocean is you're seeing right here the + + + align:start position:0% +ocean is you're seeing right here the +evacuation route + + align:start position:0% +evacuation route + + + align:start position:0% +evacuation route +underwater uh that evacuation + + align:start position:0% +underwater uh that evacuation + + + align:start position:0% +underwater uh that evacuation +route uh I think that is six feet + + align:start position:0% +route uh I think that is six feet + + + align:start position:0% +route uh I think that is six feet +underwater at present with the uh water + + align:start position:0% +underwater at present with the uh water + + + align:start position:0% +underwater at present with the uh water +level of this surge but at any rate uh + + align:start position:0% +level of this surge but at any rate uh + + + align:start position:0% +level of this surge but at any rate uh +this was very helpful to them in + + align:start position:0% +this was very helpful to them in + + + align:start position:0% +this was very helpful to them in +deciding to build an UpCountry connector + + align:start position:0% +deciding to build an UpCountry connector + + + align:start position:0% +deciding to build an UpCountry connector +out of this area so they they could get + + align:start position:0% +out of this area so they they could get + + + align:start position:0% +out of this area so they they could get +out and also in looking at some of their + + align:start position:0% +out and also in looking at some of their + + + align:start position:0% +out and also in looking at some of their +um building codes and Zoning + + align:start position:0% +um building codes and Zoning + + + align:start position:0% +um building codes and Zoning +policies uh this particular Avi Dives + + align:start position:0% +policies uh this particular Avi Dives + + + align:start position:0% +policies uh this particular Avi Dives +underwater folks always want to know + + align:start position:0% +underwater folks always want to know + + + align:start position:0% +underwater folks always want to know +where are the + + align:start position:0% +where are the + + + align:start position:0% +where are the +fish someone who's been in a flood + + align:start position:0% +fish someone who's been in a flood + + + align:start position:0% +fish someone who's been in a flood +before will say that's the cleanest + + align:start position:0% +before will say that's the cleanest + + + align:start position:0% +before will say that's the cleanest +flood water I've ever seen but uh that + + align:start position:0% +flood water I've ever seen but uh that + + + align:start position:0% +flood water I've ever seen but uh that +this particular methodology going 3D and + + align:start position:0% +this particular methodology going 3D and + + + align:start position:0% +this particular methodology going 3D and +running and flying through that is a way + + align:start position:0% +running and flying through that is a way + + + align:start position:0% +running and flying through that is a way +to portray or convey a lot of + + align:start position:0% +to portray or convey a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to portray or convey a lot of +information in a very brief time period + + align:start position:0% +information in a very brief time period + + + align:start position:0% +information in a very brief time period +is if you live here and that's your + + align:start position:0% +is if you live here and that's your + + + align:start position:0% +is if you live here and that's your +house and and we pause this so you know + + align:start position:0% +house and and we pause this so you know + + + align:start position:0% +house and and we pause this so you know +it you know the neighborhood you know + + align:start position:0% +it you know the neighborhood you know + + + align:start position:0% +it you know the neighborhood you know +where you are and you begin to + + align:start position:0% +where you are and you begin to + + + align:start position:0% +where you are and you begin to +understand pretty quickly why public + + align:start position:0% +understand pretty quickly why public + + + align:start position:0% +understand pretty quickly why public +process is really tending to deny you a + + align:start position:0% +process is really tending to deny you a + + + align:start position:0% +process is really tending to deny you a +building permit or saying if you build + + align:start position:0% +building permit or saying if you build + + + align:start position:0% +building permit or saying if you build +here we want you to harden your home and + + align:start position:0% +here we want you to harden your home and + + + align:start position:0% +here we want you to harden your home and +build a breakaway ground floor or or + + align:start position:0% +build a breakaway ground floor or or + + + align:start position:0% +build a breakaway ground floor or or +take other measures to protect that + + align:start position:0% +take other measures to protect that + + + align:start position:0% +take other measures to protect that +investment um we interface with very + + align:start position:0% +investment um we interface with very + + + align:start position:0% +investment um we interface with very +complex models this is one Larry I think + + align:start position:0% +complex models this is one Larry I think + + + align:start position:0% +complex models this is one Larry I think +you were mentioning earlier + + align:start position:0% +you were mentioning earlier + + + align:start position:0% +you were mentioning earlier +um we do not do tsunami modeling they do + + align:start position:0% +um we do not do tsunami modeling they do + + + align:start position:0% +um we do not do tsunami modeling they do +this on Craig computers but it may be a + + align:start position:0% +this on Craig computers but it may be a + + + align:start position:0% +this on Craig computers but it may be a +very good way to say to someone I'm + + align:start position:0% +very good way to say to someone I'm + + + align:start position:0% +very good way to say to someone I'm +sorry we're not going to let you develop + + align:start position:0% +sorry we're not going to let you develop + + + align:start position:0% +sorry we're not going to let you develop +up in that Cove it's just too risky + + align:start position:0% +up in that Cove it's just too risky + + + align:start position:0% +up in that Cove it's just too risky +we're a tsunami prone area we're not + + align:start position:0% +we're a tsunami prone area we're not + + + align:start position:0% +we're a tsunami prone area we're not +going to do it um this is a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +going to do it um this is a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it um this is a wonderful +place to play I'm changing topics on you + + align:start position:0% +place to play I'm changing topics on you + + + align:start position:0% +place to play I'm changing topics on you +a little bit + + align:start position:0% +a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit +here but in the event of a terrorist + + align:start position:0% +here but in the event of a terrorist + + + align:start position:0% +here but in the event of a terrorist +event here this is not a good place to + + align:start position:0% +event here this is not a good place to + + + align:start position:0% +event here this is not a good place to +be and all of a sudden we find that + + align:start position:0% +be and all of a sudden we find that + + + align:start position:0% +be and all of a sudden we find that +tourists which are the core of the + + align:start position:0% +tourists which are the core of the + + + align:start position:0% +tourists which are the core of the +economy there have shifted from the + + align:start position:0% +economy there have shifted from the + + + align:start position:0% +economy there have shifted from the +asset to the liability + + align:start position:0% +asset to the liability + + + align:start position:0% +asset to the liability +column interesting I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +column interesting I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +column interesting I'm not going to +dwell on that point I'm going to jump to + + align:start position:0% +dwell on that point I'm going to jump to + + + align:start position:0% +dwell on that point I'm going to jump to +long-term impact models um which does + + align:start position:0% +long-term impact models um which does + + + align:start position:0% +long-term impact models um which does +just that we do water modeling we do are + + align:start position:0% +just that we do water modeling we do are + + + align:start position:0% +just that we do water modeling we do are +we are not hydrologists so we don't um + + align:start position:0% +we are not hydrologists so we don't um + + + align:start position:0% +we are not hydrologists so we don't um +we don't fill in the data tables here we + + align:start position:0% +we don't fill in the data tables here we + + + align:start position:0% +we don't fill in the data tables here we +let others do that but this is where we + + align:start position:0% +let others do that but this is where we + + + align:start position:0% +let others do that but this is where we +interface with climate change and + + align:start position:0% +interface with climate change and + + + align:start position:0% +interface with climate change and +recharge and precept + + align:start position:0% +recharge and precept + + + align:start position:0% +recharge and precept +scenarios + + align:start position:0% +scenarios + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios +um there will be as many different + + align:start position:0% +um there will be as many different + + + align:start position:0% +um there will be as many different +opinions on hydrology as there are + + align:start position:0% +opinions on hydrology as there are + + + align:start position:0% +opinions on hydrology as there are +experts called forth to + + align:start position:0% +experts called forth to + + + align:start position:0% +experts called forth to +testify and we built a a model here that + + align:start position:0% +testify and we built a a model here that + + + align:start position:0% +testify and we built a a model here that +can do a model run for any given set of + + align:start position:0% +can do a model run for any given set of + + + align:start position:0% +can do a model run for any given set of +opinions or assumptions that lets us + + align:start position:0% +opinions or assumptions that lets us + + + align:start position:0% +opinions or assumptions that lets us +just say you know we don't know we have + + align:start position:0% +just say you know we don't know we have + + + align:start position:0% +just say you know we don't know we have +a model that will accommodate + + align:start position:0% +a model that will accommodate + + + align:start position:0% +a model that will accommodate +everybody's opinion and we defer to the + + align:start position:0% +everybody's opinion and we defer to the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's opinion and we defer to the +decision makers again what we've done is + + align:start position:0% +decision makers again what we've done is + + + align:start position:0% +decision makers again what we've done is +not resolved conflict which in our case + + align:start position:0% +not resolved conflict which in our case + + + align:start position:0% +not resolved conflict which in our case +uh in yapay County's case because we are + + align:start position:0% +uh in yapay County's case because we are + + + align:start position:0% +uh in yapay County's case because we are +water critical the conflict has been + + align:start position:0% +water critical the conflict has been + + + align:start position:0% +water critical the conflict has been +avoided it's not discussed it's talked + + align:start position:0% +avoided it's not discussed it's talked + + + align:start position:0% +avoided it's not discussed it's talked +about it's studied but it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +about it's studied but it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +about it's studied but it's it's not +dealt with uh in a forthright way there + + align:start position:0% +dealt with uh in a forthright way there + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with uh in a forthright way there +are different ways to visualize uh this + + align:start position:0% +are different ways to visualize uh this + + + align:start position:0% +are different ways to visualize uh this +this is the sustainability indicator + + align:start position:0% +this is the sustainability indicator + + + align:start position:0% +this is the sustainability indicator +simply tied to uh land use by land use + + align:start position:0% +simply tied to uh land use by land use + + + align:start position:0% +simply tied to uh land use by land use +type and resources consumed by um a + + align:start position:0% +type and resources consumed by um a + + + align:start position:0% +type and resources consumed by um a +particular land use um type you can + + align:start position:0% +particular land use um type you can + + + align:start position:0% +particular land use um type you can +change the land use um and that that + + align:start position:0% +change the land use um and that that + + + align:start position:0% +change the land use um and that that +will change the size of the uh footprint + + align:start position:0% +will change the size of the uh footprint + + + align:start position:0% +will change the size of the uh footprint +as you see here um this has probably + + align:start position:0% +as you see here um this has probably + + + align:start position:0% +as you see here um this has probably +gone up embedded in this is a social + + align:start position:0% +gone up embedded in this is a social + + + align:start position:0% +gone up embedded in this is a social +justice + + align:start position:0% +justice + + + align:start position:0% +justice +question and in a public setting a + + align:start position:0% +question and in a public setting a + + + align:start position:0% +question and in a public setting a +public meeting or before a board of uh + + align:start position:0% +public meeting or before a board of uh + + + align:start position:0% +public meeting or before a board of uh +Commissioners or a city council we never + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners or a city council we never + + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners or a city council we never +raise it but who is entitled to what + + align:start position:0% +raise it but who is entitled to what + + + align:start position:0% +raise it but who is entitled to what +resources around the planet right now + + align:start position:0% +resources around the planet right now + + + align:start position:0% +resources around the planet right now +we'd need two and a half to three + + align:start position:0% +we'd need two and a half to three + + + align:start position:0% +we'd need two and a half to three +additional planets for everybody to live + + align:start position:0% +additional planets for everybody to live + + + align:start position:0% +additional planets for everybody to live +the same standard of living we + + align:start position:0% +the same standard of living we + + + align:start position:0% +the same standard of living we +live you go on why is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +land people living in those un why isn't + + align:start position:0% +land people living in those un why isn't + + + align:start position:0% +land people living in those un why isn't +the footprint land in another County or + + align:start position:0% +the footprint land in another County or + + + align:start position:0% +the footprint land in another County or +another country it is so when you go + + align:start position:0% +another country it is so when you go + + + align:start position:0% +another country it is so when you go +back to the previous + + align:start position:0% +back to the previous + + + align:start position:0% +back to the previous +map how can you allocate the footprint + + align:start position:0% +map how can you allocate the footprint + + + align:start position:0% +map how can you allocate the footprint +within that place without assuming a + + align:start position:0% +within that place without assuming a + + + align:start position:0% +within that place without assuming a +direct connection + + align:start position:0% +direct connection + + + align:start position:0% +direct connection +inity living the place um we do that + + align:start position:0% +inity living the place um we do that + + + align:start position:0% +inity living the place um we do that +probably poorly because we've not spent + + align:start position:0% +probably poorly because we've not spent + + + align:start position:0% +probably poorly because we've not spent +much money on this uh we we do that by + + align:start position:0% +much money on this uh we we do that by + + + align:start position:0% +much money on this uh we we do that by +saying for the amount of beef they + + align:start position:0% +saying for the amount of beef they + + + align:start position:0% +saying for the amount of beef they +consume they need this much pasture land + + align:start position:0% +consume they need this much pasture land + + + align:start position:0% +consume they need this much pasture land +this is is not a researched number this + + align:start position:0% +this is is not a researched number this + + + align:start position:0% +this is is not a researched number this +is just a national + + align:start position:0% +is just a national + + + align:start position:0% +is just a national +average um and we we get the land + + align:start position:0% +average um and we we get the land + + + align:start position:0% +average um and we we get the land +required wherever that productive land + + align:start position:0% +required wherever that productive land + + + align:start position:0% +required wherever that productive land +may be and it's an excellent point I + + align:start position:0% +may be and it's an excellent point I + + + align:start position:0% +may be and it's an excellent point I +left out that term the amount of + + align:start position:0% +left out that term the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +left out that term the amount of +productive land required to support uh + + align:start position:0% +productive land required to support uh + + + align:start position:0% +productive land required to support uh +and it doesn't matter where that land is + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't matter where that land is + + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't matter where that land is +uh energy is managed uh by the amount of + + align:start position:0% +uh energy is managed uh by the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +uh energy is managed uh by the amount of +of productive Forest to sequester the + + align:start position:0% +of productive Forest to sequester the + + + align:start position:0% +of productive Forest to sequester the +carbon produced by the method of + + align:start position:0% +carbon produced by the method of + + + align:start position:0% +carbon produced by the method of +transportation use + + align:start position:0% +transportation use + + + align:start position:0% +transportation use +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +that get this is get foot yes this is + + align:start position:0% +that get this is get foot yes this is + + + align:start position:0% +that get this is get foot yes this is +how you convert certain needs or + + align:start position:0% +how you convert certain needs or + + + align:start position:0% +how you convert certain needs or +requirements to land that's right so + + align:start position:0% +requirements to land that's right so + + + align:start position:0% +requirements to land that's right so +could you take us through that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the this is this is the um kilowatt + + align:start position:0% +the this is this is the um kilowatt + + + align:start position:0% +the this is this is the um kilowatt +hours + + align:start position:0% +hours + + + align:start position:0% +hours +used for the density of the land now + + align:start position:0% +used for the density of the land now + + + align:start position:0% +used for the density of the land now +that may be multif family may be single + + align:start position:0% +that may be multif family may be single + + + align:start position:0% +that may be multif family may be single +family may be commercial business so + + align:start position:0% +family may be commercial business so + + + align:start position:0% +family may be commercial business so +that's going to change but the acreage + + align:start position:0% +that's going to change but the acreage + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to change but the acreage +over here is represented by the amount + + align:start position:0% +over here is represented by the amount + + + align:start position:0% +over here is represented by the amount +of forest land to sequester the CO2 + + align:start position:0% +of forest land to sequester the CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +of forest land to sequester the CO2 +produced by the energy used so if this + + align:start position:0% +produced by the energy used so if this + + + align:start position:0% +produced by the energy used so if this +is PV energy this number is going to go + + align:start position:0% +is PV energy this number is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +is PV energy this number is going to go +way down if it's Woodfired it's going to + + align:start position:0% +way down if it's Woodfired it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +way down if it's Woodfired it's going to +go way + + align:start position:0% +go way + + + align:start position:0% +go way +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +um I won't I won't go through all of + + align:start position:0% +um I won't I won't go through all of + + + align:start position:0% +um I won't I won't go through all of +these but uh food consumption is + + align:start position:0% +these but uh food consumption is + + + align:start position:0% +these but uh food consumption is +probably duplicated uh or again + + align:start position:0% +probably duplicated uh or again + + + align:start position:0% +probably duplicated uh or again +referenced in these two let me back up + + align:start position:0% +referenced in these two let me back up + + + align:start position:0% +referenced in these two let me back up +one one slide and see what we had up + + align:start position:0% +one one slide and see what we had up + + + align:start position:0% +one one slide and see what we had up +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this is for a this one is for a a + + align:start position:0% +um this is for a this one is for a a + + + align:start position:0% +um this is for a this one is for a a +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +piece of + + align:start position:0% +piece of + + + align:start position:0% +piece of +land and looks like 400 Acres with four + + align:start position:0% +land and looks like 400 Acres with four + + + align:start position:0% +land and looks like 400 Acres with four +dwelling units on it and so forth um but + + align:start position:0% +dwelling units on it and so forth um but + + + align:start position:0% +dwelling units on it and so forth um but +the the tables that + + align:start position:0% +the the tables that + + + align:start position:0% +the the tables that +support the amount of land required to + + align:start position:0% +support the amount of land required to + + + align:start position:0% +support the amount of land required to +sustain + + align:start position:0% +sustain + + + align:start position:0% +sustain +this activity whether it's a family a + + align:start position:0% +this activity whether it's a family a + + + align:start position:0% +this activity whether it's a family a +business a community a state a nation a + + align:start position:0% +business a community a state a nation a + + + align:start position:0% +business a community a state a nation a +planet our our representative in the + + align:start position:0% +planet our our representative in the + + + align:start position:0% +planet our our representative in the +tables they are arguable and and when + + align:start position:0% +tables they are arguable and and when + + + align:start position:0% +tables they are arguable and and when +we've when we've discussed this with + + align:start position:0% +we've when we've discussed this with + + + align:start position:0% +we've when we've discussed this with +potential clients we've told them look + + align:start position:0% +potential clients we've told them look + + + align:start position:0% +potential clients we've told them look +we would have a very difficult time + + align:start position:0% +we would have a very difficult time + + + align:start position:0% +we would have a very difficult time +coming up with an an actual number here + + align:start position:0% +coming up with an an actual number here + + + align:start position:0% +coming up with an an actual number here +that we could support tough to do but we + + align:start position:0% +that we could support tough to do but we + + + align:start position:0% +that we could support tough to do but we +can put a number out use the same + + align:start position:0% +can put a number out use the same + + + align:start position:0% +can put a number out use the same +methodology and you can use that as a + + align:start position:0% +methodology and you can use that as a + + + align:start position:0% +methodology and you can use that as a +benchmark against which you can gauge + + align:start position:0% +benchmark against which you can gauge + + + align:start position:0% +benchmark against which you can gauge +progress towards + + align:start position:0% +progress towards + + + align:start position:0% +progress towards +sustainability or competitive iess and + + align:start position:0% +sustainability or competitive iess and + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability or competitive iess and +depending on the on the audience with + + align:start position:0% +depending on the on the audience with + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the on the audience with +which you're visiting you may want to + + align:start position:0% +which you're visiting you may want to + + + align:start position:0% +which you're visiting you may want to +use competitiveness instead of + + align:start position:0% +use competitiveness instead of + + + align:start position:0% +use competitiveness instead of +sustainability uh anything that reduces + + align:start position:0% +sustainability uh anything that reduces + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability uh anything that reduces +the throughput of resources lowers your + + align:start position:0% +the throughput of resources lowers your + + + align:start position:0% +the throughput of resources lowers your +waste stream for which you're held + + align:start position:0% +waste stream for which you're held + + + align:start position:0% +waste stream for which you're held +accountable and your costs as well so + + align:start position:0% +accountable and your costs as well so + + + align:start position:0% +accountable and your costs as well so +there there's quite an advantage to to + + align:start position:0% +there there's quite an advantage to to + + + align:start position:0% +there there's quite an advantage to to +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um why bother with modelbased + + align:start position:0% +um why bother with modelbased + + + align:start position:0% +um why bother with modelbased +planning um for our purposes here it's + + align:start position:0% +planning um for our purposes here it's + + + align:start position:0% +planning um for our purposes here it's +the only way to interface with uh the + + align:start position:0% +the only way to interface with uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the only way to interface with uh the +science Community there is no better way + + align:start position:0% +science Community there is no better way + + + align:start position:0% +science Community there is no better way +to incorporate science into the planning + + align:start position:0% +to incorporate science into the planning + + + align:start position:0% +to incorporate science into the planning +process than through + + align:start position:0% +process than through + + + align:start position:0% +process than through +models it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +models it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +models it's going to be +cheaper if your clock speed of change is + + align:start position:0% +cheaper if your clock speed of change is + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper if your clock speed of change is +fast that doesn't necessarily mean + + align:start position:0% +fast that doesn't necessarily mean + + + align:start position:0% +fast that doesn't necessarily mean +you're growing fast you may be losing + + align:start position:0% +you're growing fast you may be losing + + + align:start position:0% +you're growing fast you may be losing +population or your economic base may be + + align:start position:0% +population or your economic base may be + + + align:start position:0% +population or your economic base may be +shifting but if things are changing fast + + align:start position:0% +shifting but if things are changing fast + + + align:start position:0% +shifting but if things are changing fast +this is a way to plug changes in look at + + align:start position:0% +this is a way to plug changes in look at + + + align:start position:0% +this is a way to plug changes in look at +them evaluate the consequences if you've + + align:start position:0% +them evaluate the consequences if you've + + + align:start position:0% +them evaluate the consequences if you've +got high risks to these minor decisions + + align:start position:0% +got high risks to these minor decisions + + + align:start position:0% +got high risks to these minor decisions +and the risks we've got today are huge + + align:start position:0% +and the risks we've got today are huge + + + align:start position:0% +and the risks we've got today are huge +compared to the risks attended land use + + align:start position:0% +compared to the risks attended land use + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the risks attended land use +decisions say 150 years + + align:start position:0% +decisions say 150 years + + + align:start position:0% +decisions say 150 years +ago little decisions can impact a lot of + + align:start position:0% +ago little decisions can impact a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +ago little decisions can impact a lot of +people for a long period of time today + + align:start position:0% +people for a long period of time today + + + align:start position:0% +people for a long period of time today +if you need feedback and you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +if you need feedback and you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +if you need feedback and you'd like to +know where this policy change or land + + align:start position:0% +know where this policy change or land + + + align:start position:0% +know where this policy change or land +use decision may take you this is a this + + align:start position:0% +use decision may take you this is a this + + + align:start position:0% +use decision may take you this is a this +is a very good tool being able to + + align:start position:0% +is a very good tool being able to + + + align:start position:0% +is a very good tool being able to +evaluate consequences and look at those + + align:start position:0% +evaluate consequences and look at those + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate consequences and look at those +different scenarios and say h at that + + align:start position:0% +different scenarios and say h at that + + + align:start position:0% +different scenarios and say h at that +point then we defer to you for helping + + align:start position:0% +point then we defer to you for helping + + + align:start position:0% +point then we defer to you for helping +people resolve the conflicts and coming + + align:start position:0% +people resolve the conflicts and coming + + + align:start position:0% +people resolve the conflicts and coming +up with an action plan to achieve a + + align:start position:0% +up with an action plan to achieve a + + + align:start position:0% +up with an action plan to achieve a +desired or compromise future and that's + + align:start position:0% +desired or compromise future and that's + + + align:start position:0% +desired or compromise future and that's +where I think we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +where I think we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +where I think we have a lot of +interesting ground to uh to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plow the capability that our technical + + align:start position:0% +plow the capability that our technical + + + align:start position:0% +plow the capability that our technical +capability probably exceeds seeds our + + align:start position:0% +capability probably exceeds seeds our + + + align:start position:0% +capability probably exceeds seeds our +process capability today and we've we + + align:start position:0% +process capability today and we've we + + + align:start position:0% +process capability today and we've we +talked this morning uh and by the way + + align:start position:0% +talked this morning uh and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +talked this morning uh and by the way +those of you who were with us this + + align:start position:0% +those of you who were with us this + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who were with us this +morning deserve a special award for + + align:start position:0% +morning deserve a special award for + + + align:start position:0% +morning deserve a special award for +sitting through this + + align:start position:0% +sitting through this + + + align:start position:0% +sitting through this +twice uh because we did get into some of + + align:start position:0% +twice uh because we did get into some of + + + align:start position:0% +twice uh because we did get into some of +these issues this morning but our our + + align:start position:0% +these issues this morning but our our + + + align:start position:0% +these issues this morning but our our +technical capability today really + + align:start position:0% +technical capability today really + + + align:start position:0% +technical capability today really +exceeds our process + + align:start position:0% +exceeds our process + + + align:start position:0% +exceeds our process +capability uh in my + + align:start position:0% +capability uh in my + + + align:start position:0% +capability uh in my +opinion this is a picture + + align:start position:0% +opinion this is a picture + + + align:start position:0% +opinion this is a picture +of Earth from a satellite we launched in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1800 these are this is labeled by the + + align:start position:0% +1800 these are this is labeled by the + + + align:start position:0% +1800 these are this is labeled by the +way and that's what you would have seen + + align:start position:0% +way and that's what you would have seen + + + align:start position:0% +way and that's what you would have seen +in 1800 you know what's coming next is + + align:start position:0% +in 1800 you know what's coming next is + + + align:start position:0% +in 1800 you know what's coming next is +that one and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +where where are we going with this where + + align:start position:0% +where where are we going with this where + + + align:start position:0% +where where are we going with this where +are we going with this uh I I made an + + align:start position:0% +are we going with this uh I I made an + + + align:start position:0% +are we going with this uh I I made an +oped statement this morning that uh + + align:start position:0% +oped statement this morning that uh + + + align:start position:0% +oped statement this morning that uh +we're not really at risk now to losing + + align:start position:0% +we're not really at risk now to losing + + + align:start position:0% +we're not really at risk now to losing +let's say an Aztec or Mayan civilization + + align:start position:0% +let's say an Aztec or Mayan civilization + + + align:start position:0% +let's say an Aztec or Mayan civilization +down there and Anasazi civilization here + + align:start position:0% +down there and Anasazi civilization here + + + align:start position:0% +down there and Anasazi civilization here +we're kind of all in this together now + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of all in this together now + + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of all in this together now +and when we realize the the Nik tanks + + align:start position:0% +and when we realize the the Nik tanks + + + align:start position:0% +and when we realize the the Nik tanks +and the next morning the Dow tanks uh we + + align:start position:0% +and the next morning the Dow tanks uh we + + + align:start position:0% +and the next morning the Dow tanks uh we +linked economically socially + + align:start position:0% +linked economically socially + + + align:start position:0% +linked economically socially +culturally politically militarily we're + + align:start position:0% +culturally politically militarily we're + + + align:start position:0% +culturally politically militarily we're +linked in ways we don't like we're + + align:start position:0% +linked in ways we don't like we're + + + align:start position:0% +linked in ways we don't like we're +Linked In some ways that are very + + align:start position:0% +Linked In some ways that are very + + + align:start position:0% +Linked In some ways that are very +helpful + + align:start position:0% +helpful + + + align:start position:0% +helpful +um a disease can can show up over here + + align:start position:0% +um a disease can can show up over here + + + align:start position:0% +um a disease can can show up over here +and be in New York City within + + align:start position:0% +and be in New York City within + + + align:start position:0% +and be in New York City within +hours the risks to humanity are enormous + + align:start position:0% +hours the risks to humanity are enormous + + + align:start position:0% +hours the risks to humanity are enormous +today this is a fantastic time to be + + align:start position:0% +today this is a fantastic time to be + + + align:start position:0% +today this is a fantastic time to be +alive this was a quote from someone who + + align:start position:0% +alive this was a quote from someone who + + + align:start position:0% +alive this was a quote from someone who +who used to work at the U white house uh + + align:start position:0% +who used to work at the U white house uh + + + align:start position:0% +who used to work at the U white house uh +ostp uh and + + align:start position:0% +ostp uh and + + + align:start position:0% +ostp uh and +it's I just always kind of remembered + + align:start position:0% +it's I just always kind of remembered + + + align:start position:0% +it's I just always kind of remembered +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um I think this is one of our challenges + + align:start position:0% +um I think this is one of our challenges + + + align:start position:0% +um I think this is one of our challenges +is to really better use the technology + + align:start position:0% +is to really better use the technology + + + align:start position:0% +is to really better use the technology +to do that we're going to have to have + + align:start position:0% +to do that we're going to have to have + + + align:start position:0% +to do that we're going to have to have +better + + align:start position:0% +better + + + align:start position:0% +better +process um to accomplish it and we're + + align:start position:0% +process um to accomplish it and we're + + + align:start position:0% +process um to accomplish it and we're +going to have to have process that helps + + align:start position:0% +going to have to have process that helps + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to have process that helps +us resolve conflicts we can portray + + align:start position:0% +us resolve conflicts we can portray + + + align:start position:0% +us resolve conflicts we can portray +future scenarios forever and we Leap + + align:start position:0% +future scenarios forever and we Leap + + + align:start position:0% +future scenarios forever and we Leap +Frog when when we do that we Leap Frog + + align:start position:0% +Frog when when we do that we Leap Frog + + + align:start position:0% +Frog when when we do that we Leap Frog +the real issue of how do you get there + + align:start position:0% +the real issue of how do you get there + + + align:start position:0% +the real issue of how do you get there +how do you resolve the problem steps + + align:start position:0% +how do you resolve the problem steps + + + align:start position:0% +how do you resolve the problem steps +implement the policies + + align:start position:0% +implement the policies + + + align:start position:0% +implement the policies +that get us + + align:start position:0% +that get us + + + align:start position:0% +that get us +there this is is in working with a + + align:start position:0% +there this is is in working with a + + + align:start position:0% +there this is is in working with a +student a student audience I really + + align:start position:0% +student a student audience I really + + + align:start position:0% +student a student audience I really +encourage abnormality and for those of + + align:start position:0% +encourage abnormality and for those of + + + align:start position:0% +encourage abnormality and for those of +you who who + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +teach I I think we really need some + + align:start position:0% +teach I I think we really need some + + + align:start position:0% +teach I I think we really need some +unusual people to do some absolutely + + align:start position:0% +unusual people to do some absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +unusual people to do some absolutely +off-the-wall seemingly insane things I + + align:start position:0% +off-the-wall seemingly insane things I + + + align:start position:0% +off-the-wall seemingly insane things I +try but my IQ is too low we need some + + align:start position:0% +try but my IQ is too low we need some + + + align:start position:0% +try but my IQ is too low we need some +really brilliant people to to get out + + align:start position:0% +really brilliant people to to get out + + + align:start position:0% +really brilliant people to to get out +there and we need them badly we need + + align:start position:0% +there and we need them badly we need + + + align:start position:0% +there and we need them badly we need +them now and I would hope through the + + align:start position:0% +them now and I would hope through the + + + align:start position:0% +them now and I would hope through the +program here and the work we do that we + + align:start position:0% +program here and the work we do that we + + + align:start position:0% +program here and the work we do that we +can we can help contribute to that um I + + align:start position:0% +can we can help contribute to that um I + + + align:start position:0% +can we can help contribute to that um I +had an interesting discussion with + + align:start position:0% +had an interesting discussion with + + + align:start position:0% +had an interesting discussion with +lissia on her phone about the + + align:start position:0% +lissia on her phone about the + + + align:start position:0% +lissia on her phone about the +environment and she uh asked if I'd talk + + align:start position:0% +environment and she uh asked if I'd talk + + + align:start position:0% +environment and she uh asked if I'd talk +about it I I declined I said I don't + + align:start position:0% +about it I I declined I said I don't + + + align:start position:0% +about it I I declined I said I don't +think the environment's in trouble I + + align:start position:0% +think the environment's in trouble I + + + align:start position:0% +think the environment's in trouble I +think uh I think really the the + + align:start position:0% +think uh I think really the the + + + align:start position:0% +think uh I think really the the +difficulty is is with ourselves Earth + + align:start position:0% +difficulty is is with ourselves Earth + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty is is with ourselves Earth +has healed itself and reheal and we've + + align:start position:0% +has healed itself and reheal and we've + + + align:start position:0% +has healed itself and reheal and we've +had uh + + align:start position:0% +had uh + + + align:start position:0% +had uh +um extinctions and and meteor impacts + + align:start position:0% +um extinctions and and meteor impacts + + + align:start position:0% +um extinctions and and meteor impacts +and on and and the in in my + + align:start position:0% +and on and and the in in my + + + align:start position:0% +and on and and the in in my +opinion uh the Earth is extraordinarily + + align:start position:0% +opinion uh the Earth is extraordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +opinion uh the Earth is extraordinarily +resilient um and will bounce back in one + + align:start position:0% +resilient um and will bounce back in one + + + align:start position:0% +resilient um and will bounce back in one +way or another whether we'll be here in + + align:start position:0% +way or another whether we'll be here in + + + align:start position:0% +way or another whether we'll be here in +this form or not or in a discussion with + + align:start position:0% +this form or not or in a discussion with + + + align:start position:0% +this form or not or in a discussion with +my brother yesterday uh we discussed + + align:start position:0% +my brother yesterday uh we discussed + + + align:start position:0% +my brother yesterday uh we discussed +philosophy by telephone I think I used + + align:start position:0% +philosophy by telephone I think I used + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy by telephone I think I used +the phrasee I think we're right + + align:start position:0% +the phrasee I think we're right + + + align:start position:0% +the phrasee I think we're right +for uh the next species I would call it + + align:start position:0% +for uh the next species I would call it + + + align:start position:0% +for uh the next species I would call it +homo follow + + align:start position:0% +homo follow + + + align:start position:0% +homo follow +onas to + + align:start position:0% +onas to + + + align:start position:0% +onas to +emerge who deal more wisely with the + + align:start position:0% +emerge who deal more wisely with the + + + align:start position:0% +emerge who deal more wisely with the +issues we have and with that I thank you + + align:start position:0% +issues we have and with that I thank you + + + align:start position:0% +issues we have and with that I thank you +very much and I I hope I've not + + align:start position:0% +very much and I I hope I've not + + + align:start position:0% +very much and I I hope I've not +transgressed my uh my + + align:start position:0% +transgressed my uh my + + + align:start position:0% +transgressed my uh my +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +time give us a sense of + + align:start position:0% +time give us a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +time give us a sense of +taking the templates for the + + align:start position:0% +taking the templates for the + + + align:start position:0% +taking the templates for the +modeling place + + align:start position:0% +modeling place + + + align:start position:0% +modeling place +like and getting the data set organized + + align:start position:0% +like and getting the data set organized + + + align:start position:0% +like and getting the data set organized +and producing + + align:start position:0% +and producing + + + align:start position:0% +and producing +the the visual picture of the 50 years + + align:start position:0% +the the visual picture of the 50 years + + + align:start position:0% +the the visual picture of the 50 years +grow + + align:start position:0% +grow + + + align:start position:0% +grow +cost um the contract we have for + + align:start position:0% +cost um the contract we have for + + + align:start position:0% +cost um the contract we have for +Maui + + align:start position:0% +Maui + + + align:start position:0% +Maui +um right now is 200 and um 200 + + align:start position:0% +um right now is 200 and um 200 + + + align:start position:0% +um right now is 200 and um 200 +$7,000 that + + align:start position:0% +$7,000 that + + + align:start position:0% +$7,000 that +includes a spatial growth model and + + align:start position:0% +includes a spatial growth model and + + + align:start position:0% +includes a spatial growth model and +upgrade from Arc view + + align:start position:0% +upgrade from Arc view + + + align:start position:0% +upgrade from Arc view +3.2 um to um halfway toward running on + + align:start position:0% +3.2 um to um halfway toward running on + + + align:start position:0% +3.2 um to um halfway toward running on +Arc view + + align:start position:0% +Arc view + + + align:start position:0% +Arc view +89 it includes a long-term water impact + + align:start position:0% +89 it includes a long-term water impact + + + align:start position:0% +89 it includes a long-term water impact +model for water + + align:start position:0% +model for water + + + align:start position:0% +model for water +availability it includes a + + align:start position:0% +availability it includes a + + + align:start position:0% +availability it includes a +transportation model for the impacts uh + + align:start position:0% +transportation model for the impacts uh + + + align:start position:0% +transportation model for the impacts uh +of various patterns of growth on their + + align:start position:0% +of various patterns of growth on their + + + align:start position:0% +of various patterns of growth on their +transportation infrastructure and that + + align:start position:0% +transportation infrastructure and that + + + align:start position:0% +transportation infrastructure and that +includes a + + align:start position:0% +includes a + + + align:start position:0% +includes a +uh uh storm loss assessment module for + + align:start position:0% +uh uh storm loss assessment module for + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh storm loss assessment module for +that F to get that model at about + + align:start position:0% +that F to get that model at about + + + align:start position:0% +that F to get that model at about +200,000 what do they have to invest to + + align:start position:0% +200,000 what do they have to invest to + + + align:start position:0% +200,000 what do they have to invest to +collect the data to put in the model so + + align:start position:0% +collect the data to put in the model so + + + align:start position:0% +collect the data to put in the model so +that you can do the modeling do they + + align:start position:0% +that you can do the modeling do they + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do the modeling do they +have it all from existing sources they + + align:start position:0% +have it all from existing sources they + + + align:start position:0% +have it all from existing sources they +just don't know it or do they really + + align:start position:0% +just don't know it or do they really + + + align:start position:0% +just don't know it or do they really +have to generate the DAT SC in most + + align:start position:0% +have to generate the DAT SC in most + + + align:start position:0% +have to generate the DAT SC in most +cases they have it um + + align:start position:0% +cases they have it um + + + align:start position:0% +cases they have it um +in Maui County they're they're probably + + align:start position:0% +in Maui County they're they're probably + + + align:start position:0% +in Maui County they're they're probably +data rich and it comes from normal + + align:start position:0% +data rich and it comes from normal + + + align:start position:0% +data rich and it comes from normal +things that they've been doing all along + + align:start position:0% +things that they've been doing all along + + + align:start position:0% +things that they've been doing all along +or you can get from lat or you can get + + align:start position:0% +or you can get from lat or you can get + + + align:start position:0% +or you can get from lat or you can get +from the Census or you can get from + + align:start position:0% +from the Census or you can get from + + + align:start position:0% +from the Census or you can get from +existing places they have aerial + + align:start position:0% +existing places they have aerial + + + align:start position:0% +existing places they have aerial +photography um and they have parcel Maps + + align:start position:0% +photography um and they have parcel Maps + + + align:start position:0% +photography um and they have parcel Maps +uh we overlay those two on a digital + + align:start position:0% +uh we overlay those two on a digital + + + align:start position:0% +uh we overlay those two on a digital +elevation model uh which they have and + + align:start position:0% +elevation model uh which they have and + + + align:start position:0% +elevation model uh which they have and +probably the um in some cases we will + + align:start position:0% +probably the um in some cases we will + + + align:start position:0% +probably the um in some cases we will +have to degrade a highresolution aerial + + align:start position:0% +have to degrade a highresolution aerial + + + align:start position:0% +have to degrade a highresolution aerial +photograph just to get it down to a file + + align:start position:0% +photograph just to get it down to a file + + + align:start position:0% +photograph just to get it down to a file +size that we can process and fly for + + align:start position:0% +size that we can process and fly for + + + align:start position:0% +size that we can process and fly for +3D uh that was with we did that with + + align:start position:0% +3D uh that was with we did that with + + + align:start position:0% +3D uh that was with we did that with +that Kei Community um uh we had that a + + align:start position:0% +that Kei Community um uh we had that a + + + align:start position:0% +that Kei Community um uh we had that a +very high resolution and we degraded it + + align:start position:0% +very high resolution and we degraded it + + + align:start position:0% +very high resolution and we degraded it +so you you didn't really see the street + + align:start position:0% +so you you didn't really see the street + + + align:start position:0% +so you you didn't really see the street +edges very crisply they were in the + + align:start position:0% +edges very crisply they were in the + + + align:start position:0% +edges very crisply they were in the +right place the buildings were in the + + align:start position:0% +right place the buildings were in the + + + align:start position:0% +right place the buildings were in the +right Parcels the parcels were in the + + align:start position:0% +right Parcels the parcels were in the + + + align:start position:0% +right Parcels the parcels were in the +right place and so forth so did they + + align:start position:0% +right place and so forth so did they + + + align:start position:0% +right place and so forth so did they +have the data they don't have to spend + + align:start position:0% +have the data they don't have to spend + + + align:start position:0% +have the data they don't have to spend +large amounts of money to get it for a + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of money to get it for a + + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of money to get it for a +couple hundred thousand they have a + + align:start position:0% +couple hundred thousand they have a + + + align:start position:0% +couple hundred thousand they have a +capacity to take groups of people + + align:start position:0% +capacity to take groups of people + + + align:start position:0% +capacity to take groups of people +through the process of visualizing what + + align:start position:0% +through the process of visualizing what + + + align:start position:0% +through the process of visualizing what +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +scenarios are likely to get them yes + + align:start position:0% +scenarios are likely to get them yes + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios are likely to get them yes +summarizing I'm just trying to get a + + align:start position:0% +summarizing I'm just trying to get a + + + align:start position:0% +summarizing I'm just trying to get a +sense of the scale of investment for + + align:start position:0% +sense of the scale of investment for + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the scale of investment for +doing this I mean in the past to make + + align:start position:0% +doing this I mean in the past to make + + + align:start position:0% +doing this I mean in the past to make +even simple land use models we're + + align:start position:0% +even simple land use models we're + + + align:start position:0% +even simple land use models we're +talking about millions of dollars + + align:start position:0% +talking about millions of dollars + + + align:start position:0% +talking about millions of dollars +invested over a decade some of the ones + + align:start position:0% +invested over a decade some of the ones + + + align:start position:0% +invested over a decade some of the ones +that we know from that py and all the + + align:start position:0% +that we know from that py and all the + + + align:start position:0% +that we know from that py and all the +others that were designed just to make a + + align:start position:0% +others that were designed just to make a + + + align:start position:0% +others that were designed just to make a +forecasting model without any + + align:start position:0% +forecasting model without any + + + align:start position:0% +forecasting model without any +visualization so the question now is if + + align:start position:0% +visualization so the question now is if + + + align:start position:0% +visualization so the question now is if +something that's priced with existing + + align:start position:0% +something that's priced with existing + + + align:start position:0% +something that's priced with existing +software off the shelf you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +software off the shelf you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +software off the shelf you don't need to +have someone Conant from outside to + + align:start position:0% +have someone Conant from outside to + + + align:start position:0% +have someone Conant from outside to +maintain it once you've + + align:start position:0% +maintain it once you've + + + align:start position:0% +maintain it once you've +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +UPG we'll complete the Maui project with + + align:start position:0% +UPG we'll complete the Maui project with + + + align:start position:0% +UPG we'll complete the Maui project with +uh an install on training session and uh + + align:start position:0% +uh an install on training session and uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh an install on training session and uh +bill mados is their GIS manager there + + align:start position:0% +bill mados is their GIS manager there + + + align:start position:0% +bill mados is their GIS manager there +and he we've worked with him for three + + align:start position:0% +and he we've worked with him for three + + + align:start position:0% +and he we've worked with him for three +or four years he can already run the + + align:start position:0% +or four years he can already run the + + + align:start position:0% +or four years he can already run the +model I think this this has been great + + align:start position:0% +model I think this this has been great + + + align:start position:0% +model I think this this has been great +and the level of detail + + align:start position:0% +and the level of detail + + + align:start position:0% +and the level of detail +that impacts so you guys are measuring + + align:start position:0% +that impacts so you guys are measuring + + + align:start position:0% +that impacts so you guys are measuring +this is pretty amazing um I'm wondering + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty amazing um I'm wondering + + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty amazing um I'm wondering +and and you you said it yourself the + + align:start position:0% +and and you you said it yourself the + + + align:start position:0% +and and you you said it yourself the +implementation as the challenge um I'm + + align:start position:0% +implementation as the challenge um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +implementation as the challenge um I'm +wondering uh mostly it's a three part + + align:start position:0% +wondering uh mostly it's a three part + + + align:start position:0% +wondering uh mostly it's a three part +question sorry + + align:start position:0% +question sorry + + + align:start position:0% +question sorry +um who who are the clients that they + + align:start position:0% +um who who are the clients that they + + + align:start position:0% +um who who are the clients that they +sound like counties and Regional cities + + align:start position:0% +sound like counties and Regional cities + + + align:start position:0% +sound like counties and Regional cities +counties and Regional planning + + align:start position:0% +counties and Regional planning + + + align:start position:0% +counties and Regional planning +organizations and okay and and then in + + align:start position:0% +organizations and okay and and then in + + + align:start position:0% +organizations and okay and and then in +terms of of the implementation I mean I + + align:start position:0% +terms of of the implementation I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +terms of of the implementation I mean I +really think that's where the investment + + align:start position:0% +really think that's where the investment + + + align:start position:0% +really think that's where the investment +comes in in terms of time money and + + align:start position:0% +comes in in terms of time money and + + + align:start position:0% +comes in in terms of time money and +political uh + + align:start position:0% +political uh + + + align:start position:0% +political uh +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +um what what have you seen or with your + + align:start position:0% +um what what have you seen or with your + + + align:start position:0% +um what what have you seen or with your +projects like where where has has this + + align:start position:0% +projects like where where has has this + + + align:start position:0% +projects like where where has has this +been taken to the to the next step + + align:start position:0% +been taken to the to the next step + + + align:start position:0% +been taken to the to the next step +implementation set and as a a NASA + + align:start position:0% +implementation set and as a a NASA + + + align:start position:0% +implementation set and as a a NASA +funded center with Federal money uh what + + align:start position:0% +funded center with Federal money uh what + + + align:start position:0% +funded center with Federal money uh what +can you or the federal government do to + + align:start position:0% +can you or the federal government do to + + + align:start position:0% +can you or the federal government do to +implement this change at the regional + + align:start position:0% +implement this change at the regional + + + align:start position:0% +implement this change at the regional +and and local level NASA's pretty much + + align:start position:0% +and and local level NASA's pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +and and local level NASA's pretty much +out of the picture um they have uh uh + + align:start position:0% +out of the picture um they have uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +out of the picture um they have uh uh +focused their energies on U shuttle + + align:start position:0% +focused their energies on U shuttle + + + align:start position:0% +focused their energies on U shuttle +return to + + align:start position:0% +return to + + + align:start position:0% +return to +flight the International Space + + align:start position:0% +flight the International Space + + + align:start position:0% +flight the International Space +Station colonizing um + + align:start position:0% +Station colonizing um + + + align:start position:0% +Station colonizing um +the moon and + + align:start position:0% +the moon and + + + align:start position:0% +the moon and +Mars I have yet to stand in front of a + + align:start position:0% +Mars I have yet to stand in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +Mars I have yet to stand in front of a +city council or a board of County + + align:start position:0% +city council or a board of County + + + align:start position:0% +city council or a board of County +Commissioners that had a problem on the + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners that had a problem on the + + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners that had a problem on the +space station on the moon or Mars so + + align:start position:0% +space station on the moon or Mars so + + + align:start position:0% +space station on the moon or Mars so +NASA is is back to just uh scientists + + align:start position:0% +NASA is is back to just uh scientists + + + align:start position:0% +NASA is is back to just uh scientists +talking to science they have right now + + align:start position:0% +talking to science they have right now + + + align:start position:0% +talking to science they have right now +no policy intention to bridge to Main + + align:start position:0% +no policy intention to bridge to Main + + + align:start position:0% +no policy intention to bridge to Main +Street and make their information of of + + align:start position:0% +Street and make their information of of + + + align:start position:0% +Street and make their information of of +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and what what was the gist of your + + align:start position:0% +and what what was the gist of your + + + align:start position:0% +and what what was the gist of your +question pardon that pardon that oped + + align:start position:0% +question pardon that pardon that oped + + + align:start position:0% +question pardon that pardon that oped +piece there I think think the biggest + + align:start position:0% +piece there I think think the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +piece there I think think the biggest +challenge is getting cities or counties + + align:start position:0% +challenge is getting cities or counties + + + align:start position:0% +challenge is getting cities or counties +to work together and and they need + + align:start position:0% +to work together and and they need + + + align:start position:0% +to work together and and they need +something some sort of impetus or + + align:start position:0% +something some sort of impetus or + + + align:start position:0% +something some sort of impetus or +someone uh with more power to to push + + align:start position:0% +someone uh with more power to to push + + + align:start position:0% +someone uh with more power to to push +them in that direction I me I think the + + align:start position:0% +them in that direction I me I think the + + + align:start position:0% +them in that direction I me I think the +the data and information you have is is + + align:start position:0% +the data and information you have is is + + + align:start position:0% +the data and information you have is is +a big part of that but who's going to + + align:start position:0% +a big part of that but who's going to + + + align:start position:0% +a big part of that but who's going to +push from or where's another push going + + align:start position:0% +push from or where's another push going + + + align:start position:0% +push from or where's another push going +to for them to start working together + + align:start position:0% +to for them to start working together + + + align:start position:0% +to for them to start working together +actually making good use + + align:start position:0% +actually making good use + + + align:start position:0% +actually making good use +of uh it's usually done in our + + align:start position:0% +of uh it's usually done in our + + + align:start position:0% +of uh it's usually done in our +experience uh with perceived + + align:start position:0% +experience uh with perceived + + + align:start position:0% +experience uh with perceived +self-interest and that's why a lot of + + align:start position:0% +self-interest and that's why a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest and that's why a lot of +our work is done at the uh Regional + + align:start position:0% +our work is done at the uh Regional + + + align:start position:0% +our work is done at the uh Regional +level and where one Community + + align:start position:0% +level and where one Community + + + align:start position:0% +level and where one Community +realizes for instance within the Tampa + + align:start position:0% +realizes for instance within the Tampa + + + align:start position:0% +realizes for instance within the Tampa +Bay Regional area um Tampa pers say + + align:start position:0% +Bay Regional area um Tampa pers say + + + align:start position:0% +Bay Regional area um Tampa pers say +can't move much without the other + + align:start position:0% +can't move much without the other + + + align:start position:0% +can't move much without the other +communities and the other counties + + align:start position:0% +communities and the other counties + + + align:start position:0% +communities and the other counties +because they share water share traffic + + align:start position:0% +because they share water share traffic + + + align:start position:0% +because they share water share traffic +they share economies they share storms + + align:start position:0% +they share economies they share storms + + + align:start position:0% +they share economies they share storms +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +they're they're so intertwined already + + align:start position:0% +they're they're so intertwined already + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're so intertwined already +um that there issues cross jurisdiction + + align:start position:0% +um that there issues cross jurisdiction + + + align:start position:0% +um that there issues cross jurisdiction +so we generally end up working at the + + align:start position:0% +so we generally end up working at the + + + align:start position:0% +so we generally end up working at the +regional level um + + align:start position:0% +regional level um + + + align:start position:0% +regional level um +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +smaller jurisdictions within that + + align:start position:0% +smaller jurisdictions within that + + + align:start position:0% +smaller jurisdictions within that +boundary realize they they are not going + + align:start position:0% +boundary realize they they are not going + + + align:start position:0% +boundary realize they they are not going +to fix that problem or address that + + align:start position:0% +to fix that problem or address that + + + align:start position:0% +to fix that problem or address that +issue themselves they have to work with + + align:start position:0% +issue themselves they have to work with + + + align:start position:0% +issue themselves they have to work with +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +others + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the things that's first thank you + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's first thank you + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's first thank you +really fascinating to see and I know the + + align:start position:0% +really fascinating to see and I know the + + + align:start position:0% +really fascinating to see and I know the +amount of work that goes into them they + + align:start position:0% +amount of work that goes into them they + + + align:start position:0% +amount of work that goes into them they +they Flow by so quickly and how + + align:start position:0% +they Flow by so quickly and how + + + align:start position:0% +they Flow by so quickly and how +painstaking it is to actually make that + + align:start position:0% +painstaking it is to actually make that + + + align:start position:0% +painstaking it is to actually make that +happen um + + align:start position:0% +happen um + + + align:start position:0% +happen um +but are there you talked about uh I + + align:start position:0% +but are there you talked about uh I + + + align:start position:0% +but are there you talked about uh I +think you said Regional planning + + align:start position:0% +think you said Regional planning + + + align:start position:0% +think you said Regional planning +organizations counties and towns but we + + align:start position:0% +organizations counties and towns but we + + + align:start position:0% +organizations counties and towns but we +know now that in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +know now that in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +know now that in a lot of +ways sort of government centered efforts + + align:start position:0% +ways sort of government centered efforts + + + align:start position:0% +ways sort of government centered efforts +aren't really where change happens and + + align:start position:0% +aren't really where change happens and + + + align:start position:0% +aren't really where change happens and +in fact it's the creation of networks + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's the creation of networks + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's the creation of networks +usually the way it's refer to of actors + + align:start position:0% +usually the way it's refer to of actors + + + align:start position:0% +usually the way it's refer to of actors +um across lines that often is what + + align:start position:0% +um across lines that often is what + + + align:start position:0% +um across lines that often is what +creates change and are there instances + + align:start position:0% +creates change and are there instances + + + align:start position:0% +creates change and are there instances +where engaging in this kind of modeling + + align:start position:0% +where engaging in this kind of modeling + + + align:start position:0% +where engaging in this kind of modeling +and the kind of reflection in crops + + align:start position:0% +and the kind of reflection in crops + + + align:start position:0% +and the kind of reflection in crops +where you've ever seen a network of + + align:start position:0% +where you've ever seen a network of + + + align:start position:0% +where you've ever seen a network of +actors coales and that committed to take + + align:start position:0% +actors coales and that committed to take + + + align:start position:0% +actors coales and that committed to take +at least some provisional steps um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes in the um uh case of Gallatin County + + align:start position:0% +yes in the um uh case of Gallatin County + + + align:start position:0% +yes in the um uh case of Gallatin County +where we brought the ranchers + + align:start position:0% +where we brought the ranchers + + + align:start position:0% +where we brought the ranchers +environmentalists and developers uh we + + align:start position:0% +environmentalists and developers uh we + + + align:start position:0% +environmentalists and developers uh we +we met with them separately after we + + align:start position:0% +we met with them separately after we + + + align:start position:0% +we met with them separately after we +left they they joined together and they + + align:start position:0% +left they they joined together and they + + + align:start position:0% +left they they joined together and they +passed a bond issue for $10 million + + align:start position:0% +passed a bond issue for $10 million + + + align:start position:0% +passed a bond issue for $10 million +which was a pretty good chunk of money + + align:start position:0% +which was a pretty good chunk of money + + + align:start position:0% +which was a pretty good chunk of money +for Gallatin County to purchase open + + align:start position:0% +for Gallatin County to purchase open + + + align:start position:0% +for Gallatin County to purchase open +space uh transferable development rights + + align:start position:0% +space uh transferable development rights + + + align:start position:0% +space uh transferable development rights +in some of the ranch land so do you + + align:start position:0% +in some of the ranch land so do you + + + align:start position:0% +in some of the ranch land so do you +think that meeting with them + + align:start position:0% +think that meeting with them + + + align:start position:0% +think that meeting with them +individually or something as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +individually or something as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +individually or something as opposed to +a town sort of Contracting for this + + align:start position:0% +a town sort of Contracting for this + + + align:start position:0% +a town sort of Contracting for this +General comprehensive plan and then the + + align:start position:0% +General comprehensive plan and then the + + + align:start position:0% +General comprehensive plan and then the +other actors kind of seeing some maybe + + align:start position:0% +other actors kind of seeing some maybe + + + align:start position:0% +other actors kind of seeing some maybe +things that they don't want to know but + + align:start position:0% +things that they don't want to know but + + + align:start position:0% +things that they don't want to know but +probably intuitively had a sense of the + + align:start position:0% +probably intuitively had a sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably intuitively had a sense of the +implications of their you know + + align:start position:0% +implications of their you know + + + align:start position:0% +implications of their you know +accumulated actions as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +accumulated actions as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +accumulated actions as opposed to +Contracting for some kind of analysis + + align:start position:0% +Contracting for some kind of analysis + + + align:start position:0% +Contracting for some kind of analysis +that's fairly focused given the kind of + + align:start position:0% +that's fairly focused given the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that's fairly focused given the kind of +more modest scope of finance that lar um + + align:start position:0% +more modest scope of finance that lar um + + + align:start position:0% +more modest scope of finance that lar um +and that that so the analysis actually + + align:start position:0% +and that that so the analysis actually + + + align:start position:0% +and that that so the analysis actually +becomes a way for them to start to + + align:start position:0% +becomes a way for them to start to + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a way for them to start to +identify joint they want to take + + align:start position:0% +identify joint they want to take + + + align:start position:0% +identify joint they want to take +together that's the trick right um + + align:start position:0% +together that's the trick right um + + + align:start position:0% +together that's the trick right um +you've asked a complex question um we we + + align:start position:0% +you've asked a complex question um we we + + + align:start position:0% +you've asked a complex question um we we +deal broadly with with issues so if we + + align:start position:0% +deal broadly with with issues so if we + + + align:start position:0% +deal broadly with with issues so if we +go in and we and and let's say the issue + + align:start position:0% +go in and we and and let's say the issue + + + align:start position:0% +go in and we and and let's say the issue +is water can I give aniz was say are + + align:start position:0% +is water can I give aniz was say are + + + align:start position:0% +is water can I give aniz was say are +there any example where you might have + + align:start position:0% +there any example where you might have + + + align:start position:0% +there any example where you might have +had instead of the county doing it like + + align:start position:0% +had instead of the county doing it like + + + align:start position:0% +had instead of the county doing it like +on Cap Cod the developers Association is + + align:start position:0% +on Cap Cod the developers Association is + + + align:start position:0% +on Cap Cod the developers Association is +worried because they're going to kill + + align:start position:0% +worried because they're going to kill + + + align:start position:0% +worried because they're going to kill +the goose laying the golden egg um + + align:start position:0% +the goose laying the golden egg um + + + align:start position:0% +the goose laying the golden egg um +there's some conservation grp group that + + align:start position:0% +there's some conservation grp group that + + + align:start position:0% +there's some conservation grp group that +are interested and then there's five + + align:start position:0% +are interested and then there's five + + + align:start position:0% +are interested and then there's five +towns uh planners are interested and + + align:start position:0% +towns uh planners are interested and + + + align:start position:0% +towns uh planners are interested and +they as a group contract to have some + + align:start position:0% +they as a group contract to have some + + + align:start position:0% +they as a group contract to have some +kind of modeling done it's very much + + align:start position:0% +kind of modeling done it's very much + + + align:start position:0% +kind of modeling done it's very much +more specific but that leads them to + + align:start position:0% +more specific but that leads them to + + + align:start position:0% +more specific but that leads them to +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +act so where this leads to act commit we + + align:start position:0% +act so where this leads to act commit we + + + align:start position:0% +act so where this leads to act commit we +we only contract with uh jurisdictions + + align:start position:0% +we only contract with uh jurisdictions + + + align:start position:0% +we only contract with uh jurisdictions +and political entities but the action + + align:start position:0% +and political entities but the action + + + align:start position:0% +and political entities but the action +taken in gallon County where they passed + + align:start position:0% +taken in gallon County where they passed + + + align:start position:0% +taken in gallon County where they passed +the bond issue I can't say that resulted + + align:start position:0% +the bond issue I can't say that resulted + + + align:start position:0% +the bond issue I can't say that resulted +from our action alone we were part of a + + align:start position:0% +from our action alone we were part of a + + + align:start position:0% +from our action alone we were part of a +a of a larger concern there and we were + + align:start position:0% +a of a larger concern there and we were + + + align:start position:0% +a of a larger concern there and we were +we were brought in to be catalytic um + + align:start position:0% +we were brought in to be catalytic um + + + align:start position:0% +we were brought in to be catalytic um +Larry that job in Gallatin uh to address + + align:start position:0% +Larry that job in Gallatin uh to address + + + align:start position:0% +Larry that job in Gallatin uh to address +two of your + + align:start position:0% +two of your + + + align:start position:0% +two of your +questions only cost + + align:start position:0% +questions only cost + + + align:start position:0% +questions only cost +30,000 we made two trips there they did + + align:start position:0% +30,000 we made two trips there they did + + + align:start position:0% +30,000 we made two trips there they did +not have squat for data I think they had + + align:start position:0% +not have squat for data I think they had + + + align:start position:0% +not have squat for data I think they had +population data for the county and we + + align:start position:0% +population data for the county and we + + + align:start position:0% +population data for the county and we +just brought down lanat us gsdm to put + + align:start position:0% +just brought down lanat us gsdm to put + + + align:start position:0% +just brought down lanat us gsdm to put +under it and and build a model and then + + align:start position:0% +under it and and build a model and then + + + align:start position:0% +under it and and build a model and then +we flew through the model but it was + + align:start position:0% +we flew through the model but it was + + + align:start position:0% +we flew through the model but it was +done at a very low resolution and um we + + align:start position:0% +done at a very low resolution and um we + + + align:start position:0% +done at a very low resolution and um we +had to supply a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +had to supply a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +had to supply a lot of the +data back to the technical side um you + + align:start position:0% +data back to the technical side um you + + + align:start position:0% +data back to the technical side um you +said that you were doing disaster + + align:start position:0% +said that you were doing disaster + + + align:start position:0% +said that you were doing disaster +vulnerability mapping yes I was curious + + align:start position:0% +vulnerability mapping yes I was curious + + + align:start position:0% +vulnerability mapping yes I was curious +are you focusing just on built + + align:start position:0% +are you focusing just on built + + + align:start position:0% +are you focusing just on built +environment or are you able to do some + + align:start position:0% +environment or are you able to do some + + + align:start position:0% +environment or are you able to do some +layers with some of the socioeconomic + + align:start position:0% +layers with some of the socioeconomic + + + align:start position:0% +layers with some of the socioeconomic +data and if so what have you + + align:start position:0% +data and if so what have you + + + align:start position:0% +data and if so what have you +seen uh so far we we've focused only on + + align:start position:0% +seen uh so far we we've focused only on + + + align:start position:0% +seen uh so far we we've focused only on +the built environment um it would be + + align:start position:0% +the built environment um it would be + + + align:start position:0% +the built environment um it would be +fascinating to focus on the um + + align:start position:0% +fascinating to focus on the um + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating to focus on the um +socioeconomic aspects of a disaster and + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic aspects of a disaster and + + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic aspects of a disaster and +kind of the comment within the disaster + + align:start position:0% +kind of the comment within the disaster + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the comment within the disaster +community that if you don't get a small + + align:start position:0% +community that if you don't get a small + + + align:start position:0% +community that if you don't get a small +business up and running in 30 to 60 days + + align:start position:0% +business up and running in 30 to 60 days + + + align:start position:0% +business up and running in 30 to 60 days +post + + align:start position:0% +post + + + align:start position:0% +post +disaster You've Lost That You've Lost + + align:start position:0% +disaster You've Lost That You've Lost + + + align:start position:0% +disaster You've Lost That You've Lost +That small business and pulling that + + align:start position:0% +That small business and pulling that + + + align:start position:0% +That small business and pulling that +aspect into it it mechanically + + align:start position:0% +aspect into it it mechanically + + + align:start position:0% +aspect into it it mechanically +technically be pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +technically be pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +technically be pretty straightforward +getting the relationships right to input + + align:start position:0% +getting the relationships right to input + + + align:start position:0% +getting the relationships right to input +into the model + + align:start position:0% +into the model + + + align:start position:0% +into the model +would be be more difficult and would + + align:start position:0% +would be be more difficult and would + + + align:start position:0% +would be be more difficult and would +probably lead you to say I want to test + + align:start position:0% +probably lead you to say I want to test + + + align:start position:0% +probably lead you to say I want to test +four or five different basic + + align:start position:0% +four or five different basic + + + align:start position:0% +four or five different basic +relationships here and they would differ + + align:start position:0% +relationships here and they would differ + + + align:start position:0% +relationships here and they would differ +by Place yeah I was going to say + + align:start position:0% +by Place yeah I was going to say + + + align:start position:0% +by Place yeah I was going to say +including you know um not just the small + + align:start position:0% +including you know um not just the small + + + align:start position:0% +including you know um not just the small +businesses but the household incomes + + align:start position:0% +businesses but the household incomes + + + align:start position:0% +businesses but the household incomes +things like that I think there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +things like that I think there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +things like that I think there's a lot +of questions in terms of what's + + align:start position:0% +of questions in terms of what's + + + align:start position:0% +of questions in terms of what's +happening with res Building C + + align:start position:0% +happening with res Building C + + + align:start position:0% +happening with res Building C +communities + + align:start position:0% +communities + + + align:start position:0% +communities +yes um I guess I was sort of surprised + + align:start position:0% +yes um I guess I was sort of surprised + + + align:start position:0% +yes um I guess I was sort of surprised +to hear that people aren't very + + align:start position:0% +to hear that people aren't very + + + align:start position:0% +to hear that people aren't very +interested in that spreadsheet that lies + + align:start position:0% +interested in that spreadsheet that lies + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that spreadsheet that lies +behind the modeling you're doing that he + + align:start position:0% +behind the modeling you're doing that he + + + align:start position:0% +behind the modeling you're doing that he +said that people don't usually want to + + align:start position:0% +said that people don't usually want to + + + align:start position:0% +said that people don't usually want to +see that data um I guess I could + + align:start position:0% +see that data um I guess I could + + + align:start position:0% +see that data um I guess I could +Envision a lot of communities where + + align:start position:0% +Envision a lot of communities where + + + align:start position:0% +Envision a lot of communities where +there was more conflict maybe or I don't + + align:start position:0% +there was more conflict maybe or I don't + + + align:start position:0% +there was more conflict maybe or I don't +know if the situation was different + + align:start position:0% +know if the situation was different + + + align:start position:0% +know if the situation was different +where that wouldn't be true and they'd + + align:start position:0% +where that wouldn't be true and they'd + + + align:start position:0% +where that wouldn't be true and they'd +want to know how you're making these + + align:start position:0% +want to know how you're making these + + + align:start position:0% +want to know how you're making these +lovely and very interesting pictures um + + align:start position:0% +lovely and very interesting pictures um + + + align:start position:0% +lovely and very interesting pictures um +and I would think that maybe goes to + + align:start position:0% +and I would think that maybe goes to + + + align:start position:0% +and I would think that maybe goes to +that bridge you talked about between the + + align:start position:0% +that bridge you talked about between the + + + align:start position:0% +that bridge you talked about between the +science and the um the decision makers + + align:start position:0% +science and the um the decision makers + + + align:start position:0% +science and the um the decision makers +or the the stakeholders and I guess + + align:start position:0% +or the the stakeholders and I guess + + + align:start position:0% +or the the stakeholders and I guess +interested in knowing more what you + + align:start position:0% +interested in knowing more what you + + + align:start position:0% +interested in knowing more what you +think about that bridge like who is that + + align:start position:0% +think about that bridge like who is that + + + align:start position:0% +think about that bridge like who is that +bridge and what's the vehicle for that + + align:start position:0% +bridge and what's the vehicle for that + + + align:start position:0% +bridge and what's the vehicle for that +bridge so when if people do start asking + + align:start position:0% +bridge so when if people do start asking + + + align:start position:0% +bridge so when if people do start asking +more questions how you bring together + + align:start position:0% +more questions how you bring together + + + align:start position:0% +more questions how you bring together +the putting together the model uh and + + align:start position:0% +the putting together the model uh and + + + align:start position:0% +the putting together the model uh and +the data behind it the science with the + + align:start position:0% +the data behind it the science with the + + + align:start position:0% +the data behind it the science with the +the people who are living in those + + align:start position:0% +the people who are living in those + + + align:start position:0% +the people who are living in those +communities well thus far in the work + + align:start position:0% +communities well thus far in the work + + + align:start position:0% +communities well thus far in the work +we've done we have been the bridge and + + align:start position:0% +we've done we have been the bridge and + + + align:start position:0% +we've done we have been the bridge and +that um it's I I can only remember one + + align:start position:0% +that um it's I I can only remember one + + + align:start position:0% +that um it's I I can only remember one +public meeting where someone said where + + align:start position:0% +public meeting where someone said where + + + align:start position:0% +public meeting where someone said where +did you get that and and ho my my + + align:start position:0% +did you get that and and ho my my + + + align:start position:0% +did you get that and and ho my my +companion had he had the spreadsheet and + + align:start position:0% +companion had he had the spreadsheet and + + + align:start position:0% +companion had he had the spreadsheet and +he called it up said right there + + align:start position:0% +he called it up said right there + + + align:start position:0% +he called it up said right there +spret colle anything like that uh no no + + align:start position:0% +spret colle anything like that uh no no + + + align:start position:0% +spret colle anything like that uh no no +there were no questions beyond that it + + align:start position:0% +there were no questions beyond that it + + + align:start position:0% +there were no questions beyond that it +was it was a spreadsheet based on + + align:start position:0% +was it was a spreadsheet based on + + + align:start position:0% +was it was a spreadsheet based on +disagree with right yeah well that was + + align:start position:0% +disagree with right yeah well that was + + + align:start position:0% +disagree with right yeah well that was +that spreadsheet was based on historical + + align:start position:0% +that spreadsheet was based on historical + + + align:start position:0% +that spreadsheet was based on historical +population growth for the Dewey humbold + + align:start position:0% +population growth for the Dewey humbold + + + align:start position:0% +population growth for the Dewey humbold +area where we live and it was not + + align:start position:0% +area where we live and it was not + + + align:start position:0% +area where we live and it was not +logarithmic but neither was it linear it + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic but neither was it linear it + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic but neither was it linear it +was it was growing + + align:start position:0% +was it was growing + + + align:start position:0% +was it was growing +rapidly um I'm on the wrong side of the + + align:start position:0% +rapidly um I'm on the wrong side of the + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly um I'm on the wrong side of the +slope here from where you're standing it + + align:start position:0% +slope here from where you're standing it + + + align:start position:0% +slope here from where you're standing it +should be growing that way and so we + + align:start position:0% +should be growing that way and so we + + + align:start position:0% +should be growing that way and so we +simply uh did a best fit match with the + + align:start position:0% +simply uh did a best fit match with the + + + align:start position:0% +simply uh did a best fit match with the +U uh future value of a given sum of + + align:start position:0% +U uh future value of a given sum of + + + align:start position:0% +U uh future value of a given sum of +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +idea I'm I'm from G I'm like what did + + align:start position:0% +idea I'm I'm from G I'm like what did + + + align:start position:0% +idea I'm I'm from G I'm like what did +that about + + align:start position:0% +that about + + + align:start position:0% +that about +uh Gallatin Gallatin was a fixed uh + + align:start position:0% +uh Gallatin Gallatin was a fixed uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh Gallatin Gallatin was a fixed uh +uh and the Matrix that I showed for + + align:start position:0% +uh and the Matrix that I showed for + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the Matrix that I showed for +Gallatin the planning department had now + + align:start position:0% +Gallatin the planning department had now + + + align:start position:0% +Gallatin the planning department had now +whether they did that or got that from a + + align:start position:0% +whether they did that or got that from a + + + align:start position:0% +whether they did that or got that from a +consultant I don't know but um once we + + align:start position:0% +consultant I don't know but um once we + + + align:start position:0% +consultant I don't know but um once we +show people and particularly in the area + + align:start position:0% +show people and particularly in the area + + + align:start position:0% +show people and particularly in the area +of Dewey humble where they had no + + align:start position:0% +of Dewey humble where they had no + + + align:start position:0% +of Dewey humble where they had no +projection for that area we used the + + align:start position:0% +projection for that area we used the + + + align:start position:0% +projection for that area we used the +historical run and then we did a high + + align:start position:0% +historical run and then we did a high + + + align:start position:0% +historical run and then we did a high +medium low and I think we did a + + align:start position:0% +medium low and I think we did a + + + align:start position:0% +medium low and I think we did a +flat that that took care of it I think + + align:start position:0% +flat that that took care of it I think + + + align:start position:0% +flat that that took care of it I think +the problem for us and I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +the problem for us and I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +the problem for us and I'm trying to +think about ways of interacting with + + align:start position:0% +think about ways of interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +think about ways of interacting with +this kind of set of tools problem for us + + align:start position:0% +this kind of set of tools problem for us + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of set of tools problem for us +is that the numbers don't equal science + + align:start position:0% +is that the numbers don't equal science + + + align:start position:0% +is that the numbers don't equal science +that science is something else and so + + align:start position:0% +that science is something else and so + + + align:start position:0% +that science is something else and so +the question is how to use the tools + + align:start position:0% +the question is how to use the tools + + + align:start position:0% +the question is how to use the tools +which which present the numbers to in + + align:start position:0% +which which present the numbers to in + + + align:start position:0% +which which present the numbers to in +fact make + + align:start position:0% +fact make + + + align:start position:0% +fact make +explicit the scientific judgments that + + align:start position:0% +explicit the scientific judgments that + + + align:start position:0% +explicit the scientific judgments that +lie behind the numbers and think about + + align:start position:0% +lie behind the numbers and think about + + + align:start position:0% +lie behind the numbers and think about +visualization tools another generation + + align:start position:0% +visualization tools another generation + + + align:start position:0% +visualization tools another generation +of them that may cost more to create + + align:start position:0% +of them that may cost more to create + + + align:start position:0% +of them that may cost more to create +that in the sense + + align:start position:0% +that in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +that in the sense +rid scientific debates and force those + + align:start position:0% +rid scientific debates and force those + + + align:start position:0% +rid scientific debates and force those +scientific assumptions and the debates + + align:start position:0% +scientific assumptions and the debates + + + align:start position:0% +scientific assumptions and the debates +around them out into the conversation in + + align:start position:0% +around them out into the conversation in + + + align:start position:0% +around them out into the conversation in +the community so for example if we go + + align:start position:0% +the community so for example if we go + + + align:start position:0% +the community so for example if we go +back to + + align:start position:0% +back to + + + align:start position:0% +back to +vulnerability if you were to run + + align:start position:0% +vulnerability if you were to run + + + align:start position:0% +vulnerability if you were to run +something that showed vulnerable areas + + align:start position:0% +something that showed vulnerable areas + + + align:start position:0% +something that showed vulnerable areas +in Blue from standpoint of land use of + + align:start position:0% +in Blue from standpoint of land use of + + + align:start position:0% +in Blue from standpoint of land use of +natural features and you say these are + + align:start position:0% +natural features and you say these are + + + align:start position:0% +natural features and you say these are +the most vulnerable areas that old blue + + align:start position:0% +the most vulnerable areas that old blue + + + align:start position:0% +the most vulnerable areas that old blue +your model shows that you say now if you + + align:start position:0% +your model shows that you say now if you + + + align:start position:0% +your model shows that you say now if you +want to Define vulnerability in + + align:start position:0% +want to Define vulnerability in + + + align:start position:0% +want to Define vulnerability in +socioeconomic terms these are the areas + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic terms these are the areas + + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic terms these are the areas +they're all red oh different areas are + + align:start position:0% +they're all red oh different areas are + + + align:start position:0% +they're all red oh different areas are +most vulnerable depending on how you + + align:start position:0% +most vulnerable depending on how you + + + align:start position:0% +most vulnerable depending on how you +decide to Define vulnerability and then + + align:start position:0% +decide to Define vulnerability and then + + + align:start position:0% +decide to Define vulnerability and then +upward Flash the two sets of assumptions + + align:start position:0% +upward Flash the two sets of assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +upward Flash the two sets of assumptions +the arguments for and against defining + + align:start position:0% +the arguments for and against defining + + + align:start position:0% +the arguments for and against defining +vulnerability One Way versus the other + + align:start position:0% +vulnerability One Way versus the other + + + align:start position:0% +vulnerability One Way versus the other +and it would force that question and + + align:start position:0% +and it would force that question and + + + align:start position:0% +and it would force that question and +that that choice if you will or the + + align:start position:0% +that that choice if you will or the + + + align:start position:0% +that that choice if you will or the +balance between them back out into the + + align:start position:0% +balance between them back out into the + + + align:start position:0% +balance between them back out into the +audience instead of allowing the + + align:start position:0% +audience instead of allowing the + + + align:start position:0% +audience instead of allowing the +audience to defer it would throw those + + align:start position:0% +audience to defer it would throw those + + + align:start position:0% +audience to defer it would throw those +bracketed considerations in their face + + align:start position:0% +bracketed considerations in their face + + + align:start position:0% +bracketed considerations in their face +and require them to to confront the fact + + align:start position:0% +and require them to to confront the fact + + + align:start position:0% +and require them to to confront the fact +that you'll get a totally different + + align:start position:0% +that you'll get a totally different + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll get a totally different +picture depending on where you are + + align:start position:0% +picture depending on where you are + + + align:start position:0% +picture depending on where you are +within the bracketed F and I you could + + align:start position:0% +within the bracketed F and I you could + + + align:start position:0% +within the bracketed F and I you could +do that even with just you know natural + + align:start position:0% +do that even with just you know natural + + + align:start position:0% +do that even with just you know natural +areas or with natural phenomenon like + + align:start position:0% +areas or with natural phenomenon like + + + align:start position:0% +areas or with natural phenomenon like +water right we could just take the water + + align:start position:0% +water right we could just take the water + + + align:start position:0% +water right we could just take the water +and we would say what are the wetlands + + align:start position:0% +and we would say what are the wetlands + + + align:start position:0% +and we would say what are the wetlands +where are the wetlands well that depends + + align:start position:0% +where are the wetlands well that depends + + + align:start position:0% +where are the wetlands well that depends +on how you want to define a wetland some + + align:start position:0% +on how you want to define a wetland some + + + align:start position:0% +on how you want to define a wetland some +scientist and the thing comes up some + + align:start position:0% +scientist and the thing comes up some + + + align:start position:0% +scientist and the thing comes up some +scientists Define Wetland with these + + align:start position:0% +scientists Define Wetland with these + + + align:start position:0% +scientists Define Wetland with these +three considerations others Define them + + align:start position:0% +three considerations others Define them + + + align:start position:0% +three considerations others Define them +that way looking at historical Wetlands + + align:start position:0% +that way looking at historical Wetlands + + + align:start position:0% +that way looking at historical Wetlands +even if they're not wet now folks and + + align:start position:0% +even if they're not wet now folks and + + + align:start position:0% +even if they're not wet now folks and +the map first shows you the one then + + align:start position:0% +the map first shows you the one then + + + align:start position:0% +the map first shows you the one then +shows you the other then shows you the + + align:start position:0% +shows you the other then shows you the + + + align:start position:0% +shows you the other then shows you the +overlap and says as far as protecting + + align:start position:0% +overlap and says as far as protecting + + + align:start position:0% +overlap and says as far as protecting +wetlands in our community we're going to + + align:start position:0% +wetlands in our community we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +wetlands in our community we're going to +have to decide whether to use the a + + align:start position:0% +have to decide whether to use the a + + + align:start position:0% +have to decide whether to use the a +definition or the B here are the + + align:start position:0% +definition or the B here are the + + + align:start position:0% +definition or the B here are the +scientific arguments that for against a + + align:start position:0% +scientific arguments that for against a + + + align:start position:0% +scientific arguments that for against a +here they are for be what do you want to + + align:start position:0% +here they are for be what do you want to + + + align:start position:0% +here they are for be what do you want to +do about Wetland protection folks and so + + align:start position:0% +do about Wetland protection folks and so + + + align:start position:0% +do about Wetland protection folks and so +it would voice this out that's + + align:start position:0% +it would voice this out that's + + + align:start position:0% +it would voice this out that's +interesting now there there's one thing + + align:start position:0% +interesting now there there's one thing + + + align:start position:0% +interesting now there there's one thing +we do that you've not seen here and it's + + align:start position:0% +we do that you've not seen here and it's + + + align:start position:0% +we do that you've not seen here and it's +in our in our Public Presentation we + + align:start position:0% +in our in our Public Presentation we + + + align:start position:0% +in our in our Public Presentation we +customarily use three computers three + + align:start position:0% +customarily use three computers three + + + align:start position:0% +customarily use three computers three +projectors and do it three screens wide + + align:start position:0% +projectors and do it three screens wide + + + align:start position:0% +projectors and do it three screens wide +so when we did Gallatin we had those + + align:start position:0% +so when we did Gallatin we had those + + + align:start position:0% +so when we did Gallatin we had those +three uh desired future scenarios all up + + align:start position:0% +three uh desired future scenarios all up + + + align:start position:0% +three uh desired future scenarios all up +there at the same + + align:start position:0% +there at the same + + + align:start position:0% +there at the same +time and we and when we had placed the + + align:start position:0% +time and we and when we had placed the + + + align:start position:0% +time and we and when we had placed the +third one on + + align:start position:0% +third one on + + + align:start position:0% +third one on +screen um we we call these just round + + align:start position:0% +screen um we we call these just round + + + align:start position:0% +screen um we we call these just round +balls we we had the we we put one on the + + align:start position:0% +balls we we had the we we put one on the + + + align:start position:0% +balls we we had the we we put one on the +left screen and the other two were just + + align:start position:0% +left screen and the other two were just + + + align:start position:0% +left screen and the other two were just +bald out and so we progressively then + + align:start position:0% +bald out and so we progressively then + + + align:start position:0% +bald out and so we progressively then +put the other two up and then just stood + + align:start position:0% +put the other two up and then just stood + + + align:start position:0% +put the other two up and then just stood +and let the audience think about that + + align:start position:0% +and let the audience think about that + + + align:start position:0% +and let the audience think about that +for a minute now that would have been + + align:start position:0% +for a minute now that would have been + + + align:start position:0% +for a minute now that would have been +the time + + align:start position:0% +the time + + + align:start position:0% +the time +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +for for someone within your discipline + + align:start position:0% +for for someone within your discipline + + + align:start position:0% +for for someone within your discipline +to have come on stage or if we had the + + align:start position:0% +to have come on stage or if we had the + + + align:start position:0% +to have come on stage or if we had the +skill to say + + align:start position:0% +skill to say + + + align:start position:0% +skill to say +okay you've got three different things + + align:start position:0% +okay you've got three different things + + + align:start position:0% +okay you've got three different things +here they're basically the same the next + + align:start position:0% +here they're basically the same the next + + + align:start position:0% +here they're basically the same the next +three slides slides are going to show + + align:start position:0% +three slides slides are going to show + + + align:start position:0% +three slides slides are going to show +you steps that you can take to get there + + align:start position:0% +you steps that you can take to get there + + + align:start position:0% +you steps that you can take to get there +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +force force some decisions or some + + align:start position:0% +force force some decisions or some + + + align:start position:0% +force force some decisions or some +process no it's not well I see why + + align:start position:0% +process no it's not well I see why + + + align:start position:0% +process no it's not well I see why +you're saying that but I'm less + + align:start position:0% +you're saying that but I'm less + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying that but I'm less +interested in the steps because even the + + align:start position:0% +interested in the steps because even the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the steps because even the +steps bury the assumptions what I want + + align:start position:0% +steps bury the assumptions what I want + + + align:start position:0% +steps bury the assumptions what I want +to do is bring out the arguments for and + + align:start position:0% +to do is bring out the arguments for and + + + align:start position:0% +to do is bring out the arguments for and +against the different assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +against the different assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +against the different assumptions that +would lead you to different steps or + + align:start position:0% +would lead you to different steps or + + + align:start position:0% +would lead you to different steps or +different Pathways okay then would you + + align:start position:0% +different Pathways okay then would you + + + align:start position:0% +different Pathways okay then would you +go back to the uh visually then then + + align:start position:0% +go back to the uh visually then then + + + align:start position:0% +go back to the uh visually then then +you'd maybe want to go back to the + + align:start position:0% +you'd maybe want to go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd maybe want to go back to the +zoning rules the suitability rules that + + align:start position:0% +zoning rules the suitability rules that + + + align:start position:0% +zoning rules the suitability rules that +we had and I want to say and say okay + + align:start position:0% +we had and I want to say and say okay + + + align:start position:0% +we had and I want to say and say okay +here the here's the rule if I change the + + align:start position:0% +here the here's the rule if I change the + + + align:start position:0% +here the here's the rule if I change the +this kind of sensitivity analysis I + + align:start position:0% +this kind of sensitivity analysis I + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of sensitivity analysis I +change the rule this way and here are + + align:start position:0% +change the rule this way and here are + + + align:start position:0% +change the rule this way and here are +the arguments for and against changing + + align:start position:0% +the arguments for and against changing + + + align:start position:0% +the arguments for and against changing +the rule here's what scientists say are + + align:start position:0% +the rule here's what scientists say are + + + align:start position:0% +the rule here's what scientists say are +the strengths and weaknesses of using + + align:start position:0% +the strengths and weaknesses of using + + + align:start position:0% +the strengths and weaknesses of using +this rule okay here's what they say over + + align:start position:0% +this rule okay here's what they say over + + + align:start position:0% +this rule okay here's what they say over +here so it means adding a kind of + + align:start position:0% +here so it means adding a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +here so it means adding a kind of +dialogic overlay to all the imagery and + + align:start position:0% +dialogic overlay to all the imagery and + + + align:start position:0% +dialogic overlay to all the imagery and +knowing where to bring out the bracketed + + align:start position:0% +knowing where to bring out the bracketed + + + align:start position:0% +knowing where to bring out the bracketed +assumptions and have them + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and have them + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and have them +be visible to go with the mouse that's + + align:start position:0% +be visible to go with the mouse that's + + + align:start position:0% +be visible to go with the mouse that's +that's the thing that we need to think + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing that we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing that we need to think +about software that can help us do it it + + align:start position:0% +about software that can help us do it it + + + align:start position:0% +about software that can help us do it it +it's great to have these images I would + + align:start position:0% +it's great to have these images I would + + + align:start position:0% +it's great to have these images I would +love to have them and then try to + + align:start position:0% +love to have them and then try to + + + align:start position:0% +love to have them and then try to +overlay on it this other and so as we + + align:start position:0% +overlay on it this other and so as we + + + align:start position:0% +overlay on it this other and so as we +think about possible collaboration what + + align:start position:0% +think about possible collaboration what + + + align:start position:0% +think about possible collaboration what +I want to do is think about ways we + + align:start position:0% +I want to do is think about ways we + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do is think about ways we +could pigb back on these tools to force + + align:start position:0% +could pigb back on these tools to force + + + align:start position:0% +could pigb back on these tools to force +a different dialogue to happen in the + + align:start position:0% +a different dialogue to happen in the + + + align:start position:0% +a different dialogue to happen in the +community I don't want anybody accepting + + align:start position:0% +community I don't want anybody accepting + + + align:start position:0% +community I don't want anybody accepting +the underlying + + align:start position:0% +the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +the underlying +data where there were scientific or + + align:start position:0% +data where there were scientific or + + + align:start position:0% +data where there were scientific or +political judgments that could have + + align:start position:0% +political judgments that could have + + + align:start position:0% +political judgments that could have +changed dramatically what the model CHS + + align:start position:0% +changed dramatically what the model CHS + + + align:start position:0% +changed dramatically what the model CHS +you without questioning those without + + align:start position:0% +you without questioning those without + + + align:start position:0% +you without questioning those without +being confronted by those that that + + align:start position:0% +being confronted by those that that + + + align:start position:0% +being confronted by those that that +would be the the connection between the + + align:start position:0% +would be the the connection between the + + + align:start position:0% +would be the the connection between the +two of one well specifically with that + + align:start position:0% +two of one well specifically with that + + + align:start position:0% +two of one well specifically with that +Gallatin case + + align:start position:0% +Gallatin case + + + align:start position:0% +Gallatin case +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you guys didn't know how many slides you + + align:start position:0% +you guys didn't know how many slides you + + + align:start position:0% +you guys didn't know how many slides you +looked at today did you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um it was just about 200 slides is what + + align:start position:0% +um it was just about 200 slides is what + + + align:start position:0% +um it was just about 200 slides is what +it was I did I I wouldn't dare tell you + + align:start position:0% +it was I did I I wouldn't dare tell you + + + align:start position:0% +it was I did I I wouldn't dare tell you +that ahead of time but if we went to + + align:start position:0% +that ahead of time but if we went to + + + align:start position:0% +that ahead of time but if we went to +Gallatin and and we we looked at + + align:start position:0% +Gallatin and and we we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +Gallatin and and we we looked at +these three and we tried to pull + + align:start position:0% +these three and we tried to pull + + + align:start position:0% +these three and we tried to pull +commonality out of these that might + + align:start position:0% +commonality out of these that might + + + align:start position:0% +commonality out of these that might +begin to to to get to your point and we + + align:start position:0% +begin to to to get to your point and we + + + align:start position:0% +begin to to to get to your point and we +we would be able to show these and say + + align:start position:0% +we would be able to show these and say + + + align:start position:0% +we would be able to show these and say +okay here are + + align:start position:0% +okay here are + + + align:start position:0% +okay here are +the here here are the commonalities + + align:start position:0% +the here here are the commonalities + + + align:start position:0% +the here here are the commonalities +among your assumption sets but even + + align:start position:0% +among your assumption sets but even + + + align:start position:0% +among your assumption sets but even +underneath that when you say not on + + align:start position:0% +underneath that when you say not on + + + align:start position:0% +underneath that when you say not on +Prime okay let's show what the Prima + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay let's show what the Prima + + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay let's show what the Prima +land is and then let's say what is the + + align:start position:0% +land is and then let's say what is the + + + align:start position:0% +land is and then let's say what is the +likelihood that people in this area will + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that people in this area will + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that people in this area will +need that agricultural land for their + + align:start position:0% +need that agricultural land for their + + + align:start position:0% +need that agricultural land for their +food what is the likelihood that other + + align:start position:0% +food what is the likelihood that other + + + align:start position:0% +food what is the likelihood that other +people elsewhere in the United States + + align:start position:0% +people elsewhere in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +people elsewhere in the United States +will need that to what enough be needed + + align:start position:0% +will need that to what enough be needed + + + align:start position:0% +will need that to what enough be needed +but might be desirable from a standpoint + + align:start position:0% +but might be desirable from a standpoint + + + align:start position:0% +but might be desirable from a standpoint +of international trade why why are + + align:start position:0% +of international trade why why are + + + align:start position:0% +of international trade why why are +weec what are the arguments for and + + align:start position:0% +weec what are the arguments for and + + + align:start position:0% +weec what are the arguments for and +against protecting what we have now and + + align:start position:0% +against protecting what we have now and + + + align:start position:0% +against protecting what we have now and +F you say course it's it's primee land + + align:start position:0% +F you say course it's it's primee land + + + align:start position:0% +F you say course it's it's primee land +let's protect it why what are the + + align:start position:0% +let's protect it why what are the + + + align:start position:0% +let's protect it why what are the +consequences of protecting it or not for + + align:start position:0% +consequences of protecting it or not for + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of protecting it or not for +whom and then if we lay those out + + align:start position:0% +whom and then if we lay those out + + + align:start position:0% +whom and then if we lay those out +someone well okay let's let's what if we + + align:start position:0% +someone well okay let's let's what if we + + + align:start position:0% +someone well okay let's let's what if we +gave up 10% of that in order to have + + align:start position:0% +gave up 10% of that in order to have + + + align:start position:0% +gave up 10% of that in order to have +affordable + + align:start position:0% +affordable + + + align:start position:0% +affordable +housing okay here's what that would look + + align:start position:0% +housing okay here's what that would look + + + align:start position:0% +housing okay here's what that would look +like yeah so it it would build if you + + align:start position:0% +like yeah so it it would build if you + + + align:start position:0% +like yeah so it it would build if you +want to get these I think you have to + + align:start position:0% +want to get these I think you have to + + + align:start position:0% +want to get these I think you have to +get these out but then you want to get + + align:start position:0% +get these out but then you want to get + + + align:start position:0% +get these out but then you want to get +underneath it what are the assumptions + + align:start position:0% +underneath it what are the assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +underneath it what are the assumptions +you make about why you do this what do + + align:start position:0% +you make about why you do this what do + + + align:start position:0% +you make about why you do this what do +scientists from different disciplines + + align:start position:0% +scientists from different disciplines + + + align:start position:0% +scientists from different disciplines +say about for and against doing that + + align:start position:0% +say about for and against doing that + + + align:start position:0% +say about for and against doing that +we're at we're at time to go to class so + + align:start position:0% +we're at we're at time to go to class so + + + align:start position:0% +we're at we're at time to go to class so +well thank you so much appreciate it + + align:start position:0% +well thank you so much appreciate it + + + align:start position:0% +well thank you so much appreciate it +thank you very + + align:start position:0% +thank you very + + + align:start position:0% +thank you very +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/540Sggsblbg.txt b/540Sggsblbg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..737aa8ef7c7b1bb4142bab39d0473539f29feb56 --- /dev/null +++ b/540Sggsblbg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1918 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare to continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional material from + +hundreds of MIT courses, +visit ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Folks, I may not look like Don +Sadoway, but for today, I am + +Don Sadoway. + +So let's-- + +I guess you can hear me +pretty well, right? + +OK. + +Professor Sadoway is in a +faraway, terrible place. + +It's called Vienna. + +Yeah, I know. + +We're here. + +What can I say? + +And he'll be back +next Tuesday. + +And so my name is Ron +Ballinger, and + +I'm taking his place. + +Put a muffler on that. + +OK, great. + +I'm sure you're all anxious, +before we get + +started, to see that. + +Right. + +The average-- + +it was about 66, which is about +10 points lower than the + +last five or 10 quiz ones. + +So it's a little bit lower. + +It was a little bit harder +test. I'm sure Professor + +Sadoway will mention this when +he comes back, but for those + +of you who are below the 50 +mark, it's time to do + +something about it, and when I +say do something about it, I'm + +sure your recitation instructors +will be very happy + +to help out in any way possible, +but there are other + +options, not the least +of which is a tutor. + +And so if you think you need one +and you need to be kind of + +ruthless about examining +yourself-- + +if you think you need one, go +down and see Hilary and there + +are tutors which are available +for individual instruction. + +So I think it's a great time to +take it take advantage of + +that because I can guarantee you +that test number two will + +not be any easier. + +In fact, it'll be considerably +harder because it'll be pretty + +much new material. + +OK. + +So that's enough for that. + +Last day, we were-- + +I wasn't here. + +I was in Washington. + +They're actually trying +to build what's + +called an exoflop computer. + +Does anybody know +what exo means? + +10 to the 18th. + +10 to the 18th floating point +operations per second. + +Why do they need that? + +Because when you go beyond 3091 +then starting modeling + +these atoms-- + +especially F-block atoms-- you +need a supercomputer that + +large and to do one run on a +petaflop machine takes 100,000 + +CPUs 10 hours for one atom. + +So solving the Schrodinger +equation's a bit tricky. + +OK. + +Remember last time, we talked +about metallic bonding and + +we're sort of sneaking +up on it. + +Remember, Paul Drude-- + +well, let's look up here. + +These are the characteristics +of metallic solids. + +They have high electrical +conductivity. + +They have high thermal +conductivity. + +They shine and they +have ductility. + +So we're going to deal with +the first three today, and + +later on in the course, we'll +talk about the ductility part. + +But recall that Paul Drude +modeled the solid as a series + +of cations, which amounted to +the nucleus plus the inner + +core electrons and then allowed +the electrons-- + +the remaining, the outer shell +electrons, the valence + +electrons, to float around, +called it a free electron gas. + +And that model explained the +temperature dependence of heat + +capacity, but it was not +so good when it came to + +electrical conductivity. + +It explained the fact that you +get electrical conductivity, + +but not the fact that some +materials are conductors and + +some materials are insulators. + +So we need to deal with that and +for that, we need to talk + +to two sets of folks. + +The first one is Felix Bloch +and he was a 1928-- + +he was a-- + +he got his PhD under +Heisenberg. + +Boy, it would've been nice back +in those days, working + +for those great folks. + +And he applied quantum +mechanics to solids. + +He said, OK, let's consider that +in a solid, the atoms are + +arranged in an array. + +What's an array? + +Well, it's actually +called a crystal. + +It's an ordered array of atoms. +We're going to say a + +lot more about that as +we go along, but-- + +and then he said, well, then +let's apply the Schrodinger + +equation to this system. + +Now it's a big difference +between the Schrodinger + +equation for a single +atom in a gas and + +multiple atoms in a solid. + +It's a different set of boundary +conditions, different + +set of conditions +all together. + +And when you do that, you get +a set of solutions for the + +valence electrons which +is, as you might + +expect, it's periodic. + +It's periodic and it invokes +wave-like properties of the + +electron and you end up with +a set of values of the + +wavelengths for the electron +that are such that it allows + +mobility, which is, after +all, what we're after. + +These electrons got to move +through the solid if we're + +going to have conductivity. + +And this is an example where +classical physics wouldn't + +allow that. + +So you can't get this +kind of behavior + +with classical physics. + +So that's one piece. + +And the second group, +two guys. + +Walter Heitler and +Fritz London. + +We know Fritz London from London +dispersion force-- + +the same guy. + +These guys were very, +very productive. + +And he did a post-doc-- + +that's another word for slave +labor, by the way. + +Folks will know that here. + +For guess who? + +Well, he did it for +Schrodinger. + +Interesting story, I guess. + +These guys showed up for their +slave labor at Schrodinger's + +lab, only to discover that +Schrodinger had taken a + +position at a different +university. + +So these guys showed up +and he said, goodbye. + +Anyway, that's a bummer. + +OK. + +And they sat down and +they said, well, OK. + +Let's see if we can go at this +from an energy point of view + +as opposed from the quantum +mechanical point of view and + +let's see if we can +apply LCAOMO-- + +now don't break out in hives +because of the test-- + +to a solid, to large +aggregates. + +Large what? + +Of atoms. How big is large? + +Well, I don't know. + +Dream up a number-- say, +10 to the 23rd. + +Lots of atoms. And let's +see what happens. + +Well, we've already done a +little of this in the past. We + +looked at the energetics of the +stability of hydrogen or + +the stability of helium. + +So we can take that and we can +kind of add up and we'll see + +what happens. + +Well, remember, we had atom A +and now let's only deal with + +the valence electrons. + +And so this would be 0 and +there's another atom A-- + +0-- + +and this would be A2 and we've +been through this before. + +Let's just take-- + +we know that we get splitting +and we get a sigma bonding + +orbital and a sigma star +anti-bonding orbital. + +Well, let's start adding some +atoms here, additional atoms. + +What do we get? + +Well, let's just try +for A sub N-- + +lots of atoms. What do we get? + +We end up with lots of states. + +Remember, we have to have +conservation of states. + +So for every atom we add-- + +let's say this is copper, +for example, which + +has an s1, one s. + +It's an odd number +of electrons. + +So every time I add a copper to +this, I add extra states. + +And then what do I do? + +I start filling them using +Aufbau, just like we've done + +in the past. Well, if we keep +going, and by the way, not to + +scale, it starts looking like +a whole bunch of states. + +And this energy level here, +these energies, what? + +We know for hydrogen, +this is what? + +Minus 13.6 electron volts. + +So what are we dealing with +here in terms of state + +differences? + +Well, let's take 10 to the 23rd +atoms and let's see if we + +can calculate energy. + +Well, let's take for copper-- + +the molar volume of +copper is what? + +7.11 centimeter cube for mole. + +All right. + +And that's N to the 23rd-- + +actually, 6.02 times 10 +to the 23rd atoms. + +And let's just ask ourselves, +what's the sort of range here? + +Well, we know it's 13.6 here. + +We know that's 0. + +We're all friends. + +So let's call it 10 ev, +just for grins. + +Not a bad number. + +And let's ask ourselves, well, +if we've got 10 to the 23rd + +atoms and 10 ev-- let's take 10 +ev over 10 to the 23rd and + +you get what? + +Well, 10 to the minus +22 ev per state. + +That's small. + +That's really, really, really, +really small and if you + +convert that to joules, +you end up with 10 to + +the minus 41 joules. + +That's really small. + +So what are we saying? + +We're saying that this +organization here-- + +when we and put a lot of atoms +in there, we end up with what + +amounts to a band. + +A band of states. + +And what do we do? + +We populate this band just like +we did using the Aufbau + +principle, but what does +it really look like? + +Well, in the case of copper, +you remember, + +copper has a 1s electron. + +Copper is 3d10s1. + +If we start filling start this +band, we're going to get-- + +and so we start filling and we +get up here and we find that + +we end up with a half-filled +band, because there are states + +that are not occupied. + +But remember, the distance +between this guy and this guy, + +an occupied and unoccupied +state, is only 10 to + +the minus 41 joules. + +So that's pretty small. + +10 to the minus 22 +electron volts. + +To give you an example, 0.025 +electron volts, which is, if + +you want to convert that to +temperature, that's about 300 + +degrees Kelvin. + +So very, very small energy. + +So that means if I were to take +and if I were to apply a + +potential here, then +what happens? + +Well, I add a little energy-- +and I don't + +have to add much energy-- + +and it's very easy for me to +promote one or more of these + +electrons up into the +above here and + +then I can get migration. + +So the endpoint is that if we +apply a potential, we end up + +with conductivity, which +is what we were after. + +Moreover, we can say +a few more things. + +If I shine-- + +now this is a sort of +mixed metaphor here. + +This is an energy diagram and +this some plates on an + +electrode so be a little +bit careful. + +We shine photons +on this thing. + +What happens? + +What's the energy of the +photons, of light? + +Between 200 or 400 and +700 nanometers. + +It's about one electron volt. + +So there's plenty of electron +volts here. + +I'm going to-- with a metal, +not only will I have + +conductivity, but there'll be +enough energy here to promote + +electrons and those electrons +will move around and we'll end + +up with re-emission and we +end up with opaqueness. + +In other words, we absorb light +and readmit it and so we + +end up with, in the case +of a metal, luster. + +So there's a couple of things. + +So if we recall back here-- + +we're talking about high +electrical conductivity. + +We had-- we need to say +a lot more about that, + +but we're OK here. + +But Drude, it was OK as well. + +High thermal conductivity, +Drude did that. + +That was fine. + +Luster. + +OK, So it works for copper, +seems to be OK. + +But what about another one? + +Like, say, beryllium. + +What's with beryllium? + +Well, beryllium is 2s2s2. + +So now let's draw the +thing for beryllium. + +We have beryllium. + +We have-- must be a 2s and now +it's 2p and we populate this. + +And now we want to +add a beryllium-- + +n beryllium atoms, all right? + +What's happening? + +well, it'll be a little bit. + +We got this band that we've +talked about earlier. + +Now we go to fill it. + +So we're filling these guys +and we fill it, and lo and + +behold, we find out that we fill +it all the way to the top + +and so we're screwed. + +We have no conductivity. + +What I can imagine now is +there's 100 computers in here. + +50 of them have Skype. + +Guess what's going to happen? + +By the end of the +day, there'll be + +50 things up there. + +So we know beryllium's metal +and it has conductivity. + +So what's the deal? + +Well, it turns out that while +beryllium has the 2s band + +full, the 2p orbitals +still are there. + +They're still there and +so there's going + +to be a band unfilled. + +There's going to be a band +for the 2p orbitals. + +Well, guess what? + +It turns out that the way I've +drawn it, the 2p band overlaps + +the 2s band. + +And so what that means is that I +can promote into the 2p band + +and I can achieve +my conductivity. + +So that's another-- so we solved +the problem of the + +filled s-orbitals, +and we've got + +conductivity in both cases. + +So we're OK so far, but Drude +wasn't far behind. + +What can we say about +insulators? + +It looks like we +have a problem. + +Well, let's take a look +at another example. + +And let's try carbon. + +Well, we know carbon is what? + +2s2p2. + +And so we can go-- + +and we know, by the way, that +most of the time carbon will + +hybridize and so we'll +end up with 2sp3. + +So n equals 2sp3 hybridized. + +So we see that happen. + +And we also know that carbon's +not a metal and that we have + +strong bonds. + +In the structure that we're +going to talk about, they're + +covalent bonds and so they're +very strong bonds. + +So let's do this. + +Carbon in the gas phase-- + +we have 2s and 2p. + +We know that what happens is we +end up with hybridization + +and so we ends up and +we fill these guys. + +So that's what we get. + +Now this would be for diamond +in the gas phase. + +So with this hybridization, +we get bands. + +We start adding carbon atoms +to this and what do we get? + +Well, we get a band that's +the 2p band. + +The sp3 band is different +looking than the bands for + +magnesium or copper or beryllium +in that there's a + +separation between the sigma +and the sigma-star + +anti-bonding orbitals. + +So we start doing these guys +up using Aufbau, and we + +discover that there's an energy +gap e sub g between the + +sigma bonding orbital +part of the band and + +the sigma-star band. + +So what's happening? + +Well, that's actually +pretty good sized. + +It's about 5.4 electron volts. + +Now compare that with what? + +Visible light is around +one electron volt. + +So now we have a very, very +different situation and + +there's some terminology +we need to have here. + +This is the so-called conduction +band and this is + +the so-called valence. + +band. + +Valence band and conduction +band. + +So in order for us to get +electrical conductivity, we + +have to somehow promote an +electron across the 5.4 + +electron-volt band gap. + +This is the so-called +band gap. + +Now we know that visible light +is about 1 electron volt so we + +know that's not going +to do it. + +And in fact, we might expect +that even a diamond is what? + +Transparent to visible light. + +So if the photons come in, if +there's no promotion, there's + +no mission, transparency +to visible light. + +So that's a big number. + +Let's try another one. + +Let's try silicon. + +Now I'm going down group four, +where silicon is going to be + +also sp3 hybridization. + +So we can do that, only +this time over + +here, carbon is what? + +n equals 2. + +For silicon, n equals 3 and so +we can do the same thing. + +Here's the 3s. + +Here's the 3p. + +And we hybridize and we end up +with before and then we end up + +with a band, same kind of band +structure where this is a + +sigma-star, star, this is e +sub g, this is the valence + +band, conduction band. + +Now we have states up +here, but in this + +case, what do you figure? + +n equals 3. + +So those valence electrons are +hanging out further away from + +the nucleus. + +And we know generally that the +energy drops off, the valence + +electron energy drops off +as we get further + +away from the nucleus. + +So you might expect that the +energy of this gap would be a + +little bit smaller and indeed. + +it is. + +Very fortunate for us, it's +1.1 electron volts. + +Now we're getting close. + +And so this is 1/4 or even 1/5 +of that for carbon and + +remember, visible light +is on the order of + +one electron volt. + +So one, one and half +electron volts. + +So what happens? + +This is close enough so that +we get semi-conduction. + +It's called a semiconductor and +we'll make a definition. + +If the band gap is greater than +3 electron volts, we call + +it an insulator. + +If the band gap is less than-- +well, let's give it a range. + +1 to 3 electron volts, we call +it a semiconductor and of + +course, if the band +gap is equal to 0, + +we call it a metal. + +So that's a distinction, which +is a little bit arbitrary, but + +pretty good. + +So now, if I take a look at +silicon, what do I see? + +Well, if I had a piece of +silicon here as opposed to + +diamond and I looked at +it, it would be gray. + +We would have color and the +reason it would have color is + +because I get some promotion +here and I get re-emission and + +so now I get color. + +So it's not transparent +to visible light. + +OK. + +Let's take a look in general +at what we-- + +what we're talking about +is photoexcitation. + +Now this is a diagram +which is-- + +you should have in +your aid sheet. + +Sooner or later, you should +have it in your aid sheet. + +OK. + +So let's draw a general band. + +Here's our two bands. + +This is the valence band. + +This is the conduction band +and we have a band gap. + +And now what happens if +I were a photon here? + +Well, I guess it depends. + +If the photon-- + +if e photon greater than e band +gap, then what happens? + +I get promotion of an electron +up from the valence band to + +the conduction band. + +OK. + +So then what happens? + +Well, the photon is quantized. + +It's one shot. + +The photon's gone. + +Now I guess we need to settle +one little thing. + +What happens if the photon +is really a lot greater + +than the band gap? + +In another words, let's say it's +a million electron volts + +or something like that. + +Well, for purposes of 3.091, +what we're going to assume is + +that any excess energy +goes to heat. + +Let's not worry about what +happens for other things. + +In fact, that's not far off. + +Some of these LEDs that you +see, they get warm. + +So there is some heat. + +So the photon-- + +once it goes away, I get-- + +the electron falls back down. + +Well, if the electron falls back +down, then what do I get? + +I get another photon out, but +now I've basically built + +myself a diode or some +kind of device. + +That photon-- + +the energy of the photon +is equal to what? + +It's equal to the band +gap, which is + +equal to HC over lambda. + +So I can adjust the wavelength +here if I can + +adjust the band gap. + +See where we're going +with this? + +Well, what happens if I-- + +let's say I hook this up to a +resistor and I draw a current. + +Well, as long as I keep the +light shining on here, + +photons, then I can keep +promoting these guys, and I + +can keep drawing current. + +So what do I have? + +I have something that +I can generate + +electricity with light. + +And so that's sort +of solar-powered + +something, isn't it? + +We can generate current. + +What happens if I take-- + +and now instead of doing that, +I hook up a battery to this + +thing and now I pump +current in here? + +I pump current in here. + +In that case, I can force +the electrons up here. + +So I can force electrons to go +in the reverse and I could + +make a photosensor or I could +force the electrons up here + +and let them come back down +and I know this wavelength + +here, I can make a +light-emitting diode. + +So just this one little concept +here, which is very + +simplified, gives us the basis +for photovoltaics. + +And that's exactly +the way it works. + +OK. + +Let's put this in another way. + +Let's plot the percent +absorption. + +In other words, if the energy's + +high enough, I absorb-- + +versus wavelength this way and +since energy is inversely + +proportional to wavelength, we +have energy going this way. + +Let's put some numbers +in here. + +Let's say this is 400, this is +700 and this is Professor + +Sadoway's dreaded nanometers. + +So this is visible light and +let's put carbon on there. + +Well, if you do the calculation, +convert iy, it + +turns out that for carbon, with +this band gap, you end up + +with behavior where if +the energy is above + +the band gap, I get-- + +well, let's call this 100. + +That's 0, right? + +I get 100% absorption. + +When I get to the band +gap, below the + +band gap, what happens? + +Well, I drop off and +it goes like that. + +In the case of carbon, this +wavelength, right, which is, + +by the way, called the +absorption edge-- + +that number comes out +to be about 229. + +If I try it with silicon, +that number-- + +so this would be carbon, this +would be silicon and carbon-- + +1125. + +All right. + +So the absorption edge for +silicon is 1125, which means + +it absorbs in the visible range +and so that's the way we + +get the luster. + +And this would be in the what? + +Infrared. + +And this would be in the UV +region, if you wanted to-- + +which would be far hard UV and +this would be far infrared. + +OK. + +This is the paper-- + +Heitler and London's paper. + +It's in German and you +can see in Zurich. + +And this is their +original paper. + +You can go down to the library +and you can get this original + +paper and if you know how +to read German, it's-- + +we have it. + +This is some of the +original paper. + +You notice the Schrodinger +equation up there. + +Nasty-- + +really nasty, but this +is the calculations. + +This is radius. + +This is energy and you can see +a point here where you get an + +energy minimum and that's +where the bands operate. + +This is another way +to look at it. + +This would be the bottom of the +bonding orbital or the top + +of the anti-bonding orbitals. + +This is another way to look at +what we've drawn so far. + +Somebody is talking. + +Something you guys ought +to know, this room is + +acoustically perfect. + +If you pass gas in the back +row, I'll hear it, OK? + +So if you're talking up +there, I'll hear it. + +OK. + +So you can see what's +going on here. + +We've drawn that and this +another way to look at it. + +By the way, there's a mistake +in your book that + +doesn't make any sense. + +2s3p-- + +it's 2p in the description +for beryllium. + +OK, this is another +way to look at it. + +This is in the archival notes. + +It's one of the few pieces of +the archival notes which I + +don't understand. + +So don't worry about that. + +OK. + +Here's what happens when you-- + +where we illustrated this where +you apply a potential. + +What happens is you depopulate +the bonding orbitals, and you + +populate the antibonding +orbitals rules, and you get + +conduction. + +This is another-- + +this is the right way +to look at it. + +This sort of illustrates the +things we've gone through the + +whole time. + +A metal has no band gap. + +That no band gap is achieved +either by half-filled set of + +orbitals or overlap +between one or + +between different levels. + +An insulator has a large band +gap and a semiconductor has a + +sort of intermediate band gap. + +Let's get a little-- + +sort of wet your whistle for +your reading for next Tuesday. + +I think we have Monday +lecture on Tuesday. + +If you go over to +the reactor-- + +they have a reactor +here at MIT-- + +once a week, a truck backs up +and it's full of silicon logs. + +These things are about 12 inches +in diameter and they're + +about this tall and they bring +them into the reactor and + +they're irradiated +with neutrons. + +Well, what do you +think happens? + +Since everybody in here knows +the Periodic Table by heart, + +what's the next atom-- +what's the next + +element over from silicon? + +Phosphorus. + +OK. + +So guess what? + +You take and you irradiate +the silicon. + +You absorb a neutron. + +It adds one to z, doesn't it? + +And it becomes phosphorus. + +Well, phosphorus has one more +electron than silicon. + +So I have implanted phosphorus +into silicon by transmutation. + +And there's one more electron +that's in there. + +Now where's it come from? + +I don't know. + +The electron bank, right? + +But what do you figure the +energy of that guy is? + +Well, it's a lot higher than +the electrons in silicon. + +And so guess what? + +That electron, we'll find out, +doesn't reside down here. + +It resides up here or +very close to that. + +So that's what's called-- + +and we'll talk about it next +time-- it's called doping, + +only now we're doping it in +a special kind of way. + +OK. + +We've got-- let's keep going. + +I want to get this +one up there. + +There we go. + +OK. + +Now-- so far we've talked +about photons. + +They're a one shot deal. + +What about thermal excitation? + +Well, we can make our-- the same +drawing we have in the + +past. We got our material here +where we have a valence band, + +conduction band, and +now we put-- + +we add thermal energy. + +By the way, what's the one +electron volt in temperature? + +Just to give you a feel-- + +one electron volt is 11,600 +degrees Kelvin if you convert + +that to temperature. + +So one electron volt seems like +a small number, but in + +temperature, is pretty warm. + +OK. + +So now the thermal +energy is what? + +It's constant. + +Unlike the photons, which +are one off, right? + +So it's constant. + +So what happens? + +Now I take an electron from the +valence band and I promote + +it up here. + +So it looks sort of like-- + +so far up there with photons. + +But there's one critical +difference. + +It stays up there. + +It stays up there because +the energy is constant. + +So what does that mean? + +Well, it leaves behind +a broken bond. + +And that broken bond has a lot +of energy, and in fact, it + +doesn't like to stick around. + +So given a chance, it'll move. + +It's like a hot potato +and so that broken + +bond is called a hole. + +We're not too imaginative. + +It's a hole in the lattice. + +But it has high energy. + +So what's the deal +with this hole? + +Well, this is-- + +a hole is a 0 in a +land of minus 1. + +So what does it mean? + +It's actually net positive. + +So now in the case of thermal +excitation, I end up with an + +electron in the conduction +band and a hole + +in the valence band. + +So I end up with an electron in +the conduction band and a + +hole and the electrical +engineers call this p. + +They're not very imaginative +either-- positive in the + +valence band. + +So we get 241. + +We get two charge carriers +for every event. + +That, we get one. + +This, we get two charge carriers +for every event. + +So now we have what? + +Let's ask ourselves, +what's the-- + +can we do a little +math on this? + +And the broken bond, by the +way, is a hole and so the + +number of electrons is also +equal to the number of holes + +because it's a one for one, +and in the electrical + +engineering world, they +say n equals p. + +And so we can now go back and +say something about this + +conductivity. + +We can do some calculations here +and we can calculate the + +conductivity due to the +electrical connectivity, and + +it's really the sum over i of +n of i, which would be the + +number of the population +of carriers times-- + +that's the value of the charge +on the carrier-- + +times something called +the mobility. + +OK, so what's the mobility? + +Well, you could imagine that +these electrons have to move + +back and forth in the lattice +and in a metal versus a + +covalence solid or something +like that, it might be a + +little bit different. + +The resistance might be +different and so-- + +in fact, it is. + +mu i is equal to the velocity of +the charge carrier divided + +by the electric field. + +OK. + +So we're almost there. + +Now we need to-- and we can +simplify this because of the n + +equals p business, and we can +say that the electrical + +conductivity is equal to what? + +It's equal to n sub e times e, +which is the electronic charge + +times mu sub e plus n sub h, +which would be the holes, the + +electronic charge, +times mu sub h. + +But since n is equal to p, we +end up with n sub e times the + +electronic charge times +mu sub e plus u sub h. + +OK. + +And so that-- what we really +need to get is this. + +Well, we don't have time to go +through that, but from a + +quantum mechanical calculation, +we can get that. + +n sub e is equal to what? + +It's equal to some constant +times T to 3/2 times the + +exponent of minus E sub g +over 2k sub B times T. + +So what is all this stuff? + +Well, this is a constant. + +This is the temperature. + +This is the band gap. + +So it's a representation +of the binding. + +What's down here? + +Well, k sub B is Boltzmann's +constant. + +This is absolute temperature +and so this represents the + +disruptive force. + +So it's a balance between how +tightly they're bound and how + +much energy I've +got to do this. + +Well, let's-- + +we've got one minute. + +Let's do a quick calculations +for silicon, just to + +close the loop here. + +For silicon at room temperature, +that number comes + +out 1.3 times 10 to the 10th +per centimeter cubed. + +Say well, that's billions. + +That's a big deal. + +What about copper at +room temperature? + +Well, that number comes out +about 8.5 times 10 to the 22. + +Now we're talking big numbers. + +So there's a 10 to the 12th +difference between these two + +Well, let's take a quick look +before we finish up. + +OK. + +This is the band gap as a +function of position in the + +Periodic Table. + +Now you guys ought to be able +to rationalize this. + +Lead is a metal, bigger +atoms you can see. + +10 actually comes +in two flavors. + +Gray and white and +one of them-- + +I think it's white-- + +actually forms covalent +bonds and they use + +tin for night vision. + +Think about where that +band gap is. + +But here's the punch line. + +We're trying to rationalize +this large difference in + +conductivity. + +Well, there's copper up there +at 10 to the 7th, there + +silicon at 10 to the minus 4 and +ten to the minus 4, 10 to + +the minus-- about 10 to the +12th or thereabouts-- + +and so, lo and behold, this-- + +we were able to rationalize +with these fairly simple + +models, the range of +conductivities that go all the + +way from metals to + +semiconductors and even diamond. + +Look at diamond-- + +10 to the minus 11. + +You can rationalize that +the band gap-- + +where's the band gap? + +5.4 electron volts. + +OK, we're out of time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6sXqF5pz0bs.txt b/6sXqF5pz0bs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a76e3f74a2f03eae0049c6d82405085593b20bf --- /dev/null +++ b/6sXqF5pz0bs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4211 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the transfer of respiratory pathogens is + + align:start position:0% +the transfer of respiratory pathogens is + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer of respiratory pathogens is +primarily accomplished through droplets + + align:start position:0% +primarily accomplished through droplets + + + align:start position:0% +primarily accomplished through droplets +that are emitted + + align:start position:0% +that are emitted + + + align:start position:0% +that are emitted +by an affected person and then either + + align:start position:0% +by an affected person and then either + + + align:start position:0% +by an affected person and then either +breathed in + + align:start position:0% +breathed in + + + align:start position:0% +breathed in +or ending up on surfaces and touched + + align:start position:0% +or ending up on surfaces and touched + + + align:start position:0% +or ending up on surfaces and touched +and incorporated into the body in some + + align:start position:0% +and incorporated into the body in some + + + align:start position:0% +and incorporated into the body in some +other way by + + align:start position:0% +other way by + + + align:start position:0% +other way by +by a susceptible person so + + align:start position:0% +by a susceptible person so + + + align:start position:0% +by a susceptible person so +let's begin by talking about the + + align:start position:0% +let's begin by talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +let's begin by talking about the +formation of droplets + + align:start position:0% +formation of droplets + + + align:start position:0% +formation of droplets +during respiration so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these droplets can form in different + + align:start position:0% +these droplets can form in different + + + align:start position:0% +these droplets can form in different +parts + + align:start position:0% +parts + + + align:start position:0% +parts +of the respiratory tract so the + + align:start position:0% +of the respiratory tract so the + + + align:start position:0% +of the respiratory tract so the +respiratory tract refers to the whole + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract refers to the whole + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract refers to the whole +system of your breathing apparatus + + align:start position:0% +system of your breathing apparatus + + + align:start position:0% +system of your breathing apparatus +in your body so that includes of course + + align:start position:0% +in your body so that includes of course + + + align:start position:0% +in your body so that includes of course +your lungs which + + align:start position:0% +your lungs which + + + align:start position:0% +your lungs which +involves a network of passages going + + align:start position:0% +involves a network of passages going + + + align:start position:0% +involves a network of passages going +from the large bronchus down to the + + align:start position:0% +from the large bronchus down to the + + + align:start position:0% +from the large bronchus down to the +bronchioles and ultimately to the + + align:start position:0% +bronchioles and ultimately to the + + + align:start position:0% +bronchioles and ultimately to the +alveolar sacs where the air is exchanged + + align:start position:0% +alveolar sacs where the air is exchanged + + + align:start position:0% +alveolar sacs where the air is exchanged +uh with the or oxygen gets into the + + align:start position:0% +uh with the or oxygen gets into the + + + align:start position:0% +uh with the or oxygen gets into the +blood and carbon dioxide is picked up + + align:start position:0% +blood and carbon dioxide is picked up + + + align:start position:0% +blood and carbon dioxide is picked up +and then you exhale in the upper + + align:start position:0% +and then you exhale in the upper + + + align:start position:0% +and then you exhale in the upper +respiratory tract + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract +uh we have uh of course the the mouth + + align:start position:0% +uh we have uh of course the the mouth + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have uh of course the the mouth +and the nose + + align:start position:0% +and the nose + + + align:start position:0% +and the nose +and the larynx the voice box where uh + + align:start position:0% +and the larynx the voice box where uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the larynx the voice box where uh +sounds are made + + align:start position:0% +sounds are made + + + align:start position:0% +sounds are made +the nasopharynx is sort of the region + + align:start position:0% +the nasopharynx is sort of the region + + + align:start position:0% +the nasopharynx is sort of the region +behind the + + align:start position:0% +behind the + + + align:start position:0% +behind the +uh behind the mouth and the nose where + + align:start position:0% +uh behind the mouth and the nose where + + + align:start position:0% +uh behind the mouth and the nose where +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +passages are connected and + + align:start position:0% +passages are connected and + + + align:start position:0% +passages are connected and +in all of those different regions of the + + align:start position:0% +in all of those different regions of the + + + align:start position:0% +in all of those different regions of the +respiratory tract when we breathe in + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract when we breathe in + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract when we breathe in +air is coming through in one direction + + align:start position:0% +air is coming through in one direction + + + align:start position:0% +air is coming through in one direction +and of course we exhale it's coming back + + align:start position:0% +and of course we exhale it's coming back + + + align:start position:0% +and of course we exhale it's coming back +out and there is a lot of fluid in the + + align:start position:0% +out and there is a lot of fluid in the + + + align:start position:0% +out and there is a lot of fluid in the +lungs so the + + align:start position:0% +lungs so the + + + align:start position:0% +lungs so the +uh airways are lined + + align:start position:0% +uh airways are lined + + + align:start position:0% +uh airways are lined +typically with surfactant film and mucus + + align:start position:0% +typically with surfactant film and mucus + + + align:start position:0% +typically with surfactant film and mucus +which is a thick substance we're all + + align:start position:0% +which is a thick substance we're all + + + align:start position:0% +which is a thick substance we're all +familiar with + + align:start position:0% +familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with +it can vary in composition but generally + + align:start position:0% +it can vary in composition but generally + + + align:start position:0% +it can vary in composition but generally +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +some large macromolecules and a + + align:start position:0% +some large macromolecules and a + + + align:start position:0% +some large macromolecules and a +particular proteins that are called + + align:start position:0% +particular proteins that are called + + + align:start position:0% +particular proteins that are called +mucins which give it its + + align:start position:0% +mucins which give it its + + + align:start position:0% +mucins which give it its +sort of thick consistency they're also + + align:start position:0% +sort of thick consistency they're also + + + align:start position:0% +sort of thick consistency they're also +ions + + align:start position:0% +ions + + + align:start position:0% +ions +such as sodium and chloride which are + + align:start position:0% +such as sodium and chloride which are + + + align:start position:0% +such as sodium and chloride which are +dissolved in the liquid + + align:start position:0% +dissolved in the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +dissolved in the liquid +and even liquids such as saliva + + align:start position:0% +and even liquids such as saliva + + + align:start position:0% +and even liquids such as saliva +in your mouth have a similar composition + + align:start position:0% +in your mouth have a similar composition + + + align:start position:0% +in your mouth have a similar composition +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +less of the sort of thick mucin proteins + + align:start position:0% +less of the sort of thick mucin proteins + + + align:start position:0% +less of the sort of thick mucin proteins +that i mentioned + + align:start position:0% +that i mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +that i mentioned +uh compared to the deeper parts the + + align:start position:0% +uh compared to the deeper parts the + + + align:start position:0% +uh compared to the deeper parts the +respiratory tract of course when someone + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract of course when someone + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract of course when someone +gets sick also there can be more + + align:start position:0% +gets sick also there can be more + + + align:start position:0% +gets sick also there can be more +of the sort of mucus and phlegm that's + + align:start position:0% +of the sort of mucus and phlegm that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the sort of mucus and phlegm that's +generated to help the body + + align:start position:0% +generated to help the body + + + align:start position:0% +generated to help the body +deal with the pathogen so all those + + align:start position:0% +deal with the pathogen so all those + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the pathogen so all those +liquids and fluids are present in + + align:start position:0% +liquids and fluids are present in + + + align:start position:0% +liquids and fluids are present in +different parts of the respiratory tract + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the respiratory tract + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the respiratory tract +and so there are a number of mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +and so there are a number of mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +and so there are a number of mechanisms +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +are still subject to scientific research + + align:start position:0% +are still subject to scientific research + + + align:start position:0% +are still subject to scientific research +and debate + + align:start position:0% +and debate + + + align:start position:0% +and debate +by which droplets are created and + + align:start position:0% +by which droplets are created and + + + align:start position:0% +by which droplets are created and +ultimately emitted + + align:start position:0% +ultimately emitted + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately emitted +when a person is breathing out so let's + + align:start position:0% +when a person is breathing out so let's + + + align:start position:0% +when a person is breathing out so let's +begin by thinking about + + align:start position:0% +begin by thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +begin by thinking about +such processes in the upper respiratory + + align:start position:0% +such processes in the upper respiratory + + + align:start position:0% +such processes in the upper respiratory +tract + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in the upper respiratory tract we can + + align:start position:0% +so in the upper respiratory tract we can + + + align:start position:0% +so in the upper respiratory tract we can +imagine + + align:start position:0% +imagine + + + align:start position:0% +imagine +first of all that the passages have a + + align:start position:0% +first of all that the passages have a + + + align:start position:0% +first of all that the passages have a +little bit larger spacing so for example + + align:start position:0% +little bit larger spacing so for example + + + align:start position:0% +little bit larger spacing so for example +your mouth might be open + + align:start position:0% +your mouth might be open + + + align:start position:0% +your mouth might be open +by centimeters or millimeters if you go + + align:start position:0% +by centimeters or millimeters if you go + + + align:start position:0% +by centimeters or millimeters if you go +into your nose there's of course various + + align:start position:0% +into your nose there's of course various + + + align:start position:0% +into your nose there's of course various +hairs and smaller structures which are + + align:start position:0% +hairs and smaller structures which are + + + align:start position:0% +hairs and smaller structures which are +often covered with + + align:start position:0% +often covered with + + + align:start position:0% +often covered with +mucus and liquids which as the air is + + align:start position:0% +mucus and liquids which as the air is + + + align:start position:0% +mucus and liquids which as the air is +passing by + + align:start position:0% +passing by + + + align:start position:0% +passing by +could be uh leading to some uh some some + + align:start position:0% +could be uh leading to some uh some some + + + align:start position:0% +could be uh leading to some uh some some +breakup of droplets + + align:start position:0% +breakup of droplets + + + align:start position:0% +breakup of droplets +um and then of course also in the voice + + align:start position:0% +um and then of course also in the voice + + + align:start position:0% +um and then of course also in the voice +box + + align:start position:0% +box + + + align:start position:0% +box +and other other areas of the upper + + align:start position:0% +and other other areas of the upper + + + align:start position:0% +and other other areas of the upper +respiratory tract + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract +so the main mechanism + + align:start position:0% +so the main mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +so the main mechanism +here for generating droplets + + align:start position:0% +here for generating droplets + + + align:start position:0% +here for generating droplets +would be the breakup of + + align:start position:0% +would be the breakup of + + + align:start position:0% +would be the breakup of +viscoelastic filaments in a fluid flow + + align:start position:0% +viscoelastic filaments in a fluid flow + + + align:start position:0% +viscoelastic filaments in a fluid flow +so another word for breakup is + + align:start position:0% +so another word for breakup is + + + align:start position:0% +so another word for breakup is +fragmentation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +viscoelastic filaments and by that i + + align:start position:0% +viscoelastic filaments and by that i + + + align:start position:0% +viscoelastic filaments and by that i +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +that the mucus especially is + + align:start position:0% +that the mucus especially is + + + align:start position:0% +that the mucus especially is +a fluid so it has a viscosity a + + align:start position:0% +a fluid so it has a viscosity a + + + align:start position:0% +a fluid so it has a viscosity a +resistance to shear flow + + align:start position:0% +resistance to shear flow + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to shear flow +but it also can have some elasticity if + + align:start position:0% +but it also can have some elasticity if + + + align:start position:0% +but it also can have some elasticity if +you pull on it it can pull back a little + + align:start position:0% +you pull on it it can pull back a little + + + align:start position:0% +you pull on it it can pull back a little +bit because there are these + + align:start position:0% +bit because there are these + + + align:start position:0% +bit because there are these +macromolecules present so in general we + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules present so in general we + + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules present so in general we +have a somewhat complicated rheology of + + align:start position:0% +have a somewhat complicated rheology of + + + align:start position:0% +have a somewhat complicated rheology of +that liquid + + align:start position:0% +that liquid + + + align:start position:0% +that liquid +or that fluid and a filament refers to + + align:start position:0% +or that fluid and a filament refers to + + + align:start position:0% +or that fluid and a filament refers to +the fact that those droplets can be + + align:start position:0% +the fact that those droplets can be + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that those droplets can be +stretched out and as the air is then + + align:start position:0% +stretched out and as the air is then + + + align:start position:0% +stretched out and as the air is then +blowing past those filaments it can + + align:start position:0% +blowing past those filaments it can + + + align:start position:0% +blowing past those filaments it can +start to break up + + align:start position:0% +start to break up + + + align:start position:0% +start to break up +so this is our basic mechanism and this + + align:start position:0% +so this is our basic mechanism and this + + + align:start position:0% +so this is our basic mechanism and this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +mainly going to be happening + + align:start position:0% +mainly going to be happening + + + align:start position:0% +mainly going to be happening +while a person is exhaling + + align:start position:0% +while a person is exhaling + + + align:start position:0% +while a person is exhaling +at least in terms of emissions it's also + + align:start position:0% +at least in terms of emissions it's also + + + align:start position:0% +at least in terms of emissions it's also +possible when you inhale there'll be + + align:start position:0% +possible when you inhale there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +possible when you inhale there'll be +some of those droplets created they go + + align:start position:0% +some of those droplets created they go + + + align:start position:0% +some of those droplets created they go +into your lungs + + align:start position:0% +into your lungs + + + align:start position:0% +into your lungs +or some or get deposited on the surfaces + + align:start position:0% +or some or get deposited on the surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +or some or get deposited on the surfaces +and then manage to somehow come back out + + align:start position:0% +and then manage to somehow come back out + + + align:start position:0% +and then manage to somehow come back out +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +but certainly during exhaling you would + + align:start position:0% +but certainly during exhaling you would + + + align:start position:0% +but certainly during exhaling you would +imagine more or you could + + align:start position:0% +imagine more or you could + + + align:start position:0% +imagine more or you could +you could see actually that more more + + align:start position:0% +you could see actually that more more + + + align:start position:0% +you could see actually that more more +droplets are created so if we think of + + align:start position:0% +droplets are created so if we think of + + + align:start position:0% +droplets are created so if we think of +uh some examples of that we might have + + align:start position:0% +uh some examples of that we might have + + + align:start position:0% +uh some examples of that we might have +for example + + align:start position:0% +for example + + + align:start position:0% +for example +when i'm speaking or or breathing and my + + align:start position:0% +when i'm speaking or or breathing and my + + + align:start position:0% +when i'm speaking or or breathing and my +mouth is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +mouth is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +mouth is a little bit +open um if i imagine drawing + + align:start position:0% +open um if i imagine drawing + + + align:start position:0% +open um if i imagine drawing +uh you know kind of uh let's say a + + align:start position:0% +uh you know kind of uh let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know kind of uh let's say a +person's + + align:start position:0% +person's + + + align:start position:0% +person's +uh you know lips and mouth might look + + align:start position:0% +uh you know lips and mouth might look + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know lips and mouth might look +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +uh like this so i'm kind of exaggerating + + align:start position:0% +uh like this so i'm kind of exaggerating + + + align:start position:0% +uh like this so i'm kind of exaggerating +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +uh but of course there's saliva present + + align:start position:0% +uh but of course there's saliva present + + + align:start position:0% +uh but of course there's saliva present +and there may be little filaments uh + + align:start position:0% +and there may be little filaments uh + + + align:start position:0% +and there may be little filaments uh +that form + + align:start position:0% +that form + + + align:start position:0% +that form +of course we can see this um and then + + align:start position:0% +of course we can see this um and then + + + align:start position:0% +of course we can see this um and then +as we're inhaling and especially as + + align:start position:0% +as we're inhaling and especially as + + + align:start position:0% +as we're inhaling and especially as +we're exhaling uh + + align:start position:0% +we're exhaling uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're exhaling uh +then these filaments will kind of bend + + align:start position:0% +then these filaments will kind of bend + + + align:start position:0% +then these filaments will kind of bend +and they can break and there some of + + align:start position:0% +and they can break and there some of + + + align:start position:0% +and they can break and there some of +them will be emitted + + align:start position:0% +them will be emitted + + + align:start position:0% +them will be emitted +and in fact uh these have been recently + + align:start position:0% +and in fact uh these have been recently + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact uh these have been recently +visualized in great detail + + align:start position:0% +visualized in great detail + + + align:start position:0% +visualized in great detail +um and uh anyway so that's + + align:start position:0% +um and uh anyway so that's + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh anyway so that's +that's one mechanism so it's these these + + align:start position:0% +that's one mechanism so it's these these + + + align:start position:0% +that's one mechanism so it's these these +filaments of saliva in this case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh could be forming around i'll just + + align:start position:0% +uh could be forming around i'll just + + + align:start position:0% +uh could be forming around i'll just +mention + + align:start position:0% +mention + + + align:start position:0% +mention +this picture might be for example the + + align:start position:0% +this picture might be for example the + + + align:start position:0% +this picture might be for example the +mouth we could also look at + + align:start position:0% +mouth we could also look at + + + align:start position:0% +mouth we could also look at +the act of speaking we will discuss in + + align:start position:0% +the act of speaking we will discuss in + + + align:start position:0% +the act of speaking we will discuss in +in detail uh + + align:start position:0% +in detail uh + + + align:start position:0% +in detail uh +later in this course that the emissions + + align:start position:0% +later in this course that the emissions + + + align:start position:0% +later in this course that the emissions +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +infectious droplets is very strongly + + align:start position:0% +infectious droplets is very strongly + + + align:start position:0% +infectious droplets is very strongly +correlated with vocalization + + align:start position:0% +correlated with vocalization + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with vocalization +if you're speaking there's many more + + align:start position:0% +if you're speaking there's many more + + + align:start position:0% +if you're speaking there's many more +emissions than + + align:start position:0% +emissions than + + + align:start position:0% +emissions than +when you're just simply breathing and + + align:start position:0% +when you're just simply breathing and + + + align:start position:0% +when you're just simply breathing and +when you're speaking in a louder volume + + align:start position:0% +when you're speaking in a louder volume + + + align:start position:0% +when you're speaking in a louder volume +or when you're singing + + align:start position:0% +or when you're singing + + + align:start position:0% +or when you're singing +that rate of emission goes up very + + align:start position:0% +that rate of emission goes up very + + + align:start position:0% +that rate of emission goes up very +significantly + + align:start position:0% +significantly + + + align:start position:0% +significantly +so there's clearly emissions related to + + align:start position:0% +so there's clearly emissions related to + + + align:start position:0% +so there's clearly emissions related to +the vocal uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the vocal uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the vocal uh uh +the voice box and to the vocal uh + + align:start position:0% +the voice box and to the vocal uh + + + align:start position:0% +the voice box and to the vocal uh +folds in and the glottis which is the + + align:start position:0% +folds in and the glottis which is the + + + align:start position:0% +folds in and the glottis which is the +basically the + + align:start position:0% +basically the + + + align:start position:0% +basically the +the voice box so what that looks like is + + align:start position:0% +the voice box so what that looks like is + + + align:start position:0% +the voice box so what that looks like is +there's uh + + align:start position:0% +there's uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh +if you take kind of a side view + + align:start position:0% +if you take kind of a side view + + + align:start position:0% +if you take kind of a side view +there are these as a cross-sectional + + align:start position:0% +there are these as a cross-sectional + + + align:start position:0% +there are these as a cross-sectional +view there's these folds where the air + + align:start position:0% +view there's these folds where the air + + + align:start position:0% +view there's these folds where the air +is flowing through + + align:start position:0% +is flowing through + + + align:start position:0% +is flowing through +let's say in this direction + + align:start position:0% +let's say in this direction + + + align:start position:0% +let's say in this direction +and these are kind of waving together + + align:start position:0% +and these are kind of waving together + + + align:start position:0% +and these are kind of waving together +they're vibrating with a frequency could + + align:start position:0% +they're vibrating with a frequency could + + + align:start position:0% +they're vibrating with a frequency could +be for example 100 hertz depending on + + align:start position:0% +be for example 100 hertz depending on + + + align:start position:0% +be for example 100 hertz depending on +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +tone of your speech and the type of + + align:start position:0% +tone of your speech and the type of + + + align:start position:0% +tone of your speech and the type of +vowels or + + align:start position:0% +vowels or + + + align:start position:0% +vowels or +uh you're you're making or other other + + align:start position:0% +uh you're you're making or other other + + + align:start position:0% +uh you're you're making or other other +sounds + + align:start position:0% +sounds + + + align:start position:0% +sounds +and again what we have is that so i'm + + align:start position:0% +and again what we have is that so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +and again what we have is that so i'm +here saying this might be in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +glottis this could be the vocal folds + + align:start position:0% +glottis this could be the vocal folds + + + align:start position:0% +glottis this could be the vocal folds +and this is basically the voice box + + align:start position:0% +and this is basically the voice box + + + align:start position:0% +and this is basically the voice box +okay is more colloquial term and + + align:start position:0% +okay is more colloquial term and + + + align:start position:0% +okay is more colloquial term and +as the air is flowing through there this + + align:start position:0% +as the air is flowing through there this + + + align:start position:0% +as the air is flowing through there this +part is vibrating + + align:start position:0% +part is vibrating + + + align:start position:0% +part is vibrating +so there's some kind of like you know uh + + align:start position:0% +so there's some kind of like you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some kind of like you know uh +maybe motion + + align:start position:0% +maybe motion + + + align:start position:0% +maybe motion +i'll just kind of indicate like this + + align:start position:0% +i'll just kind of indicate like this + + + align:start position:0% +i'll just kind of indicate like this +just that this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +just that this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +just that this is kind of +shaking and vibrating and coming + + align:start position:0% +shaking and vibrating and coming + + + align:start position:0% +shaking and vibrating and coming +together and of course there's also + + align:start position:0% +together and of course there's also + + + align:start position:0% +together and of course there's also +mucus and other liquids that are here + + align:start position:0% +mucus and other liquids that are here + + + align:start position:0% +mucus and other liquids that are here +lining all these things + + align:start position:0% +lining all these things + + + align:start position:0% +lining all these things +and when those folds come close together + + align:start position:0% +and when those folds come close together + + + align:start position:0% +and when those folds come close together +they touch each other + + align:start position:0% +they touch each other + + + align:start position:0% +they touch each other +and they can pull apart and again form + + align:start position:0% +and they can pull apart and again form + + + align:start position:0% +and they can pull apart and again form +these filaments + + align:start position:0% +these filaments + + + align:start position:0% +these filaments +that can break up and generate droplets + + align:start position:0% +that can break up and generate droplets + + + align:start position:0% +that can break up and generate droplets +that will be emitted of different sizes + + align:start position:0% +that will be emitted of different sizes + + + align:start position:0% +that will be emitted of different sizes +now one thing to notice is is the length + + align:start position:0% +now one thing to notice is is the length + + + align:start position:0% +now one thing to notice is is the length +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +so the mouth when it's opening might + + align:start position:0% +so the mouth when it's opening might + + + align:start position:0% +so the mouth when it's opening might +have a length scale + + align:start position:0% +have a length scale + + + align:start position:0% +have a length scale +obviously on the order of maybe + + align:start position:0% +obviously on the order of maybe + + + align:start position:0% +obviously on the order of maybe +centimeters but more likely millimeters + + align:start position:0% +centimeters but more likely millimeters + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters but more likely millimeters +in the regions where there could + + align:start position:0% +in the regions where there could + + + align:start position:0% +in the regions where there could +actually be emissions of droplets + + align:start position:0% +actually be emissions of droplets + + + align:start position:0% +actually be emissions of droplets +if we look at the vocal cords that scale + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the vocal cords that scale + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the vocal cords that scale +is also going to millimeters but when + + align:start position:0% +is also going to millimeters but when + + + align:start position:0% +is also going to millimeters but when +the vocal cords really come together and + + align:start position:0% +the vocal cords really come together and + + + align:start position:0% +the vocal cords really come together and +pull apart we might be looking at scales + + align:start position:0% +pull apart we might be looking at scales + + + align:start position:0% +pull apart we might be looking at scales +that are much smaller than that so some + + align:start position:0% +that are much smaller than that so some + + + align:start position:0% +that are much smaller than that so some +of these filaments that are breaking up + + align:start position:0% +of these filaments that are breaking up + + + align:start position:0% +of these filaments that are breaking up +could be significantly smaller + + align:start position:0% +could be significantly smaller + + + align:start position:0% +could be significantly smaller +and so vocalization may lead to droplets + + align:start position:0% +and so vocalization may lead to droplets + + + align:start position:0% +and so vocalization may lead to droplets +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +that are quite a bit smaller in fact in + + align:start position:0% +that are quite a bit smaller in fact in + + + align:start position:0% +that are quite a bit smaller in fact in +the case of the mouth as i just + + align:start position:0% +the case of the mouth as i just + + + align:start position:0% +the case of the mouth as i just +mentioned the sort of length scale + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the sort of length scale + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the sort of length scale +might be of order millimeters for the + + align:start position:0% +might be of order millimeters for the + + + align:start position:0% +might be of order millimeters for the +filaments that are breaking up + + align:start position:0% +filaments that are breaking up + + + align:start position:0% +filaments that are breaking up +and the size of the droplets are might + + align:start position:0% +and the size of the droplets are might + + + align:start position:0% +and the size of the droplets are might +be on the order + + align:start position:0% +be on the order + + + align:start position:0% +be on the order +of you know 10 uh to 100 + + align:start position:0% +of you know 10 uh to 100 + + + align:start position:0% +of you know 10 uh to 100 +microns or even bigger actually in fact + + align:start position:0% +microns or even bigger actually in fact + + + align:start position:0% +microns or even bigger actually in fact +it can even go up + + align:start position:0% +it can even go up + + + align:start position:0% +it can even go up +to to well maybe not quite millimeters + + align:start position:0% +to to well maybe not quite millimeters + + + align:start position:0% +to to well maybe not quite millimeters +but in the case of let's say when you're + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of let's say when you're + + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of let's say when you're +coughing or spitting certainly you are + + align:start position:0% +coughing or spitting certainly you are + + + align:start position:0% +coughing or spitting certainly you are +spitting out millimeters but it could be + + align:start position:0% +spitting out millimeters but it could be + + + align:start position:0% +spitting out millimeters but it could be +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +maybe i'll put even here one millimeter + + align:start position:0% +maybe i'll put even here one millimeter + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i'll put even here one millimeter +as sort of a kind of upper bound on the + + align:start position:0% +as sort of a kind of upper bound on the + + + align:start position:0% +as sort of a kind of upper bound on the +types of droplets that you could be + + align:start position:0% +types of droplets that you could be + + + align:start position:0% +types of droplets that you could be +emitting + + align:start position:0% +emitting + + + align:start position:0% +emitting +in the case of the voice box our length + + align:start position:0% +in the case of the voice box our length + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of the voice box our length +scale is a bit smaller it might be on + + align:start position:0% +scale is a bit smaller it might be on + + + align:start position:0% +scale is a bit smaller it might be on +the order + + align:start position:0% +the order + + + align:start position:0% +the order +more like of 100 microns for these + + align:start position:0% +more like of 100 microns for these + + + align:start position:0% +more like of 100 microns for these +filaments that are breaking up + + align:start position:0% +filaments that are breaking up + + + align:start position:0% +filaments that are breaking up +and the radius of droplets that you're + + align:start position:0% +and the radius of droplets that you're + + + align:start position:0% +and the radius of droplets that you're +going to form are going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to form are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to form are going to be +smaller and they might be ranging more + + align:start position:0% +smaller and they might be ranging more + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and they might be ranging more +in the 1 to 10 + + align:start position:0% +in the 1 to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +in the 1 to 10 +micron range or possibly larger again + + align:start position:0% +micron range or possibly larger again + + + align:start position:0% +micron range or possibly larger again +depending on the details + + align:start position:0% +depending on the details + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the details +if you're coughing and there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +if you're coughing and there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +if you're coughing and there's a lot of +mucus here certainly you could get + + align:start position:0% +mucus here certainly you could get + + + align:start position:0% +mucus here certainly you could get +maybe larger than that as well so + + align:start position:0% +maybe larger than that as well so + + + align:start position:0% +maybe larger than that as well so +breakup of filaments is a primary + + align:start position:0% +breakup of filaments is a primary + + + align:start position:0% +breakup of filaments is a primary +mechanism of drop formation + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of drop formation + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of drop formation +especially in the upper respiratory + + align:start position:0% +especially in the upper respiratory + + + align:start position:0% +especially in the upper respiratory +tract now what about in the lower + + align:start position:0% +tract now what about in the lower + + + align:start position:0% +tract now what about in the lower +respiratory tract so that's really + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract so that's really + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory tract so that's really +referring to your lungs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in the lower respiratory tract + + align:start position:0% +so in the lower respiratory tract + + + align:start position:0% +so in the lower respiratory tract +there is significant evidence and also + + align:start position:0% +there is significant evidence and also + + + align:start position:0% +there is significant evidence and also +uh at least qualitative theories and + + align:start position:0% +uh at least qualitative theories and + + + align:start position:0% +uh at least qualitative theories and +to some extent quantitative theories + + align:start position:0% +to some extent quantitative theories + + + align:start position:0% +to some extent quantitative theories +showing + + align:start position:0% +showing + + + align:start position:0% +showing +that the main mechanism is not so much + + align:start position:0% +that the main mechanism is not so much + + + align:start position:0% +that the main mechanism is not so much +the breakup of filaments + + align:start position:0% +the breakup of filaments + + + align:start position:0% +the breakup of filaments +in a flow but rather + + align:start position:0% +in a flow but rather + + + align:start position:0% +in a flow but rather +the bursting of + + align:start position:0% +the bursting of + + + align:start position:0% +the bursting of +films of mucus but in ver in much + + align:start position:0% +films of mucus but in ver in much + + + align:start position:0% +films of mucus but in ver in much +smaller domains + + align:start position:0% +smaller domains + + + align:start position:0% +smaller domains +where it's not so much that the fluid is + + align:start position:0% +where it's not so much that the fluid is + + + align:start position:0% +where it's not so much that the fluid is +whipping by and breaking apart the + + align:start position:0% +whipping by and breaking apart the + + + align:start position:0% +whipping by and breaking apart the +droplets but it's simply breaking up due + + align:start position:0% +droplets but it's simply breaking up due + + + align:start position:0% +droplets but it's simply breaking up due +to surface tension + + align:start position:0% +to surface tension + + + align:start position:0% +to surface tension +just that you know it's it's this + + align:start position:0% +just that you know it's it's this + + + align:start position:0% +just that you know it's it's this +instability kind of like in a dripping + + align:start position:0% +instability kind of like in a dripping + + + align:start position:0% +instability kind of like in a dripping +faucet or a stream of liquid when you + + align:start position:0% +faucet or a stream of liquid when you + + + align:start position:0% +faucet or a stream of liquid when you +start to stretch it out and let surface + + align:start position:0% +start to stretch it out and let surface + + + align:start position:0% +start to stretch it out and let surface +tension act it kind of squeezes down + + align:start position:0% +tension act it kind of squeezes down + + + align:start position:0% +tension act it kind of squeezes down +eventually wants to make droplets so + + align:start position:0% +eventually wants to make droplets so + + + align:start position:0% +eventually wants to make droplets so +that's kind of the rupture of a film + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the rupture of a film + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the rupture of a film +under surface tension is more likely to + + align:start position:0% +under surface tension is more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +under surface tension is more likely to +be the mechanism + + align:start position:0% +be the mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +be the mechanism +and so uh so this + + align:start position:0% +and so uh so this + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh so this +is kind of maybe more generally can be + + align:start position:0% +is kind of maybe more generally can be + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of maybe more generally can be +thought of as an elastocapillary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mucosal films + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +specifically in the deepest part of the + + align:start position:0% +specifically in the deepest part of the + + + align:start position:0% +specifically in the deepest part of the +lungs and in the smallest + + align:start position:0% +lungs and in the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +lungs and in the smallest +passages during mainly during inhaling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the bronchials and also + + align:start position:0% +in the bronchials and also + + + align:start position:0% +in the bronchials and also +to some extent in the alveola + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +during inhaling that's when the breakup + + align:start position:0% +during inhaling that's when the breakup + + + align:start position:0% +during inhaling that's when the breakup +is happening + + align:start position:0% +is happening + + + align:start position:0% +is happening +and then any droplets that are creating + + align:start position:0% +and then any droplets that are creating + + + align:start position:0% +and then any droplets that are creating +some may deposit + + align:start position:0% +some may deposit + + + align:start position:0% +some may deposit +in on the walls of the respiratory tract + + align:start position:0% +in on the walls of the respiratory tract + + + align:start position:0% +in on the walls of the respiratory tract +but some fraction of them will be swept + + align:start position:0% +but some fraction of them will be swept + + + align:start position:0% +but some fraction of them will be swept +back out again + + align:start position:0% +back out again + + + align:start position:0% +back out again +so let me explain this a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain this a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain this a little bit more +detail i should also mention this + + align:start position:0% +detail i should also mention this + + + align:start position:0% +detail i should also mention this +mechanism + + align:start position:0% +mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism +is also referred to as the + + align:start position:0% +is also referred to as the + + + align:start position:0% +is also referred to as the +bronchial film + + align:start position:0% +bronchial film + + + align:start position:0% +bronchial film +burst hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +burst hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +burst hypothesis +i say it's a hypothesis because despite + + align:start position:0% +i say it's a hypothesis because despite + + + align:start position:0% +i say it's a hypothesis because despite +the fact that there's been + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's been + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's been +a lot of study of the droplets that are + + align:start position:0% +a lot of study of the droplets that are + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of study of the droplets that are +produced by different forms of + + align:start position:0% +produced by different forms of + + + align:start position:0% +produced by different forms of +respiration + + align:start position:0% +respiration + + + align:start position:0% +respiration +and some theoretical modeling it's + + align:start position:0% +and some theoretical modeling it's + + + align:start position:0% +and some theoretical modeling it's +difficult to actually observe this + + align:start position:0% +difficult to actually observe this + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to actually observe this +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +occurring you know in the body and so + + align:start position:0% +occurring you know in the body and so + + + align:start position:0% +occurring you know in the body and so +it's it's still you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's it's still you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's still you know it's a +hypothesis that people are still + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that people are still + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that people are still +you know studying so what we're thinking + + align:start position:0% +you know studying so what we're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +you know studying so what we're thinking +of here + + align:start position:0% +of here + + + align:start position:0% +of here +is if we zoom in to a a bronchiole which + + align:start position:0% +is if we zoom in to a a bronchiole which + + + align:start position:0% +is if we zoom in to a a bronchiole which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +you know a passage that you know looks + + align:start position:0% +you know a passage that you know looks + + + align:start position:0% +you know a passage that you know looks +maybe something like this + + align:start position:0% +maybe something like this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe something like this +it's like a basically it's a flexible + + align:start position:0% +it's like a basically it's a flexible + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a basically it's a flexible +tube and + + align:start position:0% +tube and + + + align:start position:0% +tube and +the smallest ones of these now are + + align:start position:0% +the smallest ones of these now are + + + align:start position:0% +the smallest ones of these now are +getting down to the scale of + + align:start position:0% +getting down to the scale of + + + align:start position:0% +getting down to the scale of +hundreds of 100 microns or so so we'll + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of 100 microns or so so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of 100 microns or so so we'll +just kind of pick like a typical length + + align:start position:0% +just kind of pick like a typical length + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of pick like a typical length +scale here if let's say for the radius + + align:start position:0% +scale here if let's say for the radius + + + align:start position:0% +scale here if let's say for the radius +might be 100 microns + + align:start position:0% +might be 100 microns + + + align:start position:0% +might be 100 microns +or less + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and these of course are lined with mucus + + align:start position:0% +and these of course are lined with mucus + + + align:start position:0% +and these of course are lined with mucus +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +and in some places there's a bridge so + + align:start position:0% +and in some places there's a bridge so + + + align:start position:0% +and in some places there's a bridge so +it's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like +there's almost like you know bubbles of + + align:start position:0% +there's almost like you know bubbles of + + + align:start position:0% +there's almost like you know bubbles of +air + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know with sort of little bridges + + align:start position:0% +so you know with sort of little bridges + + + align:start position:0% +so you know with sort of little bridges +and mucus in fact you may actually have + + align:start position:0% +and mucus in fact you may actually have + + + align:start position:0% +and mucus in fact you may actually have +even some places where + + align:start position:0% +even some places where + + + align:start position:0% +even some places where +the the passage during after exhaling is + + align:start position:0% +the the passage during after exhaling is + + + align:start position:0% +the the passage during after exhaling is +completely collapsed and so maybe some + + align:start position:0% +completely collapsed and so maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +completely collapsed and so maybe some +parts of it are touching + + align:start position:0% +parts of it are touching + + + align:start position:0% +parts of it are touching +others are not touching but there's kind + + align:start position:0% +others are not touching but there's kind + + + align:start position:0% +others are not touching but there's kind +of these little bridges + + align:start position:0% +of these little bridges + + + align:start position:0% +of these little bridges +um of uh of liquid or films + + align:start position:0% +um of uh of liquid or films + + + align:start position:0% +um of uh of liquid or films +or bronchial films that are they're kind + + align:start position:0% +or bronchial films that are they're kind + + + align:start position:0% +or bronchial films that are they're kind +of extending you know across + + align:start position:0% +of extending you know across + + + align:start position:0% +of extending you know across +at least part or even all of the of + + align:start position:0% +at least part or even all of the of + + + align:start position:0% +at least part or even all of the of +those channels + + align:start position:0% +those channels + + + align:start position:0% +those channels +now imagine we start in this situation + + align:start position:0% +now imagine we start in this situation + + + align:start position:0% +now imagine we start in this situation +and we start inhaling and let's just say + + align:start position:0% +and we start inhaling and let's just say + + + align:start position:0% +and we start inhaling and let's just say +this is the direction + + align:start position:0% +this is the direction + + + align:start position:0% +this is the direction +of inhaling let's imagine that the + + align:start position:0% +of inhaling let's imagine that the + + + align:start position:0% +of inhaling let's imagine that the +alveolar which is is kind of on the end + + align:start position:0% +alveolar which is is kind of on the end + + + align:start position:0% +alveolar which is is kind of on the end +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +uh of this tube and let's so let's see + + align:start position:0% +uh of this tube and let's so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +uh of this tube and let's so let's see +what happens if we start + + align:start position:0% +what happens if we start + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if we start +inhaling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for inhaling then the air is flowing + + align:start position:0% +so for inhaling then the air is flowing + + + align:start position:0% +so for inhaling then the air is flowing +in and so first thing happens is that + + align:start position:0% +in and so first thing happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +in and so first thing happens is that +these these bubbles are going to start + + align:start position:0% +these these bubbles are going to start + + + align:start position:0% +these these bubbles are going to start +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +or you know this this film is + + align:start position:0% +or you know this this film is + + + align:start position:0% +or you know this this film is +essentially going to be pushed + + align:start position:0% +essentially going to be pushed + + + align:start position:0% +essentially going to be pushed +as that liquid is being pushed uh we + + align:start position:0% +as that liquid is being pushed uh we + + + align:start position:0% +as that liquid is being pushed uh we +have some flows occurring there's some + + align:start position:0% +have some flows occurring there's some + + + align:start position:0% +have some flows occurring there's some +recirculation flows in there also this + + align:start position:0% +recirculation flows in there also this + + + align:start position:0% +recirculation flows in there also this +interaction with the elastic or stretchy + + align:start position:0% +interaction with the elastic or stretchy + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with the elastic or stretchy +walls + + align:start position:0% +walls + + + align:start position:0% +walls +which are soft of the of the of the + + align:start position:0% +which are soft of the of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +which are soft of the of the of the +bronchial and so it can expand + + align:start position:0% +bronchial and so it can expand + + + align:start position:0% +bronchial and so it can expand +so if you go like to the next step you + + align:start position:0% +so if you go like to the next step you + + + align:start position:0% +so if you go like to the next step you +may find as you continue inhaling + + align:start position:0% +may find as you continue inhaling + + + align:start position:0% +may find as you continue inhaling +that now this tube has expanded a bit so + + align:start position:0% +that now this tube has expanded a bit so + + + align:start position:0% +that now this tube has expanded a bit so +it might look more like this + + align:start position:0% +it might look more like this + + + align:start position:0% +it might look more like this +um and then you know + + align:start position:0% +um and then you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and then you know +this uh to some extent you know this + + align:start position:0% +this uh to some extent you know this + + + align:start position:0% +this uh to some extent you know this +film + + align:start position:0% +film + + + align:start position:0% +film +would start to get stretched + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then at some point as this thing is + + align:start position:0% +and then at some point as this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +and then at some point as this thing is +trying to open it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +trying to open it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +trying to open it's gonna +it's and also it's under some flow but + + align:start position:0% +it's and also it's under some flow but + + + align:start position:0% +it's and also it's under some flow but +it's going to burst + + align:start position:0% +it's going to burst + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to burst +and this bursting again is not quite the + + align:start position:0% +and this bursting again is not quite the + + + align:start position:0% +and this bursting again is not quite the +same as this situation because the flows + + align:start position:0% +same as this situation because the flows + + + align:start position:0% +same as this situation because the flows +are much slower so here + + align:start position:0% +are much slower so here + + + align:start position:0% +are much slower so here +these flows are often at so-called high + + align:start position:0% +these flows are often at so-called high + + + align:start position:0% +these flows are often at so-called high +reynolds number as we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +reynolds number as we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +reynolds number as we'll talk about +later in this class + + align:start position:0% +later in this class + + + align:start position:0% +later in this class +high reynolds lumber refers to sort of + + align:start position:0% +high reynolds lumber refers to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +high reynolds lumber refers to sort of +the tendency of the flow to go + + align:start position:0% +the tendency of the flow to go + + + align:start position:0% +the tendency of the flow to go +to uns to become unstable and for + + align:start position:0% +to uns to become unstable and for + + + align:start position:0% +to uns to become unstable and for +inertial effects or momentum of fluid to + + align:start position:0% +inertial effects or momentum of fluid to + + + align:start position:0% +inertial effects or momentum of fluid to +become important + + align:start position:0% +become important + + + align:start position:0% +become important +at the scale of the mouth or the nose or + + align:start position:0% +at the scale of the mouth or the nose or + + + align:start position:0% +at the scale of the mouth or the nose or +even the vocal cords + + align:start position:0% +even the vocal cords + + + align:start position:0% +even the vocal cords +there can be significant inertial + + align:start position:0% +there can be significant inertial + + + align:start position:0% +there can be significant inertial +effects and very complex flows + + align:start position:0% +effects and very complex flows + + + align:start position:0% +effects and very complex flows +on the other hand when we get down to + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand when we get down to + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand when we get down to +the smallest channels in the lungs and + + align:start position:0% +the smallest channels in the lungs and + + + align:start position:0% +the smallest channels in the lungs and +especially when we reach kind of the + + align:start position:0% +especially when we reach kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +especially when we reach kind of the +dead end you know these sort of the + + align:start position:0% +dead end you know these sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +dead end you know these sort of the +alveolas which is basically like a bunch + + align:start position:0% +alveolas which is basically like a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +alveolas which is basically like a bunch +of little sacs + + align:start position:0% +of little sacs + + + align:start position:0% +of little sacs +you know they're kind of at the end here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh then you know it's kind of a dead end + + align:start position:0% +uh then you know it's kind of a dead end + + + align:start position:0% +uh then you know it's kind of a dead end +there can't be any + + align:start position:0% +there can't be any + + + align:start position:0% +there can't be any +like very fast flow through that through + + align:start position:0% +like very fast flow through that through + + + align:start position:0% +like very fast flow through that through +that system and so + + align:start position:0% +that system and so + + + align:start position:0% +that system and so +you know it's actually a low reynolds + + align:start position:0% +you know it's actually a low reynolds + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's actually a low reynolds +number situation so we're not talking + + align:start position:0% +number situation so we're not talking + + + align:start position:0% +number situation so we're not talking +about turbulent flows + + align:start position:0% +about turbulent flows + + + align:start position:0% +about turbulent flows +or or or you know sprays of liquid at + + align:start position:0% +or or or you know sprays of liquid at + + + align:start position:0% +or or or you know sprays of liquid at +high reynolds number + + align:start position:0% +high reynolds number + + + align:start position:0% +high reynolds number +instead we're talking about films are + + align:start position:0% +instead we're talking about films are + + + align:start position:0% +instead we're talking about films are +getting stretched out and then they + + align:start position:0% +getting stretched out and then they + + + align:start position:0% +getting stretched out and then they +simply break up + + align:start position:0% +simply break up + + + align:start position:0% +simply break up +under the effect effect of capillarity + + align:start position:0% +under the effect effect of capillarity + + + align:start position:0% +under the effect effect of capillarity +which refers to surface tension so + + align:start position:0% +which refers to surface tension so + + + align:start position:0% +which refers to surface tension so +basically when you expose a surface and + + align:start position:0% +basically when you expose a surface and + + + align:start position:0% +basically when you expose a surface and +stretch out a liquid film it just tends + + align:start position:0% +stretch out a liquid film it just tends + + + align:start position:0% +stretch out a liquid film it just tends +to break up into little droplets + + align:start position:0% +to break up into little droplets + + + align:start position:0% +to break up into little droplets +basically in order to minimize its + + align:start position:0% +basically in order to minimize its + + + align:start position:0% +basically in order to minimize its +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +so what we'll see here is that maybe one + + align:start position:0% +so what we'll see here is that maybe one + + + align:start position:0% +so what we'll see here is that maybe one +of these films over here has already + + align:start position:0% +of these films over here has already + + + align:start position:0% +of these films over here has already +burst + + align:start position:0% +burst + + + align:start position:0% +burst +and will lead to some droplets that are + + align:start position:0% +and will lead to some droplets that are + + + align:start position:0% +and will lead to some droplets that are +being created + + align:start position:0% +being created + + + align:start position:0% +being created +so this bursting of the film + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is what leads to the droplets okay + + align:start position:0% +is what leads to the droplets okay + + + align:start position:0% +is what leads to the droplets okay +and when you're inhaling those get swept + + align:start position:0% +and when you're inhaling those get swept + + + align:start position:0% +and when you're inhaling those get swept +you know a little further you know + + align:start position:0% +you know a little further you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know a little further you know +downstream some of them may deposit on + + align:start position:0% +downstream some of them may deposit on + + + align:start position:0% +downstream some of them may deposit on +the walls and go back into the film and + + align:start position:0% +the walls and go back into the film and + + + align:start position:0% +the walls and go back into the film and +coalesce into the film + + align:start position:0% +coalesce into the film + + + align:start position:0% +coalesce into the film +but others will remain suspended in the + + align:start position:0% +but others will remain suspended in the + + + align:start position:0% +but others will remain suspended in the +air and now when you + + align:start position:0% +air and now when you + + + align:start position:0% +air and now when you +exhale you start pushing back the other + + align:start position:0% +exhale you start pushing back the other + + + align:start position:0% +exhale you start pushing back the other +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +the tube is more open now + + align:start position:0% +the tube is more open now + + + align:start position:0% +the tube is more open now +and you know we may have a situation + + align:start position:0% +and you know we may have a situation + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we may have a situation +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +where there's no more sort of spanning + + align:start position:0% +where there's no more sort of spanning + + + align:start position:0% +where there's no more sort of spanning +films left but there's some fraction + + align:start position:0% +films left but there's some fraction + + + align:start position:0% +films left but there's some fraction +these droplets a few of them may have + + align:start position:0% +these droplets a few of them may have + + + align:start position:0% +these droplets a few of them may have +deposited and coalesce on the surfaces + + align:start position:0% +deposited and coalesce on the surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +deposited and coalesce on the surfaces +but they're going to start getting blown + + align:start position:0% +but they're going to start getting blown + + + align:start position:0% +but they're going to start getting blown +out the other way now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so these are the droplet emissions + + align:start position:0% +and so these are the droplet emissions + + + align:start position:0% +and so these are the droplet emissions +right here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'll just say it'll eventually do that + + align:start position:0% +i'll just say it'll eventually do that + + + align:start position:0% +i'll just say it'll eventually do that +so some fraction of these will make it + + align:start position:0% +so some fraction of these will make it + + + align:start position:0% +so some fraction of these will make it +all the way out of course those droplets + + align:start position:0% +all the way out of course those droplets + + + align:start position:0% +all the way out of course those droplets +can deposit anywhere in the respiratory + + align:start position:0% +can deposit anywhere in the respiratory + + + align:start position:0% +can deposit anywhere in the respiratory +tract in fact some of them + + align:start position:0% +tract in fact some of them + + + align:start position:0% +tract in fact some of them +if you're breathing through your nose + + align:start position:0% +if you're breathing through your nose + + + align:start position:0% +if you're breathing through your nose +may end up getting caught in your nose + + align:start position:0% +may end up getting caught in your nose + + + align:start position:0% +may end up getting caught in your nose +actually and so there's an exchange of + + align:start position:0% +actually and so there's an exchange of + + + align:start position:0% +actually and so there's an exchange of +fluids between the different parts of + + align:start position:0% +fluids between the different parts of + + + align:start position:0% +fluids between the different parts of +the respiratory tract but some fractions + + align:start position:0% +the respiratory tract but some fractions + + + align:start position:0% +the respiratory tract but some fractions +droplets will get out + + align:start position:0% +droplets will get out + + + align:start position:0% +droplets will get out +and then ultimately when you finished + + align:start position:0% +and then ultimately when you finished + + + align:start position:0% +and then ultimately when you finished +exhaling now the pressure is released + + align:start position:0% +exhaling now the pressure is released + + + align:start position:0% +exhaling now the pressure is released +and this uh you know tube kind of + + align:start position:0% +and this uh you know tube kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and this uh you know tube kind of +relaxes back + + align:start position:0% +relaxes back + + + align:start position:0% +relaxes back +you know to its original state where + + align:start position:0% +you know to its original state where + + + align:start position:0% +you know to its original state where +there's some mucus here and there's some + + align:start position:0% +there's some mucus here and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +there's some mucus here and there's some +places maybe + + align:start position:0% +places maybe + + + align:start position:0% +places maybe +where it's closed and there's kind of + + align:start position:0% +where it's closed and there's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +where it's closed and there's kind of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +uh you know possibly spanning films and + + align:start position:0% +uh you know possibly spanning films and + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know possibly spanning films and +some places where + + align:start position:0% +some places where + + + align:start position:0% +some places where +it's almost touching so these are some + + align:start position:0% +it's almost touching so these are some + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost touching so these are some +of the basic processes uh by which + + align:start position:0% +of the basic processes uh by which + + + align:start position:0% +of the basic processes uh by which +uh droplets are comm emitted as you can + + align:start position:0% +uh droplets are comm emitted as you can + + + align:start position:0% +uh droplets are comm emitted as you can +see by the range of different processes + + align:start position:0% +see by the range of different processes + + + align:start position:0% +see by the range of different processes +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +are possible in in the in the human + + align:start position:0% +are possible in in the in the human + + + align:start position:0% +are possible in in the in the human +physiology + + align:start position:0% +physiology + + + align:start position:0% +physiology +uh that we've just described we can see + + align:start position:0% +uh that we've just described we can see + + + align:start position:0% +uh that we've just described we can see +there's a range of droplet sizes that + + align:start position:0% +there's a range of droplet sizes that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a range of droplet sizes that +will depend + + align:start position:0% +will depend + + + align:start position:0% +will depend +on the respiratory activity are you + + align:start position:0% +on the respiratory activity are you + + + align:start position:0% +on the respiratory activity are you +breathing + + align:start position:0% +breathing + + + align:start position:0% +breathing +lightly because you're sleeping are you + + align:start position:0% +lightly because you're sleeping are you + + + align:start position:0% +lightly because you're sleeping are you +breathing heavily at high speeds because + + align:start position:0% +breathing heavily at high speeds because + + + align:start position:0% +breathing heavily at high speeds because +you're exercising + + align:start position:0% +you're exercising + + + align:start position:0% +you're exercising +are you vocalizing and generating + + align:start position:0% +are you vocalizing and generating + + + align:start position:0% +are you vocalizing and generating +droplets in a different way + + align:start position:0% +droplets in a different way + + + align:start position:0% +droplets in a different way +in the larynx all those activities play + + align:start position:0% +in the larynx all those activities play + + + align:start position:0% +in the larynx all those activities play +a role + + align:start position:0% +a role + + + align:start position:0% +a role +and also there are variations between + + align:start position:0% +and also there are variations between + + + align:start position:0% +and also there are variations between +individuals and finally if a person is + + align:start position:0% +individuals and finally if a person is + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and finally if a person is +sick + + align:start position:0% +sick + + + align:start position:0% +sick +and all these fluids i've sketched here + + align:start position:0% +and all these fluids i've sketched here + + + align:start position:0% +and all these fluids i've sketched here +as mucus contain + + align:start position:0% +as mucus contain + + + align:start position:0% +as mucus contain +pathogens such as virus or bacteria then + + align:start position:0% +pathogens such as virus or bacteria then + + + align:start position:0% +pathogens such as virus or bacteria then +of course the degree of infection the + + align:start position:0% +of course the degree of infection the + + + align:start position:0% +of course the degree of infection the +viral load + + align:start position:0% +viral load + + + align:start position:0% +viral load +or the total amount of pathogen the + + align:start position:0% +or the total amount of pathogen the + + + align:start position:0% +or the total amount of pathogen the +total amount of bacteria + + align:start position:0% +total amount of bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +total amount of bacteria +plays a role as well in sort of how + + align:start position:0% +plays a role as well in sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +plays a role as well in sort of how +infectious the emissions are from + + align:start position:0% +infectious the emissions are from + + + align:start position:0% +infectious the emissions are from +breathing + + align:start position:0% +breathing + + + align:start position:0% +breathing +but these are some of the basic + + align:start position:0% +but these are some of the basic + + + align:start position:0% +but these are some of the basic +principles and now we'll move on to ask + + align:start position:0% +principles and now we'll move on to ask + + + align:start position:0% +principles and now we'll move on to ask +what happens to those droplets after + + align:start position:0% +what happens to those droplets after + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to those droplets after +they leave + + align:start position:0% +they leave + + + align:start position:0% +they leave +the mouth of the infected person \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7K1sB05pE0A.txt b/7K1sB05pE0A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f26b8ebfd66979e0ebed967b77d6cce09c3befb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/7K1sB05pE0A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7243 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so again welcome to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so again welcome to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so again welcome to +1801 we're getting started today with + + align:start position:0% +1801 we're getting started today with + + + align:start position:0% +1801 we're getting started today with +what we're calling unit one highly + + align:start position:0% +what we're calling unit one highly + + + align:start position:0% +what we're calling unit one highly +imaginative topic uh highly imaginative + + align:start position:0% +imaginative topic uh highly imaginative + + + align:start position:0% +imaginative topic uh highly imaginative +title and it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentiation so let me first tell you + + align:start position:0% +differentiation so let me first tell you + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation so let me first tell you +briefly what's in store in the next + + align:start position:0% +briefly what's in store in the next + + + align:start position:0% +briefly what's in store in the next +couple of + + align:start position:0% +couple of + + + align:start position:0% +couple of +weeks the main topic today is what is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to look at this from several different + + align:start position:0% +to look at this from several different + + + align:start position:0% +to look at this from several different +points of view and the first one is a + + align:start position:0% +points of view and the first one is a + + + align:start position:0% +points of view and the first one is a +the geometric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpretation and that's what we'll + + align:start position:0% +interpretation and that's what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation and that's what we'll +spend most of today on + + align:start position:0% +spend most of today on + + + align:start position:0% +spend most of today on +and then we'll also talk about a + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll also talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll also talk about a +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +interpretation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of what a derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then there's going to be something else + + align:start position:0% +then there's going to be something else + + + align:start position:0% +then there's going to be something else +which I guess is maybe the reason why + + align:start position:0% +which I guess is maybe the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +which I guess is maybe the reason why +calculus is so fundamental and why we + + align:start position:0% +calculus is so fundamental and why we + + + align:start position:0% +calculus is so fundamental and why we +always start with it uh at in most + + align:start position:0% +always start with it uh at in most + + + align:start position:0% +always start with it uh at in most +science and engineering schools which is + + align:start position:0% +science and engineering schools which is + + + align:start position:0% +science and engineering schools which is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +importance of derivatives + + align:start position:0% +importance of derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +importance of derivatives +of of this to + + align:start position:0% +of of this to + + + align:start position:0% +of of this to +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measurements so that means pretty much + + align:start position:0% +measurements so that means pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +measurements so that means pretty much +every place that means in science and + + align:start position:0% +every place that means in science and + + + align:start position:0% +every place that means in science and +engineering in + + align:start position:0% +engineering in + + + align:start position:0% +engineering in +economics in uh political + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +science Etc uh polling uh lots of + + align:start position:0% +science Etc uh polling uh lots of + + + align:start position:0% +science Etc uh polling uh lots of +commercial applications just just about + + align:start position:0% +commercial applications just just about + + + align:start position:0% +commercial applications just just about +everything now so that's what we'll be + + align:start position:0% +everything now so that's what we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +everything now so that's what we'll be +getting started with and then there's + + align:start position:0% +getting started with and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +getting started with and then there's +another thing that we're going to do in + + align:start position:0% +another thing that we're going to do in + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that we're going to do in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +unit which is we're going to explain how + + align:start position:0% +unit which is we're going to explain how + + + align:start position:0% +unit which is we're going to explain how +to differentiate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything so how to differentiate any + + align:start position:0% +anything so how to differentiate any + + + align:start position:0% +anything so how to differentiate any +function you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's kind of a tall order but let + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of a tall order but let + + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of a tall order but let +me just give you an example if you want + + align:start position:0% +me just give you an example if you want + + + align:start position:0% +me just give you an example if you want +to take the derivative this we'll see + + align:start position:0% +to take the derivative this we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +to take the derivative this we'll see +today as the notation for the derivative + + align:start position:0% +today as the notation for the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +today as the notation for the derivative +of something of some messy function like + + align:start position:0% +of something of some messy function like + + + align:start position:0% +of something of some messy function like +e to the X AR + + align:start position:0% +e to the X AR + + + align:start position:0% +e to the X AR +tan of + + align:start position:0% +tan of + + + align:start position:0% +tan of +X we'll work this out by the end of this + + align:start position:0% +X we'll work this out by the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +X we'll work this out by the end of this +unit all right so anything you can think + + align:start position:0% +unit all right so anything you can think + + + align:start position:0% +unit all right so anything you can think +of anything you can write down we can + + align:start position:0% +of anything you can write down we can + + + align:start position:0% +of anything you can write down we can +differentiated all right so that's what + + align:start position:0% +differentiated all right so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated all right so that's what +we're going to do and today as I said + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do and today as I said + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do and today as I said +we're going to spend most of our time on + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend most of our time on + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend most of our time on +this geometric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpretation so let's let's begin with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so here we go with the + + align:start position:0% +that so here we go with the + + + align:start position:0% +that so here we go with the +geometric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpretation of uh + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of uh + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of uh +derivatives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to +do is just ask the geometric problem of + + align:start position:0% +do is just ask the geometric problem of + + + align:start position:0% +do is just ask the geometric problem of +finding the tangent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line to + + align:start position:0% +line to + + + align:start position:0% +line to +some graph of some function at some + + align:start position:0% +some graph of some function at some + + + align:start position:0% +some graph of some function at some +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +which is say x0 y0 so that's the problem + + align:start position:0% +which is say x0 y0 so that's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +which is say x0 y0 so that's the problem +that we're addressing here um guess I + + align:start position:0% +that we're addressing here um guess I + + + align:start position:0% +that we're addressing here um guess I +should probably turn this + + align:start position:0% +should probably turn this + + + align:start position:0% +should probably turn this +off all right so here's our problem and + + align:start position:0% +off all right so here's our problem and + + + align:start position:0% +off all right so here's our problem and +now let me show you the + + align:start position:0% +now let me show you the + + + align:start position:0% +now let me show you the +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +so well let's graph the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so let's say here's its graph + + align:start position:0% +function so let's say here's its graph + + + align:start position:0% +function so let's say here's its graph +and here's some point all right maybe I + + align:start position:0% +and here's some point all right maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +and here's some point all right maybe I +should draw it just a bit lower so that + + align:start position:0% +should draw it just a bit lower so that + + + align:start position:0% +should draw it just a bit lower so that +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +don't all right so here's a point P + + align:start position:0% +don't all right so here's a point P + + + align:start position:0% +don't all right so here's a point P +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +it's above the point + + align:start position:0% +it's above the point + + + align:start position:0% +it's above the point +x0 x0 by the way this was supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +x0 x0 by the way this was supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +x0 x0 by the way this was supposed to be +an x0 that was the some fixed place on + + align:start position:0% +an x0 that was the some fixed place on + + + align:start position:0% +an x0 that was the some fixed place on +the x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axis and now in order to perform this + + align:start position:0% +axis and now in order to perform this + + + align:start position:0% +axis and now in order to perform this +this Mighty feat I will + + align:start position:0% +this Mighty feat I will + + + align:start position:0% +this Mighty feat I will +um use another color of chalk how about + + align:start position:0% +um use another color of chalk how about + + + align:start position:0% +um use another color of chalk how about +red okay so so here it is there's the + + align:start position:0% +red okay so so here it is there's the + + + align:start position:0% +red okay so so here it is there's the +tangent line well not quite straight + + align:start position:0% +tangent line well not quite straight + + + align:start position:0% +tangent line well not quite straight +close enough right I did it all right + + align:start position:0% +close enough right I did it all right + + + align:start position:0% +close enough right I did it all right +that's the end that's the geometric + + align:start position:0% +that's the end that's the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +that's the end that's the geometric +problem I achieved what I wanted to do + + align:start position:0% +problem I achieved what I wanted to do + + + align:start position:0% +problem I achieved what I wanted to do +and uh it's kind of an interesting + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's kind of an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's kind of an interesting +question which unfortunately I can't + + align:start position:0% +question which unfortunately I can't + + + align:start position:0% +question which unfortunately I can't +solve for you in this class which is how + + align:start position:0% +solve for you in this class which is how + + + align:start position:0% +solve for you in this class which is how +did I do that that is how physically did + + align:start position:0% +did I do that that is how physically did + + + align:start position:0% +did I do that that is how physically did +I manage to know what to do to draw this + + align:start position:0% +I manage to know what to do to draw this + + + align:start position:0% +I manage to know what to do to draw this +tangent line but that's what geometric + + align:start position:0% +tangent line but that's what geometric + + + align:start position:0% +tangent line but that's what geometric +problems are like um we visualize it we + + align:start position:0% +problems are like um we visualize it we + + + align:start position:0% +problems are like um we visualize it we +can figure it out somewhere in our + + align:start position:0% +can figure it out somewhere in our + + + align:start position:0% +can figure it out somewhere in our +brains it happens and the task that we + + align:start position:0% +brains it happens and the task that we + + + align:start position:0% +brains it happens and the task that we +have now is to figure out how to do it + + align:start position:0% +have now is to figure out how to do it + + + align:start position:0% +have now is to figure out how to do it +analytically to do it in a way that uh a + + align:start position:0% +analytically to do it in a way that uh a + + + align:start position:0% +analytically to do it in a way that uh a +machine could do just as well as I did + + align:start position:0% +machine could do just as well as I did + + + align:start position:0% +machine could do just as well as I did +in drawing this tangent + + align:start position:0% +in drawing this tangent + + + align:start position:0% +in drawing this tangent +line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so what do we learn in high school + + align:start position:0% +so so what do we learn in high school + + + align:start position:0% +so so what do we learn in high school +about what a tangent line is well a + + align:start position:0% +about what a tangent line is well a + + + align:start position:0% +about what a tangent line is well a +tangent line has an equation and any + + align:start position:0% +tangent line has an equation and any + + + align:start position:0% +tangent line has an equation and any +line through Point has the equation y - + + align:start position:0% +line through Point has the equation y - + + + align:start position:0% +line through Point has the equation y - +y0 is equal to M the slope time x - x0 + + align:start position:0% +y0 is equal to M the slope time x - x0 + + + align:start position:0% +y0 is equal to M the slope time x - x0 +so so here's the + + align:start position:0% +so so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +so so here's the +the equation for that + + align:start position:0% +the equation for that + + + align:start position:0% +the equation for that +line and now there are two pieces of + + align:start position:0% +line and now there are two pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +line and now there are two pieces of +information that we're going to need to + + align:start position:0% +information that we're going to need to + + + align:start position:0% +information that we're going to need to +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +out uh what the line is the first one is + + align:start position:0% +out uh what the line is the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +out uh what the line is the first one is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +point that's that point P there and to + + align:start position:0% +point that's that point P there and to + + + align:start position:0% +point that's that point P there and to +specify P given given X we need to know + + align:start position:0% +specify P given given X we need to know + + + align:start position:0% +specify P given given X we need to know +the uh the the level of Y which is of + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the level of Y which is of + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the level of Y which is of +course just f ofx z now that's that's + + align:start position:0% +course just f ofx z now that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +course just f ofx z now that's that's +not a calculus problem but anyway that's + + align:start position:0% +not a calculus problem but anyway that's + + + align:start position:0% +not a calculus problem but anyway that's +a very important part of the process so + + align:start position:0% +a very important part of the process so + + + align:start position:0% +a very important part of the process so +that's the first thing we need to + + align:start position:0% +that's the first thing we need to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first thing we need to +know and the second thing we need to + + align:start position:0% +know and the second thing we need to + + + align:start position:0% +know and the second thing we need to +know is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slope and that's this number + + align:start position:0% +slope and that's this number + + + align:start position:0% +slope and that's this number +M and in calculus we have another name + + align:start position:0% +M and in calculus we have another name + + + align:start position:0% +M and in calculus we have another name +for it we call it frime of x0 namely the + + align:start position:0% +for it we call it frime of x0 namely the + + + align:start position:0% +for it we call it frime of x0 namely the +derivative of f so that's the calculus + + align:start position:0% +derivative of f so that's the calculus + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of f so that's the calculus +part that's the tricky part and that's + + align:start position:0% +part that's the tricky part and that's + + + align:start position:0% +part that's the tricky part and that's +the part that we have to discuss + + align:start position:0% +the part that we have to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +the part that we have to discuss +now so just to make that + + align:start position:0% +now so just to make that + + + align:start position:0% +now so just to make that +uh explicit here I'm going to make a + + align:start position:0% +uh explicit here I'm going to make a + + + align:start position:0% +uh explicit here I'm going to make a +definition which is that frime of + + align:start position:0% +definition which is that frime of + + + align:start position:0% +definition which is that frime of +x0 which is known as the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative of + + align:start position:0% +derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of +F at + + align:start position:0% +F at + + + align:start position:0% +F at +x0 all right is the + + align:start position:0% +x0 all right is the + + + align:start position:0% +x0 all right is the +slope + + align:start position:0% +slope + + + align:start position:0% +slope +of the tangent + + align:start position:0% +of the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +of the tangent +line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to Y = + + align:start position:0% +to Y = + + + align:start position:0% +to Y = +FX at the point + + align:start position:0% +FX at the point + + + align:start position:0% +FX at the point +uh uh let's just call it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P all + + align:start position:0% +P all + + + align:start position:0% +P all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so so that's what it is but still I + + align:start position:0% +so so that's what it is but still I + + + align:start position:0% +so so that's what it is but still I +haven't made any progress in figuring + + align:start position:0% +haven't made any progress in figuring + + + align:start position:0% +haven't made any progress in figuring +out any better how I drew that line so I + + align:start position:0% +out any better how I drew that line so I + + + align:start position:0% +out any better how I drew that line so I +have to say something that's more + + align:start position:0% +have to say something that's more + + + align:start position:0% +have to say something that's more +concrete because I want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +concrete because I want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +concrete because I want to be able to +cook up what these numbers are I have to + + align:start position:0% +cook up what these numbers are I have to + + + align:start position:0% +cook up what these numbers are I have to +figure out what this number m is uh and + + align:start position:0% +figure out what this number m is uh and + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what this number m is uh and +one way of thinking about that let me + + align:start position:0% +one way of thinking about that let me + + + align:start position:0% +one way of thinking about that let me +just uh try it is so I certainly am + + align:start position:0% +just uh try it is so I certainly am + + + align:start position:0% +just uh try it is so I certainly am +taking for granted the sort of + + align:start position:0% +taking for granted the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +taking for granted the sort of +non-calculus part that I know what a + + align:start position:0% +non-calculus part that I know what a + + + align:start position:0% +non-calculus part that I know what a +line through a point is so I know this + + align:start position:0% +line through a point is so I know this + + + align:start position:0% +line through a point is so I know this +equation but another possibility might + + align:start position:0% +equation but another possibility might + + + align:start position:0% +equation but another possibility might +be you know this line here how do I know + + align:start position:0% +be you know this line here how do I know + + + align:start position:0% +be you know this line here how do I know +well fortunately I didn't draw it quite + + align:start position:0% +well fortunately I didn't draw it quite + + + align:start position:0% +well fortunately I didn't draw it quite +straight but there it is how do I know + + align:start position:0% +straight but there it is how do I know + + + align:start position:0% +straight but there it is how do I know +that this orange line is not a tangent + + align:start position:0% +that this orange line is not a tangent + + + align:start position:0% +that this orange line is not a tangent +line but this other line is a tangent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it's it's actually not so obvious + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's actually not so obvious + + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's actually not so obvious +and but I'm going + + align:start position:0% +and but I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and but I'm going +to describe it a little bit it's it's + + align:start position:0% +to describe it a little bit it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +to describe it a little bit it's it's +not really the fact this thing crosses + + align:start position:0% +not really the fact this thing crosses + + + align:start position:0% +not really the fact this thing crosses +at some other place which is this point + + align:start position:0% +at some other place which is this point + + + align:start position:0% +at some other place which is this point +q but it's not really the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +q but it's not really the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +q but it's not really the fact that the +thing crosses at two place because the + + align:start position:0% +thing crosses at two place because the + + + align:start position:0% +thing crosses at two place because the +line could be Wiggly the curve could be + + align:start position:0% +line could be Wiggly the curve could be + + + align:start position:0% +line could be Wiggly the curve could be +Wiggly and it could cross back and forth + + align:start position:0% +Wiggly and it could cross back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +Wiggly and it could cross back and forth +a number of times that's not what + + align:start position:0% +a number of times that's not what + + + align:start position:0% +a number of times that's not what +distinguishes the tangent + + align:start position:0% +distinguishes the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishes the tangent +line so I'm going to have to somehow + + align:start position:0% +line so I'm going to have to somehow + + + align:start position:0% +line so I'm going to have to somehow +grasp this and I first do it in + + align:start position:0% +grasp this and I first do it in + + + align:start position:0% +grasp this and I first do it in +language and it it's the following idea + + align:start position:0% +language and it it's the following idea + + + align:start position:0% +language and it it's the following idea +it's that if you take this orange line + + align:start position:0% +it's that if you take this orange line + + + align:start position:0% +it's that if you take this orange line +which is uh called a secant line and you + + align:start position:0% +which is uh called a secant line and you + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh called a secant line and you +think of the Q the point Q is getting + + align:start position:0% +think of the Q the point Q is getting + + + align:start position:0% +think of the Q the point Q is getting +closer and closer to P then the slope of + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to P then the slope of + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to P then the slope of +that line will get closer and closer to + + align:start position:0% +that line will get closer and closer to + + + align:start position:0% +that line will get closer and closer to +the slope of the red + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the red + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the red +line and if we draw it close enough then + + align:start position:0% +line and if we draw it close enough then + + + align:start position:0% +line and if we draw it close enough then +that's going to be the correct line so + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be the correct line so + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be the correct line so +that's really what I did sort of in my + + align:start position:0% +that's really what I did sort of in my + + + align:start position:0% +that's really what I did sort of in my +brain when I drew that first line and so + + align:start position:0% +brain when I drew that first line and so + + + align:start position:0% +brain when I drew that first line and so +that's the way I'm going to articulate + + align:start position:0% +that's the way I'm going to articulate + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way I'm going to articulate +it first now so the tangent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +line is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +line is equal to the +limit of what so-called secant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines + + align:start position:0% +lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines +PQ as Q TS to p and here we're thinking + + align:start position:0% +PQ as Q TS to p and here we're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +PQ as Q TS to p and here we're thinking +of p is being + + align:start position:0% +of p is being + + + align:start position:0% +of p is being +fixed and Q is + + align:start position:0% +fixed and Q is + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and Q is +varying all right so so that's + + align:start position:0% +varying all right so so that's + + + align:start position:0% +varying all right so so that's +the the G again this is still a + + align:start position:0% +the the G again this is still a + + + align:start position:0% +the the G again this is still a +geometric discussion but now uh we're + + align:start position:0% +geometric discussion but now uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +geometric discussion but now uh we're +going to be able to put symbols and + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to put symbols and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to put symbols and +formulas to this computation and we'll + + align:start position:0% +formulas to this computation and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +formulas to this computation and we'll +be able to um to work out uh formulas in + + align:start position:0% +be able to um to work out uh formulas in + + + align:start position:0% +be able to um to work out uh formulas in +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +so so let's do + + align:start position:0% +so so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's do +that so so first of + + align:start position:0% +that so so first of + + + align:start position:0% +that so so first of +all I'm going to write out these points + + align:start position:0% +all I'm going to write out these points + + + align:start position:0% +all I'm going to write out these points +p and Q again so maybe we'll put P + + align:start position:0% +p and Q again so maybe we'll put P + + + align:start position:0% +p and Q again so maybe we'll put P +here and Q + + align:start position:0% +here and Q + + + align:start position:0% +here and Q +here and I'm thinking of this line + + align:start position:0% +here and I'm thinking of this line + + + align:start position:0% +here and I'm thinking of this line +through them I guess it was orange so + + align:start position:0% +through them I guess it was orange so + + + align:start position:0% +through them I guess it was orange so +we'll leave it as + + align:start position:0% +we'll leave it as + + + align:start position:0% +we'll leave it as +orange all + + align:start position:0% +orange all + + + align:start position:0% +orange all +right and now I want to compute its + + align:start position:0% +right and now I want to compute its + + + align:start position:0% +right and now I want to compute its +slope and so this is gradually we'll do + + align:start position:0% +slope and so this is gradually we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +slope and so this is gradually we'll do +this in two steps and these steps will + + align:start position:0% +this in two steps and these steps will + + + align:start position:0% +this in two steps and these steps will +introduce to the basic notations which + + align:start position:0% +introduce to the basic notations which + + + align:start position:0% +introduce to the basic notations which +are used throughout calculus including + + align:start position:0% +are used throughout calculus including + + + align:start position:0% +are used throughout calculus including +multivariable calculus across the board + + align:start position:0% +multivariable calculus across the board + + + align:start position:0% +multivariable calculus across the board +so the first notation that's used is you + + align:start position:0% +so the first notation that's used is you + + + align:start position:0% +so the first notation that's used is you +imagine here's the x-axis underneath and + + align:start position:0% +imagine here's the x-axis underneath and + + + align:start position:0% +imagine here's the x-axis underneath and +here's the x0 the location directly + + align:start position:0% +here's the x0 the location directly + + + align:start position:0% +here's the x0 the location directly +below the point p and we're traveling + + align:start position:0% +below the point p and we're traveling + + + align:start position:0% +below the point p and we're traveling +here a horizontal distance which is + + align:start position:0% +here a horizontal distance which is + + + align:start position:0% +here a horizontal distance which is +denoted by Delta X so + + align:start position:0% +denoted by Delta X so + + + align:start position:0% +denoted by Delta X so +that's Delta X + + align:start position:0% +that's Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +that's Delta X +socaled and we could also call it the + + align:start position:0% +socaled and we could also call it the + + + align:start position:0% +socaled and we could also call it the +change in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X all right so that's one thing we want + + align:start position:0% +X all right so that's one thing we want + + + align:start position:0% +X all right so that's one thing we want +to measure in order to get the slope of + + align:start position:0% +to measure in order to get the slope of + + + align:start position:0% +to measure in order to get the slope of +this line PQ and the other thing is this + + align:start position:0% +this line PQ and the other thing is this + + + align:start position:0% +this line PQ and the other thing is this +height so that's this distance here + + align:start position:0% +height so that's this distance here + + + align:start position:0% +height so that's this distance here +which we denote Delta F which is the + + align:start position:0% +which we denote Delta F which is the + + + align:start position:0% +which we denote Delta F which is the +change in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +F and then the + + align:start position:0% +F and then the + + + align:start position:0% +F and then the +slope is just the ratio Delta F over + + align:start position:0% +slope is just the ratio Delta F over + + + align:start position:0% +slope is just the ratio Delta F over +Delta X + + align:start position:0% +Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X +so this is the slope of + + align:start position:0% +so this is the slope of + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the slope of +the of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +secant and the process I just described + + align:start position:0% +secant and the process I just described + + + align:start position:0% +secant and the process I just described +over here with this + + align:start position:0% +over here with this + + + align:start position:0% +over here with this +limit applies not just to the whole line + + align:start position:0% +limit applies not just to the whole line + + + align:start position:0% +limit applies not just to the whole line +itself but also in particular to its + + align:start position:0% +itself but also in particular to its + + + align:start position:0% +itself but also in particular to its +slope and the way we write that is the + + align:start position:0% +slope and the way we write that is the + + + align:start position:0% +slope and the way we write that is the +limit as Delta X goes to zero and that's + + align:start position:0% +limit as Delta X goes to zero and that's + + + align:start position:0% +limit as Delta X goes to zero and that's +going to be our slope so this is the + + align:start position:0% +going to be our slope so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be our slope so this is the +slope of the tangent line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this is still a little a little + + align:start position:0% +now this is still a little a little + + + align:start position:0% +now this is still a little a little +general and I'm going to I want to work + + align:start position:0% +general and I'm going to I want to work + + + align:start position:0% +general and I'm going to I want to work +out a more usable form here I want to + + align:start position:0% +out a more usable form here I want to + + + align:start position:0% +out a more usable form here I want to +work out a better formula for this and + + align:start position:0% +work out a better formula for this and + + + align:start position:0% +work out a better formula for this and +in order to do that I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that I'm going to write +Delta F the numerator more explicitly + + align:start position:0% +Delta F the numerator more explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +Delta F the numerator more explicitly +here the change in F so remember that + + align:start position:0% +here the change in F so remember that + + + align:start position:0% +here the change in F so remember that +the point p is the point x0 F of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x0 all right that's what we got from our + + align:start position:0% +x0 all right that's what we got from our + + + align:start position:0% +x0 all right that's what we got from our +formula for the + + align:start position:0% +formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +formula for the +point and in order to compute these + + align:start position:0% +point and in order to compute these + + + align:start position:0% +point and in order to compute these +distances and in particular the vertical + + align:start position:0% +distances and in particular the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +distances and in particular the vertical +distance here I'm going to have to get a + + align:start position:0% +distance here I'm going to have to get a + + + align:start position:0% +distance here I'm going to have to get a +formula for Q as well so if this + + align:start position:0% +formula for Q as well so if this + + + align:start position:0% +formula for Q as well so if this +horizontal distance is Delta X then this + + align:start position:0% +horizontal distance is Delta X then this + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal distance is Delta X then this +location is x0 plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +location is x0 plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +location is x0 plus Delta +X and so the point above that point has + + align:start position:0% +X and so the point above that point has + + + align:start position:0% +X and so the point above that point has +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +formula which + + align:start position:0% +formula which + + + align:start position:0% +formula which +is x0 plus uh sorry plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +is x0 plus uh sorry plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +is x0 plus uh sorry plus Delta +x f of and this is a mouthful x0 + Delta + + align:start position:0% +x f of and this is a mouthful x0 + Delta + + + align:start position:0% +x f of and this is a mouthful x0 + Delta +X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so there's the formula for the + + align:start position:0% +all right so there's the formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +all right so there's the formula for the +point Q here's the formula for the point + + align:start position:0% +point Q here's the formula for the point + + + align:start position:0% +point Q here's the formula for the point +p and now I can write a + + align:start position:0% +p and now I can write a + + + align:start position:0% +p and now I can write a +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative which is the following so + + align:start position:0% +derivative which is the following so + + + align:start position:0% +derivative which is the following so +this frime of x0 which is the same as + + align:start position:0% +this frime of x0 which is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +this frime of x0 which is the same as +m is going to be the limit as Delta X + + align:start position:0% +m is going to be the limit as Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +m is going to be the limit as Delta X +goes to zero of the change in F Well the + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero of the change in F Well the + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero of the change in F Well the +change in F is the value of F at the + + align:start position:0% +change in F is the value of F at the + + + align:start position:0% +change in F is the value of F at the +upper Point here which is x0 + Delta + + align:start position:0% +upper Point here which is x0 + Delta + + + align:start position:0% +upper Point here which is x0 + Delta +X and minus its value at the lower Point + + align:start position:0% +X and minus its value at the lower Point + + + align:start position:0% +X and minus its value at the lower Point +P which is f of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x0 divided by Delta + + align:start position:0% +x0 divided by Delta + + + align:start position:0% +x0 divided by Delta +X all right so this is the formula I'm + + align:start position:0% +X all right so this is the formula I'm + + + align:start position:0% +X all right so this is the formula I'm +going to put this in a little box + + align:start position:0% +going to put this in a little box + + + align:start position:0% +going to put this in a little box +because this is by far + + align:start position:0% +because this is by far + + + align:start position:0% +because this is by far +the most important formula today which + + align:start position:0% +the most important formula today which + + + align:start position:0% +the most important formula today which +we use to derive pretty much everything + + align:start position:0% +we use to derive pretty much everything + + + align:start position:0% +we use to derive pretty much everything +else and this is the way that we're + + align:start position:0% +else and this is the way that we're + + + align:start position:0% +else and this is the way that we're +going to be able to compute these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers so let's let's do an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this example so we'll call this example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one uh we'll take the function f ofx + + align:start position:0% +one uh we'll take the function f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +one uh we'll take the function f ofx +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +1/x that's sufficiently complicated to + + align:start position:0% +1/x that's sufficiently complicated to + + + align:start position:0% +1/x that's sufficiently complicated to +have an interesting answer and uh + + align:start position:0% +have an interesting answer and uh + + + align:start position:0% +have an interesting answer and uh +sufficiently straightforward that we can + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently straightforward that we can + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently straightforward that we can +compute the derivative fairly + + align:start position:0% +compute the derivative fairly + + + align:start position:0% +compute the derivative fairly +quickly so so what is it that we're + + align:start position:0% +quickly so so what is it that we're + + + align:start position:0% +quickly so so what is it that we're +going to do + + align:start position:0% +going to do + + + align:start position:0% +going to do +here all we're going to do is we're + + align:start position:0% +here all we're going to do is we're + + + align:start position:0% +here all we're going to do is we're +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +to plug in this this formula here for + + align:start position:0% +to plug in this this formula here for + + + align:start position:0% +to plug in this this formula here for +for that function that's that's all + + align:start position:0% +for that function that's that's all + + + align:start position:0% +for that function that's that's all +we're going to do and Visually what + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do and Visually what + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do and Visually what +we're accomplishing is somehow to take + + align:start position:0% +we're accomplishing is somehow to take + + + align:start position:0% +we're accomplishing is somehow to take +the hyperbola and take a point on the + + align:start position:0% +the hyperbola and take a point on the + + + align:start position:0% +the hyperbola and take a point on the +hyperbola and figure + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola and figure + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola and figure +out some + + align:start position:0% +out some + + + align:start position:0% +out some +tangent line all right that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +tangent line all right that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +tangent line all right that's what we're +accomplishing when we do that so we're + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing when we do that so we're + + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing when we do that so we're +accomplishing this geometrically but + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing this geometrically but + + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing this geometrically but +we'll be doing it algebraically so first + + align:start position:0% +we'll be doing it algebraically so first + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be doing it algebraically so first +we consider this difference Delta F over + + align:start position:0% +we consider this difference Delta F over + + + align:start position:0% +we consider this difference Delta F over +Delta X and write out its formula so I + + align:start position:0% +Delta X and write out its formula so I + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X and write out its formula so I +have to have a place so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +have to have a place so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +have to have a place so I'm going to +make it again above this point x0 which + + align:start position:0% +make it again above this point x0 which + + + align:start position:0% +make it again above this point x0 which +is a general point we'll make the + + align:start position:0% +is a general point we'll make the + + + align:start position:0% +is a general point we'll make the +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +calculation so the value of F at the top + + align:start position:0% +calculation so the value of F at the top + + + align:start position:0% +calculation so the value of F at the top +when we move to the right by F ofx so I + + align:start position:0% +when we move to the right by F ofx so I + + + align:start position:0% +when we move to the right by F ofx so I +just read off from this read off from + + align:start position:0% +just read off from this read off from + + + align:start position:0% +just read off from this read off from +here the uh the formula the first thing + + align:start position:0% +here the uh the formula the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +here the uh the formula the first thing +I get here is 1 over x0 + Delta X that's + + align:start position:0% +I get here is 1 over x0 + Delta X that's + + + align:start position:0% +I get here is 1 over x0 + Delta X that's +the leftand term minus + + align:start position:0% +the leftand term minus + + + align:start position:0% +the leftand term minus +1x0 that's the right hand term and then + + align:start position:0% +1x0 that's the right hand term and then + + + align:start position:0% +1x0 that's the right hand term and then +I have to divide that by Delta + + align:start position:0% +I have to divide that by Delta + + + align:start position:0% +I have to divide that by Delta +X okay so here's + + align:start position:0% +X okay so here's + + + align:start position:0% +X okay so here's +our expression and by by the way this + + align:start position:0% +our expression and by by the way this + + + align:start position:0% +our expression and by by the way this +has a name this thing is called a + + align:start position:0% +has a name this thing is called a + + + align:start position:0% +has a name this thing is called a +difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quotient it's pretty complicated because + + align:start position:0% +quotient it's pretty complicated because + + + align:start position:0% +quotient it's pretty complicated because +there's always a difference in the + + align:start position:0% +there's always a difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's always a difference in the +numerator and in Disguise the + + align:start position:0% +numerator and in Disguise the + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and in Disguise the +denominator is a difference because it's + + align:start position:0% +denominator is a difference because it's + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is a difference because it's +the difference between the value on the + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the value on the + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the value on the +right side and the value on the left + + align:start position:0% +right side and the value on the left + + + align:start position:0% +right side and the value on the left +side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so now + + align:start position:0% +here okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so now +we're going to simplify it by some + + align:start position:0% +we're going to simplify it by some + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to simplify it by some +algebra so let's just take a look so + + align:start position:0% +algebra so let's just take a look so + + + align:start position:0% +algebra so let's just take a look so +this is equal to let's continue on the + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to let's continue on the + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to let's continue on the +next level here this is equal to 1 / + + align:start position:0% +next level here this is equal to 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +next level here this is equal to 1 / +Delta x * now all I'm going to do is put + + align:start position:0% +Delta x * now all I'm going to do is put + + + align:start position:0% +Delta x * now all I'm going to do is put +it over a common + + align:start position:0% +it over a common + + + align:start position:0% +it over a common +denominator so the common denominator is + + align:start position:0% +denominator so the common denominator is + + + align:start position:0% +denominator so the common denominator is +x0 + Delta x * x0 and so in the + + align:start position:0% +x0 + Delta x * x0 and so in the + + + align:start position:0% +x0 + Delta x * x0 and so in the +numerator for the first expression I + + align:start position:0% +numerator for the first expression I + + + align:start position:0% +numerator for the first expression I +have x0 and for the second expression I + + align:start position:0% +have x0 and for the second expression I + + + align:start position:0% +have x0 and for the second expression I +have x0 + Delta + + align:start position:0% +have x0 + Delta + + + align:start position:0% +have x0 + Delta +X so this is a the same thing as I had + + align:start position:0% +X so this is a the same thing as I had + + + align:start position:0% +X so this is a the same thing as I had +in the numerator before factoring out + + align:start position:0% +in the numerator before factoring out + + + align:start position:0% +in the numerator before factoring out +this denominator and here I put that + + align:start position:0% +this denominator and here I put that + + + align:start position:0% +this denominator and here I put that +numerator into this more amable form and + + align:start position:0% +numerator into this more amable form and + + + align:start position:0% +numerator into this more amable form and +now there are two basic cancellations + + align:start position:0% +now there are two basic cancellations + + + align:start position:0% +now there are two basic cancellations +the first one is that x0 and x0 + + align:start position:0% +the first one is that x0 and x0 + + + align:start position:0% +the first one is that x0 and x0 +cancel so we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the second step is that these + + align:start position:0% +and then the second step is that these + + + align:start position:0% +and then the second step is that these +two expressions cancel right the + + align:start position:0% +two expressions cancel right the + + + align:start position:0% +two expressions cancel right the +numerator and denominator now we have um + + align:start position:0% +numerator and denominator now we have um + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and denominator now we have um +a cancellation that we can make use of + + align:start position:0% +a cancellation that we can make use of + + + align:start position:0% +a cancellation that we can make use of +so we'll write that under + + align:start position:0% +so we'll write that under + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll write that under +here and this is uh equals Min -1 over + + align:start position:0% +here and this is uh equals Min -1 over + + + align:start position:0% +here and this is uh equals Min -1 over +x0 + Delta + + align:start position:0% +x0 + Delta + + + align:start position:0% +x0 + Delta +x * x0 and then the very last step is to + + align:start position:0% +x * x0 and then the very last step is to + + + align:start position:0% +x * x0 and then the very last step is to +take the + + align:start position:0% +take the + + + align:start position:0% +take the +limit as Delta X tends to zero + + align:start position:0% +limit as Delta X tends to zero + + + align:start position:0% +limit as Delta X tends to zero +and now we can do it before we couldn't + + align:start position:0% +and now we can do it before we couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +and now we can do it before we couldn't +do it why because the numerator and the + + align:start position:0% +do it why because the numerator and the + + + align:start position:0% +do it why because the numerator and the +denominator gave us 0 over Z but now + + align:start position:0% +denominator gave us 0 over Z but now + + + align:start position:0% +denominator gave us 0 over Z but now +that I've made this cancellation I can + + align:start position:0% +that I've made this cancellation I can + + + align:start position:0% +that I've made this cancellation I can +pass to the Limit and all that happens + + align:start position:0% +pass to the Limit and all that happens + + + align:start position:0% +pass to the Limit and all that happens +is I set this Delta x equal to Z and I + + align:start position:0% +is I set this Delta x equal to Z and I + + + align:start position:0% +is I set this Delta x equal to Z and I +get minus1 /x 0^ 2ar all right so that's + + align:start position:0% +get minus1 /x 0^ 2ar all right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +get minus1 /x 0^ 2ar all right so that's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so in other words what I've shown + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words what I've shown + + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words what I've shown +let me put it up here is that fime of x0 + + align:start position:0% +let me put it up here is that fime of x0 + + + align:start position:0% +let me put it up here is that fime of x0 +is -1 / x0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 now uh let's let's look at the graph + + align:start position:0% +2 now uh let's let's look at the graph + + + align:start position:0% +2 now uh let's let's look at the graph +just a little bit to check this for + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit to check this for + + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit to check this for +plausibility all + + align:start position:0% +plausibility all + + + align:start position:0% +plausibility all +right uh what's Happening Here is first + + align:start position:0% +right uh what's Happening Here is first + + + align:start position:0% +right uh what's Happening Here is first +of all it's negative right it's less + + align:start position:0% +of all it's negative right it's less + + + align:start position:0% +of all it's negative right it's less +than zero which is a good thing you see + + align:start position:0% +than zero which is a good thing you see + + + align:start position:0% +than zero which is a good thing you see +that slope there is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative that's the simplest check that + + align:start position:0% +negative that's the simplest check that + + + align:start position:0% +negative that's the simplest check that +you could make and the second thing that + + align:start position:0% +you could make and the second thing that + + + align:start position:0% +you could make and the second thing that +I would just like to point out is that + + align:start position:0% +I would just like to point out is that + + + align:start position:0% +I would just like to point out is that +as X goes to Infinity that that is if as + + align:start position:0% +as X goes to Infinity that that is if as + + + align:start position:0% +as X goes to Infinity that that is if as +we go farther to the right it gets less + + align:start position:0% +we go farther to the right it gets less + + + align:start position:0% +we go farther to the right it gets less +and less steep so uh + + align:start position:0% +and less steep so uh + + + align:start position:0% +and less steep so uh +less and whoops as X go x0 goes to + + align:start position:0% +less and whoops as X go x0 goes to + + + align:start position:0% +less and whoops as X go x0 goes to +Infinity not not zero as x0 goes to + + align:start position:0% +Infinity not not zero as x0 goes to + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity not not zero as x0 goes to +Infinity less and less + + align:start position:0% +Infinity less and less + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity less and less +steep so that's also consistent here is + + align:start position:0% +steep so that's also consistent here is + + + align:start position:0% +steep so that's also consistent here is +when x0 is very large this is a smaller + + align:start position:0% +when x0 is very large this is a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +when x0 is very large this is a smaller +and smaller number in in magnitude + + align:start position:0% +and smaller number in in magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +and smaller number in in magnitude +although it's always negative it's + + align:start position:0% +although it's always negative it's + + + align:start position:0% +although it's always negative it's +always sloping + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right uh so I've managed to fill the + + align:start position:0% +all right uh so I've managed to fill the + + + align:start position:0% +all right uh so I've managed to fill the +boards so maybe I should stop for a + + align:start position:0% +boards so maybe I should stop for a + + + align:start position:0% +boards so maybe I should stop for a +question or two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes so the question is to explain again + + align:start position:0% +yes so the question is to explain again + + + align:start position:0% +yes so the question is to explain again +this uh limiting process so the formula + + align:start position:0% +this uh limiting process so the formula + + + align:start position:0% +this uh limiting process so the formula +here is We have basically two numbers so + + align:start position:0% +here is We have basically two numbers so + + + align:start position:0% +here is We have basically two numbers so +in other words why is it that this + + align:start position:0% +in other words why is it that this + + + align:start position:0% +in other words why is it that this +expression when Delta x ts to 0 is equal + + align:start position:0% +expression when Delta x ts to 0 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +expression when Delta x ts to 0 is equal +to - 1x0 2 let me let me illustrate it + + align:start position:0% +to - 1x0 2 let me let me illustrate it + + + align:start position:0% +to - 1x0 2 let me let me illustrate it +by sticking in a number for x0 to make + + align:start position:0% +by sticking in a number for x0 to make + + + align:start position:0% +by sticking in a number for x0 to make +it more explicit all right so for + + align:start position:0% +it more explicit all right so for + + + align:start position:0% +it more explicit all right so for +instance let me stick in here for x0 the + + align:start position:0% +instance let me stick in here for x0 the + + + align:start position:0% +instance let me stick in here for x0 the +number 3 then it's -1 over 3 + Delta x * + + align:start position:0% +number 3 then it's -1 over 3 + Delta x * + + + align:start position:0% +number 3 then it's -1 over 3 + Delta x * +3 that's the situation that we've got + + align:start position:0% +3 that's the situation that we've got + + + align:start position:0% +3 that's the situation that we've got +and now the question is what happens as + + align:start position:0% +and now the question is what happens as + + + align:start position:0% +and now the question is what happens as +this number gets smaller and smaller and + + align:start position:0% +this number gets smaller and smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +this number gets smaller and smaller and +smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller +and gets to be practically zero well + + align:start position:0% +and gets to be practically zero well + + + align:start position:0% +and gets to be practically zero well +literally what we can do is just plug in + + align:start position:0% +literally what we can do is just plug in + + + align:start position:0% +literally what we can do is just plug in +zero there then you get 3 + 0 * 3 in the + + align:start position:0% +zero there then you get 3 + 0 * 3 in the + + + align:start position:0% +zero there then you get 3 + 0 * 3 in the +denominator minus one in the numerator + + align:start position:0% +denominator minus one in the numerator + + + align:start position:0% +denominator minus one in the numerator +so this tends + + align:start position:0% +so this tends + + + align:start position:0% +so this tends +to tends to -1 over 9 over 3^ + + align:start position:0% +to tends to -1 over 9 over 3^ + + + align:start position:0% +to tends to -1 over 9 over 3^ +SAR and that's what I'm saying in + + align:start position:0% +SAR and that's what I'm saying in + + + align:start position:0% +SAR and that's what I'm saying in +general with this with this + + align:start position:0% +general with this with this + + + align:start position:0% +general with this with this +extra number here other other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions yes how did you simplify + + align:start position:0% +questions yes how did you simplify + + + align:start position:0% +questions yes how did you simplify +Del Delta X how you simplify from the + + align:start position:0% +Del Delta X how you simplify from the + + + align:start position:0% +Del Delta X how you simplify from the +origal equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to so the question is how what happened + + align:start position:0% +to so the question is how what happened + + + align:start position:0% +to so the question is how what happened +between this step and this step right + + align:start position:0% +between this step and this step right + + + align:start position:0% +between this step and this step right +explain this this step here all right so + + align:start position:0% +explain this this step here all right so + + + align:start position:0% +explain this this step here all right so +there were two parts to that the first + + align:start position:0% +there were two parts to that the first + + + align:start position:0% +there were two parts to that the first +is this Delta X which was sitting in the + + align:start position:0% +is this Delta X which was sitting in the + + + align:start position:0% +is this Delta X which was sitting in the +denominator I factored all the way out + + align:start position:0% +denominator I factored all the way out + + + align:start position:0% +denominator I factored all the way out +front and so what's in the parentheses + + align:start position:0% +front and so what's in the parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +front and so what's in the parentheses +is supposed to be the same as what's in + + align:start position:0% +is supposed to be the same as what's in + + + align:start position:0% +is supposed to be the same as what's in +the numerator of this other expression + + align:start position:0% +the numerator of this other expression + + + align:start position:0% +the numerator of this other expression +and then at the same time as doing that + + align:start position:0% +and then at the same time as doing that + + + align:start position:0% +and then at the same time as doing that +I put that expression which is a + + align:start position:0% +I put that expression which is a + + + align:start position:0% +I put that expression which is a +difference of two fractions I expressed + + align:start position:0% +difference of two fractions I expressed + + + align:start position:0% +difference of two fractions I expressed +it with a common denominator so in the + + align:start position:0% +it with a common denominator so in the + + + align:start position:0% +it with a common denominator so in the +denominator here you see the product of + + align:start position:0% +denominator here you see the product of + + + align:start position:0% +denominator here you see the product of +the denominators of the two fractions + + align:start position:0% +the denominators of the two fractions + + + align:start position:0% +the denominators of the two fractions +and then I just figured out what the + + align:start position:0% +and then I just figured out what the + + + align:start position:0% +and then I just figured out what the +numerator had to be without + + align:start position:0% +numerator had to be without + + + align:start position:0% +numerator had to be without +really yeah other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +questions okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay okay so +now uh so I I claim that on the + + align:start position:0% +now uh so I I claim that on the + + + align:start position:0% +now uh so I I claim that on the +whole calculus is uh gets a bad wrap + + align:start position:0% +whole calculus is uh gets a bad wrap + + + align:start position:0% +whole calculus is uh gets a bad wrap +that it's um actually easier than than + + align:start position:0% +that it's um actually easier than than + + + align:start position:0% +that it's um actually easier than than +most things um but it has there's a + + align:start position:0% +most things um but it has there's a + + + align:start position:0% +most things um but it has there's a +perception that it's that it's that it's + + align:start position:0% +perception that it's that it's that it's + + + align:start position:0% +perception that it's that it's that it's +harder and so I really have a duty to to + + align:start position:0% +harder and so I really have a duty to to + + + align:start position:0% +harder and so I really have a duty to to +give you the calculus made harder a + + align:start position:0% +give you the calculus made harder a + + + align:start position:0% +give you the calculus made harder a +story here so we we we we have to make + + align:start position:0% +story here so we we we we have to make + + + align:start position:0% +story here so we we we we have to make +things harder because that's that's our + + align:start position:0% +things harder because that's that's our + + + align:start position:0% +things harder because that's that's our +job and this is actually what most + + align:start position:0% +job and this is actually what most + + + align:start position:0% +job and this is actually what most +people do in calculus and it's the + + align:start position:0% +people do in calculus and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +people do in calculus and it's the +reason why calculus has a bad reputation + + align:start position:0% +reason why calculus has a bad reputation + + + align:start position:0% +reason why calculus has a bad reputation +so the the the secret is that when + + align:start position:0% +so the the the secret is that when + + + align:start position:0% +so the the the secret is that when +people ask problems in calculus they + + align:start position:0% +people ask problems in calculus they + + + align:start position:0% +people ask problems in calculus they +generally ask them in context and there + + align:start position:0% +generally ask them in context and there + + + align:start position:0% +generally ask them in context and there +are many many other things going on and + + align:start position:0% +are many many other things going on and + + + align:start position:0% +are many many other things going on and +so the little piece of the problem which + + align:start position:0% +so the little piece of the problem which + + + align:start position:0% +so the little piece of the problem which +is calculus is actually fairly routine + + align:start position:0% +is calculus is actually fairly routine + + + align:start position:0% +is calculus is actually fairly routine +and has to be isolated and gotten + + align:start position:0% +and has to be isolated and gotten + + + align:start position:0% +and has to be isolated and gotten +through but all the rest of it relies on + + align:start position:0% +through but all the rest of it relies on + + + align:start position:0% +through but all the rest of it relies on +everything else you learned in + + align:start position:0% +everything else you learned in + + + align:start position:0% +everything else you learned in +mathematics up to this stage from grade + + align:start position:0% +mathematics up to this stage from grade + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics up to this stage from grade +school to through high school so so + + align:start position:0% +school to through high school so so + + + align:start position:0% +school to through high school so so +that's the complication so now we're + + align:start position:0% +that's the complication so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's the complication so now we're +going to do a little bit of calculus + + align:start position:0% +going to do a little bit of calculus + + + align:start position:0% +going to do a little bit of calculus +made + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hard by uh uh talking about a word + + align:start position:0% +hard by uh uh talking about a word + + + align:start position:0% +hard by uh uh talking about a word +problem now we we only have one sort of + + align:start position:0% +problem now we we only have one sort of + + + align:start position:0% +problem now we we only have one sort of +word problem that we can pose because + + align:start position:0% +word problem that we can pose because + + + align:start position:0% +word problem that we can pose because +all we've talked about is this geometry + + align:start position:0% +all we've talked about is this geometry + + + align:start position:0% +all we've talked about is this geometry +uh uh point of view so so far those are + + align:start position:0% +uh uh point of view so so far those are + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh point of view so so far those are +the only kinds of word problems we can + + align:start position:0% +the only kinds of word problems we can + + + align:start position:0% +the only kinds of word problems we can +pose so what we're going to do is just + + align:start position:0% +pose so what we're going to do is just + + + align:start position:0% +pose so what we're going to do is just +pose such a problem so find the + + align:start position:0% +pose such a problem so find the + + + align:start position:0% +pose such a problem so find the +areas of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enclosed by the + + align:start position:0% +enclosed by the + + + align:start position:0% +enclosed by the +axes + + align:start position:0% +axes + + + align:start position:0% +axes +and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tangent to um y = + + align:start position:0% +tangent to um y = + + + align:start position:0% +tangent to um y = +1X okay so that's a geometry + + align:start position:0% +1X okay so that's a geometry + + + align:start position:0% +1X okay so that's a geometry +problem and let me draw a picture of it + + align:start position:0% +problem and let me draw a picture of it + + + align:start position:0% +problem and let me draw a picture of it +it's practically the the same as the + + align:start position:0% +it's practically the the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +it's practically the the same as the +picture for example one of course so + + align:start position:0% +picture for example one of course so + + + align:start position:0% +picture for example one of course so +here's we only consider the first + + align:start position:0% +here's we only consider the first + + + align:start position:0% +here's we only consider the first +quadrant here's our + + align:start position:0% +quadrant here's our + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant here's our +shape all right it's the hyperbola and + + align:start position:0% +shape all right it's the hyperbola and + + + align:start position:0% +shape all right it's the hyperbola and +here's maybe one of our tangent lines + + align:start position:0% +here's maybe one of our tangent lines + + + align:start position:0% +here's maybe one of our tangent lines +which is coming in like this and + + align:start position:0% +which is coming in like this and + + + align:start position:0% +which is coming in like this and +then we're trying to find this area + + align:start position:0% +then we're trying to find this area + + + align:start position:0% +then we're trying to find this area +here all right so there's our problem so + + align:start position:0% +here all right so there's our problem so + + + align:start position:0% +here all right so there's our problem so +why does it have to do with Calculus it + + align:start position:0% +why does it have to do with Calculus it + + + align:start position:0% +why does it have to do with Calculus it +has to do with Calculus because there's + + align:start position:0% +has to do with Calculus because there's + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with Calculus because there's +a tangent line in it and so we're going + + align:start position:0% +a tangent line in it and so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +a tangent line in it and so we're going +to need to do some calculus to to answer + + align:start position:0% +to need to do some calculus to to answer + + + align:start position:0% +to need to do some calculus to to answer +this question but as you'll see the + + align:start position:0% +this question but as you'll see the + + + align:start position:0% +this question but as you'll see the +calculus is the easy part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is and once I figured out what the + + align:start position:0% +is and once I figured out what the + + + align:start position:0% +is and once I figured out what the +tangent line is the rest of the problem + + align:start position:0% +tangent line is the rest of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +tangent line is the rest of the problem +is no longer calculus it's just that + + align:start position:0% +is no longer calculus it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +is no longer calculus it's just that +slope that we need so what's the formula + + align:start position:0% +slope that we need so what's the formula + + + align:start position:0% +slope that we need so what's the formula +for the tangent line put that over + + align:start position:0% +for the tangent line put that over + + + align:start position:0% +for the tangent line put that over +here it's going to be Yus y0 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to be Yus y0 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to be Yus y0 is equal to +and here's the magic number we already + + align:start position:0% +and here's the magic number we already + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the magic number we already +calculated it it's in the box over there + + align:start position:0% +calculated it it's in the box over there + + + align:start position:0% +calculated it it's in the box over there +it's -1 /x 0^ + + align:start position:0% +it's -1 /x 0^ + + + align:start position:0% +it's -1 /x 0^ +2ar x - x0 + + align:start position:0% +2ar x - x0 + + + align:start position:0% +2ar x - x0 +so this is the only bit of calculus in + + align:start position:0% +so this is the only bit of calculus in + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the only bit of calculus in +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem but now we're not done we have + + align:start position:0% +problem but now we're not done we have + + + align:start position:0% +problem but now we're not done we have +to finish it we have to figure out all + + align:start position:0% +to finish it we have to figure out all + + + align:start position:0% +to finish it we have to figure out all +the rest of these quantities so we can + + align:start position:0% +the rest of these quantities so we can + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of these quantities so we can +figure out the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how do we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that well to find this point this has a + + align:start position:0% +that well to find this point this has a + + + align:start position:0% +that well to find this point this has a +name we're going to + + align:start position:0% +name we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +name we're going to +find the um so-called x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intercept that's the first thing we're + + align:start position:0% +intercept that's the first thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +intercept that's the first thing we're +going to do so to do that what we need + + align:start position:0% +going to do so to do that what we need + + + align:start position:0% +going to do so to do that what we need +to do is to find where this horizontal + + align:start position:0% +to do is to find where this horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +to do is to find where this horizontal +line meets that diagonal line and the + + align:start position:0% +line meets that diagonal line and the + + + align:start position:0% +line meets that diagonal line and the +equation for the x intercept is y = + + align:start position:0% +equation for the x intercept is y = + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the x intercept is y = +0 all + + align:start position:0% +0 all + + + align:start position:0% +0 all +right so we plug in y equals 0 that's + + align:start position:0% +right so we plug in y equals 0 that's + + + align:start position:0% +right so we plug in y equals 0 that's +this horizontal line and we find this + + align:start position:0% +this horizontal line and we find this + + + align:start position:0% +this horizontal line and we find this +point so let's do that into + + align:start position:0% +point so let's do that into + + + align:start position:0% +point so let's do that into +star so we get 0 minus oh one other + + align:start position:0% +star so we get 0 minus oh one other + + + align:start position:0% +star so we get 0 minus oh one other +thing we need to know we know that + + align:start position:0% +thing we need to know we know that + + + align:start position:0% +thing we need to know we know that +y0 is f of x0 and F ofx is 1 /x so this + + align:start position:0% +y0 is f of x0 and F ofx is 1 /x so this + + + align:start position:0% +y0 is f of x0 and F ofx is 1 /x so this +thing is 1 / + + align:start position:0% +thing is 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +thing is 1 / +x0 right and that's equal to -1 /x 0^ + + align:start position:0% +x0 right and that's equal to -1 /x 0^ + + + align:start position:0% +x0 right and that's equal to -1 /x 0^ +2ar and here's X and here's + + align:start position:0% +2ar and here's X and here's + + + align:start position:0% +2ar and here's X and here's +x0 all right so in order to find this x + + align:start position:0% +x0 all right so in order to find this x + + + align:start position:0% +x0 all right so in order to find this x +value I have to uh plug in one equation + + align:start position:0% +value I have to uh plug in one equation + + + align:start position:0% +value I have to uh plug in one equation +into the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other so this simplifies a + + align:start position:0% +other so this simplifies a + + + align:start position:0% +other so this simplifies a +bit uh let's put let's see this is uh - + + align:start position:0% +bit uh let's put let's see this is uh - + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh let's put let's see this is uh - +xx0 2 and this is plus 1 over x0 because + + align:start position:0% +xx0 2 and this is plus 1 over x0 because + + + align:start position:0% +xx0 2 and this is plus 1 over x0 because +the x0 and x0 squar cancel somewhat and + + align:start position:0% +the x0 and x0 squar cancel somewhat and + + + align:start position:0% +the x0 and x0 squar cancel somewhat and +so if I put this on the other side I get + + align:start position:0% +so if I put this on the other side I get + + + align:start position:0% +so if I put this on the other side I get +x / x 0^ 2 is equal to 2 + + align:start position:0% +x / x 0^ 2 is equal to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +x / x 0^ 2 is equal to 2 +x0 and if I then multiply through so + + align:start position:0% +x0 and if I then multiply through so + + + align:start position:0% +x0 and if I then multiply through so +that's what this implies and If I + + align:start position:0% +that's what this implies and If I + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this implies and If I +multiply + + align:start position:0% +multiply + + + align:start position:0% +multiply +through by uh x0 2 I get X is equal to 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so I claim that this point + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I claim that this point + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I claim that this point +we've just calculated it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2x0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I'm almost done I need to get the + + align:start position:0% +now I'm almost done I need to get the + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm almost done I need to get the +other one I need to get this one up + + align:start position:0% +other one I need to get this one up + + + align:start position:0% +other one I need to get this one up +here now I'm going to use a very big + + align:start position:0% +here now I'm going to use a very big + + + align:start position:0% +here now I'm going to use a very big +shortcut to do that so so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shortcut to the Y intercept sorry yeah + + align:start position:0% +shortcut to the Y intercept sorry yeah + + + align:start position:0% +shortcut to the Y intercept sorry yeah +the Y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intercept um is to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetry right I claim I can stare at + + align:start position:0% +symmetry right I claim I can stare at + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry right I claim I can stare at +this and I can look at that and I know + + align:start position:0% +this and I can look at that and I know + + + align:start position:0% +this and I can look at that and I know +the formula for the Y intercept it's + + align:start position:0% +the formula for the Y intercept it's + + + align:start position:0% +the formula for the Y intercept it's +equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to 2 + + align:start position:0% +to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 +y0 all right that's what that one is so + + align:start position:0% +y0 all right that's what that one is so + + + align:start position:0% +y0 all right that's what that one is so +this one is 2 y0 and the reason I know + + align:start position:0% +this one is 2 y0 and the reason I know + + + align:start position:0% +this one is 2 y0 and the reason I know +this is the following so here's the + + align:start position:0% +this is the following so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the following so here's the +symmetry of the situation which is not + + align:start position:0% +symmetry of the situation which is not + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry of the situation which is not +completely direct it's a kind of mirror + + align:start position:0% +completely direct it's a kind of mirror + + + align:start position:0% +completely direct it's a kind of mirror +symmetry around the diagonal it involves + + align:start position:0% +symmetry around the diagonal it involves + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry around the diagonal it involves +the ex + + align:start position:0% +the ex + + + align:start position:0% +the ex +change of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XY with + + align:start position:0% +XY with + + + align:start position:0% +XY with +YX SO trading the roles of X and Y so + + align:start position:0% +YX SO trading the roles of X and Y so + + + align:start position:0% +YX SO trading the roles of X and Y so +the Symmetry that I'm using is that any + + align:start position:0% +the Symmetry that I'm using is that any + + + align:start position:0% +the Symmetry that I'm using is that any +formula I get that involves x's and y's + + align:start position:0% +formula I get that involves x's and y's + + + align:start position:0% +formula I get that involves x's and y's +if I trade all the x's and replace them + + align:start position:0% +if I trade all the x's and replace them + + + align:start position:0% +if I trade all the x's and replace them +by y's and trade all the Y's and replace + + align:start position:0% +by y's and trade all the Y's and replace + + + align:start position:0% +by y's and trade all the Y's and replace +them by X's then I'll have it a correct + + align:start position:0% +them by X's then I'll have it a correct + + + align:start position:0% +them by X's then I'll have it a correct +formula on the other way so everywhere I + + align:start position:0% +formula on the other way so everywhere I + + + align:start position:0% +formula on the other way so everywhere I +see a y I'm making an X and everywhere I + + align:start position:0% +see a y I'm making an X and everywhere I + + + align:start position:0% +see a y I'm making an X and everywhere I +see an X I make it a y the switch will + + align:start position:0% +see an X I make it a y the switch will + + + align:start position:0% +see an X I make it a y the switch will +take place so why is that that's because + + align:start position:0% +take place so why is that that's because + + + align:start position:0% +take place so why is that that's because +the that's just an accident of this + + align:start position:0% +the that's just an accident of this + + + align:start position:0% +the that's just an accident of this +equation that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because so the Symmetry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explained is that the equation is y = 1 + + align:start position:0% +explained is that the equation is y = 1 + + + align:start position:0% +explained is that the equation is y = 1 +/x but that's the same thing as XY = 1 + + align:start position:0% +/x but that's the same thing as XY = 1 + + + align:start position:0% +/x but that's the same thing as XY = 1 +If I multiply through by X which is the + + align:start position:0% +If I multiply through by X which is the + + + align:start position:0% +If I multiply through by X which is the +same thing as x = 1 y so here's where + + align:start position:0% +same thing as x = 1 y so here's where + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as x = 1 y so here's where +the X and the Y get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reversed okay now if you don't trust + + align:start position:0% +reversed okay now if you don't trust + + + align:start position:0% +reversed okay now if you don't trust +this explanation you can also + + align:start position:0% +this explanation you can also + + + align:start position:0% +this explanation you can also +get get the Y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intercept by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plugging xal 0 into the into the + + align:start position:0% +plugging xal 0 into the into the + + + align:start position:0% +plugging xal 0 into the into the +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +star + + align:start position:0% +star + + + align:start position:0% +star +okay we plugged y equals 0 in and we got + + align:start position:0% +okay we plugged y equals 0 in and we got + + + align:start position:0% +okay we plugged y equals 0 in and we got +the x value and you could do the same + + align:start position:0% +the x value and you could do the same + + + align:start position:0% +the x value and you could do the same +thing analogously the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way all right so I'm almost done with + + align:start position:0% +way all right so I'm almost done with + + + align:start position:0% +way all right so I'm almost done with +the with the geometry problem and uh + + align:start position:0% +the with the geometry problem and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the with the geometry problem and uh +let's uh let's finish it off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +well let me hold off for one second + + align:start position:0% +well let me hold off for one second + + + align:start position:0% +well let me hold off for one second +before I finish it off what I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +before I finish it off what I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +before I finish it off what I'd like to +say is just make one more tiny remark + + align:start position:0% +say is just make one more tiny remark + + + align:start position:0% +say is just make one more tiny remark +all right and this is the hardest part + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is the hardest part + + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is the hardest part +of calculus in my + + align:start position:0% +of calculus in my + + + align:start position:0% +of calculus in my +opinion so the hardest part of + + align:start position:0% +opinion so the hardest part of + + + align:start position:0% +opinion so the hardest part of +calculus is that we call it one variable + + align:start position:0% +calculus is that we call it one variable + + + align:start position:0% +calculus is that we call it one variable +calculus but we're perfectly happy to + + align:start position:0% +calculus but we're perfectly happy to + + + align:start position:0% +calculus but we're perfectly happy to +deal with four variables at a time or + + align:start position:0% +deal with four variables at a time or + + + align:start position:0% +deal with four variables at a time or +five or any number in this problem I had + + align:start position:0% +five or any number in this problem I had + + + align:start position:0% +five or any number in this problem I had +an x a y an x0 and a y z that's already + + align:start position:0% +an x a y an x0 and a y z that's already + + + align:start position:0% +an x a y an x0 and a y z that's already +four different things they have various + + align:start position:0% +four different things they have various + + + align:start position:0% +four different things they have various +interrelationships between them so of + + align:start position:0% +interrelationships between them so of + + + align:start position:0% +interrelationships between them so of +course the manipulations we do with them + + align:start position:0% +course the manipulations we do with them + + + align:start position:0% +course the manipulations we do with them +are algebraic and when we're doing the + + align:start position:0% +are algebraic and when we're doing the + + + align:start position:0% +are algebraic and when we're doing the +the the derivatives we just consider one + + align:start position:0% +the the derivatives we just consider one + + + align:start position:0% +the the derivatives we just consider one +what's known as one variable calculus + + align:start position:0% +what's known as one variable calculus + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as one variable calculus +but really there are millions of + + align:start position:0% +but really there are millions of + + + align:start position:0% +but really there are millions of +variables floating around potentially so + + align:start position:0% +variables floating around potentially so + + + align:start position:0% +variables floating around potentially so +that's what makes things complicated and + + align:start position:0% +that's what makes things complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +that's what makes things complicated and +that's something that you have to get + + align:start position:0% +that's something that you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that you have to get +used to now there's something else which + + align:start position:0% +used to now there's something else which + + + align:start position:0% +used to now there's something else which +is more subtle and that I think many + + align:start position:0% +is more subtle and that I think many + + + align:start position:0% +is more subtle and that I think many +people who teach the subject or use the + + align:start position:0% +people who teach the subject or use the + + + align:start position:0% +people who teach the subject or use the +subject aren't aware because they've + + align:start position:0% +subject aren't aware because they've + + + align:start position:0% +subject aren't aware because they've +already entered into the language and + + align:start position:0% +already entered into the language and + + + align:start position:0% +already entered into the language and +they're not uh they're so comfortable + + align:start position:0% +they're not uh they're so comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +they're not uh they're so comfortable +with it that they don't even notice this + + align:start position:0% +with it that they don't even notice this + + + align:start position:0% +with it that they don't even notice this +confusion there's something deliberately + + align:start position:0% +confusion there's something deliberately + + + align:start position:0% +confusion there's something deliberately +sloppy about the way we deal with these + + align:start position:0% +sloppy about the way we deal with these + + + align:start position:0% +sloppy about the way we deal with these +variables the reason is very simple + + align:start position:0% +variables the reason is very simple + + + align:start position:0% +variables the reason is very simple +there are already four variables here I + + align:start position:0% +there are already four variables here I + + + align:start position:0% +there are already four variables here I +don't want to create six names for + + align:start position:0% +don't want to create six names for + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to create six names for +variables or eight names for + + align:start position:0% +variables or eight names for + + + align:start position:0% +variables or eight names for +variables and but really in this problem + + align:start position:0% +variables and but really in this problem + + + align:start position:0% +variables and but really in this problem +there were about eight I just slipped + + align:start position:0% +there were about eight I just slipped + + + align:start position:0% +there were about eight I just slipped +them by you so why is that well notice + + align:start position:0% +them by you so why is that well notice + + + align:start position:0% +them by you so why is that well notice +that the first time that I got a formula + + align:start position:0% +that the first time that I got a formula + + + align:start position:0% +that the first time that I got a formula +for y z + + align:start position:0% +for y z + + + align:start position:0% +for y z +here it was this point and so the + + align:start position:0% +here it was this point and so the + + + align:start position:0% +here it was this point and so the +formula for y0 which I plugged in right + + align:start position:0% +formula for y0 which I plugged in right + + + align:start position:0% +formula for y0 which I plugged in right +here was from the the equation of the + + align:start position:0% +here was from the the equation of the + + + align:start position:0% +here was from the the equation of the +curve y0 = 1x0 the second time I did it + + align:start position:0% +curve y0 = 1x0 the second time I did it + + + align:start position:0% +curve y0 = 1x0 the second time I did it +I did not use y = 1X I used this + + align:start position:0% +I did not use y = 1X I used this + + + align:start position:0% +I did not use y = 1X I used this +equation here + + align:start position:0% +equation here + + + align:start position:0% +equation here +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +not y = 1X that's the wrong thing to do + + align:start position:0% +not y = 1X that's the wrong thing to do + + + align:start position:0% +not y = 1X that's the wrong thing to do +that's an easy mistake to make if if the + + align:start position:0% +that's an easy mistake to make if if the + + + align:start position:0% +that's an easy mistake to make if if the +formulas are all a blur to you and + + align:start position:0% +formulas are all a blur to you and + + + align:start position:0% +formulas are all a blur to you and +you're not paying attention to where + + align:start position:0% +you're not paying attention to where + + + align:start position:0% +you're not paying attention to where +they are on the diagram you see that Y + + align:start position:0% +they are on the diagram you see that Y + + + align:start position:0% +they are on the diagram you see that Y +intercept that x intercept calculation + + align:start position:0% +intercept that x intercept calculation + + + align:start position:0% +intercept that x intercept calculation +there involved where this horizontal + + align:start position:0% +there involved where this horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +there involved where this horizontal +line met this diagonal line and Y equals + + align:start position:0% +line met this diagonal line and Y equals + + + align:start position:0% +line met this diagonal line and Y equals +z represented this line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so the liness is that y means two + + align:start position:0% +here so the liness is that y means two + + + align:start position:0% +here so the liness is that y means two +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +things and we do this constantly because + + align:start position:0% +things and we do this constantly because + + + align:start position:0% +things and we do this constantly because +it's way way more complicated not to do + + align:start position:0% +it's way way more complicated not to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's way way more complicated not to do +it Con to do it it's much more + + align:start position:0% +it Con to do it it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +it Con to do it it's much more +convenient for us to allow ourselves a + + align:start position:0% +convenient for us to allow ourselves a + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for us to allow ourselves a +flexibility to change the role that this + + align:start position:0% +flexibility to change the role that this + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility to change the role that this +letter plays in the middle of the of the + + align:start position:0% +letter plays in the middle of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +letter plays in the middle of the of the +computation and similarly later on if I + + align:start position:0% +computation and similarly later on if I + + + align:start position:0% +computation and similarly later on if I +had done this by this more + + align:start position:0% +had done this by this more + + + align:start position:0% +had done this by this more +straightforward method for the uh Y + + align:start position:0% +straightforward method for the uh Y + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward method for the uh Y +intercept I would have set x equal to Z + + align:start position:0% +intercept I would have set x equal to Z + + + align:start position:0% +intercept I would have set x equal to Z +that would have been this vertical line + + align:start position:0% +that would have been this vertical line + + + align:start position:0% +that would have been this vertical line +which is x equals 0 but I didn't change + + align:start position:0% +which is x equals 0 but I didn't change + + + align:start position:0% +which is x equals 0 but I didn't change +the letter X when I did that because + + align:start position:0% +the letter X when I did that because + + + align:start position:0% +the letter X when I did that because +that would be a waste for us so this + + align:start position:0% +that would be a waste for us so this + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a waste for us so this +this is this is one of the main + + align:start position:0% +this is this is one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is one of the main +confusions that happens if you can uh + + align:start position:0% +confusions that happens if you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +confusions that happens if you can uh +keep yourself straight you're you're a + + align:start position:0% +keep yourself straight you're you're a + + + align:start position:0% +keep yourself straight you're you're a +lot better off and and as I say this is + + align:start position:0% +lot better off and and as I say this is + + + align:start position:0% +lot better off and and as I say this is +this is uh this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +this is uh this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh this is one of the +complexities all right so now let's + + align:start position:0% +complexities all right so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +complexities all right so now let's +finish off the problem and let me + + align:start position:0% +finish off the problem and let me + + + align:start position:0% +finish off the problem and let me +finally get this area here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so actually I'll just finish it off + + align:start position:0% +so actually I'll just finish it off + + + align:start position:0% +so actually I'll just finish it off +right here so the area of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangle is well it's the base times the + + align:start position:0% +triangle is well it's the base times the + + + align:start position:0% +triangle is well it's the base times the +height the base is 2x0 the height is 2 + + align:start position:0% +height the base is 2x0 the height is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +height the base is 2x0 the height is 2 +y0 and a half of that so it's a half 2x0 + + align:start position:0% +y0 and a half of that so it's a half 2x0 + + + align:start position:0% +y0 and a half of that so it's a half 2x0 +* 2 y0 which is 2 x0 y0 which is lo and + + align:start position:0% +* 2 y0 which is 2 x0 y0 which is lo and + + + align:start position:0% +* 2 y0 which is 2 x0 y0 which is lo and +behold two + + align:start position:0% +behold two + + + align:start position:0% +behold two +so the amusing thing in this case is it + + align:start position:0% +so the amusing thing in this case is it + + + align:start position:0% +so the amusing thing in this case is it +actually didn't matter what x0 and Y Z + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't matter what x0 and Y Z + + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't matter what x0 and Y Z +are we get the same answer every + + align:start position:0% +are we get the same answer every + + + align:start position:0% +are we get the same answer every +time that's just an accident of the + + align:start position:0% +time that's just an accident of the + + + align:start position:0% +time that's just an accident of the +function 1 /x happens to be the function + + align:start position:0% +function 1 /x happens to be the function + + + align:start position:0% +function 1 /x happens to be the function +with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property all right so we have still have + + align:start position:0% +property all right so we have still have + + + align:start position:0% +property all right so we have still have +more business today serious business so + + align:start position:0% +more business today serious business so + + + align:start position:0% +more business today serious business so +let me continue + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so first of all I want to give you a few + + align:start position:0% +so first of all I want to give you a few + + + align:start position:0% +so first of all I want to give you a few +more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notations + + align:start position:0% +notations + + + align:start position:0% +notations +and these are just other ways that + + align:start position:0% +and these are just other ways that + + + align:start position:0% +and these are just other ways that +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +uh refer uh notations that people use to + + align:start position:0% +uh refer uh notations that people use to + + + align:start position:0% +uh refer uh notations that people use to +refer to derivatives and the first one + + align:start position:0% +refer to derivatives and the first one + + + align:start position:0% +refer to derivatives and the first one +is the following we already wrote Y is + + align:start position:0% +is the following we already wrote Y is + + + align:start position:0% +is the following we already wrote Y is +equal to F ofx and so when we write + + align:start position:0% +equal to F ofx and so when we write + + + align:start position:0% +equal to F ofx and so when we write +deltay that means the same thing as + + align:start position:0% +deltay that means the same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +deltay that means the same thing as +Delta F that's a typical notation and + + align:start position:0% +Delta F that's a typical notation and + + + align:start position:0% +Delta F that's a typical notation and +previously we wrote um f Prime for the + + align:start position:0% +previously we wrote um f Prime for the + + + align:start position:0% +previously we wrote um f Prime for the +derivative so this is this is so this is + + align:start position:0% +derivative so this is this is so this is + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so this is this is so this is +Newton's notation for the + + align:start position:0% +Newton's notation for the + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's notation for the +derivative okay but there are other + + align:start position:0% +derivative okay but there are other + + + align:start position:0% +derivative okay but there are other +notations and one of them is DF + + align:start position:0% +notations and one of them is DF + + + align:start position:0% +notations and one of them is DF +DX and another one is d ydx meaning + + align:start position:0% +DX and another one is d ydx meaning + + + align:start position:0% +DX and another one is d ydx meaning +exactly the same thing and sometimes we + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing and sometimes we + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing and sometimes we +let the function slip down below so that + + align:start position:0% +let the function slip down below so that + + + align:start position:0% +let the function slip down below so that +becomes d by DX of f or D by + + align:start position:0% +becomes d by DX of f or D by + + + align:start position:0% +becomes d by DX of f or D by +DX of Y so these are all notations that + + align:start position:0% +DX of Y so these are all notations that + + + align:start position:0% +DX of Y so these are all notations that +are used for the derivative and these + + align:start position:0% +are used for the derivative and these + + + align:start position:0% +are used for the derivative and these +were initiated by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +livets + + align:start position:0% +livets + + + align:start position:0% +livets +and these notations are um used + + align:start position:0% +and these notations are um used + + + align:start position:0% +and these notations are um used +interchangeably sometimes uh practically + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably sometimes uh practically + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably sometimes uh practically +together they both turn out to be + + align:start position:0% +together they both turn out to be + + + align:start position:0% +together they both turn out to be +extremely useful this one omits notice + + align:start position:0% +extremely useful this one omits notice + + + align:start position:0% +extremely useful this one omits notice +that this thing omits the uh underlying + + align:start position:0% +that this thing omits the uh underlying + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing omits the uh underlying +base Point x0 that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +base Point x0 that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +base Point x0 that's one of the +nuisances it doesn't give you all the + + align:start position:0% +nuisances it doesn't give you all the + + + align:start position:0% +nuisances it doesn't give you all the +information but there are lots of uh + + align:start position:0% +information but there are lots of uh + + + align:start position:0% +information but there are lots of uh +situations like that + + align:start position:0% +situations like that + + + align:start position:0% +situations like that +where where uh people leave out some of + + align:start position:0% +where where uh people leave out some of + + + align:start position:0% +where where uh people leave out some of +the important information you have to + + align:start position:0% +the important information you have to + + + align:start position:0% +the important information you have to +fill it in from Context so that's + + align:start position:0% +fill it in from Context so that's + + + align:start position:0% +fill it in from Context so that's +another couple of notations + + align:start position:0% +another couple of notations + + + align:start position:0% +another couple of notations +so now I have one more calculation for + + align:start position:0% +so now I have one more calculation for + + + align:start position:0% +so now I have one more calculation for +you today uh I carried out this + + align:start position:0% +you today uh I carried out this + + + align:start position:0% +you today uh I carried out this +calculation of the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +calculation of the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +calculation of the derivative of the +um of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the the derivative of the function 1 + + align:start position:0% +um the the derivative of the function 1 + + + align:start position:0% +um the the derivative of the function 1 +/x I want to take care of some other + + align:start position:0% +/x I want to take care of some other + + + align:start position:0% +/x I want to take care of some other +powers so let's do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two is going to be the function F ofx is + + align:start position:0% +two is going to be the function F ofx is + + + align:start position:0% +two is going to be the function F ofx is +X to the n and = 1 2 3 one of these + + align:start position:0% +X to the n and = 1 2 3 one of these + + + align:start position:0% +X to the n and = 1 2 3 one of these +guys and now what we're trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +guys and now what we're trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +guys and now what we're trying to figure +out is the derivative with respect to X + + align:start position:0% +out is the derivative with respect to X + + + align:start position:0% +out is the derivative with respect to X +of x to the n in our new new notation + + align:start position:0% +of x to the n in our new new notation + + + align:start position:0% +of x to the n in our new new notation +what this is equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +so again we're going to form this + + align:start position:0% +so again we're going to form this + + + align:start position:0% +so again we're going to form this +expression Delta F Delta X and we're + + align:start position:0% +expression Delta F Delta X and we're + + + align:start position:0% +expression Delta F Delta X and we're +going to make some algebraic + + align:start position:0% +going to make some algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +going to make some algebraic +simplification so what we plug in for + + align:start position:0% +simplification so what we plug in for + + + align:start position:0% +simplification so what we plug in for +Delta f is X+ Delta x to the N minus X + + align:start position:0% +Delta f is X+ Delta x to the N minus X + + + align:start position:0% +Delta f is X+ Delta x to the N minus X +the N / Delta X now before let me just + + align:start position:0% +the N / Delta X now before let me just + + + align:start position:0% +the N / Delta X now before let me just +stick this in and I'm going to erase it + + align:start position:0% +stick this in and I'm going to erase it + + + align:start position:0% +stick this in and I'm going to erase it +before I wrote x0 here and x0 there but + + align:start position:0% +before I wrote x0 here and x0 there but + + + align:start position:0% +before I wrote x0 here and x0 there but +now I'm going to get rid of it because + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to get rid of it because + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to get rid of it because +in this particular calculation it's a + + align:start position:0% +in this particular calculation it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular calculation it's a +nuisance I don't have an X floating + + align:start position:0% +nuisance I don't have an X floating + + + align:start position:0% +nuisance I don't have an X floating +around which means something different + + align:start position:0% +around which means something different + + + align:start position:0% +around which means something different +from the X zero and I just don't want to + + align:start position:0% +from the X zero and I just don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +from the X zero and I just don't want to +have to keep on writing all those + + align:start position:0% +have to keep on writing all those + + + align:start position:0% +have to keep on writing all those +symbols it's a waste of Blackboard uh + + align:start position:0% +symbols it's a waste of Blackboard uh + + + align:start position:0% +symbols it's a waste of Blackboard uh +energy uh there's a total amount of + + align:start position:0% +energy uh there's a total amount of + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh there's a total amount of +energy that I'm you know I've already + + align:start position:0% +energy that I'm you know I've already + + + align:start position:0% +energy that I'm you know I've already +filled up so many blackboards that it's + + align:start position:0% +filled up so many blackboards that it's + + + align:start position:0% +filled up so many blackboards that it's +just a limited amount of plus I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +just a limited amount of plus I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +just a limited amount of plus I'm trying +to conserve chalk okay anyway no + + align:start position:0% +to conserve chalk okay anyway no + + + align:start position:0% +to conserve chalk okay anyway no +zeros so think of X is fixed again um in + + align:start position:0% +zeros so think of X is fixed again um in + + + align:start position:0% +zeros so think of X is fixed again um in +this case Delta X + + align:start position:0% +this case Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +this case Delta X +moves and X is + + align:start position:0% +moves and X is + + + align:start position:0% +moves and X is +fixed in this in this + + align:start position:0% +fixed in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +fixed in this in this +calculation all right now in order to + + align:start position:0% +calculation all right now in order to + + + align:start position:0% +calculation all right now in order to +simplify this in order to understand + + align:start position:0% +simplify this in order to understand + + + align:start position:0% +simplify this in order to understand +algebraically what's going on I need to + + align:start position:0% +algebraically what's going on I need to + + + align:start position:0% +algebraically what's going on I need to +understand what the nth power of a sum + + align:start position:0% +understand what the nth power of a sum + + + align:start position:0% +understand what the nth power of a sum +is and that's a famous formula we only + + align:start position:0% +is and that's a famous formula we only + + + align:start position:0% +is and that's a famous formula we only +need a little tiny bit of it called the + + align:start position:0% +need a little tiny bit of it called the + + + align:start position:0% +need a little tiny bit of it called the +binomial theorem so the binomial + + align:start position:0% +binomial theorem so the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +binomial theorem so the binomial +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +binomial + + align:start position:0% +binomial + + + align:start position:0% +binomial +theorem which is in your + + align:start position:0% +theorem which is in your + + + align:start position:0% +theorem which is in your +text and uh explained in an in an + + align:start position:0% +text and uh explained in an in an + + + align:start position:0% +text and uh explained in an in an +exercise says uh in an appendex sorry + + align:start position:0% +exercise says uh in an appendex sorry + + + align:start position:0% +exercise says uh in an appendex sorry +says that if you take the sum of two + + align:start position:0% +says that if you take the sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +says that if you take the sum of two +guys and you take them to the nth power + + align:start position:0% +guys and you take them to the nth power + + + align:start position:0% +guys and you take them to the nth power +that of course is X Plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +that of course is X Plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +that of course is X Plus Delta +X multiplied by itself n + + align:start position:0% +X multiplied by itself n + + + align:start position:0% +X multiplied by itself n +times and so the first term + + align:start position:0% +times and so the first term + + + align:start position:0% +times and so the first term +is X to the N that's when all of the N + + align:start position:0% +is X to the N that's when all of the N + + + align:start position:0% +is X to the N that's when all of the N +factors come in and then you could have + + align:start position:0% +factors come in and then you could have + + + align:start position:0% +factors come in and then you could have +this factor of Delta X and all the rest + + align:start position:0% +this factor of Delta X and all the rest + + + align:start position:0% +this factor of Delta X and all the rest +X's so at least one term of the form X + + align:start position:0% +X's so at least one term of the form X + + + align:start position:0% +X's so at least one term of the form X +the n minus1 * Delta X and how many + + align:start position:0% +the n minus1 * Delta X and how many + + + align:start position:0% +the n minus1 * Delta X and how many +times does that happen well it happens + + align:start position:0% +times does that happen well it happens + + + align:start position:0% +times does that happen well it happens +when there's a factor from here from the + + align:start position:0% +when there's a factor from here from the + + + align:start position:0% +when there's a factor from here from the +next factor and so on and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +next factor and so on and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +next factor and so on and so on and so +on there's a total of n + + align:start position:0% +on there's a total of n + + + align:start position:0% +on there's a total of n +possible times that that + + align:start position:0% +possible times that that + + + align:start position:0% +possible times that that +happens and now the great thing is that + + align:start position:0% +happens and now the great thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +happens and now the great thing is that +with this alone all the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +with this alone all the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +with this alone all the rest of the +terms are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +junk that we won't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +junk that we won't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +junk that we won't have to worry about +so to be more specific the junk there's + + align:start position:0% +so to be more specific the junk there's + + + align:start position:0% +so to be more specific the junk there's +a very careful notation for the junk the + + align:start position:0% +a very careful notation for the junk the + + + align:start position:0% +a very careful notation for the junk the +junk is what's called Big O of Delta x + + align:start position:0% +junk is what's called Big O of Delta x + + + align:start position:0% +junk is what's called Big O of Delta x +s what that means is that these are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms of order uh so with + + align:start position:0% +terms of order uh so with + + + align:start position:0% +terms of order uh so with +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +X2 Delta X cubed or + + align:start position:0% +X2 Delta X cubed or + + + align:start position:0% +X2 Delta X cubed or +higher right that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how very + + align:start position:0% +how very + + + align:start position:0% +how very +exciting higher order terms okay so this + + align:start position:0% +exciting higher order terms okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +exciting higher order terms okay so this +is the only algebra that we need to do + + align:start position:0% +is the only algebra that we need to do + + + align:start position:0% +is the only algebra that we need to do +and now we just need to combine it + + align:start position:0% +and now we just need to combine it + + + align:start position:0% +and now we just need to combine it +together to get our result so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +together to get our result so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +together to get our result so now I'm +going to just carry out the + + align:start position:0% +going to just carry out the + + + align:start position:0% +going to just carry out the +cancellations that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +need so here we go we + + align:start position:0% +need so here we go we + + + align:start position:0% +need so here we go we +have Delta F over Delta X which remember + + align:start position:0% +have Delta F over Delta X which remember + + + align:start position:0% +have Delta F over Delta X which remember +was 1/ Delta X time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this which is this times now this is X + + align:start position:0% +this which is this times now this is X + + + align:start position:0% +this which is this times now this is X +the n + n x nus1 Delta X plus this junk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term minus x to the + + align:start position:0% +term minus x to the + + + align:start position:0% +term minus x to the +N all right so that's what we have so + + align:start position:0% +N all right so that's what we have so + + + align:start position:0% +N all right so that's what we have so +far based on our previous + + align:start position:0% +far based on our previous + + + align:start position:0% +far based on our previous +calculations now I'm going to do the + + align:start position:0% +calculations now I'm going to do the + + + align:start position:0% +calculations now I'm going to do the +main C cancellation which is + + align:start position:0% +main C cancellation which is + + + align:start position:0% +main C cancellation which is +this all right so that's one over Delta + + align:start position:0% +this all right so that's one over Delta + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so that's one over Delta +x * n x nus1 Delta X plus this term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and now I can divide in by Delta X + + align:start position:0% +here and now I can divide in by Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +here and now I can divide in by Delta X +so I get N X nus1 Plus now it's O of + + align:start position:0% +so I get N X nus1 Plus now it's O of + + + align:start position:0% +so I get N X nus1 Plus now it's O of +Delta X there's at least one factor of + + align:start position:0% +Delta X there's at least one factor of + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X there's at least one factor of +Delta X not two factors of Delta X + + align:start position:0% +Delta X not two factors of Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X not two factors of Delta X +because I have to cancel one of + + align:start position:0% +because I have to cancel one of + + + align:start position:0% +because I have to cancel one of +them and now I can just take the limit + + align:start position:0% +them and now I can just take the limit + + + align:start position:0% +them and now I can just take the limit +in the limit this term is going to be + + align:start position:0% +in the limit this term is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +in the limit this term is going to be +zero that's why I called it junk + + align:start position:0% +zero that's why I called it junk + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's why I called it junk +originally because it disapp appears and + + align:start position:0% +originally because it disapp appears and + + + align:start position:0% +originally because it disapp appears and +in math junk is something that goes away + + align:start position:0% +in math junk is something that goes away + + + align:start position:0% +in math junk is something that goes away +so this tends to as Delta X goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +so this tends to as Delta X goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +so this tends to as Delta X goes to zero +n x n minus1 and so what I've shown you + + align:start position:0% +n x n minus1 and so what I've shown you + + + align:start position:0% +n x n minus1 and so what I've shown you +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that d by DX of x n minus sorry n is + + align:start position:0% +that d by DX of x n minus sorry n is + + + align:start position:0% +that d by DX of x n minus sorry n is +equal to n x nus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so now this is going to be super + + align:start position:0% +one so now this is going to be super + + + align:start position:0% +one so now this is going to be super +important to you right on your problem + + align:start position:0% +important to you right on your problem + + + align:start position:0% +important to you right on your problem +set in every possible way and I want to + + align:start position:0% +set in every possible way and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +set in every possible way and I want to +tell you one thing one way in which it's + + align:start position:0% +tell you one thing one way in which it's + + + align:start position:0% +tell you one thing one way in which it's +very important and one way that extends + + align:start position:0% +very important and one way that extends + + + align:start position:0% +very important and one way that extends +it immediately so this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +extends to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pols we get quite a lot out of this one + + align:start position:0% +pols we get quite a lot out of this one + + + align:start position:0% +pols we get quite a lot out of this one +calculation namely if I take d by DX of + + align:start position:0% +calculation namely if I take d by DX of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation namely if I take d by DX of +something like X cubed + 5 x 10th + + align:start position:0% +something like X cubed + 5 x 10th + + + align:start position:0% +something like X cubed + 5 x 10th +power that's going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +power that's going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +power that's going to be equal to +3x^2 that's applying this rule to X + + align:start position:0% +3x^2 that's applying this rule to X + + + align:start position:0% +3x^2 that's applying this rule to X +cubed and then here I'll get 5 * 10 so + + align:start position:0% +cubed and then here I'll get 5 * 10 so + + + align:start position:0% +cubed and then here I'll get 5 * 10 so +50 x 9th so this is the type of thing + + align:start position:0% +50 x 9th so this is the type of thing + + + align:start position:0% +50 x 9th so this is the type of thing +that we get out of it and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that we get out of it and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that we get out of it and we're going to +make more hay with that next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time question yes I turn myself off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes Del + + align:start position:0% +yes Del + + + align:start position:0% +yes Del +the question is the question was the + + align:start position:0% +the question is the question was the + + + align:start position:0% +the question is the question was the +binomial theorem only works when x uh + + align:start position:0% +binomial theorem only works when x uh + + + align:start position:0% +binomial theorem only works when x uh +Delta X goes to zero no the the binomial + + align:start position:0% +Delta X goes to zero no the the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X goes to zero no the the binomial +theorem is a general formula which also + + align:start position:0% +theorem is a general formula which also + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is a general formula which also +specifies exactly what the junk is it's + + align:start position:0% +specifies exactly what the junk is it's + + + align:start position:0% +specifies exactly what the junk is it's +very much more detailed but we only + + align:start position:0% +very much more detailed but we only + + + align:start position:0% +very much more detailed but we only +needed this part we didn't care what all + + align:start position:0% +needed this part we didn't care what all + + + align:start position:0% +needed this part we didn't care what all +these crazy terms + + align:start position:0% +these crazy terms + + + align:start position:0% +these crazy terms +were it's it's it's junk for our + + align:start position:0% +were it's it's it's junk for our + + + align:start position:0% +were it's it's it's junk for our +purposes now because we don't happen to + + align:start position:0% +purposes now because we don't happen to + + + align:start position:0% +purposes now because we don't happen to +need any more than those first two terms + + align:start position:0% +need any more than those first two terms + + + align:start position:0% +need any more than those first two terms +yes because the death Lex goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +yes because the death Lex goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +yes because the death Lex goes to zero +okay see you next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7zjuscCceR8.txt b/7zjuscCceR8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60eb136d07a945b304169ce3a54c6bbb7e24c639 --- /dev/null +++ b/7zjuscCceR8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +In this problem, we're looking +at a two stage process in + +which the first stage, we roll +a fair die which has four + +faces to obtain a number N, +where N belongs to the set 0, + +1, 2, and 3 with equal +probability. + +Now, given the result of the die +roll, N will toss a fair + +coin N times in getting K heads +from the coin tosses. + + + +For instance, if from the first +die roll, we get N equal + +to 3, then we'll toss +a coin 3 times. + +Let's say the outcome is heads, +heads, and tails. + +And that will give +us K equal to 2. + +For part A, we're asked to +compute the PMF for N, which + +is a result of the +first die roll. + +Now, since we had assumed the +die roll was uniformly + +distributed in the set in the +set 0, 1, 2, and 3, we have + +that the chance of N being equal +to any little n is equal + +to 1/4 if n is in the set 0, +1, 2, 3, and 0 otherwise. + +If we were to plot this in +a figure, we'll have the + +following plot. + + + +For part B, things are getting +a little more complicated. + +This time, we want to compute +the joint PMF between N and K + +for N equal to little n and +K equal to little k. + +What we'll do first is to use +the law of conditional + +probability to break the joint +probability into the product + +of probability of K is equal to +little k conditional on N + +is equal to little n, multiply +by the probability that N is + +equal to little n. + +Now, the second term right here +is simply the PMF of N, + +which will be computed +earlier. + +So this gives us 1/4 times +probability K equal to little + +k, N equal to little n, +for all N in the set + +0, 1, 2, and 3. + +Now, clearly if N is not one +of those four values, this + +whole event couldn't have +happened in the first place, + +and hence will have P +and K equal to 0. + +We'll now go over all the cases +for little n in this + +expression right here. + +The first case is +the simplest. + +If we assume that little n is +equal to 0, that means the die + +roll was 0, and hence we're +not tossing any coins + +afterwards. + +And this implies that we must +have K is equal to 0, which, + +mathematically speaking, +is equivalent to saying + +probability of K equal +to 0 conditional on N + +equal to 0 is 1. + +And K being any other value +conditional N equal to 0 is 0. + +So we're done with the case that +little n is equal to 0. + +Now, let's say little n is +in the set 1, 2, and 3. + +In this case, we want to notice +that after having + +observed the value of N, all +the coin tosses for N times + +are conditionally independent +from each other. + +What this means is now the total +number of heads in the + +subsequent coin toss is equal in +distribution to a binomial + +random variable with parameter +n and 1/2. + +And here says the number of +trials is n, and 1/2 is + +because the coin is fair. + +And the reason it is a binomial +random variable, + +again, is because the coin +tosses are independent + +conditional on the outcome +of the die roll. + +And now we're done, since we +know what the binomial + +distribution looks like given +parameter n and 1/2. + +And we'll simply substitute +based on the case of n the + +conditional distribution of K +back into the product we had + +earlier, which in turn will +give us the joint PMF. + + + +This table summarizes the PMF +we were computing earlier. + +P of N, K, little +n, and little k. + +Now, as we saw before, if +n equal to 0, the only + +possibility for k +is equal to 0. + +And this is scaled by the +probability of n equal to 0, + +which is 1/4. + +For any other values of n, we +see that the distribution of + +k, conditional n, is the same as +a binomial random variable + +with n trials. + +And again, every entry here +is scaled by 1/4. + +And this completes part B. + +In part C, we're asked for +the conditional PMF of K + +conditioning on the value +of N being equal to 2. + +Now, as we discussed in part B, +when N is equal to 2, we're + +essentially flipping a fair coin +twice, and this should + +give us the same distribution as +a binomial random variable + +with parameter 2 and 1/2. + +Now, 2 is the number of flips, +and 1/2 is the chance of + +seeing a head in each flip. + +And that gives us the following +distribution. + + + +But there's another +way to see this. + +It's to write P K given N, +little k, and you go to 2 by + +using the law of conditional +probability as P K, N, the + +joint PMF, k n2, divided by +the probability that N is + +equal to 2. + +Now, we know that probability n +equal to 2 is simply 1/4, so + +this gives us 4 times the joint +density K, N, k, 2. + +In other words, in order to +arrive at the distribution + +right here, [INAUDIBLE] + +to go back to the table we had +earlier and look at the role + +where n is equal to 2 and +multiply each number by 4. + + + +Finally, in part D, we're asked +for the conditional + +distribution of N, write as +P N, given K of N equal to + +little n conditional +on K is equal to 2. + +Again, we'll apply the formula +for conditional probability. + +This is equal to the joint PMF +evaluated at n and 2 divided + +by the probability of +K being equal to 2. + +Since we have computed the +entire table of the joint PMF, + +this shouldn't be +too difficult. + +In particular, for the +denominator, the probability + +that k is ever equal to +2, we just look at the + +column right here. + +So the entries in this column +shows all the cases where k + +can be equal to 2. + +And in fact, we can see that k +can be equal to 2 only if n is + +equal to 2 or 3. + +Clearly, if you toss the coin +fewer than 2 times, there's no + +chance that we'll get 2 heads. + +So to get this probability right +here, we'll add up the + +number in these two cells. + +So we get P N, K, little +n, and 2 divided + +by 1/16 plus 3/32. + + + +Now, the numerator, again, can +be read off from the table + +right here. + +In particular, this tells us +that there are only two + +possibilities. + +Either n is equal to +2 or n equal to 3. + +When n is equal to 2, we know +this quantity gives us 1/16 + +reading off this cell divided +by 1/16 plus 3/32 + +for n equal to 2. + +And the remaining probability +goes to the case where n is + +equal to 3. + +So this is 3 divided by 32, +1/16 plus 3/32, which + +simplifies to 2/5 and 3/5. + + + +And this distribution gives +us the following plot. + +And this completes our problem. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/89SjJv30kGU.txt b/89SjJv30kGU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14afb1b3f5119180e0542beb484af400942e6cc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/89SjJv30kGU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Newton's first law tells us about the + + align:start position:0% +Newton's first law tells us about the + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's first law tells us about the +motion of isolated bodies by an isolated + + align:start position:0% +motion of isolated bodies by an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +motion of isolated bodies by an isolated +body we mean one on which the net force + + align:start position:0% +body we mean one on which the net force + + + align:start position:0% +body we mean one on which the net force +is zero one that's isolated from all + + align:start position:0% +is zero one that's isolated from all + + + align:start position:0% +is zero one that's isolated from all +interactions to as great a degree as + + align:start position:0% +interactions to as great a degree as + + + align:start position:0% +interactions to as great a degree as +possible Newton's first law states that + + align:start position:0% +possible Newton's first law states that + + + align:start position:0% +possible Newton's first law states that +an isolated body moves in a straight + + align:start position:0% +an isolated body moves in a straight + + + align:start position:0% +an isolated body moves in a straight +line at constant velocity and will + + align:start position:0% +line at constant velocity and will + + + align:start position:0% +line at constant velocity and will +continue to do so as long as it remains + + align:start position:0% +continue to do so as long as it remains + + + align:start position:0% +continue to do so as long as it remains +undisturbed note that that constant + + align:start position:0% +undisturbed note that that constant + + + align:start position:0% +undisturbed note that that constant +velocity might be zero so for example a + + align:start position:0% +velocity might be zero so for example a + + + align:start position:0% +velocity might be zero so for example a +body at rest an isolated body at rest + + align:start position:0% +body at rest an isolated body at rest + + + align:start position:0% +body at rest an isolated body at rest +will remain at rest if left undisturbed + + align:start position:0% +will remain at rest if left undisturbed + + + align:start position:0% +will remain at rest if left undisturbed +an isolated body moving at constant + + align:start position:0% +an isolated body moving at constant + + + align:start position:0% +an isolated body moving at constant +velocity will continue to move at + + align:start position:0% +velocity will continue to move at + + + align:start position:0% +velocity will continue to move at +constant velocity as long as it remains + + align:start position:0% +constant velocity as long as it remains + + + align:start position:0% +constant velocity as long as it remains +undisturbed it turns out that it's + + align:start position:0% +undisturbed it turns out that it's + + + align:start position:0% +undisturbed it turns out that it's +always possible to define a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +always possible to define a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +always possible to define a coordinate +system in which an isolated body moves + + align:start position:0% +system in which an isolated body moves + + + align:start position:0% +system in which an isolated body moves +at constant velocity perhaps zero such a + + align:start position:0% +at constant velocity perhaps zero such a + + + align:start position:0% +at constant velocity perhaps zero such a +coordinate system is called an inertial + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is called an inertial + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is called an inertial +coordinate system so another way of + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so another way of + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so another way of +stating Newton's first law is that + + align:start position:0% +stating Newton's first law is that + + + align:start position:0% +stating Newton's first law is that +inertial coordinate systems exist now + + align:start position:0% +inertial coordinate systems exist now + + + align:start position:0% +inertial coordinate systems exist now +it's worth pointing out that not all + + align:start position:0% +it's worth pointing out that not all + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth pointing out that not all +useful coordinate systems are inertial + + align:start position:0% +useful coordinate systems are inertial + + + align:start position:0% +useful coordinate systems are inertial +the ones that are we call non inertial + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are we call non inertial + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are we call non inertial +coordinate systems as an example imagine + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems as an example imagine + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems as an example imagine +that I'm standing in an elevator that's + + align:start position:0% +that I'm standing in an elevator that's + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm standing in an elevator that's +accelerating upward if we defined a + + align:start position:0% +accelerating upward if we defined a + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating upward if we defined a +coordinate system that moves with the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system that moves with the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system that moves with the +elevator that coordinate system is + + align:start position:0% +elevator that coordinate system is + + + align:start position:0% +elevator that coordinate system is +accelerated with respect to an observer + + align:start position:0% +accelerated with respect to an observer + + + align:start position:0% +accelerated with respect to an observer +who is at rest in that accelerated + + align:start position:0% +who is at rest in that accelerated + + + align:start position:0% +who is at rest in that accelerated +coordinate system an isolated body would + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system an isolated body would + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system an isolated body would +not move at constant velocity so there + + align:start position:0% +not move at constant velocity so there + + + align:start position:0% +not move at constant velocity so there +are applications where using non + + align:start position:0% +are applications where using non + + + align:start position:0% +are applications where using non +inertial coordinate systems or is + + align:start position:0% +inertial coordinate systems or is + + + align:start position:0% +inertial coordinate systems or is +convenient however in this course we + + align:start position:0% +convenient however in this course we + + + align:start position:0% +convenient however in this course we +will concentrate on inertial coordinate + + align:start position:0% +will concentrate on inertial coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +will concentrate on inertial coordinate +systems in which isolated bodies move at + + align:start position:0% +systems in which isolated bodies move at + + + align:start position:0% +systems in which isolated bodies move at +constant velocity what if the body is + + align:start position:0% +constant velocity what if the body is + + + align:start position:0% +constant velocity what if the body is +not isolated if a force acts on a body + + align:start position:0% +not isolated if a force acts on a body + + + align:start position:0% +not isolated if a force acts on a body +then it will accelerate in proportion to + + align:start position:0% +then it will accelerate in proportion to + + + align:start position:0% +then it will accelerate in proportion to +that force in particular for a point + + align:start position:0% +that force in particular for a point + + + align:start position:0% +that force in particular for a point +like constant mass Newton's second law + + align:start position:0% +like constant mass Newton's second law + + + align:start position:0% +like constant mass Newton's second law +tells us that the vector force is equal + + align:start position:0% +tells us that the vector force is equal + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that the vector force is equal +to the mass times the vector + + align:start position:0% +to the mass times the vector + + + align:start position:0% +to the mass times the vector +acceleration so in other words the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so in other words the +acceleration caused by a force is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration caused by a force is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration caused by a force is +proportional to that force and the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to that force and the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to that force and the +constant of proportionality is the mass + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality is the mass + + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality is the mass +now there are two important points I + + align:start position:0% +now there are two important points I + + + align:start position:0% +now there are two important points I +want to make about you + + align:start position:0% +want to make about you + + + align:start position:0% +want to make about you +and second law the first is that forces + + align:start position:0% +and second law the first is that forces + + + align:start position:0% +and second law the first is that forces +always involve real physical + + align:start position:0% +always involve real physical + + + align:start position:0% +always involve real physical +interactions something must be acting on + + align:start position:0% +interactions something must be acting on + + + align:start position:0% +interactions something must be acting on +the object if nothing is acting on the + + align:start position:0% +the object if nothing is acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +the object if nothing is acting on the +object if the object is isolated then we + + align:start position:0% +object if the object is isolated then we + + + align:start position:0% +object if the object is isolated then we +know from Newton's first law that an + + align:start position:0% +know from Newton's first law that an + + + align:start position:0% +know from Newton's first law that an +isolated body never accelerates in an + + align:start position:0% +isolated body never accelerates in an + + + align:start position:0% +isolated body never accelerates in an +inertial frame it moves at constant + + align:start position:0% +inertial frame it moves at constant + + + align:start position:0% +inertial frame it moves at constant +velocity so the only way to have an + + align:start position:0% +velocity so the only way to have an + + + align:start position:0% +velocity so the only way to have an +object move with the velocity that's + + align:start position:0% +object move with the velocity that's + + + align:start position:0% +object move with the velocity that's +changing that is to have an acceleration + + align:start position:0% +changing that is to have an acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +changing that is to have an acceleration +is to have a force acting on it and + + align:start position:0% +is to have a force acting on it and + + + align:start position:0% +is to have a force acting on it and +Newton's second law tells us exactly how + + align:start position:0% +Newton's second law tells us exactly how + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's second law tells us exactly how +that works the second point I want to + + align:start position:0% +that works the second point I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that works the second point I want to +make is that this statement of Newton's + + align:start position:0% +make is that this statement of Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +make is that this statement of Newton's +second law F equals MA is actually a + + align:start position:0% +second law F equals MA is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +second law F equals MA is actually a +special case it's for the special case + + align:start position:0% +special case it's for the special case + + + align:start position:0% +special case it's for the special case +of a constant point like mass more + + align:start position:0% +of a constant point like mass more + + + align:start position:0% +of a constant point like mass more +generally Newton's second law is written + + align:start position:0% +generally Newton's second law is written + + + align:start position:0% +generally Newton's second law is written +as the force is equal to the time + + align:start position:0% +as the force is equal to the time + + + align:start position:0% +as the force is equal to the time +derivative of the momentum P now we'll + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the momentum P now we'll + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the momentum P now we'll +talk about the mentor later in this + + align:start position:0% +talk about the mentor later in this + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the mentor later in this +course in more detail but I'll just tell + + align:start position:0% +course in more detail but I'll just tell + + + align:start position:0% +course in more detail but I'll just tell +you that the momentum for a point like + + align:start position:0% +you that the momentum for a point like + + + align:start position:0% +you that the momentum for a point like +mass is defined as the mass times the + + align:start position:0% +mass is defined as the mass times the + + + align:start position:0% +mass is defined as the mass times the +velocity now for a point mass that's + + align:start position:0% +velocity now for a point mass that's + + + align:start position:0% +velocity now for a point mass that's +constant these two equations are exactly + + align:start position:0% +constant these two equations are exactly + + + align:start position:0% +constant these two equations are exactly +identical if you take the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +identical if you take the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +identical if you take the derivative of +M times V where m is a constant you just + + align:start position:0% +M times V where m is a constant you just + + + align:start position:0% +M times V where m is a constant you just +get M times the vector a and you you get + + align:start position:0% +get M times the vector a and you you get + + + align:start position:0% +get M times the vector a and you you get +the first equation back so it's just a + + align:start position:0% +the first equation back so it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +the first equation back so it's just a +fancier way of writing the same thing it + + align:start position:0% +fancier way of writing the same thing it + + + align:start position:0% +fancier way of writing the same thing it +doesn't convey any new information so so + + align:start position:0% +doesn't convey any new information so so + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't convey any new information so so +why do we talk about this as being the + + align:start position:0% +why do we talk about this as being the + + + align:start position:0% +why do we talk about this as being the +more general form it's because this + + align:start position:0% +more general form it's because this + + + align:start position:0% +more general form it's because this +second form of Newton's second law can + + align:start position:0% +second form of Newton's second law can + + + align:start position:0% +second form of Newton's second law can +be generalized to a system of particles + + align:start position:0% +be generalized to a system of particles + + + align:start position:0% +be generalized to a system of particles +or a system where mass is flowing in the + + align:start position:0% +or a system where mass is flowing in the + + + align:start position:0% +or a system where mass is flowing in the +mass of something is changing you can't + + align:start position:0% +mass of something is changing you can't + + + align:start position:0% +mass of something is changing you can't +describe that but F equals MA but it's + + align:start position:0% +describe that but F equals MA but it's + + + align:start position:0% +describe that but F equals MA but it's +always true that for a given system F + + align:start position:0% +always true that for a given system F + + + align:start position:0% +always true that for a given system F +equals DP DT and we'll see how that + + align:start position:0% +equals DP DT and we'll see how that + + + align:start position:0% +equals DP DT and we'll see how that +works and more complicated mass flow + + align:start position:0% +works and more complicated mass flow + + + align:start position:0% +works and more complicated mass flow +problems later in the course \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8Xpn2jorigU.txt b/8Xpn2jorigU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22043e735e075cb47d7ba2e019e0653908e4b2aa --- /dev/null +++ b/8Xpn2jorigU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1830 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR NELSON: Well, today +we're going to continue with + +the lecture that was started +last time that had the + +scintillating and descriptive +title "some thermodynamic + +processes". + +And we're going to continue +along those lines, and really + +there a couple of things that I +want to do to follow up what + +you saw last time. + +One is that you've got +introduced and led through a + +couple of elementary +thermodynamic cycles. + +And I want to do a little +bit more of that today. + +And one of the -- there are +really two reasons. + +One is that as you saw last +time doing a thermodynamic + +cycle can be extremely useful, +because if you have one path + +along which some change occurs, +but along which it's + +not necessarily easy to +calculate all of the + +thermodynamic changes along +such a path, it may be + +irreversible, lots of variables +may change. + +It can be easier instead of +looking at the complicated + +path to devise a cycle that +involves several easier steps, + +each one of which is facile for +the calculation of what + +happens to the thermodynamic +properties. + +So in that case, it's much +easier to go through several + +elementary step, and then the +one complicated path you know + +because going around the entire +cycle state functions, + +you know that they won't +have any change. + +So in that sense, going through +a thermodynamic cycle + +can be useful because it +helps you calculate + +thermodynamic qualities. + +But the other reason to go +through the thermodynamic + +cycles and really to develop +great facility with them is + +because there are just an awful +lot of things in nature + +and things that we build that +run in cycles, where we want + +to calculate the thermodynamics, +right. + +If we build an engine for a +car or anything else, it + +almost always is going to have +some key element that's + +operating in a cycle, +otherwise it + +won't keep going, right. + +But it's not just engines +that we might build. + +It's biological engines, +right. + +Things that either produce or +consume biological fuel to do + +different sorts of processes. + +Also, of course of key +importance to understand what + +the, in that case, biological +thermodynamics are. + +And again, there'll be key +elements that run in cycles + +and understanding those can +be extremely important in + +understanding how cellular +function works. + +OK, so what I'd like to do is go +through one cycle, and then + +I'll suggest another for you to +work through on your own. + +So consistent with the title +of the lecture, we've got a + +section from your last lecture +notes entitled "some + +thermodynamic cycles". + +And what we're going to do is +go through a cycle, please + +note these office hours and +locations, which I think + +wasn't specified before. + +So we're going to go through +a thermodynamic cycle, and + +here's what I want to calculate +when we do this. + +Delta u, delta H, familiar state +functions, changes in + +their values, q, w, +heat and work. + +And I also want to introduce +one new function. + +I won't give it a name yet, +but it's going to have the + +unusual form dq over +T. OK, we'll + +call it special function. + +It's so special that we'll +call this quantity dS. + +OK, we'll just go through this +on a whim, and this is going + +to be foreshadowing something +that'll take on tremendous + +importance in subsequent +lectures, but I'm going to use + +the opportunity now to just +introduce the behavior of it + +in going around a cycle. + +If that's for me, tell +them I'm busy please. + +OK, so let's look at the +cycle we'll go through. + +We're going to look at pressure +volume changes, + +similar to what you +saw before. + +This time, we're going to have +initial and final volumes, V1 + +and V2 and different pressures +where we might end up. + +And we're going to look +at two ways to go to a + +final volume V2. + +One of them is going to end up +at pressure p2 and the other + +is going to end up +at pressure p3. + +One of them is going to be a +reversible isothermal path. + +This is going to be our path +we'll label A, reversible + +isothermal which is to say +constant T, right? + +And we're going to start at +temperature T1, so since it's + +constant temperature, this +is going to end up + +at temperature T1. + +And then we're also going +to consider a reversible + +adiabatic path. + +This'll be our path B, +reversible adiabatic. + +And then we'll close this +circle, this cycle. + +This is going to end +up at a different + +temperature by the way. + +You saw this last time in a +slightly different way. + +Last time what you saw is we +compared isothermal and + +adiabatic paths that ended up +at the same final pressure, + +and what you saw is that +therefore, they ended up in + +different final volumes. + +So this is just a little bit +different from that. + +So this is going to end up at a +different temperature, we'll + +call it T2. + +And then we're going +to close the cycle. + +And so this is a constant +volume path then. + +This is path C, constant +volume. + +OK? + +So now let's go around the cycle +and just compare notes + +on what happens to +the thermodynamic + +quantities as we do that. + +So here's path A, +it's isothermal. + +And I didn't specify, but let's +make sure to do so, + +we've got a, it's going +to be an ideal gas. + +OK, so A is constant +temperature. + +What does that mean for +delta u in path A? + +Zero right? + +Ideal gas, no temperature +change, right has to be zero + +because da is Cv dT for an ideal +gas. dT is zero, there's + +no temperature change. + +OK, how about delta H, zero +Cp dT for an ideal gas. + +dT is zero. + +All right, now, it's +reversible. + +So that means we can immediately +write down an + +expression for the work. + +Since it's reversible, it's +negative p dV right? + +And since it's an ideal gas then +we can replace p, right, + +with RT over V, right? + +We want to do that because we +have too many variables here. + +We've already got dV we'll get +rid of p as an additional + +variable and replace it with +V which is already in here. + +So it's minus R T1 +dV over V, right? + +I can put in T1 because we're a +constant temperature. so now + +we can just integrate straight +away and find that the work in + +path A it's just the integral +of that quantity minus + +integral of R T1 going from V1 +to V2 dV over V. so it's minus + +R T1 log V2 over V1. + +All right, so let's just do +a reality check here. + +The way I've got this +drawn, the volume is + +going up in the process. + +It's an expansion. + +So is this system doing work +on the surroundings, or are + +the surroundings doing +work on the system? + +Somebody say it real loud. + +Yes, the system is working on +the surroundings, right? + +It's pushing out against them. + +Work is defined as the work that +the surroundings do on + +the system. + +So this is the negative +number, right? + +V2 is bigger than V1. + +This is positive. + +This whole thing is negative. + +All right, q has to be just the +opposite of this because + +we've already figured out that +there's no change in u. + +This is just q plus w. + +There's w, q has to be R +T1 log of V2 over V1. + +OK, so that means heat is being +imparted to the system, + +right, from the surroundings in +a manner that compensates + +exactly the amount +of work done. + +OK, All right, so these are the +thermodynamic quantities + +that you're familiar +with already. + +Let's just quickly look at +our special function. + +It's not going to be hard to +calculate because it's a + +constant temperature path, +so that T in the + +bottom is just T1, right. + +You've already looked +at q, right. + +So dq A over T1 it's just +R log V2 over V1 right. + +So there's our special +function for + +this particular path. + +OK, so that's path A. Now let's +compare to path B. So if + +path B is an adibat, what's +zero? q, it's adiabatic, that + +means there's no heat exchanged +between the system + +and the surroundings. + +So what happens, q B is zero. + +There is a change in +temperature, right? + +We've got, if we say it's a mole +of gas, it's going from + +p1, V1, and T1 to one mole of +our gas at p3, V2, and T2. + +So unlike before now + +temperature is going to change. + +So that means that delta +u isn't zero this time. + +du, it's an ideal gas. + +So this is Cv dT and of course +we can just integrate this + +straight away. + +So delta u B is Cv times T2 +minus T1, right. and similarly + +dH is Cp dT right. + +So delta H in pathway B is +just Cp T2 minus T1 okay? + +All right, what we've already +got that q is zero. + +Delta u is q plus w. + +Delta u isn't zero. + +So this must be equal +to work, right? + +And now we can look at our +special function, but since + +this is zero right dq B is zero, +along path B, so our + +special function, dS, so we're +going to go, dq B over T is + +equal to zero. + +OK? + +OK, finally let's look at our +third path, this constant + +volume path, that's going to +connect T1 and T2, right? + +Constant volume, what's zero? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR NELSON: A little +more noise here. + +What's zero? + +STUDENT: Work. + +PROFESSOR NELSON: Work, great. + +So, path C constant volume means +our work in past C is + +zero, right? + +Now, our temperature is going +to change from T2 to T1, and + +we just saw what happens to u +and H when that happens going + +from T1 to T2, and it's +no different. + +It's an ideal gas going +along these path. + +So we can immediately write +delta u C is Cv + +times T1 minus T2. + +Delta Hc C is Cp times +T1 minus T2, right? + +Work is zero. + +Delta u is w plus q, +work plus heat. + +This is zero, this isn't. + +This must be heat q B, right. + +So again, there are our +familiar thermodynamic + +quantities, but now let's also +look at our special function. + +It's not going to be zero this +time because we have non zero + +heat exchange between +the system and the + +environment, right. + +So are integral of dq C over T, +right, which is our heat, + +but in this case we can do +this calculation easily + +because since work is zero, we +can equate dq with du, right. + +So we can write this as our +integral from T1 to T2, du + +over T. du is just +Cv dT, right. + +So this is just Cv +log T2 over T1. + +OK? + +So now we've completed +the cycle. + +So let's just compare. + +Let's compare what happened in +path A to what happened in + +paths B and C. Yes? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR NELSON: Ah sorry, +yes of course. + +Thank you. + +Yes, oh yes, so. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR NELSON: And it's +right because, thank you + +again, it's because we're +going from T1 to T2. + +So I'm getting confused +by the oh sorry, we're + +going from T2 to T1. + +So it's in reverse of the order +of the subscripts and I + +let this confuse me. + +There it is. + +There it is. + +There. + +Thank you, any other details +which should be pointed out? + +All right, then let's proceed. + +So what we're going to do is +our comparison of what + +happened on pathway A to what +happened in combined pathways + +B and C, right? + +So here are results for pathway +A, right, for delta u + +zero delta H zero. + +I didn't actually explicitly +write it or did I? + +Let's just write it again. + +Here's our work in path A, and +here's our heat exchange in + +path A. Now let's look at the +sum of B and C. So B plus C, + +here is delta uB Cv +times T2 minus T1. + +Delta uC Cv times T1 minus T2, +the sum is zero right. + +That's the some of delta u in +these two paths, and if we + +look at delta u in just +path A, it's zero. + +And it's going to be the same +without delta H. The only + +difference is it'll be Cp +instead of Cv, but there it is + +for pathway B. There it is for +a pathway C. So the state + +functions that we're familiar +with are doing what we expect + +they ought to be doing, right? + +If you go around in a cycle, +starting and ending at the + +same place, the state functions + +have to stay the same. + +They only depend on the state +the system is in. + +They don't depend on the +path, and that's what + +we've shown, right. + +Similarly if we go from this +point to this point through + +path A or if we do it through +the combination of these two + +paths, and the change in u and H +in any state function, those + +have to be the same. + +It turns out they're zero in +both cases, and that's what + +we've seen, right? + +Now let's compare what happens +to work and heat. + +So here are expressions +for work and heat. + +They're opposites for the +pathway A. Here's pathway B + +and C. In C the work is zero. + +In B it isn't, it's Cv times +T2 minus T1, right. + +The work isn't equal to the +work in pathway A, right, + +because you know work is not a +state function it depends on + +the path right, and there are +different amounts of work done + +on the system, or done by the +system on the surroundings in + +these two different processes. + +They're both expansions. + +They'll both have net work done +on the surroundings, but + +not the same amount, right. + +And of course it's going to +be the same with heat. + +We've already seen that +delta u is zero. + +So we know that in each case +the heat is going to be the + +opposite of the work, but the +work isn't the same in these + +two different ways of getting +from here to here, right. + +So let's just see +it explicitly. + +Here's our qA. + +Here's heat exchanged in pathway +A and in pathway B + +heat is zero, and in pathway +C, here is qC + +it's Cv T1 minus T2. + +So again, for both heat +and work we don't + +get the same result. + +Now let's look at our special +function, right. + +So here's path A. We found that +it's R log V2 over V1. + +Pathway B is zero. + +Pathway C it's Cv +log T1 over T2. + +All right, let's just look at +that a little more carefully. + +R log V2 over V1. + +B plus C, Cv log of +T1 over T2, right. + +Just some weird combination +of functions, right? + +But, of course, it's not +quite like that. + +Why? + +Because this path is +an adiabatic path. + +And you already saw last time +there was this relationship + +between the temperature and +volume changes along an + +adiabatic path. + +So let me just write +that down. + +Adiabatic reversible path. + +What you saw is that T1 over +T2 was V2 over V1 to the + +power R over Cv. + +Isn't that something? + +So what does that mean? + +We take this Cv and put in +the exponent here, right. + +And we put this R up in +the exponent here. + +What are we going to discover? + +Those two things are equal +right, T1 over T2 to the power + +Cv is V2 over V1 to the power R, +so dS over path A equals dS + +over paths B plus C, okay? + +So what this suggests is that +whatever this funny special + +function is, at least for this +one cycle that we've, tried + +it's behaving like a state +function, right. + +It seems like its change +is independent of path. + +Start here, end up here, do +it through two different + +pathways, end up in the +same place, right. + +OK, now that's all the +foreshadowing I'm going to + +give it for right now. + +We will certainly come +back to this very + +special function shortly. + +Before I move on, I'm just +going to put on the board + +another cycle, and I'm going +to urge you to work through + +that on your own. + +It's worked through already, +let's see, I believe it's + +worked through in +the notes, yes. + +So if you need the help of the +notes it's in there, but I + +would urge you to work through +it on your own, and it's the + +following: let's start with the +same path A, all right? + +So we've got our reversible +adiabatic path right. + +And now, try working through +what happens if we close the + +cycle in a different way, +right, like this. + +So here's a path that's constant +pressure, and here is + +a path that's constant volume, +similar to the constant volume + +path that we did before, but +not between the same + +pressures, right. + +So we can label this one D and +this one E, and I urge you to + +just try going through that +and verifying for yourself + +that again the state functions +will behave the way state + +functions should, and you can +see whether this special + +function once again behaves like +a state function, right. + +And of course you should expect +to see that the work + +and the heat again won't behave +like state functions + +which they are, then you'll see +you have different results + +for those, depending +on the path, OK? + +Any questions about going +through these cycles and using + +expressions like this +and so forth? + +Expressions like this you know +turn up in various places, + +like in the equations sheet +that appears at the end of + +exams, right? + +Which means that you +may not need to be + +committing it to memory. + +On the other hand it means that +you should, it's the sort + +of thing that you should be +familiar with so that the need + +to use it is something that +you'll conjure when you're + +working on a problem and there's +a reversible adiabat, + +and you have temperatures and +volumes that change that you + +might like to relate +to each other. + +Cycles that are suggested that +you go through and aren't gone + +through in class also sometimes +turn up on exams + +too, by the way. + +So that said, let's move on to +the next topic, which is + +thermochemistry. + +So, so far what you've seen in +most of the examples in the + +class are essentially mechanical +kinds of changes, + +pressure volume sorts of +changes, where the system is + +doing essentially a kind of +mechanical work, pressure + +volume work on the surroundings +or vice versa and + +heat is being exchanged, and +you're calculating the basic + +thermodynamics just like +we went through, of + +processes of that sort. + +Now I'd like to start +introducing something that's + +really central to chemical +thermodynamics, mainly + +chemistry, right. + +Let's start looking at chemical +reactions, right, and + +understanding what the changes +in thermodynamic properties + +are that occur when chemical +reactions occur, and the + +immediate application is to +calculate the change in + +enthalpy, which, as you've seen +it, at constant pressure + +which is the condition under +which an awful lot of + +chemistry is done, that's +just the heat. + +Which means we're going +to calculate heats + +of reaction, right. + +You're running some reaction. + +It's in the atmosphere. + +It's at constant pressure. + +You know, you mix acid and base +together and the thing + +heats up like crazy, right. + +Or other things might +react spontaneously. + +You can feel something +cooling off right. + +I mean simple examples of these +happen when you, you + +know, if you buy cold +or hot packs. + +You break the seal between them +and feel the thing get + +cold, for example, right. + +What's happening there? + +Well, the selection of reactants +has been done + +judiciously to provide either +heat or to provide something + +that's cool. + +And all of that is coming out +of the heat of reaction, + +whether it's positive +or negative. + +Of course the biggest practical +application is + +burning of fuel. + +You might use the heat to, and +convert it into pressure + +volume work, right? + +So if it's an internal +combustion + +engine, you'll do a reaction. + +There will be the heat +of reaction. + +There'll be a volume change, +depending on the conditions + +under which is occurs, and you +can extract work through the + +reaction and so forth. + +So let's just to see how you +run through some of those + +calculations. + +Now let me just ask who +here took 5.111? + +And who here took 5.112? + +OK, now you've seen some +thermal chemistry + +in 5.111 and 5.112. + +So I I'm going to do some review +of that, but I'm also + +going to call on the +thermochemistry that I'm + +pretty sure you're +familiar with. + +So I won't go painstakingly +over every element of the + +notes here. + +Subsequently we'll go on into +additional topics that you + +haven't seen, and I'll treat +them in full detail. + +OK, so let's do some +thermochemistry. + +What we want to do is we'd like +to be able to predict for + +any reaction what's the +heat of reaction. + +And so what we're going to +calculator is delta H. So for + +any kind of reaction we should +be able to do that, right? + +And we're going to treat +constant pressure situations + +certainly at first and most +of the time, right? + +Constant pressure, right, +reversible delta H is going to + +give us our heat of +reaction, OK. + +And then if we can also +determine delta u, then we + +know this, we know delta u +is q plus w, then we can + +determine work as well, right? + +And typically, we'll be treating +at least some cases + +where we're dealing with ideal +gases in which case we can + +easily get delta u. + +And then we'll be able +to in a very + +straightforward way get w. + +So it's a really powerful and +simple formalism, once we set + +up what is needed the go +through it, right? + +So let's just consider +any reaction. + +The one that I've got written +down for you is it's the + +reverse of the rusting +of iron, right? + +So iron left to own devices in +the atmosphere in the presence + +of a little bit of water, and +the atmosphere will start + +combining with the water +form iron oxide. + +There's an equilibrium +between the two. + +So we'll have an iron +oxide species. + +It's a solid. + +It's combining with hydrogen +which is a gas to give iron, + +also a solid and water, right? + +So the way I've written this +we're imagining the iron, the + +solid iron immersed in the water +as a liquid, could be + +calculated otherwise as well, +but in this case were imaging + +the water as liquid and going +in this direction then it's + +forming iron oxide and evolving +hydrogen gas, okay? + +And our heat of reaction or +enthalpy of reaction is + +defined as the enthalpy +at constant pressure. + +Isothermal conditions, +temperature won't change and + +reversible work. + +For Isothermal reaction +constant + +pressure reversible, right? + +Of course, they're all sorts +of conditions under which a + +reaction could be wrong +in the lab or + +outdoors or however, right. + +But this is the way +we're going to + +define delta H of reaction. + +We want to have that definition +clear because in + +fact we're going to, we might +want tabulate heats of + +reaction, right, and of course +want to know what the + +conditions are for the tabulated +values apply. + +And we're going to want to +calculate them from other + +quantities, and again, we're +going to need to know each + +case what are the relevant +conditions? + +OK, so what happens? + +Well, we should be +able to get this. + +We should be able to +calculate delta H. + +It's a state function. + +If we know the enthalpy of the +products minus the enthalpy of + +the reactants, right. + +It's a state function. + +And we can we can do this in +principle except for one + +important detail, which is +that enthalpy, just like + +energy u isn't measured on an +absolute scale but on a + +relative scale, right? + +You know, if you want to measure +the potential energy + +of something in a gravitational +field, you have + +to define the zero somewhere, +right, because it's arbitrary. + +You can set it anywhere +you want. + +It's the same with enthalpy. + +Enthalpy is just u plus p V. So +there is an arbitrary set + +point that needs to +be defined, right? + +Because what you actually +measure in the lab are changes + +in enthalpy, just like what you +measure when you look at + +energy change of some sort, +you measure the change in + +energy, right. + +The absolute number that you +assign to it is something + +that's arbitrary. + +You have to set what +the zero is. + +And so there's a well-understood +convention for + +what the zero is. + +What we define as zero is the +enthalpy of every element in + +its natural state at room + +temperature and ambient pressure. + +In other words, we choose a +convention for the zero of + +entropy, so that then we can +write entropies of products + +and reactants always referring +to the same standard state. + +And then we calculate changes, +the convention is understood + +with respect to what +is the zero, right. + +And so our tabulated values, +they'll all work. + +They'll all refer to the +same standard state. + +And we'll be able to use the +formalism that we set up. + +So our reference point for H, +it's 298.15 Kelvin, one bar + +and in that standard state our +molar enthalpy is defined as + +zero for every element +in its stable form. + +OK, very important. + +OK, now, given that reference +point, all we need to do to + +get the value of enthalpy that +we're going to use for each + +reactant and each product is +calculate how much does the + +enthalpy change to form it from +the elements in their + +stable form at room temperature + +and pressure, right. + +So we're going to replace the H +or we're going to put in for + +the H what we'll call our heat +of formation or delta H of + +formation starting from the +elements in their stable + +states at room temperature +and pressure, for + +each of these things. + +And we can do that because now +we're going to have instead of + +just sort of H, it's going to +be delta H of formation for + +each of these things, is going +to appear in our calculation + +of H, but that's OK. + +Delta H of formation means the +enthalpy of this compound + +minus the enthalpy of its +constituent elements in their + +most stable state at room +temperature and pressure. + +But we've defined the enthalpy +of those elements in their + +stable state at room temperature +and pressure as + +zero, right? + +So we're just subtracting, in +effect, zero, right, from the + +enthalpy of the product, but of +course it's important have + +that established because the +heat of formation is something + +you could measure, right? + +You could run the reaction, +take solid iron, gaseous + +oxygen, form iron oxide, measure +the heat of formation + +of it, tabulate it. + +We know it. + +We know it forever, right. + +And for any of the +other compounds. + +So in other words, by defining +that reference state, we can + +then figure out or measure heats +of formation of a vast + +number of compounds. + +We can tabulate them. + +We can know them, and then when +we have reactions that + +inter-convert different +compounds, we can calculate + +the heat of reaction is just +the difference between the + +heat of formation of the +reactants, and the heat of + +formation of the products, +right. + +So let's just write that out. + +So first of all, for example, +right, molar enthalpy of + +hydrogen gas at 298.15 +K is zero. + +Hydrogen gas it's in its most +stable state, right at room + +temperature and pressure. + +That little zero, that +little superscript + +means one bar always. + +OK. + +A molar enthalpy of or whatever, +iron, as a solid at + +298.15 Kelvin is zero. + +Iron as an element is a solid. + +That's it's most stable state +at room temperature and + +pressure, right, and so on. + +And then we can figure out +heats of formation. + +Now in this particular reaction, +I've got hydrogen + +gas, iron solid. + +Those already are elements in +their most stable forms at + +room temperature and pressure. + +But this is a compound, right, +it has some non-zero heat of + +formation from the elements. + +So is water, right? + +So I need to find out the heats +of formation of the iron + +oxide and the water. + +And if I do that then I can +find out the change in + +enthalpy of this reaction. + +It's just going to be the heat +of formation of these three + +moles of water, minus +the heat of + +formation of the iron oxide. + +OK. + +So how am I going to do that? + +Well, I need to write the +reaction that forms that + +compound from it's +elements, right? + +And I want to tabulate that +for an enormous number of + +materials, right? + +So for example, if I want to +look at HBr, there's a simple + +case, right, hydrogen bromine. + +What's my heat of formation? + +Delta Hf. + +It's going to have our +little zero, right? + +How do I calculate it? + +Well, I need to write the +reaction that forms this from + +its constituent elements. + +What is it? + +Well, 1/2 H2 as a gas, +temperature, at one bar, plus + +1/2 bromine, no actually bromine +is a liquid at room + +temperature and one +atmosphere. + +They form HBr which is a gas +at room temperature and one + +bar, right. + +I can measure that. + +And the heat of reaction for +this, delta H of reaction is + +equal to delta H of formation, +of HBr as a gas at our + +temperature and one bar, okay? + +So that's how we determine +our heats of formation. + +We measure them for all +these compounds. + +And then we go back to reactions +like this, and we + +can just very simply determine +the heat of reaction because + +all we're doing is the +following cycle. + +We go from reactants to products +and there's some heat + +of reaction, and here's the +cycle that we have. + +We go to the elements +in their standard + +states, in both cases. + +So we're really just doing our +delta H is the negative sum of + +delta H of formation for the +reactants, all right? + +Because here what we're doing +is we're going to take apart + +our reactants and form the +elements from them, right? + +So written this way, for +example, I'm going to pull + +these things apart, and I'm +going to have solid iron, and + +I'm going to have gaseous +oxygen, and I know the + +enthalpy of that reaction. + +That's just given by the heat of +formation, the enthalpy of + +formation of iron oxide. + +Here, now I'm going to take +those same elements, and I'm + +going to make the +products, right. + +I know it's going to work +because I already had this + +reaction, so all the, you know, +I'm going to conserve + +atoms in the right way. + +So here, I'm going to have delta +H, is just the sum for + +all the products of delta heat +of formation, right? + +Here I'm going to put together +all the products. + +So this is a positive +heat of formation. + +This is the negative heat +of formation, right? + +In other words, I've +got reactants, + +and I've got products. + +What's delta H of reaction? + +It's delta H of formation of the +products minus delta H of + +formation of the reactants. + +That's the important message, +delta H of formation of the + +products, minus delta H of +formation of the reactants. + +Any questions? + +All right, tomorrow I'll go +through the remaining details. + +The truth is after this, it's +all arithmetic, right? + +We're just going to +go through it and + +execute it a little bit. + +And then we'll move on and talk +about how we'd actually + +make some of these measurements +of delta H and + +compare them to what +we calculate. + +See you tomorrow. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8fW7ooZLIuc.txt b/8fW7ooZLIuc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19b1e73bcfa72018c03d0598a3b10b0b18918459 --- /dev/null +++ b/8fW7ooZLIuc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this is our first lecture on text + + align:start position:0% +this is our first lecture on text + + + align:start position:0% +this is our first lecture on text +analytics we discuss how can use data + + align:start position:0% +analytics we discuss how can use data + + + align:start position:0% +analytics we discuss how can use data +from Twitter and turn them into + + align:start position:0% +from Twitter and turn them into + + + align:start position:0% +from Twitter and turn them into +knowledge twitter is a social networking + + align:start position:0% +knowledge twitter is a social networking + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge twitter is a social networking +and communication website founded in + + align:start position:0% +and communication website founded in + + + align:start position:0% +and communication website founded in +2006 users share and send messages that + + align:start position:0% +2006 users share and send messages that + + + align:start position:0% +2006 users share and send messages that +can be no longer than 140 characters + + align:start position:0% +can be no longer than 140 characters + + + align:start position:0% +can be no longer than 140 characters +long it is indeed one of the top 10 most + + align:start position:0% +long it is indeed one of the top 10 most + + + align:start position:0% +long it is indeed one of the top 10 most +visited sites on the internet it had an + + align:start position:0% +visited sites on the internet it had an + + + align:start position:0% +visited sites on the internet it had an +initial public offering in 2013 and its + + align:start position:0% +initial public offering in 2013 and its + + + align:start position:0% +initial public offering in 2013 and its +current valuation is about 31 billion + + align:start position:0% +current valuation is about 31 billion + + + align:start position:0% +current valuation is about 31 billion +dollars let's discuss the impact of + + align:start position:0% +dollars let's discuss the impact of + + + align:start position:0% +dollars let's discuss the impact of +Twitter protesters protesters around the + + align:start position:0% +Twitter protesters protesters around the + + + align:start position:0% +Twitter protesters protesters around the +world used Twitter it had an important + + align:start position:0% +world used Twitter it had an important + + + align:start position:0% +world used Twitter it had an important +impact on Arab Spring people also use it + + align:start position:0% +impact on Arab Spring people also use it + + + align:start position:0% +impact on Arab Spring people also use it +as a method of notification for natural + + align:start position:0% +as a method of notification for natural + + + align:start position:0% +as a method of notification for natural +disasters and for tracking diseases + + align:start position:0% +disasters and for tracking diseases + + + align:start position:0% +disasters and for tracking diseases +celebrities politicians and companies + + align:start position:0% +celebrities politicians and companies + + + align:start position:0% +celebrities politicians and companies +connect with fans and customers using + + align:start position:0% +connect with fans and customers using + + + align:start position:0% +connect with fans and customers using +Twitter everyone is watching + + align:start position:0% +Twitter everyone is watching + + + align:start position:0% +Twitter everyone is watching +to illustrate this last point let us + + align:start position:0% +to illustrate this last point let us + + + align:start position:0% +to illustrate this last point let us +discuss a tweet that was supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +discuss a tweet that was supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +discuss a tweet that was supposed to be +from The Associated Press The Associated + + align:start position:0% +from The Associated Press The Associated + + + align:start position:0% +from The Associated Press The Associated +Press is a major news agency that + + align:start position:0% +Press is a major news agency that + + + align:start position:0% +Press is a major news agency that +distributes news stories to other news + + align:start position:0% +distributes news stories to other news + + + align:start position:0% +distributes news stories to other news +agencies in April 2013 someone tweeted + + align:start position:0% +agencies in April 2013 someone tweeted + + + align:start position:0% +agencies in April 2013 someone tweeted +this message from the Maine ap verified + + align:start position:0% +this message from the Maine ap verified + + + align:start position:0% +this message from the Maine ap verified +Twitter account + + align:start position:0% +Twitter account + + + align:start position:0% +Twitter account +it said the two explosions in the White + + align:start position:0% +it said the two explosions in the White + + + align:start position:0% +it said the two explosions in the White +House and Barack Obama is injured the + + align:start position:0% +House and Barack Obama is injured the + + + align:start position:0% +House and Barack Obama is injured the +S&P 500 stock index fell 1% in seconds + + align:start position:0% +S&P 500 stock index fell 1% in seconds + + + align:start position:0% +S&P 500 stock index fell 1% in seconds +but the White House rapidly clarified + + align:start position:0% +but the White House rapidly clarified + + + align:start position:0% +but the White House rapidly clarified +many companies maintain online presences + + align:start position:0% +many companies maintain online presences + + + align:start position:0% +many companies maintain online presences +managing public perception in an age of + + align:start position:0% +managing public perception in an age of + + + align:start position:0% +managing public perception in an age of +instant communication is essential + + align:start position:0% +instant communication is essential + + + align:start position:0% +instant communication is essential +reacting to changing sentiment + + align:start position:0% +reacting to changing sentiment + + + align:start position:0% +reacting to changing sentiment +identifying offensive posts determining + + align:start position:0% +identifying offensive posts determining + + + align:start position:0% +identifying offensive posts determining +topics of interest are indeed crucial in + + align:start position:0% +topics of interest are indeed crucial in + + + align:start position:0% +topics of interest are indeed crucial in +this lecture we'll see how can use + + align:start position:0% +this lecture we'll see how can use + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture we'll see how can use +analytics to address these questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8wiIV-NfYwc.txt b/8wiIV-NfYwc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acbbe9353dfef1b265b555313f0f607c1d6f2e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/8wiIV-NfYwc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@ +align:start position:0% + +was the input we gave + + align:start position:0% +was the input we gave + + + align:start position:0% +was the input we gave +feibo f is still not + + align:start position:0% +feibo f is still not + + + align:start position:0% +feibo f is still not +defined and V is not defined + + align:start position:0% +defined and V is not defined + + + align:start position:0% +defined and V is not defined +either after we do this one line F will + + align:start position:0% +either after we do this one line F will + + + align:start position:0% +either after we do this one line F will +be defined how do we do this one line we + + align:start position:0% +be defined how do we do this one line we + + + align:start position:0% +be defined how do we do this one line we +have to either click on step or step in + + align:start position:0% +have to either click on step or step in + + + align:start position:0% +have to either click on step or step in +or step out or continue all these things + + align:start position:0% +or step out or continue all these things + + + align:start position:0% +or step out or continue all these things +are slightly different I'm going to use + + align:start position:0% +are slightly different I'm going to use + + + align:start position:0% +are slightly different I'm going to use +step in this case so step means to step + + align:start position:0% +step in this case so step means to step + + + align:start position:0% +step in this case so step means to step +o to do this line and step to the next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line so now I did that and F has been + + align:start position:0% +line so now I did that and F has been + + + align:start position:0% +line so now I did that and F has been +initialized let's + + align:start position:0% +initialized let's + + + align:start position:0% +initialized let's +see yeah f is one + + align:start position:0% +see yeah f is one + + + align:start position:0% +see yeah f is one +one here is the + + align:start position:0% +one here is the + + + align:start position:0% +one here is the +helper the + + align:start position:0% +helper the + + + align:start position:0% +helper the +helper is the function that actually + + align:start position:0% +helper is the function that actually + + + align:start position:0% +helper is the function that actually +does most of the + + align:start position:0% +does most of the + + + align:start position:0% +does most of the +calculation if we step over this one as + + align:start position:0% +calculation if we step over this one as + + + align:start position:0% +calculation if we step over this one as +well we're almost done now f is a + + align:start position:0% +well we're almost done now f is a + + + align:start position:0% +well we're almost done now f is a +already the full three + + align:start position:0% +already the full three + + + align:start position:0% +already the full three +vector and we will accept the last term + + align:start position:0% +vector and we will accept the last term + + + align:start position:0% +vector and we will accept the last term +FN and put it into + + align:start position:0% +FN and put it into + + + align:start position:0% +FN and put it into +V let's + + align:start position:0% +V let's + + + align:start position:0% +V let's +step and now we're about to end before + + align:start position:0% +step and now we're about to end before + + + align:start position:0% +step and now we're about to end before +we end we can check that V is two so two + + align:start position:0% +we end we can check that V is two so two + + + align:start position:0% +we end we can check that V is two so two +is the value that's going to be returned + + align:start position:0% +is the value that's going to be returned + + + align:start position:0% +is the value that's going to be returned +in the next step we can step + + align:start position:0% +in the next step we can step + + + align:start position:0% +in the next step we can step +again and now this Arrow Out means that + + align:start position:0% +again and now this Arrow Out means that + + + align:start position:0% +again and now this Arrow Out means that +we're about to leave the function with + + align:start position:0% +we're about to leave the function with + + + align:start position:0% +we're about to leave the function with +doing nothing else and if we we take one + + align:start position:0% +doing nothing else and if we we take one + + + align:start position:0% +doing nothing else and if we we take one +more step we're out the answer is two + + align:start position:0% +more step we're out the answer is two + + + align:start position:0% +more step we're out the answer is two +and we're not in the debugging mode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anymore we never seem to have entered + + align:start position:0% +anymore we never seem to have entered + + + align:start position:0% +anymore we never seem to have entered +Helper and the reason for that was that + + align:start position:0% +Helper and the reason for that was that + + + align:start position:0% +Helper and the reason for that was that +we stepped over this line rather than + + align:start position:0% +we stepped over this line rather than + + + align:start position:0% +we stepped over this line rather than +stepping into it let's do that again + + align:start position:0% +stepping into it let's do that again + + + align:start position:0% +stepping into it let's do that again +I'll move the break + + align:start position:0% +I'll move the break + + + align:start position:0% +I'll move the break +point put it here and now I'll run it I + + align:start position:0% +point put it here and now I'll run it I + + + align:start position:0% +point put it here and now I'll run it I +can't run the function by pressing this + + align:start position:0% +can't run the function by pressing this + + + align:start position:0% +can't run the function by pressing this +green arrow because I'm not giving it + + align:start position:0% +green arrow because I'm not giving it + + + align:start position:0% +green arrow because I'm not giving it +any input when I just run it + + align:start position:0% +any input when I just run it + + + align:start position:0% +any input when I just run it +if I run it I'll get an error + + align:start position:0% +if I run it I'll get an error + + + align:start position:0% +if I run it I'll get an error +look now n is not + + align:start position:0% +look now n is not + + + align:start position:0% +look now n is not +defined and if I step over right now + + align:start position:0% +defined and if I step over right now + + + align:start position:0% +defined and if I step over right now +here's my error not enough input + + align:start position:0% +here's my error not enough input + + + align:start position:0% +here's my error not enough input +arguments because n was not defined okay + + align:start position:0% +arguments because n was not defined okay + + + align:start position:0% +arguments because n was not defined okay +so let's not run it this way let's run + + align:start position:0% +so let's not run it this way let's run + + + align:start position:0% +so let's not run it this way let's run +it this way but this time I'll give it + + align:start position:0% +it this way but this time I'll give it + + + align:start position:0% +it this way but this time I'll give it +five as + + align:start position:0% +five as + + + align:start position:0% +five as +input okay so I've put my break point + + align:start position:0% +input okay so I've put my break point + + + align:start position:0% +input okay so I've put my break point +here I'm stopped right here and now I'm + + align:start position:0% +here I'm stopped right here and now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm stopped right here and now I'm +going to not step over step means step + + align:start position:0% +going to not step over step means step + + + align:start position:0% +going to not step over step means step +over I'll step in + + align:start position:0% +over I'll step in + + + align:start position:0% +over I'll step in +into okay so step into means to step + + align:start position:0% +into okay so step into means to step + + + align:start position:0% +into okay so step into means to step +into this function + + align:start position:0% +into this function + + + align:start position:0% +into this function +call okay so now we're inside the + + align:start position:0% +call okay so now we're inside the + + + align:start position:0% +call okay so now we're inside the +function helper notice that this green + + align:start position:0% +function helper notice that this green + + + align:start position:0% +function helper notice that this green +arrow tells us where we came from and + + align:start position:0% +arrow tells us where we came from and + + + align:start position:0% +arrow tells us where we came from and +this sorry this non- green arrow tells + + align:start position:0% +this sorry this non- green arrow tells + + + align:start position:0% +this sorry this non- green arrow tells +us where we came from and this green + + align:start position:0% +us where we came from and this green + + + align:start position:0% +us where we came from and this green +arrow tells me us where we currently + + align:start position:0% +arrow tells me us where we currently + + + align:start position:0% +arrow tells me us where we currently +are we can see all of these in the stack + + align:start position:0% +are we can see all of these in the stack + + + align:start position:0% +are we can see all of these in the stack +here's the base this is where we called + + align:start position:0% +here's the base this is where we called + + + align:start position:0% +here's the base this is where we called +fibo two + + align:start position:0% +fibo two + + + align:start position:0% +fibo two +here here's fibo 2 that's what this non- + + align:start position:0% +here here's fibo 2 that's what this non- + + + align:start position:0% +here here's fibo 2 that's what this non- +green arrow is and here's feo 2H helper + + align:start position:0% +green arrow is and here's feo 2H helper + + + align:start position:0% +green arrow is and here's feo 2H helper +that's this location right here we can + + align:start position:0% +that's this location right here we can + + + align:start position:0% +that's this location right here we can +switch to whatever we want so we can + + align:start position:0% +switch to whatever we want so we can + + + align:start position:0% +switch to whatever we want so we can +switch to the base now we're not here + + align:start position:0% +switch to the base now we're not here + + + align:start position:0% +switch to the base now we're not here +and not here we're actually on the base + + align:start position:0% +and not here we're actually on the base + + + align:start position:0% +and not here we're actually on the base +and we can see who the variables are + + align:start position:0% +and we can see who the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +and we can see who the variables are +here they're not that many variables + + align:start position:0% +here they're not that many variables + + + align:start position:0% +here they're not that many variables +specifically n is not a variable and V + + align:start position:0% +specifically n is not a variable and V + + + align:start position:0% +specifically n is not a variable and V +is not a variable and F is not a + + align:start position:0% +is not a variable and F is not a + + + align:start position:0% +is not a variable and F is not a +variable when we're out here let's go + + align:start position:0% +variable when we're out here let's go + + + align:start position:0% +variable when we're out here let's go +back to people would to + + align:start position:0% +back to people would to + + + align:start position:0% +back to people would to +helper okay so this F of course is not + + align:start position:0% +helper okay so this F of course is not + + + align:start position:0% +helper okay so this F of course is not +going to be true let's + + align:start position:0% +going to be true let's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be true let's +step um over + + align:start position:0% +step um over + + + align:start position:0% +step um over +this and now it's going to kill help her + + align:start position:0% +this and now it's going to kill help her + + + align:start position:0% +this and now it's going to kill help her +again let's go once in just to see how + + align:start position:0% +again let's go once in just to see how + + + align:start position:0% +again let's go once in just to see how +this looks so if we go + + align:start position:0% +this looks so if we go + + + align:start position:0% +this looks so if we go +in now the stack is becoming more and + + align:start position:0% +in now the stack is becoming more and + + + align:start position:0% +in now the stack is becoming more and +more complicated we have we are Twi + + align:start position:0% +more complicated we have we are Twi + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated we have we are Twi +there two entries of fibu 2H Helper + + align:start position:0% +there two entries of fibu 2H Helper + + + align:start position:0% +there two entries of fibu 2H Helper +because helper called helper + + align:start position:0% +because helper called helper + + + align:start position:0% +because helper called helper +again and at this point is four so in + + align:start position:0% +again and at this point is four so in + + + align:start position:0% +again and at this point is four so in +fact it's probably going to call it + + align:start position:0% +fact it's probably going to call it + + + align:start position:0% +fact it's probably going to call it +one more time because the number of + + align:start position:0% +one more time because the number of + + + align:start position:0% +one more time because the number of +elements in F is still + + align:start position:0% +elements in F is still + + + align:start position:0% +elements in F is still +two we have to wait until we reach down + + align:start position:0% +two we have to wait until we reach down + + + align:start position:0% +two we have to wait until we reach down +to two so even if + + align:start position:0% +to two so even if + + + align:start position:0% +to two so even if +we step in + + align:start position:0% +we step in + + + align:start position:0% +we step in +again here now we're in helper three + + align:start position:0% +again here now we're in helper three + + + align:start position:0% +again here now we're in helper three +times take a look where's my stack see + + align:start position:0% +times take a look where's my stack see + + + align:start position:0% +times take a look where's my stack see +at this point n is still three it will + + align:start position:0% +at this point n is still three it will + + + align:start position:0% +at this point n is still three it will +happen once + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more and now it's going to all start + + align:start position:0% +more and now it's going to all start + + + align:start position:0% +more and now it's going to all start +start collapsing + + align:start position:0% +start collapsing + + + align:start position:0% +start collapsing +back so now I've + + align:start position:0% +back so now I've + + + align:start position:0% +back so now I've +called n with three now I'm starting to + + align:start position:0% +called n with three now I'm starting to + + + align:start position:0% +called n with three now I'm starting to +come back out of it so f is going to + + align:start position:0% +come back out of it so f is going to + + + align:start position:0% +come back out of it so f is going to +start growing so helper has been called + + align:start position:0% +start growing so helper has been called + + + align:start position:0% +start growing so helper has been called +n is three so now I'm going to put F3 = + + align:start position:0% +n is three so now I'm going to put F3 = + + + align:start position:0% +n is three so now I'm going to put F3 = +F2 + + + align:start position:0% +F2 + + + + align:start position:0% +F2 + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +fub1 now this is a little bit boring so + + align:start position:0% +fub1 now this is a little bit boring so + + + align:start position:0% +fub1 now this is a little bit boring so +I can use step out to step out of a + + align:start position:0% +I can use step out to step out of a + + + align:start position:0% +I can use step out to step out of a +function call so this basically runs + + align:start position:0% +function call so this basically runs + + + align:start position:0% +function call so this basically runs +until the + + align:start position:0% +until the + + + align:start position:0% +until the +current element of Stack goes out or + + align:start position:0% +current element of Stack goes out or + + + align:start position:0% +current element of Stack goes out or +returns so if I call if I step out once + + align:start position:0% +returns so if I call if I step out once + + + align:start position:0% +returns so if I call if I step out once +I'll have two functions well four + + align:start position:0% +I'll have two functions well four + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have two functions well four +functions left twice Helper and then + + align:start position:0% +functions left twice Helper and then + + + align:start position:0% +functions left twice Helper and then +fibu and base so step + + align:start position:0% +fibu and base so step + + + align:start position:0% +fibu and base so step +out let's look at the stack again let's + + align:start position:0% +out let's look at the stack again let's + + + align:start position:0% +out let's look at the stack again let's +step out + + align:start position:0% +step out + + + align:start position:0% +step out +again let's look at the stack again good + + align:start position:0% +again let's look at the stack again good + + + align:start position:0% +again let's look at the stack again good +at this point f is + + align:start position:0% +at this point f is + + + align:start position:0% +at this point f is +growing and N is increasing and each + + align:start position:0% +growing and N is increasing and each + + + align:start position:0% +growing and N is increasing and each +time I'm filling up the relevant F so + + align:start position:0% +time I'm filling up the relevant F so + + + align:start position:0% +time I'm filling up the relevant F so +now I'm going to fill up + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to fill up + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to fill up +F5 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +step turn now I'm done with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and I'm exiting the + + align:start position:0% +function and I'm exiting the + + + align:start position:0% +function and I'm exiting the +function so now I'm done + + align:start position:0% +function so now I'm done + + + align:start position:0% +function so now I'm done +here now f is all the data is + + align:start position:0% +here now f is all the data is + + + align:start position:0% +here now f is all the data is +done I can step and if you're bored with + + align:start position:0% +done I can step and if you're bored with + + + align:start position:0% +done I can step and if you're bored with +this you just want to finish the + + align:start position:0% +this you just want to finish the + + + align:start position:0% +this you just want to finish the +function you can just call continue and + + align:start position:0% +function you can just call continue and + + + align:start position:0% +function you can just call continue and +it will run through the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +it will run through the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +it will run through the rest of the +lines unless it hits a break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point now let's do this again while I'm + + align:start position:0% +point now let's do this again while I'm + + + align:start position:0% +point now let's do this again while I'm +here now I'm here again I'm in the + + align:start position:0% +here now I'm here again I'm in the + + + align:start position:0% +here now I'm here again I'm in the +command line I'm inside this function I + + align:start position:0% +command line I'm inside this function I + + + align:start position:0% +command line I'm inside this function I +can evaluate all kinds of stuff I can + + align:start position:0% +can evaluate all kinds of stuff I can + + + align:start position:0% +can evaluate all kinds of stuff I can +look at F I can look at F1 plus + + align:start position:0% +look at F I can look at F1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +look at F I can look at F1 plus +F2 I can evaluate all kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +F2 I can evaluate all kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +F2 I can evaluate all kinds of things +and change even change things I can do + + align:start position:0% +and change even change things I can do + + + align:start position:0% +and change even change things I can do +silly stuff like fub1 equal 3 and now F + + align:start position:0% +silly stuff like fub1 equal 3 and now F + + + align:start position:0% +silly stuff like fub1 equal 3 and now F +will be starting with three and one and + + align:start position:0% +will be starting with three and one and + + + align:start position:0% +will be starting with three and one and +the Fibonacci sequence that results will + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci sequence that results will + + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci sequence that results will +be a very odd one indeed let's see how + + align:start position:0% +be a very odd one indeed let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +be a very odd one indeed let's see how +this works I'm going to put a break + + align:start position:0% +this works I'm going to put a break + + + align:start position:0% +this works I'm going to put a break +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +here press + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continue oh cuz I ran it let me call F + + align:start position:0% +continue oh cuz I ran it let me call F + + + align:start position:0% +continue oh cuz I ran it let me call F +T5 and now change this to three and now + + align:start position:0% +T5 and now change this to three and now + + + align:start position:0% +T5 and now change this to three and now +press + + align:start position:0% +press + + + align:start position:0% +press +continue okay so now what is f see f is + + align:start position:0% +continue okay so now what is f see f is + + + align:start position:0% +continue okay so now what is f see f is +a Fibonacci Sequence but it's not the + + align:start position:0% +a Fibonacci Sequence but it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +a Fibonacci Sequence but it's not the +FCI sequence because it starts from 3 + + align:start position:0% +FCI sequence because it starts from 3 + + + align:start position:0% +FCI sequence because it starts from 3 +one and then there's a four which is a + + align:start position:0% +one and then there's a four which is a + + + align:start position:0% +one and then there's a four which is a +sum of three and one and then a five + + align:start position:0% +sum of three and one and then a five + + + align:start position:0% +sum of three and one and then a five +which is four and one and then a nine + + align:start position:0% +which is four and one and then a nine + + + align:start position:0% +which is four and one and then a nine +which is four and five + + align:start position:0% +which is four and five + + + align:start position:0% +which is four and five +Etc okay I changed my fibon sequence + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay I changed my fibon sequence + + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay I changed my fibon sequence +while it was + + align:start position:0% +while it was + + + align:start position:0% +while it was +running and then that changed of course + + align:start position:0% +running and then that changed of course + + + align:start position:0% +running and then that changed of course +the rest of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation there's another type of + + align:start position:0% +operation there's another type of + + + align:start position:0% +operation there's another type of +breakpoint that you can do that's called + + align:start position:0% +breakpoint that you can do that's called + + + align:start position:0% +breakpoint that you can do that's called +a conditional breakpoint so let's do + + align:start position:0% +a conditional breakpoint so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +a conditional breakpoint so let's do +this one you notice that we had to wait + + align:start position:0% +this one you notice that we had to wait + + + align:start position:0% +this one you notice that we had to wait +until we knew that n was two we had + + align:start position:0% +until we knew that n was two we had + + + align:start position:0% +until we knew that n was two we had +to go step in step in again and again + + align:start position:0% +to go step in step in again and again + + + align:start position:0% +to go step in step in again and again +this can get boring so what we can do if + + align:start position:0% +this can get boring so what we can do if + + + align:start position:0% +this can get boring so what we can do if +you right click you can set a + + align:start position:0% +you right click you can set a + + + align:start position:0% +you right click you can set a +conditional breakpoint so I want to stop + + align:start position:0% +conditional breakpoint so I want to stop + + + align:start position:0% +conditional breakpoint so I want to stop +it on this line only + + align:start position:0% +it on this line only + + + align:start position:0% +it on this line only +if let's say n equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 so now let me + + align:start position:0% +3 so now let me + + + align:start position:0% +3 so now let me +exit debug mode I'm going to call fibo + + align:start position:0% +exit debug mode I'm going to call fibo + + + align:start position:0% +exit debug mode I'm going to call fibo +with 15 for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example first it stops here I'll tell it + + align:start position:0% +example first it stops here I'll tell it + + + align:start position:0% +example first it stops here I'll tell it +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +continue and now it stops here now + + align:start position:0% +continue and now it stops here now + + + align:start position:0% +continue and now it stops here now +notice this is when n equals 3 it's we + + align:start position:0% +notice this is when n equals 3 it's we + + + align:start position:0% +notice this is when n equals 3 it's we +started with n equals 15 so that means + + align:start position:0% +started with n equals 15 so that means + + + align:start position:0% +started with n equals 15 so that means +that our stack should be huge indeed our + + align:start position:0% +that our stack should be huge indeed our + + + align:start position:0% +that our stack should be huge indeed our +stack is + + align:start position:0% +stack is + + + align:start position:0% +stack is +huge we have fibo 2 calling the helper + + align:start position:0% +huge we have fibo 2 calling the helper + + + align:start position:0% +huge we have fibo 2 calling the helper +which calls the helper and the helper + + align:start position:0% +which calls the helper and the helper + + + align:start position:0% +which calls the helper and the helper +and the helper all the is called the + + align:start position:0% +and the helper all the is called the + + + align:start position:0% +and the helper all the is called the +helper again and again again until n + + align:start position:0% +helper again and again again until n + + + align:start position:0% +helper again and again again until n +goes down to three and now it's going to + + align:start position:0% +goes down to three and now it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +goes down to three and now it's going to +start popping back up again all this + + align:start position:0% +start popping back up again all this + + + align:start position:0% +start popping back up again all this +time f is just hasn't been changed + + align:start position:0% +time f is just hasn't been changed + + + align:start position:0% +time f is just hasn't been changed +because this + + align:start position:0% +because this + + + align:start position:0% +because this +line has never been reached but now it + + align:start position:0% +line has never been reached but now it + + + align:start position:0% +line has never been reached but now it +has reached for the first time and if I + + align:start position:0% +has reached for the first time and if I + + + align:start position:0% +has reached for the first time and if I +click continue it won't stop at this + + align:start position:0% +click continue it won't stop at this + + + align:start position:0% +click continue it won't stop at this +break point again it only stops there + + align:start position:0% +break point again it only stops there + + + align:start position:0% +break point again it only stops there +once when n is + + align:start position:0% +once when n is + + + align:start position:0% +once when n is +three and now it ends now it knows + + align:start position:0% +three and now it ends now it knows + + + align:start position:0% +three and now it ends now it knows +already that V is whatever it is 610 + + align:start position:0% +already that V is whatever it is 610 + + + align:start position:0% +already that V is whatever it is 610 +and it's done one more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +step all right it's almost done one more + + align:start position:0% +step all right it's almost done one more + + + align:start position:0% +step all right it's almost done one more +step continue and it's done 610 is the + + align:start position:0% +step continue and it's done 610 is the + + + align:start position:0% +step continue and it's done 610 is the +answer and this is how you can use the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +debugger \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9H6muyZjms0.txt b/9H6muyZjms0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d62a488d80450cd2fed05e52a2f3b90684d83c09 --- /dev/null +++ b/9H6muyZjms0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7931 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu +all right everyone good afternoon let's + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone good afternoon let's + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone good afternoon let's +get started so today's lecture will be + + align:start position:0% +get started so today's lecture will be + + + align:start position:0% +get started so today's lecture will be +on testing debugging and then exceptions + + align:start position:0% +on testing debugging and then exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +on testing debugging and then exceptions +and assertions so before we begin let's + + align:start position:0% +and assertions so before we begin let's + + + align:start position:0% +and assertions so before we begin let's +start with an analogy to sort of come + + align:start position:0% +start with an analogy to sort of come + + + align:start position:0% +start with an analogy to sort of come +back to real life for a second so I've + + align:start position:0% +back to real life for a second so I've + + + align:start position:0% +back to real life for a second so I've +made soup before perhaps you've made + + align:start position:0% +made soup before perhaps you've made + + + align:start position:0% +made soup before perhaps you've made +soup before let's say you're making soup + + align:start position:0% +soup before let's say you're making soup + + + align:start position:0% +soup before let's say you're making soup +in this big pot + + align:start position:0% +in this big pot + + + align:start position:0% +in this big pot +here and it turns out that bugs keep + + align:start position:0% +here and it turns out that bugs keep + + + align:start position:0% +here and it turns out that bugs keep +falling into your soup from the ceiling + + align:start position:0% +falling into your soup from the ceiling + + + align:start position:0% +falling into your soup from the ceiling +all right quick just question to the + + align:start position:0% +all right quick just question to the + + + align:start position:0% +all right quick just question to the +audience what do you do if you encounter + + align:start position:0% +audience what do you do if you encounter + + + align:start position:0% +audience what do you do if you encounter +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +issue all right hands up one one at a + + align:start position:0% +issue all right hands up one one at a + + + align:start position:0% +issue all right hands up one one at a +time anyone have any idea yeah eat it + + align:start position:0% +time anyone have any idea yeah eat it + + + align:start position:0% +time anyone have any idea yeah eat it +eat it you want to eat it anyway okay + + align:start position:0% +eat it you want to eat it anyway okay + + + align:start position:0% +eat it you want to eat it anyway okay +all right we're going for an analogy + + align:start position:0% +all right we're going for an analogy + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're going for an analogy +here with computer programming I don't + + align:start position:0% +here with computer programming I don't + + + align:start position:0% +here with computer programming I don't +know what You' do if you have a buggy + + align:start position:0% +know what You' do if you have a buggy + + + align:start position:0% +know what You' do if you have a buggy +program I guess you just release it to + + align:start position:0% +program I guess you just release it to + + + align:start position:0% +program I guess you just release it to +the customer and they'd complain but + + align:start position:0% +the customer and they'd complain but + + + align:start position:0% +the customer and they'd complain but +okay what else yeah cover the soup cover + + align:start position:0% +okay what else yeah cover the soup cover + + + align:start position:0% +okay what else yeah cover the soup cover +the soup that's a good suggestion yeah + + align:start position:0% +the soup that's a good suggestion yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the soup that's a good suggestion yeah +so you can cover the soup so put a lid + + align:start position:0% +so you can cover the soup so put a lid + + + align:start position:0% +so you can cover the soup so put a lid +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +it sometimes you'd have to open uh take + + align:start position:0% +it sometimes you'd have to open uh take + + + align:start position:0% +it sometimes you'd have to open uh take +the lid off right to check to make sure + + align:start position:0% +the lid off right to check to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +the lid off right to check to make sure +it's done to taste it add things so bugs + + align:start position:0% +it's done to taste it add things so bugs + + + align:start position:0% +it's done to taste it add things so bugs +might fall in in between there but + + align:start position:0% +might fall in in between there but + + + align:start position:0% +might fall in in between there but +covering the soup is a good idea what + + align:start position:0% +covering the soup is a good idea what + + + align:start position:0% +covering the soup is a good idea what +else yeah debug it debug + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it I wish I had something for that + + align:start position:0% +it I wish I had something for that + + + align:start position:0% +it I wish I had something for that +answer all right that's a good answer + + align:start position:0% +answer all right that's a good answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer all right that's a good answer +yeah take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all so take all the food out of your + + align:start position:0% +all so take all the food out of your + + + align:start position:0% +all so take all the food out of your +house so there's nothing for the bugs to + + align:start position:0% +house so there's nothing for the bugs to + + + align:start position:0% +house so there's nothing for the bugs to +eat that's sort of the equivalent of + + align:start position:0% +eat that's sort of the equivalent of + + + align:start position:0% +eat that's sort of the equivalent of +cleaning like doing a mass cleaning of + + align:start position:0% +cleaning like doing a mass cleaning of + + + align:start position:0% +cleaning like doing a mass cleaning of +your entire house that's a good that's a + + align:start position:0% +your entire house that's a good that's a + + + align:start position:0% +your entire house that's a good that's a +good one that's that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +good one that's that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +good one that's that's sort of +eliminating the source of the bugs right + + align:start position:0% +eliminating the source of the bugs right + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating the source of the bugs right +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else yeah John decide it's high protein + + align:start position:0% +else yeah John decide it's high protein + + + align:start position:0% +else yeah John decide it's high protein +and declare it a feature decide it's + + align:start position:0% +and declare it a feature decide it's + + + align:start position:0% +and declare it a feature decide it's +high protein and declare and declare it + + align:start position:0% +high protein and declare and declare it + + + align:start position:0% +high protein and declare and declare it +a feature that's probably what a lot of + + align:start position:0% +a feature that's probably what a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +a feature that's probably what a lot of +a lot of people would do right all right + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people would do right all right + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people would do right all right +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +I wish computer debugging was as fun as + + align:start position:0% +I wish computer debugging was as fun as + + + align:start position:0% +I wish computer debugging was as fun as +taking bugs out of your soup so what did + + align:start position:0% +taking bugs out of your soup so what did + + + align:start position:0% +taking bugs out of your soup so what did +we decide well we could check the soup + + align:start position:0% +we decide well we could check the soup + + + align:start position:0% +we decide well we could check the soup +for bugs keep the lid closed that was a + + align:start position:0% +for bugs keep the lid closed that was a + + + align:start position:0% +for bugs keep the lid closed that was a +good suggestion and cleaning your + + align:start position:0% +good suggestion and cleaning your + + + align:start position:0% +good suggestion and cleaning your +kitchen which someone suggested the + + align:start position:0% +kitchen which someone suggested the + + + align:start position:0% +kitchen which someone suggested the +equivalent of cleaning the kitchen was + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of cleaning the kitchen was + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of cleaning the kitchen was +to just throw out all the food I would + + align:start position:0% +to just throw out all the food I would + + + align:start position:0% +to just throw out all the food I would +take a mop and clean the floor but yeah + + align:start position:0% +take a mop and clean the floor but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +take a mop and clean the floor but yeah +that works too + + align:start position:0% +that works too + + + align:start position:0% +that works too +so we can draw some Parallels for these + + align:start position:0% +so we can draw some Parallels for these + + + align:start position:0% +so we can draw some Parallels for these +um for this uh with for this analogy + + align:start position:0% +um for this uh with for this analogy + + + align:start position:0% +um for this uh with for this analogy +with computer programming so checking + + align:start position:0% +with computer programming so checking + + + align:start position:0% +with computer programming so checking +the soup is really equivalent to testing + + align:start position:0% +the soup is really equivalent to testing + + + align:start position:0% +the soup is really equivalent to testing +right you have you have a soup you think + + align:start position:0% +right you have you have a soup you think + + + align:start position:0% +right you have you have a soup you think +it has bugs in it test it make sure + + align:start position:0% +it has bugs in it test it make sure + + + align:start position:0% +it has bugs in it test it make sure +there's no bugs continue on keeping the + + align:start position:0% +there's no bugs continue on keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no bugs continue on keeping the +lid closed it's sort of this idea of + + align:start position:0% +lid closed it's sort of this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +lid closed it's sort of this idea of +defensive programming so make sure that + + align:start position:0% +defensive programming so make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +defensive programming so make sure that +bugs don't fall in in the first place + + align:start position:0% +bugs don't fall in in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +bugs don't fall in in the first place +sometimes you have to open open the lid + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have to open open the lid + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have to open open the lid +to make sure that the soup is it tastes + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that the soup is it tastes + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that the soup is it tastes +good or whatever so that's equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +good or whatever so that's equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +good or whatever so that's equivalent to +defensive programming so try not to have + + align:start position:0% +defensive programming so try not to have + + + align:start position:0% +defensive programming so try not to have +bugs in the first place but they might + + align:start position:0% +bugs in the first place but they might + + + align:start position:0% +bugs in the first place but they might +show up anyway cleaning the kitchen is a + + align:start position:0% +show up anyway cleaning the kitchen is a + + + align:start position:0% +show up anyway cleaning the kitchen is a +limiting source of the bugs in the first + + align:start position:0% +limiting source of the bugs in the first + + + align:start position:0% +limiting source of the bugs in the first +place this is actually really really + + align:start position:0% +place this is actually really really + + + align:start position:0% +place this is actually really really +hard to do in + + align:start position:0% +hard to do in + + + align:start position:0% +hard to do in +programming but you can still try to do + + align:start position:0% +programming but you can still try to do + + + align:start position:0% +programming but you can still try to do +it okay so let's talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +it okay so let's talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so let's talk a little bit about +programming so far in 61 or 600 so you + + align:start position:0% +programming so far in 61 or 600 so you + + + align:start position:0% +programming so far in 61 or 600 so you +expect really that you write a program + + align:start position:0% +expect really that you write a program + + + align:start position:0% +expect really that you write a program +you maybe do a little debugging and you + + align:start position:0% +you maybe do a little debugging and you + + + align:start position:0% +you maybe do a little debugging and you +run the program and it's perfect right + + align:start position:0% +run the program and it's perfect right + + + align:start position:0% +run the program and it's perfect right +you just nailed it but in reality you + + align:start position:0% +you just nailed it but in reality you + + + align:start position:0% +you just nailed it but in reality you +write this really complex piece of code + + align:start position:0% +write this really complex piece of code + + + align:start position:0% +write this really complex piece of code +and you go to run + + align:start position:0% +and you go to run + + + align:start position:0% +and you go to run +it and and it crashes right it's + + align:start position:0% +it and and it crashes right it's + + + align:start position:0% +it and and it crashes right it's +happened to me many times it's happened + + align:start position:0% +happened to me many times it's happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened to me many times it's happened +to you many + + align:start position:0% +to you many + + + align:start position:0% +to you many +times that's the reality okay so today's + + align:start position:0% +times that's the reality okay so today's + + + align:start position:0% +times that's the reality okay so today's +lecture we'll sort of go over some tips + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll sort of go over some tips + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll sort of go over some tips +and tricks and debugging and how you can + + align:start position:0% +and tricks and debugging and how you can + + + align:start position:0% +and tricks and debugging and how you can +help make your life easier when you're + + align:start position:0% +help make your life easier when you're + + + align:start position:0% +help make your life easier when you're +writing programs so you don't end up + + align:start position:0% +writing programs so you don't end up + + + align:start position:0% +writing programs so you don't end up +like this little girl here disappointed + + align:start position:0% +like this little girl here disappointed + + + align:start position:0% +like this little girl here disappointed +beyond belief all + + align:start position:0% +beyond belief all + + + align:start position:0% +beyond belief all +right so at the heart of it all is + + align:start position:0% +right so at the heart of it all is + + + align:start position:0% +right so at the heart of it all is +really starting with a defensive + + align:start position:0% +really starting with a defensive + + + align:start position:0% +really starting with a defensive +programming attitude okay and this comes + + align:start position:0% +programming attitude okay and this comes + + + align:start position:0% +programming attitude okay and this comes +back back to the idea of decomposition + + align:start position:0% +back back to the idea of decomposition + + + align:start position:0% +back back to the idea of decomposition +and abstraction that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +and abstraction that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +and abstraction that we talked about +when we when we started when we did the + + align:start position:0% +when we when we started when we did the + + + align:start position:0% +when we when we started when we did the +lecture on functions right so try to + + align:start position:0% +lecture on functions right so try to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on functions right so try to +start out with to modularize your code + + align:start position:0% +start out with to modularize your code + + + align:start position:0% +start out with to modularize your code +right if you write your code in + + align:start position:0% +right if you write your code in + + + align:start position:0% +right if you write your code in +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +blocks documenting each different block + + align:start position:0% +blocks documenting each different block + + + align:start position:0% +blocks documenting each different block +you're more likely to understand what's + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to understand what's +happening in your code later on and + + align:start position:0% +happening in your code later on and + + + align:start position:0% +happening in your code later on and +you'll be able to test it and debug it a + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to test it and debug it a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to test it and debug it a +lot + + align:start position:0% +lot + + + align:start position:0% +lot +easier speaking of testing and debugging + + align:start position:0% +easier speaking of testing and debugging + + + align:start position:0% +easier speaking of testing and debugging +once you've written a program that's + + align:start position:0% +once you've written a program that's + + + align:start position:0% +once you've written a program that's +modular + + align:start position:0% +modular + + + align:start position:0% +modular +you still have to test + + align:start position:0% +you still have to test + + + align:start position:0% +you still have to test +it and the process of testing is really + + align:start position:0% +it and the process of testing is really + + + align:start position:0% +it and the process of testing is really +just coming up with inputs figuring out + + align:start position:0% +just coming up with inputs figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +just coming up with inputs figuring out +what outputs you expect and then running + + align:start position:0% +what outputs you expect and then running + + + align:start position:0% +what outputs you expect and then running +your program does the output that the + + align:start position:0% +your program does the output that the + + + align:start position:0% +your program does the output that the +program give match what you + + align:start position:0% +program give match what you + + + align:start position:0% +program give match what you +expected if it does great you're done + + align:start position:0% +expected if it does great you're done + + + align:start position:0% +expected if it does great you're done +but if it doesn't you have to go to this + + align:start position:0% +but if it doesn't you have to go to this + + + align:start position:0% +but if it doesn't you have to go to this +debugging step and this debugging step + + align:start position:0% +debugging step and this debugging step + + + align:start position:0% +debugging step and this debugging step +is the hardest part and it's really just + + align:start position:0% +is the hardest part and it's really just + + + align:start position:0% +is the hardest part and it's really just +figuring out why the program crashed or + + align:start position:0% +figuring out why the program crashed or + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out why the program crashed or +why the program didn't give you the + + align:start position:0% +why the program didn't give you the + + + align:start position:0% +why the program didn't give you the +answer that you expected it to + + align:start position:0% +answer that you expected it to + + + align:start position:0% +answer that you expected it to +give okay so as I mentioned the most + + align:start position:0% +give okay so as I mentioned the most + + + align:start position:0% +give okay so as I mentioned the most +important thing is to do defensive + + align:start position:0% +important thing is to do defensive + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is to do defensive +programming and to that end you want to + + align:start position:0% +programming and to that end you want to + + + align:start position:0% +programming and to that end you want to +set yourself up for easy testing and + + align:start position:0% +set yourself up for easy testing and + + + align:start position:0% +set yourself up for easy testing and +debugging which really comes down to + + align:start position:0% +debugging which really comes down to + + + align:start position:0% +debugging which really comes down to +making sure that the code you write is + + align:start position:0% +making sure that the code you write is + + + align:start position:0% +making sure that the code you write is +modular so write as many functions as + + align:start position:0% +modular so write as many functions as + + + align:start position:0% +modular so write as many functions as +you can document what the functions do + + align:start position:0% +you can document what the functions do + + + align:start position:0% +you can document what the functions do +document their + + align:start position:0% +document their + + + align:start position:0% +document their +constraints and it'll make your life a + + align:start position:0% +constraints and it'll make your life a + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and it'll make your life a +little bit easier later on when you have + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier later on when you have + + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier later on when you have +to debug + + align:start position:0% +to debug + + + align:start position:0% +to debug +it when when do you want to start + + align:start position:0% +it when when do you want to start + + + align:start position:0% +it when when do you want to start +testing well first you have to make sure + + align:start position:0% +testing well first you have to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +testing well first you have to make sure +your program runs so eliminate syntax + + align:start position:0% +your program runs so eliminate syntax + + + align:start position:0% +your program runs so eliminate syntax +errors and static semantic errors which + + align:start position:0% +errors and static semantic errors which + + + align:start position:0% +errors and static semantic errors which +by the way python can easily catch for + + align:start position:0% +by the way python can easily catch for + + + align:start position:0% +by the way python can easily catch for +you once you've ensured that a piece of + + align:start position:0% +you once you've ensured that a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +you once you've ensured that a piece of +code runs then you want to come up with + + align:start position:0% +code runs then you want to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +code runs then you want to come up with +some test cases so this is pairs of + + align:start position:0% +some test cases so this is pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +some test cases so this is pairs of +input and output for um for what you + + align:start position:0% +input and output for um for what you + + + align:start position:0% +input and output for um for what you +expect the program to + + align:start position:0% +expect the program to + + + align:start position:0% +expect the program to +do once you have your test cases and a + + align:start position:0% +do once you have your test cases and a + + + align:start position:0% +do once you have your test cases and a +piece of code that runs you can start + + align:start position:0% +piece of code that runs you can start + + + align:start position:0% +piece of code that runs you can start +doing tests so there there's three + + align:start position:0% +doing tests so there there's three + + + align:start position:0% +doing tests so there there's three +General classes of tests that you can do + + align:start position:0% +General classes of tests that you can do + + + align:start position:0% +General classes of tests that you can do +the first is called unit testing and if + + align:start position:0% +the first is called unit testing and if + + + align:start position:0% +the first is called unit testing and if +you written functions unit testing + + align:start position:0% +you written functions unit testing + + + align:start position:0% +you written functions unit testing +testing just makes sure that for example + + align:start position:0% +testing just makes sure that for example + + + align:start position:0% +testing just makes sure that for example +each function runs according to the + + align:start position:0% +each function runs according to the + + + align:start position:0% +each function runs according to the +specifications so you do this multiple + + align:start position:0% +specifications so you do this multiple + + + align:start position:0% +specifications so you do this multiple +times as you're testing each function + + align:start position:0% +times as you're testing each function + + + align:start position:0% +times as you're testing each function +you might find a + + align:start position:0% +you might find a + + + align:start position:0% +you might find a +bug at that point you do regression + + align:start position:0% +bug at that point you do regression + + + align:start position:0% +bug at that point you do regression +testing come up with a test case that + + align:start position:0% +testing come up with a test case that + + + align:start position:0% +testing come up with a test case that +found that + + align:start position:0% +found that + + + align:start position:0% +found that +bug and run all of the different pieces + + align:start position:0% +bug and run all of the different pieces + + + align:start position:0% +bug and run all of the different pieces +of the of your code again to make sure + + align:start position:0% +of the of your code again to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +of the of your code again to make sure +that when you fix the bug you don't + + align:start position:0% +that when you fix the bug you don't + + + align:start position:0% +that when you fix the bug you don't +reintroduce new bugs into um pieces of + + align:start position:0% +reintroduce new bugs into um pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +reintroduce new bugs into um pieces of +the of the code that had already + + align:start position:0% +the of the code that had already + + + align:start position:0% +the of the code that had already +run so you do this this a bunch of times + + align:start position:0% +run so you do this this a bunch of times + + + align:start position:0% +run so you do this this a bunch of times +you do a little bit of unit testing a + + align:start position:0% +you do a little bit of unit testing a + + + align:start position:0% +you do a little bit of unit testing a +little bit of regression testing and + + align:start position:0% +little bit of regression testing and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of regression testing and +keep doing that at some point you're + + align:start position:0% +keep doing that at some point you're + + + align:start position:0% +keep doing that at some point you're +ready to do integration testing which + + align:start position:0% +ready to do integration testing which + + + align:start position:0% +ready to do integration testing which +means test your program as a whole okay + + align:start position:0% +means test your program as a whole okay + + + align:start position:0% +means test your program as a whole okay +does the overall program work so this is + + align:start position:0% +does the overall program work so this is + + + align:start position:0% +does the overall program work so this is +the part where you take all of the + + align:start position:0% +the part where you take all of the + + + align:start position:0% +the part where you take all of the +individual pieces put them together and + + align:start position:0% +individual pieces put them together and + + + align:start position:0% +individual pieces put them together and +integration testing tests to make sure + + align:start position:0% +integration testing tests to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +integration testing tests to make sure +that the interactions between all the + + align:start position:0% +that the interactions between all the + + + align:start position:0% +that the interactions between all the +all of the different pieces works as + + align:start position:0% +all of the different pieces works as + + + align:start position:0% +all of the different pieces works as +expected if it does great you're done + + align:start position:0% +expected if it does great you're done + + + align:start position:0% +expected if it does great you're done +but if it doesn't then you'll have to go + + align:start position:0% +but if it doesn't then you'll have to go + + + align:start position:0% +but if it doesn't then you'll have to go +back to unit testing and regression + + align:start position:0% +back to unit testing and regression + + + align:start position:0% +back to unit testing and regression +testing and so on so it's really a a um + + align:start position:0% +testing and so on so it's really a a um + + + align:start position:0% +testing and so on so it's really a a um +a cycle of + + align:start position:0% +a cycle of + + + align:start position:0% +a cycle of +testing okay so what are some testing + + align:start position:0% +testing okay so what are some testing + + + align:start position:0% +testing okay so what are some testing +approaches the first and this is + + align:start position:0% +approaches the first and this is + + + align:start position:0% +approaches the first and this is +probably most common with programs that + + align:start position:0% +probably most common with programs that + + + align:start position:0% +probably most common with programs that +involve numbers is figuring out some + + align:start position:0% +involve numbers is figuring out some + + + align:start position:0% +involve numbers is figuring out some +natural boundaries for the numbers for + + align:start position:0% +natural boundaries for the numbers for + + + align:start position:0% +natural boundaries for the numbers for +the program + + align:start position:0% +the program + + + align:start position:0% +the program +sorry so for example if I have a + + align:start position:0% +sorry so for example if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so for example if I have a +function is bigger and it Compares if x + + align:start position:0% +function is bigger and it Compares if x + + + align:start position:0% +function is bigger and it Compares if x +is is bigger than y then some natural + + align:start position:0% +is is bigger than y then some natural + + + align:start position:0% +is is bigger than y then some natural +boundary given this specification is if + + align:start position:0% +boundary given this specification is if + + + align:start position:0% +boundary given this specification is if +x is less than y x is greater than y x + + align:start position:0% +x is less than y x is greater than y x + + + align:start position:0% +x is less than y x is greater than y x +is equal to Y maybe throw in less than + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Y maybe throw in less than + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Y maybe throw in less than +or equal to or greater or equal to and + + align:start position:0% +or equal to or greater or equal to and + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to or greater or equal to and +so on so that's just sort of an + + align:start position:0% +so on so that's just sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +so on so that's just sort of an +intuition about the + + align:start position:0% +intuition about the + + + align:start position:0% +intuition about the +problem it's possible you have some + + align:start position:0% +problem it's possible you have some + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's possible you have some +problems for which there are no natural + + align:start position:0% +problems for which there are no natural + + + align:start position:0% +problems for which there are no natural +partitions in which case you might do + + align:start position:0% +partitions in which case you might do + + + align:start position:0% +partitions in which case you might do +some random testing and then the more + + align:start position:0% +some random testing and then the more + + + align:start position:0% +some random testing and then the more +random testing you do the greater the + + align:start position:0% +random testing you do the greater the + + + align:start position:0% +random testing you do the greater the +likely that your program is correct but + + align:start position:0% +likely that your program is correct but + + + align:start position:0% +likely that your program is correct but +there's actually two more rigorous um + + align:start position:0% +there's actually two more rigorous um + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually two more rigorous um +ways to do testing and one is blackbox + + align:start position:0% +ways to do testing and one is blackbox + + + align:start position:0% +ways to do testing and one is blackbox +testing and the other one is glass box + + align:start position:0% +testing and the other one is glass box + + + align:start position:0% +testing and the other one is glass box +testing in blackbox testing you're + + align:start position:0% +testing in blackbox testing you're + + + align:start position:0% +testing in blackbox testing you're +assuming you have the specifications to + + align:start position:0% +assuming you have the specifications to + + + align:start position:0% +assuming you have the specifications to +a function so that's the dock + + align:start position:0% +a function so that's the dock + + + align:start position:0% +a function so that's the dock +string all you're looking at is the dock + + align:start position:0% +string all you're looking at is the dock + + + align:start position:0% +string all you're looking at is the dock +string and coming up with some test + + align:start position:0% +string and coming up with some test + + + align:start position:0% +string and coming up with some test +cases based on that in glassbox testing + + align:start position:0% +cases based on that in glassbox testing + + + align:start position:0% +cases based on that in glassbox testing +you have the code itself and you're + + align:start position:0% +you have the code itself and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you have the code itself and you're +trying to come up with some test cases + + align:start position:0% +trying to come up with some test cases + + + align:start position:0% +trying to come up with some test cases +that hit upon on all of the possible + + align:start position:0% +that hit upon on all of the possible + + + align:start position:0% +that hit upon on all of the possible +paths through through the + + align:start position:0% +paths through through the + + + align:start position:0% +paths through through the +code all right let's look at an example + + align:start position:0% +code all right let's look at an example + + + align:start position:0% +code all right let's look at an example +for blackbox testing I'm finding the + + align:start position:0% +for blackbox testing I'm finding the + + + align:start position:0% +for blackbox testing I'm finding the +square root of x to some close enough + + align:start position:0% +square root of x to some close enough + + + align:start position:0% +square root of x to some close enough +value given by this + + align:start position:0% +value given by this + + + align:start position:0% +value given by this +Epsilon and the idea here notice I don't + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon and the idea here notice I don't + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon and the idea here notice I don't +actually give you how this function is + + align:start position:0% +actually give you how this function is + + + align:start position:0% +actually give you how this function is +implemented the idea is that you're just + + align:start position:0% +implemented the idea is that you're just + + + align:start position:0% +implemented the idea is that you're just +figuring out test cases based on this + + align:start position:0% +figuring out test cases based on this + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out test cases based on this +specification and the great thing about + + align:start position:0% +specification and the great thing about + + + align:start position:0% +specification and the great thing about +blackbox testing is that whoever + + align:start position:0% +blackbox testing is that whoever + + + align:start position:0% +blackbox testing is that whoever +implements this function can implement + + align:start position:0% +implements this function can implement + + + align:start position:0% +implements this function can implement +it in whatever way they wish they can + + align:start position:0% +it in whatever way they wish they can + + + align:start position:0% +it in whatever way they wish they can +use approximation method they can use + + align:start position:0% +use approximation method they can use + + + align:start position:0% +use approximation method they can use +bisection method it doesn't matter the + + align:start position:0% +bisection method it doesn't matter the + + + align:start position:0% +bisection method it doesn't matter the +test cases that you come up with for + + align:start position:0% +test cases that you come up with for + + + align:start position:0% +test cases that you come up with for +this function are going to be exactly + + align:start position:0% +this function are going to be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +this function are going to be exactly +the same right no matter what the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +implementation so for this particular + + align:start position:0% +implementation so for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +implementation so for this particular +function here's a sample + + align:start position:0% +function here's a sample + + + align:start position:0% +function here's a sample +set we check the boundary we check + + align:start position:0% +set we check the boundary we check + + + align:start position:0% +set we check the boundary we check +perfect squares we can check some number + + align:start position:0% +perfect squares we can check some number + + + align:start position:0% +perfect squares we can check some number +that's less than one we can check maybe + + align:start position:0% +that's less than one we can check maybe + + + align:start position:0% +that's less than one we can check maybe +irrationals and then you do extreme + + align:start position:0% +irrationals and then you do extreme + + + align:start position:0% +irrationals and then you do extreme +tests + + align:start position:0% +tests + + + align:start position:0% +tests +so when either Epsilon is really large + + align:start position:0% +so when either Epsilon is really large + + + align:start position:0% +so when either Epsilon is really large +or Epsilon is really small or X is + + align:start position:0% +or Epsilon is really small or X is + + + align:start position:0% +or Epsilon is really small or X is +really large or X is really small and + + align:start position:0% +really large or X is really small and + + + align:start position:0% +really large or X is really small and +all the com possible combinations of + + align:start position:0% +all the com possible combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +all the com possible combinations of +those okay so the important thing about + + align:start position:0% +those okay so the important thing about + + + align:start position:0% +those okay so the important thing about +blackbox testing is that you are + + align:start position:0% +blackbox testing is that you are + + + align:start position:0% +blackbox testing is that you are +doing you are creating the test cases + + align:start position:0% +doing you are creating the test cases + + + align:start position:0% +doing you are creating the test cases +based on the specifications only + + align:start position:0% +based on the specifications only + + + align:start position:0% +based on the specifications only +glassbox testing you're using the code + + align:start position:0% +glassbox testing you're using the code + + + align:start position:0% +glassbox testing you're using the code +itself to guide your test + + align:start position:0% +itself to guide your test + + + align:start position:0% +itself to guide your test +cases so if you have a piece of code + + align:start position:0% +cases so if you have a piece of code + + + align:start position:0% +cases so if you have a piece of code +and you come up with a test case that + + align:start position:0% +and you come up with a test case that + + + align:start position:0% +and you come up with a test case that +goes through every single possible + + align:start position:0% +goes through every single possible + + + align:start position:0% +goes through every single possible +combination of uh input of uh every + + align:start position:0% +combination of uh input of uh every + + + align:start position:0% +combination of uh input of uh every +single possible path through the code + + align:start position:0% +single possible path through the code + + + align:start position:0% +single possible path through the code +then that test set is called path + + align:start position:0% +then that test set is called path + + + align:start position:0% +then that test set is called path +complete the problem with this is when + + align:start position:0% +complete the problem with this is when + + + align:start position:0% +complete the problem with this is when +you encounter Loops for + + align:start position:0% +you encounter Loops for + + + align:start position:0% +you encounter Loops for +example every single possible path + + align:start position:0% +example every single possible path + + + align:start position:0% +example every single possible path +through a loop is maybe the code not + + align:start position:0% +through a loop is maybe the code not + + + align:start position:0% +through a loop is maybe the code not +going through the loop at all going + + align:start position:0% +going through the loop at all going + + + align:start position:0% +going through the loop at all going +through once going through twice going + + align:start position:0% +through once going through twice going + + + align:start position:0% +through once going through twice going +through three times four times five + + align:start position:0% +through three times four times five + + + align:start position:0% +through three times four times five +times and so on right which could be a + + align:start position:0% +times and so on right which could be a + + + align:start position:0% +times and so on right which could be a +very very big test set so instead there + + align:start position:0% +very very big test set so instead there + + + align:start position:0% +very very big test set so instead there +are actually some guidelines for when + + align:start position:0% +are actually some guidelines for when + + + align:start position:0% +are actually some guidelines for when +you're dealing with loops and and things + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with loops and and things + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with loops and and things +like that so for branches when you're + + align:start position:0% +like that so for branches when you're + + + align:start position:0% +like that so for branches when you're +doing glassbox testing it's important + + align:start position:0% +doing glassbox testing it's important + + + align:start position:0% +doing glassbox testing it's important +you should just exercise all of the + + align:start position:0% +you should just exercise all of the + + + align:start position:0% +you should just exercise all of the +parts of the conditional so make sure + + align:start position:0% +parts of the conditional so make sure + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the conditional so make sure +you have a test case that goes through + + align:start position:0% +you have a test case that goes through + + + align:start position:0% +you have a test case that goes through +each part of the + + align:start position:0% +each part of the + + + align:start position:0% +each part of the +conditional for four Loops make sure you + + align:start position:0% +conditional for four Loops make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +conditional for four Loops make sure you +have a test case where the loop is not + + align:start position:0% +have a test case where the loop is not + + + align:start position:0% +have a test case where the loop is not +entered at all where the loop is entered + + align:start position:0% +entered at all where the loop is entered + + + align:start position:0% +entered at all where the loop is entered +one time and when the loop is entered + + align:start position:0% +one time and when the loop is entered + + + align:start position:0% +one time and when the loop is entered +just some number more than + + align:start position:0% +just some number more than + + + align:start position:0% +just some number more than +once for while Loops similar to for + + align:start position:0% +once for while Loops similar to for + + + align:start position:0% +once for while Loops similar to for +Loops except that make sure you have + + align:start position:0% +Loops except that make sure you have + + + align:start position:0% +Loops except that make sure you have +test cases that cover all of the + + align:start position:0% +test cases that cover all of the + + + align:start position:0% +test cases that cover all of the +possible ways to break out of the Y Loop + + align:start position:0% +possible ways to break out of the Y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +possible ways to break out of the Y Loop +so if if the if the Y Loop condition + + align:start position:0% +so if if the if the Y Loop condition + + + align:start position:0% +so if if the if the Y Loop condition +becomes false or if maybe there's a + + align:start position:0% +becomes false or if maybe there's a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes false or if maybe there's a +break inside the inside the Y Loop and + + align:start position:0% +break inside the inside the Y Loop and + + + align:start position:0% +break inside the inside the Y Loop and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +on so in this in this example we have + + align:start position:0% +on so in this in this example we have + + + align:start position:0% +on so in this in this example we have +the absolute value of x this is a + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of x this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of x this is a +specification and this is the + + align:start position:0% +specification and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +specification and this is the +implementation that um that someone + + align:start position:0% +implementation that um that someone + + + align:start position:0% +implementation that um that someone +decided to to do for this uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so a path complete test set + + align:start position:0% +function so a path complete test set + + + align:start position:0% +function so a path complete test set +means that you want to have a a test + + align:start position:0% +means that you want to have a a test + + + align:start position:0% +means that you want to have a a test +that goes through each one of these + + align:start position:0% +that goes through each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +that goes through each one of these +branches so if x is less than minus one + + align:start position:0% +branches so if x is less than minus one + + + align:start position:0% +branches so if x is less than minus one +well minus two is less than minus one so + + align:start position:0% +well minus two is less than minus one so + + + align:start position:0% +well minus two is less than minus one so +that's good and + + align:start position:0% +that's good and + + + align:start position:0% +that's good and +otherwise which means pick a number + + align:start position:0% +otherwise which means pick a number + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise which means pick a number +greater than minus one so + + align:start position:0% +greater than minus one so + + + align:start position:0% +greater than minus one so +two so two and minus two are path + + align:start position:0% +two so two and minus two are path + + + align:start position:0% +two so two and minus two are path +complete yield to um yield path complete + + align:start position:0% +complete yield to um yield path complete + + + align:start position:0% +complete yield to um yield path complete +yields a path complete test Suite but + + align:start position:0% +yields a path complete test Suite but + + + align:start position:0% +yields a path complete test Suite but +notice that while we've hit upon every + + align:start position:0% +notice that while we've hit upon every + + + align:start position:0% +notice that while we've hit upon every +possible path through this code we've + + align:start position:0% +possible path through this code we've + + + align:start position:0% +possible path through this code we've +actually missed a test case minus one so + + align:start position:0% +actually missed a test case minus one so + + + align:start position:0% +actually missed a test case minus one so +this code incorrectly classifies minus + + align:start position:0% +this code incorrectly classifies minus + + + align:start position:0% +this code incorrectly classifies minus +one um as returning minus one right + + align:start position:0% +one um as returning minus one right + + + align:start position:0% +one um as returning minus one right +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +wrong so in add so for glass box testing + + align:start position:0% +wrong so in add so for glass box testing + + + align:start position:0% +wrong so in add so for glass box testing +in addition to making sure you're going + + align:start position:0% +in addition to making sure you're going + + + align:start position:0% +in addition to making sure you're going +through all the possible paths through + + align:start position:0% +through all the possible paths through + + + align:start position:0% +through all the possible paths through +the code you also want to make sure you + + align:start position:0% +the code you also want to make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +the code you also want to make sure you +hit upon any boundary condition so in + + align:start position:0% +hit upon any boundary condition so in + + + align:start position:0% +hit upon any boundary condition so in +this case for branches minus one is a + + align:start position:0% +this case for branches minus one is a + + + align:start position:0% +this case for branches minus one is a +boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary +condition okay so you youve created a + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so you youve created a + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so you youve created a +test Suite you've tested your program + + align:start position:0% +test Suite you've tested your program + + + align:start position:0% +test Suite you've tested your program +chances are you found a bug what do you + + align:start position:0% +chances are you found a bug what do you + + + align:start position:0% +chances are you found a bug what do you +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +now all right quick sort of detour into + + align:start position:0% +now all right quick sort of detour into + + + align:start position:0% +now all right quick sort of detour into +a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of +History uh the history of debugging so + + align:start position:0% +History uh the history of debugging so + + + align:start position:0% +History uh the history of debugging so +1947 this computer was + + align:start position:0% +1947 this computer was + + + align:start position:0% +1947 this computer was +built and it was a computer that was + + align:start position:0% +built and it was a computer that was + + + align:start position:0% +built and it was a computer that was +very impressive for its day it could do + + align:start position:0% +very impressive for its day it could do + + + align:start position:0% +very impressive for its day it could do +things like addition in 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +things like addition in 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +things like addition in 0.1 +seconds things like multiplication in 7 + + align:start position:0% +seconds things like multiplication in 7 + + + align:start position:0% +seconds things like multiplication in 7 +seconds and take the log of something in + + align:start position:0% +seconds and take the log of something in + + + align:start position:0% +seconds and take the log of something in +5 seconds okay so faster than a human + + align:start position:0% +5 seconds okay so faster than a human + + + align:start position:0% +5 seconds okay so faster than a human +possibly but pretty slow for today's + + align:start position:0% +possibly but pretty slow for today's + + + align:start position:0% +possibly but pretty slow for today's +standards okay and a group of Engineers + + align:start position:0% +standards okay and a group of Engineers + + + align:start position:0% +standards okay and a group of Engineers +were working on on uh running a program + + align:start position:0% +were working on on uh running a program + + + align:start position:0% +were working on on uh running a program +that found that was supposed to find a + + align:start position:0% +that found that was supposed to find a + + + align:start position:0% +that found that was supposed to find a +trigonometric + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric +function and among them being uh this + + align:start position:0% +function and among them being uh this + + + align:start position:0% +function and among them being uh this +one of the first female scientists Grace + + align:start position:0% +one of the first female scientists Grace + + + align:start position:0% +one of the first female scientists Grace +Hopper and they found that their program + + align:start position:0% +Hopper and they found that their program + + + align:start position:0% +Hopper and they found that their program +was not working correctly so they went + + align:start position:0% +was not working correctly so they went + + + align:start position:0% +was not working correctly so they went +through all of the panels and all of the + + align:start position:0% +through all of the panels and all of the + + + align:start position:0% +through all of the panels and all of the +relays in the + + align:start position:0% +relays in the + + + align:start position:0% +relays in the +computer and they isolated a program in + + align:start position:0% +computer and they isolated a program in + + + align:start position:0% +computer and they isolated a program in +panel F relay 70 where they found this + + align:start position:0% +panel F relay 70 where they found this + + + align:start position:0% +panel F relay 70 where they found this +moth just just sitting in there I think + + align:start position:0% +moth just just sitting in there I think + + + align:start position:0% +moth just just sitting in there I think +it was dead probably electrocuted but it + + align:start position:0% +it was dead probably electrocuted but it + + + align:start position:0% +it was dead probably electrocuted but it +was a moth that was impeding the + + align:start position:0% +was a moth that was impeding the + + + align:start position:0% +was a moth that was impeding the +calculation and don't know if you can + + align:start position:0% +calculation and don't know if you can + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and don't know if you can +read this but this part right here they + + align:start position:0% +read this but this part right here they + + + align:start position:0% +read this but this part right here they +made a note in their in a log book that + + align:start position:0% +made a note in their in a log book that + + + align:start position:0% +made a note in their in a log book that +says first actual casee of bug being + + align:start position:0% +says first actual casee of bug being + + + align:start position:0% +says first actual casee of bug being +found which I think is really cute so so + + align:start position:0% +found which I think is really cute so so + + + align:start position:0% +found which I think is really cute so so +they were literally doing debugging in + + align:start position:0% +they were literally doing debugging in + + + align:start position:0% +they were literally doing debugging in +this uh in this computer right all right + + align:start position:0% +this uh in this computer right all right + + + align:start position:0% +this uh in this computer right all right +so you won't be doing that sort of + + align:start position:0% +so you won't be doing that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so you won't be doing that sort of +debugging you'll be doing a virtual kind + + align:start position:0% +debugging you'll be doing a virtual kind + + + align:start position:0% +debugging you'll be doing a virtual kind +of debugging in your programs which + + align:start position:0% +of debugging in your programs which + + + align:start position:0% +of debugging in your programs which +again is not that fun but you still have + + align:start position:0% +again is not that fun but you still have + + + align:start position:0% +again is not that fun but you still have +to do it so debugging as you might have + + align:start position:0% +to do it so debugging as you might have + + + align:start position:0% +to do it so debugging as you might have +noticed so far in your problem sets has + + align:start position:0% +noticed so far in your problem sets has + + + align:start position:0% +noticed so far in your problem sets has +a a bit of a steep learning curve + + align:start position:0% +a a bit of a steep learning curve + + + align:start position:0% +a a bit of a steep learning curve +right and obviously your goal goal is to + + align:start position:0% +right and obviously your goal goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +right and obviously your goal goal is to +have a bug free program and in order to + + align:start position:0% +have a bug free program and in order to + + + align:start position:0% +have a bug free program and in order to +achieve that you have to do the + + align:start position:0% +achieve that you have to do the + + + align:start position:0% +achieve that you have to do the +debugging there are some tools which + + align:start position:0% +debugging there are some tools which + + + align:start position:0% +debugging there are some tools which +some of you have been using there are + + align:start position:0% +some of you have been using there are + + + align:start position:0% +some of you have been using there are +some tools built into anaconda or + + align:start position:0% +some tools built into anaconda or + + + align:start position:0% +some tools built into anaconda or +whatever uh ID you've been using um to + + align:start position:0% +whatever uh ID you've been using um to + + + align:start position:0% +whatever uh ID you've been using um to +do to do debugging I know some of you + + align:start position:0% +do to do debugging I know some of you + + + align:start position:0% +do to do debugging I know some of you +have been using the python tutor which + + align:start position:0% +have been using the python tutor which + + + align:start position:0% +have been using the python tutor which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +awesome the print statement can also be + + align:start position:0% +awesome the print statement can also be + + + align:start position:0% +awesome the print statement can also be +a good debugging + + align:start position:0% +a good debugging + + + align:start position:0% +a good debugging +tool but over above everything else it's + + align:start position:0% +tool but over above everything else it's + + + align:start position:0% +tool but over above everything else it's +really important to just be systematic + + align:start position:0% +really important to just be systematic + + + align:start position:0% +really important to just be systematic +as you're TR to debug your + + align:start position:0% +as you're TR to debug your + + + align:start position:0% +as you're TR to debug your +program I want to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +program I want to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +program I want to talk a little bit +about print statements and how you can + + align:start position:0% +about print statements and how you can + + + align:start position:0% +about print statements and how you can +use them to debug because I I think + + align:start position:0% +use them to debug because I I think + + + align:start position:0% +use them to debug because I I think +python tutor you know if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +python tutor you know if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +python tutor you know if you don't have +the internet you might not be able to + + align:start position:0% +the internet you might not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the internet you might not be able to +use it um if you don't know how to use + + align:start position:0% +use it um if you don't know how to use + + + align:start position:0% +use it um if you don't know how to use +the debugger you know you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +the debugger you know you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +the debugger you know you don't need to +learn but print statements you'll always + + align:start position:0% +learn but print statements you'll always + + + align:start position:0% +learn but print statements you'll always +have them right and you can always put + + align:start position:0% +have them right and you can always put + + + align:start position:0% +have them right and you can always put +them in your program and they're really + + align:start position:0% +them in your program and they're really + + + align:start position:0% +them in your program and they're really +good ways to test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hypotheses so good places to put print + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses so good places to put print + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses so good places to put print +statements are inside functions inside + + align:start position:0% +statements are inside functions inside + + + align:start position:0% +statements are inside functions inside +Loops for example what are the loop + + align:start position:0% +Loops for example what are the loop + + + align:start position:0% +Loops for example what are the loop +parameters what are the loop values what + + align:start position:0% +parameters what are the loop values what + + + align:start position:0% +parameters what are the loop values what +function what functions return what + + align:start position:0% +function what functions return what + + + align:start position:0% +function what functions return what +values so you can make sure that values + + align:start position:0% +values so you can make sure that values + + + align:start position:0% +values so you can make sure that values +are being passed the correct values are + + align:start position:0% +are being passed the correct values are + + + align:start position:0% +are being passed the correct values are +being passed between parts of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code I will mention that you can use the + + align:start position:0% +code I will mention that you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +code I will mention that you can use the +bisection method when you're + + align:start position:0% +bisection method when you're + + + align:start position:0% +bisection method when you're +debugging which is + + align:start position:0% +debugging which is + + + align:start position:0% +debugging which is +interesting so if you take a print + + align:start position:0% +interesting so if you take a print + + + align:start position:0% +interesting so if you take a print +statement find approximately the halfway + + align:start position:0% +statement find approximately the halfway + + + align:start position:0% +statement find approximately the halfway +point in your code print out what values + + align:start position:0% +point in your code print out what values + + + align:start position:0% +point in your code print out what values +you you uh print out some relevant + + align:start position:0% +you you uh print out some relevant + + + align:start position:0% +you you uh print out some relevant +values all of the possible some some + + align:start position:0% +values all of the possible some some + + + align:start position:0% +values all of the possible some some +print out some values at that point in + + align:start position:0% +print out some values at that point in + + + align:start position:0% +print out some values at that point in +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +code if everything is as you expect it + + align:start position:0% +code if everything is as you expect it + + + align:start position:0% +code if everything is as you expect it +to be at that point in your code then + + align:start position:0% +to be at that point in your code then + + + align:start position:0% +to be at that point in your code then +you're good that means the code so far + + align:start position:0% +you're good that means the code so far + + + align:start position:0% +you're good that means the code so far +is bug free that means that however that + + align:start position:0% +is bug free that means that however that + + + align:start position:0% +is bug free that means that however that +means that the code Beyond it has a bug + + align:start position:0% +means that the code Beyond it has a bug + + + align:start position:0% +means that the code Beyond it has a bug +right so since you've put a print + + align:start position:0% +right so since you've put a print + + + align:start position:0% +right so since you've put a print +statement halfway in your code and you + + align:start position:0% +statement halfway in your code and you + + + align:start position:0% +statement halfway in your code and you +think that's and that's that gave good + + align:start position:0% +think that's and that's that gave good + + + align:start position:0% +think that's and that's that gave good +results then put a print statement 3/4 + + align:start position:0% +results then put a print statement 3/4 + + + align:start position:0% +results then put a print statement 3/4 +of the way in a code and see if the + + align:start position:0% +of the way in a code and see if the + + + align:start position:0% +of the way in a code and see if the +values are as you expect at that point + + align:start position:0% +values are as you expect at that point + + + align:start position:0% +values are as you expect at that point +and if they are great then put a print + + align:start position:0% +and if they are great then put a print + + + align:start position:0% +and if they are great then put a print +statement um further down so in this way + + align:start position:0% +statement um further down so in this way + + + align:start position:0% +statement um further down so in this way +you could use the bisection method to + + align:start position:0% +you could use the bisection method to + + + align:start position:0% +you could use the bisection method to +sort of pinpoint a line or a set of + + align:start position:0% +sort of pinpoint a line or a set of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of pinpoint a line or a set of +lines or maybe a um a function that + + align:start position:0% +lines or maybe a um a function that + + + align:start position:0% +lines or maybe a um a function that +that's giving you the bad uh the bad + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +results so the general debugging steps + + align:start position:0% +results so the general debugging steps + + + align:start position:0% +results so the general debugging steps +is to study the program + + align:start position:0% +is to study the program + + + align:start position:0% +is to study the program +code don't ask what is wrong because + + align:start position:0% +code don't ask what is wrong because + + + align:start position:0% +code don't ask what is wrong because +that's actually part of the testing so + + align:start position:0% +that's actually part of the testing so + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually part of the testing so +your test cases would have figured out + + align:start position:0% +your test cases would have figured out + + + align:start position:0% +your test cases would have figured out +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +wrong the debugging process is figuring + + align:start position:0% +wrong the debugging process is figuring + + + align:start position:0% +wrong the debugging process is figuring +out how that how the result took + + align:start position:0% +out how that how the result took + + + align:start position:0% +out how that how the result took +place and since programming is or + + align:start position:0% +place and since programming is or + + + align:start position:0% +place and since programming is or +programing and debugging is sort of is a + + align:start position:0% +programing and debugging is sort of is a + + + align:start position:0% +programing and debugging is sort of is a +science you can use a scientific method + + align:start position:0% +science you can use a scientific method + + + align:start position:0% +science you can use a scientific method +as well so look at all the data that's + + align:start position:0% +as well so look at all the data that's + + + align:start position:0% +as well so look at all the data that's +your test cases figure out a hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +your test cases figure out a hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +your test cases figure out a hypothesis +maybe say oh maybe I'm indexing from one + + align:start position:0% +maybe say oh maybe I'm indexing from one + + + align:start position:0% +maybe say oh maybe I'm indexing from one +instead of zero in lists for example + + align:start position:0% +instead of zero in lists for example + + + align:start position:0% +instead of zero in lists for example +come up with an experiment that you can + + align:start position:0% +come up with an experiment that you can + + + align:start position:0% +come up with an experiment that you can +repeat and then pick a simple test case + + align:start position:0% +repeat and then pick a simple test case + + + align:start position:0% +repeat and then pick a simple test case +that you can test your hypothesis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with so as you're debugging you will + + align:start position:0% +with so as you're debugging you will + + + align:start position:0% +with so as you're debugging you will +encounter error + + align:start position:0% +encounter error + + + align:start position:0% +encounter error +messages and these error messages are + + align:start position:0% +messages and these error messages are + + + align:start position:0% +messages and these error messages are +actually pretty easy to figure + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty easy to figure + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty easy to figure +out and they're really easy to fix in + + align:start position:0% +out and they're really easy to fix in + + + align:start position:0% +out and they're really easy to fix in +your code so for example accessing + + align:start position:0% +your code so for example accessing + + + align:start position:0% +your code so for example accessing +things beyond the limits of a list give + + align:start position:0% +things beyond the limits of a list give + + + align:start position:0% +things beyond the limits of a list give +you index errors trying to convert in + + align:start position:0% +you index errors trying to convert in + + + align:start position:0% +you index errors trying to convert in +this case a list to an integer gives you + + align:start position:0% +this case a list to an integer gives you + + + align:start position:0% +this case a list to an integer gives you +type errors + + align:start position:0% +type errors + + + align:start position:0% +type errors +accessing variables that you've haven't + + align:start position:0% +accessing variables that you've haven't + + + align:start position:0% +accessing variables that you've haven't +created before gives you name errors and + + align:start position:0% +created before gives you name errors and + + + align:start position:0% +created before gives you name errors and +so on and so on and syntax errors are + + align:start position:0% +so on and so on and syntax errors are + + + align:start position:0% +so on and so on and syntax errors are +things for things like if you forget a + + align:start position:0% +things for things like if you forget a + + + align:start position:0% +things for things like if you forget a +parenthesis or forget a colon or + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis or forget a colon or + + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis or forget a colon or +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that okay so error messages are really + + align:start position:0% +that okay so error messages are really + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so error messages are really +easy to spot right the python + + align:start position:0% +easy to spot right the python + + + align:start position:0% +easy to spot right the python +interpreter spits these out for you and + + align:start position:0% +interpreter spits these out for you and + + + align:start position:0% +interpreter spits these out for you and +then you can pinpoint the exact line + + align:start position:0% +then you can pinpoint the exact line + + + align:start position:0% +then you can pinpoint the exact line +logic errors are actually the hard part + + align:start position:0% +logic errors are actually the hard part + + + align:start position:0% +logic errors are actually the hard part +okay and logic errors are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +okay and logic errors are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and logic errors are the ones that +you will be uh spending the most time on + + align:start position:0% +you will be uh spending the most time on + + + align:start position:0% +you will be uh spending the most time on +for which I would recommend always + + align:start position:0% +for which I would recommend always + + + align:start position:0% +for which I would recommend always +trying to take a break take a nap go eat + + align:start position:0% +trying to take a break take a nap go eat + + + align:start position:0% +trying to take a break take a nap go eat +something sometimes you'd have to start + + align:start position:0% +something sometimes you'd have to start + + + align:start position:0% +something sometimes you'd have to start +all over right so throw out the code you + + align:start position:0% +all over right so throw out the code you + + + align:start position:0% +all over right so throw out the code you +have and just sit down with a piece of + + align:start position:0% +have and just sit down with a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +have and just sit down with a piece of +paper try to figure out how you want to + + align:start position:0% +paper try to figure out how you want to + + + align:start position:0% +paper try to figure out how you want to +solve the problem and if you look up the + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem and if you look up the + + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem and if you look up the +term rubber + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ducky a lot of heads went up on that one + + align:start position:0% +ducky a lot of heads went up on that one + + + align:start position:0% +ducky a lot of heads went up on that one +rubber ducky + + align:start position:0% +rubber ducky + + + align:start position:0% +rubber ducky +debugging um that is an actual term uh + + align:start position:0% +debugging um that is an actual term uh + + + align:start position:0% +debugging um that is an actual term uh +in Wikipedia and it's when a programmer + + align:start position:0% +in Wikipedia and it's when a programmer + + + align:start position:0% +in Wikipedia and it's when a programmer +explains their code to rubber ducky + + align:start position:0% +explains their code to rubber ducky + + + align:start position:0% +explains their code to rubber ducky +that's me on the left explaining code to + + align:start position:0% +that's me on the left explaining code to + + + align:start position:0% +that's me on the left explaining code to +my rubber ducky you should always you + + align:start position:0% +my rubber ducky you should always you + + + align:start position:0% +my rubber ducky you should always you +should you should go buy + + align:start position:0% +should you should go buy + + + align:start position:0% +should you should go buy +one or code to anyone else preferably + + align:start position:0% +one or code to anyone else preferably + + + align:start position:0% +one or code to anyone else preferably +someone who doesn't really understand + + align:start position:0% +someone who doesn't really understand + + + align:start position:0% +someone who doesn't really understand +anything because that'll force you to + + align:start position:0% +anything because that'll force you to + + + align:start position:0% +anything because that'll force you to +explain everything really really closely + + align:start position:0% +explain everything really really closely + + + align:start position:0% +explain everything really really closely +okay and as you're doing that you'll + + align:start position:0% +okay and as you're doing that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay and as you're doing that you'll +figure out your problem and I figured + + align:start position:0% +figure out your problem and I figured + + + align:start position:0% +figure out your problem and I figured +out my problem in both of these + + align:start position:0% +out my problem in both of these + + + align:start position:0% +out my problem in both of these +cases um so just go back to the basics + + align:start position:0% +cases um so just go back to the basics + + + align:start position:0% +cases um so just go back to the basics +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +quick summary of dos and don'ts of + + align:start position:0% +quick summary of dos and don'ts of + + + align:start position:0% +quick summary of dos and don'ts of +debugging and testing so don't write the + + align:start position:0% +debugging and testing so don't write the + + + align:start position:0% +debugging and testing so don't write the +entire program test the entire program + + align:start position:0% +entire program test the entire program + + + align:start position:0% +entire program test the entire program +and debug the entire program I know this + + align:start position:0% +and debug the entire program I know this + + + align:start position:0% +and debug the entire program I know this +is really tempting to do and I do it all + + align:start position:0% +is really tempting to do and I do it all + + + align:start position:0% +is really tempting to do and I do it all +the time but don't do it okay because + + align:start position:0% +the time but don't do it okay because + + + align:start position:0% +the time but don't do it okay because +you're going to introduce a lot of bugs + + align:start position:0% +you're going to introduce a lot of bugs + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to introduce a lot of bugs +and it's going to be hard to isolate + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be hard to isolate + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be hard to isolate +which bugs are affecting other + + align:start position:0% +which bugs are affecting other + + + align:start position:0% +which bugs are affecting other +ones and it'll lead to a lot more stress + + align:start position:0% +ones and it'll lead to a lot more stress + + + align:start position:0% +ones and it'll lead to a lot more stress +than you need instead do um do unit + + align:start position:0% +than you need instead do um do unit + + + align:start position:0% +than you need instead do um do unit +testing so write one function test the + + align:start position:0% +testing so write one function test the + + + align:start position:0% +testing so write one function test the +function debug the function you know + + align:start position:0% +function debug the function you know + + + align:start position:0% +function debug the function you know +make sure it works write the other + + align:start position:0% +make sure it works write the other + + + align:start position:0% +make sure it works write the other +function and so on and so on do a little + + align:start position:0% +function and so on and so on do a little + + + align:start position:0% +function and so on and so on do a little +regression testing a little more unit + + align:start position:0% +regression testing a little more unit + + + align:start position:0% +regression testing a little more unit +testing a little integration + + align:start position:0% +testing a little integration + + + align:start position:0% +testing a little integration +testing and um it's a lot more + + align:start position:0% +testing and um it's a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +testing and um it's a lot more +systematic way to write the program and + + align:start position:0% +systematic way to write the program and + + + align:start position:0% +systematic way to write the program and +it'll cut down on your debugging time + + align:start position:0% +it'll cut down on your debugging time + + + align:start position:0% +it'll cut down on your debugging time +immensely if you're changing your code + + align:start position:0% +immensely if you're changing your code + + + align:start position:0% +immensely if you're changing your code +and inevitably you'll be changing your + + align:start position:0% +and inevitably you'll be changing your + + + align:start position:0% +and inevitably you'll be changing your +code as you're doing your problem sets + + align:start position:0% +code as you're doing your problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +code as you're doing your problem sets +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +to back up your code so if you have a + + align:start position:0% +to back up your code so if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +to back up your code so if you have a +version that almost works + + align:start position:0% +version that almost works + + + align:start position:0% +version that almost works +don't just modify that maybe save a copy + + align:start position:0% +don't just modify that maybe save a copy + + + align:start position:0% +don't just modify that maybe save a copy +SP you've got terabytes of of of memory + + align:start position:0% +SP you've got terabytes of of of memory + + + align:start position:0% +SP you've got terabytes of of of memory +on your computer it won't hurt to just + + align:start position:0% +on your computer it won't hurt to just + + + align:start position:0% +on your computer it won't hurt to just +make a quick copy of it document maybe + + align:start position:0% +make a quick copy of it document maybe + + + align:start position:0% +make a quick copy of it document maybe +what worked and what didn't in that copy + + align:start position:0% +what worked and what didn't in that copy + + + align:start position:0% +what worked and what didn't in that copy +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +um and then make another copy and then + + align:start position:0% +um and then make another copy and then + + + align:start position:0% +um and then make another copy and then +you can modify your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +okay so that's sort of a highle + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's sort of a highle + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's sort of a highle +introduction to testing and debugging + + align:start position:0% +introduction to testing and debugging + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to testing and debugging +the rest of the class will be on um on + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the class will be on um on + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the class will be on um on +on the error messages or or on errors + + align:start position:0% +on the error messages or or on errors + + + align:start position:0% +on the error messages or or on errors +that you'll get in your + + align:start position:0% +that you'll get in your + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll get in your +programs so when your + + align:start position:0% +programs so when your + + + align:start position:0% +programs so when your +functions when when you run functions or + + align:start position:0% +functions when when you run functions or + + + align:start position:0% +functions when when you run functions or +when you run your program at some point + + align:start position:0% +when you run your program at some point + + + align:start position:0% +when you run your program at some point +the program execution is going to stop + + align:start position:0% +the program execution is going to stop + + + align:start position:0% +the program execution is going to stop +right maybe it encountered an + + align:start position:0% +right maybe it encountered an + + + align:start position:0% +right maybe it encountered an +error because of some unexpected + + align:start position:0% +error because of some unexpected + + + align:start position:0% +error because of some unexpected +condition and when that happens you get + + align:start position:0% +condition and when that happens you get + + + align:start position:0% +condition and when that happens you get +an exception so the error is called an + + align:start position:0% +an exception so the error is called an + + + align:start position:0% +an exception so the error is called an +exception and it's called an exception + + align:start position:0% +exception and it's called an exception + + + align:start position:0% +exception and it's called an exception +because it was an exception to what was + + align:start position:0% +because it was an exception to what was + + + align:start position:0% +because it was an exception to what was +expected okay to what the program + + align:start position:0% +expected okay to what the program + + + align:start position:0% +expected okay to what the program +expected so all of these errors that + + align:start position:0% +expected so all of these errors that + + + align:start position:0% +expected so all of these errors that +I've talked about in the previous slides + + align:start position:0% +I've talked about in the previous slides + + + align:start position:0% +I've talked about in the previous slides +are actually examples of exceptions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and there are actually many other + + align:start position:0% +okay and there are actually many other + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there are actually many other +types of exceptions which you'll see um + + align:start position:0% +types of exceptions which you'll see um + + + align:start position:0% +types of exceptions which you'll see um +as you go on in this course and also in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +602 so how do we deal with these + + align:start position:0% +602 so how do we deal with these + + + align:start position:0% +602 so how do we deal with these +exceptions okay in Python you you can + + align:start position:0% +exceptions okay in Python you you can + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions okay in Python you you can +actually have handlers for + + align:start position:0% +actually have handlers for + + + align:start position:0% +actually have handlers for +exceptions so if you know that a piece + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so if you know that a piece + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so if you know that a piece +of code might give you an error for + + align:start position:0% +of code might give you an error for + + + align:start position:0% +of code might give you an error for +example here I'm dealing with inputs + + align:start position:0% +example here I'm dealing with inputs + + + align:start position:0% +example here I'm dealing with inputs +from users and users are really + + align:start position:0% +from users and users are really + + + align:start position:0% +from users and users are really +unpredictable right you tell them to + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable right you tell them to + + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable right you tell them to +give you a number they might give you + + align:start position:0% +give you a number they might give you + + + align:start position:0% +give you a number they might give you +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +name nothing you can do about that or is + + align:start position:0% +name nothing you can do about that or is + + + align:start position:0% +name nothing you can do about that or is +there yes there is so in your program + + align:start position:0% +there yes there is so in your program + + + align:start position:0% +there yes there is so in your program +you can actually put + + align:start position:0% +you can actually put + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually put +any lines of + + align:start position:0% +any lines of + + + align:start position:0% +any lines of +code that you think might be problematic + + align:start position:0% +code that you think might be problematic + + + align:start position:0% +code that you think might be problematic +that might give you an error an + + align:start position:0% +that might give you an error an + + + align:start position:0% +that might give you an error an +exception in this Tri block so you say + + align:start position:0% +exception in this Tri block so you say + + + align:start position:0% +exception in this Tri block so you say +TR colon and you put in any lines of + + align:start position:0% +TR colon and you put in any lines of + + + align:start position:0% +TR colon and you put in any lines of +code that you think might give you an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +error + + align:start position:0% +error + + + align:start position:0% +error +if if none of these lines of code + + align:start position:0% +if if none of these lines of code + + + align:start position:0% +if if none of these lines of code +actually produce an error then great + + align:start position:0% +actually produce an error then great + + + align:start position:0% +actually produce an error then great +python doesn't do anything else it + + align:start position:0% +python doesn't do anything else it + + + align:start position:0% +python doesn't do anything else it +treats them as just part as just if they + + align:start position:0% +treats them as just part as just if they + + + align:start position:0% +treats them as just part as just if they +were part of a regular program but if an + + align:start position:0% +were part of a regular program but if an + + + align:start position:0% +were part of a regular program but if an +error does come up for example if if + + align:start position:0% +error does come up for example if if + + + align:start position:0% +error does come up for example if if +someone doesn't put in a number but puts + + align:start position:0% +someone doesn't put in a number but puts + + + align:start position:0% +someone doesn't put in a number but puts +their name + + align:start position:0% +their name + + + align:start position:0% +their name +in that's going to raise an error + + align:start position:0% +in that's going to raise an error + + + align:start position:0% +in that's going to raise an error +specifically a value + + align:start position:0% +specifically a value + + + align:start position:0% +specifically a value +error and at that point Python's going + + align:start position:0% +error and at that point Python's going + + + align:start position:0% +error and at that point Python's going +to say is there an + + align:start position:0% +to say is there an + + + align:start position:0% +to say is there an +accept + + align:start position:0% +accept + + + align:start position:0% +accept +statement and if so this accept + + align:start position:0% +statement and if so this accept + + + align:start position:0% +statement and if so this accept +statement is going to handle the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +error and it's going to say okay an + + align:start position:0% +error and it's going to say okay an + + + align:start position:0% +error and it's going to say okay an +error came up but I know how to handle + + align:start position:0% +error came up but I know how to handle + + + align:start position:0% +error came up but I know how to handle +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +I'm going to print out this user this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to print out this user this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to print out this user this +message to the + + align:start position:0% +message to the + + + align:start position:0% +message to the +user so if we look at + + align:start position:0% +user so if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +user so if we look at +code this is the same code as in the + + align:start position:0% +code this is the same code as in the + + + align:start position:0% +code this is the same code as in the +slides and there's no try except block + + align:start position:0% +slides and there's no try except block + + + align:start position:0% +slides and there's no try except block +around it so if I run it and I say three + + align:start position:0% +around it so if I run it and I say three + + + align:start position:0% +around it so if I run it and I say three +and four it's going to it's going to run + + align:start position:0% +and four it's going to it's going to run + + + align:start position:0% +and four it's going to it's going to run +fine but if I run it and I say a a it's + + align:start position:0% +fine but if I run it and I say a a it's + + + align:start position:0% +fine but if I run it and I say a a it's +going to give a value error + + align:start position:0% +going to give a value error + + + align:start position:0% +going to give a value error +okay now if I run the same piece of code + + align:start position:0% +okay now if I run the same piece of code + + + align:start position:0% +okay now if I run the same piece of code +with try with a try accept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +block I run it if I give it a regular + + align:start position:0% +block I run it if I give it a regular + + + align:start position:0% +block I run it if I give it a regular +numbers it's + + align:start position:0% +numbers it's + + + align:start position:0% +numbers it's +fine but + + align:start position:0% +fine but + + + align:start position:0% +fine but +if I'm being a cheeky user and I say + + align:start position:0% +if I'm being a cheeky user and I say + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm being a cheeky user and I say +three automatically this would have + + align:start position:0% +three automatically this would have + + + align:start position:0% +three automatically this would have +raised the value error in the previous + + align:start position:0% +raised the value error in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +raised the value error in the previous +uh version of the of the program but in + + align:start position:0% +uh version of the of the program but in + + + align:start position:0% +uh version of the of the program but in +this version of the program the + + align:start position:0% +this version of the program the + + + align:start position:0% +this version of the program the +programmer handled the exception or + + align:start position:0% +programmer handled the exception or + + + align:start position:0% +programmer handled the exception or +caught the exception and printed out + + align:start position:0% +caught the exception and printed out + + + align:start position:0% +caught the exception and printed out +this nicer looking message so bug and + + align:start position:0% +this nicer looking message so bug and + + + align:start position:0% +this nicer looking message so bug and +user input is nicer + + align:start position:0% +user input is nicer + + + align:start position:0% +user input is nicer +than this this whole lot + + align:start position:0% +than this this whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +than this this whole lot +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right a lot easier to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +read okay so any problematic uh lines of + + align:start position:0% +read okay so any problematic uh lines of + + + align:start position:0% +read okay so any problematic uh lines of +code you can put in a tri block and then + + align:start position:0% +code you can put in a tri block and then + + + align:start position:0% +code you can put in a tri block and then +handle um handle whatever errors might + + align:start position:0% +handle um handle whatever errors might + + + align:start position:0% +handle um handle whatever errors might +come up in this accept block this accept + + align:start position:0% +come up in this accept block this accept + + + align:start position:0% +come up in this accept block this accept +block is going to catch any error that + + align:start position:0% +block is going to catch any error that + + + align:start position:0% +block is going to catch any error that +comes up okay and you can actually get a + + align:start position:0% +comes up okay and you can actually get a + + + align:start position:0% +comes up okay and you can actually get a +little bit more specific and catch + + align:start position:0% +little bit more specific and catch + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more specific and catch +specific types of + + align:start position:0% +specific types of + + + align:start position:0% +specific types of +errors in this case I'm saying if a + + align:start position:0% +errors in this case I'm saying if a + + + align:start position:0% +errors in this case I'm saying if a +value error comes up for example if the + + align:start position:0% +value error comes up for example if the + + + align:start position:0% +value error comes up for example if the +user inputs a string instead of an + + align:start position:0% +user inputs a string instead of an + + + align:start position:0% +user inputs a string instead of an +integer do this which is going to print + + align:start position:0% +integer do this which is going to print + + + align:start position:0% +integer do this which is going to print +this this + + align:start position:0% +this this + + + align:start position:0% +this this +message if the user in + + align:start position:0% +message if the user in + + + align:start position:0% +message if the user in +inputs a number for B such that we're + + align:start position:0% +inputs a number for B such that we're + + + align:start position:0% +inputs a number for B such that we're +dividing a divide we're doing a divid by + + align:start position:0% +dividing a divide we're doing a divid by + + + align:start position:0% +dividing a divide we're doing a divid by +B so that would give a zero division + + align:start position:0% +B so that would give a zero division + + + align:start position:0% +B so that would give a zero division +error in that case we're going to catch + + align:start position:0% +error in that case we're going to catch + + + align:start position:0% +error in that case we're going to catch +this other error here this zero division + + align:start position:0% +this other error here this zero division + + + align:start position:0% +this other error here this zero division +error and we're going to print this + + align:start position:0% +error and we're going to print this + + + align:start position:0% +error and we're going to print this +other message can't divide by + + align:start position:0% +other message can't divide by + + + align:start position:0% +other message can't divide by +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay so each so you can think of these + + align:start position:0% +okay so each so you can think of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so each so you can think of these +different except blocks as sort of if + + align:start position:0% +different except blocks as sort of if + + + align:start position:0% +different except blocks as sort of if +you know if else if statements except + + align:start position:0% +you know if else if statements except + + + align:start position:0% +you know if else if statements except +for exceptions okay so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +for exceptions okay so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +for exceptions okay so we're going to +try this but if there's a value error do + + align:start position:0% +try this but if there's a value error do + + + align:start position:0% +try this but if there's a value error do +this uh otherwise if there's a division + + align:start position:0% +this uh otherwise if there's a division + + + align:start position:0% +this uh otherwise if there's a division +error do this and otherwise do this so + + align:start position:0% +error do this and otherwise do this so + + + align:start position:0% +error do this and otherwise do this so +this last accept is actually going to be + + align:start position:0% +this last accept is actually going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this last accept is actually going to be +for any other error that comes up so if + + align:start position:0% +for any other error that comes up so if + + + align:start position:0% +for any other error that comes up so if +it's not a value error not a nor a + + align:start position:0% +it's not a value error not a nor a + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a value error not a nor a +division error then we're going to print + + align:start position:0% +division error then we're going to print + + + align:start position:0% +division error then we're going to print +something went very wrong I don't I + + align:start position:0% +something went very wrong I don't I + + + align:start position:0% +something went very wrong I don't I +couldn't even try to create I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +couldn't even try to create I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't even try to create I couldn't +even try to make the program come up + + align:start position:0% +even try to make the program come up + + + align:start position:0% +even try to make the program come up +with uh any other error besides those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +okay so a lot of the time you're just + + align:start position:0% +okay so a lot of the time you're just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a lot of the time you're just +going to use try accept blocks but + + align:start position:0% +going to use try accept blocks but + + + align:start position:0% +going to use try accept blocks but +there's other blocks that you can add to + + align:start position:0% +there's other blocks that you can add to + + + align:start position:0% +there's other blocks that you can add to +exceptions and these are more rarely + + align:start position:0% +exceptions and these are more rarely + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions and these are more rarely +used but I'll talk about them anyway so + + align:start position:0% +used but I'll talk about them anyway so + + + align:start position:0% +used but I'll talk about them anyway so +you can have an else + + align:start position:0% +you can have an else + + + align:start position:0% +you can have an else +block and an else block is going to get + + align:start position:0% +block and an else block is going to get + + + align:start position:0% +block and an else block is going to get +executed when the code in the tri block + + align:start position:0% +executed when the code in the tri block + + + align:start position:0% +executed when the code in the tri block +finished without raising an + + align:start position:0% +finished without raising an + + + align:start position:0% +finished without raising an +error and you can also have a finally + + align:start position:0% +error and you can also have a finally + + + align:start position:0% +error and you can also have a finally +block which is always executed okay if + + align:start position:0% +block which is always executed okay if + + + align:start position:0% +block which is always executed okay if +the code in the tri block finished + + align:start position:0% +the code in the tri block finished + + + align:start position:0% +the code in the tri block finished +without without an error if you raised + + align:start position:0% +without without an error if you raised + + + align:start position:0% +without without an error if you raised +an exception if you raised a different + + align:start position:0% +an exception if you raised a different + + + align:start position:0% +an exception if you raised a different +kind of exception if you went through + + align:start position:0% +kind of exception if you went through + + + align:start position:0% +kind of exception if you went through +the else in any of these cases the + + align:start position:0% +the else in any of these cases the + + + align:start position:0% +the else in any of these cases the +whatever is in the finally block is + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in the finally block is + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in the finally block is +always going to get + + align:start position:0% +always going to get + + + align:start position:0% +always going to get +executed okay and it's usually used to + + align:start position:0% +executed okay and it's usually used to + + + align:start position:0% +executed okay and it's usually used to +clean up um cleanup code like if you + + align:start position:0% +clean up um cleanup code like if you + + + align:start position:0% +clean up um cleanup code like if you +want to print oh the program finished or + + align:start position:0% +want to print oh the program finished or + + + align:start position:0% +want to print oh the program finished or +if you want to close a file or something + + align:start position:0% +if you want to close a file or something + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to close a file or something +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so we've encountered errors we've caught + + align:start position:0% +so we've encountered errors we've caught + + + align:start position:0% +so we've encountered errors we've caught +what else can we do with ER with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exceptions three other things + + align:start position:0% +exceptions three other things + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions three other things +so one is if we've we've caught an error + + align:start position:0% +so one is if we've we've caught an error + + + align:start position:0% +so one is if we've we've caught an error +we can just fail silently okay what this + + align:start position:0% +we can just fail silently okay what this + + + align:start position:0% +we can just fail silently okay what this +means is you've caught an error and you + + align:start position:0% +means is you've caught an error and you + + + align:start position:0% +means is you've caught an error and you +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +substitute whatever erroneous value the + + align:start position:0% +substitute whatever erroneous value the + + + align:start position:0% +substitute whatever erroneous value the +user gave you for some other + + align:start position:0% +user gave you for some other + + + align:start position:0% +user gave you for some other +value that's not actually a very good + + align:start position:0% +value that's not actually a very good + + + align:start position:0% +value that's not actually a very good +idea that's a bad idea because suddenly + + align:start position:0% +idea that's a bad idea because suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +idea that's a bad idea because suddenly +L the user thinks that they entered + + align:start position:0% +L the user thinks that they entered + + + align:start position:0% +L the user thinks that they entered +something and they think everything's + + align:start position:0% +something and they think everything's + + + align:start position:0% +something and they think everything's +great your program accepts it but then + + align:start position:0% +great your program accepts it but then + + + align:start position:0% +great your program accepts it but then +they get some weird value as an output + + align:start position:0% +they get some weird value as an output + + + align:start position:0% +they get some weird value as an output +Which is far from what they expected + + align:start position:0% +Which is far from what they expected + + + align:start position:0% +Which is far from what they expected +right so it's not really a good idea to + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not really a good idea to + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not really a good idea to +just replace users values with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything okay in the context so this is + + align:start position:0% +anything okay in the context so this is + + + align:start position:0% +anything okay in the context so this is +in the context of a function in the + + align:start position:0% +in the context of a function in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of a function in the +context of a function what else can we + + align:start position:0% +context of a function what else can we + + + align:start position:0% +context of a function what else can we +do well if you have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function that fails for example let's + + align:start position:0% +function that fails for example let's + + + align:start position:0% +function that fails for example let's +say you're trying to do um you're trying + + align:start position:0% +say you're trying to do um you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +say you're trying to do um you're trying +to get the square root of an even + + align:start position:0% +to get the square root of an even + + + align:start position:0% +to get the square root of an even +number okay and let's say the user gives + + align:start position:0% +number okay and let's say the user gives + + + align:start position:0% +number okay and let's say the user gives +you uh sorry you're trying to find the + + align:start position:0% +you uh sorry you're trying to find the + + + align:start position:0% +you uh sorry you're trying to find the +square root of a positive number and + + align:start position:0% +square root of a positive number and + + + align:start position:0% +square root of a positive number and +let's say the user gives you a negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number well if the user gives you a + + align:start position:0% +number well if the user gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +number well if the user gives you a +negative number if your your function + + align:start position:0% +negative number if your your function + + + align:start position:0% +negative number if your your function +could return an error value which means + + align:start position:0% +could return an error value which means + + + align:start position:0% +could return an error value which means +well if the number input is input it is + + align:start position:0% +well if the number input is input it is + + + align:start position:0% +well if the number input is input it is +is less than zero then return zero or + + align:start position:0% +is less than zero then return zero or + + + align:start position:0% +is less than zero then return zero or +minus one or minus 100 just pick any + + align:start position:0% +minus one or minus 100 just pick any + + + align:start position:0% +minus one or minus 100 just pick any +value to return um which represents some + + align:start position:0% +value to return um which represents some + + + align:start position:0% +value to return um which represents some +error + + align:start position:0% +error + + + align:start position:0% +error +value this is actually not a good idea + + align:start position:0% +value this is actually not a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +value this is actually not a good idea +either because later on in your program + + align:start position:0% +either because later on in your program + + + align:start position:0% +either because later on in your program +if you're using this function now you + + align:start position:0% +if you're using this function now you + + + align:start position:0% +if you're using this function now you +have to do a check and the check is well + + align:start position:0% +have to do a check and the check is well + + + align:start position:0% +have to do a check and the check is well +if the return from this function is + + align:start position:0% +if the return from this function is + + + align:start position:0% +if the return from this function is +minus one or minus 100 do this otherwise + + align:start position:0% +minus one or minus 100 do this otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +minus one or minus 100 do this otherwise +do this so you're you're you're + + align:start position:0% +do this so you're you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +do this so you're you're you're +complicating your code because now you + + align:start position:0% +complicating your code because now you + + + align:start position:0% +complicating your code because now you +always have to have always have to have + + align:start position:0% +always have to have always have to have + + + align:start position:0% +always have to have always have to have +this check for this error value right + + align:start position:0% +this check for this error value right + + + align:start position:0% +this check for this error value right +which makes the code really + + align:start position:0% +which makes the code really + + + align:start position:0% +which makes the code really +messy the other thing we can do is we + + align:start position:0% +messy the other thing we can do is we + + + align:start position:0% +messy the other thing we can do is we +can signal an airor condition so this is + + align:start position:0% +can signal an airor condition so this is + + + align:start position:0% +can signal an airor condition so this is +how you um how you + + align:start position:0% +how you um how you + + + align:start position:0% +how you um how you +um create control flow in your programs + + align:start position:0% +um create control flow in your programs + + + align:start position:0% +um create control flow in your programs +with exceptions so in Python signaling + + align:start position:0% +with exceptions so in Python signaling + + + align:start position:0% +with exceptions so in Python signaling +an error condition means raising your + + align:start position:0% +an error condition means raising your + + + align:start position:0% +an error condition means raising your +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +exception so so far we've just seen the + + align:start position:0% +exception so so far we've just seen the + + + align:start position:0% +exception so so far we've just seen the +programs + + align:start position:0% +programs + + + align:start position:0% +programs +crashing which means they raise an + + align:start position:0% +crashing which means they raise an + + + align:start position:0% +crashing which means they raise an +exception and then you deal with them + + align:start position:0% +exception and then you deal with them + + + align:start position:0% +exception and then you deal with them +but in this last case you're raising + + align:start position:0% +but in this last case you're raising + + + align:start position:0% +but in this last case you're raising +your own exception as a way to use that + + align:start position:0% +your own exception as a way to use that + + + align:start position:0% +your own exception as a way to use that +exception later on in the in the code + + align:start position:0% +exception later on in the in the code + + + align:start position:0% +exception later on in the in the code +okay so in Python you raise your own + + align:start position:0% +okay so in Python you raise your own + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in Python you raise your own +exception using this raise keyword and + + align:start position:0% +exception using this raise keyword and + + + align:start position:0% +exception using this raise keyword and +then an exception and then some sort of + + align:start position:0% +then an exception and then some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +then an exception and then some sort of +description + + align:start position:0% +description + + + align:start position:0% +description +like user entered a negative number or + + align:start position:0% +like user entered a negative number or + + + align:start position:0% +like user entered a negative number or +something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay a lot of the time we're going + + align:start position:0% +that okay a lot of the time we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that okay a lot of the time we're going +to raise a value + + align:start position:0% +to raise a value + + + align:start position:0% +to raise a value +error okay so if the number is less than + + align:start position:0% +error okay so if the number is less than + + + align:start position:0% +error okay so if the number is less than +zero then raise a value error so + + align:start position:0% +zero then raise a value error so + + + align:start position:0% +zero then raise a value error so +something is + + align:start position:0% +something is + + + align:start position:0% +something is +wrong okay the keyword the name of the + + align:start position:0% +wrong okay the keyword the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +wrong okay the keyword the name of the +error and then some sort of descriptive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string okay so let's see an example of + + align:start position:0% +string okay so let's see an example of + + + align:start position:0% +string okay so let's see an example of +how we raise an an + + align:start position:0% +how we raise an an + + + align:start position:0% +how we raise an an +exception I have this function here + + align:start position:0% +exception I have this function here + + + align:start position:0% +exception I have this function here +called get + + align:start position:0% +called get + + + align:start position:0% +called get +ratios it takes in two lists L1 and + + align:start position:0% +ratios it takes in two lists L1 and + + + align:start position:0% +ratios it takes in two lists L1 and +L2 and it's going to create a new list + + align:start position:0% +L2 and it's going to create a new list + + + align:start position:0% +L2 and it's going to create a new list +that's going to contain the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +that's going to contain the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to contain the ratio of +each element in L1 divided by each + + align:start position:0% +each element in L1 divided by each + + + align:start position:0% +each element in L1 divided by each +element in L2 + + align:start position:0% +element in L2 + + + align:start position:0% +element in L2 +so I have a four Loop + + align:start position:0% +so I have a four Loop + + + align:start position:0% +so I have a four Loop +here for index in range length L1 so I'm + + align:start position:0% +here for index in range length L1 so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here for index in range length L1 so I'm +going through every single element in L1 + + align:start position:0% +going through every single element in L1 + + + align:start position:0% +going through every single element in L1 +I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to +try oops here I'm going to try to do + + align:start position:0% +try oops here I'm going to try to do + + + align:start position:0% +try oops here I'm going to try to do +this line so I think that this line + + align:start position:0% +this line so I think that this line + + + align:start position:0% +this line so I think that this line +might give me an error so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +might give me an error so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +might give me an error so I'm going to +put it in a tri + + align:start position:0% +put it in a tri + + + align:start position:0% +put it in a tri +block the error I think I'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +block the error I think I'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +block the error I think I'm going to get +is a zero division error because what + + align:start position:0% +is a zero division error because what + + + align:start position:0% +is a zero division error because what +happens when an element in L2 is + + align:start position:0% +happens when an element in L2 is + + + align:start position:0% +happens when an element in L2 is +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and when an element in L2 is zero I'm + + align:start position:0% +and when an element in L2 is zero I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and when an element in L2 is zero I'm +going to append this not a number as a + + align:start position:0% +going to append this not a number as a + + + align:start position:0% +going to append this not a number as a +float okay so Nan as a string you can + + align:start position:0% +float okay so Nan as a string you can + + + align:start position:0% +float okay so Nan as a string you can +convert it to a float and it stands for + + align:start position:0% +convert it to a float and it stands for + + + align:start position:0% +convert it to a float and it stands for +not a + + align:start position:0% +not a + + + align:start position:0% +not a +number okay so then I can continue + + align:start position:0% +number okay so then I can continue + + + align:start position:0% +number okay so then I can continue +populating the um the list with these + + align:start position:0% +populating the um the list with these + + + align:start position:0% +populating the um the list with these +not a numbers if an element in L2 is + + align:start position:0% +not a numbers if an element in L2 is + + + align:start position:0% +not a numbers if an element in L2 is +zero and otherwise if there's no zero + + align:start position:0% +zero and otherwise if there's no zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero and otherwise if there's no zero +division error but there's another kind + + align:start position:0% +division error but there's another kind + + + align:start position:0% +division error but there's another kind +of error then I'm going to raise my own + + align:start position:0% +of error then I'm going to raise my own + + + align:start position:0% +of error then I'm going to raise my own +error and say for any other kind of + + align:start position:0% +error and say for any other kind of + + + align:start position:0% +error and say for any other kind of +error just raise a value error which + + align:start position:0% +error just raise a value error which + + + align:start position:0% +error just raise a value error which +says get ratios was called with a bad + + align:start position:0% +says get ratios was called with a bad + + + align:start position:0% +says get ratios was called with a bad +argument + + align:start position:0% +argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument +okay so here I'm sort of consolidating + + align:start position:0% +okay so here I'm sort of consolidating + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here I'm sort of consolidating +all errors into my one value error so + + align:start position:0% +all errors into my one value error so + + + align:start position:0% +all errors into my one value error so +later on in my program I can catch this + + align:start position:0% +later on in my program I can catch this + + + align:start position:0% +later on in my program I can catch this +value error and do something with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it here's another example of + + align:start position:0% +it here's another example of + + + align:start position:0% +it here's another example of +exceptions so let's say we're given a + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so let's say we're given a + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so let's say we're given a +class list we have a list of + + align:start position:0% +class list we have a list of + + + align:start position:0% +class list we have a list of +lists where we have the name of a + + align:start position:0% +lists where we have the name of a + + + align:start position:0% +lists where we have the name of a +student first name and last name and + + align:start position:0% +student first name and last name and + + + align:start position:0% +student first name and last name and +their grades in the class so we + + align:start position:0% +their grades in the class so we + + + align:start position:0% +their grades in the class so we +currently have two + + align:start position:0% +currently have two + + + align:start position:0% +currently have two +students and what I want to do is create + + align:start position:0% +students and what I want to do is create + + + align:start position:0% +students and what I want to do is create +a new list which is the same the same + + align:start position:0% +a new list which is the same the same + + + align:start position:0% +a new list which is the same the same +things the same inputs here but I'm + + align:start position:0% +things the same inputs here but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +things the same inputs here but I'm +adding an extra I'm appending an extra + + align:start position:0% +adding an extra I'm appending an extra + + + align:start position:0% +adding an extra I'm appending an extra +value at the end of the list for each + + align:start position:0% +value at the end of the list for each + + + align:start position:0% +value at the end of the list for each +student which is the average of all of + + align:start position:0% +student which is the average of all of + + + align:start position:0% +student which is the average of all of +their grades or all of their yeah all of + + align:start position:0% +their grades or all of their yeah all of + + + align:start position:0% +their grades or all of their yeah all of +their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grades so let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +grades so let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +grades so let's look at the +code this is a + + align:start position:0% +code this is a + + + align:start position:0% +code this is a +function that takes the class list which + + align:start position:0% +function that takes the class list which + + + align:start position:0% +function that takes the class list which +is this whole list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I'm creating a new uh list inside + + align:start position:0% +here I'm creating a new uh list inside + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm creating a new uh list inside +it initially + + align:start position:0% +it initially + + + align:start position:0% +it initially +empty and then I'm going for every + + align:start position:0% +empty and then I'm going for every + + + align:start position:0% +empty and then I'm going for every +element in the class list I'm appending + + align:start position:0% +element in the class list I'm appending + + + align:start position:0% +element in the class list I'm appending +element at + + align:start position:0% +element at + + + align:start position:0% +element at +zero which is going to be this first + + align:start position:0% +zero which is going to be this first + + + align:start position:0% +zero which is going to be this first +list here so it's going to be the first + + align:start position:0% +list here so it's going to be the first + + + align:start position:0% +list here so it's going to be the first +name and the last name element at one + + align:start position:0% +name and the last name element at one + + + align:start position:0% +name and the last name element at one +which is the + + align:start position:0% +which is the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the +grades and then the last thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +grades and then the last thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +grades and then the last thing I'm +appending is a function + + align:start position:0% +appending is a function + + + align:start position:0% +appending is a function +call the function call being called with + + align:start position:0% +call the function call being called with + + + align:start position:0% +call the function call being called with +element one which is all of the + + align:start position:0% +element one which is all of the + + + align:start position:0% +element one which is all of the +grades and this is my function call + + align:start position:0% +grades and this is my function call + + + align:start position:0% +grades and this is my function call +we're going to see three different + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see three different + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see three different +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +calls okay this is the first one it + + align:start position:0% +calls okay this is the first one it + + + align:start position:0% +calls okay this is the first one it +simply takes the sum of the grades and + + align:start position:0% +simply takes the sum of the grades and + + + align:start position:0% +simply takes the sum of the grades and +divides it by the length of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grades + + align:start position:0% +grades + + + align:start position:0% +grades +if if these students are responsible and + + align:start position:0% +if if these students are responsible and + + + align:start position:0% +if if these students are responsible and +they've taken all of the tests right + + align:start position:0% +they've taken all of the tests right + + + align:start position:0% +they've taken all of the tests right +then there's no problem because length + + align:start position:0% +then there's no problem because length + + + align:start position:0% +then there's no problem because length +of grades is going to be something + + align:start position:0% +of grades is going to be something + + + align:start position:0% +of grades is going to be something +greater than + + align:start position:0% +greater than + + + align:start position:0% +greater than +zero but what if we have a student in + + align:start position:0% +zero but what if we have a student in + + + align:start position:0% +zero but what if we have a student in +the class who didn't show up for any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tests then we have no record of any of + + align:start position:0% +tests then we have no record of any of + + + align:start position:0% +tests then we have no record of any of +their tests right no record of grades or + + align:start position:0% +their tests right no record of grades or + + + align:start position:0% +their tests right no record of grades or +anything like + + align:start position:0% +anything like + + + align:start position:0% +anything like +that so they're going to have an empty + + align:start position:0% +that so they're going to have an empty + + + align:start position:0% +that so they're going to have an empty +list so if we run the same this function + + align:start position:0% +list so if we run the same this function + + + align:start position:0% +list so if we run the same this function +averages on their data we're actually + + align:start position:0% +averages on their data we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +averages on their data we're actually +going to get a zero division error + + align:start position:0% +going to get a zero division error + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a zero division error +because we're trying to divide by length + + align:start position:0% +because we're trying to divide by length + + + align:start position:0% +because we're trying to divide by length +of grades which is going to be um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so what can we do two things two + + align:start position:0% +zero so what can we do two things two + + + align:start position:0% +zero so what can we do two things two +options + + align:start position:0% +options + + + align:start position:0% +options +here one is we can just flag the error + + align:start position:0% +here one is we can just flag the error + + + align:start position:0% +here one is we can just flag the error +and print the + + align:start position:0% +and print the + + + align:start position:0% +and print the +message so here there's a new average + + align:start position:0% +message so here there's a new average + + + align:start position:0% +message so here there's a new average +function an improved one that's going to + + align:start position:0% +function an improved one that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +function an improved one that's going to +try to do the exact same line as the + + align:start position:0% +try to do the exact same line as the + + + align:start position:0% +try to do the exact same line as the +previous + + align:start position:0% +previous + + + align:start position:0% +previous +one and it's going to and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +one and it's going to and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +one and it's going to and it's going to +catch the zero division + + align:start position:0% +catch the zero division + + + align:start position:0% +catch the zero division +error and when it catches it it's going + + align:start position:0% +error and when it catches it it's going + + + align:start position:0% +error and when it catches it it's going +to print this + + align:start position:0% +to print this + + + align:start position:0% +to print this +warning and when we run it we're going + + align:start position:0% +warning and when we run it we're going + + + align:start position:0% +warning and when we run it we're going +to get warning no grades data which is + + align:start position:0% +to get warning no grades data which is + + + align:start position:0% +to get warning no grades data which is +fine + + align:start position:0% +fine + + + align:start position:0% +fine +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we're going to get this none here for + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get this none here for + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get this none here for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +grades okay so everyone else's grades + + align:start position:0% +grades okay so everyone else's grades + + + align:start position:0% +grades okay so everyone else's grades +was calculated correctly and for this + + align:start position:0% +was calculated correctly and for this + + + align:start position:0% +was calculated correctly and for this +last one we got a + + align:start position:0% +last one we got a + + + align:start position:0% +last one we got a +none that's because when we entered this + + align:start position:0% +none that's because when we entered this + + + align:start position:0% +none that's because when we entered this +accept statement right if this is a + + align:start position:0% +accept statement right if this is a + + + align:start position:0% +accept statement right if this is a +function remember functions return + + align:start position:0% +function remember functions return + + + align:start position:0% +function remember functions return +something this function in this + + align:start position:0% +something this function in this + + + align:start position:0% +something this function in this +particular accept statement didn't + + align:start position:0% +particular accept statement didn't + + + align:start position:0% +particular accept statement didn't +return anything right so it returns a + + align:start position:0% +return anything right so it returns a + + + align:start position:0% +return anything right so it returns a +none so for the averages for this + + align:start position:0% +none so for the averages for this + + + align:start position:0% +none so for the averages for this +particular function the average is going + + align:start position:0% +particular function the average is going + + + align:start position:0% +particular function the average is going +to be a none um for this person who + + align:start position:0% +to be a none um for this person who + + + align:start position:0% +to be a none um for this person who +didn't have any grades associated with + + align:start position:0% +didn't have any grades associated with + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have any grades associated with +them okay and yeah so that's basically + + align:start position:0% +them okay and yeah so that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +them okay and yeah so that's basically +what I + + align:start position:0% +what I + + + align:start position:0% +what I +said so that's our first option is to + + align:start position:0% +said so that's our first option is to + + + align:start position:0% +said so that's our first option is to +just flag the flag the error and print a + + align:start position:0% +just flag the flag the error and print a + + + align:start position:0% +just flag the flag the error and print a +message the other option is to actually + + align:start position:0% +message the other option is to actually + + + align:start position:0% +message the other option is to actually +change the policy so this is where you + + align:start position:0% +change the policy so this is where you + + + align:start position:0% +change the policy so this is where you +replace the data with some sort of + + align:start position:0% +replace the data with some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +replace the data with some sort of +default value and if you do something + + align:start position:0% +default value and if you do something + + + align:start position:0% +default value and if you do something +like this then this should be document + + align:start position:0% +like this then this should be document + + + align:start position:0% +like this then this should be document +it inside the function so when you write + + align:start position:0% +it inside the function so when you write + + + align:start position:0% +it inside the function so when you write +the doc string for the function you + + align:start position:0% +the doc string for the function you + + + align:start position:0% +the doc string for the function you +would say if if the + + align:start position:0% +would say if if the + + + align:start position:0% +would say if if the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh if there's no if the if the if the if + + align:start position:0% +uh if there's no if the if the if the if + + + align:start position:0% +uh if there's no if the if the if the if +the list is is empty then it'll Return + + align:start position:0% +the list is is empty then it'll Return + + + align:start position:0% +the list is is empty then it'll Return +To + + align:start position:0% +To + + + align:start position:0% +To +Zero so this is the exact same thing as + + align:start position:0% +Zero so this is the exact same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +Zero so this is the exact same thing as +before we have a try and an accept for + + align:start position:0% +before we have a try and an accept for + + + align:start position:0% +before we have a try and an accept for +the zero division + + align:start position:0% +the zero division + + + align:start position:0% +the zero division +error we also print a warning no grades + + align:start position:0% +error we also print a warning no grades + + + align:start position:0% +error we also print a warning no grades +data and then we return a zero + + align:start position:0% +data and then we return a zero + + + align:start position:0% +data and then we return a zero +so we still flag the error and now + + align:start position:0% +so we still flag the error and now + + + align:start position:0% +so we still flag the error and now +instead of a none we get a zero because + + align:start position:0% +instead of a none we get a zero because + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a none we get a zero because +we've returned 0.0 here as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +we've returned 0.0 here as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +we've returned 0.0 here as opposed to +just leaving it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so those are um + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so those are um + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so those are um +exceptions last thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +exceptions last thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions last thing we're going to +talk about today are these things called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assertions and assertions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +good example of defensive + + align:start position:0% +good example of defensive + + + align:start position:0% +good example of defensive +programming in that you have assert + + align:start position:0% +programming in that you have assert + + + align:start position:0% +programming in that you have assert +statements at the beginning of functions + + align:start position:0% +statements at the beginning of functions + + + align:start position:0% +statements at the beginning of functions +typically or at the end of + + align:start position:0% +typically or at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +typically or at the end of +functions and assert statements are used + + align:start position:0% +functions and assert statements are used + + + align:start position:0% +functions and assert statements are used +to make sure that the assumptions on + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that the assumptions on + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that the assumptions on +computations are exactly what the + + align:start position:0% +computations are exactly what the + + + align:start position:0% +computations are exactly what the +function expects them to be okay so if + + align:start position:0% +function expects them to be okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +function expects them to be okay so if +we have a function that says it's + + align:start position:0% +we have a function that says it's + + + align:start position:0% +we have a function that says it's +supposed to take in an integer greater + + align:start position:0% +supposed to take in an integer greater + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to take in an integer greater +than zero then the assert statement will + + align:start position:0% +than zero then the assert statement will + + + align:start position:0% +than zero then the assert statement will +assert that the function takes in an + + align:start position:0% +assert that the function takes in an + + + align:start position:0% +assert that the function takes in an +integer that's greater than zero okay + + align:start position:0% +integer that's greater than zero okay + + + align:start position:0% +integer that's greater than zero okay +here's an example this is the same + + align:start position:0% +here's an example this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example this is the same +average function we've seen + + align:start position:0% +average function we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +average function we've seen +before here instead of using exceptions + + align:start position:0% +before here instead of using exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +before here instead of using exceptions +we're going to use an assert + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use an assert + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use an assert +statement and the assert statement we're + + align:start position:0% +statement and the assert statement we're + + + align:start position:0% +statement and the assert statement we're +putting right at the at the front uh at + + align:start position:0% +putting right at the at the front uh at + + + align:start position:0% +putting right at the at the front uh at +the beginning of the function + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the function + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the function +sorry and the keyword is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assert the next next part of the assert + + align:start position:0% +assert the next next part of the assert + + + align:start position:0% +assert the next next part of the assert +is what uh the function expects so we + + align:start position:0% +is what uh the function expects so we + + + align:start position:0% +is what uh the function expects so we +expect that the length of grades is not + + align:start position:0% +expect that the length of grades is not + + + align:start position:0% +expect that the length of grades is not +equal to zero so it has to be greater + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so it has to be greater + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so it has to be greater +than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and then we have a string here + + align:start position:0% +zero and then we have a string here + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then we have a string here +which represents what do you print out + + align:start position:0% +which represents what do you print out + + + align:start position:0% +which represents what do you print out +if the assertion does not + + align:start position:0% +if the assertion does not + + + align:start position:0% +if the assertion does not +hold so if you run the function and you + + align:start position:0% +hold so if you run the function and you + + + align:start position:0% +hold so if you run the function and you +give it a list that is + + align:start position:0% +give it a list that is + + + align:start position:0% +give it a list that is +empty this becomes false so the assert + + align:start position:0% +empty this becomes false so the assert + + + align:start position:0% +empty this becomes false so the assert +is false and we're going to print out an + + align:start position:0% +is false and we're going to print out an + + + align:start position:0% +is false and we're going to print out an +assertion error no grades + + align:start position:0% +assertion error no grades + + + align:start position:0% +assertion error no grades +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +okay if the assert is false the function + + align:start position:0% +okay if the assert is false the function + + + align:start position:0% +okay if the assert is false the function +does not continue it stops right + + align:start position:0% +does not continue it stops right + + + align:start position:0% +does not continue it stops right +there why does it behave this way + + align:start position:0% +there why does it behave this way + + + align:start position:0% +there why does it behave this way +well assertions are great to make sure + + align:start position:0% +well assertions are great to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +well assertions are great to make sure +that preconditions and postconditions on + + align:start position:0% +that preconditions and postconditions on + + + align:start position:0% +that preconditions and postconditions on +functions are exactly as you expect okay + + align:start position:0% +functions are exactly as you expect okay + + + align:start position:0% +functions are exactly as you expect okay +so as soon as an assert becomes false + + align:start position:0% +so as soon as an assert becomes false + + + align:start position:0% +so as soon as an assert becomes false +the function is going to immediately + + align:start position:0% +the function is going to immediately + + + align:start position:0% +the function is going to immediately +terminate this is useful + + align:start position:0% +terminate this is useful + + + align:start position:0% +terminate this is useful +because it'll prevent the program from + + align:start position:0% +because it'll prevent the program from + + + align:start position:0% +because it'll prevent the program from +propagating bad values so as soon as a + + align:start position:0% +propagating bad values so as soon as a + + + align:start position:0% +propagating bad values so as soon as a +precondition isn't true for example as + + align:start position:0% +precondition isn't true for example as + + + align:start position:0% +precondition isn't true for example as +you enter a function then that means + + align:start position:0% +you enter a function then that means + + + align:start position:0% +you enter a function then that means +something went wrong in your program and + + align:start position:0% +something went wrong in your program and + + + align:start position:0% +something went wrong in your program and +the program is going to stop right there + + align:start position:0% +the program is going to stop right there + + + align:start position:0% +the program is going to stop right there +so instead of propagating a a bad value + + align:start position:0% +so instead of propagating a a bad value + + + align:start position:0% +so instead of propagating a a bad value +throughout the program and then you + + align:start position:0% +throughout the program and then you + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the program and then you +getting an output that you didn't expect + + align:start position:0% +getting an output that you didn't expect + + + align:start position:0% +getting an output that you didn't expect +and then you having to trace back to the + + align:start position:0% +and then you having to trace back to the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you having to trace back to the +function that was that gave this bad + + align:start position:0% +function that was that gave this bad + + + align:start position:0% +function that was that gave this bad +value you'll get this bad value you'll + + align:start position:0% +value you'll get this bad value you'll + + + align:start position:0% +value you'll get this bad value you'll +get this assert being false a lot + + align:start position:0% +get this assert being false a lot + + + align:start position:0% +get this assert being false a lot +earlier so it'll be a lot so you it'll + + align:start position:0% +earlier so it'll be a lot so you it'll + + + align:start position:0% +earlier so it'll be a lot so you it'll +be a lot easier to figure out where the + + align:start position:0% +be a lot easier to figure out where the + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot easier to figure out where the +bug came from and you won't have to + + align:start position:0% +bug came from and you won't have to + + + align:start position:0% +bug came from and you won't have to +trace back so many + + align:start position:0% +trace back so many + + + align:start position:0% +trace back so many +steps okay so this is basically what I + + align:start position:0% +steps okay so this is basically what I + + + align:start position:0% +steps okay so this is basically what I +said you really want to spot the bugs as + + align:start position:0% +said you really want to spot the bugs as + + + align:start position:0% +said you really want to spot the bugs as +soon as they're introduced okay and + + align:start position:0% +soon as they're introduced okay and + + + align:start position:0% +soon as they're introduced okay and +exceptions are good if you want to raise + + align:start position:0% +exceptions are good if you want to raise + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions are good if you want to raise +them when the user supplies bad data + + align:start position:0% +them when the user supplies bad data + + + align:start position:0% +them when the user supplies bad data +input but assertions are used to make + + align:start position:0% +input but assertions are used to make + + + align:start position:0% +input but assertions are used to make +sure that the types um and other the + + align:start position:0% +sure that the types um and other the + + + align:start position:0% +sure that the types um and other the +types of of inputs to + + align:start position:0% +types of of inputs to + + + align:start position:0% +types of of inputs to +functions maybe um other conditions on + + align:start position:0% +functions maybe um other conditions on + + + align:start position:0% +functions maybe um other conditions on +inputs to functions are are being held + + align:start position:0% +inputs to functions are are being held + + + align:start position:0% +inputs to functions are are being held +as the values are being passed in okay + + align:start position:0% +as the values are being passed in okay + + + align:start position:0% +as the values are being passed in okay +so the key word here is making sure that + + align:start position:0% +so the key word here is making sure that + + + align:start position:0% +so the key word here is making sure that +the invariance on data structures are + + align:start position:0% +the invariance on data structures are + + + align:start position:0% +the invariance on data structures are +met and that's it great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9USOlpRnJGc.txt b/9USOlpRnJGc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f66fcb016d9247ad8d320dc600411f9a210ad168 --- /dev/null +++ b/9USOlpRnJGc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30378 @@ +align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +as you know this is the next to the last + + align:start position:0% +as you know this is the next to the last + + + align:start position:0% +as you know this is the next to the last +meeting of our seminar + + align:start position:0% +meeting of our seminar + + + align:start position:0% +meeting of our seminar +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +feeling and imagination in art science + + align:start position:0% +feeling and imagination in art science + + + align:start position:0% +feeling and imagination in art science +and and technology + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +since the first two that were + + align:start position:0% +since the first two that were + + + align:start position:0% +since the first two that were +filmed + + align:start position:0% +filmed + + + align:start position:0% +filmed +we've dealt with + + align:start position:0% +we've dealt with + + + align:start position:0% +we've dealt with +um different chapters of + + align:start position:0% +um different chapters of + + + align:start position:0% +um different chapters of +my book feeling and imagination + + align:start position:0% +my book feeling and imagination + + + align:start position:0% +my book feeling and imagination +we've dealt with the entirety of marvin + + align:start position:0% +we've dealt with the entirety of marvin + + + align:start position:0% +we've dealt with the entirety of marvin +minsky's book + + align:start position:0% +minsky's book + + + align:start position:0% +minsky's book +the emotion machine + + align:start position:0% +the emotion machine + + + align:start position:0% +the emotion machine +and we've dealt in discussions + + align:start position:0% +and we've dealt in discussions + + + align:start position:0% +and we've dealt in discussions +uh some all of which were run by you + + align:start position:0% +uh some all of which were run by you + + + align:start position:0% +uh some all of which were run by you +uh in relation to andy and as well as me + + align:start position:0% +uh in relation to andy and as well as me + + + align:start position:0% +uh in relation to andy and as well as me +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +on various subjects + + align:start position:0% +on various subjects + + + align:start position:0% +on various subjects +about the nature of creativity + + align:start position:0% +about the nature of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +about the nature of creativity +and the way in which + + align:start position:0% +and the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +and the way in which +imagination + + align:start position:0% +imagination + + + align:start position:0% +imagination +feeling + + align:start position:0% +feeling + + + align:start position:0% +feeling +interact + + align:start position:0% +interact + + + align:start position:0% +interact +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +rationality + + align:start position:0% +rationality + + + align:start position:0% +rationality +today we're going to have a presentation + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to have a presentation + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to have a presentation +of the final + + align:start position:0% +of the final + + + align:start position:0% +of the final +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +paper the five the the major paper + + align:start position:0% +paper the five the the major paper + + + align:start position:0% +paper the five the the major paper +that elsa castilla here on my left uh is + + align:start position:0% +that elsa castilla here on my left uh is + + + align:start position:0% +that elsa castilla here on my left uh is +going to submit next week as the final + + align:start position:0% +going to submit next week as the final + + + align:start position:0% +going to submit next week as the final +evidence of the work + + align:start position:0% +evidence of the work + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of the work +she's done in the course + + align:start position:0% +she's done in the course + + + align:start position:0% +she's done in the course +before she starts there are a couple of + + align:start position:0% +before she starts there are a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +before she starts there are a couple of +things that have + + align:start position:0% +things that have + + + align:start position:0% +things that have +been developing in me that i haven't + + align:start position:0% +been developing in me that i haven't + + + align:start position:0% +been developing in me that i haven't +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +dealt with + + align:start position:0% +dealt with + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with +adequately + + align:start position:0% +adequately + + + align:start position:0% +adequately +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +perhaps because of the course because + + align:start position:0% +perhaps because of the course because + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps because of the course because +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +related to my own work in progress + + align:start position:0% +related to my own work in progress + + + align:start position:0% +related to my own work in progress +i suddenly get + + align:start position:0% +i suddenly get + + + align:start position:0% +i suddenly get +glimmers of what needs to be done so + + align:start position:0% +glimmers of what needs to be done so + + + align:start position:0% +glimmers of what needs to be done so +i'll talk briefly about those glimmers + + align:start position:0% +i'll talk briefly about those glimmers + + + align:start position:0% +i'll talk briefly about those glimmers +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +and next week + + align:start position:0% +and next week + + + align:start position:0% +and next week +when we'll have discussion + + align:start position:0% +when we'll have discussion + + + align:start position:0% +when we'll have discussion +about your papers + + align:start position:0% +about your papers + + + align:start position:0% +about your papers +and everything in general + + align:start position:0% +and everything in general + + + align:start position:0% +and everything in general +we can come back if you think that what + + align:start position:0% +we can come back if you think that what + + + align:start position:0% +we can come back if you think that what +i'm offering today is worthy of + + align:start position:0% +i'm offering today is worthy of + + + align:start position:0% +i'm offering today is worthy of +consideration + + align:start position:0% +consideration + + + align:start position:0% +consideration +one of the things one of the main + + align:start position:0% +one of the things one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things one of the main +problems that we keep confronting + + align:start position:0% +problems that we keep confronting + + + align:start position:0% +problems that we keep confronting +is the relationship + + align:start position:0% +is the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +is the relationship +the brain + + align:start position:0% +the brain + + + align:start position:0% +the brain +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what sometimes called the mind + + align:start position:0% +what sometimes called the mind + + + align:start position:0% +what sometimes called the mind +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +the brain as a bodily + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instrument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +as something that isn't obviously + + align:start position:0% +as something that isn't obviously + + + align:start position:0% +as something that isn't obviously +reducible to the work of the brain + + align:start position:0% +reducible to the work of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +reducible to the work of the brain +and we've talked about different + + align:start position:0% +and we've talked about different + + + align:start position:0% +and we've talked about different +theories about this some of which say + + align:start position:0% +theories about this some of which say + + + align:start position:0% +theories about this some of which say +that experience is simply + + align:start position:0% +that experience is simply + + + align:start position:0% +that experience is simply +the brain and operation + + align:start position:0% +the brain and operation + + + align:start position:0% +the brain and operation +um and that all the problems about human + + align:start position:0% +um and that all the problems about human + + + align:start position:0% +um and that all the problems about human +experience could be solved by + + align:start position:0% +experience could be solved by + + + align:start position:0% +experience could be solved by +further + + align:start position:0% +further + + + align:start position:0% +further +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +more advanced analysis of understanding + + align:start position:0% +more advanced analysis of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +more advanced analysis of understanding +of the work of the brain + + align:start position:0% +of the work of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +of the work of the brain +i at least have not been comfortable + + align:start position:0% +i at least have not been comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +i at least have not been comfortable +with that we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +with that we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +with that we've talked about +this from various points of view and in + + align:start position:0% +this from various points of view and in + + + align:start position:0% +this from various points of view and in +relation to the writings of various + + align:start position:0% +relation to the writings of various + + + align:start position:0% +relation to the writings of various +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +in the case of minsky i'm still not + + align:start position:0% +in the case of minsky i'm still not + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of minsky i'm still not +clear about how he thinks mind and + + align:start position:0% +clear about how he thinks mind and + + + align:start position:0% +clear about how he thinks mind and +experience uh brain and experience are + + align:start position:0% +experience uh brain and experience are + + + align:start position:0% +experience uh brain and experience are +related but that's obviously + + align:start position:0% +related but that's obviously + + + align:start position:0% +related but that's obviously +one of the major topics + + align:start position:0% +one of the major topics + + + align:start position:0% +one of the major topics +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +his book deals with + + align:start position:0% +his book deals with + + + align:start position:0% +his book deals with +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +the idea that i want to throw out now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +i haven't seen written up very much but + + align:start position:0% +i haven't seen written up very much but + + + align:start position:0% +i haven't seen written up very much but +it's such a simple perhaps obvious idea + + align:start position:0% +it's such a simple perhaps obvious idea + + + align:start position:0% +it's such a simple perhaps obvious idea +it may not at all be novel to me i mean + + align:start position:0% +it may not at all be novel to me i mean + + + align:start position:0% +it may not at all be novel to me i mean +novel to me but maybe not to anybody + + align:start position:0% +novel to me but maybe not to anybody + + + align:start position:0% +novel to me but maybe not to anybody +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possibly the mistake that's been made in + + align:start position:0% +possibly the mistake that's been made in + + + align:start position:0% +possibly the mistake that's been made in +cognitive studies + + align:start position:0% +cognitive studies + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive studies +has been to think that everything in + + align:start position:0% +has been to think that everything in + + + align:start position:0% +has been to think that everything in +experience depends on the brain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore +understanding the nature of the brain + + align:start position:0% +understanding the nature of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the nature of the brain +better will + + align:start position:0% +better will + + + align:start position:0% +better will +inevitably tell us what we need to know + + align:start position:0% +inevitably tell us what we need to know + + + align:start position:0% +inevitably tell us what we need to know +about the nature of human experience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the idea that i want to throw out is + + align:start position:0% +the idea that i want to throw out is + + + align:start position:0% +the idea that i want to throw out is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +yes it's true + + align:start position:0% +yes it's true + + + align:start position:0% +yes it's true +that without the brain we couldn't have + + align:start position:0% +that without the brain we couldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +that without the brain we couldn't have +experienced + + align:start position:0% +experienced + + + align:start position:0% +experienced +and yes it's true + + align:start position:0% +and yes it's true + + + align:start position:0% +and yes it's true +that changes in the brain alter our + + align:start position:0% +that changes in the brain alter our + + + align:start position:0% +that changes in the brain alter our +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +one obvious example is + + align:start position:0% +one obvious example is + + + align:start position:0% +one obvious example is +what's called seeing stars if you hit + + align:start position:0% +what's called seeing stars if you hit + + + align:start position:0% +what's called seeing stars if you hit +someone on the head + + align:start position:0% +someone on the head + + + align:start position:0% +someone on the head +you affect some + + align:start position:0% +you affect some + + + align:start position:0% +you affect some +something in the mechanism of the brain + + align:start position:0% +something in the mechanism of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +something in the mechanism of the brain +that eventuates in + + align:start position:0% +that eventuates in + + + align:start position:0% +that eventuates in +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +flashes of light + + align:start position:0% +flashes of light + + + align:start position:0% +flashes of light +which are metaphorically called stars + + align:start position:0% +which are metaphorically called stars + + + align:start position:0% +which are metaphorically called stars +and that's seeing science right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over and above this however + + align:start position:0% +over and above this however + + + align:start position:0% +over and above this however +the big crucial question is + + align:start position:0% +the big crucial question is + + + align:start position:0% +the big crucial question is +should we think of the brain as a + + align:start position:0% +should we think of the brain as a + + + align:start position:0% +should we think of the brain as a +established so to speak + + align:start position:0% +established so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +established so to speak +fix constant + + align:start position:0% +fix constant + + + align:start position:0% +fix constant +almost autonomous + + align:start position:0% +almost autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +almost autonomous +entity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the changes in which would change + + align:start position:0% +the changes in which would change + + + align:start position:0% +the changes in which would change +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +an entity of the sort + + align:start position:0% +an entity of the sort + + + align:start position:0% +an entity of the sort +in that + + align:start position:0% +in that + + + align:start position:0% +in that +the the legs are i mean if you uh + + align:start position:0% +the the legs are i mean if you uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the legs are i mean if you uh +the legs are operating well they'll + + align:start position:0% +the legs are operating well they'll + + + align:start position:0% +the legs are operating well they'll +enable people to engage in locomotion + + align:start position:0% +enable people to engage in locomotion + + + align:start position:0% +enable people to engage in locomotion +and to experience + + align:start position:0% +and to experience + + + align:start position:0% +and to experience +walking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it's possible that + + align:start position:0% +but it's possible that + + + align:start position:0% +but it's possible that +that we're sort of mistaken by our model + + align:start position:0% +that we're sort of mistaken by our model + + + align:start position:0% +that we're sort of mistaken by our model +and that while + + align:start position:0% +and that while + + + align:start position:0% +and that while +changes in the brain affect + + align:start position:0% +changes in the brain affect + + + align:start position:0% +changes in the brain affect +experience and create changes in + + align:start position:0% +experience and create changes in + + + align:start position:0% +experience and create changes in +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +possibly + + align:start position:0% +possibly + + + align:start position:0% +possibly +changes in experience + + align:start position:0% +changes in experience + + + align:start position:0% +changes in experience +affect + + align:start position:0% +affect + + + align:start position:0% +affect +and literally change the brain + + align:start position:0% +and literally change the brain + + + align:start position:0% +and literally change the brain +so that the two are some kind of + + align:start position:0% +so that the two are some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so that the two are some kind of +interaction + + align:start position:0% +interaction + + + align:start position:0% +interaction +and when they work harmoniously + + align:start position:0% +and when they work harmoniously + + + align:start position:0% +and when they work harmoniously +um it will all swell with the creature + + align:start position:0% +um it will all swell with the creature + + + align:start position:0% +um it will all swell with the creature +the human being who has it + + align:start position:0% +the human being who has it + + + align:start position:0% +the human being who has it +perhaps it's a mistake to think that the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps it's a mistake to think that the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps it's a mistake to think that the +brain is of a uniform structure rather + + align:start position:0% +brain is of a uniform structure rather + + + align:start position:0% +brain is of a uniform structure rather +than an adaptive one + + align:start position:0% +than an adaptive one + + + align:start position:0% +than an adaptive one +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +the chemical and + + align:start position:0% +the chemical and + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical and +snap synaptic synaptic and + + align:start position:0% +snap synaptic synaptic and + + + align:start position:0% +snap synaptic synaptic and +other operations of the brain + + align:start position:0% +other operations of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +other operations of the brain +are that actually change that they + + align:start position:0% +are that actually change that they + + + align:start position:0% +are that actually change that they +evolve in accordance with human + + align:start position:0% +evolve in accordance with human + + + align:start position:0% +evolve in accordance with human +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +now i'm not prepared to say that they + + align:start position:0% +now i'm not prepared to say that they + + + align:start position:0% +now i'm not prepared to say that they +involve um in + + align:start position:0% +involve um in + + + align:start position:0% +involve um in +accordance with the history of the race + + align:start position:0% +accordance with the history of the race + + + align:start position:0% +accordance with the history of the race +so to speak so if you study + + align:start position:0% +so to speak so if you study + + + align:start position:0% +so to speak so if you study +western history you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +western history you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +western history you should be able to +predict changes that are going to take + + align:start position:0% +predict changes that are going to take + + + align:start position:0% +predict changes that are going to take +place in in the brains of people at the + + align:start position:0% +place in in the brains of people at the + + + align:start position:0% +place in in the brains of people at the +end of that history as compared to + + align:start position:0% +end of that history as compared to + + + align:start position:0% +end of that history as compared to +people in the beginning of the history + + align:start position:0% +people in the beginning of the history + + + align:start position:0% +people in the beginning of the history +you know that gets to be a large-scale + + align:start position:0% +you know that gets to be a large-scale + + + align:start position:0% +you know that gets to be a large-scale +question about the nature of evolution + + align:start position:0% +question about the nature of evolution + + + align:start position:0% +question about the nature of evolution +but uh within an individual at least + + align:start position:0% +but uh within an individual at least + + + align:start position:0% +but uh within an individual at least +the individual comes into the world + + align:start position:0% +the individual comes into the world + + + align:start position:0% +the individual comes into the world +with equipment for + + align:start position:0% +with equipment for + + + align:start position:0% +with equipment for +sensory experience and then eventually + + align:start position:0% +sensory experience and then eventually + + + align:start position:0% +sensory experience and then eventually +more uh mental more high level + + align:start position:0% +more uh mental more high level + + + align:start position:0% +more uh mental more high level +experiences + + align:start position:0% +experiences + + + align:start position:0% +experiences +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh it also has the brain that's + + align:start position:0% +uh it also has the brain that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh it also has the brain that's +suitable for that + + align:start position:0% +suitable for that + + + align:start position:0% +suitable for that +what we find however is that different + + align:start position:0% +what we find however is that different + + + align:start position:0% +what we find however is that different +individuals have different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +individuals have different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +individuals have different kinds of +experiences no two babies + + align:start position:0% +experiences no two babies + + + align:start position:0% +experiences no two babies +uh are identical + + align:start position:0% +uh are identical + + + align:start position:0% +uh are identical +in terms of + + align:start position:0% +in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of +the dates or the way in which they + + align:start position:0% +the dates or the way in which they + + + align:start position:0% +the dates or the way in which they +respond + + align:start position:0% +respond + + + align:start position:0% +respond +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +the sensory input that they receive as + + align:start position:0% +the sensory input that they receive as + + + align:start position:0% +the sensory input that they receive as +babies + + align:start position:0% +babies + + + align:start position:0% +babies +in that process + + align:start position:0% +in that process + + + align:start position:0% +in that process +what i'm hypothesizing and that i + + align:start position:0% +what i'm hypothesizing and that i + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm hypothesizing and that i +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +some research by some of you could be + + align:start position:0% +some research by some of you could be + + + align:start position:0% +some research by some of you could be +very helpful + + align:start position:0% +very helpful + + + align:start position:0% +very helpful +possibly the brain has been changing + + align:start position:0% +possibly the brain has been changing + + + align:start position:0% +possibly the brain has been changing +not only the way in which brains change + + align:start position:0% +not only the way in which brains change + + + align:start position:0% +not only the way in which brains change +change uniformly for individual + + align:start position:0% +change uniformly for individual + + + align:start position:0% +change uniformly for individual +development so that obviously the brain + + align:start position:0% +development so that obviously the brain + + + align:start position:0% +development so that obviously the brain +of an adult + + align:start position:0% +of an adult + + + align:start position:0% +of an adult +changes + + align:start position:0% +changes + + + align:start position:0% +changes +uh greatly from the brain of of an + + align:start position:0% +uh greatly from the brain of of an + + + align:start position:0% +uh greatly from the brain of of an +infant and there may be a definite + + align:start position:0% +infant and there may be a definite + + + align:start position:0% +infant and there may be a definite +similarity + + align:start position:0% +similarity + + + align:start position:0% +similarity +of some sort between + + align:start position:0% +of some sort between + + + align:start position:0% +of some sort between +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +individuals who were adults in relation + + align:start position:0% +individuals who were adults in relation + + + align:start position:0% +individuals who were adults in relation +to what they were like as children so + + align:start position:0% +to what they were like as children so + + + align:start position:0% +to what they were like as children so +you might find that isomorphism + + align:start position:0% +you might find that isomorphism + + + align:start position:0% +you might find that isomorphism +regardless of who the individual is + + align:start position:0% +regardless of who the individual is + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of who the individual is +right or with a reason probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +right or with a reason probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +right or with a reason probabilistic +reason + + align:start position:0% +reason + + + align:start position:0% +reason +but also + + align:start position:0% +but also + + + align:start position:0% +but also +that the actual change in any one + + align:start position:0% +that the actual change in any one + + + align:start position:0% +that the actual change in any one +individual the detailed change in one + + align:start position:0% +individual the detailed change in one + + + align:start position:0% +individual the detailed change in one +individual's + + align:start position:0% +individual's + + + align:start position:0% +individual's +uh brain + + align:start position:0% +uh brain + + + align:start position:0% +uh brain +experience i'm sorry will itself + + align:start position:0% +experience i'm sorry will itself + + + align:start position:0% +experience i'm sorry will itself +create changes in the brain of that + + align:start position:0% +create changes in the brain of that + + + align:start position:0% +create changes in the brain of that +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +that would be a way in which + + align:start position:0% +that would be a way in which + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a way in which +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +would affect the brain as well as being + + align:start position:0% +would affect the brain as well as being + + + align:start position:0% +would affect the brain as well as being +affected by the brain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if that makes any sense to you how + + align:start position:0% +now if that makes any sense to you how + + + align:start position:0% +now if that makes any sense to you how +would you go about + + align:start position:0% +would you go about + + + align:start position:0% +would you go about +verifying it + + align:start position:0% +verifying it + + + align:start position:0% +verifying it +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you would have to know something about + + align:start position:0% +you would have to know something about + + + align:start position:0% +you would have to know something about +the inputs which + + align:start position:0% +the inputs which + + + align:start position:0% +the inputs which +are sensory basically + + align:start position:0% +are sensory basically + + + align:start position:0% +are sensory basically +in other words something outside the + + align:start position:0% +in other words something outside the + + + align:start position:0% +in other words something outside the +brain which does affect human experience + + align:start position:0% +brain which does affect human experience + + + align:start position:0% +brain which does affect human experience +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if if the theory is plausible thereby + + align:start position:0% +if if the theory is plausible thereby + + + align:start position:0% +if if the theory is plausible thereby +affects the brain in different ways + + align:start position:0% +affects the brain in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +affects the brain in different ways +because the outside inputs vary uh + + align:start position:0% +because the outside inputs vary uh + + + align:start position:0% +because the outside inputs vary uh +fairly considerably + + align:start position:0% +fairly considerably + + + align:start position:0% +fairly considerably +so but how would you go about verifying + + align:start position:0% +so but how would you go about verifying + + + align:start position:0% +so but how would you go about verifying +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this concept of interaction as a way + + align:start position:0% +this concept of interaction as a way + + + align:start position:0% +this concept of interaction as a way +of showing the relationship between the + + align:start position:0% +of showing the relationship between the + + + align:start position:0% +of showing the relationship between the +brain and + + align:start position:0% +brain and + + + align:start position:0% +brain and +the mind + + align:start position:0% +the mind + + + align:start position:0% +the mind +and second + + align:start position:0% +and second + + + align:start position:0% +and second +how would that + + align:start position:0% +how would that + + + align:start position:0% +how would that +conclusion whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +conclusion whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion whatever it is +uh affect the way in which + + align:start position:0% +uh affect the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +uh affect the way in which +we think + + align:start position:0% +we think + + + align:start position:0% +we think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +uh computers in a relationship + + align:start position:0% +uh computers in a relationship + + + align:start position:0% +uh computers in a relationship +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +human beings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +computers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are made of material + + align:start position:0% +are made of material + + + align:start position:0% +are made of material +that doesn't seem to respond as + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't seem to respond as + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't seem to respond as +fluidly or as plastically + + align:start position:0% +fluidly or as plastically + + + align:start position:0% +fluidly or as plastically +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +things that might be happening in + + align:start position:0% +things that might be happening in + + + align:start position:0% +things that might be happening in +experience because those elements are + + align:start position:0% +experience because those elements are + + + align:start position:0% +experience because those elements are +electrodes and + + align:start position:0% +electrodes and + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes and +and bits of + + align:start position:0% +and bits of + + + align:start position:0% +and bits of +machinery of + + align:start position:0% +machinery of + + + align:start position:0% +machinery of +hardware + + align:start position:0% +hardware + + + align:start position:0% +hardware +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +even the software might be such that + + align:start position:0% +even the software might be such that + + + align:start position:0% +even the software might be such that +it's not liable to any great alteration + + align:start position:0% +it's not liable to any great alteration + + + align:start position:0% +it's not liable to any great alteration +from one moment to another it's been put + + align:start position:0% +from one moment to another it's been put + + + align:start position:0% +from one moment to another it's been put +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +computer in the hope that the computer + + align:start position:0% +computer in the hope that the computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer in the hope that the computer +will successfully use the software in an + + align:start position:0% +will successfully use the software in an + + + align:start position:0% +will successfully use the software in an +identical way + + align:start position:0% +identical way + + + align:start position:0% +identical way +whatever is happening to the + + align:start position:0% +whatever is happening to the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is happening to the +to the person who's using the computer + + align:start position:0% +to the person who's using the computer + + + align:start position:0% +to the person who's using the computer +right now we couldn't + + align:start position:0% +right now we couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +right now we couldn't +use the computers as they now exist + + align:start position:0% +use the computers as they now exist + + + align:start position:0% +use the computers as they now exist +unless they were constant in that way so + + align:start position:0% +unless they were constant in that way so + + + align:start position:0% +unless they were constant in that way so +it doesn't matter whether when i open my + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter whether when i open my + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter whether when i open my +computer i'm in a grumpy mood or a + + align:start position:0% +computer i'm in a grumpy mood or a + + + align:start position:0% +computer i'm in a grumpy mood or a +cheerful mood whether i've had a good + + align:start position:0% +cheerful mood whether i've had a good + + + align:start position:0% +cheerful mood whether i've had a good +breakfast or a bad breakfast + + align:start position:0% +breakfast or a bad breakfast + + + align:start position:0% +breakfast or a bad breakfast +whether i'm feeling pain or + + align:start position:0% +whether i'm feeling pain or + + + align:start position:0% +whether i'm feeling pain or +or pleasure + + align:start position:0% +or pleasure + + + align:start position:0% +or pleasure +the computer is going to do its job in a + + align:start position:0% +the computer is going to do its job in a + + + align:start position:0% +the computer is going to do its job in a +uniform way because it's been programmed + + align:start position:0% +uniform way because it's been programmed + + + align:start position:0% +uniform way because it's been programmed +to do so through the software and that + + align:start position:0% +to do so through the software and that + + + align:start position:0% +to do so through the software and that +in turn + + align:start position:0% +in turn + + + align:start position:0% +in turn +is determined by the nature of the + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the nature of the +physical entity + + align:start position:0% +physical entity + + + align:start position:0% +physical entity +for which the computers are and which we + + align:start position:0% +for which the computers are and which we + + + align:start position:0% +for which the computers are and which we +are not at least not apparently + + align:start position:0% +are not at least not apparently + + + align:start position:0% +are not at least not apparently +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i mean in an obvious sense we're not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if the + + align:start position:0% +if the + + + align:start position:0% +if the +thesis that i'm throwing out to you + + align:start position:0% +thesis that i'm throwing out to you + + + align:start position:0% +thesis that i'm throwing out to you +about the interaction between experience + + align:start position:0% +about the interaction between experience + + + align:start position:0% +about the interaction between experience +and the brain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is tenable + + align:start position:0% +is tenable + + + align:start position:0% +is tenable +would that + + align:start position:0% +would that + + + align:start position:0% +would that +indicate that + + align:start position:0% +indicate that + + + align:start position:0% +indicate that +machines can never be made to duplicate + + align:start position:0% +machines can never be made to duplicate + + + align:start position:0% +machines can never be made to duplicate +human experience + + align:start position:0% +human experience + + + align:start position:0% +human experience +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +would it be + + align:start position:0% +would it be + + + align:start position:0% +would it be +a clue + + align:start position:0% +a clue + + + align:start position:0% +a clue +to how + + align:start position:0% +to how + + + align:start position:0% +to how +the new computers have to be constructed + + align:start position:0% +the new computers have to be constructed + + + align:start position:0% +the new computers have to be constructed +a clue that would + + align:start position:0% +a clue that would + + + align:start position:0% +a clue that would +be very relevant to the research that i + + align:start position:0% +be very relevant to the research that i + + + align:start position:0% +be very relevant to the research that i +mentioned + + align:start position:0% +mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned +earlier several times + + align:start position:0% +earlier several times + + + align:start position:0% +earlier several times +that people like rosalind picard + + align:start position:0% +that people like rosalind picard + + + align:start position:0% +that people like rosalind picard +in the media lab + + align:start position:0% +in the media lab + + + align:start position:0% +in the media lab +are doing + + align:start position:0% +are doing + + + align:start position:0% +are doing +that is trying to create + + align:start position:0% +that is trying to create + + + align:start position:0% +that is trying to create +computers that are more responsive to + + align:start position:0% +computers that are more responsive to + + + align:start position:0% +computers that are more responsive to +human experience + + align:start position:0% +human experience + + + align:start position:0% +human experience +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +possibly approximate some of the + + align:start position:0% +possibly approximate some of the + + + align:start position:0% +possibly approximate some of the +non-cognitive that is affective + + align:start position:0% +non-cognitive that is affective + + + align:start position:0% +non-cognitive that is affective +elements of human experience + + align:start position:0% +elements of human experience + + + align:start position:0% +elements of human experience +i just throw that out as a question + + align:start position:0% +i just throw that out as a question + + + align:start position:0% +i just throw that out as a question +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +the original thesis is untenable and + + align:start position:0% +the original thesis is untenable and + + + align:start position:0% +the original thesis is untenable and +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +even if it is tenable it doesn't help + + align:start position:0% +even if it is tenable it doesn't help + + + align:start position:0% +even if it is tenable it doesn't help +very much to explain how to make these + + align:start position:0% +very much to explain how to make these + + + align:start position:0% +very much to explain how to make these +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +computers of the future + + align:start position:0% +computers of the future + + + align:start position:0% +computers of the future +now i want to stop now + + align:start position:0% +now i want to stop now + + + align:start position:0% +now i want to stop now +because i do want to hear what + + align:start position:0% +because i do want to hear what + + + align:start position:0% +because i do want to hear what +ilse + + align:start position:0% +ilse + + + align:start position:0% +ilse +is going to say + + align:start position:0% +is going to say + + + align:start position:0% +is going to say +but if you can mull over this we can + + align:start position:0% +but if you can mull over this we can + + + align:start position:0% +but if you can mull over this we can +spend as much time as you want on these + + align:start position:0% +spend as much time as you want on these + + + align:start position:0% +spend as much time as you want on these +questions next time + + align:start position:0% +questions next time + + + align:start position:0% +questions next time +all right anybody want to make a quick + + align:start position:0% +all right anybody want to make a quick + + + align:start position:0% +all right anybody want to make a quick +comment + + align:start position:0% +comment + + + align:start position:0% +comment +all right let me hold up + + align:start position:0% +all right let me hold up + + + align:start position:0% +all right let me hold up +the uh proceedings + + align:start position:0% +the uh proceedings + + + align:start position:0% +the uh proceedings +by giving + + align:start position:0% +by giving + + + align:start position:0% +by giving +joe who just + + align:start position:0% +joe who just + + + align:start position:0% +joe who just +had a thesis meeting you already have + + align:start position:0% +had a thesis meeting you already have + + + align:start position:0% +had a thesis meeting you already have +that no i was just saying i'm certainly + + align:start position:0% +that no i was just saying i'm certainly + + + align:start position:0% +that no i was just saying i'm certainly +i had a thesis meeting so i'm not + + align:start position:0% +i had a thesis meeting so i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +i had a thesis meeting so i'm not +complaining uh + + align:start position:0% +complaining uh + + + align:start position:0% +complaining uh +do you haven't asked that + + align:start position:0% +do you haven't asked that + + + align:start position:0% +do you haven't asked that +no you're saying he just came in for the + + align:start position:0% +no you're saying he just came in for the + + + align:start position:0% +no you're saying he just came in for the +sake of him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're up there you put proper irving + + align:start position:0% +you're up there you put proper irving + + + align:start position:0% +you're up there you put proper irving +center + + align:start position:0% +center + + + align:start position:0% +center +yeah i'm just copying with oh that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah i'm just copying with oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i'm just copying with oh that's +right copy out what he was doing and + + align:start position:0% +right copy out what he was doing and + + + align:start position:0% +right copy out what he was doing and +hand in your paper next week + + align:start position:0% +hand in your paper next week + + + align:start position:0% +hand in your paper next week +if you're really pleased with it + + align:start position:0% +if you're really pleased with it + + + align:start position:0% +if you're really pleased with it +if however you want a couple of days + + align:start position:0% +if however you want a couple of days + + + align:start position:0% +if however you want a couple of days +extension + + align:start position:0% +extension + + + align:start position:0% +extension +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +give it to you in advance but the grades + + align:start position:0% +give it to you in advance but the grades + + + align:start position:0% +give it to you in advance but the grades +are due + + align:start position:0% +are due + + + align:start position:0% +are due +two weeks from today for a week after + + align:start position:0% +two weeks from today for a week after + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks from today for a week after +next meeting so i it can't be for very + + align:start position:0% +next meeting so i it can't be for very + + + align:start position:0% +next meeting so i it can't be for very +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +we'll decide + + align:start position:0% +we'll decide + + + align:start position:0% +we'll decide +when you'll add it in next week if you + + align:start position:0% +when you'll add it in next week if you + + + align:start position:0% +when you'll add it in next week if you +finished it you don't want to do any + + align:start position:0% +finished it you don't want to do any + + + align:start position:0% +finished it you don't want to do any +more than that that's wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm almost done with it okay well + + align:start position:0% +i'm almost done with it okay well + + + align:start position:0% +i'm almost done with it okay well +whatever you say + + align:start position:0% +whatever you say + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you say +uh in any event you've got to appear + + align:start position:0% +uh in any event you've got to appear + + + align:start position:0% +uh in any event you've got to appear +next week and tell us what you have done + + align:start position:0% +next week and tell us what you have done + + + align:start position:0% +next week and tell us what you have done +or what you still want to do + + align:start position:0% +or what you still want to do + + + align:start position:0% +or what you still want to do +elsa could you take over + + align:start position:0% +elsa could you take over + + + align:start position:0% +elsa could you take over +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +my topic is completely different of what + + align:start position:0% +my topic is completely different of what + + + align:start position:0% +my topic is completely different of what +we have been doing for the last couple + + align:start position:0% +we have been doing for the last couple + + + align:start position:0% +we have been doing for the last couple +of weeks has + + align:start position:0% +of weeks has + + + align:start position:0% +of weeks has +nothing to do with any + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with any + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with any +of like cognitive sciences or + + align:start position:0% +of like cognitive sciences or + + + align:start position:0% +of like cognitive sciences or +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +computers + + align:start position:0% +computers + + + align:start position:0% +computers +well at least not directly + + align:start position:0% +well at least not directly + + + align:start position:0% +well at least not directly +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so what i was focusing on is on + + align:start position:0% +so what i was focusing on is on + + + align:start position:0% +so what i was focusing on is on +capitalism or economics and how it + + align:start position:0% +capitalism or economics and how it + + + align:start position:0% +capitalism or economics and how it +relates to creativity and um i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +relates to creativity and um i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +relates to creativity and um i'm gonna +do this + + align:start position:0% +do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this +can you throw your voice on + + align:start position:0% +can you throw your voice on + + + align:start position:0% +can you throw your voice on +okay and um + + align:start position:0% +okay and um + + + align:start position:0% +okay and um +the way that i'm i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +the way that i'm i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +the way that i'm i'm gonna +well what i've been doing so far is just + + align:start position:0% +well what i've been doing so far is just + + + align:start position:0% +well what i've been doing so far is just +research on the relations between these + + align:start position:0% +research on the relations between these + + + align:start position:0% +research on the relations between these +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +okay and um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um + + align:start position:0% +yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um +so the way that i'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so the way that i'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so the way that i'm going to talk about +creativity is is by art any form of art + + align:start position:0% +creativity is is by art any form of art + + + align:start position:0% +creativity is is by art any form of art +whether it's commercial art mass art pop + + align:start position:0% +whether it's commercial art mass art pop + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's commercial art mass art pop +art + + align:start position:0% +art + + + align:start position:0% +art +fine arts + + align:start position:0% +fine arts + + + align:start position:0% +fine arts +or any any other type of literary words + + align:start position:0% +or any any other type of literary words + + + align:start position:0% +or any any other type of literary words +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +okay so the the conflict that i'm having + + align:start position:0% +okay so the the conflict that i'm having + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the the conflict that i'm having +now that you can probably help me with + + align:start position:0% +now that you can probably help me with + + + align:start position:0% +now that you can probably help me with +when i'm done exposing what i have so + + align:start position:0% +when i'm done exposing what i have so + + + align:start position:0% +when i'm done exposing what i have so +far + + align:start position:0% +far + + + align:start position:0% +far +is tying it back down to + + align:start position:0% +is tying it back down to + + + align:start position:0% +is tying it back down to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +initial + + align:start position:0% +initial + + + align:start position:0% +initial +aspect of creativity + + align:start position:0% +aspect of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of creativity +so um once you hear or comment on what i + + align:start position:0% +so um once you hear or comment on what i + + + align:start position:0% +so um once you hear or comment on what i +have to say + + align:start position:0% +have to say + + + align:start position:0% +have to say +um just please or feel free to stop me + + align:start position:0% +um just please or feel free to stop me + + + align:start position:0% +um just please or feel free to stop me +even while i'm + + align:start position:0% +even while i'm + + + align:start position:0% +even while i'm +talking here no i'm not sure you don't + + align:start position:0% +talking here no i'm not sure you don't + + + align:start position:0% +talking here no i'm not sure you don't +want to be stop until you go to the + + align:start position:0% +want to be stop until you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +want to be stop until you go to the +preliminary okay or is that true all + + align:start position:0% +preliminary okay or is that true all + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary okay or is that true all +right okay so + + align:start position:0% +right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so +we'll wait or you can you can comment in + + align:start position:0% +we'll wait or you can you can comment in + + + align:start position:0% +we'll wait or you can you can comment in +between it doesn't matter okay + + align:start position:0% +between it doesn't matter okay + + + align:start position:0% +between it doesn't matter okay +all right um + + align:start position:0% +all right um + + + align:start position:0% +all right um +okay so first of all um basing + + align:start position:0% +okay so first of all um basing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so first of all um basing +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the initial part of my + + align:start position:0% +the initial part of my + + + align:start position:0% +the initial part of my +my project on + + align:start position:0% +my project on + + + align:start position:0% +my project on +adam smith's theory of + + align:start position:0% +adam smith's theory of + + + align:start position:0% +adam smith's theory of +um economics + + align:start position:0% +um economics + + + align:start position:0% +um economics +uh which he presented in the wealth of + + align:start position:0% +uh which he presented in the wealth of + + + align:start position:0% +uh which he presented in the wealth of +nations and + + align:start position:0% +nations and + + + align:start position:0% +nations and +theory of moral sentiments + + align:start position:0% +theory of moral sentiments + + + align:start position:0% +theory of moral sentiments +in um + + align:start position:0% +in um + + + align:start position:0% +in um +well it was published in 1759 + + align:start position:0% +well it was published in 1759 + + + align:start position:0% +well it was published in 1759 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so smith was + + align:start position:0% +so smith was + + + align:start position:0% +so smith was +basically the father of this idea + + align:start position:0% +basically the father of this idea + + + align:start position:0% +basically the father of this idea +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +of capitalism + + align:start position:0% +of capitalism + + + align:start position:0% +of capitalism +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you hear it + + align:start position:0% +can you hear it + + + align:start position:0% +can you hear it +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so he views the individual as a + + align:start position:0% +so he views the individual as a + + + align:start position:0% +so he views the individual as a +foundation stone for political life + + align:start position:0% +foundation stone for political life + + + align:start position:0% +foundation stone for political life +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +he also views the individual as a + + align:start position:0% +he also views the individual as a + + + align:start position:0% +he also views the individual as a +foundation for economic life + + align:start position:0% +foundation for economic life + + + align:start position:0% +foundation for economic life +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +back where when he was + + align:start position:0% +back where when he was + + + align:start position:0% +back where when he was +living + + align:start position:0% +living + + + align:start position:0% +living +economic and political life we're + + align:start position:0% +economic and political life we're + + + align:start position:0% +economic and political life we're +very much so interwined more than more + + align:start position:0% +very much so interwined more than more + + + align:start position:0% +very much so interwined more than more +than now + + align:start position:0% +than now + + + align:start position:0% +than now +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in order to succeed people were + + align:start position:0% +in order to succeed people were + + + align:start position:0% +in order to succeed people were +basically focused on their individual + + align:start position:0% +basically focused on their individual + + + align:start position:0% +basically focused on their individual +achievements and or trying to + + align:start position:0% +achievements and or trying to + + + align:start position:0% +achievements and or trying to +achieve individual + + align:start position:0% +achieve individual + + + align:start position:0% +achieve individual +richness or to + + align:start position:0% +richness or to + + + align:start position:0% +richness or to +better themselves + + align:start position:0% +better themselves + + + align:start position:0% +better themselves +let me interrupt you now + + align:start position:0% +let me interrupt you now + + + align:start position:0% +let me interrupt you now +you have this as a draft that you + + align:start position:0% +you have this as a draft that you + + + align:start position:0% +you have this as a draft that you +develop + + align:start position:0% +develop + + + align:start position:0% +develop +if you prefer you can read + + align:start position:0% +if you prefer you can read + + + align:start position:0% +if you prefer you can read +read it + + align:start position:0% +read it + + + align:start position:0% +read it +okay i read it with + + align:start position:0% +okay i read it with + + + align:start position:0% +okay i read it with +feeling and + + align:start position:0% +feeling and + + + align:start position:0% +feeling and +delivery so that everyone can easily + + align:start position:0% +delivery so that everyone can easily + + + align:start position:0% +delivery so that everyone can easily +follow it it is as if you have to + + align:start position:0% +follow it it is as if you have to + + + align:start position:0% +follow it it is as if you have to +paraphrase yourself + + align:start position:0% +paraphrase yourself + + + align:start position:0% +paraphrase yourself +whatever you prefer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay so i mean this is this is mostly + + align:start position:0% +okay so i mean this is this is mostly + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i mean this is this is mostly +just a history of + + align:start position:0% +just a history of + + + align:start position:0% +just a history of +items met and how he came up with this + + align:start position:0% +items met and how he came up with this + + + align:start position:0% +items met and how he came up with this +there so i don't think i don't think + + align:start position:0% +there so i don't think i don't think + + + align:start position:0% +there so i don't think i don't think +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +is that important i'm just trying to + + align:start position:0% +is that important i'm just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +is that important i'm just trying to +make the point of where this year came + + align:start position:0% +make the point of where this year came + + + align:start position:0% +make the point of where this year came +about and how + + align:start position:0% +about and how + + + align:start position:0% +about and how +self-interest is the main + + align:start position:0% +self-interest is the main + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest is the main +the key point + + align:start position:0% +the key point + + + align:start position:0% +the key point +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so i'm going to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay so i'm going to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i'm going to talk a little bit +about the theory of valley + + align:start position:0% +about the theory of valley + + + align:start position:0% +about the theory of valley +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so before adam smith the political + + align:start position:0% +so before adam smith the political + + + align:start position:0% +so before adam smith the political +economic concept of labor was defined by + + align:start position:0% +economic concept of labor was defined by + + + align:start position:0% +economic concept of labor was defined by +reference to a feudal system in which + + align:start position:0% +reference to a feudal system in which + + + align:start position:0% +reference to a feudal system in which +all grades and classes of labor and all + + align:start position:0% +all grades and classes of labor and all + + + align:start position:0% +all grades and classes of labor and all +other forms of property were ultimately + + align:start position:0% +other forms of property were ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +other forms of property were ultimately +subject to a monarch + + align:start position:0% +subject to a monarch + + + align:start position:0% +subject to a monarch +while the school of labor was entrusted + + align:start position:0% +while the school of labor was entrusted + + + align:start position:0% +while the school of labor was entrusted +to the tender care and mercies of a + + align:start position:0% +to the tender care and mercies of a + + + align:start position:0% +to the tender care and mercies of a +church with a monopoly on revelation the + + align:start position:0% +church with a monopoly on revelation the + + + align:start position:0% +church with a monopoly on revelation the +resulting case system also embraced a + + align:start position:0% +resulting case system also embraced a + + + align:start position:0% +resulting case system also embraced a +more ancient division of labor between + + align:start position:0% +more ancient division of labor between + + + align:start position:0% +more ancient division of labor between +the liberal and mechanical arts + + align:start position:0% +the liberal and mechanical arts + + + align:start position:0% +the liberal and mechanical arts +that basically means that those who + + align:start position:0% +that basically means that those who + + + align:start position:0% +that basically means that those who +worked with their heads practice liberal + + align:start position:0% +worked with their heads practice liberal + + + align:start position:0% +worked with their heads practice liberal +arts and those who worked with their + + align:start position:0% +arts and those who worked with their + + + align:start position:0% +arts and those who worked with their +hands in the mechanical + + align:start position:0% +hands in the mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +hands in the mechanical +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it's hulk until the 15th century + + align:start position:0% +it's hulk until the 15th century + + + align:start position:0% +it's hulk until the 15th century +artist engineers humanist and scientists + + align:start position:0% +artist engineers humanist and scientists + + + align:start position:0% +artist engineers humanist and scientists +genius + + align:start position:0% +genius + + + align:start position:0% +genius +da vinci jira michelangelo and they came + + align:start position:0% +da vinci jira michelangelo and they came + + + align:start position:0% +da vinci jira michelangelo and they came +to begin bridging this ancient chasm + + align:start position:0% +to begin bridging this ancient chasm + + + align:start position:0% +to begin bridging this ancient chasm +um an additional span was played by + + align:start position:0% +um an additional span was played by + + + align:start position:0% +um an additional span was played by +their successors in the 16th and 17th + + align:start position:0% +their successors in the 16th and 17th + + + align:start position:0% +their successors in the 16th and 17th +centuries where + + align:start position:0% +centuries where + + + align:start position:0% +centuries where +uh high artisans and instrument makers + + align:start position:0% +uh high artisans and instrument makers + + + align:start position:0% +uh high artisans and instrument makers +whose experimental method inspired + + align:start position:0% +whose experimental method inspired + + + align:start position:0% +whose experimental method inspired +francis beacon and fueled the scientific + + align:start position:0% +francis beacon and fueled the scientific + + + align:start position:0% +francis beacon and fueled the scientific +revolution so + + align:start position:0% +revolution so + + + align:start position:0% +revolution so +rahman is so + + align:start position:0% +rahman is so + + + align:start position:0% +rahman is so +are you picking this so that people can + + align:start position:0% +are you picking this so that people can + + + align:start position:0% +are you picking this so that people can +follow it yes i am + + align:start position:0% +follow it yes i am + + + align:start position:0% +follow it yes i am +because you're you are slurring your + + align:start position:0% +because you're you are slurring your + + + align:start position:0% +because you're you are slurring your +words try to take care of them + + align:start position:0% +words try to take care of them + + + align:start position:0% +words try to take care of them +i'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +i'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +i'm sorry +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the value of goods and services was + + align:start position:0% +the value of goods and services was + + + align:start position:0% +the value of goods and services was +rooted by smith in the labor ethereal + + align:start position:0% +rooted by smith in the labor ethereal + + + align:start position:0% +rooted by smith in the labor ethereal +valley + + align:start position:0% +valley + + + align:start position:0% +valley +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +where the theory of capital started + + align:start position:0% +where the theory of capital started + + + align:start position:0% +where the theory of capital started +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +as physical plants and equipment + + align:start position:0% +as physical plants and equipment + + + align:start position:0% +as physical plants and equipment +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +they learn how to measure labor content + + align:start position:0% +they learn how to measure labor content + + + align:start position:0% +they learn how to measure labor content +of a good as well as historically + + align:start position:0% +of a good as well as historically + + + align:start position:0% +of a good as well as historically +embodied labor and capital + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +does anybody have any comments on like + + align:start position:0% +does anybody have any comments on like + + + align:start position:0% +does anybody have any comments on like +my thoughts no + + align:start position:0% +my thoughts no + + + align:start position:0% +my thoughts no +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay so basically that was just + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically that was just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically that was just +the first part is just a recap on + + align:start position:0% +the first part is just a recap on + + + align:start position:0% +the first part is just a recap on +capitalism and it's history the second + + align:start position:0% +capitalism and it's history the second + + + align:start position:0% +capitalism and it's history the second +part is going to be + + align:start position:0% +part is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +part is going to be +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +cultural economics of arts funding + + align:start position:0% +cultural economics of arts funding + + + align:start position:0% +cultural economics of arts funding +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +i want to talk about a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +i want to talk about a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +i want to talk about a little bit about +culture and art + + align:start position:0% +culture and art + + + align:start position:0% +culture and art +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +culture and economy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so right now i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so right now i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so right now i'm going to +concentrate on art and economy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay i'm gonna just read a little bit + + align:start position:0% +um okay i'm gonna just read a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +um okay i'm gonna just read a little bit +from here is that okay okay all right + + align:start position:0% +from here is that okay okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +from here is that okay okay all right +um the first engine of mass production + + align:start position:0% +um the first engine of mass production + + + align:start position:0% +um the first engine of mass production +was not the steam engine but rather the + + align:start position:0% +was not the steam engine but rather the + + + align:start position:0% +was not the steam engine but rather the +printing press innovated in the 15th + + align:start position:0% +printing press innovated in the 15th + + + align:start position:0% +printing press innovated in the 15th +century the spread of literary arts by + + align:start position:0% +century the spread of literary arts by + + + align:start position:0% +century the spread of literary arts by +this innovation revolutionized the world + + align:start position:0% +this innovation revolutionized the world + + + align:start position:0% +this innovation revolutionized the world +and set the stage for religious and + + align:start position:0% +and set the stage for religious and + + + align:start position:0% +and set the stage for religious and +political revolutions over the next 500 + + align:start position:0% +political revolutions over the next 500 + + + align:start position:0% +political revolutions over the next 500 +years and for the technological transfer + + align:start position:0% +years and for the technological transfer + + + align:start position:0% +years and for the technological transfer +of knowledge between cultures countries + + align:start position:0% +of knowledge between cultures countries + + + align:start position:0% +of knowledge between cultures countries +and continents + + align:start position:0% +and continents + + + align:start position:0% +and continents +at the very time the arts for art's sake + + align:start position:0% +at the very time the arts for art's sake + + + align:start position:0% +at the very time the arts for art's sake +movement withdrew from mainstream + + align:start position:0% +movement withdrew from mainstream + + + align:start position:0% +movement withdrew from mainstream +industrial society in the 19th and 20th + + align:start position:0% +industrial society in the 19th and 20th + + + align:start position:0% +industrial society in the 19th and 20th +centuries + + align:start position:0% +centuries + + + align:start position:0% +centuries +new communications media emerged + + align:start position:0% +new communications media emerged + + + align:start position:0% +new communications media emerged +including steel engraving plates + + align:start position:0% +including steel engraving plates + + + align:start position:0% +including steel engraving plates +photographs recordings films radio + + align:start position:0% +photographs recordings films radio + + + align:start position:0% +photographs recordings films radio +television and video recording which + + align:start position:0% +television and video recording which + + + align:start position:0% +television and video recording which +permitted the commercialization of art + + align:start position:0% +permitted the commercialization of art + + + align:start position:0% +permitted the commercialization of art +through the exploitation of revenue + + align:start position:0% +through the exploitation of revenue + + + align:start position:0% +through the exploitation of revenue +streams implicit and copyright this + + align:start position:0% +streams implicit and copyright this + + + align:start position:0% +streams implicit and copyright this +process has continued until today where + + align:start position:0% +process has continued until today where + + + align:start position:0% +process has continued until today where +the arts have become a significant + + align:start position:0% +the arts have become a significant + + + align:start position:0% +the arts have become a significant +factor in the economy + + align:start position:0% +factor in the economy + + + align:start position:0% +factor in the economy +from an economic perspective there are + + align:start position:0% +from an economic perspective there are + + + align:start position:0% +from an economic perspective there are +three distinct segments of contemporary + + align:start position:0% +three distinct segments of contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +three distinct segments of contemporary +arts namely the fine arts the commercial + + align:start position:0% +arts namely the fine arts the commercial + + + align:start position:0% +arts namely the fine arts the commercial +arts and the amateur arts + + align:start position:0% +arts and the amateur arts + + + align:start position:0% +arts and the amateur arts +as well as four distinct disciplines the + + align:start position:0% +as well as four distinct disciplines the + + + align:start position:0% +as well as four distinct disciplines the +literary media + + align:start position:0% +literary media + + + align:start position:0% +literary media +literary + + align:start position:0% +literary + + + align:start position:0% +literary +media performing and visual arts + + align:start position:0% +media performing and visual arts + + + align:start position:0% +media performing and visual arts +and each creative source + + align:start position:0% +and each creative source + + + align:start position:0% +and each creative source +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +the individual artist the fine arts are + + align:start position:0% +the individual artist the fine arts are + + + align:start position:0% +the individual artist the fine arts are +a professional activity which serves art + + align:start position:0% +a professional activity which serves art + + + align:start position:0% +a professional activity which serves art +for art's sakes just as knowledge for + + align:start position:0% +for art's sakes just as knowledge for + + + align:start position:0% +for art's sakes just as knowledge for +knowledge's sake is a rationale for pure + + align:start position:0% +knowledge's sake is a rationale for pure + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge's sake is a rationale for pure +research and science + + align:start position:0% +research and science + + + align:start position:0% +research and science +the commercial arts are a profit making + + align:start position:0% +the commercial arts are a profit making + + + align:start position:0% +the commercial arts are a profit making +activity + + align:start position:0% +activity + + + align:start position:0% +activity +which serves art for profit and + + align:start position:0% +which serves art for profit and + + + align:start position:0% +which serves art for profit and +generally places profit before + + align:start position:0% +generally places profit before + + + align:start position:0% +generally places profit before +excellence the amateur arts are a + + align:start position:0% +excellence the amateur arts are a + + + align:start position:0% +excellence the amateur arts are a +recreational activity that served to + + align:start position:0% +recreational activity that served to + + + align:start position:0% +recreational activity that served to +recreate the ability of a worker to do + + align:start position:0% +recreate the ability of a worker to do + + + align:start position:0% +recreate the ability of a worker to do +his or her job or a leisure activity + + align:start position:0% +his or her job or a leisure activity + + + align:start position:0% +his or her job or a leisure activity +that serves to self-actualize a + + align:start position:0% +that serves to self-actualize a + + + align:start position:0% +that serves to self-actualize a +citizen's creative potential and thereby + + align:start position:0% +citizen's creative potential and thereby + + + align:start position:0% +citizen's creative potential and thereby +permits him or her to more fully + + align:start position:0% +permits him or her to more fully + + + align:start position:0% +permits him or her to more fully +appreciate life + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all three arts although are + + align:start position:0% +all three arts although are + + + align:start position:0% +all three arts although are +independent they're they're also + + align:start position:0% +independent they're they're also + + + align:start position:0% +independent they're they're also +interrelated + + align:start position:0% +interrelated + + + align:start position:0% +interrelated +the amateur artist in actualizing his or + + align:start position:0% +the amateur artist in actualizing his or + + + align:start position:0% +the amateur artist in actualizing his or +her talents and abilities provides an + + align:start position:0% +her talents and abilities provides an + + + align:start position:0% +her talents and abilities provides an +educated audience and initial training + + align:start position:0% +educated audience and initial training + + + align:start position:0% +educated audience and initial training +for the flying and commercial arts the + + align:start position:0% +for the flying and commercial arts the + + + align:start position:0% +for the flying and commercial arts the +fine artist and the persona in the + + align:start position:0% +fine artist and the persona in the + + + align:start position:0% +fine artist and the persona in the +pursuit of artistic excellence + + align:start position:0% +pursuit of artistic excellence + + + align:start position:0% +pursuit of artistic excellence +as an end + + align:start position:0% +as an end + + + align:start position:0% +as an end +in and of itself provides research and + + align:start position:0% +in and of itself provides research and + + + align:start position:0% +in and of itself provides research and +development for commercial arts the + + align:start position:0% +development for commercial arts the + + + align:start position:0% +development for commercial arts the +commercial arts and the pursuit for + + align:start position:0% +commercial arts and the pursuit for + + + align:start position:0% +commercial arts and the pursuit for +profit provides a means to market and + + align:start position:0% +profit provides a means to market and + + + align:start position:0% +profit provides a means to market and +distribute the best of amateur + + align:start position:0% +distribute the best of amateur + + + align:start position:0% +distribute the best of amateur +and the fine arts to an audience large + + align:start position:0% +and the fine arts to an audience large + + + align:start position:0% +and the fine arts to an audience large +enough and in a form suited to + + align:start position:0% +enough and in a form suited to + + + align:start position:0% +enough and in a form suited to +non-profit + + align:start position:0% +non-profit + + + align:start position:0% +non-profit +collectively these three types of + + align:start position:0% +collectively these three types of + + + align:start position:0% +collectively these three types of +artistic activity make up + + align:start position:0% +artistic activity make up + + + align:start position:0% +artistic activity make up +the arts industry including advertising + + align:start position:0% +the arts industry including advertising + + + align:start position:0% +the arts industry including advertising +broadcasting motion pictures performing + + align:start position:0% +broadcasting motion pictures performing + + + align:start position:0% +broadcasting motion pictures performing +and visual arts publishing sound and + + align:start position:0% +and visual arts publishing sound and + + + align:start position:0% +and visual arts publishing sound and +video recording compared to + + align:start position:0% +video recording compared to + + + align:start position:0% +video recording compared to +manufacturing industries + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the canadian arts industry in 1983 was + + align:start position:0% +the canadian arts industry in 1983 was + + + align:start position:0% +the canadian arts industry in 1983 was +the largest full-time employment + + align:start position:0% +the largest full-time employment + + + align:start position:0% +the largest full-time employment +for more than + + align:start position:0% +for more than + + + align:start position:0% +for more than + + align:start 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+two billion + + + align:start position:0% +two billion +dollars or two point five of the gross + + align:start position:0% +dollars or two point five of the gross + + + align:start position:0% +dollars or two point five of the gross +national product + + align:start position:0% +national product + + + align:start position:0% +national product +this is like people in 1986 + + align:start position:0% +this is like people in 1986 + + + align:start position:0% +this is like people in 1986 +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i think i think it would be more + + align:start position:0% +i think i think it would be more + + + align:start position:0% +i think i think it would be more +productive + + align:start position:0% +productive + + + align:start position:0% +productive +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +instead of going through the paper the + + align:start position:0% +instead of going through the paper the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of going through the paper the +way you have been + + align:start position:0% +way you have been + + + align:start position:0% +way you have been +you could just talk + + align:start position:0% +you could just talk + + + align:start position:0% +you could just talk +off the top of your head + + align:start position:0% +off the top of your head + + + align:start position:0% +off the top of your head +in terms of what you're doing and what + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you're doing and what + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you're doing and what +the paper does + + align:start position:0% +the paper does + + + align:start position:0% +the paper does +and then we could possibly go back to + + align:start position:0% +and then we could possibly go back to + + + align:start position:0% +and then we could possibly go back to +the paper for + + align:start position:0% +the paper for + + + align:start position:0% +the paper for 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align:start position:0% +exactly how i'm going to organize it i'm +not that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but to help you + + align:start position:0% +but to help you + + + align:start position:0% +but to help you +develop your thinking + + align:start position:0% +develop your thinking + + + align:start position:0% +develop your thinking +further so can i make one two + + align:start position:0% +further so can i make one two + + + align:start position:0% +further so can i make one two +suggestions yeah sure one that + + align:start position:0% +suggestions yeah sure one that + + + align:start position:0% +suggestions yeah sure one that +you stand up + + align:start position:0% +you stand up + + + align:start position:0% +you stand up +and acts as if you were talking to a + + align:start position:0% +and acts as if you were talking to a + + + align:start position:0% +and acts as if you were talking to a +large audience + + align:start position:0% +large audience + + + align:start position:0% +large audience +and sort of project everything + + align:start position:0% +and sort of project everything + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of project everything +but do it + + align:start position:0% +but do it + + + align:start position:0% +but do it +spontaneously + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously +without much + + align:start position:0% +without much + + + align:start position:0% +without much +thought in advance which + + align:start position:0% +thought in advance which + + + align:start position:0% +thought in advance which +may be uh at first a little uncommon to + + align:start position:0% +may be uh at first a little uncommon to + + + align:start position:0% +may be uh at first a little uncommon to +you'll feel over i'm not a public + + align:start position:0% +you'll feel over i'm not a public + + + align:start position:0% +you'll feel over i'm not a public +speaker no you are + + align:start position:0% +speaker no you are + + + align:start position:0% +speaker no you are +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +present the problems present the issues + + align:start position:0% +present the problems present the issues + + + align:start position:0% +present the problems present the issues +the problems and why it is that you have + + align:start position:0% +the problems and why it is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +the problems and why it is that you have +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +doubt about or uncertainty at the moment + + align:start position:0% +doubt about or uncertainty at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +doubt about or uncertainty at the moment +about how it's all going to turn out + + align:start position:0% +about how it's all going to turn out + + + align:start position:0% +about how it's all going to turn out +that would be i think more exciting + + align:start position:0% +that would be i think more exciting + + + align:start position:0% +that would be i think more exciting +can you do that + + align:start position:0% +can you do that + + + align:start position:0% +can you do that +try at least okay + + align:start position:0% +try at least okay + + + align:start position:0% +try at least okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know what or why don't you go to + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what or why don't you go to + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what or why don't you go to +the blackboard and use it as if you were + + align:start position:0% +the blackboard and use it as if you were + + + align:start position:0% +the blackboard and use it as if you were +teaching + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you can't do anything wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why did you get into this you might + + align:start position:0% +why did you get into this you might + + + align:start position:0% +why did you get into this you might +how about + + align:start position:0% +how about + + + align:start position:0% +how about +my getting you going with some questions + + align:start position:0% +my getting you going with some questions + + + align:start position:0% +my getting you going with some questions +why did you choose this rather than an + + align:start position:0% +why did you choose this rather than an + + + align:start position:0% +why did you choose this rather than an +infinite number of other possibilities + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of other possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of other possibilities +well i i went through + + align:start position:0% +well i i went through + + + align:start position:0% +well i i went through +a lot of possibilities people are the + + align:start position:0% +a lot of possibilities people are the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of possibilities people are the +last back road after hearing + + align:start position:0% +last back road after hearing + + + align:start position:0% +last back road after hearing +of the virtual + + align:start position:0% +of the virtual + + + align:start position:0% +of the virtual +of the virtual auditorium okay um i i + + align:start position:0% +of the virtual auditorium okay um i i + + + align:start position:0% +of the virtual auditorium okay um i i +went through a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +went through a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +went through a lot of different +possibilities for writing my paper um + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for writing my paper um + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for writing my paper um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i didn't really + + align:start position:0% +i didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +i didn't really +feel comfortable with any of them and + + align:start position:0% +feel comfortable with any of them and + + + align:start position:0% +feel comfortable with any of them and +then um i don't know + + align:start position:0% +then um i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +then um i don't know +one day i just suddenly + + align:start position:0% +one day i just suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +one day i just suddenly +figured that i might as well + + align:start position:0% +figured that i might as well + + + align:start position:0% +figured that i might as well +relate it to something that i'm + + align:start position:0% +relate it to something that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +relate it to something that i'm +currently doing great um + + align:start position:0% +currently doing great um + + + align:start position:0% +currently doing great um +okay let's hear about that okay so i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay let's hear about that okay so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's hear about that okay so i'm +taking a managerial psychology class for + + align:start position:0% +taking a managerial psychology class for + + + align:start position:0% +taking a managerial psychology class for +my major which is + + align:start position:0% +my major which is + + + align:start position:0% +my major which is +business and finance + + align:start position:0% +business and finance + + + align:start position:0% +business and finance +and um but don't talk to me talk to the + + align:start position:0% +and um but don't talk to me talk to the + + + align:start position:0% +and um but don't talk to me talk to the +back audience right get back in the + + align:start position:0% +back audience right get back in the + + + align:start position:0% +back audience right get back in the +auditorium so in reading from the + + align:start position:0% +auditorium so in reading from the + + + align:start position:0% +auditorium so in reading from the +articles + + align:start position:0% +articles + + + align:start position:0% +articles +and case studies + + align:start position:0% +and case studies + + + align:start position:0% +and case studies +i came up with how + + align:start position:0% +i came up with how + + + align:start position:0% +i came up with how +managers and business + + align:start position:0% +managers and business + + + align:start position:0% +managers and business +uh try to influence the creative ability + + align:start position:0% +uh try to influence the creative ability + + + align:start position:0% +uh try to influence the creative ability +of the employees especially an + + align:start position:0% +of the employees especially an + + + align:start position:0% +of the employees especially an +engineering environment + + align:start position:0% +engineering environment + + + align:start position:0% +engineering environment +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +they use different ways in order to + + align:start position:0% +they use different ways in order to + + + align:start position:0% +they use different ways in order to +stimulate + + align:start position:0% +stimulate + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate +innovation and entrepreneurship and + + align:start position:0% +innovation and entrepreneurship and + + + align:start position:0% +innovation and entrepreneurship and +that's how + + align:start position:0% +that's how + + + align:start position:0% +that's how +back to the creative + + align:start position:0% +back to the creative + + + align:start position:0% +back to the creative +abilities of people in general + + align:start position:0% +abilities of people in general + + + align:start position:0% +abilities of people in general +is a common theme + + align:start position:0% +is a common theme + + + align:start position:0% +is a common theme +in this class i i thought of relating it + + align:start position:0% +in this class i i thought of relating it + + + align:start position:0% +in this class i i thought of relating it +to business + + align:start position:0% +to business + + + align:start position:0% +to business +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so far i've been + + align:start position:0% +so far i've been + + + align:start position:0% +so far i've been +doing a lot of research on the topic + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of research on the topic + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of research on the topic +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i kind of put a little bit together + + align:start position:0% +i kind of put a little bit together + + + align:start position:0% +i kind of put a little bit together +most of it is just raw research like i + + align:start position:0% +most of it is just raw research like i + + + align:start position:0% +most of it is just raw research like i +was reading right now it's nothing + + align:start position:0% +was reading right now it's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +was reading right now it's nothing +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +polished or + + align:start position:0% +polished or + + + align:start position:0% +polished or +organized as it should be by the by the + + align:start position:0% +organized as it should be by the by the + + + align:start position:0% +organized as it should be by the by the +time i turn in it + + align:start position:0% +time i turn in it + + + align:start position:0% +time i turn in it +but um + + align:start position:0% +but um + + + align:start position:0% +but um +i've learned a lot about + + align:start position:0% +i've learned a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +i've learned a lot about +about um the history of economics and + + align:start position:0% +about um the history of economics and + + + align:start position:0% +about um the history of economics and +about art and how + + align:start position:0% +about art and how + + + align:start position:0% +about art and how +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +even like + + align:start position:0% +even like + + + align:start position:0% +even like +even in like and since it's beginning + + align:start position:0% +even in like and since it's beginning + + + align:start position:0% +even in like and since it's beginning +like it's been funded through + + align:start position:0% +like it's been funded through + + + align:start position:0% +like it's been funded through +commissions by the church or by kings + + align:start position:0% +commissions by the church or by kings + + + align:start position:0% +commissions by the church or by kings +and then later in the renaissance period + + align:start position:0% +and then later in the renaissance period + + + align:start position:0% +and then later in the renaissance period +it was funded by uh certain patrons like + + align:start position:0% +it was funded by uh certain patrons like + + + align:start position:0% +it was funded by uh certain patrons like +the medici family + + align:start position:0% +the medici family + + + align:start position:0% +the medici family +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +how money has been a big factor + + align:start position:0% +how money has been a big factor + + + align:start position:0% +how money has been a big factor +in the production of art and all kinds + + align:start position:0% +in the production of art and all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +in the production of art and all kinds +of art literary art + + align:start position:0% +of art literary art + + + align:start position:0% +of art literary art +paintings music everything + + align:start position:0% +paintings music everything + + + align:start position:0% +paintings music everything +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you start with adam smith and you + + align:start position:0% +you start with adam smith and you + + + align:start position:0% +you start with adam smith and you +mentioned the two most important books + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the two most important books + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the two most important books +of his + + align:start position:0% +of his + + + align:start position:0% +of his +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +wealth and the other on + + align:start position:0% +wealth and the other on + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and the other on +sympathy + + align:start position:0% +sympathy + + + align:start position:0% +sympathy +sentiments + + align:start position:0% +sentiments + + + align:start position:0% +sentiments +on moral 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+derivation of philosophers in ethics up + + align:start position:0% +derivation of philosophers in ethics up + + + align:start position:0% +derivation of philosophers in ethics up +to the present + + align:start position:0% +to the present + + + align:start position:0% +to the present +but also because that line of derivation + + align:start position:0% +but also because that line of derivation + + + align:start position:0% +but also because that line of derivation +smith in particular + + align:start position:0% +smith in particular + + + align:start position:0% +smith in particular +is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point of view that emanuel khan + + align:start position:0% +point of view that emanuel khan + + + align:start position:0% +point of view that emanuel khan +criticizes + + align:start position:0% +criticizes + + + align:start position:0% +criticizes +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that 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the source of +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +rejection of an alternate view that + + align:start position:0% +rejection of an alternate view that + + + align:start position:0% +rejection of an alternate view that +belongs to what's called + + align:start position:0% +belongs to what's called + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to what's called +the moral sentiment theory of ethics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you say something about that + + align:start position:0% +can you say something about that + + + align:start position:0% +can you say something about that +in itself before getting on further + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you do mention smith though but that + + align:start position:0% +you do mention smith though but that + + + align:start position:0% +you do mention smith though but that +should be not just because he's + + align:start position:0% +should be not just because he's + + + align:start position:0% +should be not just because he's +important in economic theory + + align:start position:0% +important in economic theory + + + align:start position:0% +important in economic theory +is there anything in his economic theory + + align:start position:0% +is there anything in his economic theory + + + align:start position:0% +is there anything in his economic theory +or his ethical theory + + align:start position:0% +or his ethical theory + + + align:start position:0% +or his ethical theory +that directly impinges upon + + align:start position:0% +that directly impinges upon + + + align:start position:0% +that directly impinges upon +creativity and + + align:start position:0% +creativity and + + + align:start position:0% +creativity and +employees as stimulated by the employer + + align:start position:0% +employees as stimulated by the employer + + + align:start position:0% +employees as stimulated by the employer +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +motivated you in the first place + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's just a kind of + + align:start position:0% +so it's just a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so it's just a kind of +introduction yeah but it's not terribly + + align:start position:0% +introduction yeah but it's not terribly + + + align:start position:0% +introduction yeah but it's not terribly +relevant so + + align:start position:0% +relevant so + + + align:start position:0% +relevant so +if you left it out nobody would know the + + align:start position:0% +if you left it out nobody would know the + + + align:start position:0% +if you left it out nobody would know the +difference so it wouldn't make any + + align:start position:0% +difference so it wouldn't make any + + + align:start position:0% +difference so it wouldn't make any +difference right i just + + align:start position:0% +difference right i just + + + align:start position:0% +difference right i just +that like the problem with my paper + + align:start position:0% +that like the problem with my paper + + + align:start position:0% +that like the problem with my paper +right now mostly is is structure and + + align:start position:0% +right now mostly is is structure and + + + align:start position:0% +right now mostly is is structure and +it's also i think um + + align:start position:0% +it's also i think um + + + align:start position:0% +it's also i think um +i need to find a more specific focus for + + align:start position:0% +i need to find a more specific focus for + + + align:start position:0% +i need to find a more specific focus for +the paper um well that's where we're + + align:start position:0% +the paper um well that's where we're + + + align:start position:0% +the paper um well that's where we're +gonna all be working with you right now + + align:start position:0% +gonna all be working with you right now + + + align:start position:0% +gonna all be working with you right now +um how would this be + + align:start position:0% +um how would this be + + + align:start position:0% +um how would this be +first of all have any of you + + align:start position:0% +first of all have any of you + + + align:start position:0% +first of all have any of you +study + + align:start position:0% +study + + + align:start position:0% +study +the philosophical writings of adam smith + + align:start position:0% +the philosophical writings of adam smith + + + align:start position:0% +the philosophical writings of adam smith +or the economic writers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +on the economic side he's important as + + align:start position:0% +on the economic side he's important as + + + align:start position:0% +on the economic side he's important as +one of the founding fathers + + align:start position:0% +one of the founding fathers + + + align:start position:0% +one of the founding fathers +of the idea of capitalism + + align:start position:0% +of the idea of capitalism + + + align:start position:0% +of the idea of capitalism +that people are motivated selfishly + + align:start position:0% +that people are motivated selfishly + + + align:start position:0% +that people are motivated selfishly +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +justification for their selfishness is + + align:start position:0% +justification for their selfishness is + + + align:start position:0% +justification for their selfishness is +because through competition + + align:start position:0% +because through competition + + + align:start position:0% +because through competition +they actually contribute + + align:start position:0% +they actually contribute + + + align:start position:0% +they actually contribute +to benefits for everybody + + align:start position:0% +to benefits for everybody + + + align:start position:0% +to benefits for everybody +so this is the + + align:start position:0% +so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the +um the unseen hand + + align:start position:0% +um the unseen hand + + + align:start position:0% +um the unseen hand +that government + + align:start position:0% +that government + + + align:start position:0% +that government +has set up so that while each person is + + align:start position:0% +has set up so that while each person is + + + align:start position:0% +has set up so that while each person is +through capital + + align:start position:0% +through capital + + + align:start position:0% +through capital +accumulation + + align:start position:0% +accumulation + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation +through enterprise of a capitalist sort + + align:start position:0% +through enterprise of a capitalist sort + + + align:start position:0% +through enterprise of a capitalist sort +selfishly trying to + + align:start position:0% +selfishly trying to + + + align:start position:0% +selfishly trying to +benefit himself and out to other people + + align:start position:0% +benefit himself and out to other people + + + align:start position:0% +benefit himself and out to other people +that effort contributes to a network of + + align:start position:0% +that effort contributes to a network of + + + align:start position:0% +that effort contributes to a network of +relationships that actually benefit + + align:start position:0% +relationships that actually benefit + + + align:start position:0% +relationships that actually benefit +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +right that's the fundamental idea in + + align:start position:0% +right that's the fundamental idea in + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the fundamental idea in +western capitalism and it goes back + + align:start position:0% +western capitalism and it goes back + + + align:start position:0% +western capitalism and it goes back +to a large extent it is philosophizing + + align:start position:0% +to a large extent it is philosophizing + + + align:start position:0% +to a large extent it is philosophizing +by adam smith in the middle of the 18th + + align:start position:0% +by adam smith in the middle of the 18th + + + align:start position:0% +by adam smith in the middle of the 18th +century all right + + align:start position:0% +century all right + + + align:start position:0% +century all right +we can come back to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +we can come back to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +we can come back to that in a minute +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +second in terms of the ethical theory + + align:start position:0% +second in terms of the ethical theory + + + align:start position:0% +second in terms of the ethical theory +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +there's no preparation in that either + + align:start position:0% +there's no preparation in that either + + + align:start position:0% +there's no preparation in that either +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the moral sentiment theory says that + + align:start position:0% +the moral sentiment theory says that + + + align:start position:0% +the moral sentiment theory says that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we have codes of ethics + + align:start position:0% +we have codes of ethics + + + align:start position:0% +we have codes of ethics +which are rigid there are laws there are + + align:start position:0% +which are rigid there are laws there are + + + align:start position:0% +which are rigid there are laws there are +magistrates + + align:start position:0% +magistrates + + + align:start position:0% +magistrates +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +all of these are governed by some + + align:start position:0% +all of these are governed by some + + + align:start position:0% +all of these are governed by some +concept of reason + + align:start position:0% +concept of reason + + + align:start position:0% +concept of reason +kant + + align:start position:0% +kant + + + align:start position:0% +kant +was a great philosopher + + align:start position:0% +was a great philosopher + + + align:start position:0% +was a great philosopher +tried to + + align:start position:0% +tried to + + + align:start position:0% +tried to +rehabilitate + + align:start position:0% +rehabilitate + + + align:start position:0% +rehabilitate +the importance of reason + + align:start position:0% +the importance of reason + + + align:start position:0% +the importance of reason +by showing how + + align:start position:0% +by showing how + + + align:start position:0% +by showing how +you could justify the foundations of + + align:start position:0% +you could justify the foundations of + + + align:start position:0% +you could justify the foundations of +ethics on purely rational grounds + + align:start position:0% +ethics on purely rational grounds + + + align:start position:0% +ethics on purely rational grounds +and if there were mandates of a + + align:start position:0% +and if there were mandates of a + + + align:start position:0% +and if there were mandates of a +government for instance that couldn't be + + align:start position:0% +government for instance that couldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +government for instance that couldn't be +justified that way + + align:start position:0% +justified that way + + + align:start position:0% +justified that way +that was irrational + + align:start position:0% +that was irrational + + + align:start position:0% +that was irrational +that it wouldn't really be ethical + + align:start position:0% +that it wouldn't really be ethical + + + align:start position:0% +that it wouldn't really be ethical +now we don't have to get very far into + + align:start position:0% +now we don't have to get very far into + + + align:start position:0% +now we don't have to get very far into +khan's ethical theory + + align:start position:0% +khan's ethical theory + + + align:start position:0% +khan's ethical theory +but what i want to emphasize is + + align:start position:0% +but what i want to emphasize is + + + align:start position:0% +but what i want to emphasize is +relevance to what else is interested in + + align:start position:0% +relevance to what else is interested in + + + align:start position:0% +relevance to what else is interested in +what we've been working on + + align:start position:0% +what we've been working on + + + align:start position:0% +what we've been working on +in the moral sentiment theory + + align:start position:0% +in the moral sentiment theory + + + align:start position:0% +in the moral sentiment theory +represented by adam smith + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because the kind of sentiment + + align:start position:0% +because the kind of sentiment + + + align:start position:0% +because the kind of sentiment +that he emphasizes + + align:start position:0% +that he emphasizes + + + align:start position:0% +that he emphasizes +is sympathy + + align:start position:0% +is sympathy + + + align:start position:0% +is sympathy +and out of sympathetic feelings towards + + align:start position:0% +and out of sympathetic feelings towards + + + align:start position:0% +and out of sympathetic feelings towards +other people + + align:start position:0% +other people + + + align:start position:0% +other people +we then sort of work out a + + align:start position:0% +we then sort of work out a + + + align:start position:0% +we then sort of work out a +modus vivendi a way of living + + align:start position:0% +modus vivendi a way of living + + + align:start position:0% +modus vivendi a way of living +and out of that comes ethical rules + + align:start position:0% +and out of that comes ethical rules + + + align:start position:0% +and out of that comes ethical rules +so if everybody was a sadist + + align:start position:0% +so if everybody was a sadist + + + align:start position:0% +so if everybody was a sadist +let's say everybody was + + align:start position:0% +let's say everybody was + + + align:start position:0% +let's say everybody was +not only filled with selfish desires + + align:start position:0% +not only filled with selfish desires + + + align:start position:0% +not only filled with selfish desires +but took pleasure + + align:start position:0% +but took pleasure + + + align:start position:0% +but took pleasure +in giving pain to other people + + align:start position:0% +in giving pain to other people + + + align:start position:0% +in giving pain to other people +your own selfish desire for pleasure + + align:start position:0% +your own selfish desire for pleasure + + + align:start position:0% +your own selfish desire for pleasure +would lead you + + align:start position:0% +would lead you + + + align:start position:0% +would lead you +to hurt other people + + align:start position:0% +to hurt other people + + + align:start position:0% +to hurt other people +that would undermine + + align:start position:0% +that would undermine + + + align:start position:0% +that would undermine +our conception of ethics + + align:start position:0% +our conception of ethics + + + align:start position:0% +our conception of ethics +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +ethics + + align:start position:0% +ethics + + + align:start position:0% +ethics +doesn't operate that way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but rather in terms of how people feel + + align:start position:0% +but rather in terms of how people feel + + + align:start position:0% +but rather in terms of how people feel +about what happens to other people + + align:start position:0% +about what happens to other people + + + align:start position:0% +about what happens to other people +so that uh if somebody is suffering you + + align:start position:0% +so that uh if somebody is suffering you + + + align:start position:0% +so that uh if somebody is suffering you +give him a len give her + + align:start position:0% +give him a len give her + + + align:start position:0% +give him a len give her +a helping hand + + align:start position:0% +a helping hand + + + align:start position:0% +a helping hand +and people say oh isn't that noble uh + + align:start position:0% +and people say oh isn't that noble uh + + + align:start position:0% +and people say oh isn't that noble uh +isn't that + + align:start position:0% +isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that +right people who are + + align:start position:0% +right people who are + + + align:start position:0% +right people who are +that are off ought to be helped + + align:start position:0% +that are off ought to be helped + + + align:start position:0% +that are off ought to be helped +now there's a variety of ways you could + + align:start position:0% +now there's a variety of ways you could + + + align:start position:0% +now there's a variety of ways you could +help + + align:start position:0% +help + + + align:start position:0% +help +one is + + align:start position:0% +one is + + + align:start position:0% +one is +uh by changing the government so that + + align:start position:0% +uh by changing the government so that + + + align:start position:0% +uh by changing the government so that +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +for instance who was starving + + align:start position:0% +for instance who was starving + + + align:start position:0% +for instance who was starving +wouldn't starve anymore but how do you + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't starve anymore but how do you + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't starve anymore but how do you +do that + + align:start position:0% +do that + + + align:start position:0% +do that +by stimulating industry and getting jobs + + align:start position:0% +by stimulating industry and getting jobs + + + align:start position:0% +by stimulating industry and getting jobs +for them or putting them on the dole + + align:start position:0% +for them or putting them on the dole + + + align:start position:0% +for them or putting them on the dole +or by having a kind of + + align:start position:0% +or by having a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +or by having a kind of +intermediary which + + align:start position:0% +intermediary which + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary which +like in the new deal in this country in + + align:start position:0% +like in the new deal in this country in + + + align:start position:0% +like in the new deal in this country in +which the government intervened to set + + align:start position:0% +which the government intervened to set + + + align:start position:0% +which the government intervened to set +up programs that would + + align:start position:0% +up programs that would + + + align:start position:0% +up programs that would +give jobs to more people and that would + + align:start position:0% +give jobs to more people and that would + + + align:start position:0% +give jobs to more people and that would +protect people who are old + + align:start position:0% +protect people who are old + + + align:start position:0% +protect people who are old +so out of that comes social security + + align:start position:0% +so out of that comes social security + + + align:start position:0% +so out of that comes social security +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +sick + + align:start position:0% +sick + + + align:start position:0% +sick +and unable to cope with the costs of + + align:start position:0% +and unable to cope with the costs of + + + align:start position:0% +and unable to cope with the costs of +medicine and that's medicare so that + + align:start position:0% +medicine and that's medicare so that + + + align:start position:0% +medicine and that's medicare so that +that's the kind of state socialism + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of state socialism + + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of state socialism +and obviously socialism + + align:start position:0% +and obviously socialism + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously socialism +would be one way of coping + + align:start position:0% +would be one way of coping + + + align:start position:0% +would be one way of coping +and then there are extremes of socialism + + align:start position:0% +and then there are extremes of socialism + + + align:start position:0% +and then there are extremes of socialism +communism is not the same as socialism + + align:start position:0% +communism is not the same as socialism + + + align:start position:0% +communism is not the same as socialism +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +and in general + + align:start position:0% +and in general + + + align:start position:0% +and in general +the ethical desire to be of help + + align:start position:0% +the ethical desire to be of help + + + align:start position:0% +the ethical desire to be of help +would operate in different political + + align:start position:0% +would operate in different political + + + align:start position:0% +would operate in different political +conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions +but would be based upon + + align:start position:0% +but would be based upon + + + align:start position:0% +but would be based upon +feelings that people have about + + align:start position:0% +feelings that people have about + + + align:start position:0% +feelings that people have about +other people + + align:start position:0% +other people + + + align:start position:0% +other people +and that's different from + + align:start position:0% +and that's different from + + + align:start position:0% +and that's different from +what you know the the + + align:start position:0% +what you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +what you know the the +uh thinking that we all have that + + align:start position:0% +uh thinking that we all have that + + + align:start position:0% +uh thinking that we all have that +there's something right and wrong this + + align:start position:0% +there's something right and wrong this + + + align:start position:0% +there's something right and wrong this +is discoverable by reason and in the + + align:start position:0% +is discoverable by reason and in the + + + align:start position:0% +is discoverable by reason and in the +case of kant reason then gets to be + + align:start position:0% +case of kant reason then gets to be + + + align:start position:0% +case of kant reason then gets to be +analyzed in a very special very powerful + + align:start position:0% +analyzed in a very special very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +analyzed in a very special very powerful +sort of way + + align:start position:0% +sort of way + + + align:start position:0% +sort of way +to combat through moral sentiment theory + + align:start position:0% +to combat through moral sentiment theory + + + align:start position:0% +to combat through moral sentiment theory +represented by somebody like adam smith + + align:start position:0% +represented by somebody like adam smith + + + align:start position:0% +represented by somebody like adam smith +also by david hume + + align:start position:0% +also by david hume + + + align:start position:0% +also by david hume +utilitarianism + + align:start position:0% +utilitarianism + + + align:start position:0% +utilitarianism +and different other ethical theories + + align:start position:0% +and different other ethical theories + + + align:start position:0% +and different other ethical theories +which are concerned about human feelings + + align:start position:0% +which are concerned about human feelings + + + align:start position:0% +which are concerned about human feelings +in a way that kant thinks uh is external + + align:start position:0% +in a way that kant thinks uh is external + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that kant thinks uh is external +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh ethics it isn't + + align:start position:0% +uh ethics it isn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh ethics it isn't +isn't interested in feelings + + align:start position:0% +isn't interested in feelings + + + align:start position:0% +isn't interested in feelings +uh or happiness + + align:start position:0% +uh or happiness + + + align:start position:0% +uh or happiness +his point is that + + align:start position:0% +his point is that + + + align:start position:0% +his point is that +that doesn't tell us much about ethics + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't tell us much about ethics + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't tell us much about ethics +to be ethical you have to do what is + + align:start position:0% +to be ethical you have to do what is + + + align:start position:0% +to be ethical you have to do what is +right and you have to do it because it's + + align:start position:0% +right and you have to do it because it's + + + align:start position:0% +right and you have to do it because it's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +not because + + align:start position:0% +not because + + + align:start position:0% +not because +it helps other people or brings about + + align:start position:0% +it helps other people or brings about + + + align:start position:0% +it helps other people or brings about +happiness at the same time uh kant says + + align:start position:0% +happiness at the same time uh kant says + + + align:start position:0% +happiness at the same time uh kant says +it's very noble to bring about happiness + + align:start position:0% +it's very noble to bring about happiness + + + align:start position:0% +it's very noble to bring about happiness +uh there's nothing wrong with searching + + align:start position:0% +uh there's nothing wrong with searching + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's nothing wrong with searching +happiness for yourself + + align:start position:0% +happiness for yourself + + + align:start position:0% +happiness for yourself +it's just that ethics is not based on + + align:start position:0% +it's just that ethics is not based on + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that ethics is not based on +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +the difference between right and wrong + + align:start position:0% +the difference between right and wrong + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between right and wrong +of an ethical sort has to be + + align:start position:0% +of an ethical sort has to be + + + align:start position:0% +of an ethical sort has to be +uh found + + align:start position:0% +uh found + + + align:start position:0% +uh found +by means that are independent of our + + align:start position:0% +by means that are independent of our + + + align:start position:0% +by means that are independent of our +search for happiness + + align:start position:0% +search for happiness + + + align:start position:0% +search for happiness +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +are concerned about the happiness of + + align:start position:0% +are concerned about the happiness of + + + align:start position:0% +are concerned about the happiness of +other people all right the reason i + + align:start position:0% +other people all right the reason i + + + align:start position:0% +other people all right the reason i +thought adam smith could be of utility + + align:start position:0% +thought adam smith could be of utility + + + align:start position:0% +thought adam smith could be of utility +to you + + align:start position:0% +to you + + + align:start position:0% +to you +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +he's talking about human affect + + align:start position:0% +he's talking about human affect + + + align:start position:0% +he's talking about human affect +rather than + + align:start position:0% +rather than + + + align:start position:0% +rather than +cognition + + align:start position:0% +cognition + + + align:start position:0% +cognition +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +how and that's something we've talked + + align:start position:0% +how and that's something we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +how and that's something we've talked +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +and the question is how is that relevant + + align:start position:0% +and the question is how is that relevant + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is how is that relevant +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh creativity in the arts + + align:start position:0% +uh creativity in the arts + + + align:start position:0% +uh creativity in the arts +or creativity on the in business on on a + + align:start position:0% +or creativity on the in business on on a + + + align:start position:0% +or creativity on the in business on on a +part of employees + + align:start position:0% +part of employees + + + align:start position:0% +part of employees +and how that might or may not + + align:start position:0% +and how that might or may not + + + align:start position:0% +and how that might or may not +lend itself + + align:start position:0% +lend itself + + + align:start position:0% +lend itself +to stimulation by employers + + align:start position:0% +to stimulation by employers + + + align:start position:0% +to stimulation by employers +which is your thesis you see + + align:start position:0% +which is your thesis you see + + + align:start position:0% +which is your thesis you see +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it possibly + + align:start position:0% +it possibly + + + align:start position:0% +it possibly +depends on what you want to do going + + align:start position:0% +depends on what you want to do going + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what you want to do going +back to the content of adam smith's + + align:start position:0% +back to the content of adam smith's + + + align:start position:0% +back to the content of adam smith's +theories you might find it more relevant + + align:start position:0% +theories you might find it more relevant + + + align:start position:0% +theories you might find it more relevant +to your project than you + + align:start position:0% +to your project than you + + + align:start position:0% +to your project than you +have indicated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody else is going to say anything + + align:start position:0% +anybody else is going to say anything + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else is going to say anything +okay well then + + align:start position:0% +okay well then + + + align:start position:0% +okay well then +now now we know where you began + + align:start position:0% +now now we know where you began + + + align:start position:0% +now now we know where you began +where do you go from there and what are + + align:start position:0% +where do you go from there and what are + + + align:start position:0% +where do you go from there and what are +the problems you're facing + + align:start position:0% +the problems you're facing + + + align:start position:0% +the problems you're facing +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +i'm having well most of the problems i'm + + align:start position:0% +i'm having well most of the problems i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i'm having well most of the problems i'm +having right now is tying all the parts + + align:start position:0% +having right now is tying all the parts + + + align:start position:0% +having right now is tying all the parts +together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the camera which is in the last row + + align:start position:0% +to the camera which is in the last row + + + align:start position:0% +to the camera which is in the last row +of the auditorium + + align:start position:0% +of the auditorium + + + align:start position:0% +of the auditorium +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well i mean the other stages of the + + align:start position:0% +well i mean the other stages of the + + + align:start position:0% +well i mean the other stages of the +paper is + + align:start position:0% +paper is + + + align:start position:0% +paper is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +like art has been influenced by business + + align:start position:0% +like art has been influenced by business + + + align:start position:0% +like art has been influenced by business +and by funding + + align:start position:0% +and by funding + + + align:start position:0% +and by funding +and how that you know goes back to + + align:start position:0% +and how that you know goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +and how that you know goes back to +capitalism and + + align:start position:0% +capitalism and + + + align:start position:0% +capitalism and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but i don't i just + + align:start position:0% +but i don't i just + + + align:start position:0% +but i don't i just +you know it seemed like a good idea when + + align:start position:0% +you know it seemed like a good idea when + + + align:start position:0% +you know it seemed like a good idea when +i was doing the research but now i don't + + align:start position:0% +i was doing the research but now i don't + + + align:start position:0% +i was doing the research but now i don't +see how i'm going to tie it together + + align:start position:0% +see how i'm going to tie it together + + + align:start position:0% +see how i'm going to tie it together +so i don't know what to do my favorite's + + align:start position:0% +so i don't know what to do my favorite's + + + align:start position:0% +so i don't know what to do my favorite's +like not working + + align:start position:0% +like not working + + + align:start position:0% +like not working +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +one way would be to study afresh what + + align:start position:0% +one way would be to study afresh what + + + align:start position:0% +one way would be to study afresh what +the theory of capitalism is + + align:start position:0% +the theory of capitalism is + + + align:start position:0% +the theory of capitalism is +it doesn't exist just as a theory + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't exist just as a theory + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't exist just as a theory +it isn't just that + + align:start position:0% +it isn't just that + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't just that +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go to extremely business school + + align:start position:0% +go to extremely business school + + + align:start position:0% +go to extremely business school +and you find that you can get a better + + align:start position:0% +and you find that you can get a better + + + align:start position:0% +and you find that you can get a better +job + + align:start position:0% +job + + + align:start position:0% +job +than you could if you didn't go to + + align:start position:0% +than you could if you didn't go to + + + align:start position:0% +than you could if you didn't go to +college and didn't do a + + align:start position:0% +college and didn't do a + + + align:start position:0% +college and didn't do a +graduate school in business + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then having + + align:start position:0% +and then having + + + align:start position:0% +and then having +landed that job what you do + + align:start position:0% +landed that job what you do + + + align:start position:0% +landed that job what you do +is to + + align:start position:0% +is to + + + align:start position:0% +is to +add to the telephone + + align:start position:0% +add to the telephone + + + align:start position:0% +add to the telephone +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +become qualified as a broker on the + + align:start position:0% +become qualified as a broker on the + + + align:start position:0% +become qualified as a broker on the +stock exchange + + align:start position:0% +stock exchange + + + align:start position:0% +stock exchange +and then you buy and sell shares + + align:start position:0% +and then you buy and sell shares + + + align:start position:0% +and then you buy and sell shares +and that may be your idea of what + + align:start position:0% +and that may be your idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +and that may be your idea of what +capitalism is + + align:start position:0% +capitalism is + + + align:start position:0% +capitalism is +but the point is that kind of person is + + align:start position:0% +but the point is that kind of person is + + + align:start position:0% +but the point is that kind of person is +highly trained but not very highly + + align:start position:0% +highly trained but not very highly + + + align:start position:0% +highly trained but not very highly +educated because the whole + + align:start position:0% +educated because the whole + + + align:start position:0% +educated because the whole +structure of that way of life + + align:start position:0% +structure of that way of life + + + align:start position:0% +structure of that way of life +is based upon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas about human nature what people are + + align:start position:0% +ideas about human nature what people are + + + align:start position:0% +ideas about human nature what people are +what they should be and how + + align:start position:0% +what they should be and how + + + align:start position:0% +what they should be and how +individuals can contribute + + align:start position:0% +individuals can contribute + + + align:start position:0% +individuals can contribute +to it + + align:start position:0% +to it + + + align:start position:0% +to it +we're not slaves merely of our + + align:start position:0% +we're not slaves merely of our + + + align:start position:0% +we're not slaves merely of our +irrational desires to have three cars + + align:start position:0% +irrational desires to have three cars + + + align:start position:0% +irrational desires to have three cars +instead of two + + align:start position:0% +instead of two + + + align:start position:0% +instead of two +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +to eat in restaurants instead of + + align:start position:0% +to eat in restaurants instead of + + + align:start position:0% +to eat in restaurants instead of +at home where it doesn't cost as much + + align:start position:0% +at home where it doesn't cost as much + + + align:start position:0% +at home where it doesn't cost as much +we choose that we choose to live that + + align:start position:0% +we choose that we choose to live that + + + align:start position:0% +we choose that we choose to live that +way and we choose to be a broker or not + + align:start position:0% +way and we choose to be a broker or not + + + align:start position:0% +way and we choose to be a broker or not +and the society is set up to justify + + align:start position:0% +and the society is set up to justify + + + align:start position:0% +and the society is set up to justify +that kind of choice or not depending on + + align:start position:0% +that kind of choice or not depending on + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of choice or not depending on +the society on the basis of very general + + align:start position:0% +the society on the basis of very general + + + align:start position:0% +the society on the basis of very general +ideas about what human beings are and + + align:start position:0% +ideas about what human beings are and + + + align:start position:0% +ideas about what human beings are and +should be doing + + align:start position:0% +should be doing + + + align:start position:0% +should be doing +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +starting with + + align:start position:0% +starting with + + + align:start position:0% +starting with +someone like adam smith + + align:start position:0% +someone like adam smith + + + align:start position:0% +someone like adam smith +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +does this tell us about what feelings + + align:start position:0% +does this tell us about what feelings + + + align:start position:0% +does this tell us about what feelings +are and what they should be + + align:start position:0% +are and what they should be + + + align:start position:0% +are and what they should be +in a capitalist + + align:start position:0% +in a capitalist + + + align:start position:0% +in a capitalist +environment of the sort that you're + + align:start position:0% +environment of the sort that you're + + + align:start position:0% +environment of the sort that you're +addressing + + align:start position:0% +addressing + + + align:start position:0% +addressing +well i don't know okay + + align:start position:0% +well i don't know okay + + + align:start position:0% +well i don't know okay +i don't know + + align:start position:0% +i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know +does that help yeah no but i thought of + + align:start position:0% +does that help yeah no but i thought of + + + align:start position:0% +does that help yeah no but i thought of +a point that like could be made for + + align:start position:0% +a point that like could be made for + + + align:start position:0% +a point that like could be made for +example in + + align:start position:0% +example in + + + align:start position:0% +example in +like the the reason i guess that art + + align:start position:0% +like the the reason i guess that art + + + align:start position:0% +like the the reason i guess that art +prospers and the capital of the society + + align:start position:0% +prospers and the capital of the society + + + align:start position:0% +prospers and the capital of the society +is because + + align:start position:0% +is because + + + align:start position:0% +is because +art is a luxury + + align:start position:0% +art is a luxury + + + align:start position:0% +art is a luxury +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +strive to obtain luxuries + + align:start position:0% +strive to obtain luxuries + + + align:start position:0% +strive to obtain luxuries +therefore + + align:start position:0% +therefore + + + align:start position:0% +therefore +being able to sustain + + align:start position:0% +being able to sustain + + + align:start position:0% +being able to sustain +art but i still i don't i don't i don't + + align:start position:0% +art but i still i don't i don't i don't + + + align:start position:0% +art but i still i don't i don't i don't +like this topic anymore i don't wanna + + align:start position:0% +like this topic anymore i don't wanna + + + align:start position:0% +like this topic anymore i don't wanna +i don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the type that is like it's + + align:start position:0% +what's the type that is like it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the type that is like it's +considered luxury and by whom + + align:start position:0% +considered luxury and by whom + + + align:start position:0% +considered luxury and by whom +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +for our examples yeah + + align:start position:0% +for our examples yeah + + + align:start position:0% +for our examples yeah +theater + + align:start position:0% +theater + + + align:start position:0% +theater +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +like broadway or whatever that would be + + align:start position:0% +like broadway or whatever that would be + + + align:start position:0% +like broadway or whatever that would be +a luxury to attend + + align:start position:0% +a luxury to attend + + + align:start position:0% +a luxury to attend +one of those shows um all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you think it's luxury + + align:start position:0% +you think it's luxury + + + align:start position:0% +you think it's luxury +or do you think everyone considers the + + align:start position:0% +or do you think everyone considers the + + + align:start position:0% +or do you think everyone considers the +luxury + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me + + align:start position:0% +okay let me + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me +become autobiographical + + align:start position:0% +become autobiographical + + + align:start position:0% +become autobiographical +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +college roommate + + align:start position:0% +college roommate + + + align:start position:0% +college roommate +decided that he wanted to go into + + align:start position:0% +decided that he wanted to go into + + + align:start position:0% +decided that he wanted to go into +theater + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and he did + + align:start position:0% +and he did + + + align:start position:0% +and he did +for him it was not a luxury it was a + + align:start position:0% +for him it was not a luxury it was a + + + align:start position:0% +for him it was not a luxury it was a +need a necessity + + align:start position:0% +need a necessity + + + align:start position:0% +need a necessity +a burning interest that he had it was + + align:start position:0% +a burning interest that he had it was + + + align:start position:0% +a burning interest that he had it was +what he wanted to do + + align:start position:0% +what he wanted to do + + + align:start position:0% +what he wanted to do +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh he became successful + + align:start position:0% +uh he became successful + + + align:start position:0% +uh he became successful +but the reason he became successful was + + align:start position:0% +but the reason he became successful was + + + align:start position:0% +but the reason he became successful was +that it was a passionate + + align:start position:0% +that it was a passionate + + + align:start position:0% +that it was a passionate +involvement he really cared and + + align:start position:0% +involvement he really cared and + + + align:start position:0% +involvement he really cared and +didn't + + align:start position:0% +didn't + + + align:start position:0% +didn't +worry about the money + + align:start position:0% +worry about the money + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the money +he eventually created his own company + + align:start position:0% +he eventually created his own company + + + align:start position:0% +he eventually created his own company +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it was here in boston + + align:start position:0% +it was here in boston + + + align:start position:0% +it was here in boston +i think it was the last real major + + align:start position:0% +i think it was the last real major + + + align:start position:0% +i think it was the last real major +theater company in boston regional + + align:start position:0% +theater company in boston regional + + + align:start position:0% +theater company in boston regional +theater company + + align:start position:0% +theater company + + + align:start position:0% +theater company +it finally + + align:start position:0% +it finally + + + align:start position:0% +it finally +couldn't go on + + align:start position:0% +couldn't go on + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't go on +because he couldn't get a good enough + + align:start position:0% +because he couldn't get a good enough + + + align:start position:0% +because he couldn't get a good enough +business manager and that's not what he + + align:start position:0% +business manager and that's not what he + + + align:start position:0% +business manager and that's not what he +wanted to do what he wanted to do is to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do what he wanted to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do what he wanted to do is to +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +productions + + align:start position:0% +productions + + + align:start position:0% +productions +uh theatrical productions and he devoted + + align:start position:0% +uh theatrical productions and he devoted + + + align:start position:0% +uh theatrical productions and he devoted +his life to that + + align:start position:0% +his life to that + + + align:start position:0% +his life to that +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +still does he's never made much money + + align:start position:0% +still does he's never made much money + + + align:start position:0% +still does he's never made much money +but he never cared about that + + align:start position:0% +but he never cared about that + + + align:start position:0% +but he never cared about that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +he what he cared about was + + align:start position:0% +he what he cared about was + + + align:start position:0% +he what he cared about was +the art form + + align:start position:0% +the art form + + + align:start position:0% +the art form +as something that he needed + + align:start position:0% +as something that he needed + + + align:start position:0% +as something that he needed +not as a luxury but as a necessity + + align:start position:0% +not as a luxury but as a necessity + + + align:start position:0% +not as a luxury but as a necessity +and that's true of many people + + align:start position:0% +and that's true of many people + + + align:start position:0% +and that's true of many people +right that's people who + + align:start position:0% +right that's people who + + + align:start position:0% +right that's people who +are the creators of that art right but + + align:start position:0% +are the creators of that art right but + + + align:start position:0% +are the creators of that art right but +i'm talking about people + + align:start position:0% +i'm talking about people + + + align:start position:0% +i'm talking about people +who are + + align:start position:0% +who are + + + align:start position:0% +who are +purchasing it for what + + align:start position:0% +purchasing it for what + + + align:start position:0% +purchasing it for what +like in a commercial standpoint + + align:start position:0% +like in a commercial standpoint + + + align:start position:0% +like in a commercial standpoint +consumers + + align:start position:0% +consumers + + + align:start position:0% +consumers +um i was referring to that to the + + align:start position:0% +um i was referring to that to the + + + align:start position:0% +um i was referring to that to the +consumer side + + align:start position:0% +consumer side + + + align:start position:0% +consumer side +of art um + + align:start position:0% +of art um + + + align:start position:0% +of art um +but i mean of course people who + + align:start position:0% +but i mean of course people who + + + align:start position:0% +but i mean of course people who +who create art do it because + + align:start position:0% +who create art do it because + + + align:start position:0% +who create art do it because +you know not + + align:start position:0% +you know not + + + align:start position:0% +you know not +not merely because of the + + align:start position:0% +not merely because of the + + + align:start position:0% +not merely because of the +monetary rewards but because of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's called + + align:start position:0% +what's called + + + align:start position:0% +what's called +a consumerist star + + align:start position:0% +a consumerist star + + + align:start position:0% +a consumerist star +and what would be an example of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's an example of consumerism that + + align:start position:0% +what's an example of consumerism that + + + align:start position:0% +what's an example of consumerism that +you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i mentioned commissions of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well there's a great phenomenon in our + + align:start position:0% +well there's a great phenomenon in our + + + align:start position:0% +well there's a great phenomenon in our +age + + align:start position:0% +age + + + align:start position:0% +age +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +is often condemned as being + + align:start position:0% +is often condemned as being + + + align:start position:0% +is often condemned as being +so largely not entirely but largely + + align:start position:0% +so largely not entirely but largely + + + align:start position:0% +so largely not entirely but largely +consumerists + + align:start position:0% +consumerists + + + align:start position:0% +consumerists +it's called television + + align:start position:0% +it's called television + + + align:start position:0% +it's called television +yeah well i mean well currently like the + + align:start position:0% +yeah well i mean well currently like the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well i mean well currently like the +mass media + + align:start position:0% +mass media + + + align:start position:0% +mass media +um which is a form of like television + + align:start position:0% +um which is a form of like television + + + align:start position:0% +um which is a form of like television +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +movie productions and music + + align:start position:0% +movie productions and music + + + align:start position:0% +movie productions and music +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +some music i'm talking about commercial + + align:start position:0% +some music i'm talking about commercial + + + align:start position:0% +some music i'm talking about commercial +music and commercial television and + + align:start position:0% +music and commercial television and + + + align:start position:0% +music and commercial television and +commercial movies not not like for + + align:start position:0% +commercial movies not not like for + + + align:start position:0% +commercial movies not not like for +example independent films which don't + + align:start position:0% +example independent films which don't + + + align:start position:0% +example independent films which don't +make a lot of money but are + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of money but are + + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of money but are +of higher quality than + + align:start position:0% +of higher quality than + + + align:start position:0% +of higher quality than +mass-produced films okay now that + + align:start position:0% +mass-produced films okay now that + + + align:start position:0% +mass-produced films okay now that +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +is worthy of analysis + + align:start position:0% +is worthy of analysis + + + align:start position:0% +is worthy of analysis +in terms of what you mean by higher + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you mean by higher + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you mean by higher +quality what makes one thing higher + + align:start position:0% +quality what makes one thing higher + + + align:start position:0% +quality what makes one thing higher +quality + + align:start position:0% +quality + + + align:start position:0% +quality +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how did you characterize the consumer + + align:start position:0% +how did you characterize the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +how did you characterize the consumer +start + + align:start position:0% +start + + + align:start position:0% +start +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +i guess + + align:start position:0% +i guess + + + align:start position:0% +i guess +consumers would be the big producing + + align:start position:0% +consumers would be the big producing + + + align:start position:0% +consumers would be the big producing +firms that like paid you know huge bucks + + align:start position:0% +firms that like paid you know huge bucks + + + align:start position:0% +firms that like paid you know huge bucks +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +big name actors to come in and + + align:start position:0% +big name actors to come in and + + + align:start position:0% +big name actors to come in and +where do they get the big ones well + + align:start position:0% +where do they get the big ones well + + + align:start position:0% +where do they get the big ones well +that's the thing they're just + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing they're just + + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing they're just +expecting that because they're putting + + align:start position:0% +expecting that because they're putting + + + align:start position:0% +expecting that because they're putting +it on the large market that a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it on the large market that a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it on the large market that a lot of +people will want to come see it for + + align:start position:0% +people will want to come see it for + + + align:start position:0% +people will want to come see it for +those big names so they'll make back all + + align:start position:0% +those big names so they'll make back all + + + align:start position:0% +those big names so they'll make back all +the money they're putting in whereas + + align:start position:0% +the money they're putting in whereas + + + align:start position:0% +the money they're putting in whereas +smaller budget may have more creativity + + align:start position:0% +smaller budget may have more creativity + + + align:start position:0% +smaller budget may have more creativity +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +what i'm saying is why + + align:start position:0% +what i'm saying is why + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm saying is why +where do you get this large market + + align:start position:0% +where do you get this large market + + + align:start position:0% +where do you get this large market +by just being able to publicize and + + align:start position:0% +by just being able to publicize and + + + align:start position:0% +by just being able to publicize and +they're because they have so much money + + align:start position:0% +they're because they have so much money + + + align:start position:0% +they're because they have so much money +their disposal they're + + align:start position:0% +their disposal they're + + + align:start position:0% +their disposal they're +able to you know put so many more + + align:start position:0% +able to you know put so many more + + + align:start position:0% +able to you know put so many more +commercials run such an advertising + + align:start position:0% +commercials run such an advertising + + + align:start position:0% +commercials run such an advertising +campaign for like a year or something + + align:start position:0% +campaign for like a year or something + + + align:start position:0% +campaign for like a year or something +ahead of time and then everyone's all + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time and then everyone's all + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time and then everyone's all +hyped up about it no i'm sure that's + + align:start position:0% +hyped up about it no i'm sure that's + + + align:start position:0% +hyped up about it no i'm sure that's +true and it's relevant to ilse's point + + align:start position:0% +true and it's relevant to ilse's point + + + align:start position:0% +true and it's relevant to ilse's point +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +what motivates all these people to give + + align:start position:0% +what motivates all these people to give + + + align:start position:0% +what motivates all these people to give +the money to the + + align:start position:0% +the money to the + + + align:start position:0% +the money to the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +in responding to the + + align:start position:0% +in responding to the + + + align:start position:0% +in responding to the +theology + + align:start position:0% +theology + + + align:start position:0% +theology +you know what why is it that there are + + align:start position:0% +you know what why is it that there are + + + align:start position:0% +you know what why is it that there are +some productions + + align:start position:0% +some productions + + + align:start position:0% +some productions +uh that have lost + + align:start position:0% +uh that have lost + + + align:start position:0% +uh that have lost +fortunes + + align:start position:0% +fortunes + + + align:start position:0% +fortunes +and others + + align:start position:0% +and others + + + align:start position:0% +and others +that made a great deal of money on very + + align:start position:0% +that made a great deal of money on very + + + align:start position:0% +that made a great deal of money on very +small investment + + align:start position:0% +small investment + + + align:start position:0% +small investment +is something in the motivation of the + + align:start position:0% +is something in the motivation of the + + + align:start position:0% +is something in the motivation of the +audience which is that's what i'm + + align:start position:0% +audience which is that's what i'm + + + align:start position:0% +audience which is that's what i'm +groping for there's got to be a mix + + align:start position:0% +groping for there's got to be a mix + + + align:start position:0% +groping for there's got to be a mix +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +the advertising and then actually having + + align:start position:0% +the advertising and then actually having + + + align:start position:0% +the advertising and then actually having +a product that is creative and good + + align:start position:0% +a product that is creative and good + + + align:start position:0% +a product that is creative and good +and it's easier is it creative + + align:start position:0% +and it's easier is it creative + + + align:start position:0% +and it's easier is it creative +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +that have to be creative it just has to + + align:start position:0% +that have to be creative it just has to + + + align:start position:0% +that have to be creative it just has to +appeal to a certain type of audit + + align:start position:0% +appeal to a certain type of audit + + + align:start position:0% +appeal to a certain type of audit +and that's basically what they're hoping + + align:start position:0% +and that's basically what they're hoping + + + align:start position:0% +and that's basically what they're hoping +on when the investors take the risk to + + align:start position:0% +on when the investors take the risk to + + + align:start position:0% +on when the investors take the risk to +put in their money to make a certain + + align:start position:0% +put in their money to make a certain + + + align:start position:0% +put in their money to make a certain +film + + align:start position:0% +film + + + align:start position:0% +film +they're hoping that the audience will + + align:start position:0% +they're hoping that the audience will + + + align:start position:0% +they're hoping that the audience will +react to that film in in a positive + + align:start position:0% +react to that film in in a positive + + + align:start position:0% +react to that film in in a positive +manner so that they will + + align:start position:0% +manner so that they will + + + align:start position:0% +manner so that they will +they're you know the investor takes that + + align:start position:0% +they're you know the investor takes that + + + align:start position:0% +they're you know the investor takes that +risk and + + align:start position:0% +risk and + + + align:start position:0% +risk and +he hopes that the audience will pay a + + align:start position:0% +he hopes that the audience will pay a + + + align:start position:0% +he hopes that the audience will pay a +lot of money to see that movie + + align:start position:0% +lot of money to see that movie + + + align:start position:0% +lot of money to see that movie +all right more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like what you're talking about is what + + align:start position:0% +like what you're talking about is what + + + align:start position:0% +like what you're talking about is what +motivates someone to go see that film + + align:start position:0% +motivates someone to go see that film + + + align:start position:0% +motivates someone to go see that film +what what + + align:start position:0% +what what + + + align:start position:0% +what what +how is our characterized as good or as + + align:start position:0% +how is our characterized as good or as + + + align:start position:0% +how is our characterized as good or as +bad or + + align:start position:0% +bad or + + + align:start position:0% +bad or +or what is higher quality or lower + + align:start position:0% +or what is higher quality or lower + + + align:start position:0% +or what is higher quality or lower +quality of art well i don't know as + + align:start position:0% +quality of art well i don't know as + + + align:start position:0% +quality of art well i don't know as +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that just depends on on each person and + + align:start position:0% +that just depends on on each person and + + + align:start position:0% +that just depends on on each person and +and their set of values + + align:start position:0% +and their set of values + + + align:start position:0% +and their set of values +in its earlier years it used to be said + + align:start position:0% +in its earlier years it used to be said + + + align:start position:0% +in its earlier years it used to be said +that all hollywood movies not all but + + align:start position:0% +that all hollywood movies not all but + + + align:start position:0% +that all hollywood movies not all but +most hollywood movies + + align:start position:0% +most hollywood movies + + + align:start position:0% +most hollywood movies +were made for 12 year olds + + align:start position:0% +were made for 12 year olds + + + align:start position:0% +were made for 12 year olds +and maybe now the age has gone down + + align:start position:0% +and maybe now the age has gone down + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe now the age has gone down +because there's so much more animation + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much more animation + + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much more animation +and so much greater effect on + + align:start position:0% +and so much greater effect on + + + align:start position:0% +and so much greater effect on +um action films that even little kids + + align:start position:0% +um action films that even little kids + + + align:start position:0% +um action films that even little kids +respond to naturally + + align:start position:0% +respond to naturally + + + align:start position:0% +respond to naturally +it's a question of whether the movie is + + align:start position:0% +it's a question of whether the movie is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a question of whether the movie is +made in accordance with the taste + + align:start position:0% +made in accordance with the taste + + + align:start position:0% +made in accordance with the taste +of a large audience + + align:start position:0% +of a large audience + + + align:start position:0% +of a large audience +that has enough money + + align:start position:0% +that has enough money + + + align:start position:0% +that has enough money +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +buy the product + + align:start position:0% +buy the product + + + align:start position:0% +buy the product +and that will vary for society society + + align:start position:0% +and that will vary for society society + + + align:start position:0% +and that will vary for society society +and time to time + + align:start position:0% +and time to time + + + align:start position:0% +and time to time +but the consumerist art would always be + + align:start position:0% +but the consumerist art would always be + + + align:start position:0% +but the consumerist art would always be +geared + + align:start position:0% +geared + + + align:start position:0% +geared +to what + + align:start position:0% +to what + + + align:start position:0% +to what +is thought to be the mentality of a + + align:start position:0% +is thought to be the mentality of a + + + align:start position:0% +is thought to be the mentality of a +possible audience + + align:start position:0% +possible audience + + + align:start position:0% +possible audience +of a large scope a large scale right + + align:start position:0% +of a large scope a large scale right + + + align:start position:0% +of a large scope a large scale right +whereas the quality + + align:start position:0% +whereas the quality + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the quality +seems to imply that there are certain + + align:start position:0% +seems to imply that there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +seems to imply that there are certain +standards that somebody at least knows + + align:start position:0% +standards that somebody at least knows + + + align:start position:0% +standards that somebody at least knows +and that's to be + + align:start position:0% +and that's to be + + + align:start position:0% +and that's to be +examined + + align:start position:0% +examined + + + align:start position:0% +examined +which defies that kind of quantitative + + align:start position:0% +which defies that kind of quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +which defies that kind of quantitative +standard + + align:start position:0% +standard + + + align:start position:0% +standard +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +okay now + + align:start position:0% +okay now + + + align:start position:0% +okay now +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how does this fit into your general + + align:start position:0% +how does this fit into your general + + + align:start position:0% +how does this fit into your general +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say + + align:start position:0% +let's say + + + align:start position:0% +let's say +we've clarified things to that extent + + align:start position:0% +we've clarified things to that extent + + + align:start position:0% +we've clarified things to that extent +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +is this related to adam smith in some + + align:start position:0% +is this related to adam smith in some + + + align:start position:0% +is this related to adam smith in some +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +to the idea of western capitalism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +yeah it is because + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is because + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is because +in the end it ties back to + + align:start position:0% +in the end it ties back to + + + align:start position:0% +in the end it ties back to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +idea of self-interest + + align:start position:0% +idea of self-interest + + + align:start position:0% +idea of self-interest +by the part of the people who are + + align:start position:0% +by the part of the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +by the part of the people who are +creating that mass art + + align:start position:0% +creating that mass art + + + align:start position:0% +creating that mass art +to solve and it is in their + + align:start position:0% +to solve and it is in their + + + align:start position:0% +to solve and it is in their +self-interest that they are creating + + align:start position:0% +self-interest that they are creating + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest that they are creating +this this + + align:start position:0% +this this + + + align:start position:0% +this this +production but at the same time + + align:start position:0% +production but at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +production but at the same time +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the way that the invisible hand works i + + align:start position:0% +the way that the invisible hand works i + + + align:start position:0% +the way that the invisible hand works i +guess they are also creating jobs and + + align:start position:0% +guess they are also creating jobs and + + + align:start position:0% +guess they are also creating jobs and +stimulating the economy + + align:start position:0% +stimulating the economy + + + align:start position:0% +stimulating the economy +in a certain way + + align:start position:0% +in a certain way + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain way +and what what is the creativity that + + align:start position:0% +and what what is the creativity that + + + align:start position:0% +and what what is the creativity that +goes into this + + align:start position:0% +goes into this + + + align:start position:0% +goes into this +the creativity that goes into it well + + align:start position:0% +the creativity that goes into it well + + + align:start position:0% +the creativity that goes into it well +well if we're talking about art + + align:start position:0% +well if we're talking about art + + + align:start position:0% +well if we're talking about art +i mean art is + + align:start position:0% +i mean art is + + + align:start position:0% +i mean art is +by nature creative + + align:start position:0% +by nature creative + + + align:start position:0% +by nature creative +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +i guess + + align:start position:0% +i guess + + + align:start position:0% +i guess +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +the consumers start may not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very derivative from what everybody does + + align:start position:0% +very derivative from what everybody does + + + align:start position:0% +very derivative from what everybody does +except that + + align:start position:0% +except that + + + align:start position:0% +except that +it has a way of + + align:start position:0% +it has a way of + + + align:start position:0% +it has a way of +promoting itself better + + align:start position:0% +promoting itself better + + + align:start position:0% +promoting itself better +the creativity comes in the advertising + + align:start position:0% +the creativity comes in the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +the creativity comes in the advertising +well that's real plus the argument + + align:start position:0% +well that's real plus the argument + + + align:start position:0% +well that's real plus the argument +the actors are in a sense creative and + + align:start position:0% +the actors are in a sense creative and + + + align:start position:0% +the actors are in a sense creative and +the way that they might portray the + + align:start position:0% +the way that they might portray the + + + align:start position:0% +the way that they might portray the +characters + + align:start position:0% +characters + + + align:start position:0% +characters +um maybe not really creative but + + align:start position:0% +um maybe not really creative but + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe not really creative but +songwise and + + align:start position:0% +songwise and + + + align:start position:0% +songwise and +also i mean i think just the idea and + + align:start position:0% +also i mean i think just the idea and + + + align:start position:0% +also i mean i think just the idea and +the innovations that they put into the + + align:start position:0% +the innovations that they put into the + + + align:start position:0% +the innovations that they put into the +work and also just the + + align:start position:0% +work and also just the + + + align:start position:0% +work and also just the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +market that they're creating + + align:start position:0% +market that they're creating + + + align:start position:0% +market that they're creating +is creative and the way that they look + + align:start position:0% +is creative and the way that they look + + + align:start position:0% +is creative and the way that they look +for new ways to make money + + align:start position:0% +for new ways to make money + + + align:start position:0% +for new ways to make money +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i think uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i think there's even clear of a driving + + align:start position:0% +i think there's even clear of a driving + + + align:start position:0% +i think there's even clear of a driving +force i mean for greed if you look at + + align:start position:0% +force i mean for greed if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +force i mean for greed if you look at +like technological innovation the + + align:start position:0% +like technological innovation the + + + align:start position:0% +like technological innovation the +creativity that goes into that because + + align:start position:0% +creativity that goes into that because + + + align:start position:0% +creativity that goes into that because +you see like um almost every major war + + align:start position:0% +you see like um almost every major war + + + align:start position:0% +you see like um almost every major war +creates + + align:start position:0% +creates + + + align:start position:0% +creates +like all these new technologies and it's + + align:start position:0% +like all these new technologies and it's + + + align:start position:0% +like all these new technologies and it's +all based on self-interest and greed by + + align:start position:0% +all based on self-interest and greed by + + + align:start position:0% +all based on self-interest and greed by +some party that caused the war + + align:start position:0% +some party that caused the war + + + align:start position:0% +some party that caused the war +and and i think that's a much clearer + + align:start position:0% +and and i think that's a much clearer + + + align:start position:0% +and and i think that's a much clearer +analogy than the art because there's + + align:start position:0% +analogy than the art because there's + + + align:start position:0% +analogy than the art because there's +always some people who want to do art + + align:start position:0% +always some people who want to do art + + + align:start position:0% +always some people who want to do art +for the sake of art because they like + + align:start position:0% +for the sake of art because they like + + + align:start position:0% +for the sake of art because they like +being creative and it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +being creative and it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +being creative and it's not necessarily +driven by money + + align:start position:0% +driven by money + + + align:start position:0% +driven by money +so that's pretty clear + + align:start position:0% +so that's pretty clear + + + align:start position:0% +so that's pretty clear +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's start from different angles + + align:start position:0% +let's start from different angles + + + align:start position:0% +let's start from different angles +let's say that you're + + align:start position:0% +let's say that you're + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that you're +a hollywood mogul + + align:start position:0% +a hollywood mogul + + + align:start position:0% +a hollywood mogul +you're the head of a studio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +tell the world is we want to make the + + align:start position:0% +tell the world is we want to make the + + + align:start position:0% +tell the world is we want to make the +best possible movies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +not just in money we're interested + + align:start position:0% +not just in money we're interested + + + align:start position:0% +not just in money we're interested +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +high quality + + align:start position:0% +high quality + + + align:start position:0% +high quality +we want to make works of art right + + align:start position:0% +we want to make works of art right + + + align:start position:0% +we want to make works of art right +but we also want to make + + align:start position:0% +but we also want to make + + + align:start position:0% +but we also want to make +uh profits for our investors + + align:start position:0% +uh profits for our investors + + + align:start position:0% +uh profits for our investors +and for our instantly themselves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say + + align:start position:0% +let's say + + + align:start position:0% +let's say +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +there is a + + align:start position:0% +there is a + + + align:start position:0% +there is a +film that comes a possible + + align:start position:0% +film that comes a possible + + + align:start position:0% +film that comes a possible +movie + + align:start position:0% +movie + + + align:start position:0% +movie +that is being considered + + align:start position:0% +that is being considered + + + align:start position:0% +that is being considered +and you say to one of these great moguls + + align:start position:0% +and you say to one of these great moguls + + + align:start position:0% +and you say to one of these great moguls +look + + align:start position:0% +look + + + align:start position:0% +look +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is not a movie that will make much money + + align:start position:0% +is not a movie that will make much money + + + align:start position:0% +is not a movie that will make much money +because there isn't a large audience + + align:start position:0% +because there isn't a large audience + + + align:start position:0% +because there isn't a large audience +that's interested in this + + align:start position:0% +that's interested in this + + + align:start position:0% +that's interested in this +but the studio ought to make it + + align:start position:0% +but the studio ought to make it + + + align:start position:0% +but the studio ought to make it +out of devotion to artistic standards + + align:start position:0% +out of devotion to artistic standards + + + align:start position:0% +out of devotion to artistic standards +moral standards political standards god + + align:start position:0% +moral standards political standards god + + + align:start position:0% +moral standards political standards god +knows what uh that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bring about a quality big picture rather + + align:start position:0% +bring about a quality big picture rather + + + align:start position:0% +bring about a quality big picture rather +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +base and voter movie + + align:start position:0% +base and voter movie + + + align:start position:0% +base and voter movie +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the mogul going to say well we + + align:start position:0% +what's the mogul going to say well we + + + align:start position:0% +what's the mogul going to say well we +would like to + + align:start position:0% +would like to + + + align:start position:0% +would like to +not be base we want to do quality but we + + align:start position:0% +not be base we want to do quality but we + + + align:start position:0% +not be base we want to do quality but we +also want to make a lot of money + + align:start position:0% +also want to make a lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +also want to make a lot of money +so how do how is it to be adjudicated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well one way of adjudicating it is to + + align:start position:0% +well one way of adjudicating it is to + + + align:start position:0% +well one way of adjudicating it is to +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +this is a democratic country + + align:start position:0% +this is a democratic country + + + align:start position:0% +this is a democratic country +nobody has the right to force anything + + align:start position:0% +nobody has the right to force anything + + + align:start position:0% +nobody has the right to force anything +of that sort upon + + align:start position:0% +of that sort upon + + + align:start position:0% +of that sort upon +the general public + + align:start position:0% +the general public + + + align:start position:0% +the general public +you know it isn't as if we're in nazi + + align:start position:0% +you know it isn't as if we're in nazi + + + align:start position:0% +you know it isn't as if we're in nazi +germany they a good example of a + + align:start position:0% +germany they a good example of a + + + align:start position:0% +germany they a good example of a +non-democratic country so not the only + + align:start position:0% +non-democratic country so not the only + + + align:start position:0% +non-democratic country so not the only +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +government people running the country + + align:start position:0% +government people running the country + + + align:start position:0% +government people running the country +because they have + + align:start position:0% +because they have + + + align:start position:0% +because they have +got the power and military control + + align:start position:0% +got the power and military control + + + align:start position:0% +got the power and military control +have decided that certain things should + + align:start position:0% +have decided that certain things should + + + align:start position:0% +have decided that certain things should +be seen and other things should not be + + align:start position:0% +be seen and other things should not be + + + align:start position:0% +be seen and other things should not be +seen + + align:start position:0% +seen + + + align:start position:0% +seen +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +um we're not like that + + align:start position:0% +um we're not like that + + + align:start position:0% +um we're not like that +what we have to do therefore + + align:start position:0% +what we have to do therefore + + + align:start position:0% +what we have to do therefore +instead of imposing upon the public + + align:start position:0% +instead of imposing upon the public + + + align:start position:0% +instead of imposing upon the public +something it doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +something it doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +something it doesn't want +we've got to do is to respond to what + + align:start position:0% +we've got to do is to respond to what + + + align:start position:0% +we've got to do is to respond to what +the public has indicated it wants + + align:start position:0% +the public has indicated it wants + + + align:start position:0% +the public has indicated it wants +and its response is by buying tickets + + align:start position:0% +and its response is by buying tickets + + + align:start position:0% +and its response is by buying tickets +going to the box office + + align:start position:0% +going to the box office + + + align:start position:0% +going to the box office +so that the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +so that the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +so that the fundamental +principle in our + + align:start position:0% +principle in our + + + align:start position:0% +principle in our +decision making should be + + align:start position:0% +decision making should be + + + align:start position:0% +decision making should be +is this what people want or is it not + + align:start position:0% +is this what people want or is it not + + + align:start position:0% +is this what people want or is it not +what they want + + align:start position:0% +what they want + + + align:start position:0% +what they want +we we have to be passive in that respect + + align:start position:0% +we we have to be passive in that respect + + + align:start position:0% +we we have to be passive in that respect +which had forced culture on anybody + + align:start position:0% +which had forced culture on anybody + + + align:start position:0% +which had forced culture on anybody +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +now this has all sorts of ramifications + + align:start position:0% +now this has all sorts of ramifications + + + align:start position:0% +now this has all sorts of ramifications +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +american society and different + + align:start position:0% +american society and different + + + align:start position:0% +american society and different +democracies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does that throw light on this question + + align:start position:0% +does that throw light on this question + + + align:start position:0% +does that throw light on this question +of creativity + + align:start position:0% +of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +of creativity +the creativity won't be in the quality + + align:start position:0% +the creativity won't be in the quality + + + align:start position:0% +the creativity won't be in the quality +of the work + + align:start position:0% +of the work + + + align:start position:0% +of the work +necessarily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily +it'll be in + + align:start position:0% +it'll be in + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be in +finding out or just having a creative + + align:start position:0% +finding out or just having a creative + + + align:start position:0% +finding out or just having a creative +way of discovering what people want + + align:start position:0% +way of discovering what people want + + + align:start position:0% +way of discovering what people want +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then creatively giving them what they + + align:start position:0% +then creatively giving them what they + + + align:start position:0% +then creatively giving them what they +want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or what do you think about that + + align:start position:0% +or what do you think about that + + + align:start position:0% +or what do you think about that +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +what what would be the creativity that + + align:start position:0% +what what would be the creativity that + + + align:start position:0% +what what would be the creativity that +would go into finding out and giving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and is that the right approach + + align:start position:0% +and is that the right approach + + + align:start position:0% +and is that the right approach +is that are there different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +is that are there different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +is that are there different kinds of +creativity some of which are better than + + align:start position:0% +creativity some of which are better than + + + align:start position:0% +creativity some of which are better than +others + + align:start position:0% +others + + + align:start position:0% +others +and how do we determine what's better + + align:start position:0% +and how do we determine what's better + + + align:start position:0% +and how do we determine what's better +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +in terms of creativity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you don't have to be quick quick on your + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to be quick quick on your + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to be quick quick on your +feet and come up with ready answers + + align:start position:0% +feet and come up with ready answers + + + align:start position:0% +feet and come up with ready answers +but take all the time you want think + + align:start position:0% +but take all the time you want think + + + align:start position:0% +but take all the time you want think +about it ponder it + + align:start position:0% +about it ponder it + + + align:start position:0% +about it ponder it +and the rest of you too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well i mean + + align:start position:0% +okay well i mean + + + align:start position:0% +okay well i mean +the way that they + + align:start position:0% +the way that they + + + align:start position:0% +the way that they +the way that they the + + align:start position:0% +the way that they the + + + align:start position:0% +the way that they the +i think i mean + + align:start position:0% +i think i mean + + + align:start position:0% +i think i mean +they come up with what what um + + align:start position:0% +they come up with what what um + + + align:start position:0% +they come up with what what um +the general + + align:start position:0% +the general + + + align:start position:0% +the general +population would look like + + align:start position:0% +population would look like + + + align:start position:0% +population would look like +is through + + align:start position:0% +is through + + + align:start position:0% +is through +through different um + + align:start position:0% +through different um + + + align:start position:0% +through different um +marketing techniques of or just market + + align:start position:0% +marketing techniques of or just market + + + align:start position:0% +marketing techniques of or just market +studies + + align:start position:0% +studies + + + align:start position:0% +studies +which involve either surveys or the + + align:start position:0% +which involve either surveys or the + + + align:start position:0% +which involve either surveys or the +success of past + + align:start position:0% +success of past + + + align:start position:0% +success of past +works + + align:start position:0% +works + + + align:start position:0% +works +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +um i don't i don't really know + + align:start position:0% +um i don't i don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +um i don't i don't really know +if that's creative + + align:start position:0% +if that's creative + + + align:start position:0% +if that's creative +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +in itself + + align:start position:0% +in itself + + + align:start position:0% +in itself +i don't i don't see how that would tie + + align:start position:0% +i don't i don't see how that would tie + + + align:start position:0% +i don't i don't see how that would tie +into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i mean it could be considered creative + + align:start position:0% +i mean it could be considered creative + + + align:start position:0% +i mean it could be considered creative +once you understand what your target + + align:start position:0% +once you understand what your target + + + align:start position:0% +once you understand what your target +market is and to try to think + + align:start position:0% +market is and to try to think + + + align:start position:0% +market is and to try to think +of what would appeal to that right + + align:start position:0% +of what would appeal to that right + + + align:start position:0% +of what would appeal to that right +audience and then to create ads that + + align:start position:0% +audience and then to create ads that + + + align:start position:0% +audience and then to create ads that +would appeal to them like + + align:start position:0% +would appeal to them like + + + align:start position:0% +would appeal to them like +i think that's where the creativity + + align:start position:0% +i think that's where the creativity + + + align:start position:0% +i think that's where the creativity +comes in but the actual market research + + align:start position:0% +comes in but the actual market research + + + align:start position:0% +comes in but the actual market research +itself is not that creative but + + align:start position:0% +itself is not that creative but + + + align:start position:0% +itself is not that creative but +it's what you do with the information + + align:start position:0% +it's what you do with the information + + + align:start position:0% +it's what you do with the information +you have to have like interesting clips + + align:start position:0% +you have to have like interesting clips + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have like interesting clips +to show when you like if we're talking + + align:start position:0% +to show when you like if we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +to show when you like if we're talking +about a movie when you're advertising + + align:start position:0% +about a movie when you're advertising + + + align:start position:0% +about a movie when you're advertising +for that you put out like a trailer + + align:start position:0% +for that you put out like a trailer + + + align:start position:0% +for that you put out like a trailer +which has like selected parts from the + + align:start position:0% +which has like selected parts from the + + + align:start position:0% +which has like selected parts from the +movie and it's not always like in the + + align:start position:0% +movie and it's not always like in the + + + align:start position:0% +movie and it's not always like in the +same order like chronologically that + + align:start position:0% +same order like chronologically that + + + align:start position:0% +same order like chronologically that +happens so there's a creative process + + align:start position:0% +happens so there's a creative process + + + align:start position:0% +happens so there's a creative process +that goes into making the trailer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +that could be where + + align:start position:0% +that could be where + + + align:start position:0% +that could be where +since you seem kind of confused about + + align:start position:0% +since you seem kind of confused about + + + align:start position:0% +since you seem kind of confused about +where the creative aspect comes in i + + align:start position:0% +where the creative aspect comes in i + + + align:start position:0% +where the creative aspect comes in i +think that's + + align:start position:0% +think that's + + + align:start position:0% +think that's +the main + + align:start position:0% +the main + + + align:start position:0% +the main +area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +what i'm trying to to figure it out is + + align:start position:0% +what i'm trying to to figure it out is + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm trying to to figure it out is +where in all this + + align:start position:0% +where in all this + + + align:start position:0% +where in all this +creativity lies + + align:start position:0% +creativity lies + + + align:start position:0% +creativity lies +wherein all this + + align:start position:0% +wherein all this + + + align:start position:0% +wherein all this +the nature of human feelings + + align:start position:0% +the nature of human feelings + + + align:start 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true +earlier because it was like + + align:start position:0% +earlier because it was like + + + align:start position:0% +earlier because it was like +often religiously based + + align:start position:0% +often religiously based + + + align:start position:0% +often religiously based +like a lot of the artwork like paintings + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of the artwork like paintings + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of the artwork like paintings +and stuff that they did or right i was + + align:start position:0% +and stuff that they did or right i was + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff that they did or right i was +talking about artwork + + align:start position:0% +talking about artwork + + + align:start position:0% +talking about artwork +like for example uh certain kings and + + align:start position:0% +like for example uh certain kings and + + + align:start position:0% +like for example uh certain kings and +countries like england and austria uh + + 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the commissions did come like + + + align:start position:0% +like the commissions did come like +partially from the church + + align:start position:0% +partially from the church + + + align:start position:0% +partially from the church +partially from the state and uh + + align:start position:0% +partially from the state and uh + + + align:start position:0% +partially from the state and uh +sometimes both when like the church and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes both when like the church and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes both when like the church and +the state were like together + + align:start position:0% +the state were like together + + + align:start position:0% +the state were like together +or when the state was just trying to + + align:start position:0% +or when the state was just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +or when the state was just trying to +please the church + + align:start position:0% +please the church + + + align:start position:0% +please the church +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +but and the church itself was a large + + align:start position:0% +but and the church itself was a large + + + align:start position:0% +but and the church itself was a large +uh group of money since no yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh group of money since no yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh group of money since no yeah +definitely + + align:start position:0% +definitely + + + align:start position:0% +definitely +but the church is a good example because + + align:start position:0% +but the church is a good example because + + + align:start position:0% +but the church is a good example because +church + + align:start position:0% +church + + + align:start position:0% +church +throughout western civilization + + align:start position:0% +throughout western civilization + + + align:start position:0% +throughout western civilization +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + 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in the movies um dancing + + + align:start position:0% +television or in the movies um dancing +of a sort that somehow seemed + + align:start position:0% +of a sort that somehow seemed + + + align:start position:0% +of a sort that somehow seemed +to be inappropriate for human + + align:start position:0% +to be inappropriate for human + + + align:start position:0% +to be inappropriate for human +relationships + + align:start position:0% +relationships + + + align:start position:0% +relationships +a discussion on possibly + + align:start position:0% +a discussion on possibly + + + align:start position:0% +a discussion on possibly +subtle approval + + align:start position:0% +subtle approval + + + align:start position:0% +subtle approval +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +relationships between people + + align:start position:0% +relationships between people + + + align:start position:0% +relationships between people +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +the taliban and the ruling + + align:start position:0% +the taliban and the ruling + + + align:start position:0% +the taliban and the ruling +clerics + + align:start position:0% +clerics + + + align:start position:0% +clerics +consider to be evil or sinful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the hatred for america comes out of + + align:start position:0% +and the hatred for america comes out of + + + align:start position:0% +and the hatred for america comes out of +the feeling that everything + + align:start position:0% +the feeling that everything + + + align:start position:0% +the feeling that everything +you can america you do whatever you want + + align:start position:0% +you can america you do whatever you want + + + align:start position:0% +you can america you do whatever you want +there's no concern of a right or wrong + + align:start position:0% +there's no concern of a right or wrong + + + align:start position:0% +there's no concern of a right or wrong +because we get enough enough people want + + align:start position:0% +because we get enough enough people want + + + align:start position:0% +because we get enough enough people want +something that is simpler and evil + + align:start position:0% +something that is simpler and evil + + + align:start position:0% +something that is simpler and evil +then it will come into existence because + + align:start position:0% +then it will come into existence because + + + align:start position:0% +then it will come into existence because +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +is the only thing + + align:start position:0% +is the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +is the only thing +that makes the ultimate decision + + align:start position:0% +that makes the ultimate decision + + + align:start position:0% +that makes the ultimate decision +and that also leads to + + align:start position:0% +and that also leads to + + + align:start position:0% +and that also leads to +consumerism in the sense of being + + align:start position:0% +consumerism in the sense of being + + + align:start position:0% +consumerism in the sense of being +dependent on + + align:start position:0% +dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +dependent on +the interact any idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +the interact any idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +the interact any idiosyncratic +tastes of a large enough number of + + align:start position:0% +tastes of a large enough number of + + + align:start position:0% +tastes of a large enough number of +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +so would be on that view it's a little + + align:start position:0% +so would be on that view it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +so would be on that view it's a little +like trying to decide + + align:start position:0% +like trying to decide + + + 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align:start position:0% +with +food that isn't good for them but the + + align:start position:0% +food that isn't good for them but the + + + align:start position:0% +food that isn't good for them but the +adults know better + + align:start position:0% +adults know better + + + align:start position:0% +adults know better +and so they can't allow the children and + + align:start position:0% +and so they can't allow the children and + + + align:start position:0% +and so they can't allow the children and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +view of the clerics would be rarely + + align:start position:0% +view of the clerics would be rarely + + + align:start position:0% +view of the clerics would be rarely +equivalent to the adults + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the adults + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the adults +and in america + + align:start position:0% +and in america + + + align:start position:0% +and in america +the children run everything because + + align:start position:0% +the children run everything because + + + align:start position:0% +the children run everything because +they're only gratifying their own + + align:start position:0% +they're only gratifying their own + + + align:start position:0% +they're only gratifying their own +personal taste + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now where's + + align:start position:0% +now where's + + + align:start position:0% +now where's +creativity going to come into your world + + align:start position:0% +creativity going to come into your world + + + align:start position:0% +creativity going to come into your world +it seems like creativity might almost be + + align:start position:0% +it seems like creativity might almost be + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like creativity might almost be +sir + + align:start position:0% +sir + + + align:start position:0% +sir +creativity might come in where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you described it as uh you described the + + align:start position:0% +you described it as uh you described the + + + align:start position:0% +you described it as uh you described the +taste of the public as idiosyncratic it + + align:start position:0% +taste of the public as idiosyncratic it + + + align:start position:0% +taste of the public as idiosyncratic it +might be that the creator person + + align:start position:0% +might be that the creator person + + + align:start position:0% +might be that the creator person +is the one who + + align:start position:0% +is the one who + + + align:start position:0% +is the one who +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh deciphers + + align:start position:0% +uh deciphers + + + align:start position:0% +uh deciphers +almost + + align:start position:0% +almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost +our taste + + align:start position:0% +our taste + + + align:start position:0% +our taste +to make it appear less arbitrary well it + + align:start position:0% +to make it appear less arbitrary well it + + + align:start position:0% +to make it appear less arbitrary well it +appears arbitrary when we + + align:start position:0% +appears arbitrary when we + + + align:start position:0% +appears arbitrary when we +want to consume but the creative person + + align:start position:0% +want to consume but the creative person + + + align:start position:0% +want to consume but the creative person +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +business whatever business will be the + + align:start position:0% +business whatever business will be the + + + align:start position:0% +business whatever business will be the +one to see a pattern somehow + + align:start position:0% +one to see a pattern somehow + + + align:start position:0% +one to see a pattern somehow +and exploit that for profit + + align:start 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remember exactly +the motto but i remember using um + + align:start position:0% +the motto but i remember using um + + + align:start position:0% +the motto but i remember using um +panasonic using that slowly a little i + + align:start position:0% +panasonic using that slowly a little i + + + align:start position:0% +panasonic using that slowly a little i +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +a little ahead of the times right + + align:start position:0% +a little ahead of the times right + + + align:start position:0% +a little ahead of the times right +sometimes i remember the first time i + + align:start position:0% +sometimes i remember the first time i + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes i remember the first time i +saw that + + align:start position:0% +saw that + + + align:start position:0% +saw that +it was about 35 years ago + + align:start position:0% +it was about 35 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +it was about 35 years 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are not going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +people are not going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +people are not going to be able to +understand what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +understand what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +understand what you're doing +if you're + + align:start position:0% +if you're + + + align:start position:0% +if you're +not ahead of the times + + align:start position:0% +not ahead of the times + + + align:start position:0% +not ahead of the times +then you won't be + + align:start position:0% +then you won't be + + + align:start position:0% +then you won't be +able to survive competitively because + + align:start position:0% +able to survive competitively because + + + align:start position:0% +able to survive competitively because +everybody else will be obvious to + + align:start position:0% +everybody else will be obvious to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else will be obvious to +everybody else what to do and everyone + + align:start position:0% +everybody else what to do and everyone + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else what to do and everyone +will be able to do it if you're a little + + align:start position:0% +will be able to do it if you're a little + + + align:start position:0% +will be able to do it if you're a little +ahead of your times + + align:start position:0% +ahead of your times + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of your times +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +you can do something that will benefit + + align:start position:0% +you can do something that will benefit + + + align:start position:0% +you can do something that will benefit +people in the present + + align:start position:0% +people in the present + + + align:start position:0% +people in the present +and yet give them something new that + + align:start position:0% +and yet give them something new that + + + align:start position:0% +and yet give them something new that +they'll + + align:start position:0% +they'll + + + align:start position:0% +they'll +spend their money for and that will + + align:start position:0% +spend their money for and that will + + + align:start position:0% +spend their money for and that will +protect you against the competitors who + + align:start position:0% +protect you against the competitors who + + + align:start position:0% +protect you against the competitors who +are also limited in their imagination + + align:start position:0% +are also limited in their imagination + + + align:start position:0% +are also limited in their imagination +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +creativity then comes in + + align:start position:0% +creativity then comes in + + + align:start position:0% +creativity then comes in +being a little ahead of the mentality of + + align:start position:0% +being a little ahead of the mentality of + + + align:start position:0% +being a little ahead of the mentality of +the marketplace + + align:start position:0% +the marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +the marketplace +not too much + + align:start position:0% +not too much + + + align:start position:0% +not too much +because then you won't understand that + + align:start position:0% +because then you won't understand that + + + align:start position:0% +because then you won't understand that +mentality + + align:start position:0% +mentality + + + align:start position:0% +mentality +and not too slow because you then either + + align:start position:0% +and not too slow because you then either + + + align:start position:0% +and not too slow because you then either +won't be able to satisfy it or they + + align:start position:0% +won't be able to satisfy it or they + + + align:start position:0% +won't be able to satisfy it or they +won't realize that you're worthy of + + align:start position:0% +won't realize that you're worthy of + + + align:start position:0% 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align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the taliban um + + align:start position:0% +the taliban um + + + align:start position:0% +the taliban um +would be so far ahead of the population + + align:start position:0% +would be so far ahead of the population + + + align:start position:0% +would be so far ahead of the population +that it would have to coerce them to do + + align:start position:0% +that it would have to coerce them to do + + + align:start position:0% +that it would have to coerce them to do +what the taliban considered to be good + + align:start position:0% +what the taliban considered to be good + + + align:start position:0% +what the taliban considered to be good +for them + + align:start position:0% +for them + + + align:start position:0% +for them +and the motivation with the + + align:start position:0% +and the motivation with the + + + align:start position:0% +and the motivation with the +justification would be + + align:start position:0% +justification would be + + + align:start position:0% +justification would be +it's the way we it's what we all do for + + align:start position:0% +it's the way we it's what we all do for + + + align:start position:0% +it's the way we it's what we all do for +children nobody lets + + align:start position:0% +children nobody lets + + + align:start position:0% +children nobody lets +children eat + + align:start position:0% +children eat + + + align:start position:0% +children eat +anything they want + + align:start position:0% +anything they want + + + align:start position:0% +anything they want +they have to be + + align:start position:0% +they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +they have to be +trained + + align:start position:0% +trained + + + align:start position:0% +trained +and educated to do the right thing + + align:start position:0% +and educated to do the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +and educated to do the right thing +personally and in relation to others + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so then there are other groups in the + + align:start position:0% +so then there are other groups in the + + + align:start position:0% +so then there are other groups in the +world that think that there + + align:start position:0% +world that think that there + + + align:start position:0% +world that think that there +they can teach the values better so of + + align:start position:0% +they can teach the values better so of + + + align:start position:0% +they can teach the values better so of +course the u.s swoops in like we did and + + align:start position:0% +course the u.s swoops in like we did and + + + align:start position:0% +course the u.s swoops in like we did and +replaces their government and has them + + align:start position:0% +replaces their government and has them + + + align:start position:0% +replaces their government and has them +has another + + align:start position:0% +has another + + + align:start position:0% +has another +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know dictator in there another set + + align:start position:0% +you know dictator in there another set + + + align:start position:0% +you know dictator in there another set +of rules + + align:start position:0% +of rules + + + align:start position:0% +of rules +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +trying to the problem for creativity + + align:start position:0% +trying to the problem for creativity + + + align:start position:0% +trying to the problem for creativity +then is to know + + align:start position:0% +then is to know + + + align:start position:0% +then is to know +how to be + + align:start position:0% +how to be + + + align:start position:0% +how to be +sufficiently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +adjustable to the new circumstances + + align:start position:0% +adjustable to the new circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +adjustable to the new circumstances +so that you aren't seen as just an + + align:start position:0% +so that you aren't seen as just an + + + align:start position:0% +so that you aren't seen as just an +invader an occupier + + align:start position:0% +invader an occupier + + + align:start position:0% +invader an occupier +but somebody who understands the depths + + align:start position:0% +but somebody who understands the depths + + + align:start position:0% +but somebody who understands the depths +of their minds and that's very hard and + + align:start position:0% +of their minds and that's very hard and + + + align:start position:0% +of their minds and that's very hard and +that's very challenging and that's i + + align:start position:0% +that's very challenging and that's i + + + align:start position:0% +that's very challenging and that's i +think the reason why america is having + + align:start position:0% +think the reason why america is having + + + align:start position:0% +think the reason why america is having +so much trouble in the middle east now + + align:start position:0% +so much trouble in the middle east now + + + align:start position:0% +so much trouble in the middle east now +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +it something for which + + align:start position:0% +it something for which + + + align:start position:0% +it something for which +the makers were never prepared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's go back to wilson + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this class is not to + + align:start position:0% +this class is not to + + + align:start position:0% +this class is not to +destroy your creativity and prevent you + + align:start position:0% +destroy your creativity and prevent you + + + align:start position:0% +destroy your creativity and prevent you +from writing anything that you had in + + align:start position:0% +from writing anything that you had in + + + align:start position:0% +from writing anything that you had in +mind + + align:start position:0% +mind + + + align:start position:0% +mind +but in the pages that you're reading + + align:start position:0% +but in the pages that you're reading + + + align:start position:0% +but in the pages that you're reading +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +where did where does it go + + align:start position:0% +where did where does it go + + + align:start position:0% +where did where does it go +and what are the later pages what do + + align:start position:0% +and what are the later pages what do + + + align:start position:0% +and what are the later pages what do +they do + + align:start position:0% +they do + + + align:start position:0% +they do +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it's mostly just talking about + + align:start position:0% +it's mostly just talking about + + + align:start position:0% +it's mostly just talking about +uh fine arts and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +and they're funny and the effects on + + align:start position:0% +and they're funny and the effects on + + + align:start position:0% +and they're funny and the effects on +different economies + + align:start position:0% +different economies + + + align:start position:0% +different economies +in america and global economies in terms + + align:start position:0% +in america and global economies in terms + + + align:start position:0% +in america and global economies in terms +of support level numbers + + align:start position:0% +of support level numbers + + + align:start position:0% +of support level numbers +it's just it's just numbers statistics + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's just numbers statistics + + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's just numbers statistics +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh it's not + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not +it's not really i wasn't planning on + + align:start position:0% +it's not really i wasn't planning on + + + align:start position:0% +it's not really i wasn't planning on +including it in my paper exactly the way + + align:start position:0% +including it in my paper exactly the way + + + align:start position:0% +including it in my paper exactly the way +it is now it's just um + + align:start position:0% +it is now it's just um + + + align:start position:0% +it is now it's just um +stuff that i i used for research to know + + align:start position:0% +stuff that i i used for research to know + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that i i used for research to know +more about the subject but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +more about the subject but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +more about the subject but it doesn't +seem like i could incorporate it into + + align:start position:0% +seem like i could incorporate it into + + + align:start position:0% +seem like i could incorporate it into +anything well no no this is what you are + + align:start position:0% +anything well no no this is what you are + + + align:start position:0% +anything well no no this is what you are +interested in + + align:start position:0% +interested in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in +and your major is in management + + align:start position:0% +and your major is in management + + + align:start position:0% +and your major is in management +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one question would be + + align:start position:0% +one question would be + + + align:start position:0% +one question would be +what would + + align:start position:0% +what would + + + align:start position:0% +what would +creative investment be like what would + + align:start position:0% +creative investment be like what would + + + align:start position:0% +creative investment be like what would +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +creativeness in + + align:start position:0% +creativeness in + + + align:start position:0% +creativeness in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +starting of capitalist ventures + + align:start position:0% +starting of capitalist ventures + + + align:start position:0% +starting of capitalist ventures +be like right well that's originally + + align:start position:0% +be like right well that's originally + + + align:start position:0% +be like right well that's originally +where i got the idf one because + + align:start position:0% +where i got the idf one because + + + align:start position:0% +where i got the idf one because +i don't um + + align:start position:0% +i don't um + + + align:start position:0% +i don't um +well for example um the entrepreneurs + + align:start position:0% +well for example um the entrepreneurs + + + align:start position:0% +well for example um the entrepreneurs +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +job is basically to seek + + align:start position:0% +job is basically to seek + + + align:start position:0% +job is basically to seek +an idea + + align:start position:0% +an idea + + + align:start position:0% +an idea +something that + + align:start position:0% +something that + + + align:start position:0% +something that +seems useful uh practical enough and + + align:start position:0% +seems useful uh practical enough and + + + align:start position:0% +seems useful uh practical enough and +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +sell + + align:start position:0% +sell + + + align:start position:0% +sell +and that you know innovation and + + align:start position:0% +and that you know innovation and + + + align:start position:0% +and that you know innovation and +creativity is a big part in it because + + align:start position:0% +creativity is a big part in it because + + + align:start position:0% +creativity is a big part in it because +although + + align:start position:0% +although + + + align:start position:0% +although +although + + align:start position:0% +although + + + align:start position:0% +although +sometimes and a lot of times the ideas + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and a lot of times the ideas + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and a lot of times the ideas +that surge + + align:start position:0% +that surge + + + align:start position:0% +that surge +are practical and might seem logical in + + align:start position:0% +are practical and might seem logical in + + + align:start position:0% +are practical and might seem logical in +them they it's just a it's a good idea + + align:start position:0% +them they it's just a it's a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +them they it's just a it's a good idea +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +no one really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +materialized before + + align:start position:0% +materialized before + + + align:start position:0% +materialized before +other times like for example linear the + + align:start position:0% +other times like for example linear the + + + align:start position:0% +other times like for example linear the +new wave of + + align:start position:0% +new wave of + + + align:start position:0% +new wave of +of innovation and of + + align:start position:0% +of innovation and of + + + align:start position:0% +of innovation and of +venture capitalism is biotechnology + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalism is biotechnology + + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalism is biotechnology +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +and just investment on that is really + + align:start position:0% +and just investment on that is really + + + align:start position:0% +and just investment on that is really +bigger + + align:start position:0% +bigger + + + align:start position:0% +bigger +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +i mean that that would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scientific + + align:start position:0% +scientific + + + align:start position:0% +scientific +approaches + + align:start position:0% +approaches + + + align:start position:0% +approaches +not to say that science isn't creative + + align:start position:0% +not to say that science isn't creative + + + align:start position:0% +not to say that science isn't creative +because it is but + + align:start position:0% +because it is but + + + align:start position:0% +because it is but +i don't know i didn't really want to get + + align:start position:0% +i don't know i didn't really want to get + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know i didn't really want to get +a lot into that okay let me try another + + align:start position:0% +a lot into that okay let me try another + + + align:start position:0% +a lot into that okay let me try another +entry no this + + align:start position:0% +entry no this + + + align:start position:0% +entry no this +this isn't + + align:start position:0% +this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't +this is only supposed to + + align:start position:0% +this is only supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +this is only supposed to +stimulate your excuse me your + + align:start position:0% +stimulate your excuse me your + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate your excuse me your +imagination to use in any way you want + + align:start position:0% +imagination to use in any way you want + + + align:start position:0% +imagination to use in any way you want +it's not anything that i'm + + align:start position:0% +it's not anything that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's not anything that i'm +giving us a solution to the problems or + + align:start position:0% +giving us a solution to the problems or + + + align:start position:0% +giving us a solution to the problems or +formulation of the problems + + align:start position:0% +formulation of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +formulation of the problems +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +how many years and about four years ago + + align:start position:0% +how many years and about four years ago + + + align:start position:0% +how many years and about four years ago +i invited the + + align:start position:0% +i invited the + + + align:start position:0% +i invited the +school of humanities got the idea + + align:start position:0% +school of humanities got the idea + + + align:start position:0% +school of humanities got the idea +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +a new creative + + align:start position:0% +a new creative + + + align:start position:0% +a new creative +a new interdisciplinary program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which eventually turned into the program + + align:start position:0% +which eventually turned into the program + + + align:start position:0% +which eventually turned into the program +in comparative media studies + + align:start position:0% +in comparative media studies + + + align:start position:0% +in comparative media studies +all right you're familiar with that + + align:start position:0% +all right you're familiar with that + + + align:start position:0% +all right you're familiar with that +aren't you it's even a + + align:start position:0% +aren't you it's even a + + + align:start position:0% +aren't you it's even a +major now i think right + + align:start position:0% +major now i think right + + + align:start position:0% +major now i think right +and a minor and there are graduate + + align:start position:0% +and a minor and there are graduate + + + align:start position:0% +and a minor and there are graduate +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +and i was so one of the enthusiastic + + align:start position:0% +and i was so one of the enthusiastic + + + align:start position:0% +and i was so one of the enthusiastic +supporters of that because + + align:start position:0% +supporters of that because + + + align:start position:0% +supporters of that because +uh it seemed to me + + align:start position:0% +uh it seemed to me + + + align:start position:0% +uh it seemed to me +interdisciplinary approaches to + + align:start position:0% +interdisciplinary approaches to + + + align:start 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+overlapping with the kind of thing that + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping with the kind of thing that +would be done in the cms program + + align:start position:0% +would be done in the cms program + + + align:start position:0% +would be done in the cms program +and as a matter of fact + + align:start position:0% +and as a matter of fact + + + align:start position:0% +and as a matter of fact +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +donations have come out of that and + + align:start position:0% +donations have come out of that and + + + align:start position:0% +donations have come out of that and +that's affected funding of projects that + + align:start position:0% +that's affected funding of projects that + + + align:start position:0% +that's affected funding of projects that +graduate students do and filters down + + align:start position:0% +graduate students do and filters down + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students do and 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trained as technicians + + align:start position:0% +they're highly trained as technicians + + + align:start position:0% +they're highly trained as technicians +but they haven't read any great + + align:start position:0% +but they haven't read any great + + + align:start position:0% +but they haven't read any great +literature + + align:start position:0% +literature + + + align:start position:0% +literature +they're not aware of the arts + + align:start position:0% +they're not aware of the arts + + + align:start position:0% +they're not aware of the arts +in general they're not + + align:start position:0% +in general they're not + + + align:start position:0% +in general they're not +what you would call a humanist + + align:start position:0% +what you would call a humanist + + + align:start position:0% +what you would call a humanist +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and 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people who +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +have acquired enough training in the + + align:start position:0% +have acquired enough training in the + + + align:start position:0% +have acquired enough training in the +humanities + + align:start position:0% +humanities + + + align:start position:0% +humanities +so that they can come in with new ideas + + align:start position:0% +so that they can come in with new ideas + + + align:start position:0% +so that they can come in with new ideas +good ideas bright ideas + + align:start position:0% +good ideas bright ideas + + + align:start position:0% +good ideas bright ideas +habits of uh + + align:start position:0% +habits of uh + + + align:start position:0% +habits of uh +self-criticism criticism of one another + + align:start position:0% +self-criticism criticism of one another + + + align:start position:0% +self-criticism criticism of one another +and in general emotes of creativity + + align:start 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interested in the nature of +creativity you can be + + align:start position:0% +creativity you can be + + + align:start position:0% +creativity you can be +very creative as a technician + + align:start position:0% +very creative as a technician + + + align:start position:0% +very creative as a technician +as a scientist you know great as + + align:start position:0% +as a scientist you know great as + + + align:start position:0% +as a scientist you know great as +mathematicians great new + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians great new + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians great new +creations that have come out + + align:start position:0% +creations that have come out + + + align:start position:0% +creations that have come out +uh in those fields but the field doesn't + + align:start position:0% +uh in those fields but the field doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh in those fields but the field doesn't +define itself in terms of the nature of + + align:start position:0% +define itself in terms of the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +define itself in terms of the nature of +creativity + + align:start position:0% +creativity + + + align:start position:0% +creativity +it doesn't define itself in terms of + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't define itself in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't define itself in terms of +the play of imagination the way the arts + + align:start position:0% +the play of imagination the way the arts + + + align:start position:0% +the play of imagination the way the arts +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't +seek + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whatever the aesthetic truth whatever + + align:start position:0% +whatever the aesthetic truth whatever + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the aesthetic truth whatever +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +you've read my chapter on that um but + + align:start position:0% +you've read my chapter on that um but + + + align:start position:0% +you've read my chapter on that um but +rather + + align:start position:0% +rather + + + align:start position:0% +rather +scientific truth which presupposes some + + align:start position:0% +scientific truth which presupposes some + + + align:start position:0% +scientific truth which presupposes some +object objective knowledge + + align:start position:0% +object objective knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +object objective knowledge +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +a world out there or if it's psychology + + align:start position:0% +a world out there or if it's psychology + + + align:start position:0% +a world out there or if it's psychology +in us + + align:start position:0% +in us + + + align:start position:0% +in us +rather than + + align:start position:0% +rather than + + + align:start position:0% +rather than +bringing into being something new + + align:start position:0% +bringing into being something new + + + align:start position:0% +bringing into being something new +which is creative and which reveals + + align:start position:0% +which is creative and which reveals + + + align:start position:0% +which is creative and which reveals +values + + align:start position:0% +values + + + align:start position:0% +values +feelings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the attitudes make human beings + + align:start position:0% +the attitudes make human beings + + + align:start position:0% +the attitudes make human beings +different from machines + + align:start position:0% +different from machines + + + align:start position:0% +different from machines +that's what + + align:start position:0% +that's what + + + align:start position:0% +that's what +we want to have in people we hire + + align:start position:0% +we want to have in people we hire + + + align:start position:0% +we want to have in people we hire +that kind of mix + + align:start position:0% +that kind of mix + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of mix +know absolute + + align:start position:0% +know absolute + + + align:start position:0% +know absolute +mastery of the techniques + + align:start position:0% +mastery of the techniques + + + align:start position:0% +mastery of the techniques +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +immersion in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that seemed to be very telling and + + align:start position:0% +and that seemed to be very telling and + + + align:start position:0% +and that seemed to be very telling and +that that was the reason why these + + align:start position:0% +that that was the reason why these + + + align:start position:0% +that that was the reason why these +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +in business were interested in this + + align:start position:0% +in business were interested in this + + + align:start position:0% +in business were interested in this +possible program at mit + + align:start position:0% +possible program at mit + + + align:start position:0% +possible program at mit +now the problem the trouble with that is + + align:start position:0% +now the problem the trouble with that is + + + align:start position:0% +now the problem the trouble with that is +in a sense we know what it is to be + + align:start position:0% +in a sense we know what it is to be + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense we know what it is to be +creative + + align:start position:0% +creative + + + align:start position:0% +creative +in science + + align:start position:0% +in science + + + align:start position:0% +in science +we may not know how to bring it about + + align:start position:0% +we may not know how to bring it about + + + align:start position:0% +we may not know how to bring it about +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +uh einstein said + + align:start position:0% +uh einstein said + + + align:start position:0% +uh einstein said +uh no not i'm saying edison said + + align:start position:0% +uh no not i'm saying edison said + + + align:start position:0% +uh no not i'm saying edison said +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +genius in science + + align:start position:0% +genius in science + + + align:start position:0% +genius in science +is or maybe not innocent but your + + align:start position:0% +is or maybe not innocent but your + + + align:start position:0% +is or maybe not innocent but your +question you will have heard it from + + align:start position:0% +question you will have heard it from + + + align:start position:0% +question you will have heard it from +other sources + + align:start position:0% +other sources + + + align:start position:0% +other sources + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no what nun one percent inspiration and + + align:start position:0% +no what nun one percent inspiration and + + + align:start position:0% +no what nun one percent inspiration and + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +perspiration + + align:start position:0% +perspiration + + + align:start position:0% +perspiration +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +others had said uh creativity + + align:start position:0% +others had said uh creativity + + + align:start position:0% +others had said uh creativity +means learning how + + align:start position:0% +means learning how + + + align:start position:0% +means learning how +to affix + + align:start position:0% +to affix + + + align:start position:0% +to affix +the seat of the pants to the seat of the + + align:start position:0% +the seat of the pants to the seat of the + + + align:start position:0% +the seat of the pants to the seat of the +chair + + align:start position:0% +chair + + + align:start position:0% +chair +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what needs to be known is now what is + + align:start position:0% +what needs to be known is now what is + + + align:start position:0% +what needs to be known is now what is +that one percent of inspiration what + + align:start position:0% +that one percent of inspiration what + + + align:start position:0% +that one percent of inspiration what +does that mean where does that come from + + align:start position:0% +does that mean where does that come from + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean where does that come from +how do we get that + + align:start position:0% +how do we get that + + + align:start position:0% +how do we get that +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh how do you learn how to + + align:start position:0% +uh how do you learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +uh how do you learn how to +sit still while you're being created how + + align:start position:0% +sit still while you're being created how + + + align:start position:0% +sit still while you're being created how +is that going to the the fixing of the + + align:start position:0% +is that going to the the fixing of the + + + align:start position:0% +is that going to the the fixing of the +two because + + align:start position:0% +two because + + + align:start position:0% +two because +uh fix your seat of your pants to the + + align:start position:0% +uh fix your seat of your pants to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh fix your seat of your pants to the +seat of the chair and fall asleep and + + align:start position:0% +seat of the chair and fall asleep and + + + align:start position:0% +seat of the chair and fall asleep and +not do anything + + align:start position:0% +not do anything + + + align:start position:0% +not do anything +so there are these big problems + + align:start position:0% +so there are these big problems + + + align:start position:0% +so there are these big problems +and in general it's hard very hard to + + align:start position:0% +and in general it's hard very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +and in general it's hard very hard to +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +the arts + + align:start position:0% +the arts + + + align:start position:0% +the arts +are creative + + align:start position:0% +are creative + + + align:start position:0% +are creative +how what you know how do you get a + + align:start position:0% +how what you know how do you get a + + + align:start position:0% +how what you know how do you get a +person in the arts to be creative you + + align:start position:0% +person in the arts to be creative you + + + align:start position:0% +person in the arts to be creative you +can imagine how to get people in science + + align:start position:0% +can imagine how to get people in science + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine how to get people in science +you get brilliant people who come up + + align:start position:0% +you get brilliant people who come up + + + align:start position:0% +you get brilliant people who come up +with very interesting scientific ideas + + align:start position:0% +with very interesting scientific ideas + + + align:start position:0% +with very interesting scientific ideas +and can impart them to the young + + align:start position:0% +and can impart them to the young + + + align:start position:0% +and can impart them to the young +and the young sort of + + align:start position:0% +and the young sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and the young sort of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +emulate them + + align:start position:0% +emulate them + + + align:start position:0% +emulate them +but there again emulate them they don't + + align:start position:0% +but there again emulate them they don't + + + align:start position:0% +but there again emulate them they don't +imitate him because then it's not going + + align:start position:0% +imitate him because then it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +imitate him because then it's not going +to be original but then + + align:start position:0% +to be original but then + + + align:start position:0% +to be original but then +you can go a long way towards + + align:start position:0% +you can go a long way towards + + + align:start position:0% +you can go a long way towards +advancing before you have to wonder am i + + align:start position:0% +advancing before you have to wonder am i + + + align:start position:0% +advancing before you have to wonder am i +really being creative well that's in art + + align:start position:0% +really being creative well that's in art + + + align:start position:0% +really being creative well that's in art +it's right at the beginning at the basis + + align:start position:0% +it's right at the beginning at the basis + + + align:start position:0% +it's right at the beginning at the basis +of it in a sense the principle + + align:start position:0% +of it in a sense the principle + + + align:start position:0% +of it in a sense the principle +notion in art + + align:start position:0% +notion in art + + + align:start position:0% +notion in art +the nature of imagination and nature of + + align:start position:0% +the nature of imagination and nature of + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of imagination and nature of +creativity + + align:start position:0% +creativity + + + align:start position:0% +creativity +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +how is + + align:start position:0% +how is + + + align:start position:0% +how is +these people came out of business how is + + align:start position:0% +these people came out of business how is + + + align:start position:0% +these people came out of business how is +this helpful + + align:start position:0% +this helpful + + + align:start position:0% +this helpful +for what you want to do + + align:start position:0% +for what you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +for what you want to do +in your paper + + align:start position:0% +in your paper + + + align:start position:0% +in your paper +or if it's not helpful throw it away + + align:start position:0% +or if it's not helpful throw it away + + + align:start position:0% +or if it's not helpful throw it away +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i'm not sure anymore because i don't + + align:start position:0% +i'm not sure anymore because i don't + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not sure anymore because i don't +know where i'm going + + align:start position:0% +know where i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +know where i'm going +if you were a businessman trying to + + align:start position:0% +if you were a businessman trying to + + + align:start position:0% +if you were a businessman trying to +recruit people and were impressed + + align:start position:0% +recruit people and were impressed + + + align:start position:0% +recruit people and were impressed +because they came from mit + + align:start position:0% +because they came from mit + + + align:start position:0% +because they came from mit +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +were part of a program like cms or + + align:start position:0% +were part of a program like cms or + + + align:start position:0% +were part of a program like cms or +distinguish themselves in + + align:start position:0% +distinguish themselves in + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish themselves in +courses in the humanities + + align:start position:0% +courses in the humanities + + + align:start position:0% +courses in the humanities +would you be fooling yourself with is + + align:start position:0% +would you be fooling yourself with is + + + align:start position:0% +would you be fooling yourself with is +that what you need + + align:start position:0% +that what you need + + + align:start position:0% +that what you need +or what you need is + + align:start position:0% +or what you need is + + + align:start position:0% +or what you need is +an oddball + + align:start position:0% +an oddball + + + align:start position:0% +an oddball +like bill gates who dropped out of + + align:start position:0% +like bill gates who dropped out of + + + align:start position:0% +like bill gates who dropped out of +harvard when he was what a junior or a + + align:start position:0% +harvard when he was what a junior or a + + + align:start position:0% +harvard when he was what a junior or a +sophomore or a freshman i can't remember + + align:start position:0% +sophomore or a freshman i can't remember + + + align:start position:0% +sophomore or a freshman i can't remember +and went ahead + + align:start position:0% +and went ahead + + + align:start position:0% +and went ahead +and creatively + + align:start position:0% +and creatively + + + align:start position:0% +and creatively +made himself the richest man in the + + align:start position:0% +made himself the richest man in the + + + align:start position:0% +made himself the richest man in the +world and creatively you know made + + align:start position:0% +world and creatively you know made + + + align:start position:0% +world and creatively you know made +products that warranted as well + + align:start position:0% +products that warranted as well + + + align:start position:0% +products that warranted as well +how does one go about that what + + align:start position:0% +how does one go about that what + + + align:start position:0% +how does one go about that what +what would be the correct procedure to + + align:start position:0% +what would be the correct procedure to + + + align:start position:0% +what would be the correct procedure to +get into your firm + + align:start position:0% +get into your firm + + + align:start position:0% +get into your firm +just the kind of person that you want + + align:start position:0% +just the kind of person that you want + + + align:start position:0% +just the kind of person that you want +and you will call creative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do you have any ideas about that well + + align:start position:0% +do you have any ideas about that well + + + align:start position:0% +do you have any ideas about that well +that's kind of hard to tell you know + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of hard to tell you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of hard to tell you know +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh that's kind of hard to tell how can + + align:start position:0% +uh that's kind of hard to tell how can + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's kind of hard to tell how can +you tell whether someone is going to be + + align:start position:0% +you tell whether someone is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you tell whether someone is going to be +creative or not but there must be + + align:start position:0% +creative or not but there must be + + + align:start position:0% +creative or not but there must be +research you can do looking at it i mean + + align:start position:0% +research you can do looking at it i mean + + + align:start position:0% +research you can do looking at it i mean +teaching of creativity in business + + align:start position:0% +teaching of creativity in business + + + align:start position:0% +teaching of creativity in business +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +right well i mean like and so far as the + + align:start position:0% +right well i mean like and so far as the + + + align:start position:0% +right well i mean like and so far as the +research that i've seen like the case + + align:start position:0% +research that i've seen like the case + + + align:start position:0% +research that i've seen like the case +studies that i've seen the way one of + + align:start position:0% +studies that i've seen the way one of + + + align:start position:0% +studies that i've seen the way one of +the major ways that + + align:start position:0% +the major ways that + + + align:start position:0% +the major ways that +companies + + align:start position:0% +companies + + + align:start position:0% +companies +stimulate their + + align:start position:0% +stimulate their + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate their +their employees to be creative + + align:start position:0% +their employees to be creative + + + align:start position:0% +their employees to be creative +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +for example in certain companies they + + align:start position:0% +for example in certain companies they + + + align:start position:0% +for example in certain companies they +have like looser policies on on work and + + align:start position:0% +have like looser policies on on work and + + + align:start position:0% +have like looser policies on on work and +their employees and + + align:start position:0% +their employees and + + + align:start position:0% +their employees and +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +they stimulate um + + align:start position:0% +they stimulate um + + + align:start position:0% +they stimulate um +certain amounts of conflict + + align:start position:0% +certain amounts of conflict + + + align:start position:0% +certain amounts of conflict +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to have like discussion arise and have + + align:start position:0% +to have like discussion arise and have + + + align:start position:0% +to have like discussion arise and have +them you know try to come up with what + + align:start position:0% +them you know try to come up with what + + + align:start position:0% +them you know try to come up with what +with a new idea how much + + align:start position:0% +with a new idea how much + + + align:start position:0% +with a new idea how much +how much conflict + + align:start position:0% +how much conflict + + + align:start position:0% +how much conflict +no no no very like a certain only enough + + align:start position:0% +no no no very like a certain only enough + + + align:start position:0% +no no no very like a certain only enough +to to start up a discussion but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods for stimulating creativity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in but uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +in but uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +in but uh yeah +but that could work + + align:start position:0% +but that could work + + + align:start position:0% +but that could work +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but i think there is research of action + + align:start position:0% +but i think there is research of action + + + align:start position:0% +but i think there is research of action +being done + + align:start position:0% +being done + + + align:start position:0% +being done +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +psychologists in particular about + + align:start position:0% +psychologists in particular about + + + align:start position:0% +psychologists in particular about +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +ways of stimulating greater creativity + + align:start position:0% +ways of stimulating greater creativity + + + align:start position:0% +ways of stimulating greater creativity +on the part of in business you know it + + align:start position:0% +on the part of in business you know it + + + align:start position:0% +on the part of in business you know it +would be different from art + + align:start position:0% +would be different from art + + + align:start position:0% +would be different from art +yeah and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there may not be any one way of doing it + + align:start position:0% +there may not be any one way of doing it + + + align:start position:0% +there may not be any one way of doing it +but i think + + align:start position:0% +but i think + + + align:start position:0% +but i think +you could do some research along those + + align:start position:0% +you could do some research along those + + + align:start position:0% +you could do some research along those +those lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +there is another way of getting into + + align:start position:0% +there is another way of getting into + + + align:start position:0% +there is another way of getting into +this and that is + + align:start position:0% +this and that is + + + align:start position:0% +this and that is +uh in terms of freudian theories + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of freudian theories + + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of freudian theories +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +repression and sublimation you're all + + align:start position:0% +repression and sublimation you're all + + + align:start position:0% +repression and sublimation you're all +familiar with freud's + + align:start position:0% +familiar with freud's + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with freud's +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +lexicon of + + align:start position:0% +lexicon of + + + align:start position:0% +lexicon of +of psychological forces this + + align:start position:0% +of psychological forces this + + + align:start position:0% +of psychological forces this +season yeah i don't like + + align:start position:0% +season yeah i don't like + + + align:start position:0% +season yeah i don't like +no i don't no i don't either but + + align:start position:0% +no i don't no i don't either but + + + align:start position:0% +no i don't no i don't either but +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +there's a relevance that you'll see in a + + align:start position:0% +there's a relevance that you'll see in a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a relevance that you'll see in a +minute + + align:start position:0% +minute + + + align:start position:0% +minute +uh he has the idea of repression + + align:start position:0% +uh he has the idea of repression + + + align:start position:0% +uh he has the idea of repression +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +and the idea of sublimation + + align:start position:0% +and the idea of sublimation + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea of sublimation +it's based on the general belief + + align:start position:0% +it's based on the general belief + + + align:start position:0% +it's based on the general belief +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +the life force + + align:start position:0% +the life force + + + align:start position:0% +the life force +which comes out of schopener + + align:start position:0% +which comes out of schopener + + + align:start position:0% +which comes out of schopener +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +what he calls libido + + align:start position:0% +what he calls libido + + + align:start position:0% +what he calls libido +and the clearest evidence of libido is + + align:start position:0% +and the clearest evidence of libido is + + + align:start position:0% +and the clearest evidence of libido is +the sex drive + + align:start position:0% +the sex drive + + + align:start position:0% +the sex drive +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +in society + + align:start position:0% +in society + + + align:start position:0% +in society +it's often hard to allow that to get + + align:start position:0% +it's often hard to allow that to get + + + align:start position:0% +it's often hard to allow that to get +free because it can be destructive + + align:start position:0% +free because it can be destructive + + + align:start position:0% +free because it can be destructive +freud's view is destructive of the + + align:start position:0% +freud's view is destructive of the + + + align:start position:0% +freud's view is destructive of the +social order + + align:start position:0% +social order + + + align:start position:0% +social order +so repression is a way of bottling up + + align:start position:0% +so repression is a way of bottling up + + + align:start position:0% +so repression is a way of bottling up +the libido think of it as a kind of + + align:start position:0% +the libido think of it as a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the libido think of it as a kind of +fluid + + align:start position:0% +fluid + + + align:start position:0% +fluid +in a receptacle + + align:start position:0% +in a receptacle + + + align:start position:0% +in a receptacle +and it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's +dynamic it's + + align:start position:0% +dynamic it's + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic it's +outgoing right + + align:start position:0% +outgoing right + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +looking let's say for a member of the + + align:start position:0% +looking let's say for a member of the + + + align:start position:0% +looking let's say for a member of the +opposite sex uh which is programmed by + + align:start position:0% +opposite sex uh which is programmed by + + + align:start position:0% +opposite sex uh which is programmed by +reproductive needs so that the species + + align:start position:0% +reproductive needs so that the species + + + align:start position:0% +reproductive needs so that the species +can continue we're a dimorphic + + align:start position:0% +can continue we're a dimorphic + + + align:start position:0% +can continue we're a dimorphic +species so + + align:start position:0% +species so + + + align:start position:0% +species so +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +males and females who have to + + align:start position:0% +males and females who have to + + + align:start position:0% +males and females who have to +gather for the sake of the next + + align:start position:0% +gather for the sake of the next + + + align:start position:0% +gather for the sake of the next +generation have to be motivated to go + + align:start position:0% +generation have to be motivated to go + + + align:start position:0% +generation have to be motivated to go +act that way + + align:start position:0% +act that way + + + align:start position:0% +act that way +that's the libido as a force + + align:start position:0% +that's the libido as a force + + + align:start position:0% +that's the libido as a force +as a fluid force + + align:start position:0% +as a fluid force + + + align:start position:0% +as a fluid force +but it can be dangerous + + align:start position:0% +but it can be dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +but it can be dangerous +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +society + + align:start position:0% +society + + + align:start position:0% +society +puts it into a kind of closed receptacle + + align:start position:0% +puts it into a kind of closed receptacle + + + align:start position:0% +puts it into a kind of closed receptacle +and represses it + + align:start position:0% +and represses it + + + align:start position:0% +and represses it +in various ways + + align:start position:0% +in various ways + + + align:start position:0% +in various ways +incest is taboo + + align:start position:0% +incest is taboo + + + align:start position:0% +incest is taboo +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +sex with minors is taboo + + align:start position:0% +sex with minors is taboo + + + align:start position:0% +sex with minors is taboo +all kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of things +are taboo + + align:start position:0% +are taboo + + + align:start position:0% +are taboo +or just devoting your life to that is + + align:start position:0% +or just devoting your life to that is + + + align:start position:0% +or just devoting your life to that is +taboo you have to do other things + + align:start position:0% +taboo you have to do other things + + + align:start position:0% +taboo you have to do other things +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +all of those are repressive elements + + align:start position:0% +all of those are repressive elements + + + align:start position:0% +all of those are repressive elements +that society imposes upon the biological + + align:start position:0% +that society imposes upon the biological + + + align:start position:0% +that society imposes upon the biological +force + + align:start position:0% +force + + + align:start position:0% +force +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +eventually eventuates in + + align:start position:0% +eventually eventuates in + + + align:start position:0% +eventually eventuates in +perpetuation to the species + + align:start position:0% +perpetuation to the species + + + align:start position:0% +perpetuation to the species +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +there is also the fact the the + + align:start position:0% +there is also the fact the the + + + align:start position:0% +there is also the fact the the +phenomenon of + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon of + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon of +sublimation + + align:start position:0% +sublimation + + + align:start position:0% +sublimation +and that is that + + align:start position:0% +and that is that + + + align:start position:0% +and that is that +in order for the + + align:start position:0% +in order for the + + + align:start position:0% +in order for the +fluid this + + align:start position:0% +fluid this + + + align:start position:0% +fluid this +highly volatile powerful dynamic fluid + + align:start position:0% +highly volatile powerful dynamic fluid + + + align:start position:0% +highly volatile powerful dynamic fluid +not to explode when there's too much + + align:start position:0% +not to explode when there's too much + + + align:start position:0% +not to explode when there's too much +repression + + align:start position:0% +repression + + + align:start position:0% +repression +right in other words for the individual + + align:start position:0% +right in other words for the individual + + + align:start position:0% +right in other words for the individual +to go insane or to become violent or + + align:start position:0% +to go insane or to become violent or + + + align:start position:0% +to go insane or to become violent or +become criminal um + + align:start position:0% +become criminal um + + + align:start position:0% +become criminal um +there has to be some outlet + + align:start position:0% +there has to be some outlet + + + align:start position:0% +there has to be some outlet +and that's as if there are little + + align:start position:0% +and that's as if there are little + + + align:start position:0% +and that's as if there are little +pinholes in the receptacle + + align:start position:0% +pinholes in the receptacle + + + align:start position:0% +pinholes in the receptacle +that allows the flu to escape + + align:start position:0% +that allows the flu to escape + + + align:start position:0% +that allows the flu to escape +randomly one doesn't never knows just + + align:start position:0% +randomly one doesn't never knows just + + + align:start position:0% +randomly one doesn't never knows just +how but you might try to control it + + align:start position:0% +how but you might try to control it + + + align:start position:0% +how but you might try to control it +so you allow + + align:start position:0% +so you allow + + + align:start position:0% +so you allow +movies that have sex in it + + align:start position:0% +movies that have sex in it + + + align:start position:0% +movies that have sex in it +uh has a motive of sublimation then how + + align:start position:0% +uh has a motive of sublimation then how + + + align:start position:0% +uh has a motive of sublimation then how +much sex what kind of sex + + align:start position:0% +much sex what kind of sex + + + align:start position:0% +much sex what kind of sex +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in the 30s there was a censorship that + + align:start position:0% +in the 30s there was a censorship that + + + align:start position:0% +in the 30s there was a censorship that +eliminated more obvious examples of sex + + align:start position:0% +eliminated more obvious examples of sex + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated more obvious examples of sex +but in many respects lots of those 30s + + align:start position:0% +but in many respects lots of those 30s + + + align:start position:0% +but in many respects lots of those 30s +movies that past the sense are really + + align:start position:0% +movies that past the sense are really + + + align:start position:0% +movies that past the sense are really +very sexy so this is all subject to + + align:start position:0% +very sexy so this is all subject to + + + align:start position:0% +very sexy so this is all subject to +social adjudication + + align:start position:0% +social adjudication + + + align:start position:0% +social adjudication +that's stimulation the reason i'm going + + align:start position:0% +that's stimulation the reason i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +that's stimulation the reason i'm going +through all of this which meant some of + + align:start position:0% +through all of this which meant some of + + + align:start position:0% +through all of this which meant some of +you probably know + + align:start position:0% +you probably know + + + align:start position:0% +you probably know +is because + + align:start position:0% +is because + + + align:start position:0% +is because +some psychologists + + align:start position:0% +some psychologists + + + align:start position:0% +some psychologists +said there should be a way of testing + + align:start position:0% +said there should be a way of testing + + + align:start position:0% +said there should be a way of testing +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +generalizations + + align:start position:0% +generalizations + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations +empirically the way psychologists do + + align:start position:0% +empirically the way psychologists do + + + align:start position:0% +empirically the way psychologists do +now one + + align:start position:0% +now one + + + align:start position:0% +now one +consequence of the freudian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pattern of thought + + align:start position:0% +pattern of thought + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of thought +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +people who are creative + + align:start position:0% +people who are creative + + + align:start position:0% +people who are creative +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be more repressed + + align:start position:0% +be more repressed + + + align:start position:0% +be more repressed +than people who are not creative + + align:start position:0% +than people who are not creative + + + align:start position:0% +than people who are not creative +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +everyone is + + align:start position:0% +everyone is + + + align:start position:0% +everyone is +is going to want to + + align:start position:0% +is going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to want to +sublimate + + align:start position:0% +sublimate + + + align:start position:0% +sublimate +is repressed his or her + + align:start position:0% +is repressed his or her + + + align:start position:0% +is repressed his or her +repressed feelings + + align:start position:0% +repressed feelings + + + align:start position:0% +repressed feelings +the creative people + + align:start position:0% +the creative people + + + align:start position:0% +the creative people +uh sublimate more than other people if + + align:start position:0% +uh sublimate more than other people if + + + align:start position:0% +uh sublimate more than other people if +they didn't + + align:start position:0% +they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't +they would go directly for that sexual + + align:start position:0% +they would go directly for that sexual + + + align:start position:0% +they would go directly for that sexual +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +of course that's the nature of + + align:start position:0% +of course that's the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +of course that's the nature of +repression + + align:start position:0% +repression + + + align:start position:0% +repression +or program you know + + align:start position:0% +or program you know + + + align:start position:0% +or program you know +to want to engage in active sexual + + align:start position:0% +to want to engage in active sexual + + + align:start position:0% +to want to engage in active sexual +performance so that a fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +performance so that a fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +performance so that a fraction of the +time uh the species will be + + align:start position:0% +time uh the species will be + + + align:start position:0% +time uh the species will be +perpetuated but nature doesn't care + + align:start position:0% +perpetuated but nature doesn't care + + + align:start position:0% +perpetuated but nature doesn't care +about this waste + + align:start position:0% +about this waste + + + align:start position:0% +about this waste +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +we notice in many other species uh but + + align:start position:0% +we notice in many other species uh but + + + align:start position:0% +we notice in many other species uh but +that that's still what we're programmed + + align:start position:0% +that that's still what we're programmed + + + align:start position:0% +that that's still what we're programmed +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +according to freud + + align:start position:0% +according to freud + + + align:start position:0% +according to freud +if however + + align:start position:0% +if however + + + align:start position:0% +if however +you also have sublimation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +uh the people who + + align:start position:0% +uh the people who + + + align:start position:0% +uh the people who +are repressing + + align:start position:0% +are repressing + + + align:start position:0% +are repressing +this natural urge + + align:start position:0% +this natural urge + + + align:start position:0% +this natural urge +will use that + + align:start position:0% +will use that + + + align:start position:0% +will use that +and those are the artists art is a kind + + align:start position:0% +and those are the artists art is a kind + + + align:start position:0% +and those are the artists art is a kind +of sublimation + + align:start position:0% +of sublimation + + + align:start position:0% +of sublimation +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +what everybody wants overtly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so that's the general + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the general + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the general +conclusion of freud + + align:start position:0% +conclusion of freud + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion of freud +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +has a couple of articles in aesthetics + + align:start position:0% +has a couple of articles in aesthetics + + + align:start position:0% +has a couple of articles in aesthetics +one of which says + + align:start position:0% +one of which says + + + align:start position:0% +one of which says +how can we explain + + align:start position:0% +how can we explain + + + align:start position:0% +how can we explain +aesthetic creativity or talent + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic creativity or talent + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic creativity or talent +well he says nobody can it's great + + align:start position:0% +well he says nobody can it's great + + + align:start position:0% +well he says nobody can it's great +mystery but we can give the + + align:start position:0% +mystery but we can give the + + + align:start position:0% +mystery but we can give the +psychological conditions + + align:start position:0% +psychological conditions + + + align:start position:0% +psychological conditions +and that is that + + align:start position:0% +and that is that + + + align:start position:0% +and that is that +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +wants + + align:start position:0% +wants + + + align:start position:0% +wants +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +express directly his or her libidinal + + align:start position:0% +express directly his or her libidinal + + + align:start position:0% +express directly his or her libidinal +feelings + + align:start position:0% +feelings + + + align:start position:0% +feelings +some people however when they're given + + align:start position:0% +some people however when they're given + + + align:start position:0% +some people however when they're given +an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +people are in america in high school + + align:start position:0% +people are in america in high school + + + align:start position:0% +people are in america in high school +let's say + + align:start position:0% +let's say + + + align:start position:0% +let's say +where there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +where there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +where there's a lot of +sudden explosion of hormone drive and + + align:start position:0% +sudden explosion of hormone drive and + + + align:start position:0% +sudden explosion of hormone drive and +more opportunities and could have + + align:start position:0% +more opportunities and could have + + + align:start position:0% +more opportunities and could have +existed previously some people somehow + + align:start position:0% +existed previously some people somehow + + + align:start position:0% +existed previously some people somehow +are aren't adept at that + + align:start position:0% +are aren't adept at that + + + align:start position:0% +are aren't adept at that +so that's the oddball in high school + + align:start position:0% +so that's the oddball in high school + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the oddball in high school +they were boyfriends and girlfriends + + align:start position:0% +they were boyfriends and girlfriends + + + align:start position:0% +they were boyfriends and girlfriends +and they go to dances that one way or + + align:start position:0% +and they go to dances that one way or + + + align:start position:0% +and they go to dances that one way or +another to deal with their sexual + + align:start position:0% +another to deal with their sexual + + + align:start position:0% +another to deal with their sexual +feelings but some people + + align:start position:0% +feelings but some people + + + align:start position:0% +feelings but some people +some people + + align:start position:0% +some people + + + align:start position:0% +some people +aren't good at that + + align:start position:0% +aren't good at that + + + align:start position:0% +aren't good at that +so they have the + + align:start position:0% +so they have the + + + align:start position:0% +so they have the +they're the nerds or + + align:start position:0% +they're the nerds or + + + align:start position:0% +they're the nerds or +oddballs + + align:start position:0% +oddballs + + + align:start position:0% +oddballs +if however + + align:start position:0% +if however + + + align:start position:0% +if however +by a court + + align:start position:0% +by a court + + + align:start position:0% +by a court +one of them + + align:start position:0% +one of them + + + align:start position:0% +one of them +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +an ability + + align:start position:0% +an ability + + + align:start position:0% +an ability +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +create something + + align:start position:0% +create something + + + align:start position:0% +create something +that means a great deal to all the + + align:start position:0% +that means a great deal to all the + + + align:start position:0% +that means a great deal to all the +others + + align:start position:0% +others + + + align:start position:0% +others +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +those others will pay money for that + + align:start position:0% +those others will pay money for that + + + align:start position:0% +those others will pay money for that +and treat that person as a great + + align:start position:0% +and treat that person as a great + + + align:start position:0% +and treat that person as a great +celebrity + + align:start position:0% +celebrity + + + align:start position:0% +celebrity +and so what he couldn't get + + align:start position:0% +and so what he couldn't get + + + align:start position:0% +and so what he couldn't get +and and the freud talks always from the + + align:start position:0% +and and the freud talks always from the + + + align:start position:0% +and and the freud talks always from the +point of view the mail + + align:start position:0% +point of view the mail + + + align:start position:0% +point of view the mail +women will throw themselves at his feet + + align:start position:0% +women will throw themselves at his feet + + + align:start position:0% +women will throw themselves at his feet +right and so + + align:start position:0% +right and so + + + align:start position:0% +right and so +what he couldn't get directly + + align:start position:0% +what he couldn't get directly + + + align:start position:0% +what he couldn't get directly +through his sublimations the works of + + align:start position:0% +through his sublimations the works of + + + align:start position:0% +through his sublimations the works of +art + + align:start position:0% +art + + + align:start position:0% +art +he will get indirectly and what is it + + align:start position:0% +he will get indirectly and what is it + + + align:start position:0% +he will get indirectly and what is it +that he wanted and floyd said it's what + + align:start position:0% +that he wanted and floyd said it's what + + + align:start position:0% +that he wanted and floyd said it's what +everybody wants + + align:start position:0% +everybody wants + + + align:start position:0% +everybody wants +and the words freud uses are + + align:start position:0% +and the words freud uses are + + + align:start position:0% +and the words freud uses are +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +and the love of women + + align:start position:0% +and the love of women + + + align:start position:0% +and the love of women +all right you can alter that for women + + align:start position:0% +all right you can alter that for women + + + align:start position:0% +all right you can alter that for women +they they want + + align:start position:0% +they they want + + + align:start position:0% +they they want +things like that but not necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +things like that but not necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +things like that but not necessarily the +love of women + + align:start position:0% +love of women + + + align:start position:0% +love of women +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um so through + + align:start position:0% +um so through + + + align:start position:0% +um so through +his art + + align:start position:0% +his art + + + align:start position:0% +his art +the creativity in his art he attains + + align:start position:0% +the creativity in his art he attains + + + align:start position:0% +the creativity in his art he attains +what he could have attained + + align:start position:0% +what he could have attained + + + align:start position:0% +what he could have attained +directly + + align:start position:0% +directly + + + align:start position:0% +directly +now over and above that freud says i'm + + align:start position:0% +now over and above that freud says i'm + + + align:start position:0% +now over and above that freud says i'm +not a philosopher i'm not an esthetician + + align:start position:0% +not a philosopher i'm not an esthetician + + + align:start position:0% +not a philosopher i'm not an esthetician +i can't define the nature of talent or + + align:start position:0% +i can't define the nature of talent or + + + align:start position:0% +i can't define the nature of talent or +aesthetic genius + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic genius + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic genius +but these are the psychological laws + + align:start position:0% +but these are the psychological laws + + + align:start position:0% +but these are the psychological laws +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +prevalent for the sake + + align:start position:0% +prevalent for the sake + + + align:start position:0% +prevalent for the sake +of that kind of + + align:start position:0% +of that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of that kind of +outcome + + align:start position:0% +outcome + + + align:start position:0% +outcome +works of art done perhaps by a genius + + align:start position:0% +works of art done perhaps by a genius + + + align:start position:0% +works of art done perhaps by a genius +people with talent all right now to get + + align:start position:0% +people with talent all right now to get + + + align:start position:0% +people with talent all right now to get +back to the psychologist what they said + + align:start position:0% +back to the psychologist what they said + + + align:start position:0% +back to the psychologist what they said +is there must be a way of testing it + + align:start position:0% +is there must be a way of testing it + + + align:start position:0% +is there must be a way of testing it +if we study a population of artists + + align:start position:0% +if we study a population of artists + + + align:start position:0% +if we study a population of artists +on freudian grounds we should find that + + align:start position:0% +on freudian grounds we should find that + + + align:start position:0% +on freudian grounds we should find that +there's a greater frequency + + align:start position:0% +there's a greater frequency + + + align:start position:0% +there's a greater frequency +of repression + + align:start position:0% +of repression + + + align:start position:0% +of repression +than there is in the general population + + align:start position:0% +than there is in the general population + + + align:start position:0% +than there is in the general population +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +when there's repression either you go + + align:start position:0% +when there's repression either you go + + + align:start position:0% +when there's repression either you go +insane or else your sublimations + + align:start position:0% +insane or else your sublimations + + + align:start position:0% +insane or else your sublimations +take the pressure off of you + + align:start position:0% +take the pressure off of you + + + align:start position:0% +take the pressure off of you +and the main sublimation is the creation + + align:start position:0% +and the main sublimation is the creation + + + align:start position:0% +and the main sublimation is the creation +of art so artists should be people + + align:start position:0% +of art so artists should be people + + + align:start position:0% +of art so artists should be people +who are more repressed and are but are + + align:start position:0% +who are more repressed and are but are + + + align:start position:0% +who are more repressed and are but are +able to sublimate in order to bring + + align:start position:0% +able to sublimate in order to bring + + + align:start position:0% +able to sublimate in order to bring +about their words of mind + + align:start position:0% +about their words of mind + + + align:start position:0% +about their words of mind +and the rest of the population + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either or moral they're not repressed as + + align:start position:0% +either or moral they're not repressed as + + + align:start position:0% +either or moral they're not repressed as +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and so they're not artists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +the findings are varied but i think in + + align:start position:0% +the findings are varied but i think in + + + align:start position:0% +the findings are varied but i think in +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +experiments but they found that freud + + align:start position:0% +experiments but they found that freud + + + align:start position:0% +experiments but they found that freud +was wrong that the artists the people + + align:start position:0% +was wrong that the artists the people + + + align:start position:0% +was wrong that the artists the people +who were creative were less + + align:start position:0% +who were creative were less + + + align:start position:0% +who were creative were less +repressed + + align:start position:0% +repressed + + + align:start position:0% +repressed +that's the you know the stock victorian + + align:start position:0% +that's the you know the stock victorian + + + align:start position:0% +that's the you know the stock victorian +image of the artist + + align:start position:0% +image of the artist + + + align:start position:0% +image of the artist +the painter in his studio who sleeps + + align:start position:0% +the painter in his studio who sleeps + + + align:start position:0% +the painter in his studio who sleeps +with all his models + + align:start position:0% +with all his models + + + align:start position:0% +with all his models +he's such a luminous creature he can't + + align:start position:0% +he's such a luminous creature he can't + + + align:start position:0% +he's such a luminous creature he can't +control himself with models who are + + align:start position:0% +control himself with models who are + + + align:start position:0% +control himself with models who are +there to be painted and who he does + + align:start position:0% +there to be painted and who he does + + + align:start position:0% +there to be painted and who he does +paint + + align:start position:0% +paint + + + align:start position:0% +paint +but he also has a greater appetite which + + align:start position:0% +but he also has a greater appetite which + + + align:start position:0% +but he also has a greater appetite which +she doesn't repress together with + + align:start position:0% +she doesn't repress together with + + + align:start position:0% +she doesn't repress together with +uh the feelings that he then puts into + + align:start position:0% +uh the feelings that he then puts into + + + align:start position:0% +uh the feelings that he then puts into +sublimations in his art so there's + + align:start position:0% +sublimations in his art so there's + + + align:start position:0% +sublimations in his art so there's +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +bizarre about that freudian + + align:start position:0% +bizarre about that freudian + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre about that freudian +way of saying things + + align:start position:0% +way of saying things + + + align:start position:0% +way of saying things +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +that doing some research about that + + align:start position:0% +that doing some research about that + + + align:start position:0% +that doing some research about that +might help you to understand + + align:start position:0% +might help you to understand + + + align:start position:0% +might help you to understand +where creativity comes from + + align:start position:0% +where creativity comes from + + + align:start position:0% +where creativity comes from +and how it might or might not be + + align:start position:0% +and how it might or might not be + + + align:start position:0% +and how it might or might not be +relevant to business + + align:start position:0% +relevant to business + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to business +again this is something for you to think + + align:start position:0% +again this is something for you to think + + + align:start position:0% +again this is something for you to think +whether you want to bother with + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to bother with + + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to bother with +in your paper okay + + align:start position:0% +in your paper okay + + + align:start position:0% +in your paper okay +anybody want to see anything else can we + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to see anything else can we + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to see anything else can we +have a great reward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +that goes for you too ramon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're breaking us grandma + + align:start position:0% +you're breaking us grandma + + + align:start position:0% +you're breaking us grandma +uh right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay elsa has a couple of + + align:start position:0% +okay elsa has a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +okay elsa has a couple of +further new + + align:start position:0% +further new + + + align:start position:0% +further new +ideas + + align:start position:0% +ideas + + + align:start position:0% +ideas +um that she may use + + align:start position:0% +um that she may use + + + align:start position:0% +um that she may use +to change the direction + + align:start position:0% +to change the direction + + + align:start position:0% +to change the direction +of her paper + + align:start position:0% +of her paper + + + align:start position:0% +of her paper +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +to have a different kind of paper + + align:start position:0% +to have a different kind of paper + + + align:start position:0% +to have a different kind of paper +so why don't we start with that + + align:start position:0% +so why don't we start with that + + + align:start position:0% +so why don't we start with that +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thinking that a way that i could + + align:start position:0% +thinking that a way that i could + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that a way that i could +just come up with that + + align:start position:0% +just come up with that + + + align:start position:0% +just come up with that +the better the + + align:start position:0% +the better the + + + align:start position:0% +the better the +paper that + + align:start position:0% +paper that + + + align:start position:0% +paper that +is more relevant to the topic + + align:start position:0% +is more relevant to the topic + + + align:start position:0% +is more relevant to the topic +is by focusing on a more specific type + + align:start position:0% +is by focusing on a more specific type + + + align:start position:0% +is by focusing on a more specific type +of work + + align:start position:0% +of work + + + align:start position:0% +of work +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right all the way around + + align:start position:0% +right all the way around + + + align:start position:0% +right all the way around +like for example + + align:start position:0% +like for example + + + align:start position:0% +like for example +i don't know + + align:start position:0% +i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know +i'm just + + align:start position:0% +i'm just + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just +flirting around on my desk right now + + align:start position:0% +flirting around on my desk right now + + + align:start position:0% +flirting around on my desk right now +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +that's random it's all right + + align:start position:0% +that's random it's all right + + + align:start position:0% +that's random it's all right +just to + + align:start position:0% +just to + + + align:start position:0% +just to +don't don't i mean feel free to throw + + align:start position:0% +don't don't i mean feel free to throw + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't i mean feel free to throw +anything out + + align:start position:0% +anything out + + + align:start position:0% +anything out +it doesn't matter if it's friend + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter if it's friend + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter if it's friend +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um also + + align:start position:0% +um also + + + align:start position:0% +um also +just completely throw out the idea of + + align:start position:0% +just completely throw out the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +just completely throw out the idea of +business + + align:start position:0% +business + + + align:start position:0% +business +and focus on + + align:start position:0% +and focus on + + + align:start position:0% +and focus on +the psychology + + align:start position:0% +the psychology + + + align:start position:0% +the psychology +of creativity + + align:start position:0% +of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +of creativity +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +based on different experimental research + + align:start position:0% +based on different experimental research + + + align:start position:0% +based on different experimental research +that has been done + + align:start position:0% +that has been done + + + align:start position:0% +that has been done +so that would be another option that i'm + + align:start position:0% +so that would be another option that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so that would be another option that i'm +considering right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay was there anything else you + + align:start position:0% +okay was there anything else you + + + align:start position:0% +okay was there anything else you +wanted to say + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say +no that's pretty much it + + align:start position:0% +no that's pretty much it + + + align:start position:0% +no that's pretty much it +does anybody have any suggestions + + align:start position:0% +does anybody have any suggestions + + + align:start position:0% +does anybody have any suggestions +in the research that you've been doing + + align:start position:0% +in the research that you've been doing + + + align:start position:0% +in the research that you've been doing +that could be of help to elsa + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay i think um tyler + + align:start position:0% +okay i think um tyler + + + align:start position:0% +okay i think um tyler +had some ideas he wanted to try out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +again my my topic is gonna be creativity + + align:start position:0% +again my my topic is gonna be creativity + + + align:start position:0% +again my my topic is gonna be creativity +in the art form of acapella and + + align:start position:0% +in the art form of acapella and + + + align:start position:0% +in the art form of acapella and +i'm trying out the idea of a thesis that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the + + align:start position:0% +that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the +developments and like the evolution + + align:start position:0% +developments and like the evolution + + + align:start position:0% +developments and like the evolution +of the art form is very similar + + align:start position:0% +of the art form is very similar + + + align:start position:0% +of the art form is very similar +to rock and like the evolution of rock + + align:start position:0% +to rock and like the evolution of rock + + + align:start position:0% +to rock and like the evolution of rock +and roll + + align:start position:0% +and roll + + + align:start position:0% +and roll +both in recording and with respect to + + align:start position:0% +both in recording and with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +both in recording and with respect to +recording and live performance + + align:start position:0% +recording and live performance + + + align:start position:0% +recording and live performance +uh the way they've gone around and + + align:start position:0% +uh the way they've gone around and + + + align:start position:0% +uh the way they've gone around and +toured and + + align:start position:0% +toured and + + + align:start position:0% +toured and +uh but they're limited because the + + align:start position:0% +uh but they're limited because the + + + align:start position:0% +uh but they're limited because the +groups now aren't really the big one or + + align:start position:0% +groups now aren't really the big one or + + + align:start position:0% +groups now aren't really the big one or +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +most noticeable ones aren't really + + align:start position:0% +most noticeable ones aren't really + + + align:start position:0% +most noticeable ones aren't really +professional it's become like a + + align:start position:0% +professional it's become like a + + + align:start position:0% +professional it's become like a +collegiate uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +collegiate art form which is uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +collegiate art form which is uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +collegiate art form which is uh kind of +limiting its development but + + align:start position:0% +limiting its development but + + + align:start position:0% +limiting its development but +do we want to do you want me to get into + + align:start position:0% +do we want to do you want me to get into + + + align:start position:0% +do we want to do you want me to get into +the structure the professional ones are + + align:start position:0% +the structure the professional ones are + + + align:start position:0% +the structure the professional ones are +the acapella ones + + align:start position:0% +the acapella ones + + + align:start position:0% +the acapella ones +or the rock ones + + align:start position:0% +or the rock ones + + + align:start position:0% +or the rock ones +of the rock like + + align:start position:0% +of the rock like + + + align:start position:0% +of the rock like +collegiate groups are developing in much + + align:start position:0% +collegiate groups are developing in much + + + align:start position:0% +collegiate groups are developing in much +the same way as rock and roll groups + + align:start position:0% +the same way as rock and roll groups + + + align:start position:0% +the same way as rock and roll groups +they're like starting just very simple + + align:start position:0% +they're like starting just very simple + + + align:start position:0% +they're like starting just very simple +just like uh laying all the tracks down + + align:start position:0% +just like uh laying all the tracks down + + + align:start position:0% +just like uh laying all the tracks down +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +like sitting in a room around one + + align:start position:0% +like sitting in a room around one + + + align:start position:0% +like sitting in a room around one +microphone right and uh + + align:start position:0% +microphone right and uh + + + align:start position:0% +microphone right and uh +it's become a lot more technologically + + align:start position:0% +it's become a lot more technologically + + + align:start position:0% +it's become a lot more technologically +developed as well as + + align:start position:0% +developed as well as + + + align:start position:0% +developed as well as +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the the arranging is very + + align:start position:0% +the the arranging is very + + + align:start position:0% +the the arranging is very +much more complex + + align:start position:0% +much more complex + + + align:start position:0% +much more complex +but you said to the professional as if + + align:start position:0% +but you said to the professional as if + + + align:start position:0% +but you said to the professional as if +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups but the ones that are primarily + + align:start position:0% +groups but the ones that are primarily + + + align:start position:0% +groups but the ones that are primarily +um i'd say more on the cutting + + align:start position:0% +um i'd say more on the cutting + + + align:start position:0% +um i'd say more on the cutting +like trying out more different and new + + align:start position:0% +like trying out more different and new + + + align:start position:0% +like trying out more different and new +stuff and there are a whole lot more of + + align:start position:0% +stuff and there are a whole lot more of + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and there are a whole lot more of +these groups are the collegiate groups + + align:start position:0% +these groups are the collegiate groups + + + align:start position:0% +these groups are the collegiate groups +are the ones that are really pushing the + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that are really pushing the + + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that are really pushing the +envelope + + align:start position:0% +envelope + + + align:start position:0% +envelope +in terms of uh evolution rock and roll + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh evolution rock and roll + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh evolution rock and roll +turned into an enormous industry oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +turned into an enormous industry oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +turned into an enormous industry oh yeah +that hasn't yet happened to acapella no + + align:start position:0% +that hasn't yet happened to acapella no + + + align:start position:0% +that hasn't yet happened to acapella no +but it's it's blue i'm gonna cite um + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's blue i'm gonna cite um + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's blue i'm gonna cite um +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +cd which is like a compilation cd best + + align:start position:0% +cd which is like a compilation cd best + + + align:start position:0% +cd which is like a compilation cd best +of collegiate acapella + + align:start position:0% +of collegiate acapella + + + align:start position:0% +of collegiate acapella +that uh it's the best seller of uh all + + align:start position:0% +that uh it's the best seller of uh all + + + align:start position:0% +that uh it's the best seller of uh all +acapella music + + align:start position:0% +acapella music + + + align:start position:0% +acapella music +and uh it's it's really been it started + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's it's really been it started + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's it's really been it started +in 95 + + align:start position:0% +in 95 + + + align:start position:0% +in 95 +and it's been uh + + align:start position:0% +and it's been uh + + + align:start position:0% +and it's been uh +selling + + align:start position:0% +selling + + + align:start position:0% +selling +i i have to look at the number on that + + align:start position:0% +i i have to look at the number on that + + + align:start position:0% +i i have to look at the number on that +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +my clarification i know the uh cane + + align:start position:0% +my clarification i know the uh cane + + + align:start position:0% +my clarification i know the uh cane +centers + + align:start position:0% +centers + + + align:start position:0% +centers +there are a cappella + + align:start position:0% +there are a cappella + + + align:start position:0% +there are a cappella +but they're professional aren't they or + + align:start position:0% +but they're professional aren't they or + + + align:start position:0% +but they're professional aren't they or +did they yeah that was in the original + + align:start position:0% +did they yeah that was in the original + + + align:start position:0% +did they yeah that was in the original +actually it came from college chambers + + align:start position:0% +actually it came from college chambers + + + align:start position:0% +actually it came from college chambers +a lot of the original stuff was more + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the original stuff was more + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the original stuff was more +like chamber kind of quartet music so it + + align:start position:0% +like chamber kind of quartet music so it + + + align:start position:0% +like chamber kind of quartet music so it +also stemmed off of + + align:start position:0% +also stemmed off of + + + align:start position:0% +also stemmed off of +more of a classical background but then + + align:start position:0% +more of a classical background but then + + + align:start position:0% +more of a classical background but then +it kind of took a swing towards + + align:start position:0% +it kind of took a swing towards + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of took a swing towards +imitating rock and roll and that's when + + align:start position:0% +imitating rock and roll and that's when + + + align:start position:0% +imitating rock and roll and that's when +it's been developing more with like + + align:start position:0% +it's been developing more with like + + + align:start position:0% +it's been developing more with like +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +kind of imitating the sounds of the + + align:start position:0% +kind of imitating the sounds of the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of imitating the sounds of the +actual instruments like the king singers + + align:start position:0% +actual instruments like the king singers + + + align:start position:0% +actual instruments like the king singers +are more of a chamber group from correct + + align:start position:0% +are more of a chamber group from correct + + + align:start position:0% +are more of a chamber group from correct +and then there's the swindling students + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no i'm not familiar with that i think + + align:start position:0% +no i'm not familiar with that i think + + + align:start position:0% +no i'm not familiar with that i think +they what they did originally was to + + align:start position:0% +they what they did originally was to + + + align:start position:0% +they what they did originally was to +make sort of swing + + align:start position:0% +make sort of swing + + + align:start position:0% +make sort of swing +variations or versions of classical + + align:start position:0% +variations or versions of classical + + + align:start position:0% +variations or versions of classical +music + + align:start position:0% +music + + + align:start position:0% +music +but then they + + align:start position:0% +but then they + + + align:start position:0% +but then they +branched out and have a different + + align:start position:0% +branched out and have a different + + + align:start position:0% +branched out and have a different +literature of their own which isn't + + align:start position:0% +literature of their own which isn't + + + align:start position:0% +literature of their own which isn't +entirely based + + align:start position:0% +entirely based + + + align:start position:0% +entirely based +even in a swing form on classical music + + align:start position:0% +even in a swing form on classical music + + + align:start position:0% +even in a swing form on classical music +well and i think that's a cappella but + + align:start position:0% +well and i think that's a cappella but + + + align:start position:0% +well and i think that's a cappella but +they're but i i think they're + + align:start position:0% +they're but i i think they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're but i i think they're +not collegiate aged + + align:start position:0% +not collegiate aged + + + align:start position:0% +not collegiate aged +maybe they + + align:start position:0% +maybe they + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they +started out in college but they i think + + align:start position:0% +started out in college but they i think + + + align:start position:0% +started out in college but they i think +they've gone beyond that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah i also i did some research into the + + align:start position:0% +yeah i also i did some research into the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i also i did some research into the +the history of acapella and it did start + + align:start position:0% +the history of acapella and it did start + + + align:start position:0% +the history of acapella and it did start +out like mostly as quartets like chamber + + align:start position:0% +out like mostly as quartets like chamber + + + align:start position:0% +out like mostly as quartets like chamber +groups but like the collegiate groups + + align:start position:0% +groups but like the collegiate groups + + + align:start position:0% +groups but like the collegiate groups +that are sprung up like + + align:start position:0% +that are sprung up like + + + align:start position:0% +that are sprung up like +in the last + + align:start position:0% +in the last + + + align:start position:0% +in the last +say 10 years is when it's really been a + + align:start position:0% +say 10 years is when it's really been a + + + align:start position:0% +say 10 years is when it's really been a +huge like explosion of groups just going + + align:start position:0% +huge like explosion of groups just going + + + align:start position:0% +huge like explosion of groups just going +everywhere like i don't know if you know + + align:start position:0% +everywhere like i don't know if you know + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere like i don't know if you know +but we have seven groups on campus mit + + align:start position:0% +but we have seven groups on campus mit + + + align:start position:0% +but we have seven groups on campus mit +campus which is + + align:start position:0% +campus which is + + + align:start position:0% +campus which is +which is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +which is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +which is a pretty +huge number considering there's like at + + align:start position:0% +huge number considering there's like at + + + align:start position:0% +huge number considering there's like at +least 15 people in each + + align:start position:0% +least 15 people in each + + + align:start position:0% +least 15 people in each +group + + align:start position:0% +group + + + align:start position:0% +group +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know we only have like + + align:start position:0% +you know we only have like + + + align:start position:0% +you know we only have like +4 000 undergraduates here + + align:start position:0% +4 000 undergraduates here + + + align:start position:0% +4 000 undergraduates here +so that's a fairly large number um there + + align:start position:0% +so that's a fairly large number um there + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a fairly large number um there +used to be something called barbershop + + align:start position:0% +used to be something called barbershop + + + align:start position:0% +used to be something called barbershop +quartets + + align:start position:0% +quartets + + + align:start position:0% +quartets +for men + + align:start position:0% +for men + + + align:start position:0% +for men +that who sang a cappella + + align:start position:0% +that who sang a cappella + + + align:start position:0% +that who sang a cappella +did that have any influence + + align:start position:0% +did that have any influence + + + align:start position:0% +did that have any influence +that did have uh a fair amount of + + align:start position:0% +that did have uh a fair amount of + + + align:start position:0% +that did have uh a fair amount of +influence just on + + align:start position:0% +influence just on + + + align:start position:0% +influence just on +acceptance of uh + + align:start position:0% +acceptance of uh + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance of uh +acapella i mean that that was dated way + + align:start position:0% +acapella i mean that that was dated way + + + align:start position:0% +acapella i mean that that was dated way +back even further into like um + + align:start position:0% +back even further into like um + + + align:start position:0% +back even further into like um +jazz blue like they were they were + + align:start position:0% +jazz blue like they were they were + + + align:start position:0% +jazz blue like they were they were +getting into really funky chords with + + align:start position:0% +getting into really funky chords with + + + align:start position:0% +getting into really funky chords with +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and that that's what caught a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and that that's what caught a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and that that's what caught a lot of +people's ears earlier on when it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +people's ears earlier on when it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +people's ears earlier on when it wasn't +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like nowadays what catches people's ears + + align:start position:0% +like nowadays what catches people's ears + + + align:start position:0% +like nowadays what catches people's ears +is like imitation of instruments + + align:start position:0% +is like imitation of instruments + + + align:start position:0% +is like imitation of instruments +and like actual + + align:start position:0% +and like actual + + + align:start position:0% +and like actual +like we're kind of following more toward + + align:start position:0% +like we're kind of following more toward + + + align:start position:0% +like we're kind of following more toward +the rock side of things actually we even + + align:start position:0% +the rock side of things actually we even + + + align:start position:0% +the rock side of things actually we even +we even do like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we try to do hip hop and other + + align:start position:0% +we try to do hip hop and other + + + align:start position:0% +we try to do hip hop and other +styles of music there's one uh johnny + + align:start position:0% +styles of music there's one uh johnny + + + align:start position:0% +styles of music there's one uh johnny +cash number but i know + + align:start position:0% +cash number but i know + + + align:start position:0% +cash number but i know +maybe there are more which is a cappella + + align:start position:0% +maybe there are more which is a cappella + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there are more which is a cappella +of five men + + align:start position:0% +of five men + + + align:start position:0% +of five men +cash plus four others + + align:start position:0% +cash plus four others + + + align:start position:0% +cash plus four others +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if i can remember the words + + align:start position:0% +if i can remember the words + + + align:start position:0% +if i can remember the words +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +daddy's saying face + + align:start position:0% +daddy's saying face + + + align:start position:0% +daddy's saying face +mom's saying + + align:start position:0% +mom's saying + + + align:start position:0% +mom's saying +tanner mean little johnny with john + + align:start position:0% +tanner mean little johnny with john + + + align:start position:0% +tanner mean little johnny with john +right is that what yeah yeah i know what + + align:start position:0% +right is that what yeah yeah i know what + + + align:start position:0% +right is that what yeah yeah i know what +what what is the name of it the title of + + align:start position:0% +what what is the name of it the title of + + + align:start position:0% +what what is the name of it the title of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +um there's a sky lord + + align:start position:0% +um there's a sky lord + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a sky lord +it's like that is saying bass mom's + + align:start position:0% +it's like that is saying bass mom's + + + align:start position:0% +it's like that is saying bass mom's +saying thanos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the sky lord in the sky yeah i know + + align:start position:0% +in the sky lord in the sky yeah i know + + + align:start position:0% +in the sky lord in the sky yeah i know +so they're sort of + + align:start position:0% +so they're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so they're sort of +based on spirituals rather than rock + + align:start position:0% +based on spirituals rather than rock + + + align:start position:0% +based on spirituals rather than rock +music yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +music yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +music yeah yeah +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +more in + + align:start position:0% +more in + + + align:start position:0% +more in +i mean that was what + + align:start position:0% +i mean that was what + + + align:start position:0% +i mean that was what +i think popular demand called for at the + + align:start position:0% +i think popular demand called for at the + + + align:start position:0% +i think popular demand called for at the +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +but now + + align:start position:0% +but now + + + align:start position:0% +but now +people want more effects and want more + + align:start position:0% +people want more effects and want more + + + align:start position:0% +people want more effects and want more +like bang bang like + + align:start position:0% +like bang bang like + + + align:start position:0% +like bang bang like +um so it was more like laid back and + + align:start position:0% +um so it was more like laid back and + + + align:start position:0% +um so it was more like laid back and +like spiritual and kind of folksy + + align:start position:0% +like spiritual and kind of folksy + + + align:start position:0% +like spiritual and kind of folksy +right that's what johnny cash was very + + align:start position:0% +right that's what johnny cash was very + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what johnny cash was very +much very much a folk singer but he also + + align:start position:0% +much very much a folk singer but he also + + + align:start position:0% +much very much a folk singer but he also +developed i don't know if you know this + + align:start position:0% +developed i don't know if you know this + + + align:start position:0% +developed i don't know if you know this +but uh he covered a nine inch nail song + + align:start position:0% +but uh he covered a nine inch nail song + + + align:start position:0% +but uh he covered a nine inch nail song +on his last album which is pretty + + align:start position:0% +on his last album which is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +on his last album which is pretty +incredible because nine inch nails is + + align:start position:0% +incredible because nine inch nails is + + + align:start position:0% +incredible because nine inch nails is +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +you know hard rocking band oh what is + + align:start position:0% +you know hard rocking band oh what is + + + align:start position:0% +you know hard rocking band oh what is +not in china nine inch snails is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +i don't know if they've done that much + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if they've done that much + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if they've done that much +lately + + align:start position:0% +lately + + + align:start position:0% +lately +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +they're kind of a harder rock + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of a harder rock + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of a harder rock +band + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the the compost hurts + + align:start position:0% +the the the compost hurts + + + align:start position:0% +the the the compost hurts +okay where is creativity or the + + align:start position:0% +okay where is creativity or the + + + align:start position:0% +okay where is creativity or the +creativity i was just minded brain mind + + align:start position:0% +creativity i was just minded brain mind + + + align:start position:0% +creativity i was just minded brain mind +and brain come into this in uh + + align:start position:0% +and brain come into this in uh + + + align:start position:0% +and brain come into this in uh +in my actual talk about + + align:start position:0% +in my actual talk about + + + align:start position:0% +in my actual talk about +uh the recordings and the methods that + + align:start position:0% +uh the recordings and the methods that + + + align:start position:0% +uh the recordings and the methods that +we've gone to because now + + align:start position:0% +we've gone to because now + + + align:start position:0% +we've gone to because now +we get our creativity by recording each + + align:start position:0% +we get our creativity by recording each + + + align:start position:0% +we get our creativity by recording each +part individually and then touching each + + align:start position:0% +part individually and then touching each + + + align:start position:0% +part individually and then touching each +one up to be like almost perfect + + align:start position:0% +one up to be like almost perfect + + + align:start position:0% +one up to be like almost perfect +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +some would say it's like almost cheating + + align:start position:0% +some would say it's like almost cheating + + + align:start position:0% +some would say it's like almost cheating +because it's not like the pure art form + + align:start position:0% +because it's not like the pure art form + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not like the pure art form +but others would say it's it's better + + align:start position:0% +but others would say it's it's better + + + align:start position:0% +but others would say it's it's better +that way because it allows the arranger + + align:start position:0% +that way because it allows the arranger + + + align:start position:0% +that way because it allows the arranger +to uh + + align:start position:0% +to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to uh +really bring forth what they had in mind + + align:start position:0% +really bring forth what they had in mind + + + align:start position:0% +really bring forth what they had in mind +and like + + align:start position:0% +and like + + + align:start position:0% +and like +show people their vision of this song + + align:start position:0% +show people their vision of this song + + + align:start position:0% +show people their vision of this song +and how it can be + + align:start position:0% +and how it can be + + + align:start position:0% +and how it can be +replicated with voices + + align:start position:0% +replicated with voices + + + align:start position:0% +replicated with voices +and then of course you have a live + + align:start position:0% +and then of course you have a live + + + align:start position:0% +and then of course you have a live +performance which is a strict you know + + align:start position:0% +performance which is a strict you know + + + align:start position:0% +performance which is a strict you know +only voices or should be only voices if + + align:start position:0% +only voices or should be only voices if + + + align:start position:0% +only voices or should be only voices if +it's true + + align:start position:0% +it's true + + + align:start position:0% +it's true +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then you have your own chance to show + + align:start position:0% +then you have your own chance to show + + + align:start position:0% +then you have your own chance to show +how you can actually + + align:start position:0% +how you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +how you can actually +imitate + + align:start position:0% +imitate + + + align:start position:0% +imitate +the instruments that + + align:start position:0% +the instruments that + + + align:start position:0% +the instruments that +were originally used to do the song + + align:start position:0% +were originally used to do the song + + + align:start position:0% +were originally used to do the song +what you said the different parts are + + align:start position:0% +what you said the different parts are + + + align:start position:0% +what you said the different parts are +stitched together later + + align:start position:0% +stitched together later + + + align:start position:0% +stitched together later +what are the parts the different voices + + align:start position:0% +what are the parts the different voices + + + align:start position:0% +what are the parts the different voices +the individual singers it varies we + + align:start position:0% +the individual singers it varies we + + + align:start position:0% +the individual singers it varies we +actually have + + align:start position:0% +actually have + + + align:start position:0% +actually have +a lot of different tracks we don't just + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different tracks we don't just + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different tracks we don't just +have like uh baseball uh + + align:start position:0% +have like uh baseball uh + + + align:start position:0% +have like uh baseball uh +and then tenors we sometimes have + + align:start position:0% +and then tenors we sometimes have + + + align:start position:0% +and then tenors we sometimes have +upwards of like + + align:start position:0% +upwards of like + + + align:start position:0% +upwards of like +eight to ten parts + + align:start position:0% +eight to ten parts + + + align:start position:0% +eight to ten parts +uh that each person + + align:start position:0% +uh that each person + + + align:start position:0% +uh that each person +that are sung throughout the group so + + align:start position:0% +that are sung throughout the group so + + + align:start position:0% +that are sung throughout the group so +each person actually goes in and just + + align:start position:0% +each person actually goes in and just + + + align:start position:0% +each person actually goes in and just +sings what they would sing through the + + align:start position:0% +sings what they would sing through the + + + align:start position:0% +sings what they would sing through the +whole song with the track like a midi + + align:start position:0% +whole song with the track like a midi + + + align:start position:0% +whole song with the track like a midi +track + + align:start position:0% +track + + + align:start position:0% +track +a midi track playing behind them just to + + align:start position:0% +a midi track playing behind them just to + + + align:start position:0% +a midi track playing behind them just to +kind of keep them all in the same + + align:start position:0% +kind of keep them all in the same + + + align:start position:0% +kind of keep them all in the same +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +in the same case and then + + align:start position:0% +in the same case and then + + + align:start position:0% +in the same case and then +they just and then you process each of + + align:start position:0% +they just and then you process each of + + + align:start position:0% +they just and then you process each of +those tracks + + align:start position:0% +those tracks + + + align:start position:0% +those tracks +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +make sure that all the pitches are right + + align:start position:0% +make sure that all the pitches are right + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that all the pitches are right +and make sure it is in the right timing + + align:start position:0% +and make sure it is in the right timing + + + align:start position:0% +and make sure it is in the right timing +and uh and you can add effects and + + align:start position:0% +and uh and you can add effects and + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and you can add effects and +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +there's a lot of it's like a synthesizer + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of it's like a synthesizer + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of it's like a synthesizer +it's a synthesized number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and i mean you can produce whatever + + align:start position:0% +yeah and i mean you can produce whatever + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and i mean you can produce whatever +sound you want because the voice is so + + align:start position:0% +sound you want because the voice is so + + + align:start position:0% +sound you want because the voice is so +uh versatile + + align:start position:0% +uh versatile + + + align:start position:0% +uh versatile +so and we can even do percussion that + + align:start position:0% +so and we can even do percussion that + + + align:start position:0% +so and we can even do percussion that +way but we produce a whole percussion + + align:start position:0% +way but we produce a whole percussion + + + align:start position:0% +way but we produce a whole percussion +track just with like little noises that + + align:start position:0% +track just with like little noises that + + + align:start position:0% +track just with like little noises that +someone can do so there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +someone can do so there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +someone can do so there's a lot of +creativity in uh what about the nature + + align:start position:0% +creativity in uh what about the nature + + + align:start position:0% +creativity in uh what about the nature +of creativity + + align:start position:0% +of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +of creativity +i don't really try to approach that + + align:start position:0% +i don't really try to approach that + + + align:start position:0% +i don't really try to approach that +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i think that would be something that + + align:start position:0% +i think that would be something that + + + align:start position:0% +i think that would be something that +would need its own + + align:start position:0% +would need its own + + + align:start position:0% +would need its own +well the nature of creativity comes + + align:start position:0% +well the nature of creativity comes + + + align:start position:0% +well the nature of creativity comes +more like in a live performance i guess + + align:start position:0% +more like in a live performance i guess + + + align:start position:0% +more like in a live performance i guess +when you're really + + align:start position:0% +when you're really + + + align:start position:0% +when you're really +being creative + + align:start position:0% +being creative + + + align:start position:0% +being creative +for the sake of the audience that is + + align:start position:0% +for the sake of the audience that is + + + align:start position:0% +for the sake of the audience that is +right there you actually have + + align:start position:0% +right there you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +right there you actually have +a connection + + align:start position:0% +a connection + + + align:start position:0% +a connection +between the two and you try to establish + + align:start position:0% +between the two and you try to establish + + + align:start position:0% +between the two and you try to establish +that and then + + align:start position:0% +that and then + + + align:start position:0% +that and then +creativity is showing + + align:start position:0% +creativity is showing + + + align:start position:0% +creativity is showing +the audience + + align:start position:0% +the audience + + + align:start position:0% +the audience +what you can do as well as + + align:start position:0% +what you can do as well as + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do as well as +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +showing them how much + + align:start position:0% +showing them how much + + + align:start position:0% +showing them how much +fun you're having doing it or how much + + align:start position:0% +fun you're having doing it or how much + + + align:start position:0% +fun you're having doing it or how much +you enjoy it or how much how deeply it + + align:start position:0% +you enjoy it or how much how deeply it + + + align:start position:0% +you enjoy it or how much how deeply it +moves improvisational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there has to be a pretty even split + + align:start position:0% +um there has to be a pretty even split + + + align:start position:0% +um there has to be a pretty even split +between preparation and inspiration + + align:start position:0% +between preparation and inspiration + + + align:start position:0% +between preparation and inspiration +because no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +improvisation i'm i'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +improvisation i'm i'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation i'm i'm sorry +uh between preparation and pr and + + align:start position:0% +uh between preparation and pr and + + + align:start position:0% +uh between preparation and pr and +improvisation + + align:start position:0% +improvisation + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +you have to know we have to have a basic + + align:start position:0% +you have to know we have to have a basic + + + align:start position:0% +you have to know we have to have a basic +guideline for + + align:start position:0% +guideline for + + + align:start position:0% +guideline for +how you want to proceed in a performance + + align:start position:0% +how you want to proceed in a performance + + + align:start position:0% +how you want to proceed in a performance +and you have to have rehearsed the song + + align:start position:0% +and you have to have rehearsed the song + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to have rehearsed the song +a lot of times so that all of the groups + + align:start position:0% +a lot of times so that all of the groups + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of times so that all of the groups +all the people in the group uh fit + + align:start position:0% +all the people in the group uh fit + + + align:start position:0% +all the people in the group uh fit +together and blend and + + align:start position:0% +together and blend and + + + align:start position:0% +together and blend and +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and just kind of work toward a common + + align:start position:0% +and just kind of work toward a common + + + align:start position:0% +and just kind of work toward a common +goal of creating the song + + align:start position:0% +goal of creating the song + + + align:start position:0% +goal of creating the song +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you also have to improvise because + + align:start position:0% +but you also have to improvise because + + + align:start position:0% +but you also have to improvise because +if you do the exact same thing every + + align:start position:0% +if you do the exact same thing every + + + align:start position:0% +if you do the exact same thing every +time it's going to get stale and the + + align:start position:0% +time it's going to get stale and the + + + align:start position:0% +time it's going to get stale and the +audience doesn't like just sitting there + + align:start position:0% +audience doesn't like just sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +audience doesn't like just sitting there +and watching you + + align:start position:0% +and watching you + + + align:start position:0% +and watching you +stand there with a blank face and kind + + align:start position:0% +stand there with a blank face and kind + + + align:start position:0% +stand there with a blank face and kind +of not looking around you have to be + + align:start position:0% +of not looking around you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +of not looking around you have to be +like engaged and moving and + + align:start position:0% +like engaged and moving and + + + align:start position:0% +like engaged and moving and +and when you're really doing that and + + align:start position:0% +and when you're really doing that and + + + align:start position:0% +and when you're really doing that and +really feeling the song you will do + + align:start position:0% +really feeling the song you will do + + + align:start position:0% +really feeling the song you will do +something a little different every time + + align:start position:0% +something a little different every time + + + align:start position:0% +something a little different every time +but what if but what if + + align:start position:0% +but what if but what if + + + align:start position:0% +but what if but what if +your little difference + + align:start position:0% +your little difference + + + align:start position:0% +your little difference +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +going to throw off the others so what's + + align:start position:0% +going to throw off the others so what's + + + align:start position:0% +going to throw off the others so what's +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +you have to think about the others and + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about the others and + + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about the others and +that's why you work as a group and + + align:start position:0% +that's why you work as a group and + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you work as a group and +that's why you rehearse a lot and you + + align:start position:0% +that's why you rehearse a lot and you + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you rehearse a lot and you +you know what works and you know where + + align:start position:0% +you know what works and you know where + + + align:start position:0% +you know what works and you know where +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +where you can change little things + + align:start position:0% +where you can change little things + + + align:start position:0% +where you can change little things +and especially if you're a soloist you + + align:start position:0% +and especially if you're a soloist you + + + align:start position:0% +and especially if you're a soloist you +have a lot more freedom to change + + align:start position:0% +have a lot more freedom to change + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot more freedom to change +whatever you want but it but you're not + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want but it but you're not + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want but it but you're not +so supposed to sacapella groups well + + align:start position:0% +so supposed to sacapella groups well + + + align:start position:0% +so supposed to sacapella groups well +actually we have solaris + + align:start position:0% +actually we have solaris + + + align:start position:0% +actually we have solaris +because come out of it but yeah no but i + + align:start position:0% +because come out of it but yeah no but i + + + align:start position:0% +because come out of it but yeah no but i +was thinking when there's there are + + align:start position:0% +was thinking when there's there are + + + align:start position:0% +was thinking when there's there are +other people involved + + align:start position:0% +other people involved + + + align:start position:0% +other people involved +this could throw them off do you know + + align:start position:0% +this could throw them off do you know + + + align:start position:0% +this could throw them off do you know +the indian music of + + align:start position:0% +the indian music of + + + align:start position:0% +the indian music of +ravi shankar for instance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orion + + align:start position:0% +orion + + + align:start position:0% +orion +shaking one of my friends + + align:start position:0% +shaking one of my friends + + + align:start position:0% +shaking one of my friends +one of my friends actually from back + + align:start position:0% +one of my friends actually from back + + + align:start position:0% +one of my friends actually from back +home is that one of your friends as well + + align:start position:0% +home is that one of your friends as well + + + align:start position:0% +home is that one of your friends as well +he is the indian he sings + + align:start position:0% +he is the indian he sings + + + align:start position:0% +he is the indian he sings +and it's completely improvisational and + + align:start position:0% +and it's completely improvisational and + + + align:start position:0% +and it's completely improvisational and +they have to like play off the + + align:start position:0% +they have to like play off the + + + align:start position:0% +they have to like play off the +different intonations in their voice + + align:start position:0% +different intonations in their voice + + + align:start position:0% +different intonations in their voice +yeah and + + align:start position:0% +yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and +what's interesting and + + align:start position:0% +what's interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +what's interesting and +reverend shanka is one of the great + + align:start position:0% +reverend shanka is one of the great + + + align:start position:0% +reverend shanka is one of the great +classic + + align:start position:0% +classic + + + align:start position:0% +classic +indian + + align:start position:0% +indian + + + align:start position:0% +indian +sitar players isn't it isn't this + + align:start position:0% +sitar players isn't it isn't this + + + align:start position:0% +sitar players isn't it isn't this +instrument + + align:start position:0% +instrument + + + align:start position:0% +instrument +is that the did i get the name right + + align:start position:0% +is that the did i get the name right + + + align:start position:0% +is that the did i get the name right +yeah it's not quarter steps + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's not quarter steps + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's not quarter steps +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +what i remember is him having a kind of + + align:start position:0% +what i remember is him having a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +what i remember is him having a kind of +relationship with the + + align:start position:0% +relationship with the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with the +drummer which is little drums don't + + align:start position:0% +drummer which is little drums don't + + + align:start position:0% +drummer which is little drums don't +forget what they're calling and they are + + align:start position:0% +forget what they're calling and they are + + + align:start position:0% +forget what they're calling and they are +always looking at each other and sort of + + align:start position:0% +always looking at each other and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +always looking at each other and sort of +responding to each other through the + + align:start position:0% +responding to each other through the + + + align:start position:0% +responding to each other through the +music + + align:start position:0% +music + + + align:start position:0% +music +it's a little like jazz only + + align:start position:0% +it's a little like jazz only + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little like jazz only +it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not +as fun it's not an individual doing + + align:start position:0% +as fun it's not an individual doing + + + align:start position:0% +as fun it's not an individual doing +whatever comes into his head though + + align:start position:0% +whatever comes into his head though + + + align:start position:0% +whatever comes into his head though +maybe that doesn't exist in jazz either + + align:start position:0% +maybe that doesn't exist in jazz either + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that doesn't exist in jazz either +but always responding + + align:start position:0% +but always responding + + + align:start position:0% +but always responding +directly to what this other performer + + align:start position:0% +directly to what this other performer + + + align:start position:0% +directly to what this other performer +does + + align:start position:0% +does + + + align:start position:0% +does +so that the + + align:start position:0% +so that the + + + align:start position:0% +so that the +creativity + + align:start position:0% +creativity + + + align:start position:0% +creativity +consists in the improvisation + + align:start position:0% +consists in the improvisation + + + align:start position:0% +consists in the improvisation +and that's something that some of you + + align:start position:0% +and that's something that some of you + + + align:start position:0% +and that's something that some of you +may want to pursue what is the nature of + + align:start position:0% +may want to pursue what is the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +may want to pursue what is the nature of +improvisation and how does that + + align:start position:0% +improvisation and how does that + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation and how does that +contribute to creativity or not i have + + align:start position:0% +contribute to creativity or not i have + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to creativity or not i have +some pages of that in the new film book + + align:start position:0% +some pages of that in the new film book + + + align:start position:0% +some pages of that in the new film book +three philosophical filmmakers + + align:start position:0% +three philosophical filmmakers + + + align:start position:0% +three philosophical filmmakers +because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hitchcock + + align:start position:0% +hitchcock + + + align:start position:0% +hitchcock +was dead set against it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well i guess i don't + + align:start position:0% +well i guess i don't + + + align:start position:0% +well i guess i don't +i haven't gone too far afield yet so let + + align:start position:0% +i haven't gone too far afield yet so let + + + align:start position:0% +i haven't gone too far afield yet so let +me go into hitchcock um hitchcock's idea + + align:start position:0% +me go into hitchcock um hitchcock's idea + + + align:start position:0% +me go into hitchcock um hitchcock's idea +was that + + align:start position:0% +was that + + + align:start position:0% +was that +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +he got to the set he would + + align:start position:0% +he got to the set he would + + + align:start position:0% +he got to the set he would +ride out the script + + align:start position:0% +ride out the script + + + align:start position:0% +ride out the script +he would have a storyboard + + align:start position:0% +he would have a storyboard + + + align:start position:0% +he would have a storyboard +very minutely picture after picture + + align:start position:0% +very minutely picture after picture + + + align:start position:0% +very minutely picture after picture +after picture + + align:start position:0% +after picture + + + align:start position:0% +after picture +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the actors + + align:start position:0% +the actors + + + align:start position:0% +the actors +were expected simply to carry out + + align:start position:0% +were expected simply to carry out + + + align:start position:0% +were expected simply to carry out +his plan + + align:start position:0% +his plan + + + align:start position:0% +his plan +no improvisation at all + + align:start position:0% +no improvisation at all + + + align:start position:0% +no improvisation at all +in fact hitchcock said on more than one + + align:start position:0% +in fact hitchcock said on more than one + + + align:start position:0% +in fact hitchcock said on more than one +occasion + + align:start position:0% +occasion + + + align:start position:0% +occasion +being on the set is the most boring part + + align:start position:0% +being on the set is the most boring part + + + align:start position:0% +being on the set is the most boring part +of making a movie what i like is working + + align:start position:0% +of making a movie what i like is working + + + align:start position:0% +of making a movie what i like is working +on it beforehand + + align:start position:0% +on it beforehand + + + align:start position:0% +on it beforehand +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +he didn't tolerate any kind of + + align:start position:0% +he didn't tolerate any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't tolerate any kind of +changes that the actors would make + + align:start position:0% +changes that the actors would make + + + align:start position:0% +changes that the actors would make +no improvisation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he mentions about + + align:start position:0% +he mentions about + + + align:start position:0% +he mentions about +actors that what he expects of an actor + + align:start position:0% +actors that what he expects of an actor + + + align:start position:0% +actors that what he expects of an actor +is for them to do as they're told + + align:start position:0% +is for them to do as they're told + + + align:start position:0% +is for them to do as they're told +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +simply uh carry out the intentions of + + align:start position:0% +simply uh carry out the intentions of + + + align:start position:0% +simply uh carry out the intentions of +the directors + + align:start position:0% +the directors + + + align:start position:0% +the directors +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +he's horrified when occasionally + + align:start position:0% +he's horrified when occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +he's horrified when occasionally +he's been saddled with + + align:start position:0% +he's been saddled with + + + align:start position:0% +he's been saddled with +for a variety of reasons with one of the + + align:start position:0% +for a variety of reasons with one of the + + + align:start position:0% +for a variety of reasons with one of the +method actors + + align:start position:0% +method actors + + + align:start position:0% +method actors +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +acting + + align:start position:0% +acting + + + align:start position:0% +acting +is a method that was directed that was + + align:start position:0% +is a method that was directed that was + + + align:start position:0% +is a method that was directed that was +developed in new york city + + align:start position:0% +developed in new york city + + + align:start position:0% +developed in new york city +by the actors studio + + align:start position:0% +by the actors studio + + + align:start position:0% +by the actors studio +and it consists mainly in expressing + + align:start position:0% +and it consists mainly in expressing + + + align:start position:0% +and it consists mainly in expressing +your feelings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a creative way + + align:start position:0% +in a creative way + + + align:start position:0% +in a creative way +depending on what those feelings are in + + align:start position:0% +depending on what those feelings are in + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what those feelings are in +that scene + + align:start position:0% +that scene + + + align:start position:0% +that scene +uh what your feelings are about + + align:start position:0% +uh what your feelings are about + + + align:start position:0% +uh what your feelings are about +the characters in the scene so if there + + align:start position:0% +the characters in the scene so if there + + + align:start position:0% +the characters in the scene so if there +was a way for actors to become more + + align:start position:0% +was a way for actors to become more + + + align:start position:0% +was a way for actors to become more +authentic + + align:start position:0% +authentic + + + align:start position:0% +authentic +by instead of just reciting lines in a + + align:start position:0% +by instead of just reciting lines in a + + + align:start position:0% +by instead of just reciting lines in a +road fashion + + align:start position:0% +road fashion + + + align:start position:0% +road fashion +expressing their own feelings + + align:start position:0% +expressing their own feelings + + + align:start position:0% +expressing their own feelings +in relation to what the feelings of the + + align:start position:0% +in relation to what the feelings of the + + + align:start position:0% +in relation to what the feelings of the +characters would be right + + align:start position:0% +characters would be right + + + align:start position:0% +characters would be right +and his trap gives an example a movie of + + align:start position:0% +and his trap gives an example a movie of + + + align:start position:0% +and his trap gives an example a movie of +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +i confess do any of you know that + + align:start position:0% +i confess do any of you know that + + + align:start position:0% +i confess do any of you know that +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +takes place in + + align:start position:0% +takes place in + + + align:start position:0% +takes place in +uh montreal and it's about a priest + + align:start position:0% +uh montreal and it's about a priest + + + align:start position:0% +uh montreal and it's about a priest +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +is accused + + align:start position:0% +is accused + + + align:start position:0% +is accused +of a crime and complicated reasons you + + align:start position:0% +of a crime and complicated reasons you + + + align:start position:0% +of a crime and complicated reasons you +don't have to go into he's he's not + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go into he's he's not + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go into he's he's not +guilty + + align:start position:0% +guilty + + + align:start position:0% +guilty +but he's found guilty and + + align:start position:0% +but he's found guilty and + + + align:start position:0% +but he's found guilty and +as he's walking out of the + + align:start position:0% +as he's walking out of the + + + align:start position:0% +as he's walking out of the +the court + + align:start position:0% +the court + + + align:start position:0% +the court +uh a mob + + align:start position:0% +uh a mob + + + align:start position:0% +uh a mob +sets upon him + + align:start position:0% +sets upon him + + + align:start position:0% +sets upon him +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hitchcock wanted him + + align:start position:0% +hitchcock wanted him + + + align:start position:0% +hitchcock wanted him +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me say i think maybe he's already + + align:start position:0% +let me say i think maybe he's already + + + align:start position:0% +let me say i think maybe he's already +been found not guilty but the mob + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or hasn't + + align:start position:0% +or hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +or hasn't +he isn't he i guess he's a free man + + align:start position:0% +he isn't he i guess he's a free man + + + align:start position:0% +he isn't he i guess he's a free man +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it's toward the end i guess what he's + + align:start position:0% +it's toward the end i guess what he's + + + align:start position:0% +it's toward the end i guess what he's +found + + align:start position:0% +found + + + align:start position:0% +found +to be non killing i forget the details + + align:start position:0% +to be non killing i forget the details + + + align:start position:0% +to be non killing i forget the details +of the plot and then event hitchcock + + align:start position:0% +of the plot and then event hitchcock + + + align:start position:0% +of the plot and then event hitchcock +said what i wanted to do was to go from + + align:start position:0% +said what i wanted to do was to go from + + + align:start position:0% +said what i wanted to do was to go from +the courthouse + + align:start position:0% +the courthouse + + + align:start position:0% +the courthouse +to the hotel frontenac + + align:start position:0% +to the hotel frontenac + + + align:start position:0% +to the hotel frontenac +uh in + + align:start position:0% +uh in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +montreal a famous landmark + + align:start position:0% +montreal a famous landmark + + + align:start position:0% +montreal a famous landmark +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i wanted to get the audience + + align:start position:0% +i wanted to get the audience + + + align:start position:0% +i wanted to get the audience +to see that it was a hotel + + align:start position:0% +to see that it was a hotel + + + align:start position:0% +to see that it was a hotel +to simplify the structure of the film + + align:start position:0% +to simplify the structure of the film + + + align:start position:0% +to simplify the structure of the film +what so what i told what i did was i i + + align:start position:0% +what so what i told what i did was i i + + + align:start position:0% +what so what i told what i did was i i +placed a number of spectators + + align:start position:0% +placed a number of spectators + + + align:start position:0% +placed a number of spectators +on the first floor + + align:start position:0% +on the first floor + + + align:start position:0% +on the first floor +above a sign saying hotel + + align:start position:0% +above a sign saying hotel + + + align:start position:0% +above a sign saying hotel +it would be on the facade hotel + + align:start position:0% +it would be on the facade hotel + + + align:start position:0% +it would be on the facade hotel +and above + + align:start position:0% +and above + + + align:start position:0% +and above +above the facade there would be + + align:start position:0% +above the facade there would be + + + align:start position:0% +above the facade there would be +spectators and i said to the actor + + align:start position:0% +spectators and i said to the actor + + + align:start position:0% +spectators and i said to the actor +when you get to this + + align:start position:0% +when you get to this + + + align:start position:0% +when you get to this +point uh coming out of the court + + align:start position:0% +point uh coming out of the court + + + align:start position:0% +point uh coming out of the court +courthouse + + align:start position:0% +courthouse + + + align:start position:0% +courthouse +look up + + align:start position:0% +look up + + + align:start position:0% +look up +at the sign or look up at the actors and + + align:start position:0% +at the sign or look up at the actors and + + + align:start position:0% +at the sign or look up at the actors and +look up at the uh + + align:start position:0% +look up at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +look up at the uh +the spectators and + + align:start position:0% +the spectators and + + + align:start position:0% +the spectators and +the audience then will see the sign + + align:start position:0% +the audience then will see the sign + + + align:start position:0% +the audience then will see the sign +right you get his device that he had + + align:start position:0% +right you get his device that he had + + + align:start position:0% +right you get his device that he had +planned carefully in advance + + align:start position:0% +planned carefully in advance + + + align:start position:0% +planned carefully in advance +the actor + + align:start position:0% +the actor + + + align:start position:0% +the actor +was montgomery clift who was a hollywood + + align:start position:0% +was montgomery clift who was a hollywood + + + align:start position:0% +was montgomery clift who was a hollywood +star + + align:start position:0% +star + + + align:start position:0% +star +and who had been trained in the method + + align:start position:0% +and who had been trained in the method + + + align:start position:0% +and who had been trained in the method +the new york method met the new york + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actress studios + + align:start position:0% +actress studios + + + align:start position:0% +actress studios +conception of the method + + align:start position:0% +conception of the method + + + align:start position:0% +conception of the method +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +cliff said to hitchcock + + align:start position:0% +cliff said to hitchcock + + + align:start position:0% +cliff said to hitchcock +i don't think i would + + align:start position:0% +i don't think i would + + + align:start position:0% +i don't think i would +in other words as the character why + + align:start position:0% +in other words as the character why + + + align:start position:0% +in other words as the character why +would he look up + + align:start position:0% +would he look up + + + align:start position:0% +would he look up +um and hitch got very annoyed with him + + align:start position:0% +um and hitch got very annoyed with him + + + align:start position:0% +um and hitch got very annoyed with him +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +told him you know do what you want you + + align:start position:0% +told him you know do what you want you + + + align:start position:0% +told him you know do what you want you +know and then commenting on this he said + + align:start position:0% +know and then commenting on this he said + + + align:start position:0% +know and then commenting on this he said +the actors don't realize that directors + + align:start position:0% +the actors don't realize that directors + + + align:start position:0% +the actors don't realize that directors +and cinematographers have all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +and cinematographers have all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +and cinematographers have all sorts of +problems that they're not equipped to + + align:start position:0% +problems that they're not equipped to + + + align:start position:0% +problems that they're not equipped to +understanding so all i want from an + + align:start position:0% +understanding so all i want from an + + + align:start position:0% +understanding so all i want from an +actor is they'll do + + align:start position:0% +actor is they'll do + + + align:start position:0% +actor is they'll do +what he's supposed to instead of + + align:start position:0% +what he's supposed to instead of + + + align:start position:0% +what he's supposed to instead of +improvise that way because he would or + + align:start position:0% +improvise that way because he would or + + + align:start position:0% +improvise that way because he would or +would not look up at that moment + + align:start position:0% +would not look up at that moment + + + align:start position:0% +would not look up at that moment +now as a matter of fact + + align:start position:0% +now as a matter of fact + + + align:start position:0% +now as a matter of fact +perhaps this guy had put more thought + + align:start position:0% +perhaps this guy had put more thought + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps this guy had put more thought +into the character and the character + + align:start position:0% +into the character and the character + + + align:start position:0% +into the character and the character +development at that point that was what + + align:start position:0% +development at that point that was what + + + align:start position:0% +development at that point that was what +i suggested that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if hitchcock had been a little more + + align:start position:0% +if hitchcock had been a little more + + + align:start position:0% +if hitchcock had been a little more +open-minded + + align:start position:0% +open-minded + + + align:start position:0% +open-minded +uh he could easily have contrived things + + align:start position:0% +uh he could easily have contrived things + + + align:start position:0% +uh he could easily have contrived things +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +way of acting that the clift had would + + align:start position:0% +way of acting that the clift had would + + + align:start position:0% +way of acting that the clift had would +be accommodated with hitchcock's own uh + + align:start position:0% +be accommodated with hitchcock's own uh + + + align:start position:0% +be accommodated with hitchcock's own uh +technical planning as a director + + align:start position:0% +technical planning as a director + + + align:start position:0% +technical planning as a director +for those people whom we had on the + + align:start position:0% +for those people whom we had on the + + + align:start position:0% +for those people whom we had on the +first floor above the sign + + align:start position:0% +first floor above the sign + + + align:start position:0% +first floor above the sign +instead of they're looking they're just + + align:start position:0% +instead of they're looking they're just + + + align:start position:0% +instead of they're looking they're just +silent spectators while the crowd is + + align:start position:0% +silent spectators while the crowd is + + + align:start position:0% +silent spectators while the crowd is +haranguing the priest + + align:start position:0% +haranguing the priest + + + align:start position:0% +haranguing the priest +they could start shouting over the crowd + + align:start position:0% +they could start shouting over the crowd + + + align:start position:0% +they could start shouting over the crowd +and so the priest would actually look up + + align:start position:0% +and so the priest would actually look up + + + align:start position:0% +and so the priest would actually look up +who's shouting + + align:start position:0% +who's shouting + + + align:start position:0% +who's shouting +from that location too + + align:start position:0% +from that location too + + + align:start position:0% +from that location too +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +the audience would see the sign and + + align:start position:0% +the audience would see the sign and + + + align:start position:0% +the audience would see the sign and +then they could get into the next + + align:start position:0% +then they could get into the next + + + align:start position:0% +then they could get into the next +phase that shark had in mind so this was + + align:start position:0% +phase that shark had in mind so this was + + + align:start position:0% +phase that shark had in mind so this was +the deficiency on hitchcock's part the + + align:start position:0% +the deficiency on hitchcock's part the + + + align:start position:0% +the deficiency on hitchcock's part the +reason i mentioned is because hitchcock + + align:start position:0% +reason i mentioned is because hitchcock + + + align:start position:0% +reason i mentioned is because hitchcock +was against + + align:start position:0% +was against + + + align:start position:0% +was against +against the improvisations there's only + + align:start position:0% +against the improvisations there's only + + + align:start position:0% +against the improvisations there's only +one movie in which he says that he did + + align:start position:0% +one movie in which he says that he did + + + align:start position:0% +one movie in which he says that he did +any and that was in the birds i don't + + align:start position:0% +any and that was in the birds i don't + + + align:start position:0% +any and that was in the birds i don't +know if you know the birds + + align:start position:0% +know if you know the birds + + + align:start position:0% +know if you know the birds +there's a scene in which the birds come + + align:start position:0% +there's a scene in which the birds come + + + align:start position:0% +there's a scene in which the birds come +into the living room through the chimney + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the family are huddled in fright because + + align:start position:0% +the family are huddled in fright because + + + align:start position:0% +the family are huddled in fright because +the birds are + + align:start position:0% +the birds are + + + align:start position:0% +the birds are +being violent outside + + align:start position:0% +being violent outside + + + align:start position:0% +being violent outside +and they're in the in the + + align:start position:0% +and they're in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +and they're in the in the +imprisoned even in the + + align:start position:0% +imprisoned even in the + + + align:start position:0% +imprisoned even in the +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +house + + align:start position:0% +house + + + align:start position:0% +house +and in the living room there is a + + align:start position:0% +and in the living room there is a + + + align:start position:0% +and in the living room there is a +fireplace + + align:start position:0% +fireplace + + + align:start position:0% +fireplace +and at one point all of a sudden they're + + align:start position:0% +and at one point all of a sudden they're + + + align:start position:0% +and at one point all of a sudden they're +shocked because + + align:start position:0% +shocked because + + + align:start position:0% +shocked because +little birds whole + + 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making uh through the +improvisation that's the reason i wanted + + align:start position:0% +improvisation that's the reason i wanted + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation that's the reason i wanted +to bring this in uh + + align:start position:0% +to bring this in uh + + + align:start position:0% +to bring this in uh +wilder improvised but not as much as + + align:start position:0% +wilder improvised but not as much as + + + align:start position:0% +wilder improvised but not as much as +renoir and then orson welles also + + align:start position:0% +renoir and then orson welles also + + + align:start position:0% +renoir and then orson welles also +improvised but in different ways in + + align:start position:0% +improvised but in different ways in + + + align:start position:0% +improvised but in different ways in +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +he was + + align:start position:0% +he was + + + align:start position:0% +he was +the star + + align:start position:0% +the star + + + align:start position:0% +the star +because he was a great actor and he + + align:start position:0% +because he was a great actor and he + + + align:start position:0% +because he was a great actor and he +wrote everything + + align:start position:0% +wrote everything + + + align:start position:0% +wrote everything +but so it wasn't as fluid an + + align:start position:0% +but so it wasn't as fluid an + + + align:start position:0% +but so it wasn't as fluid an +improvisation as in doing one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the question is + + align:start position:0% +now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +now the question is +where does creativity come into this + + align:start position:0% +where does creativity come into this + + + align:start position:0% +where does creativity come into this +the creativity would sim you think would + + align:start position:0% +the creativity would sim you think would + + + align:start position:0% +the creativity would sim you think would +be a function of improvisation + + align:start position:0% +be a function of improvisation + + + align:start position:0% +be a function of improvisation +yeah i think so and the connection with + + align:start position:0% +yeah i think so and the connection with + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i think so and the connection with +the audience and understanding + + align:start position:0% +the audience and understanding + + + align:start position:0% +the audience and understanding +understanding the feedback that you're + + align:start position:0% +understanding the feedback that you're + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the feedback that you're +receiving + + align:start position:0% +receiving + + + align:start position:0% +receiving +right and then giving back in so + + align:start position:0% +right and then giving back in so + + + align:start position:0% +right and then giving back in so +if it's a live performance + + align:start position:0% +if it's a live performance + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a live performance +if it's a live performance that's right + + align:start position:0% +if it's a live performance that's right + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a live performance that's right +which is why i come which is why i + + align:start position:0% +which is why i come which is why i + + + align:start position:0% +which is why i come which is why i +contrast recording versus live + + align:start position:0% +contrast recording versus live + + + align:start position:0% +contrast recording versus live +performance because with the recording + + align:start position:0% +performance because with the recording + + + align:start position:0% +performance because with the recording +it's like the movie you have to have it + + align:start position:0% +it's like the movie you have to have it + + + align:start position:0% +it's like the movie you have to have it +be perfect and some that's and in the + + align:start position:0% +be perfect and some that's and in the + + + align:start position:0% +be perfect and some that's and in the +case where you have the director + + align:start position:0% +case where you have the director + + + align:start position:0% +case where you have the director +the director's role is filled by + + align:start position:0% +the director's role is filled by + + + align:start position:0% +the director's role is filled by +the arranger slash producer right but + + align:start position:0% +the arranger slash producer right but + + + align:start position:0% +the arranger slash producer right but +there are different kinds of creativity + + align:start position:0% +there are different kinds of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +there are different kinds of creativity +for instance in movies + + align:start position:0% +for instance in movies + + + align:start position:0% +for instance in movies +i mentioned charlie chaplin + + align:start position:0% +i mentioned charlie chaplin + + + align:start position:0% +i mentioned charlie chaplin +chaplin like hitchcock + + align:start position:0% +chaplin like hitchcock + + + align:start position:0% +chaplin like hitchcock +wanted no nonsense from the actors + + align:start position:0% +wanted no nonsense from the actors + + + align:start position:0% +wanted no nonsense from the actors +hitchcock said once + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actors + + align:start position:0% +actors + + + align:start position:0% +actors +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +our cat all actors are cattle + + align:start position:0% +our cat all actors are cattle + + + align:start position:0% +our cat all actors are cattle +and the people threw that up at him and + + align:start position:0% +and the people threw that up at him and + + + align:start position:0% +and the people threw that up at him and +his usual wonderful hitchcockian way + + align:start position:0% +his usual wonderful hitchcockian way + + + align:start position:0% +his usual wonderful hitchcockian way +said oh i would never say that + + align:start position:0% +said oh i would never say that + + + align:start position:0% +said oh i would never say that +about my friends the actors that they + + align:start position:0% +about my friends the actors that they + + + align:start position:0% +about my friends the actors that they +are that they are cattle uh i've been + + align:start position:0% +are that they are cattle uh i've been + + + align:start position:0% +are that they are cattle uh i've been +misquoted what i might have said is that + + align:start position:0% +misquoted what i might have said is that + + + align:start position:0% +misquoted what i might have said is that +all actors should be treated like + + align:start position:0% +all actors should be treated like + + + align:start position:0% +all actors should be treated like +well the point is that was the attitude + + align:start position:0% +well the point is that was the attitude + + + align:start position:0% +well the point is that was the attitude +of charlie chaplin + + align:start position:0% +of charlie chaplin + + + align:start position:0% +of charlie chaplin +and some of the actors + + align:start position:0% +and some of the actors + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the actors +that i've seen in documentaries on film + + align:start position:0% +that i've seen in documentaries on film + + + align:start position:0% +that i've seen in documentaries on film +said + + align:start position:0% +said + + + align:start position:0% +said +charlie would say okay you stand here + + align:start position:0% +charlie would say okay you stand here + + + align:start position:0% +charlie would say okay you stand here +and what you do is this + + align:start position:0% +and what you do is this + + + align:start position:0% +and what you do is this +and then he would have acted out + + align:start position:0% +and then he would have acted out + + + align:start position:0% +and then he would have acted out +and he was such a great actor + + align:start position:0% +and he was such a great actor + + + align:start position:0% +and he was such a great actor +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +i could we couldn't imagine + + align:start position:0% +i could we couldn't imagine + + + align:start position:0% +i could we couldn't imagine +doing anything better than that + + align:start position:0% +doing anything better than that + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything better than that +so and that's what he wanted he just + + align:start position:0% +so and that's what he wanted he just + + + align:start position:0% +so and that's what he wanted he just +wanted + + align:start position:0% +wanted + + + align:start position:0% +wanted +them to imitate what he was doing + + align:start position:0% +them to imitate what he was doing + + + align:start position:0% +them to imitate what he was doing +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +his movies everyone would say are some + + align:start position:0% +his movies everyone would say are some + + + align:start position:0% +his movies everyone would say are some +of the most creative and possible + + align:start position:0% +of the most creative and possible + + + align:start position:0% +of the most creative and possible +by means of his method which + + align:start position:0% +by means of his method which + + + align:start position:0% +by means of his method which +was predicated upon upon his own + + align:start position:0% +was predicated upon upon his own + + + align:start position:0% +was predicated upon upon his own +creativity + + align:start position:0% +creativity + + + align:start position:0% +creativity +and in a sense the actors had to + + align:start position:0% +and in a sense the actors had to + + + align:start position:0% +and in a sense the actors had to +smother theirs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and and he had them so brainwashed + + align:start position:0% +and and and he had them so brainwashed + + + align:start position:0% +and and and he had them so brainwashed +that they thought they couldn't do betty + + align:start position:0% +that they thought they couldn't do betty + + + align:start position:0% +that they thought they couldn't do betty +better well that was probably because he + + align:start position:0% +better well that was probably because he + + + align:start position:0% +better well that was probably because he +was an actor director as opposed to just + + align:start position:0% +was an actor director as opposed to just + + + align:start position:0% +was an actor director as opposed to just +just simply a director + + align:start position:0% +just simply a director + + + align:start position:0% +just simply a director +looking at them from the perspective of + + align:start position:0% +looking at them from the perspective of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at them from the perspective of +uh having a goal like he just wanted + + align:start position:0% +uh having a goal like he just wanted + + + align:start position:0% +uh having a goal like he just wanted +them to be like him which is not a way + + align:start position:0% +them to be like him which is not a way + + + align:start position:0% +them to be like him which is not a way +to direct but there are different ways + + align:start position:0% +to direct but there are different ways + + + align:start position:0% +to direct but there are different ways +of being like him orson welles + + align:start position:0% +of being like him orson welles + + + align:start position:0% +of being like him orson welles +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +various of his actors said + + align:start position:0% +various of his actors said + + + align:start position:0% +various of his actors said +orson welles orson would + + align:start position:0% +orson welles orson would + + + align:start position:0% +orson welles orson would +take you aside and you'd have these + + align:start position:0% +take you aside and you'd have these + + + align:start position:0% +take you aside and you'd have these +profound discussions about + + align:start position:0% +profound discussions about + + + align:start position:0% +profound discussions about +what you were supposed to do + + align:start position:0% +what you were supposed to do + + + align:start position:0% +what you were supposed to do +he put his arm around you and it would + + align:start position:0% +he put his arm around you and it would + + + align:start position:0% +he put his arm around you and it would +be very warm and cozy and he was a + + align:start position:0% +be very warm and cozy and he was a + + + align:start position:0% +be very warm and cozy and he was a +fellow actor and he really seemed to + + align:start position:0% +fellow actor and he really seemed to + + + align:start position:0% +fellow actor and he really seemed to +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +and then he said now go out and do it + + align:start position:0% +and then he said now go out and do it + + + align:start position:0% +and then he said now go out and do it +and he himself said that he improvised a + + align:start position:0% +and he himself said that he improvised a + + + align:start position:0% +and he himself said that he improvised a +great deal on the set + + align:start position:0% +great deal on the set + + + align:start position:0% +great deal on the set +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +wasn't opposed to actors + + align:start position:0% +wasn't opposed to actors + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't opposed to actors +improvising + + align:start position:0% +improvising + + + align:start position:0% +improvising +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that was that was it that was fine + + align:start position:0% +that was that was it that was fine + + + align:start position:0% +that was that was it that was fine +but not not the equal of red rock but + + align:start position:0% +but not not the equal of red rock but + + + align:start position:0% +but not not the equal of red rock but +still improvising + + align:start position:0% +still improvising + + + align:start position:0% +still improvising +now he himself says + + align:start position:0% +now he himself says + + + align:start position:0% +now he himself says +in an interview + + align:start position:0% +in an interview + + + align:start position:0% +in an interview +when you're + + align:start position:0% +when you're + + + align:start position:0% +when you're +directing + + align:start position:0% +directing + + + align:start position:0% +directing +when you're directing + + align:start position:0% +when you're directing + + + align:start position:0% +when you're directing +actors + + align:start position:0% +actors + + + align:start position:0% +actors +you have to make love to them + + align:start position:0% +you have to make love to them + + + align:start position:0% +you have to make love to them +to get them because that's what actors + + align:start position:0% +to get them because that's what actors + + + align:start position:0% +to get them because that's what actors +are like and he knew because he was like + + align:start position:0% +are like and he knew because he was like + + + align:start position:0% +are like and he knew because he was like +that himself uh + + align:start position:0% +that himself uh + + + align:start position:0% +that himself uh +and if they're stars + + align:start position:0% +and if they're stars + + + align:start position:0% +and if they're stars +you really have to pick them up to them + + align:start position:0% +you really have to pick them up to them + + + align:start position:0% +you really have to pick them up to them +you have to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +you have to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +you have to emphasize +whatever it is that is involved in + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is that is involved in + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is that is involved in +making love you didn't mean it literally + + align:start position:0% +making love you didn't mean it literally + + + align:start position:0% +making love you didn't mean it literally +obviously it didn't mean you had to have + + align:start position:0% +obviously it didn't mean you had to have + + + align:start position:0% +obviously it didn't mean you had to have +sex with the leading lady but uh you had + + align:start position:0% +sex with the leading lady but uh you had + + + align:start position:0% +sex with the leading lady but uh you had +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +make love right you got the idea uh now + + align:start position:0% +make love right you got the idea uh now + + + align:start position:0% +make love right you got the idea uh now +that is a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +that is a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that is a different kind of +improvisation from when it was + + align:start position:0% +improvisation from when it was + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation from when it was +improvisation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +benoit actually + + align:start position:0% +benoit actually + + + align:start position:0% +benoit actually +showed he's a very warm and loving + + align:start position:0% +showed he's a very warm and loving + + + align:start position:0% +showed he's a very warm and loving +person and + + align:start position:0% +person and + + + align:start position:0% +person and +he really loved + + align:start position:0% +he really loved + + + align:start position:0% +he really loved +his actors when they were good + + align:start position:0% +his actors when they were good + + + align:start position:0% +his actors when they were good +but it isn't that he made love to them + + align:start position:0% +but it isn't that he made love to them + + + align:start position:0% +but it isn't that he made love to them +he just loved michelle gabbana for + + align:start position:0% +he just loved michelle gabbana for + + + align:start position:0% +he just loved michelle gabbana for +instance i didn't know if you know him + + align:start position:0% +instance i didn't know if you know him + + + align:start position:0% +instance i didn't know if you know him +great famous + + align:start position:0% +great famous + + + align:start position:0% +great famous +a box office star 30s and 40s and he + + align:start position:0% +a box office star 30s and 40s and he + + + align:start position:0% +a box office star 30s and 40s and he +loved alamognani and it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +loved alamognani and it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +loved alamognani and it wasn't +physical or sexual it wasn't as if he + + align:start position:0% +physical or sexual it wasn't as if he + + + align:start position:0% +physical or sexual it wasn't as if he +was making love to them i mean you know + + align:start position:0% +was making love to them i mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +was making love to them i mean you know +seducing them or having physical + + align:start position:0% +seducing them or having physical + + + align:start position:0% +seducing them or having physical +relations i guess + + align:start position:0% +relations i guess + + + align:start position:0% +relations i guess +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +it would vary the way in which the + + align:start position:0% +it would vary the way in which the + + + align:start position:0% +it would vary the way in which the +improvisation would come out + + align:start position:0% +improvisation would come out + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation would come out +and that may be true here too do you + + align:start position:0% +and that may be true here too do you + + + align:start position:0% +and that may be true here too do you +have a director for you somebody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have a + + align:start position:0% +we have a + + + align:start position:0% +we have a +musical director who directs during + + align:start position:0% +musical director who directs during + + + align:start position:0% +musical director who directs during +performances and actually he was very + + align:start position:0% +performances and actually he was very + + + align:start position:0% +performances and actually he was very +involved in + + align:start position:0% +involved in + + + align:start position:0% +involved in +uh recording especially for this last cd + + align:start position:0% +uh recording especially for this last cd + + + align:start position:0% +uh recording especially for this last cd +and for the one before that well one + + align:start position:0% +and for the one before that well one + + + align:start position:0% +and for the one before that well one +thing you should + + align:start position:0% +thing you should + + + align:start position:0% +thing you should +plummet that's been this has been a big + + align:start position:0% +plummet that's been this has been a big + + + align:start position:0% +plummet that's been this has been a big +aggression but not really + + align:start position:0% +aggression but not really + + + align:start position:0% +aggression but not really +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +how does the creativity come out does it + + align:start position:0% +how does the creativity come out does it + + + align:start position:0% +how does the creativity come out does it +come out in response to what the + + align:start position:0% +come out in response to what the + + + align:start position:0% +come out in response to what the +director tells you + + align:start position:0% +director tells you + + + align:start position:0% +director tells you +does it come out because of + + align:start position:0% +does it come out because of + + + align:start position:0% +does it come out because of +your rapport with the audience uh or + + align:start position:0% +your rapport with the audience uh or + + + align:start position:0% +your rapport with the audience uh or +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +creative your feeling of creative + + align:start position:0% +creative your feeling of creative + + + align:start position:0% +creative your feeling of creative +oneness with with the group + + align:start position:0% +oneness with with the group + + + align:start position:0% +oneness with with the group +the feeling + + align:start position:0% +the feeling + + + align:start position:0% +the feeling +that you're all together creating + + align:start position:0% +that you're all together creating + + + align:start position:0% +that you're all together creating +something together what what do i have + + align:start position:0% +something together what what do i have + + + align:start position:0% +something together what what do i have +to say it's just one no + + align:start position:0% +to say it's just one no + + + align:start position:0% +to say it's just one no +i believe that the answer is that it is + + align:start position:0% +i believe that the answer is that it is + + + align:start position:0% +i believe that the answer is that it is +some kind of analysis and that there's a + + align:start position:0% +some kind of analysis and that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of analysis and that there's a +little there's an emphasis on different + + align:start position:0% +little there's an emphasis on different + + + align:start position:0% +little there's an emphasis on different +parts of it + + align:start position:0% +parts of it + + + align:start position:0% +parts of it +in terms of which + + align:start position:0% +in terms of which + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of which +media you're performing in live versus + + align:start position:0% +media you're performing in live versus + + + align:start position:0% +media you're performing in live versus +record + + align:start position:0% +record + + + align:start position:0% +record +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +what i have + + align:start position:0% +what i have + + + align:start position:0% +what i have +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that's all right i mean the point is + + align:start position:0% +that's all right i mean the point is + + + align:start position:0% +that's all right i mean the point is +that each of them would have its own + + align:start position:0% +that each of them would have its own + + + align:start position:0% +that each of them would have its own +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +configuration to be analyzed + + align:start position:0% +configuration to be analyzed + + + align:start position:0% +configuration to be analyzed +and in the case of wells it was + + align:start position:0% +and in the case of wells it was + + + align:start position:0% +and in the case of wells it was +complicated how many of you know citizen + + align:start position:0% +complicated how many of you know citizen + + + align:start position:0% +complicated how many of you know citizen +kane + + align:start position:0% +kane + + + align:start position:0% +kane +you must know some of the please save + + align:start position:0% +you must know some of the please save + + + align:start position:0% +you must know some of the please save +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +but you know the scene in which + + align:start position:0% +but you know the scene in which + + + align:start position:0% +but you know the scene in which +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +jeb leland + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh comes in drunk + + align:start position:0% +uh comes in drunk + + + align:start position:0% +uh comes in drunk +and says + + align:start position:0% +and says + + + align:start position:0% +and says +he wants to leave with the paper right + + align:start position:0% +he wants to leave with the paper right + + + align:start position:0% +he wants to leave with the paper right +at the newspaper + + align:start position:0% +at the newspaper + + + align:start position:0% +at the newspaper +the newspaper yeah he wants to go to but + + align:start position:0% +the newspaper yeah he wants to go to but + + + align:start position:0% +the newspaper yeah he wants to go to but +he wants to go to the chicago newspaper + + align:start position:0% +he wants to go to the chicago newspaper + + + align:start position:0% +he wants to go to the chicago newspaper +he wants came his close buddy to send it + + align:start position:0% +he wants came his close buddy to send it + + + align:start position:0% +he wants came his close buddy to send it +to chicago + + align:start position:0% +to chicago + + + align:start position:0% +to chicago +that's before + + align:start position:0% +that's before + + + align:start position:0% +that's before +the climax after + + align:start position:0% +the climax after + + + align:start position:0% +the climax after +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +leland's + + align:start position:0% +leland's + + + align:start position:0% +leland's +review of + + align:start position:0% +review of + + + align:start position:0% +review of +susan alexander + + align:start position:0% +susan alexander + + + align:start position:0% +susan alexander +remember all that that's later but to + + align:start position:0% +remember all that that's later but to + + + align:start position:0% +remember all that that's later but to +get to chicago + + align:start position:0% +get to chicago + + + align:start position:0% +get to chicago +he uh + + align:start position:0% +he uh + + + align:start position:0% +he uh +he uh he comes in drunk once and + + align:start position:0% +he uh he comes in drunk once and + + + align:start position:0% +he uh he comes in drunk once and +um oh well i think it's after um kane + + align:start position:0% +um oh well i think it's after um kane + + + align:start position:0% +um oh well i think it's after um kane +has been defeated in the elections + + align:start position:0% +has been defeated in the elections + + + align:start position:0% +has been defeated in the elections +because of + + align:start position:0% +because of + + + align:start position:0% +because of +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +everything's still decorated yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +everything's still decorated yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +everything's still decorated yeah that's +right and + + align:start position:0% +right and + + + align:start position:0% +right and +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +kate says what are you going to do on + + align:start position:0% +kate says what are you going to do on + + + align:start position:0% +kate says what are you going to do on +the chicago staff + + align:start position:0% +the chicago staff + + + align:start position:0% +the chicago staff +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +leon says uh + + align:start position:0% +leon says uh + + + align:start position:0% +leon says uh +uh and he's supposed to be drunk and + + align:start position:0% +uh and he's supposed to be drunk and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and he's supposed to be drunk and +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i'm gonna do um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +critical + + align:start position:0% +critical + + + align:start position:0% +critical +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +liter critical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know he mixes up he wants to say + + align:start position:0% +i don't know he mixes up he wants to say + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know he mixes up he wants to say +literary criticism + + align:start position:0% +literary criticism + + + align:start position:0% +literary criticism +and the syllables come out wrong and + + align:start position:0% +and the syllables come out wrong and + + + align:start position:0% +and the syllables come out wrong and +misplaced in a nonsensical sort of way + + align:start position:0% +misplaced in a nonsensical sort of way + + + align:start position:0% +misplaced in a nonsensical sort of way +but that's clear that's what he's saying + + align:start position:0% +but that's clear that's what he's saying + + + align:start position:0% +but that's clear that's what he's saying +and it's what a drunk man would say + + align:start position:0% +and it's what a drunk man would say + + + align:start position:0% +and it's what a drunk man would say +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now the point is that wasn't in the + + align:start position:0% +now the point is that wasn't in the + + + align:start position:0% +now the point is that wasn't in the +script + + align:start position:0% +script + + + align:start position:0% +script +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +wells in an interview says + + align:start position:0% +wells in an interview says + + + align:start position:0% +wells in an interview says +as a matter of fact + + align:start position:0% +as a matter of fact + + + align:start position:0% +as a matter of fact +joseph cotton joe cotton + + align:start position:0% +joseph cotton joe cotton + + + align:start position:0% +joseph cotton joe cotton +uh had + + align:start position:0% +uh had + + + align:start position:0% +uh had +been drinking a little too much and he + + align:start position:0% +been drinking a little too much and he + + + align:start position:0% +been drinking a little too much and he +came in tipsy for that scene + + align:start position:0% +came in tipsy for that scene + + + align:start position:0% +came in tipsy for that scene +and uh it's not what it was supposed to + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's not what it was supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's not what it was supposed to +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +but that's what came out and it was so + + align:start position:0% +but that's what came out and it was so + + + align:start position:0% +but that's what came out and it was so +wonderful i just left it in + + align:start position:0% +wonderful i just left it in + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful i just left it in +and he said this happened all the time + + align:start position:0% +and he said this happened all the time + + + align:start position:0% +and he said this happened all the time +we would do this kind of everything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well i don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a certain amount of criticism or + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain amount of criticism or + + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain amount of criticism or +a certain amount of creativity in there + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of creativity in there + + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of creativity in there +there are groups that actually although + + align:start position:0% +there are groups that actually although + + + align:start position:0% +there are groups that actually although +but then they don't fall apart why is it + + align:start position:0% +but then they don't fall apart why is it + + + align:start position:0% +but then they don't fall apart why is it +that they they're less nervous and look + + align:start position:0% +that they they're less nervous and look + + + align:start position:0% +that they they're less nervous and look +less uh hitched like if you're up on + + align:start position:0% +less uh hitched like if you're up on + + + align:start position:0% +less uh hitched like if you're up on +stage and you just look nervous the + + align:start position:0% +stage and you just look nervous the + + + align:start position:0% +stage and you just look nervous the +audience isn't going to respond + + align:start position:0% +audience isn't going to respond + + + align:start position:0% +audience isn't going to respond +favorably they're going to be like + + align:start position:0% +favorably they're going to be like + + + align:start position:0% +favorably they're going to be like +uh they just look awkward + + align:start position:0% +uh they just look awkward + + + align:start position:0% +uh they just look awkward +so some kids just loosen up and just + + align:start position:0% +so some kids just loosen up and just + + + align:start position:0% +so some kids just loosen up and just +like as a tradition + + align:start position:0% +like as a tradition + + + align:start position:0% +like as a tradition +we'll actually take a shot together + + align:start position:0% +we'll actually take a shot together + + + align:start position:0% +we'll actually take a shot together +um well you have to + + align:start position:0% +um well you have to + + + align:start position:0% +um well you have to +i'm just throwing it out there just + + align:start position:0% +i'm just throwing it out there just + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just throwing it out there just +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +the director has to know how to prepare + + align:start position:0% +the director has to know how to prepare + + + align:start position:0% +the director has to know how to prepare +himself and the group have to be close + + align:start position:0% +himself and the group have to be close + + + align:start position:0% +himself and the group have to be close +enough that they can quickly adjust to + + align:start position:0% +enough that they can quickly adjust to + + + align:start position:0% +enough that they can quickly adjust to +that indeed + + align:start position:0% +that indeed + + + align:start position:0% +that indeed +another example there's a great + + align:start position:0% +another example there's a great + + + align:start position:0% +another example there's a great +musical comedy some people consider the + + align:start position:0% +musical comedy some people consider the + + + align:start position:0% +musical comedy some people consider the +greatest + + align:start position:0% +greatest + + + align:start position:0% +greatest +musical comedies + + align:start position:0% +musical comedies + + + align:start position:0% +musical comedies +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +unlike + + align:start position:0% +unlike + + + align:start position:0% +unlike +um some like it hot which has music in + + align:start position:0% +um some like it hot which has music in + + + align:start position:0% +um some like it hot which has music in +it and marilyn monroe singing but it's + + align:start position:0% +it and marilyn monroe singing but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it and marilyn monroe singing but it's +not a musical company uh this one is + + align:start position:0% +not a musical company uh this one is + + + align:start position:0% +not a musical company uh this one is +called love me tonight + + align:start position:0% +called love me tonight + + + align:start position:0% +called love me tonight +with jeanette macdonald and + + align:start position:0% +with jeanette macdonald and + + + align:start position:0% +with jeanette macdonald and +and maurice chevalier made in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1929 i guess no 1932 i think it was + + align:start position:0% +1929 i guess no 1932 i think it was + + + align:start position:0% +1929 i guess no 1932 i think it was +very early + + align:start position:0% +very early + + + align:start position:0% +very early +and in one scene it is a + + align:start position:0% +and in one scene it is a + + + align:start position:0% +and in one scene it is a +dress + + align:start position:0% +dress + + + align:start position:0% +dress +part a + + align:start position:0% +part a + + + align:start position:0% +part a +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +mass dress party + + align:start position:0% +mass dress party + + + align:start position:0% +mass dress party +called masquerade and + + align:start position:0% +called masquerade and + + + align:start position:0% +called masquerade and +one of the characters has on + + align:start position:0% +one of the characters has on + + + align:start position:0% +one of the characters has on +the top of + + align:start position:0% +the top of + + + align:start position:0% +the top of +the helmet of armor + + align:start position:0% +the helmet of armor + + + align:start position:0% +the helmet of armor +with a + + align:start position:0% +with a + + + align:start position:0% +with a +visor that is pushed up and when he + + align:start position:0% +visor that is pushed up and when he + + + align:start position:0% +visor that is pushed up and when he +wants to talk right + + align:start position:0% +wants to talk right + + + align:start position:0% +wants to talk right +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +another character is talking to him and + + align:start position:0% +another character is talking to him and + + + align:start position:0% +another character is talking to him and +he pushes up his + + align:start position:0% +he pushes up his + + + align:start position:0% +he pushes up his +his armor to talk and it keeps falling + + align:start position:0% +his armor to talk and it keeps falling + + + align:start position:0% +his armor to talk and it keeps falling +down and + + align:start position:0% +down and + + + align:start position:0% +down and +and this was on on rares not part of the + + align:start position:0% +and this was on on rares not part of the + + + align:start position:0% +and this was on on rares not part of the +idea and the first one um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second one reaches and + + align:start position:0% +the second one reaches and + + + align:start position:0% +the second one reaches and +holds up the visor at crucial moments + + align:start position:0% +holds up the visor at crucial moments + + + align:start position:0% +holds up the visor at crucial moments +and let's drop in this very funny effect + + align:start position:0% +and let's drop in this very funny effect + + + align:start position:0% +and let's drop in this very funny effect +completely unrised + + align:start position:0% +completely unrised + + + align:start position:0% +completely unrised +listening to all this there is + + align:start position:0% +listening to all this there is + + + align:start position:0% +listening to all this there is +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +myrna lloyd + + align:start position:0% +myrna lloyd + + + align:start position:0% +myrna lloyd +you've probably heard of cedar + + align:start position:0% +you've probably heard of cedar + + + align:start position:0% +you've probably heard of cedar +in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the mystery stories + + align:start position:0% +the mystery stories + + + align:start position:0% +the mystery stories +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +william powell um let's call the uh the + + align:start position:0% +william powell um let's call the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +william powell um let's call the uh the +thin man thin man series + + align:start position:0% +thin man thin man series + + + align:start position:0% +thin man thin man series +myrtle a very beautiful woman who made + + align:start position:0% +myrtle a very beautiful woman who made + + + align:start position:0% +myrtle a very beautiful woman who made +many many many + + align:start position:0% +many many many + + + align:start position:0% +many many many +great movies + + align:start position:0% +great movies + + + align:start position:0% +great movies +and she's also in in + + align:start position:0% +and she's also in in + + + align:start position:0% +and she's also in in +masquerade and has a uh + + align:start position:0% +masquerade and has a uh + + + align:start position:0% +masquerade and has a uh +montia spanish fan + + align:start position:0% +montia spanish fan + + + align:start position:0% +montia spanish fan +in front of it but + + align:start position:0% +in front of it but + + + align:start position:0% +in front of it but +uh at the crucial these this well this + + align:start position:0% +uh at the crucial these this well this + + + align:start position:0% +uh at the crucial these this well this +is all happening + + align:start position:0% +is all happening + + + align:start position:0% +is all happening +she's lapping her head off but because + + align:start position:0% +she's lapping her head off but because + + + align:start position:0% +she's lapping her head off but because +you can't see it + + align:start position:0% +you can't see it + + + align:start position:0% +you can't see it +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +behind the + + align:start position:0% +behind the + + + align:start position:0% +behind the +behind the fan + + align:start position:0% +behind the fan + + + align:start position:0% +behind the fan +it looks perfectly all right now all of + + align:start position:0% +it looks perfectly all right now all of + + + align:start position:0% +it looks perfectly all right now all of +this was improvised and the director + + align:start position:0% +this was improvised and the director + + + align:start position:0% +this was improvised and the director +could have cut it out or instead stop + + align:start position:0% +could have cut it out or instead stop + + + align:start position:0% +could have cut it out or instead stop +but he thought it was so good it was + + align:start position:0% +but he thought it was so good it was + + + align:start position:0% +but he thought it was so good it was +working so wonderfully he just let it go + + align:start position:0% +working so wonderfully he just let it go + + + align:start position:0% +working so wonderfully he just let it go +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +that takes a very talented and uh + + align:start position:0% +that takes a very talented and uh + + + align:start position:0% +that takes a very talented and uh +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +agile director though he could always + + align:start position:0% +agile director though he could always + + + align:start position:0% +agile director though he could always +have cut it out but he didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +have cut it out but he didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +have cut it out but he didn't want to +stop it and he didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +stop it and he didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +stop it and he didn't want to +cut it out + + align:start position:0% +cut it out + + + align:start position:0% +cut it out +so there's a lot to be said + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot to be said + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot to be said +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +where is the creativity in all that + + align:start position:0% +where is the creativity in all that + + + align:start position:0% +where is the creativity in all that +maybe in myrna lloyd putting up her fan + + align:start position:0% +maybe in myrna lloyd putting up her fan + + + align:start position:0% +maybe in myrna lloyd putting up her fan +or the other character uh + + align:start position:0% +or the other character uh + + + align:start position:0% +or the other character uh +reached over and + + align:start position:0% +reached over and + + + align:start position:0% +reached over and +manipulating the advisor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now so all of that is worth exploring in + + align:start position:0% +now so all of that is worth exploring in + + + align:start position:0% +now so all of that is worth exploring in +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +in your paper no + + align:start position:0% +in your paper no + + + align:start position:0% +in your paper no +anything else you want to say um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no i think you've added a term i'll do a + + align:start position:0% +no i think you've added a term i'll do a + + + align:start position:0% +no i think you've added a term i'll do a +little bit of + + align:start position:0% +little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of +uh cross media comparison + + align:start position:0% +uh cross media comparison + + + align:start position:0% +uh cross media comparison +uh probably not too much of that i don't + + align:start position:0% +uh probably not too much of that i don't + + + align:start position:0% +uh probably not too much of that i don't +want to stick more in just okay + + align:start position:0% +want to stick more in just okay + + + align:start position:0% +want to stick more in just okay +you want to say anything else + + align:start position:0% +you want to say anything else + + + align:start position:0% +you want to say anything else +no anyone else want to share we have + + align:start position:0% +no anyone else want to share we have + + + align:start position:0% +no anyone else want to share we have +hardly any time left + + align:start position:0% +hardly any time left + + + align:start position:0% +hardly any time left +would anyone else like to talk about his + + align:start position:0% +would anyone else like to talk about his + + + align:start position:0% +would anyone else like to talk about his +paper now + + align:start position:0% +paper now + + + align:start position:0% +paper now +or her baby + + align:start position:0% +or her baby + + + align:start position:0% +or her baby + though you talked the last time did + + align:start position:0% + though you talked the last time did + + + align:start position:0% + though you talked the last time did +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if not + + align:start position:0% +if not + + + align:start position:0% +if not +let me leave you again with the idea + + align:start position:0% +let me leave you again with the idea + + + align:start position:0% +let me leave you again with the idea +that i started out with + + align:start position:0% +that i started out with + + + align:start position:0% +that i started out with +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and encourage you + + align:start position:0% +and encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +and encourage you +while thinking about your own papers + + align:start position:0% +while thinking about your own papers + + + align:start position:0% +while thinking about your own papers +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +think a little about + + align:start position:0% +think a little about + + + align:start position:0% +think a little about +that bright idea that occurred to me + + align:start position:0% +that bright idea that occurred to me + + + align:start position:0% +that bright idea that occurred to me +about the brain + + align:start position:0% +about the brain + + + align:start position:0% +about the brain +being adaptive in a way that somehow + + align:start position:0% +being adaptive in a way that somehow + + + align:start position:0% +being adaptive in a way that somehow +nobody + + align:start position:0% +nobody + + + align:start position:0% +nobody +has figured out how the brain can be + + align:start position:0% +has figured out how the brain can be + + + align:start position:0% +has figured out how the brain can be +adapted + + align:start position:0% +adapted + + + align:start position:0% +adapted +uh how it can evolve in a lifetime in + + align:start position:0% +uh how it can evolve in a lifetime in + + + align:start position:0% +uh how it can evolve in a lifetime in +response to experience + + align:start position:0% +response to experience + + + align:start position:0% +response to experience +and how this interaction between the two + + align:start position:0% +and how this interaction between the two + + + align:start position:0% +and how this interaction between the two +might change the whole + + align:start position:0% +might change the whole + + + align:start position:0% +might change the whole +way in which we think of + + align:start position:0% +way in which we think of + + + align:start position:0% +way in which we think of +the mind brain + + align:start position:0% +the mind brain + + + align:start position:0% +the mind brain +situation and + + align:start position:0% +situation and + + + align:start position:0% +situation and +the future possibilities + + align:start position:0% +the future possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +the future possibilities +of computers + + align:start position:0% +of computers + + + align:start position:0% +of computers +another way i suppose + + align:start position:0% +another way i suppose + + + align:start position:0% +another way i suppose +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +rosalind picard and the others working + + align:start position:0% +rosalind picard and the others working + + + align:start position:0% +rosalind picard and the others working +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +making computers more + + align:start position:0% +making computers more + + + align:start position:0% +making computers more +uh responsive to human beings + + align:start position:0% +uh responsive to human beings + + + align:start position:0% +uh responsive to human beings +would be to say how can we create + + align:start position:0% +would be to say how can we create + + + align:start position:0% +would be to say how can we create +a computer + + align:start position:0% +a computer + + + align:start position:0% +a computer +which despite its + + align:start position:0% +which despite its + + + align:start position:0% +which despite its +mechanical + + align:start position:0% +mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +program programmatic features + + align:start position:0% +program programmatic features + + + align:start position:0% +program programmatic features +will resemble people more + + align:start position:0% +will resemble people more + + + align:start position:0% +will resemble people more +and adapt to them + + align:start position:0% +and adapt to them + + + align:start position:0% +and adapt to them +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +their experience the way the brain + + align:start position:0% +their experience the way the brain + + + align:start position:0% +their experience the way the brain +the human brain adapts + + align:start position:0% +the human brain adapts + + + align:start position:0% +the human brain adapts +to the experience + + align:start position:0% +to the experience + + + align:start position:0% +to the experience +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +those who have that brain + + align:start position:0% +those who have that brain + + + align:start position:0% +those who have that brain +uh did you hear what i was saying + + align:start position:0% +uh did you hear what i was saying + + + align:start position:0% +uh did you hear what i was saying +you came in a little later i accumulated + + align:start position:0% +you came in a little later i accumulated + + + align:start position:0% +you came in a little later i accumulated +i already got beyond that but i was + + align:start position:0% +i already got beyond that but i was + + + align:start position:0% +i already got beyond that but i was +gonna say that i'm actually writing my + + align:start position:0% +gonna say that i'm actually writing my + + + align:start position:0% +gonna say that i'm actually writing my +paper about + + align:start position:0% +paper about + + + align:start position:0% +paper about +the need like why do we want to create + + align:start position:0% +the need like why do we want to create + + + align:start position:0% +the need like why do we want to create +computers to be like humans i want to + + align:start position:0% +computers to be like humans i want to + + + align:start position:0% +computers to be like humans i want to +address + + align:start position:0% +address + + + align:start position:0% +address +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +have you + + align:start position:0% +have you + + + align:start position:0% +have you +looked into that book called affective + + align:start position:0% +looked into that book called affective + + + align:start position:0% +looked into that book called affective +computing um + + align:start position:0% +computing um + + + align:start position:0% +computing um +not too much + + align:start position:0% +not too much + + + align:start position:0% +not too much +most of + + align:start position:0% +most of + + + align:start position:0% +most of +what i have has to + + align:start position:0% +what i have has to + + + align:start position:0% +what i have has to +do with um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i guess kind of springing off of where + + align:start position:0% +i guess kind of springing off of where + + + align:start position:0% +i guess kind of springing off of where +minsky kind of left off where i felt + + align:start position:0% +minsky kind of left off where i felt + + + align:start position:0% +minsky kind of left off where i felt +that he didn't address + + align:start position:0% +that he didn't address + + + align:start position:0% +that he didn't address +the need + + align:start position:0% +the need + + + align:start position:0% +the need +um like + + align:start position:0% +um like + + + align:start position:0% +um like +of creating + + align:start position:0% +of creating + + + align:start position:0% +of creating +uh but you go to the computer and + + align:start position:0% +uh but you go to the computer and + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you go to the computer and +look up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p-i-c-a-r-d + + align:start position:0% +p-i-c-a-r-d + + + align:start position:0% +p-i-c-a-r-d +there are quite a number of articles by + + align:start position:0% +there are quite a number of articles by + + + align:start position:0% +there are quite a number of articles by +her and there's the book + + align:start position:0% +her and there's the book + + + align:start position:0% +her and there's the book +and particularly if the articles were + + align:start position:0% +and particularly if the articles were + + + align:start position:0% +and particularly if the articles were +written after the book + + align:start position:0% +written after the book + + + align:start position:0% +written after the book +that will supplement what's in the book + + align:start position:0% +that will supplement what's in the book + + + align:start position:0% +that will supplement what's in the book +because probably the book incorporates + + align:start position:0% +because probably the book incorporates + + + align:start position:0% +because probably the book incorporates +main ideas of the articles + + align:start position:0% +main ideas of the articles + + + align:start position:0% +main ideas of the articles +but that's exactly what you just now + + align:start position:0% +but that's exactly what you just now + + + align:start position:0% +but that's exactly what you just now +you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about +did you hear what i was saying at the + + align:start position:0% +did you hear what i was saying at the + + + align:start position:0% +did you hear what i was saying at the +beginning + + align:start position:0% +beginning + + + align:start position:0% +beginning +you missed that + + align:start position:0% +you missed that + + + align:start position:0% +you missed that +i'm glad i thought of repeating it + + align:start position:0% +i'm glad i thought of repeating it + + + align:start position:0% +i'm glad i thought of repeating it +because that's what i was hoping we + + align:start position:0% +because that's what i was hoping we + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what i was hoping we +might talk about next time together with + + align:start position:0% +might talk about next time together with + + + align:start position:0% +might talk about next time together with +your papers + + align:start position:0% +your papers + + + align:start position:0% +your papers +that's gonna happen + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna happen + + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna happen +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +and remember i'm + + align:start position:0% +and remember i'm + + + align:start position:0% +and remember i'm +available 24 hours a day because the + + align:start position:0% +available 24 hours a day because the + + + align:start position:0% +available 24 hours a day because the +internet never sleeps + + align:start position:0% +internet never sleeps + + + align:start position:0% +internet never sleeps +and not too long after i get + + align:start position:0% +and not too long after i get + + + align:start position:0% +and not too long after i get +a message from you + + align:start position:0% +a message from you + + + align:start position:0% +a message from you +i don't think i'm going to be in new + + align:start position:0% +i don't think i'm going to be in new + + + align:start position:0% +i don't think i'm going to be in new +hampshire this weekend so i'll be + + align:start position:0% +hampshire this weekend so i'll be + + + align:start position:0% +hampshire this weekend so i'll be +accessible to the email all the time + + align:start position:0% +accessible to the email all the time + + + align:start position:0% +accessible to the email all the time +i'll be happy to respond and see if i + + align:start position:0% +i'll be happy to respond and see if i + + + align:start position:0% +i'll be happy to respond and see if i +can be of any help to you don't feel any + + align:start position:0% +can be of any help to you don't feel any + + + align:start position:0% +can be of any help to you don't feel any +obligation + + align:start position:0% +obligation + + + align:start position:0% +obligation +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +if i can be of help i really want to be + + align:start position:0% +if i can be of help i really want to be + + + align:start position:0% +if i can be of help i really want to be +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so i'll see you all on tuesday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9tYUmwvLyIA.txt b/9tYUmwvLyIA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aebd9aca9999f9547dd24cd1b03a3ab776992d2e --- /dev/null +++ b/9tYUmwvLyIA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2513 @@ +NARRATOR: The following content +is provided under a + +Creative Commons License. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or to view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Hi. + +Welcome, once again, to another +lecture on limits. + +Actually, from a certain point +of view, today's lecture will + +be the same as the last +lecture, only + +from a different viewpoint. + +Our lecture today is +called 'Limits: a + +More Rigorous Approach'. + +And what our objective for the +day is, aside from helping you + +gain experience and facility +with using limit expressions + +and absolute values and the +like, is to have you see how + +we can use the power of +objective, well-defined + +mathematical definitions to +find rather easy ways of + +solving certain types +of problems. + +Now to this end, let's very +briefly review our fundamental + +definition of last time. + +Namely, the limit of 'f of x' +as 'x' approaches 'a' equals + +'l' means that for each epsilon +greater than 0, we can + +find delta greater than 0, +such that whenever the + +absolute value of 'x minus a' is +less than delta but greater + +than 0, then the absolute value +of ''f of x' minus 'l'' + +will be less than epsilon. + +To state that once again, but +in more intuitive terms, for + +any tolerance limit epsilon at +all, we can suitably find + +another tolerance limit, delta, +such that whenever we + +make 'x' within delta of 'a', 'f +of x' will automatically be + +within epsilon of 'l'. + +And again, the very, very +important emphasis here, we do + +not allow 'x' to equal 'a'. + +Again, in terms of a diagram, +if this is the curve 'y' + +equals 'f of x', this +is 'x' equals 'a'. + +This is 'l'. + +If we call this 'l' plus +epsilon, if we call this 'l' + +minus epsilon-- in other words, +epsilon is this width + +over here-- + +then the way we find delta is to +reflect back to the curve, + +emphasizing, again, in +the neighborhood + +of the point 'a'-- + +I can't stress that point +strongly enough, that if this + +curve were not 1:1, there are +going to be other places where + +this line meets the curve. + +So if that happens, you must +make sure that you pick the + +neighborhood of 'a', not some +other point over here. + +We're interested in what +happens near 'a'. + +But at any rate, again notice +that the fact that these two + +intervals here were equal does +not guarantee that when you + +project down here, they +will be equal. + +In fact, the only time that +these two widths would be + +equal is if the curve happened +to be a straight line. + +And what it means, again, is +that the delta that we're + +talking about, for example, +is the minimum + +of these two widths. + +In other words, as I've drawn +this diagram, delta would be + +the distance from 'a' +to this end point. + +And all we're saying is that +once 'x' is in this open + +interval but not including 'a' +itself, 'f of x' will be in + +this open interval. + +And again, notice, as we were +emphasizing last time, once + +this delta happens to work, +automatically any smaller + +delta will also work. + +In other words, if something +is true for everything in + +here, it's certainly true +for everything in some + +subinterval of this. + +What you must be careful +about is not to + +reverse this process. + +Don't get outside and pick +bigger deltas, then you might + +very well be in a little +bit of trouble. + +At any rate, once we've reviewed +what the basic + +definition is, it seems about +the only way to show what + +mathematics is all about is to +actually do a few theorems, + +that is, derive a few +inescapable consequences of + +the definition that show how +our theorems coincide with + +what we believe to be +intuitively true + +in the first place. + +And for obvious reasons, we +should start with what + +hopefully would be the simplest +possible theorems and + +then proceed to tougher +ones as we go along. + +So as my first one, I've +chosen the following. + +The limit of 'c' as 'x' +approaches 'a' is 'c', where + +'c' is any constant. + +Now again, that may look a +little bit strange to you. + +Let's look at it this way. + +What I'm saying is let +'f of x' equal 'c', + +where 'c' is a constant. + +Then what we're saying is for +this choice of 'f of x', the + +limit of 'f of x' as 'x' +approaches 'a' is 'c' itself. + +That's what this thing says. + +How do we prove this? + +Well, you see, we have +a criteria given. + +Namely, what is our +basic definition? + +Let's just juxtaposition our +basic definition with this + +particular result. + +To prove that the limit here +is 'c', notice that in this + +particular problem, if we come +back and compare this with our + +basic definition, notice that +we have the same basic + +definition as before, only the +role of 'f of x' is played by + +'c' and 'l' is also +played by 'c'. + +In other words, in this +particular problem 'f of x' is + +'c' and 'l' is also 'c'. + +Now what must we do? + +We must show that for each +epsilon greater than 0, or for + +an arbitrary epsilon +greater than 0-- + +now what does it mean to say +an arbitrary epsilon? + +In a way, think of it as being +a game, a battle of wits + +between you and your worst +enemy, and you're out to win + +and your worst enemy +is out to beat you. + +So to make this as difficult a +game as possible, you allow + +your worst enemy to choose the +epsilon, provided only that + +it's positive. + +For whichever one he picks, you +must be able to find the + +delta that matches that epsilon, +such that what? + +Whenever 'x' is within delta of +'a' but not equal to 'a', + +'f of x' will be within +epsilon of 'l'. + +So let's write that +down over here. + +Let's write what that says. + +Given epsilon greater than 0, +we must find a delta greater + +than 0, such that what? + +Well, by definition. + +Such that when the absolute +value of 'x minus a' is less + +than delta but greater +than 0, the absolute + +value of 'f of x'-- + +well, that of course, is +'c' in this case-- + +minus 'l', which is also 'c' in +this case, the 'l' stands + +for the limit, has to be +less than epsilon. + +And lo and behold, we find that +this is a rather simple + +procedure because what +is 'c' minus 'c'? + +'c' minus 'c' is 0, and +automatically that will be + +smaller than any positive +epsilon. + +In other words, what this says +is even your worst enemy can't + +give you a tough time +with this problem. + +Namely, no matter what epsilon +he prescribes, no matter how + +sensitive, you say, well, for +delta I'll pick anything. + +And it works. + +And why does that work? + +Well, here again we +can emphasize + +the geometric approach. + +Namely, if we plot the graph 'f +of x' equals 'c', observe + +that that plot equals a straight +line, 'y' equals 'c'. + +Now take 'x' equals +'a' over here. + +What is 'f of a'? + +'f of a' is 'c'. + +Now pick an epsilon, which is +this half-width over here, + +knock that off on either +side of 'c'. + +And all you're saying in this +particular case is no matter + +how far away 'x' is from 'a', 'f +of x' will be within these + +tolerance limits of 'c'. + +And why is that? + +Because 'f' is defined in such +a way that the output for any + +element in its domain +is 'c' itself. + +In other words, every element +maps up here. + +This is what you mean by saying +that the graph is the + +straight line 'y' equals 'c'. + +By the way, another +word of caution. + +We must always make sure that +your solution does not depend + +on the diagram. + +You see, if a person were to +look at this diagram very + +quickly, he would assume that +'c' had to be a positive + +constant here, because look at +how I've drawn the line 'y' + +equals 'c'. + +It's above the x-axis. + +Well, 'c' could just as easily +be a negative constant. + +And if I drew the diagram +that way, 'c' would + +be below the x-axis. + +The important thing +to check is this. + +When you draw a diagram, you +can't have a certain number + +being positive and negative at +the same time, so you choose + +it one way or the other. + +Always make sure when you do +this that your formal proof, + +your analytic proof, goes +through word for word if you + +reverse the signature of the +sign of the number that you're + +working with. + +Make sure that your answer does +not depend on the picture + +that you've drawn. + +Make sure that your answer +follows, inescapably, from + +your basic definition. + +And notice that this is +what we did here. + +We showed what? + +That no matter what epsilon we +were given, we could find a + +delta-- in fact, in this +case, any delta-- + +such that when 'x' was within +delta of a as long as 'x' + +wasn't equal to 'a'. + +Well in this case, even +if 'x' equaled 'a', + +there was no harm done. + +But the point is we want to keep +away from a 0 over 0 form + +so we always impose +this condition. + +In this case, once 'x' was +within delta of 'a', 'f of x' + +was automatically within epsilon +of 'c', as long as + +epsilon was positive, +because 'f of x' was + +already equal to 'c'. + +The difference was already 0. + +Now again, notice what +happens here. + +The more pragmatic student will +say, why did you use this + +long math when it was obvious +from either the diagram or + +from intuition that this +is the correct answer? + +And the reason, is as we have +already seen and as we will + +see many, many times during +our course, the intuitive + +answer and the correct +answer will not + +necessarily be the same. + +The point is we always want to +make sure that when we prove + +something, the proof follows +from the assumed definitions + +in a logically rigorous way. + +If it happens once you prove +this that you can intuitively + +recognize the same result, +that's like a double reward + +because now you won't have to +memorize what the result was, + +you'll just use this thing +automatically. + +But the beauty is that for +somebody who doesn't have the + +same intuitive insights that you +have, if he says it's not + +self-evident to me, explain +to me what's happening. + +Then, you see, once he's +accepted the basic definition + +and assuming that he knows the +rules of mathematics, he has + +to come up with the same +answer that you did. + +And this is what we mean by an +objective criterion for doing + +mathematics, okay. + +Well, this was kind +of an easy one. + +Let's do another kind of +easy one that's harder. + +Let's make some gradual +transitions, here. + +Let's pick another theorem. + +Here's another one that sounds +pretty self-evident. + +The limit as 'x' approaches +'a' is 'a'. + +In fact, what that seems to say +in a self-evident way is + +that as 'x' gets arbitrarily +close to 'a', 'x' gets + +arbitrarily close +to equal to 'a'. + +And if anything is a truism, +I guess that's it. + +So we certainly suspect that +this is a true statement. + +All I'm trying to get you used +to is not to make a mountain + +out of a mole hill, not to have +to think that mathematics + +becomes a severe thing where +we try to find hard ways of + +doing easy things, but rather +that we can find an + +unambiguous, logically +constructed language from + +which all of our results can be +proven without recourse to + +intuition once our basic +definitions are chosen. + +So let's see how this +would work. + +Let's again go back to +our basic definition. + +You see, again, what we're +saying here is that this is + +just a special case now where +'f of x' equals 'x'. + +You see the function +is 'f of x'. + +In this case, it's 'x', and this +is a special case where + +'a' is 'l'. + +Now what are you saying here? + +You're saying given epsilon +greater than 0, we must find a + +delta greater than 0, +such that what? + +Such that whenever 'x' is within +delta of 'a' but not + +equal to 'a', then 'x' will +be within epsilon of 'a'. + +And now you just look at this +thing, I hope, and you say + +well, there's sort of a +similarity over here. + +How close should 'x' be chosen +to 'a' if you want 'x' to be + +within epsilon of 'a'? + +And the answer, quite obviously +in this case + +without, cause to define again, +is to simply say what + +in this case? + +For the given epsilon, +choose, for example, + +delta to equal epsilon. + +Because certainly, if the +absolute value of 'x minus a' + +is less than epsilon but greater +than 0, then certainly + +the absolute value of 'x minus +a' is less than epsilon. + +Don't be upset that the proof +happened to be fairly + +easy in this case. + +More importantly, don't be upset +that there was a more + +intuitive way of doing it. + +Remember what we want to do is +to get these rigorous ways + +down pat, interpret them in +terms of pictures wherever the + +pictures are available. + +And then, when we get to the +case where pictures aren't + +available, to be able to extend +the analytic concepts. + +Again, to see what happens here +pictorially, you notice + +that if you start with the +function 'f of x' equals 'x,' + +its graph is a straight +line 'y' equals 'x'. + +And I'll risk some freehand +drawing here. + +So in other words, we suspect +that this is 'a'. + +It better be, if this says that +all points on this line + +have the property that the +y-coordinate is equal to the + +x-coordinate. + +Now what do we want to do? + +We pick an epsilon and +knock off a plus + +epsilon and a minus epsilon. + +And now what we want to find out +is how close must x be to + +a on the x-axis in order that 'f +of x'-- namely 'y' in this + +case, or 'x' itself-- + +be within this prescribed +tolerance limits of 'a'? + +You see what happens here? + +This is that one case where +it happens that what? + +If you draw these lines over +and project down, but by + +proportional parts-- + +and this is crucial here. + +Even if this weren't the 45 +degree line, the fact that + +these two pieces here are equal +would guarantee that + +these two pieces here are equal, +in spite of how I've + +drawn this. + +The fact that this is the 45 +degree line not only says that + +these two pieces here are +equal but it says what? + +That each of these pieces is +equal to each of these pieces. + +I wish I had drawn this better +for you, but in fact the worse + +I draw it, the more you have +to rely on being able to + +visualize abstractly what's +happening here. + +What I'm saying is that this +point here would be labeled 'a + +plus epsilon', this point here +would be labeled 'a minus + +epsilon', and this is the +pictorial version of what it + +means to say you could have +chosen delta to equal epsilon, + +in this particular case. + +Well, that's enough of the +easier ones, so let's pick one + +that gets slightly tougher. + +And this one gets tougher in one +sense, but insidiously-- + +meaning it's real sneaky-- + +simple in another sense. + +In other words, it turns out +that one can reason falsely + +and get the right answer +just by a quirk. + +You see, what I want to prove +next is a very important + +theorem that says that the limit +of a sum is equal to the + +sum of the limits. + +Written out more formally, if I +have two functions 'f of x' + +and 'g of x' and formed the sum +''f of x' plus 'g of x'' + +and I want to take the limit of +that sum as 'x' approaches + +'a', what this theorem says is +you can find the limit of each + +of the functions separately +first, and + +then add the two results. + +Now at first glance, you might +be tempted to say, well, what + +else would you expect +to happen? + +The answer is, I don't know, +again, what else you would + +expect to happen. + +But this is a luxury. + +You see, evidently what's +happened here is that we've + +reversed the order +of operations. + +You see, this says what? + +First add these two, and +then take the limit. + +What are we doing down here? + +First we're taking the limits +and then we're adding. + +Now, is it self-evident that +just by changing the order of + +operations you don't +change anything? + +We've seen many examples already +in the short time that + +this course has been in +existence where changing the + +order, changing the voice +inflection, what have you, + +changes the answer. + +And in fact, we're going +to see more drastic + +examples later on. + +I guess this is one of +the tragedies of + +a course like this. + +I guess it's typical of +problems every place. + +If the place that the person is +going to get into trouble + +comes far beyond the time at +which you're lecturing to him, + +it's kind of empty to threaten +him with the trouble he's + +going to get into. + +So I'm not going to threaten +you with the trouble you're + +going to get into until +we get into it. + +All I'm going to say is be +careful when you say that it's + +self-evident that we can first +add and then take the limit or + +whether we first take the +limits and then add. + +In general, it does make a +difference in which order you + +perform operations. + +Well, let's take this just a +little bit more formally to + +see what this thing says. + +First of all, when we write +something like this, we assume + +that the limit of 'f of x' as +'x' approaches 'a' exists, + +otherwise we wouldn't +write this thing. + +So let's call that limit 'l1'. + +In other words, let the limit of +'f of x' as 'x' approaches + +'a' equal 'l1'. + +Let the limit of 'g of x' as 'x' +approaches 'a' equal 'l2'. + +Now define a new function 'h of +x' to be equal to ''f of x' + +plus 'g of x''. + +And by the way, this is +something I didn't say + +strongly enough in one of our +early lectures, and I want to + +make sure that it's very clear +that this is understood. + +And that is, notice that when +you define 'h' to be the sum + +of 'f' and 'g', you had better +make sure that 'f' and 'g' + +have the same domain. + +You see, if some number 'x' +belongs to the domain of 'f' + +but it doesn't belong to the +domain of 'g', then how can + +you form ''f of x' plus +'g of x''? 'g' + +doesn't operate on 'x'. + +By the way, this is not quite +as serious a problem as it + +seems if you understand the +language of our new + +mathematics and sets +and the like. + +Namely, if the domain of 'f' +happens to look like this and + +the domain of 'g' happens to +look like this, what we do is + +we restrict the sum to the + +intersection of the two domains. + +In other words, referring back +to our function 'h', we define + +the domain of 'h' to +be the intersection + +of these two domains. + +And that way, for any 'x', which +is in the domain of 'h', + +it automatically belongs to both +the domain of 'f' and the + +domain of 'g'. + +And so this becomes +well-defined. + +Another way of looking at this +is what you're really saying + +is that 'f' and 'g' must +include in their domain + +intervals surrounding +'x' equals 'a'. + +And since you're only interested +in what's happening + +near 'x' equals 'a', you don't +really care whether these have + +the same domains or not, +provided they have what? + +An intersection that can serve +as a common domain. + +But that, I think, is more +clear from the context. + +It's a very, very important +fine point. + +It's a tragedy to try to add +two numbers, one of which + +doesn't exist. + +I don't know if it's a tragedy, + +it's certainly futile. + +At any rate, though, let's see +what this thing then says. + +If we now define 'h' to be 'f +plus g', what we want to prove + +is that the limit of 'h of x' +as 'x' approaches 'a' equals + +'l1 plus l2'. + +Now here's the point again. + +What does this mean +by definition? + +It means that given epsilon +greater than 0, we must be + +able to find a delta such that +when 'x' is within delta of + +'a' but not equal to 'a', +'h of x' is within + +epsilon of 'l1 plus l2'. + +That's probably kind of hard +to keep track of, so I've + +taken the liberty of writing +this down for + +you right over here. + +See, given epsilon greater than +0-- so that's given, we + +have no control over that-- + +what we must do is find delta +greater than 0, such that 0 + +less than the absolute value +of 'x minus a' less than + +delta, implies-- + +now, what is 'h of x'? + +It's ''f of x' plus 'g of x'', +and our limit that we're + +looking for in this case +is 'l1 plus l2'. + +So mathematically, we replace 'h +of x' by ''f of x' plus 'g + +of x'', the limit +is 'l1 plus l2'. + +So what must we show that the +absolute value of the quantity + +of ''f of x' plus 'g of x'' +minus the quantity 'l1 plus + +l2' is less than epsilon. + +And now we start to play +detective again. + +This is the expression +that we want to + +make less than epsilon. + +So what we do is we look at this +particular expression and + +we try to see what kind of cute +things we can do with it. + +Now, what do I mean +by a cute thing? + +Well, we're assuming that the +limit of 'f of x' as 'x' + +approaches 'a' equals 'l1'. + +Let me write this as +an aside over here. + +Among other things, what this +tells us is that we have a + +hold on expressions like this. + +In other words, the fact that +the limit of 'f of x' as 'x' + +approaches 'a' is equal to 'l1' +tells us that we can make + +this as small as we want. + +I'll use a subscript over here +for epsilon 1 because it + +doesn't have to be the same +epsilon that was given here. + +For any positive number, say +epsilon 1, the point is I can + +make 'f of x' within epsilon 1 +of 'l1' just by choosing 'x' + +sufficiently close to +'a' by definition + +of what limit means. + +So in other words, I like +expressions of this form. + +And similarly, I like +expressions of this form. + +And again, the reason is that +since the limit of 'g of x' as + +'x' approaches 'a' is 'l sub 2', +it gives me a hold on the + +difference between 'g +of x' and 'l2'. + +So again, using the old adage +that hindsight is better than + +foresight by a darn site, +knowing exactly what it is I + +have to do, I come back here +and try to doctor things up + +for myself. + +The first thing I observe is +that this can be rewritten. + +There's no calculus +in this, notice. + +Just plain ordinary algebra, +arithmetic. + +This can be rewritten so that +I can group the 'f sub 'f of + +x' and 'l1'' together and 'g +of x' and 'l2' together. + +In other words, this is indeed +nothing more than 1. + +The absolute value of the +quantity of ''f of x' minus + +l1' plus the absolute value +of the quantity + +''g of x' minus l2'. + +Now, the point is since we +already know that the absolute + +value of a sum is less than +or equal to the sum of the + +absolute values, that +tells me that-- + +treating this is one number and +this is another number, + +the absolute value of a sum is +less than or equal to the sum + +of the absolute values. + +What this now tells me is I can +say that this, that I'm + +trying to get a hold on, +is less than this. + +But look at this expression. + +This expression is the +absolute value of + +''f of x' minus l1'. + +And this expression is +the absolute value of + +''g of x' minus l2'. + +In other words, then, since +I can make 'f of x' as + +arbitrarily nearly equal to 'l1' +as I want and 'g of x' as + +close to 'l2' as I want just by +choosing 'x' sufficiently + +close to 'a', why don't I choose +'x' close enough to 'a' + +so each of these will be less +than epsilon over 2? + +Now again, this calls +for a little aside. + +When one talks about epsilon, +that is 'a', + +what shall we say? + +A generic name for any number +which exceeds 0. + +Or I could have written that +less mystically by just saying + +any positive number. + +Well, if epsilon is positive, +what can you say + +about half of epsilon? + +It's also positive. + +In other words, if I had chosen +a different epsilon, + +say 'epsilon sub 1', equal to +the original epsilon divided + +by 2, then I'm guaranteed +what? + +That I can get 'f of x' with an +epsilon 2 of 'l1', 'g of x' + +with an epsilon 2 of 'l2'. + +And now adding these two +together, if this term is less + +than epsilon over 2 and this +term is less than epsilon over + +2, the whole sum is +less than epsilon. + +And it seems now +semi-intuitively-- + +what do I mean by +semi-intuitively? + +Well, this is far from an +intuitive job over here. + +It's quite mathematical. + +It's rigorous in that sense. + +It's intuitive in the sense that +I'm not playing around + +with the deltas here. + +All I'm saying is look, I can +make this as small is I want, + +I could make this as small as +I want, therefore I can make + +the sum as small as I want. + +And the fancy way of saying +that is I can make it less + +than any given epsilon, and +therefore it appears that this + +will be the limit. + +Using our old adage again of +being able, knowing what we + +want, to be able to doctor +things up rigorously, once + +we've gone through this it's now +relatively easy to clean + +up the details. + +In other words, for those +of us who are + +mathematically-oriented enough +to say, the way you've proven + +this last result is the same +sloppiness that I was used to + +seeing in certain types of +engineering proofs where + +people were more interested in +the result than with the + +answer, I still don't see how +you used the epsilons and the + +deltas here. + +Let me show you what a simple +step it is to now go from the + +semi-rigorous approach to the +completely rigorous approach. + +All we do is reword what +we've done before. + +In fact, this is true +in most mathematics. + +You take a geometry book and +there's a theorem that says + +something like if 'a', 'b', 'c', +and 'd' are true, then + +'e' is true. + +And you learn this proof +quite mechanically. + +You sort of memorize it. + +Well you know, the man who +proved that theorem didn't, in + +general, start out by saying, I +wonder what happens if 'a', + +'b', 'c', and 'd' are true. + +In general, what he tries to +do is to prove that some + +result, like 'e', is true. + +And as he's proving it, +he hits pitfalls. + +And he says, you know, if I +could only be sure 'a' was + +true, I could get over +this pitfall. + +And if I could be sure 'b' was +true, I could get over the + +second pitfall, et cetera. + +And when he makes enough +assumptions to get over all + +the pitfalls and he has his +answer, he then we writes down + +the answer in the reverse +order from + +which he invented it. + +Namely, he says what? + +Suppose 'a', 'b', 'c', +and 'd' are true. + +Let's prove that 'e' is true. + +And the student is then robbed +of any attempt to see + +intuitively how this whole +thing came about. + +As a case in point, let +me show you what + +I'm driving at here. + +My first exposure to formal +limit proofs was + +something like this. + +When somebody said prove the +limit of a sum equals the sum + +of the limits, something +like this would happen. + +The first statement in the book +would say, given epsilon + +greater than 0, let epsilon +1 equal epsilon over 2. + +Now, I respected my teacher, +I respected the + +author of the book. + +If he says let epsilon +1 equal epsilon over + +2, all right, fine. + +We can do that. + +And more to the point, it turned +out that the problem + +worked if you did that. + +The part that bothered me is why +did he say epsilon over 2? + +Why not 2 epsilon over 3? + +Or epsilon over 5? + +Or epsilon over 6,872? + +Why epsilon over 2? + +And the point was that +he had cheated. + +He had already done the problem +that we had over here, + +and knowing what he needed, then +came back here and said + +let epsilon 1 equal +epsilon over 2. + +And notice how this +is going to mimic + +everything we said before. + +For this choice of epsilon 1, we +can find a delta 1 greater + +than 0 such that if the absolute +value of 'x minus a' + +is less than delta 1 but greater +than 0, then the + +absolute value of ''f of +x' minus l1' is less + +than epsilon 1. + +Why do we know that? + +That's the definition of what it +means to say that the limit + +of 'f of x' as 'x' approaches +'a' equals 'l1'. + +In a similar way, he says we can +find delta 2 greater than + +0, such that whenever the +absolute value of 'x minus a' + +is greater than 0 but less than +delta over 2, we can make + +the absolute value of ''g of +x' minus 'l sub 2'' and be + +less than epsilon 1. + +And now comes the +beautiful step. + +He says, now that these delta +1 and delta 2 exist + +separately, pick delta to be +the minimum of these two. + +In other words, if I let delta +equal the minimum of these + +two, what does that +guarantee me? + +If delta is the minimum of these +two, it guarantees me + +that both of these conditions +are met at the same time. + +What does that tell me? + +It tells me that as soon as the +absolute value of 'x minus + +a' is less than delta but +greater than 0, automatically + +these two conditions hold. + +And that, in turn, +tells me what? + +That the absolute value of ''f +of x' minus l1' is less than + +epsilon 1 and the absolute value +of ''g of x' minus l2' + +is less than epsilon 1. + +And now by adding unequals to +equals, that tells me what? + +That this plus this is less +than 2 epsilon 1. + +But see, using my hindsight, I +picked epsilon to be what? + +Epsilon over 2. + +So 2 epsilon 1 is just another +way of saying epsilon. + +In other words, what this now +implies is that the absolute + +value of ''f of x' minus l1' +plus the absolute value of ''g + +of x' minus l2' is less +than 2 epsilon 1, + +which equals epsilon. + +But you see, this +in turn is what? + +This is greater than the +absolute value of ''f of x' + +minus l1' plus ''g +of x' minus l2'. + +And so this was the thing +we wanted to make + +smaller than epsilon. + +Since this is smaller than +this and this is already + +smaller than epsilon, then +this must be smaller than + +epsilon too. + +Again, notice, this +is rigorous. + +But if you understand what's +happening here piece by piece, + +you never really have +to memorize a thing. + +Let's just take a look back +here to reinforce what I'm + +saying here. + +Notice what we did. + +We started with the answer that +we wanted to show, worked + +around to get ahold of things +that we wanted. + +We were lucky enough-- + +and this is true in any +game, for example. + +One can plot masterful strategy +and still lose, + +there's no guarantee we're +going to win with our + +masterful strategy. + +But we usually do in this +course, usually. + +What we do is we masterfully +come back to this, see what + +has to be done. + +Knowing what the right answer +has got to be, we come back + +here and then formalize it. + +Essentially, what we've done +is reverse the steps here. + +I guess there is one thing that +bothers many people that + +I should make an aside about. + +Why do you need a different +delta 1 and delta 2 for the + +same epsilon 1? + +See, if you're memorizing, +there's a danger that you + +won't realize this and +why this happens. + +Let me show you in terms of +a picture what this means. + +Let this, for the sake of +argument, be the curve 'y' + +equals 'f of x'. + +And let this be the curve +'y' equals 'g of x'. + +All we're saying is this. + +That when you prescribe an +epsilon, the same epsilon that + +surrounds 'l2', if you have +that surround 'l1'. + +Because the curves may have +different slopes. + +Look what happens over +here, even as badly + +as I've drawn this. + +Notice that in epsilon, +neighborhood of 'l2', projects + +down into this size neighborhood +around 'a'. + +On the other hand, an epsilon +neighborhood of 'l1'. + +You get what you pay +for, I guess. + +An epsilon, neighborhood of +'l1', projects into a much + +smaller region. + +And by the way, that's exactly +what we meant. + +This is a delta 1, +for example. + +This is delta 2. + +And when we said pick delta to +be the minimum of delta 1 and + +delta 2, all we were saying was +listen, if we guarantee + +that 'x' stays in here, then +certainly both of these two + +things will be true +at the same time. + +Well again, we have many +exercises and reading material + +to reinforce these points. + +All I want to do with the +lecture is to give you an + +overview as to what's happening +so that you see + +these things. + +And I'm afraid I might cure +you with details if I just + +keep hammering home these +rigorous little points. + +As I say, I hope you +get the main idea + +from what we're doing. + +Let me just, for the sake of +argument, try to work with + +just one more idea and we'll see +how this works out also. + +Let's, for example, try to play +around with the idea that + +a companion to the limit of a +sum equals the sum of the + +limits would be what? + +The limit of a product equals +the product of the limits. + +In other words, as before, if +the limit of 'f of x' as 'x' + +approaches 'a' is 'l1' and the +limit of 'g of x' as 'x' + +approaches 'a' is 'l2', let's +form a new function, which we + +could call 'k of x' which +is equal to the + +product of 'f' and 'g'. + +Again, noticing that the 'f' and +'g' have to have a common + +domain here. + +You want to show that the limit +of 'f of x' times 'g of + +x' is 'l1' times 'l2'. + +And this is the hard part of the +course, this is the part + +of the course that I don't think +anybody in the world can + +really teach. + +All one can do is try to expose +the student to ideas + +and hope that the student has +the knack of putting these + +things together to form +his own repertoire. + +The idea is something +like this. + +I'll show you alternative +methods and the like. + +One way is we want to +get ahold of 'f of + +x' times 'g of x'. + +Now what do we have a hold on? + +It's very clever what +we do here. + +We have a hold of ''f of x' +minus l1' and we have a hold + +of ''g of x' minus l2'. + +So as we so often do in +mathematics, we simply add and + +subtract the same thing. + +We frequently add on zeroes +in this cute way. + +We add and subtract +the same thing. + +Notice what we did over here. + +We wrote 'f of x' as 'l1' plus +''f of x' minus l1'. + +Again, why did we do that? + +Because from our definition of +the limit of 'f of x' as 'x' + +approaches 'a' equaling 'l1', +we know that we can + +control this side. + +And the same thing is +true over here. + +The fact that the limit of 'g +of x' as 'x' approaches 'a' + +equals 'l2' means we have +some control over this. + +Now let's just multiply +everything out. + +This is what? 'f of +x' times 'g of x'. + +I'm going to save myself some +space and keep the board + +somewhat symmetric. + +When I multiply these terms out, +I'm going to get what? + +An 'l1' times 'l2' term over +here as one of my four terms? + +Let me already transpose +that one so I kill two + +birds with one stone. + +One is I keep a little bit +of symmetry in what + +I'm going to write. + +And secondly, notice that later +on, this is what I want + +to get a hold on. + +In other words, notice that the +proof of the limit of 'f + +of x' times 'g of x' as 'x' +approaches 'a' is 'l1' times + +'l2', this is precisely the +expression I must make small. + +Our show can be made as small is +I wish just by picking 'x' + +sufficiently close to 'a'. + +And again, I will not go through +all the details here, + +I will simply outline +what we do here. + +Namely, let's multiply out +the rest of this thing. + +We have what here? + +This times this, +which is what? + +'l1' times ''g of +x' minus l2'. + +Then we have this times this, +which is 'l2' times + +''f of x' minus l1'. + +And now we have what? + +This times this. + +That's ''f of x' minus l1' times +''g of x' minus l2'. + +Now, the point is this is the +thing that we'd like to make + +very small in absolute value. + +Well again, the absolute value +of this is equal to the + +absolute value of this, which is +less than or equal to-- and + +I'm going to go through these +details rather rapidly, and + +allow you to fill these +in for yourself-- all + +I'm using is what? + +That the absolute value of a sum +is less than or equal to + +the sum of the absolute +values. + +The absolute value of a product +is equal to the + +product of the absolute values, +so this is going to be + +less than or equal to. + +Let's break these things up. + +And now, you see what +the key idea is? + +'l1' and 'l2' are certain fixed +numbers, fixed numbers. + +Notice that because 'g of x' can +be made as close to 'l2' + +as I want and 'f of x' can be +made as close to 'l1' as I + +want, notice that no matter what +epsilon I'm given, I can + +certainly make this as small as +I wish, just by picking 'x' + +close enough to 'a'. + +For example, for a given +epsilon, how many + +terms do I have here? + +One, two, three. + +To make this whole sum less than +epsilon, it's sufficient + +to make each of these three +factors less than + +epsilon over 3. + +I can make these two less than +epsilon over 3 pretty easy. + +How do I make this less +than epsilon over 3? + +And the answer is, if you want +this times this to be less + +than epsilon over 3 where these +are positive numbers, + +make each of these less than +the square root of + +epsilon over 3. + +Then when you multiply these two +together, if this is less + +than this and this is less than +this, this times this + +will be less than +epsilon over 3. + +And now what you see what +we do is very simple. + +To finish this proof off, all we +do now is say, let epsilon + +greater than 0 be given. + +Choose epsilon 1 to equal +epsilon over 3. + +Choose epsilon 2 to equal +epsilon over 3. + +Choose epsilon sub 3 and epsilon +sub 4 to each be the + +square root of epsilon over 3. + +Then we can find delta +1, delta 2, delta + +3, delta 4, et cetera. + +Clean up all of these, you see, +and pick delta to be the + +minimum of the four +deltas involved. + +Again, this is done much more +explicitly both in the text + +and in the exercises. + +I just wanted you to get +an overview here. + +And by the way, while we're +speaking of this, there's + +always the danger that some +of you may respect the + +professor too much. + +So that danger is one I don't +mind living with. + +The problem is this. + +You may get the idea out of +respect for me that I have + +invented a unique proof here. + +Let me tell you this. + +One, I did not invent +this proof. + +Two, it is not unique. + +There are many different ways +of proving the same result. + +For example, a person being +told to work on this-- + +and I'm not going to carry +the details out here-- + +but a person being told to work +on something like this + +might have decided that instead +of doing the clever + +thing that we did before, he +was going to do the clever + +thing of adding and subtracting + +'l1' times 'g of x'. + +Because you see, if he did +that, what would happen? + +He could now factor out a 'g +of x' from here and rewrite + +this as 'g of x' times +''f of x' minus l1'. + +And these two terms could be +combined together, we factor + +out an 'l1' times what? + +''g of x' minus 'l2'. + +And even though the details +would have been considerably + +different, the intuitive +approach would have been-- + +well, look. + +This is pretty close to 'l2' +when 'x' is near 'a'. + +This I can make as +small as I want. + +Similarly, I can do the same +things over here, and pretty + +soon you've got the idea that +you can make this sum as small + +as you want just by choosing +these sufficiently small. + +And there's no unique +way of doing this. + +Now, here's a main point. + +Once all this work has been +done, for a wide variety of + +problems we never again have to +use an epsilon or a delta. + +Let me illustrate with +one problem. + +Let's suppose we were given +the problem limit of 'x + +squared plus 7x' as 'x +approaches 3', and we wanted + +to find that limit. + +Our intuitive thing would +be to do what? + +Let 'x' equal 3, in which case +we get 9 plus 21 is 30. + +But we know by now that this +instruction says that 'x' + +can't equal 3. + +This is the problem. + +We get what appears to be a nice +answer that we believe + +in, but by an illegal method. + +Can we use our legal methods +to gain the same result? + +The answer is yes. + +Because, you see, what is +'x squared plus 7x'? + +It's the sum of two functions, +and we've just proven that the + +limit of the sum is the +sum of the limits. + +For example, what I +can say is this. + +I don't know if this is true. + +What I do know is true is that +the limit of 'x squared plus + +7x' as 'x' approaches 3 is a +limit of 'x squared' as 'x' + +approaches 3 plus the limit of +'7x' as 'x' approaches 3. + +How do I know that? + +I've proven that the +limit of a sum is + +the sum of the limits. + +Now what is this? + +This is really a product. + +This is really the limit +of 'x' times 'x'. + +But we already know that the +limit of a product is the + +product of the limits. + +See, we proved that theorem. + +Well, we almost proved it, +certainly close enough so I + +think that we can +say that we did. + +And this is a product also. + +So you see, we can get from here +to here to here just by + +our theorem. + +Now didn't we also prove as one +of our theorems earlier + +that the limit of 'x' as 'x' +approaches 'a' is 'a' itself? + +Sure, we did. + +In particular then, the limit of +'x' as 'x' approaches 3 has + +already been proven to be 3. + +So this is 3, this is 3. + +What is the limit of 7 +as 'x' approaches 3? + +Well, 7 is a constant, and we +already proved that the limit + +of a constant as 'x' +approaches 'a' + +is that same constant. + +So what is the constant here? + +It's 7. + +And what's the limit of 'x' +as 'x' approaches 3? + +That's 3. + +So by using our theorems, +we get from what? + +From here to here +to here to here. + +And now hopefully from a theorem +that comes from some + +place around the third grade, +3 times 3 is 9, 7 times 3 is + +21, the sum is 30. + +And now you see this is no +longer a conjecture. + +This follows, inescapably, from +the rules of our game, + +from the rules and our +basic definition. + +By the way, you may have a +tendency to feel when you see + +something like this that, why +did we need the epsilons and + +deltas in the first place? + +Wasn't it a terrible waste? + +Well, two things. + +First of all, we couldn't prove +our theorems without the + +epsilons and deltas. + +And secondly, and don't lose +sight of this, in many real + +life situations you may very +well be faced with the type of + +a problem that doesn't ask you +to prove that the limit of 'x + +squared plus 7x' is 30 as 'x' +approaches 3, but rather might + +say how close must 'x' be chosen +to 3 if we want 'x + +squared plus 7x' to be +less than 30.023. + +And then, you see, if that's +the kind of a problem you + +have, these new theorems +will not solve + +that problem for you. + +So we're not making +a choice here. + +All we're saying is that the +epsilons and deltas are the + +backbone of limits, but that +fortunately through + +mathematical theorems, we can +get simpler ways of getting + +important results. + +And that was our main +purpose of today's + +lecture, these two things. + +That completes our lecture for +today, and so on until next + +time, good bye. + +NARRATOR: Funding for the +publication of this video was + +provided by the Gabriella and +Paul Rosenbaum foundation. + +Help OCW continue to provide +free and open access to MIT + +courses by making a donation +at ocw.mit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A0KpTR_Ujks.txt b/A0KpTR_Ujks.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d309378e4034f9292693aa25bb80078b1acc516f --- /dev/null +++ b/A0KpTR_Ujks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3895 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +I guess we'll get started. + +So last time we were talking +about the auditory midbrain, + +where the big structure is +the inferior colliculus. + +And we talked about +its inputs coming + +from the superior +olivary nuclei, + +like the lateral +superior olive, which + +has neuron sensitive to +enter oral level differences, + +and another input +being the MSO, where + +the neurons insensitive +to binaural stimuli + +with interaural +time differences. + +And those inputs converge +on the inferior colliculus. + +And in today's lecture, +we have a little slide + +of the inferior colliculus. + +And the big part of the inferior +colliculus, diagrammed here + +is this central +nucleus, the ICC. + +And that structure +has been well studied, + +part because it's the big part. + +It's easy to record from, +it's deep in the brain. + +It has a strong +tonotopic organization. + +We talked last time about +neurons there having + +time intensity trading because +they get in some cases, input + +from both LSO and MSO. + +We talked about coding for +stimulating head precedence + +like effects in the +inferior colliculus, + +and we talked a little bit about +sound localization in there + +in the mammal, at +least for the parts + +of the inferior colliculus +that had been studied, + +there being no really good or +obvious map of sound location + +to place in the colliculus, +and we also talked about some + +of the other edge +regions of the colliculus + +like the external nucleus +of the colliculus that + +has been explored very +nicely in the bar now. + +And we talked about +its projections + +up to the optic tectum, +or the tectum in the bar + +now, which is the analog +of the superior colliculus + +in the mammal. + +And there's this +beautiful mapping + +of auditory space +in the barn owl + +at that position in the brain. + +Now, such mappings are +not found in general + +in the auditory +system of mammals, + +with the one exception +being in the deep layers + +of the superior colliculus. + +There are neurons that are +responsive to auditory, + +as well as visual stimuli. + +Of course, we think of +the superior colliculus + +as being a visual nucleus. + +And in those deeper +layers, there + +is a mapping of +auditory space that's + +in line with the mapping +for visual space there. + +So it's as if a mapping of space +can be created in the mammal, + +but it just doesn't +appear, at least + +in the main nuclei of +the auditory pathway. + +The superior colliculus is +really not an auditory nucleus. + +OK. + +So any questions from last time? + +So today, we're going to +be talking about mainly + +the auditory cortex +and how it has + +a number of fields +in the cortex. + +Usually we talk about +fields rather than nuclei, + +and these fields +are tonotopically + +organized-- at least, +several of them are. + +And some of them +aren't, but we'll + +be emphasizing the +tonotopic ones. + +There are some very +interesting experiments + +where investigators have +explored how changes in hearing + +can affect the tonotopic +mappings in these fields + +so that they can be plastic. + +They can be molded or shaped +depending on experience. + +So we'll talk about +that plasticity. + +Because there are many +fields, the obvious question + +is, well, what does one field +do in your sense of hearing, + +and what does another field do. + +And we're generally not able +to answer those questions. + +I like to think that there +are Nobel Prizes waiting + +to be earned in this area as +that function is worked out + +for each of the fields. + +But it's clear that there's a +big role of one field, which + +we call A1, in +sound localization. + +And we'll review that +line of investigation. + +That if A1 is lost, an +experimental animal's ability + +to localize sounds +is completely gone. + +OK? + +So we'll talk about +the evidence, how + +we test animals for +sound localization. + +Then we'll talk about where +A1 is in the human auditory + +cortex. + +And we'll talk finally about +some very interesting imaging + +studies that have shown that +there is a center that lights + +up in imaging studies +when you present + +sounds with salient pitch. + +That is, very strong +sensations of pitch, + +and it's an area near A1, +but a little bit beyond it. + +So we'll talk about +those imaging studies. + +And that relates to +the paper that we + +have for assigned reading +for today's lecture. + +So that's the roadmap for today. + +So the first slide is a +very complicated slide + +that as I said, has the +inferior colliculus on it. + +And in the second row, has +the auditory thalamus on it. + +So the auditory thalamus +is the medial geniculate. + +And I'm not going +to say very much + +about the medial geniculate. + +Probably Peter Schiller +talked a lot more + +about the lateral geniculate in +the visual part of the course. + +I want to just say that +there is a large part + +of the medial geniculate called +the ventral division, indicated + +here. + +There's a couple +little symbols that + +say v. That stands +for ventral division. + +And there is a large part +of the medial geniculate + +that is tonotopically organized. + +And so it receives +a lot of input + +from the central nucleus of the +colliculus, which is tonotopic. + +It is tonotopic. + +And it, in turn, projects +2 auditory cortical fields + +that are listed up +there, which we'll + +go over in detail +in just a minute. + +And all of those +listed cortical fields, + +with the exception of the +one that says t, all of those + +are tonotopically organized. + +So to some people +than, there is a part + +of this auditory pathway +at these higher levels + +that's called the +tonotopic system. + +And that has a +bulk of the nuclei. + +There are some other systems. + +And at least in +this author's idea, + +they're labeled as diffuse +and multisensory systems. + +We're not going to +talk much about them. + +But they start out in other +parts of the colliculus, + +like the dorsal part +of the colliculus, + +and the external nucleus +of the colliculus. + +And they pass through other +divisions of the thalamus. + +And they either go to other +auditory cortical fields, + +like A2 here, or they +project diffusely + +to a whole bunch of +places in auditory cortex. + +So we're not going to emphasize +them very much at all. + +Just stick with the +tonotopic system for now. + +So in the auditory +cortex, there's + +been a lot of research done +on the cortex of the cat. + +Cat has been a standard +model for auditory cortex + +work since the beginning, +since the '60s. + +And so the fields are very +well known in the cat. + +And they're indicated in +the colored shading here. + +And this is showing +you the cat's brain + +from looking at its left side. + +So you see that the colored +areas, the auditory areas, + +are in the part of +the brain called + +the temporal cortex, +the side of the cortex. + +So way up here would be the +frontal part of the cortex, + +the frontal lobes here. + +Way back here, you're familiar +with the occipital cortex, + +which would be the visual areas. + +And these areas are on the side, +our so-called temporal cortex. + +Those are the auditory areas. + +And the cat is a nice +model for cortex. + +Because much of the big +auditory cortical field, + +A1 here, is on the surface. + +It's on a big gyrus +that's accessible. + +You can get to it, you +can record from it. + +You can make lesions in it. + +A little bit of A1 goes +down into a sulcus. + +And those sulci are +labeled by the lines. + +This one is labeled ps, the +posterior ectosylvian sulcus. + +And this is the cortex with +the cortex map pulled apart. + +So you can see the parts +of the cortex that's + +down in the sulcus. + +And those are the +dark pink here. + +And in the front part, rostral +part of the auditory cortex, + +there's another anterior +ectosylvian sulcus. + +And that's shown by +the dark pink here. + +So much of A1 is on the +surface, but a little bit of it + +dives down into a sulcus. + +Now, when you go with +microelectrodes and record + +from the auditory cortex, +you take off the skull, + +you take off the dura, +and you see the cortex. + +And you can take +your microelectrode + +and go right into the cortex. + +And of course, the +cortex has layers. + +So you'd be going, starting +in layer 1, and going down. + +How many layers are +there in cortex? + +There's 6, right? + +OK. + +And you find that if you go +down through all those layers + +and make recordings in +the different layers, + +all of the neurons in +one cortical penetration + +with your electrode +have the same CF. + +So of course, we want to measure +the characteristic frequency + +from the tuning curve, just +like we do in other places. + +And if you do that, +in these recordings + +you find that they +all have the same CF. + +And that's like going down +through a cortical column. + +So columnar organization is +very important in cortex. + +And if we draw it from the +side, this would be the surface. + +And you'd have these 6 +layers usually labeled + +by Roman numerals. + +And your electrode would be +coming down here and sampling + +from the various layers, +single neurons at a time. + +Of course, you'd have to +maybe record from layer 1 + +first, then layer 2, and +then so on, and so forth. + +And as long as you stay +within a column of cortex, + +the neurons have the same +characteristic frequency. + +So looking at it from +the surface here then, + +one column would be like a dot. + +You'd be looking +down at the very top + +of the column from the capital +down to the base of the column, + +if it were an +architectural column. + +When you do that, you +can make a CF mapping + +for these tonotopic fields. + +And you find that if you're +way over here, rostral in A1, + +you get very high CFs. + +And so high CFs for a cat would +be like 40 kilohertz, maybe + +even 50 kilohertz. + +An octave beyond the upper +limit of human hearing. + +But if you move your +electrode, more caudally, + +the CFs get lower, +and lower, and lower + +until you reach the +posterior edge of A1. + +And this little +word, "low" means, + +that's where the lowest +CFs in A1 would be found. + +And the low CFs would be like +0.1 kilohertz, 100 Hertz. + +If you went perpendicular to +that so-called tonotopic axis, + +you can have recordings that go +one here, one there, one there, + +one there. + +If you're moving up +from ventral to dorsal, + +then you find they +all have the same CFs. + +So that's an iso CF. + +Lamina, if you will. + +And it starts right here. + +This line right here +is an iso CF lamina. + +This would be the highest CFs. + +And then as you go +caudally the CFs + +get lower, and lower, and lower. + +Then, when you keep moving +your electrode, more and more + +caudally, you find further CFs. + +And then the +progression changes. + +The CFs start to become +higher, and higher, and higher. + +That's the signal that you've +entered another auditory + +cortical field right behind A1. + +And it gets its name +from being behind it, + +behind an anatomical +terminology is posterior. + +So this field is p, +or sometimes called + +PAF, posterior auditory field. + +And if you keep going, +more and more caudally. + +In this case, the +thing takes a turn. + +So you go, caudally and +ventrally, the CFs then + +start to get higher, until +you approach the boundary of p + +with the next auditory +cortical field, which is VP. + +Ventral posterior +auditory field. + +Then the CFs go +from high to low. + +Same thing happens where A1 +meets the anterior auditory + +field, indicated by a here. + +Those two fields share a high +frequency, high CF boundary. + +And then, as you +go more rostral, + +the CFs get lower, +and lower, and lower. + +Sometimes this organization, +at the edges of the fields, + +is called, mirror image +tonotopy in the auditory system. + +And where else have +you guys seen this? + +Did you go over this in the +vision part of the course + +where you have the mapping +of the retina on V1 + +in the occipital cortex, right? + +And it has a retina +topic mapping. + +And that has some image where +the nasal part of the retina + +is over here, and the temporal +part of the retina's over here. + +And where V1 abuts V2, you also +have a retina topic mapping. + +But it's a mirror +image reversal of V1. + +So you should have +gone over that + +in the visual part +of the course. + +You find such mirror image flips +in the somatosensory cortex. + +In the somatosensory +cortex, there's + +a mapping of the body surface. + +If you touch here +on the body surface, + +a certain part of the +somatosensory cortex responds. + +If you touch up here, a +different part responds. + +And there's a mapping +of the body surface + +onto the surface of the cortex. + +And where S1 meets S2, +there's also a mapping. + +But it's a mirror image. + +OK. + +So this is not a +surprise in terms + +of general cortical +organization. + +And it's also not a surprise +in the visual periphery. + +You have the retina +topic mapping. + +In the auditory periphery, +you have the CF mapping. + +And you have this nice CF +mapping along the cortex. + +OK. + +And in the cat, you have +these four tonotopically + +organized system fields. + +And you have several +fields; A2, DPV, and T, + +where the tonotopy is either +nonexistent, or much less + +obvious. + +And there are some +challenges here + +to exploring responses +in these other areas. + +For example, tuning curves in +A2 can sometimes look like this. + +And it's very difficult +then, to assign a CF + +to such a broad bowl +shaped tuning curve. + +You could do it, if you +really were pressed. + +But there's not much difference +between that frequency + +and that frequency. + +So this could be an +octave or more difference. + +And so it's hard to +assign a CF to some + +of the neurons in +these other fields. + +That's not true in A1. + +In the tonotopically +organize fields in general, + +there's very precise, +sharp frequency tuning. + +OK. + +So the tuning curves, +there's a little table here. + +They're usually sharp in these +tonotopically organized fields. + +Yes, there's tonotopic +organization. + +The latency is short. + +The response is brisk +or robust compared + +to response that might be +called poor or insecure. + +That just simply means, every +time you turn on a sound, + +and people remember, +typically tend + +to measure histograms +in response + +to hundreds of sound bursts +every time there's a response. + +But here, there +might be a response + +to the first tone +burst in a train. + +And then the neuron might shut +down and not respond anymore. + +So these diffuse areas +are hard to investigate. + +Most of these cortex +recordings I'm talking about + +have been done in +anesthetized animals. + +And so there's +always a question of, + +how much has anesthesia +changed the response patterns? + +Of course, anesthesia +has a big effect + +on these higher levels +of the nervous system. + +So it's not always clear +how much of these properties + +or change in these properties +has been due to anesthesia. + +So back to the +somatosensory cortex. + +Here's a mapping of the +somatosensory cortex. + +And this is the +surface of the body map + +onto the surface of +the cortex that I + +was referring to earlier. + +So if you stimulate +the surface of the body + +over here, the tips +of the toes, you + +get a response here in +the somatosensory cortex. + +If you stimulate the +fingers, you get a response + +here in the +somatosensory cortex. + +You stimulate the facial region, +you get a response over here. + +And this distorted +mapping or caricature + +of the body's surface, +sometimes called a homunculus. + +And it shows you +that a lot of cortex + +is devoted to certain +important parts of your body, + +like the face. + +And less important parts, +like the trunk of your body, + +receives much smaller +representation in the cortex. + +In the auditory +cortex, if you draw + +the mapping-- so +here's a mapping of A1. + +In this case, it's from +the guinea pig cortex. + +And in this case, the +mapping is plotted + +with the CF on the +y-axis, and the distance + +along the cortex on the x-axis. + +And these are the data. + +Each dot indicates +a recording site + +from a single column +in the cortex. + +And if you could +read these numbers, + +they would indicate the CFs. + +And these lines are +the ISO CF contours. + +And this CF axis is plotted +along this distance here. + +So this distance +is going like this, + +and this distance is +going along like this. + +And there's a very nice, +almost linear relationship. + +And it shows you +something quite different + +from the somatosensory +mapping, which + +is that there aren't any +really important frequencies. + +They all have about the same +representation in the cortex. + +It's a pretty boring, +straight line, if you will. + +It's not as interesting +as the homunculus + +in the somatosensory cortex. + +So this is true in +the general mammal. + +Next time, when we talk about +the auditory cortex in the echo + +locating bat, we'll have +quite a different finding. + +There are some very +important frequencies + +in certain types of bats that +relate to the echo locating + +signal that they +emit, and the echo + +that comes back to them so +that they can find targets, + +even in the dark. + +But most of general mammals +do not echolocate, of course. + +And so their mapping +of the sensory cortex + +is pretty linear and +boring, if you will. + +So today's reading +comes from what + +motivates the next +experiment that I'll show. + +For a long time, +these mappings were + +thought to be laid down at +birth and not changeable. + +So they were just immutable. + +But some very +interesting experiments + +by Dexter Irvine and Don +Robertson in the 1980s + +showed that was not true. + +And they were not the +pioneers in showing + +that cortex can change as +a result of experiment. + +Rather, some people who +were working, especially + +in the somatosensory +cortex, were the first. + +And so I didn't have +a reading for today. + +So right before I came over, I +pulled up the Wikipedia entry + +on the Silver Spring monkeys. + +So has anybody heard of +the Silver Spring monkeys? + +So Silver Spring monkeys were +in the news in the 1980s. + +They got their name +from the Institute + +of Behavioral Research in Silver +Springs, Maryland-- Silver + +Spring, Maryland. + +And from 1981 to +1991, they became + +what one writer called, the most +famous lab animals in history, + +as a result of battle between +animal researchers, animal + +advocates, politicians, +and courts. + +So there was a researcher +whose name was Edward Taub. + +And he was experimenting on the +somatosensory sensory cortex. + +And he was taking +the monkeys, and he + +was denervating +the sensory input + +from certain parts +of their limbs. + +So for example, he would cut the +nerves that carried information + +from the middle +finger of the monkeys. + +And he was studying to see +if the somatosensory cortex + +remapped, and he was +finding small effects. + +But in May, 1981, Alex Pacheco, +from the animal rights group + +PETA, began working +undercover in his lab, + +alerted the police to what PETA +viewed as unacceptable living + +conditions for the monkeys. + +And there was a long battle. + +Initially, the researcher was +convicted of animal cruelty, + +and these charges were +subsequently overturned. + +But anyway, the monkeys +were held in limbo + +for in some cases, many +years because his research + +was put on hold. + +During the subsequent +experiments + +on the monkeys after the +court battles were all done, + +it was discovered that +significant cortical remapping + +had occurred. + +This is evidence of +the brain's plasticity, + +and it helped to overturn the +widely held view that the old + +adult brain cannot reorganize +itself in response to its + +environment. + +So the analogous experiments +in the auditory system + +have been done in small animals. + +And maybe it's a result +of much decline and use + +of primates in research. + +There was hardly +any auditory work + +done on primates these days. + +This reorganization work +is done in the guinea pigs. + +And the experiments +are done like this. + +There's a peripheral lesion +made in the cochlear. + +In the Guinea pig +cochlear, it's very easy + +to make a little hole +in the middle layer, + +and look down on the cochlear. + +And the cochlear's +a bony structure. + +The most accessible part is +the basal turn of the cochlear. + +And you can go right +through the round window + +and see the basilar +membrane, and the hair cells. + +And you can make a +little tiny pinpoint + +opening in the organ of +corti with a fine metal pick, + +and create a +substantial hearing loss + +in one little place +of the cochlear. + +So here is indicated a +graph of the compound action + +potential threshold. + +This is a response from +the auditory nerve. + +Action potential, +obviously, is an impulse + +from single auditory +nerve fibers. + +Compound means it's a +recording from many, many, + +if not all of the +auditory nerve in response + +to a tone burst of the +different frequencies. + +And if you make a small +lesion at the basal turn, + +remember the frequency +organization of the cochlear + +is such that the basal turn +processes, high frequencies. + +And so instead of the normal +curve in the lesion animal, + +you have a big increase in +threshold, maybe 60, or 70, + +or 80 dB in the lesion case. + +And that lesion goes +from about 10 kilohertz + +to about 20 kilohertz. + +And in other parts +of the cochlear, + +the hearing is normal. + +So this is a peripheral +hearing loss. + +And now, we're going to +then look in the cortex + +and see if the tonotopy +of the auditory cortex + +is the same or different. + +And obviously, my +big build up here, + +that there's plasticity +of tonotopy, is found. + +This is the normal +mapping that we first saw. + +This is the mapping in +the lesioned animal. + +And in this case, it's a mapping +where each of these dots, + +of course, is a recording site. + +These are very high CFs. + +You march along here, and +the CF gets a little lower. + +But there's a big region +of about 20 kilohertz-- + +big, long distance in the +cortex-- when all you get + +is CFs of 20 kilohertz. + +Notice that that is right +at the edge of the lesion. + +In the lesion, between +20 and 10 kilohertz, + +you don't get any response. + +Well, there's a huge +hearing loss there. + +It's no surprise that there's no +response to those frequencies. + +The auditory periphery is +not sending you any messages, + +or sending you very few messages +about those frequencies. + +Then you jump a little +bit in distance. + +And the CF jumped from +20 down to 10 kilohertz. + +And there's a long +region of cortex + +at which the CFs are +all 10 kilohertz. + +And notice that 10 kilohertz +is a very important frequency + +in the audiogram of this +animal, and that it's + +right at the edge, the low +frequency edge of the hearing + +loss. + +After that extensive +region then, you + +pick up your normal +tonotopy of auditory cortex. + +So this is clearly a +massive reorganization + +compared to the normal +of this lesioned animal's + +cortical mapping. + +So couple comments about this. + +If you do the mapping +right after the lesion, + +this reorganization +is not found. + +So it takes some time. + +In the case of the +auditory system, + +it takes more than three weeks +to see the reorganization. + +What's the mechanism +for this reorganization? + +Well, we have input coming +up to here from the thalamus, + +where the inputs +from the 20 kilohertz + +place of the thalamus, +did they come up here? + +And did they grow into a +large part of the cortex + +where they weren't +present before? + +And did they do that growth +because that part of the cortex + +had gone silent because +of the hearing loss? + +So one mechanism +could be growth, + +if you will, sideways +growth of axons. + +Another mechanism +could be the inputs + +from the thalamus +are coming up here. + +And even in the normal +case, they don't just + +go to one place, but they have +all sorts of side branches. + +And these side branches in +the normal case are inhibited, + +or they're not +strong to begin with. + +Because there's a lot of +other stuff coming in here, + +and the other stuff is +saying, you guys be quiet. + +I'm the main input. + +And maybe after +the hearing loss, + +that other stuff is silenced. + +And these previously weak +inputs become stronger. + +So you could say then +that another mechanism + +is strengthening of +preexisting inputs + +that are weak before +the perturbation. + +And I wrote mechanism, ? + +because we don't know +what the mechanism is. + +And it may be both. + +They're not mutually exclusive. + +And we're thinking here, cortex. + +This is a lecture on the cortex. + +But I should bring up, where is +the locus of this plasticity? + +So in the auditory system, we +have a rich array of nuclei. + +We have the cochlear nucleus, +we have the superior olivary + +complex, we have the +inferior colliculus. + +We've just learned a little +about the auditory thalamus. + +Well, could one of +those lower level nuclei + +have reorganized, and +then just passively spit + +their reorganized +input up to the cortex? + +And the answer is yes, and that +actually has been looked at. + +So there's no reorganization +in the cochlear nucleus. + +The part of the cochlear nucleus +that processes 20 kilohertz + +is supposed to be normal. + +In between 20 and 10 kilohertz, +you have a normal region. + +But it's completely silent in +these types of hearing loss. + +You have a small amount +of reorganization + +in the inferior colliculus. + +But it's not as big as +what we see in the cortex. + +And maybe in the +medial geniculate body, + +we have a larger reorganization, +but probably not quite as much + +as you do in the +auditory cortex. + +So there may be a little +bit of reorganization, + +an IC, a little bit in MGB, +and then further reorganization + +in auditory cortex. + +So that has been looked at. + +And the answer is at all +of these higher levels, + +there's reorganization. + +But there's maybe more as +you go higher in the pathway. + +Now, who cares? + +We usually don't have +hearing losses, right? + +Well I should remind +you that we had + +a big lecture on hearing loss. + +Then let me show you one +of the slides from it. + +So we had this slide under +the lecture on hearing loss. + +Well, I've given +it a new title now + +because I was thinking +about getting old this week. + +And the type of hearing loss +that you have when you get old + +is called presbycusis. + +Presbycusis is the +age related loss + +of hearing, especially +at high frequencies. + +And almost all of us are going +to go through presbycusis. + +This is a normal audiogram +or threshold of hearing curve + +when you're young, and this +is one when you get older. + +And invariably, we lose +our high frequency hearing. + +The causes are not known. + +But clearly it takes +place in the periphery, + +which is very similar to the +lesion study we just went over. + +It's a peripheral +hearing loss, what + +happens to your central pathway. + +It probably results in cortical +reorganization in the human. + +And again, I can't spell. + +There's a missing t here. + +So we probably all-- and +we have plenty of time. + +This hearing loss +doesn't happen in days. + +It happens over the +course of our lifetime. + +There's plenty of time +to reorganize the cortex. + +Now, let me go back +a little bit here + +and ask an interesting +question which + +has some negative answers, +and some positive answers. + +People have said, well, wow. + +This animal-- you +have a lot of cortex. + +Half a millimeter devoted +to CFs of 20 kilohertz. + +And you have a lot of cortex +devoted to CF of 10 kilohertz. + +Does this animal do something a +lot better at those frequencies + +than this normal animal +which just has a little bitty + +part of cortex devoted +to 20 kilohertz, + +and a little bit +devoted to 10 kilohertz. + +So it's not clear what the +answer is to that question yet. + +And people have +speculated in the normal-- + +if you train a normal +person or a normal animal + +to do a task at 10 kilohertz. + +So they're listing to 10 +kilohertz over and over again. + +It's clearly a training +effect for many tasks. + +You get better with training. + +Does that mean in +the normal case + +that we enlarge the 10 +kilohertz part of our cortex? + +Well, it's not known. + +Does that means this +big area of 10 kilohertz + +and 20 kilohertz in the +lesioned animals cortex + +enable that animal to +do something better? + +That's not clear. + +There's evidence for both +answers to those questions. + +Let's move on to some +other properties that + +have been observed +in auditory cortex. + +And we've been stuck in +this mode and this course + +on frequency organization. + +It's clearly a very +strong component + +of central auditory nuclei. + +And here are some tuning curves +from auditory cortex neurons. + +You have the x-axis +being frequency, + +and the y-axis being +sound pressure level, + +response being inside +the tuning curve. + +In this case, they've +embellished the tuning curve + +a little bit by plotting +the biggest, best + +response in real black shading. + +And these are the +tuning curves we've + +been talking about in +the course all along. + +You might see goes +from the auditory nerve + +from cochlear nucleus +and lower levels. + +In the auditory +cortex, you see some + +of those kinds of tuning curves. + +But you also see from +different neurons, + +other types of tuning curves. + +And these are seen to a greater +extent in the auditory cortex, + +although you do see some, +to a certain extent, + +in the colliculus, and +to a certain extent, + +in the thalamus. + +So you see them in a numerically +greater extent in the cortex. + +And here is a tuning curve +that sure has a best frequency. + +But at that best frequency, if +you get it higher and higher + +in level, the neuron +actually stops + +responding at a pretty moderate, +and certainly at a high level. + +And if you study its response +inside the black shading, + +you can say, well, that +neuron has the best + +frequency, or +characteristic frequency. + +It also has a +characteristic level. + +It likes it a lot when the +tone frequency is 10 kilohertz, + +and the tone level is 40 dB. + +That's its maximal response. + +That's the one it +prefers, if you will. + +Here's a different one. + +A best level is somewhere +in the middle here. + +Here's a best level here in +a very narrow response area. + +So many of the neurons +in the auditory cortex + +has to have these not +only characteristic + +frequencies, but +also best levels. + +If you, at their CF, +raise the sound level, + +you get this type of pattern. + +These are rate level functions. + +So this is the firing rate, and +this is the tone level or tone + +intensity. + +And this is from a +number of neurons. + +But just concentrate +on this one. + +The firing rate goes up with +level, reaches a maximum, + +and then it declines. + +And at the highest level, +it doesn't respond anymore. + +So we don't know +what this means. + +It means somehow that +these neurons could + +tell the animal or the person, +well, the sound level is x dB. + +They can tell you +the sound frequency + +is a certain number of +kilohertz in the sound level + +if they're responding +maximally, is a certain SPO. + +It's clearly very different. + +Now, I brought that +up because people + +have looked at that +in terms of coding + +for preferred areas of space +where the neuron's response is + +maximum. + +And these are some data from +Clarey et al on azimuth level + +response areas for +cortical neurons. + +So what does that mean? + +Well, they're recording from +a single neuron in the cortex. + +And they have the +animal-- in this + +it's, a cat-- in +an anechoic room. + +And they move the sound +source around in azimuth. + +We've talked about this with +experiments in the [INAUDIBLE]. + +And they study the +neuron's response + +as a function of azimuth. + +In this particular study, they +also varied the sound level. + +And so that's what +the y-axis is here. + +This is the sound level axis. + +And what we just said is +that many neurons in cortex + +have a preferred sound level. + +They start to +increase their firing. + +And that's what's meant +by this shading here, + +the dark of the shading, +the higher the firing rate. + +And then at high sound +levels, the firing trails off, + +or it goes down to zero. + +This is a level function +for these different neurons. + +These are recordings now +from the auditory cortex + +within a single column. + +So shown here is the electrode +penetration going from unit + +one down two unit 10. + +And those are indicated here, +unit 1, down to unit 10. + +And the cortical layers are +indicated by the Roman numerals + +1 through 6 here. + +And they're recording +these 10 different neurons + +from a given cortical column. + +And what's impressive +about these studies is + +that the azimuth +of each of these + +neurons, where it +prefers in space, + +it is it a certain +azimuth, 45 to 90 degrees. + +And that's as if +you were recording + +from the left auditory cortex. + +45 degrees would be +over here, to 90 degrees + +would be straight over here. + +So these neurons +are going to respond + +when the speaker is in +a position over here. + +And they're going to respond +when there's a moderate sound + +level. + +Not the lowest level, and +not the highest level. + +So they prefer a +certain sound level. + +And within a given column, +almost all of the neurons + +have similar types of +azimuth level functions. + +And remember, before +we said that these all + +have about the same CF. + +So a second thing that is common +to units in a given column + +and auditory cortex is their +azimuth level response areas. + +And that's shown +very nicely here. + +These type of data suggests +that maybe these neurons + +play some kind of +role in telling us + +where a sound is coming from. + +Like without this +column, maybe we really + +wouldn't know that sound +sources were located + +at 45 to 90 degrees over there +on the contralateral hemifield. + +So there's been a lot of work +on auditory cortex and sound + +localization. + +And I want to get into it here. + +So how do experimenters +test behaviorally + +for how an animal +can localize sound? + +Well, this is the +formal way to do it. + +Here's an experimental animal. + +It's going to a speaker +that emitted a sound. + +Before, it had been sitting +in this central position + +in the testing cage here. + +Waiting maybe cued by +a light that's saying, + +the trial's about to start. + +And the animal then listens. + +And this speaker up here +near b didn't emit the sound. + +But the speaker down +here did emit the sound. + +And then the animal is +trained to go to the speaker + +that it had heard +emit the sound. + +If it does that correctly, +there's a little food reward + +area down below the speaker, and +the animal gets a food reward. + +And the animals +are food deprived, + +so they're motivated +to do this task. + +In this case, the +speakers can be moved. + +So you have removable speakers. + +Or you can have an array of +speakers, as indicated here. + +And the animal has to choose +which of the several speakers + +emitted the sound, and +go to the correct one + +to get the food reward. + +And this has been +done with a variety + +of experimental animals. + +In this case, it +looks like a cat. + +But they've also tested +rats and monkeys. + +Now, there's a couple things +you have to worry about here. + +You have to worry if your +sound is on a long time + +that the animal isn't cheating. + +And one way of cheating +would be for the animal + +to sit still here, and +listen to the sound, + +and then move a +little bit, maybe just + +by bending over, saying, OK. + +If I moved over here, +did the sound get louder? + +Oh, that means the sound +is coming from this side. + +So generally, these +tests are using + +pretty short stimulae-- +50, 100 milliseconds. + +And during that +period, the animal + +doesn't have a chance to move +and sample the sound field. + +So what are the data in +normal hearing animals? + +75% correct at distinguishing +which of the speakers + +have emitted the +sound at 5 degrees. + +So in that case, it's +when the movable speaker's + +just 5 degrees. + +With a, in this +case, 500 millisecond + +long spectrally complex stimuli. + +So animals are not as good at +this sound localization task. + +In human performance, I think +back a few lectures ago, + +we talked about the minimum +audible angle in humans + +being a couple of degrees. + +Maybe 1 degree. + +In this case, the animal's +going to 5 degrees. + +So it's not quite as good. + +The animal can still do +the task surprisingly, + +even if it has just +one functioning ear. + +And how is that possible? + +Well, the animal's pinna. + +We talked about the +external ear or pinna, + +providing you some +nice spectral queues. + +And it looks like the spectrally +complex stimuli are being used. + +So those spectra +cues are available. + +But the minimum audible angle's +more like 10 to 12 degrees, + +with just one ear with +a good pinna on it. + +So the best performance +is with two ears. + +Now, why am I going +over this paradigm? + +Well, people have then +taken experimental animals + +and studied them after lesions. + +And we're talking about +the auditory cortex. + +So let's look at the results of +lesioning the auditory cortex + +on sound localization. + +So looks like in +this study, they're + +using the array of loudspeakers. + +The lesion is located +in the auditory cortex. + +And this is the right +side of the cortex. + +This is the occipital or +back part of the cortex. + +This is the front of the cortex. + +So the lesion is made +on the right side. + +When a lesion is made +on the right side + +of the auditory +cortex, the animal + +has problems localizing sound +in the opposite hemifield. + +So the lesion is made +on the right side. + +The animal doesn't know if it's +this speaker, this speaker, + +this speaker, or +this speaker that's + +emitting the sound as a random +performance on that side. + +However, the animal +can distinguish + +between the speakers in +the hemifield ipsilateral + +to the lesion, which suggests +that the intact auditory + +cortex is mediating +that behavior. + +So there's a deficit +contralaterally + +in the opposite hemifield. + +And as you can see from this +lesion, which was located smack + +in the middle of A1, +A1 lesions effectively + +knock out sound +localization behavior. + +So these early studies +suggested that A1 + +is critically important, and +is necessary for correct sound + +localization behavior. + +And in these early +studies, the lesions + +were actually made surgically by +taking out some cortex tissue. + +And they became, as time +went on in the mid1980s, + +the lesion studies +became more elegant + +in that before the lesion was +made, frequency mapping of A1 + +was made. + +And this frequency +mapping is shown here. + +This is best frequency, or CF. + +Those terms are synonymous. + +And this is distance +along the cortex. + +And not the entire auditory +cortex, field A1, was removed, + +but just a particular part, +just a little distance here. + +And it was known +from the mapping + +what CF was affected +by the lesion. + +And the other CFs +were left intact. + +You can test the animal for +any frequency you want to. + +So you can test for +frequencies in the intact area, + +or you can test for frequencies +in the lesioned area. + +And it was shown very clearly +then by plotting performance. + +This is a performance +axis, where + +downward is very accurate. + +This must be the number +of mistakes made. + +So 0 is no mistakes made. + +At the low frequencies +where the cortex is intact. + +At the midfrequencies, where +the cortex is lesioned, + +performance goes to chance. + +And then at the +high frequencies, + +again, where the +cortex is intact, + +the performance gets +very few errors. + +It's very good. + +So this elegant +experiment shows then + +that sound localization +proceeds by frequency + +independent channels. + +That is, the part of A1 that's +responsive to low frequencies + +is mediating low sound +frequency localization. + +And the part that's +responsive to high frequencies + +is mediating high frequency +sound localization. + +So a very beautiful +demonstration. + +Now, these lesions were +done with the techniques + +available at the time. + +And it's very simple to go in +and destroy a part of cortex. + +And for one reason +or another, people + +decided to revisit these +lesion experiments, + +even though they +were very convincing, + +done in many, many +different species. + +They decided to revisit them +with a completely different way + +of making a lesion. + +And this is the method of +inactivation by cooling. + +And maybe many of you +have heard of this. + +This might be the auditory +cortex, the surface. + +This is layer 1 and the +different cortical layers. + +The way you can +inactivate the cortex + +by cooling is by taking a piece +of tubing that has cooling + +fluid, or if you will, coolant. + +And you can put this coolant +with a pump through this tube, + +and you can lay the tube right +on the surface of the cortex. + +And obviously, as the +coolant comes through here, + +it's going to cool down +first the top layer + +of the cortex, and +then the lower layers. + +And finally, all of the cortex. + +And you can assure yourself that +this cooling has inactivated + +the cortex by doing things like +recording evoked potentials. + +And what's elegant about +the cooling experiments + +is that you can reverse them. + +So I don't know +if this is a word, + +but instead of coolant, +you can use a warmant, + +and restore this to +body temperature. + +And responses come back. + +And what's very impressive is +that these kinds of experiments + +can be done in animals +that are actually doing + +a behavioral task, +localizing sound. + +And clearly, those experiments +confirm these earlier lesion + +experiments that +if you cool A1, you + +get a deficit for a +localization ability + +in the contralateral hemifield. + +However, they have also come +up with an interesting result + +in that if you cool +some other fields, + +you also change sound +localization behavior. + +Field PAF, when cooled, also +interrupts sound localization + +behavior. + +So that's posterior to A1. + +And a small field +that's not named, but is + +right on top of the anterior +ectosylvian sulcus, the AES. + +When that area is cooled, +sound localization behavior's + +also disrupted. + +So I used to be +able to say, anyone + +who performs this critical +function, sound localization, + +well, not so sure +about it anymore. + +Because if you cool +these other fields, + +you have a disruption of +sound localization behavior. + +If you cool any of the other +fields like A2, of VPAF, + +or most of the +AAF, you don't get + +an interruption of the behavior. + +So what do we take +home from that? + +Well, it seems like there +are several fields that + +are important in sound +localization behavior. + +Looks like A1, p, or PAF +as it's sometimes called, + +and region near the +anterior ectosylvian sulcus + +are all important. + +And it's a little +bit controversial, + +why the old lesions +didn't actually show this. + +It seemed like in +the old lesions, + +there were some studies which +said, if you leave A1 intact, + +and you lesion all the +other cortical fields, + +the animal can +still do the task. + +That doesn't really fit with +the cooling results, which + +has several fields +that are important. + +So don't let me leave +you with the idea + +that what these fields do +is only sound localization + +behavior. + +So A1 may be involved +then hundreds + +of other tasks related +to our sense of hearing. + +It's also involved in +sound localization. + +So that's the right +way to think about it, + +that these fields +probably do many things. + +And I think if you got the gist +of what Doctor Schiller talked + +about in vision, he's not a +big fan of this little area + +of cortex does this +little function. + +And over here, this little +area does this function. + +He's more of a believer in +holistic cortex function + +where to do a task, you +employ a lot of cortex; + +auditory cortex if you're +doing an auditory task. + +And perhaps the more +difficult a task is, + +the motor cortex you use. + +We'll see an evidence of that. + +And next time, when we talk +about language processing + +in humans from imaging studies. + +So what else does cortex do +besides sound localization? + +Oh, I forgot to talk +about auditory cortex + +in humans, how many +tonotopic fields there are. + +So I brought this nice +model of the primate brain. + +And where is auditory +cortex in humans? + +So this is a slice +of the brain, as + +if you were to cut it like this. + +And look at one slice. + +And this is the right +and left temporal lobes. + +So in the primate, you have +actually a separate lobe + +of the brain called +the temporal lobe. + +And in the temporal lobe, +you have to-- the primate + +is a little bit more +difficult to examine + +than the cat-- you have to pull +down the sylvian fissure, which + +is between-- separates +the temporal lobe + +from the parietal +cortex up here, + +and look on the superior +surface of the temporal lobe, + +and find the sight of A1. + +And on that superior +temporal lobe surface, + +you have a little gyrus that was +examined by an animus Heschl. + +And Heschl's gyrus in +humans is the site of A1. + +Some humans actually +have 2 Heschl's, gyri, + +and they have their +A1 either on one + +or both of the Heschl's gyri. + +Now, looking at it from the +side view, in the temporal lobe, + +you have the 3 big gyri. + +Superior temporal gyrus, +inferior temporal gyrus-- + +sorry, middle temporal gyrus, +and inferior temporal gyrus. + +And so A1 is on the +superior surface + +of the superior temporal +gyrus on a little bitty gyrus + +called Heschls. + +So I'm going to pass +this model around. + +And A1 is indicated by a little +piece of yellow tape there. + +You can take a look at it. + +And so that area, +Heschl's gyrus, + +lights up very nicely +in imaging studies + +when you present +auditory stimuli. + +And so here's an imaging study +where the imaging plane was + +parallel to the sylvian +fissure or sylvian sulcus, + +and it's capturing just this +superior temporal gyrus. + +And the plane is +looking down here. + +And on Heschl's gyrus, you +see the left and the right + +in this case, and just the +right in this case lighting up. + +And you can use, of course, +different frequency sounds. + +And change the +frequencies of those + +sounds in a progression +from high frequencies + +to low frequencies. + +And you can draw +the progressions + +that you see in imaging +signals, and that's + +what's drawn with these arrows. + +This is a MIT thesis +by Tom Talavage. + +And he showed that +there were at least 1, + +2, 3, 4, 5 clear progressions +of frequency sensitivity, + +as if you were progressing +along tonotopically + +mapped auditory cortical +fields in the human. + +So remember, we saw 4 +tonotopically mapped fields + +in the cat. + +And here we have at least +4, perhaps 5 in humans. + +This one is labeled HG, +that's Heschl's gyrus. + +And that's probably +primary auditory cortex. + +This is a view looking down +on the superior surface + +of the temporal lobe. + +And this is what's +called an inflated view. + +So it's like taking +that cortex model + +and blowing it up +like a balloon. + +And so the gyri are indicated +by the lighter shading, + +and the sulci are indicated +by the more dark shading. + +So that's what that is. + +These are the dimensions here. + +Posterior lateral +is that direction. + +So we have multiple +tonotopically organized areas + +in human auditory cortex. + +Now, the paper that we read for +today's class by Penagos et al + +talks about a center near A1, +near Heschl's gyrus, which + +lights up in imaging studies +when the subject is presented + +with sounds that have a +strong cessation of pitch. + +So we talked about pitch +a little bit earlier + +in the class. + +And this is the +slide that I showed. + +And it has a +different title now. + +I think it was titled something +like complicated sounds, + +or something like that. + +Well, a complex sound +is simply a sound + +that has multiple frequencies. + +And so the stimulate +used in the paper + +are complex sounds in that +they have multiple frequencies. + +Earlier, we talk +about this in terms + +of the context of +musical sounds. + +Musical sounds almost always +have a fundamental frequency, + +and then a whole +bunch of harmonics. + +And to have a strong +sensation of pitch, + +these musical sounds have +a very tight relationship + +of the fundamental +and the harmonics. + +They can't be a +random relationship. + +They actually have to be +multiples of the fundamental. + +For example, this complex of +tones, 100 hertz, 200 hertz, + +300 hertz, 400, and so on, +are multiples of one another. + +But if you had the +fundamental be 100, + +the next harmonic be 150, +the next harmonic be 190, + +the next harmonic be +230, where they're not + +multiples of one another, +that stimulus would not + +have a strong pitch +associated with it. + +These musical sounds are +interesting because they + +have a strong pitch. + +The pitch is almost +always related + +to the lowest, or fundamental +frequency of them. + +And the pitch is very invariant. + +As long as you have this nice +pattern of harmonics that + +are related to each +other by multiples, + +the pitch of this, no, which +I think is a piano note, + +and the pitch of this note, +which-- let's do these two. + +This is a guitar sound, and +this is an alto saxophone sound + +where the fundamental +is the same. + +The harmonic amplitude +is completely different. + +But we recognize them as +playing the same pitch. + +You can play a lot +around with the amplitude + +of these harmonics. + +I drew them all the same. + +But clearly, they +can be any jumble + +of pattern, as long as they're +multiples of one another. + +You hear this as having +the same pitch as that. + +And pitch is very +invariant to things + +like where the sound +is coming from. + +Pitch is invariant to how +high and level the sound is. + +So pitch is a very fundamental +attribute of the sound. + +Defined in the +psychophysics textbook + +is, pitch is that attribute +of auditory sensation in terms + +of which sounds may be +ordered on a musical scale. + +So this one's low, this one's +middle, and this one's high. + +And so when cochlear implant +users are programmed first, + +they take this electrode, +and they stimulate it. + +And the user says, yeah, +that sounds like a low one. + +Then they activate +the next electrode. + +And the audiologist +says, is this one higher, + +or is this one lower? + +And if it's higher, then they +route their speech processor, + +higher frequencies, +into that electrode. + +So they do a pitch ranking +in an auditory implants. + +Now, pitch of the +complicated sound + +depends strongly on the +fundamental frequency. + +Everybody knows that. + +Wow, you can play little +tricks in these stimuli. + +You can do something like remove +the fundamental frequency. + +How does that change the pitch? + +Well, this guy becomes +the new fundamental. + +That's what you might think. + +But actually, removing +this fundamental + +is just like playing around +with the amplitude of the higher + +frequencies. + +It doesn't change +the pitch at all. + +And this is called the +missing fundamental. + +And that's actually lucky +for cheap speakers that + +might not have a very good base. + +The fundamental is +hardly there at all, + +but the piece still +sounds musical, + +and it's not changed a lot. + +Or why does that happen? + +Well, this very nice multiples +of 100 is still present. + +And so the temporal pattern +of all these harmonics, if you + +add them up and look at this +thing in the time domain-- + +remember, this was +a graph frequency. + +Whatever this looks +like, it's going + +to repeat after 10 milliseconds. + +Because it's period +is still 100 hertz. + +I'm not a very good artist, +but it's going to be the same. + +And it's going to +be the same here. + +So each 10 milliseconds, it's +going to repeat its pattern. + +It has the same regularity, even +if you remove the fundamental. + +Now, you may not believe me. + +So let me give you +a demonstration. + +And in this +demonstration, there's + +a whole bunch of harmonics +presented at first. + +And then in the +second presentation, + +they remove the fundamental. + +And you should listen +to see if the pitch + +that your ears hear +changes at all. + +On the second presentation, +they remove this next harmonic, + +and so on, and so forth. + +And I think they +end up with removing + +four different +harmonics after they + +present the complete stimulus. + +So listen to this demonstration +of the missing fundamental. + +[AUDIO PLAYBACK] + +-Pitch of the missing +fundamental, or virtual pitch. + +You will hear a complex tone +with 10 harmonics, first + +complete, and then with the +lower harmonics successively + +removed. + +Does the pitch of +the complex change? + +The demonstration +is repeated once. + +[SERIES OF PITCHES] + +[END AUDIO PLAYBACK] + +PROFESSOR: I think +it's pretty clear. + +Does everybody want +to discuss this? + +So when you lose +these first 1 or 2, + +the pitch doesn't +change a great deal. + +But by the end of +the demo, this pitch + +is starting to +sound a lot higher. + +So if you move some of +these around or decrease + +their amplitude, this +one's a low fundamental. + +The pitch doesn't +change a great deal. + +Now, that is what +they did in the paper + +that we read for today. + +What they do is they +have a complex tone + +with a whole bunch of harmonics. + +And they do a clever +thing like they've + +done on this demonstration. + +They just select +some of the harmonics + +to present to the observers +in the imaging study. + +And the cleverness +of this study is + +that by clever filtering +of this harmonic pattern, + +they can give you +some stimulae that + +have really strong +sensations of pitch. + +Or in this one +case, which I think + +is condition 2, a very weak +sensation of pitch because + +of the particular +harmonics they've chosen. + +So they have 3 stimulate. + +They giving you a strong +sensation of pitch, + +and one that has a very weak +sensation of pitch because + +of the clever way +they've filtered it. + +And further clevering, +all of these stimulae + +have the same regularity. + +They have the same +regularity in terms + +of their temporal waveform. + +So the cleverness +of this study then + +is that the temporal +waveform hasn't + +changed in terms +of its regularity. + +But the subject's +impression of the pitch, + +whether it's a strong pitch +or a weak pitch, has changed. + +So by weak pitch, +I mean something + +that sounds like a +noise, or a click. + +Those stimulate don't have +strong sensation of pitch + +because they're random. + +They don't have this nice +pattern of harmonics. + +So I wasn't convinced by +this verbiage and the figure. + +So I decided I wanted to +listen to these stimuli myself. + +And it was convenient, because +I know all three authors. + +So Hector Penagos, when +he wrote this paper, + +was a graduate student +in the speech and hearing + +bioscience and +technology program. + +Jennifer Melcher +is a faculty member + +over at the Eaton-Peabody Lab. + +Her office is +right next to mine. + +And Andrew Oxenham was a +faculty member here at MIT, + +and has since moved to +University of Minnesota. + +So I started asking the +authors, because they're + +all friends of mine, if +I could have the demos. + +And one of them said, well, +it's been a long time. + +I'm not sure I still have them. + +And the other author, +is the second author + +I went to-- I won't +say who it is, + +said, I got them right away. + +So he sent them-- that author +sent them to me right away. + +And so I have them, and +I'll play them for you. + +Now, you'll listen +to these stimuli. + +And what was +surprising to me that I + +didn't get from the +methods of the paper + +is that they don't just keep +presenting the same thing over + +and over. + +The pitch actually moves around. + +And that's one of the +nice parts of this demo + +is that you can actually tell +that the pitch is moving around + +in the ones with strong +sensation of pitch. + +Second thing that +they did was, they + +added a little bit of +background noise to these. + +And it turns out +that when you present + +a whole bunch of harmonics +with the speaker, + +the speaker will introduce +a little distortion. + +Your ear introduces distortion. + +And they wanted to mask +that distortion out. + +And the distortion is +pretty low in level. + +And so this noise that's +a continuous background + +is a pretty effective mask. + +I think you can still hear that +these stimuli, in some cases, + +have pretty strong +sensations of pitch. + +So I'm going to start out +with condition one, which they + +say has a strong +sensation of pitch. + +And you can judge for +yourself, whether you + +hear the pitch moving around. + +[PITCH WITH STATIC] + +PROFESSOR: Maybe it +will go on forever. + +I don't know how long +it would go on for. + +Well, anyway, could you +hear those moving around? + +You could rank them. + +Here's number 2. + +[PITCH WITH STATIC] + +PROFESSOR: It's +moving around, right? + +Number 3. + +[LOWER PITCH WITH STATIC] + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Now, to me, those have strong +sensations of pitch, I believe. + +I'm a believer. + +Now, here's the +last one that they + +say has a weak [INAUDIBLE]. + +[PITCH WITH STATIC] + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So at first, I was expecting to +hear no change in pitch at all. + +But actually, the pitches +change a little bit. + +And so when you go back and say, +it's a weak sensation of pitch, + +OK. + +Right? + +So we're believers? + +Or does anybody want +to say-- all right. + +What happened in +their imaging study? + +Well, this is +pretty small figure. + +But it summarizes the +results in that they + +had an activation of +the circled area, which + +is near Heschl's gyrus-- just, +I believe, anterior to it. + +And this is the place that +had a high activation. + +In the cases of the +stimuli, was strong. + +Psychophysical +sensations of pitch, + +but had a low +activation in the case + +where there was a weak +sensation of pitch. + +Other areas of the +brain-- for example, + +Heschl's gyrus lit up for +all of the conditions. + +And what's interesting +about this study + +is they examined some of +the subcortical nuclei + +that we've been talking about. + +For example, the inferior +colliculus and the cochlear + +nuclei. + +And these are the activations +for those centers. + +Cochlear nucleus activates +pretty much the same + +for all of the conditions. + +This black one is the +one that was associated + +with the weak +sensation of pitch. + +The inferior colliculus, +perhaps a little bit less + +activation for that stimulus, +but not significantly so. + +In the case of this center +for pitched salience + +in the auditory cortex, clearly +there's a lot less activation. + +For that stimulus with the +weak sensation of pitch, + +about the same amount +of activation as you'd + +find with noise bursts there. + +So that, I think, +clearly demonstrates, + +and other imaging +studies have clearly + +demonstrated that this area +is the region of cortex that + +becomes very active when +we experience stimuli + +with strong sensations of pitch. + +In experimental animals, +recordings from, for example, + +the marmoset auditory cortex. + +You find neurons in +an equivalent area + +that respond very nicely +to harmonic complexes that + +have strong +sensation of pitches. + +If you remove too +many of the harmonics + +where the pitch changes a +lot, the neurons fire less. + +And clearly, in those +cases, remember, + +most neurons in the +cortex are finally + +tuned to sound frequency. + +You can remove a whole bunch +of these lower harmonics, + +and not change the response, +suggesting that there is really + +signaling, that there is pitch +associated with that stimulus + +rather than there's a +certain kind of frequency. + +So that's the bottom +line for this study. + +Let me just mention +a couple things that + +make auditory +experiments difficult + +when you're trying +to image the brain. + +Has anybody listened +to an fMRI machine? + +An imager? + +Very loud, right? + +So you have problems +with the subjects + +listening to the stimulus that +you intend to present to them + +rather than listening to +the imaging noise itself. + +And so in this study, +they went to great extent + +to try to reduce +the imaging noise. + +The subjects were wearing +protective earmuffs, + +and the stimulae +were loudspeakers + +that led to those +earmuffs in long tubes. + +Of course, you can't have a +speaker right near the ear + +because there's a magnet +associated with the speaker. + +So you have to have the +speaker outside the imager. + +So they actually turned one +of the imaging pumps off. + +There is a lot of challenge in +imaging such small structures + +as the cochlear nuclei +in inferior colliculus. + +And they said to improve +the detection of activation + +in these brainstem +[? structures, ?] + +the data were activated +using cardiac triggering. + +So does anybody know +what that means? + +Well, when your heart beats, +it pulses on all the arteries, + +and actually moves +the brainstem. + +Brainstem is so small, +it can be moved. + +Cortex is moving too, but the +areas are generally bigger. + +And so if you weren't going +to take care of the heartbeat, + +the brainstem might +be imaged when + +it was in this +position at one point. + +And the next image might, +when it was over here. + +So what cardiac +triggering is, they + +record the EKG from the subject. + +And when they see the +QRS complex, or whatever + +waveform from the +EKG, and they say, + +that's the time +to take the image. + +So they only take the +image at a certain point + +relative to the cardiac cycle. + +So the brain, even +though it's moving, + +it's always moved in +this certain position. + +So that's a challenge +that's associated + +with imaging small structures +like these brainstem nuclei. + +So then, another +property, at least + +of this field of +the auditory cortex, + +is to process stimulae that +to have high pitch salience. + +So we've had two functions +associated with auditory cortex + +then, just as a summary here. + +One is processing stimuli +with high pitch salience, + +and the other is +processing sound stimuli + +that change in location. + +So those are the two things you +can really hang your hat on, + +and what is done at the auditory +cortex in terms of function. + +And for the pitch +sensitive area, + +you have this area near A1. + +For the localization, you +have A1, posterior field, + +and a field near the +anterior ectosylvian sulcus, + +as we know currently. + +All right. + +Questions? + +If not, have a +good Thanksgiving. + +Don't eat too much, or enjoy +eating too much, I guess. + +I'll see you on Monday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AhKNoBxPkJs.txt b/AhKNoBxPkJs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6ea9b861de647cd8da946a4d145788f2e808f60 --- /dev/null +++ b/AhKNoBxPkJs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13747 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so what I want to do today + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so what I want to do today + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so what I want to do today +is uh pick up a little bit from last + + align:start position:0% +is uh pick up a little bit from last + + + align:start position:0% +is uh pick up a little bit from last +time round out our discussion of process + + align:start position:0% +time round out our discussion of process + + + align:start position:0% +time round out our discussion of process +optimization with a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +optimization with a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +optimization with a little bit of a +different perspective today uh last time + + align:start position:0% +different perspective today uh last time + + + align:start position:0% +different perspective today uh last time +we talked about response surface methods + + align:start position:0% +we talked about response surface methods + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about response surface methods +and using those + + align:start position:0% +and using those + + + align:start position:0% +and using those +in in in + + align:start position:0% +in in in + + + align:start position:0% +in in in +optimization what I want to do today is + + align:start position:0% +optimization what I want to do today is + + + align:start position:0% +optimization what I want to do today is +especially focus on + + align:start position:0% +especially focus on + + + align:start position:0% +especially focus on +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +geez this arrow is not letting me draw I + + align:start position:0% +geez this arrow is not letting me draw I + + + align:start position:0% +geez this arrow is not letting me draw I +want to focus on + + align:start position:0% +want to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +want to focus on +uh process robustness and that's a + + align:start position:0% +uh process robustness and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh process robustness and that's a +little bit of a different perspective so + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a different perspective so + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a different perspective so +far most of the optim ation we talked + + align:start position:0% +far most of the optim ation we talked + + + align:start position:0% +far most of the optim ation we talked +about was looking at getting a model of + + align:start position:0% +about was looking at getting a model of + + + align:start position:0% +about was looking at getting a model of +the mean response and then using that to + + align:start position:0% +the mean response and then using that to + + + align:start position:0% +the mean response and then using that to +sort of Drive the the process uh to an + + align:start position:0% +sort of Drive the the process uh to an + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Drive the the process uh to an +Optimum Target uh if you will and so we + + align:start position:0% +Optimum Target uh if you will and so we + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum Target uh if you will and so we +want to come back a little bit to ideas + + align:start position:0% +want to come back a little bit to ideas + + + align:start position:0% +want to come back a little bit to ideas +of things like CPK quality loss function + + align:start position:0% +of things like CPK quality loss function + + + align:start position:0% +of things like CPK quality loss function +and so on that start to fold in + + align:start position:0% +and so on that start to fold in + + + align:start position:0% +and so on that start to fold in +additional requirements or additional + + align:start position:0% +additional requirements or additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional requirements or additional +goals in the + + align:start position:0% +goals in the + + + align:start position:0% +goals in the +optimization um coming out of this is a + + align:start position:0% +optimization um coming out of this is a + + + align:start position:0% +optimization um coming out of this is a +little bit more of an explicit + + align:start position:0% +little bit more of an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more of an explicit +consideration of variation modeling not + + align:start position:0% +consideration of variation modeling not + + + align:start position:0% +consideration of variation modeling not +simply the mean response but also + + align:start position:0% +simply the mean response but also + + + align:start position:0% +simply the mean response but also +thinking about this assumption that + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this assumption that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this assumption that +we've made that the variance is the same + + align:start position:0% +we've made that the variance is the same + + + align:start position:0% +we've made that the variance is the same +everywhere across the process uh and + + align:start position:0% +everywhere across the process uh and + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere across the process uh and +what to do when that is not the case uh + + align:start position:0% +what to do when that is not the case uh + + + align:start position:0% +what to do when that is not the case uh +because in fact it often is not the case + + align:start position:0% +because in fact it often is not the case + + + align:start position:0% +because in fact it often is not the case +so looking at uh the the family of + + align:start position:0% +so looking at uh the the family of + + + align:start position:0% +so looking at uh the the family of +things that we might we might seek to + + align:start position:0% +things that we might we might seek to + + + align:start position:0% +things that we might we might seek to +optimize there are really multiple + + align:start position:0% +optimize there are really multiple + + + align:start position:0% +optimize there are really multiple +things right + + align:start position:0% +things right + + + align:start position:0% +things right +um some of which are easy to make in a + + align:start position:0% +um some of which are easy to make in a + + + align:start position:0% +um some of which are easy to make in a +quantitative fashion uh assessment of + + align:start position:0% +quantitative fashion uh assessment of + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative fashion uh assessment of +models of and then optimize against and + + align:start position:0% +models of and then optimize against and + + + align:start position:0% +models of and then optimize against and +some that are a little bit more uh + + align:start position:0% +some that are a little bit more uh + + + align:start position:0% +some that are a little bit more uh +qualitative or or additional factors so + + align:start position:0% +qualitative or or additional factors so + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative or or additional factors so +certainly things like quality it have is + + align:start position:0% +certainly things like quality it have is + + + align:start position:0% +certainly things like quality it have is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +main uh effect that we've been looking + + align:start position:0% +main uh effect that we've been looking + + + align:start position:0% +main uh effect that we've been looking +at that is to say we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +at that is to say we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +at that is to say we're looking at the +response of one more outputs um as a + + align:start position:0% +response of one more outputs um as a + + + align:start position:0% +response of one more outputs um as a +function of one or more control factors + + align:start position:0% +function of one or more control factors + + + align:start position:0% +function of one or more control factors +or or or inputs and then seeking to uh + + align:start position:0% +or or or inputs and then seeking to uh + + + align:start position:0% +or or or inputs and then seeking to uh +optimize the overall yield overall + + align:start position:0% +optimize the overall yield overall + + + align:start position:0% +optimize the overall yield overall +output of the process you want to be on + + align:start position:0% +output of the process you want to be on + + + align:start position:0% +output of the process you want to be on +target but you also want to be as immune + + align:start position:0% +target but you also want to be as immune + + + align:start position:0% +target but you also want to be as immune +as possible uh to variants and we talked + + align:start position:0% +as possible uh to variants and we talked + + + align:start position:0% +as possible uh to variants and we talked +earlier in the term not so much last + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the term not so much last + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the term not so much last +last time on Tuesday but earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +last time on Tuesday but earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +last time on Tuesday but earlier in the +term about CPK and and quality loss + + align:start position:0% +term about CPK and and quality loss + + + align:start position:0% +term about CPK and and quality loss +functions but also of course another key + + align:start position:0% +functions but also of course another key + + + align:start position:0% +functions but also of course another key +driver in all manufacturing is uh cost + + align:start position:0% +driver in all manufacturing is uh cost + + + align:start position:0% +driver in all manufacturing is uh cost +and there are costs associated with + + align:start position:0% +and there are costs associated with + + + align:start position:0% +and there are costs associated with +yield of course you're only you know + + align:start position:0% +yield of course you're only you know + + + align:start position:0% +yield of course you're only you know +getting revenue for things that are good + + align:start position:0% +getting revenue for things that are good + + + align:start position:0% +getting revenue for things that are good +but there's also other cost factors for + + align:start position:0% +but there's also other cost factors for + + + align:start position:0% +but there's also other cost factors for +example picking different points in the + + align:start position:0% +example picking different points in the + + + align:start position:0% +example picking different points in the +operating space May imply different + + align:start position:0% +operating space May imply different + + + align:start position:0% +operating space May imply different +things about cost of running of the + + align:start position:0% +things about cost of running of the + + + align:start position:0% +things about cost of running of the +process and in fact one of the important + + align:start position:0% +process and in fact one of the important + + + align:start position:0% +process and in fact one of the important +factors of cost is associated with with + + align:start position:0% +factors of cost is associated with with + + + align:start position:0% +factors of cost is associated with with +rate very often your your process + + align:start position:0% +rate very often your your process + + + align:start position:0% +rate very often your your process +factors or what operating point you pick + + align:start position:0% +factors or what operating point you pick + + + align:start position:0% +factors or what operating point you pick +for your your process has a direct uh + + align:start position:0% +for your your process has a direct uh + + + align:start position:0% +for your your process has a direct uh +parts per hour or other kind of + + align:start position:0% +parts per hour or other kind of + + + align:start position:0% +parts per hour or other kind of +throughput or rate + + align:start position:0% +throughput or rate + + + align:start position:0% +throughput or rate +implication right in fact you'll very + + align:start position:0% +implication right in fact you'll very + + + align:start position:0% +implication right in fact you'll very +often have sort of this tradeoff + + align:start position:0% +often have sort of this tradeoff + + + align:start position:0% +often have sort of this tradeoff +where you might expect if you run things + + align:start position:0% +where you might expect if you run things + + + align:start position:0% +where you might expect if you run things +faster your quality might be a little + + align:start position:0% +faster your quality might be a little + + + align:start position:0% +faster your quality might be a little +bit reduced where if you you run things + + align:start position:0% +bit reduced where if you you run things + + + align:start position:0% +bit reduced where if you you run things +at a at a reduced rate you may be able + + align:start position:0% +at a at a reduced rate you may be able + + + align:start position:0% +at a at a reduced rate you may be able +to boost up yield or quality but there's + + align:start position:0% +to boost up yield or quality but there's + + + align:start position:0% +to boost up yield or quality but there's +a tradeoff then in terms of of how much + + align:start position:0% +a tradeoff then in terms of of how much + + + align:start position:0% +a tradeoff then in terms of of how much +production you can get out or + + align:start position:0% +production you can get out or + + + align:start position:0% +production you can get out or +um uh how rapidly uh you can get that + + align:start position:0% +um uh how rapidly uh you can get that + + + align:start position:0% +um uh how rapidly uh you can get that +out in many of these cases if you can + + align:start position:0% +out in many of these cases if you can + + + align:start position:0% +out in many of these cases if you can +actually fold all of those down into a + + align:start position:0% +actually fold all of those down into a + + + align:start position:0% +actually fold all of those down into a +direct dollar tradeoff then you can + + align:start position:0% +direct dollar tradeoff then you can + + + align:start position:0% +direct dollar tradeoff then you can +start to formulate an overall cost + + align:start position:0% +start to formulate an overall cost + + + align:start position:0% +start to formulate an overall cost +function or objective function sort of + + align:start position:0% +function or objective function sort of + + + align:start position:0% +function or objective function sort of +an overall J function in our terminology + + align:start position:0% +an overall J function in our terminology + + + align:start position:0% +an overall J function in our terminology +from last time that might actually trade + + align:start position:0% +from last time that might actually trade + + + align:start position:0% +from last time that might actually trade +off some of those things but often it's + + align:start position:0% +off some of those things but often it's + + + align:start position:0% +off some of those things but often it's +actually quite difficult to get really + + align:start position:0% +actually quite difficult to get really + + + align:start position:0% +actually quite difficult to get really +detailed + + align:start position:0% +detailed + + + align:start position:0% +detailed +information uh and build models of all + + align:start position:0% +information uh and build models of all + + + align:start position:0% +information uh and build models of all +of these factors now an additional kind + + align:start position:0% +of these factors now an additional kind + + + align:start position:0% +of these factors now an additional kind +of factor is + + align:start position:0% +of factor is + + + align:start position:0% +of factor is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +flexibility + + align:start position:0% +flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility +uh that's a little bit harder to get + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a little bit harder to get + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a little bit harder to get +quantitative about but what what do you + + align:start position:0% +quantitative about but what what do you + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative about but what what do you +think we mean by + + align:start position:0% +think we mean by + + + align:start position:0% +think we mean by +by by + + align:start position:0% +by by + + + align:start position:0% +by by +flexibility I mean we could build the + + align:start position:0% +flexibility I mean we could build the + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility I mean we could build the +find the process Optimum lock in our + + align:start position:0% +find the process Optimum lock in our + + + align:start position:0% +find the process Optimum lock in our +equipment lock down the control knobs + + align:start position:0% +equipment lock down the control knobs + + + align:start position:0% +equipment lock down the control knobs +and say that's where we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and say that's where we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and say that's where we're going to +operate for the next four years that + + align:start position:0% +operate for the next four years that + + + align:start position:0% +operate for the next four years that +would probably not be very + + align:start position:0% +would probably not be very + + + align:start position:0% +would probably not be very +flexible um but but give me some + + align:start position:0% +flexible um but but give me some + + + align:start position:0% +flexible um but but give me some +thoughts on what what what kind of + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on what what what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on what what what kind of +flexibility you might want in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process excellent yeah so + + align:start position:0% +process excellent yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +process excellent yeah so +uh the idea there was change over time + + align:start position:0% +uh the idea there was change over time + + + align:start position:0% +uh the idea there was change over time +so a process so some of those might be + + align:start position:0% +so a process so some of those might be + + + align:start position:0% +so a process so some of those might be +goals actually in the equipment + + align:start position:0% +goals actually in the equipment + + + align:start position:0% +goals actually in the equipment +design or the Line Design not + + align:start position:0% +design or the Line Design not + + + align:start position:0% +design or the Line Design not +necessarily picking an operating point + + align:start position:0% +necessarily picking an operating point + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily picking an operating point +but definitely flexibility is uh the the + + align:start position:0% +but definitely flexibility is uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +but definitely flexibility is uh the the +ability to rapidly do changeovers by the + + align:start position:0% +ability to rapidly do changeovers by the + + + align:start position:0% +ability to rapidly do changeovers by the +way that often folds into some of these + + align:start position:0% +way that often folds into some of these + + + align:start position:0% +way that often folds into some of these +other factors right can affect U cost + + align:start position:0% +other factors right can affect U cost + + + align:start position:0% +other factors right can affect U cost +quality rate change over time how how + + align:start position:0% +quality rate change over time how how + + + align:start position:0% +quality rate change over time how how +rapidly you do that uh uh can happen + + align:start position:0% +rapidly you do that uh uh can happen + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly you do that uh uh can happen +have an impact on throughput changeover + + align:start position:0% +have an impact on throughput changeover + + + align:start position:0% +have an impact on throughput changeover +sometimes requires additional steps to + + align:start position:0% +sometimes requires additional steps to + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes requires additional steps to +uh uh sort of warm up or or prove in the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh sort of warm up or or prove in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh sort of warm up or or prove in the +new the new change over uh so + + align:start position:0% +new the new change over uh so + + + align:start position:0% +new the new change over uh so +furthermore it can have uh if your + + align:start position:0% +furthermore it can have uh if your + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore it can have uh if your +equipment requires a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +equipment requires a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +equipment requires a little bit of +adjustment after a change over can have + + align:start position:0% +adjustment after a change over can have + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment after a change over can have +a quality a quality impact that's a good + + align:start position:0% +a quality a quality impact that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +a quality a quality impact that's a good +one I like that other other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +one I like that other other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +one I like that other other kinds of +flexibility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so what neish is saying is you + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what neish is saying is you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what neish is saying is you +might want a process that is perhaps + + align:start position:0% +might want a process that is perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +might want a process that is perhaps +less sensitive at an Optimum so this + + align:start position:0% +less sensitive at an Optimum so this + + + align:start position:0% +less sensitive at an Optimum so this +would be less sensitive so that as your + + align:start position:0% +would be less sensitive so that as your + + + align:start position:0% +would be less sensitive so that as your +your inputs vary your your output would + + align:start position:0% +your inputs vary your your output would + + + align:start position:0% +your inputs vary your your output would +would vary less I I think that's an U + + align:start position:0% +would vary less I I think that's an U + + + align:start position:0% +would vary less I I think that's an U +that is an important characteristic + + align:start position:0% +that is an important characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +that is an important characteristic +that's a notion of robustness I'm not + + align:start position:0% +that's a notion of robustness I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +that's a notion of robustness I'm not +sure I would associate that with + + align:start position:0% +sure I would associate that with + + + align:start position:0% +sure I would associate that with +flexibility though um I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +flexibility though um I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility though um I think it's a +slightly different idea I mean certainly + + align:start position:0% +slightly different idea I mean certainly + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different idea I mean certainly +certainly + + align:start position:0% +certainly + + + align:start position:0% +certainly +uh trying to think how how how to think + + align:start position:0% +uh trying to think how how how to think + + + align:start position:0% +uh trying to think how how how to think +of that as I it it may be that what you + + align:start position:0% +of that as I it it may be that what you + + + align:start position:0% +of that as I it it may be that what you +would like is a process where the same + + align:start position:0% +would like is a process where the same + + + align:start position:0% +would like is a process where the same +characteristic might be true of multiple + + align:start position:0% +characteristic might be true of multiple + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic might be true of multiple +operators + + align:start position:0% +operators + + + align:start position:0% +operators +Point um so that one could rapidly + + align:start position:0% +Point um so that one could rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +Point um so that one could rapidly +rapidly uh tune in the process rapidly + + align:start position:0% +rapidly uh tune in the process rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly uh tune in the process rapidly +change over the process yeah + + align:start position:0% +change over the process yeah + + + align:start position:0% +change over the process yeah +differentes output rates different + + align:start position:0% +differentes output rates different + + + align:start position:0% +differentes output rates different +output rates so what would the benefit + + align:start position:0% +output rates so what would the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +output rates so what would the benefit +of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be iser + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +run the + + align:start position:0% +run the + + + align:start position:0% +run the +production interesting sure so rate + + align:start position:0% +production interesting sure so rate + + + align:start position:0% +production interesting sure so rate +flexibility might be another another + + align:start position:0% +flexibility might be another another + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility might be another another +characteristic so I think we could could + + align:start position:0% +characteristic so I think we could could + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic so I think we could could +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +identify multiple of these sort of + + align:start position:0% +identify multiple of these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +identify multiple of these sort of +flexibility ideas um I + + align:start position:0% +flexibility ideas um I + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility ideas um I +think these are really important + + align:start position:0% +think these are really important + + + align:start position:0% +think these are really important +characteristics especially in overall + + align:start position:0% +characteristics especially in overall + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics especially in overall +product design as well as process design + + align:start position:0% +product design as well as process design + + + align:start position:0% +product design as well as process design +uh we haven't really talked that much + + align:start position:0% +uh we haven't really talked that much + + + align:start position:0% +uh we haven't really talked that much +about it we're really focused mostly + + align:start position:0% +about it we're really focused mostly + + + align:start position:0% +about it we're really focused mostly +this subject on kind of the + + align:start position:0% +this subject on kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +this subject on kind of the +manufacturing process control and the + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing process control and the + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing process control and the +quality issues but I I do want to sort + + align:start position:0% +quality issues but I I do want to sort + + + align:start position:0% +quality issues but I I do want to sort +of I did want to sort of have that in + + align:start position:0% +of I did want to sort of have that in + + + align:start position:0% +of I did want to sort of have that in +there just as a as a reminder that + + align:start position:0% +there just as a as a reminder that + + + align:start position:0% +there just as a as a reminder that +there's a lot of these other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of these other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of these other kinds of +factors that are important in + + align:start position:0% +factors that are important in + + + align:start position:0% +factors that are important in +a manufacturing uh + + align:start position:0% +a manufacturing uh + + + align:start position:0% +a manufacturing uh +setting but let's focus a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +setting but let's focus a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +setting but let's focus a little bit and +look at uh + + align:start position:0% +look at uh + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh +minimizing well quality loss uh and and + + align:start position:0% +minimizing well quality loss uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing well quality loss uh and and +and thinking a little bit more about uh + + align:start position:0% +and thinking a little bit more about uh + + + align:start position:0% +and thinking a little bit more about uh +other cost factors we've been saying + + align:start position:0% +other cost factors we've been saying + + + align:start position:0% +other cost factors we've been saying +that one of the important goals is we + + align:start position:0% +that one of the important goals is we + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the important goals is we +want + + align:start position:0% +want + + + align:start position:0% +want +the I'm not sure I would use xar here + + align:start position:0% +the I'm not sure I would use xar here + + + align:start position:0% +the I'm not sure I would use xar here +let's call that Y Bar if Y is my output + + align:start position:0% +let's call that Y Bar if Y is my output + + + align:start position:0% +let's call that Y Bar if Y is my output +I want my Yar output to at least hit or + + align:start position:0% +I want my Yar output to at least hit or + + + align:start position:0% +I want my Yar output to at least hit or +come as close as possible to some Target + + align:start position:0% +come as close as possible to some Target + + + align:start position:0% +come as close as possible to some Target +so again if we assume that there is in + + align:start position:0% +so again if we assume that there is in + + + align:start position:0% +so again if we assume that there is in +fact some spread in the manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +fact some spread in the manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +fact some spread in the manufacturing +process I can never completely squeeze + + align:start position:0% +process I can never completely squeeze + + + align:start position:0% +process I can never completely squeeze +out all the variants we have our typical + + align:start position:0% +out all the variants we have our typical + + + align:start position:0% +out all the variants we have our typical +sort of CPK like picture where we've got + + align:start position:0% +sort of CPK like picture where we've got + + + align:start position:0% +sort of CPK like picture where we've got +some Target we've got spec limits uh + + align:start position:0% +some Target we've got spec limits uh + + + align:start position:0% +some Target we've got spec limits uh +upper and lower and again we want to + + align:start position:0% +upper and lower and again we want to + + + align:start position:0% +upper and lower and again we want to +maximize maximize yield so one important + + align:start position:0% +maximize maximize yield so one important + + + align:start position:0% +maximize maximize yield so one important +characteristic of that is getting onto + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of that is getting onto + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of that is getting onto +Target um it turns out if you have a + + align:start position:0% +Target um it turns out if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +Target um it turns out if you have a +fairly Rich process uh rich in the sense + + align:start position:0% +fairly Rich process uh rich in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +fairly Rich process uh rich in the sense +that you've got multiple inputs that you + + align:start position:0% +that you've got multiple inputs that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you've got multiple inputs that you +can use to affect the process and maybe + + align:start position:0% +can use to affect the process and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +can use to affect the process and maybe +you also have multiple outputs but but + + align:start position:0% +you also have multiple outputs but but + + + align:start position:0% +you also have multiple outputs but but +for the moment imagine that I've got one + + align:start position:0% +for the moment imagine that I've got one + + + align:start position:0% +for the moment imagine that I've got one +output of concern but I've got more than + + align:start position:0% +output of concern but I've got more than + + + align:start position:0% +output of concern but I've got more than +one uh X control factor or input + + align:start position:0% +one uh X control factor or input + + + align:start position:0% +one uh X control factor or input +Factor + + align:start position:0% +Factor + + + align:start position:0% +Factor +conceptually do you think there's going + + align:start position:0% +conceptually do you think there's going + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually do you think there's going +to be more than one solution to or just + + align:start position:0% +to be more than one solution to or just + + + align:start position:0% +to be more than one solution to or just +one solution to a combination of those + + align:start position:0% +one solution to a combination of those + + + align:start position:0% +one solution to a combination of those +input factors to hit the particular + + align:start position:0% +input factors to hit the particular + + + align:start position:0% +input factors to hit the particular +output if I only had one input and one + + align:start position:0% +output if I only had one input and one + + + align:start position:0% +output if I only had one input and one +output seems like most likely I'm only + + align:start position:0% +output seems like most likely I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +output seems like most likely I'm only +going to have one setting for that input + + align:start position:0% +going to have one setting for that input + + + align:start position:0% +going to have one setting for that input +that's going to correspond to an a + + align:start position:0% +that's going to correspond to an a + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to correspond to an a +maximum on that output but if I got if + + align:start position:0% +maximum on that output but if I got if + + + align:start position:0% +maximum on that output but if I got if +I've got multiple ones and they have + + align:start position:0% +I've got multiple ones and they have + + + align:start position:0% +I've got multiple ones and they have +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +influence we' got an interesting + + align:start position:0% +influence we' got an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +influence we' got an interesting +situation here right you end up + + align:start position:0% +situation here right you end up + + + align:start position:0% +situation here right you end up +with multiple Solutions if you will to + + align:start position:0% +with multiple Solutions if you will to + + + align:start position:0% +with multiple Solutions if you will to +the maximum output problem that is to + + align:start position:0% +the maximum output problem that is to + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum output problem that is to +say you may have Contours in the + + align:start position:0% +say you may have Contours in the + + + align:start position:0% +say you may have Contours in the +multi-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space +and x1x2 y space that all achieve the + + align:start position:0% +and x1x2 y space that all achieve the + + + align:start position:0% +and x1x2 y space that all achieve the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +output turns out that's wonderful it + + align:start position:0% +output turns out that's wonderful it + + + align:start position:0% +output turns out that's wonderful it +means well yes you can match to Target + + align:start position:0% +means well yes you can match to Target + + + align:start position:0% +means well yes you can match to Target +but now that second input or the + + align:start position:0% +but now that second input or the + + + align:start position:0% +but now that second input or the +additional inputs give you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +additional inputs give you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +additional inputs give you a little bit +of freedom to try to + + align:start position:0% +of freedom to try to + + + align:start position:0% +of freedom to try to +achieve other goals as + + align:start position:0% +achieve other goals as + + + align:start position:0% +achieve other goals as +well now that's assuming that sort of + + align:start position:0% +well now that's assuming that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +well now that's assuming that sort of +the match to Target is the Paramount + + align:start position:0% +the match to Target is the Paramount + + + align:start position:0% +the match to Target is the Paramount +goal um and getting close to that is + + align:start position:0% +goal um and getting close to that is + + + align:start position:0% +goal um and getting close to that is +pretty close to a Paramount goal because + + align:start position:0% +pretty close to a Paramount goal because + + + align:start position:0% +pretty close to a Paramount goal because +of the direct effect on on yield and + + align:start position:0% +of the direct effect on on yield and + + + align:start position:0% +of the direct effect on on yield and +quality loss but it wouldn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +quality loss but it wouldn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +quality loss but it wouldn't necessarily +have to be so but here I'm sort of + + align:start position:0% +have to be so but here I'm sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have to be so but here I'm sort of +assuming you got to get to Target first + + align:start position:0% +assuming you got to get to Target first + + + align:start position:0% +assuming you got to get to Target first +and then after that it's an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +and then after that it's an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +and then after that it's an opportunity +to choose your operating point to do + + align:start position:0% +to choose your operating point to do + + + align:start position:0% +to choose your operating point to do +other things to do things like uh + + align:start position:0% +other things to do things like uh + + + align:start position:0% +other things to do things like uh +minimize the cycle time to get as fast a + + align:start position:0% +minimize the cycle time to get as fast a + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the cycle time to get as fast a +rate as possible or to start to fold in + + align:start position:0% +rate as possible or to start to fold in + + + align:start position:0% +rate as possible or to start to fold in +other qualitative or quantitative cost + + align:start position:0% +other qualitative or quantitative cost + + + align:start position:0% +other qualitative or quantitative cost +drivers a couple of simple examples + + align:start position:0% +drivers a couple of simple examples + + + align:start position:0% +drivers a couple of simple examples +might be at different operating points + + align:start position:0% +might be at different operating points + + + align:start position:0% +might be at different operating points +you might actually use more uh input + + align:start position:0% +you might actually use more uh input + + + align:start position:0% +you might actually use more uh input +materials or uh say manufacturing gases + + align:start position:0% +materials or uh say manufacturing gases + + + align:start position:0% +materials or uh say manufacturing gases +in a plasma reactor at different + + align:start position:0% +in a plasma reactor at different + + + align:start position:0% +in a plasma reactor at different +operating points you might be more or + + align:start position:0% +operating points you might be more or + + + align:start position:0% +operating points you might be more or +less efficient in the use of energy or + + align:start position:0% +less efficient in the use of energy or + + + align:start position:0% +less efficient in the use of energy or +other material + + align:start position:0% +other material + + + align:start position:0% +other material +resources another Factor might be things + + align:start position:0% +resources another Factor might be things + + + align:start position:0% +resources another Factor might be things +like at different operating points it + + align:start position:0% +like at different operating points it + + + align:start position:0% +like at different operating points it +has different side effects on the + + align:start position:0% +has different side effects on the + + + align:start position:0% +has different side effects on the +equipment like wear of a machining + + align:start position:0% +equipment like wear of a machining + + + align:start position:0% +equipment like wear of a machining +tool okay so these are places where you + + align:start position:0% +tool okay so these are places where you + + + align:start position:0% +tool okay so these are places where you +can start to uh uh add those add those + + align:start position:0% +can start to uh uh add those add those + + + align:start position:0% +can start to uh uh add those add those +in and that actually means that you + + align:start position:0% +in and that actually means that you + + + align:start position:0% +in and that actually means that you +really would like to have multivariable + + align:start position:0% +really would like to have multivariable + + + align:start position:0% +really would like to have multivariable +models in the sense of some output y + + align:start position:0% +models in the sense of some output y + + + align:start position:0% +models in the sense of some output y +that in fact does let you trade off two + + align:start position:0% +that in fact does let you trade off two + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact does let you trade off two +or more uh two or more inputs this is + + align:start position:0% +or more uh two or more inputs this is + + + align:start position:0% +or more uh two or more inputs this is +just a visualization of what I would was + + align:start position:0% +just a visualization of what I would was + + + align:start position:0% +just a visualization of what I would was +just describing earlier here's a very + + align:start position:0% +just describing earlier here's a very + + + align:start position:0% +just describing earlier here's a very +simple linear model two inputs with an + + align:start position:0% +simple linear model two inputs with an + + + align:start position:0% +simple linear model two inputs with an +interaction and now let's say that the + + align:start position:0% +interaction and now let's say that the + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and now let's say that the +target value for y is + + align:start position:0% +target value for y is + + + align:start position:0% +target value for y is +five well that plane intersects with my + + align:start position:0% +five well that plane intersects with my + + + align:start position:0% +five well that plane intersects with my +response surface along some line and + + align:start position:0% +response surface along some line and + + + align:start position:0% +response surface along some line and +that you can sort of see that dashed + + align:start position:0% +that you can sort of see that dashed + + + align:start position:0% +that you can sort of see that dashed +line there that indicates + + align:start position:0% +line there that indicates + + + align:start position:0% +line there that indicates +a any combination of the X1 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +a any combination of the X1 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +a any combination of the X1 and X2 +factors that can achieve that that + + align:start position:0% +factors that can achieve that that + + + align:start position:0% +factors that can achieve that that +output put and so + + align:start position:0% +output put and so + + + align:start position:0% +output put and so +now in fact to find and decide what X1 + + align:start position:0% +now in fact to find and decide what X1 + + + align:start position:0% +now in fact to find and decide what X1 +and X2 I'm going to going to use I + + align:start position:0% +and X2 I'm going to going to use I + + + align:start position:0% +and X2 I'm going to going to use I +actually need to think about some other + + align:start position:0% +actually need to think about some other + + + align:start position:0% +actually need to think about some other +criteria right I guess if it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +criteria right I guess if it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +criteria right I guess if it doesn't +matter you can pick any of them um and + + align:start position:0% +matter you can pick any of them um and + + + align:start position:0% +matter you can pick any of them um and +you might you might uh um you know + + align:start position:0% +you might you might uh um you know + + + align:start position:0% +you might you might uh um you know +randomly pick I guess randomly picking + + align:start position:0% +randomly pick I guess randomly picking + + + align:start position:0% +randomly pick I guess randomly picking +is about the only thing you can do where + + align:start position:0% +is about the only thing you can do where + + + align:start position:0% +is about the only thing you can do where +you're not I think intuitively applying + + align:start position:0% +you're not I think intuitively applying + + + align:start position:0% +you're not I think intuitively applying +some additional filter or some + + align:start position:0% +some additional filter or some + + + align:start position:0% +some additional filter or some +additional uh criteria to the X1 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +additional uh criteria to the X1 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +additional uh criteria to the X1 and X2 +so again some of these might be picking + + align:start position:0% +so again some of these might be picking + + + align:start position:0% +so again some of these might be picking +X1 and X2 based on things like cost or + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X2 based on things like cost or + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X2 based on things like cost or +rate what are some other other things + + align:start position:0% +rate what are some other other things + + + align:start position:0% +rate what are some other other things +that might you might use + + align:start position:0% +that might you might use + + + align:start position:0% +that might you might use +to decide on which which point along + + align:start position:0% +to decide on which which point along + + + align:start position:0% +to decide on which which point along +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +space you would actually like to pick + + align:start position:0% +space you would actually like to pick + + + align:start position:0% +space you would actually like to pick +for an operating + + align:start position:0% +for an operating + + + align:start position:0% +for an operating +Point yeah minimum variability minimum + + align:start position:0% +Point yeah minimum variability minimum + + + align:start position:0% +Point yeah minimum variability minimum +variability good + + align:start position:0% +variability good + + + align:start position:0% +variability good +and we will talk about that for + + align:start position:0% +and we will talk about that for + + + align:start position:0% +and we will talk about that for +sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excellent interesting yeah so so that's + + align:start position:0% +excellent interesting yeah so so that's + + + align:start position:0% +excellent interesting yeah so so that's +getting at the notion of flexibility so + + align:start position:0% +getting at the notion of flexibility so + + + align:start position:0% +getting at the notion of flexibility so +the idea was if I had some other product + + align:start position:0% +the idea was if I had some other product + + + align:start position:0% +the idea was if I had some other product +that also was using X1 and X2 there + + align:start position:0% +that also was using X1 and X2 there + + + align:start position:0% +that also was using X1 and X2 there +might be value in keeping one of those + + align:start position:0% +might be value in keeping one of those + + + align:start position:0% +might be value in keeping one of those +variables constant or using it to + + align:start position:0% +variables constant or using it to + + + align:start position:0% +variables constant or using it to +optimize all of them and then focusing + + align:start position:0% +optimize all of them and then focusing + + + align:start position:0% +optimize all of them and then focusing +in and letting one variable be more kind + + align:start position:0% +in and letting one variable be more kind + + + align:start position:0% +in and letting one variable be more kind +of associated with the flexibility if + + align:start position:0% +of associated with the flexibility if + + + align:start position:0% +of associated with the flexibility if +you will the thing that you use to tune + + align:start position:0% +you will the thing that you use to tune + + + align:start position:0% +you will the thing that you use to tune +in across different different products + + align:start position:0% +in across different different products + + + align:start position:0% +in across different different products +or different different processes I like + + align:start position:0% +or different different processes I like + + + align:start position:0% +or different different processes I like +that yep physical constraints your + + align:start position:0% +that yep physical constraints your + + + align:start position:0% +that yep physical constraints your +machine might not be + + align:start position:0% +machine might not be + + + align:start position:0% +machine might not be +a uh physical constraints absolutely so + + align:start position:0% +a uh physical constraints absolutely so + + + align:start position:0% +a uh physical constraints absolutely so +depends on whether these are rate or or + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether these are rate or or + + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether these are rate or or +or other things in terms of whether it's + + align:start position:0% +or other things in terms of whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +or other things in terms of whether it's +the machine can go that fast but + + align:start position:0% +the machine can go that fast but + + + align:start position:0% +the machine can go that fast but +certainly you may have explored a space + + align:start position:0% +certainly you may have explored a space + + + align:start position:0% +certainly you may have explored a space +in these coded variables in X1 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +in these coded variables in X1 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +in these coded variables in X1 and X2 +that cover this broad range but perhaps + + align:start position:0% +that cover this broad range but perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +that cover this broad range but perhaps +your equipment really doesn't want to + + align:start position:0% +your equipment really doesn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +your equipment really doesn't want to +run out here at one of the extremal + + align:start position:0% +run out here at one of the extremal + + + align:start position:0% +run out here at one of the extremal +points so so that might actually drive + + align:start position:0% +points so so that might actually drive + + + align:start position:0% +points so so that might actually drive +you away + + align:start position:0% +you away + + + align:start position:0% +you away +from these extreme points or maybe it + + align:start position:0% +from these extreme points or maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +from these extreme points or maybe it +drives you towards one of those EXT + + align:start position:0% +drives you towards one of those EXT + + + align:start position:0% +drives you towards one of those EXT +points um in general I + + align:start position:0% +points um in general I + + + align:start position:0% +points um in general I +think let's see I I believe one of the + + align:start position:0% +think let's see I I believe one of the + + + align:start position:0% +think let's see I I believe one of the +case studies it's either case study two + + align:start position:0% +case studies it's either case study two + + + align:start position:0% +case studies it's either case study two +or three Dave Hart will come in and talk + + align:start position:0% +or three Dave Hart will come in and talk + + + align:start position:0% +or three Dave Hart will come in and talk +about runby run control uh a little bit + + align:start position:0% +about runby run control uh a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +about runby run control uh a little bit +of use of some of these kinds of models + + align:start position:0% +of use of some of these kinds of models + + + align:start position:0% +of use of some of these kinds of models +for feedback control and in general kind + + align:start position:0% +for feedback control and in general kind + + + align:start position:0% +for feedback control and in general kind +of an observation that comes out of that + + align:start position:0% +of an observation that comes out of that + + + align:start position:0% +of an observation that comes out of that +is you might want to avoid operating at + + align:start position:0% +is you might want to avoid operating at + + + align:start position:0% +is you might want to avoid operating at +one of the boundaries of your process + + align:start position:0% +one of the boundaries of your process + + + align:start position:0% +one of the boundaries of your process +right if you if if you were in fact + + align:start position:0% +right if you if if you were in fact + + + align:start position:0% +right if you if if you were in fact +picking one of these points that's at + + align:start position:0% +picking one of these points that's at + + + align:start position:0% +picking one of these points that's at +the edge of the space that you use to + + align:start position:0% +the edge of the space that you use to + + + align:start position:0% +the edge of the space that you use to +build your + + align:start position:0% +build your + + + align:start position:0% +build your +model well you're not really sure what + + align:start position:0% +model well you're not really sure what + + + align:start position:0% +model well you're not really sure what +happens if you adjust X2 a little bit + + align:start position:0% +happens if you adjust X2 a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +happens if you adjust X2 a little bit +beyond that space you might hope that + + align:start position:0% +beyond that space you might hope that + + + align:start position:0% +beyond that space you might hope that +the process continues to be well behaved + + align:start position:0% +the process continues to be well behaved + + + align:start position:0% +the process continues to be well behaved +and extrapolate out into that region + + align:start position:0% +and extrapolate out into that region + + + align:start position:0% +and extrapolate out into that region +that's a little bit scarier to do but + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit scarier to do but + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit scarier to do but +but in general if you if you pick a + + align:start position:0% +but in general if you if you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +but in general if you if you pick a +point that's closer + + align:start position:0% +point that's closer + + + align:start position:0% +point that's closer +to sort of somewhere in the interior + + align:start position:0% +to sort of somewhere in the interior + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of somewhere in the interior +almost maybe even the center of your + + align:start position:0% +almost maybe even the center of your + + + align:start position:0% +almost maybe even the center of your +your space that gives you the maximum + + align:start position:0% +your space that gives you the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +your space that gives you the maximum +freedom in an active control setting to + + align:start position:0% +freedom in an active control setting to + + + align:start position:0% +freedom in an active control setting to +make small modifications to your x1x2 + + align:start position:0% +make small modifications to your x1x2 + + + align:start position:0% +make small modifications to your x1x2 +factors to drive the process back onto + + align:start position:0% +factors to drive the process back onto + + + align:start position:0% +factors to drive the process back onto +onto + + align:start position:0% +onto + + + align:start position:0% +onto +Target so I would be inclined to to uh + + align:start position:0% +Target so I would be inclined to to uh + + + align:start position:0% +Target so I would be inclined to to uh +also try to sort of keep my keep my + + align:start position:0% +also try to sort of keep my keep my + + + align:start position:0% +also try to sort of keep my keep my +factors in a place where I know I can + + align:start position:0% +factors in a place where I know I can + + + align:start position:0% +factors in a place where I know I can +keep keep moving them to control the + + align:start position:0% +keep keep moving them to control the + + + align:start position:0% +keep keep moving them to control the +process if you're on a boundary doesn't + + align:start position:0% +process if you're on a boundary doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +process if you're on a boundary doesn't +it if possible you actually need to test + + align:start position:0% +it if possible you actually need to test + + + align:start position:0% +it if possible you actually need to test +further out because you could have more + + align:start position:0% +further out because you could have more + + + align:start position:0% +further out because you could have more +optimals you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +could yeah so so the question yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +could yeah so so the question yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +could yeah so so the question yeah yeah +the question is is kind of a gener + + align:start position:0% +the question is is kind of a gener + + + align:start position:0% +the question is is kind of a gener +general one about response surface + + align:start position:0% +general one about response surface + + + align:start position:0% +general one about response surface +models and optimal points is if you are + + align:start position:0% +models and optimal points is if you are + + + align:start position:0% +models and optimal points is if you are +on on some boundary if if well first off + + align:start position:0% +on on some boundary if if well first off + + + align:start position:0% +on on some boundary if if well first off +if I have linear + + align:start position:0% +if I have linear + + + align:start position:0% +if I have linear +models + + align:start position:0% +models + + + align:start position:0% +models +um very often you get to the constraints + + align:start position:0% +um very often you get to the constraints + + + align:start position:0% +um very often you get to the constraints +being a boundary especially if I fold in + + align:start position:0% +being a boundary especially if I fold in + + + align:start position:0% +being a boundary especially if I fold in +something some additional Factor um and + + align:start position:0% +something some additional Factor um and + + + align:start position:0% +something some additional Factor um and +so you could always ask the question + + align:start position:0% +so you could always ask the question + + + align:start position:0% +so you could always ask the question +should I extend my experimental space + + align:start position:0% +should I extend my experimental space + + + align:start position:0% +should I extend my experimental space +and explore a little bit further and and + + align:start position:0% +and explore a little bit further and and + + + align:start position:0% +and explore a little bit further and and +the answer is if your + + align:start position:0% +the answer is if your + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is if your +variables naturally can go beyond your + + align:start position:0% +variables naturally can go beyond your + + + align:start position:0% +variables naturally can go beyond your +initial guess of the range of + + align:start position:0% +initial guess of the range of + + + align:start position:0% +initial guess of the range of +exploration absolutely and as we saw + + align:start position:0% +exploration absolutely and as we saw + + + align:start position:0% +exploration absolutely and as we saw +last time for example an incremental or + + align:start position:0% +last time for example an incremental or + + + align:start position:0% +last time for example an incremental or +iterative optimization you may have + + align:start position:0% +iterative optimization you may have + + + align:start position:0% +iterative optimization you may have +actually already I guess I'm sort of + + align:start position:0% +actually already I guess I'm sort of + + + align:start position:0% +actually already I guess I'm sort of +assuming you've already explored the + + align:start position:0% +assuming you've already explored the + + + align:start position:0% +assuming you've already explored the +space to cover um cover the optimum + + align:start position:0% +space to cover um cover the optimum + + + align:start position:0% +space to cover um cover the optimum +region uh as much as as much as you can + + align:start position:0% +region uh as much as as much as you can + + + align:start position:0% +region uh as much as as much as you can +that's a that's a good observation as + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a good observation as + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a good observation as +well good any others any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas okay good good I did want to hit + + align:start position:0% +ideas okay good good I did want to hit + + + align:start position:0% +ideas okay good good I did want to hit +hit hit on some of these now we'll come + + align:start position:0% +hit hit on some of these now we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +hit hit on some of these now we'll come +back to this minimum variance because + + align:start position:0% +back to this minimum variance because + + + align:start position:0% +back to this minimum variance because +that is a great idea right so far here + + align:start position:0% +that is a great idea right so far here + + + align:start position:0% +that is a great idea right so far here +this picture is still looking at even in + + align:start position:0% +this picture is still looking at even in + + + align:start position:0% +this picture is still looking at even in +this picture it's still looking at just + + align:start position:0% +this picture it's still looking at just + + + align:start position:0% +this picture it's still looking at just +output and matching that output to the + + align:start position:0% +output and matching that output to the + + + align:start position:0% +output and matching that output to the +Target that that shaded plane is hitting + + align:start position:0% +Target that that shaded plane is hitting + + + align:start position:0% +Target that that shaded plane is hitting +the Target and a bigger goal in said + + align:start position:0% +the Target and a bigger goal in said + + + align:start position:0% +the Target and a bigger goal in said +even just focused on quality is overall + + align:start position:0% +even just focused on quality is overall + + + align:start position:0% +even just focused on quality is overall +yield and + + align:start position:0% +yield and + + + align:start position:0% +yield and +minimizing the either the effect of + + align:start position:0% +minimizing the either the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing the either the effect of +variation or minimizing the variation so + + align:start position:0% +variation or minimizing the variation so + + + align:start position:0% +variation or minimizing the variation so +if we go back to our our sort of quality + + align:start position:0% +if we go back to our our sort of quality + + + align:start position:0% +if we go back to our our sort of quality +uh and variation equation my output can + + align:start position:0% +uh and variation equation my output can + + + align:start position:0% +uh and variation equation my output can +vary due to a couple of different + + align:start position:0% +vary due to a couple of different + + + align:start position:0% +vary due to a couple of different +factors we said uh Alpha are sort of + + align:start position:0% +factors we said uh Alpha are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +factors we said uh Alpha are sort of +noise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factors and these are the actual sort of + + align:start position:0% +factors and these are the actual sort of + + + align:start position:0% +factors and these are the actual sort of +process settings if you will or control + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factors and so we can see that they'll + + align:start position:0% +factors and so we can see that they'll + + + align:start position:0% +factors and so we can see that they'll +have some sensitivity of the process to + + align:start position:0% +have some sensitivity of the process to + + + align:start position:0% +have some sensitivity of the process to +each of these kinds of factors if I + + align:start position:0% +each of these kinds of factors if I + + + align:start position:0% +each of these kinds of factors if I +tweak my X Factor or U factor a little + + align:start position:0% +tweak my X Factor or U factor a little + + + align:start position:0% +tweak my X Factor or U factor a little +bit my Y is going to change some amount + + align:start position:0% +bit my Y is going to change some amount + + + align:start position:0% +bit my Y is going to change some amount +and normally I can control or I have + + align:start position:0% +and normally I can control or I have + + + align:start position:0% +and normally I can control or I have +power over those process settings those + + align:start position:0% +power over those process settings those + + + align:start position:0% +power over those process settings those +option but sometimes I don't sometimes I + + align:start position:0% +option but sometimes I don't sometimes I + + + align:start position:0% +option but sometimes I don't sometimes I +can dial it in but I don't always get + + align:start position:0% +can dial it in but I don't always get + + + align:start position:0% +can dial it in but I don't always get +exactly what I dialed in so there might + + align:start position:0% +exactly what I dialed in so there might + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what I dialed in so there might +be differences in + + align:start position:0% +be differences in + + + align:start position:0% +be differences in +sensitivity of the + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity of the +output where little deviations in X + + align:start position:0% +output where little deviations in X + + + align:start position:0% +output where little deviations in X +especially with a nonlinear or polom + + align:start position:0% +especially with a nonlinear or polom + + + align:start position:0% +especially with a nonlinear or polom +kind of model might actually imply + + align:start position:0% +kind of model might actually imply + + + align:start position:0% +kind of model might actually imply +different amounts of Delta Y at + + align:start position:0% +different amounts of Delta Y at + + + align:start position:0% +different amounts of Delta Y at +different operating points so that's an + + align:start position:0% +different operating points so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +different operating points so that's an +example where our assumption about uh + + align:start position:0% +example where our assumption about uh + + + align:start position:0% +example where our assumption about uh +let me just get some of down here about + + align:start position:0% +let me just get some of down here about + + + align:start position:0% +let me just get some of down here about +minimum or or or equal variance + + align:start position:0% +minimum or or or equal variance + + + align:start position:0% +minimum or or or equal variance +everywhere in the process space might + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in the process space might + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in the process space might +actually not + + align:start position:0% +actually not + + + align:start position:0% +actually not +apply but also and we have these noise + + align:start position:0% +apply but also and we have these noise + + + align:start position:0% +apply but also and we have these noise +factors we have these variation sources + + align:start position:0% +factors we have these variation sources + + + align:start position:0% +factors we have these variation sources +um uncontrollable factors things that we + + align:start position:0% +um uncontrollable factors things that we + + + align:start position:0% +um uncontrollable factors things that we +can't completely eliminate and we may + + align:start position:0% +can't completely eliminate and we may + + + align:start position:0% +can't completely eliminate and we may +want to minimize find an operating + + align:start position:0% +want to minimize find an operating + + + align:start position:0% +want to minimize find an operating +point where we minimize the sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +point where we minimize the sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +point where we minimize the sensitivity +to to those noise + + align:start position:0% +to to those noise + + + align:start position:0% +to to those noise +factors okay so one way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +factors okay so one way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +factors okay so one way of thinking +about this is we look back at just a + + align:start position:0% +about this is we look back at just a + + + align:start position:0% +about this is we look back at just a +sensitivity kind of analysis + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity kind of analysis + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity kind of analysis +where can I look uh either using + + align:start position:0% +where can I look uh either using + + + align:start position:0% +where can I look uh either using +my response surface model which usually + + align:start position:0% +my response surface model which usually + + + align:start position:0% +my response surface model which usually +has this in + + align:start position:0% +has this in + + + align:start position:0% +has this in +it and minimize some sensitivity metric + + align:start position:0% +it and minimize some sensitivity metric + + + align:start position:0% +it and minimize some sensitivity metric +on that or start to try to deal a little + + align:start position:0% +on that or start to try to deal a little + + + align:start position:0% +on that or start to try to deal a little +bit with these unmodeled noise + + align:start position:0% +bit with these unmodeled noise + + + align:start position:0% +bit with these unmodeled noise +factors one approach here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +factors one approach here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +factors one approach here we're going to +talk about is what if I want to include + + align:start position:0% +talk about is what if I want to include + + + align:start position:0% +talk about is what if I want to include +those in the model I actually want to + + align:start position:0% +those in the model I actually want to + + + align:start position:0% +those in the model I actually want to +understand how variance may change as a + + align:start position:0% +understand how variance may change as a + + + align:start position:0% +understand how variance may change as a +function of operating point + + align:start position:0% +function of operating point + + + align:start position:0% +function of operating point +this is going to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a little bit +overcoming the assumptions that we + + align:start position:0% +overcoming the assumptions that we + + + align:start position:0% +overcoming the assumptions that we +made now how can I get minimum variation + + align:start position:0% +made now how can I get minimum variation + + + align:start position:0% +made now how can I get minimum variation +I mean so one approach here is sort of + + align:start position:0% +I mean so one approach here is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +I mean so one approach here is sort of +think about it from the sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +think about it from the sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +think about it from the sensitivity +point of view the other is think about + + align:start position:0% +point of view the other is think about + + + align:start position:0% +point of view the other is think about +it from a CPK + + align:start position:0% +it from a CPK + + + align:start position:0% +it from a CPK +perspective + + align:start position:0% +perspective + + + align:start position:0% +perspective +um you know and and we talked about + + align:start position:0% +um you know and and we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +um you know and and we talked about +needing to Center the process is one + + align:start position:0% +needing to Center the process is one + + + align:start position:0% +needing to Center the process is one +part of that but the other part would be + + align:start position:0% +part of that but the other part would be + + + align:start position:0% +part of that but the other part would be +the variance part and again here if I'm + + align:start position:0% +the variance part and again here if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the variance part and again here if I'm +doing anything other than than mean + + align:start position:0% +doing anything other than than mean + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything other than than mean +centering I have to know how the + + align:start position:0% +centering I have to know how the + + + align:start position:0% +centering I have to know how the +variance actually depends on + + align:start position:0% +variance actually depends on + + + align:start position:0% +variance actually depends on +anything our assumptions all along in + + align:start position:0% +anything our assumptions all along in + + + align:start position:0% +anything our assumptions all along in +most of what we've done so far an NOA + + align:start position:0% +most of what we've done so far an NOA + + + align:start position:0% +most of what we've done so far an NOA +and other kinds of uh tools that we've + + align:start position:0% +and other kinds of uh tools that we've + + + align:start position:0% +and other kinds of uh tools that we've +looked at have sort of assumed that the + + align:start position:0% +looked at have sort of assumed that the + + + align:start position:0% +looked at have sort of assumed that the +variance was constant we want to back + + align:start position:0% +variance was constant we want to back + + + align:start position:0% +variance was constant we want to back +off and relax that uh as well and + + align:start position:0% +off and relax that uh as well and + + + align:start position:0% +off and relax that uh as well and +another perspective that we'll explore a + + align:start position:0% +another perspective that we'll explore a + + + align:start position:0% +another perspective that we'll explore a +little bit here is to to look back at + + align:start position:0% +little bit here is to to look back at + + + align:start position:0% +little bit here is to to look back at +the the quality loss function which can + + align:start position:0% +the the quality loss function which can + + + align:start position:0% +the the quality loss function which can +fold in together remember the quality + + align:start position:0% +fold in together remember the quality + + + align:start position:0% +fold in together remember the quality +loss function that says as I as I + + align:start position:0% +loss function that says as I as I + + + align:start position:0% +loss function that says as I as I +deviate my output from from my target I + + align:start position:0% +deviate my output from from my target I + + + align:start position:0% +deviate my output from from my target I +I incur more and more loss it actually + + align:start position:0% +I incur more and more loss it actually + + + align:start position:0% +I incur more and more loss it actually +has a a a penalty not just it's good as + + align:start position:0% +has a a a penalty not just it's good as + + + align:start position:0% +has a a a penalty not just it's good as +long as it's above the lower spec + + align:start position:0% +long as it's above the lower spec + + + align:start position:0% +long as it's above the lower spec +limit and uh below the upper spec limit + + align:start position:0% +limit and uh below the upper spec limit + + + align:start position:0% +limit and uh below the upper spec limit +but as I deviate from the from the + + align:start position:0% +but as I deviate from the from the + + + align:start position:0% +but as I deviate from the from the +overall Target I have continuing + + align:start position:0% +overall Target I have continuing + + + align:start position:0% +overall Target I have continuing +incremental worse behavior in in in the + + align:start position:0% +incremental worse behavior in in in the + + + align:start position:0% +incremental worse behavior in in in the +product um so that's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +product um so that's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +product um so that's sort of a +generalization a little bit of of the + + align:start position:0% +generalization a little bit of of the + + + align:start position:0% +generalization a little bit of of the +focus away from just the target to also + + align:start position:0% +focus away from just the target to also + + + align:start position:0% +focus away from just the target to also +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +variant so what this is saying is for + + align:start position:0% +variant so what this is saying is for + + + align:start position:0% +variant so what this is saying is for +many of these approaches whether you + + align:start position:0% +many of these approaches whether you + + + align:start position:0% +many of these approaches whether you +look at it uh from a CPK or a quality + + align:start position:0% +look at it uh from a CPK or a quality + + + align:start position:0% +look at it uh from a CPK or a quality +loss function you need to know more + + align:start position:0% +loss function you need to know more + + + align:start position:0% +loss function you need to know more +about the variance or you need to know + + align:start position:0% +about the variance or you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +about the variance or you need to know +more about the influence of the noise + + align:start position:0% +more about the influence of the noise + + + align:start position:0% +more about the influence of the noise +factors + + align:start position:0% +factors + + + align:start position:0% +factors +in order to really get to process + + align:start position:0% +in order to really get to process + + + align:start position:0% +in order to really get to process +robustness with what we've done so far + + align:start position:0% +robustness with what we've done so far + + + align:start position:0% +robustness with what we've done so far +already you could do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +already you could do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +already you could do a little bit of +robustness just with the response + + align:start position:0% +robustness just with the response + + + align:start position:0% +robustness just with the response +surface models just on terms of reaction + + align:start position:0% +surface models just on terms of reaction + + + align:start position:0% +surface models just on terms of reaction +to modeled inputs but that's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +to modeled inputs but that's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +to modeled inputs but that's a pretty +weak notion of of robustness it's only + + align:start position:0% +weak notion of of robustness it's only + + + align:start position:0% +weak notion of of robustness it's only +looking at some of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variances well let's explore the the the + + align:start position:0% +variances well let's explore the the the + + + align:start position:0% +variances well let's explore the the the +CPK one this is actually all just + + align:start position:0% +CPK one this is actually all just + + + align:start position:0% +CPK one this is actually all just +reminder uh we said CPK is a nice + + align:start position:0% +reminder uh we said CPK is a nice + + + align:start position:0% +reminder uh we said CPK is a nice +measure that looks + + align:start position:0% +measure that looks + + + align:start position:0% +measure that looks +at two effects + + align:start position:0% +at two effects + + + align:start position:0% +at two effects +right so the CP has an effect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from uh the deviation from of the mean + + align:start position:0% +from uh the deviation from of the mean + + + align:start position:0% +from uh the deviation from of the mean +of your process where the true mean is + + align:start position:0% +of your process where the true mean is + + + align:start position:0% +of your process where the true mean is +and uh how far away it is from your spec + + align:start position:0% +and uh how far away it is from your spec + + + align:start position:0% +and uh how far away it is from your spec +limits so that's sort of a centering or + + align:start position:0% +limits so that's sort of a centering or + + + align:start position:0% +limits so that's sort of a centering or +a Target point and then it also has a + + align:start position:0% +a Target point and then it also has a + + + align:start position:0% +a Target point and then it also has a +notion of folding in the spread in your + + align:start position:0% +notion of folding in the spread in your + + + align:start position:0% +notion of folding in the spread in your +process right so one could in fact + + align:start position:0% +process right so one could in fact + + + align:start position:0% +process right so one could in fact +formulate something like CP or CPK as + + align:start position:0% +formulate something like CP or CPK as + + + align:start position:0% +formulate something like CP or CPK as +your cost function your penalty function + + align:start position:0% +your cost function your penalty function + + + align:start position:0% +your cost function your penalty function +your J and try to build a model either + + align:start position:0% +your J and try to build a model either + + + align:start position:0% +your J and try to build a model either +use your model or build a separate model + + align:start position:0% +use your model or build a separate model + + + align:start position:0% +use your model or build a separate model +uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and +minimize some some cost well in this + + align:start position:0% +minimize some some cost well in this + + + align:start position:0% +minimize some some cost well in this +case maximize the CPK because a bigger C + + align:start position:0% +case maximize the CPK because a bigger C + + + align:start position:0% +case maximize the CPK because a bigger C +CPK we said corresponds to yield in fact + + align:start position:0% +CPK we said corresponds to yield in fact + + + align:start position:0% +CPK we said corresponds to yield in fact +we use different formulas you could + + align:start position:0% +we use different formulas you could + + + align:start position:0% +we use different formulas you could +actually relate a CPK to to uh fraction + + align:start position:0% +actually relate a CPK to to uh fraction + + + align:start position:0% +actually relate a CPK to to uh fraction +of non-conforming Parts uh uh given + + align:start position:0% +of non-conforming Parts uh uh given + + + align:start position:0% +of non-conforming Parts uh uh given +different uh different + + align:start position:0% +different uh different + + + align:start position:0% +different uh different +values another approach would actually + + align:start position:0% +values another approach would actually + + + align:start position:0% +values another approach would actually +be to sort of extend that almost + + align:start position:0% +be to sort of extend that almost + + + align:start position:0% +be to sort of extend that almost +directly and say what I'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +directly and say what I'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +directly and say what I'd like to do is +actually use J directly or a model of + + align:start position:0% +actually use J directly or a model of + + + align:start position:0% +actually use J directly or a model of +CPK build response surface model if you + + align:start position:0% +CPK build response surface model if you + + + align:start position:0% +CPK build response surface model if you +will of + + align:start position:0% +will of + + + align:start position:0% +will of +CPK and that would be a way to fold in + + align:start position:0% +CPK and that would be a way to fold in + + + align:start position:0% +CPK and that would be a way to fold in +both uh mean information and process + + align:start position:0% +both uh mean information and process + + + align:start position:0% +both uh mean information and process +variance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +information what are some gotas in + + align:start position:0% +information what are some gotas in + + + align:start position:0% +information what are some gotas in +trying to do + + align:start position:0% +trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do +this what are some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difficulties Ian we said one of our our + + align:start position:0% +difficulties Ian we said one of our our + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties Ian we said one of our our +purposes here it might be in fact pick + + align:start position:0% +purposes here it might be in fact pick + + + align:start position:0% +purposes here it might be in fact pick +your process operating point to to + + align:start position:0% +your process operating point to to + + + align:start position:0% +your process operating point to to +maximize CPK why not just directly + + align:start position:0% +maximize CPK why not just directly + + + align:start position:0% +maximize CPK why not just directly +directly use that use this function + + align:start position:0% +directly use that use this function + + + align:start position:0% +directly use that use this function +right here there's my function I want to + + align:start position:0% +right here there's my function I want to + + + align:start position:0% +right here there's my function I want to +maximize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J let me broaden the question what are + + align:start position:0% +J let me broaden the question what are + + + align:start position:0% +J let me broaden the question what are +some good things or some bad things + + align:start position:0% +some good things or some bad things + + + align:start position:0% +some good things or some bad things +about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the the the comment there by the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the the the comment there by the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the the the comment there by the +way you need to try to speak loudly I'm + + align:start position:0% +way you need to try to speak loudly I'm + + + align:start position:0% +way you need to try to speak loudly I'm +I'm trying to repeat the questions or + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to repeat the questions or + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to repeat the questions or +the answers as much as I can but I think + + align:start position:0% +the answers as much as I can but I think + + + align:start position:0% +the answers as much as I can but I think +it's a little hard for for for people to + + align:start position:0% +it's a little hard for for for people to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little hard for for for people to +hear so I'm sorry now I lost the + + align:start position:0% +hear so I'm sorry now I lost the + + + align:start position:0% +hear so I'm sorry now I lost the +question or the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so one of the the complexity as you + + align:start position:0% +okay so one of the the complexity as you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so one of the the complexity as you +said is this might actually be be a + + align:start position:0% +said is this might actually be be a + + + align:start position:0% +said is this might actually be be a +function of of the process conditions uh + + align:start position:0% +function of of the process conditions uh + + + align:start position:0% +function of of the process conditions uh +yes in fact I would even almost say this + + align:start position:0% +yes in fact I would even almost say this + + + align:start position:0% +yes in fact I would even almost say this +approach here where I I built a + + align:start position:0% +approach here where I I built a + + + align:start position:0% +approach here where I I built a +quality overall CPK and if I were to a + + align:start position:0% +quality overall CPK and if I were to a + + + align:start position:0% +quality overall CPK and if I were to a +were able to actually evaluate CPK at + + align:start position:0% +were able to actually evaluate CPK at + + + align:start position:0% +were able to actually evaluate CPK at +each of my process operating points that + + align:start position:0% +each of my process operating points that + + + align:start position:0% +each of my process operating points that +might actually be a way to incorporate + + align:start position:0% +might actually be a way to incorporate + + + align:start position:0% +might actually be a way to incorporate +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +accommodate a change in variance or a + + align:start position:0% +accommodate a change in variance or a + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate a change in variance or a +change in standard deviation whereas in + + align:start position:0% +change in standard deviation whereas in + + + align:start position:0% +change in standard deviation whereas in +some sense U if I build a respons orice + + align:start position:0% +some sense U if I build a respons orice + + + align:start position:0% +some sense U if I build a respons orice +model UPF front with the Assumption of a + + align:start position:0% +model UPF front with the Assumption of a + + + align:start position:0% +model UPF front with the Assumption of a +fixed variance it might then be hard to + + align:start position:0% +fixed variance it might then be hard to + + + align:start position:0% +fixed variance it might then be hard to +actually use that fixed model with Just + + align:start position:0% +actually use that fixed model with Just + + + align:start position:0% +actually use that fixed model with Just +J as a cost + + align:start position:0% +J as a cost + + + align:start position:0% +J as a cost +function so so these are two slightly + + align:start position:0% +function so so these are two slightly + + + align:start position:0% +function so so these are two slightly +different ideas and I'm glad you mention + + align:start position:0% +different ideas and I'm glad you mention + + + align:start position:0% +different ideas and I'm glad you mention +that because I mean this idea the first + + align:start position:0% +that because I mean this idea the first + + + align:start position:0% +that because I mean this idea the first +idea up here is basically saying I've + + align:start position:0% +idea up here is basically saying I've + + + align:start position:0% +idea up here is basically saying I've +already built my response model maybe + + align:start position:0% +already built my response model maybe + + + align:start position:0% +already built my response model maybe +for y I might might talk about a + + align:start position:0% +for y I might might talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +for y I might might talk about a +response model for S and then I just use + + align:start position:0% +response model for S and then I just use + + + align:start position:0% +response model for S and then I just use +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +model with or use CPK as my cost that + + align:start position:0% +model with or use CPK as my cost that + + + align:start position:0% +model with or use CPK as my cost that +I'm minimizing the second idea in + + align:start position:0% +I'm minimizing the second idea in + + + align:start position:0% +I'm minimizing the second idea in +contrast down here is build a new + + align:start position:0% +contrast down here is build a new + + + align:start position:0% +contrast down here is build a new +response variable and actually build a + + align:start position:0% +response variable and actually build a + + + align:start position:0% +response variable and actually build a +model directly of CPK as a function of + + align:start position:0% +model directly of CPK as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +model directly of CPK as a function of +my input condition + + align:start position:0% +my input condition + + + align:start position:0% +my input condition +and then I optimize on that they're + + align:start position:0% +and then I optimize on that they're + + + align:start position:0% +and then I optimize on that they're +slightly different ideas because in that + + align:start position:0% +slightly different ideas because in that + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different ideas because in that +case in some sense this case is perhaps + + align:start position:0% +case in some sense this case is perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +case in some sense this case is perhaps +assuming we're mostly having a fixed s + + align:start position:0% +assuming we're mostly having a fixed s + + + align:start position:0% +assuming we're mostly having a fixed s +this one as I said Can perhaps more more + + align:start position:0% +this one as I said Can perhaps more more + + + align:start position:0% +this one as I said Can perhaps more more +easily accommodate a a process varying U + + align:start position:0% +easily accommodate a a process varying U + + + align:start position:0% +easily accommodate a a process varying U +standard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deviation there's one other go potential + + align:start position:0% +deviation there's one other go potential + + + align:start position:0% +deviation there's one other go potential +uh challenge with with the model down + + align:start position:0% +uh challenge with with the model down + + + align:start position:0% +uh challenge with with the model down +below well with or either approach + + align:start position:0% +below well with or either approach + + + align:start position:0% +below well with or either approach +really with these two functions what's a + + align:start position:0% +really with these two functions what's a + + + align:start position:0% +really with these two functions what's a +what's something that's a little nasty + + align:start position:0% +what's something that's a little nasty + + + align:start position:0% +what's something that's a little nasty +about these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions they have things like a Min + + align:start position:0% +functions they have things like a Min + + + align:start position:0% +functions they have things like a Min +function in them a + + align:start position:0% +function in them a + + + align:start position:0% +function in them a +minimum and minimum between two + + align:start position:0% +minimum and minimum between two + + + align:start position:0% +minimum and minimum between two +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +uh is very can be very + + align:start position:0% +uh is very can be very + + + align:start position:0% +uh is very can be very +nonlinear so it may not be that smooth + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear so it may not be that smooth + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear so it may not be that smooth +of a function there may be a point at + + align:start position:0% +of a function there may be a point at + + + align:start position:0% +of a function there may be a point at +which you you you actually start to uh + + align:start position:0% +which you you you actually start to uh + + + align:start position:0% +which you you you actually start to uh +you know break more to the to the left + + align:start position:0% +you know break more to the to the left + + + align:start position:0% +you know break more to the to the left +side or to the right side and have not a + + align:start position:0% +side or to the right side and have not a + + + align:start position:0% +side or to the right side and have not a +continuously varying uh uh parameter so + + align:start position:0% +continuously varying uh uh parameter so + + + align:start position:0% +continuously varying uh uh parameter so +it can be a little bit of a a little bit + + align:start position:0% +it can be a little bit of a a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +it can be a little bit of a a little bit +of a challenge uh from a modeling point + + align:start position:0% +of a challenge uh from a modeling point + + + align:start position:0% +of a challenge uh from a modeling point +of view as well as an optimization it's + + align:start position:0% +of view as well as an optimization it's + + + align:start position:0% +of view as well as an optimization it's +kind of a nasty function + + align:start position:0% +kind of a nasty function + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a nasty function +okay and in fact that nonlinear nasty + + align:start position:0% +okay and in fact that nonlinear nasty + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in fact that nonlinear nasty +Behavior with its possible + + align:start position:0% +Behavior with its possible + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior with its possible +discontinuity is let's see I want to oh + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity is let's see I want to oh + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity is let's see I want to oh +I guess I don't have it in here um is + + align:start position:0% +I guess I don't have it in here um is + + + align:start position:0% +I guess I don't have it in here um is +kind of one of the main drivers for the + + align:start position:0% +kind of one of the main drivers for the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one of the main drivers for the +whole notion of the quality loss + + align:start position:0% +whole notion of the quality loss + + + align:start position:0% +whole notion of the quality loss +function that e of L that uh quality + + align:start position:0% +function that e of L that uh quality + + + align:start position:0% +function that e of L that uh quality +loss function with a + + align:start position:0% +loss function with a + + + align:start position:0% +loss function with a +quadratic dependence on uh deviation + + align:start position:0% +quadratic dependence on uh deviation + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic dependence on uh deviation +from from the mean is a nice way of + + align:start position:0% +from from the mean is a nice way of + + + align:start position:0% +from from the mean is a nice way of +folding in together in a more + + align:start position:0% +folding in together in a more + + + align:start position:0% +folding in together in a more +continuously varying function both + + align:start position:0% +continuously varying function both + + + align:start position:0% +continuously varying function both +deviation from Target and and effects of + + align:start position:0% +deviation from Target and and effects of + + + align:start position:0% +deviation from Target and and effects of +variance so we we'll we'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +variance so we we'll we'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +variance so we we'll we'll come back to +that but but in fact that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +that but but in fact that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that but but in fact that's one of the +main reasons why the quality loss + + align:start position:0% +main reasons why the quality loss + + + align:start position:0% +main reasons why the quality loss +function uh uh is used and has an + + align:start position:0% +function uh uh is used and has an + + + align:start position:0% +function uh uh is used and has an +advantage is it has a smoother Behavior + + align:start position:0% +advantage is it has a smoother Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +advantage is it has a smoother Behavior +a behavior that drives towards an + + align:start position:0% +a behavior that drives towards an + + + align:start position:0% +a behavior that drives towards an +Optimum that P pulls in or folds in both + + align:start position:0% +Optimum that P pulls in or folds in both + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum that P pulls in or folds in both +of those effects and doesn't have these + + align:start position:0% +of those effects and doesn't have these + + + align:start position:0% +of those effects and doesn't have these +discontinuities or non uh quite quite as + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities or non uh quite quite as + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities or non uh quite quite as +much the uh the nastiness of of these + + align:start position:0% +much the uh the nastiness of of these + + + align:start position:0% +much the uh the nastiness of of these +Min functions + + align:start position:0% +Min functions + + + align:start position:0% +Min functions +okay okay so this I guess this + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so this I guess this + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so this I guess this +discussion and and everything we've been + + align:start position:0% +discussion and and everything we've been + + + align:start position:0% +discussion and and everything we've been +leading up to is really starting to say + + align:start position:0% +leading up to is really starting to say + + + align:start position:0% +leading up to is really starting to say +okay look we need in order to be able to + + align:start position:0% +okay look we need in order to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +okay look we need in order to be able to +fold in + + align:start position:0% +fold in + + + align:start position:0% +fold in +both deviations from Target but also + + align:start position:0% +both deviations from Target but also + + + align:start position:0% +both deviations from Target but also +variation we need better ways to + + align:start position:0% +variation we need better ways to + + + align:start position:0% +variation we need better ways to +model the variance in particular the + + align:start position:0% +model the variance in particular the + + + align:start position:0% +model the variance in particular the +variance that might not be constant at + + align:start position:0% +variance that might not be constant at + + + align:start position:0% +variance that might not be constant at +uh your entire process space but may + + align:start position:0% +uh your entire process space but may + + + align:start position:0% +uh your entire process space but may +vary as a function or depend on uh + + align:start position:0% +vary as a function or depend on uh + + + align:start position:0% +vary as a function or depend on uh +operating Point okay now remember we've + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +been in some cases we've been careful to + + align:start position:0% +been in some cases we've been careful to + + + align:start position:0% +been in some cases we've been careful to +remind ourselves + + align:start position:0% +remind ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +remind ourselves +that uh there were assumptions on + + align:start position:0% +that uh there were assumptions on + + + align:start position:0% +that uh there were assumptions on +constant variance in our approaches but + + align:start position:0% +constant variance in our approaches but + + + align:start position:0% +constant variance in our approaches but +sometimes we haven't even been + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we haven't even been + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we haven't even been +explicitly mentioning that but I want to + + align:start position:0% +explicitly mentioning that but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly mentioning that but I want to +highlight that some of the methods we've + + align:start position:0% +highlight that some of the methods we've + + + align:start position:0% +highlight that some of the methods we've +been using and developed actually + + align:start position:0% +been using and developed actually + + + align:start position:0% +been using and developed actually +implicitly continued that assumption + + align:start position:0% +implicitly continued that assumption + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly continued that assumption +that Sigma squared or the variance was + + align:start position:0% +that Sigma squared or the variance was + + + align:start position:0% +that Sigma squared or the variance was +constant throughout the space so in + + align:start position:0% +constant throughout the space so in + + + align:start position:0% +constant throughout the space so in +Anova the simple Anova that we did in + + align:start position:0% +Anova the simple Anova that we did in + + + align:start position:0% +Anova the simple Anova that we did in +order to decide if an effect is real we + + align:start position:0% +order to decide if an effect is real we + + + align:start position:0% +order to decide if an effect is real we +were always comparing a fixed offset to + + align:start position:0% +were always comparing a fixed offset to + + + align:start position:0% +were always comparing a fixed offset to +Natural variance in the process and we + + align:start position:0% +Natural variance in the process and we + + + align:start position:0% +Natural variance in the process and we +were always pooling the estimate of + + align:start position:0% +were always pooling the estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +were always pooling the estimate of +variance across all operating points + + align:start position:0% +variance across all operating points + + + align:start position:0% +variance across all operating points +equally okay so we were enforcing an + + align:start position:0% +equally okay so we were enforcing an + + + align:start position:0% +equally okay so we were enforcing an +assumption that there was only one + + align:start position:0% +assumption that there was only one + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that there was only one +variance natural underlying uh process + + align:start position:0% +variance natural underlying uh process + + + align:start position:0% +variance natural underlying uh process +variance at work and then we were trying + + align:start position:0% +variance at work and then we were trying + + + align:start position:0% +variance at work and then we were trying +to say are there variance at variance is + + align:start position:0% +to say are there variance at variance is + + + align:start position:0% +to say are there variance at variance is +associated with fixed + + align:start position:0% +associated with fixed + + + align:start position:0% +associated with fixed +offsets that are larger than the noise + + align:start position:0% +offsets that are larger than the noise + + + align:start position:0% +offsets that are larger than the noise +the the the replicate noise so that was + + align:start position:0% +the the the replicate noise so that was + + + align:start position:0% +the the the replicate noise so that was +that was in there and we were careful in + + align:start position:0% +that was in there and we were careful in + + + align:start position:0% +that was in there and we were careful in +talking about that but another + + align:start position:0% +talking about that but another + + + align:start position:0% +talking about that but another +place was actually in regression model + + align:start position:0% +place was actually in regression model + + + align:start position:0% +place was actually in regression model +fitting when we formed a least squares + + align:start position:0% +fitting when we formed a least squares + + + align:start position:0% +fitting when we formed a least squares +regression problem and then solved it + + align:start position:0% +regression problem and then solved it + + + align:start position:0% +regression problem and then solved it +that actually equally weights all of our + + align:start position:0% +that actually equally weights all of our + + + align:start position:0% +that actually equally weights all of our +data and all of our deviations from um + + align:start position:0% +data and all of our deviations from um + + + align:start position:0% +data and all of our deviations from um +uh model prediction equally and + + align:start position:0% +uh model prediction equally and + + + align:start position:0% +uh model prediction equally and +essentially is also a equal variance + + align:start position:0% +essentially is also a equal variance + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is also a equal variance +assumption and think of it this way if I + + align:start position:0% +assumption and think of it this way if I + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and think of it this way if I +had in fact Let me let me draw it if I + + align:start position:0% +had in fact Let me let me draw it if I + + + align:start position:0% +had in fact Let me let me draw it if I +in fact had different operating points + + align:start position:0% +in fact had different operating points + + + align:start position:0% +in fact had different operating points +or locations where the variance was very + + align:start position:0% +or locations where the variance was very + + + align:start position:0% +or locations where the variance was very +different and I'm trying to fit fit + + align:start position:0% +different and I'm trying to fit fit + + + align:start position:0% +different and I'm trying to fit fit +aligned through this but over over here + + align:start position:0% +aligned through this but over over here + + + align:start position:0% +aligned through this but over over here +I have huge + + align:start position:0% +I have huge + + + align:start position:0% +I have huge +spread it may in fact be the case that I + + align:start position:0% +spread it may in fact be the case that I + + + align:start position:0% +spread it may in fact be the case that I +have less confidence or a wider spread + + align:start position:0% +have less confidence or a wider spread + + + align:start position:0% +have less confidence or a wider spread +here in in sort of picking a point that + + align:start position:0% +here in in sort of picking a point that + + + align:start position:0% +here in in sort of picking a point that +corresponds to where where that line uh + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to where where that line uh + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to where where that line uh +is going to go than in in other regions + + align:start position:0% +is going to go than in in other regions + + + align:start position:0% +is going to go than in in other regions +of of the space now now you can still + + align:start position:0% +of of the space now now you can still + + + align:start position:0% +of of the space now now you can still +appeal to + + align:start position:0% +appeal to + + + align:start position:0% +appeal to +uh best estimates but in terms of + + align:start position:0% +uh best estimates but in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +uh best estimates but in terms of +confidence in the use of uh each of your + + align:start position:0% +confidence in the use of uh each of your + + + align:start position:0% +confidence in the use of uh each of your +data points there are alternative + + align:start position:0% +data points there are alternative + + + align:start position:0% +data points there are alternative +regression approaches weighted + + align:start position:0% +regression approaches weighted + + + align:start position:0% +regression approaches weighted +regression approaches that might say in + + align:start position:0% +regression approaches that might say in + + + align:start position:0% +regression approaches that might say in +regions where I have less variance where + + align:start position:0% +regions where I have less variance where + + + align:start position:0% +regions where I have less variance where +I have more confidence I know that those + + align:start position:0% +I have more confidence I know that those + + + align:start position:0% +I have more confidence I know that those +data points are more more + + align:start position:0% +data points are more more + + + align:start position:0% +data points are more more +solid I might actually give them more + + align:start position:0% +solid I might actually give them more + + + align:start position:0% +solid I might actually give them more +influence in the + + align:start position:0% +influence in the + + + align:start position:0% +influence in the +waiting in the regression than other + + align:start position:0% +waiting in the regression than other + + + align:start position:0% +waiting in the regression than other +points that I'm not so sure about + + align:start position:0% +points that I'm not so sure about + + + align:start position:0% +points that I'm not so sure about +and so weighted regression approaches uh + + align:start position:0% +and so weighted regression approaches uh + + + align:start position:0% +and so weighted regression approaches uh +are available and probably the most + + align:start position:0% +are available and probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +are available and probably the most +common weighted regression is to apply a + + align:start position:0% +common weighted regression is to apply a + + + align:start position:0% +common weighted regression is to apply a +weight that's inversely proportional to + + align:start position:0% +weight that's inversely proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +weight that's inversely proportional to +the variance associated with each of the + + align:start position:0% +the variance associated with each of the + + + align:start position:0% +the variance associated with each of the +operating regions uh in in your in your + + align:start position:0% +operating regions uh in in your in your + + + align:start position:0% +operating regions uh in in your in your +space okay + + align:start position:0% +space okay + + + align:start position:0% +space okay +so just wanted to highlight that there + + align:start position:0% +so just wanted to highlight that there + + + align:start position:0% +so just wanted to highlight that there +are approaches that go beyond this + + align:start position:0% +are approaches that go beyond this + + + align:start position:0% +are approaches that go beyond this +assumption we've been assuming it in + + align:start position:0% +assumption we've been assuming it in + + + align:start position:0% +assumption we've been assuming it in +both our regression analysis and our + + align:start position:0% +both our regression analysis and our + + + align:start position:0% +both our regression analysis and our +Anova analysis that we have one + + align:start position:0% +Anova analysis that we have one + + + align:start position:0% +Anova analysis that we have one +variance um I think I alluded to a book + + align:start position:0% +variance um I think I alluded to a book + + + align:start position:0% +variance um I think I alluded to a book +earlier uh this semester called uh + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh this semester called uh + + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh this semester called uh +analysis of messy data It's a Wonderful + + align:start position:0% +analysis of messy data It's a Wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of messy data It's a Wonderful +book + + align:start position:0% +book + + + align:start position:0% +book +um uh or actually there's a series of + + align:start position:0% +um uh or actually there's a series of + + + align:start position:0% +um uh or actually there's a series of +books there's either two or two or three + + align:start position:0% +books there's either two or two or three + + + align:start position:0% +books there's either two or two or three +of them but one of the examples of messy + + align:start position:0% +of them but one of the examples of messy + + + align:start position:0% +of them but one of the examples of messy +data is when the variance is not + + align:start position:0% +data is when the variance is not + + + align:start position:0% +data is when the variance is not +constant and there's one of the one of + + align:start position:0% +constant and there's one of the one of + + + align:start position:0% +constant and there's one of the one of +the volumes in that series is focused I + + align:start position:0% +the volumes in that series is focused I + + + align:start position:0% +the volumes in that series is focused I +I believe on analysis of variance when + + align:start position:0% +I believe on analysis of variance when + + + align:start position:0% +I believe on analysis of variance when +you don't have constant variance + + align:start position:0% +you don't have constant variance + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have constant variance +throughout your space so there are + + align:start position:0% +throughout your space so there are + + + align:start position:0% +throughout your space so there are +places you can look when things get + + align:start position:0% +places you can look when things get + + + align:start position:0% +places you can look when things get +messy + + align:start position:0% +messy + + + align:start position:0% +messy +okay okay so what do we do we've been + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what do we do we've been + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what do we do we've been +assuming that but in reality I think we + + align:start position:0% +assuming that but in reality I think we + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that but in reality I think we +we've made the point that process + + align:start position:0% +we've made the point that process + + + align:start position:0% +we've made the point that process +variation May in fact vary or or depend + + align:start position:0% +variation May in fact vary or or depend + + + align:start position:0% +variation May in fact vary or or depend +on our operating point I've already + + align:start position:0% +on our operating point I've already + + + align:start position:0% +on our operating point I've already +talked about you know the impact in our + + align:start position:0% +talked about you know the impact in our + + + align:start position:0% +talked about you know the impact in our +variance equation if I have imperfect + + align:start position:0% +variance equation if I have imperfect + + + align:start position:0% +variance equation if I have imperfect +control on a control factor I may have + + align:start position:0% +control on a control factor I may have + + + align:start position:0% +control on a control factor I may have +different sensitivity that Dy duu + + align:start position:0% +different sensitivity that Dy duu + + + align:start position:0% +different sensitivity that Dy duu +especially with a nonlinear model can + + align:start position:0% +especially with a nonlinear model can + + + align:start position:0% +especially with a nonlinear model can +vary but it's also just simply the case + + align:start position:0% +vary but it's also just simply the case + + + align:start position:0% +vary but it's also just simply the case +that the effect of these noise factors + + align:start position:0% +that the effect of these noise factors + + + align:start position:0% +that the effect of these noise factors +may be such that I have different + + align:start position:0% +may be such that I have different + + + align:start position:0% +may be such that I have different +variants at different operating points + + align:start position:0% +variants at different operating points + + + align:start position:0% +variants at different operating points +so what are some + + align:start position:0% +so what are some + + + align:start position:0% +so what are some +approaches all I've said so far is + + align:start position:0% +approaches all I've said so far is + + + align:start position:0% +approaches all I've said so far is +variance may depend on your process + + align:start position:0% +variance may depend on your process + + + align:start position:0% +variance may depend on your process +settings how are you going to study that + + align:start position:0% +settings how are you going to study that + + + align:start position:0% +settings how are you going to study that +and understand + + align:start position:0% +and understand + + + align:start position:0% +and understand +it well let's do design of experiments + + align:start position:0% +it well let's do design of experiments + + + align:start position:0% +it well let's do design of experiments +but also include an explicit model for + + align:start position:0% +but also include an explicit model for + + + align:start position:0% +but also include an explicit model for +variance or standard deviation so all + + align:start position:0% +variance or standard deviation so all + + + align:start position:0% +variance or standard deviation so all +we're doing here is simply saying treat + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here is simply saying treat + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here is simply saying treat +variance as another process + + align:start position:0% +variance as another process + + + align:start position:0% +variance as another process +output and so it is possible to include + + align:start position:0% +output and so it is possible to include + + + align:start position:0% +output and so it is possible to include +another response + + align:start position:0% +another response + + + align:start position:0% +another response +variable you know either s squ or s or + + align:start position:0% +variable you know either s squ or s or + + + align:start position:0% +variable you know either s squ or s or +some some some variance uh + + align:start position:0% +some some some variance uh + + + align:start position:0% +some some some variance uh +model and do our typical doe here on our + + align:start position:0% +model and do our typical doe here on our + + + align:start position:0% +model and do our typical doe here on our +input factors but now get enough data + + align:start position:0% +input factors but now get enough data + + + align:start position:0% +input factors but now get enough data +that I can actually build a model of + + align:start position:0% +that I can actually build a model of + + + align:start position:0% +that I can actually build a model of +variance at each of my operating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points can I possibly do that without + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +replication no I have to have replicates + + align:start position:0% +replication no I have to have replicates + + + align:start position:0% +replication no I have to have replicates +in order at each of my design Points + + align:start position:0% +in order at each of my design Points + + + align:start position:0% +in order at each of my design Points +each each of my doe points I have to + + align:start position:0% +each each of my doe points I have to + + + align:start position:0% +each each of my doe points I have to +gather multiple replicates in order to + + align:start position:0% +gather multiple replicates in order to + + + align:start position:0% +gather multiple replicates in order to +have an estimate of the noise at that uh + + align:start position:0% +have an estimate of the noise at that uh + + + align:start position:0% +have an estimate of the noise at that uh +at that replicate point + + align:start position:0% +at that replicate point + + + align:start position:0% +at that replicate point +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +fundamentally you have to do more than a + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally you have to do more than a + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally you have to do more than a +non-replicated full factorial doe like + + align:start position:0% +non-replicated full factorial doe like + + + align:start position:0% +non-replicated full factorial doe like +we were talking about that just explores + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about that just explores + + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about that just explores +the operating space you've got to get + + align:start position:0% +the operating space you've got to get + + + align:start position:0% +the operating space you've got to get +more data if you want to model variance + + align:start position:0% +more data if you want to model variance + + + align:start position:0% +more data if you want to model variance +you always have to have much more data + + align:start position:0% +you always have to have much more data + + + align:start position:0% +you always have to have much more data +so you'll have to pick some number of of + + align:start position:0% +so you'll have to pick some number of of + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll have to pick some number of of +replicates at uh at each of your design + + align:start position:0% +replicates at uh at each of your design + + + align:start position:0% +replicates at uh at each of your design +points and now this goes back to the + + align:start position:0% +points and now this goes back to the + + + align:start position:0% +points and now this goes back to the +tools we talked about earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +tools we talked about earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +tools we talked about earlier in the +term in terms of deciding what sample + + align:start position:0% +term in terms of deciding what sample + + + align:start position:0% +term in terms of deciding what sample +size you need in order to be able to + + align:start position:0% +size you need in order to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +size you need in order to be able to +have different confidence intervals on + + align:start position:0% +have different confidence intervals on + + + align:start position:0% +have different confidence intervals on +your estimate of variance or or standard + + align:start position:0% +your estimate of variance or or standard + + + align:start position:0% +your estimate of variance or or standard +deviation right so depending on how + + align:start position:0% +deviation right so depending on how + + + align:start position:0% +deviation right so depending on how +close how accurate you want to be on + + align:start position:0% +close how accurate you want to be on + + + align:start position:0% +close how accurate you want to be on +your your estimate of a variance that + + align:start position:0% +your your estimate of a variance that + + + align:start position:0% +your your estimate of a variance that +will influence how many replicates you + + align:start position:0% +will influence how many replicates you + + + align:start position:0% +will influence how many replicates you +need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah right right absolutely so so the + + align:start position:0% +yeah right right absolutely so so the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right right absolutely so so the +comment or question was to do this you + + align:start position:0% +comment or question was to do this you + + + align:start position:0% +comment or question was to do this you +actually need replicates at all of the + + align:start position:0% +actually need replicates at all of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually need replicates at all of the +points yeah so so in some sense the DOE + + align:start position:0% +points yeah so so in some sense the DOE + + + align:start position:0% +points yeah so so in some sense the DOE +that we were talking about with this + + align:start position:0% +that we were talking about with this + + + align:start position:0% +that we were talking about with this +would be say full factorial and then if + + align:start position:0% +would be say full factorial and then if + + + align:start position:0% +would be say full factorial and then if +I picked my center point we talked about + + align:start position:0% +I picked my center point we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +I picked my center point we talked about +doing something where I had replicates + + align:start position:0% +doing something where I had replicates + + + align:start position:0% +doing something where I had replicates +only at the center points and that's + + align:start position:0% +only at the center points and that's + + + align:start position:0% +only at the center points and that's +wonderful if you're continuing to assume + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if you're continuing to assume + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if you're continuing to assume +that there's only one variance and it + + align:start position:0% +that there's only one variance and it + + + align:start position:0% +that there's only one variance and it +applies everywhere in fact that's kind + + align:start position:0% +applies everywhere in fact that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +applies everywhere in fact that's kind +of the Assumption + + align:start position:0% +of the Assumption + + + align:start position:0% +of the Assumption +we made even without necessarily having + + align:start position:0% +we made even without necessarily having + + + align:start position:0% +we made even without necessarily having +good evidence for it but clearly here if + + align:start position:0% +good evidence for it but clearly here if + + + align:start position:0% +good evidence for it but clearly here if +I if I want a model + + align:start position:0% +I if I want a model + + + align:start position:0% +I if I want a model +of both the the average output but the + + align:start position:0% +of both the the average output but the + + + align:start position:0% +of both the the average output but the +variance at each point I need replicates + + align:start position:0% +variance at each point I need replicates + + + align:start position:0% +variance at each point I need replicates +at each point and you would normally + + align:start position:0% +at each point and you would normally + + + align:start position:0% +at each point and you would normally +want to do that where you had the same + + align:start position:0% +want to do that where you had the same + + + align:start position:0% +want to do that where you had the same +number of replicates at each point you + + align:start position:0% +number of replicates at each point you + + + align:start position:0% +number of replicates at each point you +know it's possible you can you could you + + align:start position:0% +know it's possible you can you could you + + + align:start position:0% +know it's possible you can you could you +could do it without a balanced kind of + + align:start position:0% +could do it without a balanced kind of + + + align:start position:0% +could do it without a balanced kind of +experiment um where you had different + + align:start position:0% +experiment um where you had different + + + align:start position:0% +experiment um where you had different +numbers of replicates but then it gets + + align:start position:0% +numbers of replicates but then it gets + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of replicates but then it gets +really messy because then you're you're + + align:start position:0% +really messy because then you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +really messy because then you're you're +you're sort of your confidence + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of your confidence + + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of your confidence +of interval for your estimate of + + align:start position:0% +of interval for your estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +of interval for your estimate of +variance at each of your points is + + align:start position:0% +variance at each of your points is + + + align:start position:0% +variance at each of your points is +different you'd like to have at least + + align:start position:0% +different you'd like to have at least + + + align:start position:0% +different you'd like to have at least +the same um confidence interval or or + + align:start position:0% +the same um confidence interval or or + + + align:start position:0% +the same um confidence interval or or +the same number of replicates that each + + align:start position:0% +the same number of replicates that each + + + align:start position:0% +the same number of replicates that each +know now there is some danger in some of + + align:start position:0% +know now there is some danger in some of + + + align:start position:0% +know now there is some danger in some of +these kinds of kind kinds of models I + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of kind kinds of models I + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of kind kinds of models I +wouldn't quite say danger I would + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't quite say danger I would + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't quite say danger I would +say some approximation uh going on so so + + align:start position:0% +say some approximation uh going on so so + + + align:start position:0% +say some approximation uh going on so so +for example one thing that makes me a + + align:start position:0% +for example one thing that makes me a + + + align:start position:0% +for example one thing that makes me a +little bit uncomfortable is actually + + align:start position:0% +little bit uncomfortable is actually + + + align:start position:0% +little bit uncomfortable is actually +building a model directly of standard + + align:start position:0% +building a model directly of standard + + + align:start position:0% +building a model directly of standard +deviation because estimating directly + + align:start position:0% +deviation because estimating directly + + + align:start position:0% +deviation because estimating directly +standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation +is difficult it's got bias in it whereas + + align:start position:0% +is difficult it's got bias in it whereas + + + align:start position:0% +is difficult it's got bias in it whereas +building a model perhaps for example a + + align:start position:0% +building a model perhaps for example a + + + align:start position:0% +building a model perhaps for example a +variance you can use the data and get an + + align:start position:0% +variance you can use the data and get an + + + align:start position:0% +variance you can use the data and get an +unbiased estimate of variance + + align:start position:0% +unbiased estimate of variance + + + align:start position:0% +unbiased estimate of variance +whereas you you're susceptible to slight + + align:start position:0% +whereas you you're susceptible to slight + + + align:start position:0% +whereas you you're susceptible to slight +biases if you if you if you go in and + + align:start position:0% +biases if you if you if you go in and + + + align:start position:0% +biases if you if you if you go in and +directly model standard deviation but + + align:start position:0% +directly model standard deviation but + + + align:start position:0% +directly model standard deviation but +for the for the most part people pretty + + align:start position:0% +for the for the most part people pretty + + + align:start position:0% +for the for the most part people pretty +much ignore + + align:start position:0% +much ignore + + + align:start position:0% +much ignore +those and uh you know are + + align:start position:0% +those and uh you know are + + + align:start position:0% +those and uh you know are +basically I think assuming that uh those + + align:start position:0% +basically I think assuming that uh those + + + align:start position:0% +basically I think assuming that uh those +kinds of biases get washed out in the + + align:start position:0% +kinds of biases get washed out in the + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of biases get washed out in the +noise because I'm I don't have so many + + align:start position:0% +noise because I'm I don't have so many + + + align:start position:0% +noise because I'm I don't have so many +replicates that that uh you know they + + align:start position:0% +replicates that that uh you know they + + + align:start position:0% +replicates that that uh you know they +they tend not to be all that careful + + align:start position:0% +they tend not to be all that careful + + + align:start position:0% +they tend not to be all that careful +with it but but I I would just put in a + + align:start position:0% +with it but but I I would just put in a + + + align:start position:0% +with it but but I I would just put in a +little side note here you should be a + + align:start position:0% +little side note here you should be a + + + align:start position:0% +little side note here you should be a +little bit careful about the influence + + align:start position:0% +little bit careful about the influence + + + align:start position:0% +little bit careful about the influence +of bias in these factors um and in fact + + align:start position:0% +of bias in these factors um and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +of bias in these factors um and in fact +you think one of the case studies will + + align:start position:0% +you think one of the case studies will + + + align:start position:0% +you think one of the case studies will +talk about approaches from modeling + + align:start position:0% +talk about approaches from modeling + + + align:start position:0% +talk about approaches from modeling +variance um uh in some of the biases + + align:start position:0% +variance um uh in some of the biases + + + align:start position:0% +variance um uh in some of the biases +that can creep + + align:start position:0% +that can creep + + + align:start position:0% +that can creep +in but the main latch here the main + + align:start position:0% +in but the main latch here the main + + + align:start position:0% +in but the main latch here the main +lever for being able to get some power + + align:start position:0% +lever for being able to get some power + + + align:start position:0% +lever for being able to get some power +over the problem is simply doing a doe + + align:start position:0% +over the problem is simply doing a doe + + + align:start position:0% +over the problem is simply doing a doe +that includes explicit modeling of these + + align:start position:0% +that includes explicit modeling of these + + + align:start position:0% +that includes explicit modeling of these +uh of the variants so that one can build + + align:start position:0% +uh of the variants so that one can build + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the variants so that one can build +up some kind of a variance or a standard + + align:start position:0% +up some kind of a variance or a standard + + + align:start position:0% +up some kind of a variance or a standard +deviation response surface and then you + + align:start position:0% +deviation response surface and then you + + + align:start position:0% +deviation response surface and then you +can use that in combination with your + + align:start position:0% +can use that in combination with your + + + align:start position:0% +can use that in combination with your +output to form a cost function that + + align:start position:0% +output to form a cost function that + + + align:start position:0% +output to form a cost function that +seeks to minimize in some way uh uh both + + align:start position:0% +seeks to minimize in some way uh uh both + + + align:start position:0% +seeks to minimize in some way uh uh both +of those + + align:start position:0% +of those + + + align:start position:0% +of those +factors so for example now we can go + + align:start position:0% +factors so for example now we can go + + + align:start position:0% +factors so for example now we can go +back we can go back + + align:start position:0% +back we can go back + + + align:start position:0% +back we can go back +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh that surface that we had that X1 X2 + + align:start position:0% +uh that surface that we had that X1 X2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh that surface that we had that X1 X2 +surface that where where I found a line + + align:start position:0% +surface that where where I found a line + + + align:start position:0% +surface that where where I found a line +or some function that uh minimized the + + align:start position:0% +or some function that uh minimized the + + + align:start position:0% +or some function that uh minimized the +error in my output from the target but + + align:start position:0% +error in my output from the target but + + + align:start position:0% +error in my output from the target but +then I can explore over that within my + + align:start position:0% +then I can explore over that within my + + + align:start position:0% +then I can explore over that within my +X1 and X2 constrained space and look for + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X2 constrained space and look for + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X2 constrained space and look for +the place where I've got the minimum + + align:start position:0% +the place where I've got the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +the place where I've got the minimum +variance right so if I go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back if I go back here back here to + + align:start position:0% +back if I go back here back here to + + + align:start position:0% +back if I go back here back here to +slide five I just heard a bell is it + + align:start position:0% +slide five I just heard a bell is it + + + align:start position:0% +slide five I just heard a bell is it +everything still working + + align:start position:0% +everything still working + + + align:start position:0% +everything still working +there you still have the slides in + + align:start position:0% +there you still have the slides in + + + align:start position:0% +there you still have the slides in +Singapore no we we don't + + align:start position:0% +Singapore no we we don't + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore no we we don't +we don't have the slides it was just + + align:start position:0% +we don't have the slides it was just + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have the slides it was just +disconnect yeah I just you might want to + + align:start position:0% +disconnect yeah I just you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +disconnect yeah I just you might want to +share + + align:start position:0% +share + + + align:start position:0% +share +the the desktop + + align:start position:0% +the the desktop + + + align:start position:0% +the the desktop +again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay yeah it looked like it dropped the + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it looked like it dropped the + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it looked like it dropped the +call so while while that's calling um so + + align:start position:0% +call so while while that's calling um so + + + align:start position:0% +call so while while that's calling um so +so the basic point was if I + + align:start position:0% +so the basic point was if I + + + align:start position:0% +so the basic point was if I +have an additional response surface for + + align:start position:0% +have an additional response surface for + + + align:start position:0% +have an additional response surface for +variance or standard deviation the + + align:start position:0% +variance or standard deviation the + + + align:start position:0% +variance or standard deviation the +simplest use of that is simply to still + + align:start position:0% +simplest use of that is simply to still + + + align:start position:0% +simplest use of that is simply to still +do my optimization on the Target and + + align:start position:0% +do my optimization on the Target and + + + align:start position:0% +do my optimization on the Target and +then just look up or use this to + + align:start position:0% +then just look up or use this to + + + align:start position:0% +then just look up or use this to +disambiguate my XY uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parameters yeah so the question question + + align:start position:0% +parameters yeah so the question question + + + align:start position:0% +parameters yeah so the question question +was let's say you only did four + + align:start position:0% +was let's say you only did four + + + align:start position:0% +was let's say you only did four +replicates at each point well you asked + + align:start position:0% +replicates at each point well you asked + + + align:start position:0% +replicates at each point well you asked +the question how good is your estimate + + align:start position:0% +the question how good is your estimate + + + align:start position:0% +the question how good is your estimate +of variance at that point and you know + + align:start position:0% +of variance at that point and you know + + + align:start position:0% +of variance at that point and you know +how to calculate that right and your + + align:start position:0% +how to calculate that right and your + + + align:start position:0% +how to calculate that right and your +point is with only four + + align:start position:0% +point is with only four + + + align:start position:0% +point is with only four +replicates it's kind of iffy about how + + align:start position:0% +replicates it's kind of iffy about how + + + align:start position:0% +replicates it's kind of iffy about how +good you're you're gonna you're only + + align:start position:0% +good you're you're gonna you're only + + + align:start position:0% +good you're you're gonna you're only +going to have resolving power to be able + + align:start position:0% +going to have resolving power to be able + + + align:start position:0% +going to have resolving power to be able +to see really big differences in variant + + align:start position:0% +to see really big differences in variant + + + align:start position:0% +to see really big differences in variant +if it's small differences in variant + + align:start position:0% +if it's small differences in variant + + + align:start position:0% +if it's small differences in variant +with that number of replicates you're + + align:start position:0% +with that number of replicates you're + + + align:start position:0% +with that number of replicates you're +not going to really be able to + + align:start position:0% +not going to really be able to + + + align:start position:0% +not going to really be able to +disambiguate so in essence with that + + align:start position:0% +disambiguate so in essence with that + + + align:start position:0% +disambiguate so in essence with that +small number oh thank you uh that small + + align:start position:0% +small number oh thank you uh that small + + + align:start position:0% +small number oh thank you uh that small +number of replicates you're really just + + align:start position:0% +number of replicates you're really just + + + align:start position:0% +number of replicates you're really just +looking for gross variance differences + + align:start position:0% +looking for gross variance differences + + + align:start position:0% +looking for gross variance differences +which if they exist you definitely want + + align:start position:0% +which if they exist you definitely want + + + align:start position:0% +which if they exist you definitely want +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +use now if you're looking + + align:start position:0% +use now if you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +use now if you're looking +for you know really trying to get get uh + + align:start position:0% +for you know really trying to get get uh + + + align:start position:0% +for you know really trying to get get uh +a good process that has the ability to + + align:start position:0% +a good process that has the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +a good process that has the ability to +take advantage of small variant + + align:start position:0% +take advantage of small variant + + + align:start position:0% +take advantage of small variant +differences because over many many you + + align:start position:0% +differences because over many many you + + + align:start position:0% +differences because over many many you +know thousands or millions of Parts even + + align:start position:0% +know thousands or millions of Parts even + + + align:start position:0% +know thousands or millions of Parts even +small variances can can really have a + + align:start position:0% +small variances can can really have a + + + align:start position:0% +small variances can can really have a +have a different you know make a + + align:start position:0% +have a different you know make a + + + align:start position:0% +have a different you know make a +difference um then you'd want to run + + align:start position:0% +difference um then you'd want to run + + + align:start position:0% +difference um then you'd want to run +more replicates in your in your uh + + align:start position:0% +more replicates in your in your uh + + + align:start position:0% +more replicates in your in your uh +design of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experiments okay are we back in + + align:start position:0% +experiments okay are we back in + + + align:start position:0% +experiments okay are we back in +Singapore now you have the slides + + align:start position:0% +Singapore now you have the slides + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore now you have the slides +there no we + + align:start position:0% +there no we + + + align:start position:0% +there no we +don't yeah we can't see the slides + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this one it thinks we're in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +call should I unshare what should I no + + align:start position:0% +call should I unshare what should I no + + + align:start position:0% +call should I unshare what should I no +it's coming back oh it's coming back + + align:start position:0% +it's coming back oh it's coming back + + + align:start position:0% +it's coming back oh it's coming back +okay yeah yeah it's back okay great + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah yeah it's back okay great + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah yeah it's back okay great +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +great good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great so the so here again the the first + + align:start position:0% +great so the so here again the the first + + + align:start position:0% +great so the so here again the the first +and easiest idea for combining models of + + align:start position:0% +and easiest idea for combining models of + + + align:start position:0% +and easiest idea for combining models of +both uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean uh so mean with the Y and variance + + align:start position:0% +mean uh so mean with the Y and variance + + + align:start position:0% +mean uh so mean with the Y and variance +is use the variance to Simply + + align:start position:0% +is use the variance to Simply + + + align:start position:0% +is use the variance to Simply +pick which of the X1 X2 + + align:start position:0% +pick which of the X1 X2 + + + align:start position:0% +pick which of the X1 X2 +combinations such that there you're on + + align:start position:0% +combinations such that there you're on + + + align:start position:0% +combinations such that there you're on +target give you minimum + + align:start position:0% +target give you minimum + + + align:start position:0% +target give you minimum +variance now you can also do that + + align:start position:0% +variance now you can also do that + + + align:start position:0% +variance now you can also do that +um uh directly and form an overall + + align:start position:0% +um uh directly and form an overall + + + align:start position:0% +um uh directly and form an overall +optimization and this is just sort of + + align:start position:0% +optimization and this is just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +optimization and this is just sort of +working through that this is kind of the + + align:start position:0% +working through that this is kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +working through that this is kind of the +direct approach where if I have a + + align:start position:0% +direct approach where if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +direct approach where if I have a +response surface for my mean and a + + align:start position:0% +response surface for my mean and a + + + align:start position:0% +response surface for my mean and a +response surface for my my + + align:start position:0% +response surface for my my + + + align:start position:0% +response surface for my my +variance uh I have a constraint here + + align:start position:0% +variance uh I have a constraint here + + + align:start position:0% +variance uh I have a constraint here +first off that I need an Optimum point + + align:start position:0% +first off that I need an Optimum point + + + align:start position:0% +first off that I need an Optimum point +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +satisfies my output hitting a Target and + + align:start position:0% +satisfies my output hitting a Target and + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies my output hitting a Target and +then I can simply solve together you + + align:start position:0% +then I can simply solve together you + + + align:start position:0% +then I can simply solve together you +know pick some X that that satisfies + + align:start position:0% +know pick some X that that satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +know pick some X that that satisfies +that and sort of plug that into the S + + align:start position:0% +that and sort of plug that into the S + + + align:start position:0% +that and sort of plug that into the S +surface see continuing on uh substitute + + align:start position:0% +surface see continuing on uh substitute + + + align:start position:0% +surface see continuing on uh substitute +that in into the S surface so that you + + align:start position:0% +that in into the S surface so that you + + + align:start position:0% +that in into the S surface so that you +basically get um some some function + + align:start position:0% +basically get um some some function + + + align:start position:0% +basically get um some some function +where uh I need to find the x sub 2 that + + align:start position:0% +where uh I need to find the x sub 2 that + + + align:start position:0% +where uh I need to find the x sub 2 that +minimizes my variance and and then I can + + align:start position:0% +minimizes my variance and and then I can + + + align:start position:0% +minimizes my variance and and then I can +do a directing analytic you know + + align:start position:0% +do a directing analytic you know + + + align:start position:0% +do a directing analytic you know +variance minimization to solve for X2 + + align:start position:0% +variance minimization to solve for X2 + + + align:start position:0% +variance minimization to solve for X2 +and once I have X2 I can solve back for + + align:start position:0% +and once I have X2 I can solve back for + + + align:start position:0% +and once I have X2 I can solve back for +for X1 so all I'm saying there is uh you + + align:start position:0% +for X1 so all I'm saying there is uh you + + + align:start position:0% +for X1 so all I'm saying there is uh you +know you can just algebraically use your + + align:start position:0% +know you can just algebraically use your + + + align:start position:0% +know you can just algebraically use your +two response surfaces if they + + align:start position:0% +two response surfaces if they + + + align:start position:0% +two response surfaces if they +are simple and linear then it's nice and + + align:start position:0% +are simple and linear then it's nice and + + + align:start position:0% +are simple and linear then it's nice and +easy to to drive that towards uh + + align:start position:0% +easy to to drive that towards uh + + + align:start position:0% +easy to to drive that towards uh +where uh you you have the the best y hat + + align:start position:0% +where uh you you have the the best y hat + + + align:start position:0% +where uh you you have the the best y hat +and that's on target that also is + + align:start position:0% +and that's on target that also is + + + align:start position:0% +and that's on target that also is +minimum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variance another approach if once I have + + align:start position:0% +variance another approach if once I have + + + align:start position:0% +variance another approach if once I have +models for both again if I have a model + + align:start position:0% +models for both again if I have a model + + + align:start position:0% +models for both again if I have a model +for the mean response and a model for uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variance is think about other cost + + align:start position:0% +variance is think about other cost + + + align:start position:0% +variance is think about other cost +functions that + + align:start position:0% +functions that + + + align:start position:0% +functions that +combine uh combine both of these effects + + align:start position:0% +combine uh combine both of these effects + + + align:start position:0% +combine uh combine both of these effects +so so + + align:start position:0% +so so + + + align:start position:0% +so so +um this is a bit more General because it + + align:start position:0% +um this is a bit more General because it + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a bit more General because it +allows us to look at say the quality law + + align:start position:0% +allows us to look at say the quality law + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to look at say the quality law +function and + + align:start position:0% +function and + + + align:start position:0% +function and +have terms that penalize us for + + align:start position:0% +have terms that penalize us for + + + align:start position:0% +have terms that penalize us for +deviation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from I + + align:start position:0% +from I + + + align:start position:0% +from I +don't well terms and uh penalizes for + + align:start position:0% +don't well terms and uh penalizes for + + + align:start position:0% +don't well terms and uh penalizes for +deviations from the target I'm just + + align:start position:0% +deviations from the target I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +deviations from the target I'm just +looking at this and and saying I don't + + align:start position:0% +looking at this and and saying I don't + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this and and saying I don't +know why we uh let's just let's just + + align:start position:0% +know why we uh let's just let's just + + + align:start position:0% +know why we uh let's just let's just +stick with Y here everywhere I don't + + align:start position:0% +stick with Y here everywhere I don't + + + align:start position:0% +stick with Y here everywhere I don't +know why we switch to X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so when I when I have deviations from + + align:start position:0% +um so when I when I have deviations from + + + align:start position:0% +um so when I when I have deviations from +from from my Optimum point from the mean + + align:start position:0% +from from my Optimum point from the mean + + + align:start position:0% +from from my Optimum point from the mean +that's going to cost me something and + + align:start position:0% +that's going to cost me something and + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to cost me something and +then I also have a term uh associated + + align:start position:0% +then I also have a term uh associated + + + align:start position:0% +then I also have a term uh associated +with with with the variance and if both + + align:start position:0% +with with with the variance and if both + + + align:start position:0% +with with with the variance and if both +of those are + + align:start position:0% +of those are + + + align:start position:0% +of those are +functions of my my input parameters now + + align:start position:0% +functions of my my input parameters now + + + align:start position:0% +functions of my my input parameters now +I'm finding again the best input + + align:start position:0% +I'm finding again the best input + + + align:start position:0% +I'm finding again the best input +parameter that minimizes the overall + + align:start position:0% +parameter that minimizes the overall + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that minimizes the overall +cost function now there's a subtle + + align:start position:0% +cost function now there's a subtle + + + align:start position:0% +cost function now there's a subtle +difference here between or more power + + align:start position:0% +difference here between or more power + + + align:start position:0% +difference here between or more power +between uh one of these approaches this + + align:start position:0% +between uh one of these approaches this + + + align:start position:0% +between uh one of these approaches this +approach versus the direct solution + + align:start position:0% +approach versus the direct solution + + + align:start position:0% +approach versus the direct solution +approach in the previous + + align:start position:0% +approach in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +approach in the previous +Slide the direct Solution on the + + align:start position:0% +Slide the direct Solution on the + + + align:start position:0% +Slide the direct Solution on the +previous slide basically + + align:start position:0% +previous slide basically + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide basically +said I have two outputs and two inputs + + align:start position:0% +said I have two outputs and two inputs + + + align:start position:0% +said I have two outputs and two inputs +and I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +and I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm trying +to fold those two things into uh one + + align:start position:0% +to fold those two things into uh one + + + align:start position:0% +to fold those two things into uh one +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +Optimum uh yes Professor yes question uh + + align:start position:0% +Optimum uh yes Professor yes question uh + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum uh yes Professor yes question uh +I think we still cannot see uh the I I + + align:start position:0% +I think we still cannot see uh the I I + + + align:start position:0% +I think we still cannot see uh the I I +think we can see a slide but then we + + align:start position:0% +think we can see a slide but then we + + + align:start position:0% +think we can see a slide but then we +cannot see any drawing and actually we + + align:start position:0% +cannot see any drawing and actually we + + + align:start position:0% +cannot see any drawing and actually we +are now at uh Stu at slide five oh okay + + align:start position:0% +are now at uh Stu at slide five oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +are now at uh Stu at slide five oh okay +so that doesn't sound like it's it's + + align:start position:0% +so that doesn't sound like it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +so that doesn't sound like it's it's +changing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there yeah I'm on slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +14 yeah I'm sorry we have what we have + + align:start position:0% +14 yeah I'm sorry we have what we have + + + align:start position:0% +14 yeah I'm sorry we have what we have +right now is SL 11 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so I'm not sure if the sharing is + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I'm not sure if the sharing is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I'm not sure if the sharing is +working right are there just long + + align:start position:0% +working right are there just long + + + align:start position:0% +working right are there just long +delays should I unshare and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reshare oh okay well let me let me + + align:start position:0% +reshare oh okay well let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +reshare oh okay well let me let me +reshare here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh we killed the coffee + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay do you guys see slide 14 there in + + align:start position:0% +okay do you guys see slide 14 there in + + + align:start position:0% +okay do you guys see slide 14 there in +Singapore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yet oh yeah we can see it right now okay + + align:start position:0% +yet oh yeah we can see it right now okay + + + align:start position:0% +yet oh yeah we can see it right now okay +great so let's let's uh see if this + + align:start position:0% +great so let's let's uh see if this + + + align:start position:0% +great so let's let's uh see if this +works we'll try continuing + + align:start position:0% +works we'll try continuing + + + align:start position:0% +works we'll try continuing +here uh the point I was going to make is + + align:start position:0% +here uh the point I was going to make is + + + align:start position:0% +here uh the point I was going to make is +if I go back to slide 13 see if you got + + align:start position:0% +if I go back to slide 13 see if you got + + + align:start position:0% +if I go back to slide 13 see if you got +13 now did 13 come up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh we we can't see on the screen but we + + align:start position:0% +oh we we can't see on the screen but we + + + align:start position:0% +oh we we can't see on the screen but we +can see it you know via your projector + + align:start position:0% +can see it you know via your projector + + + align:start position:0% +can see it you know via your projector +oh okay so that's what we're using in + + align:start position:0% +oh okay so that's what we're using in + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay so that's what we're using in +the all right yeah all right okay we'll + + align:start position:0% +the all right yeah all right okay we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the all right yeah all right okay we'll +just use the projector then + + align:start position:0% +just use the projector then + + + align:start position:0% +just use the projector then +um the point I was making here on slide + + align:start position:0% +um the point I was making here on slide + + + align:start position:0% +um the point I was making here on slide +12 and 13 is in some sense I've got two + + align:start position:0% +12 and 13 is in some sense I've got two + + + align:start position:0% +12 and 13 is in some sense I've got two +outputs and two inputs I can directly + + align:start position:0% +outputs and two inputs I can directly + + + align:start position:0% +outputs and two inputs I can directly +solve the X1 and X2 to + + align:start position:0% +solve the X1 and X2 to + + + align:start position:0% +solve the X1 and X2 to +achieve both a y On Target and then a + + align:start position:0% +achieve both a y On Target and then a + + + align:start position:0% +achieve both a y On Target and then a +minimum + + align:start position:0% +minimum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum +s if I had three + + align:start position:0% +s if I had three + + + align:start position:0% +s if I had three +X's or four input + + align:start position:0% +X's or four input + + + align:start position:0% +X's or four input +factors this approach well I might have + + align:start position:0% +factors this approach well I might have + + + align:start position:0% +factors this approach well I might have +I might have uh uh additional power in + + align:start position:0% +I might have uh uh additional power in + + + align:start position:0% +I might have uh uh additional power in +terms of picking picking points but uh + + align:start position:0% +terms of picking picking points but uh + + + align:start position:0% +terms of picking picking points but uh +uh this approach actually can I guess it + + align:start position:0% +uh this approach actually can I guess it + + + align:start position:0% +uh this approach actually can I guess it +can work as well if if my variance + + align:start position:0% +can work as well if if my variance + + + align:start position:0% +can work as well if if my variance +actually is different uh uh has a unique + + align:start position:0% +actually is different uh uh has a unique + + + align:start position:0% +actually is different uh uh has a unique +a unique minimum but the point I wanted + + align:start position:0% +a unique minimum but the point I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +a unique minimum but the point I wanted +to make here is that with minimizing of + + align:start position:0% +to make here is that with minimizing of + + + align:start position:0% +to make here is that with minimizing of +the the the quality loss function it's a + + align:start position:0% +the the the quality loss function it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the the the quality loss function it's a +little bit more natural in the output + + align:start position:0% +little bit more natural in the output + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more natural in the output +and can combine or let you explore over + + align:start position:0% +and can combine or let you explore over + + + align:start position:0% +and can combine or let you explore over +a different mixture of input factors a + + align:start position:0% +a different mixture of input factors a + + + align:start position:0% +a different mixture of input factors a +little bit more naturally okay uh so + + align:start position:0% +little bit more naturally okay uh so + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more naturally okay uh so +it's a little bit more General than + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit more General than + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit more General than +assuming immediately I've just got an X1 + + align:start position:0% +assuming immediately I've just got an X1 + + + align:start position:0% +assuming immediately I've just got an X1 +and an X2 and I'm directly solving um um + + align:start position:0% +and an X2 and I'm directly solving um um + + + align:start position:0% +and an X2 and I'm directly solving um um +uh for the outputs individually what + + align:start position:0% +uh for the outputs individually what + + + align:start position:0% +uh for the outputs individually what +it's letting me do is essentially + + align:start position:0% +it's letting me do is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +it's letting me do is essentially +combine them into a single cost function + + align:start position:0% +combine them into a single cost function + + + align:start position:0% +combine them into a single cost function +and and it also gives another little bit + + align:start position:0% +and and it also gives another little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and and it also gives another little bit +of flexibility that's what that that is + + align:start position:0% +of flexibility that's what that that is + + + align:start position:0% +of flexibility that's what that that is +an important difference between this and + + align:start position:0% +an important difference between this and + + + align:start position:0% +an important difference between this and +the previous + + align:start position:0% +the previous + + + align:start position:0% +the previous +approach in the previous approach we + + align:start position:0% +approach in the previous approach we + + + align:start position:0% +approach in the previous approach we +said the constraint is your output is + + align:start position:0% +said the constraint is your output is + + + align:start position:0% +said the constraint is your output is +exactly On + + align:start position:0% +exactly On + + + align:start position:0% +exactly On +Target is that true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here no when in in when we're minimizing + + align:start position:0% +here no when in in when we're minimizing + + + align:start position:0% +here no when in in when we're minimizing +this combined penalty function with two + + align:start position:0% +this combined penalty function with two + + + align:start position:0% +this combined penalty function with two +terms in it it's actually a little bit + + align:start position:0% +terms in it it's actually a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +terms in it it's actually a little bit +more flexible in another important way + + align:start position:0% +more flexible in another important way + + + align:start position:0% +more flexible in another important way +which is to say it's allowing you to + + align:start position:0% +which is to say it's allowing you to + + + align:start position:0% +which is to say it's allowing you to +maybe pick a point that's of Target + + align:start position:0% +maybe pick a point that's of Target + + + align:start position:0% +maybe pick a point that's of Target +slightly because it's a lower a lower + + align:start position:0% +slightly because it's a lower a lower + + + align:start position:0% +slightly because it's a lower a lower +variance point and overall you'll win in + + align:start position:0% +variance point and overall you'll win in + + + align:start position:0% +variance point and overall you'll win in +terms of yield or quality + + align:start position:0% +terms of yield or quality + + + align:start position:0% +terms of yield or quality +loss so it's a little bit more flexible + + align:start position:0% +loss so it's a little bit more flexible + + + align:start position:0% +loss so it's a little bit more flexible +and letting you make that tradeoff + + align:start position:0% +and letting you make that tradeoff + + + align:start position:0% +and letting you make that tradeoff +between variance and being exactly On + + align:start position:0% +between variance and being exactly On + + + align:start position:0% +between variance and being exactly On +Target it doesn't presuppose that your + + align:start position:0% +Target it doesn't presuppose that your + + + align:start position:0% +Target it doesn't presuppose that your +mean on target is absolutely your best + + align:start position:0% +mean on target is absolutely your best + + + align:start position:0% +mean on target is absolutely your best +point okay so I like I like the quality + + align:start position:0% +point okay so I like I like the quality + + + align:start position:0% +point okay so I like I like the quality +loss formalism a little bit if in fact I + + align:start position:0% +loss formalism a little bit if in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +loss formalism a little bit if in fact I +have a variance that also depends on + + align:start position:0% +have a variance that also depends on + + + align:start position:0% +have a variance that also depends on +depends on what what operating point I'm + + align:start position:0% +depends on what what operating point I'm + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what what operating point I'm +at what what x factors and therefore + + align:start position:0% +at what what x factors and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +at what what x factors and therefore +also so a y uh point I'm at it lets me + + align:start position:0% +also so a y uh point I'm at it lets me + + + align:start position:0% +also so a y uh point I'm at it lets me +combine those and trade those off uh in + + align:start position:0% +combine those and trade those off uh in + + + align:start position:0% +combine those and trade those off uh in +a in a natural way now by the way in the + + align:start position:0% +a in a natural way now by the way in the + + + align:start position:0% +a in a natural way now by the way in the +classic quality loss function they also + + align:start position:0% +classic quality loss function they also + + + align:start position:0% +classic quality loss function they also +use a constant + + align:start position:0% +use a constant + + + align:start position:0% +use a constant +Factor uh between the variance and being + + align:start position:0% +Factor uh between the variance and being + + + align:start position:0% +Factor uh between the variance and being +offt Target a generalization of that is + + align:start position:0% +offt Target a generalization of that is + + + align:start position:0% +offt Target a generalization of that is +you can actually use different + + align:start position:0% +you can actually use different + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually use different +weighting uh factors in those two cases + + align:start position:0% +weighting uh factors in those two cases + + + align:start position:0% +weighting uh factors in those two cases +you may actually have I don't know a + + align:start position:0% +you may actually have I don't know a + + + align:start position:0% +you may actually have I don't know a +customer that that says I really want my + + align:start position:0% +customer that that says I really want my + + + align:start position:0% +customer that that says I really want my +mean to be you know I I + + align:start position:0% +mean to be you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +mean to be you know I I +maybe maybe your customer that uh or + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe your customer that uh or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe your customer that uh or +uh actually has uh some reason to to + + align:start position:0% +uh actually has uh some reason to to + + + align:start position:0% +uh actually has uh some reason to to +wait or be uh more concerned about uh + + align:start position:0% +wait or be uh more concerned about uh + + + align:start position:0% +wait or be uh more concerned about uh +variance it likes a tighter variance but + + align:start position:0% +variance it likes a tighter variance but + + + align:start position:0% +variance it likes a tighter variance but +actually has kind of a it as long as a + + align:start position:0% +actually has kind of a it as long as a + + + align:start position:0% +actually has kind of a it as long as a +mean is somewhere in my spec region I'm + + align:start position:0% +mean is somewhere in my spec region I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mean is somewhere in my spec region I'm +I'm fine it's kind of an odd combination + + align:start position:0% +I'm fine it's kind of an odd combination + + + align:start position:0% +I'm fine it's kind of an odd combination +but there might be reason + + align:start position:0% +but there might be reason + + + align:start position:0% +but there might be reason +where you might wait uh variance or + + align:start position:0% +where you might wait uh variance or + + + align:start position:0% +where you might wait uh variance or +being near Target a little bit + + align:start position:0% +being near Target a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +being near Target a little bit +differently and so that's one nice thing + + align:start position:0% +differently and so that's one nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +differently and so that's one nice thing +about this minimizing of the expected + + align:start position:0% +about this minimizing of the expected + + + align:start position:0% +about this minimizing of the expected +loss uh you can actually wait + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those okay so what are some challenges + + align:start position:0% +those okay so what are some challenges + + + align:start position:0% +those okay so what are some challenges +here when the variance is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +varying one one challenge with + + align:start position:0% +varying one one challenge with + + + align:start position:0% +varying one one challenge with +minimizing or a variance varying that + + align:start position:0% +minimizing or a variance varying that + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing or a variance varying that +we've already talked about is you have + + align:start position:0% +we've already talked about is you have + + + align:start position:0% +we've already talked about is you have +to model it and what I want to explore a + + align:start position:0% +to model it and what I want to explore a + + + align:start position:0% +to model it and what I want to explore a +little bit are some of the response + + align:start position:0% +little bit are some of the response + + + align:start position:0% +little bit are some of the response +surface model or approaches for actually + + align:start position:0% +surface model or approaches for actually + + + align:start position:0% +surface model or approaches for actually +building up models of these + + align:start position:0% +building up models of these + + + align:start position:0% +building up models of these +dependencies are you guys back I just + + align:start position:0% +dependencies are you guys back I just + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies are you guys back I just +heard another + + align:start position:0% +heard another + + + align:start position:0% +heard another +Bell I'm just going to keep + + align:start position:0% +Bell I'm just going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +Bell I'm just going to keep +going no we are not but it's okay we can + + align:start position:0% +going no we are not but it's okay we can + + + align:start position:0% +going no we are not but it's okay we can +see the okay we we we'll continue with + + align:start position:0% +see the okay we we we'll continue with + + + align:start position:0% +see the okay we we we'll continue with +that I'll ignore I'll ignore the little + + align:start position:0% +that I'll ignore I'll ignore the little + + + align:start position:0% +that I'll ignore I'll ignore the little +bells and the birds chirping and + + align:start position:0% +bells and the birds chirping and + + + align:start position:0% +bells and the birds chirping and +whatnot + + align:start position:0% +whatnot + + + align:start position:0% +whatnot +um now now as we start to look at ways + + align:start position:0% +um now now as we start to look at ways + + + align:start position:0% +um now now as we start to look at ways +to build the model of the process we can + + align:start position:0% +to build the model of the process we can + + + align:start position:0% +to build the model of the process we can +return to the question of what is it + + align:start position:0% +return to the question of what is it + + + align:start position:0% +return to the question of what is it +that causes non-constant variance and + + align:start position:0% +that causes non-constant variance and + + + align:start position:0% +that causes non-constant variance and +part of the the the effect is that our + + align:start position:0% +part of the the the effect is that our + + + align:start position:0% +part of the the the effect is that our +noise factors may have different + + align:start position:0% +noise factors may have different + + + align:start position:0% +noise factors may have different +influence at different parts of the + + align:start position:0% +influence at different parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +influence at different parts of the +operating space so one approach for + + align:start position:0% +operating space so one approach for + + + align:start position:0% +operating space so one approach for +building the model and trying to get + + align:start position:0% +building the model and trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +building the model and trying to get +places that are robust that is to say + + align:start position:0% +places that are robust that is to say + + + align:start position:0% +places that are robust that is to say +insensitive to variation is actually + + align:start position:0% +insensitive to variation is actually + + + align:start position:0% +insensitive to variation is actually +explicitly play with some of these noise + + align:start position:0% +explicitly play with some of these noise + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly play with some of these noise +factors additional factors in our + + align:start position:0% +factors additional factors in our + + + align:start position:0% +factors additional factors in our +process that we're not using directly to + + align:start position:0% +process that we're not using directly to + + + align:start position:0% +process that we're not using directly to +control the process and see if uh try to + + align:start position:0% +control the process and see if uh try to + + + align:start position:0% +control the process and see if uh try to +explore and model what effect those + + align:start position:0% +explore and model what effect those + + + align:start position:0% +explore and model what effect those +noise factors have directly on the + + align:start position:0% +noise factors have directly on the + + + align:start position:0% +noise factors have directly on the +process okay and so that gets + + align:start position:0% +process okay and so that gets + + + align:start position:0% +process okay and so that gets +to uh essentially an approach where we + + align:start position:0% +to uh essentially an approach where we + + + align:start position:0% +to uh essentially an approach where we +can do an extension to our design of + + align:start position:0% +can do an extension to our design of + + + align:start position:0% +can do an extension to our design of +experiments where we + + align:start position:0% +experiments where we + + + align:start position:0% +experiments where we +explicitly look not just at say our main + + align:start position:0% +explicitly look not just at say our main + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly look not just at say our main +control factors so these might be uh our + + align:start position:0% +control factors so these might be uh our + + + align:start position:0% +control factors so these might be uh our +A and B uh control factors but at each + + align:start position:0% +A and B uh control factors but at each + + + align:start position:0% +A and B uh control factors but at each +of our design points what we might do is + + align:start position:0% +of our design points what we might do is + + + align:start position:0% +of our design points what we might do is +not just do pure + + align:start position:0% +not just do pure + + + align:start position:0% +not just do pure +replicates but actually take some of + + align:start position:0% +replicates but actually take some of + + + align:start position:0% +replicates but actually take some of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +other factors things we can kind of + + align:start position:0% +other factors things we can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +other factors things we can kind of +change in the process but in normal + + align:start position:0% +change in the process but in normal + + + align:start position:0% +change in the process but in normal +operation we would not want to be + + align:start position:0% +operation we would not want to be + + + align:start position:0% +operation we would not want to be +you know maybe it's a machine setting + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe it's a machine setting + + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe it's a machine setting +that has a big cost associated with + + align:start position:0% +that has a big cost associated with + + + align:start position:0% +that has a big cost associated with +changing it right or a big time lag in + + align:start position:0% +changing it right or a big time lag in + + + align:start position:0% +changing it right or a big time lag in +it it's a noise Factor um or or some + + align:start position:0% +it it's a noise Factor um or or some + + + align:start position:0% +it it's a noise Factor um or or some +other some some other Factor um what we + + align:start position:0% +other some some other Factor um what we + + + align:start position:0% +other some some other Factor um what we +might want to do instead of just running + + align:start position:0% +might want to do instead of just running + + + align:start position:0% +might want to do instead of just running +pure replicates is actually look at + + align:start position:0% +pure replicates is actually look at + + + align:start position:0% +pure replicates is actually look at +these additional noise factors and + + align:start position:0% +these additional noise factors and + + + align:start position:0% +these additional noise factors and +explicitly in the design of experiments + + align:start position:0% +explicitly in the design of experiments + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly in the design of experiments +tweak them play with them bury them in a + + align:start position:0% +tweak them play with them bury them in a + + + align:start position:0% +tweak them play with them bury them in a +small region around that particular + + align:start position:0% +small region around that particular + + + align:start position:0% +small region around that particular +particular operating point and what that + + align:start position:0% +particular operating point and what that + + + align:start position:0% +particular operating point and what that +does is back to our our variation + + align:start position:0% +does is back to our our variation + + + align:start position:0% +does is back to our our variation +equation that's explicitly saying I know + + align:start position:0% +equation that's explicitly saying I know + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's explicitly saying I know +what my Alpha factors are these noise + + align:start position:0% +what my Alpha factors are these noise + + + align:start position:0% +what my Alpha factors are these noise +factors I'm going to actually modify + + align:start position:0% +factors I'm going to actually modify + + + align:start position:0% +factors I'm going to actually modify +them a little bit and build a model that + + align:start position:0% +them a little bit and build a model that + + + align:start position:0% +them a little bit and build a model that +gives me information about sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +gives me information about sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +gives me information about sensitivity +to those + + align:start position:0% +to those + + + align:start position:0% +to those +factors so this is referred to as inner + + align:start position:0% +factors so this is referred to as inner + + + align:start position:0% +factors so this is referred to as inner +and outer factors what we've got if I do + + align:start position:0% +and outer factors what we've got if I do + + + align:start position:0% +and outer factors what we've got if I do +this same thing at each of these sort of + + align:start position:0% +this same thing at each of these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this same thing at each of these sort of +corner points I've got the inner design + + align:start position:0% +corner points I've got the inner design + + + align:start position:0% +corner points I've got the inner design +and then I've also got an outer design + + align:start position:0% +and then I've also got an outer design + + + align:start position:0% +and then I've also got an outer design +where I play with these additional + + align:start position:0% +where I play with these additional + + + align:start position:0% +where I play with these additional +factors at each of the + + align:start position:0% +factors at each of the + + + align:start position:0% +factors at each of the +corners okay uh this by the way gets + + align:start position:0% +corners okay uh this by the way gets + + + align:start position:0% +corners okay uh this by the way gets +very close to uh approaches uh often + + align:start position:0% +very close to uh approaches uh often + + + align:start position:0% +very close to uh approaches uh often +referred to as Uchi approaches after + + align:start position:0% +referred to as Uchi approaches after + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as Uchi approaches after +sort of uh one of the the the big + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh one of the the the big + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh one of the the the big +spokes men for uh explicitly thinking + + align:start position:0% +spokes men for uh explicitly thinking + + + align:start position:0% +spokes men for uh explicitly thinking +about dealing with noise and modeling of + + align:start position:0% +about dealing with noise and modeling of + + + align:start position:0% +about dealing with noise and modeling of +noise and optimizing processes to be + + align:start position:0% +noise and optimizing processes to be + + + align:start position:0% +noise and optimizing processes to be +robust to noise where you've got sort of + + align:start position:0% +robust to noise where you've got sort of + + + align:start position:0% +robust to noise where you've got sort of +this uh inner and outer uh Factor kind + + align:start position:0% +this uh inner and outer uh Factor kind + + + align:start position:0% +this uh inner and outer uh Factor kind +of uh mixed design so let's see how this + + align:start position:0% +of uh mixed design so let's see how this + + + align:start position:0% +of uh mixed design so let's see how this +see how this works here's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +see how this works here's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +see how this works here's a very simple +example we've got two two main factors + + align:start position:0% +example we've got two two main factors + + + align:start position:0% +example we've got two two main factors +in our uh inner array so if I do just a + + align:start position:0% +in our uh inner array so if I do just a + + + align:start position:0% +in our uh inner array so if I do just a +full factorial in that we've got my four + + align:start position:0% +full factorial in that we've got my four + + + align:start position:0% +full factorial in that we've got my four +combinations right and then here here + + align:start position:0% +combinations right and then here here + + + align:start position:0% +combinations right and then here here +instead of running pure + + align:start position:0% +instead of running pure + + + align:start position:0% +instead of running pure +replicates what we're doing is an outer + + align:start position:0% +replicates what we're doing is an outer + + + align:start position:0% +replicates what we're doing is an outer +array where we vary the levels in + + align:start position:0% +array where we vary the levels in + + + align:start position:0% +array where we vary the levels in +another little full factorial around + + align:start position:0% +another little full factorial around + + + align:start position:0% +another little full factorial around +each of those Corner points okay and so + + align:start position:0% +each of those Corner points okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +each of those Corner points okay and so +now you can imagine that that's giving + + align:start position:0% +now you can imagine that that's giving + + + align:start position:0% +now you can imagine that that's giving +us an ability to to model the mean + + align:start position:0% +us an ability to to model the mean + + + align:start position:0% +us an ability to to model the mean +response again at that at that corner + + align:start position:0% +response again at that at that corner + + + align:start position:0% +response again at that at that corner +point but also a notion of variance if I + + align:start position:0% +point but also a notion of variance if I + + + align:start position:0% +point but also a notion of variance if I +just treat those as pure replicates and + + align:start position:0% +just treat those as pure replicates and + + + align:start position:0% +just treat those as pure replicates and +build a model or an estimate of variance + + align:start position:0% +build a model or an estimate of variance + + + align:start position:0% +build a model or an estimate of variance +that gives me kind of a a a funny + + align:start position:0% +that gives me kind of a a a funny + + + align:start position:0% +that gives me kind of a a a funny +slightly different way of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +slightly different way of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different way of thinking about +the variant it's actually a perturbed + + align:start position:0% +the variant it's actually a perturbed + + + align:start position:0% +the variant it's actually a perturbed +variance but I'm kind of thinking of + + align:start position:0% +variance but I'm kind of thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +variance but I'm kind of thinking of +that as in my normal operation those + + align:start position:0% +that as in my normal operation those + + + align:start position:0% +that as in my normal operation those +might be noise factors that I'm not + + align:start position:0% +might be noise factors that I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +might be noise factors that I'm not +explicitly controlling and might + + align:start position:0% +explicitly controlling and might + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly controlling and might +randomly be picked at one of those + + align:start position:0% +randomly be picked at one of those + + + align:start position:0% +randomly be picked at one of those +settings and so I'm going to treat them + + align:start position:0% +settings and so I'm going to treat them + + + align:start position:0% +settings and so I'm going to treat them +for the purpose of my process + + align:start position:0% +for the purpose of my process + + + align:start position:0% +for the purpose of my process +optimization for the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +optimization for the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +optimization for the purpose of +robustness as overall + + align:start position:0% +robustness as overall + + + align:start position:0% +robustness as overall +noise right so in essence it's lumping + + align:start position:0% +noise right so in essence it's lumping + + + align:start position:0% +noise right so in essence it's lumping +together these other factors in order to + + align:start position:0% +together these other factors in order to + + + align:start position:0% +together these other factors in order to +explicitly and + + align:start position:0% +explicitly and + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly and +proactively explore the space in those + + align:start position:0% +proactively explore the space in those + + + align:start position:0% +proactively explore the space in those +factors and get an estimate of of + + align:start position:0% +factors and get an estimate of of + + + align:start position:0% +factors and get an estimate of of +variance um at each of our operating + + align:start position:0% +variance um at each of our operating + + + align:start position:0% +variance um at each of our operating +points at each of our Corner points + + align:start position:0% +points at each of our Corner points + + + align:start position:0% +points at each of our Corner points +okay so then you can build a model you + + align:start position:0% +okay so then you can build a model you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then you can build a model you +could build a model both of the average + + align:start position:0% +could build a model both of the average + + + align:start position:0% +could build a model both of the average +output and of the variance another part + + align:start position:0% +output and of the variance another part + + + align:start position:0% +output and of the variance another part +of the methodology popularized by Uchi + + align:start position:0% +of the methodology popularized by Uchi + + + align:start position:0% +of the methodology popularized by Uchi +is to say I don't want two outputs that + + align:start position:0% +is to say I don't want two outputs that + + + align:start position:0% +is to say I don't want two outputs that +I have to somehow then optimize + + align:start position:0% +I have to somehow then optimize + + + align:start position:0% +I have to somehow then optimize +separately I want to fold these things + + align:start position:0% +separately I want to fold these things + + + align:start position:0% +separately I want to fold these things +in together into one combined cost + + align:start position:0% +in together into one combined cost + + + align:start position:0% +in together into one combined cost +function that I then optimize and the + + align:start position:0% +function that I then optimize and the + + + align:start position:0% +function that I then optimize and the +particular cost function that he refers + + align:start position:0% +particular cost function that he refers + + + align:start position:0% +particular cost function that he refers +to or uses is a signal to noise ratio + + align:start position:0% +to or uses is a signal to noise ratio + + + align:start position:0% +to or uses is a signal to noise ratio +where what you're trying to do is get + + align:start position:0% +where what you're trying to do is get + + + align:start position:0% +where what you're trying to do is get +sort of On Target or maximize some + + align:start position:0% +sort of On Target or maximize some + + + align:start position:0% +sort of On Target or maximize some +output but also then minimize variance + + align:start position:0% +output but also then minimize variance + + + align:start position:0% +output but also then minimize variance +and uh the typical he he actually has + + align:start position:0% +and uh the typical he he actually has + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the typical he he actually has +multiple different factors but one can + + align:start position:0% +multiple different factors but one can + + + align:start position:0% +multiple different factors but one can +imagine building a signal to noise ratio + + align:start position:0% +imagine building a signal to noise ratio + + + align:start position:0% +imagine building a signal to noise ratio +that looks at the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +that looks at the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +that looks at the ratio of +output uh mean to variance you take the + + align:start position:0% +output uh mean to variance you take the + + + align:start position:0% +output uh mean to variance you take the +log so that it uh becomes more of a + + align:start position:0% +log so that it uh becomes more of a + + + align:start position:0% +log so that it uh becomes more of a +linear model + + align:start position:0% +linear model + + + align:start position:0% +linear model +uh and form a signal to noise and so + + align:start position:0% +uh and form a signal to noise and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh and form a signal to noise and so +here for example in the picture is an + + align:start position:0% +here for example in the picture is an + + + align:start position:0% +here for example in the picture is an +example of an overall integrated cost + + align:start position:0% +example of an overall integrated cost + + + align:start position:0% +example of an overall integrated cost +function a signal to noise ratio + + align:start position:0% +function a signal to noise ratio + + + align:start position:0% +function a signal to noise ratio +function where you might want the + + align:start position:0% +function where you might want the + + + align:start position:0% +function where you might want the +maximum signal to noise larger output + + align:start position:0% +maximum signal to noise larger output + + + align:start position:0% +maximum signal to noise larger output +smaller variance and this would drive + + align:start position:0% +smaller variance and this would drive + + + align:start position:0% +smaller variance and this would drive +you towards an Optimum Point uh in your + + align:start position:0% +you towards an Optimum Point uh in your + + + align:start position:0% +you towards an Optimum Point uh in your +in your space based on uh where you're + + align:start position:0% +in your space based on uh where you're + + + align:start position:0% +in your space based on uh where you're +going to achieve + + align:start position:0% +going to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +going to achieve +that notion of best + + align:start position:0% +that notion of best + + + align:start position:0% +that notion of best +okay so there's a couple of ideas on the + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a couple of ideas on the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a couple of ideas on the +slide one here is simply this notion of + + align:start position:0% +slide one here is simply this notion of + + + align:start position:0% +slide one here is simply this notion of +how you do the design with the inner and + + align:start position:0% +how you do the design with the inner and + + + align:start position:0% +how you do the design with the inner and +outer array and then the other is this + + align:start position:0% +outer array and then the other is this + + + align:start position:0% +outer array and then the other is this +idea of a natural way of combining both + + align:start position:0% +idea of a natural way of combining both + + + align:start position:0% +idea of a natural way of combining both +variance and Target different than the + + align:start position:0% +variance and Target different than the + + + align:start position:0% +variance and Target different than the +expected loss function but kind of + + align:start position:0% +expected loss function but kind of + + + align:start position:0% +expected loss function but kind of +related to it are these signal to noise + + align:start position:0% +related to it are these signal to noise + + + align:start position:0% +related to it are these signal to noise +ratios and if you look in the literature + + align:start position:0% +ratios and if you look in the literature + + + align:start position:0% +ratios and if you look in the literature +there's different ones depending on what + + align:start position:0% +there's different ones depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +there's different ones depending on what +kind of objective you have qualitatively + + align:start position:0% +kind of objective you have qualitatively + + + align:start position:0% +kind of objective you have qualitatively +for example if you really want to be + + align:start position:0% +for example if you really want to be + + + align:start position:0% +for example if you really want to be +close to the nominal and be insensitive + + align:start position:0% +close to the nominal and be insensitive + + + align:start position:0% +close to the nominal and be insensitive +to the noise then that cost function + + align:start position:0% +to the noise then that cost function + + + align:start position:0% +to the noise then that cost function +that we just described on the previous + + align:start position:0% +that we just described on the previous + + + align:start position:0% +that we just described on the previous +slide uh is a pretty good one there's + + align:start position:0% +slide uh is a pretty good one there's + + + align:start position:0% +slide uh is a pretty good one there's +other places where maybe your main + + align:start position:0% +other places where maybe your main + + + align:start position:0% +other places where maybe your main +driver is really trying to get as as + + align:start position:0% +driver is really trying to get as as + + + align:start position:0% +driver is really trying to get as as +uh do I have this right I may have this + + align:start position:0% +uh do I have this right I may have this + + + align:start position:0% +uh do I have this right I may have this +no I think I have this right um because + + align:start position:0% +no I think I have this right um because + + + align:start position:0% +no I think I have this right um because +of the negative there um you might have + + align:start position:0% +of the negative there um you might have + + + align:start position:0% +of the negative there um you might have +a slightly different signal to noise + + align:start position:0% +a slightly different signal to noise + + + align:start position:0% +a slightly different signal to noise +ratio if you're more driven towards you + + align:start position:0% +ratio if you're more driven towards you + + + align:start position:0% +ratio if you're more driven towards you +want a large output a large y or another + + align:start position:0% +want a large output a large y or another + + + align:start position:0% +want a large output a large y or another +one if you want a small y you want to + + align:start position:0% +one if you want a small y you want to + + + align:start position:0% +one if you want a small y you want to +minimize y so you can still formulate + + align:start position:0% +minimize y so you can still formulate + + + align:start position:0% +minimize y so you can still formulate +these things uh in slightly different + + align:start position:0% +these things uh in slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +these things uh in slightly different +signal to noise + + align:start position:0% +signal to noise + + + align:start position:0% +signal to noise +metrics so let's let's explore this uh + + align:start position:0% +metrics so let's let's explore this uh + + + align:start position:0% +metrics so let's let's explore this uh +inner and outer array design approach a + + align:start position:0% +inner and outer array design approach a + + + align:start position:0% +inner and outer array design approach a +little bit bit more uh this is often + + align:start position:0% +little bit bit more uh this is often + + + align:start position:0% +little bit bit more uh this is often +referred to as a a crossed array + + align:start position:0% +referred to as a a crossed array + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as a a crossed array +method one question that comes up is Gee + + align:start position:0% +method one question that comes up is Gee + + + align:start position:0% +method one question that comes up is Gee +looks like an awful lot of + + align:start position:0% +looks like an awful lot of + + + align:start position:0% +looks like an awful lot of +experiments so we do want to understand + + align:start position:0% +experiments so we do want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +experiments so we do want to understand +how many experiments there are are there + + align:start position:0% +how many experiments there are are there + + + align:start position:0% +how many experiments there are are there +ways to minimize that uh or or reduce + + align:start position:0% +ways to minimize that uh or or reduce + + + align:start position:0% +ways to minimize that uh or or reduce +that and and overall it's clear that + + align:start position:0% +that and and overall it's clear that + + + align:start position:0% +that and and overall it's clear that +I've got something that requires both + + align:start position:0% +I've got something that requires both + + + align:start position:0% +I've got something that requires both +control Factor + + align:start position:0% +control Factor + + + align:start position:0% +control Factor +tests in the inner array but also noise + + align:start position:0% +tests in the inner array but also noise + + + align:start position:0% +tests in the inner array but also noise +Factor tests right associated with + + align:start position:0% +Factor tests right associated with + + + align:start position:0% +Factor tests right associated with +additional variations right around each + + align:start position:0% +additional variations right around each + + + align:start position:0% +additional variations right around each +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +points okay and if our + + align:start position:0% +points okay and if our + + + align:start position:0% +points okay and if our +goal it can actually be even worse than + + align:start position:0% +goal it can actually be even worse than + + + align:start position:0% +goal it can actually be even worse than +than just sort of what I've drawn here + + align:start position:0% +than just sort of what I've drawn here + + + align:start position:0% +than just sort of what I've drawn here +because if our goal is really to get to + + align:start position:0% +because if our goal is really to get to + + + align:start position:0% +because if our goal is really to get to +an Optimum point that hits the + + align:start position:0% +an Optimum point that hits the + + + align:start position:0% +an Optimum point that hits the +target and really as an Optimum point in + + align:start position:0% +target and really as an Optimum point in + + + align:start position:0% +target and really as an Optimum point in +a Target you may even need something + + align:start position:0% +a Target you may even need something + + + align:start position:0% +a Target you may even need something +more than just a full factorial on your + + align:start position:0% +more than just a full factorial on your + + + align:start position:0% +more than just a full factorial on your +X1 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X2 +parameters so think back to what we + + align:start position:0% +parameters so think back to what we + + + align:start position:0% +parameters so think back to what we +talked about on Tuesday we said If + + align:start position:0% +talked about on Tuesday we said If + + + align:start position:0% +talked about on Tuesday we said If +you're trying to drive the process to an + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to drive the process to an + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to drive the process to an +Optimum + + align:start position:0% +Optimum + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum +y you might have locally linear models + + align:start position:0% +y you might have locally linear models + + + align:start position:0% +y you might have locally linear models +but if you really have an Optimum y not + + align:start position:0% +but if you really have an Optimum y not + + + align:start position:0% +but if you really have an Optimum y not +just at some Target but some overall + + align:start position:0% +just at some Target but some overall + + + align:start position:0% +just at some Target but some overall +Optimum what you need to get to is some + + align:start position:0% +Optimum what you need to get to is some + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum what you need to get to is some +natural maximum or min minimum point + + align:start position:0% +natural maximum or min minimum point + + + align:start position:0% +natural maximum or min minimum point +which is a place where you've got + + align:start position:0% +which is a place where you've got + + + align:start position:0% +which is a place where you've got +something like say quadratic + + align:start position:0% +something like say quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +something like say quadratic +curvature so ultimately your model for y + + align:start position:0% +curvature so ultimately your model for y + + + align:start position:0% +curvature so ultimately your model for y +if you really are trying to get to a + + align:start position:0% +if you really are trying to get to a + + + align:start position:0% +if you really are trying to get to a +true Optimum it may require some notion + + align:start position:0% +true Optimum it may require some notion + + + align:start position:0% +true Optimum it may require some notion +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +model at least in in terms of your + + align:start position:0% +model at least in in terms of your + + + align:start position:0% +model at least in in terms of your +output as a function of your inputs so + + align:start position:0% +output as a function of your inputs so + + + align:start position:0% +output as a function of your inputs so +one approach was it might actually + + align:start position:0% +one approach was it might actually + + + align:start position:0% +one approach was it might actually +require for example a freele + + align:start position:0% +require for example a freele + + + align:start position:0% +require for example a freele +model and in that case things get bad + + align:start position:0% +model and in that case things get bad + + + align:start position:0% +model and in that case things get bad +really fast right if I really needed a + + align:start position:0% +really fast right if I really needed a + + + align:start position:0% +really fast right if I really needed a +true thre level + + align:start position:0% +true thre level + + + align:start position:0% +true thre level +model on each of my X1 X2 inputs now I + + align:start position:0% +model on each of my X1 X2 inputs now I + + + align:start position:0% +model on each of my X1 X2 inputs now I +go as three to the K subc where K subc + + align:start position:0% +go as three to the K subc where K subc + + + align:start position:0% +go as three to the K subc where K subc +is the number of control factors uh K + + align:start position:0% +is the number of control factors uh K + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of control factors uh K +subn is the number of noise factors so + + align:start position:0% +subn is the number of noise factors so + + + align:start position:0% +subn is the number of noise factors so +that could grow really really fast + + align:start position:0% +that could grow really really fast + + + align:start position:0% +that could grow really really fast +fortunately we know I don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we know I don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we know I don't necessarily +have to do + + align:start position:0% +have to do + + + align:start position:0% +have to do +a full three LEL factorial there are + + align:start position:0% +a full three LEL factorial there are + + + align:start position:0% +a full three LEL factorial there are +other approaches like Central composite + + align:start position:0% +other approaches like Central composite + + + align:start position:0% +other approaches like Central composite +that can build me a quadratic model in + + align:start position:0% +that can build me a quadratic model in + + + align:start position:0% +that can build me a quadratic model in +the output uh without without needing so + + align:start position:0% +the output uh without without needing so + + + align:start position:0% +the output uh without without needing so +much uh replication or you know I don't + + align:start position:0% +much uh replication or you know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +much uh replication or you know I don't +have to have uh uh necessarily full + + align:start position:0% +have to have uh uh necessarily full + + + align:start position:0% +have to have uh uh necessarily full +three levels on all of my all of my + + align:start position:0% +three levels on all of my all of my + + + align:start position:0% +three levels on all of my all of my +factors because I don't really have that + + align:start position:0% +factors because I don't really have that + + + align:start position:0% +factors because I don't really have that +much interaction going + + align:start position:0% +much interaction going + + + align:start position:0% +much interaction going +on but the point here is if I'm really + + align:start position:0% +on but the point here is if I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +on but the point here is if I'm really +trying to explore the space for for uh + + align:start position:0% +trying to explore the space for for uh + + + align:start position:0% +trying to explore the space for for uh +building up my estimate of my output I + + align:start position:0% +building up my estimate of my output I + + + align:start position:0% +building up my estimate of my output I +might well need a quadratic model in + + align:start position:0% +might well need a quadratic model in + + + align:start position:0% +might well need a quadratic model in +that do you think it gets that bad for + + align:start position:0% +that do you think it gets that bad for + + + align:start position:0% +that do you think it gets that bad for +the noise factors do I need a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +the noise factors do I need a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +the noise factors do I need a quadratic +kind of model for my noise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factors in other words why why why not + + align:start position:0% +factors in other words why why why not + + + align:start position:0% +factors in other words why why why not +if I look at at at this little corner + + align:start position:0% +if I look at at at this little corner + + + align:start position:0% +if I look at at at this little corner +Point why why why don't I need a + + align:start position:0% +Point why why why don't I need a + + + align:start position:0% +Point why why why don't I need a +quadratic you know why should I include + + align:start position:0% +quadratic you know why should I include + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic you know why should I include +a center point there should I include + + align:start position:0% +a center point there should I include + + + align:start position:0% +a center point there should I include +multiple uh exploration around that as + + align:start position:0% +multiple uh exploration around that as + + + align:start position:0% +multiple uh exploration around that as +well do I need a quadratic model of + + align:start position:0% +well do I need a quadratic model of + + + align:start position:0% +well do I need a quadratic model of +variance at Each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +corner what are we using this what are + + align:start position:0% +corner what are we using this what are + + + align:start position:0% +corner what are we using this what are +we using this uh this exploration in in + + align:start position:0% +we using this uh this exploration in in + + + align:start position:0% +we using this uh this exploration in in +this in this corner array to + + align:start position:0% +this in this corner array to + + + align:start position:0% +this in this corner array to +do we're just using it to exercise these + + align:start position:0% +do we're just using it to exercise these + + + align:start position:0% +do we're just using it to exercise these +noise factors and build up an aggregate + + align:start position:0% +noise factors and build up an aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +noise factors and build up an aggregate +into one estimate of variance at that + + align:start position:0% +into one estimate of variance at that + + + align:start position:0% +into one estimate of variance at that +point point we're rarely actually trying + + align:start position:0% +point point we're rarely actually trying + + + align:start position:0% +point point we're rarely actually trying +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +build a local quadratic model I'm just + + align:start position:0% +build a local quadratic model I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +build a local quadratic model I'm just +using it think of it almost as uh + + align:start position:0% +using it think of it almost as uh + + + align:start position:0% +using it think of it almost as uh +structured replicates at the corner I + + align:start position:0% +structured replicates at the corner I + + + align:start position:0% +structured replicates at the corner I +don't really need I don't really need + + align:start position:0% +don't really need I don't really need + + + align:start position:0% +don't really need I don't really need +that kind of + + align:start position:0% +that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of +resolution so so you're at least you + + align:start position:0% +resolution so so you're at least you + + + align:start position:0% +resolution so so you're at least you +typically will not see things like doing + + align:start position:0% +typically will not see things like doing + + + align:start position:0% +typically will not see things like doing +a central composite design at Each + + align:start position:0% +a central composite design at Each + + + align:start position:0% +a central composite design at Each +corner something like that something + + align:start position:0% +corner something like that something + + + align:start position:0% +corner something like that something +very simple like + + align:start position:0% +very simple like + + + align:start position:0% +very simple like +a factorial either full or even + + align:start position:0% +a factorial either full or even + + + align:start position:0% +a factorial either full or even +fractional factorial this is a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorial this is a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorial this is a beautiful +place for fractional + + align:start position:0% +place for fractional + + + align:start position:0% +place for fractional +factorial in those Corner points if I + + align:start position:0% +factorial in those Corner points if I + + + align:start position:0% +factorial in those Corner points if I +had eight noise factors I do not really + + align:start position:0% +had eight noise factors I do not really + + + align:start position:0% +had eight noise factors I do not really +need 2 to the E + + align:start position:0% +need 2 to the E + + + align:start position:0% +need 2 to the E +exploration at each of my corner points + + align:start position:0% +exploration at each of my corner points + + + align:start position:0% +exploration at each of my corner points +because I don't really care if it's a + + align:start position:0% +because I don't really care if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't really care if it's a +third or fourth or sixth order + + align:start position:0% +third or fourth or sixth order + + + align:start position:0% +third or fourth or sixth order +interaction between noise factors what I + + align:start position:0% +interaction between noise factors what I + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between noise factors what I +would like to do I don't care about + + align:start position:0% +would like to do I don't care about + + + align:start position:0% +would like to do I don't care about +confounding confounding is great no + + align:start position:0% +confounding confounding is great no + + + align:start position:0% +confounding confounding is great no +problem I want to lump them all together + + align:start position:0% +problem I want to lump them all together + + + align:start position:0% +problem I want to lump them all together +and just get one estimate in fact of + + align:start position:0% +and just get one estimate in fact of + + + align:start position:0% +and just get one estimate in fact of +overall noise variance there so very + + align:start position:0% +overall noise variance there so very + + + align:start position:0% +overall noise variance there so very +reduced models + + align:start position:0% +reduced models + + + align:start position:0% +reduced models +oops I didn't want to do + + align:start position:0% +oops I didn't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +oops I didn't want to do +that very reduced models uh heavily + + align:start position:0% +that very reduced models uh heavily + + + align:start position:0% +that very reduced models uh heavily +fractional factorials in those Corner + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorials in those Corner + + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorials in those Corner +points are are very effective uh for + + align:start position:0% +points are are very effective uh for + + + align:start position:0% +points are are very effective uh for +this purpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um another approach that we can use here + + align:start position:0% +um another approach that we can use here + + + align:start position:0% +um another approach that we can use here +is we could actually go beyond that + + align:start position:0% +is we could actually go beyond that + + + align:start position:0% +is we could actually go beyond that +notion of just lumping it all together + + align:start position:0% +notion of just lumping it all together + + + align:start position:0% +notion of just lumping it all together +just trying to get an estimate for + + align:start position:0% +just trying to get an estimate for + + + align:start position:0% +just trying to get an estimate for +variance at that point and actually + + align:start position:0% +variance at that point and actually + + + align:start position:0% +variance at that point and actually +treat my control factors and my noise + + align:start position:0% +treat my control factors and my noise + + + align:start position:0% +treat my control factors and my noise +factors almost on equal + + align:start position:0% +factors almost on equal + + + align:start position:0% +factors almost on equal +basis so the purposes of our design why + + align:start position:0% +basis so the purposes of our design why + + + align:start position:0% +basis so the purposes of our design why +distinguish them I might actually want a + + align:start position:0% +distinguish them I might actually want a + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish them I might actually want a +functional dependence on the noise + + align:start position:0% +functional dependence on the noise + + + align:start position:0% +functional dependence on the noise +factor maybe because uh that allows me + + align:start position:0% +factor maybe because uh that allows me + + + align:start position:0% +factor maybe because uh that allows me +to sort of more naturally fold it all in + + align:start position:0% +to sort of more naturally fold it all in + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of more naturally fold it all in +together into one one big experiment so + + align:start position:0% +together into one one big experiment so + + + align:start position:0% +together into one one big experiment so +in that case you can easily imagine + + align:start position:0% +in that case you can easily imagine + + + align:start position:0% +in that case you can easily imagine +building a single integrated + + align:start position:0% +building a single integrated + + + align:start position:0% +building a single integrated +model that has linear interaction maybe + + align:start position:0% +model that has linear interaction maybe + + + align:start position:0% +model that has linear interaction maybe +even quadratic uh uh dependencies on my + + align:start position:0% +even quadratic uh uh dependencies on my + + + align:start position:0% +even quadratic uh uh dependencies on my +control factors but also then has terms + + align:start position:0% +control factors but also then has terms + + + align:start position:0% +control factors but also then has terms +in it that look like + + align:start position:0% +in it that look like + + + align:start position:0% +in it that look like +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +essentially different different parts of + + align:start position:0% +essentially different different parts of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially different different parts of +the problem that we might be uh + + align:start position:0% +the problem that we might be uh + + + align:start position:0% +the problem that we might be uh +interested in one of those would be + + align:start position:0% +interested in one of those would be + + + align:start position:0% +interested in one of those would be +terms like this I've got a gamma time + + align:start position:0% +terms like this I've got a gamma time + + + align:start position:0% +terms like this I've got a gamma time +Z1 what's that doing that's telling me + + align:start position:0% +Z1 what's that doing that's telling me + + + align:start position:0% +Z1 what's that doing that's telling me +essentially the sensitivity that's + + align:start position:0% +essentially the sensitivity that's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the sensitivity that's +Dy to dz1 that's one of these + + align:start position:0% +Dy to dz1 that's one of these + + + align:start position:0% +Dy to dz1 that's one of these +Alpha noise factors I directly have a + + align:start position:0% +Alpha noise factors I directly have a + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha noise factors I directly have a +measure there of sensitivity to noise + + align:start position:0% +measure there of sensitivity to noise + + + align:start position:0% +measure there of sensitivity to noise +that noise Factor at that point so that + + align:start position:0% +that noise Factor at that point so that + + + align:start position:0% +that noise Factor at that point so that +might be a very useful thing to know and + + align:start position:0% +might be a very useful thing to know and + + + align:start position:0% +might be a very useful thing to know and +actually model and + + align:start position:0% +actually model and + + + align:start position:0% +actually model and +distinguish a second one are terms that + + align:start position:0% +distinguish a second one are terms that + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish a second one are terms that +look like + + align:start position:0% +look like + + + align:start position:0% +look like +this here's an X1 + + align:start position:0% +this here's an X1 + + + align:start position:0% +this here's an X1 +Z1 what's this telling + + align:start position:0% +Z1 what's this telling + + + align:start position:0% +Z1 what's this telling +me this is telling me there's an + + align:start position:0% +me this is telling me there's an + + + align:start position:0% +me this is telling me there's an +interaction between my X variable and + + align:start position:0% +interaction between my X variable and + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between my X variable and +that noise Factor so I know depending on + + align:start position:0% +that noise Factor so I know depending on + + + align:start position:0% +that noise Factor so I know depending on +where I pick my X variable I've got a + + align:start position:0% +where I pick my X variable I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +where I pick my X variable I've got a +different sensitive sensitivity to noise + + align:start position:0% +different sensitive sensitivity to noise + + + align:start position:0% +different sensitive sensitivity to noise +at that point so that's kind of breaking + + align:start position:0% +at that point so that's kind of breaking + + + align:start position:0% +at that point so that's kind of breaking +that part of the overall response out + + align:start position:0% +that part of the overall response out + + + align:start position:0% +that part of the overall response out +and letting you explicitly say yes now I + + align:start position:0% +and letting you explicitly say yes now I + + + align:start position:0% +and letting you explicitly say yes now I +understand that interaction I understand + + align:start position:0% +understand that interaction I understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand that interaction I understand +how my noise interacts with that + + align:start position:0% +how my noise interacts with that + + + align:start position:0% +how my noise interacts with that +particular factor and I can use that to + + align:start position:0% +particular factor and I can use that to + + + align:start position:0% +particular factor and I can use that to +help guide my optimization and selection + + align:start position:0% +help guide my optimization and selection + + + align:start position:0% +help guide my optimization and selection +of input points so there is some value + + align:start position:0% +of input points so there is some value + + + align:start position:0% +of input points so there is some value +in going ahead and doing a kind of an + + align:start position:0% +in going ahead and doing a kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +in going ahead and doing a kind of an +integrated uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect and noise response surface + + align:start position:0% +effect and noise response surface + + + align:start position:0% +effect and noise response surface +approach where you can build up an + + align:start position:0% +approach where you can build up an + + + align:start position:0% +approach where you can build up an +integrated model uh together in here and + + align:start position:0% +integrated model uh together in here and + + + align:start position:0% +integrated model uh together in here and +then you can use the same techniques + + align:start position:0% +then you can use the same techniques + + + align:start position:0% +then you can use the same techniques +that we talked about last time about + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about last time about + + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about last time about +aliasing and worrying about which + + align:start position:0% +aliasing and worrying about which + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing and worrying about which +interaction factors and how high order + + align:start position:0% +interaction factors and how high order + + + align:start position:0% +interaction factors and how high order +interaction you really need so you can + + align:start position:0% +interaction you really need so you can + + + align:start position:0% +interaction you really need so you can +go ahead and get reduced models and fold + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and get reduced models and fold + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and get reduced models and fold +some of those together but it + + align:start position:0% +some of those together but it + + + align:start position:0% +some of those together but it +essentially allows us to explicitly + + align:start position:0% +essentially allows us to explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +essentially allows us to explicitly +think about both + + align:start position:0% +think about both + + + align:start position:0% +think about both +control Factor responses but interaction + + align:start position:0% +control Factor responses but interaction + + + align:start position:0% +control Factor responses but interaction +with the noise + + align:start position:0% +with the noise + + + align:start position:0% +with the noise +Factor yeah have control on choosing the + + align:start position:0% +Factor yeah have control on choosing the + + + align:start position:0% +Factor yeah have control on choosing the +level of noise yeah so the big + + align:start position:0% +level of noise yeah so the big + + + align:start position:0% +level of noise yeah so the big +assumption in here is in fact many of + + align:start position:0% +assumption in here is in fact many of + + + align:start position:0% +assumption in here is in fact many of +these noise factors in the design of + + align:start position:0% +these noise factors in the design of + + + align:start position:0% +these noise factors in the design of +experiments while you're doing your + + align:start position:0% +experiments while you're doing your + + + align:start position:0% +experiments while you're doing your +upfront process optimization that you + + align:start position:0% +upfront process optimization that you + + + align:start position:0% +upfront process optimization that you +actually can vary + + align:start position:0% +actually can vary + + + align:start position:0% +actually can vary +them that's a noise so if it isise yeah + + align:start position:0% +them that's a noise so if it isise yeah + + + align:start position:0% +them that's a noise so if it isise yeah +it's It's Kind of a Funny term yeah I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's It's Kind of a Funny term yeah I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's It's Kind of a Funny term yeah I'm +glad you raised that question you said + + align:start position:0% +glad you raised that question you said + + + align:start position:0% +glad you raised that question you said +it's uh the the question is we've got + + align:start position:0% +it's uh the the question is we've got + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh the the question is we've got +these noise + + align:start position:0% +these noise + + + align:start position:0% +these noise +factors and the term calling them noise + + align:start position:0% +factors and the term calling them noise + + + align:start position:0% +factors and the term calling them noise +factors one one sort of strong + + align:start position:0% +factors one one sort of strong + + + align:start position:0% +factors one one sort of strong +interpretation of noise is it's + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of noise is it's + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of noise is it's +something I have no control over this is + + align:start position:0% +something I have no control over this is + + + align:start position:0% +something I have no control over this is +a weaker notion this is basically saying + + align:start position:0% +a weaker notion this is basically saying + + + align:start position:0% +a weaker notion this is basically saying +there are things like um in the normal + + align:start position:0% +there are things like um in the normal + + + align:start position:0% +there are things like um in the normal +operation of the equipment I can't vary + + align:start position:0% +operation of the equipment I can't vary + + + align:start position:0% +operation of the equipment I can't vary +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +or in the normal operation they will be + + align:start position:0% +or in the normal operation they will be + + + align:start position:0% +or in the normal operation they will be +naturally varied over and and I can't I + + align:start position:0% +naturally varied over and and I can't I + + + align:start position:0% +naturally varied over and and I can't I +can't set and specify and keep it at + + align:start position:0% +can't set and specify and keep it at + + + align:start position:0% +can't set and specify and keep it at +that noise Factor at one of these so + + align:start position:0% +that noise Factor at one of these so + + + align:start position:0% +that noise Factor at one of these so +here's what I'm thinking uh as a good + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm thinking uh as a good + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm thinking uh as a good +example uh + + align:start position:0% +example uh + + + align:start position:0% +example uh +temperature uh room temperature say so + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh room temperature say so + + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh room temperature say so +you know in normal operation throughout + + align:start position:0% +you know in normal operation throughout + + + align:start position:0% +you know in normal operation throughout +the day the temperature from the morning + + align:start position:0% +the day the temperature from the morning + + + align:start position:0% +the day the temperature from the morning +to the afternoon might be varying in + + align:start position:0% +to the afternoon might be varying in + + + align:start position:0% +to the afternoon might be varying in +your factory and you and and you've only + + align:start position:0% +your factory and you and and you've only + + + align:start position:0% +your factory and you and and you've only +got a limit you know you can't really + + align:start position:0% +got a limit you know you can't really + + + align:start position:0% +got a limit you know you can't really +completely control that maybe you you + + align:start position:0% +completely control that maybe you you + + + align:start position:0% +completely control that maybe you you +know you're operating in a place where + + align:start position:0% +know you're operating in a place where + + + align:start position:0% +know you're operating in a place where +it it has a big range and you don't have + + align:start position:0% +it it has a big range and you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +it it has a big range and you don't have +any control over it um so what you would + + align:start position:0% +any control over it um so what you would + + + align:start position:0% +any control over it um so what you would +want to do is understand that while + + align:start position:0% +want to do is understand that while + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is understand that while +you're doing your your process design + + align:start position:0% +you're doing your your process design + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing your your process design +treat it as a noise Factor know its + + align:start position:0% +treat it as a noise Factor know its + + + align:start position:0% +treat it as a noise Factor know its +impact but then in actual operation I + + align:start position:0% +impact but then in actual operation I + + + align:start position:0% +impact but then in actual operation I +can't pick my temperature it's going to + + align:start position:0% +can't pick my temperature it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +can't pick my temperature it's going to +just vary but you would like your + + align:start position:0% +just vary but you would like your + + + align:start position:0% +just vary but you would like your +process to be as robust as possible to + + align:start position:0% +process to be as robust as possible to + + + align:start position:0% +process to be as robust as possible to +the to that factor so so that's the kind + + align:start position:0% +the to that factor so so that's the kind + + + align:start position:0% +the to that factor so so that's the kind +of noise Factor here is things that you + + align:start position:0% +of noise Factor here is things that you + + + align:start position:0% +of noise Factor here is things that you +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +either actively control during the + + align:start position:0% +either actively control during the + + + align:start position:0% +either actively control during the +design of experiments or naturally + + align:start position:0% +design of experiments or naturally + + + align:start position:0% +design of experiments or naturally +sample from during the design of + + align:start position:0% +sample from during the design of + + + align:start position:0% +sample from during the design of +experiments other things would be you + + align:start position:0% +experiments other things would be you + + + align:start position:0% +experiments other things would be you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +operator um so so that's a very good + + align:start position:0% +operator um so so that's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +operator um so so that's a very good +question I'm glad you asked + + align:start position:0% +question I'm glad you asked + + + align:start position:0% +question I'm glad you asked +that okay once you've got a noise + + align:start position:0% +that okay once you've got a noise + + + align:start position:0% +that okay once you've got a noise +response uh kind of surface now what you + + align:start position:0% +response uh kind of surface now what you + + + align:start position:0% +response uh kind of surface now what you +can also do is build uh outputs not only + + align:start position:0% +can also do is build uh outputs not only + + + align:start position:0% +can also do is build uh outputs not only +as a function of + + align:start position:0% +as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of +of or you know mean responses as a as a + + align:start position:0% +of or you know mean responses as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +of or you know mean responses as a as a +function of your input where you would + + align:start position:0% +function of your input where you would + + + align:start position:0% +function of your input where you would +essentially uh ignore the noise factors + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh ignore the noise factors + + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh ignore the noise factors +but also if you just simply take the + + align:start position:0% +but also if you just simply take the + + + align:start position:0% +but also if you just simply take the +variance of this relationship that gives + + align:start position:0% +variance of this relationship that gives + + + align:start position:0% +variance of this relationship that gives +you a model for uh the the variance of + + align:start position:0% +you a model for uh the the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +you a model for uh the the variance of +the response when under the + + align:start position:0% +the response when under the + + + align:start position:0% +the response when under the +assumption that uh X are + + align:start position:0% +assumption that uh X are + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that uh X are +constant so in other words what we do is + + align:start position:0% +constant so in other words what we do is + + + align:start position:0% +constant so in other words what we do is +we kind of can build two of these one + + align:start position:0% +we kind of can build two of these one + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of can build two of these one +under the assumption such that uh you + + align:start position:0% +under the assumption such that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +under the assumption such that uh you +know my zo my noise factors are at at + + align:start position:0% +know my zo my noise factors are at at + + + align:start position:0% +know my zo my noise factors are at at +the mean so I'm basically just lumping + + align:start position:0% +the mean so I'm basically just lumping + + + align:start position:0% +the mean so I'm basically just lumping +all of those into some overall noise all + + align:start position:0% +all of those into some overall noise all + + + align:start position:0% +all of those into some overall noise all +my noise factors and then in my variance + + align:start position:0% +my noise factors and then in my variance + + + align:start position:0% +my noise factors and then in my variance +case I just look at the terms that uh + + align:start position:0% +case I just look at the terms that uh + + + align:start position:0% +case I just look at the terms that uh +that that relate to the + + align:start position:0% +that that relate to the + + + align:start position:0% +that that relate to the +interactions um assuming some x x is + + align:start position:0% +interactions um assuming some x x is + + + align:start position:0% +interactions um assuming some x x is +relatively constant in the first uh so + + align:start position:0% +relatively constant in the first uh so + + + align:start position:0% +relatively constant in the first uh so +so we ignore these terms or lump all + + align:start position:0% +so we ignore these terms or lump all + + + align:start position:0% +so we ignore these terms or lump all +these terms into just the overall gamma + + align:start position:0% +these terms into just the overall gamma + + + align:start position:0% +these terms into just the overall gamma +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then include some of the interaction + + align:start position:0% +then include some of the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +then include some of the interaction +terms with uh with with my + + align:start position:0% +terms with uh with with my + + + align:start position:0% +terms with uh with with my +Z so essentially what this lets us do if + + align:start position:0% +Z so essentially what this lets us do if + + + align:start position:0% +Z so essentially what this lets us do if +we if we built an overall response + + align:start position:0% +we if we built an overall response + + + align:start position:0% +we if we built an overall response +surface is uh sort of separate out and + + align:start position:0% +surface is uh sort of separate out and + + + align:start position:0% +surface is uh sort of separate out and +explore both the mean response and also + + align:start position:0% +explore both the mean response and also + + + align:start position:0% +explore both the mean response and also +variance as we uh try to pick an X1 or + + align:start position:0% +variance as we uh try to pick an X1 or + + + align:start position:0% +variance as we uh try to pick an X1 or +an X2 to minimize the sensitivity to + + align:start position:0% +an X2 to minimize the sensitivity to + + + align:start position:0% +an X2 to minimize the sensitivity to +those noise factors uh yes there was a + + align:start position:0% +those noise factors uh yes there was a + + + align:start position:0% +those noise factors uh yes there was a +question in + + align:start position:0% +question in + + + align:start position:0% +question in +Singapore uh do you need to check the R + + align:start position:0% +Singapore uh do you need to check the R + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore uh do you need to check the R +square before you calculate the mean and + + align:start position:0% +square before you calculate the mean and + + + align:start position:0% +square before you calculate the mean and +the variance what if the R square is is + + align:start position:0% +the variance what if the R square is is + + + align:start position:0% +the variance what if the R square is is +not very good small yeah yeah so uh this + + align:start position:0% +not very good small yeah yeah so uh this + + + align:start position:0% +not very good small yeah yeah so uh this +it sort of goes without saying I was + + align:start position:0% +it sort of goes without saying I was + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of goes without saying I was +just assuming that you use all of the + + align:start position:0% +just assuming that you use all of the + + + align:start position:0% +just assuming that you use all of the +normal response surface modeling + + align:start position:0% +normal response surface modeling + + + align:start position:0% +normal response surface modeling +methodology uh you have to + + align:start position:0% +methodology uh you have to + + + align:start position:0% +methodology uh you have to +check significance of each of these + + align:start position:0% +check significance of each of these + + + align:start position:0% +check significance of each of these +terms you would only include terms if + + align:start position:0% +terms you would only include terms if + + + align:start position:0% +terms you would only include terms if +they are significant so it's more than + + align:start position:0% +they are significant so it's more than + + + align:start position:0% +they are significant so it's more than +just checking R squ you really are + + align:start position:0% +just checking R squ you really are + + + align:start position:0% +just checking R squ you really are +running a Nova does that noise Factor + + align:start position:0% +running a Nova does that noise Factor + + + align:start position:0% +running a Nova does that noise Factor +have an effect or not uh if not you just + + align:start position:0% +have an effect or not uh if not you just + + + align:start position:0% +have an effect or not uh if not you just +lump it into an overall s squ so all of + + align:start position:0% +lump it into an overall s squ so all of + + + align:start position:0% +lump it into an overall s squ so all of +the all of the typical model + + align:start position:0% +the all of the typical model + + + align:start position:0% +the all of the typical model +construction you would still want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do so anyway the point here is now you + + align:start position:0% +do so anyway the point here is now you + + + align:start position:0% +do so anyway the point here is now you +know if if if you explicitly do a + + align:start position:0% +know if if if you explicitly do a + + + align:start position:0% +know if if if you explicitly do a +response surface model now you can build + + align:start position:0% +response surface model now you can build + + + align:start position:0% +response surface model now you can build +models of the variant um this is just an + + align:start position:0% +models of the variant um this is just an + + + align:start position:0% +models of the variant um this is just an +explo explosion or expansion of of the + + align:start position:0% +explo explosion or expansion of of the + + + align:start position:0% +explo explosion or expansion of of the +uh uh the variance surface in general + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the variance surface in general + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the variance surface in general +you will observe because of this + + align:start position:0% +you will observe because of this + + + align:start position:0% +you will observe because of this +squaring in the variance expression it's + + align:start position:0% +squaring in the variance expression it's + + + align:start position:0% +squaring in the variance expression it's +typically as quadratic in your X1 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +typically as quadratic in your X1 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +typically as quadratic in your X1 and X2 +which is nice because then if you're + + align:start position:0% +which is nice because then if you're + + + align:start position:0% +which is nice because then if you're +trying to minimize that variance if it's + + align:start position:0% +trying to minimize that variance if it's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to minimize that variance if it's +quadratic in x1x2 it does tend to drive + + align:start position:0% +quadratic in x1x2 it does tend to drive + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic in x1x2 it does tend to drive +towards a a nice minimum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point I have one quick example and we be + + align:start position:0% +point I have one quick example and we be + + + align:start position:0% +point I have one quick example and we be +done this is alluding back to our robust + + align:start position:0% +done this is alluding back to our robust + + + align:start position:0% +done this is alluding back to our robust +bending where I've got a punch and I'm + + align:start position:0% +bending where I've got a punch and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bending where I've got a punch and I'm +trying to get a Bend uh in a piece of + + align:start position:0% +trying to get a Bend uh in a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get a Bend uh in a piece of +sheet metal and we might have a couple + + align:start position:0% +sheet metal and we might have a couple + + + align:start position:0% +sheet metal and we might have a couple +of control factors + + align:start position:0% +of control factors + + + align:start position:0% +of control factors +that again we can use to optimize the + + align:start position:0% +that again we can use to optimize the + + + align:start position:0% +that again we can use to optimize the +process like how deep I push the punch + + align:start position:0% +process like how deep I push the punch + + + align:start position:0% +process like how deep I push the punch +and what the width of the width of the + + align:start position:0% +and what the width of the width of the + + + align:start position:0% +and what the width of the width of the +initial punch die is but here's an + + align:start position:0% +initial punch die is but here's an + + + align:start position:0% +initial punch die is but here's an +example of a couple of additional noise + + align:start position:0% +example of a couple of additional noise + + + align:start position:0% +example of a couple of additional noise +factors it may be we know that some of + + align:start position:0% +factors it may be we know that some of + + + align:start position:0% +factors it may be we know that some of +the incoming material will have a range + + align:start position:0% +the incoming material will have a range + + + align:start position:0% +the incoming material will have a range +of yield points and + + align:start position:0% +of yield points and + + + align:start position:0% +of yield points and +thicknesses again I'm not going to be + + align:start position:0% +thicknesses again I'm not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +thicknesses again I'm not going to be +able to necessarily select those I want + + align:start position:0% +able to necessarily select those I want + + + align:start position:0% +able to necessarily select those I want +a process that's going to be robust to + + align:start position:0% +a process that's going to be robust to + + + align:start position:0% +a process that's going to be robust to +those but in a design of experiments I + + align:start position:0% +those but in a design of experiments I + + + align:start position:0% +those but in a design of experiments I +could certainly sample from different + + align:start position:0% +could certainly sample from different + + + align:start position:0% +could certainly sample from different +incoming material types that explore + + align:start position:0% +incoming material types that explore + + + align:start position:0% +incoming material types that explore +that so I could then do a design of + + align:start position:0% +that so I could then do a design of + + + align:start position:0% +that so I could then do a design of +experiments where I varied both yield + + align:start position:0% +experiments where I varied both yield + + + align:start position:0% +experiments where I varied both yield +point and uh uh thickness of of the uh + + align:start position:0% +point and uh uh thickness of of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +point and uh uh thickness of of the uh +uh of the input I can build up a model + + align:start position:0% +uh of the input I can build up a model + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the input I can build up a model +of Z I can build up a model of the angle + + align:start position:0% +of Z I can build up a model of the angle + + + align:start position:0% +of Z I can build up a model of the angle +I can go in and do estimation of both my + + align:start position:0% +I can go in and do estimation of both my + + + align:start position:0% +I can go in and do estimation of both my +main effect uh on my control factors on + + align:start position:0% +main effect uh on my control factors on + + + align:start position:0% +main effect uh on my control factors on +interaction terms I could then estimate + + align:start position:0% +interaction terms I could then estimate + + + align:start position:0% +interaction terms I could then estimate +the size of those coefficients go in and + + align:start position:0% +the size of those coefficients go in and + + + align:start position:0% +the size of those coefficients go in and +make sure that they are significant and + + align:start position:0% +make sure that they are significant and + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that they are significant and +overall get down to say something that + + align:start position:0% +overall get down to say something that + + + align:start position:0% +overall get down to say something that +uh looks like a reduced model + + align:start position:0% +uh looks like a reduced model + + + align:start position:0% +uh looks like a reduced model +where I might be looking and saying okay + + align:start position:0% +where I might be looking and saying okay + + + align:start position:0% +where I might be looking and saying okay +that little beta one two3 is + + align:start position:0% +that little beta one two3 is + + + align:start position:0% +that little beta one two3 is +insignificant I'm not going to include + + align:start position:0% +insignificant I'm not going to include + + + align:start position:0% +insignificant I'm not going to include +an X1 X2 X3 factor for example in the + + align:start position:0% +an X1 X2 X3 factor for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +an X1 X2 X3 factor for example in the +model here's the example of the reduced + + align:start position:0% +model here's the example of the reduced + + + align:start position:0% +model here's the example of the reduced +order model in this case the mean + + align:start position:0% +order model in this case the mean + + + align:start position:0% +order model in this case the mean +surface is nice and linear with an + + align:start position:0% +surface is nice and linear with an + + + align:start position:0% +surface is nice and linear with an +interaction + + align:start position:0% +interaction + + + align:start position:0% +interaction +term so we could go and you know do + + align:start position:0% +term so we could go and you know do + + + align:start position:0% +term so we could go and you know do +optimization purely on the mean surface + + align:start position:0% +optimization purely on the mean surface + + + align:start position:0% +optimization purely on the mean surface +trying to hit some Target Target angle + + align:start position:0% +trying to hit some Target Target angle + + + align:start position:0% +trying to hit some Target Target angle +but I can also look at the variant + + align:start position:0% +but I can also look at the variant + + + align:start position:0% +but I can also look at the variant +surface and in this case the variant + + align:start position:0% +surface and in this case the variant + + + align:start position:0% +surface and in this case the variant +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +has it is a quadratic it's just a weekly + + align:start position:0% +has it is a quadratic it's just a weekly + + + align:start position:0% +has it is a quadratic it's just a weekly +quadratic but you can see a very very + + align:start position:0% +quadratic but you can see a very very + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic but you can see a very very +strong dependence in in the variance on + + align:start position:0% +strong dependence in in the variance on + + + align:start position:0% +strong dependence in in the variance on +this X2 factor I think that was the + + align:start position:0% +this X2 factor I think that was the + + + align:start position:0% +this X2 factor I think that was the +thickness + + align:start position:0% +thickness + + + align:start position:0% +thickness +Factor right very big differences and + + align:start position:0% +Factor right very big differences and + + + align:start position:0% +Factor right very big differences and +variance and so then I could combine + + align:start position:0% +variance and so then I could combine + + + align:start position:0% +variance and so then I could combine +those two in different ways ways to form + + align:start position:0% +those two in different ways ways to form + + + align:start position:0% +those two in different ways ways to form +an optimization and try to get to a good + + align:start position:0% +an optimization and try to get to a good + + + align:start position:0% +an optimization and try to get to a good +robust operating point and that might be + + align:start position:0% +robust operating point and that might be + + + align:start position:0% +robust operating point and that might be +a taguchi signal to noise or it might be + + align:start position:0% +a taguchi signal to noise or it might be + + + align:start position:0% +a taguchi signal to noise or it might be +an expected loss function in this case + + align:start position:0% +an expected loss function in this case + + + align:start position:0% +an expected loss function in this case +here I've plotted out what the expected + + align:start position:0% +here I've plotted out what the expected + + + align:start position:0% +here I've plotted out what the expected +loss surface is as a function of X1 and + + align:start position:0% +loss surface is as a function of X1 and + + + align:start position:0% +loss surface is as a function of X1 and +X2 and if you're seeking to minimize + + align:start position:0% +X2 and if you're seeking to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and if you're seeking to minimize +that you can start to see you know a + + align:start position:0% +that you can start to see you know a + + + align:start position:0% +that you can start to see you know a +region there where you would want to be + + align:start position:0% +region there where you would want to be + + + align:start position:0% +region there where you would want to be +in terms of the x1x2 to have a good on + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the x1x2 to have a good on + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the x1x2 to have a good on +target or close to Target and a low + + align:start position:0% +target or close to Target and a low + + + align:start position:0% +target or close to Target and a low +variance + + align:start position:0% +variance + + + align:start position:0% +variance +process okay um I'm going to skip over + + align:start position:0% +process okay um I'm going to skip over + + + align:start position:0% +process okay um I'm going to skip over +this slide it's basically just talking + + align:start position:0% +this slide it's basically just talking + + + align:start position:0% +this slide it's basically just talking +about uh sort of a summary of kind of + + align:start position:0% +about uh sort of a summary of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +about uh sort of a summary of kind of +doing the combined response surface + + align:start position:0% +doing the combined response surface + + + align:start position:0% +doing the combined response surface +model with a little bit of an assessment + + align:start position:0% +model with a little bit of an assessment + + + align:start position:0% +model with a little bit of an assessment +of maybe the number of different design + + align:start position:0% +of maybe the number of different design + + + align:start position:0% +of maybe the number of different design +points that might be required in those + + align:start position:0% +points that might be required in those + + + align:start position:0% +points that might be required in those +cases but what I wanted to do here is + + align:start position:0% +cases but what I wanted to do here is + + + align:start position:0% +cases but what I wanted to do here is +just sort of conclude and give you the + + align:start position:0% +just sort of conclude and give you the + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of conclude and give you the +high level perspective here is we did + + align:start position:0% +high level perspective here is we did + + + align:start position:0% +high level perspective here is we did +lots of Machinery on respons modeling + + align:start position:0% +lots of Machinery on respons modeling + + + align:start position:0% +lots of Machinery on respons modeling +talking mostly about mean output but + + align:start position:0% +talking mostly about mean output but + + + align:start position:0% +talking mostly about mean output but +that same Machinery can also be used + + align:start position:0% +that same Machinery can also be used + + + align:start position:0% +that same Machinery can also be used +with some extra ideas of these inner and + + align:start position:0% +with some extra ideas of these inner and + + + align:start position:0% +with some extra ideas of these inner and +outer arrays for also modeling variance + + align:start position:0% +outer arrays for also modeling variance + + + align:start position:0% +outer arrays for also modeling variance +when it varies as a function of + + align:start position:0% +when it varies as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +when it varies as a function of +operating point and then we can combine + + align:start position:0% +operating point and then we can combine + + + align:start position:0% +operating point and then we can combine +those together to you know try to get + + align:start position:0% +those together to you know try to get + + + align:start position:0% +those together to you know try to get +processes that are robust to uh not only + + align:start position:0% +processes that are robust to uh not only + + + align:start position:0% +processes that are robust to uh not only +you know selection of operating point + + align:start position:0% +you know selection of operating point + + + align:start position:0% +you know selection of operating point +but also to these kinds of noise factors + + align:start position:0% +but also to these kinds of noise factors + + + align:start position:0% +but also to these kinds of noise factors +so with that I'll I'll conclude and + + align:start position:0% +so with that I'll I'll conclude and + + + align:start position:0% +so with that I'll I'll conclude and +we'll see you all on Tuesday I think on + + align:start position:0% +we'll see you all on Tuesday I think on + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see you all on Tuesday I think on +Tuesday we'll talk about nested + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday we'll talk about nested + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday we'll talk about nested +variances so it's going to be a little + + align:start position:0% +variances so it's going to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +variances so it's going to be a little +bit different we're going to pull back + + align:start position:0% +bit different we're going to pull back + + + align:start position:0% +bit different we're going to pull back +from the design of experiments and talk + + align:start position:0% +from the design of experiments and talk + + + align:start position:0% +from the design of experiments and talk +a little bit about uh a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about uh a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about uh a little bit more +about interesting variant structures uh + + align:start position:0% +about interesting variant structures uh + + + align:start position:0% +about interesting variant structures uh +often arising in places like + + align:start position:0% +often arising in places like + + + align:start position:0% +often arising in places like +semiconductor manufacturing and + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor manufacturing and + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor manufacturing and +elsewhere so we'll see you on Tuesday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AipSRi3CyLg.txt b/AipSRi3CyLg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c39843e794f5f87da833578b84cafc349376131 --- /dev/null +++ b/AipSRi3CyLg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1899 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so we come to the idea of countable + + align:start position:0% +okay so we come to the idea of countable + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we come to the idea of countable +sets which is the most familiar kind of + + align:start position:0% +sets which is the most familiar kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sets which is the most familiar kind of +infinite sets and a countable set is one + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets and a countable set is one + + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets and a countable set is one +where you can list the elements a z A1 + + align:start position:0% +where you can list the elements a z A1 + + + align:start position:0% +where you can list the elements a z A1 +A2 and so on so there's a there's a list + + align:start position:0% +A2 and so on so there's a there's a list + + + align:start position:0% +A2 and so on so there's a there's a list +of all of the elements of a in which + + align:start position:0% +of all of the elements of a in which + + + align:start position:0% +of all of the elements of a in which +every element in a appears at some point + + align:start position:0% +every element in a appears at some point + + + align:start position:0% +every element in a appears at some point +you can count up to any given element of + + align:start position:0% +you can count up to any given element of + + + align:start position:0% +you can count up to any given element of +a and every element of a you will + + align:start position:0% +a and every element of a you will + + + align:start position:0% +a and every element of a you will +eventually get to you'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +eventually get to you'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +eventually get to you'll be able to +count up to it so it's just a matter of + + align:start position:0% +count up to it so it's just a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +count up to it so it's just a matter of +listing + + align:start position:0% +listing + + + align:start position:0% +listing +um and the technical definition of a is + + align:start position:0% +um and the technical definition of a is + + + align:start position:0% +um and the technical definition of a is +countable is if there's a bje between a + + align:start position:0% +countable is if there's a bje between a + + + align:start position:0% +countable is if there's a bje between a +and the non- negative integers because + + align:start position:0% +and the non- negative integers because + + + align:start position:0% +and the non- negative integers because +this listing in effect really is a + + align:start position:0% +this listing in effect really is a + + + align:start position:0% +this listing in effect really is a +mapping from uh the non- negative + + align:start position:0% +mapping from uh the non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +mapping from uh the non- negative +integers to a zero is a zero one maps to + + align:start position:0% +integers to a zero is a zero one maps to + + + align:start position:0% +integers to a zero is a zero one maps to +A1 two maps to A2 and implicitly there's + + align:start position:0% +A1 two maps to A2 and implicitly there's + + + align:start position:0% +A1 two maps to A2 and implicitly there's +a bje being indicated here that's + + align:start position:0% +a bje being indicated here that's + + + align:start position:0% +a bje being indicated here that's +assuming that all of the A's are + + align:start position:0% +assuming that all of the A's are + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that all of the A's are +distinct for it to be a bje so we also + + align:start position:0% +distinct for it to be a bje so we also + + + align:start position:0% +distinct for it to be a bje so we also +have as a special case uh the finite + + align:start position:0% +have as a special case uh the finite + + + align:start position:0% +have as a special case uh the finite +sets are also cons considered to be + + align:start position:0% +sets are also cons considered to be + + + align:start position:0% +sets are also cons considered to be +countable so really if N is a bi is a + + align:start position:0% +countable so really if N is a bi is a + + + align:start position:0% +countable so really if N is a bi is a +bje to a then a is called countably + + align:start position:0% +bje to a then a is called countably + + + align:start position:0% +bje to a then a is called countably +infinite the other possibility is that a + + align:start position:0% +infinite the other possibility is that a + + + align:start position:0% +infinite the other possibility is that a +is finite and the two together are just + + align:start position:0% +is finite and the two together are just + + + align:start position:0% +is finite and the two together are just +saying a is + + align:start position:0% +saying a is + + + align:start position:0% +saying a is +countable so what we've just figured out + + align:start position:0% +countable so what we've just figured out + + + align:start position:0% +countable so what we've just figured out +then from the previous examples is that + + align:start position:0% +then from the previous examples is that + + + align:start position:0% +then from the previous examples is that +the positive integers are countable and + + align:start position:0% +the positive integers are countable and + + + align:start position:0% +the positive integers are countable and +all the integers are countable because + + align:start position:0% +all the integers are countable because + + + align:start position:0% +all the integers are countable because +in both cases we exhibited BS to the + + align:start position:0% +in both cases we exhibited BS to the + + + align:start position:0% +in both cases we exhibited BS to the +non- negative + + align:start position:0% +non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative +integers uh another another important + + align:start position:0% +integers uh another another important + + + align:start position:0% +integers uh another another important +but not very card example is the set of + + align:start position:0% +but not very card example is the set of + + + align:start position:0% +but not very card example is the set of +finite binary words so we use this + + align:start position:0% +finite binary words so we use this + + + align:start position:0% +finite binary words so we use this +notation 0 one star meaning all the + + align:start position:0% +notation 0 one star meaning all the + + + align:start position:0% +notation 0 one star meaning all the +finite star means all the finite + + align:start position:0% +finite star means all the finite + + + align:start position:0% +finite star means all the finite +sequences of these elements zero and one + + align:start position:0% +sequences of these elements zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of these elements zero and one +so this is just a finite binary words um + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a finite binary words um + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a finite binary words um +how are they countable well I need a way + + align:start position:0% +how are they countable well I need a way + + + align:start position:0% +how are they countable well I need a way +to be able to list them in some orderly + + align:start position:0% +to be able to list them in some orderly + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to list them in some orderly +way well let's just do it by length + + align:start position:0% +way well let's just do it by length + + + align:start position:0% +way well let's just do it by length +let's begin by listing the empty word or + + align:start position:0% +let's begin by listing the empty word or + + + align:start position:0% +let's begin by listing the empty word or +string of length zero and then I'm going + + align:start position:0% +string of length zero and then I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +string of length zero and then I'm going +to list all the one bit strings the + + align:start position:0% +to list all the one bit strings the + + + align:start position:0% +to list all the one bit strings the +strings of length one um uh and there + + align:start position:0% +strings of length one um uh and there + + + align:start position:0% +strings of length one um uh and there +are two of those so let the second + + align:start position:0% +are two of those so let the second + + + align:start position:0% +are two of those so let the second +element the the next element of the list + + align:start position:0% +element the the next element of the list + + + align:start position:0% +element the the next element of the list +after the empty string be zero and then + + align:start position:0% +after the empty string be zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +after the empty string be zero and then +the next element after that be one then + + align:start position:0% +the next element after that be one then + + + align:start position:0% +the next element after that be one then +let's list all the length two strings + + align:start position:0% +let's list all the length two strings + + + align:start position:0% +let's list all the length two strings +well there's four length two binary + + align:start position:0% +well there's four length two binary + + + align:start position:0% +well there's four length two binary +strings uh and let's just list them in + + align:start position:0% +strings uh and let's just list them in + + + align:start position:0% +strings uh and let's just list them in +some sensible order Say by their binary + + align:start position:0% +some sensible order Say by their binary + + + align:start position:0% +some sensible order Say by their binary +representation and then uh keep going uh + + align:start position:0% +representation and then uh keep going uh + + + align:start position:0% +representation and then uh keep going uh +list the all the length three binary + + align:start position:0% +list the all the length three binary + + + align:start position:0% +list the all the length three binary +strings there's eight of those and + + align:start position:0% +strings there's eight of those and + + + align:start position:0% +strings there's eight of those and +finally uh keep going up until uh you + + align:start position:0% +finally uh keep going up until uh you + + + align:start position:0% +finally uh keep going up until uh you +get to the length end binary strings of + + align:start position:0% +get to the length end binary strings of + + + align:start position:0% +get to the length end binary strings of +which 2 to the n and this is a + + align:start position:0% +which 2 to the n and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +which 2 to the n and this is a +description of a way to list one after + + align:start position:0% +description of a way to list one after + + + align:start position:0% +description of a way to list one after +another all of the finite binary words + + align:start position:0% +another all of the finite binary words + + + align:start position:0% +another all of the finite binary words +or finite binary strings and that + + align:start position:0% +or finite binary strings and that + + + align:start position:0% +or finite binary strings and that +listing is implicitly a description of a + + align:start position:0% +listing is implicitly a description of a + + + align:start position:0% +listing is implicitly a description of a +bje from the non- negative integers n to + + align:start position:0% +bje from the non- negative integers n to + + + align:start position:0% +bje from the non- negative integers n to +the nth element in my listing and that's + + align:start position:0% +the nth element in my listing and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the nth element in my listing and that's +a bje so the binary words are + + align:start position:0% +a bje so the binary words are + + + align:start position:0% +a bje so the binary words are +countable um some other another example + + align:start position:0% +countable um some other another example + + + align:start position:0% +countable um some other another example +of a countable set is the pairs of non- + + align:start position:0% +of a countable set is the pairs of non- + + + align:start position:0% +of a countable set is the pairs of non- +negative integers so how can now I got + + align:start position:0% +negative integers so how can now I got + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers so how can now I got +the non- negative integers I got to find + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers I got to find + + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers I got to find +a bje to pairs of non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +a bje to pairs of non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +a bje to pairs of non- negative integers +how am I going to do that well it's the + + align:start position:0% +how am I going to do that well it's the + + + align:start position:0% +how am I going to do that well it's the +same idea as we used with binary strings + + align:start position:0% +same idea as we used with binary strings + + + align:start position:0% +same idea as we used with binary strings +there's a bunch of ways to prove it but + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of ways to prove it but + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of ways to prove it but +but let's just propagate the binary + + align:start position:0% +but let's just propagate the binary + + + align:start position:0% +but let's just propagate the binary +string idea let's start listing the + + align:start position:0% +string idea let's start listing the + + + align:start position:0% +string idea let's start listing the +pairs of non- negative integers and + + align:start position:0% +pairs of non- negative integers and + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of non- negative integers and +after 0000 I'm going to list two pairs 0 + + align:start position:0% +after 0000 I'm going to list two pairs 0 + + + align:start position:0% +after 0000 I'm going to list two pairs 0 +1 1 0er and after them I'm going to list + + align:start position:0% +1 1 0er and after them I'm going to list + + + align:start position:0% +1 1 0er and after them I'm going to list +three pairs 02 two 0 and 1 one and after + + align:start position:0% +three pairs 02 two 0 and 1 one and after + + + align:start position:0% +three pairs 02 two 0 and 1 one and after +them 03 3 0 1 2 2 1 and if you can see + + align:start position:0% +them 03 3 0 1 2 2 1 and if you can see + + + align:start position:0% +them 03 3 0 1 2 2 1 and if you can see +what I'm doing I'm basically uh listing + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing I'm basically uh listing + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing I'm basically uh listing +the pairs in the order of the sum of + + align:start position:0% +the pairs in the order of the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +the pairs in the order of the sum of +their coordinates so the nth block of + + align:start position:0% +their coordinates so the nth block of + + + align:start position:0% +their coordinates so the nth block of +pairs that I'm going to list will be the + + align:start position:0% +pairs that I'm going to list will be the + + + align:start position:0% +pairs that I'm going to list will be the +pairs whose uh the sum of whose two + + align:start position:0% +pairs whose uh the sum of whose two + + + align:start position:0% +pairs whose uh the sum of whose two +coordinates is n there'll be n plus one + + align:start position:0% +coordinates is n there'll be n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates is n there'll be n plus one +of those and I keep going in this way + + align:start position:0% +of those and I keep going in this way + + + align:start position:0% +of those and I keep going in this way +this is a nice orderly description or a + + align:start position:0% +this is a nice orderly description or a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a nice orderly description or a +description of a nice orderly way to + + align:start position:0% +description of a nice orderly way to + + + align:start position:0% +description of a nice orderly way to +list all of the pairs of non- negative + + align:start position:0% +list all of the pairs of non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +list all of the pairs of non- negative +integers within a block uh invent some + + align:start position:0% +integers within a block uh invent some + + + align:start position:0% +integers within a block uh invent some +alphabetical rule for uh for listing the + + align:start position:0% +alphabetical rule for uh for listing the + + + align:start position:0% +alphabetical rule for uh for listing the +pairs so I'm going to uh I've hinted at + + align:start position:0% +pairs so I'm going to uh I've hinted at + + + align:start position:0% +pairs so I'm going to uh I've hinted at +a Ru at a rule here for listing the + + align:start position:0% +a Ru at a rule here for listing the + + + align:start position:0% +a Ru at a rule here for listing the +finite set of pairs whose sum is n and + + align:start position:0% +finite set of pairs whose sum is n and + + + align:start position:0% +finite set of pairs whose sum is n and +you can in anyone will do so that tells + + align:start position:0% +you can in anyone will do so that tells + + + align:start position:0% +you can in anyone will do so that tells +us that we have a bje between the non- + + align:start position:0% +us that we have a bje between the non- + + + align:start position:0% +us that we have a bje between the non- +negative integers and the pairs of non- + + align:start position:0% +negative integers and the pairs of non- + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers and the pairs of non- +negative integers so that's another + + align:start position:0% +negative integers so that's another + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers so that's another +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +bje now when you're trying to prove + + align:start position:0% +bje now when you're trying to prove + + + align:start position:0% +bje now when you're trying to prove +countability it's a very useful to have + + align:start position:0% +countability it's a very useful to have + + + align:start position:0% +countability it's a very useful to have +the following Lemma which gives an + + align:start position:0% +the following Lemma which gives an + + + align:start position:0% +the following Lemma which gives an +alternative characterization of + + align:start position:0% +alternative characterization of + + + align:start position:0% +alternative characterization of +countability namely a set a is countable + + align:start position:0% +countability namely a set a is countable + + + align:start position:0% +countability namely a set a is countable +if and only if you can list a allowing + + align:start position:0% +if and only if you can list a allowing + + + align:start position:0% +if and only if you can list a allowing +repeats remember our original definition + + align:start position:0% +repeats remember our original definition + + + align:start position:0% +repeats remember our original definition +is that you can list a without repeats + + align:start position:0% +is that you can list a without repeats + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can list a without repeats +if it's infinite or else it's finite so + + align:start position:0% +if it's infinite or else it's finite so + + + align:start position:0% +if it's infinite or else it's finite so +there that was the bje between the non- + + align:start position:0% +there that was the bje between the non- + + + align:start position:0% +there that was the bje between the non- +negative integers and a in effect is + + align:start position:0% +negative integers and a in effect is + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers and a in effect is +saying that that's a listing of all of + + align:start position:0% +saying that that's a listing of all of + + + align:start position:0% +saying that that's a listing of all of +an infinite set a with no repeats + + align:start position:0% +an infinite set a with no repeats + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite set a with no repeats +because it's a bje no uh we're mapping + + align:start position:0% +because it's a bje no uh we're mapping + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a bje no uh we're mapping +if an element appeared twice we'd have + + align:start position:0% +if an element appeared twice we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +if an element appeared twice we'd have +two different non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +two different non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +two different non- negative integers +mapping to it would break the bje + + align:start position:0% +mapping to it would break the bje + + + align:start position:0% +mapping to it would break the bje +property the injection property uh and + + align:start position:0% +property the injection property uh and + + + align:start position:0% +property the injection property uh and +so suppose we allow repeats uh and the + + align:start position:0% +so suppose we allow repeats uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose we allow repeats uh and the +claim is that that's fine because you + + align:start position:0% +claim is that that's fine because you + + + align:start position:0% +claim is that that's fine because you +can fix that so uh the Lemma says that + + align:start position:0% +can fix that so uh the Lemma says that + + + align:start position:0% +can fix that so uh the Lemma says that +if there's a surjective function from + + align:start position:0% +if there's a surjective function from + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a surjective function from +the non- negative integers to a then a + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers to a then a + + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers to a then a +is countable well let's just check + + align:start position:0% +is countable well let's just check + + + align:start position:0% +is countable well let's just check +quickly uh in One Direction if a is + + align:start position:0% +quickly uh in One Direction if a is + + + align:start position:0% +quickly uh in One Direction if a is +finite then there's clearly uh a + + align:start position:0% +finite then there's clearly uh a + + + align:start position:0% +finite then there's clearly uh a +subjective function from the non- + + align:start position:0% +subjective function from the non- + + + align:start position:0% +subjective function from the non- +negative integers to a um there's lots + + align:start position:0% +negative integers to a um there's lots + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers to a um there's lots +of extra non- negative vages you don't + + align:start position:0% +of extra non- negative vages you don't + + + align:start position:0% +of extra non- negative vages you don't +need just you know if it's a finite set + + align:start position:0% +need just you know if it's a finite set + + + align:start position:0% +need just you know if it's a finite set +like 10 elements in a map zero through + + align:start position:0% +like 10 elements in a map zero through + + + align:start position:0% +like 10 elements in a map zero through +nine to those 10 elements and map uh + + align:start position:0% +nine to those 10 elements and map uh + + + align:start position:0% +nine to those 10 elements and map uh +every other non- negative integer say to + + align:start position:0% +every other non- negative integer say to + + + align:start position:0% +every other non- negative integer say to +the 10th to the 10th 10th element or + + align:start position:0% +the 10th to the 10th 10th element or + + + align:start position:0% +the 10th to the 10th 10th element or +last element of a um so there's + + align:start position:0% +last element of a um so there's + + + align:start position:0% +last element of a um so there's +certainly a subjection if a is finite + + align:start position:0% +certainly a subjection if a is finite + + + align:start position:0% +certainly a subjection if a is finite +now suppose that a is infinite I have a + + align:start position:0% +now suppose that a is infinite I have a + + + align:start position:0% +now suppose that a is infinite I have a +surjection from the non- negative + + align:start position:0% +surjection from the non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +surjection from the non- negative +integers to a so I'm listing a with + + align:start position:0% +integers to a so I'm listing a with + + + align:start position:0% +integers to a so I'm listing a with +repeats uh and I'm supposed to have a + + align:start position:0% +repeats uh and I'm supposed to have a + + + align:start position:0% +repeats uh and I'm supposed to have a +bje if it matches the other definition + + align:start position:0% +bje if it matches the other definition + + + align:start position:0% +bje if it matches the other definition +how do you do that well if you're a + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that well if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that well if you're a +computer scientist you know how to + + align:start position:0% +computer scientist you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +computer scientist you know how to +change a sequence with repeats into a + + align:start position:0% +change a sequence with repeats into a + + + align:start position:0% +change a sequence with repeats into a +sequence without repeats you just filter + + align:start position:0% +sequence without repeats you just filter + + + align:start position:0% +sequence without repeats you just filter +it for duplicates going from left to + + align:start position:0% +it for duplicates going from left to + + + align:start position:0% +it for duplicates going from left to +right take this infinite sequence of + + align:start position:0% +right take this infinite sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +right take this infinite sequence of +elements of a in which there are repeats + + align:start position:0% +elements of a in which there are repeats + + + align:start position:0% +elements of a in which there are repeats +and keep only the first occurrence of + + align:start position:0% +and keep only the first occurrence of + + + align:start position:0% +and keep only the first occurrence of +each element that'll Define a bje with + + align:start position:0% +each element that'll Define a bje with + + + align:start position:0% +each element that'll Define a bje with +the non- negative integers if a is + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers if a is + + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers if a is +finite if a is infinite and that's how + + align:start position:0% +finite if a is infinite and that's how + + + align:start position:0% +finite if a is infinite and that's how +we prove this Lemma which I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +we prove this Lemma which I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +we prove this Lemma which I'm just going +to settle for talking through so now we + + align:start position:0% +to settle for talking through so now we + + + align:start position:0% +to settle for talking through so now we +have another convenient way to show that + + align:start position:0% +have another convenient way to show that + + + align:start position:0% +have another convenient way to show that +uh a set is countable just by describing + + align:start position:0% +uh a set is countable just by describing + + + align:start position:0% +uh a set is countable just by describing +not a bje but a surjection between the + + align:start position:0% +not a bje but a surjection between the + + + align:start position:0% +not a bje but a surjection between the +non- negative integers and a surjections + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and a surjections + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and a surjections +are often easier to describe than BS + + align:start position:0% +are often easier to describe than BS + + + align:start position:0% +are often easier to describe than BS +which is why this is a useful Lemma a + + align:start position:0% +which is why this is a useful Lemma a + + + align:start position:0% +which is why this is a useful Lemma a +corollary of this is that if a set if + + align:start position:0% +corollary of this is that if a set if + + + align:start position:0% +corollary of this is that if a set if +I'm trying to show that a set a is + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to show that a set a is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to show that a set a is +countable all that I really need to do + + align:start position:0% +countable all that I really need to do + + + align:start position:0% +countable all that I really need to do +is find some other set that I know to be + + align:start position:0% +is find some other set that I know to be + + + align:start position:0% +is find some other set that I know to be +countable and describe a surjection from + + align:start position:0% +countable and describe a surjection from + + + align:start position:0% +countable and describe a surjection from +that other set C to a uh because uh I + + align:start position:0% +that other set C to a uh because uh I + + + align:start position:0% +that other set C to a uh because uh I +know that if C is countable then + + align:start position:0% +know that if C is countable then + + + align:start position:0% +know that if C is countable then +there'll be a bje between the non- + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a bje between the non- + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a bje between the non- +negative integers and c and since a when + + align:start position:0% +negative integers and c and since a when + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers and c and since a when +you combine a bje with a surjection you + + align:start position:0% +you combine a bje with a surjection you + + + align:start position:0% +you combine a bje with a surjection you +wind up with a surjection that will + + align:start position:0% +wind up with a surjection that will + + + align:start position:0% +wind up with a surjection that will +implicitly Define a surjection from the + + align:start position:0% +implicitly Define a surjection from the + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly Define a surjection from the +non- negative integers to a which match + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers to a which match + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers to a which match +which by the LMA tells me that a is + + align:start position:0% +which by the LMA tells me that a is + + + align:start position:0% +which by the LMA tells me that a is +countable so the general way to prove + + align:start position:0% +countable so the general way to prove + + + align:start position:0% +countable so the general way to prove +something is countable is just describe + + align:start position:0% +something is countable is just describe + + + align:start position:0% +something is countable is just describe +a subjection from something you no to be + + align:start position:0% +a subjection from something you no to be + + + align:start position:0% +a subjection from something you no to be +countable that uh hits your target U and + + align:start position:0% +countable that uh hits your target U and + + + align:start position:0% +countable that uh hits your target U and +let's look at an example of that um I + + align:start position:0% +let's look at an example of that um I + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at an example of that um I +claim that the rationals are countable + + align:start position:0% +claim that the rationals are countable + + + align:start position:0% +claim that the rationals are countable +the rational numbers are countable now + + align:start position:0% +the rational numbers are countable now + + + align:start position:0% +the rational numbers are countable now +this is kind of a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of a little bit more +striking uh at first because you know + + align:start position:0% +striking uh at first because you know + + + align:start position:0% +striking uh at first because you know +you can see how you can count the the + + align:start position:0% +you can see how you can count the the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see how you can count the the +non negative integers the positive + + align:start position:0% +non negative integers the positive + + + align:start position:0% +non negative integers the positive +integers all the integers because + + align:start position:0% +integers all the integers because + + + align:start position:0% +integers all the integers because +there's a nice sensible way to have one + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice sensible way to have one + + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice sensible way to have one +come after the other but with the + + align:start position:0% +come after the other but with the + + + align:start position:0% +come after the other but with the +rationals it's messy uh in between any + + align:start position:0% +rationals it's messy uh in between any + + + align:start position:0% +rationals it's messy uh in between any +two rationals there's another rational + + align:start position:0% +two rationals there's another rational + + + align:start position:0% +two rationals there's another rational +there isn't any first rational there + + align:start position:0% +there isn't any first rational there + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't any first rational there +isn't any obvious way to list them all + + align:start position:0% +isn't any obvious way to list them all + + + align:start position:0% +isn't any obvious way to list them all +but really if you stop thinking about + + align:start position:0% +but really if you stop thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +but really if you stop thinking about +the rationals of how they are laid out + + align:start position:0% +the rationals of how they are laid out + + + align:start position:0% +the rationals of how they are laid out +on the real line but just think of them + + align:start position:0% +on the real line but just think of them + + + align:start position:0% +on the real line but just think of them +as uh pairs of integers then it becomes + + align:start position:0% +as uh pairs of integers then it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +as uh pairs of integers then it becomes +clear how to list them because we + + align:start position:0% +clear how to list them because we + + + align:start position:0% +clear how to list them because we +already know that the pairs of non- + + align:start position:0% +already know that the pairs of non- + + + align:start position:0% +already know that the pairs of non- +negative integers are countable so I'm + + align:start position:0% +negative integers are countable so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers are countable so I'm +just going to map a pair of non- + + align:start position:0% +just going to map a pair of non- + + + align:start position:0% +just going to map a pair of non- +negative integers MN to the rational + + align:start position:0% +negative integers MN to the rational + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers MN to the rational +number M divided by n well n might be + + align:start position:0% +number M divided by n well n might be + + + align:start position:0% +number M divided by n well n might be +zero so if n is zero just map all of + + align:start position:0% +zero so if n is zero just map all of + + + align:start position:0% +zero so if n is zero just map all of +those pairs to some your favorite + + align:start position:0% +those pairs to some your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +those pairs to some your favorite +rational number call it a half um and uh + + align:start position:0% +rational number call it a half um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +rational number call it a half um and uh +that gives us a uh a nice surjective + + align:start position:0% +that gives us a uh a nice surjective + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us a uh a nice surjective +mapping because every rational number + + align:start position:0% +mapping because every rational number + + + align:start position:0% +mapping because every rational number +can be expressed as M over at least + + align:start position:0% +can be expressed as M over at least + + + align:start position:0% +can be expressed as M over at least +every non- negative rational number so + + align:start position:0% +every non- negative rational number so + + + align:start position:0% +every non- negative rational number so +in effect what we' have is a surjection + + align:start position:0% +in effect what we' have is a surjection + + + align:start position:0% +in effect what we' have is a surjection +from the pairs of non-negative integers + + align:start position:0% +from the pairs of non-negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +from the pairs of non-negative integers +which we know is countable onto the non- + + align:start position:0% +which we know is countable onto the non- + + + align:start position:0% +which we know is countable onto the non- +negative real numbers uh sorry non- + + align:start position:0% +negative real numbers uh sorry non- + + + align:start position:0% +negative real numbers uh sorry non- +negative rational numbers quotients of + + align:start position:0% +negative rational numbers quotients of + + + align:start position:0% +negative rational numbers quotients of +integers which means that the rationals + + align:start position:0% +integers which means that the rationals + + + align:start position:0% +integers which means that the rationals +sure enough are countable uh even even + + align:start position:0% +sure enough are countable uh even even + + + align:start position:0% +sure enough are countable uh even even +though they seem to be spread out all + + align:start position:0% +though they seem to be spread out all + + + align:start position:0% +though they seem to be spread out all +over the line uh so again we saw that if + + align:start position:0% +over the line uh so again we saw that if + + + align:start position:0% +over the line uh so again we saw that if +enros n is countable and there's a surge + + align:start position:0% +enros n is countable and there's a surge + + + align:start position:0% +enros n is countable and there's a surge +described above to the to the non- + + align:start position:0% +described above to the to the non- + + + align:start position:0% +described above to the to the non- +negative rationals so they're countable + + align:start position:0% +negative rationals so they're countable + + + align:start position:0% +negative rationals so they're countable +well um just looking ahead a little bit + + align:start position:0% +well um just looking ahead a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +well um just looking ahead a little bit +it's going to turn out that in contrast + + align:start position:0% +it's going to turn out that in contrast + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to turn out that in contrast +to the rational numbers the real numbers + + align:start position:0% +to the rational numbers the real numbers + + + align:start position:0% +to the rational numbers the real numbers +are not countable and in fact neither + + align:start position:0% +are not countable and in fact neither + + + align:start position:0% +are not countable and in fact neither +are the infinite binary sequences uh + + align:start position:0% +are the infinite binary sequences uh + + + align:start position:0% +are the infinite binary sequences uh +that we saw there was a a bje between + + align:start position:0% +that we saw there was a a bje between + + + align:start position:0% +that we saw there was a a bje between +the infinite binary sequences and the + + align:start position:0% +the infinite binary sequences and the + + + align:start position:0% +the infinite binary sequences and the +power set of the non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +power set of the non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +power set of the non- negative integers +and both of these are going to be basic + + align:start position:0% +and both of these are going to be basic + + + align:start position:0% +and both of these are going to be basic +examples of uncountable sets so sets + + align:start position:0% +examples of uncountable sets so sets + + + align:start position:0% +examples of uncountable sets so sets +that are not countable which we will be + + align:start position:0% +that are not countable which we will be + + + align:start position:0% +that are not countable which we will be +examining in the next lecture \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BKvt4zcQxcA.txt b/BKvt4zcQxcA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47573722a6d898acbcad2e8b62068d3578316bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/BKvt4zcQxcA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7851 @@ +align:start position:0% + +but today's lecture is the start of + + align:start position:0% +but today's lecture is the start of + + + align:start position:0% +but today's lecture is the start of +binary phase + + align:start position:0% +binary phase + + + align:start position:0% +binary phase +diagrams which are going to + + align:start position:0% +diagrams which are going to + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams which are going to +occupy most of the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +occupy most of the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +occupy most of the rest of the +class meaning most of the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +class meaning most of the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +class meaning most of the rest of the +semester so this topic is is comp + + align:start position:0% +semester so this topic is is comp + + + align:start position:0% +semester so this topic is is comp +apprehensively treated in doff + + align:start position:0% +apprehensively treated in doff + + + align:start position:0% +apprehensively treated in doff +but I have some reading in mallister in + + align:start position:0% +but I have some reading in mallister in + + + align:start position:0% +but I have some reading in mallister in +Callister not mallister it's Callister + + align:start position:0% +Callister not mallister it's Callister + + + align:start position:0% +Callister not mallister it's Callister +associated with today's lecture so I + + align:start position:0% +associated with today's lecture so I + + + align:start position:0% +associated with today's lecture so I +know we just finished something on + + align:start position:0% +know we just finished something on + + + align:start position:0% +know we just finished something on +reacting chemical systems please don't + + align:start position:0% +reacting chemical systems please don't + + + align:start position:0% +reacting chemical systems please don't +fall behind on the reading um turn to + + align:start position:0% +fall behind on the reading um turn to + + + align:start position:0% +fall behind on the reading um turn to +Callister and do that reading as well + + align:start position:0% +Callister and do that reading as well + + + align:start position:0% +Callister and do that reading as well +Callister is + + align:start position:0% +Callister is + + + align:start position:0% +Callister is +um little bit more wordy than doff lot + + align:start position:0% +um little bit more wordy than doff lot + + + align:start position:0% +um little bit more wordy than doff lot +nicer pictures doff is thorough U and + + align:start position:0% +nicer pictures doff is thorough U and + + + align:start position:0% +nicer pictures doff is thorough U and +and and sort of AUST and Callister is a + + align:start position:0% +and and sort of AUST and Callister is a + + + align:start position:0% +and and sort of AUST and Callister is a +little bit more like those textbooks + + align:start position:0% +little bit more like those textbooks + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more like those textbooks +from high school with lots of pictures + + align:start position:0% +from high school with lots of pictures + + + align:start position:0% +from high school with lots of pictures +in them so cister is a little bit easier + + align:start position:0% +in them so cister is a little bit easier + + + align:start position:0% +in them so cister is a little bit easier +to to start the topic and and I like + + align:start position:0% +to to start the topic and and I like + + + align:start position:0% +to to start the topic and and I like +some of the examples that calister gives + + align:start position:0% +some of the examples that calister gives + + + align:start position:0% +some of the examples that calister gives +so um that reading uh like like with the + + align:start position:0% +so um that reading uh like like with the + + + align:start position:0% +so um that reading uh like like with the +Deni reading that reading is posted on + + align:start position:0% +Deni reading that reading is posted on + + + align:start position:0% +Deni reading that reading is posted on +canvas right okay so binary phase + + align:start position:0% +canvas right okay so binary phase + + + align:start position:0% +canvas right okay so binary phase +diagrams let's just uh start by drawing + + align:start position:0% +diagrams let's just uh start by drawing + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams let's just uh start by drawing +some and talking about their primary + + align:start position:0% +some and talking about their primary + + + align:start position:0% +some and talking about their primary +features what are binary phase diagram + + align:start position:0% +features what are binary phase diagram + + + align:start position:0% +features what are binary phase diagram +somebody tell me what is a binary phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram what is a binary phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram a phase diagram for a system + + align:start position:0% +diagram a phase diagram for a system + + + align:start position:0% +diagram a phase diagram for a system +with two components right thank you so + + align:start position:0% +with two components right thank you so + + + align:start position:0% +with two components right thank you so +it is a phase diagram for a system with + + align:start position:0% +it is a phase diagram for a system with + + + align:start position:0% +it is a phase diagram for a system with +two components and and + + align:start position:0% +two components and and + + + align:start position:0% +two components and and +normally it's plotted like this with + + align:start position:0% +normally it's plotted like this with + + + align:start position:0% +normally it's plotted like this with +temperature on the vertical axis + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the vertical axis + + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the vertical axis +and a mole fraction on the x-axis so um + + align:start position:0% +and a mole fraction on the x-axis so um + + + align:start position:0% +and a mole fraction on the x-axis so um +if we have two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components we have + + align:start position:0% +components we have + + + align:start position:0% +components we have +X1 and + + align:start position:0% +X1 and + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and +X2 and we know that X1 + X2 has to be + + align:start position:0% +X2 and we know that X1 + X2 has to be + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and we know that X1 + X2 has to be +one by definition and so um you have two + + align:start position:0% +one by definition and so um you have two + + + align:start position:0% +one by definition and so um you have two +composition variables but only one of + + align:start position:0% +composition variables but only one of + + + align:start position:0% +composition variables but only one of +them is independent and so we normally + + align:start position:0% +them is independent and so we normally + + + align:start position:0% +them is independent and so we normally +plot something like this so the mole + + align:start position:0% +plot something like this so the mole + + + align:start position:0% +plot something like this so the mole +fraction of two will go from 0 to one + + align:start position:0% +fraction of two will go from 0 to one + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of two will go from 0 to one +that means on the left hand side here + + align:start position:0% +that means on the left hand side here + + + align:start position:0% +that means on the left hand side here +we're talking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pure pure component one and on the right + + align:start position:0% +pure pure component one and on the right + + + align:start position:0% +pure pure component one and on the right +hand side we have pure component + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two okay so it's a diagram of + + align:start position:0% +two okay so it's a diagram of + + + align:start position:0% +two okay so it's a diagram of +equilibrium for temperature and + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium for temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium for temperature and +composition + + align:start position:0% +composition + + + align:start position:0% +composition +um here's a typical thing that you have + + align:start position:0% +um here's a typical thing that you have + + + align:start position:0% +um here's a typical thing that you have +you might have a solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phase so you have a large region where + + align:start position:0% +phase so you have a large region where + + + align:start position:0% +phase so you have a large region where +where one and two + + align:start position:0% +where one and two + + + align:start position:0% +where one and two +mix and um often you'll encounter + + align:start position:0% +mix and um often you'll encounter + + + align:start position:0% +mix and um often you'll encounter +something like a solubility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit + + align:start position:0% +limit + + + align:start position:0% +limit +the solubility + + align:start position:0% +the solubility + + + align:start position:0% +the solubility +limit and when you hit the solubility + + align:start position:0% +limit and when you hit the solubility + + + align:start position:0% +limit and when you hit the solubility +limit you enter a two-phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so two-phase regions are often indicated + + align:start position:0% +so two-phase regions are often indicated + + + align:start position:0% +so two-phase regions are often indicated +like that with something that we call + + align:start position:0% +like that with something that we call + + + align:start position:0% +like that with something that we call +tie + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so those horizontal lines are tie lines + + align:start position:0% +so those horizontal lines are tie lines + + + align:start position:0% +so those horizontal lines are tie lines +and um what tie lines do is they uh they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +connect the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phases that can coexist at + + align:start position:0% +phases that can coexist at + + + align:start position:0% +phases that can coexist at +equilibrium so let's make this specific + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so let's make this specific + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so let's make this specific +let's pretend that this is sugar water + + align:start position:0% +let's pretend that this is sugar water + + + align:start position:0% +let's pretend that this is sugar water +that this is a water and sugar solution + + align:start position:0% +that this is a water and sugar solution + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a water and sugar solution +and um so pure component one is let's + + align:start position:0% +and um so pure component one is let's + + + align:start position:0% +and um so pure component one is let's +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +water so let's + + align:start position:0% +water so let's + + + align:start position:0% +water so let's +say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water and pure component two is let's + + align:start position:0% +water and pure component two is let's + + + align:start position:0% +water and pure component two is let's +say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sugar all right so um so what this + + align:start position:0% +sugar all right so um so what this + + + align:start position:0% +sugar all right so um so what this +region here is is uh sugar water + + align:start position:0% +region here is is uh sugar water + + + align:start position:0% +region here is is uh sugar water +that's where you can dissolve sugar and + + align:start position:0% +that's where you can dissolve sugar and + + + align:start position:0% +that's where you can dissolve sugar and +water and and you often see um that the + + align:start position:0% +water and and you often see um that the + + + align:start position:0% +water and and you often see um that the +solubility limits increase as you + + align:start position:0% +solubility limits increase as you + + + align:start position:0% +solubility limits increase as you +increase + + align:start position:0% +increase + + + align:start position:0% +increase +temperature that's because the process + + align:start position:0% +temperature that's because the process + + + align:start position:0% +temperature that's because the process +of making a + + align:start position:0% +of making a + + + align:start position:0% +of making a +solution um increases the entropy + + align:start position:0% +solution um increases the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +solution um increases the entropy +increases the mixed + + align:start position:0% +increases the mixed + + + align:start position:0% +increases the mixed +upness of the universe we saw that in + + align:start position:0% +upness of the universe we saw that in + + + align:start position:0% +upness of the universe we saw that in +the very first lecture and so um as you + + align:start position:0% +the very first lecture and so um as you + + + align:start position:0% +the very first lecture and so um as you +go to higher temperature entropy becomes + + align:start position:0% +go to higher temperature entropy becomes + + + align:start position:0% +go to higher temperature entropy becomes +more important + + align:start position:0% +more important + + + align:start position:0% +more important +we know that because Gibbs equals H + + align:start position:0% +we know that because Gibbs equals H + + + align:start position:0% +we know that because Gibbs equals H +minus TS so as you go to higher + + align:start position:0% +minus TS so as you go to higher + + + align:start position:0% +minus TS so as you go to higher +temperature solution phases tend to + + align:start position:0% +temperature solution phases tend to + + + align:start position:0% +temperature solution phases tend to +broaden all right + + align:start position:0% +broaden all right + + + align:start position:0% +broaden all right +um what's the solubility limit what does + + align:start position:0% +um what's the solubility limit what does + + + align:start position:0% +um what's the solubility limit what does +that mean imagine you're actually making + + align:start position:0% +that mean imagine you're actually making + + + align:start position:0% +that mean imagine you're actually making +sugar water and you start off with pure + + align:start position:0% +sugar water and you start off with pure + + + align:start position:0% +sugar water and you start off with pure +water you start off with pure water and + + align:start position:0% +water you start off with pure water and + + + align:start position:0% +water you start off with pure water and +you start adding sugar you're adding + + align:start position:0% +you start adding sugar you're adding + + + align:start position:0% +you start adding sugar you're adding +sugar you're moving to the right on this + + align:start position:0% +sugar you're moving to the right on this + + + align:start position:0% +sugar you're moving to the right on this +phase diagram what does that mean you + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram what does that mean you + + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram what does that mean you +hit the solubility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it'll start to precipitate out start to + + align:start position:0% +it'll start to precipitate out start to + + + align:start position:0% +it'll start to precipitate out start to +precipitate so when we hit this + + align:start position:0% +precipitate so when we hit this + + + align:start position:0% +precipitate so when we hit this +composition we can no longer add any + + align:start position:0% +composition we can no longer add any + + + align:start position:0% +composition we can no longer add any +more sugar to the solution any sugar + + align:start position:0% +more sugar to the solution any sugar + + + align:start position:0% +more sugar to the solution any sugar +that we add in addition will precipitate + + align:start position:0% +that we add in addition will precipitate + + + align:start position:0% +that we add in addition will precipitate +out as solid + + align:start position:0% +out as solid + + + align:start position:0% +out as solid +so when that happens I end up with two + + align:start position:0% +so when that happens I end up with two + + + align:start position:0% +so when that happens I end up with two +phases in coexistence sugar water and + + align:start position:0% +phases in coexistence sugar water and + + + align:start position:0% +phases in coexistence sugar water and +solid sugar that's the precipitate the + + align:start position:0% +solid sugar that's the precipitate the + + + align:start position:0% +solid sugar that's the precipitate the +stuff on the right and as I add more + + align:start position:0% +stuff on the right and as I add more + + + align:start position:0% +stuff on the right and as I add more +sugar to the + + align:start position:0% +sugar to the + + + align:start position:0% +sugar to the +system more and more sugar precipitates + + align:start position:0% +system more and more sugar precipitates + + + align:start position:0% +system more and more sugar precipitates +out while the composition of the + + align:start position:0% +out while the composition of the + + + align:start position:0% +out while the composition of the +solution doesn't + + align:start position:0% +solution doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +solution doesn't +change so in this region the composition + + align:start position:0% +change so in this region the composition + + + align:start position:0% +change so in this region the composition +of the solution CH changes continuously + + align:start position:0% +of the solution CH changes continuously + + + align:start position:0% +of the solution CH changes continuously +with the overall system composition but + + align:start position:0% +with the overall system composition but + + + align:start position:0% +with the overall system composition but +in this region the composition of the + + align:start position:0% +in this region the composition of the + + + align:start position:0% +in this region the composition of the +solution is + + align:start position:0% +solution is + + + align:start position:0% +solution is +fixed even as the overall system + + align:start position:0% +fixed even as the overall system + + + align:start position:0% +fixed even as the overall system +composition can vary because I have two + + align:start position:0% +composition can vary because I have two + + + align:start position:0% +composition can vary because I have two +phases so that's the meaning of two + + align:start position:0% +phases so that's the meaning of two + + + align:start position:0% +phases so that's the meaning of two +phase regions and the tie lines connect + + align:start position:0% +phase regions and the tie lines connect + + + align:start position:0% +phase regions and the tie lines connect +the phases that + + align:start position:0% +the phases that + + + align:start position:0% +the phases that +coexist okay um so it's just some + + align:start position:0% +coexist okay um so it's just some + + + align:start position:0% +coexist okay um so it's just some +Basics so let's let's let's do an + + align:start position:0% +Basics so let's let's let's do an + + + align:start position:0% +Basics so let's let's let's do an +example here let's look at an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crystal growth by super saturation and + + align:start position:0% +crystal growth by super saturation and + + + align:start position:0% +crystal growth by super saturation and +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you ever made rock + + align:start position:0% +um you ever made rock + + + align:start position:0% +um you ever made rock +candy fact I've got a I've got a big one + + align:start position:0% +candy fact I've got a I've got a big one + + + align:start position:0% +candy fact I've got a I've got a big one +in my in my um I'm at home you know I've + + align:start position:0% +in my in my um I'm at home you know I've + + + align:start position:0% +in my in my um I'm at home you know I've +got a big one in my my son's room so I + + align:start position:0% +got a big one in my my son's room so I + + + align:start position:0% +got a big one in my my son's room so I +might have to go take a walk and grab it + + align:start position:0% +might have to go take a walk and grab it + + + align:start position:0% +might have to go take a walk and grab it +in a minute um so let's see uh he's at + + align:start position:0% +in a minute um so let's see uh he's at + + + align:start position:0% +in a minute um so let's see uh he's at +school otherwise he get mad at me that + + align:start position:0% +school otherwise he get mad at me that + + + align:start position:0% +school otherwise he get mad at me that +be taking his rock candy don't worry + + align:start position:0% +be taking his rock candy don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +be taking his rock candy don't worry +I'll put it back so + + align:start position:0% +I'll put it back so + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put it back so +uh there's the same phase diagram here's + + align:start position:0% +uh there's the same phase diagram here's + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's the same phase diagram here's +X2 we'll call this the + + align:start position:0% +X2 we'll call this the + + + align:start position:0% +X2 we'll call this the +saw + + align:start position:0% +saw + + + align:start position:0% +saw +vent keep the solvent on the right + + align:start position:0% +vent keep the solvent on the right + + + align:start position:0% +vent keep the solvent on the right +solute on the sorry solvent on the left + + align:start position:0% +solute on the sorry solvent on the left + + + align:start position:0% +solute on the sorry solvent on the left +solute on the right and here's + + align:start position:0% +solute on the right and here's + + + align:start position:0% +solute on the right and here's +temperature and here's a two-phase + + align:start position:0% +temperature and here's a two-phase + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and here's a two-phase +region with a solid really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit and here's what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +limit and here's what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +limit and here's what I'm going to do +has anyone made rock candy or do you + + align:start position:0% +has anyone made rock candy or do you + + + align:start position:0% +has anyone made rock candy or do you +remember somebody tell me how do you + + align:start position:0% +remember somebody tell me how do you + + + align:start position:0% +remember somebody tell me how do you +make rock + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +candy what do you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first well let's do it this way start + + align:start position:0% +first well let's do it this way start + + + align:start position:0% +first well let's do it this way start +you start like with hot uh syrup hot + + align:start position:0% +you start like with hot uh syrup hot + + + align:start position:0% +you start like with hot uh syrup hot +syrup good so let's let's just get there + + align:start position:0% +syrup good so let's let's just get there + + + align:start position:0% +syrup good so let's let's just get there +to hot syrup let's start with a room + + align:start position:0% +to hot syrup let's start with a room + + + align:start position:0% +to hot syrup let's start with a room +temperature solution let's start um + + align:start position:0% +temperature solution let's start um + + + align:start position:0% +temperature solution let's start um +let's start + + align:start position:0% +let's start + + + align:start position:0% +let's start +here one okay we're going to start there + + align:start position:0% +here one okay we're going to start there + + + align:start position:0% +here one okay we're going to start there +and then what we're going to do is we're + + align:start position:0% +and then what we're going to do is we're + + + align:start position:0% +and then what we're going to do is we're +going to heat + + align:start position:0% +going to heat + + + align:start position:0% +going to heat +up we normally do this on the stove so + + align:start position:0% +up we normally do this on the stove so + + + align:start position:0% +up we normally do this on the stove so +let's see we're going to heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up two so now we heat it + + align:start position:0% +up two so now we heat it + + + align:start position:0% +up two so now we heat it +up and then we're going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +add more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solute add more solute so what we're + + align:start position:0% +solute add more solute so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +solute add more solute so what we're +going to do is we're going to make it + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to make it + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to make it +more syrupy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right we're going to make this more + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to make this more + + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to make this more +syrupy we're adding more solute and then + + align:start position:0% +syrupy we're adding more solute and then + + + align:start position:0% +syrupy we're adding more solute and then +what's the final thing we do maybe + + align:start position:0% +what's the final thing we do maybe + + + align:start position:0% +what's the final thing we do maybe +somebody new who hasn't contributed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yet you cool it down yeah we're going to + + align:start position:0% +yet you cool it down yeah we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +yet you cool it down yeah we're going to +cool down + + align:start position:0% +cool down + + + align:start position:0% +cool down +into Super + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saturation we're going to cool down into + + align:start position:0% +saturation we're going to cool down into + + + align:start position:0% +saturation we're going to cool down into +Super + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saturation that's step + + align:start position:0% +saturation that's step + + + align:start position:0% +saturation that's step +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +and and then what's the final thing we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do we wait + + align:start position:0% +do we wait + + + align:start position:0% +do we wait +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spontaneous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crystallization okay I'll be right + + align:start position:0% +crystallization okay I'll be right + + + align:start position:0% +crystallization okay I'll be right +back I mean we're showing you is is a + + align:start position:0% +back I mean we're showing you is is a + + + align:start position:0% +back I mean we're showing you is is a +piece of a large piece of rock + + align:start position:0% +piece of a large piece of rock + + + align:start position:0% +piece of a large piece of rock +candy and and how how do we make this + + align:start position:0% +candy and and how how do we make this + + + align:start position:0% +candy and and how how do we make this +right we um we took water and then we + + align:start position:0% +right we um we took water and then we + + + align:start position:0% +right we um we took water and then we +made syrup and then we heated it up on + + align:start position:0% +made syrup and then we heated it up on + + + align:start position:0% +made syrup and then we heated it up on +the stove and made + + align:start position:0% +the stove and made + + + align:start position:0% +the stove and made +uh made the thing even syrup beier until + + align:start position:0% +uh made the thing even syrup beier until + + + align:start position:0% +uh made the thing even syrup beier until +it was really viscous on the stove and + + align:start position:0% +it was really viscous on the stove and + + + align:start position:0% +it was really viscous on the stove and +then we cooled it down and we poured the + + align:start position:0% +then we cooled it down and we poured the + + + align:start position:0% +then we cooled it down and we poured the +um we poured the syrupy solution into a + + align:start position:0% +um we poured the syrupy solution into a + + + align:start position:0% +um we poured the syrupy solution into a +not a beaker because we're at home a + + align:start position:0% +not a beaker because we're at home a + + + align:start position:0% +not a beaker because we're at home a +glass a glass + + align:start position:0% +glass a glass + + + align:start position:0% +glass a glass +dish and and then we waited and um over + + align:start position:0% +dish and and then we waited and um over + + + align:start position:0% +dish and and then we waited and um over +the course of maybe a + + align:start position:0% +the course of maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +the course of maybe a +day right this thing grew and you see + + align:start position:0% +day right this thing grew and you see + + + align:start position:0% +day right this thing grew and you see +lots of little crystallites here it's + + align:start position:0% +lots of little crystallites here it's + + + align:start position:0% +lots of little crystallites here it's +hard to see over the + + align:start position:0% +hard to see over the + + + align:start position:0% +hard to see over the +camera and if we were really making rock + + align:start position:0% +camera and if we were really making rock + + + align:start position:0% +camera and if we were really making rock +candy we would have put some strings in + + align:start position:0% +candy we would have put some strings in + + + align:start position:0% +candy we would have put some strings in +the solution to grow rock candy on + + align:start position:0% +the solution to grow rock candy on + + + align:start position:0% +the solution to grow rock candy on +strings that's how you normally see it + + align:start position:0% +strings that's how you normally see it + + + align:start position:0% +strings that's how you normally see it +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so that that's that's one + + align:start position:0% +um all right so that that's that's one + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so that that's that's one +way to use a binary phase diagram so uh + + align:start position:0% +way to use a binary phase diagram so uh + + + align:start position:0% +way to use a binary phase diagram so uh +let's see we're GNA move on to do some + + align:start position:0% +let's see we're GNA move on to do some + + + align:start position:0% +let's see we're GNA move on to do some +formalism I want to stop now and take + + align:start position:0% +formalism I want to stop now and take + + + align:start position:0% +formalism I want to stop now and take +questions on on what we've covered so + + align:start position:0% +questions on on what we've covered so + + + align:start position:0% +questions on on what we've covered so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +right spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +right spontaneous +crystallization means you're going to + + align:start position:0% +crystallization means you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +crystallization means you're going to +end up + + align:start position:0% +end up + + + align:start position:0% +end up +with sugar + + align:start position:0% +with sugar + + + align:start position:0% +with sugar +water and the Crystal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coexisting can we get like the energy + + align:start position:0% +coexisting can we get like the energy + + + align:start position:0% +coexisting can we get like the energy +from this path like if we get like we + + align:start position:0% +from this path like if we get like we + + + align:start position:0% +from this path like if we get like we +have the Delta formation + + align:start position:0% +have the Delta formation + + + align:start position:0% +have the Delta formation +you get an energy from this if you have + + align:start position:0% +you get an energy from this if you have + + + align:start position:0% +you get an energy from this if you have +so can you repeat one more time if you + + align:start position:0% +so can you repeat one more time if you + + + align:start position:0% +so can you repeat one more time if you +have something a formation like if I + + align:start position:0% +have something a formation like if I + + + align:start position:0% +have something a formation like if I +have like the Delta h of mix like uh + + align:start position:0% +have like the Delta h of mix like uh + + + align:start position:0% +have like the Delta h of mix like uh +mixing the + + align:start position:0% +mixing the + + + align:start position:0% +mixing the +two can you get energy from this I mean + + align:start position:0% +two can you get energy from this I mean + + + align:start position:0% +two can you get energy from this I mean +is this a ex it's an exothermic process + + align:start position:0% +is this a ex it's an exothermic process + + + align:start position:0% +is this a ex it's an exothermic process +crystallization okay so so this was an + + align:start position:0% +crystallization okay so so this was an + + + align:start position:0% +crystallization okay so so this was an +instant hot + + align:start position:0% +instant hot + + + align:start position:0% +instant hot +pack right this was the instant hot pack + + align:start position:0% +pack right this was the instant hot pack + + + align:start position:0% +pack right this was the instant hot pack +right this um this whole class just + + align:start position:0% +right this um this whole class just + + + align:start position:0% +right this um this whole class just +comes back to that that thing we did on + + align:start position:0% +comes back to that that thing we did on + + + align:start position:0% +comes back to that that thing we did on +day one with the hot cold pack so this + + align:start position:0% +day one with the hot cold pack so this + + + align:start position:0% +day one with the hot cold pack so this +is an instant hot pack situation you + + align:start position:0% +is an instant hot pack situation you + + + align:start position:0% +is an instant hot pack situation you +have spontaneous exothermic process + + align:start position:0% +have spontaneous exothermic process + + + align:start position:0% +have spontaneous exothermic process +right it's driven by + + align:start position:0% +right it's driven by + + + align:start position:0% +right it's driven by +enthalpy not by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entropy so there is a heat of + + align:start position:0% +entropy so there is a heat of + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so there is a heat of +solidification and that heat of + + align:start position:0% +solidification and that heat of + + + align:start position:0% +solidification and that heat of +solidification is not something we worry + + align:start position:0% +solidification is not something we worry + + + align:start position:0% +solidification is not something we worry +about so much when we're making rock + + align:start position:0% +about so much when we're making rock + + + align:start position:0% +about so much when we're making rock +candy but if you're growing + + align:start position:0% +candy but if you're growing + + + align:start position:0% +candy but if you're growing +semiconductor bools + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor bools + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor bools +um uh or any other solidification + + align:start position:0% +um uh or any other solidification + + + align:start position:0% +um uh or any other solidification +process you care about it quite a lot + + align:start position:0% +process you care about it quite a lot + + + align:start position:0% +process you care about it quite a lot +and you have to engineer that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any other questions on on these this is + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on on these this is + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on on these this is +Basics this is introducing binary phase + + align:start position:0% +Basics this is introducing binary phase + + + align:start position:0% +Basics this is introducing binary phase +diagrams through I think a very very + + align:start position:0% +diagrams through I think a very very + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams through I think a very very +gentle example of course they're going + + align:start position:0% +gentle example of course they're going + + + align:start position:0% +gentle example of course they're going +to get a lot hairier than this but I + + align:start position:0% +to get a lot hairier than this but I + + + align:start position:0% +to get a lot hairier than this but I +want to make sure people have seen these + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure people have seen these + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure people have seen these +basic concepts of solutions two-phase + + align:start position:0% +basic concepts of solutions two-phase + + + align:start position:0% +basic concepts of solutions two-phase +regions TI lines and how we can think + + align:start position:0% +regions TI lines and how we can think + + + align:start position:0% +regions TI lines and how we can think +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I'll move on so + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll move on so + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll move on so +um naturally because this is Thermo a + + align:start position:0% +um naturally because this is Thermo a + + + align:start position:0% +um naturally because this is Thermo a +lot of what we're going to do boils down + + align:start position:0% +lot of what we're going to do boils down + + + align:start position:0% +lot of what we're going to do boils down +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +bookkeeping so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping so what we're going to do +now is establish some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +necessary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conventions + + align:start position:0% +conventions + + + align:start position:0% +conventions +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +um let me pause for a minute and and + + align:start position:0% +um let me pause for a minute and and + + + align:start position:0% +um let me pause for a minute and and +call something out and I hope I remember + + align:start position:0% +call something out and I hope I remember + + + align:start position:0% +call something out and I hope I remember +to do this again at the end of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class in the first class I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +class in the first class I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +class in the first class I mentioned +that we were going to be using the + + align:start position:0% +that we were going to be using the + + + align:start position:0% +that we were going to be using the +software thermal and so that starts on + + align:start position:0% +software thermal and so that starts on + + + align:start position:0% +software thermal and so that starts on +on the pet that's released today um so + + align:start position:0% +on the pet that's released today um so + + + align:start position:0% +on the pet that's released today um so +if you haven't yet please do uh go + + align:start position:0% +if you haven't yet please do uh go + + + align:start position:0% +if you haven't yet please do uh go +either look at the course info document + + align:start position:0% +either look at the course info document + + + align:start position:0% +either look at the course info document +or just go directly to the thermal + + align:start position:0% +or just go directly to the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +or just go directly to the thermal +website and download and install their + + align:start position:0% +website and download and install their + + + align:start position:0% +website and download and install their +educational version for students it's + + align:start position:0% +educational version for students it's + + + align:start position:0% +educational version for students it's +free in our experience um every year + + align:start position:0% +free in our experience um every year + + + align:start position:0% +free in our experience um every year +there's maybe one or two students that + + align:start position:0% +there's maybe one or two students that + + + align:start position:0% +there's maybe one or two students that +have a little bit of trouble installing + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit of trouble installing + + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit of trouble installing +it uh that's always been with Max but + + align:start position:0% +it uh that's always been with Max but + + + align:start position:0% +it uh that's always been with Max but +almost everybody including people with + + align:start position:0% +almost everybody including people with + + + align:start position:0% +almost everybody including people with +Max um uh are able to get this running + + align:start position:0% +Max um uh are able to get this running + + + align:start position:0% +Max um uh are able to get this running +in fact I actually don't know anybody + + align:start position:0% +in fact I actually don't know anybody + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I actually don't know anybody +who wasn't able to get it running which + + align:start position:0% +who wasn't able to get it running which + + + align:start position:0% +who wasn't able to get it running which +is to say it's a fair + + align:start position:0% +is to say it's a fair + + + align:start position:0% +is to say it's a fair +welld designed software installation + + align:start position:0% +welld designed software installation + + + align:start position:0% +welld designed software installation +process because normally you know + + align:start position:0% +process because normally you know + + + align:start position:0% +process because normally you know +there's always problems so um so get + + align:start position:0% +there's always problems so um so get + + + align:start position:0% +there's always problems so um so get +this running on your computer you know + + align:start position:0% +this running on your computer you know + + + align:start position:0% +this running on your computer you know +before you need it on the pet which you + + align:start position:0% +before you need it on the pet which you + + + align:start position:0% +before you need it on the pet which you +do it today or tomorrow which should + + align:start position:0% +do it today or tomorrow which should + + + align:start position:0% +do it today or tomorrow which should +take five eight minutes at most it's not + + align:start position:0% +take five eight minutes at most it's not + + + align:start position:0% +take five eight minutes at most it's not +a huge program educational version of + + align:start position:0% +a huge program educational version of + + + align:start position:0% +a huge program educational version of +thermocalc all right now back to + + align:start position:0% +thermocalc all right now back to + + + align:start position:0% +thermocalc all right now back to +regularly scheduled programming so now + + align:start position:0% +regularly scheduled programming so now + + + align:start position:0% +regularly scheduled programming so now +we're going to consider the process of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to consider the process of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to consider the process of +making Solutions we're going to do this + + align:start position:0% +making Solutions we're going to do this + + + align:start position:0% +making Solutions we're going to do this +really generically we have some + + align:start position:0% +really generically we have some + + + align:start position:0% +really generically we have some +component + + align:start position:0% +component + + + align:start position:0% +component +a it has a + + align:start position:0% +a it has a + + + align:start position:0% +a it has a +volume I'm going to spend time on + + align:start position:0% +volume I'm going to spend time on + + + align:start position:0% +volume I'm going to spend time on +notation here because the notation when + + align:start position:0% +notation here because the notation when + + + align:start position:0% +notation here because the notation when +we're making Solutions it gets hairy + + align:start position:0% +we're making Solutions it gets hairy + + + align:start position:0% +we're making Solutions it gets hairy +because we have mixtures and we have + + align:start position:0% +because we have mixtures and we have + + + align:start position:0% +because we have mixtures and we have +components and we have reference phases + + align:start position:0% +components and we have reference phases + + + align:start position:0% +components and we have reference phases +and everything like this so it comes + + align:start position:0% +and everything like this so it comes + + + align:start position:0% +and everything like this so it comes +really again it's all about the + + align:start position:0% +really again it's all about the + + + align:start position:0% +really again it's all about the +bookkeeping so here we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have some volume of a component a it has + + align:start position:0% +have some volume of a component a it has + + + align:start position:0% +have some volume of a component a it has +a volume it has an entropy it has a Gib + + align:start position:0% +a volume it has an entropy it has a Gib + + + align:start position:0% +a volume it has an entropy it has a Gib +free energy so + + align:start position:0% +free energy so + + + align:start position:0% +free energy so +forth um the subscripts label + + align:start position:0% +forth um the subscripts label + + + align:start position:0% +forth um the subscripts label +component so maybe it's water for + + align:start position:0% +component so maybe it's water for + + + align:start position:0% +component so maybe it's water for +instance maybe that's water the + + align:start position:0% +instance maybe that's water the + + + align:start position:0% +instance maybe that's water the +dash reminds you that is an extensive + + align:start position:0% +dash reminds you that is an extensive + + + align:start position:0% +dash reminds you that is an extensive +quantity so that's not volume per mole + + align:start position:0% +quantity so that's not volume per mole + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so that's not volume per mole +or entropy per mole or Gibs per mole + + align:start position:0% +or entropy per mole or Gibs per mole + + + align:start position:0% +or entropy per mole or Gibs per mole +it's volume entropy GES and the circle + + align:start position:0% +it's volume entropy GES and the circle + + + align:start position:0% +it's volume entropy GES and the circle +is going to remind you that it's a + + align:start position:0% +is going to remind you that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is going to remind you that it's a +reference state which when you're making + + align:start position:0% +reference state which when you're making + + + align:start position:0% +reference state which when you're making +making Solutions means the pure phas the + + align:start position:0% +making Solutions means the pure phas the + + + align:start position:0% +making Solutions means the pure phas the +pure state so we have pure + + align:start position:0% +pure state so we have pure + + + align:start position:0% +pure state so we have pure +a and we're going to do something + + align:start position:0% +a and we're going to do something + + + align:start position:0% +a and we're going to do something +similar with B so we have + + align:start position:0% +similar with B so we have + + + align:start position:0% +similar with B so we have +a container of B it has its own + + align:start position:0% +a container of B it has its own + + + align:start position:0% +a container of B it has its own +volume its own + + align:start position:0% +volume its own + + + align:start position:0% +volume its own +entropy its own + + align:start position:0% +entropy its own + + + align:start position:0% +entropy its own +sorry it own gives free + + align:start position:0% +sorry it own gives free + + + align:start position:0% +sorry it own gives free +energy and so + + align:start position:0% +energy and so + + + align:start position:0% +energy and so +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we're going to mix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them and you get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something which is new right you you + + align:start position:0% +something which is new right you you + + + align:start position:0% +something which is new right you you +don't get a you don't get + + align:start position:0% +don't get a you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +don't get a you don't get +B you get a plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b let's do some bookkeeping + + align:start position:0% +b let's do some bookkeeping + + + align:start position:0% +b let's do some bookkeeping +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +we're going to introduce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantities of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mixing quantities of mixing so let's + + align:start position:0% +mixing quantities of mixing so let's + + + align:start position:0% +mixing quantities of mixing so let's +see the volume of the mixed + + align:start position:0% +see the volume of the mixed + + + align:start position:0% +see the volume of the mixed +system we're going to set it up this way + + align:start position:0% +system we're going to set it up this way + + + align:start position:0% +system we're going to set it up this way +it's the volume of + + align:start position:0% +it's the volume of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the volume of +a plus the volume of B and their + + align:start position:0% +a plus the volume of B and their + + + align:start position:0% +a plus the volume of B and their +reference dates Plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something we're going to + + align:start position:0% +something we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +something we're going to +call the volume of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mixing this is this is free we can do + + align:start position:0% +mixing this is this is free we can do + + + align:start position:0% +mixing this is this is free we can do +this right this is no problem this + + align:start position:0% +this right this is no problem this + + + align:start position:0% +this right this is no problem this +doesn't tell you anything about the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell you anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell you anything about the +science this is just a bookkeeping + + align:start position:0% +science this is just a bookkeeping + + + align:start position:0% +science this is just a bookkeeping +scheme I I see now at the top of my + + align:start position:0% +scheme I I see now at the top of my + + + align:start position:0% +scheme I I see now at the top of my +screen is um is Sarah Josh and Ellie so + + align:start position:0% +screen is um is Sarah Josh and Ellie so + + + align:start position:0% +screen is um is Sarah Josh and Ellie so +let's say that that I want to say the + + align:start position:0% +let's say that that I want to say the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that that I want to say the +amount of money Eli has in his pocket + + align:start position:0% +amount of money Eli has in his pocket + + + align:start position:0% +amount of money Eli has in his pocket +right now is the amount of money that + + align:start position:0% +right now is the amount of money that + + + align:start position:0% +right now is the amount of money that +Sarah has in her pocket plus the amount + + align:start position:0% +Sarah has in her pocket plus the amount + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah has in her pocket plus the amount +of money that Josh has in his pocket + + align:start position:0% +of money that Josh has in his pocket + + + align:start position:0% +of money that Josh has in his pocket +plus the + + align:start position:0% +plus the + + + align:start position:0% +plus the +difference which doesn't tell you + + align:start position:0% +difference which doesn't tell you + + + align:start position:0% +difference which doesn't tell you +anything about how much money you have + + align:start position:0% +anything about how much money you have + + + align:start position:0% +anything about how much money you have +in your pockets it's just a bookkeeping + + align:start position:0% +in your pockets it's just a bookkeeping + + + align:start position:0% +in your pockets it's just a bookkeeping +scheme that's all this is okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +scheme that's all this is okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +scheme that's all this is okay so we're +going to do something + + align:start position:0% +going to do something + + + align:start position:0% +going to do something +similar with all the other extensive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +could the Delta V mixer value be a + + align:start position:0% +could the Delta V mixer value be a + + + align:start position:0% +could the Delta V mixer value be a +negative number it can be it can be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure what's an example of when it's a + + align:start position:0% +sure what's an example of when it's a + + + align:start position:0% +sure what's an example of when it's a +negative number I got to think about + + align:start position:0% +negative number I got to think about + + + align:start position:0% +negative number I got to think about +this I like maybe like uh water and aets + + align:start position:0% +this I like maybe like uh water and aets + + + align:start position:0% +this I like maybe like uh water and aets +they usually shrink when you mix them + + align:start position:0% +they usually shrink when you mix them + + + align:start position:0% +they usually shrink when you mix them +get smaller than 12 well I I I love the + + align:start position:0% +get smaller than 12 well I I I love the + + + align:start position:0% +get smaller than 12 well I I I love the +example but I didn't quite hear what + + align:start position:0% +example but I didn't quite hear what + + + align:start position:0% +example but I didn't quite hear what +exactly was it the strink when you mix + + align:start position:0% +exactly was it the strink when you mix + + + align:start position:0% +exactly was it the strink when you mix +them it's like uh water and acid like + + align:start position:0% +them it's like uh water and acid like + + + align:start position:0% +them it's like uh water and acid like +water and a yeah sure um that's or + + align:start position:0% +water and a yeah sure um that's or + + + align:start position:0% +water and a yeah sure um that's or +sometimes it's larger sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's larger sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's larger sometimes it's +smaller you shouldn't think that oh it + + align:start position:0% +smaller you shouldn't think that oh it + + + align:start position:0% +smaller you shouldn't think that oh it +should be bigger because we mixed it so + + align:start position:0% +should be bigger because we mixed it so + + + align:start position:0% +should be bigger because we mixed it so +the system got bigger it's you know it's + + align:start position:0% +the system got bigger it's you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +the system got bigger it's you know it's +a volume of a plus a volume of B plus + + align:start position:0% +a volume of a plus a volume of B plus + + + align:start position:0% +a volume of a plus a volume of B plus +however it change so if there's chemical + + align:start position:0% +however it change so if there's chemical + + + align:start position:0% +however it change so if there's chemical +interactions that cause the molecules to + + align:start position:0% +interactions that cause the molecules to + + + align:start position:0% +interactions that cause the molecules to +pull more closely together than they do + + align:start position:0% +pull more closely together than they do + + + align:start position:0% +pull more closely together than they do +when and they're unmixed then that + + align:start position:0% +when and they're unmixed then that + + + align:start position:0% +when and they're unmixed then that +volume term is negative if they're + + align:start position:0% +volume term is negative if they're + + + align:start position:0% +volume term is negative if they're +chemical interactions that cause the + + align:start position:0% +chemical interactions that cause the + + + align:start position:0% +chemical interactions that cause the +thing to swell right that's the case + + align:start position:0% +thing to swell right that's the case + + + align:start position:0% +thing to swell right that's the case +with like glass + + align:start position:0% +with like glass + + + align:start position:0% +with like glass +formers um then then that becomes + + align:start position:0% +formers um then then that becomes + + + align:start position:0% +formers um then then that becomes +positive okay so let me just make this + + align:start position:0% +positive okay so let me just make this + + + align:start position:0% +positive okay so let me just make this +clear we have this sort of structure + + align:start position:0% +clear we have this sort of structure + + + align:start position:0% +clear we have this sort of structure +here these are the reference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State reference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states of pure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components and these are the mixing + + align:start position:0% +components and these are the mixing + + + align:start position:0% +components and these are the mixing +terms and and the point of having these + + align:start position:0% +terms and and the point of having these + + + align:start position:0% +terms and and the point of having these +mixing + + align:start position:0% +mixing + + + align:start position:0% +mixing +terms is because when you make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Solutions the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whole is not + + align:start position:0% +whole is not + + + align:start position:0% +whole is not +simply the sum of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parts that's why we have these mixing + + align:start position:0% +parts that's why we have these mixing + + + align:start position:0% +parts that's why we have these mixing +terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so + + align:start position:0% +all right so + + + align:start position:0% +all right so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +new there are solutions all around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us so there are solutions all around us + + align:start position:0% +us so there are solutions all around us + + + align:start position:0% +us so there are solutions all around us +we know this right liquid phase this is + + align:start position:0% +we know this right liquid phase this is + + + align:start position:0% +we know this right liquid phase this is +where we + + align:start position:0% +where we + + + align:start position:0% +where we +started and when people colloquially say + + align:start position:0% +started and when people colloquially say + + + align:start position:0% +started and when people colloquially say +Solutions normally they mean a liquid + + align:start position:0% +Solutions normally they mean a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions normally they mean a liquid +liquid phase so ocean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +syrup right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gasoline Etc all right gas phase of + + align:start position:0% +gasoline Etc all right gas phase of + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline Etc all right gas phase of +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +air is a + + align:start position:0% +air is a + + + align:start position:0% +air is a +solution but + + align:start position:0% +solution but + + + align:start position:0% +solution but +um in Material Science in MSE uh we + + align:start position:0% +um in Material Science in MSE uh we + + + align:start position:0% +um in Material Science in MSE uh we +spend most of our professional lives + + align:start position:0% +spend most of our professional lives + + + align:start position:0% +spend most of our professional lives +working on solid phase Solutions so this + + align:start position:0% +working on solid phase Solutions so this + + + align:start position:0% +working on solid phase Solutions so this +is less colloquial right normally um I + + align:start position:0% +is less colloquial right normally um I + + + align:start position:0% +is less colloquial right normally um I +think you stop somebody on the street + + align:start position:0% +think you stop somebody on the street + + + align:start position:0% +think you stop somebody on the street +and and hold up a solid chunk of + + align:start position:0% +and and hold up a solid chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +and and hold up a solid chunk of +something and say this a solution they + + align:start position:0% +something and say this a solution they + + + align:start position:0% +something and say this a solution they +would say no it's a solid but um + + align:start position:0% +would say no it's a solid but um + + + align:start position:0% +would say no it's a solid but um +everything we're doing applies you know + + align:start position:0% +everything we're doing applies you know + + + align:start position:0% +everything we're doing applies you know +definitely the solids and and that's + + align:start position:0% +definitely the solids and and that's + + + align:start position:0% +definitely the solids and and that's +actually where we get most of our + + align:start position:0% +actually where we get most of our + + + align:start position:0% +actually where we get most of our +technological impact so um would + + align:start position:0% +technological impact so um would + + + align:start position:0% +technological impact so um would +somebody like to name for me some solid + + align:start position:0% +somebody like to name for me some solid + + + align:start position:0% +somebody like to name for me some solid +phases uh that matter to you or everyday + + align:start position:0% +phases uh that matter to you or everyday + + + align:start position:0% +phases uh that matter to you or everyday +life or cool extreme examples or + + align:start position:0% +life or cool extreme examples or + + + align:start position:0% +life or cool extreme examples or +anything at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all Caron steel + + align:start position:0% +all Caron steel + + + align:start position:0% +all Caron steel +steel right the most basic steel is + + align:start position:0% +steel right the most basic steel is + + + align:start position:0% +steel right the most basic steel is +carbon steel it's iron and + + align:start position:0% +carbon steel it's iron and + + + align:start position:0% +carbon steel it's iron and +carbon right iron is + + align:start position:0% +carbon right iron is + + + align:start position:0% +carbon right iron is +is very very + + align:start position:0% +is very very + + + align:start position:0% +is very very +soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ductile um rusts + + align:start position:0% +ductile um rusts + + + align:start position:0% +ductile um rusts +easily not good for + + align:start position:0% +easily not good for + + + align:start position:0% +easily not good for +structure um you add a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +structure um you add a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +structure um you add a little bit of +carbon and you get + + align:start position:0% +carbon and you get + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and you get +steel good other metal alloys right this + + align:start position:0% +steel good other metal alloys right this + + + align:start position:0% +steel good other metal alloys right this +is sort of if you go back Millennia this + + align:start position:0% +is sort of if you go back Millennia this + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of if you go back Millennia this +is where Material Science started right + + align:start position:0% +is where Material Science started right + + + align:start position:0% +is where Material Science started right +brass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bronze these are kind of old-fashioned + + align:start position:0% +bronze these are kind of old-fashioned + + + align:start position:0% +bronze these are kind of old-fashioned +metal alloys even though steel there's + + align:start position:0% +metal alloys even though steel there's + + + align:start position:0% +metal alloys even though steel there's +nothing oldfashioned about it um as + + align:start position:0% +nothing oldfashioned about it um as + + + align:start position:0% +nothing oldfashioned about it um as +practiced + + align:start position:0% +practiced + + + align:start position:0% +practiced +today we also have super + + align:start position:0% +today we also have super + + + align:start position:0% +today we also have super +Alloys so now we're getting really into + + align:start position:0% +Alloys so now we're getting really into + + + align:start position:0% +Alloys so now we're getting really into +you know late 20th century stuff so for + + align:start position:0% +you know late 20th century stuff so for + + + align:start position:0% +you know late 20th century stuff so for +example Cutting Edge materials research + + align:start position:0% +example Cutting Edge materials research + + + align:start position:0% +example Cutting Edge materials research +enables things like jet turbine blades + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +right how can you have those big turbo + + align:start position:0% +right how can you have those big turbo + + + align:start position:0% +right how can you have those big turbo +fans in modern jet engines they they're + + align:start position:0% +fans in modern jet engines they they're + + + align:start position:0% +fans in modern jet engines they they're +they're withstanding enormous stresses + + align:start position:0% +they're withstanding enormous stresses + + + align:start position:0% +they're withstanding enormous stresses +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +heat the bigger you make them the more + + align:start position:0% +heat the bigger you make them the more + + + align:start position:0% +heat the bigger you make them the more +efficient the engine becomes but in + + align:start position:0% +efficient the engine becomes but in + + + align:start position:0% +efficient the engine becomes but in +order to make them big you need a + + align:start position:0% +order to make them big you need a + + + align:start position:0% +order to make them big you need a +material that can withstand that and so + + align:start position:0% +material that can withstand that and so + + + align:start position:0% +material that can withstand that and so +these super Alloys are developed for + + align:start position:0% +these super Alloys are developed for + + + align:start position:0% +these super Alloys are developed for +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +application what else what about + + align:start position:0% +application what else what about + + + align:start position:0% +application what else what about +lithium + + align:start position:0% +lithium + + + align:start position:0% +lithium +ion + + align:start position:0% +ion + + + align:start position:0% +ion +battery + + align:start position:0% +battery + + + align:start position:0% +battery +electrodes Nobel Prize in chemistry from + + align:start position:0% +electrodes Nobel Prize in chemistry from + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes Nobel Prize in chemistry from +two years ago the lithium ion battery + + align:start position:0% +two years ago the lithium ion battery + + + align:start position:0% +two years ago the lithium ion battery +development largely almost you know 80% + + align:start position:0% +development largely almost you know 80% + + + align:start position:0% +development largely almost you know 80% +of the work and intellectual input on + + align:start position:0% +of the work and intellectual input on + + + align:start position:0% +of the work and intellectual input on +alloy design that is designing solid + + align:start position:0% +alloy design that is designing solid + + + align:start position:0% +alloy design that is designing solid +phase solutions for those + + align:start position:0% +phase solutions for those + + + align:start position:0% +phase solutions for those +electrodes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +semiconductors semiconductors pure + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors semiconductors pure + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors semiconductors pure +silicon with nothing added is useless it + + align:start position:0% +silicon with nothing added is useless it + + + align:start position:0% +silicon with nothing added is useless it +doesn't do anything for us right we + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do anything for us right we + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do anything for us right we +alloy it we make solid phas solutions to + + align:start position:0% +alloy it we make solid phas solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +alloy it we make solid phas solutions to +change its properties and enable + + align:start position:0% +change its properties and enable + + + align:start position:0% +change its properties and enable +electronic + + align:start position:0% +electronic + + + align:start position:0% +electronic +circuits any other examples you know + + align:start position:0% +circuits any other examples you know + + + align:start position:0% +circuits any other examples you know +this is enough I think + + align:start position:0% +this is enough I think + + + align:start position:0% +this is enough I think +but um you know this is Material Science + + align:start position:0% +but um you know this is Material Science + + + align:start position:0% +but um you know this is Material Science +you take something you add a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you take something you add a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you take something you add a little bit +of something else and you dramatically + + align:start position:0% +of something else and you dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +of something else and you dramatically +change the properties make it more + + align:start position:0% +change the properties make it more + + + align:start position:0% +change the properties make it more +useful + + align:start position:0% +useful + + + align:start position:0% +useful +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's take three minutes to talk + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take three minutes to talk + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take three minutes to talk +about Solutions and reactions why + + align:start position:0% +about Solutions and reactions why + + + align:start position:0% +about Solutions and reactions why +because we just finished + + align:start position:0% +because we just finished + + + align:start position:0% +because we just finished +reactions + + align:start position:0% +reactions + + + align:start position:0% +reactions +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +because many of you have worked with + + align:start position:0% +because many of you have worked with + + + align:start position:0% +because many of you have worked with +reactions in introductory chemistry + + align:start position:0% +reactions in introductory chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +reactions in introductory chemistry +classes so you're used to something like + + align:start position:0% +classes so you're used to something like + + + align:start position:0% +classes so you're used to something like +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take two components they react to make a + + align:start position:0% +take two components they react to make a + + + align:start position:0% +take two components they react to make a +third what's the difference this is a + + align:start position:0% +third what's the difference this is a + + + align:start position:0% +third what's the difference this is a +discret + + align:start position:0% +discret + + + align:start position:0% +discret +process a discreet + + align:start position:0% +process a discreet + + + align:start position:0% +process a discreet +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed + + align:start position:0% +fixed + + + align:start position:0% +fixed +reactants and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +products what do I mean by that let's + + align:start position:0% +products what do I mean by that let's + + + align:start position:0% +products what do I mean by that let's +say we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +carbon and + + align:start position:0% +carbon and + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +reacting to make CO2 we're okay with + + align:start position:0% +reacting to make CO2 we're okay with + + + align:start position:0% +reacting to make CO2 we're okay with +that right we don't also have to + + align:start position:0% +that right we don't also have to + + + align:start position:0% +that right we don't also have to +consider + + align:start position:0% +consider + + + align:start position:0% +consider +carbon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +0.71 just choosing a random number of + + align:start position:0% +0.71 just choosing a random number of + + + align:start position:0% +0.71 just choosing a random number of +moles of oxygen reacting to make some + + align:start position:0% +moles of oxygen reacting to make some + + + align:start position:0% +moles of oxygen reacting to make some +molecule that's Co + + align:start position:0% +molecule that's Co + + + align:start position:0% +molecule that's Co +0.71 because on the molecular level + + align:start position:0% +0.71 because on the molecular level + + + align:start position:0% +0.71 because on the molecular level +there's no such thing as 71 of an + + align:start position:0% +there's no such thing as 71 of an + + + align:start position:0% +there's no such thing as 71 of an +atom so so we don't we don't worry + + align:start position:0% +atom so so we don't we don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +atom so so we don't we don't worry +about about composition being a + + align:start position:0% +about about composition being a + + + align:start position:0% +about about composition being a +continuous variable when we're dealing + + align:start position:0% +continuous variable when we're dealing + + + align:start position:0% +continuous variable when we're dealing +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reactions why because the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +individual chemical + + align:start position:0% +individual chemical + + + align:start position:0% +individual chemical +components + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discreete and they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +undergo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +substantial + + align:start position:0% +substantial + + + align:start position:0% +substantial +atomic scale + + align:start position:0% +atomic scale + + + align:start position:0% +atomic scale +changes + + align:start position:0% +changes + + + align:start position:0% +changes +so really there's some bonding going on + + align:start position:0% +so really there's some bonding going on + + + align:start position:0% +so really there's some bonding going on +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +bondings bonds made and broken and we're + + align:start position:0% +bondings bonds made and broken and we're + + + align:start position:0% +bondings bonds made and broken and we're +going to contrast this with Solutions + + align:start position:0% +going to contrast this with Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +going to contrast this with Solutions +Solutions we talk about this a subx plus + + align:start position:0% +Solutions we talk about this a subx plus + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions we talk about this a subx plus +b sub 1 - + + align:start position:0% +b sub 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +b sub 1 - +x forming a solution a of x b 1 - + + align:start position:0% +x forming a solution a of x b 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +x forming a solution a of x b 1 - +x this is a continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +right and this is sort of a qualitative + + align:start position:0% +right and this is sort of a qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +right and this is sort of a qualitative +thing but you can say that the + + align:start position:0% +thing but you can say that the + + + align:start position:0% +thing but you can say that the +individual molecular + + align:start position:0% +individual molecular + + + align:start position:0% +individual molecular +components + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +remain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recognizable on atomic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale so I'm not going to say too much + + align:start position:0% +scale so I'm not going to say too much + + + align:start position:0% +scale so I'm not going to say too much +more about Solutions versus reactions + + align:start position:0% +more about Solutions versus reactions + + + align:start position:0% +more about Solutions versus reactions +until we work on reacting solid gas + + align:start position:0% +until we work on reacting solid gas + + + align:start position:0% +until we work on reacting solid gas +systems in a couple weeks but I do want + + align:start position:0% +systems in a couple weeks but I do want + + + align:start position:0% +systems in a couple weeks but I do want +to stop and and point this out because + + align:start position:0% +to stop and and point this out because + + + align:start position:0% +to stop and and point this out because +we just did + + align:start position:0% +we just did + + + align:start position:0% +we just did +reactions and everything I'm about to + + align:start position:0% +reactions and everything I'm about to + + + align:start position:0% +reactions and everything I'm about to +tell you in the next couple weeks could + + align:start position:0% +tell you in the next couple weeks could + + + align:start position:0% +tell you in the next couple weeks could +be analyzed using the mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +be analyzed using the mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +be analyzed using the mechanism of +reactions but it would be inconvenient + + align:start position:0% +reactions but it would be inconvenient + + + align:start position:0% +reactions but it would be inconvenient +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +so just as everything which we did in + + align:start position:0% +so just as everything which we did in + + + align:start position:0% +so just as everything which we did in +the last two lectures could have been + + align:start position:0% +the last two lectures could have been + + + align:start position:0% +the last two lectures could have been +done using the formalism of solutions + + align:start position:0% +done using the formalism of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +done using the formalism of solutions +but it would have been inconvenient to + + align:start position:0% +but it would have been inconvenient to + + + align:start position:0% +but it would have been inconvenient to +do so so we're doing solution modeling + + align:start position:0% +do so so we're doing solution modeling + + + align:start position:0% +do so so we're doing solution modeling +because it's a convenient way to + + align:start position:0% +because it's a convenient way to + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a convenient way to +treat + + align:start position:0% +treat + + + align:start position:0% +treat +systems that are + + align:start position:0% +systems that are + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are +solutions right nature doesn't care + + align:start position:0% +solutions right nature doesn't care + + + align:start position:0% +solutions right nature doesn't care +nature doesn't care how I write this + + align:start position:0% +nature doesn't care how I write this + + + align:start position:0% +nature doesn't care how I write this +down what I call it so it's just about + + align:start position:0% +down what I call it so it's just about + + + align:start position:0% +down what I call it so it's just about +formalism and choosing the right + + align:start position:0% +formalism and choosing the right + + + align:start position:0% +formalism and choosing the right +formalism to make our lives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +easier all right let's move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on let's talk about solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modeling + + align:start position:0% +modeling + + + align:start position:0% +modeling +this is um basically a postulate this is + + align:start position:0% +this is um basically a postulate this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is um basically a postulate this is +about making a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +postulate so we know that to + + align:start position:0% +postulate so we know that to + + + align:start position:0% +postulate so we know that to +make predictions right we're in the + + align:start position:0% +make predictions right we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +make predictions right we're in the +prediction + + align:start position:0% +prediction + + + align:start position:0% +prediction +business right + + align:start position:0% +business right + + + align:start position:0% +business right +for for intellectual right intellectual + + align:start position:0% +for for intellectual right intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +for for intellectual right intellectual +growth and profit right to make + + align:start position:0% +growth and profit right to make + + + align:start position:0% +growth and profit right to make +predictions we need + + align:start position:0% +predictions we need + + + align:start position:0% +predictions we need +Thermo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thermodynamic data right you can solve + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic data right you can solve + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic data right you can solve +any problems if you don't have data you + + align:start position:0% +any problems if you don't have data you + + + align:start position:0% +any problems if you don't have data you +need the + + align:start position:0% +need the + + + align:start position:0% +need the +data and um you know when we when we + + align:start position:0% +data and um you know when we when we + + + align:start position:0% +data and um you know when we when we +were doing reacting systems you had + + align:start position:0% +were doing reacting systems you had + + + align:start position:0% +were doing reacting systems you had +carbon and oxygen and CO2 and other + + align:start position:0% +carbon and oxygen and CO2 and other + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and oxygen and CO2 and other +molecules and you could say oh I know I + + align:start position:0% +molecules and you could say oh I know I + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and you could say oh I know I +can I know what that is I've seen that + + align:start position:0% +can I know what that is I've seen that + + + align:start position:0% +can I know what that is I've seen that +before I know how to search for that + + align:start position:0% +before I know how to search for that + + + align:start position:0% +before I know how to search for that +that data right maybe I'll just find it + + align:start position:0% +that data right maybe I'll just find it + + + align:start position:0% +that data right maybe I'll just find it +on Wikipedia that's a well- defined + + align:start position:0% +on Wikipedia that's a well- defined + + + align:start position:0% +on Wikipedia that's a well- defined +thing oxygen + + align:start position:0% +thing oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +thing oxygen +right it's a well defined thing carbon + + align:start position:0% +right it's a well defined thing carbon + + + align:start position:0% +right it's a well defined thing carbon +dioxide no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem but every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different every material is different so + + align:start position:0% +different every material is different so + + + align:start position:0% +different every material is different so +for example if we have right + + align:start position:0% +for example if we have right + + + align:start position:0% +for example if we have right +database here's my database right + + align:start position:0% +database here's my database right + + + align:start position:0% +database here's my database right +imagine a big cloud database and here's + + align:start position:0% +imagine a big cloud database and here's + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a big cloud database and here's +here's the entry for carbon monoxide and + + align:start position:0% +here's the entry for carbon monoxide and + + + align:start position:0% +here's the entry for carbon monoxide and +here's the entry for carbon + + align:start position:0% +here's the entry for carbon + + + align:start position:0% +here's the entry for carbon +dioxide right and they each have their + + align:start position:0% +dioxide right and they each have their + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide right and they each have their +own properties right you wouldn't assume + + align:start position:0% +own properties right you wouldn't assume + + + align:start position:0% +own properties right you wouldn't assume +that you can use something for CO2 and + + align:start position:0% +that you can use something for CO2 and + + + align:start position:0% +that you can use something for CO2 and +apply to co it's a different + + align:start position:0% +apply to co it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +apply to co it's a different +substance all right every material is + + align:start position:0% +substance all right every material is + + + align:start position:0% +substance all right every material is +different does this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean we + + align:start position:0% +mean we + + + align:start position:0% +mean we +need a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +separate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +database entry for + + align:start position:0% +database entry for + + + align:start position:0% +database entry for +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +composition right so this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +composition right so this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +composition right so this is sort of +motivating question let's say we have + + align:start position:0% +motivating question let's say we have + + + align:start position:0% +motivating question let's say we have +silicon and let's say like uh Professor + + align:start position:0% +silicon and let's say like uh Professor + + + align:start position:0% +silicon and let's say like uh Professor +F Gerald did when when he developed + + align:start position:0% +F Gerald did when when he developed + + + align:start position:0% +F Gerald did when when he developed +strain silicon which is now in every + + align:start position:0% +strain silicon which is now in every + + + align:start position:0% +strain silicon which is now in every +transistor below the 40 NM node + + align:start position:0% +transistor below the 40 NM node + + + align:start position:0% +transistor below the 40 NM node +he started alloying it with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Germania and he added a little more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gerum and maybe you add a little more + + align:start position:0% +gerum and maybe you add a little more + + + align:start position:0% +gerum and maybe you add a little more +and I'm I'm just putting a one at you + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm just putting a one at you + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm just putting a one at you +know the fourth decimal point I could + + align:start position:0% +know the fourth decimal point I could + + + align:start position:0% +know the fourth decimal point I could +put it at the 10th decimal point the + + align:start position:0% +put it at the 10th decimal point the + + + align:start position:0% +put it at the 10th decimal point the +question is do I need separate database + + align:start position:0% +question is do I need separate database + + + align:start position:0% +question is do I need separate database +entry for each and every one of these + + align:start position:0% +entry for each and every one of these + + + align:start position:0% +entry for each and every one of these +compositions for every possible + + align:start position:0% +compositions for every possible + + + align:start position:0% +compositions for every possible +composition no matter how minutely I + + align:start position:0% +composition no matter how minutely I + + + align:start position:0% +composition no matter how minutely I +change it do I need a separate database + + align:start position:0% +change it do I need a separate database + + + align:start position:0% +change it do I need a separate database +entry as I do from elular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems right we hope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not we hope + + align:start position:0% +not we hope + + + align:start position:0% +not we hope +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +so we + + align:start position:0% +so we + + + align:start position:0% +so we +postulate not right postulate that we + + align:start position:0% +postulate not right postulate that we + + + align:start position:0% +postulate not right postulate that we +don't we're not guaranteed it's going to + + align:start position:0% +don't we're not guaranteed it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +don't we're not guaranteed it's going to +work but we do the + + align:start position:0% +work but we do the + + + align:start position:0% +work but we do the +following we do the following we try to + + align:start position:0% +following we do the following we try to + + + align:start position:0% +following we do the following we try to +model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Trends in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thermodynamics with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +composition we try to model Trends right + + align:start position:0% +composition we try to model Trends right + + + align:start position:0% +composition we try to model Trends right +this is about + + align:start position:0% +this is about + + + align:start position:0% +this is about +modeling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modeling modeling is is another very + + align:start position:0% +modeling modeling is is another very + + + align:start position:0% +modeling modeling is is another very +important aspect of the Shadow + + align:start position:0% +important aspect of the Shadow + + + align:start position:0% +important aspect of the Shadow +curriculum in + + align:start position:0% +curriculum in + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum in +ouo the shadow curriculum meaning things + + align:start position:0% +ouo the shadow curriculum meaning things + + + align:start position:0% +ouo the shadow curriculum meaning things +which are essential to being a + + align:start position:0% +which are essential to being a + + + align:start position:0% +which are essential to being a +professional scientist and engineer but + + align:start position:0% +professional scientist and engineer but + + + align:start position:0% +professional scientist and engineer but +most of you won't take a separate class + + align:start position:0% +most of you won't take a separate class + + + align:start position:0% +most of you won't take a separate class +in right so + + align:start position:0% +in right so + + + align:start position:0% +in right so +like accessing and manipulating data + + align:start position:0% +like accessing and manipulating data + + + align:start position:0% +like accessing and manipulating data +basic statistics uh + + align:start position:0% +basic statistics uh + + + align:start position:0% +basic statistics uh +plotting um communication we do + + align:start position:0% +plotting um communication we do + + + align:start position:0% +plotting um communication we do +explicitly tie in modeling is up there + + align:start position:0% +explicitly tie in modeling is up there + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly tie in modeling is up there +right how do we model what is that what + + align:start position:0% +right how do we model what is that what + + + align:start position:0% +right how do we model what is that what +does it mean to model a physical system + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to model a physical system + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to model a physical system +we're going to model Trends in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to model Trends in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to model Trends in +composition I think you sort of know + + align:start position:0% +composition I think you sort of know + + + align:start position:0% +composition I think you sort of know +what modeling is like let's say you have + + align:start position:0% +what modeling is like let's say you have + + + align:start position:0% +what modeling is like let's say you have +data and you have some control + + align:start position:0% +data and you have some control + + + align:start position:0% +data and you have some control +parameter that's the obsa and you have + + align:start position:0% +parameter that's the obsa and you have + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that's the obsa and you have +observations right and you go to the lab + + align:start position:0% +observations right and you go to the lab + + + align:start position:0% +observations right and you go to the lab +and you measure that right + + align:start position:0% +and you measure that right + + + align:start position:0% +and you measure that right +and and you each each one of these + + align:start position:0% +and and you each each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +and and you each each one of these +measurements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost money let's not make this that your + + align:start position:0% +cost money let's not make this that your + + + align:start position:0% +cost money let's not make this that your +students let's make this that you're + + align:start position:0% +students let's make this that you're + + + align:start position:0% +students let's make this that you're +working at a company and each time you + + align:start position:0% +working at a company and each time you + + + align:start position:0% +working at a company and each time you +want to run a test you have to spend + + align:start position:0% +want to run a test you have to spend + + + align:start position:0% +want to run a test you have to spend +some money and and you're you have a + + align:start position:0% +some money and and you're you have a + + + align:start position:0% +some money and and you're you have a +boss and uh and and that boss they're + + align:start position:0% +boss and uh and and that boss they're + + + align:start position:0% +boss and uh and and that boss they're +they're they don't want to spend any + + align:start position:0% +they're they don't want to spend any + + + align:start position:0% +they're they don't want to spend any +more money and you have to make a + + align:start position:0% +more money and you have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +more money and you have to make a +decision + + align:start position:0% +decision + + + align:start position:0% +decision +about what's going to be + + align:start position:0% +about what's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +about what's going to be +the value for that composition say right + + align:start position:0% +the value for that composition say right + + + align:start position:0% +the value for that composition say right +how do you do it do you spend more of + + align:start position:0% +how do you do it do you spend more of + + + align:start position:0% +how do you do it do you spend more of +your boss's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +money no Sarah says no don't spend more + + align:start position:0% +money no Sarah says no don't spend more + + + align:start position:0% +money no Sarah says no don't spend more +of my boss's money right you know what + + align:start position:0% +of my boss's money right you know what + + + align:start position:0% +of my boss's money right you know what +to do you say well I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +to do you say well I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +to do you say well I'm going to +postulate that there's an underlying + + align:start position:0% +postulate that there's an underlying + + + align:start position:0% +postulate that there's an underlying +model and that model has some truth to + + align:start position:0% +model and that model has some truth to + + + align:start position:0% +model and that model has some truth to +it or maybe it's purely empirical right + + align:start position:0% +it or maybe it's purely empirical right + + + align:start position:0% +it or maybe it's purely empirical right +either way it might have predictive + + align:start position:0% +either way it might have predictive + + + align:start position:0% +either way it might have predictive +power and I'm going to curve fit right + + align:start position:0% +power and I'm going to curve fit right + + + align:start position:0% +power and I'm going to curve fit right +but it's not about curve fitting it's + + align:start position:0% +but it's not about curve fitting it's + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not about curve fitting it's +about postulating the existence of a + + align:start position:0% +about postulating the existence of a + + + align:start position:0% +about postulating the existence of a +model and using that model to make a + + align:start position:0% +model and using that model to make a + + + align:start position:0% +model and using that model to make a +prediction so you fit the model somehow + + align:start position:0% +prediction so you fit the model somehow + + + align:start position:0% +prediction so you fit the model somehow +and then you you say okay I haven't done + + align:start position:0% +and then you you say okay I haven't done + + + align:start position:0% +and then you you say okay I haven't done +the measurement but I'm willing to bet + + align:start position:0% +the measurement but I'm willing to bet + + + align:start position:0% +the measurement but I'm willing to bet +that it's a value somewhere over there + + align:start position:0% +that it's a value somewhere over there + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a value somewhere over there +and you could be + + align:start position:0% +and you could be + + + align:start position:0% +and you could be +wrong but you're probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right we saw an example earlier + + align:start position:0% +right right we saw an example earlier + + + align:start position:0% +right right we saw an example earlier +with heat capacity where it was heat + + align:start position:0% +with heat capacity where it was heat + + + align:start position:0% +with heat capacity where it was heat +capacity versus temperature of a Cobalt + + align:start position:0% +capacity versus temperature of a Cobalt + + + align:start position:0% +capacity versus temperature of a Cobalt +I don't know if you remember that and uh + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if you remember that and uh + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if you remember that and uh +and and the heat capacity data was like + + align:start position:0% +and and the heat capacity data was like + + + align:start position:0% +and and the heat capacity data was like +this and then it had a weird Spike + + align:start position:0% +this and then it had a weird Spike + + + align:start position:0% +this and then it had a weird Spike +during the magnetic transition and then + + align:start position:0% +during the magnetic transition and then + + + align:start position:0% +during the magnetic transition and then +it went back so you know may maybe you + + align:start position:0% +it went back so you know may maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +it went back so you know may maybe you +missed the spike and maybe you get the + + align:start position:0% +missed the spike and maybe you get the + + + align:start position:0% +missed the spike and maybe you get the +data wrong nature always is full of + + align:start position:0% +data wrong nature always is full of + + + align:start position:0% +data wrong nature always is full of +surprises but the point is that this + + align:start position:0% +surprises but the point is that this + + + align:start position:0% +surprises but the point is that this +works a lot of the time this Ty approach + + align:start position:0% +works a lot of the time this Ty approach + + + align:start position:0% +works a lot of the time this Ty approach +works a lot of the time and when we're + + align:start position:0% +works a lot of the time and when we're + + + align:start position:0% +works a lot of the time and when we're +modeling Solutions we call it solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +models solution models are used in two + + align:start position:0% +models solution models are used in two + + + align:start position:0% +models solution models are used in two +ways first of all we use them to + + align:start position:0% +ways first of all we use them to + + + align:start position:0% +ways first of all we use them to +understand at I scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phoma we use it for + + align:start position:0% +phoma we use it for + + + align:start position:0% +phoma we use it for +understanding and we use it to make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +predictions and this is almost always um + + align:start position:0% +predictions and this is almost always um + + + align:start position:0% +predictions and this is almost always um +what models are used for in The Sciences + + align:start position:0% +what models are used for in The Sciences + + + align:start position:0% +what models are used for in The Sciences +when you're taught models right like in + + align:start position:0% +when you're taught models right like in + + + align:start position:0% +when you're taught models right like in +a physics class it normally starts from + + align:start position:0% +a physics class it normally starts from + + + align:start position:0% +a physics class it normally starts from +some underlying atomic scale phenomena + + align:start position:0% +some underlying atomic scale phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +some underlying atomic scale phenomena +and you get FAL Ma and then you build up + + align:start position:0% +and you get FAL Ma and then you build up + + + align:start position:0% +and you get FAL Ma and then you build up +a model of some thing you know a weight + + align:start position:0% +a model of some thing you know a weight + + + align:start position:0% +a model of some thing you know a weight +on a on an inclin plane and then you + + align:start position:0% +on a on an inclin plane and then you + + + align:start position:0% +on a on an inclin plane and then you +could you can use that to make + + align:start position:0% +could you can use that to make + + + align:start position:0% +could you can use that to make +calculations and it's not really obvious + + align:start position:0% +calculations and it's not really obvious + + + align:start position:0% +calculations and it's not really obvious +that you're really generating a + + align:start position:0% +that you're really generating a + + + align:start position:0% +that you're really generating a +prediction engine right but you know + + align:start position:0% +prediction engine right but you know + + + align:start position:0% +prediction engine right but you know +once you get towards engineering and + + align:start position:0% +once you get towards engineering and + + + align:start position:0% +once you get towards engineering and +you're doing something in the Material + + align:start position:0% +you're doing something in the Material + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing something in the Material +Sciences and you know you realize how + + align:start position:0% +Sciences and you know you realize how + + + align:start position:0% +Sciences and you know you realize how +much experiments cost right the economic + + align:start position:0% +much experiments cost right the economic + + + align:start position:0% +much experiments cost right the economic +value of modeling for predictions starts + + align:start position:0% +value of modeling for predictions starts + + + align:start position:0% +value of modeling for predictions starts +to become a little bit more clear and as + + align:start position:0% +to become a little bit more clear and as + + + align:start position:0% +to become a little bit more clear and as +always it's two sides to this right you + + align:start position:0% +always it's two sides to this right you + + + align:start position:0% +always it's two sides to this right you +do it for understanding and you do it um + + align:start position:0% +do it for understanding and you do it um + + + align:start position:0% +do it for understanding and you do it um +because it's going to let you do + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to let you do + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to let you do +something else that matters to + + align:start position:0% +something else that matters to + + + align:start position:0% +something else that matters to +you so let's look at some examples very + + align:start position:0% +you so let's look at some examples very + + + align:start position:0% +you so let's look at some examples very +qualitatively what about + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively what about + + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively what about +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ethanol water and ethanol + + align:start position:0% +ethanol water and ethanol + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol water and ethanol +right well these are both polar solvents + + align:start position:0% +right well these are both polar solvents + + + align:start position:0% +right well these are both polar solvents +polar + + align:start position:0% +polar + + + align:start position:0% +polar +solvents and they're totally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +missable what does that mean totally + + align:start position:0% +missable what does that mean totally + + + align:start position:0% +missable what does that mean totally +missible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody like on every composition they + + align:start position:0% +anybody like on every composition they + + + align:start position:0% +anybody like on every composition they +always uh don't separate regardless of + + align:start position:0% +always uh don't separate regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +always uh don't separate regardless of +composition yeah that's right so I'll + + align:start position:0% +composition yeah that's right so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +composition yeah that's right so I'll +repeat uh you said it's it means that + + align:start position:0% +repeat uh you said it's it means that + + + align:start position:0% +repeat uh you said it's it means that +there's no phase separation there's no + + align:start position:0% +there's no phase separation there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there's no phase separation there's no +solubility limit unlike the sugar water + + align:start position:0% +solubility limit unlike the sugar water + + + align:start position:0% +solubility limit unlike the sugar water +system these two components will always + + align:start position:0% +system these two components will always + + + align:start position:0% +system these two components will always +mix at any + + align:start position:0% +mix at any + + + align:start position:0% +mix at any +composition + + align:start position:0% +composition + + + align:start position:0% +composition +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say the horizontal axis here is + + align:start position:0% +let's say the horizontal axis here is + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the horizontal axis here is +ethanol + + align:start position:0% +ethanol + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol +composition and I'm going to make the Y + + align:start position:0% +composition and I'm going to make the Y + + + align:start position:0% +composition and I'm going to make the Y +AIS something which we'll be spending a + + align:start position:0% +AIS something which we'll be spending a + + + align:start position:0% +AIS something which we'll be spending a +lot of time with which is a Gibs three + + align:start position:0% +lot of time with which is a Gibs three + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time with which is a Gibs three +energy of + + align:start position:0% +energy of + + + align:start position:0% +energy of +mixing now I'm going to put zero + + align:start position:0% +mixing now I'm going to put zero + + + align:start position:0% +mixing now I'm going to put zero +here so if mixing will happen + + align:start position:0% +here so if mixing will happen + + + align:start position:0% +here so if mixing will happen +spontaneously at a given temperature and + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously at a given temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously at a given temperature and +a given + + align:start position:0% +a given + + + align:start position:0% +a given +pressure what that + + align:start position:0% +pressure what that + + + align:start position:0% +pressure what that +means is that the gives free energy of + + align:start position:0% +means is that the gives free energy of + + + align:start position:0% +means is that the gives free energy of +mixing is strictly + + align:start position:0% +mixing is strictly + + + align:start position:0% +mixing is strictly +negative not only that it also means + + align:start position:0% +negative not only that it also means + + + align:start position:0% +negative not only that it also means +that the curvature is positive but we we + + align:start position:0% +that the curvature is positive but we we + + + align:start position:0% +that the curvature is positive but we we +won't mess with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now just sort of draw over that there in + + align:start position:0% +now just sort of draw over that there in + + + align:start position:0% +now just sort of draw over that there in +Red so make it a little more clear so + + align:start position:0% +Red so make it a little more clear so + + + align:start position:0% +Red so make it a little more clear so +there's my free energy mixing + + align:start position:0% +there's my free energy mixing + + + align:start position:0% +there's my free energy mixing +now in the next couple lectures we'll + + align:start position:0% +now in the next couple lectures we'll + + + align:start position:0% +now in the next couple lectures we'll +start developing functional forms for + + align:start position:0% +start developing functional forms for + + + align:start position:0% +start developing functional forms for +this but we're not going to do that now + + align:start position:0% +this but we're not going to do that now + + + align:start position:0% +this but we're not going to do that now +we're just going to look at + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to look at +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unmixed unmixed we have the Gibs free + + align:start position:0% +unmixed unmixed we have the Gibs free + + + align:start position:0% +unmixed unmixed we have the Gibs free +energy per mole of system equals the + + align:start position:0% +energy per mole of system equals the + + + align:start position:0% +energy per mole of system equals the +Gibs free energy per mole of pure + + align:start position:0% +Gibs free energy per mole of pure + + + align:start position:0% +Gibs free energy per mole of pure +water plus the mole + + align:start position:0% +water plus the mole + + + align:start position:0% +water plus the mole +fraction of + + align:start position:0% +fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of +water plus the Gibs fre energy per mole + + align:start position:0% +water plus the Gibs fre energy per mole + + + align:start position:0% +water plus the Gibs fre energy per mole +of pure ethanol plus the mole fraction + + align:start position:0% +of pure ethanol plus the mole fraction + + + align:start position:0% +of pure ethanol plus the mole fraction +of ethanol that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that's like this we have the pure + + align:start position:0% +um that's like this we have the pure + + + align:start position:0% +um that's like this we have the pure +theft this pure stuff and this pure + + align:start position:0% +theft this pure stuff and this pure + + + align:start position:0% +theft this pure stuff and this pure +stuff before we've mixed + + align:start position:0% +stuff before we've mixed + + + align:start position:0% +stuff before we've mixed +it right and then + + align:start position:0% +it right and then + + + align:start position:0% +it right and then +mixed it gives free + + align:start position:0% +mixed it gives free + + + align:start position:0% +mixed it gives free +energy is that gives free energy before + + align:start position:0% +energy is that gives free energy before + + + align:start position:0% +energy is that gives free energy before +we made the mixture Plus Delta G of + + align:start position:0% +we made the mixture Plus Delta G of + + + align:start position:0% +we made the mixture Plus Delta G of +mixing this is just according to that uh + + align:start position:0% +mixing this is just according to that uh + + + align:start position:0% +mixing this is just according to that uh +bookkeeping that we split up that we set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +right Delta G of mixing is less than + + align:start position:0% +right Delta G of mixing is less than + + + align:start position:0% +right Delta G of mixing is less than +zero which is equivalent to saying that + + align:start position:0% +zero which is equivalent to saying that + + + align:start position:0% +zero which is equivalent to saying that +g + + align:start position:0% +g + + + align:start position:0% +g +mixed is less than G + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unmixed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +mixes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spontaneously to achieve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium at a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium at a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium at a +fixed temperature and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure okay so the this sort of plot + + align:start position:0% +pressure okay so the this sort of plot + + + align:start position:0% +pressure okay so the this sort of plot +here is not a phase + + align:start position:0% +here is not a phase + + + align:start position:0% +here is not a phase +diagram um this is a this is that's a + + align:start position:0% +diagram um this is a this is that's a + + + align:start position:0% +diagram um this is a this is that's a +variable you find in a phase diagram but + + align:start position:0% +variable you find in a phase diagram but + + + align:start position:0% +variable you find in a phase diagram but +that's not that GI two energy that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's not that GI two energy that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's not that GI two energy that's not +found in a phase diagram this is not a + + align:start position:0% +found in a phase diagram this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +found in a phase diagram this is not a +phase diagram this is called a free + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram this is called a free + + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram this is called a free +energy composition + + align:start position:0% +energy composition + + + align:start position:0% +energy composition +diagram and you will be very very tired + + align:start position:0% +diagram and you will be very very tired + + + align:start position:0% +diagram and you will be very very tired +of free energy composition diagrams by + + align:start position:0% +of free energy composition diagrams by + + + align:start position:0% +of free energy composition diagrams by +the end of the semester um but anyway + + align:start position:0% +the end of the semester um but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the semester um but anyway +that's what it is it's called a free + + align:start position:0% +that's what it is it's called a free + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it is it's called a free +energy composition diagram + + align:start position:0% +energy composition diagram + + + align:start position:0% +energy composition diagram +um what about uh what about water and + + align:start position:0% +um what about uh what about water and + + + align:start position:0% +um what about uh what about water and +oil + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right polar and + + align:start position:0% +right polar and + + + align:start position:0% +right polar and +non-polar I'll just go ahead and draw it + + align:start position:0% +non-polar I'll just go ahead and draw it + + + align:start position:0% +non-polar I'll just go ahead and draw it +you know they don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mix at least not in the binary system + + align:start position:0% +mix at least not in the binary system + + + align:start position:0% +mix at least not in the binary system +you can cause them to mix if you add a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surfactant so let's do X of oil but in + + align:start position:0% +surfactant so let's do X of oil but in + + + align:start position:0% +surfactant so let's do X of oil but in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +binary Del the g mix at a given + + align:start position:0% +binary Del the g mix at a given + + + align:start position:0% +binary Del the g mix at a given +temperature and + + align:start position:0% +temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and +pressure that's typically what you + + align:start position:0% +pressure that's typically what you + + + align:start position:0% +pressure that's typically what you +find you have a positive Delta G of + + align:start position:0% +find you have a positive Delta G of + + + align:start position:0% +find you have a positive Delta G of +mixing with a + + align:start position:0% +mixing with a + + + align:start position:0% +mixing with a +negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curvature and what that + + align:start position:0% +curvature and what that + + + align:start position:0% +curvature and what that +means if the system is initially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mixed it + + align:start position:0% +mixed it + + + align:start position:0% +mixed it +will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spontaneously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unmix + + align:start position:0% +unmix + + + align:start position:0% +unmix +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +achieve equilibrium at fix temperature + + align:start position:0% +achieve equilibrium at fix temperature + + + align:start position:0% +achieve equilibrium at fix temperature +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +pressure and in the uh in the edex + + align:start position:0% +pressure and in the uh in the edex + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and in the uh in the edex +version of this class there's a little + + align:start position:0% +version of this class there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +version of this class there's a little +bit of um separate demo lightboard video + + align:start position:0% +bit of um separate demo lightboard video + + + align:start position:0% +bit of um separate demo lightboard video +and a demo about um the uzo system which + + align:start position:0% +and a demo about um the uzo system which + + + align:start position:0% +and a demo about um the uzo system which +uzo uzo is a is a Greek liquor it's also + + align:start position:0% +uzo uzo is a is a Greek liquor it's also + + + align:start position:0% +uzo uzo is a is a Greek liquor it's also +known as pasti in French and it's uh + + align:start position:0% +known as pasti in French and it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +known as pasti in French and it's uh +it's oil and water but they're caused to + + align:start position:0% +it's oil and water but they're caused to + + + align:start position:0% +it's oil and water but they're caused to +mix with the activition of a surfactant + + align:start position:0% +mix with the activition of a surfactant + + + align:start position:0% +mix with the activition of a surfactant +and so that gets into tary phase + + align:start position:0% +and so that gets into tary phase + + + align:start position:0% +and so that gets into tary phase +diagrams which we don't really cover in + + align:start position:0% +diagrams which we don't really cover in + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams which we don't really cover in +this class we don't spend time on it but + + align:start position:0% +this class we don't spend time on it but + + + align:start position:0% +this class we don't spend time on it but +it's a fun example so I encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +it's a fun example so I encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a fun example so I encourage you to +check that + + align:start position:0% +check that + + + align:start position:0% +check that +out all right so let me just summarize + + align:start position:0% +out all right so let me just summarize + + + align:start position:0% +out all right so let me just summarize +here free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy composition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagrams energy composition diagrams are + + align:start position:0% +diagrams energy composition diagrams are + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams energy composition diagrams are +how we draw visualize and then evaluate + + align:start position:0% +how we draw visualize and then evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +how we draw visualize and then evaluate +solution models so they're like the the + + align:start position:0% +solution models so they're like the the + + + align:start position:0% +solution models so they're like the the +engine + + align:start position:0% +engine + + + align:start position:0% +engine +room of binary phase + + align:start position:0% +room of binary phase + + + align:start position:0% +room of binary phase +diagrams so we have here something + + align:start position:0% +diagrams so we have here something + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams so we have here something +like Delta G of + + align:start position:0% +like Delta G of + + + align:start position:0% +like Delta G of +mixing let draw this + + align:start position:0% +mixing let draw this + + + align:start position:0% +mixing let draw this +generically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and start to drw + + align:start position:0% +and start to drw + + + align:start position:0% +and start to drw +a curve right that could + + align:start position:0% +a curve right that could + + + align:start position:0% +a curve right that could +be a solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model this is the x axis X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of2 the solution model comes from + + align:start position:0% +of2 the solution model comes from + + + align:start position:0% +of2 the solution model comes from +somewhere we'll talk about that and it + + align:start position:0% +somewhere we'll talk about that and it + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere we'll talk about that and it +allows you to make very specific + + align:start position:0% +allows you to make very specific + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to make very specific +predictions it allows you to build + + align:start position:0% +predictions it allows you to build + + + align:start position:0% +predictions it allows you to build +binary phase diagrams and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +binary phase diagrams and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +binary phase diagrams and we'll talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +that right the solution models + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +represent particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phases or I should say + + align:start position:0% +phases or I should say + + + align:start position:0% +phases or I should say +structures like FCC or BCC and so forth + + align:start position:0% +structures like FCC or BCC and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +structures like FCC or BCC and so forth +or liquid or gas and the + + align:start position:0% +or liquid or gas and the + + + align:start position:0% +or liquid or gas and the +models are where they're derived + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from they're derived from + + align:start position:0% +from they're derived from + + + align:start position:0% +from they're derived from +experimental + + align:start position:0% +experimental + + + align:start position:0% +experimental +data they're derived from empirical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modeling or they're derived from + + align:start position:0% +modeling or they're derived from + + + align:start position:0% +modeling or they're derived from +atomistic + + align:start position:0% +atomistic + + + align:start position:0% +atomistic +modeling so that is you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theory all right and and so this this is + + align:start position:0% +Theory all right and and so this this is + + + align:start position:0% +Theory all right and and so this this is +this is the core of the class we're + + align:start position:0% +this is the core of the class we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is the core of the class we're +getting we're getting there this is this + + align:start position:0% +getting we're getting there this is this + + + align:start position:0% +getting we're getting there this is this +is what really enables uh phase diagrams + + align:start position:0% +is what really enables uh phase diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +is what really enables uh phase diagrams +which what enables materials processing + + align:start position:0% +which what enables materials processing + + + align:start position:0% +which what enables materials processing +these solution models we're going to + + align:start position:0% +these solution models we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +these solution models we're going to +deal with only the most basic ones in + + align:start position:0% +deal with only the most basic ones in + + + align:start position:0% +deal with only the most basic ones in +this class and you can go pretty far + + align:start position:0% +this class and you can go pretty far + + + align:start position:0% +this class and you can go pretty far +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +that um the basic ones are what they + + align:start position:0% +that um the basic ones are what they + + + align:start position:0% +that um the basic ones are what they +give you in thermocalc + + align:start position:0% +give you in thermocalc + + + align:start position:0% +give you in thermocalc +to get um the real ones like if you + + align:start position:0% +to get um the real ones like if you + + + align:start position:0% +to get um the real ones like if you +wanted to get the solution model that + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get the solution model that + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get the solution model that +corresponds to a super alloy that say + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a super alloy that say + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a super alloy that say +United Technologies uses for Turbine fan + + align:start position:0% +United Technologies uses for Turbine fan + + + align:start position:0% +United Technologies uses for Turbine fan +blades um you would have + + align:start position:0% +blades um you would have + + + align:start position:0% +blades um you would have +to break into a very secure surface + + align:start position:0% +to break into a very secure surface + + + align:start position:0% +to break into a very secure surface +those are those are databases with + + align:start position:0% +those are those are databases with + + + align:start position:0% +those are those are databases with +enormous economic value they're Trade + + align:start position:0% +enormous economic value they're Trade + + + align:start position:0% +enormous economic value they're Trade +Secrets those are not published in the + + align:start position:0% +Secrets those are not published in the + + + align:start position:0% +Secrets those are not published in the +literature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um if you go into alloy development + + align:start position:0% +um if you go into alloy development + + + align:start position:0% +um if you go into alloy development +you're going to be doing a PhD and a lot + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be doing a PhD and a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be doing a PhD and a lot +of that's going to be doing building + + align:start position:0% +of that's going to be doing building + + + align:start position:0% +of that's going to be doing building +solution models so if you were in the + + align:start position:0% +solution models so if you were in the + + + align:start position:0% +solution models so if you were in the +alanar group or the tan group or maybe + + align:start position:0% +alanar group or the tan group or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +alanar group or the tan group or maybe +the kishu group you know building these + + align:start position:0% +the kishu group you know building these + + + align:start position:0% +the kishu group you know building these +models these mathematical objects from + + align:start position:0% +models these mathematical objects from + + + align:start position:0% +models these mathematical objects from +data and using it to make predictions to + + align:start position:0% +data and using it to make predictions to + + + align:start position:0% +data and using it to make predictions to +design new materials right that's sort + + align:start position:0% +design new materials right that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +design new materials right that's sort +of the core that's that's what that's + + align:start position:0% +of the core that's that's what that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the core that's that's what that's +what's done um so that's the end of of + + align:start position:0% +what's done um so that's the end of of + + + align:start position:0% +what's done um so that's the end of of +the hour I I hope that I've been able to + + align:start position:0% +the hour I I hope that I've been able to + + + align:start position:0% +the hour I I hope that I've been able to +introduce you to the formalism of + + align:start position:0% +introduce you to the formalism of + + + align:start position:0% +introduce you to the formalism of +solution modeling um without it being + + align:start position:0% +solution modeling um without it being + + + align:start position:0% +solution modeling um without it being +too boring because at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% +too boring because at the end of the day + + + align:start position:0% +too boring because at the end of the day +we're doing bookkeeping right and + + align:start position:0% +we're doing bookkeeping right and + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing bookkeeping right and +bookkeeping is hard to make it's + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping is hard to make it's + + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping is hard to make it's +obviously important I think we can all + + align:start position:0% +obviously important I think we can all + + + align:start position:0% +obviously important I think we can all +agree on that it's hard to get too very + + align:start position:0% +agree on that it's hard to get too very + + + align:start position:0% +agree on that it's hard to get too very +excited about it um but but we have to + + align:start position:0% +excited about it um but but we have to + + + align:start position:0% +excited about it um but but we have to +do it so I'll remind you um again + + align:start position:0% +do it so I'll remind you um again + + + align:start position:0% +do it so I'll remind you um again +thermocalc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thermal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +academic thermal academic free software + + align:start position:0% +academic thermal academic free software + + + align:start position:0% +academic thermal academic free software +um please download it install it um well + + align:start position:0% +um please download it install it um well + + + align:start position:0% +um please download it install it um well +before you start working on on this next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pep the reading uh for today is in + + align:start position:0% +pep the reading uh for today is in + + + align:start position:0% +pep the reading uh for today is in +dehoff and Callister so do the Callister + + align:start position:0% +dehoff and Callister so do the Callister + + + align:start position:0% +dehoff and Callister so do the Callister +reading it's it's pretty it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +reading it's it's pretty it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +reading it's it's pretty it's pretty +straightforward there's also an + + align:start position:0% +straightforward there's also an + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward there's also an +accompanying lightboard video on um + + align:start position:0% +accompanying lightboard video on um + + + align:start position:0% +accompanying lightboard video on um +binary phas diams and tie lines in the + + align:start position:0% +binary phas diams and tie lines in the + + + align:start position:0% +binary phas diams and tie lines in the +lever roll so I encourage you to to + + align:start position:0% +lever roll so I encourage you to to + + + align:start position:0% +lever roll so I encourage you to to +watch that you'll find that same content + + align:start position:0% +watch that you'll find that same content + + + align:start position:0% +watch that you'll find that same content +in the half and the same content in + + align:start position:0% +in the half and the same content in + + + align:start position:0% +in the half and the same content in +Callister but it's a little more + + align:start position:0% +Callister but it's a little more + + + align:start position:0% +Callister but it's a little more +colorful in in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +video \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BbascVoYf_E.txt b/BbascVoYf_E.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9f87576ee127abb677596833bbec5727c806ea5 --- /dev/null +++ b/BbascVoYf_E.txt @@ -0,0 +1,531 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this video we'll be discussing goodie + + align:start position:0% +in this video we'll be discussing goodie + + + align:start position:0% +in this video we'll be discussing goodie +bag 7 on crystalline defects + + align:start position:0% +bag 7 on crystalline defects + + + align:start position:0% +bag 7 on crystalline defects +the objectives are to visualize zero + + align:start position:0% +the objectives are to visualize zero + + + align:start position:0% +the objectives are to visualize zero +dimensional one-dimensional and + + align:start position:0% +dimensional one-dimensional and + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional one-dimensional and +two-dimensional defects and crystalline + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional defects and crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional defects and crystalline +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +you'll need a double-sided strip of + + align:start position:0% +you'll need a double-sided strip of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll need a double-sided strip of +adhesive two plexiglas panels and 500 1 + + align:start position:0% +adhesive two plexiglas panels and 500 1 + + + align:start position:0% +adhesive two plexiglas panels and 500 1 +16 inch metal beads + + align:start position:0% +16 inch metal beads + + + align:start position:0% +16 inch metal beads +first pull off the protective film on + + align:start position:0% +first pull off the protective film on + + + align:start position:0% +first pull off the protective film on +the top of your acrylic sheet + + align:start position:0% +the top of your acrylic sheet + + + align:start position:0% +the top of your acrylic sheet +take four pieces of double sided tape + + align:start position:0% +take four pieces of double sided tape + + + align:start position:0% +take four pieces of double sided tape +and put one piece on each of the edges + + align:start position:0% +and put one piece on each of the edges + + + align:start position:0% +and put one piece on each of the edges +of the acrylic sheet + + align:start position:0% +of the acrylic sheet + + + align:start position:0% +of the acrylic sheet +then carefully put your balls in the + + align:start position:0% +then carefully put your balls in the + + + align:start position:0% +then carefully put your balls in the +middle of the + + align:start position:0% +middle of the + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the +square made by the four pieces of tape + + align:start position:0% +square made by the four pieces of tape + + + align:start position:0% +square made by the four pieces of tape +finally + + align:start position:0% +finally + + + align:start position:0% +finally +remove the film on the top of the other + + align:start position:0% +remove the film on the top of the other + + + align:start position:0% +remove the film on the top of the other +acrylic sheet and put it on top + + align:start position:0% +acrylic sheet and put it on top + + + align:start position:0% +acrylic sheet and put it on top +when you're finished you should have a + + align:start position:0% +when you're finished you should have a + + + align:start position:0% +when you're finished you should have a +completed defect modeling kit + + align:start position:0% +completed defect modeling kit + + + align:start position:0% +completed defect modeling kit +now that you've built your model let's + + align:start position:0% +now that you've built your model let's + + + align:start position:0% +now that you've built your model let's +use it to visualize how material + + align:start position:0% +use it to visualize how material + + + align:start position:0% +use it to visualize how material +processing + + align:start position:0% +processing + + + align:start position:0% +processing +impacts the number of defects visible in + + align:start position:0% +impacts the number of defects visible in + + + align:start position:0% +impacts the number of defects visible in +a crystal when looking at our original + + align:start position:0% +a crystal when looking at our original + + + align:start position:0% +a crystal when looking at our original +crystal you can see several defects + + align:start position:0% +crystal you can see several defects + + + align:start position:0% +crystal you can see several defects +these are a vacancy line defect and + + align:start position:0% +these are a vacancy line defect and + + + align:start position:0% +these are a vacancy line defect and +grain boundary defect + + align:start position:0% +grain boundary defect + + + align:start position:0% +grain boundary defect +material processing can lead to both + + align:start position:0% +material processing can lead to both + + + align:start position:0% +material processing can lead to both +increases and decreases in the number of + + align:start position:0% +increases and decreases in the number of + + + align:start position:0% +increases and decreases in the number of +defects in the material + + align:start position:0% +defects in the material + + + align:start position:0% +defects in the material +a process that leads to an increase in + + align:start position:0% +a process that leads to an increase in + + + align:start position:0% +a process that leads to an increase in +number of defects is extrusion or + + align:start position:0% +number of defects is extrusion or + + + align:start position:0% +number of defects is extrusion or +rolling because when we extrude or roll + + align:start position:0% +rolling because when we extrude or roll + + + align:start position:0% +rolling because when we extrude or roll +a material + + align:start position:0% +a material + + + align:start position:0% +a material +we force the atoms to go into certain + + align:start position:0% +we force the atoms to go into certain + + + align:start position:0% +we force the atoms to go into certain +places and those aren't necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +places and those aren't necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +places and those aren't necessarily the +most energetically favorable states + + align:start position:0% +most energetically favorable states + + + align:start position:0% +most energetically favorable states +let's look at our model to understand + + align:start position:0% +let's look at our model to understand + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at our model to understand +how material processing leads to an + + align:start position:0% +how material processing leads to an + + + align:start position:0% +how material processing leads to an +increased number of defects + + align:start position:0% +increased number of defects + + + align:start position:0% +increased number of defects +when we shape the model we're able to + + align:start position:0% +when we shape the model we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +when we shape the model we're able to +add defects to the system + + align:start position:0% +add defects to the system + + + align:start position:0% +add defects to the system +as you can see now our model has an + + align:start position:0% +as you can see now our model has an + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see now our model has an +increased number of vacancies line + + align:start position:0% +increased number of vacancies line + + + align:start position:0% +increased number of vacancies line +defects and grain boundary defects + + align:start position:0% +defects and grain boundary defects + + + align:start position:0% +defects and grain boundary defects +other material processing methods allow + + align:start position:0% +other material processing methods allow + + + align:start position:0% +other material processing methods allow +for a decrease in the number of + + align:start position:0% +for a decrease in the number of + + + align:start position:0% +for a decrease in the number of +vacancies + + align:start position:0% +vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies +one possibility for this is annealing + + align:start position:0% +one possibility for this is annealing + + + align:start position:0% +one possibility for this is annealing +when we anneal we heat the material up + + align:start position:0% +when we anneal we heat the material up + + + align:start position:0% +when we anneal we heat the material up +and then we cool it slowly and allow the + + align:start position:0% +and then we cool it slowly and allow the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we cool it slowly and allow the +atoms to move back to their more + + align:start position:0% +atoms to move back to their more + + + align:start position:0% +atoms to move back to their more +favorable states + + align:start position:0% +favorable states + + + align:start position:0% +favorable states +to illustrate annealing let's tap gently + + align:start position:0% +to illustrate annealing let's tap gently + + + align:start position:0% +to illustrate annealing let's tap gently +on the side of our model + + align:start position:0% +on the side of our model + + + align:start position:0% +on the side of our model +as you can see the number of defects in + + align:start position:0% +as you can see the number of defects in + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see the number of defects in +our material has been substantially + + align:start position:0% +our material has been substantially + + + align:start position:0% +our material has been substantially +reduced + + align:start position:0% +reduced + + + align:start position:0% +reduced +in this goody bag we were able to + + align:start position:0% +in this goody bag we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +in this goody bag we were able to +visualize some of the defects + + align:start position:0% +visualize some of the defects + + + align:start position:0% +visualize some of the defects +seen in many crystals and we were also + + align:start position:0% +seen in many crystals and we were also + + + align:start position:0% +seen in many crystals and we were also +able to see how processing conditions + + align:start position:0% +able to see how processing conditions + + + align:start position:0% +able to see how processing conditions +impact the number of defects in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crystal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Csf5TGuEnPs.txt b/Csf5TGuEnPs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eceeea25f37ba2ae8a3a8d083407633ae74d9829 --- /dev/null +++ b/Csf5TGuEnPs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6568 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so I call the lecture case studies the + + align:start position:0% +so I call the lecture case studies the + + + align:start position:0% +so I call the lecture case studies the +first case we're going to do is weather + + align:start position:0% +first case we're going to do is weather + + + align:start position:0% +first case we're going to do is weather +and the second case we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +and the second case we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +and the second case we're going to do is +particle physics so this is the case of + + align:start position:0% +particle physics so this is the case of + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics so this is the case of +weather okay air + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always has some water in it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +always you know + + align:start position:0% +always you know + + + align:start position:0% +always you know +that all right let's define some + + align:start position:0% +that all right let's define some + + + align:start position:0% +that all right let's define some +terms relative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +humidity or RH for + + align:start position:0% +humidity or RH for + + + align:start position:0% +humidity or RH for +short equals the + + align:start position:0% +short equals the + + + align:start position:0% +short equals the +water vapor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure normalized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +its saturation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure in other words RH which is + + align:start position:0% +pressure in other words RH which is + + + align:start position:0% +pressure in other words RH which is +normally expressed as a + + align:start position:0% +normally expressed as a + + + align:start position:0% +normally expressed as a +percent equals 100 because it's a + + align:start position:0% +percent equals 100 because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +percent equals 100 because it's a +percent times P H2O that is the water + + align:start position:0% +percent times P H2O that is the water + + + align:start position:0% +percent times P H2O that is the water +vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure +over the saturation vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe you knew that already from looking + + align:start position:0% +maybe you knew that already from looking + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you knew that already from looking +at the weather report another term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dupoint who knows who the D point is can + + align:start position:0% +dupoint who knows who the D point is can + + + align:start position:0% +dupoint who knows who the D point is can +you tell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me there was a chat in the midst of chat + + align:start position:0% +me there was a chat in the midst of chat + + + align:start position:0% +me there was a chat in the midst of chat +let's see + + align:start position:0% +let's see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see +prot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Trix is it like four + + align:start position:0% +Trix is it like four + + + align:start position:0% +Trix is it like four +cus sorry is this four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cus four oh I mean but like what's the + + align:start position:0% +cus four oh I mean but like what's the + + + align:start position:0% +cus four oh I mean but like what's the +concept what is it what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Capt equilibrium of atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +Capt equilibrium of atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +Capt equilibrium of atmospheric pressure +and VOR + + align:start position:0% +and VOR + + + align:start position:0% +and VOR +pressure yeah those concepts are in + + align:start position:0% +pressure yeah those concepts are in + + + align:start position:0% +pressure yeah those concepts are in +there anybody + + align:start position:0% +there anybody + + + align:start position:0% +there anybody +else it's the temperature at which water + + align:start position:0% +else it's the temperature at which water + + + align:start position:0% +else it's the temperature at which water +at its current vapor + + align:start position:0% +at its current vapor + + + align:start position:0% +at its current vapor +pressure would + + align:start position:0% +pressure would + + + align:start position:0% +pressure would +condense so this is a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +condense so this is a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +condense so this is a little bit of a +complicated concept even though it's in + + align:start position:0% +complicated concept even though it's in + + + align:start position:0% +complicated concept even though it's in +your you know it's right there in your + + align:start position:0% +your you know it's right there in your + + + align:start position:0% +your you know it's right there in your +um weather + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +report it's you take the current + + align:start position:0% +report it's you take the current + + + align:start position:0% +report it's you take the current +pressure of + + align:start position:0% +pressure of + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of +water and you find that + + align:start position:0% +water and you find that + + + align:start position:0% +water and you find that +temperature for which the current + + align:start position:0% +temperature for which the current + + + align:start position:0% +temperature for which the current +pressure of water equals the saturation + + align:start position:0% +pressure of water equals the saturation + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of water equals the saturation +R pressure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why is it called the dup point please + + align:start position:0% +why is it called the dup point please + + + align:start position:0% +why is it called the dup point please +somebody somebody give it a shot why is + + align:start position:0% +somebody somebody give it a shot why is + + + align:start position:0% +somebody somebody give it a shot why is +it called the D Point where's that word + + align:start position:0% +it called the D Point where's that word + + + align:start position:0% +it called the D Point where's that word +come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from so isn't that when water like + + align:start position:0% +from so isn't that when water like + + + align:start position:0% +from so isn't that when water like +becomes a liquid form like on grass and + + align:start position:0% +becomes a liquid form like on grass and + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a liquid form like on grass and +stuff so it forms do yeah do is like wet + + align:start position:0% +stuff so it forms do yeah do is like wet + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so it forms do yeah do is like wet +condensation on typically on grass or + + align:start position:0% +condensation on typically on grass or + + + align:start position:0% +condensation on typically on grass or +leaves why does that it's not that it + + align:start position:0% +leaves why does that it's not that it + + + align:start position:0% +leaves why does that it's not that it +rained overnight right when you come in + + align:start position:0% +rained overnight right when you come in + + + align:start position:0% +rained overnight right when you come in +the morning the the grass is wet + + align:start position:0% +the morning the the grass is wet + + + align:start position:0% +the morning the the grass is wet +especially in the summer even if it + + align:start position:0% +especially in the summer even if it + + + align:start position:0% +especially in the summer even if it +didn't + + align:start position:0% +didn't + + + align:start position:0% +didn't +rain what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happened the water condensed onto the + + align:start position:0% +happened the water condensed onto the + + + align:start position:0% +happened the water condensed onto the +grass the water condensed onto the grass + + align:start position:0% +grass the water condensed onto the grass + + + align:start position:0% +grass the water condensed onto the grass +it spontaneously condensed onto the + + align:start position:0% +it spontaneously condensed onto the + + + align:start position:0% +it spontaneously condensed onto the +grass because the temperature fell below + + align:start position:0% +grass because the temperature fell below + + + align:start position:0% +grass because the temperature fell below +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +dupoint so there was a some humidity in + + align:start position:0% +dupoint so there was a some humidity in + + + align:start position:0% +dupoint so there was a some humidity in +the air during the day the dupoint was + + align:start position:0% +the air during the day the dupoint was + + + align:start position:0% +the air during the day the dupoint was +lower than the current temperature in + + align:start position:0% +lower than the current temperature in + + + align:start position:0% +lower than the current temperature in +other words water was below its + + align:start position:0% +other words water was below its + + + align:start position:0% +other words water was below its +saturation vapor pressure as the + + align:start position:0% +saturation vapor pressure as the + + + align:start position:0% +saturation vapor pressure as the +temperature drops the saturation vapor + + align:start position:0% +temperature drops the saturation vapor + + + align:start position:0% +temperature drops the saturation vapor +pressure drops and at some point those + + align:start position:0% +pressure drops and at some point those + + + align:start position:0% +pressure drops and at some point those +cross and then water condenses out and + + align:start position:0% +cross and then water condenses out and + + + align:start position:0% +cross and then water condenses out and +forms + + align:start position:0% +forms + + + align:start position:0% +forms +Dew so let me when when it's + + align:start position:0% +Dew so let me when when it's + + + align:start position:0% +Dew so let me when when it's +raining right when it's + + align:start position:0% +raining right when it's + + + align:start position:0% +raining right when it's +raining water is in two + + align:start position:0% +raining water is in two + + + align:start position:0% +raining water is in two +phases vapor and liquid right and + + align:start position:0% +phases vapor and liquid right and + + + align:start position:0% +phases vapor and liquid right and +ph2o equals + + align:start position:0% +ph2o equals + + + align:start position:0% +ph2o equals +Pat 100% + + align:start position:0% +Pat 100% + + + align:start position:0% +Pat 100% +humidity when it's raining the humidity + + align:start position:0% +humidity when it's raining the humidity + + + align:start position:0% +humidity when it's raining the humidity +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +100% And The due + + align:start position:0% +100% And The due + + + align:start position:0% +100% And The due +point is just the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature on a sunny day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I should just say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +otherwise the water vapor pressure is + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the water vapor pressure is + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the water vapor pressure is +lower than its saturation vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +lower than its saturation vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +lower than its saturation vapor pressure +the relative humidity is lower than 100% + + align:start position:0% +the relative humidity is lower than 100% + + + align:start position:0% +the relative humidity is lower than 100% +And The due + + align:start position:0% +And The due + + + align:start position:0% +And The due +point is greater than or less than the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly these are important + + align:start position:0% +exactly these are important + + + align:start position:0% +exactly these are important +Concepts um so please dwell on these if + + align:start position:0% +Concepts um so please dwell on these if + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts um so please dwell on these if +if it's not immediately + + align:start position:0% +if it's not immediately + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not immediately +apparent let's look at some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data all right so here's what I did I I + + align:start position:0% +data all right so here's what I did I I + + + align:start position:0% +data all right so here's what I did I I +grabbed the weather Weather Underground + + align:start position:0% +grabbed the weather Weather Underground + + + align:start position:0% +grabbed the weather Weather Underground +and I went to Weather Underground and I + + align:start position:0% +and I went to Weather Underground and I + + + align:start position:0% +and I went to Weather Underground and I +grabbed uh some data I grabbed it for a + + align:start position:0% +grabbed uh some data I grabbed it for a + + + align:start position:0% +grabbed uh some data I grabbed it for a +typical day sorry I grabbed it for last + + align:start position:0% +typical day sorry I grabbed it for last + + + align:start position:0% +typical day sorry I grabbed it for last +Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday +and um here's some data so so uh it + + align:start position:0% +and um here's some data so so uh it + + + align:start position:0% +and um here's some data so so uh it +gives you plots of random things and + + align:start position:0% +gives you plots of random things and + + + align:start position:0% +gives you plots of random things and +then it gives you a table of time + + align:start position:0% +then it gives you a table of time + + + align:start position:0% +then it gives you a table of time +temperature due Point humidity then wind + + align:start position:0% +temperature due Point humidity then wind + + + align:start position:0% +temperature due Point humidity then wind +wind speed wind gust pressure and all + + align:start position:0% +wind speed wind gust pressure and all + + + align:start position:0% +wind speed wind gust pressure and all +that okay so then I I grabbed that data + + align:start position:0% +that okay so then I I grabbed that data + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so then I I grabbed that data +and I started plotting + + align:start position:0% +and I started plotting + + + align:start position:0% +and I started plotting +it all right so first of all here's the + + align:start position:0% +it all right so first of all here's the + + + align:start position:0% +it all right so first of all here's the +data that that it gave me so this is um + + align:start position:0% +data that that it gave me so this is um + + + align:start position:0% +data that that it gave me so this is um +the x- axis here is just hours of the + + align:start position:0% +the x- axis here is just hours of the + + + align:start position:0% +the x- axis here is just hours of the +day and the y- axis is temperature and + + align:start position:0% +day and the y- axis is temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +day and the y- axis is temperature and +Fahrenheit and make things for us so um + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit and make things for us so um + + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit and make things for us so um +the temperature this is a typical day so + + align:start position:0% +the temperature this is a typical day so + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature this is a typical day so +temperature started low and and got warm + + align:start position:0% +temperature started low and and got warm + + + align:start position:0% +temperature started low and and got warm +and then and then cooled down at night + + align:start position:0% +and then and then cooled down at night + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then cooled down at night +so that's very + + align:start position:0% +so that's very + + + align:start position:0% +so that's very +typical um the dup Point slowly Rose + + align:start position:0% +typical um the dup Point slowly Rose + + + align:start position:0% +typical um the dup Point slowly Rose +throughout the + + align:start position:0% +throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the +day so there's more water coming into + + align:start position:0% +day so there's more water coming into + + + align:start position:0% +day so there's more water coming into +the air right uh the weather pattern for + + align:start position:0% +the air right uh the weather pattern for + + + align:start position:0% +the air right uh the weather pattern for +whatever reason is bringing more humid + + align:start position:0% +whatever reason is bringing more humid + + + align:start position:0% +whatever reason is bringing more humid +air into the region the D point is is + + align:start position:0% +air into the region the D point is is + + + align:start position:0% +air into the region the D point is is +crawling up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so the next thing I did is I I + + align:start position:0% +all right so the next thing I did is I I + + + align:start position:0% +all right so the next thing I did is I I +plotted two things I plotted the + + align:start position:0% +plotted two things I plotted the + + + align:start position:0% +plotted two things I plotted the +saturation vapor pressure as a function + + align:start position:0% +saturation vapor pressure as a function + + + align:start position:0% +saturation vapor pressure as a function +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +temperature right using the expression + + align:start position:0% +temperature right using the expression + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right using the expression +which we derived 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +which we derived 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +which we derived 10 minutes +ago and and then I plotted the actual + + align:start position:0% +ago and and then I plotted the actual + + + align:start position:0% +ago and and then I plotted the actual +vapor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure okay how did I do that somebody + + align:start position:0% +pressure okay how did I do that somebody + + + align:start position:0% +pressure okay how did I do that somebody +the orange curve please how did I find + + align:start position:0% +the orange curve please how did I find + + + align:start position:0% +the orange curve please how did I find +the saturation vapor pressure as a + + align:start position:0% +the saturation vapor pressure as a + + + align:start position:0% +the saturation vapor pressure as a +function of time throughout the day how + + align:start position:0% +function of time throughout the day how + + + align:start position:0% +function of time throughout the day how +did I do that + + align:start position:0% +did I do that + + + align:start position:0% +did I do that +use your model from before and use the + + align:start position:0% +use your model from before and use the + + + align:start position:0% +use your model from before and use the +temperature at that point good yeah let + + align:start position:0% +temperature at that point good yeah let + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at that point good yeah let +me let me back up exactly right I I + + align:start position:0% +me let me back up exactly right I I + + + align:start position:0% +me let me back up exactly right I I +developed this model fits the data + + align:start position:0% +developed this model fits the data + + + align:start position:0% +developed this model fits the data +pretty well I just plug in the + + align:start position:0% +pretty well I just plug in the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well I just plug in the +temperature I convert from Fahrenheit to + + align:start position:0% +temperature I convert from Fahrenheit to + + + align:start position:0% +temperature I convert from Fahrenheit to +Kelvin but I plug in the temperature and + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin but I plug in the temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin but I plug in the temperature and +and I get um you know and I get uh this + + align:start position:0% +and I get um you know and I get uh this + + + align:start position:0% +and I get um you know and I get uh this +this number so you see it it varies + + align:start position:0% +this number so you see it it varies + + + align:start position:0% +this number so you see it it varies +monotonically with temperature that's + + align:start position:0% +monotonically with temperature that's + + + align:start position:0% +monotonically with temperature that's +good temperature goes up paper pressure + + align:start position:0% +good temperature goes up paper pressure + + + align:start position:0% +good temperature goes up paper pressure +goes up + + align:start position:0% +goes up + + + align:start position:0% +goes up +um I'm plotting in Tour by the way it's + + align:start position:0% +um I'm plotting in Tour by the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm plotting in Tour by the way it's +convenient to plot in units that are + + align:start position:0% +convenient to plot in units that are + + + align:start position:0% +convenient to plot in units that are +like 1 5 10 20 so um does anyone know + + align:start position:0% +like 1 5 10 20 so um does anyone know + + + align:start position:0% +like 1 5 10 20 so um does anyone know +what a tour how many how many tours in + + align:start position:0% +what a tour how many how many tours in + + + align:start position:0% +what a tour how many how many tours in +an atmosphere anybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know5 760 so these are these are these + + align:start position:0% +know5 760 so these are these are these + + + align:start position:0% +know5 760 so these are these are these +are important you should know such + + align:start position:0% +are important you should know such + + + align:start position:0% +are important you should know such +things so 760 tours in an atmosphere a + + align:start position:0% +things so 760 tours in an atmosphere a + + + align:start position:0% +things so 760 tours in an atmosphere a +tour corresponds to a millimeter of + + align:start position:0% +tour corresponds to a millimeter of + + + align:start position:0% +tour corresponds to a millimeter of +mercury so these are just s of + + align:start position:0% +mercury so these are just s of + + + align:start position:0% +mercury so these are just s of +scientific literacy things uh + + align:start position:0% +scientific literacy things uh + + + align:start position:0% +scientific literacy things uh +I didn't want to plot in pascals I + + align:start position:0% +I didn't want to plot in pascals I + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't want to plot in pascals I +didn't want to be down in like the + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to be down in like the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to be down in like the +orders of + + align:start position:0% +orders of + + + align:start position:0% +orders of +magnitude you know uh away from one so + + align:start position:0% +magnitude you know uh away from one so + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude you know uh away from one so +okay great so now we understand how I + + align:start position:0% +okay great so now we understand how I + + + align:start position:0% +okay great so now we understand how I +got the orange curve how did I get this + + align:start position:0% +got the orange curve how did I get this + + + align:start position:0% +got the orange curve how did I get this +blue curve that's the actual vapor + + align:start position:0% +blue curve that's the actual vapor + + + align:start position:0% +blue curve that's the actual vapor +pressure of water throughout the + + align:start position:0% +pressure of water throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of water throughout the +day well I've got the saturation data + + align:start position:0% +day well I've got the saturation data + + + align:start position:0% +day well I've got the saturation data +and I've + + align:start position:0% +and I've + + + align:start position:0% +and I've +got I've got the D point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I could have plotted relative humidity I + + align:start position:0% +I could have plotted relative humidity I + + + align:start position:0% +I could have plotted relative humidity I +do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next the way I get the blue data is I + + align:start position:0% +next the way I get the blue data is I + + + align:start position:0% +next the way I get the blue data is I +take the dupoint + + align:start position:0% +take the dupoint + + + align:start position:0% +take the dupoint +temperature and I plug that into my + + align:start position:0% +temperature and I plug that into my + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and I plug that into my +model right that's the meaning of the + + align:start position:0% +model right that's the meaning of the + + + align:start position:0% +model right that's the meaning of the +dupoint the dupoint tells you the water + + align:start position:0% +dupoint the dupoint tells you the water + + + align:start position:0% +dupoint the dupoint tells you the water +vapor pressure in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure in terms of the +temperature at which that pressure would + + align:start position:0% +temperature at which that pressure would + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at which that pressure would +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +saturated so I plug the D Point into + + align:start position:0% +saturated so I plug the D Point into + + + align:start position:0% +saturated so I plug the D Point into +this model + + align:start position:0% +this model + + + align:start position:0% +this model +to get the actual water VAP + + align:start position:0% +to get the actual water VAP + + + align:start position:0% +to get the actual water VAP +pression all right last curve relative + + align:start position:0% +pression all right last curve relative + + + align:start position:0% +pression all right last curve relative +humidity somebody please volunteer and + + align:start position:0% +humidity somebody please volunteer and + + + align:start position:0% +humidity somebody please volunteer and +tell me how do I calculate this relative + + align:start position:0% +tell me how do I calculate this relative + + + align:start position:0% +tell me how do I calculate this relative +humidity somebody who hasn't volunteered + + align:start position:0% +humidity somebody who hasn't volunteered + + + align:start position:0% +humidity somebody who hasn't volunteered +yet today + + align:start position:0% +yet today + + + align:start position:0% +yet today +please um don't you just divide the two + + align:start position:0% +please um don't you just divide the two + + + align:start position:0% +please um don't you just divide the two +lines that we just found so we would be + + align:start position:0% +lines that we just found so we would be + + + align:start position:0% +lines that we just found so we would be +dividing at each um like point the + + align:start position:0% +dividing at each um like point the + + + align:start position:0% +dividing at each um like point the +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +the blue line by the red line and then + + align:start position:0% +the blue line by the red line and then + + + align:start position:0% +the blue line by the red line and then +thank you that's exactly right it's the + + align:start position:0% +thank you that's exactly right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +thank you that's exactly right it's the +it's the fraction relative to saturation + + align:start position:0% +it's the fraction relative to saturation + + + align:start position:0% +it's the fraction relative to saturation +right so it's the actual vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +right so it's the actual vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's the actual vapor pressure +divided by the saturation vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +divided by the saturation vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the saturation vapor pressure +thank you so you see it's got the kind + + align:start position:0% +thank you so you see it's got the kind + + + align:start position:0% +thank you so you see it's got the kind +of here's the water there's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +of here's the water there's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +of here's the water there's a little bit +of wet air coming into the region D + + align:start position:0% +of wet air coming into the region D + + + align:start position:0% +of wet air coming into the region D +Point starts creeping up but then the + + align:start position:0% +Point starts creeping up but then the + + + align:start position:0% +Point starts creeping up but then the +day starts heating up right and the + + align:start position:0% +day starts heating up right and the + + + align:start position:0% +day starts heating up right and the +relative humidity Falls and then at + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity Falls and then at + + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity Falls and then at +night the relative humidity + + align:start position:0% +night the relative humidity + + + align:start position:0% +night the relative humidity +climbs this is not a day where we're + + align:start position:0% +climbs this is not a day where we're + + + align:start position:0% +climbs this is not a day where we're +going to form do right this is almost + + align:start position:0% +going to form do right this is almost + + + align:start position:0% +going to form do right this is almost +11:45 at night and the relative humidity + + align:start position:0% +11:45 at night and the relative humidity + + + align:start position:0% +11:45 at night and the relative humidity +is still just at 50% but on summer days + + align:start position:0% +is still just at 50% but on summer days + + + align:start position:0% +is still just at 50% but on summer days +you'll see this climb at night really + + align:start position:0% +you'll see this climb at night really + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see this climb at night really +really come up towards 100 that's + + align:start position:0% +really come up towards 100 that's + + + align:start position:0% +really come up towards 100 that's +they're going to form D or Frost right + + align:start position:0% +they're going to form D or Frost right + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to form D or Frost right +if it's if it's if it's winter uh so um + + align:start position:0% +if it's if it's if it's winter uh so um + + + align:start position:0% +if it's if it's if it's winter uh so um +excellent so I I really want you to + + align:start position:0% +excellent so I I really want you to + + + align:start position:0% +excellent so I I really want you to +become proficient with these sorts of + + align:start position:0% +become proficient with these sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +become proficient with these sorts of +data manipulations and now you + + align:start position:0% +data manipulations and now you + + + align:start position:0% +data manipulations and now you +understand the weather a little more + + align:start position:0% +understand the weather a little more + + + align:start position:0% +understand the weather a little more +okay so um let me see what comes next + + align:start position:0% +okay so um let me see what comes next + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um let me see what comes next +that was it for that was it for the + + align:start position:0% +that was it for that was it for the + + + align:start position:0% +that was it for that was it for the +weather and meteorology the next case + + align:start position:0% +weather and meteorology the next case + + + align:start position:0% +weather and meteorology the next case +study we're going to do is in um uh + + align:start position:0% +study we're going to do is in um uh + + + align:start position:0% +study we're going to do is in um uh +totally different topic so I want to + + align:start position:0% +totally different topic so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +totally different topic so I want to +pause for two minutes and gather any + + align:start position:0% +pause for two minutes and gather any + + + align:start position:0% +pause for two minutes and gather any +questions that you have on the concepts + + align:start position:0% +questions that you have on the concepts + + + align:start position:0% +questions that you have on the concepts +of dupoint and relative + + align:start position:0% +of dupoint and relative + + + align:start position:0% +of dupoint and relative +humidity these these concepts of vapor + + align:start position:0% +humidity these these concepts of vapor + + + align:start position:0% +humidity these these concepts of vapor +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +subsaturation + + align:start position:0% +subsaturation + + + align:start position:0% +subsaturation +um are really important for materials + + align:start position:0% +um are really important for materials + + + align:start position:0% +um are really important for materials +processing and pretty much everywhere + + align:start position:0% +processing and pretty much everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +processing and pretty much everywhere +else so um I'm using is very accessible + + align:start position:0% +else so um I'm using is very accessible + + + align:start position:0% +else so um I'm using is very accessible +commonplace example of the weather but + + align:start position:0% +commonplace example of the weather but + + + align:start position:0% +commonplace example of the weather but +uh this sort of analysis is certainly + + align:start position:0% +uh this sort of analysis is certainly + + + align:start position:0% +uh this sort of analysis is certainly +not limited to + + align:start position:0% +not limited to + + + align:start position:0% +not limited to +meteorology uh I want to ask about like + + align:start position:0% +meteorology uh I want to ask about like + + + align:start position:0% +meteorology uh I want to ask about like +the the line we saw in before which + + align:start position:0% +the the line we saw in before which + + + align:start position:0% +the the line we saw in before which +wasn't exactly linear I think it was + + align:start position:0% +wasn't exactly linear I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't exactly linear I think it was +like a one over T by log pressure yeah + + align:start position:0% +like a one over T by log pressure yeah + + + align:start position:0% +like a one over T by log pressure yeah +um so what's the parameter that if we + + align:start position:0% +um so what's the parameter that if we + + + align:start position:0% +um so what's the parameter that if we +got like like uh either like the H is + + align:start position:0% +got like like uh either like the H is + + + align:start position:0% +got like like uh either like the H is +constant or that the gas is ideal which + + align:start position:0% +constant or that the gas is ideal which + + + align:start position:0% +constant or that the gas is ideal which +one of them is like the most efficient + + align:start position:0% +one of them is like the most efficient + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is like the most efficient +to fix and get a better fit of our + + align:start position:0% +to fix and get a better fit of our + + + align:start position:0% +to fix and get a better fit of our +initial assumptions right so um yeah + + align:start position:0% +initial assumptions right so um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +initial assumptions right so um yeah +that's a good question so first of all + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question so first of all + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question so first of all +if you look if you look up expressions + + align:start position:0% +if you look if you look up expressions + + + align:start position:0% +if you look if you look up expressions +for the vapor pressure of water you'll + + align:start position:0% +for the vapor pressure of water you'll + + + align:start position:0% +for the vapor pressure of water you'll +find equations that look like this with + + align:start position:0% +find equations that look like this with + + + align:start position:0% +find equations that look like this with +correction terms so you'll find + + align:start position:0% +correction terms so you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +correction terms so you'll find +equations that look like this with with + + align:start position:0% +equations that look like this with with + + + align:start position:0% +equations that look like this with with +quadratic terms or logarithmic terms + + align:start position:0% +quadratic terms or logarithmic terms + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic terms or logarithmic terms +they're just curve fitting there's not + + align:start position:0% +they're just curve fitting there's not + + + align:start position:0% +they're just curve fitting there's not +really thermodynamics in there but + + align:start position:0% +really thermodynamics in there but + + + align:start position:0% +really thermodynamics in there but +they're curve fitting and and this model + + align:start position:0% +they're curve fitting and and this model + + + align:start position:0% +they're curve fitting and and this model +does not exactly fit the data so that's + + align:start position:0% +does not exactly fit the data so that's + + + align:start position:0% +does not exactly fit the data so that's +just an empirical thing so you know I + + align:start position:0% +just an empirical thing so you know I + + + align:start position:0% +just an empirical thing so you know I +encourage you to just go Google for + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to just go Google for + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to just go Google for +expressions and you'll find different + + align:start position:0% +expressions and you'll find different + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and you'll find different +Expressions what what's what's + + align:start position:0% +Expressions what what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +Expressions what what's what's +underlying there what what's the reason + + align:start position:0% +underlying there what what's the reason + + + align:start position:0% +underlying there what what's the reason +for that + + align:start position:0% +for that + + + align:start position:0% +for that +um the Assumption of constant Delta H is + + align:start position:0% +um the Assumption of constant Delta H is + + + align:start position:0% +um the Assumption of constant Delta H is +the first to break + + align:start position:0% +the first to break + + + align:start position:0% +the first to break +down so the Assumption of of temperature + + align:start position:0% +down so the Assumption of of temperature + + + align:start position:0% +down so the Assumption of of temperature +independent enthalpy of vaporization is + + align:start position:0% +independent enthalpy of vaporization is + + + align:start position:0% +independent enthalpy of vaporization is +pretty good in a narrow temperature + + align:start position:0% +pretty good in a narrow temperature + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good in a narrow temperature +window but it's not good from 0 to 100 C + + align:start position:0% +window but it's not good from 0 to 100 C + + + align:start position:0% +window but it's not good from 0 to 100 C +it's it's not good over that whole range + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not good over that whole range + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not good over that whole range +and so if you were to analyze more + + align:start position:0% +and so if you were to analyze more + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you were to analyze more +carefully and come up with an expression + + align:start position:0% +carefully and come up with an expression + + + align:start position:0% +carefully and come up with an expression +for the temperature dependence of Delta + + align:start position:0% +for the temperature dependence of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +for the temperature dependence of Delta +H you would get a more accurate model + + align:start position:0% +H you would get a more accurate model + + + align:start position:0% +H you would get a more accurate model +and it would be more mathematically + + align:start position:0% +and it would be more mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +and it would be more mathematically +complicated than this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one yeah thank you all right so now it's + + align:start position:0% +one yeah thank you all right so now it's + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah thank you all right so now it's +1028 I want to move on to particle + + align:start position:0% +1028 I want to move on to particle + + + align:start position:0% +1028 I want to move on to particle +physics so um the example we're going to + + align:start position:0% +physics so um the example we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +physics so um the example we're going to +look at and we're going to work some + + align:start position:0% +look at and we're going to work some + + + align:start position:0% +look at and we're going to work some +we're going to work a little bit is that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to work a little bit is that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to work a little bit is that +of cloud chamber so um if we were in a + + align:start position:0% +of cloud chamber so um if we were in a + + + align:start position:0% +of cloud chamber so um if we were in a +classroom I'd ask you know how many of + + align:start position:0% +classroom I'd ask you know how many of + + + align:start position:0% +classroom I'd ask you know how many of +you have seen a cloud chamber or know + + align:start position:0% +you have seen a cloud chamber or know + + + align:start position:0% +you have seen a cloud chamber or know +what a cloud chamber is it's a little + + align:start position:0% +what a cloud chamber is it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +what a cloud chamber is it's a little +awkward to resume so um I'll just give + + align:start position:0% +awkward to resume so um I'll just give + + + align:start position:0% +awkward to resume so um I'll just give +you a two-minute introduction to Cloud + + align:start position:0% +you a two-minute introduction to Cloud + + + align:start position:0% +you a two-minute introduction to Cloud +Chambers Cloud Chambers are um let's see + + align:start position:0% +Chambers Cloud Chambers are um let's see + + + align:start position:0% +Chambers Cloud Chambers are um let's see +they're an expansion apparatus for + + align:start position:0% +they're an expansion apparatus for + + + align:start position:0% +they're an expansion apparatus for +making visible the tracks of ionizing + + align:start position:0% +making visible the tracks of ionizing + + + align:start position:0% +making visible the tracks of ionizing +particles and gases so this is uh + + align:start position:0% +particles and gases so this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +particles and gases so this is uh +Charles Wilson Cavendish laboratory in + + align:start position:0% +Charles Wilson Cavendish laboratory in + + + align:start position:0% +Charles Wilson Cavendish laboratory in +Cambridge Nobel Prize for this work in + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge Nobel Prize for this work in + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge Nobel Prize for this work in +1927 and here's what it is here's his + + align:start position:0% +1927 and here's what it is here's his + + + align:start position:0% +1927 and here's what it is here's his +drawing you have a is the the chamber is + + align:start position:0% +drawing you have a is the the chamber is + + + align:start position:0% +drawing you have a is the the chamber is +a here and a is connected + + align:start position:0% +a here and a is connected + + + align:start position:0% +a here and a is connected +um via this valve B to a vacuum space C + + align:start position:0% +um via this valve B to a vacuum space C + + + align:start position:0% +um via this valve B to a vacuum space C +and C is evacuated by by a pump so + + align:start position:0% +and C is evacuated by by a pump so + + + align:start position:0% +and C is evacuated by by a pump so +there's a pump and a + + align:start position:0% +there's a pump and a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a pump and a +gauge and um there's a there's a voltage + + align:start position:0% +gauge and um there's a there's a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +gauge and um there's a there's a voltage +across that um across that space and + + align:start position:0% +across that um across that space and + + + align:start position:0% +across that um across that space and +these are magnets so there's magnetic + + align:start position:0% +these are magnets so there's magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +these are magnets so there's magnetic +field lines so this space here has + + align:start position:0% +field lines so this space here has + + + align:start position:0% +field lines so this space here has +electric field lines and has magnetic + + align:start position:0% +electric field lines and has magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +electric field lines and has magnetic +field lines and the space is filled with + + align:start position:0% +field lines and the space is filled with + + + align:start position:0% +field lines and the space is filled with +wet air humid air + + align:start position:0% +wet air humid air + + + align:start position:0% +wet air humid air +and um at Time Zero what they do is they + + align:start position:0% +and um at Time Zero what they do is they + + + align:start position:0% +and um at Time Zero what they do is they +open this valve and they cause the air + + align:start position:0% +open this valve and they cause the air + + + align:start position:0% +open this valve and they cause the air +to rapidly expand into this vacuum space + + align:start position:0% +to rapidly expand into this vacuum space + + + align:start position:0% +to rapidly expand into this vacuum space +so that's what you do here's a photo of + + align:start position:0% +so that's what you do here's a photo of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what you do here's a photo of +it right so so here's the volume here + + align:start position:0% +it right so so here's the volume here + + + align:start position:0% +it right so so here's the volume here +it's glass so you can see into it you + + align:start position:0% +it's glass so you can see into it you + + + align:start position:0% +it's glass so you can see into it you +can see there's this volume here here's + + align:start position:0% +can see there's this volume here here's + + + align:start position:0% +can see there's this volume here here's +the vacuum space Here's the the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum space Here's the the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum space Here's the the vacuum +pump connections and and there's a valve + + align:start position:0% +pump connections and and there's a valve + + + align:start position:0% +pump connections and and there's a valve +here and a valve actuator here the stem + + align:start position:0% +here and a valve actuator here the stem + + + align:start position:0% +here and a valve actuator here the stem +the valve stem I guess it just pull it + + align:start position:0% +the valve stem I guess it just pull it + + + align:start position:0% +the valve stem I guess it just pull it +manually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and and what does this do it it + + align:start position:0% +um and and what does this do it it + + + align:start position:0% +um and and what does this do it it +creates a situation where the water is + + align:start position:0% +creates a situation where the water is + + + align:start position:0% +creates a situation where the water is +super + + align:start position:0% +super + + + align:start position:0% +super +saturated it goes from you go from + + align:start position:0% +saturated it goes from you go from + + + align:start position:0% +saturated it goes from you go from +relative humidity less than 100% to + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity less than 100% to + + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity less than 100% to +relative + + align:start position:0% +relative + + + align:start position:0% +relative +humidity greater than + + align:start position:0% +humidity greater than + + + align:start position:0% +humidity greater than +100% it's super cooling right that's + + align:start position:0% +100% it's super cooling right that's + + + align:start position:0% +100% it's super cooling right that's +like the uh the instant hot + + align:start position:0% +like the uh the instant hot + + + align:start position:0% +like the uh the instant hot +pack so you have a super cold situation + + align:start position:0% +pack so you have a super cold situation + + + align:start position:0% +pack so you have a super cold situation +with greater than 100 % relative + + align:start position:0% +with greater than 100 % relative + + + align:start position:0% +with greater than 100 % relative +humidity or in other words the dup Point + + align:start position:0% +humidity or in other words the dup Point + + + align:start position:0% +humidity or in other words the dup Point +higher than the actual + + align:start position:0% +higher than the actual + + + align:start position:0% +higher than the actual +temperature and what + + align:start position:0% +temperature and what + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and what +happens condensation will nucleate + + align:start position:0% +happens condensation will nucleate + + + align:start position:0% +happens condensation will nucleate +around any + + align:start position:0% +around any + + + align:start position:0% +around any +imperfection in particular it will + + align:start position:0% +imperfection in particular it will + + + align:start position:0% +imperfection in particular it will +nucleate around ionized molecules + + align:start position:0% +nucleate around ionized molecules + + + align:start position:0% +nucleate around ionized molecules +created by ionizing radiation so as + + align:start position:0% +created by ionizing radiation so as + + + align:start position:0% +created by ionizing radiation so as +radiation that ionizes air passes + + align:start position:0% +radiation that ionizes air passes + + + align:start position:0% +radiation that ionizes air passes +through the chamber it + + align:start position:0% +through the chamber it + + + align:start position:0% +through the chamber it +leaves a path of + + align:start position:0% +leaves a path of + + + align:start position:0% +leaves a path of +cloud right it leaves a path of + + align:start position:0% +cloud right it leaves a path of + + + align:start position:0% +cloud right it leaves a path of +condensed water vapor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a cloud chamber so here's a from + + align:start position:0% +that's a cloud chamber so here's a from + + + align:start position:0% +that's a cloud chamber so here's a from +the original paper he put in a piece of + + align:start position:0% +the original paper he put in a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +the original paper he put in a piece of +radiation radioactive material and of + + align:start position:0% +radiation radioactive material and of + + + align:start position:0% +radiation radioactive material and of +course this thing is spewing you know + + align:start position:0% +course this thing is spewing you know + + + align:start position:0% +course this thing is spewing you know +ionizing radiation nucleating Cloud + + align:start position:0% +ionizing radiation nucleating Cloud + + + align:start position:0% +ionizing radiation nucleating Cloud +everywhere it goes and you get this kind + + align:start position:0% +everywhere it goes and you get this kind + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere it goes and you get this kind +of Starburst pattern here's another + + align:start position:0% +of Starburst pattern here's another + + + align:start position:0% +of Starburst pattern here's another +Nobel Prize this is the the uh um well + + align:start position:0% +Nobel Prize this is the the uh um well + + + align:start position:0% +Nobel Prize this is the the uh um well +it was fmy who originally hypothesize + + align:start position:0% +it was fmy who originally hypothesize + + + align:start position:0% +it was fmy who originally hypothesize +the existence of positrons and uh Carl + + align:start position:0% +the existence of positrons and uh Carl + + + align:start position:0% +the existence of positrons and uh Carl +Anderson at Caltech uh verified that and + + align:start position:0% +Anderson at Caltech uh verified that and + + + align:start position:0% +Anderson at Caltech uh verified that and +he got the Nobel Prize for it and so + + align:start position:0% +he got the Nobel Prize for it and so + + + align:start position:0% +he got the Nobel Prize for it and so +this is the the first uh published + + align:start position:0% +this is the the first uh published + + + align:start position:0% +this is the the first uh published +recorded positron track in a cloud + + align:start position:0% +recorded positron track in a cloud + + + align:start position:0% +recorded positron track in a cloud +chamber and we won't go into how they + + align:start position:0% +chamber and we won't go into how they + + + align:start position:0% +chamber and we won't go into how they +figure out it's a positron the point is + + align:start position:0% +figure out it's a positron the point is + + + align:start position:0% +figure out it's a positron the point is +that you have a piece of ionizing + + align:start position:0% +that you have a piece of ionizing + + + align:start position:0% +that you have a piece of ionizing +radiation that's normally invisible and + + align:start position:0% +radiation that's normally invisible and + + + align:start position:0% +radiation that's normally invisible and +it's made visible because it leaves + + align:start position:0% +it's made visible because it leaves + + + align:start position:0% +it's made visible because it leaves +behind uh clouds which is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +behind uh clouds which is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +behind uh clouds which is kind of a +beautiful concept and here's a um you + + align:start position:0% +beautiful concept and here's a um you + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful concept and here's a um you +know a very long time exposure + + align:start position:0% +know a very long time exposure + + + align:start position:0% +know a very long time exposure +photograph of a cloud chamber all sorts + + align:start position:0% +photograph of a cloud chamber all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +photograph of a cloud chamber all sorts +of radiation here um they pretty + + align:start position:0% +of radiation here um they pretty + + + align:start position:0% +of radiation here um they pretty +and I have a couple examples here of um + + align:start position:0% +and I have a couple examples here of um + + + align:start position:0% +and I have a couple examples here of um +of these things actually running so + + align:start position:0% +of these things actually running so + + + align:start position:0% +of these things actually running so +here's first an example from from + + align:start position:0% +here's first an example from from + + + align:start position:0% +here's first an example from from +Harvard and I don't know whether you'll + + align:start position:0% +Harvard and I don't know whether you'll + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard and I don't know whether you'll +be able to hear the audio on this and if + + align:start position:0% +be able to hear the audio on this and if + + + align:start position:0% +be able to hear the audio on this and if +you can't that's perfectly fine they're + + align:start position:0% +you can't that's perfectly fine they're + + + align:start position:0% +you can't that's perfectly fine they're +um they're that's dry ice so there's a + + align:start position:0% +um they're that's dry ice so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +um they're that's dry ice so there's a +bed of dry ice and uh and then what + + align:start position:0% +bed of dry ice and uh and then what + + + align:start position:0% +bed of dry ice and uh and then what +they're going to do is put the box over + + align:start position:0% +they're going to do is put the box over + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to do is put the box over +it and uh and here they're not going to + + align:start position:0% +it and uh and here they're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +it and uh and here they're not going to +use water vapor it's going to be a cloud + + align:start position:0% +use water vapor it's going to be a cloud + + + align:start position:0% +use water vapor it's going to be a cloud +of ethanol so they're going to saturate + + align:start position:0% +of ethanol so they're going to saturate + + + align:start position:0% +of ethanol so they're going to saturate +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +they're going to saturate the chamber + + align:start position:0% +they're going to saturate the chamber + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to saturate the chamber +with ethanol and I think what's + + align:start position:0% +with ethanol and I think what's + + + align:start position:0% +with ethanol and I think what's +happening now is the temperature is + + align:start position:0% +happening now is the temperature is + + + align:start position:0% +happening now is the temperature is +slowly dropping and they're they're just + + align:start position:0% +slowly dropping and they're they're just + + + align:start position:0% +slowly dropping and they're they're just +um projecting light through the through + + align:start position:0% +um projecting light through the through + + + align:start position:0% +um projecting light through the through +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +box and and now the ethanol is + + align:start position:0% +box and and now the ethanol is + + + align:start position:0% +box and and now the ethanol is +condensing spontaneously in the box and + + align:start position:0% +condensing spontaneously in the box and + + + align:start position:0% +condensing spontaneously in the box and +what what are those what are those Zing + + align:start position:0% +what what are those what are those Zing + + + align:start position:0% +what what are those what are those Zing +traces right what's going on in there + + align:start position:0% +traces right what's going on in there + + + align:start position:0% +traces right what's going on in there +what's creating those uh those lines of + + align:start position:0% +what's creating those uh those lines of + + + align:start position:0% +what's creating those uh those lines of +cloud those are cosmic + + align:start position:0% +cloud those are cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +cloud those are cosmic +rays zinging through the box here's + + align:start position:0% +rays zinging through the box here's + + + align:start position:0% +rays zinging through the box here's +another example they're slowly + + align:start position:0% +another example they're slowly + + + align:start position:0% +another example they're slowly +introducing a rod with 2% thorium which + + align:start position:0% +introducing a rod with 2% thorium which + + + align:start position:0% +introducing a rod with 2% thorium which +is radioactive that's giving off + + align:start position:0% +is radioactive that's giving off + + + align:start position:0% +is radioactive that's giving off +ionizing + + align:start position:0% +ionizing + + + align:start position:0% +ionizing +radiation and a cloud is nucleating + + align:start position:0% +radiation and a cloud is nucleating + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and a cloud is nucleating +around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so that's really cool there sort of + + align:start position:0% +that so that's really cool there sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's really cool there sort of +a more I would say a slightly prettier + + align:start position:0% +a more I would say a slightly prettier + + + align:start position:0% +a more I would say a slightly prettier +uh example here uh from a company that + + align:start position:0% +uh example here uh from a company that + + + align:start position:0% +uh example here uh from a company that +that sells these I think it's demo + + align:start position:0% +that sells these I think it's demo + + + align:start position:0% +that sells these I think it's demo +kits and and um we'll just look at this + + align:start position:0% +kits and and um we'll just look at this + + + align:start position:0% +kits and and um we'll just look at this +for a little while because it's really + + align:start position:0% +for a little while because it's really + + + align:start position:0% +for a little while because it's really +pretty and so here they have a you know + + align:start position:0% +pretty and so here they have a you know + + + align:start position:0% +pretty and so here they have a you know +a little bit of a cleaner system I don't + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a cleaner system I don't + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a cleaner system I don't +know whether this is water or ethanol or + + align:start position:0% +know whether this is water or ethanol or + + + align:start position:0% +know whether this is water or ethanol or +what have you but um they have this + + align:start position:0% +what have you but um they have this + + + align:start position:0% +what have you but um they have this +thing operating continuously I don't + + align:start position:0% +thing operating continuously I don't + + + align:start position:0% +thing operating continuously I don't +know how they they rig that up but they + + align:start position:0% +know how they they rig that up but they + + + align:start position:0% +know how they they rig that up but they +have it operating continuously not you + + align:start position:0% +have it operating continuously not you + + + align:start position:0% +have it operating continuously not you +know one at a time and you know all + + align:start position:0% +know one at a time and you know all + + + align:start position:0% +know one at a time and you know all +these lines are are just the the cosmic + + align:start position:0% +these lines are are just the the cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +these lines are are just the the cosmic +rays that we're constantly inundated + + align:start position:0% +rays that we're constantly inundated + + + align:start position:0% +rays that we're constantly inundated +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +um maybe there's some other radiation in + + align:start position:0% +um maybe there's some other radiation in + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe there's some other radiation in +there as well I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +there as well I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +there as well I'm not sure +and normally this is invisible right but + + align:start position:0% +and normally this is invisible right but + + + align:start position:0% +and normally this is invisible right but +it's visible because we've created a + + align:start position:0% +it's visible because we've created a + + + align:start position:0% +it's visible because we've created a +situation of greater than 100% relative + + align:start position:0% +situation of greater than 100% relative + + + align:start position:0% +situation of greater than 100% relative +humidity Isn't that + + align:start position:0% +humidity Isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +humidity Isn't that +cool it's really + + align:start position:0% +cool it's really + + + align:start position:0% +cool it's really +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +um so I'll take questions for a minute + + align:start position:0% +um so I'll take questions for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +um so I'll take questions for a minute +and with the remaining time we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +and with the remaining time we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and with the remaining time we're gonna +um we're going to set up and solve this + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to set up and solve this + + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to set up and solve this +problem and and I I'll explain what I + + align:start position:0% +problem and and I I'll explain what I + + + align:start position:0% +problem and and I I'll explain what I +mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know this is 110 year old + + align:start position:0% +so you know this is 110 year old + + + align:start position:0% +so you know this is 110 year old +technology um doesn't mean the concepts + + align:start position:0% +technology um doesn't mean the concepts + + + align:start position:0% +technology um doesn't mean the concepts +aren't valid today right now it's it's + + align:start position:0% +aren't valid today right now it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +aren't valid today right now it's it's +mainly used for science museums has + + align:start position:0% +mainly used for science museums has + + + align:start position:0% +mainly used for science museums has +anyone ever seen one of these there's + + align:start position:0% +anyone ever seen one of these there's + + + align:start position:0% +anyone ever seen one of these there's +one at the Exploratorium in San + + align:start position:0% +one at the Exploratorium in San + + + align:start position:0% +one at the Exploratorium in San +Francisco um I haven't been to see it + + align:start position:0% +Francisco um I haven't been to see it + + + align:start position:0% +Francisco um I haven't been to see it +but I've seen a video of the one they + + align:start position:0% +but I've seen a video of the one they + + + align:start position:0% +but I've seen a video of the one they +have set up there there's one in the + + align:start position:0% +have set up there there's one in the + + + align:start position:0% +have set up there there's one in the +physics teaching lab here at MIT has + + align:start position:0% +physics teaching lab here at MIT has + + + align:start position:0% +physics teaching lab here at MIT has +anyone ever played with one of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right well anyway + + align:start position:0% +all right well anyway + + + align:start position:0% +all right well anyway +um it's cool stuff when there's a magnet + + align:start position:0% +um it's cool stuff when there's a magnet + + + align:start position:0% +um it's cool stuff when there's a magnet +on you know whether the particle is + + align:start position:0% +on you know whether the particle is + + + align:start position:0% +on you know whether the particle is +charged or Not by whether it it bends + + align:start position:0% +charged or Not by whether it it bends + + + align:start position:0% +charged or Not by whether it it bends +right because charg particles curve in + + align:start position:0% +right because charg particles curve in + + + align:start position:0% +right because charg particles curve in +magnetic fields anyway let me stop this + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields anyway let me stop this + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields anyway let me stop this +mesmerizing + + align:start position:0% +mesmerizing + + + align:start position:0% +mesmerizing +video and move back to the board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so here's the cloud chamber + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem all right so we have a cloud + + align:start position:0% +problem all right so we have a cloud + + + align:start position:0% +problem all right so we have a cloud +chamber + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let's just make it specific + + align:start position:0% +and let's just make it specific + + + align:start position:0% +and let's just make it specific +initially at + + align:start position:0% +initially at + + + align:start position:0% +initially at + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin and one + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin and one + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin and one +atmosphere filled with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +air with dup point of let's say 288 + + align:start position:0% +air with dup point of let's say 288 + + + align:start position:0% +air with dup point of let's say 288 +Kelvin let's make it nice and round so + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin let's make it nice and round so + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin let's make it nice and round so +this is this is 77 degrees + + align:start position:0% +this is this is 77 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is 77 degrees +Fahrenheit and this is + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit and this is + + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit and this is +wrot down this is 59 degrees + + align:start position:0% +wrot down this is 59 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +wrot down this is 59 degrees +Fahrenheit so this is typical lab + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit so this is typical lab + + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit so this is typical lab +conditions you might find in Boston so + + align:start position:0% +conditions you might find in Boston so + + + align:start position:0% +conditions you might find in Boston so +it's 77 degrees in the lab the humid air + + align:start position:0% +it's 77 degrees in the lab the humid air + + + align:start position:0% +it's 77 degrees in the lab the humid air +has a d point of 59 + + align:start position:0% +has a d point of 59 + + + align:start position:0% +has a d point of 59 +degrees and we're going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expand expands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quickly in your thermal class you're + + align:start position:0% +quickly in your thermal class you're + + + align:start position:0% +quickly in your thermal class you're +supposed to read that as adiabatically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expands quickly by and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +expands quickly by and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +expands quickly by and we're going to +par parameterize the expansion by Delta + + align:start position:0% +par parameterize the expansion by Delta + + + align:start position:0% +par parameterize the expansion by Delta +V over V initial this is going to be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +parameter in our analysis so we're going + + align:start position:0% +parameter in our analysis so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +parameter in our analysis so we're going +to expand the the the volume by Delta V + + align:start position:0% +to expand the the the volume by Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +to expand the the the volume by Delta V +over V and here's the + + align:start position:0% +over V and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +over V and here's the +problem find the Delta V over V + + align:start position:0% +problem find the Delta V over V + + + align:start position:0% +problem find the Delta V over V +initial needed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +achieve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saturation I used to give something like + + align:start position:0% +saturation I used to give something like + + + align:start position:0% +saturation I used to give something like +this as a um homework problem but I + + align:start position:0% +this as a um homework problem but I + + + align:start position:0% +this as a um homework problem but I +think it's more fun to uh to work + + align:start position:0% +think it's more fun to uh to work + + + align:start position:0% +think it's more fun to uh to work +through in lecture + + align:start position:0% +through in lecture + + + align:start position:0% +through in lecture +so so we have a a cylinder with a + + align:start position:0% +so so we have a a cylinder with a + + + align:start position:0% +so so we have a a cylinder with a +piston we have humid air + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have humid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +air we're going to withdraw the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +piston and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +piston and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +piston and we're going to +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +air + + align:start position:0% +air + + + align:start position:0% +air +with condensible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water right so humid air to air with + + align:start position:0% +water right so humid air to air with + + + align:start position:0% +water right so humid air to air with +condensable water vapor that's the + + align:start position:0% +condensable water vapor that's the + + + align:start position:0% +condensable water vapor that's the +problem and I'm going to Simply step + + align:start position:0% +problem and I'm going to Simply step + + + align:start position:0% +problem and I'm going to Simply step +through how you solve this because + + align:start position:0% +through how you solve this because + + + align:start position:0% +through how you solve this because +um it's pretty complicated and if I + + align:start position:0% +um it's pretty complicated and if I + + + align:start position:0% +um it's pretty complicated and if I +don't get all the way through uh we'll + + align:start position:0% +don't get all the way through uh we'll + + + align:start position:0% +don't get all the way through uh we'll +we'll post a + + align:start position:0% +we'll post a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll post a +notes so the first thing is we're going + + align:start position:0% +notes so the first thing is we're going + + + align:start position:0% +notes so the first thing is we're going +to write an + + align:start position:0% +to write an + + + align:start position:0% +to write an +expression for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water vapor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure um as a + + align:start position:0% +pressure um as a + + + align:start position:0% +pressure um as a +function of Delta V or V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +initial the initial vapor pressure pH + + align:start position:0% +initial the initial vapor pressure pH + + + align:start position:0% +initial the initial vapor pressure pH +H2O + + align:start position:0% +H2O + + + align:start position:0% +H2O +initial equals the saturation vapor + + align:start position:0% +initial equals the saturation vapor + + + align:start position:0% +initial equals the saturation vapor +pressure evaluated at the due point and + + align:start position:0% +pressure evaluated at the due point and + + + align:start position:0% +pressure evaluated at the due point and +I uh + + align:start position:0% +I uh + + + align:start position:0% +I uh +I just plug this in it's 1863 pascals + + align:start position:0% +I just plug this in it's 1863 pascals + + + align:start position:0% +I just plug this in it's 1863 pascals +right that's using Concepts which we + + align:start position:0% +right that's using Concepts which we + + + align:start position:0% +right that's using Concepts which we +learned earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +learned earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +learned earlier in the +lecture the system is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +initially at P + + align:start position:0% +initially at P + + + align:start position:0% +initially at P +total initial equals one atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +total initial equals one atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +total initial equals one atmosphere +right equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10132 five + + align:start position:0% +10132 five + + + align:start position:0% +10132 five +pascals so here's a concept which we're + + align:start position:0% +pascals so here's a concept which we're + + + align:start position:0% +pascals so here's a concept which we're +going to learn on Friday the water vapor + + align:start position:0% +going to learn on Friday the water vapor + + + align:start position:0% +going to learn on Friday the water vapor +pressure equals the total pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure equals the total pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure equals the total pressure +times the mole fraction of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water this is Dalton's law of partial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressures and we're going to dive into + + align:start position:0% +pressures and we're going to dive into + + + align:start position:0% +pressures and we're going to dive into +that on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Friday doon's + + align:start position:0% +Friday doon's + + + align:start position:0% +Friday doon's +laot okay we know know for an adiabatic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process for an adiabatic process P final + + align:start position:0% +process for an adiabatic process P final + + + align:start position:0% +process for an adiabatic process P final +equals P + + align:start position:0% +equals P + + + align:start position:0% +equals P +initial volume final over volume + + align:start position:0% +initial volume final over volume + + + align:start position:0% +initial volume final over volume +initial to the minus gamma we know + + align:start position:0% +initial to the minus gamma we know + + + align:start position:0% +initial to the minus gamma we know +that and so I want to parameterize in + + align:start position:0% +that and so I want to parameterize in + + + align:start position:0% +that and so I want to parameterize in +terms of 1 plus Delta V or volume + + align:start position:0% +terms of 1 plus Delta V or volume + + + align:start position:0% +terms of 1 plus Delta V or volume +initial that's my control parameter + + align:start position:0% +initial that's my control parameter + + + align:start position:0% +initial that's my control parameter +that's taking results from a couple + + align:start position:0% +that's taking results from a couple + + + align:start position:0% +that's taking results from a couple +lectures ago and then I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +apply apply Dalton's law and what I get + + align:start position:0% +apply apply Dalton's law and what I get + + + align:start position:0% +apply apply Dalton's law and what I get +is the water vapor + + align:start position:0% +is the water vapor + + + align:start position:0% +is the water vapor +pressure equals + + align:start position:0% +pressure equals + + + align:start position:0% +pressure equals +the the uh water um the uh mole fraction + + align:start position:0% +the the uh water um the uh mole fraction + + + align:start position:0% +the the uh water um the uh mole fraction +of water times the initial total + + align:start position:0% +of water times the initial total + + + align:start position:0% +of water times the initial total +pressure times the uh 1 plus Delta V or + + align:start position:0% +pressure times the uh 1 plus Delta V or + + + align:start position:0% +pressure times the uh 1 plus Delta V or +volume initial to the minus gamma and by + + align:start position:0% +volume initial to the minus gamma and by + + + align:start position:0% +volume initial to the minus gamma and by +the way the mole fraction of water I + + align:start position:0% +the way the mole fraction of water I + + + align:start position:0% +the way the mole fraction of water I +solved for it it's + + align:start position:0% +solved for it it's + + + align:start position:0% +solved for it it's +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +0.184 so all right we introduced this + + align:start position:0% +0.184 so all right we introduced this + + + align:start position:0% +0.184 so all right we introduced this +mole fraction concept we then used our + + align:start position:0% +mole fraction concept we then used our + + + align:start position:0% +mole fraction concept we then used our +concept of dupoint we used our + + align:start position:0% +concept of dupoint we used our + + + align:start position:0% +concept of dupoint we used our +expressions for tic process and there we + + align:start position:0% +expressions for tic process and there we + + + align:start position:0% +expressions for tic process and there we +go okay this is an expression for water + + align:start position:0% +go okay this is an expression for water + + + align:start position:0% +go okay this is an expression for water +vapor pressure as a function of that + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure as a function of that + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure as a function of that +expansion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two right expression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for temperature right it's going to cool + + align:start position:0% +for temperature right it's going to cool + + + align:start position:0% +for temperature right it's going to cool +down as we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expand all right well again for + + align:start position:0% +expand all right well again for + + + align:start position:0% +expand all right well again for +adiabatic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process temperature initial volume + + align:start position:0% +process temperature initial volume + + + align:start position:0% +process temperature initial volume +initial gamma minus one equals + + align:start position:0% +initial gamma minus one equals + + + align:start position:0% +initial gamma minus one equals +temperature final volume final gamma + + align:start position:0% +temperature final volume final gamma + + + align:start position:0% +temperature final volume final gamma +minus one in other words temperature + + align:start position:0% +minus one in other words temperature + + + align:start position:0% +minus one in other words temperature +final equals temperature initial volume + + align:start position:0% +final equals temperature initial volume + + + align:start position:0% +final equals temperature initial volume +final volume + + align:start position:0% +final volume + + + align:start position:0% +final volume +initial minus gamma + one and I like to + + align:start position:0% +initial minus gamma + one and I like to + + + align:start position:0% +initial minus gamma + one and I like to +parameterize in terms of Delta V over V + + align:start position:0% +parameterize in terms of Delta V over V + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize in terms of Delta V over V +initial minus gamma + 1 okay good so now + + align:start position:0% +initial minus gamma + 1 okay good so now + + + align:start position:0% +initial minus gamma + 1 okay good so now +we know how the temperature varies we + + align:start position:0% +we know how the temperature varies we + + + align:start position:0% +we know how the temperature varies we +know how the pressure varies + + align:start position:0% +know how the pressure varies + + + align:start position:0% +know how the pressure varies +and the final thing we do is we + + align:start position:0% +and the final thing we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +and the final thing we do is we +solve for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saturation solve for saturation this is + + align:start position:0% +saturation solve for saturation this is + + + align:start position:0% +saturation solve for saturation this is +the thing we're looking for the water + + align:start position:0% +the thing we're looking for the water + + + align:start position:0% +the thing we're looking for the water +vapor + + align:start position:0% +vapor + + + align:start position:0% +vapor +pressure is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saturated we know that P + + align:start position:0% +saturated we know that P + + + align:start position:0% +saturated we know that P +H2O equals x H2O + + align:start position:0% +H2O equals x H2O + + + align:start position:0% +H2O equals x H2O +P + + align:start position:0% +P + + + align:start position:0% +P +total initial 1 + Delta V over VI I over + + align:start position:0% +total initial 1 + Delta V over VI I over + + + align:start position:0% +total initial 1 + Delta V over VI I over +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +gamma okay so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +gamma okay so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +gamma okay so that's that's +that and we know that P saturation + + align:start position:0% +that and we know that P saturation + + + align:start position:0% +that and we know that P saturation +equals c e to minus B / T right that's + + align:start position:0% +equals c e to minus B / T right that's + + + align:start position:0% +equals c e to minus B / T right that's +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +model and T equals T + + align:start position:0% +model and T equals T + + + align:start position:0% +model and T equals T +initial 1 + Delta v v initial minus + + align:start position:0% +initial 1 + Delta v v initial minus + + + align:start position:0% +initial 1 + Delta v v initial minus +gamma + + + align:start position:0% +gamma + + + + align:start position:0% +gamma + +1 so that's the + + align:start position:0% +1 so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +1 so that's the +temperature that's a saturation pressure + + align:start position:0% +temperature that's a saturation pressure + + + align:start position:0% +temperature that's a saturation pressure +so this is the thing we need to + + align:start position:0% +so this is the thing we need to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the thing we need to +solve this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parametric in Delta V over V initial you + + align:start position:0% +parametric in Delta V over V initial you + + + align:start position:0% +parametric in Delta V over V initial you +see it's parameterized by what we chose + + align:start position:0% +see it's parameterized by what we chose + + + align:start position:0% +see it's parameterized by what we chose +as our control parameter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can solve + + align:start position:0% +so we can solve + + + align:start position:0% +so we can solve +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numerically or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphically we do + + align:start position:0% +graphically we do + + + align:start position:0% +graphically we do +need a value for + + align:start position:0% +need a value for + + + align:start position:0% +need a value for +gamma and I would recommend use use + + align:start position:0% +gamma and I would recommend use use + + + align:start position:0% +gamma and I would recommend use use +value for the diet + + align:start position:0% +value for the diet + + + align:start position:0% +value for the diet +Atomic ideal gas right why air equals + + align:start position:0% +Atomic ideal gas right why air equals + + + align:start position:0% +Atomic ideal gas right why air equals +80% + + align:start position:0% +80% + + + align:start position:0% +80% +N2 20% + + align:start position:0% +N2 20% + + + align:start position:0% +N2 20% +O2 + + align:start position:0% +O2 + + + align:start position:0% +O2 +plus small amounts of other + + align:start position:0% +plus small amounts of other + + + align:start position:0% +plus small amounts of other +things right and N2 and O2 are both + + align:start position:0% +things right and N2 and O2 are both + + + align:start position:0% +things right and N2 and O2 are both +diatomic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +molecules right CP over CV + + align:start position:0% +molecules right CP over CV + + + align:start position:0% +molecules right CP over CV +is actually in the range of 1.4 to + + align:start position:0% +is actually in the range of 1.4 to + + + align:start position:0% +is actually in the range of 1.4 to +1.7 for + + align:start position:0% +1.7 for + + + align:start position:0% +1.7 for +air whereas this 1.4 for the + + align:start position:0% +air whereas this 1.4 for the + + + align:start position:0% +air whereas this 1.4 for the +diatomic gas so we're we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +diatomic gas so we're we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic gas so we're we're not going to +worry about this approximation we're + + align:start position:0% +worry about this approximation we're + + + align:start position:0% +worry about this approximation we're +just going to take the value for the + + align:start position:0% +just going to take the value for the + + + align:start position:0% +just going to take the value for the +ideal gas we can adjust it later right + + align:start position:0% +ideal gas we can adjust it later right + + + align:start position:0% +ideal gas we can adjust it later right +this is kind of its own interesting + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of its own interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of its own interesting +meteorology problem but we're just going + + align:start position:0% +meteorology problem but we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +meteorology problem but we're just going +to take the value for the ideal gas now + + align:start position:0% +to take the value for the ideal gas now + + + align:start position:0% +to take the value for the ideal gas now +um I'm done writing out equations I want + + align:start position:0% +um I'm done writing out equations I want + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm done writing out equations I want +to show you the solution but I ran + + align:start position:0% +to show you the solution but I ran + + + align:start position:0% +to show you the solution but I ran +through that rather quickly to make sure + + align:start position:0% +through that rather quickly to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +through that rather quickly to make sure +we have time for discussion so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +we have time for discussion so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +we have time for discussion so I'm going +to pause now and ask for questions on on + + align:start position:0% +to pause now and ask for questions on on + + + align:start position:0% +to pause now and ask for questions on on +what on Earth just + + align:start position:0% +what on Earth just + + + align:start position:0% +what on Earth just +happened this is a pretty broad question + + align:start position:0% +happened this is a pretty broad question + + + align:start position:0% +happened this is a pretty broad question +but without going back through the math + + align:start position:0% +but without going back through the math + + + align:start position:0% +but without going back through the math +again could you like talk about like + + align:start position:0% +again could you like talk about like + + + align:start position:0% +again could you like talk about like +what the steps are right so let's start + + align:start position:0% +what the steps are right so let's start + + + align:start position:0% +what the steps are right so let's start +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this you need to recognize that there's + + align:start position:0% +this you need to recognize that there's + + + align:start position:0% +this you need to recognize that there's +a control parameter here the control + + align:start position:0% +a control parameter here the control + + + align:start position:0% +a control parameter here the control +parameter is the thing that you're + + align:start position:0% +parameter is the thing that you're + + + align:start position:0% +parameter is the thing that you're +physically doing which is expanding the + + align:start position:0% +physically doing which is expanding the + + + align:start position:0% +physically doing which is expanding the +volume this is your your independent + + align:start position:0% +volume this is your your independent + + + align:start position:0% +volume this is your your independent +parameter everything needs to be a + + align:start position:0% +parameter everything needs to be a + + + align:start position:0% +parameter everything needs to be a +function of this or else you you kind of + + align:start position:0% +function of this or else you you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +function of this or else you you kind of +end up + + align:start position:0% +end up + + + align:start position:0% +end up +lost so so that's the first thing to + + align:start position:0% +lost so so that's the first thing to + + + align:start position:0% +lost so so that's the first thing to +recognize the next thing to recognize is + + align:start position:0% +recognize the next thing to recognize is + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the next thing to recognize is +is what on Earth are you trying to solve + + align:start position:0% +is what on Earth are you trying to solve + + + align:start position:0% +is what on Earth are you trying to solve +for this is the condition you're trying + + align:start position:0% +for this is the condition you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +for this is the condition you're trying +to solve for right you're solving for + + align:start position:0% +to solve for right you're solving for + + + align:start position:0% +to solve for right you're solving for +the condition of saturation for this + + align:start position:0% +the condition of saturation for this + + + align:start position:0% +the condition of saturation for this +pressure and and you know and Beyond you + + align:start position:0% +pressure and and you know and Beyond you + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and and you know and Beyond you +can start forming clouds right that's + + align:start position:0% +can start forming clouds right that's + + + align:start position:0% +can start forming clouds right that's +when water is saturated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so recognizing that we're controlling + + align:start position:0% +so recognizing that we're controlling + + + align:start position:0% +so recognizing that we're controlling +expansion and this is a condition we're + + align:start position:0% +expansion and this is a condition we're + + + align:start position:0% +expansion and this is a condition we're +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +for you recognize that you have to get + + align:start position:0% +for you recognize that you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +for you recognize that you have to get +expressions for the left hand side and + + align:start position:0% +expressions for the left hand side and + + + align:start position:0% +expressions for the left hand side and +the right hand side in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side in terms of the +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +parameter so we took it one at a time + + align:start position:0% +parameter so we took it one at a time + + + align:start position:0% +parameter so we took it one at a time +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +pressure of water + + align:start position:0% +pressure of water + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of water +vapor was this expression we got that by + + align:start position:0% +vapor was this expression we got that by + + + align:start position:0% +vapor was this expression we got that by +thinking about Dalton's rule of partial + + align:start position:0% +thinking about Dalton's rule of partial + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about Dalton's rule of partial +pressures and the adiabatic expansion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process okay so that's the pressure of + + align:start position:0% +process okay so that's the pressure of + + + align:start position:0% +process okay so that's the pressure of +water what about its saturation vapor + + align:start position:0% +water what about its saturation vapor + + + align:start position:0% +water what about its saturation vapor +pressure its saturation vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure its saturation vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure its saturation vapor pressure +varies with + + align:start position:0% +varies with + + + align:start position:0% +varies with +temperature we know these parameters for + + align:start position:0% +temperature we know these parameters for + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we know these parameters for +water we we solved them 40 minutes ago + + align:start position:0% +water we we solved them 40 minutes ago + + + align:start position:0% +water we we solved them 40 minutes ago +they're also widely available so all + + align:start position:0% +they're also widely available so all + + + align:start position:0% +they're also widely available so all +right so that means that in order to + + align:start position:0% +right so that means that in order to + + + align:start position:0% +right so that means that in order to +find Pat we need temperature well that + + align:start position:0% +find Pat we need temperature well that + + + align:start position:0% +find Pat we need temperature well that +also is varying as we expand so now we + + align:start position:0% +also is varying as we expand so now we + + + align:start position:0% +also is varying as we expand so now we +need temperature parameter in terms of + + align:start position:0% +need temperature parameter in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +need temperature parameter in terms of +Delta v v you see Delta v v is + + align:start position:0% +Delta v v you see Delta v v is + + + align:start position:0% +Delta v v you see Delta v v is +controlling temperature which controls + + align:start position:0% +controlling temperature which controls + + + align:start position:0% +controlling temperature which controls +Pat Delta v v is controlling the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure and so those connections need + + align:start position:0% +pressure and so those connections need + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and so those connections need +to be your starting point before you + + align:start position:0% +to be your starting point before you + + + align:start position:0% +to be your starting point before you +really dive in to do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution let me move on to show some + + align:start position:0% +solution let me move on to show some + + + align:start position:0% +solution let me move on to show some +slides and we'll come back because I + + align:start position:0% +slides and we'll come back because I + + + align:start position:0% +slides and we'll come back because I +hope this illuminate that a little more + + align:start position:0% +hope this illuminate that a little more + + + align:start position:0% +hope this illuminate that a little more +let's see the answer + + align:start position:0% +let's see the answer + + + align:start position:0% +let's see the answer +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this is what I did I uh first plotted + + align:start position:0% +so this is what I did I uh first plotted + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what I did I uh first plotted +the saturation vapor pressure of water + + align:start position:0% +the saturation vapor pressure of water + + + align:start position:0% +the saturation vapor pressure of water +let me grab uh a laser pointer + + align:start position:0% +let me grab uh a laser pointer + + + align:start position:0% +let me grab uh a laser pointer +here all right so this is the saturation + + align:start position:0% +here all right so this is the saturation + + + align:start position:0% +here all right so this is the saturation +vapor pressure of water as a function of + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure of water as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure of water as a function of +temperature the same data from Wikipedia + + align:start position:0% +temperature the same data from Wikipedia + + + align:start position:0% +temperature the same data from Wikipedia +that that I showed um + + align:start position:0% +that that I showed um + + + align:start position:0% +that that I showed um +previously although now I'm I'm plotting + + align:start position:0% +previously although now I'm I'm plotting + + + align:start position:0% +previously although now I'm I'm plotting +it on a semi log scale Y axis is log but + + align:start position:0% +it on a semi log scale Y axis is log but + + + align:start position:0% +it on a semi log scale Y axis is log but +xaxis is just temperature and on one + + align:start position:0% +xaxis is just temperature and on one + + + align:start position:0% +xaxis is just temperature and on one +over temperature all + + align:start position:0% +over temperature all + + + align:start position:0% +over temperature all +right these are my initial conditions + + align:start position:0% +right these are my initial conditions + + + align:start position:0% +right these are my initial conditions +this is the starting temperature + + align:start position:0% +this is the starting temperature + + + align:start position:0% +this is the starting temperature +standard standard temperature 25° C and + + align:start position:0% +standard standard temperature 25° C and + + + align:start position:0% +standard standard temperature 25° C and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +initial water vapor pressure right if + + align:start position:0% +initial water vapor pressure right if + + + align:start position:0% +initial water vapor pressure right if +you remember the D point was + + align:start position:0% +you remember the D point was + + + align:start position:0% +you remember the D point was +288 so if I if I scoot over here to 288 + + align:start position:0% +288 so if I if I scoot over here to 288 + + + align:start position:0% +288 so if I if I scoot over here to 288 +I'll find that this water vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +I'll find that this water vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +I'll find that this water vapor pressure +would be saturated at 288 that's the + + align:start position:0% +would be saturated at 288 that's the + + + align:start position:0% +would be saturated at 288 that's the +meaning of that term D point so this is + + align:start position:0% +meaning of that term D point so this is + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of that term D point so this is +my starting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition okay now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +condition okay now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay now I'm going to +expand I have Delta V over v as I expand + + align:start position:0% +expand I have Delta V over v as I expand + + + align:start position:0% +expand I have Delta V over v as I expand +the temperature + + align:start position:0% +the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature +drops as I expand the pressure drops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so as I expand the temperature drops and + + align:start position:0% +so as I expand the temperature drops and + + + align:start position:0% +so as I expand the temperature drops and +as I expand the pressure drops these are + + align:start position:0% +as I expand the pressure drops these are + + + align:start position:0% +as I expand the pressure drops these are +adiabats these are adiabatic curves that + + align:start position:0% +adiabats these are adiabatic curves that + + + align:start position:0% +adiabats these are adiabatic curves that +that you now are somewhat familiar + + align:start position:0% +that you now are somewhat familiar + + + align:start position:0% +that you now are somewhat familiar +with so you see I'm going to plot a + + align:start position:0% +with so you see I'm going to plot a + + + align:start position:0% +with so you see I'm going to plot a +parametric curve I'm going to plot + + align:start position:0% +parametric curve I'm going to plot + + + align:start position:0% +parametric curve I'm going to plot +H2O partial pressure versus + + align:start position:0% +H2O partial pressure versus + + + align:start position:0% +H2O partial pressure versus +temperature on this curve on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plot there I did it + + align:start position:0% +plot there I did it + + + align:start position:0% +plot there I did it +this is the parametric curve of how the + + align:start position:0% +this is the parametric curve of how the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the parametric curve of how the +water vapor pressure and temperature + + align:start position:0% +water vapor pressure and temperature + + + align:start position:0% +water vapor pressure and temperature +vary as I expand the volume so you see + + align:start position:0% +vary as I expand the volume so you see + + + align:start position:0% +vary as I expand the volume so you see +as I expand the pressure drops and the + + align:start position:0% +as I expand the pressure drops and the + + + align:start position:0% +as I expand the pressure drops and the +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +drops and at some point it crosses + + align:start position:0% +drops and at some point it crosses + + + align:start position:0% +drops and at some point it crosses +saturation at that point I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saturated and you could solve this + + align:start position:0% +saturated and you could solve this + + + align:start position:0% +saturated and you could solve this +numerically um you could also just + + align:start position:0% +numerically um you could also just + + + align:start position:0% +numerically um you could also just +eyeball it if you're in a + + align:start position:0% +eyeball it if you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +eyeball it if you're in a +hurry it crosses for around 9% volume + + align:start position:0% +hurry it crosses for around 9% volume + + + align:start position:0% +hurry it crosses for around 9% volume +expansion + + align:start position:0% +expansion + + + align:start position:0% +expansion +so you need to quickly expand this + + align:start position:0% +so you need to quickly expand this + + + align:start position:0% +so you need to quickly expand this +volume by roughly + + align:start position:0% +volume by roughly + + + align:start position:0% +volume by roughly +10% in order for the water pressure to + + align:start position:0% +10% in order for the water pressure to + + + align:start position:0% +10% in order for the water pressure to +become saturated or in other words for + + align:start position:0% +become saturated or in other words for + + + align:start position:0% +become saturated or in other words for +the to cross the D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point I think that's the end of my + + align:start position:0% +point I think that's the end of my + + + align:start position:0% +point I think that's the end of my +graphical analysis okay now I'll again I + + align:start position:0% +graphical analysis okay now I'll again I + + + align:start position:0% +graphical analysis okay now I'll again I +don't know if that helped but others + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that helped but others + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that helped but others +please uh chime in we have plenty of + + align:start position:0% +please uh chime in we have plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +please uh chime in we have plenty of +time to discuss this or anything + + align:start position:0% +time to discuss this or anything + + + align:start position:0% +time to discuss this or anything +else um I think this is a fun problem to + + align:start position:0% +else um I think this is a fun problem to + + + align:start position:0% +else um I think this is a fun problem to +work because it leads to these beautiful + + align:start position:0% +work because it leads to these beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +work because it leads to these beautiful +images um it also is a bridge between + + align:start position:0% +images um it also is a bridge between + + + align:start position:0% +images um it also is a bridge between +the topic of un phase diagrams and the + + align:start position:0% +the topic of un phase diagrams and the + + + align:start position:0% +the topic of un phase diagrams and the +topic of um gas mixtures which we start + + align:start position:0% +topic of um gas mixtures which we start + + + align:start position:0% +topic of um gas mixtures which we start +on Friday with Dalton's Law of Partial + + align:start position:0% +on Friday with Dalton's Law of Partial + + + align:start position:0% +on Friday with Dalton's Law of Partial +Pressure so it's kind of a bridge + + align:start position:0% +Pressure so it's kind of a bridge + + + align:start position:0% +Pressure so it's kind of a bridge +topic also just something that + + align:start position:0% +topic also just something that + + + align:start position:0% +topic also just something that +everything every scientifically literate + + align:start position:0% +everything every scientifically literate + + + align:start position:0% +everything every scientifically literate +person should + + align:start position:0% +person should + + + align:start position:0% +person should +know and uh yeah so so yeah again + + align:start position:0% +know and uh yeah so so yeah again + + + align:start position:0% +know and uh yeah so so yeah again +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +um please + + align:start position:0% +um please + + + align:start position:0% +um please +um why does uh quickly uh expanding + + align:start position:0% +um why does uh quickly uh expanding + + + align:start position:0% +um why does uh quickly uh expanding +imply idiomatic + + align:start position:0% +imply idiomatic + + + align:start position:0% +imply idiomatic +process all right that's excellent so um + + align:start position:0% +process all right that's excellent so um + + + align:start position:0% +process all right that's excellent so um +if you do anything fast enough then + + align:start position:0% +if you do anything fast enough then + + + align:start position:0% +if you do anything fast enough then +there's no time for heat to transfer um + + align:start position:0% +there's no time for heat to transfer um + + + align:start position:0% +there's no time for heat to transfer um +yeah it is it is it is a confusing Point + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is it is it is a confusing Point + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is it is it is a confusing Point +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +because you haven't had treat transfer + + align:start position:0% +because you haven't had treat transfer + + + align:start position:0% +because you haven't had treat transfer +yet you haven't had kinetics and and + + align:start position:0% +yet you haven't had kinetics and and + + + align:start position:0% +yet you haven't had kinetics and and +maybe if you're a course to if you're a + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you're a course to if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you're a course to if you're a +junior or senior student course to + + align:start position:0% +junior or senior student course to + + + align:start position:0% +junior or senior student course to +that's sort of obvious to you but um but + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of obvious to you but um but + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of obvious to you but um but +it's not necessarily obvious to you at + + align:start position:0% +it's not necessarily obvious to you at + + + align:start position:0% +it's not necessarily obvious to you at +this point so um if you do something + + align:start position:0% +this point so um if you do something + + + align:start position:0% +this point so um if you do something +very quickly uh it can happen + + align:start position:0% +very quickly uh it can happen + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly uh it can happen +adiabatically or an approximate an tic + + align:start position:0% +adiabatically or an approximate an tic + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatically or an approximate an tic +process because heat transfer takes + + align:start position:0% +process because heat transfer takes + + + align:start position:0% +process because heat transfer takes +time you can withdraw a piston much more + + align:start position:0% +time you can withdraw a piston much more + + + align:start position:0% +time you can withdraw a piston much more +quickly then you can equilibrate thermal + + align:start position:0% +quickly then you can equilibrate thermal + + + align:start position:0% +quickly then you can equilibrate thermal +energy between a volume and its + + align:start position:0% +energy between a volume and its + + + align:start position:0% +energy between a volume and its +walls we've seen that a little bit with + + align:start position:0% +walls we've seen that a little bit with + + + align:start position:0% +walls we've seen that a little bit with +the free expansion uh example or or you + + align:start position:0% +the free expansion uh example or or you + + + align:start position:0% +the free expansion uh example or or you +know the free expansion problem a couple + + align:start position:0% +know the free expansion problem a couple + + + align:start position:0% +know the free expansion problem a couple +lectures + + align:start position:0% +lectures + + + align:start position:0% +lectures +ago um you can see this in many real + + align:start position:0% +ago um you can see this in many real + + + align:start position:0% +ago um you can see this in many real +world engines where things like + + align:start position:0% +world engines where things like + + + align:start position:0% +world engines where things like +compression strokes and internal + + align:start position:0% +compression strokes and internal + + + align:start position:0% +compression strokes and internal +combustion engines are approximated as + + align:start position:0% +combustion engines are approximated as + + + align:start position:0% +combustion engines are approximated as +aaba because they happen too quickly for + + align:start position:0% +aaba because they happen too quickly for + + + align:start position:0% +aaba because they happen too quickly for +that heat + + align:start position:0% +that heat + + + align:start position:0% +that heat +transfer + + align:start position:0% +transfer + + + align:start position:0% +transfer +um so in a uh in a problem that you + + align:start position:0% +um so in a uh in a problem that you + + + align:start position:0% +um so in a uh in a problem that you +might receive on a problem seter an exam + + align:start position:0% +might receive on a problem seter an exam + + + align:start position:0% +might receive on a problem seter an exam +you know typically you know we'll + + align:start position:0% +you know typically you know we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you know typically you know we'll +clarify + + align:start position:0% +clarify + + + align:start position:0% +clarify +um and of course there are Corrections + + align:start position:0% +um and of course there are Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +um and of course there are Corrections +it's not strictly speaking adiabatic but + + align:start position:0% +it's not strictly speaking adiabatic but + + + align:start position:0% +it's not strictly speaking adiabatic but +this model works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well thank you + + align:start position:0% +well thank you + + + align:start position:0% +well thank you +yeah if you like you could also just say + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you like you could also just say + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you like you could also just say +we we thermally insulated the walls but + + align:start position:0% +we we thermally insulated the walls but + + + align:start position:0% +we we thermally insulated the walls but +um you know anyway I don't want to go + + align:start position:0% +um you know anyway I don't want to go + + + align:start position:0% +um you know anyway I don't want to go +too far down that that path because um + + align:start position:0% +too far down that that path because um + + + align:start position:0% +too far down that that path because um +gets kind of + + align:start position:0% +gets kind of + + + align:start position:0% +gets kind of +nitty-gritty it is a helpful thing to + + align:start position:0% +nitty-gritty it is a helpful thing to + + + align:start position:0% +nitty-gritty it is a helpful thing to +know that in many textbooks and problems + + align:start position:0% +know that in many textbooks and problems + + + align:start position:0% +know that in many textbooks and problems +maybe not that you'll receive from me + + align:start position:0% +maybe not that you'll receive from me + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not that you'll receive from me +directly but maybe problems you'll find + + align:start position:0% +directly but maybe problems you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +directly but maybe problems you'll find +in other books or in other classes when + + align:start position:0% +in other books or in other classes when + + + align:start position:0% +in other books or in other classes when +when something is said to happen very + + align:start position:0% +when something is said to happen very + + + align:start position:0% +when something is said to happen very +quickly that is kind + + align:start position:0% +quickly that is kind + + + align:start position:0% +quickly that is kind +of equivalent to saying adiabatically or + + align:start position:0% +of equivalent to saying adiabatically or + + + align:start position:0% +of equivalent to saying adiabatically or +quasi + + align:start position:0% +quasi + + + align:start position:0% +quasi +adiabatically and um and you'll find + + align:start position:0% +adiabatically and um and you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatically and um and you'll find +lots of problems and and discussed in + + align:start position:0% +lots of problems and and discussed in + + + align:start position:0% +lots of problems and and discussed in +the scientific literature where they + + align:start position:0% +the scientific literature where they + + + align:start position:0% +the scientific literature where they +discuss adiabatic solution of that the + + align:start position:0% +discuss adiabatic solution of that the + + + align:start position:0% +discuss adiabatic solution of that the +adiabatic process of this it's very + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic process of this it's very + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic process of this it's very +common in Quantum Computing very very + + align:start position:0% +common in Quantum Computing very very + + + align:start position:0% +common in Quantum Computing very very +common for those of you who go into work + + align:start position:0% +common for those of you who go into work + + + align:start position:0% +common for those of you who go into work +on Quantum Computing um this is second + + align:start position:0% +on Quantum Computing um this is second + + + align:start position:0% +on Quantum Computing um this is second +this becomes second nature adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +this becomes second nature adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +this becomes second nature adiabatic +versus fast and there is of course it's + + align:start position:0% +versus fast and there is of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +versus fast and there is of course it's +because heat transfer is is the bane of + + align:start position:0% +because heat transfer is is the bane of + + + align:start position:0% +because heat transfer is is the bane of +of cubits and so you have to operate + + align:start position:0% +of cubits and so you have to operate + + + align:start position:0% +of cubits and so you have to operate +quickly enough uh for decoherence not to + + align:start position:0% +quickly enough uh for decoherence not to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly enough uh for decoherence not to +take take effect so anyway it's an + + align:start position:0% +take take effect so anyway it's an + + + align:start position:0% +take take effect so anyway it's an +important concept thank you for asking \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DINHUO-JxZ8.txt b/DINHUO-JxZ8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfd22b6b391a61858707110d04bf802f8f0c2dba --- /dev/null +++ b/DINHUO-JxZ8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +materials you will need are pdms nickel + + align:start position:0% +materials you will need are pdms nickel + + + align:start position:0% +materials you will need are pdms nickel +pdms 4 to1 nickel pdms + + align:start position:0% +pdms 4 to1 nickel pdms + + + align:start position:0% +pdms 4 to1 nickel pdms +121 theroc chromic pdms 1 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +20 waffle pack picture + + align:start position:0% +20 waffle pack picture + + + align:start position:0% +20 waffle pack picture +dish + + align:start position:0% +dish + + + align:start position:0% +dish +Magnum push pin + + align:start position:0% +Magnum push pin + + + align:start position:0% +Magnum push pin +copper + + align:start position:0% +copper + + + align:start position:0% +copper +tape and a n Vol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +battery now we start with Nick pedms one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to1 pour it into the First Column of a + + align:start position:0% +to1 pour it into the First Column of a + + + align:start position:0% +to1 pour it into the First Column of a +waffle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pack wait for a couple seconds and make + + align:start position:0% +pack wait for a couple seconds and make + + + align:start position:0% +pack wait for a couple seconds and make +sure it spreads out evenly + + align:start position:0% +sure it spreads out evenly + + + align:start position:0% +sure it spreads out evenly +Now we move on to niik pdms + + align:start position:0% +Now we move on to niik pdms + + + align:start position:0% +Now we move on to niik pdms +421 again P the mixture into the second + + align:start position:0% +421 again P the mixture into the second + + + align:start position:0% +421 again P the mixture into the second +column of the waffle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pack and wait for a couple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds we now have PDS precursor + + align:start position:0% +seconds we now have PDS precursor + + + align:start position:0% +seconds we now have PDS precursor +without any + + align:start position:0% +without any + + + align:start position:0% +without any +nickel fill out the rush of the columns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and have it set for 30 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds now we are ready to put it on + + align:start position:0% +seconds now we are ready to put it on + + + align:start position:0% +seconds now we are ready to put it on +hot plate set the temperature to 100° C + + align:start position:0% +hot plate set the temperature to 100° C + + + align:start position:0% +hot plate set the temperature to 100° C +and place a waffle pack on the top for + + align:start position:0% +and place a waffle pack on the top for + + + align:start position:0% +and place a waffle pack on the top for +10 minutes after is cured you can take + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes after is cured you can take + + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes after is cured you can take +it off the H plate and put it aside to + + align:start position:0% +it off the H plate and put it aside to + + + align:start position:0% +it off the H plate and put it aside to +cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down while we are waiting we can pour + + align:start position:0% +down while we are waiting we can pour + + + align:start position:0% +down while we are waiting we can pour +thermochromic pdms onto the cover of + + align:start position:0% +thermochromic pdms onto the cover of + + + align:start position:0% +thermochromic pdms onto the cover of +waffle + + align:start position:0% +waffle + + + align:start position:0% +waffle +pack and then have a cure on the hot + + align:start position:0% +pack and then have a cure on the hot + + + align:start position:0% +pack and then have a cure on the hot +plate for 10 minutes you will see it + + align:start position:0% +plate for 10 minutes you will see it + + + align:start position:0% +plate for 10 minutes you will see it +change its + + align:start position:0% +change its + + + align:start position:0% +change its +color now we remove the nicod do pdms + + align:start position:0% +color now we remove the nicod do pdms + + + align:start position:0% +color now we remove the nicod do pdms +pad from the waffle pack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +carefully same thing with theroc and + + align:start position:0% +carefully same thing with theroc and + + + align:start position:0% +carefully same thing with theroc and +pdms Pad niod do pdms electrical thermal + + align:start position:0% +pdms Pad niod do pdms electrical thermal + + + align:start position:0% +pdms Pad niod do pdms electrical thermal +properties place the theroc cromy pad on + + align:start position:0% +properties place the theroc cromy pad on + + + align:start position:0% +properties place the theroc cromy pad on +the top of nickel do PMS pad pling + + align:start position:0% +the top of nickel do PMS pad pling + + + align:start position:0% +the top of nickel do PMS pad pling +together on a hot plate at 100° + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C about PM is 4 to1 color starts to + + align:start position:0% +C about PM is 4 to1 color starts to + + + align:start position:0% +C about PM is 4 to1 color starts to +change the area above Nick pedms 1 to1 + + align:start position:0% +change the area above Nick pedms 1 to1 + + + align:start position:0% +change the area above Nick pedms 1 to1 +also starts changeing color from Orange + + align:start position:0% +also starts changeing color from Orange + + + align:start position:0% +also starts changeing color from Orange +to White and then plant pdms + + align:start position:0% +to White and then plant pdms + + + align:start position:0% +to White and then plant pdms +follows this shows nickel pdms 4 to1 has + + align:start position:0% +follows this shows nickel pdms 4 to1 has + + + align:start position:0% +follows this shows nickel pdms 4 to1 has +higher thermoconductivity than ni pmus 1 + + align:start position:0% +higher thermoconductivity than ni pmus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +higher thermoconductivity than ni pmus 1 +to1 and pl + + align:start position:0% +to1 and pl + + + align:start position:0% +to1 and pl +PMS this tells thermal properties can be + + align:start position:0% +PMS this tells thermal properties can be + + + align:start position:0% +PMS this tells thermal properties can be +changed by adding different + + align:start position:0% +changed by adding different + + + align:start position:0% +changed by adding different +concentration of Nico + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +powder now we are going to cut the nicop + + align:start position:0% +powder now we are going to cut the nicop + + + align:start position:0% +powder now we are going to cut the nicop +pedium pad into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pallets use two strips of copper tape as + + align:start position:0% +pallets use two strips of copper tape as + + + align:start position:0% +pallets use two strips of copper tape as +electrodes one on the top the other on + + align:start position:0% +electrodes one on the top the other on + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes one on the top the other on +the bottom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +make sure copper tape has good contact + + align:start position:0% +make sure copper tape has good contact + + + align:start position:0% +make sure copper tape has good contact +with the palette otherwise you will + + align:start position:0% +with the palette otherwise you will + + + align:start position:0% +with the palette otherwise you will +create large Conta + + align:start position:0% +create large Conta + + + align:start position:0% +create large Conta +resistance now we can test nickop PM's + + align:start position:0% +resistance now we can test nickop PM's + + + align:start position:0% +resistance now we can test nickop PM's +one to one + + align:start position:0% +one to one + + + align:start position:0% +one to one +palette before measurements make sure + + align:start position:0% +palette before measurements make sure + + + align:start position:0% +palette before measurements make sure +copper tape are not shorted + + align:start position:0% +copper tape are not shorted + + + align:start position:0% +copper tape are not shorted +together it shows open circuit which + + align:start position:0% +together it shows open circuit which + + + align:start position:0% +together it shows open circuit which +means nickel concentration is too low to + + align:start position:0% +means nickel concentration is too low to + + + align:start position:0% +means nickel concentration is too low to +have noticeable effect on electrical + + align:start position:0% +have noticeable effect on electrical + + + align:start position:0% +have noticeable effect on electrical +resist + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's check out it magnetic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properties here comes a + + align:start position:0% +properties here comes a + + + align:start position:0% +properties here comes a +magnum Now we move on to nickop pedms + + align:start position:0% +magnum Now we move on to nickop pedms + + + align:start position:0% +magnum Now we move on to nickop pedms +421 once again make sure there's no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shorting electrical resistance on the + + align:start position:0% +shorting electrical resistance on the + + + align:start position:0% +shorting electrical resistance on the +order of Mega + + align:start position:0% +order of Mega + + + align:start position:0% +order of Mega +ohms what happens if you connect it with + + align:start position:0% +ohms what happens if you connect it with + + + align:start position:0% +ohms what happens if you connect it with +a Nal battery and + + align:start position:0% +a Nal battery and + + + align:start position:0% +a Nal battery and +led you can reduce electrical resistance + + align:start position:0% +led you can reduce electrical resistance + + + align:start position:0% +led you can reduce electrical resistance +of the pallet by squeezing it that's + + align:start position:0% +of the pallet by squeezing it that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the pallet by squeezing it that's +what led is going on and off depending + + align:start position:0% +what led is going on and off depending + + + align:start position:0% +what led is going on and off depending +on the application of + + align:start position:0% +on the application of + + + align:start position:0% +on the application of +pressure let's take a closer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look the harder you press the pallet the + + align:start position:0% +look the harder you press the pallet the + + + align:start position:0% +look the harder you press the pallet the +smaller the resistance and a brighter + + align:start position:0% +smaller the resistance and a brighter + + + align:start position:0% +smaller the resistance and a brighter +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +LED you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Nick do p self + + align:start position:0% +Nick do p self + + + align:start position:0% +Nick do p self +assembling poor Nick do pmus into a + + align:start position:0% +assembling poor Nick do pmus into a + + + align:start position:0% +assembling poor Nick do pmus into a +pcture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dish it will slowly fill out the dish + + align:start position:0% +dish it will slowly fill out the dish + + + align:start position:0% +dish it will slowly fill out the dish +place the Magnum directly underneath the + + align:start position:0% +place the Magnum directly underneath the + + + align:start position:0% +place the Magnum directly underneath the +picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dish you can see niik do pimus move + + align:start position:0% +dish you can see niik do pimus move + + + align:start position:0% +dish you can see niik do pimus move +around and change its shape due to a + + align:start position:0% +around and change its shape due to a + + + align:start position:0% +around and change its shape due to a +magnetic field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can also add a push pin and see how + + align:start position:0% +you can also add a push pin and see how + + + align:start position:0% +you can also add a push pin and see how +he changes magnetic fields in the shape + + align:start position:0% +he changes magnetic fields in the shape + + + align:start position:0% +he changes magnetic fields in the shape +of nicod do + + align:start position:0% +of nicod do + + + align:start position:0% +of nicod do +pmus after is cure spikes stay after + + align:start position:0% +pmus after is cure spikes stay after + + + align:start position:0% +pmus after is cure spikes stay after +removing magnets \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DOIp5D7VMS4.txt b/DOIp5D7VMS4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1139d26956e11ba99220172d85c1fd92269de641 --- /dev/null +++ b/DOIp5D7VMS4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12363 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer high quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to +continue our course on graph Theory it's + + align:start position:0% +continue our course on graph Theory it's + + + align:start position:0% +continue our course on graph Theory it's +going to be mixture of all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +going to be mixture of all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be mixture of all kinds of +topics we first start off with ear tours + + align:start position:0% +topics we first start off with ear tours + + + align:start position:0% +topics we first start off with ear tours +and then we get into directed graphs and + + align:start position:0% +and then we get into directed graphs and + + + align:start position:0% +and then we get into directed graphs and +cover the + + align:start position:0% +cover the + + + align:start position:0% +cover the +definitions and we'll talk about a + + align:start position:0% +definitions and we'll talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +definitions and we'll talk about a +special type which which are called + + align:start position:0% +special type which which are called + + + align:start position:0% +special type which which are called +tournament + + align:start position:0% +tournament + + + align:start position:0% +tournament +graphs and we will do uh a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +graphs and we will do uh a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +graphs and we will do uh a whole bunch +of proofs and hopefully you will all + + align:start position:0% +of proofs and hopefully you will all + + + align:start position:0% +of proofs and hopefully you will all +contribute to make that this work and + + align:start position:0% +contribute to make that this work and + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to make that this work and +think about how to do this so uh next + + align:start position:0% +think about how to do this so uh next + + + align:start position:0% +think about how to do this so uh next +week we will continue with CFT Theory + + align:start position:0% +week we will continue with CFT Theory + + + align:start position:0% +week we will continue with CFT Theory +and we will discuss a very special type + + align:start position:0% +and we will discuss a very special type + + + align:start position:0% +and we will discuss a very special type +um we will use directed graphs uh in + + align:start position:0% +um we will use directed graphs uh in + + + align:start position:0% +um we will use directed graphs uh in +communication networks and uh and then + + align:start position:0% +communication networks and uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +communication networks and uh and then +on Thursday we will actually use uh + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday we will actually use uh + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday we will actually use uh +these special types of graphs that they + + align:start position:0% +these special types of graphs that they + + + align:start position:0% +these special types of graphs that they +will talk about in a moment uh + + align:start position:0% +will talk about in a moment uh + + + align:start position:0% +will talk about in a moment uh +Dax okay so let's talk about ear tours + + align:start position:0% +Dax okay so let's talk about ear tours + + + align:start position:0% +Dax okay so let's talk about ear tours +and uh well erer a famous mathematician + + align:start position:0% +and uh well erer a famous mathematician + + + align:start position:0% +and uh well erer a famous mathematician +he asked a question like uh he lived in + + align:start position:0% +he asked a question like uh he lived in + + + align:start position:0% +he asked a question like uh he lived in +cburg and uh there were Seven Bridges + + align:start position:0% +cburg and uh there were Seven Bridges + + + align:start position:0% +cburg and uh there were Seven Bridges +and he was wondering can you Traverse + + align:start position:0% +and he was wondering can you Traverse + + + align:start position:0% +and he was wondering can you Traverse +all the bridges uh exactly once so he + + align:start position:0% +all the bridges uh exactly once so he + + + align:start position:0% +all the bridges uh exactly once so he +would start walking and try to cross all + + align:start position:0% +would start walking and try to cross all + + + align:start position:0% +would start walking and try to cross all +those bridges and apparently there's a + + align:start position:0% +those bridges and apparently there's a + + + align:start position:0% +those bridges and apparently there's a +little island in sort of the river as + + align:start position:0% +little island in sort of the river as + + + align:start position:0% +little island in sort of the river as +well and so on so how can you do that + + align:start position:0% +well and so on so how can you do that + + + align:start position:0% +well and so on so how can you do that +and this was actually the birth of graph + + align:start position:0% +and this was actually the birth of graph + + + align:start position:0% +and this was actually the birth of graph +Theory and uh this particular problem is + + align:start position:0% +Theory and uh this particular problem is + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and uh this particular problem is +named after him so what is an + + align:start position:0% +named after him so what is an + + + align:start position:0% +named after him so what is an +olour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um it's actually + + align:start position:0% +um it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +um it's actually +defined as a special + + align:start position:0% +defined as a special + + + align:start position:0% +defined as a special +uh uh wall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a walk that + + align:start position:0% +it's a walk that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a walk that +traverses uh every + + align:start position:0% +traverses uh every + + + align:start position:0% +traverses uh every +Edge exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once so it turns out that we can + + align:start position:0% +once so it turns out that we can + + + align:start position:0% +once so it turns out that we can +actually characterize these types of + + align:start position:0% +actually characterize these types of + + + align:start position:0% +actually characterize these types of +graphs um so we're talking here about + + align:start position:0% +graphs um so we're talking here about + + + align:start position:0% +graphs um so we're talking here about +about the undirected graph so + + align:start position:0% +about the undirected graph so + + + align:start position:0% +about the undirected graph so +continuation of last time so the edges + + align:start position:0% +continuation of last time so the edges + + + align:start position:0% +continuation of last time so the edges +that we consider have no direction we + + align:start position:0% +that we consider have no direction we + + + align:start position:0% +that we consider have no direction we +will come back to that in a moment we + + align:start position:0% +will come back to that in a moment we + + + align:start position:0% +will come back to that in a moment we +will start defining those later so an O + + align:start position:0% +will start defining those later so an O + + + align:start position:0% +will start defining those later so an O +tour is a walk that reverses every Edge + + align:start position:0% +tour is a walk that reverses every Edge + + + align:start position:0% +tour is a walk that reverses every Edge +exactly once and uh and at the same time + + align:start position:0% +exactly once and uh and at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +exactly once and uh and at the same time +uh it's also a tour so that means that + + align:start position:0% +uh it's also a tour so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's also a tour so that means that +it actually + + align:start position:0% +it actually + + + align:start position:0% +it actually +starts uh and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finishes at the same first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +verx now turns out that the undirected + + align:start position:0% +verx now turns out that the undirected + + + align:start position:0% +verx now turns out that the undirected +graphs the graphs that we've been + + align:start position:0% +graphs the graphs that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +graphs the graphs that we've been +talking about uh they can be those that + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh they can be those that + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh they can be those that +have oer tours can be easily + + align:start position:0% +have oer tours can be easily + + + align:start position:0% +have oer tours can be easily +characterized and that's the theorem + + align:start position:0% +characterized and that's the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +characterized and that's the theorem +that we're going to prove next um the + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to prove next um the + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to prove next um the +theorem states that um actually um if a + + align:start position:0% +theorem states that um actually um if a + + + align:start position:0% +theorem states that um actually um if a +connected graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has has an ear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tour if and only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if every vertex of the + + align:start position:0% +if every vertex of the + + + align:start position:0% +if every vertex of the +graph has even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degree so that's a a very nice and + + align:start position:0% +degree so that's a a very nice and + + + align:start position:0% +degree so that's a a very nice and +simple and straightforward rization so + + align:start position:0% +simple and straightforward rization so + + + align:start position:0% +simple and straightforward rization so +how can we prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so let's have a look + + align:start position:0% +this so let's have a look + + + align:start position:0% +this so let's have a look +um so first of all uh we have an if and + + align:start position:0% +um so first of all uh we have an if and + + + align:start position:0% +um so first of all uh we have an if and +only if + + align:start position:0% +only if + + + align:start position:0% +only if +statement uh so we need to prove two + + align:start position:0% +statement uh so we need to prove two + + + align:start position:0% +statement uh so we need to prove two +directions we need to prove that if I + + align:start position:0% +directions we need to prove that if I + + + align:start position:0% +directions we need to prove that if I +have a connected graph that has an ear T + + align:start position:0% +have a connected graph that has an ear T + + + align:start position:0% +have a connected graph that has an ear T +I need to show that every vertex has + + align:start position:0% +I need to show that every vertex has + + + align:start position:0% +I need to show that every vertex has +even degree and also the reverse if I + + align:start position:0% +even degree and also the reverse if I + + + align:start position:0% +even degree and also the reverse if I +have a graph for which every verx has + + align:start position:0% +have a graph for which every verx has + + + align:start position:0% +have a graph for which every verx has +even degree I need to show that it has + + align:start position:0% +even degree I need to show that it has + + + align:start position:0% +even degree I need to show that it has +earlier tour so the proof consists of + + align:start position:0% +earlier tour so the proof consists of + + + align:start position:0% +earlier tour so the proof consists of +two parts so let's first uh do this + + align:start position:0% +two parts so let's first uh do this + + + align:start position:0% +two parts so let's first uh do this +implication where we assume that we have + + align:start position:0% +implication where we assume that we have + + + align:start position:0% +implication where we assume that we have +a connected graph that has an ear + + align:start position:0% +a connected graph that has an ear + + + align:start position:0% +a connected graph that has an ear +tour so assume we have a + + align:start position:0% +tour so assume we have a + + + align:start position:0% +tour so assume we have a +graph so we have G with a vertic set V + + align:start position:0% +graph so we have G with a vertic set V + + + align:start position:0% +graph so we have G with a vertic set V +Ed set + + align:start position:0% +Ed set + + + align:start position:0% +Ed set +e and it has an erer + + align:start position:0% +e and it has an erer + + + align:start position:0% +e and it has an erer +tour so what does it mean well it really + + align:start position:0% +tour so what does it mean well it really + + + align:start position:0% +tour so what does it mean well it really +means uh that we uh can walk from some + + align:start position:0% +means uh that we uh can walk from some + + + align:start position:0% +means uh that we uh can walk from some +start verx + + align:start position:0% +start verx + + + align:start position:0% +start verx +v0 we can go all the way around to V1 + + align:start position:0% +v0 we can go all the way around to V1 + + + align:start position:0% +v0 we can go all the way around to V1 +and so more and so on to uh F say k + + align:start position:0% +and so more and so on to uh F say k + + + align:start position:0% +and so more and so on to uh F say k +minus one and then the end verdex is the + + align:start position:0% +minus one and then the end verdex is the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one and then the end verdex is the +same as the start fex so we have a walk + + align:start position:0% +same as the start fex so we have a walk + + + align:start position:0% +same as the start fex so we have a walk +that goes all around the whole graph so + + align:start position:0% +that goes all around the whole graph so + + + align:start position:0% +that goes all around the whole graph so +every Edge in this walk um is are EX the + + align:start position:0% +every Edge in this walk um is are EX the + + + align:start position:0% +every Edge in this walk um is are EX the +edges that are in the graph and each + + align:start position:0% +edges that are in the graph and each + + + align:start position:0% +edges that are in the graph and each +Edge in the graph is covered exactly + + align:start position:0% +Edge in the graph is covered exactly + + + align:start position:0% +Edge in the graph is covered exactly +once so what does it mean so let's uh + + align:start position:0% +once so what does it mean so let's uh + + + align:start position:0% +once so what does it mean so let's uh +write this down actually so since + + align:start position:0% +write this down actually so since + + + align:start position:0% +write this down actually so since +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +Edge is TR first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ones um every Edge in uh in E is the + + align:start position:0% +ones um every Edge in uh in E is the + + + align:start position:0% +ones um every Edge in uh in E is the +firsted Once what can we conclude from + + align:start position:0% +firsted Once what can we conclude from + + + align:start position:0% +firsted Once what can we conclude from +that can we say something about uh given + + align:start position:0% +that can we say something about uh given + + + align:start position:0% +that can we say something about uh given +such a cycle uh such a such a cycle of + + align:start position:0% +such a cycle uh such a such a cycle of + + + align:start position:0% +such a cycle uh such a such a cycle of +length or or or walk of length k um what + + align:start position:0% +length or or or walk of length k um what + + + align:start position:0% +length or or or walk of length k um what +can we say about the number of edges for + + align:start position:0% +can we say about the number of edges for + + + align:start position:0% +can we say about the number of edges for +example what can we say about + + align:start position:0% +example what can we say about + + + align:start position:0% +example what can we say about +uh yeah the degree of the vertices + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah the degree of the vertices + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah the degree of the vertices +because that's what we want to show + + align:start position:0% +because that's what we want to show + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what we want to show +right we want to show that every vertic + + align:start position:0% +right we want to show that every vertic + + + align:start position:0% +right we want to show that every vertic +has even + + align:start position:0% +has even + + + align:start position:0% +has even +degree does anyone know how to go ahead + + align:start position:0% +degree does anyone know how to go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +degree does anyone know how to go ahead +here so we know that every single Edge + + align:start position:0% +here so we know that every single Edge + + + align:start position:0% +here so we know that every single Edge +in E is ref firsted once within this + + align:start position:0% +in E is ref firsted once within this + + + align:start position:0% +in E is ref firsted once within this +whole walk so what kind of properties + + align:start position:0% +whole walk so what kind of properties + + + align:start position:0% +whole walk so what kind of properties +can we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derive that's + + align:start position:0% +derive that's + + + align:start position:0% +derive that's +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +so this means that + + align:start position:0% +so this means that + + + align:start position:0% +so this means that +okay so so maybe someone else can can + + align:start position:0% +okay so so maybe someone else can can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so maybe someone else can can +pick up here so every verdex + + align:start position:0% +pick up here so every verdex + + + align:start position:0% +pick up here so every verdex +uh that I have here I will enter it but + + align:start position:0% +uh that I have here I will enter it but + + + align:start position:0% +uh that I have here I will enter it but +I Rel it so uh if I see a ferx in here I + + align:start position:0% +I Rel it so uh if I see a ferx in here I + + + align:start position:0% +I Rel it so uh if I see a ferx in here I +can see at least two contributing edges + + align:start position:0% +can see at least two contributing edges + + + align:start position:0% +can see at least two contributing edges +that are coming from + + align:start position:0% +that are coming from + + + align:start position:0% +that are coming from +this then you know that that node has at + + align:start position:0% +this then you know that that node has at + + + align:start position:0% +this then you know that that node has at +least degree two but it can't be more + + align:start position:0% +least degree two but it can't be more + + + align:start position:0% +least degree two but it can't be more +than two because otherwise that would be + + align:start position:0% +than two because otherwise that would be + + + align:start position:0% +than two because otherwise that would be +the end point ah but uh uh is it true + + align:start position:0% +the end point ah but uh uh is it true + + + align:start position:0% +the end point ah but uh uh is it true +though that uh so for some for example + + align:start position:0% +though that uh so for some for example + + + align:start position:0% +though that uh so for some for example +this particular note here may repeat + + align:start position:0% +this particular note here may repeat + + + align:start position:0% +this particular note here may repeat +itself somewhere else I've only have a + + align:start position:0% +itself somewhere else I've only have a + + + align:start position:0% +itself somewhere else I've only have a +condition on the on the ear tour that + + align:start position:0% +condition on the on the ear tour that + + + align:start position:0% +condition on the on the ear tour that +every Edge occurs exactly once so so how + + align:start position:0% +every Edge occurs exactly once so so how + + + align:start position:0% +every Edge occurs exactly once so so how +could I formally sort of continue to + + align:start position:0% +could I formally sort of continue to + + + align:start position:0% +could I formally sort of continue to +prove then it'll intersect itself again + + align:start position:0% +prove then it'll intersect itself again + + + align:start position:0% +prove then it'll intersect itself again +and then you'll have it'll leave again + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll have it'll leave again + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll have it'll leave again +and it'll still have even yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +and it'll still have even yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll still have even yeah that's +true that's right any other additions + + align:start position:0% +true that's right any other additions + + + align:start position:0% +true that's right any other additions +you can Define the number of edges that + + align:start position:0% +you can Define the number of edges that + + + align:start position:0% +you can Define the number of edges that +a has by how many times you enter it so + + align:start position:0% +a has by how many times you enter it so + + + align:start position:0% +a has by how many times you enter it so +the number of edges that a has is twice + + align:start position:0% +the number of edges that a has is twice + + + align:start position:0% +the number of edges that a has is twice +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +number mhm yeah that's that's correct + + align:start position:0% +number mhm yeah that's that's correct + + + align:start position:0% +number mhm yeah that's that's correct +just sort how it goes um well since you + + align:start position:0% +just sort how it goes um well since you + + + align:start position:0% +just sort how it goes um well since you +know every is going TR verse once then + + align:start position:0% +know every is going TR verse once then + + + align:start position:0% +know every is going TR verse once then +and every time you enter a node you have + + align:start position:0% +and every time you enter a node you have + + + align:start position:0% +and every time you enter a node you have +you have to leave it so you can say that + + align:start position:0% +you have to leave it so you can say that + + + align:start position:0% +you have to leave it so you can say that +you're never going + + align:start position:0% +you're never going + + + align:start position:0% +you're never going +to leave or leave a node for a node that + + align:start position:0% +to leave or leave a node for a node that + + + align:start position:0% +to leave or leave a node for a node that +it already left for from there and + + align:start position:0% +it already left for from there and + + + align:start position:0% +it already left for from there and +you're never going to enter from a node + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to enter from a node + + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to enter from a node +you already entered from or left to from + + align:start position:0% +you already entered from or left to from + + + align:start position:0% +you already entered from or left to from +there so that's how you can say that + + align:start position:0% +there so that's how you can say that + + + align:start position:0% +there so that's how you can say that +you're only going to increment your uh I + + align:start position:0% +you're only going to increment your uh I + + + align:start position:0% +you're only going to increment your uh I +guess your instances by two or your + + align:start position:0% +guess your instances by two or your + + + align:start position:0% +guess your instances by two or your +degree by two yeah that's true so what + + align:start position:0% +degree by two yeah that's true so what + + + align:start position:0% +degree by two yeah that's true so what +you're essentially saying is that every + + align:start position:0% +you're essentially saying is that every + + + align:start position:0% +you're essentially saying is that every +Edge that I start to count here in this + + align:start position:0% +Edge that I start to count here in this + + + align:start position:0% +Edge that I start to count here in this +particular tour well they're all + + align:start position:0% +particular tour well they're all + + + align:start position:0% +particular tour well they're all +different so they all count towards the + + align:start position:0% +different so they all count towards the + + + align:start position:0% +different so they all count towards the +degree of a note so yeah so everything + + align:start position:0% +degree of a note so yeah so everything + + + align:start position:0% +degree of a note so yeah so everything +that you have been saying is is is right + + align:start position:0% +that you have been saying is is is right + + + align:start position:0% +that you have been saying is is is right +on so what we can conclude here is that + + align:start position:0% +on so what we can conclude here is that + + + align:start position:0% +on so what we can conclude here is that +if you look at a uh fex say fex + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a uh fex say fex + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a uh fex say fex +U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um for example somewhere over here + + align:start position:0% +um for example somewhere over here + + + align:start position:0% +um for example somewhere over here +well it may repeat itself over here and + + align:start position:0% +well it may repeat itself over here and + + + align:start position:0% +well it may repeat itself over here and +it has an incoming and an outgoing Edge + + align:start position:0% +it has an incoming and an outgoing Edge + + + align:start position:0% +it has an incoming and an outgoing Edge +incoming and an outgoing Edge um and I + + align:start position:0% +incoming and an outgoing Edge um and I + + + align:start position:0% +incoming and an outgoing Edge um and I +may have it somewhere else but say I + + align:start position:0% +may have it somewhere else but say I + + + align:start position:0% +may have it somewhere else but say I +just have those two well I know that all + + align:start position:0% +just have those two well I know that all + + + align:start position:0% +just have those two well I know that all +the edges are different so I can clearly + + align:start position:0% +the edges are different so I can clearly + + + align:start position:0% +the edges are different so I can clearly +count this now I can say that the degree + + align:start position:0% +count this now I can say that the degree + + + align:start position:0% +count this now I can say that the degree +of U must be equal to the number of + + align:start position:0% +of U must be equal to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of U must be equal to the number of +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +that U actually + + align:start position:0% +that U actually + + + align:start position:0% +that U actually +appears in this uh in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tour and um so in the tour from v0 all + + align:start position:0% +tour and um so in the tour from v0 all + + + align:start position:0% +tour and um so in the tour from v0 all +the way up to VK minus one and then I + + align:start position:0% +the way up to VK minus one and then I + + + align:start position:0% +the way up to VK minus one and then I +have to multiply times + + align:start position:0% +have to multiply times + + + align:start position:0% +have to multiply times +two um and why is that it's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +two um and why is that it's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +two um and why is that it's exactly what +you have been saying all the edges occur + + align:start position:0% +you have been saying all the edges occur + + + align:start position:0% +you have been saying all the edges occur +exactly once of the whole graph so I + + align:start position:0% +exactly once of the whole graph so I + + + align:start position:0% +exactly once of the whole graph so I +just count the number of times I see + + align:start position:0% +just count the number of times I see + + + align:start position:0% +just count the number of times I see +youu in here I count a number of edges + + align:start position:0% +youu in here I count a number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +youu in here I count a number of edges +that go into it and leave from it well + + align:start position:0% +that go into it and leave from it well + + + align:start position:0% +that go into it and leave from it well +it's twice times the number um of times + + align:start position:0% +it's twice times the number um of times + + + align:start position:0% +it's twice times the number um of times +that youu actually appears in this tour + + align:start position:0% +that youu actually appears in this tour + + + align:start position:0% +that youu actually appears in this tour +so this uh uh implication is pretty + + align:start position:0% +so this uh uh implication is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +so this uh uh implication is pretty +straightforward because now we + + align:start position:0% +straightforward because now we + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward because now we +actually uh know that the degree of U is + + align:start position:0% +actually uh know that the degree of U is + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh know that the degree of U is +even so that's great so let's uh talk + + align:start position:0% +even so that's great so let's uh talk + + + align:start position:0% +even so that's great so let's uh talk +about the other + + align:start position:0% +about the other + + + align:start position:0% +about the other +implication and see whether we can find + + align:start position:0% +implication and see whether we can find + + + align:start position:0% +implication and see whether we can find +a trick to make that + + align:start position:0% +a trick to make that + + + align:start position:0% +a trick to make that +happen so what do we need to start off + + align:start position:0% +happen so what do we need to start off + + + align:start position:0% +happen so what do we need to start off +with um well uh now we have to assume + + align:start position:0% +with um well uh now we have to assume + + + align:start position:0% +with um well uh now we have to assume +that every verdex has even degree so + + align:start position:0% +that every verdex has even degree so + + + align:start position:0% +that every verdex has even degree so +let's let write this down so say we have + + align:start position:0% +let's let write this down so say we have + + + align:start position:0% +let's let write this down so say we have +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph and for this graph we actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assume that um the degree of every fex V + + align:start position:0% +assume that um the degree of every fex V + + + align:start position:0% +assume that um the degree of every fex V +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even well what can we + + align:start position:0% +even well what can we + + + align:start position:0% +even well what can we +do so + + align:start position:0% +do so + + + align:start position:0% +do so +um well this is sort of a creative trick + + align:start position:0% +um well this is sort of a creative trick + + + align:start position:0% +um well this is sort of a creative trick +so let me just continue here so what we + + align:start position:0% +so let me just continue here so what we + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just continue here so what we +have is uh if you start to consider a + + align:start position:0% +have is uh if you start to consider a + + + align:start position:0% +have is uh if you start to consider a +walk + + align:start position:0% +walk + + + align:start position:0% +walk +W that uh touches say a lot of + + align:start position:0% +W that uh touches say a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +W that uh touches say a lot of +vertices in such a way that uh W is + + align:start position:0% +vertices in such a way that uh W is + + + align:start position:0% +vertices in such a way that uh W is +actually the longest + + align:start position:0% +actually the longest + + + align:start position:0% +actually the longest +walk so that's often what you do in + + align:start position:0% +walk so that's often what you do in + + + align:start position:0% +walk so that's often what you do in +graph Theory you think about say the + + align:start position:0% +graph Theory you think about say the + + + align:start position:0% +graph Theory you think about say the +shortest path or whatever with a certain + + align:start position:0% +shortest path or whatever with a certain + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path or whatever with a certain +property or the longest walk or whatever + + align:start position:0% +property or the longest walk or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +property or the longest walk or whatever +with a property so that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +with a property so that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +with a property so that's what we're +doing here so let W be the longest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +walk and well we want to prove something + + align:start position:0% +walk and well we want to prove something + + + align:start position:0% +walk and well we want to prove something +about an oour and oour has a very + + align:start position:0% +about an oour and oour has a very + + + align:start position:0% +about an oour and oour has a very +specific property that all the edges + + align:start position:0% +specific property that all the edges + + + align:start position:0% +specific property that all the edges +occur only once so it makes sense to + + align:start position:0% +occur only once so it makes sense to + + + align:start position:0% +occur only once so it makes sense to +look at walks that have uh in which all + + align:start position:0% +look at walks that have uh in which all + + + align:start position:0% +look at walks that have uh in which all +the edges uh over which it walks um are + + align:start position:0% +the edges uh over which it walks um are + + + align:start position:0% +the edges uh over which it walks um are +unique are occurring only once so we are + + align:start position:0% +unique are occurring only once so we are + + + align:start position:0% +unique are occurring only once so we are +interested in the longest walk that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +traverses uh no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Edge + + align:start position:0% +Edge + + + align:start position:0% +Edge +more than + + align:start position:0% +more than + + + align:start position:0% +more than +once so that's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important now let's uh think about this + + align:start position:0% +important now let's uh think about this + + + align:start position:0% +important now let's uh think about this +a little bit so the first property that + + align:start position:0% +a little bit so the first property that + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit so the first property that +you may want to consider is well we + + align:start position:0% +you may want to consider is well we + + + align:start position:0% +you may want to consider is well we +really want to show that W is going to + + align:start position:0% +really want to show that W is going to + + + align:start position:0% +really want to show that W is going to +be an oer tour that's what we're going + + align:start position:0% +be an oer tour that's what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +be an oer tour that's what we're going +to try to prove here so the first thing + + align:start position:0% +to try to prove here so the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +to try to prove here so the first thing +we may want to show is that actually um + + align:start position:0% +we may want to show is that actually um + + + align:start position:0% +we may want to show is that actually um +it goes all around so v0 is equal to VK + + align:start position:0% +it goes all around so v0 is equal to VK + + + align:start position:0% +it goes all around so v0 is equal to VK +that would be great if we can do this so + + align:start position:0% +that would be great if we can do this so + + + align:start position:0% +that would be great if we can do this so +you want to show + + align:start position:0% +you want to show + + + align:start position:0% +you want to show +that this is true + + align:start position:0% +that this is true + + + align:start position:0% +that this is true +so what would happen if this would not + + align:start position:0% +so what would happen if this would not + + + align:start position:0% +so what would happen if this would not +be the case so uh so + + align:start position:0% +be the case so uh so + + + align:start position:0% +be the case so uh so +suppose these two would not be equal to + + align:start position:0% +suppose these two would not be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +suppose these two would not be equal to +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another um + + align:start position:0% +another um + + + align:start position:0% +another um +H + + align:start position:0% +H + + + align:start position:0% +H +well oh actually I'm skipping a little + + align:start position:0% +well oh actually I'm skipping a little + + + align:start position:0% +well oh actually I'm skipping a little +bit ahead here in the proof I + + align:start position:0% +bit ahead here in the proof I + + + align:start position:0% +bit ahead here in the proof I +notice um so this will be the conclusion + + align:start position:0% +notice um so this will be the conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +notice um so this will be the conclusion +of another observation so let me start + + align:start position:0% +of another observation so let me start + + + align:start position:0% +of another observation so let me start +with the first + + align:start position:0% +with the first + + + align:start position:0% +with the first +observation um so first of all uh let us + + align:start position:0% +observation um so first of all uh let us + + + align:start position:0% +observation um so first of all uh let us +consider consider this end node over + + align:start position:0% +consider consider this end node over + + + align:start position:0% +consider consider this end node over +here this end verdict K now if uh there + + align:start position:0% +here this end verdict K now if uh there + + + align:start position:0% +here this end verdict K now if uh there +is an edge that uh is not covered in + + align:start position:0% +is an edge that uh is not covered in + + + align:start position:0% +is an edge that uh is not covered in +this walk then I can lengthen the walk + + align:start position:0% +this walk then I can lengthen the walk + + + align:start position:0% +this walk then I can lengthen the walk +right so if I have uh say another Edge + + align:start position:0% +right so if I have uh say another Edge + + + align:start position:0% +right so if I have uh say another Edge +which looks like + + align:start position:0% +which looks like + + + align:start position:0% +which looks like +VK uh an edge from FK to some U where uh + + align:start position:0% +VK uh an edge from FK to some U where uh + + + align:start position:0% +VK uh an edge from FK to some U where uh +where this Edge is uh + + align:start position:0% +where this Edge is uh + + + align:start position:0% +where this Edge is uh +not in the walk + + align:start position:0% +not in the walk + + + align:start position:0% +not in the walk +uh or the or the other one is not in the + + align:start position:0% +uh or the or the other one is not in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh or the or the other one is not in the +walk well it doesn't matter in an + + align:start position:0% +walk well it doesn't matter in an + + + align:start position:0% +walk well it doesn't matter in an +undirected graph of course okay so if + + align:start position:0% +undirected graph of course okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +undirected graph of course okay so if +this is not in the walk then what can I + + align:start position:0% +this is not in the walk then what can I + + + align:start position:0% +this is not in the walk then what can I +do I can just lengthen it right I can + + align:start position:0% +do I can just lengthen it right I can + + + align:start position:0% +do I can just lengthen it right I can +just say v0 goes to V1 goes to VK goes + + align:start position:0% +just say v0 goes to V1 goes to VK goes + + + align:start position:0% +just say v0 goes to V1 goes to VK goes +to to you now I have a longer + + align:start position:0% +to to you now I have a longer + + + align:start position:0% +to to you now I have a longer +walk and that's a + + align:start position:0% +walk and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +walk and that's a +contradiction so I know + + align:start position:0% +contradiction so I know + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction so I know +that all the + + align:start position:0% +that all the + + + align:start position:0% +that all the +edges that uh + + align:start position:0% +edges that uh + + + align:start position:0% +edges that uh +in which VK is participating are + + align:start position:0% +in which VK is participating are + + + align:start position:0% +in which VK is participating are +actually covered by the walk so that's a + + align:start position:0% +actually covered by the walk so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +actually covered by the walk so that's a +great property so let's write this down + + align:start position:0% +great property so let's write this down + + + align:start position:0% +great property so let's write this down +so um all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edges all the edges that are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +incident to + + align:start position:0% +incident to + + + align:start position:0% +incident to +VK um are actually + + align:start position:0% +VK um are actually + + + align:start position:0% +VK um are actually +used uh + + align:start position:0% +used uh + + + align:start position:0% +used uh +traversed in the walk w + + align:start position:0% +traversed in the walk w + + + align:start position:0% +traversed in the walk w +so now let's have a look uh whether we + + align:start position:0% +so now let's have a look uh whether we + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's have a look uh whether we +can show that uh it's actually a walk + + align:start position:0% +can show that uh it's actually a walk + + + align:start position:0% +can show that uh it's actually a walk +that goes all the way around so let's uh + + align:start position:0% +that goes all the way around so let's uh + + + align:start position:0% +that goes all the way around so let's uh +try to prove this statement so let me + + align:start position:0% +try to prove this statement so let me + + + align:start position:0% +try to prove this statement so let me +repeat this over + + align:start position:0% +repeat this over + + + align:start position:0% +repeat this over +here so what we want to show is that VK + + align:start position:0% +here so what we want to show is that VK + + + align:start position:0% +here so what we want to show is that VK +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +v0 so given this statement have do you + + align:start position:0% +v0 so given this statement have do you + + + align:start position:0% +v0 so given this statement have do you +have any idea how we could possibly + + align:start position:0% +have any idea how we could possibly + + + align:start position:0% +have any idea how we could possibly +prove this also given what we have been + + align:start position:0% +prove this also given what we have been + + + align:start position:0% +prove this also given what we have been +doing over over here like suppose this + + align:start position:0% +doing over over here like suppose this + + + align:start position:0% +doing over over here like suppose this +would not be the case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose the start and the end note in + + align:start position:0% +suppose the start and the end note in + + + align:start position:0% +suppose the start and the end note in +this walk are not equal to one + + align:start position:0% +this walk are not equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +this walk are not equal to one +another so what can we do + + align:start position:0% +another so what can we do + + + align:start position:0% +another so what can we do +here so maybe there's some uh some + + align:start position:0% +here so maybe there's some uh some + + + align:start position:0% +here so maybe there's some uh some +suggestions I already had you + + align:start position:0% +suggestions I already had you + + + align:start position:0% +suggestions I already had you +once maybe someone else + + align:start position:0% +once maybe someone else + + + align:start position:0% +once maybe someone else +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +you it has to attach to another vertex + + align:start position:0% +you it has to attach to another vertex + + + align:start position:0% +you it has to attach to another vertex +and you know that all the degrees are + + align:start position:0% +and you know that all the degrees are + + + align:start position:0% +and you know that all the degrees are +even so it means that BK must attached + + align:start position:0% +even so it means that BK must attached + + + align:start position:0% +even so it means that BK must attached +to B + + align:start position:0% +to B + + + align:start position:0% +to B +zero so so what you're saying first of + + align:start position:0% +zero so so what you're saying first of + + + align:start position:0% +zero so so what you're saying first of +all is that um if this would not be the + + align:start position:0% +all is that um if this would not be the + + + align:start position:0% +all is that um if this would not be the +case right then you know that + + align:start position:0% +case right then you know that + + + align:start position:0% +case right then you know that +the well you say you know that the + + align:start position:0% +the well you say you know that the + + + align:start position:0% +the well you say you know that the +degrees must be even but uh but but + + align:start position:0% +degrees must be even but uh but but + + + align:start position:0% +degrees must be even but uh but but +suppose this would not be the case that + + align:start position:0% +suppose this would not be the case that + + + align:start position:0% +suppose this would not be the case that +would mean actually that the degrees + + align:start position:0% +would mean actually that the degrees + + + align:start position:0% +would mean actually that the degrees +would be odd right um okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +would be odd right um okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +would be odd right um okay so let's +think about that a little bit so let's + + align:start position:0% +think about that a little bit so let's + + + align:start position:0% +think about that a little bit so let's +write this down so otherwise VK has odd + + align:start position:0% +write this down so otherwise VK has odd + + + align:start position:0% +write this down so otherwise VK has odd +degree but we only know it has odd + + align:start position:0% +degree but we only know it has odd + + + align:start position:0% +degree but we only know it has odd +degree in this particular walk + + align:start position:0% +degree in this particular walk + + + align:start position:0% +degree in this particular walk +W so that's what we do now because uh uh + + align:start position:0% +W so that's what we do now because uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +W so that's what we do now because uh uh +we really consider uh this this walk + + align:start position:0% +we really consider uh this this walk + + + align:start position:0% +we really consider uh this this walk +it's just uh this uh where did I put it + + align:start position:0% +it's just uh this uh where did I put it + + + align:start position:0% +it's just uh this uh where did I put it +it's right here so we see that if I have + + align:start position:0% +it's right here so we see that if I have + + + align:start position:0% +it's right here so we see that if I have +v0 unequal to VK then VK may be repeated + + align:start position:0% +v0 unequal to VK then VK may be repeated + + + align:start position:0% +v0 unequal to VK then VK may be repeated +in this walk a number of times each time + + align:start position:0% +in this walk a number of times each time + + + align:start position:0% +in this walk a number of times each time +it is repeated has an incoming and an + + align:start position:0% +it is repeated has an incoming and an + + + align:start position:0% +it is repeated has an incoming and an +outgoing Edge and all these edges are + + align:start position:0% +outgoing Edge and all these edges are + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing Edge and all these edges are +different because they they do not occur + + align:start position:0% +different because they they do not occur + + + align:start position:0% +different because they they do not occur +more than once so whenever VK enters in + + align:start position:0% +more than once so whenever VK enters in + + + align:start position:0% +more than once so whenever VK enters in +this middle part over here um is is is + + align:start position:0% +this middle part over here um is is is + + + align:start position:0% +this middle part over here um is is is +is partaking over here it gives an even + + align:start position:0% +is partaking over here it gives an even + + + align:start position:0% +is partaking over here it gives an even +contribution to the number of edges in + + align:start position:0% +contribution to the number of edges in + + + align:start position:0% +contribution to the number of edges in +this walk and it has one extra incoming + + align:start position:0% +this walk and it has one extra incoming + + + align:start position:0% +this walk and it has one extra incoming +Edge over here so if v0 is not equal to + + align:start position:0% +Edge over here so if v0 is not equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Edge over here so if v0 is not equal to +FK we will have an OD degree of uh of of + + align:start position:0% +FK we will have an OD degree of uh of of + + + align:start position:0% +FK we will have an OD degree of uh of of +of of of edges in W in which VK is + + align:start position:0% +of of of edges in W in which VK is + + + align:start position:0% +of of of edges in W in which VK is +participating so now we can go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +participating so now we can go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +participating so now we can go ahead and +we can have a look over here because we + + align:start position:0% +we can have a look over here because we + + + align:start position:0% +we can have a look over here because we +just showed here that all the edges + + align:start position:0% +just showed here that all the edges + + + align:start position:0% +just showed here that all the edges +incident to VK are actually used in w so + + align:start position:0% +incident to VK are actually used in w so + + + align:start position:0% +incident to VK are actually used in w so +we can now conclude that this means that + + align:start position:0% +we can now conclude that this means that + + + align:start position:0% +we can now conclude that this means that +FK also has our degree in G because all + + align:start position:0% +FK also has our degree in G because all + + + align:start position:0% +FK also has our degree in G because all +the edges in G in which FK is + + align:start position:0% +the edges in G in which FK is + + + align:start position:0% +the edges in G in which FK is +participating are actually used in the + + align:start position:0% +participating are actually used in the + + + align:start position:0% +participating are actually used in the +walk so I hope that is clear + + align:start position:0% +walk so I hope that is clear + + + align:start position:0% +walk so I hope that is clear +um okay so let's write this + + align:start position:0% +um okay so let's write this + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so let's write this +down so we will use uh the first + + align:start position:0% +down so we will use uh the first + + + align:start position:0% +down so we will use uh the first +statement over here so by one we have + + align:start position:0% +statement over here so by one we have + + + align:start position:0% +statement over here so by one we have +that VK has OD + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degree in G and now we come to what you + + align:start position:0% +degree in G and now we come to what you + + + align:start position:0% +degree in G and now we come to what you +were saying we have assumed over here + + align:start position:0% +were saying we have assumed over here + + + align:start position:0% +were saying we have assumed over here +that the degree is even so this cannot + + align:start position:0% +that the degree is even so this cannot + + + align:start position:0% +that the degree is even so this cannot +be the case so that's a contradiction so + + align:start position:0% +be the case so that's a contradiction so + + + align:start position:0% +be the case so that's a contradiction so +we know that uh the otherwise situation + + align:start position:0% +we know that uh the otherwise situation + + + align:start position:0% +we know that uh the otherwise situation +cannot occur so we know that VK must be + + align:start position:0% +cannot occur so we know that VK must be + + + align:start position:0% +cannot occur so we know that VK must be +equal to v0 so that's a proving that we + + align:start position:0% +equal to v0 so that's a proving that we + + + align:start position:0% +equal to v0 so that's a proving that we +actually have a walk that goes all all + + align:start position:0% +actually have a walk that goes all all + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a walk that goes all all +around now we are not yet done um + + align:start position:0% +around now we are not yet done um + + + align:start position:0% +around now we are not yet done um +because why would this be uh + + align:start position:0% +because why would this be uh + + + align:start position:0% +because why would this be uh +uh an Oiler tour for an Oiler tour you + + align:start position:0% +uh an Oiler tour for an Oiler tour you + + + align:start position:0% +uh an Oiler tour for an Oiler tour you +really want that every single edge that + + align:start position:0% +really want that every single edge that + + + align:start position:0% +really want that every single edge that +uh that uh that g has is actually used + + align:start position:0% +uh that uh that g has is actually used + + + align:start position:0% +uh that uh that g has is actually used +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +tour so we need much + + align:start position:0% +tour so we need much + + + align:start position:0% +tour so we need much +more um okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +more um okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +more um okay so let's +uh use + + align:start position:0% +uh use + + + align:start position:0% +uh use +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bo okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +suppose that W is not an ear tour we're + + align:start position:0% +suppose that W is not an ear tour we're + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that W is not an ear tour we're +going to use + + align:start position:0% +going to use + + + align:start position:0% +going to use +contradiction but we already have shown + + align:start position:0% +contradiction but we already have shown + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction but we already have shown +uh this particular property so we can + + align:start position:0% +uh this particular property so we can + + + align:start position:0% +uh this particular property so we can +use this so suppose W is not an ear tour + + align:start position:0% +use this so suppose W is not an ear tour + + + align:start position:0% +use this so suppose W is not an ear tour +well we know that g is + + align:start position:0% +well we know that g is + + + align:start position:0% +well we know that g is +connected so that's a good thing because + + align:start position:0% +connected so that's a good thing because + + + align:start position:0% +connected so that's a good thing because +that means that if it is not an oer tour + + align:start position:0% +that means that if it is not an oer tour + + + align:start position:0% +that means that if it is not an oer tour +there is an + + align:start position:0% +there is an + + + align:start position:0% +there is an +edge that is not + + align:start position:0% +edge that is not + + + align:start position:0% +edge that is not +used in W in the walk + + align:start position:0% +used in W in the walk + + + align:start position:0% +used in W in the walk +but it is + + align:start position:0% +but it is + + + align:start position:0% +but it is +incident to some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fertic to some fex that is used in + + align:start position:0% +fertic to some fex that is used in + + + align:start position:0% +fertic to some fex that is used in +w so this is where the connectivity uh + + align:start position:0% +w so this is where the connectivity uh + + + align:start position:0% +w so this is where the connectivity uh +comes in play now let's uh let us call + + align:start position:0% +comes in play now let's uh let us call + + + align:start position:0% +comes in play now let's uh let us call +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +Edge so let's uh u v i b this particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Edge so uh U um is not used in the walk + + align:start position:0% +Edge so uh U um is not used in the walk + + + align:start position:0% +Edge so uh U um is not used in the walk +well it may be used in the walk but it + + align:start position:0% +well it may be used in the walk but it + + + align:start position:0% +well it may be used in the walk but it +is but The Edge is not used in the walk + + align:start position:0% +is but The Edge is not used in the walk + + + align:start position:0% +is but The Edge is not used in the walk +and VI is part of the walk so what can + + align:start position:0% +and VI is part of the walk so what can + + + align:start position:0% +and VI is part of the walk so what can +we do + + align:start position:0% +we do + + + align:start position:0% +we do +here so does anybody see what we could + + align:start position:0% +here so does anybody see what we could + + + align:start position:0% +here so does anybody see what we could +do here can we somehow uh get a + + align:start position:0% +do here can we somehow uh get a + + + align:start position:0% +do here can we somehow uh get a +contradiction so when we started out + + align:start position:0% +contradiction so when we started out + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction so when we started out +here we actually assumes the W is the + + align:start position:0% +here we actually assumes the W is the + + + align:start position:0% +here we actually assumes the W is the +longest walk that uh in which the edges + + align:start position:0% +longest walk that uh in which the edges + + + align:start position:0% +longest walk that uh in which the edges +do not occur more than once can we uh + + align:start position:0% +do not occur more than once can we uh + + + align:start position:0% +do not occur more than once can we uh +can we create a longer walk by simply + + align:start position:0% +can we create a longer walk by simply + + + align:start position:0% +can we create a longer walk by simply +using this now notice that we did prove + + align:start position:0% +using this now notice that we did prove + + + align:start position:0% +using this now notice that we did prove +that v0 goes uh all + + align:start position:0% +that v0 goes uh all + + + align:start position:0% +that v0 goes uh all +around to VK + + align:start position:0% +around to VK + + + align:start position:0% +around to VK +and so on so can we find a longer walk + + align:start position:0% +and so on so can we find a longer walk + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so can we find a longer walk +that uses this extra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Edge any any ideas what would happen if + + align:start position:0% +Edge any any ideas what would happen if + + + align:start position:0% +Edge any any ideas what would happen if +we for example start a walk with you + + align:start position:0% +we for example start a walk with you + + + align:start position:0% +we for example start a walk with you +let's see how that would work out we can + + align:start position:0% +let's see how that would work out we can + + + align:start position:0% +let's see how that would work out we can +have U uh we walk to VI well let's then + + align:start position:0% +have U uh we walk to VI well let's then + + + align:start position:0% +have U uh we walk to VI well let's then +just simply start walking all around so + + align:start position:0% +just simply start walking all around so + + + align:start position:0% +just simply start walking all around so +essentially we have VI over here and uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially we have VI over here and uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we have VI over here and uh +you over + + align:start position:0% +you over + + + align:start position:0% +you over +here so what we could do is we can start + + align:start position:0% +here so what we could do is we can start + + + align:start position:0% +here so what we could do is we can start +walking like + + align:start position:0% +walking like + + + align:start position:0% +walking like +this and then end over here and notice + + align:start position:0% +this and then end over here and notice + + + align:start position:0% +this and then end over here and notice +we have used one extra Edge so we get a + + align:start position:0% +we have used one extra Edge so we get a + + + align:start position:0% +we have used one extra Edge so we get a +longer walk so we go to v i + 1 and we + + align:start position:0% +longer walk so we go to v i + 1 and we + + + align:start position:0% +longer walk so we go to v i + 1 and we +go all the way up to uh VK which is + + align:start position:0% +go all the way up to uh VK which is + + + align:start position:0% +go all the way up to uh VK which is +equal to V 0 and then we go up to V1 all + + align:start position:0% +equal to V 0 and then we go up to V1 all + + + align:start position:0% +equal to V 0 and then we go up to V1 all +the way up to + + align:start position:0% +the way up to + + + align:start position:0% +the way up to +V this is a longer + + align:start position:0% +V this is a longer + + + align:start position:0% +V this is a longer +walk and therefore we have a + + align:start position:0% +walk and therefore we have a + + + align:start position:0% +walk and therefore we have a +contradiction and now the proof is + + align:start position:0% +contradiction and now the proof is + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction and now the proof is +finished because that means that this + + align:start position:0% +finished because that means that this + + + align:start position:0% +finished because that means that this +assumption was wrong so w actually is an + + align:start position:0% +assumption was wrong so w actually is an + + + align:start position:0% +assumption was wrong so w actually is an +ear tour so now we have shown the + + align:start position:0% +ear tour so now we have shown the + + + align:start position:0% +ear tour so now we have shown the +existence of an ear tour and that was + + align:start position:0% +existence of an ear tour and that was + + + align:start position:0% +existence of an ear tour and that was +the other direction of the + + align:start position:0% +the other direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +the other direction of the +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +okay so uh let's uh now start with uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh let's uh now start with uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh let's uh now start with uh +with a new topic on directed graphs and + + align:start position:0% +with a new topic on directed graphs and + + + align:start position:0% +with a new topic on directed graphs and +uh later on we will talk about + + align:start position:0% +uh later on we will talk about + + + align:start position:0% +uh later on we will talk about +hamiltonian paths and these are + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian paths and these are + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian paths and these are +different from an ear tour in that in an + + align:start position:0% +different from an ear tour in that in an + + + align:start position:0% +different from an ear tour in that in an +ear tour every F every Edge is used + + align:start position:0% +ear tour every F every Edge is used + + + align:start position:0% +ear tour every F every Edge is used +exactly once in a hamiltonian path we + + align:start position:0% +exactly once in a hamiltonian path we + + + align:start position:0% +exactly once in a hamiltonian path we +will have that every fex is used exactly + + align:start position:0% +will have that every fex is used exactly + + + align:start position:0% +will have that every fex is used exactly +once so we'll come to that a bit + + align:start position:0% +once so we'll come to that a bit + + + align:start position:0% +once so we'll come to that a bit +later okay so what are directed graphs + + align:start position:0% +later okay so what are directed graphs + + + align:start position:0% +later okay so what are directed graphs +directed graphs are graphs where we have + + align:start position:0% +directed graphs are graphs where we have + + + align:start position:0% +directed graphs are graphs where we have +uh edges um that have a specific + + align:start position:0% +uh edges um that have a specific + + + align:start position:0% +uh edges um that have a specific +Direction so we can walk from one point + + align:start position:0% +Direction so we can walk from one point + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so we can walk from one point +from one fex to the + + align:start position:0% +from one fex to the + + + align:start position:0% +from one fex to the +order and um well let me just depict an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example for example we could have + + align:start position:0% +example for example we could have + + + align:start position:0% +example for example we could have +something that looks like this we have a + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this we have a + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this we have a +V1 we have + + align:start position:0% +V1 we have + + + align:start position:0% +V1 we have +V2 V3 I may have an edge that goes like + + align:start position:0% +V2 V3 I may have an edge that goes like + + + align:start position:0% +V2 V3 I may have an edge that goes like +this with with an arrow we use arrows in + + align:start position:0% +this with with an arrow we use arrows in + + + align:start position:0% +this with with an arrow we use arrows in +this case I can go to V2 and V3 from V2 + + align:start position:0% +this case I can go to V2 and V3 from V2 + + + align:start position:0% +this case I can go to V2 and V3 from V2 +I may be able to go to V3 from V3 to V2 + + align:start position:0% +I may be able to go to V3 from V3 to V2 + + + align:start position:0% +I may be able to go to V3 from V3 to V2 +so this would be a directed graph as an + + align:start position:0% +so this would be a directed graph as an + + + align:start position:0% +so this would be a directed graph as an +example uh we also call these di + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs and as you can see we may have an + + align:start position:0% +graphs and as you can see we may have an + + + align:start position:0% +graphs and as you can see we may have an +edge that goes from V2 to V3 and also + + align:start position:0% +edge that goes from V2 to V3 and also + + + align:start position:0% +edge that goes from V2 to V3 and also +one that goes from V3 to V2 so these are + + align:start position:0% +one that goes from V3 to V2 so these are + + + align:start position:0% +one that goes from V3 to V2 so these are +two separate edges so every Edge has a + + align:start position:0% +two separate edges so every Edge has a + + + align:start position:0% +two separate edges so every Edge has a +direction and we usually say that U if + + align:start position:0% +direction and we usually say that U if + + + align:start position:0% +direction and we usually say that U if +we have an edge that points from V2 to a + + align:start position:0% +we have an edge that points from V2 to a + + + align:start position:0% +we have an edge that points from V2 to a +V3 then we call this um the uh tail and + + align:start position:0% +V3 then we call this um the uh tail and + + + align:start position:0% +V3 then we call this um the uh tail and +over here we have the head so this is + + align:start position:0% +over here we have the head so this is + + + align:start position:0% +over here we have the head so this is +some notation that we may + + align:start position:0% +some notation that we may + + + align:start position:0% +some notation that we may +use + + align:start position:0% +use + + + align:start position:0% +use +um and uh we also have now a different + + align:start position:0% +um and uh we also have now a different + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh we also have now a different +notion for the degree of an of a fex uh + + align:start position:0% +notion for the degree of an of a fex uh + + + align:start position:0% +notion for the degree of an of a fex uh +because you have different types of + + align:start position:0% +because you have different types of + + + align:start position:0% +because you have different types of +edges essentially take for example V2 I + + align:start position:0% +edges essentially take for example V2 I + + + align:start position:0% +edges essentially take for example V2 I +have incoming edges and outgoing edges + + align:start position:0% +have incoming edges and outgoing edges + + + align:start position:0% +have incoming edges and outgoing edges +so that's why we are going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so that's why we are going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why we are going to talk about +an IND degree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and an out degree so for example the IND + + align:start position:0% +and an out degree so for example the IND + + + align:start position:0% +and an out degree so for example the IND +degree of + + align:start position:0% +degree of + + + align:start position:0% +degree of +V2 is equal to well I have one two + + align:start position:0% +V2 is equal to well I have one two + + + align:start position:0% +V2 is equal to well I have one two +incoming + + align:start position:0% +incoming + + + align:start position:0% +incoming +edges and the uh out + + align:start position:0% +edges and the uh out + + + align:start position:0% +edges and the uh out +degree of V2 is actually something + + align:start position:0% +degree of V2 is actually something + + + align:start position:0% +degree of V2 is actually something +different it's just one outgoing Edge so + + align:start position:0% +different it's just one outgoing Edge so + + + align:start position:0% +different it's just one outgoing Edge so +this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to +one okay so this is some + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is some + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is some +notation so let's uh talk about um uh WS + + align:start position:0% +notation so let's uh talk about um uh WS + + + align:start position:0% +notation so let's uh talk about um uh WS +let's Let's uh figure out whether we can + + align:start position:0% +let's Let's uh figure out whether we can + + + align:start position:0% +let's Let's uh figure out whether we can +enumerate walks uh in a directed graph + + align:start position:0% +enumerate walks uh in a directed graph + + + align:start position:0% +enumerate walks uh in a directed graph +and uh compute those so how many walks + + align:start position:0% +and uh compute those so how many walks + + + align:start position:0% +and uh compute those so how many walks +do I have say of length K that go + + align:start position:0% +do I have say of length K that go + + + align:start position:0% +do I have say of length K that go +exactly from say V1 to V3 how can I + + align:start position:0% +exactly from say V1 to V3 how can I + + + align:start position:0% +exactly from say V1 to V3 how can I +compute this so I like to introduce + + align:start position:0% +compute this so I like to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +compute this so I like to introduce +adjacency matrices uh you probably have + + align:start position:0% +adjacency matrices uh you probably have + + + align:start position:0% +adjacency matrices uh you probably have +seen them before but let's go over this + + align:start position:0% +seen them before but let's go over this + + + align:start position:0% +seen them before but let's go over this +once more because the induction is also + + align:start position:0% +once more because the induction is also + + + align:start position:0% +once more because the induction is also +important so let's do the theorem so the + + align:start position:0% +important so let's do the theorem so the + + + align:start position:0% +important so let's do the theorem so the +theorem is this um suppose we have a + + align:start position:0% +theorem is this um suppose we have a + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is this um suppose we have a +graph then + + align:start position:0% +graph then + + + align:start position:0% +graph then +um and suppose it has n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nodes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and we uh have the vertices V1 up to + + align:start position:0% +um and we uh have the vertices V1 up to + + + align:start position:0% +um and we uh have the vertices V1 up to +VN and now we let uh The Matrix that + + align:start position:0% +VN and now we let uh The Matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +VN and now we let uh The Matrix that +contains the entries a i + + align:start position:0% +contains the entries a i + + + align:start position:0% +contains the entries a i +JS + + align:start position:0% +JS + + + align:start position:0% +JS +denote The adjacency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix uh for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G and uh what does it mean it actually + + align:start position:0% +G and uh what does it mean it actually + + + align:start position:0% +G and uh what does it mean it actually +means that in this case we say that a i + + align:start position:0% +means that in this case we say that a i + + + align:start position:0% +means that in this case we say that a i +j is equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +j is equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +j is equal to 1 +if we actually have an edge that goes + + align:start position:0% +if we actually have an edge that goes + + + align:start position:0% +if we actually have an edge that goes +from VI to + + align:start position:0% +from VI to + + + align:start position:0% +from VI to +VJ so this is an + + align:start position:0% +VJ so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +VJ so this is an +edge and zero if this is not the + + align:start position:0% +edge and zero if this is not the + + + align:start position:0% +edge and zero if this is not the +case so this is the adjacency + + align:start position:0% +case so this is the adjacency + + + align:start position:0% +case so this is the adjacency +Matrix and uh now we can State something + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and uh now we can State something + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and uh now we can State something +about the number of walks directed + + align:start position:0% +about the number of walks directed + + + align:start position:0% +about the number of walks directed +walks in a directed graph + + align:start position:0% +walks in a directed graph + + + align:start position:0% +walks in a directed graph +so turns out that this is easily + + align:start position:0% +so turns out that this is easily + + + align:start position:0% +so turns out that this is easily +computed by taking the uh by taking + + align:start position:0% +computed by taking the uh by taking + + + align:start position:0% +computed by taking the uh by taking +powers of the adjacency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix um okay + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um okay + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um okay +so let a i + + align:start position:0% +so let a i + + + align:start position:0% +so let a i +j with superscript + + align:start position:0% +j with superscript + + + align:start position:0% +j with superscript +K be equal to the number of directed + + align:start position:0% +K be equal to the number of directed + + + align:start position:0% +K be equal to the number of directed +walks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +length uh + + align:start position:0% +length uh + + + align:start position:0% +length uh +K that go + + align:start position:0% +K that go + + + align:start position:0% +K that go +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +fi to + + align:start position:0% +fi to + + + align:start position:0% +fi to +VJ so you want to compute this and it + + align:start position:0% +VJ so you want to compute this and it + + + align:start position:0% +VJ so you want to compute this and it +turns out um uh + + align:start position:0% +turns out um uh + + + align:start position:0% +turns out um uh +that oh wait wait a minute so what did + + align:start position:0% +that oh wait wait a minute so what did + + + align:start position:0% +that oh wait wait a minute so what did +it do here um so actually let a p k i j + + align:start position:0% +it do here um so actually let a p k i j + + + align:start position:0% +it do here um so actually let a p k i j +be the number of directed walks of + + align:start position:0% +be the number of directed walks of + + + align:start position:0% +be the number of directed walks of +length K from VI to V uh J then what we + + align:start position:0% +length K from VI to V uh J then what we + + + align:start position:0% +length K from VI to V uh J then what we +can show is is if you look at the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +can show is is if you look at the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +can show is is if you look at the Matrix +a to the power + + align:start position:0% +a to the power + + + align:start position:0% +a to the power +K well this actually is the Matrix that + + align:start position:0% +K well this actually is the Matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +K well this actually is the Matrix that +contains all + + align:start position:0% +contains all + + + align:start position:0% +contains all +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +numbers so let me give a few + + align:start position:0% +numbers so let me give a few + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so let me give a few +examples um so let's take the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +examples um so let's take the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +examples um so let's take the Matrix +over here look at at its adjacency + + align:start position:0% +over here look at at its adjacency + + + align:start position:0% +over here look at at its adjacency +Matrix take a few powers and see what + + align:start position:0% +Matrix take a few powers and see what + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix take a few powers and see what +happens so the Matrix looks like this if + + align:start position:0% +happens so the Matrix looks like this if + + + align:start position:0% +happens so the Matrix looks like this if +you just label the rows by say V1 V2 and + + align:start position:0% +you just label the rows by say V1 V2 and + + + align:start position:0% +you just label the rows by say V1 V2 and +V3 The Columns by V1 V2 and + + align:start position:0% +V3 The Columns by V1 V2 and + + + align:start position:0% +V3 The Columns by V1 V2 and +V3 well V1 has an edge to V1 V1 is an + + align:start position:0% +V3 well V1 has an edge to V1 V1 is an + + + align:start position:0% +V3 well V1 has an edge to V1 V1 is an +edge to V2 and also one to V3 V2 is only + + align:start position:0% +edge to V2 and also one to V3 V2 is only + + + align:start position:0% +edge to V2 and also one to V3 V2 is only +one Edge to + + align:start position:0% +one Edge to + + + align:start position:0% +one Edge to +V3 so we have zeros here and we have + + align:start position:0% +V3 so we have zeros here and we have + + + align:start position:0% +V3 so we have zeros here and we have +this so This Is The Matrix a + + align:start position:0% +this so This Is The Matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +this so This Is The Matrix a +and for example if we compute a square + + align:start position:0% +and for example if we compute a square + + + align:start position:0% +and for example if we compute a square +so how do we do this how many of you + + align:start position:0% +so how do we do this how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we do this how many of you +know about matrix multiplication and + + align:start position:0% +know about matrix multiplication and + + + align:start position:0% +know about matrix multiplication and +everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knows well anyway so let's assume that + + align:start position:0% +knows well anyway so let's assume that + + + align:start position:0% +knows well anyway so let's assume that +you do know + + align:start position:0% +you do know + + + align:start position:0% +you do know +actually so so that's pretty simple + + align:start position:0% +actually so so that's pretty simple + + + align:start position:0% +actually so so that's pretty simple +right so you take the column you take + + align:start position:0% +right so you take the column you take + + + align:start position:0% +right so you take the column you take +the inner product with the first row and + + align:start position:0% +the inner product with the first row and + + + align:start position:0% +the inner product with the first row and +so on and you can easily compute this + + align:start position:0% +so on and you can easily compute this + + + align:start position:0% +so on and you can easily compute this +and otherwise you may want to do that + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise you may want to do that + + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise you may want to do that +yourself later on and you at this + + align:start position:0% +yourself later on and you at this + + + align:start position:0% +yourself later on and you at this +particular um Matrix and for example a + + align:start position:0% +particular um Matrix and for example a + + + align:start position:0% +particular um Matrix and for example a +to the^ 3 is something very similar + + align:start position:0% +to the^ 3 is something very similar + + + align:start position:0% +to the^ 3 is something very similar +133 0 0 1 0 1 + + align:start position:0% +133 0 0 1 0 1 + + + align:start position:0% +133 0 0 1 0 1 +0 um Well turns out that if you look at + + align:start position:0% +0 um Well turns out that if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +0 um Well turns out that if you look at +this graph and we for example want to + + align:start position:0% +this graph and we for example want to + + + align:start position:0% +this graph and we for example want to +know the number of walks of length uh + + align:start position:0% +know the number of walks of length uh + + + align:start position:0% +know the number of walks of length uh +three that go from V1 to say V2 well + + align:start position:0% +three that go from V1 to say V2 well + + + align:start position:0% +three that go from V1 to say V2 well +let's see whether we can uh whether we + + align:start position:0% +let's see whether we can uh whether we + + + align:start position:0% +let's see whether we can uh whether we +can see those over here + + align:start position:0% +can see those over here + + + align:start position:0% +can see those over here +well if I travel from V1 to V2 in three + + align:start position:0% +well if I travel from V1 to V2 in three + + + align:start position:0% +well if I travel from V1 to V2 in three +steps I can go uh like this I can go one + + align:start position:0% +steps I can go uh like this I can go one + + + align:start position:0% +steps I can go uh like this I can go one +two three so it's one option I can go + + align:start position:0% +two three so it's one option I can go + + + align:start position:0% +two three so it's one option I can go +one and another one time so it's the + + align:start position:0% +one and another one time so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +one and another one time so it's the +second step and three I can also go + + align:start position:0% +second step and three I can also go + + + align:start position:0% +second step and three I can also go +directly over here and go back here and + + align:start position:0% +directly over here and go back here and + + + align:start position:0% +directly over here and go back here and +back over here so turns out that we can + + align:start position:0% +back over here so turns out that we can + + + align:start position:0% +back over here so turns out that we can +compute this so how do we prove this + + align:start position:0% +compute this so how do we prove this + + + align:start position:0% +compute this so how do we prove this +well we use uh uh induction + + align:start position:0% +well we use uh uh induction + + + align:start position:0% +well we use uh uh induction +and the uh steps are pretty + + align:start position:0% +and the uh steps are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh steps are pretty +straightforward so let's first Define uh + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so let's first Define uh + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so let's first Define uh +because we want to prove that the case + + align:start position:0% +because we want to prove that the case + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to prove that the case +power of a is equal to that Matrix up + + align:start position:0% +power of a is equal to that Matrix up + + + align:start position:0% +power of a is equal to that Matrix up +there where uh where all the entries + + align:start position:0% +there where uh where all the entries + + + align:start position:0% +there where uh where all the entries +represent uh the number of walks so + + align:start position:0% +represent uh the number of walks so + + + align:start position:0% +represent uh the number of walks so +let's uh say that uh a i j k let this + + align:start position:0% +let's uh say that uh a i j k let this + + + align:start position:0% +let's uh say that uh a i j k let this +denote + + align:start position:0% +denote + + + align:start position:0% +denote +the uh i + + align:start position:0% +the uh i + + + align:start position:0% +the uh i +j + + align:start position:0% +j + + + align:start position:0% +j +entry in a to the power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k um and we want to show that this + + align:start position:0% +k um and we want to show that this + + + align:start position:0% +k um and we want to show that this +number is actually equal to the p i j k + + align:start position:0% +number is actually equal to the p i j k + + + align:start position:0% +number is actually equal to the p i j k +for all uh for all the + + align:start position:0% +for all uh for all the + + + align:start position:0% +for all uh for all the +entries so if you're going to use + + align:start position:0% +entries so if you're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +entries so if you're going to use +induction well it makes sense to uh + + align:start position:0% +induction well it makes sense to uh + + + align:start position:0% +induction well it makes sense to uh +assume that the theorem is say true for + + align:start position:0% +assume that the theorem is say true for + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the theorem is say true for +K so uh the induction hypothesis could + + align:start position:0% +K so uh the induction hypothesis could + + + align:start position:0% +K so uh the induction hypothesis could +be something like + + align:start position:0% +be something like + + + align:start position:0% +be something like +this the + + align:start position:0% +this the + + + align:start position:0% +this the +theorem is + + align:start position:0% +theorem is + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +4K and this is really the same as uh + + align:start position:0% +4K and this is really the same as uh + + + align:start position:0% +4K and this is really the same as uh +stating that uh all these entries for + + align:start position:0% +stating that uh all these entries for + + + align:start position:0% +stating that uh all these entries for +all um I and j a i + + align:start position:0% +all um I and j a i + + + align:start position:0% +all um I and j a i +j is equal to the p i + + align:start position:0% +j is equal to the p i + + + align:start position:0% +j is equal to the p i +j k so this is what we want to prove and + + align:start position:0% +j k so this is what we want to prove and + + + align:start position:0% +j k so this is what we want to prove and +uh this is pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +uh this is pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is pretty straightforward +because now what we can do is we can + + align:start position:0% +because now what we can do is we can + + + align:start position:0% +because now what we can do is we can +start to + + align:start position:0% +start to + + + align:start position:0% +start to +uh uh look at how we compute walks of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh look at how we compute walks of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh look at how we compute walks of +length K or k+ one so let's first do uh + + align:start position:0% +length K or k+ one so let's first do uh + + + align:start position:0% +length K or k+ one so let's first do uh +the base case that's how we always + + align:start position:0% +the base case that's how we always + + + align:start position:0% +the base case that's how we always +start the base case is K equals 1 and uh + + align:start position:0% +start the base case is K equals 1 and uh + + + align:start position:0% +start the base case is K equals 1 and uh +we have essentially two options so we + + align:start position:0% +we have essentially two options so we + + + align:start position:0% +we have essentially two options so we +want to prove this so take an i and a j + + align:start position:0% +want to prove this so take an i and a j + + + align:start position:0% +want to prove this so take an i and a j +whatever you want so suppose we have an + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want so suppose we have an + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want so suppose we have an +edge VI that goes to + + align:start position:0% +edge VI that goes to + + + align:start position:0% +edge VI that goes to +VJ well in that case we know that the + + align:start position:0% +VJ well in that case we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +VJ well in that case we know that the +number of walks of length one well is + + align:start position:0% +number of walks of length one well is + + + align:start position:0% +number of walks of length one well is +exactly uh uh from from I to J is + + align:start position:0% +exactly uh uh from from I to J is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly uh uh from from I to J is +exactly one because there's this Edge so + + align:start position:0% +exactly one because there's this Edge so + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one because there's this Edge so +this is equal to one but this is also + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to one but this is also + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to one but this is also +the definition of my adjacency Matrix so + + align:start position:0% +the definition of my adjacency Matrix so + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of my adjacency Matrix so +I can just write out here a i + + align:start position:0% +I can just write out here a i + + + align:start position:0% +I can just write out here a i +J1 so that's great so this case + + align:start position:0% +J1 so that's great so this case + + + align:start position:0% +J1 so that's great so this case +definitely works now if there is no + + align:start position:0% +definitely works now if there is no + + + align:start position:0% +definitely works now if there is no +edge of this + + align:start position:0% +edge of this + + + align:start position:0% +edge of this +type well then we know that in one step + + align:start position:0% +type well then we know that in one step + + + align:start position:0% +type well then we know that in one step +we can never achieve uh VJ from VI + + align:start position:0% +we can never achieve uh VJ from VI + + + align:start position:0% +we can never achieve uh VJ from VI +because there's no Edge so we know this + + align:start position:0% +because there's no Edge so we know this + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no Edge so we know this +is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to +zero there's no such walk and this is by + + align:start position:0% +zero there's no such walk and this is by + + + align:start position:0% +zero there's no such walk and this is by +definition of the adjacent Matrix also + + align:start position:0% +definition of the adjacent Matrix also + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the adjacent Matrix also +equal to the AIG J so this this works so + + align:start position:0% +equal to the AIG J so this this works so + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the AIG J so this this works so +the base case is easy and uh the + + align:start position:0% +the base case is easy and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the base case is easy and uh the +induction step + + align:start position:0% +induction step + + + align:start position:0% +induction step +is well it always starts by assuming uh + + align:start position:0% +is well it always starts by assuming uh + + + align:start position:0% +is well it always starts by assuming uh +PK uh so + + align:start position:0% +PK uh so + + + align:start position:0% +PK uh so +that's as you can see these types of + + align:start position:0% +that's as you can see these types of + + + align:start position:0% +that's as you can see these types of +proofs always have the same + + align:start position:0% +proofs always have the same + + + align:start position:0% +proofs always have the same +structure and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in this case have we again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assume + + align:start position:0% +assume + + + align:start position:0% +assume +PK um so now let's uh look at the uh + + align:start position:0% +PK um so now let's uh look at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +PK um so now let's uh look at the uh +what we want to prove PK + one so what + + align:start position:0% +what we want to prove PK + one so what + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to prove PK + one so what +we want to know is what's the number of + + align:start position:0% +we want to know is what's the number of + + + align:start position:0% +we want to know is what's the number of +walks of length k + one so how can we uh + + align:start position:0% +walks of length k + one so how can we uh + + + align:start position:0% +walks of length k + one so how can we uh +Express those p i + + align:start position:0% +Express those p i + + + align:start position:0% +Express those p i +j k+ One how can we use this uh + + align:start position:0% +j k+ One how can we use this uh + + + align:start position:0% +j k+ One how can we use this uh +assumption over here do you have an ID + + align:start position:0% +assumption over here do you have an ID + + + align:start position:0% +assumption over here do you have an ID +so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can any walk of length K plus one can be + + align:start position:0% +can any walk of length K plus one can be + + + align:start position:0% +can any walk of length K plus one can be +gotten by + + align:start position:0% +gotten by + + + align:start position:0% +gotten by +going taking one of let's say from vs to + + align:start position:0% +going taking one of let's say from vs to + + + align:start position:0% +going taking one of let's say from vs to +VF sure K plus1 you go from somewhere + + align:start position:0% +VF sure K plus1 you go from somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +VF sure K plus1 you go from somewhere +from vs to V mhm in K steps and then V + + align:start position:0% +from vs to V mhm in K steps and then V + + + align:start position:0% +from vs to V mhm in K steps and then V +to VF in one step that's true so yeah we + + align:start position:0% +to VF in one step that's true so yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +to VF in one step that's true so yeah we +could do that so let's write it down so + + align:start position:0% +could do that so let's write it down so + + + align:start position:0% +could do that so let's write it down so +what you're essentially saying is that + + align:start position:0% +what you're essentially saying is that + + + align:start position:0% +what you're essentially saying is that +you can enumerate all the walks by going + + align:start position:0% +you can enumerate all the walks by going + + + align:start position:0% +you can enumerate all the walks by going +uh of length k+ one by first going from + + align:start position:0% +uh of length k+ one by first going from + + + align:start position:0% +uh of length k+ one by first going from +I in uh say k steps to um whatever V and + + align:start position:0% +I in uh say k steps to um whatever V and + + + align:start position:0% +I in uh say k steps to um whatever V and +then in one step to say VI to V in K + + align:start position:0% +then in one step to say VI to V in K + + + align:start position:0% +then in one step to say VI to V in K +steps and then in one step to uh v um J + + align:start position:0% +steps and then in one step to uh v um J + + + align:start position:0% +steps and then in one step to uh v um J +so let's write this down because V can + + align:start position:0% +so let's write this down because V can + + + align:start position:0% +so let's write this down because V can +be anything so what we do is we have a + + align:start position:0% +be anything so what we do is we have a + + + align:start position:0% +be anything so what we do is we have a +sum over all the v's search that well we + + align:start position:0% +sum over all the v's search that well we + + + align:start position:0% +sum over all the v's search that well we +will use indices here so let me do that + + align:start position:0% +will use indices here so let me do that + + + align:start position:0% +will use indices here so let me do that +a little bit differently so let's say I + + align:start position:0% +a little bit differently so let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit differently so let's say I +have an H over here so all the all the + + align:start position:0% +have an H over here so all the all the + + + align:start position:0% +have an H over here so all the all the +indices H such that + + align:start position:0% +indices H such that + + + align:start position:0% +indices H such that +vh2 VJ is actually an + + align:start position:0% +vh2 VJ is actually an + + + align:start position:0% +vh2 VJ is actually an +edge in + + align:start position:0% +edge in + + + align:start position:0% +edge in +G so then we can write out here that we + + align:start position:0% +G so then we can write out here that we + + + align:start position:0% +G so then we can write out here that we +uh go in Cas steps to VH so how how many + + align:start position:0% +uh go in Cas steps to VH so how how many + + + align:start position:0% +uh go in Cas steps to VH so how how many +walks are there but we can use the + + align:start position:0% +walks are there but we can use the + + + align:start position:0% +walks are there but we can use the +induction hypothesis now right so we can + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis now right so we can + + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis now right so we can +say we go from I to H in K steps and + + align:start position:0% +say we go from I to H in K steps and + + + align:start position:0% +say we go from I to H in K steps and +then uh well um we can use this + + align:start position:0% +then uh well um we can use this + + + align:start position:0% +then uh well um we can use this +particular Edge to complete it to a k+ 1 + + align:start position:0% +particular Edge to complete it to a k+ 1 + + + align:start position:0% +particular Edge to complete it to a k+ 1 +walk from I to + + align:start position:0% +walk from I to + + + align:start position:0% +walk from I to +J so now what is this equal to + + align:start position:0% +J so now what is this equal to + + + align:start position:0% +J so now what is this equal to +can we simplify this sum we can right + + align:start position:0% +can we simplify this sum we can right + + + align:start position:0% +can we simplify this sum we can right +because uh we know that there is an edge + + align:start position:0% +because uh we know that there is an edge + + + align:start position:0% +because uh we know that there is an edge +if and only if uh The adjacency Matrix + + align:start position:0% +if and only if uh The adjacency Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +if and only if uh The adjacency Matrix +has a one in that particular position so + + align:start position:0% +has a one in that particular position so + + + align:start position:0% +has a one in that particular position so +we could rewrite it and some over all H + + align:start position:0% +we could rewrite it and some over all H + + + align:start position:0% +we could rewrite it and some over all H +to from one to uh to + + align:start position:0% +to from one to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +to from one to uh to +n um and then write p i j k times and + + align:start position:0% +n um and then write p i j k times and + + + align:start position:0% +n um and then write p i j k times and +then a + + align:start position:0% +then a + + + align:start position:0% +then a +J oops this should be an + + align:start position:0% +J oops this should be an + + + align:start position:0% +J oops this should be an +H so we have the same over here and then + + align:start position:0% +H so we have the same over here and then + + + align:start position:0% +H so we have the same over here and then +we have one Edge from H + + align:start position:0% +we have one Edge from H + + + align:start position:0% +we have one Edge from H +to to J so I only count this number over + + align:start position:0% +to to J so I only count this number over + + + align:start position:0% +to to J so I only count this number over +here if this is equal to one and that + + align:start position:0% +here if this is equal to one and that + + + align:start position:0% +here if this is equal to one and that +happens exactly if there's an edge I do + + align:start position:0% +happens exactly if there's an edge I do + + + align:start position:0% +happens exactly if there's an edge I do +not count this if there's a zero over + + align:start position:0% +not count this if there's a zero over + + + align:start position:0% +not count this if there's a zero over +here that is if there's no + + align:start position:0% +here that is if there's no + + + align:start position:0% +here that is if there's no +Edge ah but now we can uh use the + + align:start position:0% +Edge ah but now we can uh use the + + + align:start position:0% +Edge ah but now we can uh use the +induction hypothesis because I know that + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis because I know that + + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis because I know that +these numbers are equal to the A's so we + + align:start position:0% +these numbers are equal to the A's so we + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers are equal to the A's so we +rewrite + + align:start position:0% +rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite +this and we see that we get a i k so + + align:start position:0% +this and we see that we get a i k so + + + align:start position:0% +this and we see that we get a i k so +this is where we use the + + align:start position:0% +this is where we use the + + + align:start position:0% +this is where we use the +induction uh step right so it's like um + + align:start position:0% +induction uh step right so it's like um + + + align:start position:0% +induction uh step right so it's like um +we assume PK over + + align:start position:0% +we assume PK over + + + align:start position:0% +we assume PK over +here and I need to finish this formula + + align:start position:0% +here and I need to finish this formula + + + align:start position:0% +here and I need to finish this formula +so we have this now by matrix by the + + align:start position:0% +so we have this now by matrix by the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have this now by matrix by the +definition of matrix multiplication + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we actually see that this is equal uh to + + align:start position:0% +we actually see that this is equal uh to + + + align:start position:0% +we actually see that this is equal uh to +uh a k + 1 i j so the IJ entry in the k+ + + align:start position:0% +uh a k + 1 i j so the IJ entry in the k+ + + + align:start position:0% +uh a k + 1 i j so the IJ entry in the k+ +one power of the adjacency Matrix here + + align:start position:0% +one power of the adjacency Matrix here + + + align:start position:0% +one power of the adjacency Matrix here +we have this represents the Matrix of + + align:start position:0% +we have this represents the Matrix of + + + align:start position:0% +we have this represents the Matrix of +the K power this represents the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +the K power this represents the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the K power this represents the Matrix +of the of a so we multiply essentially a + + align:start position:0% +of the of a so we multiply essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +of the of a so we multiply essentially a +to ^ K * a we get a to^ k Plus one and + + align:start position:0% +to ^ K * a we get a to^ k Plus one and + + + align:start position:0% +to ^ K * a we get a to^ k Plus one and +that's what we see here so this is the + + align:start position:0% +that's what we see here so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we see here so this is the +induction step and so this proves the + + align:start position:0% +induction step and so this proves the + + + align:start position:0% +induction step and so this proves the +theorem up + + align:start position:0% +theorem up + + + align:start position:0% +theorem up +here okay so let's uh talk about a few + + align:start position:0% +here okay so let's uh talk about a few + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so let's uh talk about a few +more definitions uh concerning directed + + align:start position:0% +more definitions uh concerning directed + + + align:start position:0% +more definitions uh concerning directed +graphs and then we will step into uh a + + align:start position:0% +graphs and then we will step into uh a + + + align:start position:0% +graphs and then we will step into uh a +very special type of uh of graph uh + + align:start position:0% +very special type of uh of graph uh + + + align:start position:0% +very special type of uh of graph uh +which are the tourament graphs up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um one of the things that we have in + + align:start position:0% +so um one of the things that we have in + + + align:start position:0% +so um one of the things that we have in +undirected graphs so where we have no + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs so where we have no + + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs so where we have no +directed edges well we talked last time + + align:start position:0% +directed edges well we talked last time + + + align:start position:0% +directed edges well we talked last time +a lot about uh cyclicity and stuff like + + align:start position:0% +a lot about uh cyclicity and stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +a lot about uh cyclicity and stuff like +that and we talked about uh a cyclic + + align:start position:0% +that and we talked about uh a cyclic + + + align:start position:0% +that and we talked about uh a cyclic +connected uh graphs and uh we + + align:start position:0% +connected uh graphs and uh we + + + align:start position:0% +connected uh graphs and uh we +characterize those or we Define them as + + align:start position:0% +characterize those or we Define them as + + + align:start position:0% +characterize those or we Define them as +trees and they have a very special + + align:start position:0% +trees and they have a very special + + + align:start position:0% +trees and they have a very special +structure so um what would happen here + + align:start position:0% +structure so um what would happen here + + + align:start position:0% +structure so um what would happen here +if we uh look at um um at a + + align:start position:0% +if we uh look at um um at a + + + align:start position:0% +if we uh look at um um at a +graph at a directed graph and we wonder + + align:start position:0% +graph at a directed graph and we wonder + + + align:start position:0% +graph at a directed graph and we wonder +what does it mean to be connected Can we + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to be connected Can we + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to be connected Can we +really talk about that what does that + + align:start position:0% +really talk about that what does that + + + align:start position:0% +really talk about that what does that +mean so um well for example uh if I look + + align:start position:0% +mean so um well for example uh if I look + + + align:start position:0% +mean so um well for example uh if I look +in at this particular example graph over + + align:start position:0% +in at this particular example graph over + + + align:start position:0% +in at this particular example graph over +here I can say well uh V1 has an edge + + align:start position:0% +here I can say well uh V1 has an edge + + + align:start position:0% +here I can say well uh V1 has an edge +that points towards V1 itself and + + align:start position:0% +that points towards V1 itself and + + + align:start position:0% +that points towards V1 itself and +towards V2 and towards V3 + + align:start position:0% +towards V2 and towards V3 + + + align:start position:0% +towards V2 and towards V3 +um so maybe I would call this graph + + align:start position:0% +um so maybe I would call this graph + + + align:start position:0% +um so maybe I would call this graph +connected but if I look at uh V2 I only + + align:start position:0% +connected but if I look at uh V2 I only + + + align:start position:0% +connected but if I look at uh V2 I only +see an edge that goes from V2 to V3 and + + align:start position:0% +see an edge that goes from V2 to V3 and + + + align:start position:0% +see an edge that goes from V2 to V3 and +not to V1 so maybe I do not call it + + align:start position:0% +not to V1 so maybe I do not call it + + + align:start position:0% +not to V1 so maybe I do not call it +connected so that's why we Define a + + align:start position:0% +connected so that's why we Define a + + + align:start position:0% +connected so that's why we Define a +stronger + + align:start position:0% +stronger + + + align:start position:0% +stronger +notion for a + + align:start position:0% +notion for a + + + align:start position:0% +notion for a +diaph so a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diaph + + align:start position:0% +diaph + + + align:start position:0% +diaph +um g v + + align:start position:0% +um g v + + + align:start position:0% +um g v +uh is called strongly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +connected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops strongly connected if uh we know + + align:start position:0% +oops strongly connected if uh we know + + + align:start position:0% +oops strongly connected if uh we know +that for every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pair so if for all vertices u and v in + + align:start position:0% +pair so if for all vertices u and v in + + + align:start position:0% +pair so if for all vertices u and v in +the vertic + + align:start position:0% +the vertic + + + align:start position:0% +the vertic +set we actually have there exists a + + align:start position:0% +set we actually have there exists a + + + align:start position:0% +set we actually have there exists a +directed path + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that um starts in + + align:start position:0% +that um starts in + + + align:start position:0% +that um starts in +U and ends up in + + align:start position:0% +U and ends up in + + + align:start position:0% +U and ends up in +v in G so this is what we would call + + align:start position:0% +v in G so this is what we would call + + + align:start position:0% +v in G so this is what we would call +strongly + + align:start position:0% +strongly + + + align:start position:0% +strongly +connected and um so okay so now in + + align:start position:0% +connected and um so okay so now in + + + align:start position:0% +connected and um so okay so now in +undirected graphs uh we had connectivity + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs uh we had connectivity + + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs uh we had connectivity +and then we said well if an connected + + align:start position:0% +and then we said well if an connected + + + align:start position:0% +and then we said well if an connected +undirected graph has no Cycles we have + + align:start position:0% +undirected graph has no Cycles we have + + + align:start position:0% +undirected graph has no Cycles we have +trees and they have special properties + + align:start position:0% +trees and they have special properties + + + align:start position:0% +trees and they have special properties +and all that so what about this over + + align:start position:0% +and all that so what about this over + + + align:start position:0% +and all that so what about this over +here suppose you have no an a cyclic uh + + align:start position:0% +here suppose you have no an a cyclic uh + + + align:start position:0% +here suppose you have no an a cyclic uh +strongly connected diagraph what does + + align:start position:0% +strongly connected diagraph what does + + + align:start position:0% +strongly connected diagraph what does +that look like um so let's give an + + align:start position:0% +that look like um so let's give an + + + align:start position:0% +that look like um so let's give an +example and uh yeah it is not it it's + + align:start position:0% +example and uh yeah it is not it it's + + + align:start position:0% +example and uh yeah it is not it it's +not completely clear um yeah what kind + + align:start position:0% +not completely clear um yeah what kind + + + align:start position:0% +not completely clear um yeah what kind +of structure it has so for + + align:start position:0% +of structure it has so for + + + align:start position:0% +of structure it has so for +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I may have a graph that looks like + + align:start position:0% +um I may have a graph that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +um I may have a graph that looks like +this for + + align:start position:0% +this for + + + align:start position:0% +this for +example um well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um say this is uh yeah this is an + + align:start position:0% +um say this is uh yeah this is an + + + align:start position:0% +um say this is uh yeah this is an +acyclic graph + + align:start position:0% +acyclic graph + + + align:start position:0% +acyclic graph +um but uh yeah I I have I cannot really + + align:start position:0% +um but uh yeah I I have I cannot really + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh yeah I I have I cannot really +uh yeah it it does not have at all a + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah it it does not have at all a + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah it it does not have at all a +tree + + align:start position:0% +tree + + + align:start position:0% +tree +structure so actually the type of graph + + align:start position:0% +structure so actually the type of graph + + + align:start position:0% +structure so actually the type of graph +that we have here uh is called a + + align:start position:0% +that we have here uh is called a + + + align:start position:0% +that we have here uh is called a +directed asly graph + + align:start position:0% +directed asly graph + + + align:start position:0% +directed asly graph +uh as you can see there are no Cycles + + align:start position:0% +uh as you can see there are no Cycles + + + align:start position:0% +uh as you can see there are no Cycles +because I I only go forward essentially + + align:start position:0% +because I I only go forward essentially + + + align:start position:0% +because I I only go forward essentially +I can never go backward in this + + align:start position:0% +I can never go backward in this + + + align:start position:0% +I can never go backward in this +particular way that I depicted the graph + + align:start position:0% +particular way that I depicted the graph + + + align:start position:0% +particular way that I depicted the graph +so a directed acyclic uh so this is an + + align:start position:0% +so a directed acyclic uh so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +so a directed acyclic uh so this is an +example of a directed acyclic graph but + + align:start position:0% +example of a directed acyclic graph but + + + align:start position:0% +example of a directed acyclic graph but +um it does not look like a tree at all + + align:start position:0% +um it does not look like a tree at all + + + align:start position:0% +um it does not look like a tree at all +so it's worth to Define this separately + + align:start position:0% +so it's worth to Define this separately + + + align:start position:0% +so it's worth to Define this separately +and we will use this uh in uh on on + + align:start position:0% +and we will use this uh in uh on on + + + align:start position:0% +and we will use this uh in uh on on +Thursday we we'll talk about partial + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we we'll talk about partial + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we we'll talk about partial +orderings uh and it turns out that as + + align:start position:0% +orderings uh and it turns out that as + + + align:start position:0% +orderings uh and it turns out that as +you can see here um well a deck has a + + align:start position:0% +you can see here um well a deck has a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see here um well a deck has a +directed asally graph has really nice + + align:start position:0% +directed asally graph has really nice + + + align:start position:0% +directed asally graph has really nice +properties and one of them is that you + + align:start position:0% +properties and one of them is that you + + + align:start position:0% +properties and one of them is that you +can order these uh veres such a way that + + align:start position:0% +can order these uh veres such a way that + + + align:start position:0% +can order these uh veres such a way that +you go from say left to right in a + + align:start position:0% +you go from say left to right in a + + + align:start position:0% +you go from say left to right in a +directed + + align:start position:0% +directed + + + align:start position:0% +directed +version and that will lead to partial + + align:start position:0% +version and that will lead to partial + + + align:start position:0% +version and that will lead to partial +ordering well so that that's something + + align:start position:0% +ordering well so that that's something + + + align:start position:0% +ordering well so that that's something +that we will uh talk about as well okay + + align:start position:0% +that we will uh talk about as well okay + + + align:start position:0% +that we will uh talk about as well okay +so what's the + + align:start position:0% +so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the +definition a + + align:start position:0% +definition a + + + align:start position:0% +definition a +directed uh graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +called uh + + align:start position:0% +called uh + + + align:start position:0% +called uh +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +directed a cyclic graph and we + + align:start position:0% +directed a cyclic graph and we + + + align:start position:0% +directed a cyclic graph and we +abbreviate this by a d a g we call them + + align:start position:0% +abbreviate this by a d a g we call them + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviate this by a d a g we call them +dexs they're used everywhere actually + + align:start position:0% +dexs they're used everywhere actually + + + align:start position:0% +dexs they're used everywhere actually +um if it does + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not if it does not + + align:start position:0% +not if it does not + + + align:start position:0% +not if it does not +contain um + + align:start position:0% +contain um + + + align:start position:0% +contain um +any directed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cycles um so these kinds of graphs are + + align:start position:0% +Cycles um so these kinds of graphs are + + + align:start position:0% +Cycles um so these kinds of graphs are +used in scheduling and optimization and + + align:start position:0% +used in scheduling and optimization and + + + align:start position:0% +used in scheduling and optimization and +uh and we will use them next week in the + + align:start position:0% +uh and we will use them next week in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we will use them next week in the +lecture on partial + + align:start position:0% +lecture on partial + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on partial +orderings okay so now we have done a lot + + align:start position:0% +orderings okay so now we have done a lot + + + align:start position:0% +orderings okay so now we have done a lot +of definitions concerning uh um directed + + align:start position:0% +of definitions concerning uh um directed + + + align:start position:0% +of definitions concerning uh um directed +graphs so now let's talk about these + + align:start position:0% +graphs so now let's talk about these + + + align:start position:0% +graphs so now let's talk about these +very special ones tournament graph and + + align:start position:0% +very special ones tournament graph and + + + align:start position:0% +very special ones tournament graph and +see where we can prove a few really nice + + align:start position:0% +see where we can prove a few really nice + + + align:start position:0% +see where we can prove a few really nice +properties e theorems about + + align:start position:0% +properties e theorems about + + + align:start position:0% +properties e theorems about +them um and uh let's see whether we can + + align:start position:0% +them um and uh let's see whether we can + + + align:start position:0% +them um and uh let's see whether we can +figure that out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together okay so what is a tournament + + align:start position:0% +together okay so what is a tournament + + + align:start position:0% +together okay so what is a tournament +graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in a t in in a tournament graph I + + align:start position:0% +so in a t in in a tournament graph I + + + align:start position:0% +so in a t in in a tournament graph I +have a bunch of fuses and uh essentially + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of fuses and uh essentially + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of fuses and uh essentially +we want to represent like uh like a + + align:start position:0% +we want to represent like uh like a + + + align:start position:0% +we want to represent like uh like a +tournament so every fex say represents a + + align:start position:0% +tournament so every fex say represents a + + + align:start position:0% +tournament so every fex say represents a +team and a team can uh play against + + align:start position:0% +team and a team can uh play against + + + align:start position:0% +team and a team can uh play against +another team and beat them or lose + + align:start position:0% +another team and beat them or lose + + + align:start position:0% +another team and beat them or lose +against the other team so we want to use + + align:start position:0% +against the other team so we want to use + + + align:start position:0% +against the other team so we want to use +the Ed edges to indicate who is winning + + align:start position:0% +the Ed edges to indicate who is winning + + + align:start position:0% +the Ed edges to indicate who is winning +from from whom and uh such types of + + align:start position:0% +from from whom and uh such types of + + + align:start position:0% +from from whom and uh such types of +graphs have a very special property so + + align:start position:0% +graphs have a very special property so + + + align:start position:0% +graphs have a very special property so +let me first um depict one so for + + align:start position:0% +let me first um depict one so for + + + align:start position:0% +let me first um depict one so for +example we have uh e goes to a + + align:start position:0% +example we have uh e goes to a + + + align:start position:0% +example we have uh e goes to a +and goes to + + align:start position:0% +and goes to + + + align:start position:0% +and goes to +B incoming Edge from + + align:start position:0% +B incoming Edge from + + + align:start position:0% +B incoming Edge from +c one coming from d + + align:start position:0% +c one coming from d + + + align:start position:0% +c one coming from d +and over here we have this directed + + align:start position:0% +and over here we have this directed + + + align:start position:0% +and over here we have this directed +Edge + + align:start position:0% +Edge + + + align:start position:0% +Edge +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um we have this + + align:start position:0% +um we have this + + + align:start position:0% +um we have this +one we have this one let me see whether + + align:start position:0% +one we have this one let me see whether + + + align:start position:0% +one we have this one let me see whether +I don't make any mistakes here + + align:start position:0% +I don't make any mistakes here + + + align:start position:0% +I don't make any mistakes here +um and this one I think I have to oh no + + align:start position:0% +um and this one I think I have to oh no + + + align:start position:0% +um and this one I think I have to oh no +and over here is another + + align:start position:0% +and over here is another + + + align:start position:0% +and over here is another +one okay so what do we see in this graph + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what do we see in this graph + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what do we see in this graph +we see that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either uh say Team U + + align:start position:0% +either uh say Team U + + + align:start position:0% +either uh say Team U +beats uh Team V and that means that we + + align:start position:0% +beats uh Team V and that means that we + + + align:start position:0% +beats uh Team V and that means that we +have a directed Edge from U pointing at + + align:start position:0% +have a directed Edge from U pointing at + + + align:start position:0% +have a directed Edge from U pointing at +V + + align:start position:0% +V + + + align:start position:0% +V +or it's the other way around uh V + + align:start position:0% +or it's the other way around uh V + + + align:start position:0% +or it's the other way around uh V +actually beats U and we have a directed + + align:start position:0% +actually beats U and we have a directed + + + align:start position:0% +actually beats U and we have a directed +Edge from V to + + align:start position:0% +Edge from V to + + + align:start position:0% +Edge from V to +U so let's have a look at this graph and + + align:start position:0% +U so let's have a look at this graph and + + + align:start position:0% +U so let's have a look at this graph and +see uh um how this works so well for + + align:start position:0% +see uh um how this works so well for + + + align:start position:0% +see uh um how this works so well for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +we have that b is beating e and e is + + align:start position:0% +we have that b is beating e and e is + + + align:start position:0% +we have that b is beating e and e is +beating a and so on so let's have a look + + align:start position:0% +beating a and so on so let's have a look + + + align:start position:0% +beating a and so on so let's have a look +maybe we can figure out who's the best + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can figure out who's the best + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can figure out who's the best +player in + + align:start position:0% +player in + + + align:start position:0% +player in +here um so this is sort of the general + + align:start position:0% +here um so this is sort of the general + + + align:start position:0% +here um so this is sort of the general +question that we would like to answer + + align:start position:0% +question that we would like to answer + + + align:start position:0% +question that we would like to answer +maybe we cannot answer this so let's + + align:start position:0% +maybe we cannot answer this so let's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we cannot answer this so let's +have an + + align:start position:0% +have an + + + align:start position:0% +have an +example um does anybody see an example + + align:start position:0% +example um does anybody see an example + + + align:start position:0% +example um does anybody see an example +where uh yeah we have for example we + + align:start position:0% +where uh yeah we have for example we + + + align:start position:0% +where uh yeah we have for example we +start with a and then we may beat + + align:start position:0% +start with a and then we may beat + + + align:start position:0% +start with a and then we may beat +another fex and maybe another ferix and + + align:start position:0% +another fex and maybe another ferix and + + + align:start position:0% +another fex and maybe another ferix and +so on until we have covered all the + + align:start position:0% +so on until we have covered all the + + + align:start position:0% +so on until we have covered all the +different fixes do you see a path that + + align:start position:0% +different fixes do you see a path that + + + align:start position:0% +different fixes do you see a path that +works like that and that could give us + + align:start position:0% +works like that and that could give us + + + align:start position:0% +works like that and that could give us +an ordering on who is the best player + + align:start position:0% +an ordering on who is the best player + + + align:start position:0% +an ordering on who is the best player +like the one uh at the top like a is + + align:start position:0% +like the one uh at the top like a is + + + align:start position:0% +like the one uh at the top like a is +able to for example + + align:start position:0% +able to for example + + + align:start position:0% +able to for example +beat B and B is for example able to beat + + align:start position:0% +beat B and B is for example able to beat + + + align:start position:0% +beat B and B is for example able to beat +uh D and this one e and this one C so + + align:start position:0% +uh D and this one e and this one C so + + + align:start position:0% +uh D and this one e and this one C so +you would say okay that's great now I + + align:start position:0% +you would say okay that's great now I + + + align:start position:0% +you would say okay that's great now I +know that this one is the strongest + + align:start position:0% +know that this one is the strongest + + + align:start position:0% +know that this one is the strongest +player but there's a little problem here + + align:start position:0% +player but there's a little problem here + + + align:start position:0% +player but there's a little problem here +right because I I can produce many such + + align:start position:0% +right because I I can produce many such + + + align:start position:0% +right because I I can produce many such +paths and actually if I look at C then + + align:start position:0% +paths and actually if I look at C then + + + align:start position:0% +paths and actually if I look at C then +C beat a as well so that's kind of weird + + align:start position:0% +C beat a as well so that's kind of weird + + + align:start position:0% +C beat a as well so that's kind of weird +uh so wait a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minute we have that there's a directed + + align:start position:0% +minute we have that there's a directed + + + align:start position:0% +minute we have that there's a directed +Edge from c c to a so uh it's like teams + + align:start position:0% +Edge from c c to a so uh it's like teams + + + align:start position:0% +Edge from c c to a so uh it's like teams +beat one another and it's not very clear + + align:start position:0% +beat one another and it's not very clear + + + align:start position:0% +beat one another and it's not very clear +how we can talk about a a best + + align:start position:0% +how we can talk about a a best + + + align:start position:0% +how we can talk about a a best +player well we would have a best player + + align:start position:0% +player well we would have a best player + + + align:start position:0% +player well we would have a best player +if if if if one player sort of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +if if if if one player sort of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +if if if if one player sort of uh uh +wins from everybody else so but there's + + align:start position:0% +wins from everybody else so but there's + + + align:start position:0% +wins from everybody else so but there's +many examples here so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +many examples here so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +many examples here so let's look at +another walk for example C can go to B + + align:start position:0% +another walk for example C can go to B + + + align:start position:0% +another walk for example C can go to B +to D and then to e and then to a so + + align:start position:0% +to D and then to e and then to a so + + + align:start position:0% +to D and then to e and then to a so +there are many possibilities here so + + align:start position:0% +there are many possibilities here so + + + align:start position:0% +there are many possibilities here so +this leads us to uh to a + + align:start position:0% +this leads us to uh to a + + + align:start position:0% +this leads us to uh to a +concept um and we call that a directed + + align:start position:0% +concept um and we call that a directed + + + align:start position:0% +concept um and we call that a directed +hamiltonian um uh a directed hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian um uh a directed hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian um uh a directed hamiltonian +path and we're going to show that in a + + align:start position:0% +path and we're going to show that in a + + + align:start position:0% +path and we're going to show that in a +tournament graph you can always find + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph you can always find + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph you can always find +such a directed Honan path so what's a + + align:start position:0% +such a directed Honan path so what's a + + + align:start position:0% +such a directed Honan path so what's a +Honan path uh this is actually an + + align:start position:0% +Honan path uh this is actually an + + + align:start position:0% +Honan path uh this is actually an +example of it uh there is a walk that + + align:start position:0% +example of it uh there is a walk that + + + align:start position:0% +example of it uh there is a walk that +goes around the graph and visits every + + align:start position:0% +goes around the graph and visits every + + + align:start position:0% +goes around the graph and visits every +fex exactly once + + align:start position:0% +fex exactly once + + + align:start position:0% +fex exactly once +so we we're going to prove that a + + align:start position:0% +so we we're going to prove that a + + + align:start position:0% +so we we're going to prove that a +tournament graph has this beautiful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property okay so let's uh first uh write + + align:start position:0% +property okay so let's uh first uh write + + + align:start position:0% +property okay so let's uh first uh write +out a definition of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directed + + align:start position:0% +directed + + + align:start position:0% +directed +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +path is a directed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +walk um that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +visits + + align:start position:0% +visits + + + align:start position:0% +visits +oh that visits every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fex + + align:start position:0% +fex + + + align:start position:0% +fex +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +once okay so as I said already here we + + align:start position:0% +once okay so as I said already here we + + + align:start position:0% +once okay so as I said already here we +have such an example um here we can go + + align:start position:0% +have such an example um here we can go + + + align:start position:0% +have such an example um here we can go +from A to B to D to e to C maybe there + + align:start position:0% +from A to B to D to e to C maybe there + + + align:start position:0% +from A to B to D to e to C maybe there +are even other examples I did not + + align:start position:0% +are even other examples I did not + + + align:start position:0% +are even other examples I did not +actually see them maybe you can have a + + align:start position:0% +actually see them maybe you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +actually see them maybe you can have a +look at them as well so maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +look at them as well so maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +look at them as well so maybe there's +something that starts at B going to e + + align:start position:0% +something that starts at B going to e + + + align:start position:0% +something that starts at B going to e +maybe that's a very different + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's a very different + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's a very different +Direction like + + align:start position:0% +Direction like + + + align:start position:0% +Direction like +this that will be one as + + align:start position:0% +this that will be one as + + + align:start position:0% +this that will be one as +well and so + + align:start position:0% +well and so + + + align:start position:0% +well and so +forth okay so what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +forth okay so what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +forth okay so what's the what's the +theorem that we want to prove the + + align:start position:0% +theorem that we want to prove the + + + align:start position:0% +theorem that we want to prove the +theorem is that uh we want to show that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +tournament + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph actually contains uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such a directed hematon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +path hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +path + + align:start position:0% +path + + + align:start position:0% +path +okay so let's uh have a look at how we + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's uh have a look at how we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's uh have a look at how we +can prove this um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so what kind of proof technique are + + align:start position:0% +and so what kind of proof technique are + + + align:start position:0% +and so what kind of proof technique are +we going to use um maybe we can uh uh do + + align:start position:0% +we going to use um maybe we can uh uh do + + + align:start position:0% +we going to use um maybe we can uh uh do +you have an + + align:start position:0% +you have an + + + align:start position:0% +you have an +ID like uh well usually we use induction + + align:start position:0% +ID like uh well usually we use induction + + + align:start position:0% +ID like uh well usually we use induction +so that's what we going to do here as + + align:start position:0% +so that's what we going to do here as + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what we going to do here as +well but but what kind of induction + + align:start position:0% +well but but what kind of induction + + + align:start position:0% +well but but what kind of induction +hypothesis can we do so what would we + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis can we do so what would we + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis can we do so what would we +induct on you + + align:start position:0% +induct on you + + + align:start position:0% +induct on you +think May somewhere else maybe somewhere + + align:start position:0% +think May somewhere else maybe somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +think May somewhere else maybe somewhere +up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there the number of notes yeah the + + align:start position:0% +there the number of notes yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +there the number of notes yeah the +number of notes so + + align:start position:0% +number of notes so + + + align:start position:0% +number of notes so +uh we use induction on the number of + + align:start position:0% +uh we use induction on the number of + + + align:start position:0% +uh we use induction on the number of +nodes and uh and why would that be of + + align:start position:0% +nodes and uh and why would that be of + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and uh and why would that be of +interest so let's have a look how we can + + align:start position:0% +interest so let's have a look how we can + + + align:start position:0% +interest so let's have a look how we can +think of that so so when you start + + align:start position:0% +think of that so so when you start + + + align:start position:0% +think of that so so when you start +thinking about such a problem this is + + align:start position:0% +thinking about such a problem this is + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about such a problem this is +really sort of uh um yeah one parameter + + align:start position:0% +really sort of uh um yeah one parameter + + + align:start position:0% +really sort of uh um yeah one parameter +here that's the number of noes in in in + + align:start position:0% +here that's the number of noes in in in + + + align:start position:0% +here that's the number of noes in in in +in in a tournament graph I also have + + align:start position:0% +in in a tournament graph I also have + + + align:start position:0% +in in a tournament graph I also have +edges but if I if if if I think about + + align:start position:0% +edges but if I if if if I think about + + + align:start position:0% +edges but if I if if if I think about +edges then um yeah I could if if if the + + align:start position:0% +edges then um yeah I could if if if the + + + align:start position:0% +edges then um yeah I could if if if the +edges is always uh uh directly related + + align:start position:0% +edges is always uh uh directly related + + + align:start position:0% +edges is always uh uh directly related +to the number of nodes in in a + + align:start position:0% +to the number of nodes in in a + + + align:start position:0% +to the number of nodes in in a +tournament graph so so I really have + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph so so I really have + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph so so I really have +just that one parameter so it it makes + + align:start position:0% +just that one parameter so it it makes + + + align:start position:0% +just that one parameter so it it makes +sense to use induction on the number of + + align:start position:0% +sense to use induction on the number of + + + align:start position:0% +sense to use induction on the number of +nodes so + + align:start position:0% +nodes so + + + align:start position:0% +nodes so +the induct on N where + + align:start position:0% +the induct on N where + + + align:start position:0% +the induct on N where +PN is going to be that + + align:start position:0% +PN is going to be that + + + align:start position:0% +PN is going to be that +every at essentially the theorem holds + + align:start position:0% +every at essentially the theorem holds + + + align:start position:0% +every at essentially the theorem holds +true for a tournament graph on N nodes + + align:start position:0% +true for a tournament graph on N nodes + + + align:start position:0% +true for a tournament graph on N nodes +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +every tournament + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph on N + + align:start position:0% +graph on N + + + align:start position:0% +graph on N +nodes uh actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contains a hamiltonian path + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a directed hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +a directed hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +a directed hamiltonian +path okay so this is my induction + + align:start position:0% +path okay so this is my induction + + + align:start position:0% +path okay so this is my induction +hypothesis so so how can I so when I + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis so so how can I so when I + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis so so how can I so when I +think about that well I feel pretty + + align:start position:0% +think about that well I feel pretty + + + align:start position:0% +think about that well I feel pretty +confident because if I look at the base + + align:start position:0% +confident because if I look at the base + + + align:start position:0% +confident because if I look at the base +case that's how we always + + align:start position:0% +case that's how we always + + + align:start position:0% +case that's how we always +start um well n equals 1 if n equals 1 I + + align:start position:0% +start um well n equals 1 if n equals 1 I + + + align:start position:0% +start um well n equals 1 if n equals 1 I +have just a single vertex there's no + + align:start position:0% +have just a single vertex there's no + + + align:start position:0% +have just a single vertex there's no +edges everything is fine because the + + align:start position:0% +edges everything is fine because the + + + align:start position:0% +edges everything is fine because the +single edge is a directed Honan path so + + align:start position:0% +single edge is a directed Honan path so + + + align:start position:0% +single edge is a directed Honan path so +this is great so this works so what + + align:start position:0% +this is great so this works so what + + + align:start position:0% +this is great so this works so what +about the inductive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +step now with the inductive step we + + align:start position:0% +step now with the inductive step we + + + align:start position:0% +step now with the inductive step we +always proceed in the same way we start + + align:start position:0% +always proceed in the same way we start + + + align:start position:0% +always proceed in the same way we start +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assume that PN is true essentially the + + align:start position:0% +assume that PN is true essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +assume that PN is true essentially the +theorem holds for a t graph on on on N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertices actually let me keep this over + + align:start position:0% +vertices actually let me keep this over + + + align:start position:0% +vertices actually let me keep this over +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now let's uh think about uh how we + + align:start position:0% +so now let's uh think about uh how we + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's uh think about uh how we +can prove this induction step so um I + + align:start position:0% +can prove this induction step so um I + + + align:start position:0% +can prove this induction step so um I +need to prove p n plus of of n plus one + + align:start position:0% +need to prove p n plus of of n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +need to prove p n plus of of n plus one +and so how do I start I have to start + + align:start position:0% +and so how do I start I have to start + + + align:start position:0% +and so how do I start I have to start +with a tournament graph on N plus1 + + align:start position:0% +with a tournament graph on N plus1 + + + align:start position:0% +with a tournament graph on N plus1 +vertices and + + align:start position:0% +vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and +somehow I got to be able to use this uh + + align:start position:0% +somehow I got to be able to use this uh + + + align:start position:0% +somehow I got to be able to use this uh +this property because that's what I + + align:start position:0% +this property because that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +this property because that's what I +assume and the property only holds for a + + align:start position:0% +assume and the property only holds for a + + + align:start position:0% +assume and the property only holds for a +tournament graph on end points so what + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph on end points so what + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph on end points so what +would be a really good strategy to do + + align:start position:0% +would be a really good strategy to do + + + align:start position:0% +would be a really good strategy to do +here to sort of proceed our proof so let + + align:start position:0% +here to sort of proceed our proof so let + + + align:start position:0% +here to sort of proceed our proof so let +me first write out what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +me first write out what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +me first write out what we want to do +here and maybe you can think about how + + align:start position:0% +here and maybe you can think about how + + + align:start position:0% +here and maybe you can think about how +to uh Advance + + align:start position:0% +to uh Advance + + + align:start position:0% +to uh Advance +here so we have assumed + + align:start position:0% +here so we have assumed + + + align:start position:0% +here so we have assumed +PN uh now we want + + align:start position:0% +PN uh now we want + + + align:start position:0% +PN uh now we want +to actually prove something about t + + align:start position:0% +to actually prove something about t + + + align:start position:0% +to actually prove something about t +graphs on N plus one noes so let's + + align:start position:0% +graphs on N plus one noes so let's + + + align:start position:0% +graphs on N plus one noes so let's +consider + + align:start position:0% +consider + + + align:start position:0% +consider +one consider a + + align:start position:0% +one consider a + + + align:start position:0% +one consider a +tournament + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph on n + one uh + + align:start position:0% +graph on n + one uh + + + align:start position:0% +graph on n + one uh +nodes now how can I use my uh my my uh + + align:start position:0% +nodes now how can I use my uh my my uh + + + align:start position:0% +nodes now how can I use my uh my my uh +my induction hypothesis so I start with + + align:start position:0% +my induction hypothesis so I start with + + + align:start position:0% +my induction hypothesis so I start with +this and I want to use something that + + align:start position:0% +this and I want to use something that + + + align:start position:0% +this and I want to use something that +talks about a t graph on N nodes so how + + align:start position:0% +talks about a t graph on N nodes so how + + + align:start position:0% +talks about a t graph on N nodes so how +could could I proceed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so any + + align:start position:0% +here so any + + + align:start position:0% +here so any +suggestions so you so what you usually + + align:start position:0% +suggestions so you so what you usually + + + align:start position:0% +suggestions so you so what you usually +do right if I have like uh n plus one + + align:start position:0% +do right if I have like uh n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +do right if I have like uh n plus one +nodes I have to somehow look at least uh + + align:start position:0% +nodes I have to somehow look at least uh + + + align:start position:0% +nodes I have to somehow look at least uh +maybe there exists a subgraph in this + + align:start position:0% +maybe there exists a subgraph in this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there exists a subgraph in this +bigger graph so so that's really how you + + align:start position:0% +bigger graph so so that's really how you + + + align:start position:0% +bigger graph so so that's really how you +always think about these types of proofs + + align:start position:0% +always think about these types of proofs + + + align:start position:0% +always think about these types of proofs +also other problems so so there must be + + align:start position:0% +also other problems so so there must be + + + align:start position:0% +also other problems so so there must be +some kind of subgraph that already has + + align:start position:0% +some kind of subgraph that already has + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of subgraph that already has +this uh property + + align:start position:0% +this uh property + + + align:start position:0% +this uh property +well uh well let's take out one note and + + align:start position:0% +well uh well let's take out one note and + + + align:start position:0% +well uh well let's take out one note and +see what + + align:start position:0% +see what + + + align:start position:0% +see what +happens uh because then we have one node + + align:start position:0% +happens uh because then we have one node + + + align:start position:0% +happens uh because then we have one node +less and maybe we will be able to apply + + align:start position:0% +less and maybe we will be able to apply + + + align:start position:0% +less and maybe we will be able to apply +uh our uh induction step okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +uh our uh induction step okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh our uh induction step okay so let's +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +out uh one note + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fe + + align:start position:0% +Fe + + + align:start position:0% +Fe +um and what can we say about the + + align:start position:0% +um and what can we say about the + + + align:start position:0% +um and what can we say about the +remaining graph if we take out one note + + align:start position:0% +remaining graph if we take out one note + + + align:start position:0% +remaining graph if we take out one note +for example if I take out uh the note E + + align:start position:0% +for example if I take out uh the note E + + + align:start position:0% +for example if I take out uh the note E +over here and I just look at all the + + align:start position:0% +over here and I just look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +over here and I just look at all the +rest I can still see that for all the + + align:start position:0% +rest I can still see that for all the + + + align:start position:0% +rest I can still see that for all the +other nodes uh either say U beats V or V + + align:start position:0% +other nodes uh either say U beats V or V + + + align:start position:0% +other nodes uh either say U beats V or V +beats U so I still have an edge in One + + align:start position:0% +beats U so I still have an edge in One + + + align:start position:0% +beats U so I still have an edge in One +Direction between each two uh nodes so + + align:start position:0% +Direction between each two uh nodes so + + + align:start position:0% +Direction between each two uh nodes so +actually I still have a tournament graph + + align:start position:0% +actually I still have a tournament graph + + + align:start position:0% +actually I still have a tournament graph +so that's great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this gives a a tournament graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so essentially so far we really haven't + + align:start position:0% +so essentially so far we really haven't + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially so far we really haven't +done anything creative or or anything + + align:start position:0% +done anything creative or or anything + + + align:start position:0% +done anything creative or or anything +that we had to make a big leap in order + + align:start position:0% +that we had to make a big leap in order + + + align:start position:0% +that we had to make a big leap in order +to prove this + + align:start position:0% +to prove this + + + align:start position:0% +to prove this +theorem um we started out with if you + + align:start position:0% +theorem um we started out with if you + + + align:start position:0% +theorem um we started out with if you +want to prove something like this we + + align:start position:0% +want to prove something like this we + + + align:start position:0% +want to prove something like this we +have to really look at the number of + + align:start position:0% +have to really look at the number of + + + align:start position:0% +have to really look at the number of +vertices and then we start to to to + + align:start position:0% +vertices and then we start to to to + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and then we start to to to +write down this stuff over here that + + align:start position:0% +write down this stuff over here that + + + align:start position:0% +write down this stuff over here that +makes total sense and then we uh are + + align:start position:0% +makes total sense and then we uh are + + + align:start position:0% +makes total sense and then we uh are +going to uh figure out whether we can + + align:start position:0% +going to uh figure out whether we can + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh figure out whether we can +use this induction step and so we just + + align:start position:0% +use this induction step and so we just + + + align:start position:0% +use this induction step and so we just +take out one note and yes it is a + + align:start position:0% +take out one note and yes it is a + + + align:start position:0% +take out one note and yes it is a +tournament + + align:start position:0% +tournament + + + align:start position:0% +tournament +graph um on N + + align:start position:0% +graph um on N + + + align:start position:0% +graph um on N +noes so this is very systematic that's + + align:start position:0% +noes so this is very systematic that's + + + align:start position:0% +noes so this is very systematic that's +what I try to get at here so by the + + align:start position:0% +what I try to get at here so by the + + + align:start position:0% +what I try to get at here so by the +induction step Because by the induction + + align:start position:0% +induction step Because by the induction + + + align:start position:0% +induction step Because by the induction +hypothesis I mean we can use this we we + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis I mean we can use this we we + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis I mean we can use this we we +know now that we actually have a + + align:start position:0% +know now that we actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +know now that we actually have a +hamiltonian uh directed hamiltonian path + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian uh directed hamiltonian path + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian uh directed hamiltonian path +so let um V1 to + + align:start position:0% +so let um V1 to + + + align:start position:0% +so let um V1 to +V2 to VN be such a + + align:start position:0% +V2 to VN be such a + + + align:start position:0% +V2 to VN be such a +path so uh so now that we can use this + + align:start position:0% +path so uh so now that we can use this + + + align:start position:0% +path so uh so now that we can use this +we apply it and we get a path so now + + align:start position:0% +we apply it and we get a path so now + + + align:start position:0% +we apply it and we get a path so now +what do we want to do we want to show + + align:start position:0% +what do we want to do we want to show + + + align:start position:0% +what do we want to do we want to show +that we can create a new path which is + + align:start position:0% +that we can create a new path which is + + + align:start position:0% +that we can create a new path which is +also a directed hamiltonian path but now + + align:start position:0% +also a directed hamiltonian path but now + + + align:start position:0% +also a directed hamiltonian path but now +one that also includes V in the bigger + + align:start position:0% +one that also includes V in the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +one that also includes V in the bigger +graph if we can do that we're done so + + align:start position:0% +graph if we can do that we're done so + + + align:start position:0% +graph if we can do that we're done so +now we have to start really looking at + + align:start position:0% +now we have to start really looking at + + + align:start position:0% +now we have to start really looking at +um how we can make that happen um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in order to do + + align:start position:0% +so in order to do + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to do +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um well we have to see how we can + + align:start position:0% +um well we have to see how we can + + + align:start position:0% +um well we have to see how we can +somehow plug V the vertex that we have + + align:start position:0% +somehow plug V the vertex that we have + + + align:start position:0% +somehow plug V the vertex that we have +removed in this path over here if we can + + align:start position:0% +removed in this path over here if we can + + + align:start position:0% +removed in this path over here if we can +do this this we are uh in really good + + align:start position:0% +do this this we are uh in really good + + + align:start position:0% +do this this we are uh in really good +shape um now so far we haven't used at + + align:start position:0% +shape um now so far we haven't used at + + + align:start position:0% +shape um now so far we haven't used at +all so that's also something that you + + align:start position:0% +all so that's also something that you + + + align:start position:0% +all so that's also something that you +can look at if you start solving such + + align:start position:0% +can look at if you start solving such + + + align:start position:0% +can look at if you start solving such +types of problems um we haven't looked + + align:start position:0% +types of problems um we haven't looked + + + align:start position:0% +types of problems um we haven't looked +at all we we haven't used at all uh the + + align:start position:0% +at all we we haven't used at all uh the + + + align:start position:0% +at all we we haven't used at all uh the +property that the tournament graph has + + align:start position:0% +property that the tournament graph has + + + align:start position:0% +property that the tournament graph has +which I just wiped out but uh um so + + align:start position:0% +which I just wiped out but uh um so + + + align:start position:0% +which I just wiped out but uh um so +let's uh figure out what we can do here + + align:start position:0% +let's uh figure out what we can do here + + + align:start position:0% +let's uh figure out what we can do here +so something uh we should be able to use + + align:start position:0% +so something uh we should be able to use + + + align:start position:0% +so something uh we should be able to use +something so of course we have a few + + align:start position:0% +something so of course we have a few + + + align:start position:0% +something so of course we have a few +simple cases for example if V has a + + align:start position:0% +simple cases for example if V has a + + + align:start position:0% +simple cases for example if V has a +directed Edge into V1 well of course + + align:start position:0% +directed Edge into V1 well of course + + + align:start position:0% +directed Edge into V1 well of course +then I have a longer then I have a Honan + + align:start position:0% +then I have a longer then I have a Honan + + + align:start position:0% +then I have a longer then I have a Honan +path that goes from V to V1 to V2 all + + align:start position:0% +path that goes from V to V1 to V2 all + + + align:start position:0% +path that goes from V to V1 to V2 all +the way to VN and then I cover all the + + align:start position:0% +the way to VN and then I cover all the + + + align:start position:0% +the way to VN and then I cover all the +vertices exactly once and I will have a + + align:start position:0% +vertices exactly once and I will have a + + + align:start position:0% +vertices exactly once and I will have a +directed hamiltonian path so this is + + align:start position:0% +directed hamiltonian path so this is + + + align:start position:0% +directed hamiltonian path so this is +great so this is definitely + + align:start position:0% +great so this is definitely + + + align:start position:0% +great so this is definitely +easy so so this was case one and case + + align:start position:0% +easy so so this was case one and case + + + align:start position:0% +easy so so this was case one and case +two um suppose that V1 has a directed + + align:start position:0% +two um suppose that V1 has a directed + + + align:start position:0% +two um suppose that V1 has a directed +Edge to + + align:start position:0% +Edge to + + + align:start position:0% +Edge to +v um H so now we have a little + + align:start position:0% +v um H so now we have a little + + + align:start position:0% +v um H so now we have a little +problem because somehow there is an edge + + align:start position:0% +problem because somehow there is an edge + + + align:start position:0% +problem because somehow there is an edge +like this to V but this is but but I + + align:start position:0% +like this to V but this is but but I + + + align:start position:0% +like this to V but this is but but I +cannot go like this this is not a + + align:start position:0% +cannot go like this this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +cannot go like this this is not a +hamiltonian path I need to have a + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian path I need to have a + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian path I need to have a +directed walk from uh that covers all + + align:start position:0% +directed walk from uh that covers all + + + align:start position:0% +directed walk from uh that covers all +the vertices exactly once so now I have + + align:start position:0% +the vertices exactly once so now I have + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices exactly once so now I have +a little problem so now we have to start + + align:start position:0% +a little problem so now we have to start + + + align:start position:0% +a little problem so now we have to start +really thinking about how we can solve + + align:start position:0% +really thinking about how we can solve + + + align:start position:0% +really thinking about how we can solve +this so are there any suggestions to + + align:start position:0% +this so are there any suggestions to + + + align:start position:0% +this so are there any suggestions to +make this + + align:start position:0% +make this + + + align:start position:0% +make this +happen so let's think a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +happen so let's think a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +happen so let's think a little bit about +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so somehow right if if I start + + align:start position:0% +so so somehow right if if I start + + + align:start position:0% +so so somehow right if if I start +thinking about this I would like to to + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this I would like to to + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this I would like to to +to plug V somewhere in this sequence + + align:start position:0% +to plug V somewhere in this sequence + + + align:start position:0% +to plug V somewhere in this sequence +that would be like a pretty obvious way + + align:start position:0% +that would be like a pretty obvious way + + + align:start position:0% +that would be like a pretty obvious way +to go ahead yeah so in that case v + + align:start position:0% +to go ahead yeah so in that case v + + + align:start position:0% +to go ahead yeah so in that case v +either beats V2 or is beaten by + + align:start position:0% +either beats V2 or is beaten by + + + align:start position:0% +either beats V2 or is beaten by +V2 true and so whichever one whichever + + align:start position:0% +V2 true and so whichever one whichever + + + align:start position:0% +V2 true and so whichever one whichever +and V2 one comes + + align:start position:0% +and V2 one comes + + + align:start position:0% +and V2 one comes +first yeah that's that's true so for + + align:start position:0% +first yeah that's that's true so for + + + align:start position:0% +first yeah that's that's true so for +example uh I may have that this one is + + align:start position:0% +example uh I may have that this one is + + + align:start position:0% +example uh I may have that this one is +that that for example V2 beats v as well + + align:start position:0% +that that for example V2 beats v as well + + + align:start position:0% +that that for example V2 beats v as well +for example but suppose that I have V3 + + align:start position:0% +for example but suppose that I have V3 + + + align:start position:0% +for example but suppose that I have V3 +over here and this one beats + + align:start position:0% +over here and this one beats + + + align:start position:0% +over here and this one beats +V3 then as you say I could sort of plug + + align:start position:0% +V3 then as you say I could sort of plug + + + align:start position:0% +V3 then as you say I could sort of plug +V in here in this sequence and I may + + align:start position:0% +V in here in this sequence and I may + + + align:start position:0% +V in here in this sequence and I may +have a longer sequence or if this is not + + align:start position:0% +have a longer sequence or if this is not + + + align:start position:0% +have a longer sequence or if this is not +the case then uh maybe the next one um + + align:start position:0% +the case then uh maybe the next one um + + + align:start position:0% +the case then uh maybe the next one um +V4 may have that property and I can plug + + align:start position:0% +V4 may have that property and I can plug + + + align:start position:0% +V4 may have that property and I can plug +V in here so essentially what I want to + + align:start position:0% +V in here so essentially what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +V in here so essentially what I want to +show is is that that V is I can plug V + + align:start position:0% +show is is that that V is I can plug V + + + align:start position:0% +show is is that that V is I can plug V +somewhere in the middle of two of these + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the middle of two of these + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the middle of two of these +uh V and the property that you were + + align:start position:0% +uh V and the property that you were + + + align:start position:0% +uh V and the property that you were +using is actually that you said well I + + align:start position:0% +using is actually that you said well I + + + align:start position:0% +using is actually that you said well I +know that V V2 either beats V or V beats + + align:start position:0% +know that V V2 either beats V or V beats + + + align:start position:0% +know that V V2 either beats V or V beats +V2 so that's the property of the + + align:start position:0% +V2 so that's the property of the + + + align:start position:0% +V2 so that's the property of the +tournament graph that we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph that we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph that we're going to use +here in order to prove + + align:start position:0% +here in order to prove + + + align:start position:0% +here in order to prove +this so yes that's a great observation + + align:start position:0% +this so yes that's a great observation + + + align:start position:0% +this so yes that's a great observation +so now it would be so the way you + + align:start position:0% +so now it would be so the way you + + + align:start position:0% +so now it would be so the way you +formulated it we can maybe uh use + + align:start position:0% +formulated it we can maybe uh use + + + align:start position:0% +formulated it we can maybe uh use +induction for example to prove this we + + align:start position:0% +induction for example to prove this we + + + align:start position:0% +induction for example to prove this we +can sort of uh try to to to I mean you + + align:start position:0% +can sort of uh try to to to I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of uh try to to to I mean you +sort of go recursively through this + + align:start position:0% +sort of go recursively through this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of go recursively through this +until you find the right spot maybe we + + align:start position:0% +until you find the right spot maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +until you find the right spot maybe we +can immediately precisely indicate such + + align:start position:0% +can immediately precisely indicate such + + + align:start position:0% +can immediately precisely indicate such +a spot so how do we usually do that if + + align:start position:0% +a spot so how do we usually do that if + + + align:start position:0% +a spot so how do we usually do that if +if you are thinking about um other + + align:start position:0% +if you are thinking about um other + + + align:start position:0% +if you are thinking about um other +theorems that you have tried to + + align:start position:0% +theorems that you have tried to + + + align:start position:0% +theorems that you have tried to +prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah where's the first + + align:start position:0% +yeah where's the first + + + align:start position:0% +yeah where's the first +place what's the smallest value of I + + align:start position:0% +place what's the smallest value of I + + + align:start position:0% +place what's the smallest value of I +such that V beats VI + + align:start position:0% +such that V beats VI + + + align:start position:0% +such that V beats VI +okay so let's see so what's the smallest + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see so what's the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see so what's the smallest +value of I where V beats V yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +value of I where V beats V yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +value of I where V beats V yeah so so +what you're doing here is that + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing here is that + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing here is that +you you think about uh like uh + + align:start position:0% +you you think about uh like uh + + + align:start position:0% +you you think about uh like uh +uh so usually we have words in our mind + + align:start position:0% +uh so usually we have words in our mind + + + align:start position:0% +uh so usually we have words in our mind +like largest or smallest or or or Etc + + align:start position:0% +like largest or smallest or or or Etc + + + align:start position:0% +like largest or smallest or or or Etc +and and sort of an extreme position and + + align:start position:0% +and and sort of an extreme position and + + + align:start position:0% +and and sort of an extreme position and +then we like like to find out whether we + + align:start position:0% +then we like like to find out whether we + + + align:start position:0% +then we like like to find out whether we +can make that happen and then we say + + align:start position:0% +can make that happen and then we say + + + align:start position:0% +can make that happen and then we say +well if that is not if if if something + + align:start position:0% +well if that is not if if if something + + + align:start position:0% +well if that is not if if if something +goes wrong we violate that smallest + + align:start position:0% +goes wrong we violate that smallest + + + align:start position:0% +goes wrong we violate that smallest +condition okay so let's do that here so + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so let's do that here so + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so let's do that here so +let's indicate a specific spot so he was + + align:start position:0% +let's indicate a specific spot so he was + + + align:start position:0% +let's indicate a specific spot so he was +suggesting let's consider the + + align:start position:0% +suggesting let's consider the + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting let's consider the +smallest I uh such + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +V beats v i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well let's have a look how this + + align:start position:0% +okay well let's have a look how this + + + align:start position:0% +okay well let's have a look how this +would work + + align:start position:0% +would work + + + align:start position:0% +would work +um so this is a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +um so this is a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is a little bit of a +different proof than what what I had but + + align:start position:0% +different proof than what what I had but + + + align:start position:0% +different proof than what what I had but +this should be but this should work fine + + align:start position:0% +this should be but this should work fine + + + align:start position:0% +this should be but this should work fine +as well so let's just see how it works + + align:start position:0% +as well so let's just see how it works + + + align:start position:0% +as well so let's just see how it works +um okay um so we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V1 and we go to uh well first of all we + + align:start position:0% +V1 and we go to uh well first of all we + + + align:start position:0% +V1 and we go to uh well first of all we +notice that of course if if I equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +notice that of course if if I equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +notice that of course if if I equals 1 +which which that cannot be the case so + + align:start position:0% +which which that cannot be the case so + + + align:start position:0% +which which that cannot be the case so +we know that I is larger than one so + + align:start position:0% +we know that I is larger than one so + + + align:start position:0% +we know that I is larger than one so +there's really uh somewhere a v i minus + + align:start position:0% +there's really uh somewhere a v i minus + + + align:start position:0% +there's really uh somewhere a v i minus +one we have to check that right that + + align:start position:0% +one we have to check that right that + + + align:start position:0% +one we have to check that right that +that exists that this is this index is + + align:start position:0% +that exists that this is this index is + + + align:start position:0% +that exists that this is this index is +not equal to zero it goes to VI and then + + align:start position:0% +not equal to zero it goes to VI and then + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to zero it goes to VI and then +goes all the way up to V uh K or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VN um so now we say + + align:start position:0% +VN um so now we say + + + align:start position:0% +VN um so now we say +uh we can use this that V actually beats + + align:start position:0% +uh we can use this that V actually beats + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can use this that V actually beats +VI so now what about uh so so maybe + + align:start position:0% +VI so now what about uh so so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +VI so now what about uh so so maybe +someone else can help me here um I would + + align:start position:0% +someone else can help me here um I would + + + align:start position:0% +someone else can help me here um I would +like to have that v i minus one uh beats + + align:start position:0% +like to have that v i minus one uh beats + + + align:start position:0% +like to have that v i minus one uh beats +V right that would be fantastic because + + align:start position:0% +V right that would be fantastic because + + + align:start position:0% +V right that would be fantastic because +then I have a path that goes from V1 all + + align:start position:0% +then I have a path that goes from V1 all + + + align:start position:0% +then I have a path that goes from V1 all +the way up here goes here goes there and + + align:start position:0% +the way up here goes here goes there and + + + align:start position:0% +the way up here goes here goes there and +all the way up to here so we have a + + align:start position:0% +all the way up to here so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +all the way up to here so we have a +directed malonian path that covers all + + align:start position:0% +directed malonian path that covers all + + + align:start position:0% +directed malonian path that covers all +the edge all the vertices exactly once + + align:start position:0% +the edge all the vertices exactly once + + + align:start position:0% +the edge all the vertices exactly once +and that's what we want to prove but why + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we want to prove but why + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we want to prove but why +would there be an edge that goes this + + align:start position:0% +would there be an edge that goes this + + + align:start position:0% +would there be an edge that goes this +way so what's uh so so how do we reason + + align:start position:0% +way so what's uh so so how do we reason + + + align:start position:0% +way so what's uh so so how do we reason +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this maybe some someone else there + + align:start position:0% +this maybe some someone else there + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe some someone else there +because VI is the smallest number that v + + align:start position:0% +because VI is the smallest number that v + + + align:start position:0% +because VI is the smallest number that v +um feeds then anything smaller than I + + align:start position:0% +um feeds then anything smaller than I + + + align:start position:0% +um feeds then anything smaller than I +must have be + + align:start position:0% +must have be + + + align:start position:0% +must have be +exactly so yeah so if uh actually V + + align:start position:0% +exactly so yeah so if uh actually V + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so yeah so if uh actually V +would beat V IUS one well that would + + align:start position:0% +would beat V IUS one well that would + + + align:start position:0% +would beat V IUS one well that would +contradict this smallest property over + + align:start position:0% +contradict this smallest property over + + + align:start position:0% +contradict this smallest property over +here so that's a contradiction now I use + + align:start position:0% +here so that's a contradiction now I use + + + align:start position:0% +here so that's a contradiction now I use +the property of the tournament graph so + + align:start position:0% +the property of the tournament graph so + + + align:start position:0% +the property of the tournament graph so +now I know that f i minus one must be V + + align:start position:0% +now I know that f i minus one must be V + + + align:start position:0% +now I know that f i minus one must be V +so I really have an edge over + + align:start position:0% +so I really have an edge over + + + align:start position:0% +so I really have an edge over +here uh so that works so this is the end + + align:start position:0% +here uh so that works so this is the end + + + align:start position:0% +here uh so that works so this is the end +of the proof now other version could + + align:start position:0% +of the proof now other version could + + + align:start position:0% +of the proof now other version could +have been uh in which we would do + + align:start position:0% +have been uh in which we would do + + + align:start position:0% +have been uh in which we would do +something similar like this but we could + + align:start position:0% +something similar like this but we could + + + align:start position:0% +something similar like this but we could +also have used say the largest + + align:start position:0% +also have used say the largest + + + align:start position:0% +also have used say the largest +eye just something that you may want to + + align:start position:0% +eye just something that you may want to + + + align:start position:0% +eye just something that you may want to +look at you can also use that the the + + align:start position:0% +look at you can also use that the the + + + align:start position:0% +look at you can also use that the the +largest ey such + + align:start position:0% +largest ey such + + + align:start position:0% +largest ey such +that um VI beats V we we have a + + align:start position:0% +that um VI beats V we we have a + + + align:start position:0% +that um VI beats V we we have a +completely symmetrical argument here but + + align:start position:0% +completely symmetrical argument here but + + + align:start position:0% +completely symmetrical argument here but +you could use this solution as well so + + align:start position:0% +you could use this solution as well so + + + align:start position:0% +you could use this solution as well so +I'm just trying to sketch here the way + + align:start position:0% +I'm just trying to sketch here the way + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just trying to sketch here the way +of thinking that you may want to + + align:start position:0% +of thinking that you may want to + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking that you may want to +consider in these types of problems so + + align:start position:0% +consider in these types of problems so + + + align:start position:0% +consider in these types of problems so +why would this work by the way oh we + + align:start position:0% +why would this work by the way oh we + + + align:start position:0% +why would this work by the way oh we +have a similar kind of argument like + + align:start position:0% +have a similar kind of argument like + + + align:start position:0% +have a similar kind of argument like +this we plug V right after VI we know + + align:start position:0% +this we plug V right after VI we know + + + align:start position:0% +this we plug V right after VI we know +there is an edge from V to VI + one why + + align:start position:0% +there is an edge from V to VI + one why + + + align:start position:0% +there is an edge from V to VI + one why +if it's not the case there will be a + + align:start position:0% +if it's not the case there will be a + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not the case there will be a +larger index I that contradicts our + + align:start position:0% +larger index I that contradicts our + + + align:start position:0% +larger index I that contradicts our +assumption that we have the largest I + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we have the largest I + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we have the largest I +already it's a tournament graph so we + + align:start position:0% +already it's a tournament graph so we + + + align:start position:0% +already it's a tournament graph so we +know that there's an edge from uh V to v + + align:start position:0% +know that there's an edge from uh V to v + + + align:start position:0% +know that there's an edge from uh V to v +i + 1 and we get the direct hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +i + 1 and we get the direct hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +i + 1 and we get the direct hamiltonian +path as well so you may want to look at + + align:start position:0% +path as well so you may want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +path as well so you may want to look at +that as + + align:start position:0% +that as + + + align:start position:0% +that as +well okay so um let's talk about a uh so + + align:start position:0% +well okay so um let's talk about a uh so + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so um let's talk about a uh so +so this is about the tournament graphs + + align:start position:0% +so this is about the tournament graphs + + + align:start position:0% +so this is about the tournament graphs +so let's talk about uh an interesting uh + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about uh an interesting uh + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about uh an interesting uh +tournament graph with a funny + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph with a funny + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph with a funny +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +um and uh this is actually a a chicken + + align:start position:0% +um and uh this is actually a a chicken + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh this is actually a a chicken +tournament like uh the chickens here + + align:start position:0% +tournament like uh the chickens here + + + align:start position:0% +tournament like uh the chickens here +represent the feres and they are pack + + align:start position:0% +represent the feres and they are pack + + + align:start position:0% +represent the feres and they are pack +one another but uh and then there's + + align:start position:0% +one another but uh and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +one another but uh and then there's +certain rule that defines a chicken to + + align:start position:0% +certain rule that defines a chicken to + + + align:start position:0% +certain rule that defines a chicken to +be the King chicken so let's see how + + align:start position:0% +be the King chicken so let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +be the King chicken so let's see how +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +works okay so um so that's a great + + align:start position:0% +works okay so um so that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +works okay so um so that's a great +application of of of graph + + align:start position:0% +application of of of graph + + + align:start position:0% +application of of of graph +Theory so um so what do we have we have + + align:start position:0% +Theory so um so what do we have we have + + + align:start position:0% +Theory so um so what do we have we have +that either a + + align:start position:0% +that either a + + + align:start position:0% +that either a +chicken + + align:start position:0% +chicken + + + align:start position:0% +chicken +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +PS um a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chicken + + align:start position:0% +chicken + + + align:start position:0% +chicken +V and we say that U has a directed Edge + + align:start position:0% +V and we say that U has a directed Edge + + + align:start position:0% +V and we say that U has a directed Edge +to V so we're actually defining a two Li + + align:start position:0% +to V so we're actually defining a two Li + + + align:start position:0% +to V so we're actually defining a two Li +graph here or we have a chicken V that + + align:start position:0% +graph here or we have a chicken V that + + + align:start position:0% +graph here or we have a chicken V that +packs a chicken uh U and we get V has + + align:start position:0% +packs a chicken uh U and we get V has + + + align:start position:0% +packs a chicken uh U and we get V has +directed Edge to U so we have a + + align:start position:0% +directed Edge to U so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +directed Edge to U so we have a +tournament graph but now we Define + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph but now we Define + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph but now we Define +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +new we say that uh you virtually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PS + + align:start position:0% +PS + + + align:start position:0% +PS +v if one of the two conditions hold one + + align:start position:0% +v if one of the two conditions hold one + + + align:start position:0% +v if one of the two conditions hold one +of these two conditions either you of + + align:start position:0% +of these two conditions either you of + + + align:start position:0% +of these two conditions either you of +course packs Fe so that's + + align:start position:0% +course packs Fe so that's + + + align:start position:0% +course packs Fe so that's +great he's in good + + align:start position:0% +great he's in good + + + align:start position:0% +great he's in good +shape + + align:start position:0% +shape + + + align:start position:0% +shape +um or there exists another chicken W + + align:start position:0% +um or there exists another chicken W + + + align:start position:0% +um or there exists another chicken W +such that U actually packs + + align:start position:0% +such that U actually packs + + + align:start position:0% +such that U actually packs +W and uh W in + + align:start position:0% +W and uh W in + + + align:start position:0% +W and uh W in +turn PEX + + align:start position:0% +turn PEX + + + align:start position:0% +turn PEX +Fe so this is a very special + + align:start position:0% +Fe so this is a very special + + + align:start position:0% +Fe so this is a very special +um kind of uh relationship so we are + + align:start position:0% +um kind of uh relationship so we are + + + align:start position:0% +um kind of uh relationship so we are +wondering now oh so you virtually PEX Fe + + align:start position:0% +wondering now oh so you virtually PEX Fe + + + align:start position:0% +wondering now oh so you virtually PEX Fe +yeah so that's correct so so we + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's correct so so we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's correct so so we +wondering now can we now Define + + align:start position:0% +wondering now can we now Define + + + align:start position:0% +wondering now can we now Define +something oh is that a question one + + align:start position:0% +something oh is that a question one + + + align:start position:0% +something oh is that a question one +chicken in between to be virtually + + align:start position:0% +chicken in between to be virtually + + + align:start position:0% +chicken in between to be virtually +pecked there only like is one chicken in + + align:start position:0% +pecked there only like is one chicken in + + + align:start position:0% +pecked there only like is one chicken in +between you and the other one + + align:start position:0% +between you and the other one + + + align:start position:0% +between you and the other one +uh well there can be multiple chickens + + align:start position:0% +uh well there can be multiple chickens + + + align:start position:0% +uh well there can be multiple chickens +in between here actually so it's true + + align:start position:0% +in between here actually so it's true + + + align:start position:0% +in between here actually so it's true +that you know I may have several friends + + align:start position:0% +that you know I may have several friends + + + align:start position:0% +that you know I may have several friends +that help me out acting someone else + + align:start position:0% +that help me out acting someone else + + + align:start position:0% +that help me out acting someone else +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so so when we were looking at at at at + + align:start position:0% +so so when we were looking at at at at + + + align:start position:0% +so so when we were looking at at at at +these um at these tournament graphs we + + align:start position:0% +these um at these tournament graphs we + + + align:start position:0% +these um at these tournament graphs we +were wondering uh you know can we really + + align:start position:0% +were wondering uh you know can we really + + + align:start position:0% +were wondering uh you know can we really +indicate a winning uh uh player well in + + align:start position:0% +indicate a winning uh uh player well in + + + align:start position:0% +indicate a winning uh uh player well in +this case if you start to talk about + + align:start position:0% +this case if you start to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +this case if you start to talk about +virtual packing you look at the packing + + align:start position:0% +virtual packing you look at the packing + + + align:start position:0% +virtual packing you look at the packing +order then um well we can actually + + align:start position:0% +order then um well we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +order then um well we can actually +Define something like uh a chicken King + + align:start position:0% +Define something like uh a chicken King + + + align:start position:0% +Define something like uh a chicken King +so let me uh write that + + align:start position:0% +so let me uh write that + + + align:start position:0% +so let me uh write that +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +so and actually let me first uh let me + + align:start position:0% +so and actually let me first uh let me + + + align:start position:0% +so and actually let me first uh let me +first exp explain what I mean here and + + align:start position:0% +first exp explain what I mean here and + + + align:start position:0% +first exp explain what I mean here and +then give an example of a graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so a + + align:start position:0% +okay so a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a +chicken that is able to + + align:start position:0% +chicken that is able to + + + align:start position:0% +chicken that is able to +virtually + + align:start position:0% +virtually + + + align:start position:0% +virtually +pack everyone + + align:start position:0% +pack everyone + + + align:start position:0% +pack everyone +else we will call a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +king So chicken at virtual packs um + + align:start position:0% +king So chicken at virtual packs um + + + align:start position:0% +king So chicken at virtual packs um +every other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chicken every other + + align:start position:0% +chicken every other + + + align:start position:0% +chicken every other +chicken um we will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +call is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +king a king + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chicken so let's give an example of uh + + align:start position:0% +chicken so let's give an example of uh + + + align:start position:0% +chicken so let's give an example of uh +of a graph so for example suppose I have + + align:start position:0% +of a graph so for example suppose I have + + + align:start position:0% +of a graph so for example suppose I have +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +chickens that uh know how to Peck one + + align:start position:0% +chickens that uh know how to Peck one + + + align:start position:0% +chickens that uh know how to Peck one +another in this order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so who in the packing party here is + + align:start position:0% +so who in the packing party here is + + + align:start position:0% +so who in the packing party here is +going to be king do you see + + align:start position:0% +going to be king do you see + + + align:start position:0% +going to be king do you see +uh some solutions + + align:start position:0% +uh some solutions + + + align:start position:0% +uh some solutions +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so so take for example this one so this + + align:start position:0% +so so take for example this one so this + + + align:start position:0% +so so take for example this one so this +one packs this + + align:start position:0% +one packs this + + + align:start position:0% +one packs this +one um Can it also virtually because we + + align:start position:0% +one um Can it also virtually because we + + + align:start position:0% +one um Can it also virtually because we +talk about virtually packing can it also + + align:start position:0% +talk about virtually packing can it also + + + align:start position:0% +talk about virtually packing can it also +pack this one over here it does right it + + align:start position:0% +pack this one over here it does right it + + + align:start position:0% +pack this one over here it does right it +packs this one and this one helps out + + align:start position:0% +packs this one and this one helps out + + + align:start position:0% +packs this one and this one helps out +and can pack both this one and this one + + align:start position:0% +and can pack both this one and this one + + + align:start position:0% +and can pack both this one and this one +wow that's cool so this one is + + align:start position:0% +wow that's cool so this one is + + + align:start position:0% +wow that's cool so this one is +King uh this one + + align:start position:0% +King uh this one + + + align:start position:0% +King uh this one +actually well let's have a look uh it + + align:start position:0% +actually well let's have a look uh it + + + align:start position:0% +actually well let's have a look uh it +packs this one and this one can it + + align:start position:0% +packs this one and this one can it + + + align:start position:0% +packs this one and this one can it +virtually also pack this one yay there's + + align:start position:0% +virtually also pack this one yay there's + + + align:start position:0% +virtually also pack this one yay there's +a friend over here that is doing that + + align:start position:0% +a friend over here that is doing that + + + align:start position:0% +a friend over here that is doing that +for him so this one is actually also a + + align:start position:0% +for him so this one is actually also a + + + align:start position:0% +for him so this one is actually also a +king so he can you can have multiple + + align:start position:0% +king so he can you can have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +king so he can you can have multiple +King chickens in here + + align:start position:0% +King chickens in here + + + align:start position:0% +King chickens in here +uh what about this one the same + + align:start position:0% +uh what about this one the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh what about this one the same +story packs this one PS this + + align:start position:0% +story packs this one PS this + + + align:start position:0% +story packs this one PS this +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +and uh yeah and virtually oh no wait a + + align:start position:0% +and uh yeah and virtually oh no wait a + + + align:start position:0% +and uh yeah and virtually oh no wait a +minute is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one top one on the + + align:start position:0% +one top one on the + + + align:start position:0% +one top one on the +left oh yeah over here this this yeah so + + align:start position:0% +left oh yeah over here this this yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +left oh yeah over here this this yeah so +this one is King as well now what about + + align:start position:0% +this one is King as well now what about + + + align:start position:0% +this one is King as well now what about +this one well it can pack this one + + align:start position:0% +this one well it can pack this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one well it can pack this one +and then it's in one more step from here + + align:start position:0% +and then it's in one more step from here + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's in one more step from here +because there's only one outgoing Edge + + align:start position:0% +because there's only one outgoing Edge + + + align:start position:0% +because there's only one outgoing Edge +it can virtually pack this one but not + + align:start position:0% +it can virtually pack this one but not + + + align:start position:0% +it can virtually pack this one but not +this one so this one is definitely the + + align:start position:0% +this one so this one is definitely the + + + align:start position:0% +this one so this one is definitely the +looser of the of the four so uh he's + + align:start position:0% +looser of the of the four so uh he's + + + align:start position:0% +looser of the of the four so uh he's +he's not the king and so now what we + + align:start position:0% +he's not the king and so now what we + + + align:start position:0% +he's not the king and so now what we +want to prove is is is a theorem that uh + + align:start position:0% +want to prove is is is a theorem that uh + + + align:start position:0% +want to prove is is is a theorem that uh +sort of tries to identify one of the + + align:start position:0% +sort of tries to identify one of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tries to identify one of the +chickens that we know for sure is going + + align:start position:0% +chickens that we know for sure is going + + + align:start position:0% +chickens that we know for sure is going +to be king so you can have multiple + + align:start position:0% +to be king so you can have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +to be king so you can have multiple +Kings but maybe there is one chicken + + align:start position:0% +Kings but maybe there is one chicken + + + align:start position:0% +Kings but maybe there is one chicken +that from our intuition we may feel is + + align:start position:0% +that from our intuition we may feel is + + + align:start position:0% +that from our intuition we may feel is +definitely going to be uh King so what + + align:start position:0% +definitely going to be uh King so what + + + align:start position:0% +definitely going to be uh King so what +would be a good uh intuition so we're + + align:start position:0% +would be a good uh intuition so we're + + + align:start position:0% +would be a good uh intuition so we're +talking here about virtual packing uh we + + align:start position:0% +talking here about virtual packing uh we + + + align:start position:0% +talking here about virtual packing uh we +have that this definition so what what + + align:start position:0% +have that this definition so what what + + + align:start position:0% +have that this definition so what what +kind of uh uh note in in in in a + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh uh note in in in in a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh uh note in in in in a +tournament graph essentially would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh can we know for sure that that that + + align:start position:0% +uh can we know for sure that that that + + + align:start position:0% +uh can we know for sure that that that +is a king do you have an intuition for a + + align:start position:0% +is a king do you have an intuition for a + + + align:start position:0% +is a king do you have an intuition for a +theorem that we may want to prove + + align:start position:0% +theorem that we may want to prove + + + align:start position:0% +theorem that we may want to prove +so that's often what we do in + + align:start position:0% +so that's often what we do in + + + align:start position:0% +so that's often what we do in +mathematics we have some kind of funny + + align:start position:0% +mathematics we have some kind of funny + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics we have some kind of funny +new structure and then we want to find + + align:start position:0% +new structure and then we want to find + + + align:start position:0% +new structure and then we want to find +out whether we can prove interesting + + align:start position:0% +out whether we can prove interesting + + + align:start position:0% +out whether we can prove interesting +properties about it so we start to + + align:start position:0% +properties about it so we start to + + + align:start position:0% +properties about it so we start to +search for actual uh nice properties in + + align:start position:0% +search for actual uh nice properties in + + + align:start position:0% +search for actual uh nice properties in +theorem so in this case uh it makes + + align:start position:0% +theorem so in this case uh it makes + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so in this case uh it makes +sense that uh that the fex that has the + + align:start position:0% +sense that uh that the fex that has the + + + align:start position:0% +sense that uh that the fex that has the +most outgoing edges may be always King + + align:start position:0% +most outgoing edges may be always King + + + align:start position:0% +most outgoing edges may be always King +so can can we prove this so that's what + + align:start position:0% +so can can we prove this so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +so can can we prove this so that's what +we're going to do so that's the theorem + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do so that's the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do so that's the theorem +and let's see whether we can uh do this + + align:start position:0% +and let's see whether we can uh do this + + + align:start position:0% +and let's see whether we can uh do this +in an in an elegant + + align:start position:0% +in an in an elegant + + + align:start position:0% +in an in an elegant +way so the theorem is that even though + + align:start position:0% +way so the theorem is that even though + + + align:start position:0% +way so the theorem is that even though +there are multiple Kings as indicated in + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple Kings as indicated in + + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple Kings as indicated in +that particular example that may happen + + align:start position:0% +that particular example that may happen + + + align:start position:0% +that particular example that may happen +but I certainly know that the + + align:start position:0% +but I certainly know that the + + + align:start position:0% +but I certainly know that the +chicken that has + + align:start position:0% +chicken that has + + + align:start position:0% +chicken that has +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +highest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +igreen is definitely a king + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the way we're going to prove this uh + + align:start position:0% +and the way we're going to prove this uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we're going to prove this uh +is uh by contradiction let's assume + + align:start position:0% +is uh by contradiction let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +is uh by contradiction let's assume +that's not the case I mean that must be + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case I mean that must be + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case I mean that must be +really really weird I mean if you are + + align:start position:0% +really really weird I mean if you are + + + align:start position:0% +really really weird I mean if you are +the one who has the largest out degree + + align:start position:0% +the one who has the largest out degree + + + align:start position:0% +the one who has the largest out degree +it means that you can directly just by + + align:start position:0% +it means that you can directly just by + + + align:start position:0% +it means that you can directly just by +yourself pack the most others so suppose + + align:start position:0% +yourself pack the most others so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +yourself pack the most others so suppose +you are not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +King so by contradiction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so first of all uh let you uh have + + align:start position:0% +um so first of all uh let you uh have + + + align:start position:0% +um so first of all uh let you uh have +the highest out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degree and we want to uh + + align:start position:0% +degree and we want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +degree and we want to uh +show that this U is king So we let's + + align:start position:0% +show that this U is king So we let's + + + align:start position:0% +show that this U is king So we let's +assume the + + align:start position:0% +assume the + + + align:start position:0% +assume the +contrary so let's + + align:start position:0% +contrary so let's + + + align:start position:0% +contrary so let's +suppose that you is not King + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what does that + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does that +mean so let's uh look at the definition + + align:start position:0% +mean so let's uh look at the definition + + + align:start position:0% +mean so let's uh look at the definition +over there and see what it + + align:start position:0% +over there and see what it + + + align:start position:0% +over there and see what it +means that uh that U is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +King so that means that uh that that + + align:start position:0% +King so that means that uh that that + + + align:start position:0% +King so that means that uh that that +both those conditions are violated right + + align:start position:0% +both those conditions are violated right + + + align:start position:0% +both those conditions are violated right +because if one of those two holds I know + + align:start position:0% +because if one of those two holds I know + + + align:start position:0% +because if one of those two holds I know +uh I mean I know there must be one + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean I know there must be one + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean I know there must be one +vertex v such that U does not virtually + + align:start position:0% +vertex v such that U does not virtually + + + align:start position:0% +vertex v such that U does not virtually +pack V so I know + + align:start position:0% +pack V so I know + + + align:start position:0% +pack V so I know +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so let's see what that uh what that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +implies so I know that there must be a v + + align:start position:0% +implies so I know that there must be a v + + + align:start position:0% +implies so I know that there must be a v +such that U does not virtually pack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V so uh well maybe you can help me out + + align:start position:0% +V so uh well maybe you can help me out + + + align:start position:0% +V so uh well maybe you can help me out +what does that mean so it mean that it + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean so it mean that it + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean so it mean that it +means that both these conditions are not + + align:start position:0% +means that both these conditions are not + + + align:start position:0% +means that both these conditions are not +true so let's look at the first so U PS + + align:start position:0% +true so let's look at the first so U PS + + + align:start position:0% +true so let's look at the first so U PS +v if that's not true and we're in a + + align:start position:0% +v if that's not true and we're in a + + + align:start position:0% +v if that's not true and we're in a +tournament graph we know that V must uh + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph we know that V must uh + + + align:start position:0% +tournament graph we know that V must uh +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +U so we have this and we also know that + + align:start position:0% +U so we have this and we also know that + + + align:start position:0% +U so we have this and we also know that +the other condition the second one over + + align:start position:0% +the other condition the second one over + + + align:start position:0% +the other condition the second one over +here does not hold so what's the + + align:start position:0% +here does not hold so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +here does not hold so what's the +negation of this uh of this uh of the + + align:start position:0% +negation of this uh of this uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +negation of this uh of this uh of the +second condition maybe you can help me + + align:start position:0% +second condition maybe you can help me + + + align:start position:0% +second condition maybe you can help me +out so we have here there exists a w + + align:start position:0% +out so we have here there exists a w + + + align:start position:0% +out so we have here there exists a w +such that U packs W and W packs V so how + + align:start position:0% +such that U packs W and W packs V so how + + + align:start position:0% +such that U packs W and W packs V so how +do we negate that uh that logical + + align:start position:0% +do we negate that uh that logical + + + align:start position:0% +do we negate that uh that logical +expression + + align:start position:0% +expression + + + align:start position:0% +expression +so for all that's great so for all + + align:start position:0% +so for all that's great so for all + + + align:start position:0% +so for all that's great so for all +W uh what's over there is not true so + + align:start position:0% +W uh what's over there is not true so + + + align:start position:0% +W uh what's over there is not true so +can we formulate that a little bit + + align:start position:0% +can we formulate that a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +can we formulate that a little bit +better so it's not true that you PEX W + + align:start position:0% +better so it's not true that you PEX W + + + align:start position:0% +better so it's not true that you PEX W +and W PS v so that means that + + align:start position:0% +and W PS v so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +and W PS v so that means that +either uh you know uh you PEX V PEX W is + + align:start position:0% +either uh you know uh you PEX V PEX W is + + + align:start position:0% +either uh you know uh you PEX V PEX W is +not true or W PEX Fe is not true so + + align:start position:0% +not true or W PEX Fe is not true so + + + align:start position:0% +not true or W PEX Fe is not true so +let's write that down so we have that um + + align:start position:0% +let's write that down so we have that um + + + align:start position:0% +let's write that down so we have that um +that uh well let's just write it all out + + align:start position:0% +that uh well let's just write it all out + + + align:start position:0% +that uh well let's just write it all out +so not uh U PEX + + align:start position:0% +so not uh U PEX + + + align:start position:0% +so not uh U PEX +W or uh + + align:start position:0% +W or uh + + + align:start position:0% +W or uh +not W PEX V uh well how can we rewrite + + align:start position:0% +not W PEX V uh well how can we rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +not W PEX V uh well how can we rewrite +this well it's a tournament graph right + + align:start position:0% +this well it's a tournament graph right + + + align:start position:0% +this well it's a tournament graph right +so we know that W + + align:start position:0% +so we know that W + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that W +PS + + align:start position:0% +PS + + + align:start position:0% +PS +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +um uh or uh this particular condition + + align:start position:0% +um uh or uh this particular condition + + + align:start position:0% +um uh or uh this particular condition +which is uh v p w so + + align:start position:0% +which is uh v p w so + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh v p w so +maybe so what do I have here is this + + align:start position:0% +maybe so what do I have here is this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe so what do I have here is this +going in the right direction + + align:start position:0% +going in the right direction + + + align:start position:0% +going in the right direction +um well I want to prove something about + + align:start position:0% +um well I want to prove something about + + + align:start position:0% +um well I want to prove something about +uh about that uh if if I use + + align:start position:0% +uh about that uh if if I use + + + align:start position:0% +uh about that uh if if I use +contradiction and I suppose that you is + + align:start position:0% +contradiction and I suppose that you is + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction and I suppose that you is +not the + + align:start position:0% +not the + + + align:start position:0% +not the +king um I've assumed that you has the + + align:start position:0% +king um I've assumed that you has the + + + align:start position:0% +king um I've assumed that you has the +highest out degree so I want to show + + align:start position:0% +highest out degree so I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +highest out degree so I want to show +that I somehow violate that so somehow + + align:start position:0% +that I somehow violate that so somehow + + + align:start position:0% +that I somehow violate that so somehow +I'm able to construct some fex fee uh + + align:start position:0% +I'm able to construct some fex fee uh + + + align:start position:0% +I'm able to construct some fex fee uh +and by negating that you is not a king + + align:start position:0% +and by negating that you is not a king + + + align:start position:0% +and by negating that you is not a king +it seems that this verdex fee makes a + + align:start position:0% +it seems that this verdex fee makes a + + + align:start position:0% +it seems that this verdex fee makes a +really good candidate to show that it + + align:start position:0% +really good candidate to show that it + + + align:start position:0% +really good candidate to show that it +there a higher out degree than you so + + align:start position:0% +there a higher out degree than you so + + + align:start position:0% +there a higher out degree than you so +let's see whether we can do this um we + + align:start position:0% +let's see whether we can do this um we + + + align:start position:0% +let's see whether we can do this um we +can rewrite this logical expression once + + align:start position:0% +can rewrite this logical expression once + + + align:start position:0% +can rewrite this logical expression once +more we can also say that well + + align:start position:0% +more we can also say that well + + + align:start position:0% +more we can also say that well +if U packs + + align:start position:0% +if U packs + + + align:start position:0% +if U packs +W so this is not true then it must be + + align:start position:0% +W so this is not true then it must be + + + align:start position:0% +W so this is not true then it must be +true that this one holds + + align:start position:0% +true that this one holds + + + align:start position:0% +true that this one holds +because uh if that's not the case then + + align:start position:0% +because uh if that's not the case then + + + align:start position:0% +because uh if that's not the case then +this condition is not true so so if you + + align:start position:0% +this condition is not true so so if you + + + align:start position:0% +this condition is not true so so if you +PS W then this is not true so then it + + align:start position:0% +PS W then this is not true so then it + + + align:start position:0% +PS W then this is not true so then it +must be the case that that is true so V + + align:start position:0% +must be the case that that is true so V + + + align:start position:0% +must be the case that that is true so V +uh um p w so now let's have a look at V + + align:start position:0% +uh um p w so now let's have a look at V + + + align:start position:0% +uh um p w so now let's have a look at V +we notice that for all outgoing edges + + align:start position:0% +we notice that for all outgoing edges + + + align:start position:0% +we notice that for all outgoing edges +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +U uh there exists a similar outgoing + + align:start position:0% +U uh there exists a similar outgoing + + + align:start position:0% +U uh there exists a similar outgoing +Edge for for for + + align:start position:0% +Edge for for for + + + align:start position:0% +Edge for for for +V but V has one more outgoing Edge V + + align:start position:0% +V but V has one more outgoing Edge V + + + align:start position:0% +V but V has one more outgoing Edge V +actually is an outgoing Edge to U so + + align:start position:0% +actually is an outgoing Edge to U so + + + align:start position:0% +actually is an outgoing Edge to U so +what do we see here that that the out + + align:start position:0% +what do we see here that that the out + + + align:start position:0% +what do we see here that that the out +degree of V is actually at least the out + + align:start position:0% +degree of V is actually at least the out + + + align:start position:0% +degree of V is actually at least the out +degree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of U which is this particular condition + + align:start position:0% +of U which is this particular condition + + + align:start position:0% +of U which is this particular condition +over here that we show here for all w we + + align:start position:0% +over here that we show here for all w we + + + align:start position:0% +over here that we show here for all w we +have that this is true plus and we have + + align:start position:0% +have that this is true plus and we have + + + align:start position:0% +have that this is true plus and we have +an extra one is this one oh but now we + + align:start position:0% +an extra one is this one oh but now we + + + align:start position:0% +an extra one is this one oh but now we +have a contradiction because we said + + align:start position:0% +have a contradiction because we said + + + align:start position:0% +have a contradiction because we said +that U has the highest out degree but it + + align:start position:0% +that U has the highest out degree but it + + + align:start position:0% +that U has the highest out degree but it +turns out that we have constructed one + + align:start position:0% +turns out that we have constructed one + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that we have constructed one +that has a higher out degree so that's a + + align:start position:0% +that has a higher out degree so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that has a higher out degree so that's a +contradiction that means that our + + align:start position:0% +contradiction that means that our + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction that means that our +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +assumption um is actually wrong so + + align:start position:0% +assumption um is actually wrong so + + + align:start position:0% +assumption um is actually wrong so +suppose that you is not King was a wrong + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you is not King was a wrong + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you is not King was a wrong +assumption and you must be + + align:start position:0% +assumption and you must be + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and you must be +king so that's the end of this + + align:start position:0% +king so that's the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +king so that's the end of this +proof okay so this is the end of this + + align:start position:0% +proof okay so this is the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +proof okay so this is the end of this +lecture and so see you tomorrow at + + align:start position:0% +lecture and so see you tomorrow at + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and so see you tomorrow at +recitation and next week we'll we will + + align:start position:0% +recitation and next week we'll we will + + + align:start position:0% +recitation and next week we'll we will +continue with communication graphs and + + align:start position:0% +continue with communication graphs and + + + align:start position:0% +continue with communication graphs and +partial orderings \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/E97SZm2ZrBo.txt b/E97SZm2ZrBo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21abda11ef07598f1bf17ee8eca3d5835931080d --- /dev/null +++ b/E97SZm2ZrBo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2347 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay uh well my problem today is a + + align:start position:0% +okay uh well my problem today is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh well my problem today is a +little different because I don't have + + align:start position:0% +little different because I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +little different because I don't have +two initial conditions as we normally + + align:start position:0% +two initial conditions as we normally + + + align:start position:0% +two initial conditions as we normally +have for a second order differential + + align:start position:0% +have for a second order differential + + + align:start position:0% +have for a second order differential +equation instead I have two boundary + + align:start position:0% +equation instead I have two boundary + + + align:start position:0% +equation instead I have two boundary +conditions uh so let me show you the + + align:start position:0% +conditions uh so let me show you the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions uh so let me show you the +equation so I'm changing T to X because + + align:start position:0% +equation so I'm changing T to X because + + + align:start position:0% +equation so I'm changing T to X because +I'm thinking of this as a problem in + + align:start position:0% +I'm thinking of this as a problem in + + + align:start position:0% +I'm thinking of this as a problem in +space rather than in time so there's the + + align:start position:0% +space rather than in time so there's the + + + align:start position:0% +space rather than in time so there's the +second derivative the minus sign is for + + align:start position:0% +second derivative the minus sign is for + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative the minus sign is for +convenience this is the + + align:start position:0% +convenience this is the + + + align:start position:0% +convenience this is the +load but here's the new + + align:start position:0% +load but here's the new + + + align:start position:0% +load but here's the new +thing the the b i I'm on an interval 0 + + align:start position:0% +thing the the b i I'm on an interval 0 + + + align:start position:0% +thing the the b i I'm on an interval 0 +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +one and at zero I let me take zero for + + align:start position:0% +one and at zero I let me take zero for + + + align:start position:0% +one and at zero I let me take zero for +the two boundary conditions so my + + align:start position:0% +the two boundary conditions so my + + + align:start position:0% +the two boundary conditions so my +solution somehow does something like + + align:start position:0% +solution somehow does something like + + + align:start position:0% +solution somehow does something like +this maybe up and back down so it's zero + + align:start position:0% +this maybe up and back down so it's zero + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe up and back down so it's zero +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +zero there and in between it solves the + + align:start position:0% +zero there and in between it solves the + + + align:start position:0% +zero there and in between it solves the +differential + + align:start position:0% +differential + + + align:start position:0% +differential +equation not a big difference but it it + + align:start position:0% +equation not a big difference but it it + + + align:start position:0% +equation not a big difference but it it +you'll see that it's entirely new type + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that it's entirely new type + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that it's entirely new type +of problem okay as far as the solution + + align:start position:0% +of problem okay as far as the solution + + + align:start position:0% +of problem okay as far as the solution +to the equation goes there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +to the equation goes there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +to the equation goes there's nothing +enormously new I still have a y + + align:start position:0% +enormously new I still have a y + + + align:start position:0% +enormously new I still have a y +particular the a particular solution who + + align:start position:0% +particular the a particular solution who + + + align:start position:0% +particular the a particular solution who +that solves the equation and then I + + align:start position:0% +that solves the equation and then I + + + align:start position:0% +that solves the equation and then I +still have the Y null the homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +still have the Y null the homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +still have the Y null the homogeneous +solution any solution that solves the + + align:start position:0% +solution any solution that solves the + + + align:start position:0% +solution any solution that solves the +equation with zero on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +equation with zero on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +equation with zero on the right hand +side and in this example this is + + align:start position:0% +side and in this example this is + + + align:start position:0% +side and in this example this is +especially simple the null equation + + align:start position:0% +especially simple the null equation + + + align:start position:0% +especially simple the null equation +would be second derivative equals zero + + align:start position:0% +would be second derivative equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +would be second derivative equals zero +and those are the equ those are the + + align:start position:0% +and those are the equ those are the + + + align:start position:0% +and those are the equ those are the +functions linear functions that have + + align:start position:0% +functions linear functions that have + + + align:start position:0% +functions linear functions that have +second derivative equals z so there's + + align:start position:0% +second derivative equals z so there's + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative equals z so there's +the general solution and now I have to + + align:start position:0% +the general solution and now I have to + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution and now I have to +put in not the initial conditions but + + align:start position:0% +put in not the initial conditions but + + + align:start position:0% +put in not the initial conditions but +the boundary conditions okay so uh so I + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions okay so uh so I + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions okay so uh so I +substitute xal 0 and I substitute x = 1 + + align:start position:0% +substitute xal 0 and I substitute x = 1 + + + align:start position:0% +substitute xal 0 and I substitute x = 1 +to into this I have to find y particular + + align:start position:0% +to into this I have to find y particular + + + align:start position:0% +to into this I have to find y particular +I'll do two examples I'll do two + + align:start position:0% +I'll do two examples I'll do two + + + align:start position:0% +I'll do two examples I'll do two +examples but but the general principle + + align:start position:0% +examples but but the general principle + + + align:start position:0% +examples but but the general principle +is to get these numbers these constants + + align:start position:0% +is to get these numbers these constants + + + align:start position:0% +is to get these numbers these constants +like C1 and C2 from the boundary + + align:start position:0% +like C1 and C2 from the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +like C1 and C2 from the boundary +conditions I'll put put in xal 0 and + + align:start position:0% +conditions I'll put put in xal 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +conditions I'll put put in xal 0 and +then I'll have y of 0 which is uh uh y + + align:start position:0% +then I'll have y of 0 which is uh uh y + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll have y of 0 which is uh uh y +particular at zero still Define plus C * + + align:start position:0% +particular at zero still Define plus C * + + + align:start position:0% +particular at zero still Define plus C * +0 + D is that's that's the solution at + + align:start position:0% +0 + D is that's that's the solution at + + + align:start position:0% +0 + D is that's that's the solution at +the Left End which is supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +the Left End which is supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +the Left End which is supposed to be +zero and then at the right hand end I + + align:start position:0% +zero and then at the right hand end I + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then at the right hand end I +have whatever this particular solution + + align:start position:0% +have whatever this particular solution + + + align:start position:0% +have whatever this particular solution +is at one plus plus now I'm putting in x + + align:start position:0% +is at one plus plus now I'm putting in x + + + align:start position:0% +is at one plus plus now I'm putting in x += 1 I'm just plugging in X = 0 and then + + align:start position:0% += 1 I'm just plugging in X = 0 and then + + + align:start position:0% += 1 I'm just plugging in X = 0 and then +x = 1 at x = 1 I have C+ + + align:start position:0% +x = 1 at x = 1 I have C+ + + + align:start position:0% +x = 1 at x = 1 I have C+ +D C + D and that gives me zero the two + + align:start position:0% +D C + D and that gives me zero the two + + + align:start position:0% +D C + D and that gives me zero the two +zeros come from there and + + align:start position:0% +zeros come from there and + + + align:start position:0% +zeros come from there and +there okay two + + align:start position:0% +there okay two + + + align:start position:0% +there okay two +equations they give me C and D so I'm + + align:start position:0% +equations they give me C and D so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +equations they give me C and D so I'm +all solved once I I know how to I know + + align:start position:0% +all solved once I I know how to I know + + + align:start position:0% +all solved once I I know how to I know +how to proceed once I find a particular + + align:start position:0% +how to proceed once I find a particular + + + align:start position:0% +how to proceed once I find a particular +solution so I'll just do two examples + + align:start position:0% +solution so I'll just do two examples + + + align:start position:0% +solution so I'll just do two examples +they'll have two particular Solutions + + align:start position:0% +they'll have two particular Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +they'll have two particular Solutions +and there are the most important + + align:start position:0% +and there are the most important + + + align:start position:0% +and there are the most important +examples in applications so let me uh + + align:start position:0% +examples in applications so let me uh + + + align:start position:0% +examples in applications so let me uh +start with the first example so my first + + align:start position:0% +start with the first example so my first + + + align:start position:0% +start with the first example so my first +example is going to be uh the equation + + align:start position:0% +example is going to be uh the equation + + + align:start position:0% +example is going to be uh the equation +minus DC y dx2 = 1 that will be my load + + align:start position:0% +minus DC y dx2 = 1 that will be my load + + + align:start position:0% +minus DC y dx2 = 1 that will be my load +f ofx is going to be one so I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +f ofx is going to be one so I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +f ofx is going to be one so I'm looking +for a particular solution to that + + align:start position:0% +for a particular solution to that + + + align:start position:0% +for a particular solution to that +equation and of course I can find a + + align:start position:0% +equation and of course I can find a + + + align:start position:0% +equation and of course I can find a +function whose second derivative is one + + align:start position:0% +function whose second derivative is one + + + align:start position:0% +function whose second derivative is one +or maybe minus one my function will be + + align:start position:0% +or maybe minus one my function will be + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe minus one my function will be +well if I want the second derivative to + + align:start position:0% +well if I want the second derivative to + + + align:start position:0% +well if I want the second derivative to +be one then probably a half X2 is the + + align:start position:0% +be one then probably a half X2 is the + + + align:start position:0% +be one then probably a half X2 is the +right thing and that would give me a + + align:start position:0% +right thing and that would give me a + + + align:start position:0% +right thing and that would give me a +minus so I think I have a half minus a + + align:start position:0% +minus so I think I have a half minus a + + + align:start position:0% +minus so I think I have a half minus a +half + + align:start position:0% +half + + + align:start position:0% +half +X2 that solves the equation and now I + + align:start position:0% +X2 that solves the equation and now I + + + align:start position:0% +X2 that solves the equation and now I +have the CX plus + + align:start position:0% +have the CX plus + + + align:start position:0% +have the CX plus +d the + + align:start position:0% +d the + + + align:start position:0% +d the +homogeneous the null solution and now I + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous the null solution and now I + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous the null solution and now I +plug in and again I'm always taking y of + + align:start position:0% +plug in and again I'm always taking y of + + + align:start position:0% +plug in and again I'm always taking y of +Z to be zero and also y one to be zero + + align:start position:0% +Z to be zero and also y one to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +Z to be zero and also y one to be zero +boundary conditions again boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions again boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions again boundary +conditions not initial condition okay + + align:start position:0% +conditions not initial condition okay + + + align:start position:0% +conditions not initial condition okay +plug in xal 0 at xal 0 what do I + + align:start position:0% +plug in xal 0 at xal 0 what do I + + + align:start position:0% +plug in xal 0 at xal 0 what do I +learn xal Z that's zero that's zero so I + + align:start position:0% +learn xal Z that's zero that's zero so I + + + align:start position:0% +learn xal Z that's zero that's zero so I +learn that D is zero + + align:start position:0% +learn that D is zero + + + align:start position:0% +learn that D is zero +at x = 1 what do I learn this is minus a + + align:start position:0% +at x = 1 what do I learn this is minus a + + + align:start position:0% +at x = 1 what do I learn this is minus a +half D is zero now so and X is one so I + + align:start position:0% +half D is zero now so and X is one so I + + + align:start position:0% +half D is zero now so and X is one so I +think we learned C is plus a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +half okay with that at at xal 1 I'm + + align:start position:0% +half okay with that at at xal 1 I'm + + + align:start position:0% +half okay with that at at xal 1 I'm +supposed to get zero from the boundary + + align:start position:0% +supposed to get zero from the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to get zero from the boundary +condition so I have minus a half plus a + + align:start position:0% +condition so I have minus a half plus a + + + align:start position:0% +condition so I have minus a half plus a +half plus Z I do get zero this is good + + align:start position:0% +half plus Z I do get zero this is good + + + align:start position:0% +half plus Z I do get zero this is good +so this answer is + + align:start position:0% +so this answer is + + + align:start position:0% +so this answer is +uh CX then is + + align:start position:0% +uh CX then is + + + align:start position:0% +uh CX then is +12x - 12 + + align:start position:0% +12x - 12 + + + align:start position:0% +12x - 12 +x^2 that's + + align:start position:0% +x^2 that's + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 that's +it that's my solution that that function + + align:start position:0% +it that's my solution that that function + + + align:start position:0% +it that's my solution that that function +is zero at both ends and it's uh solves + + align:start position:0% +is zero at both ends and it's uh solves + + + align:start position:0% +is zero at both ends and it's uh solves +the differential equation so that's a + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation so that's a +simple example and maybe I can uh give + + align:start position:0% +simple example and maybe I can uh give + + + align:start position:0% +simple example and maybe I can uh give +you a + + align:start position:0% +you a + + + align:start position:0% +you a +application uh suppose I have a a rod + + align:start position:0% +application uh suppose I have a a rod + + + align:start position:0% +application uh suppose I have a a rod +here here's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar and those lines that I put at the + + align:start position:0% +bar and those lines that I put at the + + + align:start position:0% +bar and those lines that I put at the +top and bottom are the ones that give me + + align:start position:0% +top and bottom are the ones that give me + + + align:start position:0% +top and bottom are the ones that give me +the boundary conditions and I have a + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions and I have a + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions and I have a +weight a a weight just a weight of one + + align:start position:0% +weight a a weight just a weight of one + + + align:start position:0% +weight a a weight just a weight of one +maybe the bar + + align:start position:0% +maybe the bar + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the bar +itself is it gives it will uh elastic + + align:start position:0% +itself is it gives it will uh elastic + + + align:start position:0% +itself is it gives it will uh elastic +for Gravity will pull displace the bar + + align:start position:0% +for Gravity will pull displace the bar + + + align:start position:0% +for Gravity will pull displace the bar +downwards because of its weight it's + + align:start position:0% +downwards because of its weight it's + + + align:start position:0% +downwards because of its weight it's +elastic and the this function gives me + + align:start position:0% +elastic and the this function gives me + + + align:start position:0% +elastic and the this function gives me +the this solution gives me the the the + + align:start position:0% +the this solution gives me the the the + + + align:start position:0% +the this solution gives me the the the +uh distribution if I go down a distance + + align:start position:0% +uh distribution if I go down a distance + + + align:start position:0% +uh distribution if I go down a distance +X then that tells me that this part of + + align:start position:0% +X then that tells me that this part of + + + align:start position:0% +X then that tells me that this part of +the bar originally at X will move down + + align:start position:0% +the bar originally at X will move down + + + align:start position:0% +the bar originally at X will move down +by an additional Y moves Mo so this is + + align:start position:0% +by an additional Y moves Mo so this is + + + align:start position:0% +by an additional Y moves Mo so this is +now at x + Y ofx and that's the Y and + + align:start position:0% +now at x + Y ofx and that's the Y and + + + align:start position:0% +now at x + Y ofx and that's the Y and +that is zero at the bottom zero at the + + align:start position:0% +that is zero at the bottom zero at the + + + align:start position:0% +that is zero at the bottom zero at the +top and positive in + + align:start position:0% +top and positive in + + + align:start position:0% +top and positive in +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +okay that that was a pretty quick + + align:start position:0% +okay that that was a pretty quick + + + align:start position:0% +okay that that was a pretty quick +description of an application and more + + align:start position:0% +description of an application and more + + + align:start position:0% +description of an application and more +to more important a pretty quick + + align:start position:0% +to more important a pretty quick + + + align:start position:0% +to more important a pretty quick +solution to the problem can I do a + + align:start position:0% +solution to the problem can I do a + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the problem can I do a +second example that won't be quite as + + align:start position:0% +second example that won't be quite as + + + align:start position:0% +second example that won't be quite as +easy + + align:start position:0% +easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy +okay so again my equation is going to be + + align:start position:0% +okay so again my equation is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again my equation is going to be +be minus the second + + align:start position:0% +be minus the second + + + align:start position:0% +be minus the second +derivative equals a load but now it will + + align:start position:0% +derivative equals a load but now it will + + + align:start position:0% +derivative equals a load but now it will +be a point load a point + + align:start position:0% +be a point load a point + + + align:start position:0% +be a point load a point +load that's a point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +load at x = a this is my friend the + + align:start position:0% +load at x = a this is my friend the + + + align:start position:0% +load at x = a this is my friend the +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +function the Delta function you remember + + align:start position:0% +function the Delta function you remember + + + align:start position:0% +function the Delta function you remember +is zero except at that one point where + + align:start position:0% +is zero except at that one point where + + + align:start position:0% +is zero except at that one point where +this is zero this is zero at the point x + + align:start position:0% +this is zero this is zero at the point x + + + align:start position:0% +this is zero this is zero at the point x +equal a in my little picture of a of + + align:start position:0% +equal a in my little picture of a of + + + align:start position:0% +equal a in my little picture of a of +a physical + + align:start position:0% +a physical + + + align:start position:0% +a physical +problem now I don't have any weight in + + align:start position:0% +problem now I don't have any weight in + + + align:start position:0% +problem now I don't have any weight in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +bar the the bar is uh weight thin + + align:start position:0% +bar the the bar is uh weight thin + + + align:start position:0% +bar the the bar is uh weight thin +weightless but I'm putting on at the + + align:start position:0% +weightless but I'm putting on at the + + + align:start position:0% +weightless but I'm putting on at the +point xal a right at this point I'm + + align:start position:0% +point xal a right at this point I'm + + + align:start position:0% +point xal a right at this point I'm +attaching a weight so this distance is + + align:start position:0% +attaching a weight so this distance is + + + align:start position:0% +attaching a weight so this distance is +xal a here's my weight my load hanging + + align:start position:0% +xal a here's my weight my load hanging + + + align:start position:0% +xal a here's my weight my load hanging +hanging at this point so I can see what + + align:start position:0% +hanging at this point so I can see what + + + align:start position:0% +hanging at this point so I can see what +will happen that load hanging down there + + align:start position:0% +will happen that load hanging down there + + + align:start position:0% +will happen that load hanging down there +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +stretch the part above the bar above the + + align:start position:0% +stretch the part above the bar above the + + + align:start position:0% +stretch the part above the bar above the +load and compress the part below the + + align:start position:0% +load and compress the part below the + + + align:start position:0% +load and compress the part below the +load so it's a point load very important + + align:start position:0% +load so it's a point load very important + + + align:start position:0% +load so it's a point load very important +application okay now I have that + + align:start position:0% +application okay now I have that + + + align:start position:0% +application okay now I have that +equation to solve okay I can solve it on + + align:start position:0% +equation to solve okay I can solve it on + + + align:start position:0% +equation to solve okay I can solve it on +the on one side of a x equal a and I can + + align:start position:0% +the on one side of a x equal a and I can + + + align:start position:0% +the on one side of a x equal a and I can +solve it on the other side of x equal a + + align:start position:0% +solve it on the other side of x equal a + + + align:start position:0% +solve it on the other side of x equal a +let me do that for X less than + + align:start position:0% +let me do that for X less than + + + align:start position:0% +let me do that for X less than +a I have minus the second + + align:start position:0% +a I have minus the second + + + align:start position:0% +a I have minus the second +derivative and what's the Delta function + + align:start position:0% +derivative and what's the Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and what's the Delta function +for X below a on the left side of the + + align:start position:0% +for X below a on the left side of the + + + align:start position:0% +for X below a on the left side of the +spike + + align:start position:0% +spike + + + align:start position:0% +spike +zero and X on the right side of the of + + align:start position:0% +zero and X on the right side of the of + + + align:start position:0% +zero and X on the right side of the of +the load again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and what we what are the solutions + + align:start position:0% +zero and what we what are the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +zero and what we what are the solutions +to the null equation Y is CX + D on the + + align:start position:0% +to the null equation Y is CX + D on the + + + align:start position:0% +to the null equation Y is CX + D on the +left side of the load there and now here + + align:start position:0% +left side of the load there and now here + + + align:start position:0% +left side of the load there and now here +it may have some different constants y + + align:start position:0% +it may have some different constants y + + + align:start position:0% +it may have some different constants y +equals uh what shall I say e x + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh what shall I say e x + + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh what shall I say e x + +f on the right side of the load and now + + align:start position:0% +f on the right side of the load and now + + + align:start position:0% +f on the right side of the load and now +I've got four + + align:start position:0% +I've got four + + + align:start position:0% +I've got four +numbers to find C D E and F and what do + + align:start position:0% +numbers to find C D E and F and what do + + + align:start position:0% +numbers to find C D E and F and what do +I know I know two boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +I know I know two boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +I know I know two boundary conditions +always I know that y of 0 is + + align:start position:0% +always I know that y of 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +always I know that y of 0 is +zero from fixing the top of the bar so y + + align:start position:0% +zero from fixing the top of the bar so y + + + align:start position:0% +zero from fixing the top of the bar so y +of 0 equals 0 when I put in x equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +of 0 equals 0 when I put in x equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 equals 0 when I put in x equals 0 +that will tell me D is + + align:start position:0% +that will tell me D is + + + align:start position:0% +that will tell me D is +zero and then also y of 1 is + + align:start position:0% +zero and then also y of 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then also y of 1 is +zero and that will be on this side of + + align:start position:0% +zero and that will be on this side of + + + align:start position:0% +zero and that will be on this side of +the load so when I put in x = 1 that + + align:start position:0% +the load so when I put in x = 1 that + + + align:start position:0% +the load so when I put in x = 1 that +will tell me that e + f + + align:start position:0% +will tell me that e + f + + + align:start position:0% +will tell me that e + f +is0 at xal 1 so it tells me that f is + + align:start position:0% +is0 at xal 1 so it tells me that f is + + + align:start position:0% +is0 at xal 1 so it tells me that f is +minus E right so what do I know + + align:start position:0% +minus E right so what do I know + + + align:start position:0% +minus E right so what do I know +now D is + + align:start position:0% +now D is + + + align:start position:0% +now D is +gone zero f is minus E so can I just + + align:start position:0% +gone zero f is minus E so can I just + + + align:start position:0% +gone zero f is minus E so can I just +change this to like f is minus E + + align:start position:0% +change this to like f is minus E + + + align:start position:0% +change this to like f is minus E +so uh I had e x - e e * x + + align:start position:0% +so uh I had e x - e e * x + + + align:start position:0% +so uh I had e x - e e * x +-1 uh takes care of that boundary + + align:start position:0% +-1 uh takes care of that boundary + + + align:start position:0% +-1 uh takes care of that boundary +condition at x equal 1 it's gone okay + + align:start position:0% +condition at x equal 1 it's gone okay + + + align:start position:0% +condition at x equal 1 it's gone okay +but I still have two c and e to find so + + align:start position:0% +but I still have two c and e to find so + + + align:start position:0% +but I still have two c and e to find so +what what are my two further uh + + align:start position:0% +what what are my two further uh + + + align:start position:0% +what what are my two further uh +conditions act the jump so so far I'm on + + align:start position:0% +conditions act the jump so so far I'm on + + + align:start position:0% +conditions act the jump so so far I'm on +the left of the jump the Spike the + + align:start position:0% +the left of the jump the Spike the + + + align:start position:0% +the left of the jump the Spike the +impulse the Delta function and on the + + align:start position:0% +impulse the Delta function and on the + + + align:start position:0% +impulse the Delta function and on the +right of it but now I've got to say + + align:start position:0% +right of it but now I've got to say + + + align:start position:0% +right of it but now I've got to say +what's happening at the impulse at the + + align:start position:0% +what's happening at the impulse at the + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening at the impulse at the +Delta function or at the point load okay + + align:start position:0% +Delta function or at the point load okay + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function or at the point load okay +well what's happening there I need two + + align:start position:0% +well what's happening there I need two + + + align:start position:0% +well what's happening there I need two +equations I've still got c and e to find + + align:start position:0% +equations I've still got c and e to find + + + align:start position:0% +equations I've still got c and e to find +so my first equation is that at that + + align:start position:0% +so my first equation is that at that + + + align:start position:0% +so my first equation is that at that +load the the bar is not going to break + + align:start position:0% +load the the bar is not going to break + + + align:start position:0% +load the the bar is not going to break +apart it's just going to be stretched + + align:start position:0% +apart it's just going to be stretched + + + align:start position:0% +apart it's just going to be stretched +above and compressed below but it's not + + align:start position:0% +above and compressed below but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +above and compressed below but it's not +going to break apart so at the + + align:start position:0% +going to break apart so at the + + + align:start position:0% +going to break apart so at the +load at which is x equal a so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +load at which is x equal a so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +load at which is x equal a so now I'm +ready for x equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a okay what happens at x equal a that's + + align:start position:0% +a okay what happens at x equal a that's + + + align:start position:0% +a okay what happens at x equal a that's +the same as + + align:start position:0% +the same as + + + align:start position:0% +the same as +that let me let me draw a picture of the + + align:start position:0% +that let me let me draw a picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +that let me let me draw a picture of the +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +here here is X this is + + align:start position:0% +here here is X this is + + + align:start position:0% +here here is X this is +X here's y here's xal 0 here's x = y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I see uh a linear function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +CX up to the point xal + + align:start position:0% +CX up to the point xal + + + align:start position:0% +CX up to the point xal +a and here I have a a linear function + + align:start position:0% +a and here I have a a linear function + + + align:start position:0% +a and here I have a a linear function +coming back to zero you see that that's + + align:start position:0% +coming back to zero you see that that's + + + align:start position:0% +coming back to zero you see that that's +the picture of the solution the graph of + + align:start position:0% +the picture of the solution the graph of + + + align:start position:0% +the picture of the solution the graph of +the solution it has + + align:start position:0% +the solution it has + + + align:start position:0% +the solution it has +this zero at the left boundary it has + + align:start position:0% +this zero at the left boundary it has + + + align:start position:0% +this zero at the left boundary it has +zero at the right boundary + + align:start position:0% +zero at the right boundary + + + align:start position:0% +zero at the right boundary +it has in between it is CX and e xus e + + align:start position:0% +it has in between it is CX and e xus e + + + align:start position:0% +it has in between it is CX and e xus e +and I have made + + align:start position:0% +and I have made + + + align:start position:0% +and I have made +it continuous at x equal a the the bar + + align:start position:0% +it continuous at x equal a the the bar + + + align:start position:0% +it continuous at x equal a the the bar +is not coming apart so that this + + align:start position:0% +is not coming apart so that this + + + align:start position:0% +is not coming apart so that this +solution runs into that Solution that's + + align:start position:0% +solution runs into that Solution that's + + + align:start position:0% +solution runs into that Solution that's +good that's one more condition but I + + align:start position:0% +good that's one more condition but I + + + align:start position:0% +good that's one more condition but I +need one further one final condition and + + align:start position:0% +need one further one final condition and + + + align:start position:0% +need one further one final condition and +somehow I have to use the Delta function + + align:start position:0% +somehow I have to use the Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +somehow I have to use the Delta function +and what does the Delta function tell me + + align:start position:0% +and what does the Delta function tell me + + + align:start position:0% +and what does the Delta function tell me +I'm just going to go go give you a the + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to go go give you a the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to go go give you a the +answer here rather than a theory of + + align:start position:0% +answer here rather than a theory of + + + align:start position:0% +answer here rather than a theory of +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +functions that equation so I you see + + align:start position:0% +functions that equation so I you see + + + align:start position:0% +functions that equation so I you see +what my solution is it it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +what my solution is it it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +what my solution is it it's a it's a +broken line with a change of slope it's + + align:start position:0% +broken line with a change of slope it's + + + align:start position:0% +broken line with a change of slope it's +a ramp it it has a corner all those + + align:start position:0% +a ramp it it has a corner all those + + + align:start position:0% +a ramp it it has a corner all those +words describe functions like this so I + + align:start position:0% +words describe functions like this so I + + + align:start position:0% +words describe functions like this so I +have some slope going up here and some + + align:start position:0% +have some slope going up here and some + + + align:start position:0% +have some slope going up here and some +slope and let me tell you I I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +slope and let me tell you I I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +slope and let me tell you I I'll tell +you what those slopes are I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +you what those slopes are I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +you what those slopes are I'll tell you +what those slopes are in this so I'll + + align:start position:0% +what those slopes are in this so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +what those slopes are in this so I'll +tell you the answer and then uh would + + align:start position:0% +tell you the answer and then uh would + + + align:start position:0% +tell you the answer and then uh would +check so that c turns out to be 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +check so that c turns out to be 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +check so that c turns out to be 1 minus +a so so in this region I have 1 - A * + + align:start position:0% +a so so in this region I have 1 - A * + + + align:start position:0% +a so so in this region I have 1 - A * +X in that region and in this + + align:start position:0% +X in that region and in this + + + align:start position:0% +X in that region and in this +region below the so that's stretching + + align:start position:0% +region below the so that's stretching + + + align:start position:0% +region below the so that's stretching +the fact that it's positive displacement + + align:start position:0% +the fact that it's positive displacement + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that it's positive displacement +means stretching now this part is going + + align:start position:0% +means stretching now this part is going + + + align:start position:0% +means stretching now this part is going +to be in compression with that negative + + align:start position:0% +to be in compression with that negative + + + align:start position:0% +to be in compression with that negative +slope and I think in this region it's 1 + + align:start position:0% +slope and I think in this region it's 1 + + + align:start position:0% +slope and I think in this region it's 1 +- x * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a which will be coming from there so + + align:start position:0% +a which will be coming from there so + + + align:start position:0% +a which will be coming from there so +there there is my + + align:start position:0% +there there is my + + + align:start position:0% +there there is my +solution because of the Delta function I + + align:start position:0% +solution because of the Delta function I + + + align:start position:0% +solution because of the Delta function I +need sort of like a two-part solution to + + align:start position:0% +need sort of like a two-part solution to + + + align:start position:0% +need sort of like a two-part solution to +the left of the Delta function the point + + align:start position:0% +the left of the Delta function the point + + + align:start position:0% +the left of the Delta function the point +load and to the right of the point load + + align:start position:0% +load and to the right of the point load + + + align:start position:0% +load and to the right of the point load +and then we could check that at the load + + align:start position:0% +and then we could check that at the load + + + align:start position:0% +and then we could check that at the load +x equal a this is 1 - A * a this is 1 - + + align:start position:0% +x equal a this is 1 - A * a this is 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +x equal a this is 1 - A * a this is 1 - +A * a they do meet and now comes this + + align:start position:0% +A * a they do meet and now comes this + + + align:start position:0% +A * a they do meet and now comes this +mysterious fourth condition about the + + align:start position:0% +mysterious fourth condition about the + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious fourth condition about the +slopes the slope drops by one here the + + align:start position:0% +slopes the slope drops by one here the + + + align:start position:0% +slopes the slope drops by one here the +slope is 1 - A that's the 1 - A is the + + align:start position:0% +slope is 1 - A that's the 1 - A is the + + + align:start position:0% +slope is 1 - A that's the 1 - A is the +slope there and here the slope is min - + + align:start position:0% +slope there and here the slope is min - + + + align:start position:0% +slope there and here the slope is min - +A you see - x * a so the derivative is - + + align:start position:0% +A you see - x * a so the derivative is - + + + align:start position:0% +A you see - x * a so the derivative is - +A so it was 1 minus a the one dropped + + align:start position:0% +A so it was 1 minus a the one dropped + + + align:start position:0% +A so it was 1 minus a the one dropped +away and left me with minus a that's + + align:start position:0% +away and left me with minus a that's + + + align:start position:0% +away and left me with minus a that's +what the solution uh looks like and now + + align:start position:0% +what the solution uh looks like and now + + + align:start position:0% +what the solution uh looks like and now +I have to say one word about why did the + + align:start position:0% +I have to say one word about why did the + + + align:start position:0% +I have to say one word about why did the +slope drop by one the slope dropped by + + align:start position:0% +slope drop by one the slope dropped by + + + align:start position:0% +slope drop by one the slope dropped by +one from 1 - A to minus a and that has + + align:start position:0% +one from 1 - A to minus a and that has + + + align:start position:0% +one from 1 - A to minus a and that has +to come from this Delta function and of + + align:start position:0% +to come from this Delta function and of + + + align:start position:0% +to come from this Delta function and of +course you remember about the Delta + + align:start position:0% +course you remember about the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +course you remember about the Delta +function the key point is when you + + align:start position:0% +function the key point is when you + + + align:start position:0% +function the key point is when you +integrate the Delta function you get one + + align:start position:0% +integrate the Delta function you get one + + + align:start position:0% +integrate the Delta function you get one +so when I integrate this equation I get + + align:start position:0% +so when I integrate this equation I get + + + align:start position:0% +so when I integrate this equation I get +a one on the right hand side from the + + align:start position:0% +a one on the right hand side from the + + + align:start position:0% +a one on the right hand side from the +Delta and on the left hand side I get + + align:start position:0% +Delta and on the left hand side I get + + + align:start position:0% +Delta and on the left hand side I get +I'm integrating the second derivative so + + align:start position:0% +I'm integrating the second derivative so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm integrating the second derivative so +I get the first derivative great the the + + align:start position:0% +I get the first derivative great the the + + + align:start position:0% +I get the first derivative great the the +first derivative at the end point minus + + align:start position:0% +first derivative at the end point minus + + + align:start position:0% +first derivative at the end point minus +the first derivative at the start point + + align:start position:0% +the first derivative at the start point + + + align:start position:0% +the first derivative at the start point +should be the one and that's the drop of + + align:start position:0% +should be the one and that's the drop of + + + align:start position:0% +should be the one and that's the drop of +one I I'll uh do a fullscale job with + + align:start position:0% +one I I'll uh do a fullscale job with + + + align:start position:0% +one I I'll uh do a fullscale job with +Delta functions in another video uh I + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions in another video uh I + + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions in another video uh I +want to keep this one under control + + align:start position:0% +want to keep this one under control + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep this one under control +we're seeing the new idea is boundary + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing the new idea is boundary + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing the new idea is boundary +conditions and here we're seeing a a a + + align:start position:0% +conditions and here we're seeing a a a + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and here we're seeing a a a +Delta function equation uh in this + + align:start position:0% +Delta function equation uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function equation uh in this +boundary value problem thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ENyox7kNKeY.txt b/ENyox7kNKeY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75fa9188cdf09bb3057848d890bf1c8aa4d316b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/ENyox7kNKeY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9443 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right today we continue + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right today we continue + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right today we continue +our exciting Adventure into dynamic + + align:start position:0% +our exciting Adventure into dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +our exciting Adventure into dynamic +programming are you excited I'm excited + + align:start position:0% +programming are you excited I'm excited + + + align:start position:0% +programming are you excited I'm excited +super excited dynamic programming as you + + align:start position:0% +super excited dynamic programming as you + + + align:start position:0% +super excited dynamic programming as you +recall way back before Thanksgiving is a + + align:start position:0% +recall way back before Thanksgiving is a + + + align:start position:0% +recall way back before Thanksgiving is a +super exciting powerful technique to + + align:start position:0% +super exciting powerful technique to + + + align:start position:0% +super exciting powerful technique to +design algorithms especially to solve + + align:start position:0% +design algorithms especially to solve + + + align:start position:0% +design algorithms especially to solve +optimization problems where you want to + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems where you want to + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems where you want to +maximize or minimize something last time + + align:start position:0% +maximize or minimize something last time + + + align:start position:0% +maximize or minimize something last time +we saw how two algorithms we already + + align:start position:0% +we saw how two algorithms we already + + + align:start position:0% +we saw how two algorithms we already +knew namely how to compute the nth + + align:start position:0% +knew namely how to compute the nth + + + align:start position:0% +knew namely how to compute the nth +Fibonacci number uh and how to compute + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci number uh and how to compute + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci number uh and how to compute +shortest paths via Bellman Ford are + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths via Bellman Ford are + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths via Bellman Ford are +really Dynamic programs in Disguise and + + align:start position:0% +really Dynamic programs in Disguise and + + + align:start position:0% +really Dynamic programs in Disguise and +indeed for at least for Bellman Ford + + align:start position:0% +indeed for at least for Bellman Ford + + + align:start position:0% +indeed for at least for Bellman Ford +that's how they were invented uh was to + + align:start position:0% +that's how they were invented uh was to + + + align:start position:0% +that's how they were invented uh was to +apply a general technique which we're + + align:start position:0% +apply a general technique which we're + + + align:start position:0% +apply a general technique which we're +going to see today in full generality + + align:start position:0% +going to see today in full generality + + + align:start position:0% +going to see today in full generality +more or less most of the generality in + + align:start position:0% +more or less most of the generality in + + + align:start position:0% +more or less most of the generality in +five easy steps and uh we're going to + + align:start position:0% +five easy steps and uh we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +five easy steps and uh we're going to +see that technique applied to two new + + align:start position:0% +see that technique applied to two new + + + align:start position:0% +see that technique applied to two new +problems which are much more interesting + + align:start position:0% +problems which are much more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +problems which are much more interesting +than the ones we've already solved + + align:start position:0% +than the ones we've already solved + + + align:start position:0% +than the ones we've already solved +namely how to make your text look nice + + align:start position:0% +namely how to make your text look nice + + + align:start position:0% +namely how to make your text look nice +in a paragraph where to break the lines + + align:start position:0% +in a paragraph where to break the lines + + + align:start position:0% +in a paragraph where to break the lines +that's text justification and how to win + + align:start position:0% +that's text justification and how to win + + + align:start position:0% +that's text justification and how to win +and make loads of money at Blackjack so + + align:start position:0% +and make loads of money at Blackjack so + + + align:start position:0% +and make loads of money at Blackjack so +lots of practical stuff here and we're + + align:start position:0% +lots of practical stuff here and we're + + + align:start position:0% +lots of practical stuff here and we're +going to get understand see one new + + align:start position:0% +going to get understand see one new + + + align:start position:0% +going to get understand see one new +technique for General dynamic + + align:start position:0% +technique for General dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +technique for General dynamic +programming uh these are some some + + align:start position:0% +programming uh these are some some + + + align:start position:0% +programming uh these are some some +things I wrote last time actually one of + + align:start position:0% +things I wrote last time actually one of + + + align:start position:0% +things I wrote last time actually one of +them I didn't write last time in general + + align:start position:0% +them I didn't write last time in general + + + align:start position:0% +them I didn't write last time in general +you can think of dynamic programming as + + align:start position:0% +you can think of dynamic programming as + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of dynamic programming as +a carefully executed Brute Force search + + align:start position:0% +a carefully executed Brute Force search + + + align:start position:0% +a carefully executed Brute Force search +so in some sense it's your algorithm is + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense it's your algorithm is + + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense it's your algorithm is +going to be trying all the possibilities + + align:start position:0% +going to be trying all the possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +going to be trying all the possibilities +but somehow avoiding the fact that there + + align:start position:0% +but somehow avoiding the fact that there + + + align:start position:0% +but somehow avoiding the fact that there +are exponentially many of them by + + align:start position:0% +are exponentially many of them by + + + align:start position:0% +are exponentially many of them by +thinking of it in a clever way you can + + align:start position:0% +thinking of it in a clever way you can + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of it in a clever way you can +reduce the exponential search space down + + align:start position:0% +reduce the exponential search space down + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the exponential search space down +to a polinomial one even though you're + + align:start position:0% +to a polinomial one even though you're + + + align:start position:0% +to a polinomial one even though you're +still not being very intelligent and + + align:start position:0% +still not being very intelligent and + + + align:start position:0% +still not being very intelligent and +you're still blindly trying all + + align:start position:0% +you're still blindly trying all + + + align:start position:0% +you're still blindly trying all +possibilities so that's the Brute Force + + align:start position:0% +possibilities so that's the Brute Force + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities so that's the Brute Force +part uh in more detail the three main + + align:start position:0% +part uh in more detail the three main + + + align:start position:0% +part uh in more detail the three main +techniques in dynamic programming are + + align:start position:0% +techniques in dynamic programming are + + + align:start position:0% +techniques in dynamic programming are +the idea of guessing the idea that I + + align:start position:0% +the idea of guessing the idea that I + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of guessing the idea that I +want to find the best way to solve a + + align:start position:0% +want to find the best way to solve a + + + align:start position:0% +want to find the best way to solve a +problem let's pick out some feature of + + align:start position:0% +problem let's pick out some feature of + + + align:start position:0% +problem let's pick out some feature of +the solution that I want to know I don't + + align:start position:0% +the solution that I want to know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the solution that I want to know I don't +know it so I'll guess the answer meaning + + align:start position:0% +know it so I'll guess the answer meaning + + + align:start position:0% +know it so I'll guess the answer meaning +I'll try all the possibilities for that + + align:start position:0% +I'll try all the possibilities for that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try all the possibilities for that +choice and take the best one so guessing + + align:start position:0% +choice and take the best one so guessing + + + align:start position:0% +choice and take the best one so guessing +is really Central to dynamic programming + + align:start position:0% +is really Central to dynamic programming + + + align:start position:0% +is really Central to dynamic programming +then uh we also use a recursion some way + + align:start position:0% +then uh we also use a recursion some way + + + align:start position:0% +then uh we also use a recursion some way +to express the solution to our problem + + align:start position:0% +to express the solution to our problem + + + align:start position:0% +to express the solution to our problem +at in terms of solutions to sub problems + + align:start position:0% +at in terms of solutions to sub problems + + + align:start position:0% +at in terms of solutions to sub problems +so it's usually very easy to get a + + align:start position:0% +so it's usually very easy to get a + + + align:start position:0% +so it's usually very easy to get a +recursion for a lot of problems as long + + align:start position:0% +recursion for a lot of problems as long + + + align:start position:0% +recursion for a lot of problems as long +as they have some kind of substructure + + align:start position:0% +as they have some kind of substructure + + + align:start position:0% +as they have some kind of substructure +like shortest paths we had that sub + + align:start position:0% +like shortest paths we had that sub + + + align:start position:0% +like shortest paths we had that sub +paths or shortest paths were also + + align:start position:0% +paths or shortest paths were also + + + align:start position:0% +paths or shortest paths were also +shortest paths so that was handy uh + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths so that was handy uh + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths so that was handy uh +usually there recursion by itself is + + align:start position:0% +usually there recursion by itself is + + + align:start position:0% +usually there recursion by itself is +exponential time like even with + + align:start position:0% +exponential time like even with + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time like even with +Fibonacci numbers but we add in this + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci numbers but we add in this + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci numbers but we add in this +technique of memorization which is just + + align:start position:0% +technique of memorization which is just + + + align:start position:0% +technique of memorization which is just +once we compute an answer we store it in + + align:start position:0% +once we compute an answer we store it in + + + align:start position:0% +once we compute an answer we store it in +a lookup table if we ever need that + + align:start position:0% +a lookup table if we ever need that + + + align:start position:0% +a lookup table if we ever need that +answer again we reuse it instead of + + align:start position:0% +answer again we reuse it instead of + + + align:start position:0% +answer again we reuse it instead of +recomputing it so we store we memo we + + align:start position:0% +recomputing it so we store we memo we + + + align:start position:0% +recomputing it so we store we memo we +write down in our memo pad anything that + + align:start position:0% +write down in our memo pad anything that + + + align:start position:0% +write down in our memo pad anything that +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +compute those techniques all these + + align:start position:0% +compute those techniques all these + + + align:start position:0% +compute those techniques all these +techniques together give you typically a + + align:start position:0% +techniques together give you typically a + + + align:start position:0% +techniques together give you typically a +polinomial Time Dynamic program when + + align:start position:0% +polinomial Time Dynamic program when + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial Time Dynamic program when +they work of course the memorization + + align:start position:0% +they work of course the memorization + + + align:start position:0% +they work of course the memorization +makes the recursion polinomial time the + + align:start position:0% +makes the recursion polinomial time the + + + align:start position:0% +makes the recursion polinomial time the +guest is what is doing a Brute Force + + align:start position:0% +guest is what is doing a Brute Force + + + align:start position:0% +guest is what is doing a Brute Force +search and magically it all works if + + align:start position:0% +search and magically it all works if + + + align:start position:0% +search and magically it all works if +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +careful um another + + align:start position:0% +careful um another + + + align:start position:0% +careful um another +perspective kind of an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +perspective kind of an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +perspective kind of an orthogonal +perspective or another way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +perspective or another way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +perspective or another way of thinking +about it which I think should be + + align:start position:0% +about it which I think should be + + + align:start position:0% +about it which I think should be +comfortable for you because we spent a + + align:start position:0% +comfortable for you because we spent a + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable for you because we spent a +lot of time doing shortest paths and + + align:start position:0% +lot of time doing shortest paths and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time doing shortest paths and +expressing problems that we care about + + align:start position:0% +expressing problems that we care about + + + align:start position:0% +expressing problems that we care about +in terms of shortest paths even if they + + align:start position:0% +in terms of shortest paths even if they + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of shortest paths even if they +don't look like it at first glance + + align:start position:0% +don't look like it at first glance + + + align:start position:0% +don't look like it at first glance +dynamic programming in some sense is + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming in some sense is + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming in some sense is +always Computing shortest paths in a dag + + align:start position:0% +always Computing shortest paths in a dag + + + align:start position:0% +always Computing shortest paths in a dag +so you have some problem you want to + + align:start position:0% +so you have some problem you want to + + + align:start position:0% +so you have some problem you want to +solve like you have text and you want to + + align:start position:0% +solve like you have text and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +solve like you have text and you want to +split it up into lines so it looks nice + + align:start position:0% +split it up into lines so it looks nice + + + align:start position:0% +split it up into lines so it looks nice +in a paragraph + + align:start position:0% +in a paragraph + + + align:start position:0% +in a paragraph +um you express that problem somehow as a + + align:start position:0% +um you express that problem somehow as a + + + align:start position:0% +um you express that problem somehow as a +directed a cylic graph and then we know + + align:start position:0% +directed a cylic graph and then we know + + + align:start position:0% +directed a cylic graph and then we know +how to compute shortest paths and + + align:start position:0% +how to compute shortest paths and + + + align:start position:0% +how to compute shortest paths and +directed A cylic graphs in linear time + + align:start position:0% +directed A cylic graphs in linear time + + + align:start position:0% +directed A cylic graphs in linear time +and that's basically what dynamic + + align:start position:0% +and that's basically what dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +and that's basically what dynamic +programming is doing I haven't I didn't + + align:start position:0% +programming is doing I haven't I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +programming is doing I haven't I didn't +realize this until last week so This Is + + align:start position:0% +realize this until last week so This Is + + + align:start position:0% +realize this until last week so This Is +A New Perspective it's an experimental + + align:start position:0% +A New Perspective it's an experimental + + + align:start position:0% +A New Perspective it's an experimental +perspective but I think it's helpful + + align:start position:0% +perspective but I think it's helpful + + + align:start position:0% +perspective but I think it's helpful +it's actually dynamic programming is not + + align:start position:0% +it's actually dynamic programming is not + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually dynamic programming is not +that new it's all about how to be clever + + align:start position:0% +that new it's all about how to be clever + + + align:start position:0% +that new it's all about how to be clever +in setting up that dag but in the end + + align:start position:0% +in setting up that dag but in the end + + + align:start position:0% +in setting up that dag but in the end +the algorithm is very + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm is very + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm is very +simple okay and then we had this other + + align:start position:0% +simple okay and then we had this other + + + align:start position:0% +simple okay and then we had this other +perspective uh or not back back to this + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh or not back back to this + + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh or not back back to this +perspective I guess um in general we + + align:start position:0% +perspective I guess um in general we + + + align:start position:0% +perspective I guess um in general we +have the real problem we want to solve + + align:start position:0% +have the real problem we want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +have the real problem we want to solve +we generalize it in some sense by + + align:start position:0% +we generalize it in some sense by + + + align:start position:0% +we generalize it in some sense by +considering lots of different sub + + align:start position:0% +considering lots of different sub + + + align:start position:0% +considering lots of different sub +problems that we might care about like + + align:start position:0% +problems that we might care about like + + + align:start position:0% +problems that we might care about like +with Fibonacci we had the nth Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +with Fibonacci we had the nth Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +with Fibonacci we had the nth Fibonacci +number we wanted to uh we really want of + + align:start position:0% +number we wanted to uh we really want of + + + align:start position:0% +number we wanted to uh we really want of +the N Fibonacci number but along the way + + align:start position:0% +the N Fibonacci number but along the way + + + align:start position:0% +the N Fibonacci number but along the way +we're going to compute all F1 up to FN + + align:start position:0% +we're going to compute all F1 up to FN + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to compute all F1 up to FN +so those are our sub problems and if we + + align:start position:0% +so those are our sub problems and if we + + + align:start position:0% +so those are our sub problems and if we +compute the amount of time we need to + + align:start position:0% +compute the amount of time we need to + + + align:start position:0% +compute the amount of time we need to +solve each sub problem and multiply that + + align:start position:0% +solve each sub problem and multiply that + + + align:start position:0% +solve each sub problem and multiply that +by the number of sub problems we get the + + align:start position:0% +by the number of sub problems we get the + + + align:start position:0% +by the number of sub problems we get the +total time required by the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +total time required by the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +total time required by the algorithm +this is a general true fact uh and the + + align:start position:0% +this is a general true fact uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a general true fact uh and the +fun part here is we get to treat any + + align:start position:0% +fun part here is we get to treat any + + + align:start position:0% +fun part here is we get to treat any +recursive calls in this recursion as + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls in this recursion as + + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls in this recursion as +free as constant time because we really + + align:start position:0% +free as constant time because we really + + + align:start position:0% +free as constant time because we really +only pay for it the first time that's + + align:start position:0% +only pay for it the first time that's + + + align:start position:0% +only pay for it the first time that's +count it out here the second time we + + align:start position:0% +count it out here the second time we + + + align:start position:0% +count it out here the second time we +call it it's already memorized so we + + align:start position:0% +call it it's already memorized so we + + + align:start position:0% +call it it's already memorized so we +don't have to pay for + + align:start position:0% +don't have to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to pay for +it so this is in some sense an + + align:start position:0% +it so this is in some sense an + + + align:start position:0% +it so this is in some sense an +amortization if you remember + + align:start position:0% +amortization if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +amortization if you remember +amortization from table doubling uh + + align:start position:0% +amortization from table doubling uh + + + align:start position:0% +amortization from table doubling uh +we're just changing around when we count + + align:start position:0% +we're just changing around when we count + + + align:start position:0% +we're just changing around when we count +the cost of each sub problem and then + + align:start position:0% +the cost of each sub problem and then + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of each sub problem and then +this is the total running + + align:start position:0% +this is the total running + + + align:start position:0% +this is the total running +time okay so that's the spirit uh we saw + + align:start position:0% +time okay so that's the spirit uh we saw + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so that's the spirit uh we saw +already I'm going to give you the five + + align:start position:0% +already I'm going to give you the five + + + align:start position:0% +already I'm going to give you the five +general steps and then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +general steps and then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +general steps and then we're going to +apply them to two new problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so five easy + + align:start position:0% +so five easy + + + align:start position:0% +so five easy +steps to Dynamic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +program unfortunately these are not + + align:start position:0% +program unfortunately these are not + + + align:start position:0% +program unfortunately these are not +necessarily sequential steps they're a + + align:start position:0% +necessarily sequential steps they're a + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily sequential steps they're a +little bit interdependent and so easy + + align:start position:0% +little bit interdependent and so easy + + + align:start position:0% +little bit interdependent and so easy +should be in quotes but this is how you + + align:start position:0% +should be in quotes but this is how you + + + align:start position:0% +should be in quotes but this is how you +def this is how you would Express a + + align:start position:0% +def this is how you would Express a + + + align:start position:0% +def this is how you would Express a +dynamic program in some sense how you'd + + align:start position:0% +dynamic program in some sense how you'd + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic program in some sense how you'd +invent one but in particular how you + + align:start position:0% +invent one but in particular how you + + + align:start position:0% +invent one but in particular how you +would explain + + align:start position:0% +would explain + + + align:start position:0% +would explain +one okay there let's let me get to the + + align:start position:0% +one okay there let's let me get to the + + + align:start position:0% +one okay there let's let me get to the +main steps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first first step is to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +first first step is to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +first first step is to figure out what +your sub problems are going to + + align:start position:0% +your sub problems are going to + + + align:start position:0% +your sub problems are going to +be second part is to guess + + align:start position:0% +be second part is to guess + + + align:start position:0% +be second part is to guess +something third step is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to relate sub problem Solutions usually + + align:start position:0% +to relate sub problem Solutions usually + + + align:start position:0% +to relate sub problem Solutions usually +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +recurrence I guess always with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recurrence fourth step is to actually + + align:start position:0% +recurrence fourth step is to actually + + + align:start position:0% +recurrence fourth step is to actually +build an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm and we saw two ways to do that + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and we saw two ways to do that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and we saw two ways to do that +last time one was to use recursion and + + align:start position:0% +last time one was to use recursion and + + + align:start position:0% +last time one was to use recursion and +memorization which is the way I like to + + align:start position:0% +memorization which is the way I like to + + + align:start position:0% +memorization which is the way I like to +think about it but if you prefer you can + + align:start position:0% +think about it but if you prefer you can + + + align:start position:0% +think about it but if you prefer you can +follow the bottom up + + align:start position:0% +follow the bottom up + + + align:start position:0% +follow the bottom up +approach and usually that's called + + align:start position:0% +approach and usually that's called + + + align:start position:0% +approach and usually that's called +building a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table and that was basically to turn our + + align:start position:0% +table and that was basically to turn our + + + align:start position:0% +table and that was basically to turn our +recursion and memorization which is kind + + align:start position:0% +recursion and memorization which is kind + + + align:start position:0% +recursion and memorization which is kind +of fancy into a bunch of for Loops which + + align:start position:0% +of fancy into a bunch of for Loops which + + + align:start position:0% +of fancy into a bunch of for Loops which +is pretty simple and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple and this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple and this is going to be +pra more practical faster and so on and + + align:start position:0% +pra more practical faster and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +pra more practical faster and so on and +depending on your preference one of them + + align:start position:0% +depending on your preference one of them + + + align:start position:0% +depending on your preference one of them +is more intuitive than the other it + + align:start position:0% +is more intuitive than the other it + + + align:start position:0% +is more intuitive than the other it +doesn't matter they have the same + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter they have the same + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter they have the same +running time + + align:start position:0% +running time + + + align:start position:0% +running time +more or less in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +more or less in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +more or less in the worst case +um okay and the fifth step is to solve + + align:start position:0% +um okay and the fifth step is to solve + + + align:start position:0% +um okay and the fifth step is to solve +the original + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem all right so we've sort of seen + + align:start position:0% +problem all right so we've sort of seen + + + align:start position:0% +problem all right so we've sort of seen +this before and in fact I have over here + + align:start position:0% +this before and in fact I have over here + + + align:start position:0% +this before and in fact I have over here +a convenient + + align:start position:0% +a convenient + + + align:start position:0% +a convenient +table this is called cheating of the two + + align:start position:0% +table this is called cheating of the two + + + align:start position:0% +table this is called cheating of the two +problems we saw last time Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +problems we saw last time Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +problems we saw last time Fibonacci +numbers and shortest paths and I've got + + align:start position:0% +numbers and shortest paths and I've got + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and shortest paths and I've got +steps one two three four I ran out of + + align:start position:0% +steps one two three four I ran out of + + + align:start position:0% +steps one two three four I ran out of +room so I didn't write five yet but + + align:start position:0% +room so I didn't write five yet but + + + align:start position:0% +room so I didn't write five yet but +we'll get there so what are our sub + + align:start position:0% +we'll get there so what are our sub + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get there so what are our sub +problems well uh for Fibonacci they were + + align:start position:0% +problems well uh for Fibonacci they were + + + align:start position:0% +problems well uh for Fibonacci they were +F1 through FN so there were n different + + align:start position:0% +F1 through FN so there were n different + + + align:start position:0% +F1 through FN so there were n different +sub problems and in general because of + + align:start position:0% +sub problems and in general because of + + + align:start position:0% +sub problems and in general because of +this formula we want to count how many + + align:start position:0% +this formula we want to count how many + + + align:start position:0% +this formula we want to count how many +sub problems are + + align:start position:0% +sub problems are + + + align:start position:0% +sub problems are +there so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number of sub problems is this is sort + + align:start position:0% +number of sub problems is this is sort + + + align:start position:0% +number of sub problems is this is sort +of what we need to do algorithmically + + align:start position:0% +of what we need to do algorithmically + + + align:start position:0% +of what we need to do algorithmically +and then for analysis we want to count + + align:start position:0% +and then for analysis we want to count + + + align:start position:0% +and then for analysis we want to count +number of sub problems for step one and + + align:start position:0% +number of sub problems for step one and + + + align:start position:0% +number of sub problems for step one and +so for Fibonacci there were n of them + + align:start position:0% +so for Fibonacci there were n of them + + + align:start position:0% +so for Fibonacci there were n of them +for shortest paths we had we defined + + align:start position:0% +for shortest paths we had we defined + + + align:start position:0% +for shortest paths we had we defined +this Delta + + align:start position:0% +this Delta + + + align:start position:0% +this Delta +subk of SV this was the shortest path + + align:start position:0% +subk of SV this was the shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +subk of SV this was the shortest path +from s to V that uses at most K edges + + align:start position:0% +from s to V that uses at most K edges + + + align:start position:0% +from s to V that uses at most K edges +that way sort of what belman Ford was + + align:start position:0% +that way sort of what belman Ford was + + + align:start position:0% +that way sort of what belman Ford was +doing and uh the number of different sub + + align:start position:0% +doing and uh the number of different sub + + + align:start position:0% +doing and uh the number of different sub +problems here was v^2 because we had to + + align:start position:0% +problems here was v^2 because we had to + + + align:start position:0% +problems here was v^2 because we had to +do this for every vertex V and we had to + + align:start position:0% +do this for every vertex V and we had to + + + align:start position:0% +do this for every vertex V and we had to +do it for every value of K between z and + + align:start position:0% +do it for every value of K between z and + + + align:start position:0% +do it for every value of K between z and +v minus one V minus one was the number + + align:start position:0% +v minus one V minus one was the number + + + align:start position:0% +v minus one V minus one was the number +of rounds we need in bman Ford so it's + + align:start position:0% +of rounds we need in bman Ford so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of rounds we need in bman Ford so it's +it's V * V different sub problems V squ + + align:start position:0% +it's V * V different sub problems V squ + + + align:start position:0% +it's V * V different sub problems V squ +of them okay second thing was we wanted + + align:start position:0% +of them okay second thing was we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +of them okay second thing was we wanted +to solve our problem and we do that + + align:start position:0% +to solve our problem and we do that + + + align:start position:0% +to solve our problem and we do that +by guessing some feature of the solution + + align:start position:0% +by guessing some feature of the solution + + + align:start position:0% +by guessing some feature of the solution +in Fibonacci there was no guessing so + + align:start position:0% +in Fibonacci there was no guessing so + + + align:start position:0% +in Fibonacci there was no guessing so +the number of different choices for your + + align:start position:0% +the number of different choices for your + + + align:start position:0% +the number of different choices for your +guess is one there's nothing there's + + align:start position:0% +guess is one there's nothing there's + + + align:start position:0% +guess is one there's nothing there's +only one choice which is to do nothing + + align:start position:0% +only one choice which is to do nothing + + + align:start position:0% +only one choice which is to do nothing +um and for shortest paths what we + + align:start position:0% +um and for shortest paths what we + + + align:start position:0% +um and for shortest paths what we +guessed was well we we we know you we're + + align:start position:0% +guessed was well we we we know you we're + + + align:start position:0% +guessed was well we we we know you we're +looking for some path from s to V Let's + + align:start position:0% +looking for some path from s to V Let's + + + align:start position:0% +looking for some path from s to V Let's +guess what the last Edge is there's some + + align:start position:0% +guess what the last Edge is there's some + + + align:start position:0% +guess what the last Edge is there's some +last Edge from U to V assuming the path + + align:start position:0% +last Edge from U to V assuming the path + + + align:start position:0% +last Edge from U to V assuming the path +has more than one Edge or more than zero + + align:start position:0% +has more than one Edge or more than zero + + + align:start position:0% +has more than one Edge or more than zero +edges uh what could that edge possibly + + align:start position:0% +edges uh what could that edge possibly + + + align:start position:0% +edges uh what could that edge possibly +be well it's some incoming Edge to V so + + align:start position:0% +be well it's some incoming Edge to V so + + + align:start position:0% +be well it's some incoming Edge to V so +there's going to be in degree of V + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be in degree of V + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be in degree of V +different choices for that and to + + align:start position:0% +different choices for that and to + + + align:start position:0% +different choices for that and to +account for the case that that's zero we + + align:start position:0% +account for the case that that's zero we + + + align:start position:0% +account for the case that that's zero we +do a plus one but that's not a big + + align:start position:0% +do a plus one but that's not a big + + + align:start position:0% +do a plus one but that's not a big +deal so um that was the number of + + align:start position:0% +deal so um that was the number of + + + align:start position:0% +deal so um that was the number of +different choices in general if we're + + align:start position:0% +different choices in general if we're + + + align:start position:0% +different choices in general if we're +going to guess something we need to + + align:start position:0% +going to guess something we need to + + + align:start position:0% +going to guess something we need to +write down the number of + + align:start position:0% +write down the number of + + + align:start position:0% +write down the number of +choices for the + + align:start position:0% +choices for the + + + align:start position:0% +choices for the +guess how many different possibilities + + align:start position:0% +guess how many different possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +guess how many different possibilities +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +there that's our + + align:start position:0% +there that's our + + + align:start position:0% +there that's our +analysis okay the next thing is the + + align:start position:0% +analysis okay the next thing is the + + + align:start position:0% +analysis okay the next thing is the +recurrence that's step three we want to + + align:start position:0% +recurrence that's step three we want to + + + align:start position:0% +recurrence that's step three we want to +relate all the sub problem solutions to + + align:start position:0% +relate all the sub problem solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +relate all the sub problem solutions to +each other for Fibonacci that's the + + align:start position:0% +each other for Fibonacci that's the + + + align:start position:0% +each other for Fibonacci that's the +definition of Fibonacci number so it's + + align:start position:0% +definition of Fibonacci number so it's + + + align:start position:0% +definition of Fibonacci number so it's +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +easy uh for shortest paths we wrote this + + align:start position:0% +easy uh for shortest paths we wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +easy uh for shortest paths we wrote this +Min and general typically it's a Min or + + align:start position:0% +Min and general typically it's a Min or + + + align:start position:0% +Min and general typically it's a Min or +Max whatever you're trying to solve here + + align:start position:0% +Max whatever you're trying to solve here + + + align:start position:0% +Max whatever you're trying to solve here +we're doing shortest paths you could do + + align:start position:0% +we're doing shortest paths you could do + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing shortest paths you could do +long paths in the same way uh so you + + align:start position:0% +long paths in the same way uh so you + + + align:start position:0% +long paths in the same way uh so you +compute A Min of Delta sub skus one of + + align:start position:0% +compute A Min of Delta sub skus one of + + + align:start position:0% +compute A Min of Delta sub skus one of +su the idea is we want to compute this + + align:start position:0% +su the idea is we want to compute this + + + align:start position:0% +su the idea is we want to compute this +part of the path the S to U part and we + + align:start position:0% +part of the path the S to U part and we + + + align:start position:0% +part of the path the S to U part and we +know that has one fewer Edge because we + + align:start position:0% +know that has one fewer Edge because we + + + align:start position:0% +know that has one fewer Edge because we +just guess what the last Edge was except + + align:start position:0% +just guess what the last Edge was except + + + align:start position:0% +just guess what the last Edge was except +we don't really know what the last Edge + + align:start position:0% +we don't really know what the last Edge + + + align:start position:0% +we don't really know what the last Edge +was so we have to try them all we try + + align:start position:0% +was so we have to try them all we try + + + align:start position:0% +was so we have to try them all we try +all the incoming edges into V that's + + align:start position:0% +all the incoming edges into V that's + + + align:start position:0% +all the incoming edges into V that's +this part and for each of them we + + align:start position:0% +this part and for each of them we + + + align:start position:0% +this part and for each of them we +compute uh I forgot something here this + + align:start position:0% +compute uh I forgot something here this + + + align:start position:0% +compute uh I forgot something here this +should this is the the cost of the first + + align:start position:0% +should this is the the cost of the first + + + align:start position:0% +should this is the the cost of the first +part of the path then I also need to do + + align:start position:0% +part of the path then I also need to do + + + align:start position:0% +part of the path then I also need to do +plus the weight of the UV Edge that will + + align:start position:0% +plus the weight of the UV Edge that will + + + align:start position:0% +plus the weight of the UV Edge that will +be the total cost of that path you add + + align:start position:0% +be the total cost of that path you add + + + align:start position:0% +be the total cost of that path you add +those up you do it for every incoming + + align:start position:0% +those up you do it for every incoming + + + align:start position:0% +those up you do it for every incoming +Edge that is in some sense considering + + align:start position:0% +Edge that is in some sense considering + + + align:start position:0% +Edge that is in some sense considering +all possible + + align:start position:0% +all possible + + + align:start position:0% +all possible +paths assuming you find the shortest + + align:start position:0% +paths assuming you find the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +paths assuming you find the shortest +path from s to U that's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +path from s to U that's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +path from s to U that's going to be the +best way to get there and then use some + + align:start position:0% +best way to get there and then use some + + + align:start position:0% +best way to get there and then use some +Edge from U to V uh you know for some + + align:start position:0% +Edge from U to V uh you know for some + + + align:start position:0% +Edge from U to V uh you know for some +choice of you this will try all of them + + align:start position:0% +choice of you this will try all of them + + + align:start position:0% +choice of you this will try all of them +so it's really trying all the + + align:start position:0% +so it's really trying all the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really trying all the +possibilities so it's pretty clear this + + align:start position:0% +possibilities so it's pretty clear this + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities so it's pretty clear this +is is correct if there are no negative + + align:start position:0% +is is correct if there are no negative + + + align:start position:0% +is is correct if there are no negative +weight Cycles you have to prove some + + align:start position:0% +weight Cycles you have to prove some + + + align:start position:0% +weight Cycles you have to prove some +things we've already proved + + align:start position:0% +things we've already proved + + + align:start position:0% +things we've already proved +them it's just slow but once you add + + align:start position:0% +them it's just slow but once you add + + + align:start position:0% +them it's just slow but once you add +memorization it's fast uh now how long + + align:start position:0% +memorization it's fast uh now how long + + + align:start position:0% +memorization it's fast uh now how long +does it take to evaluate this recurrence + + align:start position:0% +does it take to evaluate this recurrence + + + align:start position:0% +does it take to evaluate this recurrence +constant time if you don't count the + + align:start position:0% +constant time if you don't count the + + + align:start position:0% +constant time if you don't count the +recursive calls or count them as + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls or count them as + + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls or count them as +constant over here we're taking a Min + + align:start position:0% +constant over here we're taking a Min + + + align:start position:0% +constant over here we're taking a Min +over integre of V things so we have to + + align:start position:0% +over integre of V things so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +over integre of V things so we have to +pay in degree of V + + align:start position:0% +pay in degree of V + + + align:start position:0% +pay in degree of V +time again counting the recursions is + + align:start position:0% +time again counting the recursions is + + + align:start position:0% +time again counting the recursions is +free but for each one of them we have to + + align:start position:0% +free but for each one of them we have to + + + align:start position:0% +free but for each one of them we have to +do an addition so it's constant work per + + align:start position:0% +do an addition so it's constant work per + + + align:start position:0% +do an addition so it's constant work per +per guess and this is quite common often + + align:start position:0% +per guess and this is quite common often + + + align:start position:0% +per guess and this is quite common often +the number of guesses and the running + + align:start position:0% +the number of guesses and the running + + + align:start position:0% +the number of guesses and the running +time per sub problem are the same up to + + align:start position:0% +time per sub problem are the same up to + + + align:start position:0% +time per sub problem are the same up to +constant factors sometimes they're + + align:start position:0% +constant factors sometimes they're + + + align:start position:0% +constant factors sometimes they're +different we'll see some examples + + align:start position:0% +different we'll see some examples + + + align:start position:0% +different we'll see some examples +today okay step + + align:start position:0% +today okay step + + + align:start position:0% +today okay step +four uh let's see so here we evaluate + + align:start position:0% +four uh let's see so here we evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +four uh let's see so here we evaluate +the time per sub problem that's once you + + align:start position:0% +the time per sub problem that's once you + + + align:start position:0% +the time per sub problem that's once you +have the recurrence that becomes clear + + align:start position:0% +have the recurrence that becomes clear + + + align:start position:0% +have the recurrence that becomes clear +you want to make sure that's polinomial + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that's polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that's polinomial +often these are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same and then we either recurse and memo + + align:start position:0% +same and then we either recurse and memo + + + align:start position:0% +same and then we either recurse and memo +or build a DP table I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +or build a DP table I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +or build a DP table I'm not going to +write those we did it for Fibonacci last + + align:start position:0% +write those we did it for Fibonacci last + + + align:start position:0% +write those we did it for Fibonacci last +time shortest paths pretty easy um and + + align:start position:0% +time shortest paths pretty easy um and + + + align:start position:0% +time shortest paths pretty easy um and +in general what we need to check + + align:start position:0% +in general what we need to check + + + align:start position:0% +in general what we need to check +here is that the sub + + align:start position:0% +here is that the sub + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the sub +problem uh + + align:start position:0% +problem uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem uh +recurrence is a cyclic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in other words that it has a topological + + align:start position:0% +in other words that it has a topological + + + align:start position:0% +in other words that it has a topological +order so we can use topological + + align:start position:0% +order so we can use topological + + + align:start position:0% +order so we can use topological +sort we don't actually use topological + + align:start position:0% +sort we don't actually use topological + + + align:start position:0% +sort we don't actually use topological +sort algorithm usually you can just + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm usually you can just + + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm usually you can just +think about it uh in the case of + + align:start position:0% +think about it uh in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +think about it uh in the case of +Fibonacci numbers it's clear you want to + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci numbers it's clear you want to + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci numbers it's clear you want to +start with the smallest one and end up + + align:start position:0% +start with the smallest one and end up + + + align:start position:0% +start with the smallest one and end up +with the biggest one you can't do the + + align:start position:0% +with the biggest one you can't do the + + + align:start position:0% +with the biggest one you can't do the +reverse because then when you're trying + + align:start position:0% +reverse because then when you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +reverse because then when you're trying +to compute the nth you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +to compute the nth you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +to compute the nth you don't have the +ones you need n minus one and N minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +ones you need n minus one and N minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +ones you need n minus one and N minus 2 +but if you do it in this order you + + align:start position:0% +but if you do it in this order you + + + align:start position:0% +but if you do it in this order you +always have the one you need by the time + + align:start position:0% +always have the one you need by the time + + + align:start position:0% +always have the one you need by the time +you get there in general there's a dag + + align:start position:0% +you get there in general there's a dag + + + align:start position:0% +you get there in general there's a dag +there and for Fibonacci it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was like this every node depends on the + + align:start position:0% +was like this every node depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +was like this every node depends on the +previous and the second previous but you + + align:start position:0% +previous and the second previous but you + + + align:start position:0% +previous and the second previous but you +just choose a topologic order which is + + align:start position:0% +just choose a topologic order which is + + + align:start position:0% +just choose a topologic order which is +here left to right and your + + align:start position:0% +here left to right and your + + + align:start position:0% +here left to right and your +golden and these are actually the four + + align:start position:0% +golden and these are actually the four + + + align:start position:0% +golden and these are actually the four +Loops you get in the bottom up DP for + + align:start position:0% +Loops you get in the bottom up DP for + + + align:start position:0% +Loops you get in the bottom up DP for +shortest paths you have to think a + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths you have to think a + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths you have to think a +little bit you have to do the for Loop + + align:start position:0% +little bit you have to do the for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +little bit you have to do the for Loop +over K on on the outside and for Loop + + align:start position:0% +over K on on the outside and for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +over K on on the outside and for Loop +over V on the inside the reverse does + + align:start position:0% +over V on the inside the reverse does + + + align:start position:0% +over V on the inside the reverse does +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +work okay I won't go through that but we + + align:start position:0% +work okay I won't go through that but we + + + align:start position:0% +work okay I won't go through that but we +drew the dag last time and that's the + + align:start position:0% +drew the dag last time and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +drew the dag last time and that's the +main thing you need to do here and then + + align:start position:0% +main thing you need to do here and then + + + align:start position:0% +main thing you need to do here and then +of course you use this formula to + + align:start position:0% +of course you use this formula to + + + align:start position:0% +of course you use this formula to +compute the overall running time which + + align:start position:0% +compute the overall running time which + + + align:start position:0% +compute the overall running time which +is just multiplying this quantity with + + align:start position:0% +is just multiplying this quantity with + + + align:start position:0% +is just multiplying this quantity with +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantity total + + align:start position:0% +quantity total + + + align:start position:0% +quantity total +time uh then there just one last step + + align:start position:0% +time uh then there just one last step + + + align:start position:0% +time uh then there just one last step +that usually isn't that big a deal but + + align:start position:0% +that usually isn't that big a deal but + + + align:start position:0% +that usually isn't that big a deal but +you have to think about it you need to + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about it you need to + + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about it you need to +make sure that the problem you actually + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the problem you actually + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the problem you actually +cared about solving gets solved in the + + align:start position:0% +cared about solving gets solved in the + + + align:start position:0% +cared about solving gets solved in the +case of Fibonacci and shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +case of Fibonacci and shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +case of Fibonacci and shortest paths +this is pretty clear I didn't write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it we can go down here uh solve the + + align:start position:0% +it we can go down here uh solve the + + + align:start position:0% +it we can go down here uh solve the +original + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem Fibonacci it is FN and this is + + align:start position:0% +problem Fibonacci it is FN and this is + + + align:start position:0% +problem Fibonacci it is FN and this is +one of our sub problems so if we solve + + align:start position:0% +one of our sub problems so if we solve + + + align:start position:0% +one of our sub problems so if we solve +all of them we're done for shortest + + align:start position:0% +all of them we're done for shortest + + + align:start position:0% +all of them we're done for shortest +paths it's basically Delta + + align:start position:0% +paths it's basically Delta + + + align:start position:0% +paths it's basically Delta +sub vus one of + + align:start position:0% +sub vus one of + + + align:start position:0% +sub vus one of +SV for all V that's single Source + + align:start position:0% +SV for all V that's single Source + + + align:start position:0% +SV for all V that's single Source +shortest paths and by our Bellman Ford + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths and by our Bellman Ford + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths and by our Bellman Ford +analysis that gives us the right + + align:start position:0% +analysis that gives us the right + + + align:start position:0% +analysis that gives us the right +shortest paths if there are no negative + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths if there are no negative + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths if there are no negative +weight cycles and sometimes this + + align:start position:0% +weight cycles and sometimes this + + + align:start position:0% +weight cycles and sometimes this +requires extra + + align:start position:0% +requires extra + + + align:start position:0% +requires extra +time to combine your solutions to get + + align:start position:0% +time to combine your solutions to get + + + align:start position:0% +time to combine your solutions to get +the real thing here of course we just + + align:start position:0% +the real thing here of course we just + + + align:start position:0% +the real thing here of course we just +have the answers so writing them down + + align:start position:0% +have the answers so writing them down + + + align:start position:0% +have the answers so writing them down +down does not take very + + align:start position:0% +down does not take very + + + align:start position:0% +down does not take very +long so the the dominant running time + + align:start position:0% +long so the the dominant running time + + + align:start position:0% +long so the the dominant running time +which I didn't write should have written + + align:start position:0% +which I didn't write should have written + + + align:start position:0% +which I didn't write should have written +it under four here this ends up being n + + align:start position:0% +it under four here this ends up being n + + + align:start position:0% +it under four here this ends up being n +this ends up being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V okay I don't want to spend more time + + align:start position:0% +V okay I don't want to spend more time + + + align:start position:0% +V okay I don't want to spend more time +on those examples let's go to new things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so first + + align:start position:0% +so first + + + align:start position:0% +so first +problem we're going to look at today is + + align:start position:0% +problem we're going to look at today is + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're going to look at today is +text + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +justification and the informal statement + + align:start position:0% +justification and the informal statement + + + align:start position:0% +justification and the informal statement +of this problem is you give you're given + + align:start position:0% +of this problem is you give you're given + + + align:start position:0% +of this problem is you give you're given +some text which means a string a whole + + align:start position:0% +some text which means a string a whole + + + align:start position:0% +some text which means a string a whole +bunch of characters + + align:start position:0% +bunch of characters + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of characters +uh and we want to split them into good + + align:start position:0% +uh and we want to split them into good + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we want to split them into good +lines okay the rules of the game here + + align:start position:0% +lines okay the rules of the game here + + + align:start position:0% +lines okay the rules of the game here +are we're going to like in the early + + align:start position:0% +are we're going to like in the early + + + align:start position:0% +are we're going to like in the early +lectures of document distance we have + + align:start position:0% +lectures of document distance we have + + + align:start position:0% +lectures of document distance we have +some definition of splitting a document + + align:start position:0% +some definition of splitting a document + + + align:start position:0% +some definition of splitting a document +into words separated by + + align:start position:0% +into words separated by + + + align:start position:0% +into words separated by +spaces and what we want to do is cut we + + align:start position:0% +spaces and what we want to do is cut we + + + align:start position:0% +spaces and what we want to do is cut we +can only cut between word + + align:start position:0% +can only cut between word + + + align:start position:0% +can only cut between word +boundaries and we want to uh you know + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and we want to uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and we want to uh you know +write some text can have some spaces in + + align:start position:0% +write some text can have some spaces in + + + align:start position:0% +write some text can have some spaces in +it then there's a new + + align:start position:0% +it then there's a new + + + align:start position:0% +it then there's a new +line something like that we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +line something like that we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +line something like that we'd like to +avoid and we want to justify our text on + + align:start position:0% +avoid and we want to justify our text on + + + align:start position:0% +avoid and we want to justify our text on +the right here and so we'd like to avoid + + align:start position:0% +the right here and so we'd like to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +the right here and so we'd like to avoid +big gaps like this because they look + + align:start position:0% +big gaps like this because they look + + + align:start position:0% +big gaps like this because they look +ugly they're hard to + + align:start position:0% +ugly they're hard to + + + align:start position:0% +ugly they're hard to +read now if you use uh Microsoft Word at + + align:start position:0% +read now if you use uh Microsoft Word at + + + align:start position:0% +read now if you use uh Microsoft Word at +least before the latest versions they + + align:start position:0% +least before the latest versions they + + + align:start position:0% +least before the latest versions they +follow a greedy strategy which is very + + align:start position:0% +follow a greedy strategy which is very + + + align:start position:0% +follow a greedy strategy which is very +simple you pack as many words as you can + + align:start position:0% +simple you pack as many words as you can + + + align:start position:0% +simple you pack as many words as you can +on the first line then you go to the + + align:start position:0% +on the first line then you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +on the first line then you go to the +next line pack as many words as you can + + align:start position:0% +next line pack as many words as you can + + + align:start position:0% +next line pack as many words as you can +on the second line keep going like that + + align:start position:0% +on the second line keep going like that + + + align:start position:0% +on the second line keep going like that +and that strategy is not optimal if you + + align:start position:0% +and that strategy is not optimal if you + + + align:start position:0% +and that strategy is not optimal if you +use uh latch as some of you have been + + align:start position:0% +use uh latch as some of you have been + + + align:start position:0% +use uh latch as some of you have been +doing on problem sets and I think also + + align:start position:0% +doing on problem sets and I think also + + + align:start position:0% +doing on problem sets and I think also +new versions of word but I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +new versions of word but I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +new versions of word but I'm not sure +then uh it uses dynamic programming to + + align:start position:0% +then uh it uses dynamic programming to + + + align:start position:0% +then uh it uses dynamic programming to +solve this problem and that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem and that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem and that's what we're +going to do here so let me specify a + + align:start position:0% +going to do here so let me specify a + + + align:start position:0% +going to do here so let me specify a +little bit more about what we mean here + + align:start position:0% +little bit more about what we mean here + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more about what we mean here +uh so the text we're going to think of + + align:start position:0% +uh so the text we're going to think of + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the text we're going to think of +as a list of words + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to define a + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to define a + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to define a +quantity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Badness and this is a an aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +Badness and this is a an aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +Badness and this is a an aesthetic +quantity if you will I'm going to tell + + align:start position:0% +quantity if you will I'm going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +quantity if you will I'm going to tell +you what latek + + align:start position:0% +you what latek + + + align:start position:0% +you what latek +uses but um this is sort of the how bad + + align:start position:0% +uses but um this is sort of the how bad + + + align:start position:0% +uses but um this is sort of the how bad +it is to use or let's say uh + + align:start position:0% +it is to use or let's say uh + + + align:start position:0% +it is to use or let's say uh +yeah words I through J + + align:start position:0% +yeah words I through J + + + align:start position:0% +yeah words I through J +as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line so this is python notation so it + + align:start position:0% +line so this is python notation so it + + + align:start position:0% +line so this is python notation so it +starts at I and ends at J minus one + + align:start position:0% +starts at I and ends at J minus one + + + align:start position:0% +starts at I and ends at J minus one +that'll be convenient um so I have this + + align:start position:0% +that'll be convenient um so I have this + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be convenient um so I have this +list of words and if I look at words I + + align:start position:0% +list of words and if I look at words I + + + align:start position:0% +list of words and if I look at words I +through J minus one and I think of what + + align:start position:0% +through J minus one and I think of what + + + align:start position:0% +through J minus one and I think of what +happens if I pack them in a line uh well + + align:start position:0% +happens if I pack them in a line uh well + + + align:start position:0% +happens if I pack them in a line uh well +they may fit or they may not + + align:start position:0% +they may fit or they may not + + + align:start position:0% +they may fit or they may not +fit okay so there's going to be two + + align:start position:0% +fit okay so there's going to be two + + + align:start position:0% +fit okay so there's going to be two +cases uh if they don't fit I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +cases uh if they don't fit I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +cases uh if they don't fit I'm going to +write inin + + align:start position:0% +write inin + + + align:start position:0% +write inin +because that's really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bad so I have some notion of how wide my + + align:start position:0% +bad so I have some notion of how wide my + + + align:start position:0% +bad so I have some notion of how wide my +uh line can be and if the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +uh line can be and if the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh line can be and if the sum of the +lengths of those words plus the sum of + + align:start position:0% +lengths of those words plus the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +lengths of those words plus the sum of +the lengths of the spaces as small as + + align:start position:0% +the lengths of the spaces as small as + + + align:start position:0% +the lengths of the spaces as small as +possible is bigger than the width of my + + align:start position:0% +possible is bigger than the width of my + + + align:start position:0% +possible is bigger than the width of my +uh screen or page I guess then I say + + align:start position:0% +uh screen or page I guess then I say + + + align:start position:0% +uh screen or page I guess then I say +they don't fit and then I Define Badness + + align:start position:0% +they don't fit and then I Define Badness + + + align:start position:0% +they don't fit and then I Define Badness +to be Infinity meaning I never want to + + align:start position:0% +to be Infinity meaning I never want to + + + align:start position:0% +to be Infinity meaning I never want to +do that + + align:start position:0% +do that + + + align:start position:0% +do that +uh that's this is actually latex sloppy + + align:start position:0% +uh that's this is actually latex sloppy + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's this is actually latex sloppy +mode if you want to be + + align:start position:0% +mode if you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +mode if you want to be +technical um + + align:start position:0% +technical um + + + align:start position:0% +technical um +otherwise it's going to + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's going to +be page + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +width minus total + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +width + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed why cubed who + + align:start position:0% +cubed why cubed who + + + align:start position:0% +cubed why cubed who +knows this is the latch rule um and + + align:start position:0% +knows this is the latch rule um and + + + align:start position:0% +knows this is the latch rule um and +squared would probably also be + + align:start position:0% +squared would probably also be + + + align:start position:0% +squared would probably also be +fine so this is the width of the page + + align:start position:0% +fine so this is the width of the page + + + align:start position:0% +fine so this is the width of the page +minus the total width of those words + + align:start position:0% +minus the total width of those words + + + align:start position:0% +minus the total width of those words +which you also have to include the + + align:start position:0% +which you also have to include the + + + align:start position:0% +which you also have to include the +spaces here you take the difference you + + align:start position:0% +spaces here you take the difference you + + + align:start position:0% +spaces here you take the difference you +Cube it and so when this is small I mean + + align:start position:0% +Cube it and so when this is small I mean + + + align:start position:0% +Cube it and so when this is small I mean +when these are very close then this is + + align:start position:0% +when these are very close then this is + + + align:start position:0% +when these are very close then this is +going to be close to zero that's good + + align:start position:0% +going to be close to zero that's good + + + align:start position:0% +going to be close to zero that's good +that means you use most of the line when + + align:start position:0% +that means you use most of the line when + + + align:start position:0% +that means you use most of the line when +the total width is much smaller than the + + align:start position:0% +the total width is much smaller than the + + + align:start position:0% +the total width is much smaller than the +page width then this will be a large + + align:start position:0% +page width then this will be a large + + + align:start position:0% +page width then this will be a large +value cubid will be even larger so this + + align:start position:0% +value cubid will be even larger so this + + + align:start position:0% +value cubid will be even larger so this +will highly discourage big gaps like + + align:start position:0% +will highly discourage big gaps like + + + align:start position:0% +will highly discourage big gaps like +this and it will very much discourage + + align:start position:0% +this and it will very much discourage + + + align:start position:0% +this and it will very much discourage +not fitting so there's a tradeoff of + + align:start position:0% +not fitting so there's a tradeoff of + + + align:start position:0% +not fitting so there's a tradeoff of +course and the idea is you might in the + + align:start position:0% +course and the idea is you might in the + + + align:start position:0% +course and the idea is you might in the +greedy algorithm you make the first line + + align:start position:0% +greedy algorithm you make the first line + + + align:start position:0% +greedy algorithm you make the first line +as good as you can uh but it might + + align:start position:0% +as good as you can uh but it might + + + align:start position:0% +as good as you can uh but it might +actually be better to leave out some of + + align:start position:0% +actually be better to leave out some of + + + align:start position:0% +actually be better to leave out some of +the words that would fit here in order + + align:start position:0% +the words that would fit here in order + + + align:start position:0% +the words that would fit here in order +to make the next line better and in + + align:start position:0% +to make the next line better and in + + + align:start position:0% +to make the next line better and in +general it's hard to tell where should I + + align:start position:0% +general it's hard to tell where should I + + + align:start position:0% +general it's hard to tell where should I +cut the + + align:start position:0% +cut the + + + align:start position:0% +cut the +lines uh in order to get the best + + align:start position:0% +lines uh in order to get the best + + + align:start position:0% +lines uh in order to get the best +overall strategy what I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +overall strategy what I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +overall strategy what I'd like to +minimize is the sum of the badnesses of + + align:start position:0% +minimize is the sum of the badnesses of + + + align:start position:0% +minimize is the sum of the badnesses of +the lines so it's a sum of cubes and + + align:start position:0% +the lines so it's a sum of cubes and + + + align:start position:0% +the lines so it's a sum of cubes and +that's really hard to think about + + align:start position:0% +that's really hard to think about + + + align:start position:0% +that's really hard to think about +but that's what dynamic programming is + + align:start position:0% +but that's what dynamic programming is + + + align:start position:0% +but that's what dynamic programming is +for you don't have to think it's great + + align:start position:0% +for you don't have to think it's great + + + align:start position:0% +for you don't have to think it's great +because it's Brute + + align:start position:0% +because it's Brute + + + align:start position:0% +because it's Brute +Force okay + + align:start position:0% +Force okay + + + align:start position:0% +Force okay +so the first thing we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing we need to do is +Define sub + + align:start position:0% +Define sub + + + align:start position:0% +Define sub +problems this is in some sense the hard + + align:start position:0% +problems this is in some sense the hard + + + align:start position:0% +problems this is in some sense the hard +part the rest will follow + + align:start position:0% +part the rest will follow + + + align:start position:0% +part the rest will follow +easily + + align:start position:0% +easily + + + align:start position:0% +easily +so I think actually it might be easier + + align:start position:0% +so I think actually it might be easier + + + align:start position:0% +so I think actually it might be easier +to think about for this problem what + + align:start position:0% +to think about for this problem what + + + align:start position:0% +to think about for this problem what +would be the Brute Force strategy how + + align:start position:0% +would be the Brute Force strategy how + + + align:start position:0% +would be the Brute Force strategy how +would you try all possibilities + + align:start position:0% +would you try all possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +would you try all possibilities +exponential time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suggestions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah try all partitions of the word so + + align:start position:0% +yeah try all partitions of the word so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah try all partitions of the word so +of the string of words so I mean it + + align:start position:0% +of the string of words so I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +of the string of words so I mean it +could be I it all fits in one line I + + align:start position:0% +could be I it all fits in one line I + + + align:start position:0% +could be I it all fits in one line I +could be it's split into two lines I try + + align:start position:0% +could be it's split into two lines I try + + + align:start position:0% +could be it's split into two lines I try +all possible splits there in general I'm + + align:start position:0% +all possible splits there in general I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all possible splits there in general I'm +guessing for every word does this start + + align:start position:0% +guessing for every word does this start + + + align:start position:0% +guessing for every word does this start +a line or not that would be always and + + align:start position:0% +a line or not that would be always and + + + align:start position:0% +a line or not that would be always and +so there are two to the N if I have + + align:start position:0% +so there are two to the N if I have + + + align:start position:0% +so there are two to the N if I have +nword there's two to the N different + + align:start position:0% +nword there's two to the N different + + + align:start position:0% +nword there's two to the N different +splits for every word I say yes or no + + align:start position:0% +splits for every word I say yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +splits for every word I say yes or no +does this begin a line so what I'd like + + align:start position:0% +does this begin a line so what I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +does this begin a line so what I'd like +to figure out is where those lines begin + + align:start position:0% +to figure out is where those lines begin + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out is where those lines begin +that's that was the point of that + + align:start position:0% +that's that was the point of that + + + align:start position:0% +that's that was the point of that +exercise uh so any suggestions maybe + + align:start position:0% +exercise uh so any suggestions maybe + + + align:start position:0% +exercise uh so any suggestions maybe +it's actually easier to jump ahead and + + align:start position:0% +it's actually easier to jump ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually easier to jump ahead and +think what would I guess in my solution + + align:start position:0% +think what would I guess in my solution + + + align:start position:0% +think what would I guess in my solution +if I have this big string of + + align:start position:0% +if I have this big string of + + + align:start position:0% +if I have this big string of +words what's the natural first thing to + + align:start position:0% +words what's the natural first thing to + + + align:start position:0% +words what's the natural first thing to +guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah guess how long the first line is + + align:start position:0% +yeah guess how long the first line is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah guess how long the first line is +yeah we know that the first word begins + + align:start position:0% +yeah we know that the first word begins + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we know that the first word begins +a line but where where does the second + + align:start position:0% +a line but where where does the second + + + align:start position:0% +a line but where where does the second +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +begin so I'd like to guess where the + + align:start position:0% +begin so I'd like to guess where the + + + align:start position:0% +begin so I'd like to guess where the +second line begins that's so you know I + + align:start position:0% +second line begins that's so you know I + + + align:start position:0% +second line begins that's so you know I +have a beginning of line here and then I + + align:start position:0% +have a beginning of line here and then I + + + align:start position:0% +have a beginning of line here and then I +have a beginning of line here at the + + align:start position:0% +have a beginning of line here at the + + + align:start position:0% +have a beginning of line here at the +fourth + + align:start position:0% +fourth + + + align:start position:0% +fourth +word where does the the second line + + align:start position:0% +word where does the the second line + + + align:start position:0% +word where does the the second line +begin I don't know guess so I'm G to try + + align:start position:0% +begin I don't know guess so I'm G to try + + + align:start position:0% +begin I don't know guess so I'm G to try +all the possible words after the first + + align:start position:0% +all the possible words after the first + + + align:start position:0% +all the possible words after the first +word and say well what if I started my + + align:start position:0% +word and say well what if I started my + + + align:start position:0% +word and say well what if I started my +second line here at some point I'm going + + align:start position:0% +second line here at some point I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +second line here at some point I'm going +to be packing too much into the first + + align:start position:0% +to be packing too much into the first + + + align:start position:0% +to be packing too much into the first +line and so I I abort but + + align:start position:0% +line and so I I abort but + + + align:start position:0% +line and so I I abort but +uh yeah I'll try them all why not okay + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah I'll try them all why not okay + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah I'll try them all why not okay +that's good the issue is that once I've + + align:start position:0% +that's good the issue is that once I've + + + align:start position:0% +that's good the issue is that once I've +chosen where the second line is of + + align:start position:0% +chosen where the second line is of + + + align:start position:0% +chosen where the second line is of +course the next thing I want to guess is + + align:start position:0% +course the next thing I want to guess is + + + align:start position:0% +course the next thing I want to guess is +where the third line begins and then I + + align:start position:0% +where the third line begins and then I + + + align:start position:0% +where the third line begins and then I +want to guess where the fourth line + + align:start position:0% +want to guess where the fourth line + + + align:start position:0% +want to guess where the fourth line +begins and so on in general I need to + + align:start position:0% +begins and so on in general I need to + + + align:start position:0% +begins and so on in general I need to +set up my sub problem so that after I do + + align:start position:0% +set up my sub problem so that after I do + + + align:start position:0% +set up my sub problem so that after I do +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +guess I have a problem of the original + + align:start position:0% +guess I have a problem of the original + + + align:start position:0% +guess I have a problem of the original +type okay so originally I have all the + + align:start position:0% +type okay so originally I have all the + + + align:start position:0% +type okay so originally I have all the +words but after I guess where the second + + align:start position:0% +words but after I guess where the second + + + align:start position:0% +words but after I guess where the second +line begins I have the remaining + + align:start position:0% +line begins I have the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +line begins I have the remaining +words what's a good word for the + + align:start position:0% +words what's a good word for the + + + align:start position:0% +words what's a good word for the +remaining words if I give you a list of + + align:start position:0% +remaining words if I give you a list of + + + align:start position:0% +remaining words if I give you a list of +words and I want from here on it's + + align:start position:0% +words and I want from here on it's + + + align:start position:0% +words and I want from here on it's +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +what a sub yes that's what we want to + + align:start position:0% +what a sub yes that's what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +what a sub yes that's what we want to +Define uh it's called a suffix of the + + align:start position:0% +Define uh it's called a suffix of the + + + align:start position:0% +Define uh it's called a suffix of the +array it's the word I was looking for + + align:start position:0% +array it's the word I was looking for + + + align:start position:0% +array it's the word I was looking for +it's tough when I I only have one word + + align:start position:0% +it's tough when I I only have one word + + + align:start position:0% +it's tough when I I only have one word +answers so my sub problems are going to + + align:start position:0% +answers so my sub problems are going to + + + align:start position:0% +answers so my sub problems are going to +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suffixes which is in Python notation + + align:start position:0% +suffixes which is in Python notation + + + align:start position:0% +suffixes which is in Python notation +ion they call it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +splices okay how many sub problems are + + align:start position:0% +splices okay how many sub problems are + + + align:start position:0% +splices okay how many sub problems are +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +NW + + align:start position:0% +NW + + + align:start position:0% +NW +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +sorry two to the + + align:start position:0% +sorry two to the + + + align:start position:0% +sorry two to the +N that would be that would be a problem + + align:start position:0% +N that would be that would be a problem + + + align:start position:0% +N that would be that would be a problem +if it was two to the N I hope it's only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n originally we said okay we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +n originally we said okay we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +n originally we said okay we're gonna +for every word we're going to say is + + align:start position:0% +for every word we're going to say is + + + align:start position:0% +for every word we're going to say is +this in or out is this the beginning or + + align:start position:0% +this in or out is this the beginning or + + + align:start position:0% +this in or out is this the beginning or +not that's two to the end but here the + + align:start position:0% +not that's two to the end but here the + + + align:start position:0% +not that's two to the end but here the +idea is we're we're only thinking about + + align:start position:0% +idea is we're we're only thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +idea is we're we're only thinking about +well what are the words that remain and + + align:start position:0% +well what are the words that remain and + + + align:start position:0% +well what are the words that remain and +it could be you've dealt with the first + + align:start position:0% +it could be you've dealt with the first + + + align:start position:0% +it could be you've dealt with the first +100 Words and then you've got n minus + + align:start position:0% +100 Words and then you've got n minus + + + align:start position:0% +100 Words and then you've got n minus +100 left or it could be you've dealt + + align:start position:0% +100 left or it could be you've dealt + + + align:start position:0% +100 left or it could be you've dealt +with the first thousand words then + + align:start position:0% +with the first thousand words then + + + align:start position:0% +with the first thousand words then +you've got n minus a th000 there's only + + align:start position:0% +you've got n minus a th000 there's only + + + align:start position:0% +you've got n minus a th000 there's only +nend + + align:start position:0% +nend + + + align:start position:0% +nend +choices for for that we're only + + align:start position:0% +choices for for that we're only + + + align:start position:0% +choices for for that we're only +remembering one line this is the + + align:start position:0% +remembering one line this is the + + + align:start position:0% +remembering one line this is the +key even though we may have already + + align:start position:0% +key even though we may have already + + + align:start position:0% +key even though we may have already +guessed several lines we're just going + + align:start position:0% +guessed several lines we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +guessed several lines we're just going +to remember well okay this is what we + + align:start position:0% +to remember well okay this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +to remember well okay this is what we +have left to do so let's forget about + + align:start position:0% +have left to do so let's forget about + + + align:start position:0% +have left to do so let's forget about +the past this is what make makes dynamic + + align:start position:0% +the past this is what make makes dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +the past this is what make makes dynamic +programming efficient and just going to + + align:start position:0% +programming efficient and just going to + + + align:start position:0% +programming efficient and just going to +solve it uh solve these sub problems + + align:start position:0% +solve it uh solve these sub problems + + + align:start position:0% +solve it uh solve these sub problems +forgetting about the past so the sub + + align:start position:0% +forgetting about the past so the sub + + + align:start position:0% +forgetting about the past so the sub +problem I'm not going to write it here + + align:start position:0% +problem I'm not going to write it here + + + align:start position:0% +problem I'm not going to write it here +is if I give you these words never mind + + align:start position:0% +is if I give you these words never mind + + + align:start position:0% +is if I give you these words never mind +the other words how do I pack them + + align:start position:0% +the other words how do I pack them + + + align:start position:0% +the other words how do I pack them +optimally into a + + align:start position:0% +optimally into a + + + align:start position:0% +optimally into a +paragraph I don't care about the other + + align:start position:0% +paragraph I don't care about the other + + + align:start position:0% +paragraph I don't care about the other +words just the these words so this is a + + align:start position:0% +words just the these words so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +words just the these words so this is a +different version of the same problem + + align:start position:0% +different version of the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +different version of the same problem +initially we have NW to do now I have n + + align:start position:0% +initially we have NW to do now I have n + + + align:start position:0% +initially we have NW to do now I have n +minus i words to do but it's again text + + align:start position:0% +minus i words to do but it's again text + + + align:start position:0% +minus i words to do but it's again text +justification I want to solve this + + align:start position:0% +justification I want to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +justification I want to solve this +problem on those words that's just how + + align:start position:0% +problem on those words that's just how + + + align:start position:0% +problem on those words that's just how +I'm going to Define it this will work if + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to Define it this will work if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to Define it this will work if +I can specify a recurrence + + align:start position:0% +I can specify a recurrence + + + align:start position:0% +I can specify a recurrence +relation okay as we said what we + + align:start position:0% +relation okay as we said what we + + + align:start position:0% +relation okay as we said what we +guess is uh where to break the first + + align:start position:0% +guess is uh where to break the first + + + align:start position:0% +guess is uh where to break the first +line where to uh start the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line for those + + align:start position:0% +line for those + + + align:start position:0% +line for those +words okay so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um it could be the i+ first line it + + align:start position:0% +um it could be the i+ first line it + + + align:start position:0% +um it could be the i+ first line it +could be the I plus second line or sorry + + align:start position:0% +could be the I plus second line or sorry + + + align:start position:0% +could be the I plus second line or sorry +word some word after I + + align:start position:0% +word some word after I + + + align:start position:0% +word some word after I +is where we guess the second word the + + align:start position:0% +is where we guess the second word the + + + align:start position:0% +is where we guess the second word the +number of of choices for the + + align:start position:0% +number of of choices for the + + + align:start position:0% +number of of choices for the +guess is at most n minus I I'm just + + align:start position:0% +guess is at most n minus I I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +guess is at most n minus I I'm just +going to think of that as order + + align:start position:0% +going to think of that as order + + + align:start position:0% +going to think of that as order +n it won't + + align:start position:0% +n it won't + + + align:start position:0% +n it won't +matter the third part is we need a + + align:start position:0% +matter the third part is we need a + + + align:start position:0% +matter the third part is we need a +recurrence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relation I claim this is very + + align:start position:0% +relation I claim this is very + + + align:start position:0% +relation I claim this is very +easy I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +easy I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +easy I'm going to +uh I didn't give this problem a name so + + align:start position:0% +uh I didn't give this problem a name so + + + align:start position:0% +uh I didn't give this problem a name so +I'm just going to write it + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to write it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to write it +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +DP of + + align:start position:0% +DP of + + + align:start position:0% +DP of +I so this is going to be the solution to + + align:start position:0% +I so this is going to be the solution to + + + align:start position:0% +I so this is going to be the solution to +that suffix words from I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +onward and I'd like + + align:start position:0% +onward and I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +onward and I'd like +to what I want to do is consider all + + align:start position:0% +to what I want to do is consider all + + + align:start position:0% +to what I want to do is consider all +possible guesses so I mean this is going + + align:start position:0% +possible guesses so I mean this is going + + + align:start position:0% +possible guesses so I mean this is going +to be pretty formulaic at this point + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty formulaic at this point + + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty formulaic at this point +after I've set up these ideas is there's + + align:start position:0% +after I've set up these ideas is there's + + + align:start position:0% +after I've set up these ideas is there's +pretty much only one thing I can write + + align:start position:0% +pretty much only one thing I can write + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much only one thing I can write +here which is I want to do + + align:start position:0% +here which is I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +here which is I want to do +a for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +loop I think that would be the for Loop + + align:start position:0% +loop I think that would be the for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +loop I think that would be the for Loop +of where the second line can start I + + align:start position:0% +of where the second line can start I + + + align:start position:0% +of where the second line can start I +can't start at I because that's where + + align:start position:0% +can't start at I because that's where + + + align:start position:0% +can't start at I because that's where +the first line starts but it could start + + align:start position:0% +the first line starts but it could start + + + align:start position:0% +the first line starts but it could start +at I + one it could + + align:start position:0% +at I + one it could + + + align:start position:0% +at I + one it could +and uh this special value of n will mean + + align:start position:0% +and uh this special value of n will mean + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this special value of n will mean +that uh there is no second + + align:start position:0% +that uh there is no second + + + align:start position:0% +that uh there is no second +line okay so DP of I now I want to do + + align:start position:0% +line okay so DP of I now I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +line okay so DP of I now I want to do +this for Loop in order to try all the + + align:start position:0% +this for Loop in order to try all the + + + align:start position:0% +this for Loop in order to try all the +possible guesses J will be the word + + align:start position:0% +possible guesses J will be the word + + + align:start position:0% +possible guesses J will be the word +where the next thing starts so then what + + align:start position:0% +where the next thing starts so then what + + + align:start position:0% +where the next thing starts so then what +do I write up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here if I make this + + align:start position:0% +here if I make this + + + align:start position:0% +here if I make this +guess right so I + + align:start position:0% +guess right so I + + + align:start position:0% +guess right so I +have Word I is the first word of the + + align:start position:0% +have Word I is the first word of the + + + align:start position:0% +have Word I is the first word of the +first line and then word J is the first + + align:start position:0% +first line and then word J is the first + + + align:start position:0% +first line and then word J is the first +word of the second + + align:start position:0% +word of the second + + + align:start position:0% +word of the second +line okay and then there's more stuff + + align:start position:0% +line okay and then there's more stuff + + + align:start position:0% +line okay and then there's more stuff +down below I don't know what that + + align:start position:0% +down below I don't know what that + + + align:start position:0% +down below I don't know what that +is but uh what how can I use recursion + + align:start position:0% +is but uh what how can I use recursion + + + align:start position:0% +is but uh what how can I use recursion +to specify + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this DP of + + align:start position:0% +this DP of + + + align:start position:0% +this DP of +J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly I guess uh if I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +exactly I guess uh if I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +exactly I guess uh if I'm doing +recursion I should use + + align:start position:0% +recursion I should use + + + align:start position:0% +recursion I should use +parentheses instead of brackets but if + + align:start position:0% +parentheses instead of brackets but if + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses instead of brackets but if +you're doing it bottom up it would be + + align:start position:0% +you're doing it bottom up it would be + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing it bottom up it would be +square + + align:start position:0% +square + + + align:start position:0% +square +brackets so that's just DP of J that's + + align:start position:0% +brackets so that's just DP of J that's + + + align:start position:0% +brackets so that's just DP of J that's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +of the rest of the problem and I can + + align:start position:0% +of the rest of the problem and I can + + + align:start position:0% +of the rest of the problem and I can +assume that that's free to compute this + + align:start position:0% +assume that that's free to compute this + + + align:start position:0% +assume that that's free to compute this +is the magic of dynamic programming but + + align:start position:0% +is the magic of dynamic programming but + + + align:start position:0% +is the magic of dynamic programming but +then I also have to think about well + + align:start position:0% +then I also have to think about well + + + align:start position:0% +then I also have to think about well +what about the first line how much does + + align:start position:0% +what about the first line how much does + + + align:start position:0% +what about the first line how much does +that cost well that's just Badness of + + align:start position:0% +that cost well that's just Badness of + + + align:start position:0% +that cost well that's just Badness of +I and we've already defined that we can + + align:start position:0% +I and we've already defined that we can + + + align:start position:0% +I and we've already defined that we can +compute it in constant time dynamic + + align:start position:0% +compute it in constant time dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +compute it in constant time dynamic +programming doesn't really care what + + align:start position:0% +programming doesn't really care what + + + align:start position:0% +programming doesn't really care what +this is it could be anything as long as + + align:start position:0% +this is it could be anything as long as + + + align:start position:0% +this is it could be anything as long as +you're trying to minimize the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to minimize the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to minimize the sum of the +badnesses whatever function is in here + + align:start position:0% +badnesses whatever function is in here + + + align:start position:0% +badnesses whatever function is in here +you just compute it here this is the + + align:start position:0% +you just compute it here this is the + + + align:start position:0% +you just compute it here this is the +power of dynamic programming it works + + align:start position:0% +power of dynamic programming it works + + + align:start position:0% +power of dynamic programming it works +for all variations of this problem + + align:start position:0% +for all variations of this problem + + + align:start position:0% +for all variations of this problem +however you define Badness so you might + + align:start position:0% +however you define Badness so you might + + + align:start position:0% +however you define Badness so you might +say oh that's a weird definition I want + + align:start position:0% +say oh that's a weird definition I want + + + align:start position:0% +say oh that's a weird definition I want +to use something else instead that's + + align:start position:0% +to use something else instead that's + + + align:start position:0% +to use something else instead that's +fine as long as you can compute it in + + align:start position:0% +fine as long as you can compute it in + + + align:start position:0% +fine as long as you can compute it in +terms of just I and J and you know + + align:start position:0% +terms of just I and J and you know + + + align:start position:0% +terms of just I and J and you know +looking at those + + align:start position:0% +looking at those + + + align:start position:0% +looking at those +words okay now I need to do a Min over + + align:start position:0% +words okay now I need to do a Min over + + + align:start position:0% +words okay now I need to do a Min over +the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing +because I want to minimize the sum of + + align:start position:0% +because I want to minimize the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +because I want to minimize the sum of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +badnesses so I compute for every guess + + align:start position:0% +badnesses so I compute for every guess + + + align:start position:0% +badnesses so I compute for every guess +of j i compute the cost of the rest of + + align:start position:0% +of j i compute the cost of the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +of j i compute the cost of the rest of +the problem plus the cost of that first + + align:start position:0% +the problem plus the cost of that first + + + align:start position:0% +the problem plus the cost of that first +line and this is in some sense checking + + align:start position:0% +line and this is in some sense checking + + + align:start position:0% +line and this is in some sense checking +all possible solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +magically okay that's the + + align:start position:0% +magically okay that's the + + + align:start position:0% +magically okay that's the +recurrence uh we need to check some + + align:start position:0% +recurrence uh we need to check some + + + align:start position:0% +recurrence uh we need to check some +things I guess right now we just want to + + align:start position:0% +things I guess right now we just want to + + + align:start position:0% +things I guess right now we just want to +compute how much time does this cost + + align:start position:0% +compute how much time does this cost + + + align:start position:0% +compute how much time does this cost +time per sub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem is have to do this for Loop + + align:start position:0% +problem is have to do this for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +problem is have to do this for Loop +basically I do constant work all of this + + align:start position:0% +basically I do constant work all of this + + + align:start position:0% +basically I do constant work all of this +is constant work for each choice I said + + align:start position:0% +is constant work for each choice I said + + + align:start position:0% +is constant work for each choice I said +there's order n choices so this is order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n now we have to check that there's a + + align:start position:0% +n now we have to check that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +n now we have to check that there's a +topological order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for this problem or for these sub + + align:start position:0% +for this problem or for these sub + + + align:start position:0% +for this problem or for these sub +problems and this is easy but a little + + align:start position:0% +problems and this is easy but a little + + + align:start position:0% +problems and this is easy but a little +different from what we've done before + + align:start position:0% +different from what we've done before + + + align:start position:0% +different from what we've done before +because we have to actually work from + + align:start position:0% +because we have to actually work from + + + align:start position:0% +because we have to actually work from +the end + + align:start position:0% +the end + + + align:start position:0% +the end +backwards because we're expressing DP of + + align:start position:0% +backwards because we're expressing DP of + + + align:start position:0% +backwards because we're expressing DP of +I in terms of DP of larger values of i j + + align:start position:0% +I in terms of DP of larger values of i j + + + align:start position:0% +I in terms of DP of larger values of i j +is always bigger than I and so we have + + align:start position:0% +is always bigger than I and so we have + + + align:start position:0% +is always bigger than I and so we have +to do it from the right end back to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning and and - one down to zero I + + align:start position:0% +beginning and and - one down to zero I + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and and - one down to zero I +didn't actually Define DP of n there's a + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually Define DP of n there's a + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually Define DP of n there's a +base case here which + + align:start position:0% +base case here which + + + align:start position:0% +base case here which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +DP of + + align:start position:0% +DP of + + + align:start position:0% +DP of +n equals zero because the meaning of DP + + align:start position:0% +n equals zero because the meaning of DP + + + align:start position:0% +n equals zero because the meaning of DP +of n is I have zero words the nth word + + align:start position:0% +of n is I have zero words the nth word + + + align:start position:0% +of n is I have zero words the nth word +onward there are there is no nth word + + align:start position:0% +onward there are there is no nth word + + + align:start position:0% +onward there are there is no nth word +it's zero to n minus one in this + + align:start position:0% +it's zero to n minus one in this + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero to n minus one in this +notation so I don't pay anything for the + + align:start position:0% +notation so I don't pay anything for the + + + align:start position:0% +notation so I don't pay anything for the +a blank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line okay so that's uh our topological + + align:start position:0% +line okay so that's uh our topological + + + align:start position:0% +line okay so that's uh our topological +order this one of course is + + align:start position:0% +order this one of course is + + + align:start position:0% +order this one of course is +instantaneous and then we work backwards + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous and then we work backwards + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous and then we work backwards +and always whenever we need to compute + + align:start position:0% +and always whenever we need to compute + + + align:start position:0% +and always whenever we need to compute +something we already have the + + align:start position:0% +something we already have the + + + align:start position:0% +something we already have the +value uh the total time we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get is going to be the number of sub + + align:start position:0% +get is going to be the number of sub + + + align:start position:0% +get is going to be the number of sub +problems which is n times the running + + align:start position:0% +problems which is n times the running + + + align:start position:0% +problems which is n times the running +time per sub problem which is order + + align:start position:0% +time per sub problem which is order + + + align:start position:0% +time per sub problem which is order +n which is order n^2 and in the worst + + align:start position:0% +n which is order n^2 and in the worst + + + align:start position:0% +n which is order n^2 and in the worst +case it is indeed Theta + + align:start position:0% +case it is indeed Theta + + + align:start position:0% +case it is indeed Theta +n^2 although in practice it's going to + + align:start position:0% +n^2 although in practice it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +n^2 although in practice it's going to +work better because lines can't be too + + align:start position:0% +work better because lines can't be too + + + align:start position:0% +work better because lines can't be too +long uh so that's the running time then + + align:start position:0% +long uh so that's the running time then + + + align:start position:0% +long uh so that's the running time then +finally we have to check that the + + align:start position:0% +finally we have to check that the + + + align:start position:0% +finally we have to check that the +original problem actually gets solved + + align:start position:0% +original problem actually gets solved + + + align:start position:0% +original problem actually gets solved +and in this case the original problem we + + align:start position:0% +and in this case the original problem we + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case the original problem we +need to solve is DP of + + align:start position:0% +need to solve is DP of + + + align:start position:0% +need to solve is DP of +zero because DP of zero means I take + + align:start position:0% +zero because DP of zero means I take + + + align:start position:0% +zero because DP of zero means I take +words from zero onwards that's everybody + + align:start position:0% +words from zero onwards that's everybody + + + align:start position:0% +words from zero onwards that's everybody +so that's that's the actual problem I + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's the actual problem I + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's the actual problem I +want to solve so we work backwards we + + align:start position:0% +want to solve so we work backwards we + + + align:start position:0% +want to solve so we work backwards we +solve all these sub problems that we + + align:start position:0% +solve all these sub problems that we + + + align:start position:0% +solve all these sub problems that we +don't directly care about but then the + + align:start position:0% +don't directly care about but then the + + + align:start position:0% +don't directly care about but then the +first one is the one we want and we're + + align:start position:0% +first one is the one we want and we're + + + align:start position:0% +first one is the one we want and we're +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +so in quadratic time we can find the + + align:start position:0% +so in quadratic time we can find the + + + align:start position:0% +so in quadratic time we can find the +best way to pack lines uh pack words + + align:start position:0% +best way to pack lines uh pack words + + + align:start position:0% +best way to pack lines uh pack words +into lines + + align:start position:0% +into lines + + + align:start position:0% +into lines +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +DP DP of J is returning it's like this + + align:start position:0% +DP DP of J is returning it's like this + + + align:start position:0% +DP DP of J is returning it's like this +so DP of this is a recursive definition + + align:start position:0% +so DP of this is a recursive definition + + + align:start position:0% +so DP of this is a recursive definition +imagine this as a recursive function I + + align:start position:0% +imagine this as a recursive function I + + + align:start position:0% +imagine this as a recursive function I +wrote equals which is a hasal notation + + align:start position:0% +wrote equals which is a hasal notation + + + align:start position:0% +wrote equals which is a hasal notation +if you will but normally you think of + + align:start position:0% +if you will but normally you think of + + + align:start position:0% +if you will but normally you think of +this is like def DP of I is return Min + + align:start position:0% +this is like def DP of I is return Min + + + align:start position:0% +this is like def DP of I is return Min +of this this is python + + align:start position:0% +of this this is python + + + align:start position:0% +of this this is python +so uh it's just it's returning the cost + + align:start position:0% +so uh it's just it's returning the cost + + + align:start position:0% +so uh it's just it's returning the cost +what was the best way to pack those + + align:start position:0% +what was the best way to pack those + + + align:start position:0% +what was the best way to pack those +lines from J onwards that's what DP of J + + align:start position:0% +lines from J onwards that's what DP of J + + + align:start position:0% +lines from J onwards that's what DP of J +returns so it's a + + align:start position:0% +returns so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +returns so it's a +number it's going to be a sum of Badness + + align:start position:0% +number it's going to be a sum of Badness + + + align:start position:0% +number it's going to be a sum of Badness +values then we add on one new Badness + + align:start position:0% +values then we add on one new Badness + + + align:start position:0% +values then we add on one new Badness +value it's still a sum of Badness values + + align:start position:0% +value it's still a sum of Badness values + + + align:start position:0% +value it's still a sum of Badness values +we return the best one that we find now + + align:start position:0% +we return the best one that we find now + + + align:start position:0% +we return the best one that we find now +this does not actually pack the words + + align:start position:0% +this does not actually pack the words + + + align:start position:0% +this does not actually pack the words +that's a good maybe your implicit + + align:start position:0% +that's a good maybe your implicit + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good maybe your implicit +question it's not telling you how to + + align:start position:0% +question it's not telling you how to + + + align:start position:0% +question it's not telling you how to +pack the words it's telling you how much + + align:start position:0% +pack the words it's telling you how much + + + align:start position:0% +pack the words it's telling you how much +it costs to pack the words this is a lot + + align:start position:0% +it costs to pack the words this is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it costs to pack the words this is a lot +like shortest paths where we didn't it + + align:start position:0% +like shortest paths where we didn't it + + + align:start position:0% +like shortest paths where we didn't it +was annoying to actually figure out what + + align:start position:0% +was annoying to actually figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +was annoying to actually figure out what +the shortest path was uh not that + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path was uh not that + + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path was uh not that +annoying but that's not what we were + + align:start position:0% +annoying but that's not what we were + + + align:start position:0% +annoying but that's not what we were +usually aiming to do we were just trying + + align:start position:0% +usually aiming to do we were just trying + + + align:start position:0% +usually aiming to do we were just trying +to figure out the shortest path + + align:start position:0% +to figure out the shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out the shortest path +weight and then once we knew the + + align:start position:0% +weight and then once we knew the + + + align:start position:0% +weight and then once we knew the +shortest path weight it was pretty easy + + align:start position:0% +shortest path weight it was pretty easy + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path weight it was pretty easy +to reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +to reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +to reconstruct the +paths so maybe I'll take a little + + align:start position:0% +paths so maybe I'll take a little + + + align:start position:0% +paths so maybe I'll take a little +diversion to that and talk about parent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pointers the idea with parent point is + + align:start position:0% +pointers the idea with parent point is + + + align:start position:0% +pointers the idea with parent point is +just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember which guess was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +best it's a very simple idea but it + + align:start position:0% +best it's a very simple idea but it + + + align:start position:0% +best it's a very simple idea but it +applies to all Dynamic programs and lets + + align:start position:0% +applies to all Dynamic programs and lets + + + align:start position:0% +applies to all Dynamic programs and lets +you find the actual solution not just + + align:start position:0% +you find the actual solution not just + + + align:start position:0% +you find the actual solution not just +the cost of the solution we did the same + + align:start position:0% +the cost of the solution we did the same + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of the solution we did the same +thing with shortest paths we even called + + align:start position:0% +thing with shortest paths we even called + + + align:start position:0% +thing with shortest paths we even called +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +parent uh so when we compute this Min + + align:start position:0% +parent uh so when we compute this Min + + + align:start position:0% +parent uh so when we compute this Min +we're trying all choices of J one of + + align:start position:0% +we're trying all choices of J one of + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying all choices of J one of +them or maybe more than one but at least + + align:start position:0% +them or maybe more than one but at least + + + align:start position:0% +them or maybe more than one but at least +one of them actually gave you the Min + + align:start position:0% +one of them actually gave you the Min + + + align:start position:0% +one of them actually gave you the Min +that's usually called the ARG Min in + + align:start position:0% +that's usually called the ARG Min in + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually called the ARG Min in +mathematics it's what was the value of J + + align:start position:0% +mathematics it's what was the value of J + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics it's what was the value of J +that gave you the minimum value of this + + align:start position:0% +that gave you the minimum value of this + + + align:start position:0% +that gave you the minimum value of this +thing so I mean when you compute them in + + align:start position:0% +thing so I mean when you compute them in + + + align:start position:0% +thing so I mean when you compute them in +you're iterating over every single one + + align:start position:0% +you're iterating over every single one + + + align:start position:0% +you're iterating over every single one +just keep track of which one was the + + align:start position:0% +just keep track of which one was the + + + align:start position:0% +just keep track of which one was the +best that's it call that the parent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pointer uh do I need to write that I + + align:start position:0% +pointer uh do I need to write that I + + + align:start position:0% +pointer uh do I need to write that I +mean here parent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parent of I is going to be + + align:start position:0% +parent of I is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +parent of I is going to be +argmin of that same thing so it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +argmin of that same thing so it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +argmin of that same thing so it's it's a +j + + align:start position:0% +j + + + align:start position:0% +j +value and it's the best J value for I + + align:start position:0% +value and it's the best J value for I + + + align:start position:0% +value and it's the best J value for I +and so we store that for each I it costs + + align:start position:0% +and so we store that for each I it costs + + + align:start position:0% +and so we store that for each I it costs +no more work just a constant Factor more + + align:start position:0% +no more work just a constant Factor more + + + align:start position:0% +no more work just a constant Factor more +work than Computing the Min we also + + align:start position:0% +work than Computing the Min we also + + + align:start position:0% +work than Computing the Min we also +write down the ARG Min so we're already + + align:start position:0% +write down the ARG Min so we're already + + + align:start position:0% +write down the ARG Min so we're already +storing the Min in the DP table DP of I + + align:start position:0% +storing the Min in the DP table DP of I + + + align:start position:0% +storing the Min in the DP table DP of I +would get stored to be that we also + + align:start position:0% +would get stored to be that we also + + + align:start position:0% +would get stored to be that we also +store parent of I and then once we're + + align:start position:0% +store parent of I and then once we're + + + align:start position:0% +store parent of I and then once we're +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +uh we start with our original problem + + align:start position:0% +uh we start with our original problem + + + align:start position:0% +uh we start with our original problem +and we follow parent pointers to figure + + align:start position:0% +and we follow parent pointers to figure + + + align:start position:0% +and we follow parent pointers to figure +out what the best choices were so we + + align:start position:0% +out what the best choices were so we + + + align:start position:0% +out what the best choices were so we +start at zero because we know word zero + + align:start position:0% +start at zero because we know word zero + + + align:start position:0% +start at zero because we know word zero +begins a line and then so zero will be + + align:start position:0% +begins a line and then so zero will be + + + align:start position:0% +begins a line and then so zero will be +the first line then we go to parent of + + align:start position:0% +the first line then we go to parent of + + + align:start position:0% +the first line then we go to parent of +Z that will be where the second line + + align:start position:0% +Z that will be where the second line + + + align:start position:0% +Z that will be where the second line +begins then we go to parent of parent of + + align:start position:0% +begins then we go to parent of parent of + + + align:start position:0% +begins then we go to parent of parent of +zero that will be where the third line + + align:start position:0% +zero that will be where the third line + + + align:start position:0% +zero that will be where the third line +begins okay because these were the best + + align:start position:0% +begins okay because these were the best + + + align:start position:0% +begins okay because these were the best +choices for where the second line begins + + align:start position:0% +choices for where the second line begins + + + align:start position:0% +choices for where the second line begins +this was where the best place where the + + align:start position:0% +this was where the best place where the + + + align:start position:0% +this was where the best place where the +second line begins given that this is + + align:start position:0% +second line begins given that this is + + + align:start position:0% +second line begins given that this is +the first line this is the best line + + align:start position:0% +the first line this is the best line + + + align:start position:0% +the first line this is the best line +where the second line begins given that + + align:start position:0% +where the second line begins given that + + + align:start position:0% +where the second line begins given that +this was the first line so that's really + + align:start position:0% +this was the first line so that's really + + + align:start position:0% +this was the first line so that's really +the third line given this is the second + + align:start position:0% +the third line given this is the second + + + align:start position:0% +the third line given this is the second +line little confusing but you just do a + + align:start position:0% +line little confusing but you just do a + + + align:start position:0% +line little confusing but you just do a +simple for Loop you start with zero + + align:start position:0% +simple for Loop you start with zero + + + align:start position:0% +simple for Loop you start with zero +because that's our original problem you + + align:start position:0% +because that's our original problem you + + + align:start position:0% +because that's our original problem you +keep calling parent of the thing you + + align:start position:0% +keep calling parent of the thing you + + + align:start position:0% +keep calling parent of the thing you +currently have and in linear time you + + align:start position:0% +currently have and in linear time you + + + align:start position:0% +currently have and in linear time you +will reconstruct where the lines break + + align:start position:0% +will reconstruct where the lines break + + + align:start position:0% +will reconstruct where the lines break +so you can use this technique in any DP + + align:start position:0% +so you can use this technique in any DP + + + align:start position:0% +so you can use this technique in any DP +it's very simple it's totally automatic + + align:start position:0% +it's very simple it's totally automatic + + + align:start position:0% +it's very simple it's totally automatic +just like + + align:start position:0% +just like + + + align:start position:0% +just like +memorization is a technique that you can + + align:start position:0% +memorization is a technique that you can + + + align:start position:0% +memorization is a technique that you can +apply without thinking you could even + + align:start position:0% +apply without thinking you could even + + + align:start position:0% +apply without thinking you could even +write a program to give it a recurse + + align:start position:0% +write a program to give it a recurse + + + align:start position:0% +write a program to give it a recurse +given a recursive algorithm would turn + + align:start position:0% +given a recursive algorithm would turn + + + align:start position:0% +given a recursive algorithm would turn +into a memorized recursive algorithm + + align:start position:0% +into a memorized recursive algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +into a memorized recursive algorithm +it's totally + + align:start position:0% +it's totally + + + align:start position:0% +it's totally +automated same thing with the bottom up + + align:start position:0% +automated same thing with the bottom up + + + align:start position:0% +automated same thing with the bottom up +DP table as long as you know what the uh + + align:start position:0% +DP table as long as you know what the uh + + + align:start position:0% +DP table as long as you know what the uh +what the topological order is just make + + align:start position:0% +what the topological order is just make + + + align:start position:0% +what the topological order is just make +those for Loops then put exactly the + + align:start position:0% +those for Loops then put exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +those for Loops then put exactly the +recursive call but turn it into an array + + align:start position:0% +recursive call but turn it into an array + + + align:start position:0% +recursive call but turn it into an array +call boom you've got a bottom up + + align:start position:0% +call boom you've got a bottom up + + + align:start position:0% +call boom you've got a bottom up +algorithm totally automatic no thinking + + align:start position:0% +algorithm totally automatic no thinking + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm totally automatic no thinking +required parent pointers also no + + align:start position:0% +required parent pointers also no + + + align:start position:0% +required parent pointers also no +thinking required as long as you're + + align:start position:0% +thinking required as long as you're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking required as long as you're +following the structure of try all + + align:start position:0% +following the structure of try all + + + align:start position:0% +following the structure of try all +guesses compute some value just remember + + align:start position:0% +guesses compute some value just remember + + + align:start position:0% +guesses compute some value just remember +what the guess was you reconstruct Your + + align:start position:0% +what the guess was you reconstruct Your + + + align:start position:0% +what the guess was you reconstruct Your +solution it's the great thing about + + align:start position:0% +solution it's the great thing about + + + align:start position:0% +solution it's the great thing about +dynamic programming is how much of it is + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming is how much of it is + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming is how much of it is +automatic the hard part is figuring out + + align:start position:0% +automatic the hard part is figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +automatic the hard part is figuring out +what to guess and then what your sub + + align:start position:0% +what to guess and then what your sub + + + align:start position:0% +what to guess and then what your sub +problems are or the other order whatever + + align:start position:0% +problems are or the other order whatever + + + align:start position:0% +problems are or the other order whatever +works any other questions about + + align:start position:0% +works any other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +works any other questions about +text I would like to move on to + + align:start position:0% +text I would like to move on to + + + align:start position:0% +text I would like to move on to +Blackjack okay now I brought some cards + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack okay now I brought some cards + + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack okay now I brought some cards +because some of you may not know the + + align:start position:0% +because some of you may not know the + + + align:start position:0% +because some of you may not know the +rules to Blackjack how many people know + + align:start position:0% +rules to Blackjack how many people know + + + align:start position:0% +rules to Blackjack how many people know +Blackjack okay how many people do not + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack okay how many people do not + + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack okay how many people do not +willing to admit it a few all right so + + align:start position:0% +willing to admit it a few all right so + + + align:start position:0% +willing to admit it a few all right so +this is for you and for fun + + align:start position:0% +this is for you and for fun + + + align:start position:0% +this is for you and for fun +entertainment so I'm going to bring + + align:start position:0% +entertainment so I'm going to bring + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment so I'm going to bring +Victor up to uh help demonstrate the + + align:start position:0% +Victor up to uh help demonstrate the + + + align:start position:0% +Victor up to uh help demonstrate the +rules of blackjack we're going to play + + align:start position:0% +rules of blackjack we're going to play + + + align:start position:0% +rules of blackjack we're going to play +standard casino Blackjack as in the + + align:start position:0% +standard casino Blackjack as in the + + + align:start position:0% +standard casino Blackjack as in the +movie 21 or whatever uh so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +movie 21 or whatever uh so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +movie 21 or whatever uh so I'm going to +just do a random cut here so I can't + + align:start position:0% +just do a random cut here so I can't + + + align:start position:0% +just do a random cut here so I can't +cheat um you have a tablet that's that's + + align:start position:0% +cheat um you have a tablet that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +cheat um you have a tablet that's that's +scary look up strategy special all right + + align:start position:0% +scary look up strategy special all right + + + align:start position:0% +scary look up strategy special all right +hopefully you do not have X-ray vision + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you do not have X-ray vision + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you do not have X-ray vision +um so the way it works is there's a + + align:start position:0% +um so the way it works is there's a + + + align:start position:0% +um so the way it works is there's a +dealer player and the and one or more + + align:start position:0% +dealer player and the and one or more + + + align:start position:0% +dealer player and the and one or more +players we're just going to do it with + + align:start position:0% +players we're just going to do it with + + + align:start position:0% +players we're just going to do it with +one player to keep it simple I'm going + + align:start position:0% +one player to keep it simple I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +one player to keep it simple I'm going +to be the dealer so my strategy is + + align:start position:0% +to be the dealer so my strategy is + + + align:start position:0% +to be the dealer so my strategy is +actually totally deterministic there's + + align:start position:0% +actually totally deterministic there's + + + align:start position:0% +actually totally deterministic there's +nothing interesting Victor has the hard + + align:start position:0% +nothing interesting Victor has the hard + + + align:start position:0% +nothing interesting Victor has the hard +part of winning so to start out I + + align:start position:0% +part of winning so to start out I + + + align:start position:0% +part of winning so to start out I +believe we deal to you first then to me + + align:start position:0% +believe we deal to you first then to me + + + align:start position:0% +believe we deal to you first then to me +then to you then to me so let's hold up + + align:start position:0% +then to you then to me so let's hold up + + + align:start position:0% +then to you then to me so let's hold up +these cards Victor so people can see + + align:start position:0% +these cards Victor so people can see + + + align:start position:0% +these cards Victor so people can see +them uh you don't get to see one of my + + align:start position:0% +them uh you don't get to see one of my + + + align:start position:0% +them uh you don't get to see one of my +cards that's some peculiarity of the + + align:start position:0% +cards that's some peculiarity of the + + + align:start position:0% +cards that's some peculiarity of the +rule and if the sum of our cards goes + + align:start position:0% +rule and if the sum of our cards goes + + + align:start position:0% +rule and if the sum of our cards goes +over 21 we lose the game uh Victor first + + align:start position:0% +over 21 we lose the game uh Victor first + + + align:start position:0% +over 21 we lose the game uh Victor first +I I cannot have a value more than 21 uh + + align:start position:0% +I I cannot have a value more than 21 uh + + + align:start position:0% +I I cannot have a value more than 21 uh +in this these hands because I only have + + align:start position:0% +in this these hands because I only have + + + align:start position:0% +in this these hands because I only have +two two cards you have a value of ah Ace + + align:start position:0% +two two cards you have a value of ah Ace + + + align:start position:0% +two two cards you have a value of ah Ace +great an ace can be a one or an 11 + + align:start position:0% +great an ace can be a one or an 11 + + + align:start position:0% +great an ace can be a one or an 11 +that's the fun rule so this is either an + + align:start position:0% +that's the fun rule so this is either an + + + align:start position:0% +that's the fun rule so this is either an +eight or an 18 and so Victor has a + + align:start position:0% +eight or an 18 and so Victor has a + + + align:start position:0% +eight or an 18 and so Victor has a +choice of whether to take another card + + align:start position:0% +choice of whether to take another card + + + align:start position:0% +choice of whether to take another card +or not what would you like to do Stander + + align:start position:0% +or not what would you like to do Stander + + + align:start position:0% +or not what would you like to do Stander +strategy says stand he's stand so he's + + align:start position:0% +strategy says stand he's stand so he's + + + align:start position:0% +strategy says stand he's stand so he's +going to stick to that at this point uh + + align:start position:0% +going to stick to that at this point uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to stick to that at this point uh +my cards flip over I have 17 which is + + align:start position:0% +my cards flip over I have 17 which is + + + align:start position:0% +my cards flip over I have 17 which is +the same as you which I believe means I + + align:start position:0% +the same as you which I believe means I + + + align:start position:0% +the same as you which I believe means I +forget about high rolles you have 18 + + align:start position:0% +forget about high rolles you have 18 + + + align:start position:0% +forget about high rolles you have 18 +strategy works so that's good I'm going + + align:start position:0% +strategy works so that's good I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +strategy works so that's good I'm going +to hit in the hope that I have a small + + align:start position:0% +to hit in the hope that I have a small + + + align:start position:0% +to hit in the hope that I have a small +card that will push me right above you + + align:start position:0% +card that will push me right above you + + + align:start position:0% +card that will push me right above you +uh but I do not I Lose I'm sad have + + align:start position:0% +uh but I do not I Lose I'm sad have + + + align:start position:0% +uh but I do not I Lose I'm sad have +stand on oh always stand on 17 all right + + align:start position:0% +stand on oh always stand on 17 all right + + + align:start position:0% +stand on oh always stand on 17 all right +never mind still lose thanks yeah I + + align:start position:0% +never mind still lose thanks yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +never mind still lose thanks yeah I +still lose is over my strategy is always + + align:start position:0% +still lose is over my strategy is always + + + align:start position:0% +still lose is over my strategy is always +stand on a value stand on 17 less 17 or + + align:start position:0% +stand on a value stand on 17 less 17 or + + + align:start position:0% +stand on a value stand on 17 less 17 or +higher and if I have value less than 17 + + align:start position:0% +higher and if I have value less than 17 + + + align:start position:0% +higher and if I have value less than 17 +I always take another card so let's do + + align:start position:0% +I always take another card so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +I always take another card so let's do +it one more time to get it right so I'm + + align:start position:0% +it one more time to get it right so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it one more time to get it right so I'm +going to deal to you deal to me deal to + + align:start position:0% +going to deal to you deal to me deal to + + + align:start position:0% +going to deal to you deal to me deal to +you deal to me so hold up your + + align:start position:0% +you deal to me so hold up your + + + align:start position:0% +you deal to me so hold up your +cards you have 18 + + align:start position:0% +cards you have 18 + + + align:start position:0% +cards you have 18 +Again are you + + align:start position:0% +Again are you + + + align:start position:0% +Again are you +cheating all right I still have to stand + + align:start position:0% +cheating all right I still have to stand + + + align:start position:0% +cheating all right I still have to stand +you still stand according to + + align:start position:0% +you still stand according to + + + align:start position:0% +you still stand according to +tablet so I in this case have a 20 and + + align:start position:0% +tablet so I in this case have a 20 and + + + align:start position:0% +tablet so I in this case have a 20 and +so in this case I win all right so you + + align:start position:0% +so in this case I win all right so you + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case I win all right so you +get the idea each let's say in each case + + align:start position:0% +get the idea each let's say in each case + + + align:start position:0% +get the idea each let's say in each case +we're betting a dollar so at this point + + align:start position:0% +we're betting a dollar so at this point + + + align:start position:0% +we're betting a dollar so at this point +we'd be even he won $1 I won $1 uh but + + align:start position:0% +we'd be even he won $1 I won $1 uh but + + + align:start position:0% +we'd be even he won $1 I won $1 uh but +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +general uh slight I think it's balanced + + align:start position:0% +general uh slight I think it's balanced + + + align:start position:0% +general uh slight I think it's balanced +for these rules there's a 1% Advantage + + align:start position:0% +for these rules there's a 1% Advantage + + + align:start position:0% +for these rules there's a 1% Advantage +for the house 1% advantage to the house + + align:start position:0% +for the house 1% advantage to the house + + + align:start position:0% +for the house 1% advantage to the house +interesting all right well that's beyond + + align:start position:0% +interesting all right well that's beyond + + + align:start position:0% +interesting all right well that's beyond +this class uh what we're going to see is + + align:start position:0% +this class uh what we're going to see is + + + align:start position:0% +this class uh what we're going to see is +is how to cheat in blackjack okay so + + align:start position:0% +is how to cheat in blackjack okay so + + + align:start position:0% +is how to cheat in blackjack okay so +this is going to + + align:start position:0% +this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to +be I encourage you to try this out a + + align:start position:0% +be I encourage you to try this out a + + + align:start position:0% +be I encourage you to try this out a +cinos just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kidding this is a little bit difficult + + align:start position:0% +kidding this is a little bit difficult + + + align:start position:0% +kidding this is a little bit difficult +to actually doing a casino unless you + + align:start position:0% +to actually doing a casino unless you + + + align:start position:0% +to actually doing a casino unless you +have an inside man so if you have an + + align:start position:0% +have an inside man so if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +have an inside man so if you have an +inside man go for it uh it's guaranteed + + align:start position:0% +inside man go for it uh it's guaranteed + + + align:start position:0% +inside man go for it uh it's guaranteed +to win you lots of money because it's + + align:start position:0% +to win you lots of money because it's + + + align:start position:0% +to win you lots of money because it's +going to play optimally in perfect + + align:start position:0% +going to play optimally in perfect + + + align:start position:0% +going to play optimally in perfect +information Blackjack I suppose that I + + align:start position:0% +information Blackjack I suppose that I + + + align:start position:0% +information Blackjack I suppose that I +already know the entire deck suppose + + align:start position:0% +already know the entire deck suppose + + + align:start position:0% +already know the entire deck suppose +somehow either I get to put the deck + + align:start position:0% +somehow either I get to put the deck + + + align:start position:0% +somehow either I get to put the deck +there or I have some x-ray vision I get + + align:start position:0% +there or I have some x-ray vision I get + + + align:start position:0% +there or I have some x-ray vision I get +to see the entire deck ahead of time and + + align:start position:0% +to see the entire deck ahead of time and + + + align:start position:0% +to see the entire deck ahead of time and +then somebody's going to play through a + + align:start position:0% +then somebody's going to play through a + + + align:start position:0% +then somebody's going to play through a +game over and over with me or not over + + align:start position:0% +game over and over with me or not over + + + align:start position:0% +game over and over with me or not over +and over but until the deck is depleted + + align:start position:0% +and over but until the deck is depleted + + + align:start position:0% +and over but until the deck is depleted +and I want to know in each case should I + + align:start position:0% +and I want to know in each case should I + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to know in each case should I +hit or should I + + align:start position:0% +hit or should I + + + align:start position:0% +hit or should I +stand and I claim with dynamic + + align:start position:0% +stand and I claim with dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +stand and I claim with dynamic +programming you can figure that out + + align:start position:0% +programming you can figure that out + + + align:start position:0% +programming you can figure that out +using exactly the same strategy as text + + align:start position:0% +using exactly the same strategy as text + + + align:start position:0% +using exactly the same strategy as text +actually it's really for each word + + align:start position:0% +actually it's really for each word + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's really for each word +should I start a new line or + + align:start position:0% +should I start a new line or + + + align:start position:0% +should I start a new line or +not same same problem here okay slightly + + align:start position:0% +not same same problem here okay slightly + + + align:start position:0% +not same same problem here okay slightly +more complicated to write down + + align:start position:0% +more complicated to write down + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated to write down +but um so let's say the deck is a + + align:start position:0% +but um so let's say the deck is a + + + align:start position:0% +but um so let's say the deck is a +sequence of cards and I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +sequence of cards and I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of cards and I'm going to call +it c0 C1 up to CN minus one it's n + + align:start position:0% +it c0 C1 up to CN minus one it's n + + + align:start position:0% +it c0 C1 up to CN minus one it's n +cards and you are one + + align:start position:0% +cards and you are one + + + align:start position:0% +cards and you are one +player versus the + + align:start position:0% +player versus the + + + align:start position:0% +player versus the +dealer I don't know how to solve this + + align:start position:0% +dealer I don't know how to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +dealer I don't know how to solve this +for two problem two players interesting + + align:start position:0% +for two problem two players interesting + + + align:start position:0% +for two problem two players interesting +open problem but for one player I I can + + align:start position:0% +open problem but for one player I I can + + + align:start position:0% +open problem but for one player I I can +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +it uh let's say $1 bet per hand I think + + align:start position:0% +it uh let's say $1 bet per hand I think + + + align:start position:0% +it uh let's say $1 bet per hand I think +they're called I don't not sure per play + + align:start position:0% +they're called I don't not sure per play + + + align:start position:0% +they're called I don't not sure per play +per box whatever um you're not allowed + + align:start position:0% +per box whatever um you're not allowed + + + align:start position:0% +per box whatever um you're not allowed +to double you're not allowed to split + + align:start position:0% +to double you're not allowed to split + + + align:start position:0% +to double you're not allowed to split +all these fancy rules uh are harder to + + align:start position:0% +all these fancy rules uh are harder to + + + align:start position:0% +all these fancy rules uh are harder to +think about although you might be able + + align:start position:0% +think about although you might be able + + + align:start position:0% +think about although you might be able +to solve them as + + align:start position:0% +to solve them as + + + align:start position:0% +to solve them as +well so the idea is I have some cards + + align:start position:0% +well so the idea is I have some cards + + + align:start position:0% +well so the idea is I have some cards +should I hit or should I stand I don't + + align:start position:0% +should I hit or should I stand I don't + + + align:start position:0% +should I hit or should I stand I don't +know I'll guess so our guessing let's + + align:start position:0% +know I'll guess so our guessing let's + + + align:start position:0% +know I'll guess so our guessing let's +Jump Ahead to the guessing + + align:start position:0% +Jump Ahead to the guessing + + + align:start position:0% +Jump Ahead to the guessing +part is whether we want to hit or stand + + align:start position:0% +part is whether we want to hit or stand + + + align:start position:0% +part is whether we want to hit or stand +given a + + align:start position:0% +given a + + + align:start position:0% +given a +card um actually it's because it's a it' + + align:start position:0% +card um actually it's because it's a it' + + + align:start position:0% +card um actually it's because it's a it' +be easier to think about an entire play + + align:start position:0% +be easier to think about an entire play + + + align:start position:0% +be easier to think about an entire play +an entire hand we're going to guess how + + align:start position:0% +an entire hand we're going to guess how + + + align:start position:0% +an entire hand we're going to guess how +many times should I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hit in the first play + + align:start position:0% +hit in the first play + + + align:start position:0% +hit in the first play +so initially four cards are dealt I look + + align:start position:0% +so initially four cards are dealt I look + + + align:start position:0% +so initially four cards are dealt I look +at my hand actually I don't really look + + align:start position:0% +at my hand actually I don't really look + + + align:start position:0% +at my hand actually I don't really look +at my hand I'm just going to guess ahead + + align:start position:0% +at my hand I'm just going to guess ahead + + + align:start position:0% +at my hand I'm just going to guess ahead +of time I think I'll hit five times this + + align:start position:0% +of time I think I'll hit five times this + + + align:start position:0% +of time I think I'll hit five times this +time I think I'll hit zero times this + + align:start position:0% +time I think I'll hit zero times this + + + align:start position:0% +time I think I'll hit zero times this +time I mean I'm going to try them all so + + align:start position:0% +time I mean I'm going to try them all so + + + align:start position:0% +time I mean I'm going to try them all so +I don't really have to be intelligent + + align:start position:0% +I don't really have to be intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +I don't really have to be intelligent +here okay it's kind of crazy but it + + align:start position:0% +here okay it's kind of crazy but it + + + align:start position:0% +here okay it's kind of crazy but it +works our sub + + align:start position:0% +works our sub + + + align:start position:0% +works our sub +problems can anyone tell me what our sub + + align:start position:0% +problems can anyone tell me what our sub + + + align:start position:0% +problems can anyone tell me what our sub +problems would be in one word or l + + align:start position:0% +problems would be in one word or l + + + align:start position:0% +problems would be in one word or l +less less would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +impressive + + align:start position:0% +impressive + + + align:start position:0% +impressive +yeah where do you start the new hand + + align:start position:0% +yeah where do you start the new hand + + + align:start position:0% +yeah where do you start the new hand +yeah so it's going to be suffixes of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's going to be suffixes of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's going to be suffixes of the +cards so at some point you know we do a + + align:start position:0% +cards so at some point you know we do a + + + align:start position:0% +cards so at some point you know we do a +play and then we get to the I card and + + align:start position:0% +play and then we get to the I card and + + + align:start position:0% +play and then we get to the I card and +then the rest of the game will be from + + align:start position:0% +then the rest of the game will be from + + + align:start position:0% +then the rest of the game will be from +the I card on so it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +the I card on so it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the I card on so it's going to be +suffix c i colon I guess would be the + + align:start position:0% +suffix c i colon I guess would be the + + + align:start position:0% +suffix c i colon I guess would be the +notation here it's a bit awkward these + + align:start position:0% +notation here it's a bit awkward these + + + align:start position:0% +notation here it's a bit awkward these +are the cards that remain and so the sub + + align:start position:0% +are the cards that remain and so the sub + + + align:start position:0% +are the cards that remain and so the sub +problem is what is the best play what's + + align:start position:0% +problem is what is the best play what's + + + align:start position:0% +problem is what is the best play what's +the what's the best outcome given $1 + + align:start position:0% +the what's the best outcome given $1 + + + align:start position:0% +the what's the best outcome given $1 +bets how much money can I make maximize + + align:start position:0% +bets how much money can I make maximize + + + align:start position:0% +bets how much money can I make maximize +my winning say given these cards onward + + align:start position:0% +my winning say given these cards onward + + + align:start position:0% +my winning say given these cards onward +who knows what happened to the earlier + + align:start position:0% +who knows what happened to the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +who knows what happened to the earlier +cards but just these are the cards I'm + + align:start position:0% +cards but just these are the cards I'm + + + align:start position:0% +cards but just these are the cards I'm +left with okay number of sub problems is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n how many choices of I are there n + + align:start position:0% +n how many choices of I are there n + + + align:start position:0% +n how many choices of I are there n +choices okay this is really important + + align:start position:0% +choices okay this is really important + + + align:start position:0% +choices okay this is really important +it's really useful that we're thinking + + align:start position:0% +it's really useful that we're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +it's really useful that we're thinking +about suffixes it's not that some subset + + align:start position:0% +about suffixes it's not that some subset + + + align:start position:0% +about suffixes it's not that some subset +of the cards have been played that would + + align:start position:0% +of the cards have been played that would + + + align:start position:0% +of the cards have been played that would +be really hard because there's + + align:start position:0% +be really hard because there's + + + align:start position:0% +be really hard because there's +exponentially many different subsets + + align:start position:0% +exponentially many different subsets + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially many different subsets +that could be left it's always a prefix + + align:start position:0% +that could be left it's always a prefix + + + align:start position:0% +that could be left it's always a prefix +that gets played and therefore a suffix + + align:start position:0% +that gets played and therefore a suffix + + + align:start position:0% +that gets played and therefore a suffix +that's left and there's only n suffixes + + align:start position:0% +that's left and there's only n suffixes + + + align:start position:0% +that's left and there's only n suffixes +remember that going to use it over and + + align:start position:0% +remember that going to use it over and + + + align:start position:0% +remember that going to use it over and +over in dynamic programming so now uh we + + align:start position:0% +over in dynamic programming so now uh we + + + align:start position:0% +over in dynamic programming so now uh we +we need to solve the sub problem + + align:start position:0% +we need to solve the sub problem + + + align:start position:0% +we need to solve the sub problem +starting from CI what's the best way to + + align:start position:0% +starting from CI what's the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +starting from CI what's the best way to +play well the first four cards are fixed + + align:start position:0% +play well the first four cards are fixed + + + align:start position:0% +play well the first four cards are fixed +and then we guess how many hits are left + + align:start position:0% +and then we guess how many hits are left + + + align:start position:0% +and then we guess how many hits are left +uh so it's going to be something like n + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's going to be something like n + + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's going to be something like n +minus IUS four different possibilities + + align:start position:0% +minus IUS four different possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +minus IUS four different possibilities +for I mean that would be the maximum + + align:start position:0% +for I mean that would be the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +for I mean that would be the maximum +number of hits I could take all the + + align:start position:0% +number of hits I could take all the + + + align:start position:0% +number of hits I could take all the +remaining cards that would be the the + + align:start position:0% +remaining cards that would be the the + + + align:start position:0% +remaining cards that would be the the +most um and let's see so the number of + + align:start position:0% +most um and let's see so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +most um and let's see so the number of +choices I'll just say it's at most n + + align:start position:0% +choices I'll just say it's at most n + + + align:start position:0% +choices I'll just say it's at most n +don't have to be fancy here + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be fancy here + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be fancy here +okay now we go + + align:start position:0% +okay now we go + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we go +to uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recurrence so I'm going to call this uh + + align:start position:0% +recurrence so I'm going to call this uh + + + align:start position:0% +recurrence so I'm going to call this uh +Blackjack of I is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack of I is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack of I is going to be the +solution I want to solve this sub + + align:start position:0% +solution I want to solve this sub + + + align:start position:0% +solution I want to solve this sub +problem from I onwards what's the best + + align:start position:0% +problem from I onwards what's the best + + + align:start position:0% +problem from I onwards what's the best +play and I guess it's going to be a max + + align:start position:0% +play and I guess it's going to be a max + + + align:start position:0% +play and I guess it's going to be a max +if I'm measuring + + align:start position:0% +if I'm measuring + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm measuring +winnings and what's the winnings if I + + align:start position:0% +winnings and what's the winnings if I + + + align:start position:0% +winnings and what's the winnings if I +decide to hit this many times it's a + + align:start position:0% +decide to hit this many times it's a + + + align:start position:0% +decide to hit this many times it's a +little bit hard to write down the exact + + align:start position:0% +little bit hard to write down the exact + + + align:start position:0% +little bit hard to write down the exact +formula I'm going to write a rough + + align:start position:0% +formula I'm going to write a rough + + + align:start position:0% +formula I'm going to write a rough +version which is the outcome of that + + align:start position:0% +version which is the outcome of that + + + align:start position:0% +version which is the outcome of that +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +play it's going to be either I lose a + + align:start position:0% +play it's going to be either I lose a + + + align:start position:0% +play it's going to be either I lose a +dollar we tie or I win a + + align:start position:0% +dollar we tie or I win a + + + align:start position:0% +dollar we tie or I win a +dollar so if we if we end up with the + + align:start position:0% +dollar so if we if we end up with the + + + align:start position:0% +dollar so if we if we end up with the +same value you actually Us in most + + align:start position:0% +same value you actually Us in most + + + align:start position:0% +same value you actually Us in most +versions you get your money back nothing + + align:start position:0% +versions you get your money back nothing + + + align:start position:0% +versions you get your money back nothing +changes the bet is nullified so that's a + + align:start position:0% +changes the bet is nullified so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +changes the bet is nullified so that's a +zero outcome if I'm only betting a + + align:start position:0% +zero outcome if I'm only betting a + + + align:start position:0% +zero outcome if I'm only betting a +dollar these are the three possible + + align:start position:0% +dollar these are the three possible + + + align:start position:0% +dollar these are the three possible +outcomes you can compute this right if I + + align:start position:0% +outcomes you can compute this right if I + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes you can compute this right if I +told you how many times you hit then you + + align:start position:0% +told you how many times you hit then you + + + align:start position:0% +told you how many times you hit then you +just execute that those through those + + align:start position:0% +just execute that those through those + + + align:start position:0% +just execute that those through those +cards and you compute the values of my + + align:start position:0% +cards and you compute the values of my + + + align:start position:0% +cards and you compute the values of my +hand of your hand versus the Dealer's + + align:start position:0% +hand of your hand versus the Dealer's + + + align:start position:0% +hand of your hand versus the Dealer's +hand you see you know did anyone bust if + + align:start position:0% +hand you see you know did anyone bust if + + + align:start position:0% +hand you see you know did anyone bust if +so they lose otherwise you compare the + + align:start position:0% +so they lose otherwise you compare the + + + align:start position:0% +so they lose otherwise you compare the +values and you see which is bigger or + + align:start position:0% +values and you see which is bigger or + + + align:start position:0% +values and you see which is bigger or +smaller okay this is easy to do in + + align:start position:0% +smaller okay this is easy to do in + + + align:start position:0% +smaller okay this is easy to do in +linear time no bigie uh what's useful + + align:start position:0% +linear time no bigie uh what's useful + + + align:start position:0% +linear time no bigie uh what's useful +here is that the dealer strategy is + + align:start position:0% +here is that the dealer strategy is + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the dealer strategy is +deterministic so after you know how any + + align:start position:0% +deterministic so after you know how any + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic so after you know how any +cars you take what the dealer does is + + align:start position:0% +cars you take what the dealer does is + + + align:start position:0% +cars you take what the dealer does is +forced because just looks do I have 17 + + align:start position:0% +forced because just looks do I have 17 + + + align:start position:0% +forced because just looks do I have 17 +or greater if not take another card and + + align:start position:0% +or greater if not take another card and + + + align:start position:0% +or greater if not take another card and +keep repeating that so it's a + + align:start position:0% +keep repeating that so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +keep repeating that so it's a +deterministic strategy in linear time + + align:start position:0% +deterministic strategy in linear time + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic strategy in linear time +you can figure out what the outcome is + + align:start position:0% +you can figure out what the outcome is + + + align:start position:0% +you can figure out what the outcome is +then you also have to add the outcome of + + align:start position:0% +then you also have to add the outcome of + + + align:start position:0% +then you also have to add the outcome of +all the remaining cards which is just BG + + align:start position:0% +all the remaining cards which is just BG + + + align:start position:0% +all the remaining cards which is just BG +of J this is recursion super + + align:start position:0% +of J this is recursion super + + + align:start position:0% +of J this is recursion super +easy we do this for all choices of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J uh it's like you know range of I + 4 + + align:start position:0% +J uh it's like you know range of I + 4 + + + align:start position:0% +J uh it's like you know range of I + 4 +up to N I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +uh sure that'll work I should probably + + align:start position:0% +uh sure that'll work I should probably + + + align:start position:0% +uh sure that'll work I should probably +put in an if here which is if it's a + + align:start position:0% +put in an if here which is if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +put in an if here which is if it's a +valid + + align:start position:0% +valid + + + align:start position:0% +valid +play okay there are some constraints + + align:start position:0% +play okay there are some constraints + + + align:start position:0% +play okay there are some constraints +here if I've already busted I can't hit + + align:start position:0% +here if I've already busted I can't hit + + + align:start position:0% +here if I've already busted I can't hit +again so in fact what you have to do in + + align:start position:0% +again so in fact what you have to do in + + + align:start position:0% +again so in fact what you have to do in +this for Loop is say well maybe I take + + align:start position:0% +this for Loop is say well maybe I take + + + align:start position:0% +this for Loop is say well maybe I take +another hit maybe I take another hit at + + align:start position:0% +another hit maybe I take another hit at + + + align:start position:0% +another hit maybe I take another hit at +some point I go over 21 and then you + + align:start position:0% +some point I go over 21 and then you + + + align:start position:0% +some point I go over 21 and then you +have to stop the for Loop so so I'm + + align:start position:0% +have to stop the for Loop so so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have to stop the for Loop so so I'm +writing that as an if you can also do it + + align:start position:0% +writing that as an if you can also do it + + + align:start position:0% +writing that as an if you can also do it +with a break however you want but that's + + align:start position:0% +with a break however you want but that's + + + align:start position:0% +with a break however you want but that's +uh you're considering all possible + + align:start position:0% +uh you're considering all possible + + + align:start position:0% +uh you're considering all possible +options all valid options of play for + + align:start position:0% +options all valid options of play for + + + align:start position:0% +options all valid options of play for +each of them you see what the outcome + + align:start position:0% +each of them you see what the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +each of them you see what the outcome +was after the dealer takes some more + + align:start position:0% +was after the dealer takes some more + + + align:start position:0% +was after the dealer takes some more +cards uh this is actually a little bit + + align:start position:0% +cards uh this is actually a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +cards uh this is actually a little bit +funny sorry this should really be the + + align:start position:0% +funny sorry this should really be the + + + align:start position:0% +funny sorry this should really be the +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +hits in range from let's say Z to n + + align:start position:0% +hits in range from let's say Z to n + + + align:start position:0% +hits in range from let's say Z to n +maybe you don't hit at all and then J is + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't hit at all and then J is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't hit at all and then J is +a little bit tricky because this is + + align:start position:0% +a little bit tricky because this is + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit tricky because this is +actually I plus 4 plus the number of + + align:start position:0% +actually I plus 4 plus the number of + + + align:start position:0% +actually I plus 4 plus the number of +hits plus the number of dealer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hits okay so you have to run this + + align:start position:0% +hits okay so you have to run this + + + align:start position:0% +hits okay so you have to run this +algorithm to compute what happened which + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to compute what happened which + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to compute what happened which +computes how many times a dealer took a + + align:start position:0% +computes how many times a dealer took a + + + align:start position:0% +computes how many times a dealer took a +card that's how many cards got consumed + + align:start position:0% +card that's how many cards got consumed + + + align:start position:0% +card that's how many cards got consumed +and so that's uh if you do I plus 4 plus + + align:start position:0% +and so that's uh if you do I plus 4 plus + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's uh if you do I plus 4 plus +that plus that that's how many cards are + + align:start position:0% +that plus that that's how many cards are + + + align:start position:0% +that plus that that's how many cards are +left or where the cards resume and then + + align:start position:0% +left or where the cards resume and then + + + align:start position:0% +left or where the cards resume and then +you call BG on that so we're in general + + align:start position:0% +you call BG on that so we're in general + + + align:start position:0% +you call BG on that so we're in general +from BG of I if we think of the dash + + align:start position:0% +from BG of I if we think of the dash + + + align:start position:0% +from BG of I if we think of the dash +you there's some position maybe I + 4 + + align:start position:0% +you there's some position maybe I + 4 + + + align:start position:0% +you there's some position maybe I + 4 +happens maybe doesn't happen it depends + + align:start position:0% +happens maybe doesn't happen it depends + + + align:start position:0% +happens maybe doesn't happen it depends +on on what the dealer does uh we're + + align:start position:0% +on on what the dealer does uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +on on what the dealer does uh we're +going to depend on I + 6 I + 5 maybe + + align:start position:0% +going to depend on I + 6 I + 5 maybe + + + align:start position:0% +going to depend on I + 6 I + 5 maybe +it's going to be all of these + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be all of these + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be all of these +possibilities these are all different + + align:start position:0% +possibilities these are all different + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities these are all different +plays and then on each of these edges + + align:start position:0% +plays and then on each of these edges + + + align:start position:0% +plays and then on each of these edges +we're going to have plus one Z or minus + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have plus one Z or minus + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have plus one Z or minus +one those are the + + align:start position:0% +one those are the + + + align:start position:0% +one those are the +outcomes whether I won or lost or tied + + align:start position:0% +outcomes whether I won or lost or tied + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes whether I won or lost or tied +and then we're just computing a shortest + + align:start position:0% +and then we're just computing a shortest + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're just computing a shortest +path in this dag it's actually really + + align:start position:0% +path in this dag it's actually really + + + align:start position:0% +path in this dag it's actually really +easy if you think it about it that way + + align:start position:0% +easy if you think it about it that way + + + align:start position:0% +easy if you think it about it that way +this is just how many cards are left + + align:start position:0% +this is just how many cards are left + + + align:start position:0% +this is just how many cards are left +from that position you just see what are + + align:start position:0% +from that position you just see what are + + + align:start position:0% +from that position you just see what are +all the possibilities what are all the + + align:start position:0% +all the possibilities what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +all the possibilities what are all the +edges that could I could go to where + + align:start position:0% +edges that could I could go to where + + + align:start position:0% +edges that could I could go to where +could I what states could I go to next + + align:start position:0% +could I what states could I go to next + + + align:start position:0% +could I what states could I go to next +how many cards are remaining how much + + align:start position:0% +how many cards are remaining how much + + + align:start position:0% +how many cards are remaining how much +did it cost me or win me and then take + + align:start position:0% +did it cost me or win me and then take + + + align:start position:0% +did it cost me or win me and then take +uh longest paths in that dag that will + + align:start position:0% +uh longest paths in that dag that will + + + align:start position:0% +uh longest paths in that dag that will +give you the exact same answer that's + + align:start position:0% +give you the exact same answer that's + + + align:start position:0% +give you the exact same answer that's +what this dynamic programming is doing + + align:start position:0% +what this dynamic programming is doing + + + align:start position:0% +what this dynamic programming is doing +in the lecture notes there's more + + align:start position:0% +in the lecture notes there's more + + + align:start position:0% +in the lecture notes there's more +details where I actually tried to write + + align:start position:0% +details where I actually tried to write + + + align:start position:0% +details where I actually tried to write +out this function this recurrence as an + + align:start position:0% +out this function this recurrence as an + + + align:start position:0% +out this function this recurrence as an +algorithm you can do it assuming I got + + align:start position:0% +algorithm you can do it assuming I got + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm you can do it assuming I got +everything right it's not that hard uh + + align:start position:0% +everything right it's not that hard uh + + + align:start position:0% +everything right it's not that hard uh +the order here is just the same as the + + align:start position:0% +the order here is just the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +the order here is just the same as the +order we did before the running time is + + align:start position:0% +order we did before the running time is + + + align:start position:0% +order we did before the running time is +going to be cubic in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +going to be cubic in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +going to be cubic in the worst case +because we have uh it's a little not + + align:start position:0% +because we have uh it's a little not + + + align:start position:0% +because we have uh it's a little not +obvious but we have N Sub problems for + + align:start position:0% +obvious but we have N Sub problems for + + + align:start position:0% +obvious but we have N Sub problems for +each of them we have nend choices and + + align:start position:0% +each of them we have nend choices and + + + align:start position:0% +each of them we have nend choices and +for each choice we have to run the + + align:start position:0% +for each choice we have to run the + + + align:start position:0% +for each choice we have to run the +dealer strategy and so that conceivably + + align:start position:0% +dealer strategy and so that conceivably + + + align:start position:0% +dealer strategy and so that conceivably +could take linear time here I'm assuming + + align:start position:0% +could take linear time here I'm assuming + + + align:start position:0% +could take linear time here I'm assuming +a general value of 21 if 21 is actually + + align:start position:0% +a general value of 21 if 21 is actually + + + align:start position:0% +a general value of 21 if 21 is actually +constant it'll only be constant time to + + align:start position:0% +constant it'll only be constant time to + + + align:start position:0% +constant it'll only be constant time to +play out a single hand and then it's + + align:start position:0% +play out a single hand and then it's + + + align:start position:0% +play out a single hand and then it's +quadratic time so it depends on your + + align:start position:0% +quadratic time so it depends on your + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic time so it depends on your +model of generalized + + align:start position:0% +model of generalized + + + align:start position:0% +model of generalized +Blackjack uh but that's it and you get + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack uh but that's it and you get + + + align:start position:0% +Blackjack uh but that's it and you get +some flavor of the power dynamic + + align:start position:0% +some flavor of the power dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +some flavor of the power dynamic +programming we're going to see it's even + + align:start position:0% +programming we're going to see it's even + + + align:start position:0% +programming we're going to see it's even +more powerful than this in the next two + + align:start position:0% +more powerful than this in the next two + + + align:start position:0% +more powerful than this in the next two +lectures \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ek90ivXyusk.txt b/Ek90ivXyusk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..342003e38d800906efc88670daa2f8afe8a26fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Ek90ivXyusk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1931 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay my name is Doreen I just graduated + + align:start position:0% +okay my name is Doreen I just graduated + + + align:start position:0% +okay my name is Doreen I just graduated +I was a salon fella 2018 I came here + + align:start position:0% +I was a salon fella 2018 I came here + + + align:start position:0% +I was a salon fella 2018 I came here +from Zimbabwe and I did an independent + + align:start position:0% +from Zimbabwe and I did an independent + + + align:start position:0% +from Zimbabwe and I did an independent +study with Angela Shastri + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I had ten years work experience in + + align:start position:0% +so I had ten years work experience in + + + align:start position:0% +so I had ten years work experience in +accounting and finance before I came to + + align:start position:0% +accounting and finance before I came to + + + align:start position:0% +accounting and finance before I came to +Sloan and I had this passion for + + align:start position:0% +Sloan and I had this passion for + + + align:start position:0% +Sloan and I had this passion for +agriculture that stemmed from growing up + + align:start position:0% +agriculture that stemmed from growing up + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture that stemmed from growing up +in Zimbabwe with parents that were + + align:start position:0% +in Zimbabwe with parents that were + + + align:start position:0% +in Zimbabwe with parents that were +farmers so I had done quite a bit of + + align:start position:0% +farmers so I had done quite a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +farmers so I had done quite a bit of +research personally on on agriculture + + align:start position:0% +research personally on on agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +research personally on on agriculture +everywhere that had worked and even + + align:start position:0% +everywhere that had worked and even + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere that had worked and even +though I was working finance I tried to + + align:start position:0% +though I was working finance I tried to + + + align:start position:0% +though I was working finance I tried to +kind of make sure that I did some + + align:start position:0% +kind of make sure that I did some + + + align:start position:0% +kind of make sure that I did some +agriculture work whether it was majors + + align:start position:0% +agriculture work whether it was majors + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture work whether it was majors +and acquisitions or whatever try to make + + align:start position:0% +and acquisitions or whatever try to make + + + align:start position:0% +and acquisitions or whatever try to make +sure that I infused agriculture into my + + align:start position:0% +sure that I infused agriculture into my + + + align:start position:0% +sure that I infused agriculture into my +work so when I got here I wanted to kind + + align:start position:0% +work so when I got here I wanted to kind + + + align:start position:0% +work so when I got here I wanted to kind +of formalize this passion and you know + + align:start position:0% +of formalize this passion and you know + + + align:start position:0% +of formalize this passion and you know +do a bit more in-depth analysis in-depth + + align:start position:0% +do a bit more in-depth analysis in-depth + + + align:start position:0% +do a bit more in-depth analysis in-depth +research on this sector and where what I + + align:start position:0% +research on this sector and where what I + + + align:start position:0% +research on this sector and where what I +wanted to contribute to it after + + align:start position:0% +wanted to contribute to it after + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to contribute to it after +graduation so I did an independent study + + align:start position:0% +graduation so I did an independent study + + + align:start position:0% +graduation so I did an independent study +titled innovations across the + + align:start position:0% +titled innovations across the + + + align:start position:0% +titled innovations across the +agriculture value chain an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +agriculture value chain an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture value chain an opportunity +for savvy entrepreneurs because I want + + align:start position:0% +for savvy entrepreneurs because I want + + + align:start position:0% +for savvy entrepreneurs because I want +to be an entrepreneur in the sector so + + align:start position:0% +to be an entrepreneur in the sector so + + + align:start position:0% +to be an entrepreneur in the sector so +the independent study involved + + align:start position:0% +the independent study involved + + + align:start position:0% +the independent study involved +researching kind of the parent value + + align:start position:0% +researching kind of the parent value + + + align:start position:0% +researching kind of the parent value +chain or the traditional value chain as + + align:start position:0% +chain or the traditional value chain as + + + align:start position:0% +chain or the traditional value chain as +it is and then interviewing different + + align:start position:0% +it is and then interviewing different + + + align:start position:0% +it is and then interviewing different +stakeholders to figure out where + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders to figure out where + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders to figure out where +opportunities are for innovation and + + align:start position:0% +opportunities are for innovation and + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities are for innovation and +that's what I worked on with Anjali + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I had I started out with some + + align:start position:0% +so I had I started out with some + + + align:start position:0% +so I had I started out with some +questions that I wanted to answer or + + align:start position:0% +questions that I wanted to answer or + + + align:start position:0% +questions that I wanted to answer or +some hypothesis and I you know and and + + align:start position:0% +some hypothesis and I you know and and + + + align:start position:0% +some hypothesis and I you know and and +and the main one was the fact that there + + align:start position:0% +and the main one was the fact that there + + + align:start position:0% +and the main one was the fact that there +was there's a big opportunity to do + + align:start position:0% +was there's a big opportunity to do + + + align:start position:0% +was there's a big opportunity to do +valley edition and so to move you know + + align:start position:0% +valley edition and so to move you know + + + align:start position:0% +valley edition and so to move you know +farmers from the traditional farming and + + align:start position:0% +farmers from the traditional farming and + + + align:start position:0% +farmers from the traditional farming and +and and raw material production to + + align:start position:0% +and and raw material production to + + + align:start position:0% +and and raw material production to +actual processing of items of consumer + + align:start position:0% +actual processing of items of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +actual processing of items of consumer +goods you know whether it's juice or you + + align:start position:0% +goods you know whether it's juice or you + + + align:start position:0% +goods you know whether it's juice or you +know personal care items anything that + + align:start position:0% +know personal care items anything that + + + align:start position:0% +know personal care items anything that +can be produced from agricultural + + align:start position:0% +can be produced from agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +can be produced from agricultural +produce from excess agricultural produce + + align:start position:0% +produce from excess agricultural produce + + + align:start position:0% +produce from excess agricultural produce +so my hypothesis was that everybody on + + align:start position:0% +so my hypothesis was that everybody on + + + align:start position:0% +so my hypothesis was that everybody on +the table kind of would agree with the + + align:start position:0% +the table kind of would agree with the + + + align:start position:0% +the table kind of would agree with the +you know with the statement that that is + + align:start position:0% +you know with the statement that that is + + + align:start position:0% +you know with the statement that that is +the only way to move farmers or rural + + align:start position:0% +the only way to move farmers or rural + + + align:start position:0% +the only way to move farmers or rural +communities from poverty to prosperity + + align:start position:0% +communities from poverty to prosperity + + + align:start position:0% +communities from poverty to prosperity +and that's where all the you know that's + + align:start position:0% +and that's where all the you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where all the you know that's +where most of the investments should be + + align:start position:0% +where most of the investments should be + + + align:start position:0% +where most of the investments should be +going forward so I started with that + + align:start position:0% +going forward so I started with that + + + align:start position:0% +going forward so I started with that +question and so when I interviewed + + align:start position:0% +question and so when I interviewed + + + align:start position:0% +question and so when I interviewed +stakeholders I interviewed farmers I + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders I interviewed farmers I + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders I interviewed farmers I +interviewed business people I + + align:start position:0% +interviewed business people I + + + align:start position:0% +interviewed business people I +interviewed development organizations + + align:start position:0% +interviewed development organizations + + + align:start position:0% +interviewed development organizations +and kind of asked questions that kind of + + align:start position:0% +and kind of asked questions that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of asked questions that kind of +questioned popped on that hypothesis or + + align:start position:0% +questioned popped on that hypothesis or + + + align:start position:0% +questioned popped on that hypothesis or +supported it and the response was + + align:start position:0% +supported it and the response was + + + align:start position:0% +supported it and the response was +actually what what I expected which is + + align:start position:0% +actually what what I expected which is + + + align:start position:0% +actually what what I expected which is +it's true that that is you know where + + align:start position:0% +it's true that that is you know where + + + align:start position:0% +it's true that that is you know where +everybody thinks that the investment + + align:start position:0% +everybody thinks that the investment + + + align:start position:0% +everybody thinks that the investment +should be focused on it's just a matter + + align:start position:0% +should be focused on it's just a matter + + + align:start position:0% +should be focused on it's just a matter +of changing some existing mental models + + align:start position:0% +of changing some existing mental models + + + align:start position:0% +of changing some existing mental models +that keep both farmers and investors in + + align:start position:0% +that keep both farmers and investors in + + + align:start position:0% +that keep both farmers and investors in +this sector kind of stuck in in doing + + align:start position:0% +this sector kind of stuck in in doing + + + align:start position:0% +this sector kind of stuck in in doing +things as they've always been done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I looked at all the things that I was + + align:start position:0% +I looked at all the things that I was + + + align:start position:0% +I looked at all the things that I was +interested in things that I was + + align:start position:0% +interested in things that I was + + + align:start position:0% +interested in things that I was +passionate about but that I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +passionate about but that I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +passionate about but that I wasn't +necessarily addressing through my MBA + + align:start position:0% +necessarily addressing through my MBA + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily addressing through my MBA +classes at Sloan and so you know + + align:start position:0% +classes at Sloan and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +classes at Sloan and so you know +agriculture stood out and then within + + align:start position:0% +agriculture stood out and then within + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture stood out and then within +agriculture I kind of looked at what was + + align:start position:0% +agriculture I kind of looked at what was + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture I kind of looked at what was +related to my startup which is you know + + align:start position:0% +related to my startup which is you know + + + align:start position:0% +related to my startup which is you know +what I'm hoping to work on after now + + align:start position:0% +what I'm hoping to work on after now + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm hoping to work on after now +that I've graduated and so you know it + + align:start position:0% +that I've graduated and so you know it + + + align:start position:0% +that I've graduated and so you know it +was kind of easy to do to to narrow down + + align:start position:0% +was kind of easy to do to to narrow down + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of easy to do to to narrow down +a topic because I wanted something that + + align:start position:0% +a topic because I wanted something that + + + align:start position:0% +a topic because I wanted something that +was aligned with my startup and my + + align:start position:0% +was aligned with my startup and my + + + align:start position:0% +was aligned with my startup and my +interests + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +managing the work and myself was + + align:start position:0% +managing the work and myself was + + + align:start position:0% +managing the work and myself was +probably the most difficult I think like + + align:start position:0% +probably the most difficult I think like + + + align:start position:0% +probably the most difficult I think like +I said because I had kind of done some + + align:start position:0% +I said because I had kind of done some + + + align:start position:0% +I said because I had kind of done some +research on the topic without really + + align:start position:0% +research on the topic without really + + + align:start position:0% +research on the topic without really +having you know any any plans of using + + align:start position:0% +having you know any any plans of using + + + align:start position:0% +having you know any any plans of using +it in any formal way I thought that I + + align:start position:0% +it in any formal way I thought that I + + + align:start position:0% +it in any formal way I thought that I +underestimated the time it would take to + + align:start position:0% +underestimated the time it would take to + + + align:start position:0% +underestimated the time it would take to +actually come up with something + + align:start position:0% +actually come up with something + + + align:start position:0% +actually come up with something +meaningful and so and I I you know I + + align:start position:0% +meaningful and so and I I you know I + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful and so and I I you know I +like to talk about people person so I + + align:start position:0% +like to talk about people person so I + + + align:start position:0% +like to talk about people person so I +enjoyed the interviewing part and I mean + + align:start position:0% +enjoyed the interviewing part and I mean + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyed the interviewing part and I mean +I kept gathering information and + + align:start position:0% +I kept gathering information and + + + align:start position:0% +I kept gathering information and +gathering information and talking to + + align:start position:0% +gathering information and talking to + + + align:start position:0% +gathering information and talking to +people more than the people I had on my + + align:start position:0% +people more than the people I had on my + + + align:start position:0% +people more than the people I had on my +list but then when it came to coming you + + align:start position:0% +list but then when it came to coming you + + + align:start position:0% +list but then when it came to coming you +know to like kind of gathering the + + align:start position:0% +know to like kind of gathering the + + + align:start position:0% +know to like kind of gathering the +insight and writing what I had done and + + align:start position:0% +insight and writing what I had done and + + + align:start position:0% +insight and writing what I had done and +why I had done it and what the next + + align:start position:0% +why I had done it and what the next + + + align:start position:0% +why I had done it and what the next +steps are it was kind of difficult and + + align:start position:0% +steps are it was kind of difficult and + + + align:start position:0% +steps are it was kind of difficult and +also I had a full course load because I + + align:start position:0% +also I had a full course load because I + + + align:start position:0% +also I had a full course load because I +spent all of my IEP doing this research + + align:start position:0% +spent all of my IEP doing this research + + + align:start position:0% +spent all of my IEP doing this research +and so I didn't take any other classes + + align:start position:0% +and so I didn't take any other classes + + + align:start position:0% +and so I didn't take any other classes +or any units that I needed towards + + align:start position:0% +or any units that I needed towards + + + align:start position:0% +or any units that I needed towards +graduation so in the spring everything + + align:start position:0% +graduation so in the spring everything + + + align:start position:0% +graduation so in the spring everything +was kind of jus the independent study + + align:start position:0% +was kind of jus the independent study + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of jus the independent study +all the courses and and and all of that + + align:start position:0% +all the courses and and and all of that + + + align:start position:0% +all the courses and and and all of that +so it was difficult but I mean I worked + + align:start position:0% +so it was difficult but I mean I worked + + + align:start position:0% +so it was difficult but I mean I worked +with Anjali a lot and trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +with Anjali a lot and trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +with Anjali a lot and trying to figure +out how I needed to craft the paper and + + align:start position:0% +out how I needed to craft the paper and + + + align:start position:0% +out how I needed to craft the paper and +so we did a few you know iterations of + + align:start position:0% +so we did a few you know iterations of + + + align:start position:0% +so we did a few you know iterations of +that she actually is very hands-on so + + align:start position:0% +that she actually is very hands-on so + + + align:start position:0% +that she actually is very hands-on so +she will take post-it notes and write + + align:start position:0% +she will take post-it notes and write + + + align:start position:0% +she will take post-it notes and write +you know this safer section could be + + align:start position:0% +you know this safer section could be + + + align:start position:0% +you know this safer section could be +this do you agree what are you trying to + + align:start position:0% +this do you agree what are you trying to + + + align:start position:0% +this do you agree what are you trying to +get from there so she kind of pushed me + + align:start position:0% +get from there so she kind of pushed me + + + align:start position:0% +get from there so she kind of pushed me +a bit and ask me questions that help me + + align:start position:0% +a bit and ask me questions that help me + + + align:start position:0% +a bit and ask me questions that help me +figure out the structure of the paper + + align:start position:0% +figure out the structure of the paper + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the structure of the paper +and also the time I would spend on each + + align:start position:0% +and also the time I would spend on each + + + align:start position:0% +and also the time I would spend on each +section and what was more important and + + align:start position:0% +section and what was more important and + + + align:start position:0% +section and what was more important and +what was less important and how I you + + align:start position:0% +what was less important and how I you + + + align:start position:0% +what was less important and how I you +know like just I could show that I + + align:start position:0% +know like just I could show that I + + + align:start position:0% +know like just I could show that I +actually did the work so you know + + align:start position:0% +actually did the work so you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually did the work so you know +because doing the work and actually + + align:start position:0% +because doing the work and actually + + + align:start position:0% +because doing the work and actually +reporting the work is quite different + + align:start position:0% +reporting the work is quite different + + + align:start position:0% +reporting the work is quite different +but yeah in the end it worked + + align:start position:0% +but yeah in the end it worked + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah in the end it worked +definitely with Anthony's help and you + + align:start position:0% +definitely with Anthony's help and you + + + align:start position:0% +definitely with Anthony's help and you +know working extra hours + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I think this experience was + + align:start position:0% +so I think this experience was + + + align:start position:0% +so I think this experience was +interesting for me because I ended up + + align:start position:0% +interesting for me because I ended up + + + align:start position:0% +interesting for me because I ended up +using frameworks in in the independent + + align:start position:0% +using frameworks in in the independent + + + align:start position:0% +using frameworks in in the independent +study that I think are unique to Sloane + + align:start position:0% +study that I think are unique to Sloane + + + align:start position:0% +study that I think are unique to Sloane +so for example I used the I used systems + + align:start position:0% +so for example I used the I used systems + + + align:start position:0% +so for example I used the I used systems +thinking which is you know obviously a + + align:start position:0% +thinking which is you know obviously a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking which is you know obviously a +big thing here at Sloane and also kind + + align:start position:0% +big thing here at Sloane and also kind + + + align:start position:0% +big thing here at Sloane and also kind +of things around sustainability and + + align:start position:0% +of things around sustainability and + + + align:start position:0% +of things around sustainability and +sustainability oriented innovation which + + align:start position:0% +sustainability oriented innovation which + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability oriented innovation which +is MIT which MIT is you know a champion + + align:start position:0% +is MIT which MIT is you know a champion + + + align:start position:0% +is MIT which MIT is you know a champion +in so I think that being in this + + align:start position:0% +in so I think that being in this + + + align:start position:0% +in so I think that being in this +environment kind of helped kind of + + align:start position:0% +environment kind of helped kind of + + + align:start position:0% +environment kind of helped kind of +helped with the the framework so I was + + align:start position:0% +helped with the the framework so I was + + + align:start position:0% +helped with the the framework so I was +gonna use and the the way I was writing + + align:start position:0% +gonna use and the the way I was writing + + + align:start position:0% +gonna use and the the way I was writing +this paper enterpreneurship is also big + + align:start position:0% +this paper enterpreneurship is also big + + + align:start position:0% +this paper enterpreneurship is also big +at MIT so that's why I even wants to be + + align:start position:0% +at MIT so that's why I even wants to be + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT so that's why I even wants to be +an entrepreneur after a 10-year career + + align:start position:0% +an entrepreneur after a 10-year career + + + align:start position:0% +an entrepreneur after a 10-year career +in finance so I think all of those + + align:start position:0% +in finance so I think all of those + + + align:start position:0% +in finance so I think all of those +things kind of work together to to help + + align:start position:0% +things kind of work together to to help + + + align:start position:0% +things kind of work together to to help +me produce this independent study I do + + align:start position:0% +me produce this independent study I do + + + align:start position:0% +me produce this independent study I do +think however it's you know it's it's + + align:start position:0% +think however it's you know it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +think however it's you know it's it's +just yes for me it was MIT but for + + align:start position:0% +just yes for me it was MIT but for + + + align:start position:0% +just yes for me it was MIT but for +anyone else it could be anything right + + align:start position:0% +anyone else it could be anything right + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else it could be anything right +it's just a matter of figuring out what + + align:start position:0% +it's just a matter of figuring out what + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a matter of figuring out what +you have in your own ecosystem and then + + align:start position:0% +you have in your own ecosystem and then + + + align:start position:0% +you have in your own ecosystem and then +using that to your advantage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +also in addition to being Aslam + + align:start position:0% +also in addition to being Aslam + + + align:start position:0% +also in addition to being Aslam +negative fellow which is Legatum is a + + align:start position:0% +negative fellow which is Legatum is a + + + align:start position:0% +negative fellow which is Legatum is a +center here and my MIT for + + align:start position:0% +center here and my MIT for + + + align:start position:0% +center here and my MIT for +entrepreneurship and development and it + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship and development and it + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship and development and it +supports 20 fellows per year that wants + + align:start position:0% +supports 20 fellows per year that wants + + + align:start position:0% +supports 20 fellows per year that wants +to work in the developing world after + + align:start position:0% +to work in the developing world after + + + align:start position:0% +to work in the developing world after +graduation so it's everybody from PhDs + + align:start position:0% +graduation so it's everybody from PhDs + + + align:start position:0% +graduation so it's everybody from PhDs +in engineering to you know undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +in engineering to you know undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +in engineering to you know undergraduate +and so I came here through a scholarship + + align:start position:0% +and so I came here through a scholarship + + + align:start position:0% +and so I came here through a scholarship +from the Legatum Foundation so it helped + + align:start position:0% +from the Legatum Foundation so it helped + + + align:start position:0% +from the Legatum Foundation so it helped +me so I knew coming in that I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +me so I knew coming in that I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +me so I knew coming in that I wanted to +be an entrepreneur in the developing + + align:start position:0% +be an entrepreneur in the developing + + + align:start position:0% +be an entrepreneur in the developing +world after Sloane so you know and my + + align:start position:0% +world after Sloane so you know and my + + + align:start position:0% +world after Sloane so you know and my +startup idea is in agriculture so it + + align:start position:0% +startup idea is in agriculture so it + + + align:start position:0% +startup idea is in agriculture so it +kind of you know it's another part of + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know it's another part of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know it's another part of +what what created this independent study + + align:start position:0% +what what created this independent study + + + align:start position:0% +what what created this independent study +I knew some people that I interviewed in + + align:start position:0% +I knew some people that I interviewed in + + + align:start position:0% +I knew some people that I interviewed in +the you know that I interviewed some + + align:start position:0% +the you know that I interviewed some + + + align:start position:0% +the you know that I interviewed some +stakeholders that I interviewed truly + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders that I interviewed truly + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders that I interviewed truly +got'em and then approaching them as Alec + + align:start position:0% +got'em and then approaching them as Alec + + + align:start position:0% +got'em and then approaching them as Alec +Adam fellow it kind of made sense that I + + align:start position:0% +Adam fellow it kind of made sense that I + + + align:start position:0% +Adam fellow it kind of made sense that I +was doing this you know agriculture + + align:start position:0% +was doing this you know agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +was doing this you know agriculture +paper so it kind of helped me you know + + align:start position:0% +paper so it kind of helped me you know + + + align:start position:0% +paper so it kind of helped me you know +talk to people that I probably would + + align:start position:0% +talk to people that I probably would + + + align:start position:0% +talk to people that I probably would +never had time reaching out to Angela + + align:start position:0% +never had time reaching out to Angela + + + align:start position:0% +never had time reaching out to Angela +also brought in her contacts for people + + align:start position:0% +also brought in her contacts for people + + + align:start position:0% +also brought in her contacts for people +that I needed to interview so that was + + align:start position:0% +that I needed to interview so that was + + + align:start position:0% +that I needed to interview so that was +helpful as well and and the name MIT was + + align:start position:0% +helpful as well and and the name MIT was + + + align:start position:0% +helpful as well and and the name MIT was +helpful as well so I guess to kind of + + align:start position:0% +helpful as well so I guess to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +helpful as well so I guess to kind of +link back to the ecosystem right so + + align:start position:0% +link back to the ecosystem right so + + + align:start position:0% +link back to the ecosystem right so +reaching out to someone is saying hey + + align:start position:0% +reaching out to someone is saying hey + + + align:start position:0% +reaching out to someone is saying hey +I'm a student at MIT and I'm studying + + align:start position:0% +I'm a student at MIT and I'm studying + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a student at MIT and I'm studying +this topic was I think helpful for + + align:start position:0% +this topic was I think helpful for + + + align:start position:0% +this topic was I think helpful for +people to open up their doors and and + + align:start position:0% +people to open up their doors and and + + + align:start position:0% +people to open up their doors and and +resources and such + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just came from a conference last week + + align:start position:0% +I just came from a conference last week + + + align:start position:0% +I just came from a conference last week +after graduation I went straight to a + + align:start position:0% +after graduation I went straight to a + + + align:start position:0% +after graduation I went straight to a +conference at the World Bank and it's + + align:start position:0% +conference at the World Bank and it's + + + align:start position:0% +conference at the World Bank and it's +just this I think everybody is kind of + + align:start position:0% +just this I think everybody is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +just this I think everybody is kind of +questioning this idea of does technology + + align:start position:0% +questioning this idea of does technology + + + align:start position:0% +questioning this idea of does technology +actually is technology a good solution + + align:start position:0% +actually is technology a good solution + + + align:start position:0% +actually is technology a good solution +and if so how should we be using it and + + align:start position:0% +and if so how should we be using it and + + + align:start position:0% +and if so how should we be using it and +how do we really get this rural + + align:start position:0% +how do we really get this rural + + + align:start position:0% +how do we really get this rural +communities to to prosper you know and + + align:start position:0% +communities to to prosper you know and + + + align:start position:0% +communities to to prosper you know and +there's a lot actually in between + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot actually in between + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot actually in between +farming seasons right so you know + + align:start position:0% +farming seasons right so you know + + + align:start position:0% +farming seasons right so you know +farming season could be just three + + align:start position:0% +farming season could be just three + + + align:start position:0% +farming season could be just three +months or you know and then you add the + + align:start position:0% +months or you know and then you add the + + + align:start position:0% +months or you know and then you add the +the preparation time which is another + + align:start position:0% +the preparation time which is another + + + align:start position:0% +the preparation time which is another +couple of months and then you know + + align:start position:0% +couple of months and then you know + + + align:start position:0% +couple of months and then you know +farmers are going from cycle to cycle + + align:start position:0% +farmers are going from cycle to cycle + + + align:start position:0% +farmers are going from cycle to cycle +and not really their conditions are not + + align:start position:0% +and not really their conditions are not + + + align:start position:0% +and not really their conditions are not +really improving + + align:start position:0% +really improving + + + align:start position:0% +really improving +so people are questioning why that it + + align:start position:0% +so people are questioning why that it + + + align:start position:0% +so people are questioning why that it +that is happening and what do we what we + + align:start position:0% +that is happening and what do we what we + + + align:start position:0% +that is happening and what do we what we +need to do more off or less off so I + + align:start position:0% +need to do more off or less off so I + + + align:start position:0% +need to do more off or less off so I +think that you know it's an exciting + + align:start position:0% +think that you know it's an exciting + + + align:start position:0% +think that you know it's an exciting +sector because I think that the whole + + align:start position:0% +sector because I think that the whole + + + align:start position:0% +sector because I think that the whole +world is well worried about food + + align:start position:0% +world is well worried about food + + + align:start position:0% +world is well worried about food +security the whole world is worried + + align:start position:0% +security the whole world is worried + + + align:start position:0% +security the whole world is worried +about climate change which is linked to + + align:start position:0% +about climate change which is linked to + + + align:start position:0% +about climate change which is linked to +agriculture so I think you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +agriculture so I think you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture so I think you know it's a +hot topic it's just people need to + + align:start position:0% +hot topic it's just people need to + + + align:start position:0% +hot topic it's just people need to +figure out everybody needs to be on + + align:start position:0% +figure out everybody needs to be on + + + align:start position:0% +figure out everybody needs to be on +board in terms of figuring out what + + align:start position:0% +board in terms of figuring out what + + + align:start position:0% +board in terms of figuring out what +needs to be done because on one hand you + + align:start position:0% +needs to be done because on one hand you + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be done because on one hand you +have people that are investing in more + + align:start position:0% +have people that are investing in more + + + align:start position:0% +have people that are investing in more +production of food so that we have food + + align:start position:0% +production of food so that we have food + + + align:start position:0% +production of food so that we have food +security but then is that food + + align:start position:0% +security but then is that food + + + align:start position:0% +security but then is that food +distributed equally you know that that + + align:start position:0% +distributed equally you know that that + + + align:start position:0% +distributed equally you know that that +remains to be seen and then on the other + + align:start position:0% +remains to be seen and then on the other + + + align:start position:0% +remains to be seen and then on the other +hand you know there's all this talk + + align:start position:0% +hand you know there's all this talk + + + align:start position:0% +hand you know there's all this talk +about climate change and and what + + align:start position:0% +about climate change and and what + + + align:start position:0% +about climate change and and what +farmers should be doing or not be doing + + align:start position:0% +farmers should be doing or not be doing + + + align:start position:0% +farmers should be doing or not be doing +and they're all these technologies that + + align:start position:0% +and they're all these technologies that + + + align:start position:0% +and they're all these technologies that +people are coming up with but are they + + align:start position:0% +people are coming up with but are they + + + align:start position:0% +people are coming up with but are they +being co-created with the communities + + align:start position:0% +being co-created with the communities + + + align:start position:0% +being co-created with the communities +probably not and so uptake of those + + align:start position:0% +probably not and so uptake of those + + + align:start position:0% +probably not and so uptake of those +technologies is slower than people think + + align:start position:0% +technologies is slower than people think + + + align:start position:0% +technologies is slower than people think +so there's the oldest you know topics oh + + align:start position:0% +so there's the oldest you know topics oh + + + align:start position:0% +so there's the oldest you know topics oh +there's this loose ends that need to be + + align:start position:0% +there's this loose ends that need to be + + + align:start position:0% +there's this loose ends that need to be +figured out and I think that's why it's + + align:start position:0% +figured out and I think that's why it's + + + align:start position:0% +figured out and I think that's why it's +exciting for me to to you know to be in + + align:start position:0% +exciting for me to to you know to be in + + + align:start position:0% +exciting for me to to you know to be in +and hopefully I can figure out a small + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully I can figure out a small + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully I can figure out a small +part of it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/EuNXVy5-KgA.txt b/EuNXVy5-KgA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfc0789eac54babbdb2e85fb5715a4874c3a8d9f --- /dev/null +++ b/EuNXVy5-KgA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6243 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right so flying at night is really + + align:start position:0% +all right so flying at night is really + + + align:start position:0% +all right so flying at night is really +fun and in order to get your private + + align:start position:0% +fun and in order to get your private + + + align:start position:0% +fun and in order to get your private +pilot you actually have to fly at night + + align:start position:0% +pilot you actually have to fly at night + + + align:start position:0% +pilot you actually have to fly at night +you even have to do a short + + align:start position:0% +you even have to do a short + + + align:start position:0% +you even have to do a short +cross-country flight at night so it's + + align:start position:0% +cross-country flight at night so it's + + + align:start position:0% +cross-country flight at night so it's +really important for you to understand + + align:start position:0% +really important for you to understand + + + align:start position:0% +really important for you to understand +the dimensions of flying at night and + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of flying at night and + + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of flying at night and +it's something else to set personal + + align:start position:0% +it's something else to set personal + + + align:start position:0% +it's something else to set personal +minimums about but overall I love flying + + align:start position:0% +minimums about but overall I love flying + + + align:start position:0% +minimums about but overall I love flying +at night it's one of my favorite + + align:start position:0% +at night it's one of my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +at night it's one of my favorite +favorite things to do and this is + + align:start position:0% +favorite things to do and this is + + + align:start position:0% +favorite things to do and this is +actually a picture that the person + + align:start position:0% +actually a picture that the person + + + align:start position:0% +actually a picture that the person +sitting on the right seat took when I + + align:start position:0% +sitting on the right seat took when I + + + align:start position:0% +sitting on the right seat took when I +was landing in Bedford so what do you + + align:start position:0% +was landing in Bedford so what do you + + + align:start position:0% +was landing in Bedford so what do you +see in this picture who can identify + + align:start position:0% +see in this picture who can identify + + + align:start position:0% +see in this picture who can identify +where the runway is can at least see the + + align:start position:0% +where the runway is can at least see the + + + align:start position:0% +where the runway is can at least see the +runway all right just just yes in the + + align:start position:0% +runway all right just just yes in the + + + align:start position:0% +runway all right just just yes in the +yellow shirt this right after the yellow + + align:start position:0% +yellow shirt this right after the yellow + + + align:start position:0% +yellow shirt this right after the yellow +cross and there's that's right so so the + + align:start position:0% +cross and there's that's right so so the + + + align:start position:0% +cross and there's that's right so so the +Green Line is marking the threshold of + + align:start position:0% +Green Line is marking the threshold of + + + align:start position:0% +Green Line is marking the threshold of +the runway along the sides of the runway + + align:start position:0% +the runway along the sides of the runway + + + align:start position:0% +the runway along the sides of the runway +it's yellow and then becomes red at the + + align:start position:0% +it's yellow and then becomes red at the + + + align:start position:0% +it's yellow and then becomes red at the +end what are those lights to the right + + align:start position:0% +end what are those lights to the right + + + align:start position:0% +end what are those lights to the right +of the runway your glide slope what is + + align:start position:0% +of the runway your glide slope what is + + + align:start position:0% +of the runway your glide slope what is +it called poppy all right come on guys + + align:start position:0% +it called poppy all right come on guys + + + align:start position:0% +it called poppy all right come on guys +we've covered Fozzie's and poppies so + + align:start position:0% +we've covered Fozzie's and poppies so + + + align:start position:0% +we've covered Fozzie's and poppies so +the the vazhi was the vertical one where + + align:start position:0% +the the vazhi was the vertical one where + + + align:start position:0% +the the vazhi was the vertical one where +the two lights are on top and the two + + align:start position:0% +the two lights are on top and the two + + + align:start position:0% +the two lights are on top and the two +lights are at the bottom and the poppy + + align:start position:0% +lights are at the bottom and the poppy + + + align:start position:0% +lights are at the bottom and the poppy +is the horizontal one and so as you can + + align:start position:0% +is the horizontal one and so as you can + + + align:start position:0% +is the horizontal one and so as you can +see in my beautiful picture because of + + align:start position:0% +see in my beautiful picture because of + + + align:start position:0% +see in my beautiful picture because of +my perfect flying abilities I have two + + align:start position:0% +my perfect flying abilities I have two + + + align:start position:0% +my perfect flying abilities I have two +red lights and two white lights thank + + align:start position:0% +red lights and two white lights thank + + + align:start position:0% +red lights and two white lights thank +you very much yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it either looks like I'm not level or + + align:start position:0% +it either looks like I'm not level or + + + align:start position:0% +it either looks like I'm not level or +the person taking the picture isn't + + align:start position:0% +the person taking the picture isn't + + + align:start position:0% +the person taking the picture isn't +level but it's definitely not level I + + align:start position:0% +level but it's definitely not level I + + + align:start position:0% +level but it's definitely not level I +agree with you now I would tell you how + + align:start position:0% +agree with you now I would tell you how + + + align:start position:0% +agree with you now I would tell you how +I'm getting bounced around by the wind + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting bounced around by the wind + + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting bounced around by the wind +but in fact at night usually there isn't + + align:start position:0% +but in fact at night usually there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact at night usually there isn't +that much wind so let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +that much wind so let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +that much wind so let's talk about the +definition of of night we actually had a + + align:start position:0% +definition of of night we actually had a + + + align:start position:0% +definition of of night we actually had a +good conversation at dinner last night + + align:start position:0% +good conversation at dinner last night + + + align:start position:0% +good conversation at dinner last night +with mark Nathanson and he was talking + + align:start position:0% +with mark Nathanson and he was talking + + + align:start position:0% +with mark Nathanson and he was talking +about his FAA exam where he was + + align:start position:0% +about his FAA exam where he was + + + align:start position:0% +about his FAA exam where he was +examining a friend of mine Emily on her + + align:start position:0% +examining a friend of mine Emily on her + + + align:start position:0% +examining a friend of mine Emily on her +oral exam and asked her when sunset and + + align:start position:0% +oral exam and asked her when sunset and + + + align:start position:0% +oral exam and asked her when sunset and +she said well which sunset do you meet + + align:start position:0% +she said well which sunset do you meet + + + align:start position:0% +she said well which sunset do you meet +so there are a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +so there are a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +so there are a lot of different +definitions and so so if you're just + + align:start position:0% +definitions and so so if you're just + + + align:start position:0% +definitions and so so if you're just +flying at night and you want to log + + align:start position:0% +flying at night and you want to log + + + align:start position:0% +flying at night and you want to log +hours that you're flying at night then + + align:start position:0% +hours that you're flying at night then + + + align:start position:0% +hours that you're flying at night then +it's really anytime after sunset or + + align:start position:0% +it's really anytime after sunset or + + + align:start position:0% +it's really anytime after sunset or +after civil twilight but there are + + align:start position:0% +after civil twilight but there are + + + align:start position:0% +after civil twilight but there are +specific requirements in terms of having + + align:start position:0% +specific requirements in terms of having + + + align:start position:0% +specific requirements in terms of having +us you know landings at night and you + + align:start position:0% +us you know landings at night and you + + + align:start position:0% +us you know landings at night and you +can log whether you're landing is at + + align:start position:0% +can log whether you're landing is at + + + align:start position:0% +can log whether you're landing is at +night during or during the day and + + align:start position:0% +night during or during the day and + + + align:start position:0% +night during or during the day and +they're a little bit more strict + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit more strict + + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit more strict +restrictions so the landing has to be a + + align:start position:0% +restrictions so the landing has to be a + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions so the landing has to be a +full hour after sunset and and if you're + + align:start position:0% +full hour after sunset and and if you're + + + align:start position:0% +full hour after sunset and and if you're +in the wee hours of the morning then a + + align:start position:0% +in the wee hours of the morning then a + + + align:start position:0% +in the wee hours of the morning then a +full hour before sunrise and that's + + align:start position:0% +full hour before sunrise and that's + + + align:start position:0% +full hour before sunrise and that's +because that's because it's still pretty + + align:start position:0% +because that's because it's still pretty + + + align:start position:0% +because that's because it's still pretty +light during that time so even after the + + align:start position:0% +light during that time so even after the + + + align:start position:0% +light during that time so even after the +Sun sets + + align:start position:0% +Sun sets + + + align:start position:0% +Sun sets +it stays bright for about an hour or so + + align:start position:0% +it stays bright for about an hour or so + + + align:start position:0% +it stays bright for about an hour or so +and so they want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +and so they want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +and so they want to make sure that +you're really familiar with flying in + + align:start position:0% +you're really familiar with flying in + + + align:start position:0% +you're really familiar with flying in +true night conditions yeah I love flying + + align:start position:0% +true night conditions yeah I love flying + + + align:start position:0% +true night conditions yeah I love flying +at night and one thing that's a lot + + align:start position:0% +at night and one thing that's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +at night and one thing that's a lot +easier is sometimes seeing the traffic + + align:start position:0% +easier is sometimes seeing the traffic + + + align:start position:0% +easier is sometimes seeing the traffic +so seeing other aircraft if you get + + align:start position:0% +so seeing other aircraft if you get + + + align:start position:0% +so seeing other aircraft if you get +notified you know hey there's a traffic + + align:start position:0% +notified you know hey there's a traffic + + + align:start position:0% +notified you know hey there's a traffic +three o'clock you look out and there it + + align:start position:0% +three o'clock you look out and there it + + + align:start position:0% +three o'clock you look out and there it +is you can see the light there also + + align:start position:0% +is you can see the light there also + + + align:start position:0% +is you can see the light there also +aren't that many other planes so + + align:start position:0% +aren't that many other planes so + + + align:start position:0% +aren't that many other planes so +sometimes you get the airport to + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you get the airport to + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you get the airport to +yourself or the tower controller to + + align:start position:0% +yourself or the tower controller to + + + align:start position:0% +yourself or the tower controller to +yourself and the you know depending on + + align:start position:0% +yourself and the you know depending on + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and the you know depending on +the the weather and the climate it can + + align:start position:0% +the the weather and the climate it can + + + align:start position:0% +the the weather and the climate it can +be really great what's really + + align:start position:0% +be really great what's really + + + align:start position:0% +be really great what's really +interesting is that in the US there's no + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that in the US there's no + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that in the US there's no +special rating so we talked about this + + align:start position:0% +special rating so we talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +special rating so we talked about this +you don't you don't need your instrument + + align:start position:0% +you don't you don't need your instrument + + + align:start position:0% +you don't you don't need your instrument +rating to fly at night now that's not + + align:start position:0% +rating to fly at night now that's not + + + align:start position:0% +rating to fly at night now that's not +the case in other countries and I + + align:start position:0% +the case in other countries and I + + + align:start position:0% +the case in other countries and I +wouldn't say that we're as I think + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't say that we're as I think + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't say that we're as I think +Phillips noted we don't think that the + + align:start position:0% +Phillips noted we don't think that the + + + align:start position:0% +Phillips noted we don't think that the +the Mexicans know we think that maybe + + align:start position:0% +the Mexicans know we think that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the Mexicans know we think that maybe +they know something we don't which is + + align:start position:0% +they know something we don't which is + + + align:start position:0% +they know something we don't which is +that you really need to take a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that you really need to take a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that you really need to take a lot of +precautions flying at night is in some + + align:start position:0% +precautions flying at night is in some + + + align:start position:0% +precautions flying at night is in some +ways similar to flying in instrument + + align:start position:0% +ways similar to flying in instrument + + + align:start position:0% +ways similar to flying in instrument +conditions and we talked about some of + + align:start position:0% +conditions and we talked about some of + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and we talked about some of +the visual effects and cues that you can + + align:start position:0% +the visual effects and cues that you can + + + align:start position:0% +the visual effects and cues that you can +get disoriented in it's so in your + + align:start position:0% +get disoriented in it's so in your + + + align:start position:0% +get disoriented in it's so in your +during your private you're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +during your private you're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +during your private you're gonna have +three hours of night training which is + + align:start position:0% +three hours of night training which is + + + align:start position:0% +three hours of night training which is +really cool so you're gonna fly at night + + align:start position:0% +really cool so you're gonna fly at night + + + align:start position:0% +really cool so you're gonna fly at night +you're gonna also do a short + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna also do a short + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna also do a short +cross-country flight but in in terms of + + align:start position:0% +cross-country flight but in in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +cross-country flight but in in terms of +currency requirements some people were + + align:start position:0% +currency requirements some people were + + + align:start position:0% +currency requirements some people were +asking about currency requirements this + + align:start position:0% +asking about currency requirements this + + + align:start position:0% +asking about currency requirements this +is one of the the currency requirements + + align:start position:0% +is one of the the currency requirements + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the the currency requirements +that you really want to keep in mind so + + align:start position:0% +that you really want to keep in mind so + + + align:start position:0% +that you really want to keep in mind so +this this lasts you know after you get + + align:start position:0% +this this lasts you know after you get + + + align:start position:0% +this this lasts you know after you get +your pilot private pilot license in + + align:start position:0% +your pilot private pilot license in + + + align:start position:0% +your pilot private pilot license in +order for you to fly with passengers you + + align:start position:0% +order for you to fly with passengers you + + + align:start position:0% +order for you to fly with passengers you +have to have three takeoffs and landings + + align:start position:0% +have to have three takeoffs and landings + + + align:start position:0% +have to have three takeoffs and landings +to a full stop within the the preceding + + align:start position:0% +to a full stop within the the preceding + + + align:start position:0% +to a full stop within the the preceding +ninety days so this is important you + + align:start position:0% +ninety days so this is important you + + + align:start position:0% +ninety days so this is important you +know if you go on a trip during the day + + align:start position:0% +know if you go on a trip during the day + + + align:start position:0% +know if you go on a trip during the day +and if it's gonna be night you might + + align:start position:0% +and if it's gonna be night you might + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's gonna be night you might +have to land somewhere kick out your + + align:start position:0% +have to land somewhere kick out your + + + align:start position:0% +have to land somewhere kick out your +passengers do you hear deer currents the + + align:start position:0% +passengers do you hear deer currents the + + + align:start position:0% +passengers do you hear deer currents the +human and then continue I've had to do + + align:start position:0% +human and then continue I've had to do + + + align:start position:0% +human and then continue I've had to do +that at least once so night vision so we + + align:start position:0% +that at least once so night vision so we + + + align:start position:0% +that at least once so night vision so we +talked a lot when we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot when we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot when we're talking about +human factors about your you know your + + align:start position:0% +human factors about your you know your + + + align:start position:0% +human factors about your you know your +visual system so one thing I think + + align:start position:0% +visual system so one thing I think + + + align:start position:0% +visual system so one thing I think +people might have heard of the different + + align:start position:0% +people might have heard of the different + + + align:start position:0% +people might have heard of the different +rods and cones and your eyes so I'm + + align:start position:0% +rods and cones and your eyes so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rods and cones and your eyes so I'm +getting a lot of head nods so the the + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot of head nods so the the + + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot of head nods so the the +rods are actually the thing that can + + align:start position:0% +rods are actually the thing that can + + + align:start position:0% +rods are actually the thing that can +really help you see but but it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +really help you see but but it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +really help you see but but it's a lot +easier to look on the sides so looking + + align:start position:0% +easier to look on the sides so looking + + + align:start position:0% +easier to look on the sides so looking +straight during the daytime that's where + + align:start position:0% +straight during the daytime that's where + + + align:start position:0% +straight during the daytime that's where +you can see but your your rods that do a + + align:start position:0% +you can see but your your rods that do a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see but your your rods that do a +better job at nighttime are your primary + + align:start position:0% +better job at nighttime are your primary + + + align:start position:0% +better job at nighttime are your primary +receptors for night vision and so + + align:start position:0% +receptors for night vision and so + + + align:start position:0% +receptors for night vision and so +unfortunately the problem is if you + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the problem is if you + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the problem is if you +stare right at something it might + + align:start position:0% +stare right at something it might + + + align:start position:0% +stare right at something it might +actually be harder to see it than if you + + align:start position:0% +actually be harder to see it than if you + + + align:start position:0% +actually be harder to see it than if you +were sort of scanning and you were five + + align:start position:0% +were sort of scanning and you were five + + + align:start position:0% +were sort of scanning and you were five +to ten degrees off of what you were + + align:start position:0% +to ten degrees off of what you were + + + align:start position:0% +to ten degrees off of what you were +looking at and so one thing when you're + + align:start position:0% +looking at and so one thing when you're + + + align:start position:0% +looking at and so one thing when you're +flying at night when you're looking for + + align:start position:0% +flying at night when you're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +flying at night when you're looking for +traffic instead of just looking in one + + align:start position:0% +traffic instead of just looking in one + + + align:start position:0% +traffic instead of just looking in one +spot you know try to skin to to kind of + + align:start position:0% +spot you know try to skin to to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +spot you know try to skin to to kind of +look around another thing is that it + + align:start position:0% +look around another thing is that it + + + align:start position:0% +look around another thing is that it +takes you a long time for your eyes to + + align:start position:0% +takes you a long time for your eyes to + + + align:start position:0% +takes you a long time for your eyes to +adjust to the darkness so you can just + + align:start position:0% +adjust to the darkness so you can just + + + align:start position:0% +adjust to the darkness so you can just +probably have noticed this yourself you + + align:start position:0% +probably have noticed this yourself you + + + align:start position:0% +probably have noticed this yourself you +know when you're in your room at night + + align:start position:0% +know when you're in your room at night + + + align:start position:0% +know when you're in your room at night +or working + + align:start position:0% +or working + + + align:start position:0% +or working +something you know your eyes take a + + align:start position:0% +something you know your eyes take a + + + align:start position:0% +something you know your eyes take a +little time to adjust to that night + + align:start position:0% +little time to adjust to that night + + + align:start position:0% +little time to adjust to that night +light and so what you want to do if + + align:start position:0% +light and so what you want to do if + + + align:start position:0% +light and so what you want to do if +you're flying at night is to give + + align:start position:0% +you're flying at night is to give + + + align:start position:0% +you're flying at night is to give +yourself a chance to adjust to that you + + align:start position:0% +yourself a chance to adjust to that you + + + align:start position:0% +yourself a chance to adjust to that you +don't want to be in a very bright place + + align:start position:0% +don't want to be in a very bright place + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to be in a very bright place +right before you go flying at night + + align:start position:0% +right before you go flying at night + + + align:start position:0% +right before you go flying at night +because your eyes won't adjust another + + align:start position:0% +because your eyes won't adjust another + + + align:start position:0% +because your eyes won't adjust another +thing you can consider doing is using + + align:start position:0% +thing you can consider doing is using + + + align:start position:0% +thing you can consider doing is using +red lights and I actually do that so + + align:start position:0% +red lights and I actually do that so + + + align:start position:0% +red lights and I actually do that so +this is a super fashionable picture of + + align:start position:0% +this is a super fashionable picture of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a super fashionable picture of +me where's your giant headlamp and + + align:start position:0% +me where's your giant headlamp and + + + align:start position:0% +me where's your giant headlamp and +actually have a red light headlight and + + align:start position:0% +actually have a red light headlight and + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a red light headlight and +their pros and cons I think it's great + + align:start position:0% +their pros and cons I think it's great + + + align:start position:0% +their pros and cons I think it's great +because it really helps you know you can + + align:start position:0% +because it really helps you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +because it really helps you know you can +have illumination without it destroying + + align:start position:0% +have illumination without it destroying + + + align:start position:0% +have illumination without it destroying +your your night vision adjustment but it + + align:start position:0% +your your night vision adjustment but it + + + align:start position:0% +your your night vision adjustment but it +also washes out red color so you just + + align:start position:0% +also washes out red color so you just + + + align:start position:0% +also washes out red color so you just +want to keep that in mind but also just + + align:start position:0% +want to keep that in mind but also just + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep that in mind but also just +in general having that that lamp on your + + align:start position:0% +in general having that that lamp on your + + + align:start position:0% +in general having that that lamp on your +head is really helpful although you look + + align:start position:0% +head is really helpful although you look + + + align:start position:0% +head is really helpful although you look +not not so great it's a good thing that + + align:start position:0% +not not so great it's a good thing that + + + align:start position:0% +not not so great it's a good thing that +even you know if you take off in the + + align:start position:0% +even you know if you take off in the + + + align:start position:0% +even you know if you take off in the +evening when it's still bright outside + + align:start position:0% +evening when it's still bright outside + + + align:start position:0% +evening when it's still bright outside +if you already have that light in place + + align:start position:0% +if you already have that light in place + + + align:start position:0% +if you already have that light in place +and then once it gets dark once you need + + align:start position:0% +and then once it gets dark once you need + + + align:start position:0% +and then once it gets dark once you need +it you have it right there again you're + + align:start position:0% +it you have it right there again you're + + + align:start position:0% +it you have it right there again you're +not bending over moving your head a lot + + align:start position:0% +not bending over moving your head a lot + + + align:start position:0% +not bending over moving your head a lot +and searching the ground or your bag to + + align:start position:0% +and searching the ground or your bag to + + + align:start position:0% +and searching the ground or your bag to +look for a flashlight after it's dark + + align:start position:0% +look for a flashlight after it's dark + + + align:start position:0% +look for a flashlight after it's dark +when you're trying to fly a plane that's + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to fly a plane that's + + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to fly a plane that's +not a good thing if it's going to get + + align:start position:0% +not a good thing if it's going to get + + + align:start position:0% +not a good thing if it's going to get +dark or could possibly get dark while + + align:start position:0% +dark or could possibly get dark while + + + align:start position:0% +dark or could possibly get dark while +you're still flying have those + + align:start position:0% +you're still flying have those + + + align:start position:0% +you're still flying have those +flashlights available make sure you know + + align:start position:0% +flashlights available make sure you know + + + align:start position:0% +flashlights available make sure you know +that where the light light buttons are + + align:start position:0% +that where the light light buttons are + + + align:start position:0% +that where the light light buttons are +for all of your all of your instrument + + align:start position:0% +for all of your all of your instrument + + + align:start position:0% +for all of your all of your instrument +panels it's important to mention that + + align:start position:0% +panels it's important to mention that + + + align:start position:0% +panels it's important to mention that +you know if the airplane is if + + align:start position:0% +you know if the airplane is if + + + align:start position:0% +you know if the airplane is if +everything is working properly it should + + align:start position:0% +everything is working properly it should + + + align:start position:0% +everything is working properly it should +have a dome light or a map reading light + + align:start position:0% +have a dome light or a map reading light + + + align:start position:0% +have a dome light or a map reading light +or something that's in the airplane so + + align:start position:0% +or something that's in the airplane so + + + align:start position:0% +or something that's in the airplane so +you don't absolutely need the flashlight + + align:start position:0% +you don't absolutely need the flashlight + + + align:start position:0% +you don't absolutely need the flashlight +and unless something is broken + + align:start position:0% +and unless something is broken + + + align:start position:0% +and unless something is broken +well you it depends you might need a + + align:start position:0% +well you it depends you might need a + + + align:start position:0% +well you it depends you might need a +flashlight for example just to conduct + + align:start position:0% +flashlight for example just to conduct + + + align:start position:0% +flashlight for example just to conduct +your pre-flight inspection so to walk + + align:start position:0% +your pre-flight inspection so to walk + + + align:start position:0% +your pre-flight inspection so to walk +around the airplane make sure all the + + align:start position:0% +around the airplane make sure all the + + + align:start position:0% +around the airplane make sure all the +control surfaces can move free and clear + + align:start position:0% +control surfaces can move free and clear + + + align:start position:0% +control surfaces can move free and clear +you want to use a light to do that you + + align:start position:0% +you want to use a light to do that you + + + align:start position:0% +you want to use a light to do that you +know I won't get into the details but + + align:start position:0% +know I won't get into the details but + + + align:start position:0% +know I won't get into the details but +there was an accident Hanscom a couple + + align:start position:0% +there was an accident Hanscom a couple + + + align:start position:0% +there was an accident Hanscom a couple +years back and one of the concerns was + + align:start position:0% +years back and one of the concerns was + + + align:start position:0% +years back and one of the concerns was +that they had a lock on one of the + + align:start position:0% +that they had a lock on one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that they had a lock on one of the +control surfaces and it was it was + + align:start position:0% +control surfaces and it was it was + + + align:start position:0% +control surfaces and it was it was +nighttime when they were trying to take + + align:start position:0% +nighttime when they were trying to take + + + align:start position:0% +nighttime when they were trying to take +off and so having a flashlight I think + + align:start position:0% +off and so having a flashlight I think + + + align:start position:0% +off and so having a flashlight I think +is really critical in order to do your + + align:start position:0% +is really critical in order to do your + + + align:start position:0% +is really critical in order to do your +pre-flight inspection to make sure your + + align:start position:0% +pre-flight inspection to make sure your + + + align:start position:0% +pre-flight inspection to make sure your +airplane is safe to fly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so there's a very good question do + + align:start position:0% +yeah so there's a very good question do + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so there's a very good question do +you do anything special with your iPad + + align:start position:0% +you do anything special with your iPad + + + align:start position:0% +you do anything special with your iPad +because it's enough to ruin your night + + align:start position:0% +because it's enough to ruin your night + + + align:start position:0% +because it's enough to ruin your night +vision yeah so I actually think it is it + + align:start position:0% +vision yeah so I actually think it is it + + + align:start position:0% +vision yeah so I actually think it is it +is definitely something I keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +is definitely something I keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +is definitely something I keep in mind +always you can adjust the brightness + + align:start position:0% +always you can adjust the brightness + + + align:start position:0% +always you can adjust the brightness +setting on the iPad it still can be very + + align:start position:0% +setting on the iPad it still can be very + + + align:start position:0% +setting on the iPad it still can be very +bright and then sometimes it has a night + + align:start position:0% +bright and then sometimes it has a night + + + align:start position:0% +bright and then sometimes it has a night +mode and that does work for some things + + align:start position:0% +mode and that does work for some things + + + align:start position:0% +mode and that does work for some things +it doesn't work for other things like I + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't work for other things like I + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't work for other things like I +think yeah the approach plates are still + + align:start position:0% +think yeah the approach plates are still + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah the approach plates are still +pretty bright but you can make your + + align:start position:0% +pretty bright but you can make your + + + align:start position:0% +pretty bright but you can make your +whole map and the weather information in + + align:start position:0% +whole map and the weather information in + + + align:start position:0% +whole map and the weather information in +night mode and I think actually Garmin + + align:start position:0% +night mode and I think actually Garmin + + + align:start position:0% +night mode and I think actually Garmin +default mode is a much better viewable + + align:start position:0% +default mode is a much better viewable + + + align:start position:0% +default mode is a much better viewable +on your iPad than for flight as well yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes as a suggestion when you're using a + + align:start position:0% +yes as a suggestion when you're using a + + + align:start position:0% +yes as a suggestion when you're using a +tablet to invert the colors and that can + + align:start position:0% +tablet to invert the colors and that can + + + align:start position:0% +tablet to invert the colors and that can +help make everything white that's black + + align:start position:0% +help make everything white that's black + + + align:start position:0% +help make everything white that's black +would also be where the other colors + + align:start position:0% +would also be where the other colors + + + align:start position:0% +would also be where the other colors +might change if you're looking for cues + + align:start position:0% +might change if you're looking for cues + + + align:start position:0% +might change if you're looking for cues +like we talked earlier about the VFR + + align:start position:0% +like we talked earlier about the VFR + + + align:start position:0% +like we talked earlier about the VFR +versus IFR lights make sure the green + + align:start position:0% +versus IFR lights make sure the green + + + align:start position:0% +versus IFR lights make sure the green +didn't turn red and the red didn't turn + + align:start position:0% +didn't turn red and the red didn't turn + + + align:start position:0% +didn't turn red and the red didn't turn +green okay so so night illusions so this + + align:start position:0% +green okay so so night illusions so this + + + align:start position:0% +green okay so so night illusions so this +is something to keep in mind especially + + align:start position:0% +is something to keep in mind especially + + + align:start position:0% +is something to keep in mind especially +in the Northeast there are so many + + align:start position:0% +in the Northeast there are so many + + + align:start position:0% +in the Northeast there are so many +airports but also cities everywhere and + + align:start position:0% +airports but also cities everywhere and + + + align:start position:0% +airports but also cities everywhere and +a lot of times if you you can + + align:start position:0% +a lot of times if you you can + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of times if you you can +accidentally think that certain lights + + align:start position:0% +accidentally think that certain lights + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally think that certain lights +or something else there's we talked + + align:start position:0% +or something else there's we talked + + + align:start position:0% +or something else there's we talked +about the black hole illusion earlier + + align:start position:0% +about the black hole illusion earlier + + + align:start position:0% +about the black hole illusion earlier +when we're talking about human factors + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about human factors + + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about human factors +that if for example there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that if for example there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that if for example there's a lot of +snow around and it's dark it kind of + + align:start position:0% +snow around and it's dark it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +snow around and it's dark it kind of +makes it even harder to see features on + + align:start position:0% +makes it even harder to see features on + + + align:start position:0% +makes it even harder to see features on +the ground and if it makes it you might + + align:start position:0% +the ground and if it makes it you might + + + align:start position:0% +the ground and if it makes it you might +actually be lower than you are than you + + align:start position:0% +actually be lower than you are than you + + + align:start position:0% +actually be lower than you are than you +think you are just because if there + + align:start position:0% +think you are just because if there + + + align:start position:0% +think you are just because if there +aren't any visual cues where you see + + align:start position:0% +aren't any visual cues where you see + + + align:start position:0% +aren't any visual cues where you see +exactly where the ground is another + + align:start position:0% +exactly where the ground is another + + + align:start position:0% +exactly where the ground is another +concern is if the runway lights are too + + align:start position:0% +concern is if the runway lights are too + + + align:start position:0% +concern is if the runway lights are too +bright it can make it seem like the + + align:start position:0% +bright it can make it seem like the + + + align:start position:0% +bright it can make it seem like the +runway is closer to you so that's why a + + align:start position:0% +runway is closer to you so that's why a + + + align:start position:0% +runway is closer to you so that's why a +vazhi or papi some sort of glide slope + + align:start position:0% +vazhi or papi some sort of glide slope + + + align:start position:0% +vazhi or papi some sort of glide slope +reference is a really good idea at night + + align:start position:0% +reference is a really good idea at night + + + align:start position:0% +reference is a really good idea at night +to make sure your eyes aren't playing + + align:start position:0% +to make sure your eyes aren't playing + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure your eyes aren't playing +tricks on you and you're actually where + + align:start position:0% +tricks on you and you're actually where + + + align:start position:0% +tricks on you and you're actually where +you think you are so there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +you think you are so there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +you think you are so there's a whole +bunch of equipment rating so you need + + align:start position:0% +bunch of equipment rating so you need + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of equipment rating so you need +this is you know you need everything + + align:start position:0% +this is you know you need everything + + + align:start position:0% +this is you know you need everything +that you need during the day for VFR + + align:start position:0% +that you need during the day for VFR + + + align:start position:0% +that you need during the day for VFR +flight but you also need some additional + + align:start position:0% +flight but you also need some additional + + + align:start position:0% +flight but you also need some additional +lights and certainly if you want to + + align:start position:0% +lights and certainly if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +lights and certainly if you want to +think about another issue is the + + align:start position:0% +think about another issue is the + + + align:start position:0% +think about another issue is the +electrical system so that's a more + + align:start position:0% +electrical system so that's a more + + + align:start position:0% +electrical system so that's a more +difficult thing that if you lose your + + align:start position:0% +difficult thing that if you lose your + + + align:start position:0% +difficult thing that if you lose your +electrical system when you're flying at + + align:start position:0% +electrical system when you're flying at + + + align:start position:0% +electrical system when you're flying at +night you know you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +night you know you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +night you know you don't have the +ability to kind of look outside to see + + align:start position:0% +ability to kind of look outside to see + + + align:start position:0% +ability to kind of look outside to see +where you are quite as easily yeah and + + align:start position:0% +where you are quite as easily yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +where you are quite as easily yeah and +if your airplane has circuit breakers + + align:start position:0% +if your airplane has circuit breakers + + + align:start position:0% +if your airplane has circuit breakers +and doesn't have fuses and you don't + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't have fuses and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't have fuses and you don't +need the stairs spirits that have fuses + + align:start position:0% +need the stairs spirits that have fuses + + + align:start position:0% +need the stairs spirits that have fuses +just so you aren't concerned and then + + align:start position:0% +just so you aren't concerned and then + + + align:start position:0% +just so you aren't concerned and then +this is a reminder of all that equipment + + align:start position:0% +this is a reminder of all that equipment + + + align:start position:0% +this is a reminder of all that equipment +that you need anyway during the day for + + align:start position:0% +that you need anyway during the day for + + + align:start position:0% +that you need anyway during the day for +flying + + align:start position:0% +flying + + + align:start position:0% +flying +so speaking more specifically about the + + align:start position:0% +so speaking more specifically about the + + + align:start position:0% +so speaking more specifically about the +the lights that are required on an + + align:start position:0% +the lights that are required on an + + + align:start position:0% +the lights that are required on an +aircraft so you actually have to have + + align:start position:0% +aircraft so you actually have to have + + + align:start position:0% +aircraft so you actually have to have +lights related to navigation and so + + align:start position:0% +lights related to navigation and so + + + align:start position:0% +lights related to navigation and so +they're different type of navigation + + align:start position:0% +they're different type of navigation + + + align:start position:0% +they're different type of navigation +lights and generally have a red light on + + align:start position:0% +lights and generally have a red light on + + + align:start position:0% +lights and generally have a red light on +the left they try to say + + align:start position:0% +the left they try to say + + + align:start position:0% +the left they try to say +red is like port port is red the port + + align:start position:0% +red is like port port is red the port + + + align:start position:0% +red is like port port is red the port +wine is red and so red is on the left + + align:start position:0% +wine is red and so red is on the left + + + align:start position:0% +wine is red and so red is on the left +that's one way they suggest that you + + align:start position:0% +that's one way they suggest that you + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way they suggest that you +remember that there's also this big + + align:start position:0% +remember that there's also this big + + + align:start position:0% +remember that there's also this big +anti-collision strobe light that kind of + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision strobe light that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision strobe light that kind of +blinks some sometimes you actually have + + align:start position:0% +blinks some sometimes you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +blinks some sometimes you actually have +to have that light all the time like + + align:start position:0% +to have that light all the time like + + + align:start position:0% +to have that light all the time like +even during during the day to avoid + + align:start position:0% +even during during the day to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +even during during the day to avoid +collisions but it's especially important + + align:start position:0% +collisions but it's especially important + + + align:start position:0% +collisions but it's especially important +at night but you also it's also + + align:start position:0% +at night but you also it's also + + + align:start position:0% +at night but you also it's also +especially important is when you turn it + + align:start position:0% +especially important is when you turn it + + + align:start position:0% +especially important is when you turn it +off you don't want to keep that + + align:start position:0% +off you don't want to keep that + + + align:start position:0% +off you don't want to keep that +anti-collision strobe light on when + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision strobe light on when + + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision strobe light on when +you're taxing on the ground again when + + align:start position:0% +you're taxing on the ground again when + + + align:start position:0% +you're taxing on the ground again when +you're flying sometimes it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +you're flying sometimes it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +you're flying sometimes it's hard to +tell if something is on the ground or if + + align:start position:0% +tell if something is on the ground or if + + + align:start position:0% +tell if something is on the ground or if +it's in the air and if you see a bunch + + align:start position:0% +it's in the air and if you see a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the air and if you see a bunch +of lights you might think it's a plane + + align:start position:0% +of lights you might think it's a plane + + + align:start position:0% +of lights you might think it's a plane +that's that's flying and it can get + + align:start position:0% +that's that's flying and it can get + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's flying and it can get +confusing so once you're off of an + + align:start position:0% +confusing so once you're off of an + + + align:start position:0% +confusing so once you're off of an +active runway also turn off your + + align:start position:0% +active runway also turn off your + + + align:start position:0% +active runway also turn off your +anti-collision strobe light this is + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision strobe light this is + + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision strobe light this is +where it talks about that red light on + + align:start position:0% +where it talks about that red light on + + + align:start position:0% +where it talks about that red light on +the on the left is kind of port but the + + align:start position:0% +the on the left is kind of port but the + + + align:start position:0% +the on the left is kind of port but the +the basic idea is based on where these + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is based on where these + + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is based on where these +are that if you see a red light that + + align:start position:0% +are that if you see a red light that + + + align:start position:0% +are that if you see a red light that +it's probably an airplane and so if the + + align:start position:0% +it's probably an airplane and so if the + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably an airplane and so if the +if the red light is on the left wing and + + align:start position:0% +if the red light is on the left wing and + + + align:start position:0% +if the red light is on the left wing and +you see an airplane you it's usually if + + align:start position:0% +you see an airplane you it's usually if + + + align:start position:0% +you see an airplane you it's usually if +I'm flying an airplane and this is + + align:start position:0% +I'm flying an airplane and this is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm flying an airplane and this is +another airplane crossing me if it's + + align:start position:0% +another airplane crossing me if it's + + + align:start position:0% +another airplane crossing me if it's +flying in this way I see the red light + + align:start position:0% +flying in this way I see the red light + + + align:start position:0% +flying in this way I see the red light +if it's flying the other way then I see + + align:start position:0% +if it's flying the other way then I see + + + align:start position:0% +if it's flying the other way then I see +the green light so the colors kind of + + align:start position:0% +the green light so the colors kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the green light so the colors kind of +help you figure out which way the plane + + align:start position:0% +help you figure out which way the plane + + + align:start position:0% +help you figure out which way the plane +is going I realize this slide is a + + align:start position:0% +is going I realize this slide is a + + + align:start position:0% +is going I realize this slide is a +little confusing that flashing red is + + align:start position:0% +little confusing that flashing red is + + + align:start position:0% +little confusing that flashing red is +not one of the navigation lights that + + align:start position:0% +not one of the navigation lights that + + + align:start position:0% +not one of the navigation lights that +would be like navigate you know I can + + align:start position:0% +would be like navigate you know I can + + + align:start position:0% +would be like navigate you know I can +anti-collision beacon or something + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision beacon or something + + + align:start position:0% +anti-collision beacon or something +rotating yeah and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +rotating yeah and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +rotating yeah and we'll talk about +beacons next so one thing that's really + + align:start position:0% +beacons next so one thing that's really + + + align:start position:0% +beacons next so one thing that's really +fun is when you're flying is to look for + + align:start position:0% +fun is when you're flying is to look for + + + align:start position:0% +fun is when you're flying is to look for +airports so even if you're on a + + align:start position:0% +airports so even if you're on a + + + align:start position:0% +airports so even if you're on a +commercial flight I really recommend + + align:start position:0% +commercial flight I really recommend + + + align:start position:0% +commercial flight I really recommend +just stay staring out the window while + + align:start position:0% +just stay staring out the window while + + + align:start position:0% +just stay staring out the window while +you're flying over a city and try to see + + align:start position:0% +you're flying over a city and try to see + + + align:start position:0% +you're flying over a city and try to see +if you can see one of these beacons and + + align:start position:0% +if you can see one of these beacons and + + + align:start position:0% +if you can see one of these beacons and +odds are you probably will even if + + align:start position:0% +odds are you probably will even if + + + align:start position:0% +odds are you probably will even if +you're in a tall building and look out + + align:start position:0% +you're in a tall building and look out + + + align:start position:0% +you're in a tall building and look out +the Northeast has so many airports you + + align:start position:0% +the Northeast has so many airports you + + + align:start position:0% +the Northeast has so many airports you +might be able to find one of these + + align:start position:0% +might be able to find one of these + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to find one of these +beacons so it'll basically be flashing + + align:start position:0% +beacons so it'll basically be flashing + + + align:start position:0% +beacons so it'll basically be flashing +you know green white green white or if + + align:start position:0% +you know green white green white or if + + + align:start position:0% +you know green white green white or if +it's a military airport slightly + + align:start position:0% +it's a military airport slightly + + + align:start position:0% +it's a military airport slightly +different and so this little video if + + align:start position:0% +different and so this little video if + + + align:start position:0% +different and so this little video if +you pay attention on the top right + + align:start position:0% +you pay attention on the top right + + + align:start position:0% +you pay attention on the top right +corner it show + + align:start position:0% +corner it show + + + align:start position:0% +corner it show +that green white green and the way that + + align:start position:0% +that green white green and the way that + + + align:start position:0% +that green white green and the way that +I just said it where you see it and you + + align:start position:0% +I just said it where you see it and you + + + align:start position:0% +I just said it where you see it and you +say what's happening that's a good way + + align:start position:0% +say what's happening that's a good way + + + align:start position:0% +say what's happening that's a good way +to check with your copilot or just a + + align:start position:0% +to check with your copilot or just a + + + align:start position:0% +to check with your copilot or just a +person sitting next to you if they're + + align:start position:0% +person sitting next to you if they're + + + align:start position:0% +person sitting next to you if they're +seeing the same thing you are so there's + + align:start position:0% +seeing the same thing you are so there's + + + align:start position:0% +seeing the same thing you are so there's +so many lights in a city and they're + + align:start position:0% +so many lights in a city and they're + + + align:start position:0% +so many lights in a city and they're +different colors and they're same color + + align:start position:0% +different colors and they're same color + + + align:start position:0% +different colors and they're same color +of street lights and other lights and so + + align:start position:0% +of street lights and other lights and so + + + align:start position:0% +of street lights and other lights and so +to really make sure you've identified an + + align:start position:0% +to really make sure you've identified an + + + align:start position:0% +to really make sure you've identified an +airport and the other person sitting + + align:start position:0% +airport and the other person sitting + + + align:start position:0% +airport and the other person sitting +next to identified the same airport and + + align:start position:0% +next to identified the same airport and + + + align:start position:0% +next to identified the same airport and +you both agree you're heading to the + + align:start position:0% +you both agree you're heading to the + + + align:start position:0% +you both agree you're heading to the +same place it's good to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +same place it's good to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +same place it's good to make sure that +you guys that are following the beacon + + align:start position:0% +you guys that are following the beacon + + + align:start position:0% +you guys that are following the beacon +and you're making sure you've identified + + align:start position:0% +and you're making sure you've identified + + + align:start position:0% +and you're making sure you've identified +the same Airport that you're heading to + + align:start position:0% +the same Airport that you're heading to + + + align:start position:0% +the same Airport that you're heading to +so this is just seems like people had a + + align:start position:0% +so this is just seems like people had a + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just seems like people had a +lot of familiarity when we even just + + align:start position:0% +lot of familiarity when we even just + + + align:start position:0% +lot of familiarity when we even just +started with the first picture of me + + align:start position:0% +started with the first picture of me + + + align:start position:0% +started with the first picture of me +landing at Bedford so you can see all + + align:start position:0% +landing at Bedford so you can see all + + + align:start position:0% +landing at Bedford so you can see all +the different lights on a runway the + + align:start position:0% +the different lights on a runway the + + + align:start position:0% +the different lights on a runway the +types of lights that you see on the + + align:start position:0% +types of lights that you see on the + + + align:start position:0% +types of lights that you see on the +runway depend on the runway itself so a + + align:start position:0% +runway depend on the runway itself so a + + + align:start position:0% +runway depend on the runway itself so a +smaller Airport might only just have + + align:start position:0% +smaller Airport might only just have + + + align:start position:0% +smaller Airport might only just have +lights kind of on the boundary of the + + align:start position:0% +lights kind of on the boundary of the + + + align:start position:0% +lights kind of on the boundary of the +runway whereas you know really big long + + align:start position:0% +runway whereas you know really big long + + + align:start position:0% +runway whereas you know really big long +runway or Boston Logan has a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +runway or Boston Logan has a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +runway or Boston Logan has a whole bunch +of lights going on the blue lights are + + align:start position:0% +of lights going on the blue lights are + + + align:start position:0% +of lights going on the blue lights are +actually the taxiway lights and again so + + align:start position:0% +actually the taxiway lights and again so + + + align:start position:0% +actually the taxiway lights and again so +if you're on a commercial flight you + + align:start position:0% +if you're on a commercial flight you + + + align:start position:0% +if you're on a commercial flight you +really highly recommend getting a window + + align:start position:0% +really highly recommend getting a window + + + align:start position:0% +really highly recommend getting a window +seat even if you have to pay 20 bucks + + align:start position:0% +seat even if you have to pay 20 bucks + + + align:start position:0% +seat even if you have to pay 20 bucks +for it and while you're taxiing you know + + align:start position:0% +for it and while you're taxiing you know + + + align:start position:0% +for it and while you're taxiing you know +look out the window and you'll see all + + align:start position:0% +look out the window and you'll see all + + + align:start position:0% +look out the window and you'll see all +these blue lights while you're taxiing + + align:start position:0% +these blue lights while you're taxiing + + + align:start position:0% +these blue lights while you're taxiing +and can look at the runway markers as + + align:start position:0% +and can look at the runway markers as + + + align:start position:0% +and can look at the runway markers as +well yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes sometimes called those approach + + align:start position:0% +yes sometimes called those approach + + + align:start position:0% +yes sometimes called those approach +light bars and those those are at big + + align:start position:0% +light bars and those those are at big + + + align:start position:0% +light bars and those those are at big +big airports and even some runways even + + align:start position:0% +big airports and even some runways even + + + align:start position:0% +big airports and even some runways even +have what's called like a is it a rabbit + + align:start position:0% +have what's called like a is it a rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +have what's called like a is it a rabbit +or a ribbon where they have have lights + + align:start position:0% +or a ribbon where they have have lights + + + align:start position:0% +or a ribbon where they have have lights +that a leaden light so it's not even + + align:start position:0% +that a leaden light so it's not even + + + align:start position:0% +that a leaden light so it's not even +that they're all just kind of on but a + + align:start position:0% +that they're all just kind of on but a + + + align:start position:0% +that they're all just kind of on but a +light that kind of turns so there's a + + align:start position:0% +light that kind of turns so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +light that kind of turns so there's a +row of lights and they they they turn + + align:start position:0% +row of lights and they they they turn + + + align:start position:0% +row of lights and they they they turn +them on in a row so it kind of looks + + align:start position:0% +them on in a row so it kind of looks + + + align:start position:0% +them on in a row so it kind of looks +like a line that's pointing towards the + + align:start position:0% +like a line that's pointing towards the + + + align:start position:0% +like a line that's pointing towards the +runway so even even here at Hanscom one + + align:start position:0% +runway so even even here at Hanscom one + + + align:start position:0% +runway so even even here at Hanscom one +of the runways has that the one where + + align:start position:0% +of the runways has that the one where + + + align:start position:0% +of the runways has that the one where +the ILS approach has that kind of I + + align:start position:0% +the ILS approach has that kind of I + + + align:start position:0% +the ILS approach has that kind of I +think they called a ribbon or a rabbit + + align:start position:0% +think they called a ribbon or a rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +think they called a ribbon or a rabbit +light that's a rabbit yeah so this is a + + align:start position:0% +light that's a rabbit yeah so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +light that's a rabbit yeah so this is a +story I just wanted to share with you + + align:start position:0% +story I just wanted to share with you + + + align:start position:0% +story I just wanted to share with you +recently I did a flight to Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +recently I did a flight to Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +recently I did a flight to Lawrence +Airport so Lawrence is very close by + + align:start position:0% +Airport so Lawrence is very close by + + + align:start position:0% +Airport so Lawrence is very close by +it's just kind of north of here and I + + align:start position:0% +it's just kind of north of here and I + + + align:start position:0% +it's just kind of north of here and I +was going to land at this Airport and I + + align:start position:0% +was going to land at this Airport and I + + + align:start position:0% +was going to land at this Airport and I +know that from you know all the the + + align:start position:0% +know that from you know all the the + + + align:start position:0% +know that from you know all the the +markings in the book that this runway + + align:start position:0% +markings in the book that this runway + + + align:start position:0% +markings in the book that this runway +that I was landing at had a poppy but as + + align:start position:0% +that I was landing at had a poppy but as + + + align:start position:0% +that I was landing at had a poppy but as +I was coming into Lynn so this is so if + + align:start position:0% +I was coming into Lynn so this is so if + + + align:start position:0% +I was coming into Lynn so this is so if +you look in this so the run the runway + + align:start position:0% +you look in this so the run the runway + + + align:start position:0% +you look in this so the run the runway +is up in the left corner of this picture + + align:start position:0% +is up in the left corner of this picture + + + align:start position:0% +is up in the left corner of this picture +over here and so that's that's what the + + align:start position:0% +over here and so that's that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +over here and so that's that's what the +runway looked like you know this is the + + align:start position:0% +runway looked like you know this is the + + + align:start position:0% +runway looked like you know this is the +picture as you can see on the left and + + align:start position:0% +picture as you can see on the left and + + + align:start position:0% +picture as you can see on the left and +the right there is no poppy so there's + + align:start position:0% +the right there is no poppy so there's + + + align:start position:0% +the right there is no poppy so there's +no poppy there and so as I was coming in + + align:start position:0% +no poppy there and so as I was coming in + + + align:start position:0% +no poppy there and so as I was coming in +to land you know I wanted to make sure I + + align:start position:0% +to land you know I wanted to make sure I + + + align:start position:0% +to land you know I wanted to make sure I +was in the right place everything was + + align:start position:0% +was in the right place everything was + + + align:start position:0% +was in the right place everything was +working properly so I asked the tower + + align:start position:0% +working properly so I asked the tower + + + align:start position:0% +working properly so I asked the tower +controller it was a towered Airport you + + align:start position:0% +controller it was a towered Airport you + + + align:start position:0% +controller it was a towered Airport you +know is the is the poppy on is it active + + align:start position:0% +know is the is the poppy on is it active + + + align:start position:0% +know is the is the poppy on is it active +as it broken is there something I missed + + align:start position:0% +as it broken is there something I missed + + + align:start position:0% +as it broken is there something I missed +in the note am that the poppy was out + + align:start position:0% +in the note am that the poppy was out + + + align:start position:0% +in the note am that the poppy was out +and he said that the poppy was on and so + + align:start position:0% +and he said that the poppy was on and so + + + align:start position:0% +and he said that the poppy was on and so +this confused me because obviously the + + align:start position:0% +this confused me because obviously the + + + align:start position:0% +this confused me because obviously the +poppy is not on and so I I didn't know + + align:start position:0% +poppy is not on and so I I didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +poppy is not on and so I I didn't know +exactly if you know something was wrong + + align:start position:0% +exactly if you know something was wrong + + + align:start position:0% +exactly if you know something was wrong +either either it was out or maybe it was + + align:start position:0% +either either it was out or maybe it was + + + align:start position:0% +either either it was out or maybe it was +at the wrong runway I didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +at the wrong runway I didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +at the wrong runway I didn't want to +take any chances so I executed it go + + align:start position:0% +take any chances so I executed it go + + + align:start position:0% +take any chances so I executed it go +around and I told the tower controller + + align:start position:0% +around and I told the tower controller + + + align:start position:0% +around and I told the tower controller +you know I don't see the poppy he was + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't see the poppy he was + + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't see the poppy he was +like no the poppy is definitely on so I + + align:start position:0% +like no the poppy is definitely on so I + + + align:start position:0% +like no the poppy is definitely on so I +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +okay I didn't I go around I proceeded in + + align:start position:0% +okay I didn't I go around I proceeded in + + + align:start position:0% +okay I didn't I go around I proceeded in +the traffic pattern I came back and + + align:start position:0% +the traffic pattern I came back and + + + align:start position:0% +the traffic pattern I came back and +miraculously the second time around I + + align:start position:0% +miraculously the second time around I + + + align:start position:0% +miraculously the second time around I +could see the poppy very clearly tower + + align:start position:0% +could see the poppy very clearly tower + + + align:start position:0% +could see the poppy very clearly tower +controller stuck to his story that it + + align:start position:0% +controller stuck to his story that it + + + align:start position:0% +controller stuck to his story that it +was on the whole time but I have photo + + align:start position:0% +was on the whole time but I have photo + + + align:start position:0% +was on the whole time but I have photo +evidence that that wasn't true so here + + align:start position:0% +evidence that that wasn't true so here + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that that wasn't true so here +on the left you can see the poppy I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think the reason that story is relevant + + align:start position:0% +think the reason that story is relevant + + + align:start position:0% +think the reason that story is relevant +also though is that you you want to make + + align:start position:0% +also though is that you you want to make + + + align:start position:0% +also though is that you you want to make +sure that you are seeing what you expect + + align:start position:0% +sure that you are seeing what you expect + + + align:start position:0% +sure that you are seeing what you expect +to see right we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +to see right we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +to see right we talked about the +importance of a poppy certainly to help + + align:start position:0% +importance of a poppy certainly to help + + + align:start position:0% +importance of a poppy certainly to help +with with issues in terms of what your + + align:start position:0% +with with issues in terms of what your + + + align:start position:0% +with with issues in terms of what your +height is and visual illusions that are + + align:start position:0% +height is and visual illusions that are + + + align:start position:0% +height is and visual illusions that are +going on but also if you expect + + align:start position:0% +going on but also if you expect + + + align:start position:0% +going on but also if you expect +something to be there and it's not you + + align:start position:0% +something to be there and it's not you + + + align:start position:0% +something to be there and it's not you +know maybe there's a lighted window and + + align:start position:0% +know maybe there's a lighted window and + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe there's a lighted window and +the lighted winds up snot there you + + align:start position:0% +the lighted winds up snot there you + + + align:start position:0% +the lighted winds up snot there you +might want to you know check that I miss + + align:start position:0% +might want to you know check that I miss + + + align:start position:0% +might want to you know check that I miss +a notification of it being out or made + + align:start position:0% +a notification of it being out or made + + + align:start position:0% +a notification of it being out or made +in the right place you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +in the right place you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +in the right place you don't want to +proceed especially at night into an area + + align:start position:0% +proceed especially at night into an area + + + align:start position:0% +proceed especially at night into an area +that you might not be familiar with it + + align:start position:0% +that you might not be familiar with it + + + align:start position:0% +that you might not be familiar with it +also obviously helps to have a tower + + align:start position:0% +also obviously helps to have a tower + + + align:start position:0% +also obviously helps to have a tower +controller to talk to if you're an + + align:start position:0% +controller to talk to if you're an + + + align:start position:0% +controller to talk to if you're an +uncontrolled Airport there is something + + align:start position:0% +uncontrolled Airport there is something + + + align:start position:0% +uncontrolled Airport there is something +called pilot controlled lighting that + + align:start position:0% +called pilot controlled lighting that + + + align:start position:0% +called pilot controlled lighting that +we'll get into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is just talking more about run + + align:start position:0% +so this is just talking more about run + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just talking more about run +with lights at big runways ok pilot + + align:start position:0% +with lights at big runways ok pilot + + + align:start position:0% +with lights at big runways ok pilot +controlled lighting so you'll see in + + align:start position:0% +controlled lighting so you'll see in + + + align:start position:0% +controlled lighting so you'll see in +this this little video so it starts off + + align:start position:0% +this this little video so it starts off + + + align:start position:0% +this this little video so it starts off +there's there's no light at the runway + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no light at the runway + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no light at the runway +and then all of a sudden the the light + + align:start position:0% +and then all of a sudden the the light + + + align:start position:0% +and then all of a sudden the the light +props up so we're looking right over + + align:start position:0% +props up so we're looking right over + + + align:start position:0% +props up so we're looking right over +here and that one has that ribbon light + + align:start position:0% +here and that one has that ribbon light + + + align:start position:0% +here and that one has that ribbon light +or rabbit light that I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +or rabbit light that I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +or rabbit light that I was talking about +so you see the white light that's moving + + align:start position:0% +so you see the white light that's moving + + + align:start position:0% +so you see the white light that's moving +and then it lights up the whole thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so pilot controlled lighting is kind of + + align:start position:0% +so pilot controlled lighting is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so pilot controlled lighting is kind of +cool so at non-towered airports or even + + align:start position:0% +cool so at non-towered airports or even + + + align:start position:0% +cool so at non-towered airports or even +at airports that are usually towered but + + align:start position:0% +at airports that are usually towered but + + + align:start position:0% +at airports that are usually towered but +at night they might not have the tower + + align:start position:0% +at night they might not have the tower + + + align:start position:0% +at night they might not have the tower +controller working overnight they can + + align:start position:0% +controller working overnight they can + + + align:start position:0% +controller working overnight they can +turn off the lights and the way that you + + align:start position:0% +turn off the lights and the way that you + + + align:start position:0% +turn off the lights and the way that you +turn it on is you actually do pilot + + align:start position:0% +turn it on is you actually do pilot + + + align:start position:0% +turn it on is you actually do pilot +controlled lighting so there's a + + align:start position:0% +controlled lighting so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +controlled lighting so there's a +frequency sometimes it's the same + + align:start position:0% +frequency sometimes it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +frequency sometimes it's the same +frequency as the tower frequency and you + + align:start position:0% +frequency as the tower frequency and you + + + align:start position:0% +frequency as the tower frequency and you +basically on the same button that you + + align:start position:0% +basically on the same button that you + + + align:start position:0% +basically on the same button that you +hold down when you're speaking you just + + align:start position:0% +hold down when you're speaking you just + + + align:start position:0% +hold down when you're speaking you just +click it so you keep pushing that button + + align:start position:0% +click it so you keep pushing that button + + + align:start position:0% +click it so you keep pushing that button +so if you push it five times you know it + + align:start position:0% +so if you push it five times you know it + + + align:start position:0% +so if you push it five times you know it +turns on the lights the number of times + + align:start position:0% +turns on the lights the number of times + + + align:start position:0% +turns on the lights the number of times +you click it impacts what the brightness + + align:start position:0% +you click it impacts what the brightness + + + align:start position:0% +you click it impacts what the brightness +is of the intensity of the light one + + align:start position:0% +is of the intensity of the light one + + + align:start position:0% +is of the intensity of the light one +thing to also keep in mind is that the + + align:start position:0% +thing to also keep in mind is that the + + + align:start position:0% +thing to also keep in mind is that the +light is usually only on for about 15 + + align:start position:0% +light is usually only on for about 15 + + + align:start position:0% +light is usually only on for about 15 +minutes so if you're still very far away + + align:start position:0% +minutes so if you're still very far away + + + align:start position:0% +minutes so if you're still very far away +from the airport it's not a good idea to + + align:start position:0% +from the airport it's not a good idea to + + + align:start position:0% +from the airport it's not a good idea to +turn the turn the light on because you + + align:start position:0% +turn the turn the light on because you + + + align:start position:0% +turn the turn the light on because you +don't want a situation where it takes + + align:start position:0% +don't want a situation where it takes + + + align:start position:0% +don't want a situation where it takes +you 15 minutes to get there and then as + + align:start position:0% +you 15 minutes to get there and then as + + + align:start position:0% +you 15 minutes to get there and then as +soon as your landing lights turn off so + + align:start position:0% +soon as your landing lights turn off so + + + align:start position:0% +soon as your landing lights turn off so +it's good to just kind of wait so you're + + align:start position:0% +it's good to just kind of wait so you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's good to just kind of wait so you're +actually close to the airport and do + + align:start position:0% +actually close to the airport and do + + + align:start position:0% +actually close to the airport and do +that now one thing that maybe isn't + + align:start position:0% +that now one thing that maybe isn't + + + align:start position:0% +that now one thing that maybe isn't +recommended but it's really fun to do + + align:start position:0% +recommended but it's really fun to do + + + align:start position:0% +recommended but it's really fun to do +one time I was flying at night and I was + + align:start position:0% +one time I was flying at night and I was + + + align:start position:0% +one time I was flying at night and I was +flying over a bunch of unpowered + + align:start position:0% +flying over a bunch of unpowered + + + align:start position:0% +flying over a bunch of unpowered +airports or a whole bunch in the + + align:start position:0% +airports or a whole bunch in the + + + align:start position:0% +airports or a whole bunch in the +Northeast area and just to get used to + + align:start position:0% +Northeast area and just to get used to + + + align:start position:0% +Northeast area and just to get used to +pilot controlled lighting we would kind + + align:start position:0% +pilot controlled lighting we would kind + + + align:start position:0% +pilot controlled lighting we would kind +of look up on towered airports we were + + align:start position:0% +of look up on towered airports we were + + + align:start position:0% +of look up on towered airports we were +flying over it would just light up + + align:start position:0% +flying over it would just light up + + + align:start position:0% +flying over it would just light up +various airports it was really fun but + + align:start position:0% +various airports it was really fun but + + + align:start position:0% +various airports it was really fun but +it's generally a bad idea again because + + align:start position:0% +it's generally a bad idea again because + + + align:start position:0% +it's generally a bad idea again because +if somebody is coming in to land and the + + align:start position:0% +if somebody is coming in to land and the + + + align:start position:0% +if somebody is coming in to land and the +lights are already on they might you + + align:start position:0% +lights are already on they might you + + + align:start position:0% +lights are already on they might you +know turn off when they're not supposed + + align:start position:0% +know turn off when they're not supposed + + + align:start position:0% +know turn off when they're not supposed +to so you really want you want the pilot + + align:start position:0% +to so you really want you want the pilot + + + align:start position:0% +to so you really want you want the pilot +who's landing to control when it turns + + align:start position:0% +who's landing to control when it turns + + + align:start position:0% +who's landing to control when it turns +on so they get their 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I just wanted to have it yes go ahead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question is are the poppy and vazhi + + align:start position:0% +question is are the poppy and vazhi + + + align:start position:0% +question is are the poppy and vazhi +lights always on either the left or on + + align:start position:0% +lights always on either the left or on + + + align:start position:0% +lights always on either the left or on +the right of the runway and no I think + + align:start position:0% +the right of the runway and no I think + + + align:start position:0% +the right of the runway and no I think +I've seen both situations I think left + + align:start position:0% +I've seen both situations I think left + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen both situations I think left +is kind of standard but for whatever + + align:start position:0% +is kind of standard but for whatever + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of standard but for whatever +reason you also may see him on the right + + align:start position:0% +reason you also may see him on the right + + + align:start position:0% +reason you also may see him on the right +yeah I think they were on the left here + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think they were on the left here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think they were on the left here +in this Lawrence picture at what point + + align:start position:0% +in this Lawrence picture at what point + + + align:start position:0% +in this Lawrence picture at what point +in the approach you typically want to + + align:start position:0% +in the approach you typically want to + + + align:start position:0% +in the approach you typically want to +see the light so at what point in the + + align:start position:0% +see the light so at what point in the + + + align:start position:0% +see the light so at what point in the +approach do you want to see the lights + + align:start position:0% +approach do you want to see the lights + + + align:start position:0% +approach do you want to see the lights +well usually before you're making your + + align:start position:0% +well usually before you're making your + + + align:start position:0% +well usually before you're making your +your approach you see the lights so when + + align:start position:0% +your approach you see the lights so when + + + align:start position:0% +your approach you see the lights so when +you're identifying the airport as is + + align:start position:0% +you're identifying the airport as is + + + align:start position:0% +you're identifying the airport as is +when you see the lights so we didn't + + align:start position:0% +when you see the lights so we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +when you see the lights so we didn't +talk about it much today but how you + + align:start position:0% +talk about it much today but how you + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it much today but how you +usually do a landing we discussed a + + align:start position:0% +usually do a landing we discussed a + + + align:start position:0% +usually do a landing we discussed a +little bit on instrument approaches but + + align:start position:0% +little bit on instrument approaches but + + + align:start position:0% +little bit on instrument approaches but +when you're just flying VFR including + + align:start position:0% +when you're just flying VFR including + + + align:start position:0% +when you're just flying VFR including +VFR at night the way that you do an + + align:start position:0% +VFR at night the way that you do an + + + align:start position:0% +VFR at night the way that you do an +approach to landing actually involves + + align:start position:0% +approach to landing actually involves + + + align:start position:0% +approach to landing actually involves +flying let me let me draw it over here + + align:start position:0% +flying let me let me draw it over here + + + align:start position:0% +flying let me let me draw it over here +and while you're doing that I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +and while you're doing that I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +and while you're doing that I'll I'll +point out that the runway lights are + + align:start position:0% +point out that the runway lights are + + + align:start position:0% +point out that the runway lights are +their directional so they'll be + + align:start position:0% +their directional so they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +their directional so they'll be +substantial if you're lined up with the + + align:start position:0% +substantial if you're lined up with the + + + align:start position:0% +substantial if you're lined up with the +runway they'll be a lot brighter still + + align:start position:0% +runway they'll be a lot brighter still + + + align:start position:0% +runway they'll be a lot brighter still +not as bright as the surrounding clutter + + align:start position:0% +not as bright as the surrounding clutter + + + align:start position:0% +not as bright as the surrounding clutter +and the shopping malls and so forth but + + align:start position:0% +and the shopping malls and so forth but + + + align:start position:0% +and the shopping malls and so forth but +there'll be much much brighter when + + align:start position:0% +there'll be much much brighter when + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be much much brighter when +you're lined up with the runway then if + + align:start position:0% +you're lined up with the runway then if + + + align:start position:0% +you're lined up with the runway then if +you're looking from straight down or + + align:start position:0% +you're looking from straight down or + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking from straight down or +from the downwind leg as Tina is about + + align:start position:0% +from the downwind leg as Tina is about + + + align:start position:0% +from the downwind leg as Tina is about +to drop for you so if this is your your + + align:start position:0% +to drop for you so if this is your your + + + align:start position:0% +to drop for you so if this is your your +runway and so it would have all of its + + align:start position:0% +runway and so it would have all of its + + + align:start position:0% +runway and so it would have all of its +runway marking so let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +runway marking so let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +runway marking so let's say this is +runway 2 9 + + align:start position:0% +runway 2 9 + + + align:start position:0% +runway 2 9 +you don't just kind of you could do a + + align:start position:0% +you don't just kind of you could do a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't just kind of you could do a +straight in where you just kind of come + + align:start position:0% +straight in where you just kind of come + + + align:start position:0% +straight in where you just kind of come +to it but most of the time you would + + align:start position:0% +to it but most of the time you would + + + align:start position:0% +to it but most of the time you would +practice doing an approach where you + + align:start position:0% +practice doing an approach where you + + + align:start position:0% +practice doing an approach where you +actually enter the traffic pattern 45 + + align:start position:0% +actually enter the traffic pattern 45 + + + align:start position:0% +actually enter the traffic pattern 45 +degrees so at a 45 degree angle here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you enter this is a kind of the + + align:start position:0% +and then you enter this is a kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you enter this is a kind of the +midpoint so you enter in at the 45 + + align:start position:0% +midpoint so you enter in at the 45 + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint so you enter in at the 45 +degrees and then you continue this way + + align:start position:0% +degrees and then you continue this way + + + align:start position:0% +degrees and then you continue this way +and so that's considered being on the + + align:start position:0% +and so that's considered being on the + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's considered being on the +downwind leg so why would it be + + align:start position:0% +downwind leg so why would it be + + + align:start position:0% +downwind leg so why would it be +considered being on the downwind leg + + align:start position:0% +considered being on the downwind leg + + + align:start position:0% +considered being on the downwind leg +anyone very good so the wind is going to + + align:start position:0% +anyone very good so the wind is going to + + + align:start position:0% +anyone very good so the wind is going to +be blowing this way because when you + + align:start position:0% +be blowing this way because when you + + + align:start position:0% +be blowing this way because when you +land you want to land into the wind and + + align:start position:0% +land you want to land into the wind and + + + align:start position:0% +land you want to land into the wind and +so if you're flying in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +so if you're flying in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're flying in the opposite +direction of the runway the winds gonna + + align:start position:0% +direction of the runway the winds gonna + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the runway the winds gonna +be behind you so you're on the downwind + + align:start position:0% +be behind you so you're on the downwind + + + align:start position:0% +be behind you so you're on the downwind +leg this point over here is called being + + align:start position:0% +leg this point over here is called being + + + align:start position:0% +leg this point over here is called being +a beam the runway or a beam the numbers + + align:start position:0% +a beam the runway or a beam the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +a beam the runway or a beam the numbers +and then you fly out about to here + + align:start position:0% +and then you fly out about to here + + + align:start position:0% +and then you fly out about to here +usually you'll start getting used to + + align:start position:0% +usually you'll start getting used to + + + align:start position:0% +usually you'll start getting used to +what this angle is it might also be 45 + + align:start position:0% +what this angle is it might also be 45 + + + align:start position:0% +what this angle is it might also be 45 +degrees but sometimes it depends on if + + align:start position:0% +degrees but sometimes it depends on if + + + align:start position:0% +degrees but sometimes it depends on if +there are kind of noise abatement areas + + align:start position:0% +there are kind of noise abatement areas + + + align:start position:0% +there are kind of noise abatement areas +and you're supposed to make a close + + align:start position:0% +and you're supposed to make a close + + + align:start position:0% +and you're supposed to make a close +approach or a different approach but + + align:start position:0% +approach or a different approach but + + + align:start position:0% +approach or a different approach but +essentially you come out over here you + + align:start position:0% +essentially you come out over here you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you come out over here you +can see the the runway out your wing and + + align:start position:0% +can see the the runway out your wing and + + + align:start position:0% +can see the the runway out your wing and +then you turn your base leg so that's + + align:start position:0% +then you turn your base leg so that's + + + align:start position:0% +then you turn your base leg so that's +this way it's and then you're on base + + align:start position:0% +this way it's and then you're on base + + + align:start position:0% +this way it's and then you're on base +pretty much depending on the airplane + + align:start position:0% +pretty much depending on the airplane + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much depending on the airplane +when your a beam the numbers you might + + align:start position:0% +when your a beam the numbers you might + + + align:start position:0% +when your a beam the numbers you might +start getting into runway in your + + align:start position:0% +start getting into runway in your + + + align:start position:0% +start getting into runway in your +landing configuration you might start + + align:start position:0% +landing configuration you might start + + + align:start position:0% +landing configuration you might start +you know putting ten degrees of flaps + + align:start position:0% +you know putting ten degrees of flaps + + + align:start position:0% +you know putting ten degrees of flaps +slowing down your airspeed you might + + align:start position:0% +slowing down your airspeed you might + + + align:start position:0% +slowing down your airspeed you might +want to be you know 80 or 90 knots of + + align:start position:0% +want to be you know 80 or 90 knots of + + + align:start position:0% +want to be you know 80 or 90 knots of +airspeed then you turn base you might + + align:start position:0% +airspeed then you turn base you might + + + align:start position:0% +airspeed then you turn base you might +want to put in another ten degrees of + + align:start position:0% +want to put in another ten degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +want to put in another ten degrees of +flaps you're at twenty degrees of flaps + + align:start position:0% +flaps you're at twenty degrees of flaps + + + align:start position:0% +flaps you're at twenty degrees of flaps +and then as you come in you might want + + align:start position:0% +and then as you come in you might want + + + align:start position:0% +and then as you come in you might want +to be between 80 and 90 knots and now + + align:start position:0% +to be between 80 and 90 knots and now + + + align:start position:0% +to be between 80 and 90 knots and now +when you turn final that's final and as + + align:start position:0% +when you turn final that's final and as + + + align:start position:0% +when you turn final that's final and as +you get much closer it's short final and + + align:start position:0% +you get much closer it's short final and + + + align:start position:0% +you get much closer it's short final and +here you want to be trying to be very + + align:start position:0% +here you want to be trying to be very + + + align:start position:0% +here you want to be trying to be very +aligned with the numbers and the runway + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the numbers and the runway + + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the numbers and the runway +at the beginning you want to be looking + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning you want to be looking + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning you want to be looking +at the vazhi and poppy but once you get + + align:start position:0% +at the vazhi and poppy but once you get + + + align:start position:0% +at the vazhi and poppy but once you get +closer again you want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +closer again you want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +closer again you want to look at the +runway itself so the question was when + + align:start position:0% +runway itself so the question was when + + + align:start position:0% +runway itself so the question was when +do you want to see the lights of the + + align:start position:0% +do you want to see the lights of the + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to see the lights of the +runway before you enter the traffic + + align:start position:0% +runway before you enter the traffic + + + align:start position:0% +runway before you enter the traffic +pattern you want to see that because + + align:start position:0% +pattern you want to see that because + + + align:start position:0% +pattern you want to see that because +otherwise you don't know + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you don't know +Polly where the midpoint is you don't + + align:start position:0% +Polly where the midpoint is you don't + + + align:start position:0% +Polly where the midpoint is you don't +know how to enter you don't know how to + + align:start position:0% +know how to enter you don't know how to + + + align:start position:0% +know how to enter you don't know how to +make sure you're exactly flying + + align:start position:0% +make sure you're exactly flying + + + align:start position:0% +make sure you're exactly flying +alongside the runway + + align:start position:0% +alongside the runway + + + align:start position:0% +alongside the runway +yeah and just keep in mind this is uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah and just keep in mind this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and just keep in mind this is uh +this is called right traffic because + + align:start position:0% +this is called right traffic because + + + align:start position:0% +this is called right traffic because +you're making right turns at a towered + + align:start position:0% +you're making right turns at a towered + + + align:start position:0% +you're making right turns at a towered +Airport like Hanscom depending on what + + align:start position:0% +Airport like Hanscom depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +Airport like Hanscom depending on what +direction you're coming from you'll be + + align:start position:0% +direction you're coming from you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +direction you're coming from you'll be +assigned either right or left traffic to + + align:start position:0% +assigned either right or left traffic to + + + align:start position:0% +assigned either right or left traffic to +keep you from crossing the runway at an + + align:start position:0% +keep you from crossing the runway at an + + + align:start position:0% +keep you from crossing the runway at an +unpowered Airport it's conventional + + align:start position:0% +unpowered Airport it's conventional + + + align:start position:0% +unpowered Airport it's conventional +usually to fly left traffic pattern + + align:start position:0% +usually to fly left traffic pattern + + + align:start position:0% +usually to fly left traffic pattern +unless there's terrain or some other + + align:start position:0% +unless there's terrain or some other + + + align:start position:0% +unless there's terrain or some other +consideration that'll be published and + + align:start position:0% +consideration that'll be published and + + + align:start position:0% +consideration that'll be published and +they'll tell you that right the right + + align:start position:0% +they'll tell you that right the right + + + align:start position:0% +they'll tell you that right the right +pattern is preferred but if they don't + + align:start position:0% +pattern is preferred but if they don't + + + align:start position:0% +pattern is preferred but if they don't +tell you anything and left traffic is + + align:start position:0% +tell you anything and left traffic is + + + align:start position:0% +tell you anything and left traffic is +the convention yeah absolutely and just + + align:start position:0% +the convention yeah absolutely and just + + + align:start position:0% +the convention yeah absolutely and just +for completeness once you take off + + align:start position:0% +for completeness once you take off + + + align:start position:0% +for completeness once you take off +you're in the upwind and then you could + + align:start position:0% +you're in the upwind and then you could + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the upwind and then you could +turn crosswind and then downwind again + + align:start position:0% +turn crosswind and then downwind again + + + align:start position:0% +turn crosswind and then downwind again +and there might be other people that are + + align:start position:0% +and there might be other people that are + + + align:start position:0% +and there might be other people that are +flying the other side of the traffic + + align:start position:0% +flying the other side of the traffic + + + align:start position:0% +flying the other side of the traffic +pattern at the same time so that's + + align:start position:0% +pattern at the same time so that's + + + align:start position:0% +pattern at the same time so that's +that's usually the case at Hanscom + + align:start position:0% +that's usually the case at Hanscom + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually the case at Hanscom +they're people doing both sort of + + align:start position:0% +they're people doing both sort of + + + align:start position:0% +they're people doing both sort of +question yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah so so the question was do you + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah so so the question was do you + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah so so the question was do you +have to call an airport to tell them to + + align:start position:0% +have to call an airport to tell them to + + + align:start position:0% +have to call an airport to tell them to +turn on the lights so Hyannis in the + + align:start position:0% +turn on the lights so Hyannis in the + + + align:start position:0% +turn on the lights so Hyannis in the +story I was giving before had the lights + + align:start position:0% +story I was giving before had the lights + + + align:start position:0% +story I was giving before had the lights +on but as we talked about procession + + align:start position:0% +on but as we talked about procession + + + align:start position:0% +on but as we talked about procession +your heading indicator in this + + align:start position:0% +your heading indicator in this + + + align:start position:0% +your heading indicator in this +particular plane was really really not + + align:start position:0% +particular plane was really really not + + + align:start position:0% +particular plane was really really not +good and you have to regardless you have + + align:start position:0% +good and you have to regardless you have + + + align:start position:0% +good and you have to regardless you have +to keep updating your heading indicator + + align:start position:0% +to keep updating your heading indicator + + + align:start position:0% +to keep updating your heading indicator +with your magnetic compass during flight + + align:start position:0% +with your magnetic compass during flight + + + align:start position:0% +with your magnetic compass during flight +so your heading indicator is going to + + align:start position:0% +so your heading indicator is going to + + + align:start position:0% +so your heading indicator is going to +drift and you know get a couple degrees + + align:start position:0% +drift and you know get a couple degrees + + + align:start position:0% +drift and you know get a couple degrees +off and so throughout the flight you + + align:start position:0% +off and so throughout the flight you + + + align:start position:0% +off and so throughout the flight you +have to continuously look at your + + align:start position:0% +have to continuously look at your + + + align:start position:0% +have to continuously look at your +magnetic compass and adjust your heading + + align:start position:0% +magnetic compass and adjust your heading + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic compass and adjust your heading +indicator and so usually it you only + + align:start position:0% +indicator and so usually it you only + + + align:start position:0% +indicator and so usually it you only +have to do that you know every so often + + align:start position:0% +have to do that you know every so often + + + align:start position:0% +have to do that you know every so often +maybe every thirty minutes every hour + + align:start position:0% +maybe every thirty minutes every hour + + + align:start position:0% +maybe every thirty minutes every hour +but this particular plane that was in + + align:start position:0% +but this particular plane that was in + + + align:start position:0% +but this particular plane that was in +it's just it was just a terrible + + align:start position:0% +it's just it was just a terrible + + + align:start position:0% +it's just it was just a terrible +instrument and it would get you know 20 + + align:start position:0% +instrument and it would get you know 20 + + + align:start position:0% +instrument and it would get you know 20 +degrees off within five minutes and I + + align:start position:0% +degrees off within five minutes and I + + + align:start position:0% +degrees off within five minutes and I +had to it was basically just moving it + + align:start position:0% +had to it was basically just moving it + + + align:start position:0% +had to it was basically just moving it +all the time that the thing was + + align:start position:0% +all the time that the thing was + + + align:start position:0% +all the time that the thing was +basically busted and the problem with + + align:start position:0% +basically busted and the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +basically busted and the problem with +with it was I was flying at night and at + + align:start position:0% +with it was I was flying at night and at + + + align:start position:0% +with it was I was flying at night and at +nighttime although you can illuminate + + align:start position:0% +nighttime although you can illuminate + + + align:start position:0% +nighttime although you can illuminate +your flight instruments you can't + + align:start position:0% +your flight instruments you can't + + + align:start position:0% +your flight instruments you can't +illuminate that magnetic compass and so + + align:start position:0% +illuminate that magnetic compass and so + + + align:start position:0% +illuminate that magnetic compass and so +that little ball with the liquid in it I + + align:start position:0% +that little ball with the liquid in it I + + + align:start position:0% +that little ball with the liquid in it I +couldn't I couldn't illuminate it + + align:start position:0% +couldn't I couldn't illuminate it + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't I couldn't illuminate it +without having my headlight on and then + + align:start position:0% +without having my headlight on and then + + + align:start position:0% +without having my headlight on and then +losing my night vision so it was very + + align:start position:0% +losing my night vision so it was very + + + align:start position:0% +losing my night vision so it was very +difficult for me to figure out exactly + + align:start position:0% +difficult for me to figure out exactly + + + align:start position:0% +difficult for me to figure out exactly +what heading I was on at that particular + + align:start position:0% +what heading I was on at that particular + + + align:start position:0% +what heading I was on at that particular +moment and so that's why I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +moment and so that's why I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +moment and so that's why I wanted to +call it PI anise which had two + + align:start position:0% +call it PI anise which had two + + + align:start position:0% +call it PI anise which had two +intersecting runways to just double + + align:start position:0% +intersecting runways to just double + + + align:start position:0% +intersecting runways to just double +check and double confirm I was going + + align:start position:0% +check and double confirm I was going + + + align:start position:0% +check and double confirm I was going +into the runway that I thought I was + + align:start position:0% +into the runway that I thought I was + + + align:start position:0% +into the runway that I thought I was +going into and the really nice tower + + align:start position:0% +going into and the really nice tower + + + align:start position:0% +going into and the really nice tower +controller at Hyannis lit up to a higher + + align:start position:0% +controller at Hyannis lit up to a higher + + + align:start position:0% +controller at Hyannis lit up to a higher +light intensity the runway that I was + + align:start position:0% +light intensity the runway that I was + + + align:start position:0% +light intensity the runway that I was +gonna land on so I could make sure yes + + align:start position:0% +gonna land on so I could make sure yes + + + align:start position:0% +gonna land on so I could make sure yes +that's where I was going and then he + + align:start position:0% +that's where I was going and then he + + + align:start position:0% +that's where I was going and then he +reduced the light intensity back down I + + align:start position:0% +reduced the light intensity back down I + + + align:start position:0% +reduced the light intensity back down I +was a great commercial for a glass + + align:start position:0% +was a great commercial for a glass + + + align:start position:0% +was a great commercial for a glass +cockpit or an HSI which is slave to a + + align:start position:0% +cockpit or an HSI which is slave to a + + + align:start position:0% +cockpit or an HSI which is slave to a +magnetometer out in the wing all right + + align:start position:0% +magnetometer out in the wing all right + + + align:start position:0% +magnetometer out in the wing all right +yeah we should wrap this one up + + align:start position:0% +yeah we should wrap this one up + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we should wrap this one up +so the last thing is just I wanted to do + + align:start position:0% +so the last thing is just I wanted to do + + + align:start position:0% +so the last thing is just I wanted to do +a little bit of a discussion on where + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a discussion on where + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a discussion on where +you might try to land if you had an + + align:start position:0% +you might try to land if you had an + + + align:start position:0% +you might try to land if you had an +engine failure and you weren't able to + + align:start position:0% +engine failure and you weren't able to + + + align:start position:0% +engine failure and you weren't able to +get your engine restarted most of the + + align:start position:0% +get your engine restarted most of the + + + align:start position:0% +get your engine restarted most of the +time if you have an engineering failure + + align:start position:0% +time if you have an engineering failure + + + align:start position:0% +time if you have an engineering failure +there's a whole flow that you go through + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole flow that you go through + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole flow that you go through +and turn that you probably mess + + align:start position:0% +and turn that you probably mess + + + align:start position:0% +and turn that you probably mess +something up you didn't have enough make + + align:start position:0% +something up you didn't have enough make + + + align:start position:0% +something up you didn't have enough make +or whatever it was and you can get the + + align:start position:0% +or whatever it was and you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever it was and you can get the +engine restarted but if you can't get + + align:start position:0% +engine restarted but if you can't get + + + align:start position:0% +engine restarted but if you can't get +the engine restarted and you have to do + + align:start position:0% +the engine restarted and you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +the engine restarted and you have to do +a forced landing where would you go + + align:start position:0% +a forced landing where would you go + + + align:start position:0% +a forced landing where would you go +so in this picture the red X is where + + align:start position:0% +so in this picture the red X is where + + + align:start position:0% +so in this picture the red X is where +I'm saying you had that failure you + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying you had that failure you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying you had that failure you +don't think you could make it all the + + align:start position:0% +don't think you could make it all the + + + align:start position:0% +don't think you could make it all the +way to Mansfield or another airport so I + + align:start position:0% +way to Mansfield or another airport so I + + + align:start position:0% +way to Mansfield or another airport so I +threw up a couple letters but we're you + + align:start position:0% +threw up a couple letters but we're you + + + align:start position:0% +threw up a couple letters but we're you +know let's talk about the thought + + align:start position:0% +know let's talk about the thought + + + align:start position:0% +know let's talk about the thought +process how would you decide where you + + align:start position:0% +process how would you decide where you + + + align:start position:0% +process how would you decide where you +would land land in the Hudson okay one + + align:start position:0% +would land land in the Hudson okay one + + + align:start position:0% +would land land in the Hudson okay one +suggestion great ha a RC because they + + align:start position:0% +suggestion great ha a RC because they + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion great ha a RC because they +are populated areas very good you would + + align:start position:0% +are populated areas very good you would + + + align:start position:0% +are populated areas very good you would +get that right on the FAA exam all right + + align:start position:0% +get that right on the FAA exam all right + + + align:start position:0% +get that right on the FAA exam all right +what about Bravo yeah Bravo + + align:start position:0% +what about Bravo yeah Bravo + + + align:start position:0% +what about Bravo yeah Bravo +why why would you choose Bravo why is + + align:start position:0% +why why would you choose Bravo why is + + + align:start position:0% +why why would you choose Bravo why is +the road a good place to land at night + + align:start position:0% +the road a good place to land at night + + + align:start position:0% +the road a good place to land at night +as future water D is not on Delta is not + + align:start position:0% +as future water D is not on Delta is not + + + align:start position:0% +as future water D is not on Delta is not +on water that blue line is a mode B + + align:start position:0% +on water that blue line is a mode B + + + align:start position:0% +on water that blue line is a mode B +transponder line illumination that's it + + align:start position:0% +transponder line illumination that's it + + + align:start position:0% +transponder line illumination that's it +a road is likely to be illuminated so + + align:start position:0% +a road is likely to be illuminated so + + + align:start position:0% +a road is likely to be illuminated so +you can actually see it at night and + + align:start position:0% +you can actually see it at night and + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually see it at night and +it'll be this nice long runway that you + + align:start position:0% +it'll be this nice long runway that you + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be this nice long runway that you +can you can land on yes it's Hey + + align:start position:0% +can you can land on yes it's Hey + + + align:start position:0% +can you can land on yes it's Hey +yeah absolutely it's much better to pick + + align:start position:0% +yeah absolutely it's much better to pick + + + align:start position:0% +yeah absolutely it's much better to pick +a paved surface and landing in a dark + + align:start position:0% +a paved surface and landing in a dark + + + align:start position:0% +a paved surface and landing in a dark +field which might turn out to be a lake + + align:start position:0% +field which might turn out to be a lake + + + align:start position:0% +field which might turn out to be a lake +and you didn't realize also D if you + + align:start position:0% +and you didn't realize also D if you + + + align:start position:0% +and you didn't realize also D if you +notice is towards the mountains + + align:start position:0% +notice is towards the mountains + + + align:start position:0% +notice is towards the mountains +so landing in the mountains it's not a + + align:start position:0% +so landing in the mountains it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +so landing in the mountains it's not a +good plan trying to see mountains and at + + align:start position:0% +good plan trying to see mountains and at + + + align:start position:0% +good plan trying to see mountains and at +night it's not a good plan it's probably + + align:start position:0% +night it's not a good plan it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +night it's not a good plan it's probably +not a good idea to go north in this + + align:start position:0% +not a good idea to go north in this + + + align:start position:0% +not a good idea to go north in this +picture all right that was the airspace + + align:start position:0% +picture all right that was the airspace + + + align:start position:0% +picture all right that was the airspace +it's part of the Boston Bravo yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the Boston Bravo yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the Boston Bravo yeah +that's the blue line surrounding the + + align:start position:0% +that's the blue line surrounding the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the blue line surrounding the +Boston class Bravo air and then that + + align:start position:0% +Boston class Bravo air and then that + + + align:start position:0% +Boston class Bravo air and then that +magenta one down there the bottle at the + + align:start position:0% +magenta one down there the bottle at the + + + align:start position:0% +magenta one down there the bottle at the +bottom is the 30 nautical mile mode sea + + align:start position:0% +bottom is the 30 nautical mile mode sea + + + align:start position:0% +bottom is the 30 nautical mile mode sea +veil it's called and then these here + + align:start position:0% +veil it's called and then these here + + + align:start position:0% +veil it's called and then these here +that's a that's one tower and these M + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's one tower and these M + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's one tower and these M +things that's multiple radio towers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's really interesting is actually + + align:start position:0% +what's really interesting is actually + + + align:start position:0% +what's really interesting is actually +the speed at which you land so this is + + align:start position:0% +the speed at which you land so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the speed at which you land so this is +true for day or night operations when a + + align:start position:0% +true for day or night operations when a + + + align:start position:0% +true for day or night operations when a +cessna is is landing it usually lands at + + align:start position:0% +cessna is is landing it usually lands at + + + align:start position:0% +cessna is is landing it usually lands at +about 40 to 50 knots and turns out + + align:start position:0% +about 40 to 50 knots and turns out + + + align:start position:0% +about 40 to 50 knots and turns out +that's actually very similar to kind of + + align:start position:0% +that's actually very similar to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually very similar to kind of +the miles per hour at which a car would + + align:start position:0% +the miles per hour at which a car would + + + align:start position:0% +the miles per hour at which a car would +be traveling on a highway so it's really + + align:start position:0% +be traveling on a highway so it's really + + + align:start position:0% +be traveling on a highway so it's really +cool is if you did have to land on a + + align:start position:0% +cool is if you did have to land on a + + + align:start position:0% +cool is if you did have to land on a +highway you'd probably be going about + + align:start position:0% +highway you'd probably be going about + + + align:start position:0% +highway you'd probably be going about +the same speed as the cars yeah you + + align:start position:0% +the same speed as the cars yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +the same speed as the cars yeah you +could you've been on busy highways + + align:start position:0% +could you've been on busy highways + + + align:start position:0% +could you've been on busy highways +people seem to have just walked away you + + align:start position:0% +people seem to have just walked away you + + + align:start position:0% +people seem to have just walked away you +never hear about somebody Atlanta on the + + align:start position:0% +never hear about somebody Atlanta on the + + + align:start position:0% +never hear about somebody Atlanta on the +highway and then was killed by a car all + + align:start position:0% +highway and then was killed by a car all + + + align:start position:0% +highway and then was killed by a car all +right what's last point on that is it in + + align:start position:0% +right what's last point on that is it in + + + align:start position:0% +right what's last point on that is it in +Alaska you're actually required to do a + + align:start position:0% +Alaska you're actually required to do a + + + align:start position:0% +Alaska you're actually required to do a +landing on a highway because they have + + align:start position:0% +landing on a highway because they have + + + align:start position:0% +landing on a highway because they have +so few airports in a couple places + + align:start position:0% +so few airports in a couple places + + + align:start position:0% +so few airports in a couple places +all right let's we got one more + + align:start position:0% +all right let's we got one more + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's we got one more +presentation than the four-fight guys so + + align:start position:0% +presentation than the four-fight guys so + + + align:start position:0% +presentation than the four-fight guys so +we'll wrap this with my final advice + + align:start position:0% +we'll wrap this with my final advice + + + align:start position:0% +we'll wrap this with my final advice +based on I've done a fair amount of + + align:start position:0% +based on I've done a fair amount of + + + align:start position:0% +based on I've done a fair amount of +night flying it's good to take off + + align:start position:0% +night flying it's good to take off + + + align:start position:0% +night flying it's good to take off +before civil twilight and that gives you + + align:start position:0% +before civil twilight and that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +before civil twilight and that gives you +time to adjust to the world of darkness + + align:start position:0% +time to adjust to the world of darkness + + + align:start position:0% +time to adjust to the world of darkness +so I like to take off when it's still a + + align:start position:0% +so I like to take off when it's still a + + + align:start position:0% +so I like to take off when it's still a +little bit light and I my landing in the + + align:start position:0% +little bit light and I my landing in the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit light and I my landing in the +dark especially at a familiar Airport I + + align:start position:0% +dark especially at a familiar Airport I + + + align:start position:0% +dark especially at a familiar Airport I +treat all the non local night flights as + + align:start position:0% +treat all the non local night flights as + + + align:start position:0% +treat all the non local night flights as +instrument flights the FAA says you can + + align:start position:0% +instrument flights the FAA says you can + + + align:start position:0% +instrument flights the FAA says you can +fly at night that doesn't mean that you + + align:start position:0% +fly at night that doesn't mean that you + + + align:start position:0% +fly at night that doesn't mean that you +should do every flight at night + + align:start position:0% +should do every flight at night + + + align:start position:0% +should do every flight at night +especially without a co-pilot so either + + align:start position:0% +especially without a co-pilot so either + + + align:start position:0% +especially without a co-pilot so either +bring a co-pilot or use an IFR approach + + align:start position:0% +bring a co-pilot or use an IFR approach + + + align:start position:0% +bring a co-pilot or use an IFR approach +that helps you to find the correct + + align:start position:0% +that helps you to find the correct + + + align:start position:0% +that helps you to find the correct +way at the correct airport remember + + align:start position:0% +way at the correct airport remember + + + align:start position:0% +way at the correct airport remember +you're to pilot airline crews have quite + + align:start position:0% +you're to pilot airline crews have quite + + + align:start position:0% +you're to pilot airline crews have quite +a few times landed at the wrong Airport + + align:start position:0% +a few times landed at the wrong Airport + + + align:start position:0% +a few times landed at the wrong Airport +altogether bigger airports are better at + + align:start position:0% +altogether bigger airports are better at + + + align:start position:0% +altogether bigger airports are better at +night you know landing at Hanscom at + + align:start position:0% +night you know landing at Hanscom at + + + align:start position:0% +night you know landing at Hanscom at +night is a lot like during the day + + align:start position:0% +night is a lot like during the day + + + align:start position:0% +night is a lot like during the day +there's just a million lights and that's + + align:start position:0% +there's just a million lights and that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's just a million lights and that's +a nice big space and then the serious + + align:start position:0% +a nice big space and then the serious + + + align:start position:0% +a nice big space and then the serious +parachutes good at night + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/FkFYxaWhn8g.txt b/FkFYxaWhn8g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13a205a8b6116012240e7e76298214c343f9af6d --- /dev/null +++ b/FkFYxaWhn8g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Is there any chance we can not only detect +a single-bit error but also correct the error + +to recover the original data? + +Sure! + +Here's how. + +By increasing the Hamming distance between +valid code words to 3, we guarantee that the + +sets of code words produced by single-bit +errors don't overlap. + +The set of code words produced by corrupting +000 (100, 010, or 001) has no code words in + +common with the set of code words produced +by corrupting 111 (110, 101, or 011). + +Assuming that at most one error occurred, +we can deduce the original code word from + +whatever code word we receive. + +For example, if we receive 001, we deduce +that the original code word was 000 and there + +has been a single-bit error. + +Again we can generalize this insight: if we +want to correct up to E errors, the minimum + +Hamming distance between valid code words +must be at least 2E + 1. + +For example, to correct single-bit errors +we need valid code words with a minimum Hamming + +distance of 3. + +Coding theory is a research area devoted to +developing algorithms to generate code words + +that have the necessary error detection and +correction properties. + +You can take entire courses on this topic! + +But we'll stop here with our basic insights: +by choosing code words far enough apart (as + +measured by Hamming distance) we can ensure +that we can detect and even correct errors + +that have corrupted our encoded data. + +Pretty neat! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GzCceq97ZcU.txt b/GzCceq97ZcU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ab4bf3d553c3ddde53bc0a32fce0919c6ed1239 --- /dev/null +++ b/GzCceq97ZcU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18651 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a creative common license. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a creative common license. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a creative common license. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Some content in this audio is not + + align:start position:0% +Some content in this audio is not + + + align:start position:0% +Some content in this audio is not +covered under our creative common + + align:start position:0% +covered under our creative common + + + align:start position:0% +covered under our creative common +license. For more information, see the + + align:start position:0% +license. For more information, see the + + + align:start position:0% +license. For more information, see the +course materials on the MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +course materials on the MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +course materials on the MIT Open +Courseware website. + + align:start position:0% +Courseware website. + + + align:start position:0% +Courseware website. +>> Okay. So, today uh we have a guest + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, today uh we have a guest + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, today uh we have a guest +lecture. Some of whom are pro some of + + align:start position:0% +lecture. Some of whom are pro some of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture. Some of whom are pro some of +you are probably already taking her + + align:start position:0% +you are probably already taking her + + + align:start position:0% +you are probably already taking her +class. Uh + + align:start position:0% +class. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +class. Uh +>> my victims, current victims + + align:start position:0% +>> my victims, current victims + + + align:start position:0% +>> my victims, current victims +>> and past victims. + + align:start position:0% +>> and past victims. + + + align:start position:0% +>> and past victims. +>> Past victims. Um, I probably need to do + + align:start position:0% +>> Past victims. Um, I probably need to do + + + align:start position:0% +>> Past victims. Um, I probably need to do +something for the light. + + align:start position:0% +something for the light. + + + align:start position:0% +something for the light. +I think it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I I'm still + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I I'm still +operating on Tylenol and Cathy. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +operating on Tylenol and Cathy. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +operating on Tylenol and Cathy. Um, so +uh you know to uh today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +uh you know to uh today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know to uh today we're going to +talk about stories and games and Clara + + align:start position:0% +talk about stories and games and Clara + + + align:start position:0% +talk about stories and games and Clara +teaches uh not just the intro to video + + align:start position:0% +teaches uh not just the intro to video + + + align:start position:0% +teaches uh not just the intro to video +game studies class but also the writing + + align:start position:0% +game studies class but also the writing + + + align:start position:0% +game studies class but also the writing +for video games class in the spring. uh + + align:start position:0% +for video games class in the spring. uh + + + align:start position:0% +for video games class in the spring. uh +I kind of uh wanted her to come in and + + align:start position:0% +I kind of uh wanted her to come in and + + + align:start position:0% +I kind of uh wanted her to come in and +bring her expertise uh because she's + + align:start position:0% +bring her expertise uh because she's + + + align:start position:0% +bring her expertise uh because she's +carefully looked at this problem a lot + + align:start position:0% +carefully looked at this problem a lot + + + align:start position:0% +carefully looked at this problem a lot +more than I have and uh and yeah + + align:start position:0% +more than I have and uh and yeah + + + align:start position:0% +more than I have and uh and yeah +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +I've seen you know um so yeah Phil asked + + align:start position:0% +I've seen you know um so yeah Phil asked + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen you know um so yeah Phil asked +me to come here and talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +me to come here and talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +me to come here and talk about uh +stories and games and I as far as I + + align:start position:0% +stories and games and I as far as I + + + align:start position:0% +stories and games and I as far as I +remember you guys had to read two + + align:start position:0% +remember you guys had to read two + + + align:start position:0% +remember you guys had to read two +articles for today chapter four of yes + + align:start position:0% +articles for today chapter four of yes + + + align:start position:0% +articles for today chapter four of yes +real and Seren Johnson's um things not + + align:start position:0% +real and Seren Johnson's um things not + + + align:start position:0% +real and Seren Johnson's um things not +meeting which was what I take this + + align:start position:0% +meeting which was what I take this + + + align:start position:0% +meeting which was what I take this +course to + + align:start position:0% +course to + + + align:start position:0% +course to +>> yes but he's late okay + + align:start position:0% +>> yes but he's late okay + + + align:start position:0% +>> yes but he's late okay +anyway so so this has been preparing + + align:start position:0% +anyway so so this has been preparing + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so so this has been preparing +this has been kind of interesting + + align:start position:0% +this has been kind of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this has been kind of interesting +because yeah there's there's I think + + align:start position:0% +because yeah there's there's I think + + + align:start position:0% +because yeah there's there's I think +I've thought about this you know quite a + + align:start position:0% +I've thought about this you know quite a + + + align:start position:0% +I've thought about this you know quite a +bit because you know is this some part + + align:start position:0% +bit because you know is this some part + + + align:start position:0% +bit because you know is this some part +of the focus of my research studying how + + align:start position:0% +of the focus of my research studying how + + + align:start position:0% +of the focus of my research studying how +you know games and stories can be + + align:start position:0% +you know games and stories can be + + + align:start position:0% +you know games and stories can be +brought together what Does it mean to + + align:start position:0% +brought together what Does it mean to + + + align:start position:0% +brought together what Does it mean to +have a story in the game? Uh where do we + + align:start position:0% +have a story in the game? Uh where do we + + + align:start position:0% +have a story in the game? Uh where do we +put the story? Uh but the interesting + + align:start position:0% +put the story? Uh but the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +put the story? Uh but the interesting +challenge was thinking well the guys are + + align:start position:0% +challenge was thinking well the guys are + + + align:start position:0% +challenge was thinking well the guys are +working mostly on non-digital games and + + align:start position:0% +working mostly on non-digital games and + + + align:start position:0% +working mostly on non-digital games and +what does it have to do what do stories + + align:start position:0% +what does it have to do what do stories + + + align:start position:0% +what does it have to do what do stories +have to do with with non-digital games. + + align:start position:0% +have to do with with non-digital games. + + + align:start position:0% +have to do with with non-digital games. +So here what I'm going to need is your + + align:start position:0% +So here what I'm going to need is your + + + align:start position:0% +So here what I'm going to need is your +input because you guys have been playing + + align:start position:0% +input because you guys have been playing + + + align:start position:0% +input because you guys have been playing +all these board games, card games. uh + + align:start position:0% +all these board games, card games. uh + + + align:start position:0% +all these board games, card games. uh +and I want a bit of your input on what + + align:start position:0% +and I want a bit of your input on what + + + align:start position:0% +and I want a bit of your input on what +you think um you know the how you think + + align:start position:0% +you think um you know the how you think + + + align:start position:0% +you think um you know the how you think +these concepts uh apply to um to + + align:start position:0% +these concepts uh apply to um to + + + align:start position:0% +these concepts uh apply to um to +non-digital games and uh because the + + align:start position:0% +non-digital games and uh because the + + + align:start position:0% +non-digital games and uh because the +part of digital games I I can do pretty + + align:start position:0% +part of digital games I I can do pretty + + + align:start position:0% +part of digital games I I can do pretty +confidently but I don't know as much + + align:start position:0% +confidently but I don't know as much + + + align:start position:0% +confidently but I don't know as much +about board games or card games so I + + align:start position:0% +about board games or card games so I + + + align:start position:0% +about board games or card games so I +need your expertise this is what you + + align:start position:0% +need your expertise this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +need your expertise this is what you +guys are doing uh so the first thing + + align:start position:0% +guys are doing uh so the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +guys are doing uh so the first thing +that I wanted to ask you about you the + + align:start position:0% +that I wanted to ask you about you the + + + align:start position:0% +that I wanted to ask you about you the +we had two different readings one is + + align:start position:0% +we had two different readings one is + + + align:start position:0% +we had two different readings one is +talking about fiction and the other is + + align:start position:0% +talking about fiction and the other is + + + align:start position:0% +talking about fiction and the other is +talking about theme But what is the + + align:start position:0% +talking about theme But what is the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about theme But what is the +fiction of a game according to you? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> The fiction of a game is well whatever + + align:start position:0% +>> The fiction of a game is well whatever + + + align:start position:0% +>> The fiction of a game is well whatever +you want. It could be the characters in + + align:start position:0% +you want. It could be the characters in + + + align:start position:0% +you want. It could be the characters in +the game. Let's digital game. It could + + align:start position:0% +the game. Let's digital game. It could + + + align:start position:0% +the game. Let's digital game. It could +be a real environment. You just have + + align:start position:0% +be a real environment. You just have + + + align:start position:0% +be a real environment. You just have +fictional characters. It could be um an + + align:start position:0% +fictional characters. It could be um an + + + align:start position:0% +fictional characters. It could be um an +environment that may not exist. It's + + align:start position:0% +environment that may not exist. It's + + + align:start position:0% +environment that may not exist. It's +pretty much it's up to designer to + + align:start position:0% +pretty much it's up to designer to + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much it's up to designer to +figure out what they want to like be in + + align:start position:0% +figure out what they want to like be in + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what they want to like be in +the game that aren't real and what they + + align:start position:0% +the game that aren't real and what they + + + align:start position:0% +the game that aren't real and what they +want it to be + + align:start position:0% +want it to be + + + align:start position:0% +want it to be +uh fiction. + + align:start position:0% +uh fiction. + + + align:start position:0% +uh fiction. +>> Well, it's + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it's + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it's +there's something there, but but it + + align:start position:0% +there's something there, but but it + + + align:start position:0% +there's something there, but but it +might be a bit more + + align:start position:0% +might be a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +might be a bit more +if I it might be a bit more intuitive + + align:start position:0% +if I it might be a bit more intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +if I it might be a bit more intuitive +than that. I mean, yeah, I think that + + align:start position:0% +than that. I mean, yeah, I think that + + + align:start position:0% +than that. I mean, yeah, I think that +you're on the right track. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +you're on the right track. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +you're on the right track. Yes. +>> I'd say it's the setting or the universe + + align:start position:0% +>> I'd say it's the setting or the universe + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'd say it's the setting or the universe +in which the user perceives the events + + align:start position:0% +in which the user perceives the events + + + align:start position:0% +in which the user perceives the events +of the game to take place in. or the one + + align:start position:0% +of the game to take place in. or the one + + + align:start position:0% +of the game to take place in. or the one +that the designer intends the user to + + align:start position:0% +that the designer intends the user to + + + align:start position:0% +that the designer intends the user to +see the game take place. + + align:start position:0% +see the game take place. + + + align:start position:0% +see the game take place. +>> Okay. So, I mean, you've mentioned + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, I mean, you've mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, I mean, you've mentioned +environment is kind of like the the the + + align:start position:0% +environment is kind of like the the the + + + align:start position:0% +environment is kind of like the the the +what was the word you the universe, you + + align:start position:0% +what was the word you the universe, you + + + align:start position:0% +what was the word you the universe, you +know, the setting, you know, something + + align:start position:0% +know, the setting, you know, something + + + align:start position:0% +know, the setting, you know, something +like that back then. + + align:start position:0% +like that back then. + + + align:start position:0% +like that back then. +>> Oh, yeah. I think the word you used over + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, yeah. I think the word you used over + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, yeah. I think the word you used over +and over was world. It's just a world + + align:start position:0% +and over was world. It's just a world + + + align:start position:0% +and over was world. It's just a world +>> pretty much + + align:start position:0% +>> pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +>> pretty much +>> and that's the key word. you know when + + align:start position:0% +>> and that's the key word. you know when + + + align:start position:0% +>> and that's the key word. you know when +we when when um Gary was talking about + + align:start position:0% +we when when um Gary was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we when when um Gary was talking about +fiction he's really talking all + + align:start position:0% +fiction he's really talking all + + + align:start position:0% +fiction he's really talking all +throughout about fictional worlds uh and + + align:start position:0% +throughout about fictional worlds uh and + + + align:start position:0% +throughout about fictional worlds uh and +in a way you know designing games and + + align:start position:0% +in a way you know designing games and + + + align:start position:0% +in a way you know designing games and +designing video games specifically is + + align:start position:0% +designing video games specifically is + + + align:start position:0% +designing video games specifically is +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +thinking about what is the world of this + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what is the world of this + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what is the world of this +game and at times there might be games + + align:start position:0% +game and at times there might be games + + + align:start position:0% +game and at times there might be games +that don't have worlds you know you can + + align:start position:0% +that don't have worlds you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +that don't have worlds you know you can +make Tetris you can make there's very + + align:start position:0% +make Tetris you can make there's very + + + align:start position:0% +make Tetris you can make there's very +few video games without worlds but there + + align:start position:0% +few video games without worlds but there + + + align:start position:0% +few video games without worlds but there +are some tetra is u + + align:start position:0% +are some tetra is u + + + align:start position:0% +are some tetra is u +>> peg Well, Pegle has characters, you + + align:start position:0% +>> peg Well, Pegle has characters, you + + + align:start position:0% +>> peg Well, Pegle has characters, you +know, you were talking about this like + + align:start position:0% +know, you were talking about this like + + + align:start position:0% +know, you were talking about this like +characters are already flying a fiction. + + align:start position:0% +characters are already flying a fiction. + + + align:start position:0% +characters are already flying a fiction. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +>> please he says like has nothing to do + + align:start position:0% +>> please he says like has nothing to do + + + align:start position:0% +>> please he says like has nothing to do +with unicorns. + + align:start position:0% +with unicorns. + + + align:start position:0% +with unicorns. +>> Yes, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, +>> you want to say something. Oh, we have + + align:start position:0% +>> you want to say something. Oh, we have + + + align:start position:0% +>> you want to say something. Oh, we have +two hands here. + + align:start position:0% +two hands here. + + + align:start position:0% +two hands here. +>> Stealing it. Okay. Um, and particularly + + align:start position:0% +>> Stealing it. Okay. Um, and particularly + + + align:start position:0% +>> Stealing it. Okay. Um, and particularly +with board games, I think of fiction + + align:start position:0% +with board games, I think of fiction + + + align:start position:0% +with board games, I think of fiction +much more as the the specific explicit + + align:start position:0% +much more as the the specific explicit + + + align:start position:0% +much more as the the specific explicit +things they give you. Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +things they give you. Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +things they give you. Mhm. +>> Um like the pictures, the the rules and + + align:start position:0% +>> Um like the pictures, the the rules and + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um like the pictures, the the rules and +all of that stuff versus like what it + + align:start position:0% +all of that stuff versus like what it + + + align:start position:0% +all of that stuff versus like what it +>> what it feels like you're doing. So if + + align:start position:0% +>> what it feels like you're doing. So if + + + align:start position:0% +>> what it feels like you're doing. So if +they don't specifically tell you you're + + align:start position:0% +they don't specifically tell you you're + + + align:start position:0% +they don't specifically tell you you're +in blah place, then that's not part of a + + align:start position:0% +in blah place, then that's not part of a + + + align:start position:0% +in blah place, then that's not part of a +fiction. + + align:start position:0% +fiction. + + + align:start position:0% +fiction. +>> Okay. Yeah. So that's you put your + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Yeah. So that's you put your + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Yeah. So that's you put your +finger on it that when we're talking + + align:start position:0% +finger on it that when we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +finger on it that when we're talking +about non-digital games, there are some + + align:start position:0% +about non-digital games, there are some + + + align:start position:0% +about non-digital games, there are some +non-digital games where thinking about + + align:start position:0% +non-digital games where thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +non-digital games where thinking about +worlds is a bit shaky. Do you want to + + align:start position:0% +worlds is a bit shaky. Do you want to + + + align:start position:0% +worlds is a bit shaky. Do you want to +say something? + + align:start position:0% +say something? + + + align:start position:0% +say something? +>> Uh yeah, I was going to add that in an + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh yeah, I was going to add that in an + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh yeah, I was going to add that in an +environment, you have a set of things + + align:start position:0% +environment, you have a set of things + + + align:start position:0% +environment, you have a set of things +you can do. So, you're basically given + + align:start position:0% +you can do. So, you're basically given + + + align:start position:0% +you can do. So, you're basically given +rules. Like in a board game, you could + + align:start position:0% +rules. Like in a board game, you could + + + align:start position:0% +rules. Like in a board game, you could +be you could be given uh if a character + + align:start position:0% +be you could be given uh if a character + + + align:start position:0% +be you could be given uh if a character +has to jump for some reason, then you uh + + align:start position:0% +has to jump for some reason, then you uh + + + align:start position:0% +has to jump for some reason, then you uh +the board game could say that they could + + align:start position:0% +the board game could say that they could + + + align:start position:0% +the board game could say that they could +jump some insane distance while in real + + align:start position:0% +jump some insane distance while in real + + + align:start position:0% +jump some insane distance while in real +life they can't do that. That's just + + align:start position:0% +life they can't do that. That's just + + + align:start position:0% +life they can't do that. That's just +part of the fiction. So, it's whatever + + align:start position:0% +part of the fiction. So, it's whatever + + + align:start position:0% +part of the fiction. So, it's whatever +laws apply to within that world as well. + + align:start position:0% +laws apply to within that world as well. + + + align:start position:0% +laws apply to within that world as well. +So there are this is a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +So there are this is a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +So there are this is a very interesting +point because when when you was talking + + align:start position:0% +point because when when you was talking + + + align:start position:0% +point because when when you was talking +about um what's the word he uses in + + align:start position:0% +about um what's the word he uses in + + + align:start position:0% +about um what's the word he uses in +congruous worlds incoherent incoherent + + align:start position:0% +congruous worlds incoherent incoherent + + + align:start position:0% +congruous worlds incoherent incoherent +he talks about incoherent worlds and + + align:start position:0% +he talks about incoherent worlds and + + + align:start position:0% +he talks about incoherent worlds and +it's like going in coherent according to + + align:start position:0% +it's like going in coherent according to + + + align:start position:0% +it's like going in coherent according to +what you know at times you know the + + align:start position:0% +what you know at times you know the + + + align:start position:0% +what you know at times you know the +rules are also creating part of the + + align:start position:0% +rules are also creating part of the + + + align:start position:0% +rules are also creating part of the +fiction the rules are also creating that + + align:start position:0% +fiction the rules are also creating that + + + align:start position:0% +fiction the rules are also creating that +you know what are um the the gravity the + + align:start position:0% +you know what are um the the gravity the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what are um the the gravity the +laws of gravity in the specific world + + align:start position:0% +laws of gravity in the specific world + + + align:start position:0% +laws of gravity in the specific world +that we're playing in for example um so + + align:start position:0% +that we're playing in for example um so + + + align:start position:0% +that we're playing in for example um so +so you know we when we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +so you know we when we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +so you know we when we're talking about +fiction we're mainly talking about + + align:start position:0% +fiction we're mainly talking about + + + align:start position:0% +fiction we're mainly talking about +fictional world, but how does that + + align:start position:0% +fictional world, but how does that + + + align:start position:0% +fictional world, but how does that +relate to theme? And you were already + + align:start position:0% +relate to theme? And you were already + + + align:start position:0% +relate to theme? And you were already +kind of hinting at at that, you know, + + align:start position:0% +kind of hinting at at that, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +kind of hinting at at that, you know, +that that in fiction and board games, + + align:start position:0% +that that in fiction and board games, + + + align:start position:0% +that that in fiction and board games, +it's kind of like, well, it almost can + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like, well, it almost can + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like, well, it almost can +be about anything. But what is the theme + + align:start position:0% +be about anything. But what is the theme + + + align:start position:0% +be about anything. But what is the theme +of when you, if you remember, sorry + + align:start position:0% +of when you, if you remember, sorry + + + align:start position:0% +of when you, if you remember, sorry +Johnson's discussion, what does he refer + + align:start position:0% +Johnson's discussion, what does he refer + + + align:start position:0% +Johnson's discussion, what does he refer +to as a theme? He is not an academic, so + + align:start position:0% +to as a theme? He is not an academic, so + + + align:start position:0% +to as a theme? He is not an academic, so +he has a more + + align:start position:0% +he has a more + + + align:start position:0% +he has a more +>> wobbly loose definition. It was a theme + + align:start position:0% +>> wobbly loose definition. It was a theme + + + align:start position:0% +>> wobbly loose definition. It was a theme +of a game. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The theme of the game is what the + + align:start position:0% +The theme of the game is what the + + + align:start position:0% +The theme of the game is what the +designer says to the player. This is + + align:start position:0% +designer says to the player. This is + + + align:start position:0% +designer says to the player. This is +what the game is about. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But when Son Johnson is saying theme is + + align:start position:0% +But when Son Johnson is saying theme is + + + align:start position:0% +But when Son Johnson is saying theme is +not meaning. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So he's making a point that theme is + + align:start position:0% +So he's making a point that theme is + + + align:start position:0% +So he's making a point that theme is +might not be what the game is about. + + align:start position:0% +might not be what the game is about. + + + align:start position:0% +might not be what the game is about. +>> Right. + + align:start position:0% +>> Right. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Right. +>> It's just what the game designer tells + + align:start position:0% +>> It's just what the game designer tells + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's just what the game designer tells +you. + + align:start position:0% +you. + + + align:start position:0% +you. +>> Yeah. I mean this this is what the + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean this this is what the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean this this is what the +example that that he gives is ticket to + + align:start position:0% +example that that he gives is ticket to + + + align:start position:0% +example that that he gives is ticket to +ride right + + align:start position:0% +ride right + + + align:start position:0% +ride right +>> and ticket to ride is not about riding + + align:start position:0% +>> and ticket to ride is not about riding + + + align:start position:0% +>> and ticket to ride is not about riding +trains is about + + align:start position:0% +trains is about + + + align:start position:0% +trains is about +>> it's about well + + align:start position:0% +>> it's about well + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's about well +the description is about going from one + + align:start position:0% +the description is about going from one + + + align:start position:0% +the description is about going from one +end to another right + + align:start position:0% +end to another right + + + align:start position:0% +end to another right +>> it's building + + align:start position:0% +>> it's building + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's building +>> it's about traveling across the United + + align:start position:0% +>> it's about traveling across the United + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's about traveling across the United +States + + align:start position:0% +States + + + align:start position:0% +States +>> but is it really traveling or is it + + align:start position:0% +>> but is it really traveling or is it + + + align:start position:0% +>> but is it really traveling or is it +building the + + align:start position:0% +building the + + + align:start position:0% +building the +>> story about traveling + + align:start position:0% +>> story about traveling + + + align:start position:0% +>> story about traveling +>> yeah the story It's about traveling. + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah the story It's about traveling. + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah the story It's about traveling. +That's the theme. But the you know what + + align:start position:0% +That's the theme. But the you know what + + + align:start position:0% +That's the theme. But the you know what +you actually do is + + align:start position:0% +you actually do is + + + align:start position:0% +you actually do is +>> the official the official story is that + + align:start position:0% +>> the official the official story is that + + + align:start position:0% +>> the official the official story is that +>> um I think it's some number of years + + align:start position:0% +>> um I think it's some number of years + + + align:start position:0% +>> um I think it's some number of years +after the events of around the world in + + align:start position:0% +after the events of around the world in + + + align:start position:0% +after the events of around the world in +80 days + + align:start position:0% +80 days + + + align:start position:0% +80 days +>> and to commemorate that the original + + align:start position:0% +>> and to commemorate that the original + + + align:start position:0% +>> and to commemorate that the original +people who were involved in that race + + align:start position:0% +people who were involved in that race + + + align:start position:0% +people who were involved in that race +decided that they're going to race + + align:start position:0% +decided that they're going to race + + + align:start position:0% +decided that they're going to race +across America in trains + + align:start position:0% +across America in trains + + + align:start position:0% +across America in trains +>> and that is the theme of the game + + align:start position:0% +>> and that is the theme of the game + + + align:start position:0% +>> and that is the theme of the game +according to + + align:start position:0% +according to + + + align:start position:0% +according to +>> that's the theme of the game Alec. + + align:start position:0% +>> that's the theme of the game Alec. + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's the theme of the game Alec. +>> Well that's that's sort of like drives + + align:start position:0% +>> Well that's that's sort of like drives + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well that's that's sort of like drives +to the point of what Senson is talking + + align:start position:0% +to the point of what Senson is talking + + + align:start position:0% +to the point of what Senson is talking +about that when theme and meaning are in + + align:start position:0% +about that when theme and meaning are in + + + align:start position:0% +about that when theme and meaning are in +congruous as they are in Ticket to Ride + + align:start position:0% +congruous as they are in Ticket to Ride + + + align:start position:0% +congruous as they are in Ticket to Ride +to like an extreme extent. It can + + align:start position:0% +to like an extreme extent. It can + + + align:start position:0% +to like an extreme extent. It can +actually turn people off from the game + + align:start position:0% +actually turn people off from the game + + + align:start position:0% +actually turn people off from the game +sometimes. So, + + align:start position:0% +sometimes. So, + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes. So, +>> well, and it's not War. + + align:start position:0% +>> well, and it's not War. + + + align:start position:0% +>> well, and it's not War. +>> Well, not necessarily. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, not necessarily. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, not necessarily. I mean, +>> on Halo Wars a bit, it sound like you + + align:start position:0% +>> on Halo Wars a bit, it sound like you + + + align:start position:0% +>> on Halo Wars a bit, it sound like you +bought it thinking it was going to be an + + align:start position:0% +bought it thinking it was going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +bought it thinking it was going to be an +action game and got disappointed. It was + + align:start position:0% +action game and got disappointed. It was + + + align:start position:0% +action game and got disappointed. It was +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +>> I mean, in the case of Chica to ride, it + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, in the case of Chica to ride, it + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, in the case of Chica to ride, it +is pretty much what we were just saying + + align:start position:0% +is pretty much what we were just saying + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty much what we were just saying +there, right? that the theme seems to + + align:start position:0% +there, right? that the theme seems to + + + align:start position:0% +there, right? that the theme seems to +just be what whoever it is that wrote + + align:start position:0% +just be what whoever it is that wrote + + + align:start position:0% +just be what whoever it is that wrote +the instruction booklet says that + + align:start position:0% +the instruction booklet says that + + + align:start position:0% +the instruction booklet says that +>> you're doing + + align:start position:0% +>> you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +>> you're doing +>> which may not necessarily have anything + + align:start position:0% +>> which may not necessarily have anything + + + align:start position:0% +>> which may not necessarily have anything +to do with the actual mechanics of the + + align:start position:0% +to do with the actual mechanics of the + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the actual mechanics of the +game. + + align:start position:0% +game. + + + align:start position:0% +game. +>> Yeah, I have a game. I don't know if you + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, I have a game. I don't know if you + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, I have a game. I don't know if you +guys have played it. And if you want to + + align:start position:0% +guys have played it. And if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +guys have played it. And if you want to +play it, I can bring it back. + + align:start position:0% +play it, I can bring it back. + + + align:start position:0% +play it, I can bring it back. +>> Uh is a Reneia game called Too Many + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh is a Reneia game called Too Many + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh is a Reneia game called Too Many +Cooks. + + align:start position:0% +Cooks. + + + align:start position:0% +Cooks. +>> And it seems to be about cooking, but + + align:start position:0% +>> And it seems to be about cooking, but + + + align:start position:0% +>> And it seems to be about cooking, but +you know, + + align:start position:0% +you know, + + + align:start position:0% +you know, +yeah, you have ingredients and you're + + align:start position:0% +yeah, you have ingredients and you're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, you have ingredients and you're +supposed to have like a you're making a + + align:start position:0% +supposed to have like a you're making a + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to have like a you're making a +soup of sorts, but really what you're + + align:start position:0% +soup of sorts, but really what you're + + + align:start position:0% +soup of sorts, but really what you're +doing is resource management, you know, + + align:start position:0% +doing is resource management, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +doing is resource management, you know, +and exchanging. Like just imagine being + + align:start position:0% +and exchanging. Like just imagine being + + + align:start position:0% +and exchanging. Like just imagine being +a cook and having like, well, I have to + + align:start position:0% +a cook and having like, well, I have to + + + align:start position:0% +a cook and having like, well, I have to +wait until I get the right ingredient or + + align:start position:0% +wait until I get the right ingredient or + + + align:start position:0% +wait until I get the right ingredient or +like exchange it for another. It's like + + align:start position:0% +like exchange it for another. It's like + + + align:start position:0% +like exchange it for another. It's like +that's not how you cook really. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +that's not how you cook really. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +that's not how you cook really. Um, so +there is, you know, there's always the + + align:start position:0% +there is, you know, there's always the + + + align:start position:0% +there is, you know, there's always the +clash of of how how the fiction of the + + align:start position:0% +clash of of how how the fiction of the + + + align:start position:0% +clash of of how how the fiction of the +game relates to the rules and and what + + align:start position:0% +game relates to the rules and and what + + + align:start position:0% +game relates to the rules and and what +the interesting distinction between + + align:start position:0% +the interesting distinction between + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting distinction between +fiction and theme is that theme seems to + + align:start position:0% +fiction and theme is that theme seems to + + + align:start position:0% +fiction and theme is that theme seems to +be like a layer, seems to be like a a + + align:start position:0% +be like a layer, seems to be like a a + + + align:start position:0% +be like a layer, seems to be like a a +decoration. Um, at times, you know, it + + align:start position:0% +decoration. Um, at times, you know, it + + + align:start position:0% +decoration. Um, at times, you know, it +can be part of of the title. It can be, + + align:start position:0% +can be part of of the title. It can be, + + + align:start position:0% +can be part of of the title. It can be, +you know, how the the tokens look like + + align:start position:0% +you know, how the the tokens look like + + + align:start position:0% +you know, how the the tokens look like +or what the board looks like. That is + + align:start position:0% +or what the board looks like. That is + + + align:start position:0% +or what the board looks like. That is +setting up the fiction uh of the game. + + align:start position:0% +setting up the fiction uh of the game. + + + align:start position:0% +setting up the fiction uh of the game. +But it's um not the fiction, the theme, + + align:start position:0% +But it's um not the fiction, the theme, + + + align:start position:0% +But it's um not the fiction, the theme, +you know, but it doesn't really have a + + align:start position:0% +you know, but it doesn't really have a + + + align:start position:0% +you know, but it doesn't really have a +fictional world. Like when you're + + align:start position:0% +fictional world. Like when you're + + + align:start position:0% +fictional world. Like when you're +playing Ticket to Ride or when you + + align:start position:0% +playing Ticket to Ride or when you + + + align:start position:0% +playing Ticket to Ride or when you +playing Settlers is like, do you have + + align:start position:0% +playing Settlers is like, do you have + + + align:start position:0% +playing Settlers is like, do you have +the feeling that you're in a world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more so than ticket to + + align:start position:0% +more so than ticket to + + + align:start position:0% +more so than ticket to +>> I mean, so the the I will argue that + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, so the the I will argue that + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, so the the I will argue that +maybe the world that you feel is not the + + align:start position:0% +maybe the world that you feel is not the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the world that you feel is not the +world that they're telling you that + + align:start position:0% +world that they're telling you that + + + align:start position:0% +world that they're telling you that +you're in, right? when one of the + + align:start position:0% +you're in, right? when one of the + + + align:start position:0% +you're in, right? when one of the +problems of Ticket to Ride is that you + + align:start position:0% +problems of Ticket to Ride is that you + + + align:start position:0% +problems of Ticket to Ride is that you +never really feel these characters + + align:start position:0% +never really feel these characters + + + align:start position:0% +never really feel these characters +exist. + + align:start position:0% +exist. + + + align:start position:0% +exist. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Um but the world of the United States is + + align:start position:0% +>> Um but the world of the United States is + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um but the world of the United States is +very very present. + + align:start position:0% +very very present. + + + align:start position:0% +very very present. +>> It's like you know the the the + + align:start position:0% +>> It's like you know the the the + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's like you know the the the +positioning of the cities. The fact that + + align:start position:0% +positioning of the cities. The fact that + + + align:start position:0% +positioning of the cities. The fact that +these cities exist and can be connected + + align:start position:0% +these cities exist and can be connected + + + align:start position:0% +these cities exist and can be connected +>> by man is is very + + align:start position:0% +>> by man is is very + + + align:start position:0% +>> by man is is very +>> you guys have read the levels of + + align:start position:0% +>> you guys have read the levels of + + + align:start position:0% +>> you guys have read the levels of +abstraction talked about levels of + + align:start position:0% +abstraction talked about levels of + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction talked about levels of +abstraction here at all. + + align:start position:0% +abstraction here at all. + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction here at all. +>> Not in great detail what I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +>> Not in great detail what I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +>> Not in great detail what I'm talking +about. So the idea that you know it + + align:start position:0% +about. So the idea that you know it + + + align:start position:0% +about. So the idea that you know it +might be a it's a world but it's so the + + align:start position:0% +might be a it's a world but it's so the + + + align:start position:0% +might be a it's a world but it's so the +way that it works is so abstracted that + + align:start position:0% +way that it works is so abstracted that + + + align:start position:0% +way that it works is so abstracted that +it doesn't really feel like a world + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't really feel like a world + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't really feel like a world +anymore. It's kind of like this little + + align:start position:0% +anymore. It's kind of like this little + + + align:start position:0% +anymore. It's kind of like this little +bits and pieces. + + align:start position:0% +bits and pieces. + + + align:start position:0% +bits and pieces. +>> Um so okay we have we have fiction and + + align:start position:0% +>> Um so okay we have we have fiction and + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um so okay we have we have fiction and +we have you know theme but we also have + + align:start position:0% +we have you know theme but we also have + + + align:start position:0% +we have you know theme but we also have +stories. And what do stories have to do + + align:start position:0% +stories. And what do stories have to do + + + align:start position:0% +stories. And what do stories have to do +with this? You know how do how do we + + align:start position:0% +with this? You know how do how do we + + + align:start position:0% +with this? You know how do how do we +have the story in non-digital games? No. + + align:start position:0% +have the story in non-digital games? No. + + + align:start position:0% +have the story in non-digital games? No. +Well first of all you know a story and + + align:start position:0% +Well first of all you know a story and + + + align:start position:0% +Well first of all you know a story and +I'm going to define it to you to save + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to define it to you to save + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to define it to you to save +time. Uh a story is uh a series of + + align:start position:0% +time. Uh a story is uh a series of + + + align:start position:0% +time. Uh a story is uh a series of +events connected events that involve + + align:start position:0% +events connected events that involve + + + align:start position:0% +events connected events that involve +characters. Uh so those characters + + align:start position:0% +characters. Uh so those characters + + + align:start position:0% +characters. Uh so those characters +perform actions or there are happenings + + align:start position:0% +perform actions or there are happenings + + + align:start position:0% +perform actions or there are happenings +things that happen to them and those + + align:start position:0% +things that happen to them and those + + + align:start position:0% +things that happen to them and those +those actions happen in time and in a + + align:start position:0% +those actions happen in time and in a + + + align:start position:0% +those actions happen in time and in a +specific setting uh in a in a specific + + align:start position:0% +specific setting uh in a in a specific + + + align:start position:0% +specific setting uh in a in a specific +place. Uh and in the case of games they + + align:start position:0% +place. Uh and in the case of games they + + + align:start position:0% +place. Uh and in the case of games they +also involve objects. That's kind of + + align:start position:0% +also involve objects. That's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +also involve objects. That's kind of +like my telegraphic you know um version + + align:start position:0% +like my telegraphic you know um version + + + align:start position:0% +like my telegraphic you know um version +of where the story is. So what we do in + + align:start position:0% +of where the story is. So what we do in + + + align:start position:0% +of where the story is. So what we do in +games in games we have uh changed of + + align:start position:0% +games in games we have uh changed of + + + align:start position:0% +games in games we have uh changed of +state right every step of a non-digital + + align:start position:0% +state right every step of a non-digital + + + align:start position:0% +state right every step of a non-digital +game particularly we can think about uh + + align:start position:0% +game particularly we can think about uh + + + align:start position:0% +game particularly we can think about uh +non-digital games as changes of state + + align:start position:0% +non-digital games as changes of state + + + align:start position:0% +non-digital games as changes of state +and having a change of state can + + align:start position:0% +and having a change of state can + + + align:start position:0% +and having a change of state can +constitute an event uh so that is one + + align:start position:0% +constitute an event uh so that is one + + + align:start position:0% +constitute an event uh so that is one +way how do we generate rules that + + align:start position:0% +way how do we generate rules that + + + align:start position:0% +way how do we generate rules that +generate changes of state that can be + + align:start position:0% +generate changes of state that can be + + + align:start position:0% +generate changes of state that can be +thought of as um as an event in the + + align:start position:0% +thought of as um as an event in the + + + align:start position:0% +thought of as um as an event in the +story but I want to know a bit more of + + align:start position:0% +story but I want to know a bit more of + + + align:start position:0% +story but I want to know a bit more of +the games that you've played so far. How + + align:start position:0% +the games that you've played so far. How + + + align:start position:0% +the games that you've played so far. How +can non-digital games um I don't know + + align:start position:0% +can non-digital games um I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +can non-digital games um I don't know +what maybe you've played more than card + + align:start position:0% +what maybe you've played more than card + + + align:start position:0% +what maybe you've played more than card +games than anything, but how can we have + + align:start position:0% +games than anything, but how can we have + + + align:start position:0% +games than anything, but how can we have +a story? How can we have those events + + align:start position:0% +a story? How can we have those events + + + align:start position:0% +a story? How can we have those events +happen? + + align:start position:0% +happen? + + + align:start position:0% +happen? +>> So, one of the games that we played that + + align:start position:0% +>> So, one of the games that we played that + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, one of the games that we played that +has a really nice story to it is Balar + + align:start position:0% +has a really nice story to it is Balar + + + align:start position:0% +has a really nice story to it is Balar +Galactica. + + align:start position:0% +Galactica. + + + align:start position:0% +Galactica. +>> And the way that works is uh it works + + align:start position:0% +>> And the way that works is uh it works + + + align:start position:0% +>> And the way that works is uh it works +off of what the player already knows. + + align:start position:0% +off of what the player already knows. + + + align:start position:0% +off of what the player already knows. +>> So, it sort of assumes that the player + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it sort of assumes that the player + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it sort of assumes that the player +has like the knowledge of Balar Galact. + + align:start position:0% +has like the knowledge of Balar Galact. + + + align:start position:0% +has like the knowledge of Balar Galact. +And so, it keeps referring to that + + align:start position:0% +And so, it keeps referring to that + + + align:start position:0% +And so, it keeps referring to that +whenever you play a that has special + + align:start position:0% +whenever you play a that has special + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you play a that has special +abilities, + + align:start position:0% +abilities, + + + align:start position:0% +abilities, +>> whatnot. So, it relies on previous + + align:start position:0% +>> whatnot. So, it relies on previous + + + align:start position:0% +>> whatnot. So, it relies on previous +knowledge of play. + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of play. + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of play. +>> That's a very good point. I mean, part + + align:start position:0% +>> That's a very good point. I mean, part + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's a very good point. I mean, part +of what we do and and it's in in digital + + align:start position:0% +of what we do and and it's in in digital + + + align:start position:0% +of what we do and and it's in in digital +games and non-digital games, but it's + + align:start position:0% +games and non-digital games, but it's + + + align:start position:0% +games and non-digital games, but it's +also in digital games. A lot of + + align:start position:0% +also in digital games. A lot of + + + align:start position:0% +also in digital games. A lot of +storytelling in games happens in the + + align:start position:0% +storytelling in games happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling in games happens in the +player's head is is evoking, you know, + + align:start position:0% +player's head is is evoking, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +player's head is is evoking, you know, +certain characters, certain situations + + align:start position:0% +certain characters, certain situations + + + align:start position:0% +certain characters, certain situations +is with tapping on the player's + + align:start position:0% +is with tapping on the player's + + + align:start position:0% +is with tapping on the player's +knowledge. Is not, as we're going to + + align:start position:0% +knowledge. Is not, as we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge. Is not, as we're going to +see, it's not so much about + + align:start position:0% +see, it's not so much about + + + align:start position:0% +see, it's not so much about +storytelling, but we're kind of like, + + align:start position:0% +storytelling, but we're kind of like, + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling, but we're kind of like, +okay, what do you know? we we are making + + align:start position:0% +okay, what do you know? we we are making + + + align:start position:0% +okay, what do you know? we we are making +the player fill in the gaps. So that + + align:start position:0% +the player fill in the gaps. So that + + + align:start position:0% +the player fill in the gaps. So that +designing a game that involves + + align:start position:0% +designing a game that involves + + + align:start position:0% +designing a game that involves +storytelling is usually giving cues to + + align:start position:0% +storytelling is usually giving cues to + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling is usually giving cues to +the player to create the story if that + + align:start position:0% +the player to create the story if that + + + align:start position:0% +the player to create the story if that +makes sense. + + align:start position:0% +makes sense. + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense. +>> Um Patrick + + align:start position:0% +>> Um Patrick + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um Patrick +>> um I was going to say that uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +>> um I was going to say that uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +>> um I was going to say that uh a lot of +um like board card games all a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um like board card games all a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um like board card games all a lot of +the fiction just comes from the + + align:start position:0% +the fiction just comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +the fiction just comes from the +metaphors of the mechanics. + + align:start position:0% +metaphors of the mechanics. + + + align:start position:0% +metaphors of the mechanics. +>> So for example in a like settlers when + + align:start position:0% +>> So for example in a like settlers when + + + align:start position:0% +>> So for example in a like settlers when +you want to build a road if you strip + + align:start position:0% +you want to build a road if you strip + + + align:start position:0% +you want to build a road if you strip +away all the fiction it's just I have + + align:start position:0% +away all the fiction it's just I have + + + align:start position:0% +away all the fiction it's just I have +these cards I put them down. I can put + + align:start position:0% +these cards I put them down. I can put + + + align:start position:0% +these cards I put them down. I can put +this piece here. + + align:start position:0% +this piece here. + + + align:start position:0% +this piece here. +>> But um adding the fiction to it, you say + + align:start position:0% +>> But um adding the fiction to it, you say + + + align:start position:0% +>> But um adding the fiction to it, you say +now putting I'm not just putting cards + + align:start position:0% +now putting I'm not just putting cards + + + align:start position:0% +now putting I'm not just putting cards +down. I'm uh using up resources to build + + align:start position:0% +down. I'm uh using up resources to build + + + align:start position:0% +down. I'm uh using up resources to build +a road. And so that metaphorical action + + align:start position:0% +a road. And so that metaphorical action + + + align:start position:0% +a road. And so that metaphorical action +is another like event in the story. + + align:start position:0% +is another like event in the story. + + + align:start position:0% +is another like event in the story. +>> Well, it becomes a meaningful action. I + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it becomes a meaningful action. I + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it becomes a meaningful action. I +mean that's another I'm sure that you + + align:start position:0% +mean that's another I'm sure that you + + + align:start position:0% +mean that's another I'm sure that you +guys have been talking about that you + + align:start position:0% +guys have been talking about that you + + + align:start position:0% +guys have been talking about that you +know what is a meaningful action and at + + align:start position:0% +know what is a meaningful action and at + + + align:start position:0% +know what is a meaningful action and at +times meaningful action is it + + align:start position:0% +times meaningful action is it + + + align:start position:0% +times meaningful action is it +constitutes like a story event of sorts. + + align:start position:0% +constitutes like a story event of sorts. + + + align:start position:0% +constitutes like a story event of sorts. +journey. + + align:start position:0% +journey. + + + align:start position:0% +journey. +>> Um, I think that the whole point of + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, I think that the whole point of + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, I think that the whole point of +Munchkin and ShaGeek and those games uh + + align:start position:0% +Munchkin and ShaGeek and those games uh + + + align:start position:0% +Munchkin and ShaGeek and those games uh +are to construct stories. We + + align:start position:0% +are to construct stories. We + + + align:start position:0% +are to construct stories. We +>> when we played it, there was a moment + + align:start position:0% +>> when we played it, there was a moment + + + align:start position:0% +>> when we played it, there was a moment +when someone trashed someone else's + + align:start position:0% +when someone trashed someone else's + + + align:start position:0% +when someone trashed someone else's +shrooms and then the other person played + + align:start position:0% +shrooms and then the other person played + + + align:start position:0% +shrooms and then the other person played +a go dumpster diving card to go pick up + + align:start position:0% +a go dumpster diving card to go pick up + + + align:start position:0% +a go dumpster diving card to go pick up +the the shrooms and a bong from the + + align:start position:0% +the the shrooms and a bong from the + + + align:start position:0% +the the shrooms and a bong from the +dumpster. + + align:start position:0% +dumpster. + + + align:start position:0% +dumpster. +>> And this whole sequence of events, you + + align:start position:0% +>> And this whole sequence of events, you + + + align:start position:0% +>> And this whole sequence of events, you +know, the flavor text on the cards, what + + align:start position:0% +know, the flavor text on the cards, what + + + align:start position:0% +know, the flavor text on the cards, what +they were the actions you were taking, + + align:start position:0% +they were the actions you were taking, + + + align:start position:0% +they were the actions you were taking, +and you put them all, you string them + + align:start position:0% +and you put them all, you string them + + + align:start position:0% +and you put them all, you string them +all together. I did this then this + + align:start position:0% +all together. I did this then this + + + align:start position:0% +all together. I did this then this +happened and this happened with these + + align:start position:0% +happened and this happened with these + + + align:start position:0% +happened and this happened with these +objects and you've got a perfect story + + align:start position:0% +objects and you've got a perfect story + + + align:start position:0% +objects and you've got a perfect story +because you know you're playing a geek + + align:start position:0% +because you know you're playing a geek + + + align:start position:0% +because you know you're playing a geek +and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know +>> well there's that but the other thing + + align:start position:0% +>> well there's that but the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +>> well there's that but the other thing +that is good about munch game is that + + align:start position:0% +that is good about munch game is that + + + align:start position:0% +that is good about munch game is that +reading the cards is fun you know there + + align:start position:0% +reading the cards is fun you know there + + + align:start position:0% +reading the cards is fun you know there +are bits of the story already in Munch + + align:start position:0% +are bits of the story already in Munch + + + align:start position:0% +are bits of the story already in Munch +game like reading the events that is + + align:start position:0% +game like reading the events that is + + + align:start position:0% +game like reading the events that is +kind of like engaging already you want + + align:start position:0% +kind of like engaging already you want + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like engaging already you want +to say something + + align:start position:0% +to say something + + + align:start position:0% +to say something +>> I was just going to say there are some + + align:start position:0% +>> I was just going to say there are some + + + align:start position:0% +>> I was just going to say there are some +games which are like entirely about + + align:start position:0% +games which are like entirely about + + + align:start position:0% +games which are like entirely about +telling stories + + align:start position:0% +telling stories + + + align:start position:0% +telling stories +>> role playing games are the number one + + align:start position:0% +>> role playing games are the number one + + + align:start position:0% +>> role playing games are the number one +and then another example is something + + align:start position:0% +and then another example is something + + + align:start position:0% +and then another example is something +like once upon a time + + align:start position:0% +like once upon a time + + + align:start position:0% +like once upon a time +>> which I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And then there also the adventures of + + align:start position:0% +And then there also the adventures of + + + align:start position:0% +And then there also the adventures of +bearing wood trousers if you've ever + + align:start position:0% +bearing wood trousers if you've ever + + + align:start position:0% +bearing wood trousers if you've ever +>> Yes. Oh, I should bring it. Yes, I have + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Oh, I should bring it. Yes, I have + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Oh, I should bring it. Yes, I have +it in my office, but that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +it in my office, but that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it in my office, but that's kind of +difficult to set up like in half an + + align:start position:0% +difficult to set up like in half an + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to set up like in half an +hour. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +hour. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +hour. Yeah, +>> I'm actually a friend of mine invented a + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm actually a friend of mine invented a + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm actually a friend of mine invented a +game which is kind of vaguely based on + + align:start position:0% +game which is kind of vaguely based on + + + align:start position:0% +game which is kind of vaguely based on +the adventures of Barry Mchowen um where + + align:start position:0% +the adventures of Barry Mchowen um where + + + align:start position:0% +the adventures of Barry Mchowen um where +you each person is telling a story and + + align:start position:0% +you each person is telling a story and + + + align:start position:0% +you each person is telling a story and +they have cards in front of them which + + align:start position:0% +they have cards in front of them which + + + align:start position:0% +they have cards in front of them which +need to be flipped over and by + + align:start position:0% +need to be flipped over and by + + + align:start position:0% +need to be flipped over and by +incorporating the elements of the story + + align:start position:0% +incorporating the elements of the story + + + align:start position:0% +incorporating the elements of the story +that cards + + align:start position:0% +that cards + + + align:start position:0% +that cards +anyway don't worry about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no +yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no + + align:start position:0% +yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no yeah no +no I'm going no yeah you you we're going + + align:start position:0% +no I'm going no yeah you you we're going + + + align:start position:0% +no I'm going no yeah you you we're going +a bit faster but that's fine because you + + align:start position:0% +a bit faster but that's fine because you + + + align:start position:0% +a bit faster but that's fine because you +know yeah there are games that are about + + align:start position:0% +know yeah there are games that are about + + + align:start position:0% +know yeah there are games that are about +storytelling communal storytelling and + + align:start position:0% +storytelling communal storytelling and + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling communal storytelling and +role playing games are about that you + + align:start position:0% +role playing games are about that you + + + align:start position:0% +role playing games are about that you +know we again as as game designers what + + align:start position:0% +know we again as as game designers what + + + align:start position:0% +know we again as as game designers what +we are given when we have the rule book + + align:start position:0% +we are given when we have the rule book + + + align:start position:0% +we are given when we have the rule book +from D and D are is a fictional world + + align:start position:0% +from D and D are is a fictional world + + + align:start position:0% +from D and D are is a fictional world +that has rules and but then we have as + + align:start position:0% +that has rules and but then we have as + + + align:start position:0% +that has rules and but then we have as +as a as a designer as a DM uh we are + + align:start position:0% +as a as a designer as a DM uh we are + + + align:start position:0% +as a as a designer as a DM uh we are +coming up with what is the situation + + align:start position:0% +coming up with what is the situation + + + align:start position:0% +coming up with what is the situation +what is the world what is the specific + + align:start position:0% +what is the world what is the specific + + + align:start position:0% +what is the world what is the specific +challenges that we're situating in this + + align:start position:0% +challenges that we're situating in this + + + align:start position:0% +challenges that we're situating in this +world how are we going to do that uh but + + align:start position:0% +world how are we going to do that uh but + + + align:start position:0% +world how are we going to do that uh but +is is about communal sorting as as as + + align:start position:0% +is is about communal sorting as as as + + + align:start position:0% +is is about communal sorting as as as +we're going to see in a minute there are + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see in a minute there are + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see in a minute there are +also games that are about coming up with + + align:start position:0% +also games that are about coming up with + + + align:start position:0% +also games that are about coming up with +stories like we're being thrown you know + + align:start position:0% +stories like we're being thrown you know + + + align:start position:0% +stories like we're being thrown you know +the similar way. Well, in Munchkin, + + align:start position:0% +the similar way. Well, in Munchkin, + + + align:start position:0% +the similar way. Well, in Munchkin, +you're kind of like constructing the + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of like constructing the + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of like constructing the +story as you go. But in the games that + + align:start position:0% +story as you go. But in the games that + + + align:start position:0% +story as you go. But in the games that +we're going to play today, or some of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to play today, or some of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to play today, or some of +you are like gloom or once upon a time + + align:start position:0% +you are like gloom or once upon a time + + + align:start position:0% +you are like gloom or once upon a time +is the game is being able to produce a + + align:start position:0% +is the game is being able to produce a + + + align:start position:0% +is the game is being able to produce a +narrative, being able to make sense + + align:start position:0% +narrative, being able to make sense + + + align:start position:0% +narrative, being able to make sense +given the specific cues you would have + + align:start position:0% +given the specific cues you would have + + + align:start position:0% +given the specific cues you would have +had your hand. + + align:start position:0% +had your hand. + + + align:start position:0% +had your hand. +>> So, I was going to do the opposite + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I was going to do the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I was going to do the opposite +extreme of a game with a very basic + + align:start position:0% +extreme of a game with a very basic + + + align:start position:0% +extreme of a game with a very basic +story and you kind of make the story a + + align:start position:0% +story and you kind of make the story a + + + align:start position:0% +story and you kind of make the story a +little as you go along, but it's not + + align:start position:0% +little as you go along, but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +little as you go along, but it's not +really that crazy. uh game card game + + align:start position:0% +really that crazy. uh game card game + + + align:start position:0% +really that crazy. uh game card game +falling where pretty much the pretense + + align:start position:0% +falling where pretty much the pretense + + + align:start position:0% +falling where pretty much the pretense +says you are goblins. Everyone's a + + align:start position:0% +says you are goblins. Everyone's a + + + align:start position:0% +says you are goblins. Everyone's a +goblin and you're falling to your + + align:start position:0% +goblin and you're falling to your + + + align:start position:0% +goblin and you're falling to your +demise. And so the point so while you + + align:start position:0% +demise. And so the point so while you + + + align:start position:0% +demise. And so the point so while you +guys are falling you guys decide we who + + align:start position:0% +guys are falling you guys decide we who + + + align:start position:0% +guys are falling you guys decide we who +let's make a contest of who hits the + + align:start position:0% +let's make a contest of who hits the + + + align:start position:0% +let's make a contest of who hits the +ground last. And so it's a real time + + align:start position:0% +ground last. And so it's a real time + + + align:start position:0% +ground last. And so it's a real time +game and you're deal cards in order and + + align:start position:0% +game and you're deal cards in order and + + + align:start position:0% +game and you're deal cards in order and +you keep going until you reach ground + + align:start position:0% +you keep going until you reach ground + + + align:start position:0% +you keep going until you reach ground +cards. And so you can uh attack other + + align:start position:0% +cards. And so you can uh attack other + + + align:start position:0% +cards. And so you can uh attack other +people. It's like okay this is going to + + align:start position:0% +people. It's like okay this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +people. It's like okay this is going to +happen to you and different effects + + align:start position:0% +happen to you and different effects + + + align:start position:0% +happen to you and different effects +happen. And so when you're actually + + align:start position:0% +happen. And so when you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +happen. And so when you're actually +playing it, it's kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +playing it, it's kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +playing it, it's kind of like the +intensity when you're falling. It's + + align:start position:0% +intensity when you're falling. It's + + + align:start position:0% +intensity when you're falling. It's +like, oh, I'm going to die. I have to do + + align:start position:0% +like, oh, I'm going to die. I have to do + + + align:start position:0% +like, oh, I'm going to die. I have to do +this fast because before you know it, + + align:start position:0% +this fast because before you know it, + + + align:start position:0% +this fast because before you know it, +ground star. + + align:start position:0% +ground star. + + + align:start position:0% +ground star. +>> It's interesting because it creates a + + align:start position:0% +>> It's interesting because it creates a + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's interesting because it creates a +longer event or something that is + + align:start position:0% +longer event or something that is + + + align:start position:0% +longer event or something that is +supposed to be got like smashed, right? + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be got like smashed, right? + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be got like smashed, right? +Uh but it's kind of zooming in and how + + align:start position:0% +Uh but it's kind of zooming in and how + + + align:start position:0% +Uh but it's kind of zooming in and how +long that would feel if you were + + align:start position:0% +long that would feel if you were + + + align:start position:0% +long that would feel if you were +actually flying. uh make it like a mini + + align:start position:0% +actually flying. uh make it like a mini + + + align:start position:0% +actually flying. uh make it like a mini +story of that or you know I it's + + align:start position:0% +story of that or you know I it's + + + align:start position:0% +story of that or you know I it's +interesting because I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +interesting because I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because I don't know how +strong and this is one of the questions + + align:start position:0% +strong and this is one of the questions + + + align:start position:0% +strong and this is one of the questions +when we're talking about stories and + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about stories and + + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about stories and +games is you know what kind of event + + align:start position:0% +games is you know what kind of event + + + align:start position:0% +games is you know what kind of event +constitutes an event in the story know + + align:start position:0% +constitutes an event in the story know + + + align:start position:0% +constitutes an event in the story know +like is opening a door an event in the + + align:start position:0% +like is opening a door an event in the + + + align:start position:0% +like is opening a door an event in the +story well in some games it can be + + align:start position:0% +story well in some games it can be + + + align:start position:0% +story well in some games it can be +because it might give you access to uh + + align:start position:0% +because it might give you access to uh + + + align:start position:0% +because it might give you access to uh +new areas you know there might be + + align:start position:0% +new areas you know there might be + + + align:start position:0% +new areas you know there might be +someone showing up that changes things + + align:start position:0% +someone showing up that changes things + + + align:start position:0% +someone showing up that changes things +uh but in other cases you know like I + + align:start position:0% +uh but in other cases you know like I + + + align:start position:0% +uh but in other cases you know like I +don't know in Monopoly getting to um uh + + align:start position:0% +don't know in Monopoly getting to um uh + + + align:start position:0% +don't know in Monopoly getting to um uh +going around and getting the how many + + align:start position:0% +going around and getting the how many + + + align:start position:0% +going around and getting the how many +$100 $200 you know is that an event you + + align:start position:0% +$100 $200 you know is that an event you + + + align:start position:0% +$100 $200 you know is that an event you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +>> maybe it's not it doesn't seem like a + + align:start position:0% +>> maybe it's not it doesn't seem like a + + + align:start position:0% +>> maybe it's not it doesn't seem like a +story event because it's such a mundane + + align:start position:0% +story event because it's such a mundane + + + align:start position:0% +story event because it's such a mundane +thing that happens all the time although + + align:start position:0% +thing that happens all the time although + + + align:start position:0% +thing that happens all the time although +clearly has given + + align:start position:0% +clearly has given + + + align:start position:0% +clearly has given +>> yeah it does have an effect but as a + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah it does have an effect but as a + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah it does have an effect but as a +storytelling you know part is kind of + + align:start position:0% +storytelling you know part is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling you know part is kind of +questionable um the other thing I wanted + + align:start position:0% +questionable um the other thing I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +questionable um the other thing I wanted +to ask you know since you guys have been + + align:start position:0% +to ask you know since you guys have been + + + align:start position:0% +to ask you know since you guys have been +playing um particularly board games you + + align:start position:0% +playing um particularly board games you + + + align:start position:0% +playing um particularly board games you +know there are board games that have + + align:start position:0% +know there are board games that have + + + align:start position:0% +know there are board games that have +similar mechanics. So, I've played Race + + align:start position:0% +similar mechanics. So, I've played Race + + + align:start position:0% +similar mechanics. So, I've played Race +of the Galaxy, which I really like, and + + align:start position:0% +of the Galaxy, which I really like, and + + + align:start position:0% +of the Galaxy, which I really like, and +I've been told that Puerto Rico is very + + align:start position:0% +I've been told that Puerto Rico is very + + + align:start position:0% +I've been told that Puerto Rico is very +similar. + + align:start position:0% +similar. + + + align:start position:0% +similar. +>> Yes. So, does changing the theme I mean + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. So, does changing the theme I mean + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. So, does changing the theme I mean +that those games have different themes, + + align:start position:0% +that those games have different themes, + + + align:start position:0% +that those games have different themes, +but is does changing the theme affect + + align:start position:0% +but is does changing the theme affect + + + align:start position:0% +but is does changing the theme affect +the rules in any ways for those of you + + align:start position:0% +the rules in any ways for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +the rules in any ways for those of you +who might have played both? + + align:start position:0% +who might have played both? + + + align:start position:0% +who might have played both? +>> Not really. I mean, not Puerto Rico, but + + align:start position:0% +>> Not really. I mean, not Puerto Rico, but + + + align:start position:0% +>> Not really. I mean, not Puerto Rico, but +San Juan, I think, is closer. San is + + align:start position:0% +San Juan, I think, is closer. San is + + + align:start position:0% +San Juan, I think, is closer. San is +with the cards, but uh it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +with the cards, but uh it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +with the cards, but uh it doesn't really +change the game because the mechanics + + align:start position:0% +change the game because the mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +change the game because the mechanics +are almost identical. It's just kind of + + align:start position:0% +are almost identical. It's just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +are almost identical. It's just kind of +covered in a different shell of whatever + + align:start position:0% +covered in a different shell of whatever + + + align:start position:0% +covered in a different shell of whatever +it is, whatever the mechanic they're + + align:start position:0% +it is, whatever the mechanic they're + + + align:start position:0% +it is, whatever the mechanic they're +trying to mimic. + + align:start position:0% +trying to mimic. + + + align:start position:0% +trying to mimic. +>> So, it's kind of like maybe if you don't + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it's kind of like maybe if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it's kind of like maybe if you don't +like colonial or, you know, whatever. + + align:start position:0% +like colonial or, you know, whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +like colonial or, you know, whatever. +>> Yeah. If you don't like if you don't + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. If you don't like if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. If you don't like if you don't +like the the + + align:start position:0% +like the the + + + align:start position:0% +like the the +>> science fiction part of + + align:start position:0% +>> science fiction part of + + + align:start position:0% +>> science fiction part of +>> the science fiction theme, you could go + + align:start position:0% +>> the science fiction theme, you could go + + + align:start position:0% +>> the science fiction theme, you could go +for this more earth town building theme. + + align:start position:0% +for this more earth town building theme. + + + align:start position:0% +for this more earth town building theme. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> But if you don't like playing the game + + align:start position:0% +>> But if you don't like playing the game + + + align:start position:0% +>> But if you don't like playing the game +itself, + + align:start position:0% +itself, + + + align:start position:0% +itself, +>> switching to the other game is probably + + align:start position:0% +>> switching to the other game is probably + + + align:start position:0% +>> switching to the other game is probably +not going to be all. + + align:start position:0% +not going to be all. + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be all. +>> Yes. Yeah. which I think is kind of + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Yeah. which I think is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Yeah. which I think is kind of +interesting and just kind of like okay + + align:start position:0% +interesting and just kind of like okay + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and just kind of like okay +so tug of munch doesn't kind of cancel + + align:start position:0% +so tug of munch doesn't kind of cancel + + + align:start position:0% +so tug of munch doesn't kind of cancel +>> the interesting thing is that in neither + + align:start position:0% +>> the interesting thing is that in neither + + + align:start position:0% +>> the interesting thing is that in neither +of those cases unlike say ticket to + + align:start position:0% +of those cases unlike say ticket to + + + align:start position:0% +of those cases unlike say ticket to +right these things like feel like + + align:start position:0% +right these things like feel like + + + align:start position:0% +right these things like feel like +they're attacked on theme and in each + + align:start position:0% +they're attacked on theme and in each + + + align:start position:0% +they're attacked on theme and in each +case the actual mechanics of the card + + align:start position:0% +case the actual mechanics of the card + + + align:start position:0% +case the actual mechanics of the card +faithfully represent what they're + + align:start position:0% +faithfully represent what they're + + + align:start position:0% +faithfully represent what they're +supposed to be in in the in the game + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be in in the in the game + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be in in the in the game +fiction right so + + align:start position:0% +fiction right so + + + align:start position:0% +fiction right so +>> I feel that this the fact that they the + + align:start position:0% +>> I feel that this the fact that they the + + + align:start position:0% +>> I feel that this the fact that they the +themes are essentially kind of + + align:start position:0% +themes are essentially kind of + + + align:start position:0% +themes are essentially kind of +interchangeable or like the the same + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable or like the the same + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable or like the the same +mechanics underly both games despite the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics underly both games despite the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics underly both games despite the +fact that they have different themes + + align:start position:0% +fact that they have different themes + + + align:start position:0% +fact that they have different themes +doesn't necessarily mean that there's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily mean that there's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily mean that there's +some something wrong with the theming. + + align:start position:0% +some something wrong with the theming. + + + align:start position:0% +some something wrong with the theming. +It's just that + + align:start position:0% +It's just that + + + align:start position:0% +It's just that +>> but the meaning is similar + + align:start position:0% +>> but the meaning is similar + + + align:start position:0% +>> but the meaning is similar +>> mechanics are flexib + + align:start position:0% +>> mechanics are flexib + + + align:start position:0% +>> mechanics are flexib +what you actually do in the games is + + align:start position:0% +what you actually do in the games is + + + align:start position:0% +what you actually do in the games is +similar you know resource management + + align:start position:0% +similar you know resource management + + + align:start position:0% +similar you know resource management +planning ahead knowing where you can + + align:start position:0% +planning ahead knowing where you can + + + align:start position:0% +planning ahead knowing where you can +deploy a certain you know they are about + + align:start position:0% +deploy a certain you know they are about + + + align:start position:0% +deploy a certain you know they are about +the same thing even if they have + + align:start position:0% +the same thing even if they have + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing even if they have +different settings uh so that's probably + + align:start position:0% +different settings uh so that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +different settings uh so that's probably +the connection it's not about oh if you + + align:start position:0% +the connection it's not about oh if you + + + align:start position:0% +the connection it's not about oh if you +like science fiction games you can play + + align:start position:0% +like science fiction games you can play + + + align:start position:0% +like science fiction games you can play +the battlest star galactica game and + + align:start position:0% +the battlest star galactica game and + + + align:start position:0% +the battlest star galactica game and +race to the galaxy whereas I'm guessing + + align:start position:0% +race to the galaxy whereas I'm guessing + + + align:start position:0% +race to the galaxy whereas I'm guessing +that for most people it's like well if I + + align:start position:0% +that for most people it's like well if I + + + align:start position:0% +that for most people it's like well if I +like Puerto Rico or Puerto Rico San + + align:start position:0% +like Puerto Rico or Puerto Rico San + + + align:start position:0% +like Puerto Rico or Puerto Rico San +Juan. Sorry, I wrong place + + align:start position:0% +Juan. Sorry, I wrong place + + + align:start position:0% +Juan. Sorry, I wrong place +>> name. The games are close enough that + + align:start position:0% +>> name. The games are close enough that + + + align:start position:0% +>> name. The games are close enough that +>> but but you would play something that is + + align:start position:0% +>> but but you would play something that is + + + align:start position:0% +>> but but you would play something that is +similar. Does that make sense? + + align:start position:0% +similar. Does that make sense? + + + align:start position:0% +similar. Does that make sense? +>> If if the meaning of both games is + + align:start position:0% +>> If if the meaning of both games is + + + align:start position:0% +>> If if the meaning of both games is +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +empire building in some sense, right? + + align:start position:0% +empire building in some sense, right? + + + align:start position:0% +empire building in some sense, right? +You know, in some kind of historical in + + align:start position:0% +You know, in some kind of historical in + + + align:start position:0% +You know, in some kind of historical in +futuristic, but they're both empire + + align:start position:0% +futuristic, but they're both empire + + + align:start position:0% +futuristic, but they're both empire +building. That's why I mean sure the + + align:start position:0% +building. That's why I mean sure the + + + align:start position:0% +building. That's why I mean sure the +theme is very well applied in both of + + align:start position:0% +theme is very well applied in both of + + + align:start position:0% +theme is very well applied in both of +these games but it will also make sense + + align:start position:0% +these games but it will also make sense + + + align:start position:0% +these games but it will also make sense +that that will make sense because both + + align:start position:0% +that that will make sense because both + + + align:start position:0% +that that will make sense because both +themes are about empire building only + + align:start position:0% +themes are about empire building only + + + align:start position:0% +themes are about empire building only +you know one to the future and one to + + align:start position:0% +you know one to the future and one to + + + align:start position:0% +you know one to the future and one to +the past. + + align:start position:0% +the past. + + + align:start position:0% +the past. +>> Okay. So you know we have this is taking + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So you know we have this is taking + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So you know we have this is taking +a bit of time but these are like the + + align:start position:0% +a bit of time but these are like the + + + align:start position:0% +a bit of time but these are like the +foundations of the of the concepts that + + align:start position:0% +foundations of the of the concepts that + + + align:start position:0% +foundations of the of the concepts that +I wanted to get across today and discuss + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to get across today and discuss + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to get across today and discuss +today. Uh when we talk about video + + align:start position:0% +today. Uh when we talk about video + + + align:start position:0% +today. Uh when we talk about video +games, there's another there's an extra + + align:start position:0% +games, there's another there's an extra + + + align:start position:0% +games, there's another there's an extra +layer which is you know video games that + + align:start position:0% +layer which is you know video games that + + + align:start position:0% +layer which is you know video games that +are story driven versus just games with + + align:start position:0% +are story driven versus just games with + + + align:start position:0% +are story driven versus just games with +a story. Uh and the example I have here + + align:start position:0% +a story. Uh and the example I have here + + + align:start position:0% +a story. Uh and the example I have here +is uh so this is selfcal 2 as far as I + + align:start position:0% +is uh so this is selfcal 2 as far as I + + + align:start position:0% +is uh so this is selfcal 2 as far as I +remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I think I don't know I I looked for cell + + align:start position:0% +>> I think I don't know I I looked for cell + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think I don't know I I looked for cell +caliber one that was familiar um the + + align:start position:0% +caliber one that was familiar um the + + + align:start position:0% +caliber one that was familiar um the +characters I knew anyway. So, in + + align:start position:0% +characters I knew anyway. So, in + + + align:start position:0% +characters I knew anyway. So, in +Soulcalibur, we have what's a game + + align:start position:0% +Soulcalibur, we have what's a game + + + align:start position:0% +Soulcalibur, we have what's a game +about? + + align:start position:0% +about? + + + align:start position:0% +about? +>> Fighting. + + align:start position:0% +>> Fighting. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Fighting. +>> It's about fighting and kicking ass, you + + align:start position:0% +>> It's about fighting and kicking ass, you + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's about fighting and kicking ass, you +know. + + align:start position:0% +know. + + + align:start position:0% +know. +>> Story that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +>> Story that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +>> Story that doesn't +>> And it does have a weird story that is + + align:start position:0% +>> And it does have a weird story that is + + + align:start position:0% +>> And it does have a weird story that is +kind of like, well, does anybody know + + align:start position:0% +kind of like, well, does anybody know + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like, well, does anybody know +the story? I know that there's + + align:start position:0% +the story? I know that there's + + + align:start position:0% +the story? I know that there's +something. And there's some reason why + + align:start position:0% +something. And there's some reason why + + + align:start position:0% +something. And there's some reason why +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +>> Sophia Sophia, right? + + align:start position:0% +>> Sophia Sophia, right? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Sophia Sophia, right? +>> I didn't know. I think this is + + align:start position:0% +>> I didn't know. I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +>> I didn't know. I think this is +>> they're like related somehow. They're + + align:start position:0% +>> they're like related somehow. They're + + + align:start position:0% +>> they're like related somehow. They're +like mother and daughter + + align:start position:0% +like mother and daughter + + + align:start position:0% +like mother and daughter +sisters or something. + + align:start position:0% +sisters or something. + + + align:start position:0% +sisters or something. +>> Oh, okay. That's maybe that's why she's + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, okay. That's maybe that's why she's + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, okay. That's maybe that's why she's +asking for forgiveness. I don't know. Do + + align:start position:0% +asking for forgiveness. I don't know. Do + + + align:start position:0% +asking for forgiveness. I don't know. Do +I care? I still like these games, but do + + align:start position:0% +I care? I still like these games, but do + + + align:start position:0% +I care? I still like these games, but do +I know the stories? No. Do I Does it + + align:start position:0% +I know the stories? No. Do I Does it + + + align:start position:0% +I know the stories? No. Do I Does it +matter? Not really. I mean, not for + + align:start position:0% +matter? Not really. I mean, not for + + + align:start position:0% +matter? Not really. I mean, not for +these. I mean, for some people, I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +these. I mean, for some people, I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +these. I mean, for some people, I'm sure +that they do care about the stories of + + align:start position:0% +that they do care about the stories of + + + align:start position:0% +that they do care about the stories of +these or the stories of the characters + + align:start position:0% +these or the stories of the characters + + + align:start position:0% +these or the stories of the characters +in Street Fighter, for example. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +in Street Fighter, for example. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +in Street Fighter, for example. Yes. +Well, I was gonna say like for games + + align:start position:0% +Well, I was gonna say like for games + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I was gonna say like for games +like this, I actually kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +like this, I actually kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +like this, I actually kind of like the +story because it adds + + align:start position:0% +story because it adds + + + align:start position:0% +story because it adds +>> like it the game is not the story. There + + align:start position:0% +>> like it the game is not the story. There + + + align:start position:0% +>> like it the game is not the story. There +are two separate entities, + + align:start position:0% +are two separate entities, + + + align:start position:0% +are two separate entities, +>> but one kind of like add to the other + + align:start position:0% +>> but one kind of like add to the other + + + align:start position:0% +>> but one kind of like add to the other +for me. Like Diablo, for example, + + align:start position:0% +for me. Like Diablo, for example, + + + align:start position:0% +for me. Like Diablo, for example, +>> um there's lots of people that have + + align:start position:0% +>> um there's lots of people that have + + + align:start position:0% +>> um there's lots of people that have +played Diablo II without really caring + + align:start position:0% +played Diablo II without really caring + + + align:start position:0% +played Diablo II without really caring +about, you know, like the actual story. + + align:start position:0% +about, you know, like the actual story. + + + align:start position:0% +about, you know, like the actual story. +>> The cinematics were so cool back in the + + align:start position:0% +>> The cinematics were so cool back in the + + + align:start position:0% +>> The cinematics were so cool back in the +day. + + align:start position:0% +day. + + + align:start position:0% +day. +>> True. But the thing + + align:start position:0% +>> True. But the thing + + + align:start position:0% +>> True. But the thing +>> but but like even though like you can + + align:start position:0% +>> but but like even though like you can + + + align:start position:0% +>> but but like even though like you can +you can pretty much separate the story + + align:start position:0% +you can pretty much separate the story + + + align:start position:0% +you can pretty much separate the story +from Diablo II and people would still + + align:start position:0% +from Diablo II and people would still + + + align:start position:0% +from Diablo II and people would still +probably play it like the story + + align:start position:0% +probably play it like the story + + + align:start position:0% +probably play it like the story +definitely adds a layer of like I I am + + align:start position:0% +definitely adds a layer of like I I am + + + align:start position:0% +definitely adds a layer of like I I am +attached to this game. + + align:start position:0% +attached to this game. + + + align:start position:0% +attached to this game. +>> But Diablo I mean in Diablo is the the + + align:start position:0% +>> But Diablo I mean in Diablo is the the + + + align:start position:0% +>> But Diablo I mean in Diablo is the the +difference is is that Diablo is closer + + align:start position:0% +difference is is that Diablo is closer + + + align:start position:0% +difference is is that Diablo is closer +to being a storydriven game. It's closer + + align:start position:0% +to being a storydriven game. It's closer + + + align:start position:0% +to being a storydriven game. It's closer +to being like an RPG game where you know + + align:start position:0% +to being like an RPG game where you know + + + align:start position:0% +to being like an RPG game where you know +the quests you have to know you know who + + align:start position:0% +the quests you have to know you know who + + + align:start position:0% +the quests you have to know you know who +you're going to talk to what you're + + align:start position:0% +you're going to talk to what you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to talk to what you're +going to do. Um, I had a friend, we + + align:start position:0% +going to do. Um, I had a friend, we + + + align:start position:0% +going to do. Um, I had a friend, we +were, you know, uh, working in in this + + align:start position:0% +were, you know, uh, working in in this + + + align:start position:0% +were, you know, uh, working in in this +game service and we had to test all + + align:start position:0% +game service and we had to test all + + + align:start position:0% +game service and we had to test all +these, um, role playing games and one of + + align:start position:0% +these, um, role playing games and one of + + + align:start position:0% +these, um, role playing games and one of +my co-workers was like, oh, I have to + + align:start position:0% +my co-workers was like, oh, I have to + + + align:start position:0% +my co-workers was like, oh, I have to +play it was Balders's Gate, too. Like + + align:start position:0% +play it was Balders's Gate, too. Like + + + align:start position:0% +play it was Balders's Gate, too. Like +one of the cool ones. And he was like, + + align:start position:0% +one of the cool ones. And he was like, + + + align:start position:0% +one of the cool ones. And he was like, +"Okay, I have to test this and I just + + align:start position:0% +"Okay, I have to test this and I just + + + align:start position:0% +"Okay, I have to test this and I just +have to see that it works." And he was + + align:start position:0% +have to see that it works." And he was + + + align:start position:0% +have to see that it works." And he was +not paying attention to any other texts. + + align:start position:0% +not paying attention to any other texts. + + + align:start position:0% +not paying attention to any other texts. +He was just doing the technical testing, + + align:start position:0% +He was just doing the technical testing, + + + align:start position:0% +He was just doing the technical testing, +but then he got stuck. I mean, we were + + align:start position:0% +but then he got stuck. I mean, we were + + + align:start position:0% +but then he got stuck. I mean, we were +supposed to finish the the games and he + + align:start position:0% +supposed to finish the the games and he + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to finish the the games and he +was stuck and he was going slower + + align:start position:0% +was stuck and he was going slower + + + align:start position:0% +was stuck and he was going slower +because he didn't know what to do. It's + + align:start position:0% +because he didn't know what to do. It's + + + align:start position:0% +because he didn't know what to do. It's +like, well, if he had read what you + + align:start position:0% +like, well, if he had read what you + + + align:start position:0% +like, well, if he had read what you +actually had to do, but for him it's + + align:start position:0% +actually had to do, but for him it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually had to do, but for him it's +like, well, it's just a story. It's + + align:start position:0% +like, well, it's just a story. It's + + + align:start position:0% +like, well, it's just a story. It's +like, well, you're playing an RPG. You + + align:start position:0% +like, well, you're playing an RPG. You + + + align:start position:0% +like, well, you're playing an RPG. You +kind of really leave the the story out. + + align:start position:0% +kind of really leave the the story out. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of really leave the the story out. +If somebody's telling you that you have + + align:start position:0% +If somebody's telling you that you have + + + align:start position:0% +If somebody's telling you that you have +to, you know, squash, I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, squash, I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, squash, I don't know how +many orcs, you know, you have to know + + align:start position:0% +many orcs, you know, you have to know + + + align:start position:0% +many orcs, you know, you have to know +that you have to squash the orcs. You + + align:start position:0% +that you have to squash the orcs. You + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to squash the orcs. You +can, you have to know where to go. Um, + + align:start position:0% +can, you have to know where to go. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +can, you have to know where to go. Um, +so, so in storydriven games, what + + align:start position:0% +so, so in storydriven games, what + + + align:start position:0% +so, so in storydriven games, what +happens is that the story is really so + + align:start position:0% +happens is that the story is really so + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that the story is really so +tied to the rules and the goals of the + + align:start position:0% +tied to the rules and the goals of the + + + align:start position:0% +tied to the rules and the goals of the +game that you have as you advance in the + + align:start position:0% +game that you have as you advance in the + + + align:start position:0% +game that you have as you advance in the +game, you're also advancing in the + + align:start position:0% +game, you're also advancing in the + + + align:start position:0% +game, you're also advancing in the +story. That's something that, you know, + + align:start position:0% +story. That's something that, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +story. That's something that, you know, +here when when you um, you know, you + + align:start position:0% +here when when you um, you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +here when when you um, you know, you +beat up somebody in Soulcalibur or or uh + + align:start position:0% +beat up somebody in Soulcalibur or or uh + + + align:start position:0% +beat up somebody in Soulcalibur or or uh +or Street Fighter, whatever fighting + + align:start position:0% +or Street Fighter, whatever fighting + + + align:start position:0% +or Street Fighter, whatever fighting +game you can think of, you know, there + + align:start position:0% +game you can think of, you know, there + + + align:start position:0% +game you can think of, you know, there +might be a little uh uh cutscene uh that + + align:start position:0% +might be a little uh uh cutscene uh that + + + align:start position:0% +might be a little uh uh cutscene uh that +tells us who they are. One thing that I + + align:start position:0% +tells us who they are. One thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +tells us who they are. One thing that I +like about is it Soulcalibur? Yeah. Like + + align:start position:0% +like about is it Soulcalibur? Yeah. Like + + + align:start position:0% +like about is it Soulcalibur? Yeah. Like +there's a bit of taunting like ah you + + align:start position:0% +there's a bit of taunting like ah you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bit of taunting like ah you +kind of beat me or something like that. + + align:start position:0% +kind of beat me or something like that. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of beat me or something like that. +Um but that you know is is building + + align:start position:0% +Um but that you know is is building + + + align:start position:0% +Um but that you know is is building +character a bit and that needs writing + + align:start position:0% +character a bit and that needs writing + + + align:start position:0% +character a bit and that needs writing +but really you know is is not really + + align:start position:0% +but really you know is is not really + + + align:start position:0% +but really you know is is not really +story driven. The fact that we're + + align:start position:0% +story driven. The fact that we're + + + align:start position:0% +story driven. The fact that we're +getting big services as we complete + + align:start position:0% +getting big services as we complete + + + align:start position:0% +getting big services as we complete +challenges you know it doesn't mean that + + align:start position:0% +challenges you know it doesn't mean that + + + align:start position:0% +challenges you know it doesn't mean that +if we ignore the game we can still + + align:start position:0% +if we ignore the game we can still + + + align:start position:0% +if we ignore the game we can still +complete the game without knowing the + + align:start position:0% +complete the game without knowing the + + + align:start position:0% +complete the game without knowing the +story. Does it make sense? So there's, + + align:start position:0% +story. Does it make sense? So there's, + + + align:start position:0% +story. Does it make sense? So there's, +you know, this is this is something that + + align:start position:0% +you know, this is this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +you know, this is this is something that +video games are doing that to a certain + + align:start position:0% +video games are doing that to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +video games are doing that to a certain +extent some of the board games that you + + align:start position:0% +extent some of the board games that you + + + align:start position:0% +extent some of the board games that you +might have been playing don't quite do. + + align:start position:0% +might have been playing don't quite do. + + + align:start position:0% +might have been playing don't quite do. +Does it make does make sense that it's + + align:start position:0% +Does it make does make sense that it's + + + align:start position:0% +Does it make does make sense that it's +kind of like we can still think of and + + align:start position:0% +kind of like we can still think of and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like we can still think of and +and there might be you know some people + + align:start position:0% +and there might be you know some people + + + align:start position:0% +and there might be you know some people +who play these board games still at a + + align:start position:0% +who play these board games still at a + + + align:start position:0% +who play these board games still at a +mathematical level without paying any + + align:start position:0% +mathematical level without paying any + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical level without paying any +attention to what the events that's + + align:start position:0% +attention to what the events that's + + + align:start position:0% +attention to what the events that's +representing are. Uh but that's one + + align:start position:0% +representing are. Uh but that's one + + + align:start position:0% +representing are. Uh but that's one +potential of video games. you know that + + align:start position:0% +potential of video games. you know that + + + align:start position:0% +potential of video games. you know that +idea of having a storydriven game where + + align:start position:0% +idea of having a storydriven game where + + + align:start position:0% +idea of having a storydriven game where +you are playing a game you are + + align:start position:0% +you are playing a game you are + + + align:start position:0% +you are playing a game you are +interacting with the world with a strong + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the world with a strong + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the world with a strong +and in the cases of storydriven games + + align:start position:0% +and in the cases of storydriven games + + + align:start position:0% +and in the cases of storydriven games +you also have a strong little fictional + + align:start position:0% +you also have a strong little fictional + + + align:start position:0% +you also have a strong little fictional +world that you're interacting with that + + align:start position:0% +world that you're interacting with that + + + align:start position:0% +world that you're interacting with that +you are exploring that you're poking + + align:start position:0% +you are exploring that you're poking + + + align:start position:0% +you are exploring that you're poking +around um so one thing that I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +around um so one thing that I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +around um so one thing that I wanted to +make clear here is that you know when we + + align:start position:0% +make clear here is that you know when we + + + align:start position:0% +make clear here is that you know when we +talk when we talk about storytelling and + + align:start position:0% +talk when we talk about storytelling and + + + align:start position:0% +talk when we talk about storytelling and +I always try to use it the term we're + + align:start position:0% +I always try to use it the term we're + + + align:start position:0% +I always try to use it the term we're +talking about stories but is it really + + align:start position:0% +talking about stories but is it really + + + align:start position:0% +talking about stories but is it really +storytelling and the thing is that + + align:start position:0% +storytelling and the thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling and the thing is that +technically games don't tell stories. + + align:start position:0% +technically games don't tell stories. + + + align:start position:0% +technically games don't tell stories. +You know, who's telling the story? Who's + + align:start position:0% +You know, who's telling the story? Who's + + + align:start position:0% +You know, who's telling the story? Who's +the narrator? You know, there might be + + align:start position:0% +the narrator? You know, there might be + + + align:start position:0% +the narrator? You know, there might be +games that have the kind of gimmick of + + align:start position:0% +games that have the kind of gimmick of + + + align:start position:0% +games that have the kind of gimmick of +having a narrator like um Prince of + + align:start position:0% +having a narrator like um Prince of + + + align:start position:0% +having a narrator like um Prince of +Persia Sands of Time. You know, when you + + align:start position:0% +Persia Sands of Time. You know, when you + + + align:start position:0% +Persia Sands of Time. You know, when you +make a mistake and you know, he's + + align:start position:0% +make a mistake and you know, he's + + + align:start position:0% +make a mistake and you know, he's +supposed to be telling what's happened + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be telling what's happened + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be telling what's happened +to him and it's like, "No, no, no, + + align:start position:0% +to him and it's like, "No, no, no, + + + align:start position:0% +to him and it's like, "No, no, no, +wait." You know, I No, no, no. That's + + align:start position:0% +wait." You know, I No, no, no. That's + + + align:start position:0% +wait." You know, I No, no, no. That's +not how it happened. Um but really in + + align:start position:0% +not how it happened. Um but really in + + + align:start position:0% +not how it happened. Um but really in +most games you know things again like + + align:start position:0% +most games you know things again like + + + align:start position:0% +most games you know things again like +Balders's Gate or Diablo or more + + align:start position:0% +Balders's Gate or Diablo or more + + + align:start position:0% +Balders's Gate or Diablo or more +recently like you know uh Mass Effect + + align:start position:0% +recently like you know uh Mass Effect + + + align:start position:0% +recently like you know uh Mass Effect +you know it's like what you know who is + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like what you know who is + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like what you know who is +the storyteller you know and and the the + + align:start position:0% +the storyteller you know and and the the + + + align:start position:0% +the storyteller you know and and the the +thing is that there are also different + + align:start position:0% +thing is that there are also different + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that there are also different +types of stories you know when we are + + align:start position:0% +types of stories you know when we are + + + align:start position:0% +types of stories you know when we are +interacting with the game what we're + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the game what we're + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the game what we're +doing is is performing and as we perform + + align:start position:0% +doing is is performing and as we perform + + + align:start position:0% +doing is is performing and as we perform +we're creating a story there's a story + + align:start position:0% +we're creating a story there's a story + + + align:start position:0% +we're creating a story there's a story +that has been maybe prepared for us you + + align:start position:0% +that has been maybe prepared for us you + + + align:start position:0% +that has been maybe prepared for us you +know kind of going back to the munchkin + + align:start position:0% +know kind of going back to the munchkin + + + align:start position:0% +know kind of going back to the munchkin +thing, you know, in every card we have a + + align:start position:0% +thing, you know, in every card we have a + + + align:start position:0% +thing, you know, in every card we have a +bit of the story and um and we are kind + + align:start position:0% +bit of the story and um and we are kind + + + align:start position:0% +bit of the story and um and we are kind +of like we are putting it together like + + align:start position:0% +of like we are putting it together like + + + align:start position:0% +of like we are putting it together like +laying it out. Um so so the game + + align:start position:0% +laying it out. Um so so the game + + + align:start position:0% +laying it out. Um so so the game +designers have designed each game you + + align:start position:0% +designers have designed each game you + + + align:start position:0% +designers have designed each game you +know each chunk of the story what are + + align:start position:0% +know each chunk of the story what are + + + align:start position:0% +know each chunk of the story what are +the cues that we're giving the player + + align:start position:0% +the cues that we're giving the player + + + align:start position:0% +the cues that we're giving the player +but then there's also what us as player + + align:start position:0% +but then there's also what us as player + + + align:start position:0% +but then there's also what us as player +are are bringing to the to the game you + + align:start position:0% +are are bringing to the to the game you + + + align:start position:0% +are are bringing to the to the game you +know as I was saying before you know + + align:start position:0% +know as I was saying before you know + + + align:start position:0% +know as I was saying before you know +there's part that is the game itself + + align:start position:0% +there's part that is the game itself + + + align:start position:0% +there's part that is the game itself +telling its story and the other is what + + align:start position:0% +telling its story and the other is what + + + align:start position:0% +telling its story and the other is what +we're invoking what we are having the + + align:start position:0% +we're invoking what we are having the + + + align:start position:0% +we're invoking what we are having the +player uh bring uh to the game you know + + align:start position:0% +player uh bring uh to the game you know + + + align:start position:0% +player uh bring uh to the game you know +is the story happening in the player's + + align:start position:0% +is the story happening in the player's + + + align:start position:0% +is the story happening in the player's +head so what I like to say is that it's + + align:start position:0% +head so what I like to say is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +head so what I like to say is that it's +not really storytelling it's about story + + align:start position:0% +not really storytelling it's about story + + + align:start position:0% +not really storytelling it's about story +building and as game designers we are + + align:start position:0% +building and as game designers we are + + + align:start position:0% +building and as game designers we are +designing those little chunks you know + + align:start position:0% +designing those little chunks you know + + + align:start position:0% +designing those little chunks you know +or we are uh creating stories that are + + align:start position:0% +or we are uh creating stories that are + + + align:start position:0% +or we are uh creating stories that are +uh that are meant to be reconstructed + + align:start position:0% +uh that are meant to be reconstructed + + + align:start position:0% +uh that are meant to be reconstructed +that are meant to be together. Uh so the + + align:start position:0% +that are meant to be together. Uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +that are meant to be together. Uh so the +difference between storytelling and + + align:start position:0% +difference between storytelling and + + + align:start position:0% +difference between storytelling and +story building you know basically when + + align:start position:0% +story building you know basically when + + + align:start position:0% +story building you know basically when +we have storytelling we have somebody + + align:start position:0% +we have storytelling we have somebody + + + align:start position:0% +we have storytelling we have somebody +who's narrating or uh you know maybe + + align:start position:0% +who's narrating or uh you know maybe + + + align:start position:0% +who's narrating or uh you know maybe +there's some uh uh someone who's + + align:start position:0% +there's some uh uh someone who's + + + align:start position:0% +there's some uh uh someone who's +enacting what's happened. of things like + + align:start position:0% +enacting what's happened. of things like + + + align:start position:0% +enacting what's happened. of things like +theater for example but it's continuous + + align:start position:0% +theater for example but it's continuous + + + align:start position:0% +theater for example but it's continuous +it's something that just happens and you + + align:start position:0% +it's something that just happens and you + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that just happens and you +know is not is not fragmented which is + + align:start position:0% +know is not is not fragmented which is + + + align:start position:0% +know is not is not fragmented which is +what what story building needs you know + + align:start position:0% +what what story building needs you know + + + align:start position:0% +what what story building needs you know +we have something that is as has already + + align:start position:0% +we have something that is as has already + + + align:start position:0% +we have something that is as has already +happened you know is communicated one + + align:start position:0% +happened you know is communicated one + + + align:start position:0% +happened you know is communicated one +way uh and how what those events are and + + align:start position:0% +way uh and how what those events are and + + + align:start position:0% +way uh and how what those events are and +what order they're told that's + + align:start position:0% +what order they're told that's + + + align:start position:0% +what order they're told that's +determined by the author. If we think + + align:start position:0% +determined by the author. If we think + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the author. If we think +about stories and how stories apply to + + align:start position:0% +about stories and how stories apply to + + + align:start position:0% +about stories and how stories apply to +games in terms of story building, we're + + align:start position:0% +games in terms of story building, we're + + + align:start position:0% +games in terms of story building, we're +talking about fragmented stories. You + + align:start position:0% +talking about fragmented stories. You + + + align:start position:0% +talking about fragmented stories. You +know, stories in pieces, stories that we + + align:start position:0% +know, stories in pieces, stories that we + + + align:start position:0% +know, stories in pieces, stories that we +have to put together like a puzzle. And + + align:start position:0% +have to put together like a puzzle. And + + + align:start position:0% +have to put together like a puzzle. And +you know, we're game designers. We make + + align:start position:0% +you know, we're game designers. We make + + + align:start position:0% +you know, we're game designers. We make +puzzles. That's one of the many things + + align:start position:0% +puzzles. That's one of the many things + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles. That's one of the many things +that we can do. Uh what those fragments + + align:start position:0% +that we can do. Uh what those fragments + + + align:start position:0% +that we can do. Uh what those fragments +are, how we were giving cues to the + + align:start position:0% +are, how we were giving cues to the + + + align:start position:0% +are, how we were giving cues to the +player to put together those fragments + + align:start position:0% +player to put together those fragments + + + align:start position:0% +player to put together those fragments +or to come up with their own ways of of + + align:start position:0% +or to come up with their own ways of of + + + align:start position:0% +or to come up with their own ways of of +coming up with the story. Um, in a way + + align:start position:0% +coming up with the story. Um, in a way + + + align:start position:0% +coming up with the story. Um, in a way +it's a kind of collaboration between the + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of collaboration between the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of collaboration between the +the designer and the player because we + + align:start position:0% +the designer and the player because we + + + align:start position:0% +the designer and the player because we +rely on the player to put this story + + align:start position:0% +rely on the player to put this story + + + align:start position:0% +rely on the player to put this story +together to come up with their own ways + + align:start position:0% +together to come up with their own ways + + + align:start position:0% +together to come up with their own ways +of filling the gaps um to to really have + + align:start position:0% +of filling the gaps um to to really have + + + align:start position:0% +of filling the gaps um to to really have +a proactive role in figuring out what + + align:start position:0% +a proactive role in figuring out what + + + align:start position:0% +a proactive role in figuring out what +the story is uh and what the order of + + align:start position:0% +the story is uh and what the order of + + + align:start position:0% +the story is uh and what the order of +events is. I mean there are you guys + + align:start position:0% +events is. I mean there are you guys + + + align:start position:0% +events is. I mean there are you guys +have seen the the games of progression + + align:start position:0% +have seen the the games of progression + + + align:start position:0% +have seen the the games of progression +and games of emergence. + + align:start position:0% +and games of emergence. + + + align:start position:0% +and games of emergence. +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> Discuss that + + align:start position:0% +>> Discuss that + + + align:start position:0% +>> Discuss that +first. + + align:start position:0% +first. + + + align:start position:0% +first. +I'm trying to remember this. + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to remember this. + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to remember this. +>> It's like the very It's in the first + + align:start position:0% +>> It's like the very It's in the first + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's like the very It's in the first +chapter. + + align:start position:0% +chapter. + + + align:start position:0% +chapter. +>> I think we had actually did the the + + align:start position:0% +>> I think we had actually did the the + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think we had actually did the the +initial paper. + + align:start position:0% +initial paper. + + + align:start position:0% +initial paper. +>> Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. +>> Yeah. Yeah. We we had in the paper not + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. We we had in the paper not + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. We we had in the paper not +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +>> another + + align:start position:0% +>> another + + + align:start position:0% +>> another +basically the same. + + align:start position:0% +basically the same. + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same. +>> Okay. Yeah. No, cuz he he talked about + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Yeah. No, cuz he he talked about + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Yeah. No, cuz he he talked about +the same thing totally different places. + + align:start position:0% +the same thing totally different places. + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing totally different places. +Um so so yeah what what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +Um so so yeah what what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +Um so so yeah what what happens is that +you know at times there are games that + + align:start position:0% +you know at times there are games that + + + align:start position:0% +you know at times there are games that +have a specific order of events and + + align:start position:0% +have a specific order of events and + + + align:start position:0% +have a specific order of events and +there are certain adventure games like + + align:start position:0% +there are certain adventure games like + + + align:start position:0% +there are certain adventure games like +uh Siberia for example where you have to + + align:start position:0% +uh Siberia for example where you have to + + + align:start position:0% +uh Siberia for example where you have to +go through a very specific sequence of + + align:start position:0% +go through a very specific sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +go through a very specific sequence of +events and when you get to a scene it's + + align:start position:0% +events and when you get to a scene it's + + + align:start position:0% +events and when you get to a scene it's +like you have to do this uh things like + + align:start position:0% +like you have to do this uh things like + + + align:start position:0% +like you have to do this uh things like +um Dragon Slayer the the laser disc DVD + + align:start position:0% +um Dragon Slayer the the laser disc DVD + + + align:start position:0% +um Dragon Slayer the the laser disc DVD +like when you go to a place and you have + + align:start position:0% +like when you go to a place and you have + + + align:start position:0% +like when you go to a place and you have +to figure out what is the action that + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what is the action that + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what is the action that +you have to do and if you don't do it + + align:start position:0% +you have to do and if you don't do it + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do and if you don't do it +you're you know you die in horrible + + align:start position:0% +you're you know you die in horrible + + + align:start position:0% +you're you know you die in horrible +ways. Um so those are you know those are + + align:start position:0% +ways. Um so those are you know those are + + + align:start position:0% +ways. Um so those are you know those are +games that set the order of events very + + align:start position:0% +games that set the order of events very + + + align:start position:0% +games that set the order of events very +very specifically but most of the games + + align:start position:0% +very specifically but most of the games + + + align:start position:0% +very specifically but most of the games +tend to have some more flexibility. You + + align:start position:0% +tend to have some more flexibility. You + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have some more flexibility. You +know let the player explore the world. + + align:start position:0% +know let the player explore the world. + + + align:start position:0% +know let the player explore the world. +You know the things that happen in the + + align:start position:0% +You know the things that happen in the + + + align:start position:0% +You know the things that happen in the +world are generated by how the player is + + align:start position:0% +world are generated by how the player is + + + align:start position:0% +world are generated by how the player is +interacting with the world. So in RPGs + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the world. So in RPGs + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the world. So in RPGs +for example, depending on the RPG, there + + align:start position:0% +for example, depending on the RPG, there + + + align:start position:0% +for example, depending on the RPG, there +might be the main quests and the side + + align:start position:0% +might be the main quests and the side + + + align:start position:0% +might be the main quests and the side +quests and there might be flexibility in + + align:start position:0% +quests and there might be flexibility in + + + align:start position:0% +quests and there might be flexibility in +what order that happens or even how a + + align:start position:0% +what order that happens or even how a + + + align:start position:0% +what order that happens or even how a +player might solve a a specific quest in + + align:start position:0% +player might solve a a specific quest in + + + align:start position:0% +player might solve a a specific quest in +top tabletop. I don't know who here is + + align:start position:0% +top tabletop. I don't know who here is + + + align:start position:0% +top tabletop. I don't know who here is +has been uh dungeon master. Okay, a + + align:start position:0% +has been uh dungeon master. Okay, a + + + align:start position:0% +has been uh dungeon master. Okay, a +bunch of you. + + align:start position:0% +bunch of you. + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of you. +>> So everybody, + + align:start position:0% +>> So everybody, + + + align:start position:0% +>> So everybody, +>> okay, so we have the corner of the + + align:start position:0% +>> okay, so we have the corner of the + + + align:start position:0% +>> okay, so we have the corner of the +dungeon masters. So, you probably know + + align:start position:0% +dungeon masters. So, you probably know + + + align:start position:0% +dungeon masters. So, you probably know +that when you design a quest, you know, + + align:start position:0% +that when you design a quest, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +that when you design a quest, you know, +and then you you set it up and you have + + align:start position:0% +and then you you set it up and you have + + + align:start position:0% +and then you you set it up and you have +your players and then your players come + + align:start position:0% +your players and then your players come + + + align:start position:0% +your players and then your players come +up with totally different ways of + + align:start position:0% +up with totally different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +up with totally different ways of +tackling your quest you had never come + + align:start position:0% +tackling your quest you had never come + + + align:start position:0% +tackling your quest you had never come +up with and you have to improvise and + + align:start position:0% +up with and you have to improvise and + + + align:start position:0% +up with and you have to improvise and +trying to, you know, like you're + + align:start position:0% +trying to, you know, like you're + + + align:start position:0% +trying to, you know, like you're +building the rails as they're moving. + + align:start position:0% +building the rails as they're moving. + + + align:start position:0% +building the rails as they're moving. +You know, it's kind of like, you know, + + align:start position:0% +You know, it's kind of like, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +You know, it's kind of like, you know, +trying to anticipate what they're going + + align:start position:0% +trying to anticipate what they're going + + + align:start position:0% +trying to anticipate what they're going +to do. Um, so so that's we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +to do. Um, so so that's we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +to do. Um, so so that's we're trying to +get that into video games, too, but but + + align:start position:0% +get that into video games, too, but but + + + align:start position:0% +get that into video games, too, but but +we don't have the improvisational + + align:start position:0% +we don't have the improvisational + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have the improvisational +capacity built in in computers yet. Uh + + align:start position:0% +capacity built in in computers yet. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +capacity built in in computers yet. Uh +but but as you see it's kind of like we + + align:start position:0% +but but as you see it's kind of like we + + + align:start position:0% +but but as you see it's kind of like we +the game or the dungeon master as + + align:start position:0% +the game or the dungeon master as + + + align:start position:0% +the game or the dungeon master as +dungeon masters we're responding to the + + align:start position:0% +dungeon masters we're responding to the + + + align:start position:0% +dungeon masters we're responding to the +actions of the player. Does it make + + align:start position:0% +actions of the player. Does it make + + + align:start position:0% +actions of the player. Does it make +sense? And then there are you know we + + align:start position:0% +sense? And then there are you know we + + + align:start position:0% +sense? And then there are you know we +where we're talking about story building + + align:start position:0% +where we're talking about story building + + + align:start position:0% +where we're talking about story building +there are games as I was saying that are + + align:start position:0% +there are games as I was saying that are + + + align:start position:0% +there are games as I was saying that are +about story building where the challenge + + align:start position:0% +about story building where the challenge + + + align:start position:0% +about story building where the challenge +is constructing a story improvising as + + align:start position:0% +is constructing a story improvising as + + + align:start position:0% +is constructing a story improvising as +you as you go. You know you're given + + align:start position:0% +you as you go. You know you're given + + + align:start position:0% +you as you go. You know you're given +chunks and you have to be able to be a + + align:start position:0% +chunks and you have to be able to be a + + + align:start position:0% +chunks and you have to be able to be a +storyteller. Uh but you'll play that + + align:start position:0% +storyteller. Uh but you'll play that + + + align:start position:0% +storyteller. Uh but you'll play that +these later. + + align:start position:0% +these later. + + + align:start position:0% +these later. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +we've actually talked about this before. + + align:start position:0% +we've actually talked about this before. + + + align:start position:0% +we've actually talked about this before. +So, when we're talking about building + + align:start position:0% +So, when we're talking about building + + + align:start position:0% +So, when we're talking about building +the fictional world of of the game, you + + align:start position:0% +the fictional world of of the game, you + + + align:start position:0% +the fictional world of of the game, you +know, I'm going I'm going to go through + + align:start position:0% +know, I'm going I'm going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +know, I'm going I'm going to go through +through this a bit um fast. We have + + align:start position:0% +through this a bit um fast. We have + + + align:start position:0% +through this a bit um fast. We have +until 4:30, right? Yes. Okay. Uh, so + + align:start position:0% +until 4:30, right? Yes. Okay. Uh, so + + + align:start position:0% +until 4:30, right? Yes. Okay. Uh, so +there are also very minimal ways in + + align:start position:0% +there are also very minimal ways in + + + align:start position:0% +there are also very minimal ways in +which we can, you know, construct our + + align:start position:0% +which we can, you know, construct our + + + align:start position:0% +which we can, you know, construct our +fiction. uh and these are lessons that + + align:start position:0% +fiction. uh and these are lessons that + + + align:start position:0% +fiction. uh and these are lessons that +I've taken from digital games but if you + + align:start position:0% +I've taken from digital games but if you + + + align:start position:0% +I've taken from digital games but if you +think about it many of these also apply + + align:start position:0% +think about it many of these also apply + + + align:start position:0% +think about it many of these also apply +to uh non-digital games uh so for + + align:start position:0% +to uh non-digital games uh so for + + + align:start position:0% +to uh non-digital games uh so for +example we have um the title of a game + + align:start position:0% +example we have um the title of a game + + + align:start position:0% +example we have um the title of a game +can tell us you know something about the + + align:start position:0% +can tell us you know something about the + + + align:start position:0% +can tell us you know something about the +fictional world right so come what about + + align:start position:0% +fictional world right so come what about + + + align:start position:0% +fictional world right so come what about +uh board games or card games how do the + + align:start position:0% +uh board games or card games how do the + + + align:start position:0% +uh board games or card games how do the +titles build the fictional world + + align:start position:0% +titles build the fictional world + + + align:start position:0% +titles build the fictional world +>> the board game Mafia Wars is pretty + + align:start position:0% +>> the board game Mafia Wars is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +>> the board game Mafia Wars is pretty +clear about with that + + align:start position:0% +clear about with that + + + align:start position:0% +clear about with that +>> there you go so that's a way It's + + align:start position:0% +>> there you go so that's a way It's + + + align:start position:0% +>> there you go so that's a way It's +evoking certain things like the title + + align:start position:0% +evoking certain things like the title + + + align:start position:0% +evoking certain things like the title +can evoke a world on itself and also + + align:start position:0% +can evoke a world on itself and also + + + align:start position:0% +can evoke a world on itself and also +certain situations. So we hear mafia + + align:start position:0% +certain situations. So we hear mafia + + + align:start position:0% +certain situations. So we hear mafia +wars is about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> there's different factions. + + align:start position:0% +>> there's different factions. + + + align:start position:0% +>> there's different factions. +>> There's going + + align:start position:0% +>> There's going + + + align:start position:0% +>> There's going +>> there's going to be betrayal probably, + + align:start position:0% +>> there's going to be betrayal probably, + + + align:start position:0% +>> there's going to be betrayal probably, +you know, shooting down people in + + align:start position:0% +you know, shooting down people in + + + align:start position:0% +you know, shooting down people in +horrible ways. + + align:start position:0% +horrible ways. + + + align:start position:0% +horrible ways. +>> Pretty much any licensed game. + + align:start position:0% +>> Pretty much any licensed game. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Pretty much any licensed game. +>> Any licensed game. Yes. There were types + + align:start position:0% +>> Any licensed game. Yes. There were types + + + align:start position:0% +>> Any licensed game. Yes. There were types +of you know things like versions of + + align:start position:0% +of you know things like versions of + + + align:start position:0% +of you know things like versions of +Monopoly or true pursuit that it's kind + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly or true pursuit that it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly or true pursuit that it's kind +of like is that + + align:start position:0% +of like is that + + + align:start position:0% +of like is that +>> Star Wars + + align:start position:0% +>> Star Wars + + + align:start position:0% +>> Star Wars +>> Star Wars everything + + align:start position:0% +>> Star Wars everything + + + align:start position:0% +>> Star Wars everything +>> risk it's a kind of broad + + align:start position:0% +>> risk it's a kind of broad + + + align:start position:0% +>> risk it's a kind of broad +>> and there are also skinningings of risk + + align:start position:0% +>> and there are also skinningings of risk + + + align:start position:0% +>> and there are also skinningings of risk +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +>> there like + + align:start position:0% +>> there like + + + align:start position:0% +>> there like +>> Lord of the Rings + + align:start position:0% +>> Lord of the Rings + + + align:start position:0% +>> Lord of the Rings +>> Lord of the Rings everything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I don't know + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know +>> I've seen like so many this god which + + align:start position:0% +>> I've seen like so many this god which + + + align:start position:0% +>> I've seen like so many this god which +takes place back in like it's like + + align:start position:0% +takes place back in like it's like + + + align:start position:0% +takes place back in like it's like +mythological. + + align:start position:0% +mythological. + + + align:start position:0% +mythological. +>> Yeah. What other apart from franchises, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. What other apart from franchises, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. What other apart from franchises, +what other title? Sorry. + + align:start position:0% +what other title? Sorry. + + + align:start position:0% +what other title? Sorry. +>> The settlers of katan. + + align:start position:0% +>> The settlers of katan. + + + align:start position:0% +>> The settlers of katan. +>> Settlers of katan which is evoking + + align:start position:0% +>> Settlers of katan which is evoking + + + align:start position:0% +>> Settlers of katan which is evoking +>> settling + + align:start position:0% +>> settling + + + align:start position:0% +>> settling +building cities + + align:start position:0% +building cities + + + align:start position:0% +building cities +>> building. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Yeah. I mean it's kind of who you + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean it's kind of who you + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean it's kind of who you +talking to. + + align:start position:0% +talking to. + + + align:start position:0% +talking to. +>> Chinatown. + + align:start position:0% +>> Chinatown. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Chinatown. +>> Chinatown. + + align:start position:0% +>> Chinatown. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Chinatown. +>> It's set from Chinatown. + + align:start position:0% +>> It's set from Chinatown. + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's set from Chinatown. +>> And what do you do? + + align:start position:0% +>> And what do you do? + + + align:start position:0% +>> And what do you do? +You build businesses that are + + align:start position:0% +You build businesses that are + + + align:start position:0% +You build businesses that are +stereotypically associated with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> one title. It's not only we're evoking a + + align:start position:0% +>> one title. It's not only we're evoking a + + + align:start position:0% +>> one title. It's not only we're evoking a +world, but we can also invoke rules. + + align:start position:0% +world, but we can also invoke rules. + + + align:start position:0% +world, but we can also invoke rules. +What do you have to do here? So if mafia + + align:start position:0% +What do you have to do here? So if mafia + + + align:start position:0% +What do you have to do here? So if mafia +were to kill people, you know, don't + + align:start position:0% +were to kill people, you know, don't + + + align:start position:0% +were to kill people, you know, don't +settle jobs and longer. + + align:start position:0% +settle jobs and longer. + + + align:start position:0% +settle jobs and longer. +>> Uh but you're already implying what some + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh but you're already implying what some + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh but you're already implying what some +of the rules are, what the game is + + align:start position:0% +of the rules are, what the game is + + + align:start position:0% +of the rules are, what the game is +about. Um which is what is important + + align:start position:0% +about. Um which is what is important + + + align:start position:0% +about. Um which is what is important +here. And and again, you know, Seren + + align:start position:0% +here. And and again, you know, Seren + + + align:start position:0% +here. And and again, you know, Seren +Johnson calls attention to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +Johnson calls attention to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +Johnson calls attention to the fact that +if you say if you're announcing that + + align:start position:0% +if you say if you're announcing that + + + align:start position:0% +if you say if you're announcing that +your game is about something in this + + align:start position:0% +your game is about something in this + + + align:start position:0% +your game is about something in this +trench booklet that people might not + + align:start position:0% +trench booklet that people might not + + + align:start position:0% +trench booklet that people might not +always read or at least the part that + + align:start position:0% +always read or at least the part that + + + align:start position:0% +always read or at least the part that +people don't read, you know, you should + + align:start position:0% +people don't read, you know, you should + + + align:start position:0% +people don't read, you know, you should +you should um follow up on that because + + align:start position:0% +you should um follow up on that because + + + align:start position:0% +you should um follow up on that because +it's kind of helping. He's giving cues + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of helping. He's giving cues + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of helping. He's giving cues +to the player about how is the story of + + align:start position:0% +to the player about how is the story of + + + align:start position:0% +to the player about how is the story of +the game going to build up. you know + + align:start position:0% +the game going to build up. you know + + + align:start position:0% +the game going to build up. you know +what is the cue you I like talking about + + align:start position:0% +what is the cue you I like talking about + + + align:start position:0% +what is the cue you I like talking about +giving cues to the player a lot because + + align:start position:0% +giving cues to the player a lot because + + + align:start position:0% +giving cues to the player a lot because +I come from theater and and is a is a + + align:start position:0% +I come from theater and and is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +I come from theater and and is a is a +very intuitive way of understanding it's + + align:start position:0% +very intuitive way of understanding it's + + + align:start position:0% +very intuitive way of understanding it's +not about us telling the story it's + + align:start position:0% +not about us telling the story it's + + + align:start position:0% +not about us telling the story it's +about helping the player construct the + + align:start position:0% +about helping the player construct the + + + align:start position:0% +about helping the player construct the +story so I have two examples from from + + align:start position:0% +story so I have two examples from from + + + align:start position:0% +story so I have two examples from from +video games that I really like about how + + align:start position:0% +video games that I really like about how + + + align:start position:0% +video games that I really like about how +to to build a fictional world with with + + align:start position:0% +to to build a fictional world with with + + + align:start position:0% +to to build a fictional world with with +a title I mean one obvious one in in + + align:start position:0% +a title I mean one obvious one in in + + + align:start position:0% +a title I mean one obvious one in in +video games is Space Invaders right + + align:start position:0% +video games is Space Invaders right + + + align:start position:0% +video games is Space Invaders right +Space Invaders means we're on Earth + + align:start position:0% +Space Invaders means we're on Earth + + + align:start position:0% +Space Invaders means we're on Earth +>> and they're invaders from space that we + + align:start position:0% +>> and they're invaders from space that we + + + align:start position:0% +>> and they're invaders from space that we +probably have to fight. + + align:start position:0% +probably have to fight. + + + align:start position:0% +probably have to fight. +>> Invading our space. + + align:start position:0% +>> Invading our space. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Invading our space. +>> Another good one. Zombies ain't my + + align:start position:0% +>> Another good one. Zombies ain't my + + + align:start position:0% +>> Another good one. Zombies ain't my +neighbors. There's a whole story right + + align:start position:0% +neighbors. There's a whole story right + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors. There's a whole story right +there. So, what's the story of this + + align:start position:0% +there. So, what's the story of this + + + align:start position:0% +there. So, what's the story of this +game? + + align:start position:0% +game? + + + align:start position:0% +game? +>> Zombies a neighbor. So, what do I do in + + align:start position:0% +>> Zombies a neighbor. So, what do I do in + + + align:start position:0% +>> Zombies a neighbor. So, what do I do in +this game? + + align:start position:0% +this game? + + + align:start position:0% +this game? +>> Zombies. + + align:start position:0% +>> Zombies. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Zombies. +>> So, probably killing zombies. + + align:start position:0% +>> So, probably killing zombies. + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, probably killing zombies. +>> Zombies eating my neighbors. So, zombies + + align:start position:0% +>> Zombies eating my neighbors. So, zombies + + + align:start position:0% +>> Zombies eating my neighbors. So, zombies +could have eaten my neighbors and then + + align:start position:0% +could have eaten my neighbors and then + + + align:start position:0% +could have eaten my neighbors and then +just left. + + align:start position:0% +just left. + + + align:start position:0% +just left. +>> Maybe the zombies are your neighbors. + + align:start position:0% +>> Maybe the zombies are your neighbors. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Maybe the zombies are your neighbors. +>> Yeah. Oh, maybe you have to kill your + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Oh, maybe you have to kill your + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Oh, maybe you have to kill your +neighbors too now. + + align:start position:0% +neighbors too now. + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors too now. +>> Um, if there's anything left because + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, if there's anything left because + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, if there's anything left because +they hit them. Um, but it's, you know, + + align:start position:0% +they hit them. Um, but it's, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +they hit them. Um, but it's, you know, +like this is building like a whole, you + + align:start position:0% +like this is building like a whole, you + + + align:start position:0% +like this is building like a whole, you +know, situation. What do I have to do? + + align:start position:0% +know, situation. What do I have to do? + + + align:start position:0% +know, situation. What do I have to do? +Okay, zombies, walking zombies, I'm + + align:start position:0% +Okay, zombies, walking zombies, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, zombies, walking zombies, I'm +sure. Or run away from the neighbors. I + + align:start position:0% +sure. Or run away from the neighbors. I + + + align:start position:0% +sure. Or run away from the neighbors. I +>> mean, the fact that you have neighbors + + align:start position:0% +>> mean, the fact that you have neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +>> mean, the fact that you have neighbors +implies that there's a neighborhood, + + align:start position:0% +implies that there's a neighborhood, + + + align:start position:0% +implies that there's a neighborhood, +right? It's not like a military zombie + + align:start position:0% +right? It's not like a military zombie + + + align:start position:0% +right? It's not like a military zombie +shooter. + + align:start position:0% +shooter. + + + align:start position:0% +shooter. +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> Yeah. It's not rested. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. It's not rested. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. It's not rested. +>> It looks vaguely like 50s. + + align:start position:0% +>> It looks vaguely like 50s. + + + align:start position:0% +>> It looks vaguely like 50s. +>> Yeah. I'm not sure about that. I think + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I'm not sure about that. I think + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I'm not sure about that. I think +this is like a Genesis game. + + align:start position:0% +this is like a Genesis game. + + + align:start position:0% +this is like a Genesis game. +I was just looking at the old like 50s. + + align:start position:0% +I was just looking at the old like 50s. + + + align:start position:0% +I was just looking at the old like 50s. +>> I mean, hearkening back to the movies of + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, hearkening back to the movies of + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, hearkening back to the movies of +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Uh, another great title that I found not + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, another great title that I found not + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, another great title that I found not +long ago, Earth Dies Screaming. + + align:start position:0% +long ago, Earth Dies Screaming. + + + align:start position:0% +long ago, Earth Dies Screaming. +>> Wow. which is actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> is the title is from a 70s British movie + + align:start position:0% +>> is the title is from a 70s British movie + + + align:start position:0% +>> is the title is from a 70s British movie +uh that I think has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +uh that I think has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +uh that I think has nothing to do with +the game. This is another it's like + + align:start position:0% +the game. This is another it's like + + + align:start position:0% +the game. This is another it's like +Space Invaders in a way. You are + + align:start position:0% +Space Invaders in a way. You are + + + align:start position:0% +Space Invaders in a way. You are +defending the Earth. It kind of like + + align:start position:0% +defending the Earth. It kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +defending the Earth. It kind of like +looks like that. Um you have your + + align:start position:0% +looks like that. Um you have your + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that. Um you have your +spaceship and you have a one of the + + align:start position:0% +spaceship and you have a one of the + + + align:start position:0% +spaceship and you have a one of the +invaders and you have to you just + + align:start position:0% +invaders and you have to you just + + + align:start position:0% +invaders and you have to you just +destroy it before it lands on Earth. Um, + + align:start position:0% +destroy it before it lands on Earth. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +destroy it before it lands on Earth. Um, +but again, you know, it kind of it's + + align:start position:0% +but again, you know, it kind of it's + + + align:start position:0% +but again, you know, it kind of it's +very evocative. I mean, it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +very evocative. I mean, it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +very evocative. I mean, it's kind of +more memorable than Space Invaders in a + + align:start position:0% +more memorable than Space Invaders in a + + + align:start position:0% +more memorable than Space Invaders in a +way. Uh, because it's kind of like, + + align:start position:0% +way. Uh, because it's kind of like, + + + align:start position:0% +way. Uh, because it's kind of like, +okay, there's people attacking Earth, + + align:start position:0% +okay, there's people attacking Earth, + + + align:start position:0% +okay, there's people attacking Earth, +whoever it is, and this is going to end + + align:start position:0% +whoever it is, and this is going to end + + + align:start position:0% +whoever it is, and this is going to end +badly. That's another thing that Space + + align:start position:0% +badly. That's another thing that Space + + + align:start position:0% +badly. That's another thing that Space +Invaders are things like Miscommand and + + align:start position:0% +Invaders are things like Miscommand and + + + align:start position:0% +Invaders are things like Miscommand and +all those arcade games that didn't have + + align:start position:0% +all those arcade games that didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +all those arcade games that didn't have +an ending. You know, in this, you know, + + align:start position:0% +an ending. You know, in this, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +an ending. You know, in this, you know, +the ending, you know, you cannot really + + align:start position:0% +the ending, you know, you cannot really + + + align:start position:0% +the ending, you know, you cannot really +save Earth. It's really it's really uh + + align:start position:0% +save Earth. It's really it's really uh + + + align:start position:0% +save Earth. It's really it's really uh +ominous in a way. Uh but again like you + + align:start position:0% +ominous in a way. Uh but again like you + + + align:start position:0% +ominous in a way. Uh but again like you +have a whole world you have a whole + + align:start position:0% +have a whole world you have a whole + + + align:start position:0% +have a whole world you have a whole +situation is about in the title and it's + + align:start position:0% +situation is about in the title and it's + + + align:start position:0% +situation is about in the title and it's +also very memorable. I really like this + + align:start position:0% +also very memorable. I really like this + + + align:start position:0% +also very memorable. I really like this +title. Um, another way in which we can + + align:start position:0% +title. Um, another way in which we can + + + align:start position:0% +title. Um, another way in which we can +give cues to um to players to build + + align:start position:0% +give cues to um to players to build + + + align:start position:0% +give cues to um to players to build +worlds. And I had more of this, but but + + align:start position:0% +worlds. And I had more of this, but but + + + align:start position:0% +worlds. And I had more of this, but but +this applies more to um this applies + + align:start position:0% +this applies more to um this applies + + + align:start position:0% +this applies more to um this applies +more to video games than to board games, + + align:start position:0% +more to video games than to board games, + + + align:start position:0% +more to video games than to board games, +card games, you know, and even role + + align:start position:0% +card games, you know, and even role + + + align:start position:0% +card games, you know, and even role +playing games. uh is character design + + align:start position:0% +playing games. uh is character design + + + align:start position:0% +playing games. uh is character design +because when we are making and and you + + align:start position:0% +because when we are making and and you + + + align:start position:0% +because when we are making and and you +know tell me from your own experience + + align:start position:0% +know tell me from your own experience + + + align:start position:0% +know tell me from your own experience +but when you're making nondigital games + + align:start position:0% +but when you're making nondigital games + + + align:start position:0% +but when you're making nondigital games +and even when you're making when you're + + align:start position:0% +and even when you're making when you're + + + align:start position:0% +and even when you're making when you're +preparing your uh Dungeons and Dragons + + align:start position:0% +preparing your uh Dungeons and Dragons + + + align:start position:0% +preparing your uh Dungeons and Dragons +campaign you don't really come up with + + align:start position:0% +campaign you don't really come up with + + + align:start position:0% +campaign you don't really come up with +the characters the characters is + + align:start position:0% +the characters the characters is + + + align:start position:0% +the characters the characters is +something that the player brings for + + align:start position:0% +something that the player brings for + + + align:start position:0% +something that the player brings for +card games. If you have any examples + + align:start position:0% +card games. If you have any examples + + + align:start position:0% +card games. If you have any examples +that are counter examples for this + + align:start position:0% +that are counter examples for this + + + align:start position:0% +that are counter examples for this +please let me know. Um but character + + align:start position:0% +please let me know. Um but character + + + align:start position:0% +please let me know. Um but character +design is not something that you do so + + align:start position:0% +design is not something that you do so + + + align:start position:0% +design is not something that you do so +much in non digital games. If you do you + + align:start position:0% +much in non digital games. If you do you + + + align:start position:0% +much in non digital games. If you do you +have any examples of that? + + align:start position:0% +have any examples of that? + + + align:start position:0% +have any examples of that? +>> Do the NPCs + + align:start position:0% +>> Do the NPCs + + + align:start position:0% +>> Do the NPCs +>> design? + + align:start position:0% +>> design? + + + align:start position:0% +>> design? +>> Yeah, in a way. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, in a way. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, in a way. Yes. +>> I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +>> I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +>> I was thinking +Arkham Horror and other games where you + + align:start position:0% +Arkham Horror and other games where you + + + align:start position:0% +Arkham Horror and other games where you +kind of have a character role which is + + align:start position:0% +kind of have a character role which is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of have a character role which is +assigned to you and often they have a + + align:start position:0% +assigned to you and often they have a + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to you and often they have a +backstory in Arkham Horror bio on the + + align:start position:0% +backstory in Arkham Horror bio on the + + + align:start position:0% +backstory in Arkham Horror bio on the +back or what have you. + + align:start position:0% +back or what have you. + + + align:start position:0% +back or what have you. +>> Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. +>> Yeah. I was going to say like um the the + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I was going to say like um the the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I was going to say like um the the +game where you're trying to clue clue + + align:start position:0% +game where you're trying to clue clue + + + align:start position:0% +game where you're trying to clue clue +where you have like a you choose a + + align:start position:0% +where you have like a you choose a + + + align:start position:0% +where you have like a you choose a +character and they all have their + + align:start position:0% +character and they all have their + + + align:start position:0% +character and they all have their +swords. I'm sure it's similar. Mhm. The + + align:start position:0% +swords. I'm sure it's similar. Mhm. The + + + align:start position:0% +swords. I'm sure it's similar. Mhm. The +things like are you as a player are you + + align:start position:0% +things like are you as a player are you + + + align:start position:0% +things like are you as a player are you +really involved with those characters? + + align:start position:0% +really involved with those characters? + + + align:start position:0% +really involved with those characters? +>> Okay. So I can think of one game which + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So I can think of one game which + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So I can think of one game which +is an example where you are and it's + + align:start position:0% +is an example where you are and it's + + + align:start position:0% +is an example where you are and it's +called Android. + + align:start position:0% +called Android. + + + align:start position:0% +called Android. +>> Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. +>> This is an uh this game was released I + + align:start position:0% +>> This is an uh this game was released I + + + align:start position:0% +>> This is an uh this game was released I +think two years ago now. And part of the + + align:start position:0% +think two years ago now. And part of the + + + align:start position:0% +think two years ago now. And part of the +actually you should probably play it. + + align:start position:0% +actually you should probably play it. + + + align:start position:0% +actually you should probably play it. +Um, part of part of the point is that it + + align:start position:0% +Um, part of part of the point is that it + + + align:start position:0% +Um, part of part of the point is that it +was trying to include like elements of + + align:start position:0% +was trying to include like elements of + + + align:start position:0% +was trying to include like elements of +resolving characters personal stories + + align:start position:0% +resolving characters personal stories + + + align:start position:0% +resolving characters personal stories +through mechanics in the game. + + align:start position:0% +through mechanics in the game. + + + align:start position:0% +through mechanics in the game. +>> Oh, yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, yeah. +>> So, you're actually you're kind of + + align:start position:0% +>> So, you're actually you're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, you're actually you're kind of +you're kind of living you're kind of + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of living you're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of living you're kind of +playing through this choose your own + + align:start position:0% +playing through this choose your own + + + align:start position:0% +playing through this choose your own +adventurish type scenario. Um, and the + + align:start position:0% +adventurish type scenario. Um, and the + + + align:start position:0% +adventurish type scenario. Um, and the +choices that you make throughout the + + align:start position:0% +choices that you make throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +choices that you make throughout the +game influence like what directions your + + align:start position:0% +game influence like what directions your + + + align:start position:0% +game influence like what directions your +character's personal story arc takes + + align:start position:0% +character's personal story arc takes + + + align:start position:0% +character's personal story arc takes +>> a very good game. But + + align:start position:0% +>> a very good game. But + + + align:start position:0% +>> a very good game. But +it's interesting. + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting. +>> Yeah. So, so there are the what I'm + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So, so there are the what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So, so there are the what I'm +trying to get at here is that, you know, + + align:start position:0% +trying to get at here is that, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get at here is that, you know, +at times the characters are and again, + + align:start position:0% +at times the characters are and again, + + + align:start position:0% +at times the characters are and again, +you know, evoking actions, evoking + + align:start position:0% +you know, evoking actions, evoking + + + align:start position:0% +you know, evoking actions, evoking +certain emotions to it. things of that + + align:start position:0% +certain emotions to it. things of that + + + align:start position:0% +certain emotions to it. things of that +detachment with with non-digital games + + align:start position:0% +detachment with with non-digital games + + + align:start position:0% +detachment with with non-digital games +with role playing games is different but + + align:start position:0% +with role playing games is different but + + + align:start position:0% +with role playing games is different but +again when you're building your own + + align:start position:0% +again when you're building your own + + + align:start position:0% +again when you're building your own +character in role playing you have an + + align:start position:0% +character in role playing you have an + + + align:start position:0% +character in role playing you have an +investment but you're making it yourself + + align:start position:0% +investment but you're making it yourself + + + align:start position:0% +investment but you're making it yourself +I'm talking more on the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking more on the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking more on the point of view of +the designer here + + align:start position:0% +the designer here + + + align:start position:0% +the designer here +>> so another I guess game game again + + align:start position:0% +>> so another I guess game game again + + + align:start position:0% +>> so another I guess game game again +Battlestar Galactica you are assigning a + + align:start position:0% +Battlestar Galactica you are assigning a + + + align:start position:0% +Battlestar Galactica you are assigning a +character and if you know that like if + + align:start position:0% +character and if you know that like if + + + align:start position:0% +character and if you know that like if +you know Battlestar Galactica you're + + align:start position:0% +you know Battlestar Galactica you're + + + align:start position:0% +you know Battlestar Galactica you're +probably going to go for certain + + align:start position:0% +probably going to go for certain + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to go for certain +characters cuz like I that character is + + align:start position:0% +characters cuz like I that character is + + + align:start position:0% +characters cuz like I that character is +hilarious. I want to be him or I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +hilarious. I want to be him or I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +hilarious. I want to be him or I'm gonna +be Starbucks. Starbucks's awesome. And + + align:start position:0% +be Starbucks. Starbucks's awesome. And + + + align:start position:0% +be Starbucks. Starbucks's awesome. And +so, and then each one each player + + align:start position:0% +so, and then each one each player + + + align:start position:0% +so, and then each one each player +actually also has certain traits which + + align:start position:0% +actually also has certain traits which + + + align:start position:0% +actually also has certain traits which +are characteristic of their um the + + align:start position:0% +are characteristic of their um the + + + align:start position:0% +are characteristic of their um the +player in the show like Tai. He's an + + align:start position:0% +player in the show like Tai. He's an + + + align:start position:0% +player in the show like Tai. He's an +alcoholic. So, there's a certain + + align:start position:0% +alcoholic. So, there's a certain + + + align:start position:0% +alcoholic. So, there's a certain +negative tribute to him if you are in + + align:start position:0% +negative tribute to him if you are in + + + align:start position:0% +negative tribute to him if you are in +certain situations. + + align:start position:0% +certain situations. + + + align:start position:0% +certain situations. +>> Okay. We had he had the back. Well, + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. We had he had the back. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. We had he had the back. Well, +let's say in in live action role playing + + align:start position:0% +let's say in in live action role playing + + + align:start position:0% +let's say in in live action role playing +games like uh experience with the + + align:start position:0% +games like uh experience with the + + + align:start position:0% +games like uh experience with the +Assassin's C and stuff, the characters + + align:start position:0% +Assassin's C and stuff, the characters + + + align:start position:0% +Assassin's C and stuff, the characters +are entirely designed by the game + + align:start position:0% +are entirely designed by the game + + + align:start position:0% +are entirely designed by the game +designers. + + align:start position:0% +designers. + + + align:start position:0% +designers. +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> But you still you still get the the + + align:start position:0% +>> But you still you still get the the + + + align:start position:0% +>> But you still you still get the the +players who like take up this character + + align:start position:0% +players who like take up this character + + + align:start position:0% +players who like take up this character +become involved with it because all of + + align:start position:0% +become involved with it because all of + + + align:start position:0% +become involved with it because all of +their actions are based on + + align:start position:0% +their actions are based on + + + align:start position:0% +their actions are based on +>> on what the designer chose to to make + + align:start position:0% +>> on what the designer chose to to make + + + align:start position:0% +>> on what the designer chose to to make +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +>> character. Yep. That's that's true. I'm + + align:start position:0% +>> character. Yep. That's that's true. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +>> character. Yep. That's that's true. I'm +>> um two other games. cosmic encounter uh + + align:start position:0% +>> um two other games. cosmic encounter uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> um two other games. cosmic encounter uh +is where like um probably closer to the + + align:start position:0% +is where like um probably closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +is where like um probably closer to the +battle situation, you've got you pick a + + align:start position:0% +battle situation, you've got you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +battle situation, you've got you pick a +a race at the beginning of the game. So, + + align:start position:0% +a race at the beginning of the game. So, + + + align:start position:0% +a race at the beginning of the game. So, +it's not a single character, but that's + + align:start position:0% +it's not a single character, but that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a single character, but that's +effectively the same thing in in that if + + align:start position:0% +effectively the same thing in in that if + + + align:start position:0% +effectively the same thing in in that if +you pick something like the humans, uh + + align:start position:0% +you pick something like the humans, uh + + + align:start position:0% +you pick something like the humans, uh +you have different goals and different + + align:start position:0% +you have different goals and different + + + align:start position:0% +you have different goals and different +different powers that you can use in the + + align:start position:0% +different powers that you can use in the + + + align:start position:0% +different powers that you can use in the +game. Whereas if you play a game like + + align:start position:0% +game. Whereas if you play a game like + + + align:start position:0% +game. Whereas if you play a game like +Illuminati again, instead of playing an + + align:start position:0% +Illuminati again, instead of playing an + + + align:start position:0% +Illuminati again, instead of playing an +individual, you're playing a corporation + + align:start position:0% +individual, you're playing a corporation + + + align:start position:0% +individual, you're playing a corporation +or actually your picking is society for + + align:start position:0% +or actually your picking is society for + + + align:start position:0% +or actually your picking is society for +for the most part and your actual + + align:start position:0% +for the most part and your actual + + + align:start position:0% +for the most part and your actual +game-winning goals are different for uh + + align:start position:0% +game-winning goals are different for uh + + + align:start position:0% +game-winning goals are different for uh +depending on who you pick. + + align:start position:0% +depending on who you pick. + + + align:start position:0% +depending on who you pick. +>> And part of the and there are certain + + align:start position:0% +>> And part of the and there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +>> And part of the and there are certain +part part of the game is also figuring + + align:start position:0% +part part of the game is also figuring + + + align:start position:0% +part part of the game is also figuring +out what certain characters are trying + + align:start position:0% +out what certain characters are trying + + + align:start position:0% +out what certain characters are trying +how certain characters are trying to win + + align:start position:0% +how certain characters are trying to win + + + align:start position:0% +how certain characters are trying to win +the game. Um because not everybody has + + align:start position:0% +the game. Um because not everybody has + + + align:start position:0% +the game. Um because not everybody has +the same game for + + align:start position:0% +the same game for + + + align:start position:0% +the same game for +>> Okay, Patrick, last one. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, Patrick, last one. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, Patrick, last one. +In and the card game sabotur, if your + + align:start position:0% +In and the card game sabotur, if your + + + align:start position:0% +In and the card game sabotur, if your +role is the sabotur, then it is in the + + align:start position:0% +role is the sabotur, then it is in the + + + align:start position:0% +role is the sabotur, then it is in the +player's best interest to act in that + + align:start position:0% +player's best interest to act in that + + + align:start position:0% +player's best interest to act in that +role + + align:start position:0% +role + + + align:start position:0% +role +>> to like perform like one. + + align:start position:0% +>> to like perform like one. + + + align:start position:0% +>> to like perform like one. +>> Yes. To be subversive to the other + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. To be subversive to the other + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. To be subversive to the other +players without like letting them catch + + align:start position:0% +players without like letting them catch + + + align:start position:0% +players without like letting them catch +on. + + align:start position:0% +on. + + + align:start position:0% +on. +>> Oh. Oh. So you see, and this is why I + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh. Oh. So you see, and this is why I + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh. Oh. So you see, and this is why I +didn't do this and I was asking because + + align:start position:0% +didn't do this and I was asking because + + + align:start position:0% +didn't do this and I was asking because +I know this much better. But yeah, I + + align:start position:0% +I know this much better. But yeah, I + + + align:start position:0% +I know this much better. But yeah, I +think the the laring one is the the + + align:start position:0% +think the the laring one is the the + + + align:start position:0% +think the the laring one is the the +obvious case here. Um, in video games, + + align:start position:0% +obvious case here. Um, in video games, + + + align:start position:0% +obvious case here. Um, in video games, +you know what we do? you know, we can + + align:start position:0% +you know what we do? you know, we can + + + align:start position:0% +you know what we do? you know, we can +build character in kind of like + + align:start position:0% +build character in kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +build character in kind of like +cinematic ways and cut scenes and + + align:start position:0% +cinematic ways and cut scenes and + + + align:start position:0% +cinematic ways and cut scenes and +whatever, but really, you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +whatever, but really, you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +whatever, but really, you know, it's +very difficult to build a character um + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to build a character um + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to build a character um +that is at the same time you and not you + + align:start position:0% +that is at the same time you and not you + + + align:start position:0% +that is at the same time you and not you +or the the player and not the player. Uh + + align:start position:0% +or the the player and not the player. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +or the the player and not the player. Uh +and what we can do, you know, is giving + + align:start position:0% +and what we can do, you know, is giving + + + align:start position:0% +and what we can do, you know, is giving +cues about + + align:start position:0% +cues about + + + align:start position:0% +cues about +the personality of that character. And + + align:start position:0% +the personality of that character. And + + + align:start position:0% +the personality of that character. And +one of the the examples I want to give + + align:start position:0% +one of the the examples I want to give + + + align:start position:0% +one of the the examples I want to give +is Sonic because Sonic is not really + + align:start position:0% +is Sonic because Sonic is not really + + + align:start position:0% +is Sonic because Sonic is not really +you. I mean this is always the a bit of + + align:start position:0% +you. I mean this is always the a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +you. I mean this is always the a bit of +the struggle in a lot of the examples + + align:start position:0% +the struggle in a lot of the examples + + + align:start position:0% +the struggle in a lot of the examples +that you were doing you know except for + + align:start position:0% +that you were doing you know except for + + + align:start position:0% +that you were doing you know except for +lapping where lapping is bit more + + align:start position:0% +lapping where lapping is bit more + + + align:start position:0% +lapping where lapping is bit more +involved is that it's kind of like you + + align:start position:0% +involved is that it's kind of like you + + + align:start position:0% +involved is that it's kind of like you +but not you like who am I you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +but not you like who am I you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +but not you like who am I you know I'm +the sabotur because I'm doing this um in + + align:start position:0% +the sabotur because I'm doing this um in + + + align:start position:0% +the sabotur because I'm doing this um in +in in uh in games we have Sonic for + + align:start position:0% +in in uh in games we have Sonic for + + + align:start position:0% +in in uh in games we have Sonic for +example with like you know we are Sonic + + align:start position:0% +example with like you know we are Sonic + + + align:start position:0% +example with like you know we are Sonic +what what are we hedgehog + + align:start position:0% +what what are we hedgehog + + + align:start position:0% +what what are we hedgehog +um and what do we do + + align:start position:0% +um and what do we do + + + align:start position:0% +um and what do we do +>> like run coins and cute animals + + align:start position:0% +>> like run coins and cute animals + + + align:start position:0% +>> like run coins and cute animals +>> and liberating cute animals. + + align:start position:0% +>> and liberating cute animals. + + + align:start position:0% +>> and liberating cute animals. +>> Yes, that too. Uh and one of the things + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, that too. Uh and one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, that too. Uh and one of the things +so so one of the the the the goals of of + + align:start position:0% +so so one of the the the the goals of of + + + align:start position:0% +so so one of the the the the goals of of +designing character particularly in + + align:start position:0% +designing character particularly in + + + align:start position:0% +designing character particularly in +video games is making it seem alive you + + align:start position:0% +video games is making it seem alive you + + + align:start position:0% +video games is making it seem alive you +know making it go beyond the functional + + align:start position:0% +know making it go beyond the functional + + + align:start position:0% +know making it go beyond the functional +part you know like oh we're the sabotur + + align:start position:0% +part you know like oh we're the sabotur + + + align:start position:0% +part you know like oh we're the sabotur +we are I don't know whatever character + + align:start position:0% +we are I don't know whatever character + + + align:start position:0% +we are I don't know whatever character +in a clue for example you having that + + align:start position:0% +in a clue for example you having that + + + align:start position:0% +in a clue for example you having that +emotional involvement that is something + + align:start position:0% +emotional involvement that is something + + + align:start position:0% +emotional involvement that is something +that that we are trying to achieve in in + + align:start position:0% +that that we are trying to achieve in in + + + align:start position:0% +that that we are trying to achieve in in +in video games and Sonic does it in a + + align:start position:0% +in video games and Sonic does it in a + + + align:start position:0% +in video games and Sonic does it in a +very subtle but very cool Okay. Does + + align:start position:0% +very subtle but very cool Okay. Does + + + align:start position:0% +very subtle but very cool Okay. Does +anybody know what this picture is of? + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what this picture is of? + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what this picture is of? +What he's doing? + + align:start position:0% +What he's doing? + + + align:start position:0% +What he's doing? +>> Don't do anything. He starts tapping his + + align:start position:0% +>> Don't do anything. He starts tapping his + + + align:start position:0% +>> Don't do anything. He starts tapping his +foot and looking at you. + + align:start position:0% +foot and looking at you. + + + align:start position:0% +foot and looking at you. +>> So, it's kind of like you have no + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it's kind of like you have no + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it's kind of like you have no +control of me. Come on. I want to go. + + align:start position:0% +control of me. Come on. I want to go. + + + align:start position:0% +control of me. Come on. I want to go. +You know, I really have to go. I have to + + align:start position:0% +You know, I really have to go. I have to + + + align:start position:0% +You know, I really have to go. I have to +run cuz what I do is running. So, let's + + align:start position:0% +run cuz what I do is running. So, let's + + + align:start position:0% +run cuz what I do is running. So, let's +go. + + align:start position:0% +go. + + + align:start position:0% +go. +>> Mario goes to sleep. + + align:start position:0% +>> Mario goes to sleep. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Mario goes to sleep. +>> Yeah, Mario sleep. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, Mario sleep. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, Mario sleep. +starts to + + align:start position:0% +starts to + + + align:start position:0% +starts to +>> and if you remember any of the Earthwork + + align:start position:0% +>> and if you remember any of the Earthwork + + + align:start position:0% +>> and if you remember any of the Earthwork +gym Earthworth gym games like he does + + align:start position:0% +gym Earthworth gym games like he does + + + align:start position:0% +gym Earthworth gym games like he does +crazy stuff. He's just like he starts + + align:start position:0% +crazy stuff. He's just like he starts + + + align:start position:0% +crazy stuff. He's just like he starts +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +>> he flips his head, he dresses up like he + + align:start position:0% +>> he flips his head, he dresses up like he + + + align:start position:0% +>> he flips his head, he dresses up like he +was like in one of like + + align:start position:0% +was like in one of like + + + align:start position:0% +was like in one of like +>> Yeah. or like he gets an afro + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. or like he gets an afro + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. or like he gets an afro +uh uh wig at some point and like what + + align:start position:0% +uh uh wig at some point and like what + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh wig at some point and like what +are you doing? You know, but it's kind + + align:start position:0% +are you doing? You know, but it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +are you doing? You know, but it's kind +of like calling attention to like who am + + align:start position:0% +of like calling attention to like who am + + + align:start position:0% +of like calling attention to like who am +I? You know, well, you're not + + align:start position:0% +I? You know, well, you're not + + + align:start position:0% +I? You know, well, you're not +controlling me. I'm going to be myself. + + align:start position:0% +controlling me. I'm going to be myself. + + + align:start position:0% +controlling me. I'm going to be myself. +And in the case of Sonic, it's like, + + align:start position:0% +And in the case of Sonic, it's like, + + + align:start position:0% +And in the case of Sonic, it's like, +okay, I'm a running guy, but I need you + + align:start position:0% +okay, I'm a running guy, but I need you + + + align:start position:0% +okay, I'm a running guy, but I need you +to run, so come on. Um, and it's very + + align:start position:0% +to run, so come on. Um, and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +to run, so come on. Um, and it's very +subtle, you know, something that is very + + align:start position:0% +subtle, you know, something that is very + + + align:start position:0% +subtle, you know, something that is very +minimal, but it's it's building + + align:start position:0% +minimal, but it's it's building + + + align:start position:0% +minimal, but it's it's building +character, but it's also kind of telling + + align:start position:0% +character, but it's also kind of telling + + + align:start position:0% +character, but it's also kind of telling +the player who this character is. Um, + + align:start position:0% +the player who this character is. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +the player who this character is. Um, +the last thing, and this is something + + align:start position:0% +the last thing, and this is something + + + align:start position:0% +the last thing, and this is something +that again video games can do very well, + + align:start position:0% +that again video games can do very well, + + + align:start position:0% +that again video games can do very well, +is something that role playing games can + + align:start position:0% +is something that role playing games can + + + align:start position:0% +is something that role playing games can +do very well or or laughing. Uh but I'm + + align:start position:0% +do very well or or laughing. Uh but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +do very well or or laughing. Uh but I'm +not sure that you know card games or + + align:start position:0% +not sure that you know card games or + + + align:start position:0% +not sure that you know card games or +board games can do this. It's + + align:start position:0% +board games can do this. It's + + + align:start position:0% +board games can do this. It's +environmental storytelling. Uh it's + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling. Uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling. Uh it's +telling the story in the space as you go + + align:start position:0% +telling the story in the space as you go + + + align:start position:0% +telling the story in the space as you go +around as you're examining the space and + + align:start position:0% +around as you're examining the space and + + + align:start position:0% +around as you're examining the space and +what's going on. You know, a video games + + align:start position:0% +what's going on. You know, a video games + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on. You know, a video games +do what they do very well is uh + + align:start position:0% +do what they do very well is uh + + + align:start position:0% +do what they do very well is uh +constructing a virtual world that we can + + align:start position:0% +constructing a virtual world that we can + + + align:start position:0% +constructing a virtual world that we can +navigate, that we can explore, that we + + align:start position:0% +navigate, that we can explore, that we + + + align:start position:0% +navigate, that we can explore, that we +can interact with. Uh and one of u those + + align:start position:0% +can interact with. Uh and one of u those + + + align:start position:0% +can interact with. Uh and one of u those +of you who've been in my classes before, + + align:start position:0% +of you who've been in my classes before, + + + align:start position:0% +of you who've been in my classes before, +you know that I love the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +you know that I love the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +you know that I love the beginning of +Bioshock as an example of environmental + + align:start position:0% +Bioshock as an example of environmental + + + align:start position:0% +Bioshock as an example of environmental +storytelling. Uh because you know, you + + align:start position:0% +storytelling. Uh because you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling. Uh because you know, you +know what is this world? What has + + align:start position:0% +know what is this world? What has + + + align:start position:0% +know what is this world? What has +happened before? And they don't give you + + align:start position:0% +happened before? And they don't give you + + + align:start position:0% +happened before? And they don't give you +they don't tell the word is just going + + align:start position:0% +they don't tell the word is just going + + + align:start position:0% +they don't tell the word is just going +into the space and figuring out what has + + align:start position:0% +into the space and figuring out what has + + + align:start position:0% +into the space and figuring out what has +happened. Another example that I really + + align:start position:0% +happened. Another example that I really + + + align:start position:0% +happened. Another example that I really +love is portal. + + align:start position:0% +love is portal. + + + align:start position:0% +love is portal. +um where you know a lot of the story is + + align:start position:0% +um where you know a lot of the story is + + + align:start position:0% +um where you know a lot of the story is +you know told or you you you figure it + + align:start position:0% +you know told or you you you figure it + + + align:start position:0% +you know told or you you you figure it +out as you explore the world. So what is + + align:start position:0% +out as you explore the world. So what is + + + align:start position:0% +out as you explore the world. So what is +this import? So first of all what is the + + align:start position:0% +this import? So first of all what is the + + + align:start position:0% +this import? So first of all what is the +premise of portal you know this the + + align:start position:0% +premise of portal you know this the + + + align:start position:0% +premise of portal you know this the +story + + align:start position:0% +story + + + align:start position:0% +story +>> you're a test subject testing a new + + align:start position:0% +>> you're a test subject testing a new + + + align:start position:0% +>> you're a test subject testing a new +device aperture labs. + + align:start position:0% +device aperture labs. + + + align:start position:0% +device aperture labs. +>> Yes. So, you're a test subject and but + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. So, you're a test subject and but + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. So, you're a test subject and but +but very soon you realize that there's + + align:start position:0% +but very soon you realize that there's + + + align:start position:0% +but very soon you realize that there's +something kind of wrong, you know, you + + align:start position:0% +something kind of wrong, you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +something kind of wrong, you know, you +know, this voice that keeps talking to + + align:start position:0% +know, this voice that keeps talking to + + + align:start position:0% +know, this voice that keeps talking to +you, you know, kind of warps around and + + align:start position:0% +you, you know, kind of warps around and + + + align:start position:0% +you, you know, kind of warps around and +she goes and comes back and like there + + align:start position:0% +she goes and comes back and like there + + + align:start position:0% +she goes and comes back and like there +is something broken and you just go on + + align:start position:0% +is something broken and you just go on + + + align:start position:0% +is something broken and you just go on +because you don't know what else to do. + + align:start position:0% +because you don't know what else to do. + + + align:start position:0% +because you don't know what else to do. +But here, what is this? You know, once + + align:start position:0% +But here, what is this? You know, once + + + align:start position:0% +But here, what is this? You know, once +you start realizing, okay, there's + + align:start position:0% +you start realizing, okay, there's + + + align:start position:0% +you start realizing, okay, there's +something really wrong. What is this? + + align:start position:0% +something really wrong. What is this? + + + align:start position:0% +something really wrong. What is this? +>> This is when you try to escape. + + align:start position:0% +>> This is when you try to escape. + + + align:start position:0% +>> This is when you try to escape. +>> There's a hole in the wall. + + align:start position:0% +>> There's a hole in the wall. + + + align:start position:0% +>> There's a hole in the wall. +>> There's a hole. One of the things is + + align:start position:0% +>> There's a hole. One of the things is + + + align:start position:0% +>> There's a hole. One of the things is +like stuck forward. You can sneak under + + align:start position:0% +like stuck forward. You can sneak under + + + align:start position:0% +like stuck forward. You can sneak under +or something. + + align:start position:0% +or something. + + + align:start position:0% +or something. +>> Yeah. And you go behind the scenes and + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And you go behind the scenes and + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And you go behind the scenes and +you realize, okay, so there is something + + align:start position:0% +you realize, okay, so there is something + + + align:start position:0% +you realize, okay, so there is something +really wrong here and kind of guessed + + align:start position:0% +really wrong here and kind of guessed + + + align:start position:0% +really wrong here and kind of guessed +it. But here we have what looks like + + align:start position:0% +it. But here we have what looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it. But here we have what looks like +somebody's + + align:start position:0% +somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's +uh refuge like some where somebody was + + align:start position:0% +uh refuge like some where somebody was + + + align:start position:0% +uh refuge like some where somebody was +hiding and they were writing all these + + align:start position:0% +hiding and they were writing all these + + + align:start position:0% +hiding and they were writing all these +messages and of course you know it's + + align:start position:0% +messages and of course you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +messages and of course you know it's +very funny because the famous the cake + + align:start position:0% +very funny because the famous the cake + + + align:start position:0% +very funny because the famous the cake +is alive is something is not something + + align:start position:0% +is alive is something is not something + + + align:start position:0% +is alive is something is not something +that everybody has to go through. You + + align:start position:0% +that everybody has to go through. You + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody has to go through. You +have to find it. you have to find it in + + align:start position:0% +have to find it. you have to find it in + + + align:start position:0% +have to find it. you have to find it in +the game is is part of the explore in + + align:start position:0% +the game is is part of the explore in + + + align:start position:0% +the game is is part of the explore in +the game. So, so what the reason why I + + align:start position:0% +the game. So, so what the reason why I + + + align:start position:0% +the game. So, so what the reason why I +like uh I I like Portal for many many + + align:start position:0% +like uh I I like Portal for many many + + + align:start position:0% +like uh I I like Portal for many many +reasons. Uh but one is because the + + align:start position:0% +reasons. Uh but one is because the + + + align:start position:0% +reasons. Uh but one is because the +storytelling is very brilliant and it's + + align:start position:0% +storytelling is very brilliant and it's + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling is very brilliant and it's +not you know is is not something that + + align:start position:0% +not you know is is not something that + + + align:start position:0% +not you know is is not something that +we're told. This is what happened. We + + align:start position:0% +we're told. This is what happened. We + + + align:start position:0% +we're told. This is what happened. We +figure it out by listen to to the voice + + align:start position:0% +figure it out by listen to to the voice + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out by listen to to the voice +by listening to Glados by going behind + + align:start position:0% +by listening to Glados by going behind + + + align:start position:0% +by listening to Glados by going behind +the scenes. We are piecing the the story + + align:start position:0% +the scenes. We are piecing the the story + + + align:start position:0% +the scenes. We are piecing the the story +together. Yes. Um, if you ever pay + + align:start position:0% +together. Yes. Um, if you ever pay + + + align:start position:0% +together. Yes. Um, if you ever pay +attention to what's written in the walls + + align:start position:0% +attention to what's written in the walls + + + align:start position:0% +attention to what's written in the walls +in the safe houses and Left 4 Dead, + + align:start position:0% +in the safe houses and Left 4 Dead, + + + align:start position:0% +in the safe houses and Left 4 Dead, +>> there's a lot of funny stuff as well. + + align:start position:0% +>> there's a lot of funny stuff as well. + + + align:start position:0% +>> there's a lot of funny stuff as well. +And I initially hadn't realized that + + align:start position:0% +And I initially hadn't realized that + + + align:start position:0% +And I initially hadn't realized that +Left had a story really. And then when + + align:start position:0% +Left had a story really. And then when + + + align:start position:0% +Left had a story really. And then when +you when you when you actually pause and + + align:start position:0% +you when you when you actually pause and + + + align:start position:0% +you when you when you actually pause and +read, you know what's on the walls in + + align:start position:0% +read, you know what's on the walls in + + + align:start position:0% +read, you know what's on the walls in +the safe houses, there's almost flame + + align:start position:0% +the safe houses, there's almost flame + + + align:start position:0% +the safe houses, there's almost flame +wars between different people who've + + align:start position:0% +wars between different people who've + + + align:start position:0% +wars between different people who've +gone to the same houses and are writing + + align:start position:0% +gone to the same houses and are writing + + + align:start position:0% +gone to the same houses and are writing +facts about the zombie apocalypse and + + align:start position:0% +facts about the zombie apocalypse and + + + align:start position:0% +facts about the zombie apocalypse and +they'll say, "No, that's not true. That + + align:start position:0% +they'll say, "No, that's not true. That + + + align:start position:0% +they'll say, "No, that's not true. That +town is completely overrun. No, you're + + align:start position:0% +town is completely overrun. No, you're + + + align:start position:0% +town is completely overrun. No, you're +totally stupid. I was there last you + + align:start position:0% +totally stupid. I was there last you + + + align:start position:0% +totally stupid. I was there last you +have like these things going on and + + align:start position:0% +have like these things going on and + + + align:start position:0% +have like these things going on and +various you know tidbits of trivia and + + align:start position:0% +various you know tidbits of trivia and + + + align:start position:0% +various you know tidbits of trivia and +facts about the world and it's very very + + align:start position:0% +facts about the world and it's very very + + + align:start position:0% +facts about the world and it's very very +clever and often quite hilarious + + align:start position:0% +clever and often quite hilarious + + + align:start position:0% +clever and often quite hilarious +>> because what this is what environmental + + align:start position:0% +>> because what this is what environmental + + + align:start position:0% +>> because what this is what environmental +storytelling is doing after all we're + + align:start position:0% +storytelling is doing after all we're + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling is doing after all we're +telling the story of the fictional world + + align:start position:0% +telling the story of the fictional world + + + align:start position:0% +telling the story of the fictional world +you know that can be part of the goal of + + align:start position:0% +you know that can be part of the goal of + + + align:start position:0% +you know that can be part of the goal of +of speaking or not what is the story of + + align:start position:0% +of speaking or not what is the story of + + + align:start position:0% +of speaking or not what is the story of +the fictional world you + + align:start position:0% +the fictional world you + + + align:start position:0% +the fictional world you +guess + + align:start position:0% +guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess +>> um was there's + + align:start position:0% +>> um was there's + + + align:start position:0% +>> um was there's +use environmental storytelling as story + + align:start position:0% +use environmental storytelling as story + + + align:start position:0% +use environmental storytelling as story +What? + + align:start position:0% +What? + + + align:start position:0% +What? +>> Well, you mentioned the difference + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, you mentioned the difference + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, you mentioned the difference +between storytelling and story building + + align:start position:0% +between storytelling and story building + + + align:start position:0% +between storytelling and story building +earlier and you mentioned that that was + + align:start position:0% +earlier and you mentioned that that was + + + align:start position:0% +earlier and you mentioned that that was +environmental storytelling as a story. + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling as a story. + + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling as a story. +>> Yeah. And probably is really story + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And probably is really story + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And probably is really story +building. I mean, so the thing is that + + align:start position:0% +building. I mean, so the thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +building. I mean, so the thing is that +environmental storytelling is what + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling is what + + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling is what +people call it. I'm using a phrase, but + + align:start position:0% +people call it. I'm using a phrase, but + + + align:start position:0% +people call it. I'm using a phrase, but +yeah, this is a type of story building. + + align:start position:0% +yeah, this is a type of story building. + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, this is a type of story building. +>> We're building it as designers and we're + + align:start position:0% +>> We're building it as designers and we're + + + align:start position:0% +>> We're building it as designers and we're +encouraging building for the player. + + align:start position:0% +encouraging building for the player. + + + align:start position:0% +encouraging building for the player. +>> But but yeah, this is story building. So + + align:start position:0% +>> But but yeah, this is story building. So + + + align:start position:0% +>> But but yeah, this is story building. So +yes or or um more precisely you will see + + align:start position:0% +yes or or um more precisely you will see + + + align:start position:0% +yes or or um more precisely you will see +talks on environmental storytelling if + + align:start position:0% +talks on environmental storytelling if + + + align:start position:0% +talks on environmental storytelling if +you go to a conference. + + align:start position:0% +you go to a conference. + + + align:start position:0% +you go to a conference. +>> Uh but what they're really talking about + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh but what they're really talking about + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh but what they're really talking about +storytelling it's just that that term + + align:start position:0% +storytelling it's just that that term + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling it's just that that term +hasn't really made it so pervasive. + + align:start position:0% +hasn't really made it so pervasive. + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't really made it so pervasive. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> So maybe the closest to this kind of + + align:start position:0% +>> So maybe the closest to this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +>> So maybe the closest to this kind of +thing is in flavor text in CCGs and + + align:start position:0% +thing is in flavor text in CCGs and + + + align:start position:0% +thing is in flavor text in CCGs and +other such stuff. So if you think for + + align:start position:0% +other such stuff. So if you think for + + + align:start position:0% +other such stuff. So if you think for +instance of Magic the Gathering then + + align:start position:0% +instance of Magic the Gathering then + + + align:start position:0% +instance of Magic the Gathering then +there is a backstory behind each of + + align:start position:0% +there is a backstory behind each of + + + align:start position:0% +there is a backstory behind each of +these expansions which comes out + + align:start position:0% +these expansions which comes out + + + align:start position:0% +these expansions which comes out +>> and that's told through actual fiction + + align:start position:0% +>> and that's told through actual fiction + + + align:start position:0% +>> and that's told through actual fiction +where you can buy really trashy novels + + align:start position:0% +where you can buy really trashy novels + + + align:start position:0% +where you can buy really trashy novels +also partly told through like little + + align:start position:0% +also partly told through like little + + + align:start position:0% +also partly told through like little +quotes between uh by significant + + align:start position:0% +quotes between uh by significant + + + align:start position:0% +quotes between uh by significant +characters in the fiction and also the + + align:start position:0% +characters in the fiction and also the + + + align:start position:0% +characters in the fiction and also the +the images which presented on the cards + + align:start position:0% +the images which presented on the cards + + + align:start position:0% +the images which presented on the cards +and so maybe that's the closest thing to + + align:start position:0% +and so maybe that's the closest thing to + + + align:start position:0% +and so maybe that's the closest thing to +environmental storytelling. + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling. + + + align:start position:0% +environmental storytelling. +>> Yes. Yeah. I mean Magic the Gathering + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Yeah. I mean Magic the Gathering + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Yeah. I mean Magic the Gathering +has this world and the things that it + + align:start position:0% +has this world and the things that it + + + align:start position:0% +has this world and the things that it +seems to be very easy to expand it. I + + align:start position:0% +seems to be very easy to expand it. I + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be very easy to expand it. I +don't know the survival of of the magic + + align:start position:0% +don't know the survival of of the magic + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the survival of of the magic +the gathering. + + align:start position:0% +the gathering. + + + align:start position:0% +the gathering. +>> Yeah. Like there's an entire creative + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Like there's an entire creative + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Like there's an entire creative +department at visit the coast that's + + align:start position:0% +department at visit the coast that's + + + align:start position:0% +department at visit the coast that's +responsible for maintaining the story + + align:start position:0% +responsible for maintaining the story + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for maintaining the story +and making sure it's all consistent and + + align:start position:0% +and making sure it's all consistent and + + + align:start position:0% +and making sure it's all consistent and +stuff. + + align:start position:0% +stuff. + + + align:start position:0% +stuff. +>> Yeah. So it's not really something new. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So it's not really something new. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So it's not really something new. +Uh it's almost four. So I have still + + align:start position:0% +Uh it's almost four. So I have still + + + align:start position:0% +Uh it's almost four. So I have still +something but we can go through it very + + align:start position:0% +something but we can go through it very + + + align:start position:0% +something but we can go through it very +fast. I would hope + + align:start position:0% +fast. I would hope + + + align:start position:0% +fast. I would hope +>> I mean if we run out of time we can play + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean if we run out of time we can play + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean if we run out of time we can play +these games on Friday or something. + + align:start position:0% +these games on Friday or something. + + + align:start position:0% +these games on Friday or something. +Okay. Absolutely. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Absolutely. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Absolutely. +>> So, so we've been talking so far, we're + + align:start position:0% +>> So, so we've been talking so far, we're + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, so we've been talking so far, we're +talking about uh designing the story of + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh designing the story of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh designing the story of +the world, designing the story of a + + align:start position:0% +the world, designing the story of a + + + align:start position:0% +the world, designing the story of a +fictional world, but we also have, as I + + align:start position:0% +fictional world, but we also have, as I + + + align:start position:0% +fictional world, but we also have, as I +was saying before, you know, the player + + align:start position:0% +was saying before, you know, the player + + + align:start position:0% +was saying before, you know, the player +is also constructing a story as we go, + + align:start position:0% +is also constructing a story as we go, + + + align:start position:0% +is also constructing a story as we go, +you know, things that happen to the + + align:start position:0% +you know, things that happen to the + + + align:start position:0% +you know, things that happen to the +player, um things that that happen to + + align:start position:0% +player, um things that that happen to + + + align:start position:0% +player, um things that that happen to +the world because they happen to player. + + align:start position:0% +the world because they happen to player. + + + align:start position:0% +the world because they happen to player. +And again, one of the reasons why I was + + align:start position:0% +And again, one of the reasons why I was + + + align:start position:0% +And again, one of the reasons why I was +talking about games of progression + + align:start position:0% +talking about games of progression + + + align:start position:0% +talking about games of progression +versus games of emergence is that in + + align:start position:0% +versus games of emergence is that in + + + align:start position:0% +versus games of emergence is that in +stories we have a similar parallel of uh + + align:start position:0% +stories we have a similar parallel of uh + + + align:start position:0% +stories we have a similar parallel of uh +stories that have been designed for the + + align:start position:0% +stories that have been designed for the + + + align:start position:0% +stories that have been designed for the +player of things that that they have to + + align:start position:0% +player of things that that they have to + + + align:start position:0% +player of things that that they have to +do. uh in role playing games and and I'm + + align:start position:0% +do. uh in role playing games and and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +do. uh in role playing games and and I'm +talking about pen and pencil um pen and + + align:start position:0% +talking about pen and pencil um pen and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about pen and pencil um pen and +paper role playing games we have the + + align:start position:0% +paper role playing games we have the + + + align:start position:0% +paper role playing games we have the +story that is as DMs we have designs and + + align:start position:0% +story that is as DMs we have designs and + + + align:start position:0% +story that is as DMs we have designs and +then there's what the players are trying + + align:start position:0% +then there's what the players are trying + + + align:start position:0% +then there's what the players are trying +to do in in video games because + + align:start position:0% +to do in in video games because + + + align:start position:0% +to do in in video games because +computers don't have the capacity for + + align:start position:0% +computers don't have the capacity for + + + align:start position:0% +computers don't have the capacity for +improvisation + + align:start position:0% +improvisation + + + align:start position:0% +improvisation +what the player has to do is a lot more + + align:start position:0% +what the player has to do is a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +what the player has to do is a lot more +constraint in a way uh so what are the + + align:start position:0% +constraint in a way uh so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint in a way uh so what are the +bosses that they have to you know how do + + align:start position:0% +bosses that they have to you know how do + + + align:start position:0% +bosses that they have to you know how do +they solve a specific problem or how do + + align:start position:0% +they solve a specific problem or how do + + + align:start position:0% +they solve a specific problem or how do +we get over a specific problem? So, um + + align:start position:0% +we get over a specific problem? So, um + + + align:start position:0% +we get over a specific problem? So, um +uh I like giving the example of of um + + align:start position:0% +uh I like giving the example of of um + + + align:start position:0% +uh I like giving the example of of um +the legend the Legend of Zelda games + + align:start position:0% +the legend the Legend of Zelda games + + + align:start position:0% +the legend the Legend of Zelda games +where we do have a story that we're kind + + align:start position:0% +where we do have a story that we're kind + + + align:start position:0% +where we do have a story that we're kind +of complete completing a specific uh in + + align:start position:0% +of complete completing a specific uh in + + + align:start position:0% +of complete completing a specific uh in +almost in a specific order because if + + align:start position:0% +almost in a specific order because if + + + align:start position:0% +almost in a specific order because if +you don't have certain objects, you kind + + align:start position:0% +you don't have certain objects, you kind + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have certain objects, you kind +of go to the next dungeon until you have + + align:start position:0% +of go to the next dungeon until you have + + + align:start position:0% +of go to the next dungeon until you have +certain properties. So we have even + + align:start position:0% +certain properties. So we have even + + + align:start position:0% +certain properties. So we have even +though we have a really nice relatively + + align:start position:0% +though we have a really nice relatively + + + align:start position:0% +though we have a really nice relatively +open world of the world that we can + + align:start position:0% +open world of the world that we can + + + align:start position:0% +open world of the world that we can +navigate uh we do have a specific order + + align:start position:0% +navigate uh we do have a specific order + + + align:start position:0% +navigate uh we do have a specific order +of events that we have to follow uh + + align:start position:0% +of events that we have to follow uh + + + align:start position:0% +of events that we have to follow uh +adventure games and by this I mean like + + align:start position:0% +adventure games and by this I mean like + + + align:start position:0% +adventure games and by this I mean like +point andclick adventure games uh um + + align:start position:0% +point andclick adventure games uh um + + + align:start position:0% +point andclick adventure games uh um +again things like Siberia things like + + align:start position:0% +again things like Siberia things like + + + align:start position:0% +again things like Siberia things like +mess where you know there is a + + align:start position:0% +mess where you know there is a + + + align:start position:0% +mess where you know there is a +pre-established sequence of events that + + align:start position:0% +pre-established sequence of events that + + + align:start position:0% +pre-established sequence of events that +we have to that we have to fulfill and + + align:start position:0% +we have to that we have to fulfill and + + + align:start position:0% +we have to that we have to fulfill and +then on the other extreme we have games + + align:start position:0% +then on the other extreme we have games + + + align:start position:0% +then on the other extreme we have games +that are closer to you know these games + + align:start position:0% +that are closer to you know these games + + + align:start position:0% +that are closer to you know these games +like once upon a time or bloom where the + + align:start position:0% +like once upon a time or bloom where the + + + align:start position:0% +like once upon a time or bloom where the +system itself is producing stories of + + align:start position:0% +system itself is producing stories of + + + align:start position:0% +system itself is producing stories of +sorts uh like the Sims and in the Sims + + align:start position:0% +sorts uh like the Sims and in the Sims + + + align:start position:0% +sorts uh like the Sims and in the Sims +the fact that we have a way to record + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we have a way to record + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we have a way to record +our own stories and and share them is is + + align:start position:0% +our own stories and and share them is is + + + align:start position:0% +our own stories and and share them is is +proof that that is that's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +proof that that is that's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +proof that that is that's a kind of +system closer to to things like one song + + align:start position:0% +system closer to to things like one song + + + align:start position:0% +system closer to to things like one song +at a time that is a system to generate + + align:start position:0% +at a time that is a system to generate + + + align:start position:0% +at a time that is a system to generate +narratives and the playing with the with + + align:start position:0% +narratives and the playing with the with + + + align:start position:0% +narratives and the playing with the with +the system will generate certain + + align:start position:0% +the system will generate certain + + + align:start position:0% +the system will generate certain +narratives. Um + + align:start position:0% +narratives. Um + + + align:start position:0% +narratives. Um +so we have um ways in which as designers + + align:start position:0% +so we have um ways in which as designers + + + align:start position:0% +so we have um ways in which as designers +we can provide cues or or ways to to + + align:start position:0% +we can provide cues or or ways to to + + + align:start position:0% +we can provide cues or or ways to to +design the story of the player. Uh and + + align:start position:0% +design the story of the player. Uh and + + + align:start position:0% +design the story of the player. Uh and +the first one is you know the game + + align:start position:0% +the first one is you know the game + + + align:start position:0% +the first one is you know the game +premise you know what is the goal of the + + align:start position:0% +premise you know what is the goal of the + + + align:start position:0% +premise you know what is the goal of the +game uh game events. I don't know if I + + align:start position:0% +game uh game events. I don't know if I + + + align:start position:0% +game uh game events. I don't know if I +left that one because that was too long. + + align:start position:0% +left that one because that was too long. + + + align:start position:0% +left that one because that was too long. +Um and we have micro narrative. So the + + align:start position:0% +Um and we have micro narrative. So the + + + align:start position:0% +Um and we have micro narrative. So the +the the game premise is you know who are + + align:start position:0% +the the game premise is you know who are + + + align:start position:0% +the the game premise is you know who are +you in the game? What do you do? It's + + align:start position:0% +you in the game? What do you do? It's + + + align:start position:0% +you in the game? What do you do? It's +kind of similar to the to the title, but + + align:start position:0% +kind of similar to the to the title, but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of similar to the to the title, but +in this case is very tied to who is the + + align:start position:0% +in this case is very tied to who is the + + + align:start position:0% +in this case is very tied to who is the +player, what is the role of the player + + align:start position:0% +player, what is the role of the player + + + align:start position:0% +player, what is the role of the player +in the game. So things like cooking + + align:start position:0% +in the game. So things like cooking + + + align:start position:0% +in the game. So things like cooking +mama, for example, you know, you're + + align:start position:0% +mama, for example, you know, you're + + + align:start position:0% +mama, for example, you know, you're +cooking mama. So who are you in cooking + + align:start position:0% +cooking mama. So who are you in cooking + + + align:start position:0% +cooking mama. So who are you in cooking +mama? You know mama, mom's complaining + + align:start position:0% +mama? You know mama, mom's complaining + + + align:start position:0% +mama? You know mama, mom's complaining +all about it. + + align:start position:0% +all about it. + + + align:start position:0% +all about it. +You are the person who's cooking for + + align:start position:0% +You are the person who's cooking for + + + align:start position:0% +You are the person who's cooking for +mama. That's the title you should have. + + align:start position:0% +mama. That's the title you should have. + + + align:start position:0% +mama. That's the title you should have. +Cooking for mama and then mama getting + + align:start position:0% +Cooking for mama and then mama getting + + + align:start position:0% +Cooking for mama and then mama getting +pissed off at you because you didn't do + + align:start position:0% +pissed off at you because you didn't do + + + align:start position:0% +pissed off at you because you didn't do +it right. Uh but it tells you very + + align:start position:0% +it right. Uh but it tells you very + + + align:start position:0% +it right. Uh but it tells you very +clearly. Okay, so you're a cook or what + + align:start position:0% +clearly. Okay, so you're a cook or what + + + align:start position:0% +clearly. Okay, so you're a cook or what +is it that you do? You're trying to + + align:start position:0% +is it that you do? You're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +is it that you do? You're trying to +please mama by cooking something nice + + align:start position:0% +please mama by cooking something nice + + + align:start position:0% +please mama by cooking something nice +and yummy. Usually also kind of weird. + + align:start position:0% +and yummy. Usually also kind of weird. + + + align:start position:0% +and yummy. Usually also kind of weird. +Um, a really good example of of creating + + align:start position:0% +Um, a really good example of of creating + + + align:start position:0% +Um, a really good example of of creating +the story of the the player by the + + align:start position:0% +the story of the the player by the + + + align:start position:0% +the story of the the player by the +premise of by who you are in the game is + + align:start position:0% +premise of by who you are in the game is + + + align:start position:0% +premise of by who you are in the game is +this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, I love this example + + align:start position:0% +So, I love this example + + + align:start position:0% +So, I love this example +>> because it's kind of like who are you? + + align:start position:0% +>> because it's kind of like who are you? + + + align:start position:0% +>> because it's kind of like who are you? +You're a hacker. And it gives you the + + align:start position:0% +You're a hacker. And it gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +You're a hacker. And it gives you the +cool thing about this trailer. It gives + + align:start position:0% +cool thing about this trailer. It gives + + + align:start position:0% +cool thing about this trailer. It gives +you a list of what you do. This is your + + align:start position:0% +you a list of what you do. This is your + + + align:start position:0% +you a list of what you do. This is your +story. You are framing people. You're + + align:start position:0% +story. You are framing people. You're + + + align:start position:0% +story. You are framing people. You're +framing innocent people, of course, you + + align:start position:0% +framing innocent people, of course, you + + + align:start position:0% +framing innocent people, of course, you +know, changing people academic records, + + align:start position:0% +know, changing people academic records, + + + align:start position:0% +know, changing people academic records, +building viruses, and all those are are + + align:start position:0% +building viruses, and all those are are + + + align:start position:0% +building viruses, and all those are are +activities in the game, but it's also, + + align:start position:0% +activities in the game, but it's also, + + + align:start position:0% +activities in the game, but it's also, +you know, who you are. That is your + + align:start position:0% +you know, who you are. That is your + + + align:start position:0% +you know, who you are. That is your +story. Those are the kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +story. Those are the kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +story. Those are the kinds of things +that you're going to do in the game. Um, + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to do in the game. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to do in the game. Um, +so again, you know, we were talking + + align:start position:0% +so again, you know, we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +so again, you know, we were talking +about Sabotur before. Well, as Sabadur, + + align:start position:0% +about Sabotur before. Well, as Sabadur, + + + align:start position:0% +about Sabotur before. Well, as Sabadur, +you already have a series of actions + + align:start position:0% +you already have a series of actions + + + align:start position:0% +you already have a series of actions +that you're associating with with your + + align:start position:0% +that you're associating with with your + + + align:start position:0% +that you're associating with with your +character. That's the way that we can + + align:start position:0% +character. That's the way that we can + + + align:start position:0% +character. That's the way that we can +design the story of the player at least + + align:start position:0% +design the story of the player at least + + + align:start position:0% +design the story of the player at least +at a at a high level and give it that + + align:start position:0% +at a at a high level and give it that + + + align:start position:0% +at a at a high level and give it that +cue. Um I'm skipping game events because + + align:start position:0% +cue. Um I'm skipping game events because + + + align:start position:0% +cue. Um I'm skipping game events because +that's kind of long and it's very based + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of long and it's very based + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of long and it's very based +on too based in video games um and + + align:start position:0% +on too based in video games um and + + + align:start position:0% +on too based in video games um and +mostly on cut scenes. Um the other um + + align:start position:0% +mostly on cut scenes. Um the other um + + + align:start position:0% +mostly on cut scenes. Um the other um +example that I want to bring here is + + align:start position:0% +example that I want to bring here is + + + align:start position:0% +example that I want to bring here is +micro narratives. And again, this is + + align:start position:0% +micro narratives. And again, this is + + + align:start position:0% +micro narratives. And again, this is +more all these are more a video game + + align:start position:0% +more all these are more a video game + + + align:start position:0% +more all these are more a video game +thing, but micro narratives are little + + align:start position:0% +thing, but micro narratives are little + + + align:start position:0% +thing, but micro narratives are little +events, you know, they're not like even + + align:start position:0% +events, you know, they're not like even + + + align:start position:0% +events, you know, they're not like even +cut scenes. They're just little events + + align:start position:0% +cut scenes. They're just little events + + + align:start position:0% +cut scenes. They're just little events +that happen as reactions to the player's + + align:start position:0% +that happen as reactions to the player's + + + align:start position:0% +that happen as reactions to the player's +actions. In a way, Sonic tapping his + + align:start position:0% +actions. In a way, Sonic tapping his + + + align:start position:0% +actions. In a way, Sonic tapping his +food is a kind of macro narrative, like + + align:start position:0% +food is a kind of macro narrative, like + + + align:start position:0% +food is a kind of macro narrative, like +you're not doing anything and it's kind + + align:start position:0% +you're not doing anything and it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +you're not doing anything and it's kind +of like, come on, I want to go or or uh + + align:start position:0% +of like, come on, I want to go or or uh + + + align:start position:0% +of like, come on, I want to go or or uh +Mario falling asleep. It's it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +Mario falling asleep. It's it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Mario falling asleep. It's it's kind of +like a micro narrative of sorts. Uh but + + align:start position:0% +like a micro narrative of sorts. Uh but + + + align:start position:0% +like a micro narrative of sorts. Uh but +at times I love this is one of my + + align:start position:0% +at times I love this is one of my + + + align:start position:0% +at times I love this is one of my +favorite macro narratives in the history + + align:start position:0% +favorite macro narratives in the history + + + align:start position:0% +favorite macro narratives in the history +of games. This is the game Jack said + + align:start position:0% +of games. This is the game Jack said + + + align:start position:0% +of games. This is the game Jack said +Willie which is from 1985 + + align:start position:0% +Willie which is from 1985 + + + align:start position:0% +Willie which is from 1985 +80 something mid80s. Um it was for + + align:start position:0% +80 something mid80s. Um it was for + + + align:start position:0% +80 something mid80s. Um it was for +Commodore 64. Well it was originally for + + align:start position:0% +Commodore 64. Well it was originally for + + + align:start position:0% +Commodore 64. Well it was originally for +the Spectrum. True. Yes. Thank you. He + + align:start position:0% +the Spectrum. True. Yes. Thank you. He + + + align:start position:0% +the Spectrum. True. Yes. Thank you. He +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +prepared a presentation of the Spectrum. + + align:start position:0% +prepared a presentation of the Spectrum. + + + align:start position:0% +prepared a presentation of the Spectrum. +Yes. uh Commodore 64, Amsterdam. It was + + align:start position:0% +Yes. uh Commodore 64, Amsterdam. It was + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. uh Commodore 64, Amsterdam. It was +for all the this uh Z80 U platforms in + + align:start position:0% +for all the this uh Z80 U platforms in + + + align:start position:0% +for all the this uh Z80 U platforms in +the 80s. And this was a sequel to Manic + + align:start position:0% +the 80s. And this was a sequel to Manic + + + align:start position:0% +the 80s. And this was a sequel to Manic +Minor. Uh so in Manic Minor, you wear + + align:start position:0% +Minor. Uh so in Manic Minor, you wear + + + align:start position:0% +Minor. Uh so in Manic Minor, you wear +minor Willie. Yes, Minor Willie. Uh and + + align:start position:0% +minor Willie. Yes, Minor Willie. Uh and + + + align:start position:0% +minor Willie. Yes, Minor Willie. Uh and +you go down into the earth and you find + + align:start position:0% +you go down into the earth and you find + + + align:start position:0% +you go down into the earth and you find +a treasure and you become immensely + + align:start position:0% +a treasure and you become immensely + + + align:start position:0% +a treasure and you become immensely +rich. So, with the money that you get + + align:start position:0% +rich. So, with the money that you get + + + align:start position:0% +rich. So, with the money that you get +from from the first game, you throw a + + align:start position:0% +from from the first game, you throw a + + + align:start position:0% +from from the first game, you throw a +party. And you throw such a big party + + align:start position:0% +party. And you throw such a big party + + + align:start position:0% +party. And you throw such a big party +that your house becomes invaded by the + + align:start position:0% +that your house becomes invaded by the + + + align:start position:0% +that your house becomes invaded by the +weirdest creatures ever. Um, there are + + align:start position:0% +weirdest creatures ever. Um, there are + + + align:start position:0% +weirdest creatures ever. Um, there are +flying + + align:start position:0% +flying + + + align:start position:0% +flying +toilet seats. Um, mutant pigs. I don't + + align:start position:0% +toilet seats. Um, mutant pigs. I don't + + + align:start position:0% +toilet seats. Um, mutant pigs. I don't +know. This it's it's Yeah, it's such a + + align:start position:0% +know. This it's it's Yeah, it's such a + + + align:start position:0% +know. This it's it's Yeah, it's such a +good party that you get people from + + align:start position:0% +good party that you get people from + + + align:start position:0% +good party that you get people from +other worlds to come to your party. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +other worlds to come to your party. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +other worlds to come to your party. Uh, +but the thing is like it was such a good + + align:start position:0% +but the thing is like it was such a good + + + align:start position:0% +but the thing is like it was such a good +party, you want to go to bed. This is + + align:start position:0% +party, you want to go to bed. This is + + + align:start position:0% +party, you want to go to bed. This is +Willie. This is this is you in the game. + + align:start position:0% +Willie. This is this is you in the game. + + + align:start position:0% +Willie. This is this is you in the game. +So he jets at Willie. This is the the + + align:start position:0% +So he jets at Willie. This is the the + + + align:start position:0% +So he jets at Willie. This is the the +day after and Willie is hangover + + align:start position:0% +day after and Willie is hangover + + + align:start position:0% +day after and Willie is hangover +probably after the super party and he + + align:start position:0% +probably after the super party and he + + + align:start position:0% +probably after the super party and he +was under a bed and in the in the in the + + align:start position:0% +was under a bed and in the in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +was under a bed and in the in the in the +game uh to the to the left you have the + + align:start position:0% +game uh to the to the left you have the + + + align:start position:0% +game uh to the to the left you have the +picture of a bed and that's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +picture of a bed and that's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +picture of a bed and that's kind of like +your goal. Go to bed. But this is your + + align:start position:0% +your goal. Go to bed. But this is your + + + align:start position:0% +your goal. Go to bed. But this is your +land lady who's seen how you trashed the + + align:start position:0% +land lady who's seen how you trashed the + + + align:start position:0% +land lady who's seen how you trashed the +place and she doesn't want you to go to + + align:start position:0% +place and she doesn't want you to go to + + + align:start position:0% +place and she doesn't want you to go to +bed until you've cleaned it up. So, the + + align:start position:0% +bed until you've cleaned it up. So, the + + + align:start position:0% +bed until you've cleaned it up. So, the +cool thing, and I really want to get an + + align:start position:0% +cool thing, and I really want to get an + + + align:start position:0% +cool thing, and I really want to get an +the animation here, um, is that she has + + align:start position:0% +the animation here, um, is that she has + + + align:start position:0% +the animation here, um, is that she has +her arms like this, you know, she's + + align:start position:0% +her arms like this, you know, she's + + + align:start position:0% +her arms like this, you know, she's +holding her her arms like this, and + + align:start position:0% +holding her her arms like this, and + + + align:start position:0% +holding her her arms like this, and +whenever you get near her, uh, her, + + align:start position:0% +whenever you get near her, uh, her, + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you get near her, uh, her, +which which arm is it? Her left arm goes + + align:start position:0% +which which arm is it? Her left arm goes + + + align:start position:0% +which which arm is it? Her left arm goes +like, "H go." And it's a reaction to + + align:start position:0% +like, "H go." And it's a reaction to + + + align:start position:0% +like, "H go." And it's a reaction to +what you do is with those. It's a few + + align:start position:0% +what you do is with those. It's a few + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is with those. It's a few +pixels. It's like probably four or five + + align:start position:0% +pixels. It's like probably four or five + + + align:start position:0% +pixels. It's like probably four or five +pixels. And in four five pixels, this + + align:start position:0% +pixels. And in four five pixels, this + + + align:start position:0% +pixels. And in four five pixels, this +game is telling you this is what you + + align:start position:0% +game is telling you this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +game is telling you this is what you +have to do. Go that way. This is your + + align:start position:0% +have to do. Go that way. This is your + + + align:start position:0% +have to do. Go that way. This is your +goal. Yes, but you cannot come here. Go + + align:start position:0% +goal. Yes, but you cannot come here. Go + + + align:start position:0% +goal. Yes, but you cannot come here. Go +that way and clean it up, you know, and + + align:start position:0% +that way and clean it up, you know, and + + + align:start position:0% +that way and clean it up, you know, and +this is, you know, this is 8 bit pixels. + + align:start position:0% +this is, you know, this is 8 bit pixels. + + + align:start position:0% +this is, you know, this is 8 bit pixels. +And she's telling it all bad with just a + + align:start position:0% +And she's telling it all bad with just a + + + align:start position:0% +And she's telling it all bad with just a +few pixels. You don't really need that + + align:start position:0% +few pixels. You don't really need that + + + align:start position:0% +few pixels. You don't really need that +much. Um, but it's that kind of + + align:start position:0% +much. Um, but it's that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +much. Um, but it's that kind of +reaction. You know, we always want to to + + align:start position:0% +reaction. You know, we always want to to + + + align:start position:0% +reaction. You know, we always want to to +get again give cues. What is it that the + + align:start position:0% +get again give cues. What is it that the + + + align:start position:0% +get again give cues. What is it that the +player has to do? We don't need a cut + + align:start position:0% +player has to do? We don't need a cut + + + align:start position:0% +player has to do? We don't need a cut +scene. only with a few with a few pixels + + align:start position:0% +scene. only with a few with a few pixels + + + align:start position:0% +scene. only with a few with a few pixels +we know what we have to do right and + + align:start position:0% +we know what we have to do right and + + + align:start position:0% +we know what we have to do right and +it's a very difficult game too for + + align:start position:0% +it's a very difficult game too for + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very difficult game too for +today's standards + + align:start position:0% +today's standards + + + align:start position:0% +today's standards +anyway so the conclusion um here is that + + align:start position:0% +anyway so the conclusion um here is that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so the conclusion um here is that +you know why do we need stories or why + + align:start position:0% +you know why do we need stories or why + + + align:start position:0% +you know why do we need stories or why +do we need fictions you know what do + + align:start position:0% +do we need fictions you know what do + + + align:start position:0% +do we need fictions you know what do +fictional worlds do for us what do + + align:start position:0% +fictional worlds do for us what do + + + align:start position:0% +fictional worlds do for us what do +themes uh do for us you know well as + + align:start position:0% +themes uh do for us you know well as + + + align:start position:0% +themes uh do for us you know well as +we're saying you know we have humans + + align:start position:0% +we're saying you know we have humans + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying you know we have humans +have a tendency to storyize everything + + align:start position:0% +have a tendency to storyize everything + + + align:start position:0% +have a tendency to storyize everything +we are natural storytellers some of What + + align:start position:0% +we are natural storytellers some of What + + + align:start position:0% +we are natural storytellers some of What +these games like Once Upon a Time or + + align:start position:0% +these games like Once Upon a Time or + + + align:start position:0% +these games like Once Upon a Time or +Bloom um are playing up with is because + + align:start position:0% +Bloom um are playing up with is because + + + align:start position:0% +Bloom um are playing up with is because +we are we tell you know other people + + align:start position:0% +we are we tell you know other people + + + align:start position:0% +we are we tell you know other people +what has happened to us. You know if you + + align:start position:0% +what has happened to us. You know if you + + + align:start position:0% +what has happened to us. You know if you +complain about something you're + + align:start position:0% +complain about something you're + + + align:start position:0% +complain about something you're +complaining in the in the form of a + + align:start position:0% +complaining in the in the form of a + + + align:start position:0% +complaining in the in the form of a +story or something that might have + + align:start position:0% +story or something that might have + + + align:start position:0% +story or something that might have +happened to you. uh we understand our + + align:start position:0% +happened to you. uh we understand our + + + align:start position:0% +happened to you. uh we understand our +experience as stories and there are you + + align:start position:0% +experience as stories and there are you + + + align:start position:0% +experience as stories and there are you +know different uh disciplines have have + + align:start position:0% +know different uh disciplines have have + + + align:start position:0% +know different uh disciplines have have +dealt with this you know from cognitive + + align:start position:0% +dealt with this you know from cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with this you know from cognitive +cognitive science to um psychology you + + align:start position:0% +cognitive science to um psychology you + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive science to um psychology you +know how we are so making stories about + + align:start position:0% +know how we are so making stories about + + + align:start position:0% +know how we are so making stories about +ourselves how we making stories about + + align:start position:0% +ourselves how we making stories about + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves how we making stories about +our worlds. So having a story having a a + + align:start position:0% +our worlds. So having a story having a a + + + align:start position:0% +our worlds. So having a story having a a +a game that has a fictional world in + + align:start position:0% +a game that has a fictional world in + + + align:start position:0% +a game that has a fictional world in +which a story can take place is a way of + + align:start position:0% +which a story can take place is a way of + + + align:start position:0% +which a story can take place is a way of +understanding the underlying system you + + align:start position:0% +understanding the underlying system you + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the underlying system you +know by as I was saying you know if we + + align:start position:0% +know by as I was saying you know if we + + + align:start position:0% +know by as I was saying you know if we +have a game that is called mafia word + + align:start position:0% +have a game that is called mafia word + + + align:start position:0% +have a game that is called mafia word +wars we already have a goal we have a + + align:start position:0% +wars we already have a goal we have a + + + align:start position:0% +wars we already have a goal we have a +sets of rules you know who we are what + + align:start position:0% +sets of rules you know who we are what + + + align:start position:0% +sets of rules you know who we are what +is it that we have to do uh and we don't + + align:start position:0% +is it that we have to do uh and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +is it that we have to do uh and we don't +have we don't need a lot of you know two + + align:start position:0% +have we don't need a lot of you know two + + + align:start position:0% +have we don't need a lot of you know two +words have been enough to evoke a lot of + + align:start position:0% +words have been enough to evoke a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +words have been enough to evoke a lot of +those of that information Um, so the the + + align:start position:0% +those of that information Um, so the the + + + align:start position:0% +those of that information Um, so the the +other the last thing, and this applies a + + align:start position:0% +other the last thing, and this applies a + + + align:start position:0% +other the last thing, and this applies a +bit more to video games, is that by + + align:start position:0% +bit more to video games, is that by + + + align:start position:0% +bit more to video games, is that by +having a story, we're also providing + + align:start position:0% +having a story, we're also providing + + + align:start position:0% +having a story, we're also providing +consistency to the world. You know, when + + align:start position:0% +consistency to the world. You know, when + + + align:start position:0% +consistency to the world. You know, when +when um Yesper U is talking about uh + + align:start position:0% +when um Yesper U is talking about uh + + + align:start position:0% +when um Yesper U is talking about uh +incoherent worlds, he's really talking + + align:start position:0% +incoherent worlds, he's really talking + + + align:start position:0% +incoherent worlds, he's really talking +about worlds where, you know, there's + + align:start position:0% +about worlds where, you know, there's + + + align:start position:0% +about worlds where, you know, there's +not really a story and and there are + + align:start position:0% +not really a story and and there are + + + align:start position:0% +not really a story and and there are +video games that have awful stories. + + align:start position:0% +video games that have awful stories. + + + align:start position:0% +video games that have awful stories. +That's true. But when you're forced or + + align:start position:0% +That's true. But when you're forced or + + + align:start position:0% +That's true. But when you're forced or +where you're thinking about your your + + align:start position:0% +where you're thinking about your your + + + align:start position:0% +where you're thinking about your your +world as ter not only as a fictional + + align:start position:0% +world as ter not only as a fictional + + + align:start position:0% +world as ter not only as a fictional +world as a simulation but also as a + + align:start position:0% +world as a simulation but also as a + + + align:start position:0% +world as a simulation but also as a +world that has to produce a story that + + align:start position:0% +world that has to produce a story that + + + align:start position:0% +world that has to produce a story that +makes sense you know that is going to + + align:start position:0% +makes sense you know that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense you know that is going to +provide more coherence to the world + + align:start position:0% +provide more coherence to the world + + + align:start position:0% +provide more coherence to the world +hopefully if you have good writers too + + align:start position:0% +hopefully if you have good writers too + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully if you have good writers too +but that mean you can take the director + + align:start position:0% +but that mean you can take the director + + + align:start position:0% +but that mean you can take the director +for games supposed to uh you know that + + align:start position:0% +for games supposed to uh you know that + + + align:start position:0% +for games supposed to uh you know that +there's there's something and and there + + align:start position:0% +there's there's something and and there + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's something and and there +are things that that Jper complains + + align:start position:0% +are things that that Jper complains + + + align:start position:0% +are things that that Jper complains +about like the um you know why does + + align:start position:0% +about like the um you know why does + + + align:start position:0% +about like the um you know why does +Mario have three lives Well, + + align:start position:0% +Mario have three lives Well, + + + align:start position:0% +Mario have three lives Well, +well, because it's Mario, right? + + align:start position:0% +well, because it's Mario, right? + + + align:start position:0% +well, because it's Mario, right? +Uh, you know, is that part of the story? + + align:start position:0% +Uh, you know, is that part of the story? + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, you know, is that part of the story? +You know, that's that's a bit one of + + align:start position:0% +You know, that's that's a bit one of + + + align:start position:0% +You know, that's that's a bit one of +those like no man's land uh kind of kind + + align:start position:0% +those like no man's land uh kind of kind + + + align:start position:0% +those like no man's land uh kind of kind +of issues like does that undermine the + + align:start position:0% +of issues like does that undermine the + + + align:start position:0% +of issues like does that undermine the +consistency of the world? Maybe the onto + + align:start position:0% +consistency of the world? Maybe the onto + + + align:start position:0% +consistency of the world? Maybe the onto +the the ontological level, the level of + + align:start position:0% +the the ontological level, the level of + + + align:start position:0% +the the ontological level, the level of +the world uh itself. Uh but really, it's + + align:start position:0% +the world uh itself. Uh but really, it's + + + align:start position:0% +the world uh itself. Uh but really, it's +kind of is more about making sense about + + align:start position:0% +kind of is more about making sense about + + + align:start position:0% +kind of is more about making sense about +the rules. You know what is it looking + + align:start position:0% +the rules. You know what is it looking + + + align:start position:0% +the rules. You know what is it looking +at being able to look at the world in in + + align:start position:0% +at being able to look at the world in in + + + align:start position:0% +at being able to look at the world in in +a critical way? I'm trying to think of + + align:start position:0% +a critical way? I'm trying to think of + + + align:start position:0% +a critical way? I'm trying to think of +an example of apart from the three lines + + align:start position:0% +an example of apart from the three lines + + + align:start position:0% +an example of apart from the three lines +of Mario. + + align:start position:0% +of Mario. + + + align:start position:0% +of Mario. +>> What? + + align:start position:0% +>> What? + + + align:start position:0% +>> What? +>> What he says the plumber? Oh, no. That + + align:start position:0% +>> What he says the plumber? Oh, no. That + + + align:start position:0% +>> What he says the plumber? Oh, no. That +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +>> No, but so for example, uh I don't know + + align:start position:0% +>> No, but so for example, uh I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, but so for example, uh I don't know +Kirby like he eats + + align:start position:0% +Kirby like he eats + + + align:start position:0% +Kirby like he eats +other creatures and spits them. + + align:start position:0% +other creatures and spits them. + + + align:start position:0% +other creatures and spits them. +You know what? Where does it come from? + + align:start position:0% +You know what? Where does it come from? + + + align:start position:0% +You know what? Where does it come from? +You know, why does he do that? That, you + + align:start position:0% +You know, why does he do that? That, you + + + align:start position:0% +You know, why does he do that? That, you +know, what is what is the story of + + align:start position:0% +know, what is what is the story of + + + align:start position:0% +know, what is what is the story of +Kirby? He's a kind of Yeah, he's kind of + + align:start position:0% +Kirby? He's a kind of Yeah, he's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Kirby? He's a kind of Yeah, he's kind of +cute, but hey, I would watch out with + + align:start position:0% +cute, but hey, I would watch out with + + + align:start position:0% +cute, but hey, I would watch out with +him because he can eat almost anything + + align:start position:0% +him because he can eat almost anything + + + align:start position:0% +him because he can eat almost anything +and then he becomes it. + + align:start position:0% +and then he becomes it. + + + align:start position:0% +and then he becomes it. +>> Kirby is a really disturbing character. + + align:start position:0% +>> Kirby is a really disturbing character. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Kirby is a really disturbing character. +>> When you think about it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +>> When you think about it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +>> When you think about it in terms of +stories, like this is kind of wow. + + align:start position:0% +stories, like this is kind of wow. + + + align:start position:0% +stories, like this is kind of wow. +>> I mean, Yoshi, right? + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, Yoshi, right? + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, Yoshi, right? +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> And I love Yoshi. + + align:start position:0% +>> And I love Yoshi. + + + align:start position:0% +>> And I love Yoshi. +>> Yeah. That's another + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. That's another + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. That's another +video game charact. It seems like one of + + align:start position:0% +video game charact. It seems like one of + + + align:start position:0% +video game charact. It seems like one of +the reasons why these arguments are + + align:start position:0% +the reasons why these arguments are + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons why these arguments are +being raised is because been this huge + + align:start position:0% +being raised is because been this huge + + + align:start position:0% +being raised is because been this huge +pile of inconsistencies. + + align:start position:0% +pile of inconsistencies. + + + align:start position:0% +pile of inconsistencies. +>> Yes, but the inconsistencies become + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, but the inconsistencies become + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, but the inconsistencies become +evident when you try to write the story + + align:start position:0% +evident when you try to write the story + + + align:start position:0% +evident when you try to write the story +>> if that makes sense. + + align:start position:0% +>> if that makes sense. + + + align:start position:0% +>> if that makes sense. +>> You know, it's kind of like So, + + align:start position:0% +>> You know, it's kind of like So, + + + align:start position:0% +>> You know, it's kind of like So, +>> so Yoshi eats creatures and maybe + + align:start position:0% +>> so Yoshi eats creatures and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +>> so Yoshi eats creatures and maybe +>> he poops eggs. He hatches an egg. + + align:start position:0% +>> he poops eggs. He hatches an egg. + + + align:start position:0% +>> he poops eggs. He hatches an egg. +>> Depends on which Mario you're talking + + align:start position:0% +>> Depends on which Mario you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +>> Depends on which Mario you're talking +about. Cuz if it's Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +about. Cuz if it's Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +about. Cuz if it's Super Mario +Yeah. He poops. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. He poops. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. He poops. +>> Yeah. And it's like And then he throws + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And it's like And then he throws + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And it's like And then he throws +it and they're like bomb. + + align:start position:0% +it and they're like bomb. + + + align:start position:0% +it and they're like bomb. +>> Yeah. He throws his ank. He uses his + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. He throws his ank. He uses his + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. He throws his ank. He uses his +ank. + + align:start position:0% +ank. + + + align:start position:0% +ank. +That's true. + + align:start position:0% +That's true. + + + align:start position:0% +That's true. +Yoshi is a question. + + align:start position:0% +Yoshi is a question. + + + align:start position:0% +Yoshi is a question. +>> Yes. But yeah, but all those things + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. But yeah, but all those things + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. But yeah, but all those things +become evident the moment that we start + + align:start position:0% +become evident the moment that we start + + + align:start position:0% +become evident the moment that we start +to story. So who is this person? Why did + + align:start position:0% +to story. So who is this person? Why did + + + align:start position:0% +to story. So who is this person? Why did +they what did they do this? And it's + + align:start position:0% +they what did they do this? And it's + + + align:start position:0% +they what did they do this? And it's +kind of like wow. It's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +kind of like wow. It's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like wow. It's kind of like +falling apart. So the incoherence and + + align:start position:0% +falling apart. So the incoherence and + + + align:start position:0% +falling apart. So the incoherence and +I'm just thinking that I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +I'm just thinking that I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just thinking that I don't know if +like this or not. But the incoherence + + align:start position:0% +like this or not. But the incoherence + + + align:start position:0% +like this or not. But the incoherence +comes from the impossibility or or not + + align:start position:0% +comes from the impossibility or or not + + + align:start position:0% +comes from the impossibility or or not +impossibility but but the the problems + + align:start position:0% +impossibility but but the the problems + + + align:start position:0% +impossibility but but the the problems +of trying to make this into a story and + + align:start position:0% +of trying to make this into a story and + + + align:start position:0% +of trying to make this into a story and +realizing well this has not been this + + align:start position:0% +realizing well this has not been this + + + align:start position:0% +realizing well this has not been this +has been thought out as a cool game and + + align:start position:0% +has been thought out as a cool game and + + + align:start position:0% +has been thought out as a cool game and +I love Yoshi's Island but as the story + + align:start position:0% +I love Yoshi's Island but as the story + + + align:start position:0% +I love Yoshi's Island but as the story +is kind of falls apart. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +is kind of falls apart. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of falls apart. Yeah. +>> So + + align:start position:0% +>> So + + + align:start position:0% +>> So +I think one of the the really glaring + + align:start position:0% +I think one of the the really glaring + + + align:start position:0% +I think one of the the really glaring +inconsistencies in a lot of RPGs in + + align:start position:0% +inconsistencies in a lot of RPGs in + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistencies in a lot of RPGs in +particular is that in most of these + + align:start position:0% +particular is that in most of these + + + align:start position:0% +particular is that in most of these +worlds there's some kind of like + + align:start position:0% +worlds there's some kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +worlds there's some kind of like +resurrection power which exists. + + align:start position:0% +resurrection power which exists. + + + align:start position:0% +resurrection power which exists. +And there are a lot of plots which + + align:start position:0% +And there are a lot of plots which + + + align:start position:0% +And there are a lot of plots which +revolve around characters dying and that + + align:start position:0% +revolve around characters dying and that + + + align:start position:0% +revolve around characters dying and that +being a bad thing. And you're like, why + + align:start position:0% +being a bad thing. And you're like, why + + + align:start position:0% +being a bad thing. And you're like, why +not just use your Phoenix down? + + align:start position:0% +not just use your Phoenix down? + + + align:start position:0% +not just use your Phoenix down? +>> Why do we care if the king's been + + align:start position:0% +>> Why do we care if the king's been + + + align:start position:0% +>> Why do we care if the king's been +assassinated? I've got this thing in my + + align:start position:0% +assassinated? I've got this thing in my + + + align:start position:0% +assassinated? I've got this thing in my +inventory from + + align:start position:0% +inventory from + + + align:start position:0% +inventory from +resurrecting like a thousand times. And + + align:start position:0% +resurrecting like a thousand times. And + + + align:start position:0% +resurrecting like a thousand times. And +now because this guy killed it, like + + align:start position:0% +now because this guy killed it, like + + + align:start position:0% +now because this guy killed it, like +what kind of reason? + + align:start position:0% +what kind of reason? + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of reason? +>> The actual conceit there is you're not + + align:start position:0% +>> The actual conceit there is you're not + + + align:start position:0% +>> The actual conceit there is you're not +dead. You're just knocked out. + + align:start position:0% +dead. You're just knocked out. + + + align:start position:0% +dead. You're just knocked out. +>> So it's like smelling salts or + + align:start position:0% +>> So it's like smelling salts or + + + align:start position:0% +>> So it's like smelling salts or +something. But there are games like + + align:start position:0% +something. But there are games like + + + align:start position:0% +something. But there are games like +Plscape tournament where that is + + align:start position:0% +Plscape tournament where that is + + + align:start position:0% +Plscape tournament where that is +incorporated in the you know you're + + align:start position:0% +incorporated in the you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated in the you know you're +immortal and that's the thing that + + align:start position:0% +immortal and that's the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +immortal and that's the thing that +figuring out why you're immortal and why + + align:start position:0% +figuring out why you're immortal and why + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out why you're immortal and why +you they make fun of of you like waking + + align:start position:0% +you they make fun of of you like waking + + + align:start position:0% +you they make fun of of you like waking +up and it's kind like oh my goodness + + align:start position:0% +up and it's kind like oh my goodness + + + align:start position:0% +up and it's kind like oh my goodness +this is really this really hurts I feel + + align:start position:0% +this is really this really hurts I feel + + + align:start position:0% +this is really this really hurts I feel +terrible you know and then they're + + align:start position:0% +terrible you know and then they're + + + align:start position:0% +terrible you know and then they're +making they're making that problem into + + align:start position:0% +making they're making that problem into + + + align:start position:0% +making they're making that problem into +part of an essential part of the game. + + align:start position:0% +part of an essential part of the game. + + + align:start position:0% +part of an essential part of the game. +Yes. So, with the RPG thing, the + + align:start position:0% +Yes. So, with the RPG thing, the + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. So, with the RPG thing, the +incoherency is how so many times when + + align:start position:0% +incoherency is how so many times when + + + align:start position:0% +incoherency is how so many times when +you're in these battles, you're doing + + align:start position:0% +you're in these battles, you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +you're in these battles, you're doing +these incredible things like you're + + align:start position:0% +these incredible things like you're + + + align:start position:0% +these incredible things like you're +summoning asteroids or jumping and + + align:start position:0% +summoning asteroids or jumping and + + + align:start position:0% +summoning asteroids or jumping and +destroy people, but then in the in the + + align:start position:0% +destroy people, but then in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +destroy people, but then in the in the +game world, you get to a ledge and it's + + align:start position:0% +game world, you get to a ledge and it's + + + align:start position:0% +game world, you get to a ledge and it's +like, oh, it's a ledge. I have to go + + align:start position:0% +like, oh, it's a ledge. I have to go + + + align:start position:0% +like, oh, it's a ledge. I have to go +around or look, it's a it's a gap like + + align:start position:0% +around or look, it's a it's a gap like + + + align:start position:0% +around or look, it's a it's a gap like +this wide. I can't step over it. There's + + align:start position:0% +this wide. I can't step over it. There's + + + align:start position:0% +this wide. I can't step over it. There's +a bush. Oh, no. I can't what what am I + + align:start position:0% +a bush. Oh, no. I can't what what am I + + + align:start position:0% +a bush. Oh, no. I can't what what am I +going to do? There's a bush in the way. + + align:start position:0% +going to do? There's a bush in the way. + + + align:start position:0% +going to do? There's a bush in the way. +And so, + + align:start position:0% +And so, + + + align:start position:0% +And so, +>> but you put in diagonals, too. What? + + align:start position:0% +>> but you put in diagonals, too. What? + + + align:start position:0% +>> but you put in diagonals, too. What? +>> No, I'd rather do diagonals. + + align:start position:0% +>> No, I'd rather do diagonals. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, I'd rather do diagonals. +>> I think another egregious inconsistency + + align:start position:0% +>> I think another egregious inconsistency + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think another egregious inconsistency +that comes up a lot is the uh and I + + align:start position:0% +that comes up a lot is the uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +that comes up a lot is the uh and I +think it's in the it's it's explicitly + + align:start position:0% +think it's in the it's it's explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +think it's in the it's it's explicitly +mentioned in the reading that that + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in the reading that that + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in the reading that that +you're you're the world savior usually + + align:start position:0% +you're you're the world savior usually + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're the world savior usually +and on the way you're going to pillage, + + align:start position:0% +and on the way you're going to pillage, + + + align:start position:0% +and on the way you're going to pillage, +steal, kill innocent people, and it's + + align:start position:0% +steal, kill innocent people, and it's + + + align:start position:0% +steal, kill innocent people, and it's +not going to be a big deal. and and and + + align:start position:0% +not going to be a big deal. and and and + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be a big deal. and and and +even in games where they make the + + align:start position:0% +even in games where they make the + + + align:start position:0% +even in games where they make the +endpoint variables, they're like, "All + + align:start position:0% +endpoint variables, they're like, "All + + + align:start position:0% +endpoint variables, they're like, "All +right, you can neither save the world or + + align:start position:0% +right, you can neither save the world or + + + align:start position:0% +right, you can neither save the world or +be a total jerk, and that fixes one + + align:start position:0% +be a total jerk, and that fixes one + + + align:start position:0% +be a total jerk, and that fixes one +problem." They still have the problem + + align:start position:0% +problem." They still have the problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem." They still have the problem +that during the game, you can alternate + + align:start position:0% +that during the game, you can alternate + + + align:start position:0% +that during the game, you can alternate +back and forth between being really good + + align:start position:0% +back and forth between being really good + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth between being really good +and really bad. And all it does is it + + align:start position:0% +and really bad. And all it does is it + + + align:start position:0% +and really bad. And all it does is it +kind of swings you one way or the other. + + align:start position:0% +kind of swings you one way or the other. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of swings you one way or the other. +It's one, it's one dimensional, so you + + align:start position:0% +It's one, it's one dimensional, so you + + + align:start position:0% +It's one, it's one dimensional, so you +just sort of a spectrum, and if you do + + align:start position:0% +just sort of a spectrum, and if you do + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of a spectrum, and if you do +five really bad things and then five + + align:start position:0% +five really bad things and then five + + + align:start position:0% +five really bad things and then five +really good things, you're back to where + + align:start position:0% +really good things, you're back to where + + + align:start position:0% +really good things, you're back to where +you started. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +you started. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +you started. Yes. +>> And that's not necessarily consistent, + + align:start position:0% +>> And that's not necessarily consistent, + + + align:start position:0% +>> And that's not necessarily consistent, +you know, uh, + + align:start position:0% +you know, uh, + + + align:start position:0% +you know, uh, +>> in terms of storytelling. There's also + + align:start position:0% +>> in terms of storytelling. There's also + + + align:start position:0% +>> in terms of storytelling. There's also +the the classic inconsistency of if I + + align:start position:0% +the the classic inconsistency of if I + + + align:start position:0% +the the classic inconsistency of if I +don't save the world, everything will be + + align:start position:0% +don't save the world, everything will be + + + align:start position:0% +don't save the world, everything will be +destroyed, but you're still going to + + align:start position:0% +destroyed, but you're still going to + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed, but you're still going to +charge me a 100 gill for this Phoenix. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> It's still inconsistent + + align:start position:0% +>> It's still inconsistent + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's still inconsistent +>> and and or I have to say to the world + + align:start position:0% +>> and and or I have to say to the world + + + align:start position:0% +>> and and or I have to say to the world +now because bad things are happening. + + align:start position:0% +now because bad things are happening. + + + align:start position:0% +now because bad things are happening. +Let me go do these 20 side quests first. + + align:start position:0% +Let me go do these 20 side quests first. + + + align:start position:0% +Let me go do these 20 side quests first. +>> It's still marching. But yeah, I can + + align:start position:0% +>> It's still marching. But yeah, I can + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's still marching. But yeah, I can +>> this cat stuck in a tree. + + align:start position:0% +>> this cat stuck in a tree. + + + align:start position:0% +>> this cat stuck in a tree. +>> The rat's in the cellar, man. Rats in + + align:start position:0% +>> The rat's in the cellar, man. Rats in + + + align:start position:0% +>> The rat's in the cellar, man. Rats in +the cell. + + align:start position:0% +the cell. + + + align:start position:0% +the cell. +>> Yeah. It's like the end of the world is + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. It's like the end of the world is + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. It's like the end of the world is +nine. Like in Final Fantasy, the end of + + align:start position:0% +nine. Like in Final Fantasy, the end of + + + align:start position:0% +nine. Like in Final Fantasy, the end of +the world is nine, but let me go around + + align:start position:0% +the world is nine, but let me go around + + + align:start position:0% +the world is nine, but let me go around +more more random characters so that I + + align:start position:0% +more more random characters so that I + + + align:start position:0% +more more random characters so that I +can bump up my + + align:start position:0% +can bump up my + + + align:start position:0% +can bump up my +>> So that actually reminds me of I think + + align:start position:0% +>> So that actually reminds me of I think + + + align:start position:0% +>> So that actually reminds me of I think +it was a web comic I read about a month + + align:start position:0% +it was a web comic I read about a month + + + align:start position:0% +it was a web comic I read about a month +ago and it had like it was based around + + align:start position:0% +ago and it had like it was based around + + + align:start position:0% +ago and it had like it was based around +Link. I was like, "Oh my god, you're our + + align:start position:0% +Link. I was like, "Oh my god, you're our + + + align:start position:0% +Link. I was like, "Oh my god, you're our +savior. You're going to help us." I was + + align:start position:0% +savior. You're going to help us." I was + + + align:start position:0% +savior. You're going to help us." I was +like, "Yes, I am." And so the whole + + align:start position:0% +like, "Yes, I am." And so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +like, "Yes, I am." And so the whole +whole time he's just going on Cypus + + align:start position:0% +whole time he's just going on Cypus + + + align:start position:0% +whole time he's just going on Cypus +like, "What are you doing? They're + + align:start position:0% +like, "What are you doing? They're + + + align:start position:0% +like, "What are you doing? They're +raping and pillaging everything. They're + + align:start position:0% +raping and pillaging everything. They're + + + align:start position:0% +raping and pillaging everything. They're +destroying everything. What are you What + + align:start position:0% +destroying everything. What are you What + + + align:start position:0% +destroying everything. What are you What +are you doing?" Oh. I'll do that in a + + align:start position:0% +are you doing?" Oh. I'll do that in a + + + align:start position:0% +are you doing?" Oh. I'll do that in a +second. I just have to get this really + + align:start position:0% +second. I just have to get this really + + + align:start position:0% +second. I just have to get this really +fairly cool shield. It's like and then + + align:start position:0% +fairly cool shield. It's like and then + + + align:start position:0% +fairly cool shield. It's like and then +and then at one point it's like why what + + align:start position:0% +and then at one point it's like why what + + + align:start position:0% +and then at one point it's like why what +are you doing? It's like I'm fishing so + + align:start position:0% +are you doing? It's like I'm fishing so + + + align:start position:0% +are you doing? It's like I'm fishing so +I can get this litter so I can catch + + align:start position:0% +I can get this litter so I can catch + + + align:start position:0% +I can get this litter so I can catch +some other fish. Like why why would you + + align:start position:0% +some other fish. Like why why would you + + + align:start position:0% +some other fish. Like why why would you +ever be doing this right now when the + + align:start position:0% +ever be doing this right now when the + + + align:start position:0% +ever be doing this right now when the +world's about to end and evil is + + align:start position:0% +world's about to end and evil is + + + align:start position:0% +world's about to end and evil is +spreading across everything. It's like + + align:start position:0% +spreading across everything. It's like + + + align:start position:0% +spreading across everything. It's like +don't worry about it. I'm on it. + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about it. I'm on it. + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about it. I'm on it. +>> Well, it's very interesting. And then + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it's very interesting. And then + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it's very interesting. And then +this is my last last slide. So if you + + align:start position:0% +this is my last last slide. So if you + + + align:start position:0% +this is my last last slide. So if you +want to + + align:start position:0% +want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to +>> we can go on discussing. Sure we can + + align:start position:0% +>> we can go on discussing. Sure we can + + + align:start position:0% +>> we can go on discussing. Sure we can +have. Okay. So um at times you know the + + align:start position:0% +have. Okay. So um at times you know the + + + align:start position:0% +have. Okay. So um at times you know the +little cues that are building world or + + align:start position:0% +little cues that are building world or + + + align:start position:0% +little cues that are building world or +building character can also backfire. + + align:start position:0% +building character can also backfire. + + + align:start position:0% +building character can also backfire. +So, I've been playing one of the DS uh + + align:start position:0% +So, I've been playing one of the DS uh + + + align:start position:0% +So, I've been playing one of the DS uh +Zelda games, and this one of the nicest + + align:start position:0% +Zelda games, and this one of the nicest + + + align:start position:0% +Zelda games, and this one of the nicest +touches is that whenever you get near a + + align:start position:0% +touches is that whenever you get near a + + + align:start position:0% +touches is that whenever you get near a +character, you know, Link is going to + + align:start position:0% +character, you know, Link is going to + + + align:start position:0% +character, you know, Link is going to +look at them in the eye like, "Hi," you + + align:start position:0% +look at them in the eye like, "Hi," you + + + align:start position:0% +look at them in the eye like, "Hi," you +know, like you're walking and stuff + + align:start position:0% +know, like you're walking and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +know, like you're walking and stuff +like, "Hi," you know, and at times it's + + align:start position:0% +like, "Hi," you know, and at times it's + + + align:start position:0% +like, "Hi," you know, and at times it's +super weird because they look the + + align:start position:0% +super weird because they look the + + + align:start position:0% +super weird because they look the +characters look at each other like they + + align:start position:0% +characters look at each other like they + + + align:start position:0% +characters look at each other like they +acknowledge that they're there. So, they + + align:start position:0% +acknowledge that they're there. So, they + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledge that they're there. So, they +feel kind of alive, you know, it's very + + align:start position:0% +feel kind of alive, you know, it's very + + + align:start position:0% +feel kind of alive, you know, it's very +simple, you know, 3D algorithm like, + + align:start position:0% +simple, you know, 3D algorithm like, + + + align:start position:0% +simple, you know, 3D algorithm like, +"Okay, if there's another character, + + align:start position:0% +"Okay, if there's another character, + + + align:start position:0% +"Okay, if there's another character, +they look at each other." It's like, + + align:start position:0% +they look at each other." It's like, + + + align:start position:0% +they look at each other." It's like, +"Wow, they're alive. Cool." and they + + align:start position:0% +"Wow, they're alive. Cool." and they + + + align:start position:0% +"Wow, they're alive. Cool." and they +react. But then you go into somebody's + + align:start position:0% +react. But then you go into somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +react. But then you go into somebody's +house and they're looking at you and + + align:start position:0% +house and they're looking at you and + + + align:start position:0% +house and they're looking at you and +you're like, "Hi, you know, you break + + align:start position:0% +you're like, "Hi, you know, you break + + + align:start position:0% +you're like, "Hi, you know, you break +their pots to get rupees and they're + + align:start position:0% +their pots to get rupees and they're + + + align:start position:0% +their pots to get rupees and they're +looking at you and you're like breaking + + align:start position:0% +looking at you and you're like breaking + + + align:start position:0% +looking at you and you're like breaking +everything and it's kind of like it's + + align:start position:0% +everything and it's kind of like it's + + + align:start position:0% +everything and it's kind of like it's +kind of weird. They should react because + + align:start position:0% +kind of weird. They should react because + + + align:start position:0% +kind of weird. They should react because +they're looking at you and you're + + align:start position:0% +they're looking at you and you're + + + align:start position:0% +they're looking at you and you're +breaking their house, + + align:start position:0% +breaking their house, + + + align:start position:0% +breaking their house, +you know, and and that's, you know, + + align:start position:0% +you know, and and that's, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +you know, and and that's, you know, +again, it's giving a touch that is + + align:start position:0% +again, it's giving a touch that is + + + align:start position:0% +again, it's giving a touch that is +giving you making those characters + + align:start position:0% +giving you making those characters + + + align:start position:0% +giving you making those characters +alive, but it's also kind of like + + align:start position:0% +alive, but it's also kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +alive, but it's also kind of like +breaking it like kind of I'm still + + align:start position:0% +breaking it like kind of I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +breaking it like kind of I'm still +breaking your thoughts. That's better. + + align:start position:0% +breaking your thoughts. That's better. + + + align:start position:0% +breaking your thoughts. That's better. +>> I think that was uh subverted in um what + + align:start position:0% +>> I think that was uh subverted in um what + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think that was uh subverted in um what +was it? + + align:start position:0% +was it? + + + align:start position:0% +was it? +>> No. In another Zelda game, um + + align:start position:0% +>> No. In another Zelda game, um + + + align:start position:0% +>> No. In another Zelda game, um +>> Link's Awakening. + + align:start position:0% +>> Link's Awakening. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Link's Awakening. +>> You go into the shop and the shop owner + + align:start position:0% +>> You go into the shop and the shop owner + + + align:start position:0% +>> You go into the shop and the shop owner +is always looking at you. So, if you + + align:start position:0% +is always looking at you. So, if you + + + align:start position:0% +is always looking at you. So, if you +take something off the shelf and try and + + align:start position:0% +take something off the shelf and try and + + + align:start position:0% +take something off the shelf and try and +exit, he says, "No, you can't do that. + + align:start position:0% +exit, he says, "No, you can't do that. + + + align:start position:0% +exit, he says, "No, you can't do that. +You can't uh steal it." But if you run + + align:start position:0% +You can't uh steal it." But if you run + + + align:start position:0% +You can't uh steal it." But if you run +around him, he's not fast enough to keep + + align:start position:0% +around him, he's not fast enough to keep + + + align:start position:0% +around him, he's not fast enough to keep +his eye on you. So, you run around him + + align:start position:0% +his eye on you. So, you run around him + + + align:start position:0% +his eye on you. So, you run around him +until he's looking away and you can + + align:start position:0% +until he's looking away and you can + + + align:start position:0% +until he's looking away and you can +leave. + + align:start position:0% +leave. + + + align:start position:0% +leave. +But if you come back in, he says, + + align:start position:0% +But if you come back in, he says, + + + align:start position:0% +But if you come back in, he says, +"You're the guy who stole something." + + align:start position:0% +"You're the guy who stole something." + + + align:start position:0% +"You're the guy who stole something." +And then he shoots you with the laser. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> The character in the game calls you a + + align:start position:0% +>> The character in the game calls you a + + + align:start position:0% +>> The character in the game calls you a +thief. The rest of + + align:start position:0% +thief. The rest of + + + align:start position:0% +thief. The rest of +>> the game. That's very funny. + + align:start position:0% +>> the game. That's very funny. + + + align:start position:0% +>> the game. That's very funny. +>> That's awesome. + + align:start position:0% +>> That's awesome. + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's awesome. +>> I was going to say like Oblivion and + + align:start position:0% +>> I was going to say like Oblivion and + + + align:start position:0% +>> I was going to say like Oblivion and +Fallout do the same sort of like where + + align:start position:0% +Fallout do the same sort of like where + + + align:start position:0% +Fallout do the same sort of like where +everyone watches you like if they're + + align:start position:0% +everyone watches you like if they're + + + align:start position:0% +everyone watches you like if they're +within like + + align:start position:0% +within like + + + align:start position:0% +within like +>> they're acknowledging you and then like + + align:start position:0% +>> they're acknowledging you and then like + + + align:start position:0% +>> they're acknowledging you and then like +you try and take something like they'll + + align:start position:0% +you try and take something like they'll + + + align:start position:0% +you try and take something like they'll +run up and be like why the hell are you + + align:start position:0% +run up and be like why the hell are you + + + align:start position:0% +run up and be like why the hell are you +taking my stuff or like start you know + + align:start position:0% +taking my stuff or like start you know + + + align:start position:0% +taking my stuff or like start you know +beating you up or whatever. What should + + align:start position:0% +beating you up or whatever. What should + + + align:start position:0% +beating you up or whatever. What should +they do? people called the town guard. + + align:start position:0% +they do? people called the town guard. + + + align:start position:0% +they do? people called the town guard. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> And everyone + + align:start position:0% +>> And everyone + + + align:start position:0% +>> And everyone +>> problematic when you're powerful enough + + align:start position:0% +>> problematic when you're powerful enough + + + align:start position:0% +>> problematic when you're powerful enough +and you can take the town guard + + align:start position:0% +and you can take the town guard + + + align:start position:0% +and you can take the town guard +>> and it's just really annoying cuz + + align:start position:0% +>> and it's just really annoying cuz + + + align:start position:0% +>> and it's just really annoying cuz +everywhere you go there's like guys you + + align:start position:0% +everywhere you go there's like guys you + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere you go there's like guys you +can kill that kind of there and you're + + align:start position:0% +can kill that kind of there and you're + + + align:start position:0% +can kill that kind of there and you're +like all right come on get out of my + + align:start position:0% +like all right come on get out of my + + + align:start position:0% +like all right come on get out of my +way. + + align:start position:0% +way. + + + align:start position:0% +way. +>> Yeah. So there was a Mega Man Legends + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So there was a Mega Man Legends + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So there was a Mega Man Legends +which I don't know if anybody ever + + align:start position:0% +which I don't know if anybody ever + + + align:start position:0% +which I don't know if anybody ever +played. I don't think anyone played + + align:start position:0% +played. I don't think anyone played + + + align:start position:0% +played. I don't think anyone played +that, but um essentially it was like + + align:start position:0% +that, but um essentially it was like + + + align:start position:0% +that, but um essentially it was like +Mega Man, but the RPG style game, but it + + align:start position:0% +Mega Man, but the RPG style game, but it + + + align:start position:0% +Mega Man, but the RPG style game, but it +was actually slightly different from + + align:start position:0% +was actually slightly different from + + + align:start position:0% +was actually slightly different from +most RPGs. And that most RPGs, you just + + align:start position:0% +most RPGs. And that most RPGs, you just + + + align:start position:0% +most RPGs. And that most RPGs, you just +walk around walking into people's houses + + align:start position:0% +walk around walking into people's houses + + + align:start position:0% +walk around walking into people's houses +looking for loot. But you actually + + align:start position:0% +looking for loot. But you actually + + + align:start position:0% +looking for loot. But you actually +couldn't just walk into people's houses. + + align:start position:0% +couldn't just walk into people's houses. + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't just walk into people's houses. +Their doors would be locked and like you + + align:start position:0% +Their doors would be locked and like you + + + align:start position:0% +Their doors would be locked and like you +could knock and see if anybody was + + align:start position:0% +could knock and see if anybody was + + + align:start position:0% +could knock and see if anybody was +there. But it was kind of interesting + + align:start position:0% +there. But it was kind of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +there. But it was kind of interesting +because like it was actually consistent + + align:start position:0% +because like it was actually consistent + + + align:start position:0% +because like it was actually consistent +in the sense that you couldn't just + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that you couldn't just + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that you couldn't just +randomly walk into somebody's house and + + align:start position:0% +randomly walk into somebody's house and + + + align:start position:0% +randomly walk into somebody's house and +steal their crap. + + align:start position:0% +steal their crap. + + + align:start position:0% +steal their crap. +>> There's one thing. So one thing that I + + align:start position:0% +>> There's one thing. So one thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +>> There's one thing. So one thing that I +wanted to ask you because all these + + align:start position:0% +wanted to ask you because all these + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to ask you because all these +things in in video games you know after + + align:start position:0% +things in in video games you know after + + + align:start position:0% +things in in video games you know after +a while the kind of result evident right + + align:start position:0% +a while the kind of result evident right + + + align:start position:0% +a while the kind of result evident right +because we have we have the possibility + + align:start position:0% +because we have we have the possibility + + + align:start position:0% +because we have we have the possibility +of having fleshed out uh uh worlds that + + align:start position:0% +of having fleshed out uh uh worlds that + + + align:start position:0% +of having fleshed out uh uh worlds that +we can interact with you know that are + + align:start position:0% +we can interact with you know that are + + + align:start position:0% +we can interact with you know that are +simulated and the the times when those + + align:start position:0% +simulated and the the times when those + + + align:start position:0% +simulated and the the times when those +cracks are showing you know what system + + align:start position:0% +cracks are showing you know what system + + + align:start position:0% +cracks are showing you know what system +is showing when they're showing that + + align:start position:0% +is showing when they're showing that + + + align:start position:0% +is showing when they're showing that +this is limited that we've chosen a + + align:start position:0% +this is limited that we've chosen a + + + align:start position:0% +this is limited that we've chosen a +specific level of abstraction to to + + align:start position:0% +specific level of abstraction to to + + + align:start position:0% +specific level of abstraction to to +simulate the the world. Um, but do those + + align:start position:0% +simulate the the world. Um, but do those + + + align:start position:0% +simulate the the world. Um, but do those +in congruities bother people in board + + align:start position:0% +in congruities bother people in board + + + align:start position:0% +in congruities bother people in board +games or card games so much? + + align:start position:0% +games or card games so much? + + + align:start position:0% +games or card games so much? +>> I I would argue that sometimes it's a + + align:start position:0% +>> I I would argue that sometimes it's a + + + align:start position:0% +>> I I would argue that sometimes it's a +little bit of a speed bump to learning + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a speed bump to learning + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a speed bump to learning +what's going on. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +what's going on. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on. Uh, +assuming it's unmet, assuming that that + + align:start position:0% +assuming it's unmet, assuming that that + + + align:start position:0% +assuming it's unmet, assuming that that +that that is incoherent. + + align:start position:0% +that that is incoherent. + + + align:start position:0% +that that is incoherent. +It seems like because it's almost + + align:start position:0% +It seems like because it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +It seems like because it's almost +impossible to play a car game or a board + + align:start position:0% +impossible to play a car game or a board + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to play a car game or a board +game without first understanding the + + align:start position:0% +game without first understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +game without first understanding the +rules unlike in computer games where you + + align:start position:0% +rules unlike in computer games where you + + + align:start position:0% +rules unlike in computer games where you +can just jump right in. Um + + align:start position:0% +can just jump right in. Um + + + align:start position:0% +can just jump right in. Um +that is usually something that can be + + align:start position:0% +that is usually something that can be + + + align:start position:0% +that is usually something that can be +surmounted if people are if people sort + + align:start position:0% +surmounted if people are if people sort + + + align:start position:0% +surmounted if people are if people sort +of say oh the rules say this but the + + align:start position:0% +of say oh the rules say this but the + + + align:start position:0% +of say oh the rules say this but the +theme says that okay I understand what + + align:start position:0% +theme says that okay I understand what + + + align:start position:0% +theme says that okay I understand what +the rules say. + + align:start position:0% +the rules say. + + + align:start position:0% +the rules say. +>> Yeah. Able to step over that. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Able to step over that. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Able to step over that. +>> Yeah. And I think that that's an + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And I think that that's an + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And I think that that's an +excellent point that when we start + + align:start position:0% +excellent point that when we start + + + align:start position:0% +excellent point that when we start +playing a board game and probably when + + align:start position:0% +playing a board game and probably when + + + align:start position:0% +playing a board game and probably when +what you guys do in this class is you + + align:start position:0% +what you guys do in this class is you + + + align:start position:0% +what you guys do in this class is you +get a new board game of what do you do? + + align:start position:0% +get a new board game of what do you do? + + + align:start position:0% +get a new board game of what do you do? +You pick up the instructions + + align:start position:0% +You pick up the instructions + + + align:start position:0% +You pick up the instructions +>> and you're figuring out the rules first + + align:start position:0% +>> and you're figuring out the rules first + + + align:start position:0% +>> and you're figuring out the rules first +and not the world. In a lot of video + + align:start position:0% +and not the world. In a lot of video + + + align:start position:0% +and not the world. In a lot of video +games, we figure out the world first and + + align:start position:0% +games, we figure out the world first and + + + align:start position:0% +games, we figure out the world first and +then by exploring the world, we're + + align:start position:0% +then by exploring the world, we're + + + align:start position:0% +then by exploring the world, we're +figuring out the rules. And even if + + align:start position:0% +figuring out the rules. And even if + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out the rules. And even if +there are games that are giving us + + align:start position:0% +there are games that are giving us + + + align:start position:0% +there are games that are giving us +tutorials or you know manuals who I + + align:start position:0% +tutorials or you know manuals who I + + + align:start position:0% +tutorials or you know manuals who I +don't know, not many people read manuals + + align:start position:0% +don't know, not many people read manuals + + + align:start position:0% +don't know, not many people read manuals +if at all + + align:start position:0% +if at all + + + align:start position:0% +if at all +>> while the game is installed. + + align:start position:0% +>> while the game is installed. + + + align:start position:0% +>> while the game is installed. +>> Yes, if it's fun. Um but but you know + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, if it's fun. Um but but you know + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, if it's fun. Um but but you know +like manuals is not something that even + + align:start position:0% +like manuals is not something that even + + + align:start position:0% +like manuals is not something that even +though it's going to be the first thing + + align:start position:0% +though it's going to be the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +though it's going to be the first thing +to look at in a board game and a card + + align:start position:0% +to look at in a board game and a card + + + align:start position:0% +to look at in a board game and a card +game. Um and even well as a player + + align:start position:0% +game. Um and even well as a player + + + align:start position:0% +game. Um and even well as a player +no as a player you'll also look at the + + align:start position:0% +no as a player you'll also look at the + + + align:start position:0% +no as a player you'll also look at the +rule books at least to cons to build + + align:start position:0% +rule books at least to cons to build + + + align:start position:0% +rule books at least to cons to build +your own character most times. + + align:start position:0% +your own character most times. + + + align:start position:0% +your own character most times. +>> You mean you mean on PC + + align:start position:0% +>> You mean you mean on PC + + + align:start position:0% +>> You mean you mean on PC +>> on roleplay games? + + align:start position:0% +>> on roleplay games? + + + align:start position:0% +>> on roleplay games? +>> Oh in in are you talking about tabletop + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh in in are you talking about tabletop + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh in in are you talking about tabletop +role playing? + + align:start position:0% +role playing? + + + align:start position:0% +role playing? +>> Yes tabletop. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes tabletop. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes tabletop. +>> Oh yeah even tabletop role playing games + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh yeah even tabletop role playing games + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh yeah even tabletop role playing games +you Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +you Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +you Yeah, +>> chances are people start by looking at + + align:start position:0% +>> chances are people start by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +>> chances are people start by looking at +the handbooks before + + align:start position:0% +the handbooks before + + + align:start position:0% +the handbooks before +>> laring might be a good example of how + + align:start position:0% +>> laring might be a good example of how + + + align:start position:0% +>> laring might be a good example of how +like laring you just giving your + + align:start position:0% +like laring you just giving your + + + align:start position:0% +like laring you just giving your +>> your character + + align:start position:0% +>> your character + + + align:start position:0% +>> your character +>> your character which is very + + align:start position:0% +>> your character which is very + + + align:start position:0% +>> your character which is very +interesting. + + align:start position:0% +interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. +>> I mean for role playing I know a lot of + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean for role playing I know a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean for role playing I know a lot of +people who can't really be bothered to + + align:start position:0% +people who can't really be bothered to + + + align:start position:0% +people who can't really be bothered to +learn the rules that thoroughly prefer + + align:start position:0% +learn the rules that thoroughly prefer + + + align:start position:0% +learn the rules that thoroughly prefer +just to like experience the story and + + align:start position:0% +just to like experience the story and + + + align:start position:0% +just to like experience the story and +have somebody tell them how to resolve + + align:start position:0% +have somebody tell them how to resolve + + + align:start position:0% +have somebody tell them how to resolve +mechanics and that kind of thing. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and that kind of thing. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and that kind of thing. Yeah, +>> but even it's funny because even when + + align:start position:0% +>> but even it's funny because even when + + + align:start position:0% +>> but even it's funny because even when +you are not when you're building your + + align:start position:0% +you are not when you're building your + + + align:start position:0% +you are not when you're building your +character in in a tabletop role playing + + align:start position:0% +character in in a tabletop role playing + + + align:start position:0% +character in in a tabletop role playing +game, + + align:start position:0% +game, + + + align:start position:0% +game, +>> you still have to have a look at, you + + align:start position:0% +>> you still have to have a look at, you + + + align:start position:0% +>> you still have to have a look at, you +know, what is the race that you want, + + align:start position:0% +know, what is the race that you want, + + + align:start position:0% +know, what is the race that you want, +what is your religion, what is your + + align:start position:0% +what is your religion, what is your + + + align:start position:0% +what is your religion, what is your +powers that you want to choose. You'll + + align:start position:0% +powers that you want to choose. You'll + + + align:start position:0% +powers that you want to choose. You'll +you kind of really, even if you're only + + align:start position:0% +you kind of really, even if you're only + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of really, even if you're only +playing for, you know, for cakes and you + + align:start position:0% +playing for, you know, for cakes and you + + + align:start position:0% +playing for, you know, for cakes and you +don't care so much about the moves and + + align:start position:0% +don't care so much about the moves and + + + align:start position:0% +don't care so much about the moves and +I'm I'm the type of tabletop role + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm the type of tabletop role + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm the type of tabletop role +playing that prefers the story and I + + align:start position:0% +playing that prefers the story and I + + + align:start position:0% +playing that prefers the story and I +don't care so much about combat. Um, but + + align:start position:0% +don't care so much about combat. Um, but + + + align:start position:0% +don't care so much about combat. Um, but +you still have to know the rules even + + align:start position:0% +you still have to know the rules even + + + align:start position:0% +you still have to know the rules even +before you start playing, if that makes + + align:start position:0% +before you start playing, if that makes + + + align:start position:0% +before you start playing, if that makes +sense. + + align:start position:0% +sense. + + + align:start position:0% +sense. +>> I mean, there are situations like Owens + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, there are situations like Owens + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, there are situations like Owens +describing where people don't look at a + + align:start position:0% +describing where people don't look at a + + + align:start position:0% +describing where people don't look at a +rules, but then then they're usually + + align:start position:0% +rules, but then then they're usually + + + align:start position:0% +rules, but then then they're usually +relying on the GM to tell them what's + + align:start position:0% +relying on the GM to tell them what's + + + align:start position:0% +relying on the GM to tell them what's +allowed and what's not allowed, which + + align:start position:0% +allowed and what's not allowed, which + + + align:start position:0% +allowed and what's not allowed, which +means someone read the rules. It's no + + align:start position:0% +means someone read the rules. It's no + + + align:start position:0% +means someone read the rules. It's no +different from someone explaining to you + + align:start position:0% +different from someone explaining to you + + + align:start position:0% +different from someone explaining to you +a card game as opposed to having rules. + + align:start position:0% +a card game as opposed to having rules. + + + align:start position:0% +a card game as opposed to having rules. +>> Actually, kind of makes the experience a + + align:start position:0% +>> Actually, kind of makes the experience a + + + align:start position:0% +>> Actually, kind of makes the experience a +bit like playing a computer game. The + + align:start position:0% +bit like playing a computer game. The + + + align:start position:0% +bit like playing a computer game. The +the GM sort of does the blackbox + + align:start position:0% +the GM sort of does the blackbox + + + align:start position:0% +the GM sort of does the blackbox +arbitration for + + align:start position:0% +arbitration for + + + align:start position:0% +arbitration for +>> Yeah, the GM is your computer. In fact, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, the GM is your computer. In fact, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, the GM is your computer. In fact, +it's more powerful than a computer + + align:start position:0% +it's more powerful than a computer + + + align:start position:0% +it's more powerful than a computer +because you can sort of figure out what + + align:start position:0% +because you can sort of figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +because you can sort of figure out what +you're actually asking. + + align:start position:0% +you're actually asking. + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually asking. +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +>> What someone + + align:start position:0% +>> What someone + + + align:start position:0% +>> What someone +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I I have a question about narratives + + align:start position:0% +>> I I have a question about narratives + + + align:start position:0% +>> I I have a question about narratives +actually. So, so one thing about card + + align:start position:0% +actually. So, so one thing about card + + + align:start position:0% +actually. So, so one thing about card +games and board games is that almost + + align:start position:0% +games and board games is that almost + + + align:start position:0% +games and board games is that almost +everything that gets revealed or that + + align:start position:0% +everything that gets revealed or that + + + align:start position:0% +everything that gets revealed or that +happens in the middle of the game um is + + align:start position:0% +happens in the middle of the game um is + + + align:start position:0% +happens in the middle of the game um is +usually a play of mechanic. Uh sometimes + + align:start position:0% +usually a play of mechanic. Uh sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +usually a play of mechanic. Uh sometimes +some sometimes there's some loose + + align:start position:0% +some sometimes there's some loose + + + align:start position:0% +some sometimes there's some loose +flexibility in like games where they + + align:start position:0% +flexibility in like games where they + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility in like games where they +allow open negotiation in between in + + align:start position:0% +allow open negotiation in between in + + + align:start position:0% +allow open negotiation in between in +between specific plays. But most of it's + + align:start position:0% +between specific plays. But most of it's + + + align:start position:0% +between specific plays. But most of it's +actually in the play of a card and move + + align:start position:0% +actually in the play of a card and move + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the play of a card and move +of a piece something like that. And + + align:start position:0% +of a piece something like that. And + + + align:start position:0% +of a piece something like that. And +especially when you're playing cards, + + align:start position:0% +especially when you're playing cards, + + + align:start position:0% +especially when you're playing cards, +you have things like paper text. You + + align:start position:0% +you have things like paper text. You + + + align:start position:0% +you have things like paper text. You +have things especially um for cards + + align:start position:0% +have things especially um for cards + + + align:start position:0% +have things especially um for cards +where you can just like play them at any + + align:start position:0% +where you can just like play them at any + + + align:start position:0% +where you can just like play them at any +time. Uh, and um, I've seen micro + + align:start position:0% +time. Uh, and um, I've seen micro + + + align:start position:0% +time. Uh, and um, I've seen micro +narratives done, at least what I think + + align:start position:0% +narratives done, at least what I think + + + align:start position:0% +narratives done, at least what I think +of micro narratives, seem to be done + + align:start position:0% +of micro narratives, seem to be done + + + align:start position:0% +of micro narratives, seem to be done +really well in those instances. Uh, in + + align:start position:0% +really well in those instances. Uh, in + + + align:start position:0% +really well in those instances. Uh, in +fact, they're instant cards, right? The + + align:start position:0% +fact, they're instant cards, right? The + + + align:start position:0% +fact, they're instant cards, right? The +the, you know, someone tries to do + + align:start position:0% +the, you know, someone tries to do + + + align:start position:0% +the, you know, someone tries to do +something that might win them the game + + align:start position:0% +something that might win them the game + + + align:start position:0% +something that might win them the game +and you play this card and that denies + + align:start position:0% +and you play this card and that denies + + + align:start position:0% +and you play this card and that denies +them the win + + align:start position:0% +them the win + + + align:start position:0% +them the win +>> and but then that's tied up with some + + align:start position:0% +>> and but then that's tied up with some + + + align:start position:0% +>> and but then that's tied up with some +sort of labor text, some sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of labor text, some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of labor text, some sort of +thematic element to that card. + + align:start position:0% +thematic element to that card. + + + align:start position:0% +thematic element to that card. +>> Well, it could be like the + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it could be like the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it could be like the +uh, Monopoly. What is the type of card? + + align:start position:0% +uh, Monopoly. What is the type of card? + + + align:start position:0% +uh, Monopoly. What is the type of card? +There is two type of cards. + + align:start position:0% +There is two type of cards. + + + align:start position:0% +There is two type of cards. +>> Go to jail. + + align:start position:0% +>> Go to jail. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Go to jail. +>> No, + + align:start position:0% +>> No, + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, +>> yeah, like the chance and there's chance + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, like the chance and there's chance + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, like the chance and there's chance +is something that happens to you, but + + align:start position:0% +is something that happens to you, but + + + align:start position:0% +is something that happens to you, but +there's also community. + + align:start position:0% +there's also community. + + + align:start position:0% +there's also community. +>> The community chest. Thank you. Which is + + align:start position:0% +>> The community chest. Thank you. Which is + + + align:start position:0% +>> The community chest. Thank you. Which is +something that you play. The difference + + align:start position:0% +something that you play. The difference + + + align:start position:0% +something that you play. The difference +is in and micro narratives here. What it + + align:start position:0% +is in and micro narratives here. What it + + + align:start position:0% +is in and micro narratives here. What it +means is something it's a reaction to + + align:start position:0% +means is something it's a reaction to + + + align:start position:0% +means is something it's a reaction to +players + + align:start position:0% +players + + + align:start position:0% +players +>> events. is not something that the player + + align:start position:0% +>> events. is not something that the player + + + align:start position:0% +>> events. is not something that the player +chooses to do + + align:start position:0% +chooses to do + + + align:start position:0% +chooses to do +>> which is you know that those reaction + + align:start position:0% +>> which is you know that those reaction + + + align:start position:0% +>> which is you know that those reaction +cards those are also part of the + + align:start position:0% +cards those are also part of the + + + align:start position:0% +cards those are also part of the +player's narrative and in a way you know + + align:start position:0% +player's narrative and in a way you know + + + align:start position:0% +player's narrative and in a way you know +is player is choosing this is going to + + align:start position:0% +is player is choosing this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +is player is choosing this is going to +happen now + + align:start position:0% +happen now + + + align:start position:0% +happen now +>> um this is what gloom is about in this + + align:start position:0% +>> um this is what gloom is about in this + + + align:start position:0% +>> um this is what gloom is about in this +is what these two games are about most + + align:start position:0% +is what these two games are about most + + + align:start position:0% +is what these two games are about most +of the time it's kind of like you're + + align:start position:0% +of the time it's kind of like you're + + + align:start position:0% +of the time it's kind of like you're +trying to to construct a story and + + align:start position:0% +trying to to construct a story and + + + align:start position:0% +trying to to construct a story and +you're kind of like trying to tamper + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of like trying to tamper + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of like trying to tamper +into somebody else's story uh so it's + + align:start position:0% +into somebody else's story uh so it's + + + align:start position:0% +into somebody else's story uh so it's +that kind of reaction but it's yeah we + + align:start position:0% +that kind of reaction but it's yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of reaction but it's yeah we +would have find a name for it. But um + + align:start position:0% +would have find a name for it. But um + + + align:start position:0% +would have find a name for it. But um +yeah, it's the micro narrative is + + align:start position:0% +yeah, it's the micro narrative is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, it's the micro narrative is +referring to something that happens as + + align:start position:0% +referring to something that happens as + + + align:start position:0% +referring to something that happens as +reaction. It's not something that the + + align:start position:0% +reaction. It's not something that the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction. It's not something that the +player does. Maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +player does. Maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +player does. Maybe that's +>> it's often in reaction to what another + + align:start position:0% +>> it's often in reaction to what another + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's often in reaction to what another +player is doing. So it depends on whose + + align:start position:0% +player is doing. So it depends on whose + + + align:start position:0% +player is doing. So it depends on whose +point of view you're taking. So + + align:start position:0% +point of view you're taking. So + + + align:start position:0% +point of view you're taking. So +>> I've got a community chess card and I'm + + align:start position:0% +>> I've got a community chess card and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +>> I've got a community chess card and I'm +holding it until somebody else is, you + + align:start position:0% +holding it until somebody else is, you + + + align:start position:0% +holding it until somebody else is, you +know, about to take advantage of a + + align:start position:0% +know, about to take advantage of a + + + align:start position:0% +know, about to take advantage of a +position and then I n them. + + align:start position:0% +position and then I n them. + + + align:start position:0% +position and then I n them. +>> Yeah. Yeah. And these ones + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. And these ones + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. And these ones +>> still in reaction to what we + + align:start position:0% +>> still in reaction to what we + + + align:start position:0% +>> still in reaction to what we +>> I just going to mention in terms of + + align:start position:0% +>> I just going to mention in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +>> I just going to mention in terms of +micro narrative I don't know would this + + align:start position:0% +micro narrative I don't know would this + + + align:start position:0% +micro narrative I don't know would this +be a possible example in the board game + + align:start position:0% +be a possible example in the board game + + + align:start position:0% +be a possible example in the board game +that we're designing there's a computer + + align:start position:0% +that we're designing there's a computer + + + align:start position:0% +that we're designing there's a computer +incentive that you want to hack and + + align:start position:0% +incentive that you want to hack and + + + align:start position:0% +incentive that you want to hack and +every time someone tries to hack it it + + align:start position:0% +every time someone tries to hack it it + + + align:start position:0% +every time someone tries to hack it it +gets weaker so it's sort of a response + + align:start position:0% +gets weaker so it's sort of a response + + + align:start position:0% +gets weaker so it's sort of a response +to someone doing it actually + + align:start position:0% +to someone doing it actually + + + align:start position:0% +to someone doing it actually +>> would that count as a micro narrative or + + align:start position:0% +>> would that count as a micro narrative or + + + align:start position:0% +>> would that count as a micro narrative or +was that more of a mechanic + + align:start position:0% +was that more of a mechanic + + + align:start position:0% +was that more of a mechanic +>> it seems I mean as an event + + align:start position:0% +>> it seems I mean as an event + + + align:start position:0% +>> it seems I mean as an event +is an important event it's a change of + + align:start position:0% +is an important event it's a change of + + + align:start position:0% +is an important event it's a change of +state but I don't know how much of a + + align:start position:0% +state but I don't know how much of a + + + align:start position:0% +state but I don't know how much of a +story it is like how you know and this + + align:start position:0% +story it is like how you know and this + + + align:start position:0% +story it is like how you know and this +is there's no science to what + + align:start position:0% +is there's no science to what + + + align:start position:0% +is there's no science to what +constitutes an event or not. It's + + align:start position:0% +constitutes an event or not. It's + + + align:start position:0% +constitutes an event or not. It's +something that I'm that's part of my + + align:start position:0% +something that I'm that's part of my + + + align:start position:0% +something that I'm that's part of my +research. It's something that I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +research. It's something that I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +research. It's something that I'm trying +to figure out you know what does how can + + align:start position:0% +to figure out you know what does how can + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out you know what does how can +we identify with an event that is a rule + + align:start position:0% +we identify with an event that is a rule + + + align:start position:0% +we identify with an event that is a rule +and it's also an event in the story. Uh + + align:start position:0% +and it's also an event in the story. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also an event in the story. Uh +because things like disconnecting the + + align:start position:0% +because things like disconnecting the + + + align:start position:0% +because things like disconnecting the +computer or hacking the computer + + align:start position:0% +computer or hacking the computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer or hacking the computer +yeah that that seems to be clearly an + + align:start position:0% +yeah that that seems to be clearly an + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that that seems to be clearly an +event. What if we had you know like each + + align:start position:0% +event. What if we had you know like each + + + align:start position:0% +event. What if we had you know like each +time they becomes weaker there is + + align:start position:0% +time they becomes weaker there is + + + align:start position:0% +time they becomes weaker there is +something else that you can do. So by + + align:start position:0% +something else that you can do. So by + + + align:start position:0% +something else that you can do. So by +hacking the computer there is a new + + align:start position:0% +hacking the computer there is a new + + + align:start position:0% +hacking the computer there is a new +action you know you get access to new + + align:start position:0% +action you know you get access to new + + + align:start position:0% +action you know you get access to new +areas of the game or you get uh a new + + align:start position:0% +areas of the game or you get uh a new + + + align:start position:0% +areas of the game or you get uh a new +power up or you get you know it's easier + + align:start position:0% +power up or you get you know it's easier + + + align:start position:0% +power up or you get you know it's easier +for example if and I'm totally + + align:start position:0% +for example if and I'm totally + + + align:start position:0% +for example if and I'm totally +hypothesizing about what your game is + + align:start position:0% +hypothesizing about what your game is + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesizing about what your game is +about but if you have a computer that is + + align:start position:0% +about but if you have a computer that is + + + align:start position:0% +about but if you have a computer that is +controlling the security of a place + + align:start position:0% +controlling the security of a place + + + align:start position:0% +controlling the security of a place +whenever you hack a certain part of the + + align:start position:0% +whenever you hack a certain part of the + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you hack a certain part of the +system it's letting you uh it's letting + + align:start position:0% +system it's letting you uh it's letting + + + align:start position:0% +system it's letting you uh it's letting +you move faster through the board + + align:start position:0% +you move faster through the board + + + align:start position:0% +you move faster through the board +uh in a way that might be closer to the + + align:start position:0% +uh in a way that might be closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a way that might be closer to the +a micro narrative because it does have + + align:start position:0% +a micro narrative because it does have + + + align:start position:0% +a micro narrative because it does have +it's a reaction but it's also + + align:start position:0% +it's a reaction but it's also + + + align:start position:0% +it's a reaction but it's also +consequences + + align:start position:0% +consequences + + + align:start position:0% +consequences +>> in that case for careers for girls when + + align:start position:0% +>> in that case for careers for girls when + + + align:start position:0% +>> in that case for careers for girls when +you choose to go down a path is that + + align:start position:0% +you choose to go down a path is that + + + align:start position:0% +you choose to go down a path is that +micro narrative because the player + + align:start position:0% +micro narrative because the player + + + align:start position:0% +micro narrative because the player +chooses and then sort of changes the + + align:start position:0% +chooses and then sort of changes the + + + align:start position:0% +chooses and then sort of changes the +state slash gives you more + + align:start position:0% +state slash gives you more + + + align:start position:0% +state slash gives you more +>> I don't know the choices but the events + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know the choices but the events + + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know the choices but the events +that happen like what happens when you + + align:start position:0% +that happen like what happens when you + + + align:start position:0% +that happen like what happens when you +land on something might be closer and + + align:start position:0% +land on something might be closer and + + + align:start position:0% +land on something might be closer and +again it's kind of like the micro + + align:start position:0% +again it's kind of like the micro + + + align:start position:0% +again it's kind of like the micro +narrative. + + align:start position:0% +narrative. + + + align:start position:0% +narrative. +>> I mean the careers and careers for girls + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean the careers and careers for girls + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean the careers and careers for girls +which if folks haven't seen it is really + + align:start position:0% +which if folks haven't seen it is really + + + align:start position:0% +which if folks haven't seen it is really +really apparent um seems to be built on + + align:start position:0% +really apparent um seems to be built on + + + align:start position:0% +really apparent um seems to be built on +micro narratives the whole idea that + + align:start position:0% +micro narratives the whole idea that + + + align:start position:0% +micro narratives the whole idea that +everywhere you land something's happen + + align:start position:0% +everywhere you land something's happen + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere you land something's happen +some life event is happening + + align:start position:0% +some life event is happening + + + align:start position:0% +some life event is happening +>> but the choice what I'm saying is that + + align:start position:0% +>> but the choice what I'm saying is that + + + align:start position:0% +>> but the choice what I'm saying is that +the choice itself is not the micro + + align:start position:0% +the choice itself is not the micro + + + align:start position:0% +the choice itself is not the micro +narrative the landing + + align:start position:0% +narrative the landing + + + align:start position:0% +narrative the landing +>> and what happens when you land. + + align:start position:0% +>> and what happens when you land. + + + align:start position:0% +>> and what happens when you land. +>> Oh wow. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh wow. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh wow. +>> Anything else? I actually kind of wanted + + align:start position:0% +>> Anything else? I actually kind of wanted + + + align:start position:0% +>> Anything else? I actually kind of wanted +to make one last comment about um like + + align:start position:0% +to make one last comment about um like + + + align:start position:0% +to make one last comment about um like +immersion stories + + align:start position:0% +immersion stories + + + align:start position:0% +immersion stories +>> in particular with the example of the + + align:start position:0% +>> in particular with the example of the + + + align:start position:0% +>> in particular with the example of the +Sims. Uh is anybody familiar with + + align:start position:0% +Sims. Uh is anybody familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +Sims. Uh is anybody familiar with +Allison Kev? + + align:start position:0% +Allison Kev? + + + align:start position:0% +Allison Kev? +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Yeah. So Allison Kev was this really + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So Allison Kev was this really + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So Allison Kev was this really +interesting experiment that this guy did + + align:start position:0% +interesting experiment that this guy did + + + align:start position:0% +interesting experiment that this guy did +where um he created two homeless Sims. + + align:start position:0% +where um he created two homeless Sims. + + + align:start position:0% +where um he created two homeless Sims. +>> Oh yes. A father and a daughter. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh yes. A father and a daughter. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh yes. A father and a daughter. +>> I think we talked about + + align:start position:0% +>> I think we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think we talked about +>> uh just kind of like did a sort of web + + align:start position:0% +>> uh just kind of like did a sort of web + + + align:start position:0% +>> uh just kind of like did a sort of web +comic style display of the lives of + + align:start position:0% +comic style display of the lives of + + + align:start position:0% +comic style display of the lives of +these two homeless Sims like as she grew + + align:start position:0% +these two homeless Sims like as she grew + + + align:start position:0% +these two homeless Sims like as she grew +up and he got older. + + align:start position:0% +up and he got older. + + + align:start position:0% +up and he got older. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +it it it almost seemed like it became + + align:start position:0% +it it it almost seemed like it became + + + align:start position:0% +it it it almost seemed like it became +like a role- playinging game where the + + align:start position:0% +like a role- playinging game where the + + + align:start position:0% +like a role- playinging game where the +guy playing the Sims became the dungeon + + align:start position:0% +guy playing the Sims became the dungeon + + + align:start position:0% +guy playing the Sims became the dungeon +master who had like, you know, created + + align:start position:0% +master who had like, you know, created + + + align:start position:0% +master who had like, you know, created +these characters and then the AIs were + + align:start position:0% +these characters and then the AIs were + + + align:start position:0% +these characters and then the AIs were +playing these characters for him. in + + align:start position:0% +playing these characters for him. in + + + align:start position:0% +playing these characters for him. in +particular this there was this one + + align:start position:0% +particular this there was this one + + + align:start position:0% +particular this there was this one +moment where um he gets to a part of the + + align:start position:0% +moment where um he gets to a part of the + + + align:start position:0% +moment where um he gets to a part of the +story where uh the the daughter has just + + align:start position:0% +story where uh the the daughter has just + + + align:start position:0% +story where uh the the daughter has just +gotten her first paycheck and she + + align:start position:0% +gotten her first paycheck and she + + + align:start position:0% +gotten her first paycheck and she +decides to donate it to charity and like + + align:start position:0% +decides to donate it to charity and like + + + align:start position:0% +decides to donate it to charity and like +he keeps trying to keep her from + + align:start position:0% +he keeps trying to keep her from + + + align:start position:0% +he keeps trying to keep her from +donating it to charity but she keeps + + align:start position:0% +donating it to charity but she keeps + + + align:start position:0% +donating it to charity but she keeps +saying I want to donate it to charity so + + align:start position:0% +saying I want to donate it to charity so + + + align:start position:0% +saying I want to donate it to charity so +eventually he lets her donate it to + + align:start position:0% +eventually he lets her donate it to + + + align:start position:0% +eventually he lets her donate it to +charity and it was almost like it was + + align:start position:0% +charity and it was almost like it was + + + align:start position:0% +charity and it was almost like it was +the character's choice to donate it and + + align:start position:0% +the character's choice to donate it and + + + align:start position:0% +the character's choice to donate it and +he's at the end of this this blog post + + align:start position:0% +he's at the end of this this blog post + + + align:start position:0% +he's at the end of this this blog post +that he did about this specific events. + + align:start position:0% +that he did about this specific events. + + + align:start position:0% +that he did about this specific events. +He's talking about how like, you know, + + align:start position:0% +He's talking about how like, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +He's talking about how like, you know, +what does it mean when a video game + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean when a video game + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean when a video game +character that you created makes you + + align:start position:0% +character that you created makes you + + + align:start position:0% +character that you created makes you +question your own life choices? + + align:start position:0% +question your own life choices? + + + align:start position:0% +question your own life choices? +>> I don't know. It's just a really + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know. It's just a really + + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know. It's just a really +interesting thing. If you haven't read + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing. If you haven't read + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing. If you haven't read +it, you should check it out. + + align:start position:0% +it, you should check it out. + + + align:start position:0% +it, you should check it out. +>> I think it's alphanc.com something. + + align:start position:0% +>> I think it's alphanc.com something. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think it's alphanc.com something. +>> It's a starting The Sims 3. + + align:start position:0% +>> It's a starting The Sims 3. + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's a starting The Sims 3. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Talking about like non-digital games + + align:start position:0% +>> Talking about like non-digital games + + + align:start position:0% +>> Talking about like non-digital games +being very involved in your character. I + + align:start position:0% +being very involved in your character. I + + + align:start position:0% +being very involved in your character. I +felt like I feel like the one game I've + + align:start position:0% +felt like I feel like the one game I've + + + align:start position:0% +felt like I feel like the one game I've +played where I've been very involved in + + align:start position:0% +played where I've been very involved in + + + align:start position:0% +played where I've been very involved in +a character is Mafia where like there's + + align:start position:0% +a character is Mafia where like there's + + + align:start position:0% +a character is Mafia where like there's +a lot of actual information given to + + align:start position:0% +a lot of actual information given to + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of actual information given to +you. People are young like you're the + + align:start position:0% +you. People are young like you're the + + + align:start position:0% +you. People are young like you're the +mafia. The way you smiled at him like + + align:start position:0% +mafia. The way you smiled at him like + + + align:start position:0% +mafia. The way you smiled at him like +you know clearly you guys. So I don't + + align:start position:0% +you know clearly you guys. So I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you know clearly you guys. So I don't +know. + + align:start position:0% +know. + + + align:start position:0% +know. +>> So you become the character more by how + + align:start position:0% +>> So you become the character more by how + + + align:start position:0% +>> So you become the character more by how +people see you than + + align:start position:0% +people see you than + + + align:start position:0% +people see you than +>> than how you play it. + + align:start position:0% +>> than how you play it. + + + align:start position:0% +>> than how you play it. +>> I guess you're also assigning character + + align:start position:0% +>> I guess you're also assigning character + + + align:start position:0% +>> I guess you're also assigning character +to other people + + align:start position:0% +to other people + + + align:start position:0% +to other people +>> reading into their actions. Is it + + align:start position:0% +>> reading into their actions. Is it + + + align:start position:0% +>> reading into their actions. Is it +>> I heard + + align:start position:0% +>> I heard + + + align:start position:0% +>> I heard +>> that's a game where the roles are + + align:start position:0% +>> that's a game where the roles are + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's a game where the roles are +designed by the designer and + + align:start position:0% +designed by the designer and + + + align:start position:0% +designed by the designer and +>> there's only two roles. It's like it's + + align:start position:0% +>> there's only two roles. It's like it's + + + align:start position:0% +>> there's only two roles. It's like it's +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +>> Well, there can be there's a few + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, there can be there's a few + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, there can be there's a few +>> I've seen websites with like a whole + + align:start position:0% +>> I've seen websites with like a whole + + + align:start position:0% +>> I've seen websites with like a whole +list of roles and some of them are + + align:start position:0% +list of roles and some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +list of roles and some of them are +hilarious. + + align:start position:0% +hilarious. + + + align:start position:0% +hilarious. +>> Seems good. + + align:start position:0% +>> Seems good. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Seems good. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> In digital games, I feel like they're + + align:start position:0% +>> In digital games, I feel like they're + + + align:start position:0% +>> In digital games, I feel like they're +the games where you have a very defined + + align:start position:0% +the games where you have a very defined + + + align:start position:0% +the games where you have a very defined +character unlike this. If you have a + + align:start position:0% +character unlike this. If you have a + + + align:start position:0% +character unlike this. If you have a +very defined character in the video game + + align:start position:0% +very defined character in the video game + + + align:start position:0% +very defined character in the video game +more was like fable your character isn't + + align:start position:0% +more was like fable your character isn't + + + align:start position:0% +more was like fable your character isn't +defined and kind of like changes based + + align:start position:0% +defined and kind of like changes based + + + align:start position:0% +defined and kind of like changes based +on the actions you use if you're evil he + + align:start position:0% +on the actions you use if you're evil he + + + align:start position:0% +on the actions you use if you're evil he +becomes ugly and he gets confessed and + + align:start position:0% +becomes ugly and he gets confessed and + + + align:start position:0% +becomes ugly and he gets confessed and +things but I never felt like I + + align:start position:0% +things but I never felt like I + + + align:start position:0% +things but I never felt like I +identified with the character at all + + align:start position:0% +identified with the character at all + + + align:start position:0% +identified with the character at all +versus games that already give me a very + + align:start position:0% +versus games that already give me a very + + + align:start position:0% +versus games that already give me a very +strong character and I'm supposed to + + align:start position:0% +strong character and I'm supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +strong character and I'm supposed to +play a certain way I feel like + + align:start position:0% +play a certain way I feel like + + + align:start position:0% +play a certain way I feel like +>> that's that's odd because that's + + align:start position:0% +>> that's that's odd because that's + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's that's odd because that's +completely + + align:start position:0% +completely + + + align:start position:0% +completely +>> that runs against what they were trying + + align:start position:0% +>> that runs against what they were trying + + + align:start position:0% +>> that runs against what they were trying +to do or at least that's what their + + align:start position:0% +to do or at least that's what their + + + align:start position:0% +to do or at least that's what their +marketing claims that they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +marketing claims that they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +marketing claims that they're trying to +do is to make you feel closer to the + + align:start position:0% +do is to make you feel closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +do is to make you feel closer to the +character because it's the reflection + + align:start position:0% +character because it's the reflection + + + align:start position:0% +character because it's the reflection +Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, +>> I think like Bioshock does a better job + + align:start position:0% +>> I think like Bioshock does a better job + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think like Bioshock does a better job +of that where you never see the guy. + + align:start position:0% +of that where you never see the guy. + + + align:start position:0% +of that where you never see the guy. +>> So you're always just like looking + + align:start position:0% +>> So you're always just like looking + + + align:start position:0% +>> So you're always just like looking +through his eyes and he has essentially + + align:start position:0% +through his eyes and he has essentially + + + align:start position:0% +through his eyes and he has essentially +no personality. + + align:start position:0% +no personality. + + + align:start position:0% +no personality. +So at least no personality is displayed + + align:start position:0% +So at least no personality is displayed + + + align:start position:0% +So at least no personality is displayed +in the game. So it's almost as if you + + align:start position:0% +in the game. So it's almost as if you + + + align:start position:0% +in the game. So it's almost as if you +are directly interacting. + + align:start position:0% +are directly interacting. + + + align:start position:0% +are directly interacting. +>> Yeah. given a space to be + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. given a space to be + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. given a space to be +>> to to actually like, you know, project + + align:start position:0% +>> to to actually like, you know, project + + + align:start position:0% +>> to to actually like, you know, project +yourself into the game, + + align:start position:0% +yourself into the game, + + + align:start position:0% +yourself into the game, +>> which I think is sort of what Fable was + + align:start position:0% +>> which I think is sort of what Fable was + + + align:start position:0% +>> which I think is sort of what Fable was +trying to do, but doesn't really do a + + align:start position:0% +trying to do, but doesn't really do a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do, but doesn't really do a +good job of it because you see him right + + align:start position:0% +good job of it because you see him right + + + align:start position:0% +good job of it because you see him right +there and he's clearly not you. I feel + + align:start position:0% +there and he's clearly not you. I feel + + + align:start position:0% +there and he's clearly not you. I feel +like torment is a really plcape Torment + + align:start position:0% +like torment is a really plcape Torment + + + align:start position:0% +like torment is a really plcape Torment +is a really interesting take on this + + align:start position:0% +is a really interesting take on this + + + align:start position:0% +is a really interesting take on this +where the character is essentially like + + align:start position:0% +where the character is essentially like + + + align:start position:0% +where the character is essentially like +who it is that you play him as. But + + align:start position:0% +who it is that you play him as. But + + + align:start position:0% +who it is that you play him as. But +there's more to it than that because + + align:start position:0% +there's more to it than that because + + + align:start position:0% +there's more to it than that because +there's also backstory to the character + + align:start position:0% +there's also backstory to the character + + + align:start position:0% +there's also backstory to the character +which you the character have forgotten + + align:start position:0% +which you the character have forgotten + + + align:start position:0% +which you the character have forgotten +and is revealed to you over time. But + + align:start position:0% +and is revealed to you over time. But + + + align:start position:0% +and is revealed to you over time. But +you're you're no more that character + + align:start position:0% +you're you're no more that character + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're no more that character +>> that was that that your character was + + align:start position:0% +>> that was that that your character was + + + align:start position:0% +>> that was that that your character was +back then than you are definitely the + + align:start position:0% +back then than you are definitely the + + + align:start position:0% +back then than you are definitely the +character now. So it's kind of your + + align:start position:0% +character now. So it's kind of your + + + align:start position:0% +character now. So it's kind of your +nature changes over time and you've gone + + align:start position:0% +nature changes over time and you've gone + + + align:start position:0% +nature changes over time and you've gone +through several iterations of this. + + align:start position:0% +through several iterations of this. + + + align:start position:0% +through several iterations of this. +Yeah. And if you like none of them is + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And if you like none of them is + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And if you like none of them is +true or more correct you + + align:start position:0% +true or more correct you + + + align:start position:0% +true or more correct you +>> the funny thing about playscape + + align:start position:0% +>> the funny thing about playscape + + + align:start position:0% +>> the funny thing about playscape +tournament is kind of like a like a + + align:start position:0% +tournament is kind of like a like a + + + align:start position:0% +tournament is kind of like a like a +personality test. + + align:start position:0% +personality test. + + + align:start position:0% +personality test. +>> Uh because I've been playing it again + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh because I've been playing it again + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh because I've been playing it again +and last first time I played through I + + align:start position:0% +and last first time I played through I + + + align:start position:0% +and last first time I played through I +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +chaotic good and I was trying to play + + align:start position:0% +chaotic good and I was trying to play + + + align:start position:0% +chaotic good and I was trying to play +different and still chaotic good. So I'm + + align:start position:0% +different and still chaotic good. So I'm + + + align:start position:0% +different and still chaotic good. So I'm +kind of freaking out. + + align:start position:0% +kind of freaking out. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of freaking out. +Oh, like okay, you know, I'm really + + align:start position:0% +Oh, like okay, you know, I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, like okay, you know, I'm really +trying to do something different, but + + align:start position:0% +trying to do something different, but + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do something different, but +I'm still in the same alignment. Uh + + align:start position:0% +I'm still in the same alignment. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +I'm still in the same alignment. Uh +because a lot of your definition of and + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of your definition of and + + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of your definition of and +actually your alignment can also decide, + + align:start position:0% +actually your alignment can also decide, + + + align:start position:0% +actually your alignment can also decide, +you know, items that you can get or + + align:start position:0% +you know, items that you can get or + + + align:start position:0% +you know, items that you can get or +things that you can do. Um but it's + + align:start position:0% +things that you can do. Um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +things that you can do. Um but it's +based on your choices and how you + + align:start position:0% +based on your choices and how you + + + align:start position:0% +based on your choices and how you +tackle, you know, if you do a quest, if + + align:start position:0% +tackle, you know, if you do a quest, if + + + align:start position:0% +tackle, you know, if you do a quest, if +you choose if you lie, for example, or + + align:start position:0% +you choose if you lie, for example, or + + + align:start position:0% +you choose if you lie, for example, or +if you do like crazy things. Um + + align:start position:0% +if you do like crazy things. Um + + + align:start position:0% +if you do like crazy things. Um +and and it's not something + + align:start position:0% +and and it's not something + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's not something +Once you realize where you the effect of + + align:start position:0% +Once you realize where you the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +Once you realize where you the effect of +your choices is, you can kind of control + + align:start position:0% +your choices is, you can kind of control + + + align:start position:0% +your choices is, you can kind of control +it. But this, you know, like playing is + + align:start position:0% +it. But this, you know, like playing is + + + align:start position:0% +it. But this, you know, like playing is +kind of like, okay, it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +kind of like, okay, it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like, okay, it's going to be +about you and how your game playing + + align:start position:0% +about you and how your game playing + + + align:start position:0% +about you and how your game playing +style is majoring personality. + + align:start position:0% +style is majoring personality. + + + align:start position:0% +style is majoring personality. +>> Yeah, there's an interesting effect in + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, there's an interesting effect in + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, there's an interesting effect in +like Knights of the Old Republic. when + + align:start position:0% +like Knights of the Old Republic. when + + + align:start position:0% +like Knights of the Old Republic. when +played that. + + align:start position:0% +played that. + + + align:start position:0% +played that. +>> Um, + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, +you you can explicitly make decisions to + + align:start position:0% +you you can explicitly make decisions to + + + align:start position:0% +you you can explicitly make decisions to +become to go to the dark side, but like + + align:start position:0% +become to go to the dark side, but like + + + align:start position:0% +become to go to the dark side, but like +I remember when I played it, every time + + align:start position:0% +I remember when I played it, every time + + + align:start position:0% +I remember when I played it, every time +it came up with a decision where I could + + align:start position:0% +it came up with a decision where I could + + + align:start position:0% +it came up with a decision where I could +like the dark side has all the awesome + + align:start position:0% +like the dark side has all the awesome + + + align:start position:0% +like the dark side has all the awesome +powers, right? So, it kind of funny to + + align:start position:0% +powers, right? So, it kind of funny to + + + align:start position:0% +powers, right? So, it kind of funny to +think of like I'm going to be on the + + align:start position:0% +think of like I'm going to be on the + + + align:start position:0% +think of like I'm going to be on the +dark side. I'm going to have all the + + align:start position:0% +dark side. I'm going to have all the + + + align:start position:0% +dark side. I'm going to have all the +awesome powers. It's going to be grand. + + align:start position:0% +awesome powers. It's going to be grand. + + + align:start position:0% +awesome powers. It's going to be grand. +Um then you get to the decisions and I + + align:start position:0% +Um then you get to the decisions and I + + + align:start position:0% +Um then you get to the decisions and I +was like almost uncomfortable with + + align:start position:0% +was like almost uncomfortable with + + + align:start position:0% +was like almost uncomfortable with +choosing the evil options such that I + + align:start position:0% +choosing the evil options such that I + + + align:start position:0% +choosing the evil options such that I +couldn't actually bring myself to go to + + align:start position:0% +couldn't actually bring myself to go to + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't actually bring myself to go to +the dark side. + + align:start position:0% +the dark side. + + + align:start position:0% +the dark side. +>> We we are actually out of time but you + + align:start position:0% +>> We we are actually out of time but you + + + align:start position:0% +>> We we are actually out of time but you +know but I wouldn't say that + + align:start position:0% +know but I wouldn't say that + + + align:start position:0% +know but I wouldn't say that +>> the the options of of the republic + + align:start position:0% +>> the the options of of the republic + + + align:start position:0% +>> the the options of of the republic +actually let's let's take discussion of + + align:start position:0% +actually let's let's take discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +actually let's let's take discussion of +the republic + + align:start position:0% +the republic + + + align:start position:0% +the republic +space. + + align:start position:0% +space. + + + align:start position:0% +space. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Okay. All right. Well thanks thanks. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. All right. Well thanks thanks. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. All right. Well thanks thanks. +>> Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/HBMHHwkTEJg.txt b/HBMHHwkTEJg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c92005cb92250f03f32060a91ec89dbc88cea00 --- /dev/null +++ b/HBMHHwkTEJg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2219 @@ +align:start position:0% + +losing electrons gaining electrons + + align:start position:0% +losing electrons gaining electrons + + + align:start position:0% +losing electrons gaining electrons +why does it matter why does it matter + + align:start position:0% +why does it matter why does it matter + + + align:start position:0% +why does it matter why does it matter +well we made a solid last week today the + + align:start position:0% +well we made a solid last week today the + + + align:start position:0% +well we made a solid last week today the +answer is obvious + + align:start position:0% +answer is obvious + + + align:start position:0% +answer is obvious +it matters because of danish wind + + align:start position:0% +it matters because of danish wind + + + align:start position:0% +it matters because of danish wind +obviously 43 + + align:start position:0% +obviously 43 + + + align:start position:0% +obviously 43 +in 2014 43 of all the electoral energy + + align:start position:0% +in 2014 43 of all the electoral energy + + + align:start position:0% +in 2014 43 of all the electoral energy +in denmark came from wind + + align:start position:0% +in denmark came from wind + + + align:start position:0% +in denmark came from wind +it's higher now but see now this is a + + align:start position:0% +it's higher now but see now this is a + + + align:start position:0% +it's higher now but see now this is a +quarter of the danish wind i got + + align:start position:0% +quarter of the danish wind i got + + + align:start position:0% +quarter of the danish wind i got +i only gave you a two-minute + + align:start position:0% +i only gave you a two-minute + + + align:start position:0% +i only gave you a two-minute +hemodialysis why this matters on + + align:start position:0% +hemodialysis why this matters on + + + align:start position:0% +hemodialysis why this matters on +wednesday so i'm going extended + + align:start position:0% +wednesday so i'm going extended + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday so i'm going extended +today just a little bit but danish wind + + align:start position:0% +today just a little bit but danish wind + + + align:start position:0% +today just a little bit but danish wind +people are very dependable so over a + + align:start position:0% +people are very dependable so over a + + + align:start position:0% +people are very dependable so over a +three month period + + align:start position:0% +three month period + + + align:start position:0% +three month period +this is how much we need energy + + align:start position:0% +this is how much we need energy + + + align:start position:0% +this is how much we need energy +electricity + + align:start position:0% +electricity + + + align:start position:0% +electricity +but that look at the wind supply that + + align:start position:0% +but that look at the wind supply that + + + align:start position:0% +but that look at the wind supply that +but sometimes it's really there for us + + align:start position:0% +but sometimes it's really there for us + + + align:start position:0% +but sometimes it's really there for us +sometimes it's not at all there + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's not at all there + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's not at all there +sometimes it's predictable sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's predictable sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's predictable sometimes +it's not at all predictable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with that much of your electricity + + align:start position:0% +with that much of your electricity + + + align:start position:0% +with that much of your electricity +coming from this type of unreliable + + align:start position:0% +coming from this type of unreliable + + + align:start position:0% +coming from this type of unreliable +resource that is a huge challenge + + align:start position:0% +resource that is a huge challenge + + + align:start position:0% +resource that is a huge challenge +now even if you go out to arizona and + + align:start position:0% +now even if you go out to arizona and + + + align:start position:0% +now even if you go out to arizona and +you talk about solar system arizona + + align:start position:0% +you talk about solar system arizona + + + align:start position:0% +you talk about solar system arizona +sunny all the time + + align:start position:0% +sunny all the time + + + align:start position:0% +sunny all the time +no not sunny all the time most of the + + align:start position:0% +no not sunny all the time most of the + + + align:start position:0% +no not sunny all the time most of the +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +more than boston but this is the sun in + + align:start position:0% +more than boston but this is the sun in + + + align:start position:0% +more than boston but this is the sun in +arizona that's the power you're getting + + align:start position:0% +arizona that's the power you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +arizona that's the power you're getting +from it + + align:start position:0% +from it + + + align:start position:0% +from it +and look at this these these are just + + align:start position:0% +and look at this these these are just + + + align:start position:0% +and look at this these these are just +clouds because arizona does have clouds + + align:start position:0% +clouds because arizona does have clouds + + + align:start position:0% +clouds because arizona does have clouds +and they pass by and they block the sun + + align:start position:0% +and they pass by and they block the sun + + + align:start position:0% +and they pass by and they block the sun +do you know what a nightmare this is for + + align:start position:0% +do you know what a nightmare this is for + + + align:start position:0% +do you know what a nightmare this is for +a grid operator + + align:start position:0% +a grid operator + + + align:start position:0% +a grid operator +if if a lot of your customers get their + + align:start position:0% +if if a lot of your customers get their + + + align:start position:0% +if if a lot of your customers get their +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +in this way yeah and all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +in this way yeah and all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +in this way yeah and all of a sudden +you know half of your supply of energy + + align:start position:0% +you know half of your supply of energy + + + align:start position:0% +you know half of your supply of energy +just turns off + + align:start position:0% +just turns off + + + align:start position:0% +just turns off +right i mean that's a huge problem right + + align:start position:0% +right i mean that's a huge problem right + + + align:start position:0% +right i mean that's a huge problem right +and this is one of the most + + align:start position:0% +and this is one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +and this is one of the most +limiting factors for increasing + + align:start position:0% +limiting factors for increasing + + + align:start position:0% +limiting factors for increasing +to a large extent the amount of + + align:start position:0% +to a large extent the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +to a large extent the amount of +renewables we have on our grid + + align:start position:0% +renewables we have on our grid + + + align:start position:0% +renewables we have on our grid +and so of course i know a lot of you are + + align:start position:0% +and so of course i know a lot of you are + + + align:start position:0% +and so of course i know a lot of you are +thinking well just store it and that's + + align:start position:0% +thinking well just store it and that's + + + align:start position:0% +thinking well just store it and that's +what we need to do + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do + + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do +right but it turns out that really one + + align:start position:0% +right but it turns out that really one + + + align:start position:0% +right but it turns out that really one +of the only ways we have to store energy + + align:start position:0% +of the only ways we have to store energy + + + align:start position:0% +of the only ways we have to store energy +at this large scale is pumped hydro and + + align:start position:0% +at this large scale is pumped hydro and + + + align:start position:0% +at this large scale is pumped hydro and +you see we're pumping water up + + align:start position:0% +you see we're pumping water up + + + align:start position:0% +you see we're pumping water up +up a hill when i have excess i pump + + align:start position:0% +up a hill when i have excess i pump + + + align:start position:0% +up a hill when i have excess i pump +water up a hill + + align:start position:0% +water up a hill + + + align:start position:0% +water up a hill +and then when i need i roll it back down + + align:start position:0% +and then when i need i roll it back down + + + align:start position:0% +and then when i need i roll it back down +and i turn a turbine with it right i'm + + align:start position:0% +and i turn a turbine with it right i'm + + + align:start position:0% +and i turn a turbine with it right i'm +literally just trading energy + + align:start position:0% +literally just trading energy + + + align:start position:0% +literally just trading energy +potential energy right and then i bring + + align:start position:0% +potential energy right and then i bring + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy right and then i bring +it back kinetic energy and then i make + + align:start position:0% +it back kinetic energy and then i make + + + align:start position:0% +it back kinetic energy and then i make +electricity now the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +electricity now the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +electricity now the problem is that +pumped hydro + + align:start position:0% +pumped hydro + + + align:start position:0% +pumped hydro +you know pump well as you can see pumped + + align:start position:0% +you know pump well as you can see pumped + + + align:start position:0% +you know pump well as you can see pumped +hydro is going to be good where there's + + align:start position:0% +hydro is going to be good where there's + + + align:start position:0% +hydro is going to be good where there's +hydro + + align:start position:0% +hydro + + + align:start position:0% +hydro +where there's water so that's limiting + + align:start position:0% +where there's water so that's limiting + + + align:start position:0% +where there's water so that's limiting +but it also is a very low uh aerial + + align:start position:0% +but it also is a very low uh aerial + + + align:start position:0% +but it also is a very low uh aerial +density + + align:start position:0% +density + + + align:start position:0% +density +and there are also a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and there are also a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and there are also a lot of +environmental challenges with making + + align:start position:0% +environmental challenges with making + + + align:start position:0% +environmental challenges with making +this work in a way that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +this work in a way that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +this work in a way that doesn't +uh harm the environment so there are a + + align:start position:0% +uh harm the environment so there are a + + + align:start position:0% +uh harm the environment so there are a +lot of issues with scaling up pumped + + align:start position:0% +lot of issues with scaling up pumped + + + align:start position:0% +lot of issues with scaling up pumped +hydro + + align:start position:0% +hydro + + + align:start position:0% +hydro +a lot of issues as a storage and so i + + align:start position:0% +a lot of issues as a storage and so i + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of issues as a storage and so i +ask well what else can we pump + + align:start position:0% +ask well what else can we pump + + + align:start position:0% +ask well what else can we pump +up hills and we know what the answer is + + align:start position:0% +up hills and we know what the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +up hills and we know what the answer is +because it's what we're talking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ions where are they ions we can pump + + align:start position:0% +ions where are they ions we can pump + + + align:start position:0% +ions where are they ions we can pump +ions up hills there's my picture + + align:start position:0% +ions up hills there's my picture + + + align:start position:0% +ions up hills there's my picture +look at that right ions and you know + + align:start position:0% +look at that right ions and you know + + + align:start position:0% +look at that right ions and you know +what this is it's a battery + + align:start position:0% +what this is it's a battery + + + align:start position:0% +what this is it's a battery +a battery is two different materials two + + align:start position:0% +a battery is two different materials two + + + align:start position:0% +a battery is two different materials two +different metals a and b where one of + + align:start position:0% +different metals a and b where one of + + + align:start position:0% +different metals a and b where one of +them has an ion + + align:start position:0% +them has an ion + + + align:start position:0% +them has an ion +i don't know like lithium for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that can go back and forth and the + + align:start position:0% +that can go back and forth and the + + + align:start position:0% +that can go back and forth and the +electrolyte is this thing in between + + align:start position:0% +electrolyte is this thing in between + + + align:start position:0% +electrolyte is this thing in between +that only allows that ion through okay + + align:start position:0% +that only allows that ion through okay + + + align:start position:0% +that only allows that ion through okay +now here's the thing so if i'm a metal + + align:start position:0% +now here's the thing so if i'm a metal + + + align:start position:0% +now here's the thing so if i'm a metal +and i lose a positively charged atom + + align:start position:0% +and i lose a positively charged atom + + + align:start position:0% +and i lose a positively charged atom +right well then i got to stay neutral + + align:start position:0% +right well then i got to stay neutral + + + align:start position:0% +right well then i got to stay neutral +the only way to stay neutral is to pump + + align:start position:0% +the only way to stay neutral is to pump + + + align:start position:0% +the only way to stay neutral is to pump +an electron out + + align:start position:0% +an electron out + + + align:start position:0% +an electron out +right is is to put on so so if i want to + + align:start position:0% +right is is to put on so so if i want to + + + align:start position:0% +right is is to put on so so if i want to +draw electrons out of this + + align:start position:0% +draw electrons out of this + + + align:start position:0% +draw electrons out of this +that's fine as long as i draw ions out + + align:start position:0% +that's fine as long as i draw ions out + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine as long as i draw ions out +of it and then both of them can do work + + align:start position:0% +of it and then both of them can do work + + + align:start position:0% +of it and then both of them can do work +and then they come back and they roll + + align:start position:0% +and then they come back and they roll + + + align:start position:0% +and then they come back and they roll +down an energy hill + + align:start position:0% +down an energy hill + + + align:start position:0% +down an energy hill +that's what they're doing and going back + + align:start position:0% +that's what they're doing and going back + + + align:start position:0% +that's what they're doing and going back +and forth shuttling back + + align:start position:0% +and forth shuttling back + + + align:start position:0% +and forth shuttling back +and forth back and forth they're rolling + + align:start position:0% +and forth back and forth they're rolling + + + align:start position:0% +and forth back and forth they're rolling +down a hill literally + + align:start position:0% +down a hill literally + + + align:start position:0% +down a hill literally +of energy yeah when it's in one metal + + align:start position:0% +of energy yeah when it's in one metal + + + align:start position:0% +of energy yeah when it's in one metal +it's higher in energy + + align:start position:0% +it's higher in energy + + + align:start position:0% +it's higher in energy +and then when i plug it up you know plug + + align:start position:0% +and then when i plug it up you know plug + + + align:start position:0% +and then when i plug it up you know plug +my phone in + + align:start position:0% +my phone in + + + align:start position:0% +my phone in +it rolls down that energy hill + + align:start position:0% +it rolls down that energy hill + + + align:start position:0% +it rolls down that energy hill +right and as it does it travels across + + align:start position:0% +right and as it does it travels across + + + align:start position:0% +right and as it does it travels across +to the other + + align:start position:0% +to the other + + + align:start position:0% +to the other +other metal gets lower energy and the + + align:start position:0% +other metal gets lower energy and the + + + align:start position:0% +other metal gets lower energy and the +electrons got to come around and do work + + align:start position:0% +electrons got to come around and do work + + + align:start position:0% +electrons got to come around and do work +for me because otherwise + + align:start position:0% +for me because otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +for me because otherwise +it wouldn't stay neutral that's what a + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't stay neutral that's what a + + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't stay neutral that's what a +battery is it's all about ions + + align:start position:0% +battery is it's all about ions + + + align:start position:0% +battery is it's all about ions +right it's all about ions it's like a + + align:start position:0% +right it's all about ions it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +right it's all about ions it's like a +ski lift i like to think of it you know + + align:start position:0% +ski lift i like to think of it you know + + + align:start position:0% +ski lift i like to think of it you know +it's like these ions are getting in into + + align:start position:0% +it's like these ions are getting in into + + + align:start position:0% +it's like these ions are getting in into +a ski lift they're just getting + + align:start position:0% +a ski lift they're just getting + + + align:start position:0% +a ski lift they're just getting +you know up the mountain and then when + + align:start position:0% +you know up the mountain and then when + + + align:start position:0% +you know up the mountain and then when +you plug it in they're ready to ski down + + align:start position:0% +you plug it in they're ready to ski down + + + align:start position:0% +you plug it in they're ready to ski down +and they go down and that's just + + align:start position:0% +and they go down and that's just + + + align:start position:0% +and they go down and that's just +cruising across this electrolyte + + align:start position:0% +cruising across this electrolyte + + + align:start position:0% +cruising across this electrolyte +right and i don't know what the electron + + align:start position:0% +right and i don't know what the electron + + + align:start position:0% +right and i don't know what the electron +is in this analogy but that's all the + + align:start position:0% +is in this analogy but that's all the + + + align:start position:0% +is in this analogy but that's all the +battery is + + align:start position:0% +battery is + + + align:start position:0% +battery is +you plug it in and the ski lift takes it + + align:start position:0% +you plug it in and the ski lift takes it + + + align:start position:0% +you plug it in and the ski lift takes it +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +right when you charge it and now you you + + align:start position:0% +right when you charge it and now you you + + + align:start position:0% +right when you charge it and now you you +power your phone on and it rolls back + + align:start position:0% +power your phone on and it rolls back + + + align:start position:0% +power your phone on and it rolls back +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +well see the thing is that batteries + + align:start position:0% +well see the thing is that batteries + + + align:start position:0% +well see the thing is that batteries +have seen + + align:start position:0% +have seen + + + align:start position:0% +have seen +a moore's law of themselves + + align:start position:0% +a moore's law of themselves + + + align:start position:0% +a moore's law of themselves +if you look at the moore's law for + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the moore's law for + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the moore's law for +batteries it uh + + align:start position:0% +batteries it uh + + + align:start position:0% +batteries it uh +doubles right so this is the battery + + align:start position:0% +doubles right so this is the battery + + + align:start position:0% +doubles right so this is the battery +energy storage of batteries + + align:start position:0% +energy storage of batteries + + + align:start position:0% +energy storage of batteries +over the last 150-ish years it doubles + + align:start position:0% +over the last 150-ish years it doubles + + + align:start position:0% +over the last 150-ish years it doubles +every 60 years + + align:start position:0% +every 60 years + + + align:start position:0% +every 60 years +that's not a very good mortise but + + align:start position:0% +that's not a very good mortise but + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a very good mortise but +that's completely changed + + align:start position:0% +that's completely changed + + + align:start position:0% +that's completely changed +that's completely changed recently and + + align:start position:0% +that's completely changed recently and + + + align:start position:0% +that's completely changed recently and +the reason is all about + + align:start position:0% +the reason is all about + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is all about +ion shuttling materials and ion storing + + align:start position:0% +ion shuttling materials and ion storing + + + align:start position:0% +ion shuttling materials and ion storing +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +this is why this has happened this is + + align:start position:0% +this is why this has happened this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is why this has happened this is +why we've had a revolution + + align:start position:0% +why we've had a revolution + + + align:start position:0% +why we've had a revolution +in electrochemical energy storage right + + align:start position:0% +in electrochemical energy storage right + + + align:start position:0% +in electrochemical energy storage right +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +150 years ago we only made batteries out + + align:start position:0% +150 years ago we only made batteries out + + + align:start position:0% +150 years ago we only made batteries out +of about 10 different materials and + + align:start position:0% +of about 10 different materials and + + + align:start position:0% +of about 10 different materials and +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +there's well over 80 that are + + align:start position:0% +there's well over 80 that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's well over 80 that are +commercialized + + align:start position:0% +commercialized + + + align:start position:0% +commercialized +there's many hundreds in research labs + + align:start position:0% +there's many hundreds in research labs + + + align:start position:0% +there's many hundreds in research labs +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +what is making the difference is that + + align:start position:0% +what is making the difference is that + + + align:start position:0% +what is making the difference is that +those materials now + + align:start position:0% +those materials now + + + align:start position:0% +those materials now +allow the shuttling to happen it allows + + align:start position:0% +allow the shuttling to happen it allows + + + align:start position:0% +allow the shuttling to happen it allows +the shuttling to happen more easily + + align:start position:0% +the shuttling to happen more easily + + + align:start position:0% +the shuttling to happen more easily +maybe faster and it allows more of them + + align:start position:0% +maybe faster and it allows more of them + + + align:start position:0% +maybe faster and it allows more of them +to be stored + + align:start position:0% +to be stored + + + align:start position:0% +to be stored +per volume it's all about the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +per volume it's all about the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +per volume it's all about the chemistry +that houses those ions all about the + + align:start position:0% +that houses those ions all about the + + + align:start position:0% +that houses those ions all about the +chemistry of the ions + + align:start position:0% +chemistry of the ions + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry of the ions +so that's why this matters now we we uh + + align:start position:0% +so that's why this matters now we we uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why this matters now we we uh +we roll things down hills + + align:start position:0% +we roll things down hills + + + align:start position:0% +we roll things down hills +to power our world i told you this + + align:start position:0% +to power our world i told you this + + + align:start position:0% +to power our world i told you this +already in the first or second lecture + + align:start position:0% +already in the first or second lecture + + + align:start position:0% +already in the first or second lecture +we roll things down hills all the time + + align:start position:0% +we roll things down hills all the time + + + align:start position:0% +we roll things down hills all the time +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +uh so like methane is you know the core + + align:start position:0% +uh so like methane is you know the core + + + align:start position:0% +uh so like methane is you know the core +ingredient in natural gas + + align:start position:0% +ingredient in natural gas + + + align:start position:0% +ingredient in natural gas +and what we do and we talked about + + align:start position:0% +and what we do and we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +and what we do and we talked about +combustion already is we like that + + align:start position:0% +combustion already is we like that + + + align:start position:0% +combustion already is we like that +methane on fire + + align:start position:0% +methane on fire + + + align:start position:0% +methane on fire +but see the thing is that what nature + + align:start position:0% +but see the thing is that what nature + + + align:start position:0% +but see the thing is that what nature +has done + + align:start position:0% +has done + + + align:start position:0% +has done +is it has put all this stuff up to help + + align:start position:0% +is it has put all this stuff up to help + + + align:start position:0% +is it has put all this stuff up to help +for us + + align:start position:0% +for us + + + align:start position:0% +for us +right so over tens of millions of years + + align:start position:0% +right so over tens of millions of years + + + align:start position:0% +right so over tens of millions of years +nature has pushed the chemistry up a + + align:start position:0% +nature has pushed the chemistry up a + + + align:start position:0% +nature has pushed the chemistry up a +hill + + align:start position:0% +hill + + + align:start position:0% +hill +that is literally what it's done right + + align:start position:0% +that is literally what it's done right + + + align:start position:0% +that is literally what it's done right +in energy + + align:start position:0% +in energy + + + align:start position:0% +in energy +because you know it's made it so that if + + align:start position:0% +because you know it's made it so that if + + + align:start position:0% +because you know it's made it so that if +i have this rea + + align:start position:0% +i have this rea + + + align:start position:0% +i have this rea +if i like this on fire it will go down + + align:start position:0% +if i like this on fire it will go down + + + align:start position:0% +if i like this on fire it will go down +the hill it will roll down the hill + + align:start position:0% +the hill it will roll down the hill + + + align:start position:0% +the hill it will roll down the hill +and give off energy right + + align:start position:0% +and give off energy right + + + align:start position:0% +and give off energy right +nature's done that for us but see we + + align:start position:0% +nature's done that for us but see we + + + align:start position:0% +nature's done that for us but see we +need to be able to do this + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to do this + + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to do this +as well as nature and and so in the last + + align:start position:0% +as well as nature and and so in the last + + + align:start position:0% +as well as nature and and so in the last +minute of this why this matters i want + + align:start position:0% +minute of this why this matters i want + + + align:start position:0% +minute of this why this matters i want +to explain why this is so challenging + + align:start position:0% +to explain why this is so challenging + + + align:start position:0% +to explain why this is so challenging +we need to be able to match because if + + align:start position:0% +we need to be able to match because if + + + align:start position:0% +we need to be able to match because if +you look at the energy per weight + + align:start position:0% +you look at the energy per weight + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the energy per weight +versus the energy per volume of a + + align:start position:0% +versus the energy per volume of a + + + align:start position:0% +versus the energy per volume of a +material + + align:start position:0% +material + + + align:start position:0% +material +that's a very important metric we plot + + align:start position:0% +that's a very important metric we plot + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very important metric we plot +this all the time if you work on energy + + align:start position:0% +this all the time if you work on energy + + + align:start position:0% +this all the time if you work on energy +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +the volumetric versus the gravimetric + + align:start position:0% +the volumetric versus the gravimetric + + + align:start position:0% +the volumetric versus the gravimetric +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +density this is good a lot of energy per + + align:start position:0% +density this is good a lot of energy per + + + align:start position:0% +density this is good a lot of energy per +weight and volume well look at where + + align:start position:0% +weight and volume well look at where + + + align:start position:0% +weight and volume well look at where +gasoline is + + align:start position:0% +gasoline is + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline is +now i want to do some math here because + + align:start position:0% +now i want to do some math here because + + + align:start position:0% +now i want to do some math here because +i think this is very important + + align:start position:0% +i think this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +i think this is very important +because i want you to see now if i take + + align:start position:0% +because i want you to see now if i take + + + align:start position:0% +because i want you to see now if i take +one liter of gasoline + + align:start position:0% +one liter of gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +one liter of gasoline +so if i take one liter + + align:start position:0% +so if i take one liter + + + align:start position:0% +so if i take one liter +of gasoline + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the cost of that is around + + align:start position:0% +now the cost of that is around + + + align:start position:0% +now the cost of that is around +the cost is around a dollar uh + + align:start position:0% +the cost is around a dollar uh + + + align:start position:0% +the cost is around a dollar uh +it fluctuates but you know in this + + align:start position:0% +it fluctuates but you know in this + + + align:start position:0% +it fluctuates but you know in this +country right around now it's about a + + align:start position:0% +country right around now it's about a + + + align:start position:0% +country right around now it's about a +dollar + + align:start position:0% +dollar + + + align:start position:0% +dollar +okay now if i look at how much energy + + align:start position:0% +okay now if i look at how much energy + + + align:start position:0% +okay now if i look at how much energy +is in that gasoline the energy + + align:start position:0% +is in that gasoline the energy + + + align:start position:0% +is in that gasoline the energy +stored in those bonds that nature has + + align:start position:0% +stored in those bonds that nature has + + + align:start position:0% +stored in those bonds that nature has +pushed up a hill over millions of years + + align:start position:0% +pushed up a hill over millions of years + + + align:start position:0% +pushed up a hill over millions of years +the energy stored is about 33 megajoules + + align:start position:0% +the energy stored is about 33 megajoules + + + align:start position:0% +the energy stored is about 33 megajoules +okay good now i'm going to make a + + align:start position:0% +okay good now i'm going to make a + + + align:start position:0% +okay good now i'm going to make a +comparison + + align:start position:0% +comparison + + + align:start position:0% +comparison +one mit professor one + + align:start position:0% +one mit professor one + + + align:start position:0% +one mit professor one +m i t professor + + align:start position:0% +m i t professor + + + align:start position:0% +m i t professor +operates at around 60 watts + + align:start position:0% +operates at around 60 watts + + + align:start position:0% +operates at around 60 watts +now this is something like well this is + + align:start position:0% +now this is something like well this is + + + align:start position:0% +now this is something like well this is +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +60 joules per second now i know some + + align:start position:0% +60 joules per second now i know some + + + align:start position:0% +60 joules per second now i know some +professors who can operate a little + + align:start position:0% +professors who can operate a little + + + align:start position:0% +professors who can operate a little +higher + + align:start position:0% +higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher +than that maybe some a little lower but + + align:start position:0% +than that maybe some a little lower but + + + align:start position:0% +than that maybe some a little lower but +that's like the average right + + align:start position:0% +that's like the average right + + + align:start position:0% +that's like the average right +60 joules per second now the thing is if + + align:start position:0% +60 joules per second now the thing is if + + + align:start position:0% +60 joules per second now the thing is if +i want to get + + align:start position:0% +i want to get + + + align:start position:0% +i want to get +33 megajoules out of this professor + + align:start position:0% +33 megajoules out of this professor + + + align:start position:0% +33 megajoules out of this professor +then i get i get at this rate 33 + + align:start position:0% +then i get i get at this rate 33 + + + align:start position:0% +then i get i get at this rate 33 +megajoules takes the prof + + align:start position:0% +megajoules takes the prof + + + align:start position:0% +megajoules takes the prof +um 153 hours + + align:start position:0% +um 153 hours + + + align:start position:0% +um 153 hours +now here's why this matters because 153 + + align:start position:0% +now here's why this matters because 153 + + + align:start position:0% +now here's why this matters because 153 +hours + + align:start position:0% +hours + + + align:start position:0% +hours +will cost about fifteen hundred + + align:start position:0% +will cost about fifteen hundred + + + align:start position:0% +will cost about fifteen hundred +and thirty dollars at + + align:start position:0% +and thirty dollars at + + + align:start position:0% +and thirty dollars at +the uh mit uh professor salary + + align:start position:0% +the uh mit uh professor salary + + + align:start position:0% +the uh mit uh professor salary +uh which is around + + align:start position:0% +uh which is around + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is around +ten dollars per hour okay + + align:start position:0% +ten dollars per hour okay + + + align:start position:0% +ten dollars per hour okay +and okay but look at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i dug something out of the ground that + + align:start position:0% +i dug something out of the ground that + + + align:start position:0% +i dug something out of the ground that +nature spent 100 million years making + + align:start position:0% +nature spent 100 million years making + + + align:start position:0% +nature spent 100 million years making +fine + + align:start position:0% +fine + + + align:start position:0% +fine +okay and i burned it and i got it for a + + align:start position:0% +okay and i burned it and i got it for a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and i burned it and i got it for a +dollar i got the same amount of energy + + align:start position:0% +dollar i got the same amount of energy + + + align:start position:0% +dollar i got the same amount of energy +that it would have taken me + + align:start position:0% +that it would have taken me + + + align:start position:0% +that it would have taken me +literally fifteen hundred and thirty + + align:start position:0% +literally fifteen hundred and thirty + + + align:start position:0% +literally fifteen hundred and thirty +dollars to pay for + + align:start position:0% +dollars to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +dollars to pay for +that's our challenge right that's our + + align:start position:0% +that's our challenge right that's our + + + align:start position:0% +that's our challenge right that's our +because now you can plot other things + + align:start position:0% +because now you can plot other things + + + align:start position:0% +because now you can plot other things +here but look at this ethanol wood okay + + align:start position:0% +here but look at this ethanol wood okay + + + align:start position:0% +here but look at this ethanol wood okay +liquid hydrogen we're still trying to + + align:start position:0% +liquid hydrogen we're still trying to + + + align:start position:0% +liquid hydrogen we're still trying to +compress it get but look at this + + align:start position:0% +compress it get but look at this + + + align:start position:0% +compress it get but look at this +batteries are way down there this is why + + align:start position:0% +batteries are way down there this is why + + + align:start position:0% +batteries are way down there this is why +this matters because we're not even + + align:start position:0% +this matters because we're not even + + + align:start position:0% +this matters because we're not even +close to being done + + align:start position:0% +close to being done + + + align:start position:0% +close to being done +we're not even close see that great + + align:start position:0% +we're not even close see that great + + + align:start position:0% +we're not even close see that great +uptick in electrochemical storage + + align:start position:0% +uptick in electrochemical storage + + + align:start position:0% +uptick in electrochemical storage +we need another order or two of + + align:start position:0% +we need another order or two of + + + align:start position:0% +we need another order or two of +magnitude still + + align:start position:0% +magnitude still + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude still +right in storing energy efficiencies + + align:start position:0% +right in storing energy efficiencies + + + align:start position:0% +right in storing energy efficiencies +costs etc so that's + + align:start position:0% +costs etc so that's + + + align:start position:0% +costs etc so that's +that's why why this matters for today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/HIIclMih_zQ.txt b/HIIclMih_zQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ac6c67fff188488f5b9544f68cc901dc430d435 --- /dev/null +++ b/HIIclMih_zQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +To build an analytics model, +let us discuss the variables + +we used. + +First, we used the +13,000 diagnoses. + +It's for the codes for diagnosis +that claims data utilize. + +There were also 22,000 +different codes for procedures + +and 45,000 codes for +prescription drugs. + +To work with this massive +amount of variables, + +we aggregated the +variables as follows. + +Out of the 13,000 diagnoses, we +defined 217 diagnosis groups. + +Out of the 20,000 procedures, +we aggregated the data + +to develop 213 procedure groups. + +And, finally, from 45,000 +prescription drugs, + +we developed 189 +therapeutic groups. + +To illustrate an example of how +we infer further information + +from the data, the +graph here shows + +on the horizontal axis, time, +and on the vertical axis, + +costs in thousands of dollars. + +So patient one is a patient +who, on a monthly basis, + +has costs on the order of +$10,000 to $15,000, a fairly + +significant cost but +fairly constant in time. + +Patient two has +also an annual cost + +of a similar size +to patient one. + +But in all but the third +month, the costs are almost $0. + +Whereas in the third month, +it cost about $70,000. + +In fact, this is +additional data we + +defined indicating +whether the patient has + +a chronic or an acute condition. + +In addition to the initial +variables, the 217 procedure + +groups, and 189 drugs, +and so forth, we also + +defined in collaboration +with medical doctors, + +269 medically-defined rules. + +For example, the +first type of rule + +indicates the interaction +between various indices. + +For example, obesity +and depression. + +Then new variables +regarding interaction + +between diagnosis and age. + +For example, more than +65 years old and coronary + +artery disease. + +Noncompliance with treatment. + +For example, non-fulfillment +of a particular drug order. + +And, finally, illness severity. + +For example, severe +depression as + +opposed to regular depression. + +And the last set of variables +involve demographic information + +like gender and age. + +An important aspect +of the variables + +are the variables +related to cost. + +So rather than using +costs directly, + +we bucketed costs and considered +everyone in the group equally. + +So we defined five buckets. + +So the buckets were +partitioned in such a way + +so that 20% of all +costs is in bucket five, + +20% is in bucket +four, and so forth. + +So the partitions were from 0 +to 3,000, from 3,000 to 8,000, + +from 8,000 to 19,000, +from 19,000 to 55,000, + +and above 55,000. + +The number of patients +that were below 3,000 + +was-- 78% of the patients +had costs below 3,000. + +Just to remind you, +we created a bucket + +so that the total cost in each +bucket was 20% of the total. + +But the number of patients +in bucket one, for example, + +is very high (78%). + +Let us interpret the +buckets medically. + +So this shows the +various levels of risk. + +Bucket one consists of patients +that have rather low risk. + +Bucket two has what is +called emerging risk. + +In bucket three, +moderate level of risk. + +Bucket four, high risk. + +And bucket five, very high risk. + +So from a medical perspective, +buckets two and three, + +the medical and the +moderate risk patients, + +are candidates for +wellness programs. + +Whereas bucket four, +the high risk patients, + +are candidates for disease +management programs. + +And finally bucket five, +the very high risk patients, + +are candidates for +case management. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/IOcrHOc23N4.txt b/IOcrHOc23N4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40ee6a90a735582988d2106eee42b5d301eb4794 --- /dev/null +++ b/IOcrHOc23N4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2699 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +here you'll see footage of hurricanes + + align:start position:0% +here you'll see footage of hurricanes + + + align:start position:0% +here you'll see footage of hurricanes +that formed in the Atlantic Ocean during + + align:start position:0% +that formed in the Atlantic Ocean during + + + align:start position:0% +that formed in the Atlantic Ocean during +2009 do you see that every single + + align:start position:0% +2009 do you see that every single + + + align:start position:0% +2009 do you see that every single +Hurricane rotates + + align:start position:0% +Hurricane rotates + + + align:start position:0% +Hurricane rotates +counterclockwise all hurricanes formed + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise all hurricanes formed + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise all hurricanes formed +in the northern hemisphere rotate + + align:start position:0% +in the northern hemisphere rotate + + + align:start position:0% +in the northern hemisphere rotate +counterclockwise in this video we'll + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise in this video we'll + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise in this video we'll +provide you with the tools to explain + + align:start position:0% +provide you with the tools to explain + + + align:start position:0% +provide you with the tools to explain +why hurricanes rotate the way that they + + align:start position:0% +why hurricanes rotate the way that they + + + align:start position:0% +why hurricanes rotate the way that they +do this video is part of the + + align:start position:0% +do this video is part of the + + + align:start position:0% +do this video is part of the +representations video series information + + align:start position:0% +representations video series information + + + align:start position:0% +representations video series information +can be represented in words through + + align:start position:0% +can be represented in words through + + + align:start position:0% +can be represented in words through +mathematical symbols + + align:start position:0% +mathematical symbols + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical symbols +graphically or in 3D models + + align:start position:0% +graphically or in 3D models + + + align:start position:0% +graphically or in 3D models +representations are used to develop a + + align:start position:0% +representations are used to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +representations are used to develop a +deeper and more flexible understanding + + align:start position:0% +deeper and more flexible understanding + + + align:start position:0% +deeper and more flexible understanding +of objects systems and processes hi my + + align:start position:0% +of objects systems and processes hi my + + + align:start position:0% +of objects systems and processes hi my +name is Sanjay Sharma and I'm a + + align:start position:0% +name is Sanjay Sharma and I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +name is Sanjay Sharma and I'm a +professor of mechanical engineering at M + + align:start position:0% +professor of mechanical engineering at M + + + align:start position:0% +professor of mechanical engineering at M +today we're going to demystify the + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to demystify the + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to demystify the +origins of the forces that appear to act + + align:start position:0% +origins of the forces that appear to act + + + align:start position:0% +origins of the forces that appear to act +on objects in rotating frames before + + align:start position:0% +on objects in rotating frames before + + + align:start position:0% +on objects in rotating frames before +watching this video you should be + + align:start position:0% +watching this video you should be + + + align:start position:0% +watching this video you should be +familiar with how to define basis + + align:start position:0% +familiar with how to define basis + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with how to define basis +vectors inertial and non-inertial + + align:start position:0% +vectors inertial and non-inertial + + + align:start position:0% +vectors inertial and non-inertial +reference frames and the representation + + align:start position:0% +reference frames and the representation + + + align:start position:0% +reference frames and the representation +of rotation rates as Vector cross + + align:start position:0% +of rotation rates as Vector cross + + + align:start position:0% +of rotation rates as Vector cross +products after watching this video + + align:start position:0% +products after watching this video + + + align:start position:0% +products after watching this video +you'll be able to explain why + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to explain why + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to explain why +centripedal and cholis accelerations + + align:start position:0% +centripedal and cholis accelerations + + + align:start position:0% +centripedal and cholis accelerations +arise in rotating frames of reference + + align:start position:0% +arise in rotating frames of reference + + + align:start position:0% +arise in rotating frames of reference +and apply your understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +and apply your understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +and apply your understanding of the +coris acceleration to determine the + + align:start position:0% +coris acceleration to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +coris acceleration to determine the +direction of rotation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hurricanes a frame of reference is a + + align:start position:0% +hurricanes a frame of reference is a + + + align:start position:0% +hurricanes a frame of reference is a +choice of coordinate frame a set of + + align:start position:0% +choice of coordinate frame a set of + + + align:start position:0% +choice of coordinate frame a set of +orthogonal basis vectors the frame is + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal basis vectors the frame is + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal basis vectors the frame is +allowed to undergo rigid body motions + + align:start position:0% +allowed to undergo rigid body motions + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to undergo rigid body motions +rigid body motions include translation + + align:start position:0% +rigid body motions include translation + + + align:start position:0% +rigid body motions include translation +rotation or a combination of translation + + align:start position:0% +rotation or a combination of translation + + + align:start position:0% +rotation or a combination of translation +and rotation as a frame of reference + + align:start position:0% +and rotation as a frame of reference + + + align:start position:0% +and rotation as a frame of reference +undergoes a rigid body motion the three + + align:start position:0% +undergoes a rigid body motion the three + + + align:start position:0% +undergoes a rigid body motion the three +basis vectors retain their original + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors retain their original + + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors retain their original +length and remain mutually + + align:start position:0% +length and remain mutually + + + align:start position:0% +length and remain mutually +orthogonal in this video we're going to + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in this video we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in this video we're going to +focus on rotating frames of reference in + + align:start position:0% +focus on rotating frames of reference in + + + align:start position:0% +focus on rotating frames of reference in +particular we want to think about frames + + align:start position:0% +particular we want to think about frames + + + align:start position:0% +particular we want to think about frames +that are rotating with con an angular + + align:start position:0% +that are rotating with con an angular + + + align:start position:0% +that are rotating with con an angular +velocity and that aren't + + align:start position:0% +velocity and that aren't + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and that aren't +translating rotating frames of reference + + align:start position:0% +translating rotating frames of reference + + + align:start position:0% +translating rotating frames of reference +are non-inertial thus we detect + + align:start position:0% +are non-inertial thus we detect + + + align:start position:0% +are non-inertial thus we detect +fictitious forces in them we're going to + + align:start position:0% +fictitious forces in them we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious forces in them we're going to +explain how these so-called fictitious + + align:start position:0% +explain how these so-called fictitious + + + align:start position:0% +explain how these so-called fictitious +forces arise this is a turntable we say + + align:start position:0% +forces arise this is a turntable we say + + + align:start position:0% +forces arise this is a turntable we say +that we are in a turntable frame of + + align:start position:0% +that we are in a turntable frame of + + + align:start position:0% +that we are in a turntable frame of +reference because the camera is mounted + + align:start position:0% +reference because the camera is mounted + + + align:start position:0% +reference because the camera is mounted +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +turntable from this frame of reference + + align:start position:0% +turntable from this frame of reference + + + align:start position:0% +turntable from this frame of reference +it appears that the turntable is + + align:start position:0% +it appears that the turntable is + + + align:start position:0% +it appears that the turntable is +stationary as the world spins around us + + align:start position:0% +stationary as the world spins around us + + + align:start position:0% +stationary as the world spins around us +despite the fact that our experience + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that our experience + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that our experience +tells us that it is a turntable that is + + align:start position:0% +tells us that it is a turntable that is + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that it is a turntable that is +spinning here you see an orange disc + + align:start position:0% +spinning here you see an orange disc + + + align:start position:0% +spinning here you see an orange disc +attached to the turntable by a string if + + align:start position:0% +attached to the turntable by a string if + + + align:start position:0% +attached to the turntable by a string if +we rotate the turntable quickly enough + + align:start position:0% +we rotate the turntable quickly enough + + + align:start position:0% +we rotate the turntable quickly enough +to overcome the friction between the + + align:start position:0% +to overcome the friction between the + + + align:start position:0% +to overcome the friction between the +disc and the turntable you notice that + + align:start position:0% +disc and the turntable you notice that + + + align:start position:0% +disc and the turntable you notice that +the string becomes taut Newton's Second + + align:start position:0% +the string becomes taut Newton's Second + + + align:start position:0% +the string becomes taut Newton's Second +Law implies that there must be a force + + align:start position:0% +Law implies that there must be a force + + + align:start position:0% +Law implies that there must be a force +equal and opposite to this tension force + + align:start position:0% +equal and opposite to this tension force + + + align:start position:0% +equal and opposite to this tension force +for the disc to remain stationary this + + align:start position:0% +for the disc to remain stationary this + + + align:start position:0% +for the disc to remain stationary this +apparent force is what we call a + + align:start position:0% +apparent force is what we call a + + + align:start position:0% +apparent force is what we call a +fictitious Force + + align:start position:0% +fictitious Force + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious Force +let's rotate the turntable with two + + align:start position:0% +let's rotate the turntable with two + + + align:start position:0% +let's rotate the turntable with two +discs one is attached to the table by a + + align:start position:0% +discs one is attached to the table by a + + + align:start position:0% +discs one is attached to the table by a +string while the other is unattached the + + align:start position:0% +string while the other is unattached the + + + align:start position:0% +string while the other is unattached the +fictitious force causes the unattached + + align:start position:0% +fictitious force causes the unattached + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious force causes the unattached +dis to fly off the turntable is there + + align:start position:0% +dis to fly off the turntable is there + + + align:start position:0% +dis to fly off the turntable is there +really a force if so where does it come + + align:start position:0% +really a force if so where does it come + + + align:start position:0% +really a force if so where does it come +from pause the video and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discuss in addition to the turntable + + align:start position:0% +discuss in addition to the turntable + + + align:start position:0% +discuss in addition to the turntable +frame there is another frame of + + align:start position:0% +frame there is another frame of + + + align:start position:0% +frame there is another frame of +reference that will be useful in our + + align:start position:0% +reference that will be useful in our + + + align:start position:0% +reference that will be useful in our +analysis this is the ground frame g + + align:start position:0% +analysis this is the ground frame g + + + align:start position:0% +analysis this is the ground frame g +which is any coordinate frame that + + align:start position:0% +which is any coordinate frame that + + + align:start position:0% +which is any coordinate frame that +appears to be stationary while standing + + align:start position:0% +appears to be stationary while standing + + + align:start position:0% +appears to be stationary while standing +on the ground the turntable frame T + + align:start position:0% +on the ground the turntable frame T + + + align:start position:0% +on the ground the turntable frame T +refers to any coordinate frame that + + align:start position:0% +refers to any coordinate frame that + + + align:start position:0% +refers to any coordinate frame that +appears stationary while standing on the + + align:start position:0% +appears stationary while standing on the + + + align:start position:0% +appears stationary while standing on the +turntable from the ground frame the T + + align:start position:0% +turntable from the ground frame the T + + + align:start position:0% +turntable from the ground frame the T +frame is rotating counterclockwise with + + align:start position:0% +frame is rotating counterclockwise with + + + align:start position:0% +frame is rotating counterclockwise with +a constant angular velocity or almost + + align:start position:0% +a constant angular velocity or almost + + + align:start position:0% +a constant angular velocity or almost +constant angular of velocity it is + + align:start position:0% +constant angular of velocity it is + + + align:start position:0% +constant angular of velocity it is +important to be explicit about the + + align:start position:0% +important to be explicit about the + + + align:start position:0% +important to be explicit about the +particular frame of reference used to + + align:start position:0% +particular frame of reference used to + + + align:start position:0% +particular frame of reference used to +describe a velocity or acceleration + + align:start position:0% +describe a velocity or acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +describe a velocity or acceleration +vector the velocity of the stationary + + align:start position:0% +vector the velocity of the stationary + + + align:start position:0% +vector the velocity of the stationary +Vector is zero in the G frame but the + + align:start position:0% +Vector is zero in the G frame but the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector is zero in the G frame but the +velocity of the rotating Vector is zero + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the rotating Vector is zero + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the rotating Vector is zero +in the T frame we will denote the frame + + align:start position:0% +in the T frame we will denote the frame + + + align:start position:0% +in the T frame we will denote the frame +of such a vector by using a left + + align:start position:0% +of such a vector by using a left + + + align:start position:0% +of such a vector by using a left +superscript G or t to designate if we + + align:start position:0% +superscript G or t to designate if we + + + align:start position:0% +superscript G or t to designate if we +are considering the vector as an object + + align:start position:0% +are considering the vector as an object + + + align:start position:0% +are considering the vector as an object +in the G frame or the T frame in the T + + align:start position:0% +in the G frame or the T frame in the T + + + align:start position:0% +in the G frame or the T frame in the T +frame the position of the disc is fixed + + align:start position:0% +frame the position of the disc is fixed + + + align:start position:0% +frame the position of the disc is fixed +so its velocity and acceleration are + + align:start position:0% +so its velocity and acceleration are + + + align:start position:0% +so its velocity and acceleration are +both zero pause the video here to + + align:start position:0% +both zero pause the video here to + + + align:start position:0% +both zero pause the video here to +determine the velocity of the disc as + + align:start position:0% +determine the velocity of the disc as + + + align:start position:0% +determine the velocity of the disc as +seen from the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame according to the G frame the T + + align:start position:0% +frame according to the G frame the T + + + align:start position:0% +frame according to the G frame the T +frame is rotating with some angular of + + align:start position:0% +frame is rotating with some angular of + + + align:start position:0% +frame is rotating with some angular of +velocity represented by the vector Omega + + align:start position:0% +velocity represented by the vector Omega + + + align:start position:0% +velocity represented by the vector Omega +Omega points along the axis of rotation + + align:start position:0% +Omega points along the axis of rotation + + + align:start position:0% +Omega points along the axis of rotation +with magnitude equal to the angle of + + align:start position:0% +with magnitude equal to the angle of + + + align:start position:0% +with magnitude equal to the angle of +velocity the velocity of the disc + + align:start position:0% +velocity the velocity of the disc + + + align:start position:0% +velocity the velocity of the disc +according to the G frame is entirely due + + align:start position:0% +according to the G frame is entirely due + + + align:start position:0% +according to the G frame is entirely due +to the rotation of the T frame and thus + + align:start position:0% +to the rotation of the T frame and thus + + + align:start position:0% +to the rotation of the T frame and thus +can be represented by Omega cross + + align:start position:0% +can be represented by Omega cross + + + align:start position:0% +can be represented by Omega cross +R recall that in general any object that + + align:start position:0% +R recall that in general any object that + + + align:start position:0% +R recall that in general any object that +is moving on the turntable will have a + + align:start position:0% +is moving on the turntable will have a + + + align:start position:0% +is moving on the turntable will have a +velocity that can be defined in the T + + align:start position:0% +velocity that can be defined in the T + + + align:start position:0% +velocity that can be defined in the T +frame the Velocity in the G frame can be + + align:start position:0% +frame the Velocity in the G frame can be + + + align:start position:0% +frame the Velocity in the G frame can be +found as the sum of the Velocity in the + + align:start position:0% +found as the sum of the Velocity in the + + + align:start position:0% +found as the sum of the Velocity in the +T frame and the velocity that arises due + + align:start position:0% +T frame and the velocity that arises due + + + align:start position:0% +T frame and the velocity that arises due +to the rotation of the T frame with + + align:start position:0% +to the rotation of the T frame with + + + align:start position:0% +to the rotation of the T frame with +respect to the G frame we can think of + + align:start position:0% +respect to the G frame we can think of + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the G frame we can think of +this as a rule for taking the time + + align:start position:0% +this as a rule for taking the time + + + align:start position:0% +this as a rule for taking the time +derivative of the position Vector R in + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the position Vector R in + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the position Vector R in +both the G and the T frame we can + + align:start position:0% +both the G and the T frame we can + + + align:start position:0% +both the G and the T frame we can +generalize this formula for how to take + + align:start position:0% +generalize this formula for how to take + + + align:start position:0% +generalize this formula for how to take +the time derivative in the G frame of + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative in the G frame of + + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative in the G frame of +any Vector X in terms of its T frame + + align:start position:0% +any Vector X in terms of its T frame + + + align:start position:0% +any Vector X in terms of its T frame +derivative this formula holds when the T + + align:start position:0% +derivative this formula holds when the T + + + align:start position:0% +derivative this formula holds when the T +frame is rotating but not translating + + align:start position:0% +frame is rotating but not translating + + + align:start position:0% +frame is rotating but not translating +with respect to the G frame use this + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the G frame use this + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the G frame use this +formula to take the time derivative of + + align:start position:0% +formula to take the time derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +formula to take the time derivative of +velocity try to find the general formula + + align:start position:0% +velocity try to find the general formula + + + align:start position:0% +velocity try to find the general formula +for the acceleration in the ground frame + + align:start position:0% +for the acceleration in the ground frame + + + align:start position:0% +for the acceleration in the ground frame +in terms Ms of the acceleration in the + + align:start position:0% +in terms Ms of the acceleration in the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms Ms of the acceleration in the +turntable frame and various other terms + + align:start position:0% +turntable frame and various other terms + + + align:start position:0% +turntable frame and various other terms +pause the video while you carry out the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +computation looking at this formula the + + align:start position:0% +computation looking at this formula the + + + align:start position:0% +computation looking at this formula the +first term is the object's acceleration + + align:start position:0% +first term is the object's acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +first term is the object's acceleration +as observed in the T frame the remaining + + align:start position:0% +as observed in the T frame the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +as observed in the T frame the remaining +terms can be thought of as giving rise + + align:start position:0% +terms can be thought of as giving rise + + + align:start position:0% +terms can be thought of as giving rise +to fictitious forces which cause the + + align:start position:0% +to fictitious forces which cause the + + + align:start position:0% +to fictitious forces which cause the +acceleration observed in the T + + align:start position:0% +acceleration observed in the T + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration observed in the T +frame the second term is due to the + + align:start position:0% +frame the second term is due to the + + + align:start position:0% +frame the second term is due to the +angular acceleration of the T frame with + + align:start position:0% +angular acceleration of the T frame with + + + align:start position:0% +angular acceleration of the T frame with +respect to the G + + align:start position:0% +respect to the G + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the G +frame the third term is the Coriolis + + align:start position:0% +frame the third term is the Coriolis + + + align:start position:0% +frame the third term is the Coriolis +acceleration note that it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration note that it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration note that it depends on the +velocity Vector of the object in the T + + align:start position:0% +velocity Vector of the object in the T + + + align:start position:0% +velocity Vector of the object in the T +frame and this last term is the + + align:start position:0% +frame and this last term is the + + + align:start position:0% +frame and this last term is the +centripedal acceleration observe that it + + align:start position:0% +centripedal acceleration observe that it + + + align:start position:0% +centripedal acceleration observe that it +depends on how far the object is from + + align:start position:0% +depends on how far the object is from + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how far the object is from +the axis of + + align:start position:0% +the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +the axis of +rotation given this information pause + + align:start position:0% +rotation given this information pause + + + align:start position:0% +rotation given this information pause +the video and determine the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +the video and determine the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +the video and determine the acceleration +of the orange dis in the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame the velocity and acceleration of + + align:start position:0% +frame the velocity and acceleration of + + + align:start position:0% +frame the velocity and acceleration of +the disc are zero in the T frame of + + align:start position:0% +the disc are zero in the T frame of + + + align:start position:0% +the disc are zero in the T frame of +reference we did our best to rotate the + + align:start position:0% +reference we did our best to rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +reference we did our best to rotate the +turntable in this video with a constant + + align:start position:0% +turntable in this video with a constant + + + align:start position:0% +turntable in this video with a constant +angular of velocity so we will assume + + align:start position:0% +angular of velocity so we will assume + + + align:start position:0% +angular of velocity so we will assume +that the angular acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +that the angular acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +that the angular acceleration is +negligible thus the acceleration in the + + align:start position:0% +negligible thus the acceleration in the + + + align:start position:0% +negligible thus the acceleration in the +G frame is given completely by the + + align:start position:0% +G frame is given completely by the + + + align:start position:0% +G frame is given completely by the +centripedal acceleration term this + + align:start position:0% +centripedal acceleration term this + + + align:start position:0% +centripedal acceleration term this +Vector points in the negative R + + align:start position:0% +Vector points in the negative R + + + align:start position:0% +Vector points in the negative R +Direction with a magnitude given by the + + align:start position:0% +Direction with a magnitude given by the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction with a magnitude given by the +distance from the axis multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +distance from the axis multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +distance from the axis multiplied by the +angular velocity + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity + + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity +squared in the G frame which is inertial + + align:start position:0% +squared in the G frame which is inertial + + + align:start position:0% +squared in the G frame which is inertial +we do not observe effects of the + + align:start position:0% +we do not observe effects of the + + + align:start position:0% +we do not observe effects of the +so-called fictitious + + align:start position:0% +so-called fictitious + + + align:start position:0% +so-called fictitious +forces remember the disk wants to move + + align:start position:0% +forces remember the disk wants to move + + + align:start position:0% +forces remember the disk wants to move +in a straight line + + align:start position:0% +in a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +in a straight line +it doesn't want to turn the string + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't want to turn the string + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't want to turn the string +imparts a tension force upon the disc + + align:start position:0% +imparts a tension force upon the disc + + + align:start position:0% +imparts a tension force upon the disc +which provides the centripedal + + align:start position:0% +which provides the centripedal + + + align:start position:0% +which provides the centripedal +acceleration needed for the disc to + + align:start position:0% +acceleration needed for the disc to + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration needed for the disc to +rotate with a + + align:start position:0% +rotate with a + + + align:start position:0% +rotate with a +turntable but in the non-inertial T + + align:start position:0% +turntable but in the non-inertial T + + + align:start position:0% +turntable but in the non-inertial T +frame we may think we observe a + + align:start position:0% +frame we may think we observe a + + + align:start position:0% +frame we may think we observe a +fictitious Force the only thing that is + + align:start position:0% +fictitious Force the only thing that is + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious Force the only thing that is +fictitious is your perception that the + + align:start position:0% +fictitious is your perception that the + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious is your perception that the +disk is not accelerating it is a + + align:start position:0% +disk is not accelerating it is a + + + align:start position:0% +disk is not accelerating it is a +physical illusion created by the fact + + align:start position:0% +physical illusion created by the fact + + + align:start position:0% +physical illusion created by the fact +that from the turntable frame of + + align:start position:0% +that from the turntable frame of + + + align:start position:0% +that from the turntable frame of +reference you don't observe the + + align:start position:0% +reference you don't observe the + + + align:start position:0% +reference you don't observe the +centripedal acceleration of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +turntable in this video clip we are + + align:start position:0% +turntable in this video clip we are + + + align:start position:0% +turntable in this video clip we are +rolling tennis balls through a plastic + + align:start position:0% +rolling tennis balls through a plastic + + + align:start position:0% +rolling tennis balls through a plastic +tube in the T frame we observe that the + + align:start position:0% +tube in the T frame we observe that the + + + align:start position:0% +tube in the T frame we observe that the +ball moves along a curved path the + + align:start position:0% +ball moves along a curved path the + + + align:start position:0% +ball moves along a curved path the +curved motion observed in a rotating + + align:start position:0% +curved motion observed in a rotating + + + align:start position:0% +curved motion observed in a rotating +frame of reference is called the + + align:start position:0% +frame of reference is called the + + + align:start position:0% +frame of reference is called the +Coriolis effect pause the video and + + align:start position:0% +Coriolis effect pause the video and + + + align:start position:0% +Coriolis effect pause the video and +explain what you think is causing this + + align:start position:0% +explain what you think is causing this + + + align:start position:0% +explain what you think is causing this +curved motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to better understand what is happening + + align:start position:0% +to better understand what is happening + + + align:start position:0% +to better understand what is happening +let's look at the same Motion in the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the same Motion in the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the same Motion in the +inertial ground frame but first what do + + align:start position:0% +inertial ground frame but first what do + + + align:start position:0% +inertial ground frame but first what do +you think the motion of the ball will be + + align:start position:0% +you think the motion of the ball will be + + + align:start position:0% +you think the motion of the ball will be +when observed from the ground frame + + align:start position:0% +when observed from the ground frame + + + align:start position:0% +when observed from the ground frame +pause the video and make a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prediction that's right the path is a + + align:start position:0% +prediction that's right the path is a + + + align:start position:0% +prediction that's right the path is a +rather straight line along the initial + + align:start position:0% +rather straight line along the initial + + + align:start position:0% +rather straight line along the initial +trajectory + + align:start position:0% +trajectory + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory +it is the motion of the turntable that + + align:start position:0% +it is the motion of the turntable that + + + align:start position:0% +it is the motion of the turntable that +is curved as the turntable rotates + + align:start position:0% +is curved as the turntable rotates + + + align:start position:0% +is curved as the turntable rotates +counterclockwise but from the turntable + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise but from the turntable + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise but from the turntable +frame points on the turntable appear + + align:start position:0% +frame points on the turntable appear + + + align:start position:0% +frame points on the turntable appear +stationary because you're rotating with + + align:start position:0% +stationary because you're rotating with + + + align:start position:0% +stationary because you're rotating with +the frame so you perceive that the ball + + align:start position:0% +the frame so you perceive that the ball + + + align:start position:0% +the frame so you perceive that the ball +is curving to the right even though it + + align:start position:0% +is curving to the right even though it + + + align:start position:0% +is curving to the right even though it +is you that is moving in a circular path + + align:start position:0% +is you that is moving in a circular path + + + align:start position:0% +is you that is moving in a circular path +you might try to explain the curvature + + align:start position:0% +you might try to explain the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +you might try to explain the curvature +using fictitious forces but we know that + + align:start position:0% +using fictitious forces but we know that + + + align:start position:0% +using fictitious forces but we know that +these forces are really just + + align:start position:0% +these forces are really just + + + align:start position:0% +these forces are really just +accelerations of the turntable frame + + align:start position:0% +accelerations of the turntable frame + + + align:start position:0% +accelerations of the turntable frame +that we simply do not perceive let's use + + align:start position:0% +that we simply do not perceive let's use + + + align:start position:0% +that we simply do not perceive let's use +what we know about the G frame to + + align:start position:0% +what we know about the G frame to + + + align:start position:0% +what we know about the G frame to +understand what these accelerations are + + align:start position:0% +understand what these accelerations are + + + align:start position:0% +understand what these accelerations are +in the T frame using the general formula + + align:start position:0% +in the T frame using the general formula + + + align:start position:0% +in the T frame using the general formula +for acceleration in a rotating frame + + align:start position:0% +for acceleration in a rotating frame + + + align:start position:0% +for acceleration in a rotating frame +that we found earlier pause here and + + align:start position:0% +that we found earlier pause here and + + + align:start position:0% +that we found earlier pause here and +determine the acceleration in the T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame because the velocity is + + align:start position:0% +frame because the velocity is + + + align:start position:0% +frame because the velocity is +essentially constant in the G frame the + + align:start position:0% +essentially constant in the G frame the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially constant in the G frame the +G frame acceleration is zero we can + + align:start position:0% +G frame acceleration is zero we can + + + align:start position:0% +G frame acceleration is zero we can +arrange the remaining nonzero terms to + + align:start position:0% +arrange the remaining nonzero terms to + + + align:start position:0% +arrange the remaining nonzero terms to +find an expression for the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +find an expression for the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +find an expression for the acceleration +of the ball that we observe in the T + + align:start position:0% +of the ball that we observe in the T + + + align:start position:0% +of the ball that we observe in the T +frame we find it is equal and opposite + + align:start position:0% +frame we find it is equal and opposite + + + align:start position:0% +frame we find it is equal and opposite +the sum of the cholis acceleration and + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the cholis acceleration and + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the cholis acceleration and +the centripedal + + align:start position:0% +the centripedal + + + align:start position:0% +the centripedal +acceleration this term is the negative + + align:start position:0% +acceleration this term is the negative + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration this term is the negative +of the centripedal acceleration which we + + align:start position:0% +of the centripedal acceleration which we + + + align:start position:0% +of the centripedal acceleration which we +saw in the previous example this + + align:start position:0% +saw in the previous example this + + + align:start position:0% +saw in the previous example this +acceleration is always pointing outwards + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is always pointing outwards + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is always pointing outwards +from the center of rotation + + align:start position:0% +from the center of rotation + + + align:start position:0% +from the center of rotation +the second term is the negative coriolis + + align:start position:0% +the second term is the negative coriolis + + + align:start position:0% +the second term is the negative coriolis +acceleration this acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration this acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration this acceleration is +perpendicular to the velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the velocity of the +ball in the T frame creating the + + align:start position:0% +ball in the T frame creating the + + + align:start position:0% +ball in the T frame creating the +curvature of the ball's path we've said + + align:start position:0% +curvature of the ball's path we've said + + + align:start position:0% +curvature of the ball's path we've said +the accelerations are created by the + + align:start position:0% +the accelerations are created by the + + + align:start position:0% +the accelerations are created by the +rotation of the turntable how does this + + align:start position:0% +rotation of the turntable how does this + + + align:start position:0% +rotation of the turntable how does this +happen for an object to rotate with the + + align:start position:0% +happen for an object to rotate with the + + + align:start position:0% +happen for an object to rotate with the +turntable a centripedal acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +turntable a centripedal acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +turntable a centripedal acceleration is +required without it an object appears to + + align:start position:0% +required without it an object appears to + + + align:start position:0% +required without it an object appears to +move outwards from the center of + + align:start position:0% +move outwards from the center of + + + align:start position:0% +move outwards from the center of +rotation even more is happening though + + align:start position:0% +rotation even more is happening though + + + align:start position:0% +rotation even more is happening though +because of the rigid body rotation the + + align:start position:0% +because of the rigid body rotation the + + + align:start position:0% +because of the rigid body rotation the +velocity of the point near the outside + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the point near the outside + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the point near the outside +edge of the turntable is greater than + + align:start position:0% +edge of the turntable is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +edge of the turntable is greater than +the velocity of the point near the + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the point near the + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the point near the +center of the rotation moving objects + + align:start position:0% +center of the rotation moving objects + + + align:start position:0% +center of the rotation moving objects +accelerate due to this velocity + + align:start position:0% +accelerate due to this velocity + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate due to this velocity +differential the acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +differential the acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +differential the acceleration is +perpendicular to the velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the velocity of the +object but you don't realize this + + align:start position:0% +object but you don't realize this + + + align:start position:0% +object but you don't realize this +acceleration exists from the turntable + + align:start position:0% +acceleration exists from the turntable + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration exists from the turntable +frame because you don't perceive your + + align:start position:0% +frame because you don't perceive your + + + align:start position:0% +frame because you don't perceive your +own rotation you can feel these + + align:start position:0% +own rotation you can feel these + + + align:start position:0% +own rotation you can feel these +accelerations yourself if you walk + + align:start position:0% +accelerations yourself if you walk + + + align:start position:0% +accelerations yourself if you walk +around a carousel or you can try waving + + align:start position:0% +around a carousel or you can try waving + + + align:start position:0% +around a carousel or you can try waving +your arms or legs on some other rotating + + align:start position:0% +your arms or legs on some other rotating + + + align:start position:0% +your arms or legs on some other rotating +theme park + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ride remember the Earth is a rotating + + align:start position:0% +ride remember the Earth is a rotating + + + align:start position:0% +ride remember the Earth is a rotating +frame of reference even though we're + + align:start position:0% +frame of reference even though we're + + + align:start position:0% +frame of reference even though we're +used to considering the Earth as a fixed + + align:start position:0% +used to considering the Earth as a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +used to considering the Earth as a fixed +frame some phenomena such as hurricanes + + align:start position:0% +frame some phenomena such as hurricanes + + + align:start position:0% +frame some phenomena such as hurricanes +are created by the rotation of the earth + + align:start position:0% +are created by the rotation of the earth + + + align:start position:0% +are created by the rotation of the earth +we're going to use what we learned + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use what we learned + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use what we learned +earlier to understand why hurricanes + + align:start position:0% +earlier to understand why hurricanes + + + align:start position:0% +earlier to understand why hurricanes +rotate the way they do we can model + + align:start position:0% +rotate the way they do we can model + + + align:start position:0% +rotate the way they do we can model +regions of the earth quite easily for + + align:start position:0% +regions of the earth quite easily for + + + align:start position:0% +regions of the earth quite easily for +points that are in the Northern or + + align:start position:0% +points that are in the Northern or + + + align:start position:0% +points that are in the Northern or +Southern Hemispheres but sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +Southern Hemispheres but sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +Southern Hemispheres but sufficiently +far from the equator we can model the + + align:start position:0% +far from the equator we can model the + + + align:start position:0% +far from the equator we can model the +hemisphere by projecting it onto a disc + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere by projecting it onto a disc + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere by projecting it onto a disc +from this perspective the northern + + align:start position:0% +from this perspective the northern + + + align:start position:0% +from this perspective the northern +hemisphere is a counterclockwise + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere is a counterclockwise + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere is a counterclockwise +rotating disc and the southern + + align:start position:0% +rotating disc and the southern + + + align:start position:0% +rotating disc and the southern +hemisphere is a clockwise rotating disc + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere is a clockwise rotating disc + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere is a clockwise rotating disc +near the equator we can't model the + + align:start position:0% +near the equator we can't model the + + + align:start position:0% +near the equator we can't model the +Earth as a dis instead a better model + + align:start position:0% +Earth as a dis instead a better model + + + align:start position:0% +Earth as a dis instead a better model +would be the outside surface of a + + align:start position:0% +would be the outside surface of a + + + align:start position:0% +would be the outside surface of a +rotating cylinder our understanding of + + align:start position:0% +rotating cylinder our understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +rotating cylinder our understanding of +the Coriolis effect from the turntable + + align:start position:0% +the Coriolis effect from the turntable + + + align:start position:0% +the Coriolis effect from the turntable +will directly apply to this model of + + align:start position:0% +will directly apply to this model of + + + align:start position:0% +will directly apply to this model of +hemispheres now let's start by thinking + + align:start position:0% +hemispheres now let's start by thinking + + + align:start position:0% +hemispheres now let's start by thinking +about hurricanes hurricanes are formed + + align:start position:0% +about hurricanes hurricanes are formed + + + align:start position:0% +about hurricanes hurricanes are formed +when there are small regions of very low + + align:start position:0% +when there are small regions of very low + + + align:start position:0% +when there are small regions of very low +air pressure the existence of this low + + align:start position:0% +air pressure the existence of this low + + + align:start position:0% +air pressure the existence of this low +pressure region causes air from all + + align:start position:0% +pressure region causes air from all + + + align:start position:0% +pressure region causes air from all +directions to move towards the low + + align:start position:0% +directions to move towards the low + + + align:start position:0% +directions to move towards the low +pressure Zone with this information and + + align:start position:0% +pressure Zone with this information and + + + align:start position:0% +pressure Zone with this information and +what you know about the Coriolis effect + + align:start position:0% +what you know about the Coriolis effect + + + align:start position:0% +what you know about the Coriolis effect +explain why hurricanes in the northern + + align:start position:0% +explain why hurricanes in the northern + + + align:start position:0% +explain why hurricanes in the northern +hemisphere rotate count + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +counterclockwise as air moves towards + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise as air moves towards + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise as air moves towards +the low pressure Zone the air moving + + align:start position:0% +the low pressure Zone the air moving + + + align:start position:0% +the low pressure Zone the air moving +from the south veers to the right due to + + align:start position:0% +from the south veers to the right due to + + + align:start position:0% +from the south veers to the right due to +the corol effect similarly air moving + + align:start position:0% +the corol effect similarly air moving + + + align:start position:0% +the corol effect similarly air moving +from the north ve to the left of the low + + align:start position:0% +from the north ve to the left of the low + + + align:start position:0% +from the north ve to the left of the low +pressure Zone at the same time air is + + align:start position:0% +pressure Zone at the same time air is + + + align:start position:0% +pressure Zone at the same time air is +constantly pulled in towards the low + + align:start position:0% +constantly pulled in towards the low + + + align:start position:0% +constantly pulled in towards the low +pressure Zone the combination of these + + align:start position:0% +pressure Zone the combination of these + + + align:start position:0% +pressure Zone the combination of these +processes + + align:start position:0% +processes + + + align:start position:0% +processes +creates a region of counterclockwise + + align:start position:0% +creates a region of counterclockwise + + + align:start position:0% +creates a region of counterclockwise +rotating air this is why hurricanes in + + align:start position:0% +rotating air this is why hurricanes in + + + align:start position:0% +rotating air this is why hurricanes in +the northern hemisphere rotate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +counterclockwise in this video we saw + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise in this video we saw + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise in this video we saw +that in rotating frames an apparent + + align:start position:0% +that in rotating frames an apparent + + + align:start position:0% +that in rotating frames an apparent +Force pulling away from the axis of + + align:start position:0% +Force pulling away from the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +Force pulling away from the axis of +rotation is really the object's tendency + + align:start position:0% +rotation is really the object's tendency + + + align:start position:0% +rotation is really the object's tendency +to move in a straight + + align:start position:0% +to move in a straight + + + align:start position:0% +to move in a straight +line in a rotating frame of reference + + align:start position:0% +line in a rotating frame of reference + + + align:start position:0% +line in a rotating frame of reference +objects require a centripedal + + align:start position:0% +objects require a centripedal + + + align:start position:0% +objects require a centripedal +acceleration to remain St in that frame + + align:start position:0% +acceleration to remain St in that frame + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration to remain St in that frame +moving objects in rotating frames travel + + align:start position:0% +moving objects in rotating frames travel + + + align:start position:0% +moving objects in rotating frames travel +in curved paths due to coriolis + + align:start position:0% +in curved paths due to coriolis + + + align:start position:0% +in curved paths due to coriolis +acceleration created by the fact that + + align:start position:0% +acceleration created by the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration created by the fact that +the velocity of the points in that frame + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the points in that frame + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the points in that frame +are greater further from the axis of + + align:start position:0% +are greater further from the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +are greater further from the axis of +rotation on Earth we can observe the + + align:start position:0% +rotation on Earth we can observe the + + + align:start position:0% +rotation on Earth we can observe the +Coriolis effect in the counterclockwise + + align:start position:0% +Coriolis effect in the counterclockwise + + + align:start position:0% +Coriolis effect in the counterclockwise +rotation of hurricanes in the northern + + align:start position:0% +rotation of hurricanes in the northern + + + align:start position:0% +rotation of hurricanes in the northern +hemisphere this leaves two questions for + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere this leaves two questions for + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere this leaves two questions for +you what direction do hurricanes rotate + + align:start position:0% +you what direction do hurricanes rotate + + + align:start position:0% +you what direction do hurricanes rotate +in in the southern Hemisphere and why + + align:start position:0% +in in the southern Hemisphere and why + + + align:start position:0% +in in the southern Hemisphere and why +can't hurricans form at the equator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/J4pnlCBTJYc.txt b/J4pnlCBTJYc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fd66ac41f31829b789620f588e5a9dfc3183831 --- /dev/null +++ b/J4pnlCBTJYc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3561 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So today +we have from EA, + +Timothy Cowan's going to +give a lecture on development + +best practices from +Electronic Arts. + +This is about the +time of the class + +where we start doing +hour long lectures + +and then the remaining two hours +is open for your work time. + +It's really going to start +being like that probably not + +next Wednesday, but +the following Monday + +is when that's going to +be a pretty stable time. + +So when you're working +on project four, + +you're going to have a lot more +in class time to work in teams. + +Hopefully you've been taking +advantage of the class time + +to work in your teams +for project three. + +Today we are doing play testing. + +Has everybody already +prepared for what + +they're going to do for +their play test today? + +Do you already have +questionnaire, survey, observer + +notes, things like that? + +I'm seeing some blank faces. + +That's OK. + +We're going to give you +15 minutes to set that up. + +So we're going to do +lecture, take a short break, + +then you'll get 15 minutes to +prepare for the focus test. + +We're asking you to set +up three workstations + +for the test at all times. + +I'll go through the details +when we start that up. + +But you'll get a little bit of +time to set up for play test. + +Remember, we're asking +for two focus test + +reports for project three. + +This is going to +count for one of them. + +The other one you need +to do on your own time + +or have already done. + +Grading is practically +finished for project two. + +And now it's just entering +it all into the Stellar form, + +and you'll have all +that by tomorrow night. + +What I can say just in +general for grading, + +project two looked pretty good. + +Most of the games completed +all of the requirements. + +The main requirements +that we saw + +that were lacking +in some of the games + +were really the +legal requirements. + +Putting your credits, putting +your names on the game. + +We asked for that. + +So please make sure you're +doing for project three. + +Even if it's not +in the game itself, + +it can be on the full sheet, +the full HTML code for the game. + +So make sure you're putting +your names on your games + +when you're turning them in. + +And also if you're +using any outside code, + +any outside assets, +that should all + +be listed as where +it's coming from + +and what license +you have for that. + +Phaser is MIT licensed, +so there wasn't + +anything special for there. + +But if you're using Unity, +take a look at Unity's license + +requirements. + +Make sure you're +fulfilling them. + +If you're using hacks or +Flixel, make sure your filling + +those requirements. + +I believe we already gave +you some comments on the post + +forms. + +But for the most part, +those also looked good. + +For project three, here's the +cheat sheet for product three's + +postmortems. + +You've got a page to +write a postmortem. + +Make half of it about your +team practices and processes. + +The other half about +the game and the design. + +That's really what we're +looking for is understanding + +how your team organized itself, +what communication problems + +you had, how you solved them, +and even more importantly, what + +are you going to +do in project four. + +Because in product +four, you're going + +to have eight +people on your team + +and problems are going +to show up more often. + +So hopefully you're coming +up with ideas and ways + +to be prepared for +those kind of things. + +Any other comments? + +Otherwise for the other +turn ins for product two, + +task lists were good. + +Backlogs were acceptable. + +The focus test reports +for the most acceptable. + +We give you some comments +about your focus test reports. + +We gave you some comments +about your design change logs. + +We also are giving you +a big chunk of comments + +about the game design. + +It's going to be labeled +not part of the grade. + +So like I said, it's +not a design class, + +but we do want to give you +some feedback on your designs. + +So we can help you out +with future assignments. + +That's it. + +Any questions about anything? + +Great. + +So I'm just going to +hand it off to Tim. + +TIM COWAN: Great. + +So can everybody hear me? + +Sound good? + +You can just raise your hand in +the back if you can't hear me. + +Good? + +All right. + +So let me start off a little +bit with just introductions. + +Who I am, my background, where I +came from, why I'm here, maybe. + +I'm actually originally +from Oklahoma. + +I was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. + +And went to Oklahoma +State University. + +And going to +university, I actually + +had no idea what I wanted to do. + +Kind of just sort of landed at +one of the in state tuitions + +for university. + +But I knew my dad was an +engineer, a programmer + +specifically, and I +kind of thought that I + +wanted to go do what he did. + +So I went into +university, was going + +to go be trained +to be a programmer. + +He actually gave me advice to go +work on more pure engineering. + +And so for my +undergraduate degree, + +I was actually focused on +mechanical engineering. + +And I stayed at Oklahoma +State University + +and went on to +aerospace engineering. + +Did graduate school. + +Was in pursuit of a Ph.D. +with ultimately the goal + +I wanted to be an astronaut. + +I didn't make it there. + +I made video games today. + +But I did get a chance to +through graduate school + +work on research for +Dryden Flight Research + +Center in California and +actually spent about 10 months + +there as a visiting researcher +while I was working on my Ph.D. + +And what I did for them was what +I'd say were flight simulators. + +But not that kind +of flight simulator. + +It was more this kind +of flight simulator. + +Computer simulation of aircraft. + +I did a lot of both the +simulation of the aircraft + +and generating visual +representations + +of the simulations. + +And ultimately out of all that +work I did finish my Ph.D. + +and sort of officially +became a rocket scientist. + +And so then I had to decide +what I wanted to go do. + +And my plan really was +to go work at Lockheed, + +design aircraft, work on +flight simulators for them. + +That was basically my life's +mission coming out of college. + +But that didn't +quite happen either + +and I ended up at EA Sports. + +So instead of working on +flight simulators, what + +I've done for the +last 14 years is work + +on NFL football simulators. + +A recruiter from EA +just basically blind + +contacted me from my resume +posting on Monster.com + +and they brought me +down to Austin, Texas + +to work on my first +video game, which + +was Madden NFL 2002 for the PC. + +There was a small team in +Austin of about six people + +that built this product +off of a shared code + +base from the PlayStation +to Xbox and Game Cube. + +And I spent about +18 months in Austin. + +Built two versions of +Madden PC in that time, + +until they eventually +moved me out + +to Florida, which was where +Tiburon Entertainment was + +located, one of the +studios that's part of EA + +and part of EA Sports. + +And I've been there, +really been with Tiburon + +for I guess it's +counting 13 years now. + +And in that span +one of the things + +I'm most proud of is I +built 14 versions of Madden + +in that time. + +And I can say, with the +exception of Madden 15, + +because my roles changed, I've +contributed at least one line + +of code to 13 versions of +Madden over the last 13 years. + +Things are pretty +different at Tiburon + +from when I started in 2001. + +There were about 200 people +at the studio when I started. + +There are 700 at +our location today. + +We work on three +different products. + +And I'm the group technical +director for the studio. + +So I help make sure that all +three of the products we build + +succeeds and sort of monitoring +engineering and technology + +development for the studio. + +Our three products +are obviously Madden. + +We build NBA Live +and we're working + +on the next generation +of PGA Tour Golf, which + +will be out this March. + +So that's my background. + +A little bit about my role. + +It is very much it is an +engineering leadership role + +as a group technical director. + +And I very much don't +write much code. + +In fact, I kind of joke +with the other engineers + +that the coding that I do +is PowerPoint these days. + +Let's talk a little +bit about Madden. + +Set a little bit of +context about some + +of the philosophy +and best practices + +that I hope to a kind +of pass along today. + +Madden in North America +has been a we'll call it + +a top five product for at least +the last 15 years, typically + +is a top three product +in North America. + +Generally the first person +shooters are the big sellers, + +especially in North America. + +Sometimes you've got +some of the action games + +like Grand Theft Auto. + +But depending on what's being +released at any given year, + +Madden's always a number two, +number three in North American + +sales. + +And you can see FIFA top +10 North American sales. + +They're a different sort +of a sports product. + +That is the big sports product +but they have global appeal, + +because the sport +has global appeal + +and it sells in a lot of +markets that Madden does not. + +But as a North American company, +Electronic Arts, the number two + +title in North America. + +In fact, on that last +chart, the number one title + +in North America that +EA sold is Madden. + +And it's very important to EA. + +It's very important +to EA stock price. + +If you look at any sort of +financial reports or just + +even news briefs on +financial listings for EA, + +you'll often see that the little +blurb at the bottom where they + +kind of describe who +Electronic Arts is, Madden's + +almost always listed as +Electronic Arts, developer + +of products such as +Madden, Battlefield, FIFA. + +Madden is very important to EA. + +And the success or +failure of that product + +is very important to the +public company's stock price. + +If you look at +Madden development, + +given its importance +to the company, + +given the size of its +sales, it's a big team. + +There's over 200 +developers on staff + +that do direct +development on Madden. + +That includes engineers, +artists, designers, producers, + +product managers, quality +assurance testers. + +And there are additional +developers that + +contribute through central. + +Technology We're a +very large organization + +that contributes in a +lot of different ways. + +But sort of at our studio +we call it 200 people + +doing direct dev on Madden. + +10 million lines of +code, give or take a few. + +That's physical lines of codes. + +So it includes white +space and comments + +and those kinds of things. + +But a lot, a lot of code to look +at across 150,000 plus files. + +And we do development +distributed across four + +different locations. + +So we've got primary +development in Orlando, + +but we also have +remote development + +in Austin and a contract company +that we work with Nova Scotia. + +And Vancouver is the sibling +studio for Sports, EAC, + +who makes FIFA, NHL, USC. + +They contribute a lot +of central technology + +that helps ship +Madden each year. + +So there's really +sort of four locations + +that we're distributed across. + +Really the message +here is Madden's big. + +It's a big seller. + +It has big importance. + +And it's big large +scale development. + +Large teams, large code +bases, large complexity. + +And the other +characteristic about + +is kind of important +to sort of understand + +sort of the nature of this +project, this big project that + +also iterates at an iterative +cycle every single year. + +So our sports products come +out at the start of the sports + +season every single year. + +And it's critical that Madden +comes out on its date in August + +when the NFL season kicks off. + +Our gamers expect it. + +Our shareholders +expect it to sell. + +And if you miss that +start of the NFL season + +and were to, say, +slip your ship date, + +that means a lot of lost +opportunity in terms + +of delighting our gamers. + +That's very different from +other types of game development. + +Like certain games, they're +done when they're done. + +And even within EA we +do this a little bit. + +This was one of +the announcements + +we made about Mirrors Edge. + +That's not Madden. + +Madden can never miss its date. + +And it has come out in +August for the last 25 years + +consistently and reliably. + +So given that context, what I +want to talk about a little bit + +first is just some philosophy. + +And this is some philosophy I've +come to over the past couple + +years about what I think +makes a good engineer at EA + +and specifically on Madden +and our sports products. + +What some of the mindset +then things that you + +may need to break +out of in order + +to be successful doing +development on the big title + +that's got to come out +on a particular date. + +And when you are big +title and a big team + +and a complicated project that +has to hit a particular date, + +the first thing +that happens is we + +go add a lot of really +complicated process. + +Because there's a +lot of moving parts. + +Everything's got to get tracked. + +And if anything +slips, then we're + +not going to hit our date. + +You add a lot of checklists +and you check things off. + +Hopefully get +everything checked off. + +But the reality is there's +always a lot of work to do. + +We've got 200 plus +people doing a lot + +of different types of work and +you only have about one year + +to get work done. + +And we want to do +and put as much + +as we possibly can into that +product every single year. + +Because if nothing +else, I know I'm + +very sensitive to +our sports products. + +Because they come +out every year, + +we tend to get beat up a little +bit over just a roster update. + +They haven't done enough. + +There's not enough improvements +over last year's product. + +Well we do a lot of work and +we want to do a lot of work + +to make sure that every single +year we're putting out the best + +possible product that we can. + +And it's not just us. + +Also our gamers +really want-- they're + +giving us a lot of feedback. + +We want this, let's +get this feature in, + +Madden would be better +if you just did this. + +So there's a lot of work +and our kind of human nature + +is let's do it all. + +We're going to get +it all done, we're + +going to ship an +amazing product, + +and we're going to get it +all done on time in August. + +Well if you take on too much +and you try to do everything, + +disaster happens inevitably. + +And one thing we have +to remember in sports + +is development's a +multi-year journey. + +It's a path. + +Most game products, +especially if you're + +looking at a open world action +adventure game or first person + +shooter, they tend to have +two if not three or four + +years of development. + +We kind of start to think +about Madden development + +in that same way where +it's a three year + +process with incremental +releases along the way, where + +the game just keeps getting +better and better and better + +on a three year roadmap. + +And it's important in +this sense because I + +think all game makers want +to do everything, want + +to make the game as +amazing as they can. + +But in sports, you really +have to embrace iteration. + +And that means kind of finding +the right balance between doing + +everything, doing +everything right, + +and especially if you're +an engineer remembering + +that sometimes you have +to balance between getting + +everything done right and maybe +using some duct tape and kind + +of hacking in a quick solution. + +Because you've got +three years to make sure + +that you're getting things done +on that road that you're on. + +So another idea I'd like to +talk a little bit about, again, + +just more philosophy +about engineering. + +I talk about the +difference between science + +and engineering. + +And I'm going to sort of give +the extreme examples and maybe + +overgeneralize things. + +But one of things I talk +about to my engineers + +is, if you look at science, +science at its core + +is about the pursuit +of knowledge. + +The idea is king. + +You're going to try to +figure out how things work. + +You don't know what you're going +to do once you find it out. + +But just the fact that +I know how that works, + +I know this idea, that's +what's most important. + +Engineering, on the other +hand, if sort of like the best + +engineer, if you're just the +extreme engineer, the thing + +you get the most +excitement out of his + +taking that knowledge +from the scientists + +and figuring out how to apply +it to solve practical problems. + +And cost effective +solutions is definitely + +one of the keys in terms of +that well rounded engineer that + +goes in and is figuring +out how to solve + +a very practical +problem based on a body + +of scientific knowledge. + +It's really important +for engineers + +remember that there are +solutions to even the hardest + +problems. + +If cost is a factor, +you often find + +that engineers will tend to +say this type of problem's + +not possible. + +But what they really mean is +it's very, very expensive. + +But engineers need to +really be focused on, + +how do you break down +a problem and come up + +with a solution to that problem? + +And sometimes it's duct tape. + +And for the Star +Trek fans out there, + +remember there are no unwinnable +scenarios in engineering. + +There is no Mission Impossible. + +I've had engineers on +Madden in particular + +where Madden in the +early Xbox 360 generation + +actually ran at 30 +frames per second. + +And there were a few +years there where + +we were told it was +impossible for Madden + +to run at 60 frames per second. + +And so in a leadership +position, a lot of your job + +is to kind of break through +that this is impossible + +and start to ask +questions on how can we + +break this problem down +and come up with some cost + +effective solutions +that will actually + +allow us to solve this problem. + +And at the end of +the day, you're + +not going to solve problems +if you don't attack them + +with enthusiasm. + +And so my +encouragement is really + +to challenge the impossible. + +Everything is possible. + +It maybe might not +be possible today. + +It might not be +possible with the money + +you've got in your wallet. + +But given enough time and +money, we can do anything. + +And every problem can be solved. + +At least at the +core, a good engineer + +really needs to believe that. + +So let's go on next idea. + +And I want to dispel the +myth of perfect code. + +Because this is +one of those things + +that engineers coming into EA, +really coming into any job, + +have this myth that +there is perfect code. + +Because engineers +love perfect code. + +And they really love to +argue about perfect code. + +Even the best engineers +in the world, this + +is ingrained into every +engineer that not only is there + +perfect code, I know what +that perfect code looks like + +and I'm the only +one that writes it. + +But the reality is, +mistakes are always made. + +It tends to be the first +time you write code, + +especially if it's +the first time + +you've written code for +a problem you've ever + +solved before. + +You're going to make mistakes. + +And I do very much +fundamentally believe + +that kind of at the core +inside that you learn more + +from mistakes. + +Hopefully you guys +have heard that before. + +And if you never make any +mistakes, you're not learning. + +And if you're never taking +on really big potentially + +impossible challenges, +you're not learning. + +You're not stretching +yourself, you're not growing. + +So it's important to remember +that mistakes will be made. + +You're going to learn from those +mistakes, and you know what? + +Your code will get better +as you make those mistakes + +and refine it. + +So remember, there is a +software development life cycle. + +And in fact, a lot +of times when you're + +arguing about perfect code, +it's very early on in the cycle + +and you don't even +know what you don't + +know because that code hasn't +been through that software + +development life cycle. + +There's almost no guarantee that +there's no bugs in this code + +that you're writing. + +And it really isn't until you +make it through that software + +life cycle that you're going to +understand what those bugs are. + +Towards the end of +the project where + +you have this +perfect code and all + +of a sudden now it's been +all the way through testing + +and certification and now you +see, oops, I made a mistake. + +And when you tie that into +our sports iterative cycle + +where we're embracing iteration, +taking on the impossible, + +one of the big things that +try to impress on people + +is try to value less +the perfect code + +and start to think +about proven code. + +Proven code that's been through +that software development life + +cycle, has had the +bugs shaken out of it. + +Even if you didn't +write it, that code + +is proven and will have less +bugs typically than code + +that you go right from scratch. + +And then the next idea, +and this is the last one + +before we can get +onto the other section + +and get out of the philosophy +stuff, is on a big team, + +on that iterative cycle +there's a lot of tasks. + +There's a lot of +work to get done. + +Everybody's given +their tasks and they + +have to finish their tasks. + +They've all kind of got this +little piece of a puzzle + +and they own their +piece of the puzzle. + +They've been given +this task and they're + +going to get that piece done. + +And it's going to be perfect +given the context that they've + +been given on that task. + +The trick is there's +a lot of dependencies. + +And it's often very +hard to go see, + +how do all those +pieces together? + +And when you've got +this kind of situation, + +you start to end up with you've +got these features, which are + +actually a collection of tasks. + +And those features don't +really have an owner. + +All the tasks have an owner. + +Someone's doing the tasks. + +But what about the feature? + +Does the feature have an owner? + +Does anybody know +how all those pieces + +are going to fit together? + +And if you don't have +someone owning that feature, + +you end up with +unfinished projects. + +Or potentially you +end up with not quite + +what you were looking for +because you didn't really + +understand from this task +how it all fit together + +and was going to ultimately +deliver whatever it + +was that we were looking for. + +And so it's super +important when you + +get immersed into +a really big team + +and you're hand and +a bunch of tasks + +to pick your head up +every once in a while + +and make sure that you're +focused on that feature. + +And potentially +you're asking, how + +does this task that I'm working +on fit into this feature? + +Because if you've got that +context, you may even realize, + +hey, my task +actually isn't going + +to help me deliver +on that feature. + +I'm not working on +the right thing. + +As an engineer with a +technical background, + +I'm building good software, +functional requirements, + +et cetera. + +You really need to be +focusing on that feature. + +Because your task +is just a means + +to delivering on that feature. + +So in summary, just a little +bit of philosophy type stuff. + +Embrace iteration. + +Challenge the impossible. + +Value proven code and focus +on features, not tasks. + +And that's kind of my top four. + +It's easily a top 10 list. + +The thing is to +kind of think about + +in terms of coming into a big +company, working on a big team. + +Some of the philosophy that you +kind of need to take with you + +in your approach on +integrating with that team + +and being successful. + +Now I want to talk a little +bit about more on the process + +side, engineering quality. + +How do we as a engineering +organization at the studio help + +make sure that we're +delivering a quality product. + +And game development's +notoriously not very formal. + +We are game +developers, after all. + +The challenge, though, +when you're not + +terribly formal in your +development methodologies + +and your development +practices is success + +starts to rely on individual +heroics or individual heroism. + +And that's a bit +of a danger zone + +when you start talking +about shipping a quality + +product that's big and on time. + +Because quality's +never an accident. + +I love this quote. + +It's never an accident. + +It's the result of +intelligent effort. + +Now, before we talk +about processes for this, + +let's decompose +quality a little bit. + +Because this kind of plays +into some of the thinking + +on our approach to quality. + +And really, it's going to +focus on the different aspects + +of quality. + +There's perceptual quality. + +Is the game fun? + +Is it beautiful? + +It's how the gamer +experiences the game. + +There's functional quality. + +That's kind of, does it work? + +An engineer is given +a spec and writes code + +and it either does or does not +do what it was intended to do. + +And then there's +structural quality. + +That's the underlying, +behind the scenes quality. + +It tends to be the +type of quality + +that engineers care +about the most. + +That's kind of the +code quality space. + +Is my code perfect? + +The top two perceptual quality, +functional quality, those + +are things that the gamer is +going to see in your product. + +Structural quality +is not something + +that the gamer will +actually ever see or notice. + +But it is something that +will hold up your project. + +If you don't have the right +level of structural quality + +in your product, +it will prevent you + +from delivering that product. + +Now ultimately, at +the end of the day + +we're probably most interested +in that perceptual quality. + +Because that's the +one that's most + +going to resonate +with the gamers. + +Is it fun? + +Is it beautiful? + +And we kind of +like it meta critic + +as one possible measure of +whether our game's being + +perceived as a high quality. + +This is basically a reviewer +sits down, plays the game, + +or even if you go +look at user reviews. + +A gamer sits down +and plays the game. + +And then that game +experience gets + +processed through +their filters and they + +perceive it to be at a +certain level of quality. + +Now, functional +quality is inevitably + +going to play into this. + +But we generally see, I +think, with meta critic + +is a lot of the +functional issues may not + +be seen because it takes hours +and hours and hours of playing + +the game before +those maybe surfaced. + +And it tends to be, +especially with meta critic, + +you spend four to eight +hours playing the game, + +you process that +experience, give it a score. + +So I tend to kind of +argue, at least when + +we're talking internally +about quality, only + +the absolute worst +functional issues are + +going to show up and play +into your meta critic score. + +But the gamer who plays +your game for 100 plus hours + +is really going to notice a +lot of those functional quality + +issues. + +We also have been +talking recently + +about kind of a +spectrum of quality. + +And this is kind of +tied to meta critic. + +And I steal this from one +of our executive producers + +where from 0 to about 69, +those games are sort of just + +foundationally solid. + +If you're anywhere below +69, sort of the upper end + +of that spectrum. + +You get to about 69 or 70 by +being foundationally solid. + +Anything below that, you're +buggy, you're broken, + +you've got a lot of issues. + +And from there, +quality kind of builds. + +If you're buggy, broken, and +have just glaring problems, + +you're never going to +get to that next level + +where you've got good function. + +It functions and if you have +a competitor in the space, + +it functions at least as +well as the competitor. + +And that's kind of +that 70 to 79 range. + +But what we really want to do +is we want to get up above that. + +This is interactive +entertainment. + +We're trying to really delight +the gamers that play our game. + +And from 80 to 89, +we kind of start + +to talk about, all right, +that's the point where + +your game is getting immersive. + +Especially for Madden, it's +starting to be very realistic + +and they feel like they're +there on Sunday watching a game + +and they're sort of +immersed in the experience. + +And then even above +that, which is + +where we really want to get +to is 90 to 99 or even 100. + +I don't know if it +actually goes to 100. + +But that's where +now not only are + +you immersed in the +experience, but the game + +is evoking emotion. + +So when you get up +into those upper bands, + +that's where perceptual quality +really starts to come in. + +I'm going to talk +a little bit more + +about that foundational and +that functional quality, + +because that's what engineers +and development directors are + +ultimately paid to solve. + +And so the question +is, on a big project + +with a lot of complexity that's +got to hit a particular date, + +inevitably need to +put a lot of process + +in place to try to do make +sure that you're putting out + +that quality product or +at least at a minimum + +were able to hit that +foundational and functional + +quality so that the +designers and everyone + +else can help push us up +into those perceptual realms. + +The first process +is code review. + +So let's talk a little +bit about code review. + +Because engineers +love code review. + +Especially because +their code is perfect + +and no one needs to +look at this code + +to figure out whether +or not it should + +be allowed to get checked in. + +At EA and on Madden +in particular, + +we do have a blanket policy, +all code gets reviewed. + +If you're going to check code +in, it's got to get reviewed. + +We even in this day +and age where data + +is a huge part of development. + +Actually there's a lot of +data that gets reviewed + +before it gets checked in. + +But code review is sort +of the primary function + +where all right, you're +going to check in code. + +It needs to get reviewed. + +And the goal there, let's +make sure there's no bugs. + +Get a second set of eyes, +have someone look at it. + +Shake out all the bugs. + +Because the second set of eyes +will find the bugs before it + +makes it to QA. + +There was an interesting +study recently, Rebel Labs. + +They did a survey and +asked development teams, + +how many of you do code +review and how often + +do you code review? + +Code review is very +prevalent coming out + +from this industry survey. + +I think it was 76% of teams +do a lot of code review. + +And their ultimate +goal with this survey + +was to figure out the impact +of code review on quality. + +And quality for them was +defined by lack of bugs. + +So the functional +realm of quality. + +And their study produced kind +of an interesting result. + +They were actually looking +at two factors, quality + +and predictability. + +Both super important for sports. + +And they found that +code review really + +helped with predictability. + +It indexed well. + +You could see if you did no code +review, there was an 11% or 10% + +swing between no code review +and always doing code review. + +Much less influence +though on quality. + +They found that there +was not actually + +not much of a difference between +teams that did code review + +and didn't do code review +in the span of quality. + +Again, quality is +measured as bugs. + +AUDIENCE: What is +predictability? + +TIMOTHY COWAN: Predictability +is able to hit your schedule + +on time. + +Now, that's not to say that we +don't find bugs in code review. + +But I think that's interesting +because it kind of aligns + +with some of my experience +within EA that, now, don't get + +me wrong, we put code +review in place because we + +wanted to find bugs early. + +And when I started at EA we +did not do any code review. + +In 2001, again, this is +kind of individual heroics, + +pretty informal. + +On a 200 person team, you've +got to do code review. + +And we do want to find bugs. + +But it's actually +a little surprising + +that we don't find many +bugs in code review. + +And I see that at +our studio as well. + +How many people here know C++? + +All right. + +Awesome. + +Let's play a little +game quick here. + +It's called find the bug. + +You guys are code reviewers. + +Raise your hand if +you can spot the bug. + +There is a bug here. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: You can't see it? + +OK. + +Is it the contrast +or the lights? + +Anybody that can see it spot it? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: Good. + +Good. + +That is the mistake. + +It's a cut and paste error. + +So someone moving fast. + +And it tends to be pretty +easy not to notice this. + +It's just kind of hidden +in a block of code. + +It actually was +intended in this case. + +It's just kind of following +a pretty simple pattern. + +They should have been copying +PURL into the STR web URL. + +This was code that was written, +tested by the engineer that + +wrote it, I presume. + +Code reviewed, checked in, and +made it all the way out to QA. + +I don't know if an +actual bug manifested, + +but this code did make +it through code review. + +In fact, all this code +we're going to look at + +made it through code review. + +How about this one? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: All right. + +Yeah. + +That is kind of the trick with +code is it's kind of tiny text. + +[LAUGHTER] + +It's probably the sunlight. + +People in the front +row can see it? + +No? + +I guess this game's +a little less fun + +than maybe I was hoping. + +In this case, you've +got two different files + +and this is a function call. + +And there's one +line of code where + +they're using the function. + +In the second file, +if you're doing + +a code review you've actually +got to-- in this case, + +someone added a line of code. + +And when you get +that code review, + +you get just that file +with a little diff + +and you see their line +of code that they added. + +You won't actually +spot this blog + +unless you open +up the other file + +that they didn't edit and +go look at that function + +and how it's used. + +Because they've actually got +the two parameters reversed. + +They're both bools. + +Track actives versus +track passives. + +And the function they're +calling has those two parameters + +reversed. + +Again, written, tested, +code reviewed, checked in. + +I don't know if this +one's readable at all. + +I kind of have to +skip through this. + +In the interest of time, +I'll go ahead and just + +skip through these. + +Because I think they're all +somewhat fuzzy and small text. + +In this case, if you don't know +C++ or don't know the syntax, + +with that indentation there's +an if statement there. + +With the indentation +it was probably + +expected that that +code would only + +get it executed if the +if condition was true. + +They missed their curly braces. + +And that that +indentation tends to, + +if you're reviewing the +code, kind of draw your eye. + +It's like, yeah, +that code looks OK. + +You're kind of inspecting it. + +And I'm sure that they +knew what they were doing. + +And you kind of missed that +the braces aren't there. + +And this one's maybe-- no. + +So in this case, +their if statement, + +it's actually a constant number. + +This will always be true. + +And they probably actually +meant to check if that value was + +equal to some particular value. + +But they actually just +put the mask right + +into the if statement. + +And that will always +be a number greater + +than 0, which will be true. + +And last one. + +This last statement here. + +This last statement +doesn't do anything. + +They're just assigning +one variable to itself. + +Again, really easy +cut and paste errors. + +And I think the surprising +thing in a lot of cases, again, + +we've got this process. + +We do find bugs. + +But you don't find all of them. + +And a lot a really simple ones, +things that after the fact, + +when you get a bug report from +QA and you go look at that + +and you're like, how +come no one caught this? + +How come the person that +wrote it didn't catch it? + +How come the code +reviewer didn't catch it? + +I'll tell you, in some +cases it's not even + +just one person code reviewing, +but you may have five people + +that code review it. + +Again, we're big, +multi-disciplinary. + +Sometimes one check in may take +five different subject matter + +experts where I need +a rendering engineer, + +I need a physics engineer, +and I need a UI engineer + +to review this code. + +And five different people review +the code and no one catches + +the problem. + +But there are other +reasons for code review. + +And this is one of the +things I'm pretty adamant on. + +Because when that report +comes out that says, + +code review doesn't +really find bugs. + +And in fact, if you +don't do code review, + +you're not all that bad off +in terms of finding bugs. + +I say, wait a minute. + +We're not going to stop +our code review process. + +Because there's other reasons +for doing code review. + +And finding bugs is actually, +I would call, my fourth reason. + +Really, code review's about +monitoring structural quality. + +And that's why that report +says if you do code review, + +you get better predictability. + +Because your +structural quality is + +this underlying quality +that's going to help you + +be successful. + +It's going to help with +your predictability. + +It's going to help with +knock-on effects, where + +if you write code that's +consistent, reliable, robust, + +and file certain +programming patterns, + +you're going to end up with a +better result in the long term + +and you'll be more predictable. + +It's also about +knowledge sharing. + +So on a big team +of 150 people where + +everyone's got their +own little task + +and they own their +little task, we + +need to make sure that +the whole team has + +some insight into what all the +other developments are doing. + +And if you're out sick +or you win the lottery + +and stop working, someone else +at the company's has maybe + +done some code reviews and +has seen what you're doing + +and has learned from that and +knows about how that feature, + +how that task works. + +And then it's also +about education. + +So if you are the best +engineer on the planet, + +you've been writing +code for 14 years, + +and you've learned +from all your mistakes, + +and you write the most perfect +code, having a new engineer who + +just came to work +at the studios, + +is writing their +first line of code + +ever review your code teaches +that person something. + +And then the last point +is obviously catch bugs. + +We do want to catch bugs +through code review. + +It's just it's not the +only thing that you get out + +of code review. + +And really, static analysis +and rigorous testing + +is the best way to catch bugs. + +And in fact, all those +examples I just went through + +are caught by static +analysis that we apply + +to our code base every day. + +Static analysis today is +actually very good at pattern + +matching and identifying +those types of issues. + +And on a code base our +size, you see a lot of them. + +And static analysis is +actually a very important + +additional process, I'm not +going to talk a lot about that, + +to layer into a robust +development process. + +All right, so the next piece. + +All right, if we +want to find bugs + +we want to drive +functional quality, + +we need quality testing. + +And your game +development's messy. + +You're never going +to find all the bugs. + +And really testing is +only good to find bugs. + +No matter how much +testing you do, + +you're never going +to know what bugs + +you haven't found, obviously. + +So we've got to make +sure we do testing. + +And there's a lot of +different types of testing. + +There's the engineer doing +their own software testing. + +There's our QA department +who does black box testing. + +There's automated testing. + +There's a whole +spectrum of testing + +that we do on our +product to help + +make sure that the product +we put out is amazing. + +But inevitably, game +development's messy. + +No matter what we do, +things do slip out. + +In fact, in the first 48 +hours of Madden launching, + +there is more testing done +on our product by the gamers + +than we do an entire 10 month +development cycle by ourselves. + +So one of the big processes +we have in place today + +is test automation. + +You can't hire enough QA +people to test your game + +for the scale and the size of +games and complexity of games + +today. + +So we do lots and lots +of test automation. + +And basically the goal is to +get hours and hours and hours + +of testing through automation +on hundreds of dev kits + +that sit idle at the studio at +night when people are at home. + +There's one big +piece that I want + +to talk about with +test automation, which + +is when we talk to +engineering, verification, + +and validation, +testing is a means + +to compare the execution, +the results of the test + +against the expected +results for that test. + +And one thing that we're +starting to do a lot more at EA + +is we're kind of +looking at testing where + +automated testing in particular +where kind of the only expected + +result is that the +test completes. + +That test may take five minutes. + +It may take 50 minutes. + +All we're doing is looking, +hey, did that test complete. + +And within that span +of say 50 minutes, + +there's all kinds of +other things that went on. + +And we're not really testing +whether all those things + +between here and here met +what our expected results are. + +So really, this is about +measurement and functional + +quality measurement, which +starts with technical KPIs. + +Over a 50 minute test, did +the game run at frame rate? + +What are the load times +between your different modes? + +Did they meet what our +expected requirements were? + +Obviously there's crashes, +desyncs, and disconnects, + +which are very abrupt +failures for that test where + +it won't actually complete. + +But there's all these +other technical KPIs + +where the test will +continue, but it may not + +have been doing what +you'd expect it to do. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: So what we're +starting to do more now + +is measure and make sure that +every build so that every test + +where an automated +test, no one's + +sitting there watching it. + +I may not know. + +If a QA person doesn't sit there +and watch that automated test, + +we don't know that it's not +running at target frame rate + +unless we measure +it and report it. + +And with online +services today, you + +can do a lot of measuring +and automated reporting, + +capture all that data, +and create dashboards + +that can show, all right, what's +the performance of my Game + +this is one the first ones we +put in over the last couple + +years. + +We've always had +performance analysis. + +But what we now have +is automated solutions + +with very detailed +level of reports, + +so that every time +someone plays our game, + +we're getting frame rate +reports out of that game. + +And you can drill down a little +bit to look at for Madden + +by stadium. + +Every game that's been +played in each stadium, what + +does the frame rate look like? + +And look and see are +there certain stadiums + +that have problems. + +And you can even look +at an individual session + +and say, all right, was there +an individual game session + +that had a strange +frame rate problem? + +Now beyond our technical +KPIs, those key performance + +indicators, there's other +types of functional issues + +that we need to look to measure. + +Bugs do slip out into the wild. + +This was one that got a +lot of publicity this year, + +the tiny titan. + +UFC had some well known +glitches in its game + +where a lot of funny animation +and physics problems. + +Inevitably when +these types of things + +happen, if you're familiar with +the notion of asserts, sort + +of non fatal errors or +warnings that engineers put + +into their code to catch non +fatal problems and warn them + +that, hey, you might +want to look at this. + +I guarantee when both of those +problems showed up in a debug + +build, an assert probably +would've yelled at a developer + +and m, hey, something's wrong. + +So there's this class of non +fatal functional problems + +that are pretty severe, because +if they get out into the wild, + +this breaks the immersion and +ability to experience emotion + +when you play the game. + +Or at least in some +cases, this one's + +probably a negative emotion. + +We need to start to +shift our focus on as you + +build engineering systems. + +This is, again, as an engineer, +what you bring to the table + +is this methodology and process +of verifying and validating + +against functional requirements. + +Make sure as you're +building your features, + +you're thinking about +testing and you're + +thinking about measuring. + +Is this doing what +it's supposed to do? + +Because I've got a code base +of 10 million lines of code, + +200 people contributing to it. + +There's a lot of complexity. + +And you never know throughout +that software development life + +cycle what types of +problems might show up. + +So as you're going into your +design and requirements, + +start thinking about what +types of failure modes + +are critical that I should +be measuring and reporting + +through online systems. + +We're starting to do a lot +more of this at our studio. + +So in summary, we really talked +about two things, code review + +and testing. + +And specifically measurement +when you're doing that testing. + +But it's really about, +for me, an engineer's + +responsible for +driving the functional + +quality of a product. + +We write the code, we +write the specifications. + +We have to drive the functional +quality of game software. + +And a well executed project +has both the technology + +and processes in place +to do that and make sure + +that you're able to +take that big project + +and get it done by +August every single year. + +So that's it. + +I think I maybe talked a little +bit longer than I originally + +expected. + +But we've got a +little bit of time + +for Q&A. I think I was told +you guys take a break at 2:00. + +But you can go ahead +and ask any questions + +and I'll answer anything I can. + +When we take the +break, if one on one + +if you want to ask +more questions, + +I'll probably hang around +while you're doing play testing + +and can talk more. + +Any questions? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: +Today it is all C++. + +100%. + +I did a talk yesterday sort +of to a general audience + +about how the +industry's evolved. + +There used to be a lot of +assembly language intermixed + +with C++. + +We don't do that anymore +today on today's consoles. + +And there is in data +we do do Lua scripting. + +There is ActionScript. + +There is shader code and shaders +for graphics programming. + +I bucket those more as data. + +And they tend to be-- we have a +Lua interpreter that's written + +in C++ the can load Lua +data scripts and process it. + +We have an ActionScript +interpreter + +that loads ActionScript +and processes it. + +So generally when I'm talking +the 10 million lines of code, + +it's the C++ game engine client. + +But it does interact +with other types of code + +that we consider data today. + +AUDIENCE: So I've been in code +review situation all the way + +from [INAUDIBLE] +mostly automated + +through some sort of +code tracking system + +or commit system where someone's +about to commit something, + +[INAUDIBLE], or all the +way to the other end + +where someone just grabs me and +makes me look at their screen. + +How does that work? + +Can you walk us through +how review works? + +TIMOTHY COWAN: Sure. + +The policy is all +code gets reviewed. + +With that kind of +policy, there's + +a lot of flexibility in +how the teams actually + +implement the process. + +But the tool set we give +them, we do have a server. + +We actually use a software from +SmartBear called Collaborator. + +And when you're going to +submit code to Perforce, + +we use Perforce +for source control, + +you upload the diffs to +Collaborator and assign + +that to a reviewer to +go look at those diffs. + +And they can mark it up, put +little bugs and comments, + +send it back to you, and you +can kind of go back and forth. + +So it's one option. + +That's how 90% of the +code review gets done. + +But the thing I tell +the teams is you + +don't have to do it that way. + +In fact, having someone come +to your desk and talk to you + +and look at the code +over your shoulder + +can, in a lot of cases, +be much higher value. + +Because that can +help set some context + +on why did you +write it this way, + +and you can have a conversation. + +So that's an option as well. + +And you also have +the flexibility, + +depending on the +situation, sometimes + +code gets reviewed +after check in. + +It doesn't have to get +reviewed prior to check in. + +That's kind of up to the teams, +up to the urgency of the check + +in, the seniority of the review. + +But the request is that +all code gets reviewed. + +Again, it kind of hit the +four bullet points on why. + +So I guess basically it depends. + +It is game +development, so we try + +to be a little informal about +it and give you the flexibility + +to do the review +the way you see fit. + +But provide a lot of tools +and process and formality + +kind of through a prescribed +automated system as well. + +I think there was a +question in the back. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +How much additional +work is for you + +to do things like hoarding +the same game to Xbox, + +PS1, [INAUDIBLE]. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: For today's +consoles, Xbox One, + +PlayStation 4. + +You're really starting to get +to hardware that's converging. + +It's becoming more PC like. + +Probably the biggest +difference is actually + +going to be in the +operating system. + +Each of those consoles +has an operating system. + +Xbox One ends up being +sort of flavor of Windows. + +And PlayStation 4 ends up +being some variety of Linux. + +So you've got this +operating system and driver + +layer that is different. + +But with the way +EA's structured, + +obviously we're cross platform. + +Madden, when I showed +the charts earlier, + +actually shipped on +seven different platforms + +that one year for Madden 13. + +We've always built +cross platform support. + +I characterize it as about +a 70-30 to 80-20 rule, where + +the majority of your +code has no idea what + +hardware it's running on. + +And there's just kind +of this base layer + +that interacts +with the operating + +system and the drivers and does +what it has to do specifically + +for the console. + +And so it's call it +80-20 in terms of code + +and 80-20 in terms of effort. + +So that 20% layer generally gets +built by our central technology + +groups, whether it's the base +level rendering layer, the base + +level file system layer, the +base level of memory management + +layer. + +At EA we've got +central technology + +where that gets built +centrally and all teams use it. + +And then the teams +take that technology + +and build their platform +agnostic game on top of it + +where it kind of doesn't +care whether it's + +Xbox One or PlayStation 4. + +But then the other +space that is different + +is just really, I'd +say, performance. + +Each of the systems has +slightly different bottlenecks + +in terms of what's +fast and what's + +not, whether it's memory +bandwidth, shader pipelines. + +They have slightly different +strengths and weaknesses. + +They're tuned differently. + +So you tend to have to look +at your content and your data + +and structure it +in a way where it's + +optimal for the two systems. + +In the space of just kind of +art contact, how many polys, + +how your textures are +structured and bundled, + +how you write your +shaders especially. + +There's quite a bit of space, +quite a bit of, I'd say, + +platform specific +optimization work + +to make sure we're +really taking advantage + +of the different +bottlenecks in the system. + +AUDIENCE: Why did +you choose to join + +[INAUDIBLE] in the first place? + +TIMOTHY COWAN: To be +honest, I had no idea + +that you could make a +career in video games. + +Like I said in the +intro, I wasn't + +looking to go work +on video games, + +mostly because I didn't +know that you could. + +One of the games I played +the most growing up actually + +was Madden. + +In fact, really football games. + +Anywhere from Tecmo Bowl on the +original Nintendo Entertainment + +System to Madden on +the Sega Genesis. + +I played a lot of NFL +football games growing up. + +It was actually the +NFL football games + +that I played that got me +interested in the sport + +of football versus the +other way around where + +I was a fan of the sport +so I played the games. + +It was actually the games as +a junior high, high school + +student that I really enjoyed +playing those football + +games the most and enjoyed +beating my friends at them + +if I could. + +And so when I got contacted +by the recruiter where + +I'm going to go +work at Lockheed, + +hey, come work on +the next generation + +of interactive entertainment, +make a football simulator, + +I was like, well, +that would be great. + +I used to love +playing those games + +and was really excited about +coming down and getting + +to work on some of +the games that I loved + +playing when I was younger. + +Anything else? + +AUDIENCE: Do know of SB Nation's +"Breaking Madden" series? + +And if so, do you have +any opinions on that? + +They deliberately set the game +up with extreme characters, + +like 90% skill everything +and 0% skill everything. + +TIMOTHY COWAN: I did actually. + +I think it was probably about +two weeks ago I watched that. + +So I do know what +you're talking about. + +My opinion, I think +that's awesome. + +Madden and EA +Sports, at its core, + +is all about +authenticity and realism. + +EA Sports, it's in the game. + +And we're pretty serious about +that authenticity, realism, + +almost to the point +that, it's just + +me talking as a +gamer, where we tend + +to be a little too serious. + +And I kind of like +that kind of stuff + +where it's more just +having fun with the game, + +which is what it's all about. + +And giving, I think, the +content creation tools + +in the hands of the +gamers, where you're + +starting to see +a lot more gamers + +love to create just as +much as they love to play. + +And giving them the flexibility +that they can go in do, + +it's an open sandbox, +do whatever you want. + +We've maybe put a few +walls and barriers around. + +But I would love to be +able to put into Madden, + +hey, let's tweak the gravity. + +Let's really change +up the physics. + +Now, the core of madness is +about authenticity in realism. + +So there's certain things +that we're not going + +to deviate from that core. + +But what little +flexibility we can + +put in where you can break +Madden and have a little fun. + +Because ultimately it's games. + +You want to have fun and +that's what you want to do. + +Personally I love +to see that we've + +got that support in there. + +And that's where the tiny +titan that slipped through. + +That wasn't intentional. + +I think we later just sort +of having fun and laughing + +at ourselves we went ahead +released a ultimate team card + +pack that allowed you to unlock +that as an intentional bug. + +But the original case, it was +actually another one of those + +we make a change and in our +excitement about getting that + +change out to our +gamers, we move fast, + +maybe don't have all the +processes in place that we + +should've. + +Someone does some rough testing, +looks good, push it out, + +and something slips through. + +But it's a big game. + +When you start talking +about that program testing + +and verification and +validation, there + +are so many different +permutations + +that have to be covered. + +So many different modes. + +It's not infinite, but it's +a very large finite number. + +And it's almost impossible +to test everything, + +which is why we're +trying to start + +to get to a lot more +rigor in our testing + +and how we measure and verify +that everything is on track. + +Let's go ahead and take a break. + +And I think, like I said, if you +have a question that you just + +want to ask individually, +I'll be here + +to talk a little bit longer. + +So thank you. + +[APPLAUSE] + +PROFESSOR: So the +clock says 2:08. + +Back in this room at 2:18. + +We're going to give you +time to start planning. + +You're going to run two tests. + +And then you're going to +have a little bit of time + +to reflect on your test +and just a really quick + +tell us what you learned today. + +OK, it's 2:18 or thereabouts. + +Schedule for today is +you've got about 15 minutes + +to do planning. + +That means you should +know what observations + +you're going to make when +you're doing these tests. + +If you're going to do questions, +either creating a quick survey + +or having questions you're +going to ask your testers. + +Just like we asked +for last time. + +You're going to spend 30 +minutes doing a play test. + +That means you're +going to set up + +at least three computers +with three observers + +to run those tests. + +At 3:05 I'm going +to say, hey, switch. + +That means anybody who's +doing an observation + +is switching with the people +who are doing testing. + +Everyone should have a chance +to both observe and play + +at least three or four games. + +That lasts for +another 30 minutes. + +At 3:35, you're going +to time in teams + +to complete your +focus test reports. + +And then we'll just +ask you a few questions + +about what you observed, but +no formal presentation today. + +We just want to kind of +know what you saw today. + +Questions? + +All right. + +So I'm going to yell at +2:35 to have your play + +tests ready to start by 2:35. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/J7d3vcaS9-o.txt b/J7d3vcaS9-o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6685d8d1b97011990b665a9a615e9ce0f80d9e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/J7d3vcaS9-o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15379 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu well if you remember last + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu well if you remember last + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu well if you remember last +time where we left off we were talking + + align:start position:0% +time where we left off we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +time where we left off we were talking +about risk and return and we said that + + align:start position:0% +about risk and return and we said that + + + align:start position:0% +about risk and return and we said that +we were going to make the following + + align:start position:0% +we were going to make the following + + + align:start position:0% +we were going to make the following +simplifying + + align:start position:0% +simplifying + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying +assumption which is that uh we're going + + align:start position:0% +assumption which is that uh we're going + + + align:start position:0% +assumption which is that uh we're going +to assume that investors like expected + + align:start position:0% +to assume that investors like expected + + + align:start position:0% +to assume that investors like expected +return and they do not like Risk as + + align:start position:0% +return and they do not like Risk as + + + align:start position:0% +return and they do not like Risk as +measured by volatility all right and so + + align:start position:0% +measured by volatility all right and so + + + align:start position:0% +measured by volatility all right and so +the way that we depict it + + align:start position:0% +the way that we depict it + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we depict it +graphically is to use a graph where the + + align:start position:0% +graphically is to use a graph where the + + + align:start position:0% +graphically is to use a graph where the +x-axis is standard deviation of your + + align:start position:0% +x-axis is standard deviation of your + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis is standard deviation of your +entire portfolio and the y axis is the + + align:start position:0% +entire portfolio and the y axis is the + + + align:start position:0% +entire portfolio and the y axis is the +expected return of that portfolio and + + align:start position:0% +expected return of that portfolio and + + + align:start position:0% +expected return of that portfolio and +the question is where on this graph can + + align:start position:0% +the question is where on this graph can + + + align:start position:0% +the question is where on this graph can +we get to given the Securities that we + + align:start position:0% +we get to given the Securities that we + + + align:start position:0% +we get to given the Securities that we +have access to that will maximize our + + align:start position:0% +have access to that will maximize our + + + align:start position:0% +have access to that will maximize our +level of Happiness where happiness again + + align:start position:0% +level of Happiness where happiness again + + + align:start position:0% +level of Happiness where happiness again +is assumed to mean higher expected rate + + align:start position:0% +is assumed to mean higher expected rate + + + align:start position:0% +is assumed to mean higher expected rate +of return and lower risk as measured by + + align:start position:0% +of return and lower risk as measured by + + + align:start position:0% +of return and lower risk as measured by +variance or standard deviation so for + + align:start position:0% +variance or standard deviation so for + + + align:start position:0% +variance or standard deviation so for +example you if you take a look at this + + align:start position:0% +example you if you take a look at this + + + align:start position:0% +example you if you take a look at this +simple graph and and you asked the + + align:start position:0% +simple graph and and you asked the + + + align:start position:0% +simple graph and and you asked the +question where on the graph do you want + + align:start position:0% +question where on the graph do you want + + + align:start position:0% +question where on the graph do you want +to be you would like to be go always + + align:start position:0% +to be you would like to be go always + + + align:start position:0% +to be you would like to be go always +going in the Northwest direction right + + align:start position:0% +going in the Northwest direction right + + + align:start position:0% +going in the Northwest direction right +because North means higher expected + + align:start position:0% +because North means higher expected + + + align:start position:0% +because North means higher expected +return and West means uh lower risk so + + align:start position:0% +return and West means uh lower risk so + + + align:start position:0% +return and West means uh lower risk so +obviously if we could we'd love to + + align:start position:0% +obviously if we could we'd love to + + + align:start position:0% +obviously if we could we'd love to +be on this axis all the way way up + + align:start position:0% +be on this axis all the way way up + + + align:start position:0% +be on this axis all the way way up +right no risk lots of return that's an + + align:start position:0% +right no risk lots of return that's an + + + align:start position:0% +right no risk lots of return that's an +example of Arbitrage and we know that + + align:start position:0% +example of Arbitrage and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +example of Arbitrage and we know that +that can't happen very easily because + + align:start position:0% +that can't happen very easily because + + + align:start position:0% +that can't happen very easily because +otherwise everybody would be there and + + align:start position:0% +otherwise everybody would be there and + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise everybody would be there and +pretty soon it would wipe out that + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon it would wipe out that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon it would wipe out that +opportunity so the question from the + + align:start position:0% +opportunity so the question from the + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity so the question from the +portfolio construction perspective is + + align:start position:0% +portfolio construction perspective is + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio construction perspective is +now a little bit sharper than it was + + align:start position:0% +now a little bit sharper than it was + + + align:start position:0% +now a little bit sharper than it was +last week when we started down this path + + align:start position:0% +last week when we started down this path + + + align:start position:0% +last week when we started down this path +now we want to construct a portfolio we + + align:start position:0% +now we want to construct a portfolio we + + + align:start position:0% +now we want to construct a portfolio we +want to take a collection of Securities + + align:start position:0% +want to take a collection of Securities + + + align:start position:0% +want to take a collection of Securities +and wait them in order to be as uh happy + + align:start position:0% +and wait them in order to be as uh happy + + + align:start position:0% +and wait them in order to be as uh happy +as possible meaning we want to be as + + align:start position:0% +as possible meaning we want to be as + + + align:start position:0% +as possible meaning we want to be as +Northwest as possible so let's see how + + align:start position:0% +Northwest as possible so let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +Northwest as possible so let's see how +we go about doing that one thing we + + align:start position:0% +we go about doing that one thing we + + + align:start position:0% +we go about doing that one thing we +could do is just pick an individual + + align:start position:0% +could do is just pick an individual + + + align:start position:0% +could do is just pick an individual +stock so if you had these four stocks to + + align:start position:0% +stock so if you had these four stocks to + + + align:start position:0% +stock so if you had these four stocks to +pick from then to go as Northwest as + + align:start position:0% +pick from then to go as Northwest as + + + align:start position:0% +pick from then to go as Northwest as +possible you're sort of looking at uh MC + + align:start position:0% +possible you're sort of looking at uh MC + + + align:start position:0% +possible you're sort of looking at uh MC +as you know the uh you know the extreme + + align:start position:0% +as you know the uh you know the extreme + + + align:start position:0% +as you know the uh you know the extreme +but it's not at all clear whether or not + + align:start position:0% +but it's not at all clear whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not at all clear whether or not +that's something that you really want + + align:start position:0% +that's something that you really want + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that you really want +because for example General Motors while + + align:start position:0% +because for example General Motors while + + + align:start position:0% +because for example General Motors while +it has a lower expected return than Merc + + align:start position:0% +it has a lower expected return than Merc + + + align:start position:0% +it has a lower expected return than Merc +it does have a bit of a lower risk and + + align:start position:0% +it does have a bit of a lower risk and + + + align:start position:0% +it does have a bit of a lower risk and +for some people that might actually be + + align:start position:0% +for some people that might actually be + + + align:start position:0% +for some people that might actually be +preferred so at this point we don't have + + align:start position:0% +preferred so at this point we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +preferred so at this point we don't have +a lot of hard recommendations to provide + + align:start position:0% +a lot of hard recommendations to provide + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of hard recommendations to provide +you with without any further analysis so + + align:start position:0% +you with without any further analysis so + + + align:start position:0% +you with without any further analysis so +we're going to do some further analysis + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some further analysis + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some further analysis +today the analysis is to ask the + + align:start position:0% +today the analysis is to ask the + + + align:start position:0% +today the analysis is to ask the +question all right what are the + + align:start position:0% +question all right what are the + + + align:start position:0% +question all right what are the +properties of mean and variance for a + + align:start position:0% +properties of mean and variance for a + + + align:start position:0% +properties of mean and variance for a +given + + align:start position:0% +given + + + align:start position:0% +given +portfolio not just for an individual + + align:start position:0% +portfolio not just for an individual + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio not just for an individual +security so it turns out that there's a + + align:start position:0% +security so it turns out that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +security so it turns out that there's a +relatively straightforward way of + + align:start position:0% +relatively straightforward way of + + + align:start position:0% +relatively straightforward way of +answering this and let me just go + + align:start position:0% +answering this and let me just go + + + align:start position:0% +answering this and let me just go +through the calculations and then we can + + align:start position:0% +through the calculations and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +through the calculations and then we can +see what that implies for where we want + + align:start position:0% +see what that implies for where we want + + + align:start position:0% +see what that implies for where we want +to be in that mean standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +to be in that mean standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +to be in that mean standard deviation +graph so the mean of a particular stock + + align:start position:0% +graph so the mean of a particular stock + + + align:start position:0% +graph so the mean of a particular stock +I'm going to write as expectation of RI + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write as expectation of RI + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write as expectation of RI +or mui for short the variance of a + + align:start position:0% +or mui for short the variance of a + + + align:start position:0% +or mui for short the variance of a +particular stock I'm going to write as + + align:start position:0% +particular stock I'm going to write as + + + align:start position:0% +particular stock I'm going to write as +Sigma squ I or the standard deviation is + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ I or the standard deviation is + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ I or the standard deviation is +then just Sigma I okay and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +then just Sigma I okay and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +then just Sigma I okay and it turns out +you can show this rigorously I won't do + + align:start position:0% +you can show this rigorously I won't do + + + align:start position:0% +you can show this rigorously I won't do +that but you can take a look at that uh + + align:start position:0% +that but you can take a look at that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that but you can take a look at that uh +if you are unconvinced it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +if you are unconvinced it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +if you are unconvinced it turns out that +if you construct a weighted average of + + align:start position:0% +if you construct a weighted average of + + + align:start position:0% +if you construct a weighted average of +stocks so that the return of the + + align:start position:0% +stocks so that the return of the + + + align:start position:0% +stocks so that the return of the +portfolio is given by that Top Line R + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is given by that Top Line R + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is given by that Top Line R +subp then when you take the expected + + align:start position:0% +subp then when you take the expected + + + align:start position:0% +subp then when you take the expected +value of that Top Line what you get is + + align:start position:0% +value of that Top Line what you get is + + + align:start position:0% +value of that Top Line what you get is +the middle line in other words the + + align:start position:0% +the middle line in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +the middle line in other words the +expected return of a + + align:start position:0% +expected return of a + + + align:start position:0% +expected return of a +portfolio is just equal to the exact + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is just equal to the exact + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is just equal to the exact +same weighted averages of the expected + + align:start position:0% +same weighted averages of the expected + + + align:start position:0% +same weighted averages of the expected +rates of Return of the individual + + align:start position:0% +rates of Return of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +rates of Return of the individual +components so you understand the + + align:start position:0% +components so you understand the + + + align:start position:0% +components so you understand the +difference between the second and the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the second and the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the second and the +and the first line in that red box + + align:start position:0% +and the first line in that red box + + + align:start position:0% +and the first line in that red box +that's very important distinction the um + + align:start position:0% +that's very important distinction the um + + + align:start position:0% +that's very important distinction the um +the top line is basically an accounting + + align:start position:0% +the top line is basically an accounting + + + align:start position:0% +the top line is basically an accounting +identity it says that when you want to + + align:start position:0% +identity it says that when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +identity it says that when you want to +compute the actual realized return on + + align:start position:0% +compute the actual realized return on + + + align:start position:0% +compute the actual realized return on +your portfolio you just take a weighted + + align:start position:0% +your portfolio you just take a weighted + + + align:start position:0% +your portfolio you just take a weighted +average of what you did on each stock + + align:start position:0% +average of what you did on each stock + + + align:start position:0% +average of what you did on each stock +what your return is on each stock that's + + align:start position:0% +what your return is on each stock that's + + + align:start position:0% +what your return is on each stock that's +an accounting + + align:start position:0% +an accounting + + + align:start position:0% +an accounting +identity the second line is not an + + align:start position:0% +identity the second line is not an + + + align:start position:0% +identity the second line is not an +accounting identity it comes from an + + align:start position:0% +accounting identity it comes from an + + + align:start position:0% +accounting identity it comes from an +accounting identity but what it says is + + align:start position:0% +accounting identity but what it says is + + + align:start position:0% +accounting identity but what it says is +that on + + align:start position:0% +that on + + + align:start position:0% +that on +average the rate of return of your + + align:start position:0% +average the rate of return of your + + + align:start position:0% +average the rate of return of your +portfolio is equal to a weighted average + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is equal to a weighted average + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is equal to a weighted average +of the average rates of return on each + + align:start position:0% +of the average rates of return on each + + + align:start position:0% +of the average rates of return on each +of the components of your portfolio Okay + + align:start position:0% +of the components of your portfolio Okay + + + align:start position:0% +of the components of your portfolio Okay +that's a very important + + align:start position:0% +that's a very important + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very important +principle any questions about that + + align:start position:0% +principle any questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +principle any questions about that +before we uh before we move on okay so + + align:start position:0% +before we uh before we move on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +before we uh before we move on okay so +I'm going to write that as a shorthand + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write that as a shorthand + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write that as a shorthand +for the portfolio mu subp so mu subp is + + align:start position:0% +for the portfolio mu subp so mu subp is + + + align:start position:0% +for the portfolio mu subp so mu subp is +just equal to this whole expression + + align:start position:0% +just equal to this whole expression + + + align:start position:0% +just equal to this whole expression +right here all right so what we've now + + align:start position:0% +right here all right so what we've now + + + align:start position:0% +right here all right so what we've now +deduced is that the mean of my portfolio + + align:start position:0% +deduced is that the mean of my portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +deduced is that the mean of my portfolio +is simply the weighted average of the + + align:start position:0% +is simply the weighted average of the + + + align:start position:0% +is simply the weighted average of the +means of each of the Securities in the + + align:start position:0% +means of each of the Securities in the + + + align:start position:0% +means of each of the Securities in the +portfolio what I'm going to turn to next + + align:start position:0% +portfolio what I'm going to turn to next + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio what I'm going to turn to next +is a much more complicated calculation + + align:start position:0% +is a much more complicated calculation + + + align:start position:0% +is a much more complicated calculation +which is what is the + + align:start position:0% +which is what is the + + + align:start position:0% +which is what is the +variance of my + + align:start position:0% +variance of my + + + align:start position:0% +variance of my +portfolio it turns out that the variance + + align:start position:0% +portfolio it turns out that the variance + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio it turns out that the variance +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +portfolio is not a simple weighted + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is not a simple weighted + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is not a simple weighted +average of the variances of my + + align:start position:0% +average of the variances of my + + + align:start position:0% +average of the variances of my +individual Securities this is where it + + align:start position:0% +individual Securities this is where it + + + align:start position:0% +individual Securities this is where it +gets complicated and also where it gets + + align:start position:0% +gets complicated and also where it gets + + + align:start position:0% +gets complicated and also where it gets +really interesting and and valuable from + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and and valuable from + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and and valuable from +the Investor's + + align:start position:0% +the Investor's + + + align:start position:0% +the Investor's +perspective okay let's let's do the + + align:start position:0% +perspective okay let's let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +perspective okay let's let's do the +calculation you you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +calculation you you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +calculation you you're going to have to +dredge dredge up your old DMD uh + + align:start position:0% +dredge dredge up your old DMD uh + + + align:start position:0% +dredge dredge up your old DMD uh +knowledge here of how to compute + + align:start position:0% +knowledge here of how to compute + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge here of how to compute +variances of sums of random variables + + align:start position:0% +variances of sums of random variables + + + align:start position:0% +variances of sums of random variables +the variance of my portfolio return RCP + + align:start position:0% +the variance of my portfolio return RCP + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of my portfolio return RCP +is simply equal to the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +is simply equal to the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +is simply equal to the expected value of +the excess return of that portfolio in + + align:start position:0% +the excess return of that portfolio in + + + align:start position:0% +the excess return of that portfolio in +excess of its mean right squared and + + align:start position:0% +excess of its mean right squared and + + + align:start position:0% +excess of its mean right squared and +then take the expectation of that and + + align:start position:0% +then take the expectation of that and + + + align:start position:0% +then take the expectation of that and +remember that the return of the + + align:start position:0% +remember that the return of the + + + align:start position:0% +remember that the return of the +portfolio is just a weighted average of + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is just a weighted average of + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is just a weighted average of +the returns of the individual Securities + + align:start position:0% +the returns of the individual Securities + + + align:start position:0% +the returns of the individual Securities +and the mean of the portfolio is just + + align:start position:0% +and the mean of the portfolio is just + + + align:start position:0% +and the mean of the portfolio is just +the same weighted average of the means + + align:start position:0% +the same weighted average of the means + + + align:start position:0% +the same weighted average of the means +of the security ities so when you plug + + align:start position:0% +of the security ities so when you plug + + + align:start position:0% +of the security ities so when you plug +those relationships in what you get is + + align:start position:0% +those relationships in what you get is + + + align:start position:0% +those relationships in what you get is +that the variance is simply equal to the + + align:start position:0% +that the variance is simply equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +that the variance is simply equal to the +expected value of the + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the +square of this long weighted average so + + align:start position:0% +square of this long weighted average so + + + align:start position:0% +square of this long weighted average so +youve got a weighted average a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +youve got a weighted average a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +youve got a weighted average a bunch of +terms right and then you square that and + + align:start position:0% +terms right and then you square that and + + + align:start position:0% +terms right and then you square that and +then you take the expected value well if + + align:start position:0% +then you take the expected value well if + + + align:start position:0% +then you take the expected value well if +you've got n + + align:start position:0% +you've got n + + + align:start position:0% +you've got n +terms in that weighted + + align:start position:0% +terms in that weighted + + + align:start position:0% +terms in that weighted +average and you square that n terms how + + align:start position:0% +average and you square that n terms how + + + align:start position:0% +average and you square that n terms how +many terms comes out of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +square + + align:start position:0% +square + + + align:start position:0% +square +anybody n terms and you square those n + + align:start position:0% +anybody n terms and you square those n + + + align:start position:0% +anybody n terms and you square those n +terms so those n terms multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +terms so those n terms multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +terms so those n terms multiplied by +itself how many ter terms do you get + + align:start position:0% +itself how many ter terms do you get + + + align:start position:0% +itself how many ter terms do you get +when you do that + + align:start position:0% +when you do that + + + align:start position:0% +when you do that +yeah well why not just n + + align:start position:0% +yeah well why not just n + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well why not just n +squ you're thinking about the unique + + align:start position:0% +squ you're thinking about the unique + + + align:start position:0% +squ you're thinking about the unique +elements maybe the off diagonal I'm + + align:start position:0% +elements maybe the off diagonal I'm + + + align:start position:0% +elements maybe the off diagonal I'm +talking about all of them so with n + + align:start position:0% +talking about all of them so with n + + + align:start position:0% +talking about all of them so with n +terms when you square it n terms + + align:start position:0% +terms when you square it n terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms when you square it n terms +multiplied by n terms you get n * n + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by n terms you get n * n + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by n terms you get n * n +terms n SAR + + align:start position:0% +terms n SAR + + + align:start position:0% +terms n SAR +terms and so these n squ terms all look + + align:start position:0% +terms and so these n squ terms all look + + + align:start position:0% +terms and so these n squ terms all look +like this they all look like Omega I * + + align:start position:0% +like this they all look like Omega I * + + + align:start position:0% +like this they all look like Omega I * +Omega J multiplied by the excess return + + align:start position:0% +Omega J multiplied by the excess return + + + align:start position:0% +Omega J multiplied by the excess return +of I time the excess return of J + + align:start position:0% +of I time the excess return of J + + + align:start position:0% +of I time the excess return of J +sometimes I equals J and when that + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I equals J and when that + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I equals J and when that +happens you get Omega i^ 2times the + + align:start position:0% +happens you get Omega i^ 2times the + + + align:start position:0% +happens you get Omega i^ 2times the +variance of security I but when I does + + align:start position:0% +variance of security I but when I does + + + align:start position:0% +variance of security I but when I does +not equal to J then you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +not equal to J then you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to J then you're going to get +Omega I * Omega J times the covariance + + align:start position:0% +Omega I * Omega J times the covariance + + + align:start position:0% +Omega I * Omega J times the covariance +between the return on I and + + align:start position:0% +between the return on I and + + + align:start position:0% +between the return on I and +J + + align:start position:0% +J + + + align:start position:0% +J +okay and another way of writing that + + align:start position:0% +okay and another way of writing that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and another way of writing that +covariance is equal to the correlation + + align:start position:0% +covariance is equal to the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +covariance is equal to the correlation +between I and J multiply by the standard + + align:start position:0% +between I and J multiply by the standard + + + align:start position:0% +between I and J multiply by the standard +deviation of I and the standard + + align:start position:0% +deviation of I and the standard + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of I and the standard +deviation of J + + align:start position:0% +deviation of J + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of J +the point is that when we look at the + + align:start position:0% +the point is that when we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +the point is that when we look at the +variance of a portfolio it's not just a + + align:start position:0% +variance of a portfolio it's not just a + + + align:start position:0% +variance of a portfolio it's not just a +simple weighted average of the variances + + align:start position:0% +simple weighted average of the variances + + + align:start position:0% +simple weighted average of the variances +of the component stocks it's actually a + + align:start position:0% +of the component stocks it's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +of the component stocks it's actually a +weighted average of all the cross + + align:start position:0% +weighted average of all the cross + + + align:start position:0% +weighted average of all the cross +products where the weights are also the + + align:start position:0% +products where the weights are also the + + + align:start position:0% +products where the weights are also the +cross products of the weights so it's + + align:start position:0% +cross products of the weights so it's + + + align:start position:0% +cross products of the weights so it's +it's these it's all of these and how + + align:start position:0% +it's these it's all of these and how + + + align:start position:0% +it's these it's all of these and how +many of these are there well I goes from + + align:start position:0% +many of these are there well I goes from + + + align:start position:0% +many of these are there well I goes from +1 to n j goes from 1 to n n * n you get + + align:start position:0% +1 to n j goes from 1 to n n * n you get + + + align:start position:0% +1 to n j goes from 1 to n n * n you get +n squ to these so this actually has a + + align:start position:0% +n squ to these so this actually has a + + + align:start position:0% +n squ to these so this actually has a +nice + + align:start position:0% +nice + + + align:start position:0% +nice +representation it actually comes out of + + align:start position:0% +representation it actually comes out of + + + align:start position:0% +representation it actually comes out of +a table all right so you can think of + + align:start position:0% +a table all right so you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +a table all right so you can think of +all of the portfolio weights multiplied + + align:start position:0% +all of the portfolio weights multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +all of the portfolio weights multiplied +by the excess Returns on one dimension + + align:start position:0% +by the excess Returns on one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +by the excess Returns on one dimension +of the table The Columns and the exact + + align:start position:0% +of the table The Columns and the exact + + + align:start position:0% +of the table The Columns and the exact +same uh entries in the rows you got n + + align:start position:0% +same uh entries in the rows you got n + + + align:start position:0% +same uh entries in the rows you got n +columns n + + align:start position:0% +columns n + + + align:start position:0% +columns n +rows n * n or n s elements that make up + + align:start position:0% +rows n * n or n s elements that make up + + + align:start position:0% +rows n * n or n s elements that make up +the variance of your + + align:start position:0% +the variance of your + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of your +portfolio so this is where it gets + + align:start position:0% +portfolio so this is where it gets + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio so this is where it gets +really complicated but this is why we + + align:start position:0% +really complicated but this is why we + + + align:start position:0% +really complicated but this is why we +have computers and spreadsheets and + + align:start position:0% +have computers and spreadsheets and + + + align:start position:0% +have computers and spreadsheets and +things like that so in order to figure + + align:start position:0% +things like that so in order to figure + + + align:start position:0% +things like that so in order to figure +out the variance of your portfolio + + align:start position:0% +out the variance of your portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +out the variance of your portfolio +you've got to basically add all of the + + align:start position:0% +you've got to basically add all of the + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to basically add all of the +elements in this table you've got + + align:start position:0% +elements in this table you've got + + + align:start position:0% +elements in this table you've got +nsquared things to add up to to get the + + align:start position:0% +nsquared things to add up to to get the + + + align:start position:0% +nsquared things to add up to to get the +variance of your + + align:start position:0% +variance of your + + + align:start position:0% +variance of your +portfolio and the Insight of modern + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and the Insight of modern + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and the Insight of modern +Finance Theory the reason that Harry + + align:start position:0% +Finance Theory the reason that Harry + + + align:start position:0% +Finance Theory the reason that Harry +marowitz won the Nobel prize in + + align:start position:0% +marowitz won the Nobel prize in + + + align:start position:0% +marowitz won the Nobel prize in +economics for this idea is that when you + + align:start position:0% +economics for this idea is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +economics for this idea is that when you +add up all of these different elements + + align:start position:0% +add up all of these different elements + + + align:start position:0% +add up all of these different elements +you can get results that are very + + align:start position:0% +you can get results that are very + + + align:start position:0% +you can get results that are very +different from just looking at one or + + align:start position:0% +different from just looking at one or + + + align:start position:0% +different from just looking at one or +two stocks because in particular there + + align:start position:0% +two stocks because in particular there + + + align:start position:0% +two stocks because in particular there +are some cases where these cross + + align:start position:0% +are some cases where these cross + + + align:start position:0% +are some cases where these cross +products are either small or maybe even + + align:start position:0% +products are either small or maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +products are either small or maybe even +negative and in that case it actually + + align:start position:0% +negative and in that case it actually + + + align:start position:0% +negative and in that case it actually +helps you to + + align:start position:0% +helps you to + + + align:start position:0% +helps you to +reduce the overall riskiness of your + + align:start position:0% +reduce the overall riskiness of your + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the overall riskiness of your +portfolio this is the in + + align:start position:0% +portfolio this is the in + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio this is the in +this is the mathematics underlying don't + + align:start position:0% +this is the mathematics underlying don't + + + align:start position:0% +this is the mathematics underlying don't +put all your eggs in one basket when you + + align:start position:0% +put all your eggs in one basket when you + + + align:start position:0% +put all your eggs in one basket when you +don't put all your eggs in one basket + + align:start position:0% +don't put all your eggs in one basket + + + align:start position:0% +don't put all your eggs in one basket +what you're getting what you're + + align:start position:0% +what you're getting what you're + + + align:start position:0% +what you're getting what you're +benefiting from are these cross products + + align:start position:0% +benefiting from are these cross products + + + align:start position:0% +benefiting from are these cross products +that can either be + + align:start position:0% +that can either be + + + align:start position:0% +that can either be +small or negative and will ultimately + + align:start position:0% +small or negative and will ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +small or negative and will ultimately +reduce the fluctuations of your + + align:start position:0% +reduce the fluctuations of your + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the fluctuations of your +portfolio another way of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +portfolio another way of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio another way of thinking about +it is that some stocks go up some stocks + + align:start position:0% +it is that some stocks go up some stocks + + + align:start position:0% +it is that some stocks go up some stocks +go down and if they don't go up and down + + align:start position:0% +go down and if they don't go up and down + + + align:start position:0% +go down and if they don't go up and down +in the exact same same way if they are + + align:start position:0% +in the exact same same way if they are + + + align:start position:0% +in the exact same same way if they are +unrelated or less related then when you + + align:start position:0% +unrelated or less related then when you + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated or less related then when you +put it all together in a portfolio it + + align:start position:0% +put it all together in a portfolio it + + + align:start position:0% +put it all together in a portfolio it +dampens the + + align:start position:0% +dampens the + + + align:start position:0% +dampens the +riskiness of your overall + + align:start position:0% +riskiness of your overall + + + align:start position:0% +riskiness of your overall +Holdings okay so there are N squared + + align:start position:0% +Holdings okay so there are N squared + + + align:start position:0% +Holdings okay so there are N squared +elements that you have to add up in + + align:start position:0% +elements that you have to add up in + + + align:start position:0% +elements that you have to add up in +order to get the portfolio variance it's + + align:start position:0% +order to get the portfolio variance it's + + + align:start position:0% +order to get the portfolio variance it's +literally the sum of all of the entries + + align:start position:0% +literally the sum of all of the entries + + + align:start position:0% +literally the sum of all of the entries +in this table and the point of the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +in this table and the point of the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +in this table and the point of the uh uh +the next few bullet points is that there + + align:start position:0% +the next few bullet points is that there + + + align:start position:0% +the next few bullet points is that there +are a lot more covariances than there + + align:start position:0% +are a lot more covariances than there + + + align:start position:0% +are a lot more covariances than there +are variances the variances are along + + align:start position:0% +are variances the variances are along + + + align:start position:0% +are variances the variances are along +the diagonal of that table right that's + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal of that table right that's + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal of that table right that's +the the variance of the first stock the + + align:start position:0% +the the variance of the first stock the + + + align:start position:0% +the the variance of the first stock the +variance of the second stock dot dot dot + + align:start position:0% +variance of the second stock dot dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the second stock dot dot dot +the variance of the N stock those are + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the N stock those are + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the N stock those are +how volatile the individual stocks are + + align:start position:0% +how volatile the individual stocks are + + + align:start position:0% +how volatile the individual stocks are +but there are only n of those there are + + align:start position:0% +but there are only n of those there are + + + align:start position:0% +but there are only n of those there are +N2 minus n of the other stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +N2 minus n of the other stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +N2 minus n of the other stuff that's +where you were thinking about n minus + + align:start position:0% +where you were thinking about n minus + + + align:start position:0% +where you were thinking about n minus +one right it's n^ 2 minus n or n * n + + align:start position:0% +one right it's n^ 2 minus n or n * n + + + align:start position:0% +one right it's n^ 2 minus n or n * n +minus one other non-diagonal entries so + + align:start position:0% +minus one other non-diagonal entries so + + + align:start position:0% +minus one other non-diagonal entries so +what this suggests is that the + + align:start position:0% +what this suggests is that the + + + align:start position:0% +what this suggests is that the +co-variances are a lot more important in + + align:start position:0% +co-variances are a lot more important in + + + align:start position:0% +co-variances are a lot more important in +determining the riskiness of your + + align:start position:0% +determining the riskiness of your + + + align:start position:0% +determining the riskiness of your +portfolio than the riskiness of the + + align:start position:0% +portfolio than the riskiness of the + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio than the riskiness of the +individual stocks you know Intel looks + + align:start position:0% +individual stocks you know Intel looks + + + align:start position:0% +individual stocks you know Intel looks +like a scary stock because it's really + + align:start position:0% +like a scary stock because it's really + + + align:start position:0% +like a scary stock because it's really +volatile but when you've got n intels in + + align:start position:0% +volatile but when you've got n intels in + + + align:start position:0% +volatile but when you've got n intels in +your portfolio even though each of the + + align:start position:0% +your portfolio even though each of the + + + align:start position:0% +your portfolio even though each of the +individual stocks is scary what you have + + align:start position:0% +individual stocks is scary what you have + + + align:start position:0% +individual stocks is scary what you have +to keep your eye on is how they are Cor + + align:start position:0% +to keep your eye on is how they are Cor + + + align:start position:0% +to keep your eye on is how they are Cor +ated because the correlations in a + + align:start position:0% +ated because the correlations in a + + + align:start position:0% +ated because the correlations in a +portfolio of end stocks is actually more + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of end stocks is actually more + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of end stocks is actually more +important than the individual variances + + align:start position:0% +important than the individual variances + + + align:start position:0% +important than the individual variances +the individual variances matter but they + + align:start position:0% +the individual variances matter but they + + + align:start position:0% +the individual variances matter but they +don't matter nearly as much as the + + align:start position:0% +don't matter nearly as much as the + + + align:start position:0% +don't matter nearly as much as the +co-variances okay so now I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +co-variances okay so now I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +co-variances okay so now I'm going to do +an example it's hard to get intuition uh + + align:start position:0% +an example it's hard to get intuition uh + + + align:start position:0% +an example it's hard to get intuition uh +for uh you know n byn matrices unless + + align:start position:0% +for uh you know n byn matrices unless + + + align:start position:0% +for uh you know n byn matrices unless +you're you know Rainman or some you know + + align:start position:0% +you're you know Rainman or some you know + + + align:start position:0% +you're you know Rainman or some you know +incredible genius um the way that I + + align:start position:0% +incredible genius um the way that I + + + align:start position:0% +incredible genius um the way that I +think about this is let's look at two + + align:start position:0% +think about this is let's look at two + + + align:start position:0% +think about this is let's look at two +assets okay if I can understand two + + align:start position:0% +assets okay if I can understand two + + + align:start position:0% +assets okay if I can understand two +assets I can sort of generalize and + + align:start position:0% +assets I can sort of generalize and + + + align:start position:0% +assets I can sort of generalize and +think about n assets so I I gave you the + + align:start position:0% +think about n assets so I I gave you the + + + align:start position:0% +think about n assets so I I gave you the +general result just to tell you that + + align:start position:0% +general result just to tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +general result just to tell you that +this is how you do it but now to + + align:start position:0% +this is how you do it but now to + + + align:start position:0% +this is how you do it but now to +understand it really let's focus just on + + align:start position:0% +understand it really let's focus just on + + + align:start position:0% +understand it really let's focus just on +two assets okay suppose we only have two + + align:start position:0% +two assets okay suppose we only have two + + + align:start position:0% +two assets okay suppose we only have two +stocks A and B and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +stocks A and B and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +stocks A and B and I'm going to +calculate the expected return and + + align:start position:0% +calculate the expected return and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the expected return and +standard deviation of a portfolio with + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of a portfolio with + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of a portfolio with +just those two stocks so the portfolio + + align:start position:0% +just those two stocks so the portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +just those two stocks so the portfolio +weights are going to be Omega a for + + align:start position:0% +weights are going to be Omega a for + + + align:start position:0% +weights are going to be Omega a for +stock a and Omega B for Stock B and + + align:start position:0% +stock a and Omega B for Stock B and + + + align:start position:0% +stock a and Omega B for Stock B and +Omega a plus omab B adds up to one so + + align:start position:0% +Omega a plus omab B adds up to one so + + + align:start position:0% +Omega a plus omab B adds up to one so +just keep that in mind I I don't put it + + align:start position:0% +just keep that in mind I I don't put it + + + align:start position:0% +just keep that in mind I I don't put it +there uh just because I want to save a + + align:start position:0% +there uh just because I want to save a + + + align:start position:0% +there uh just because I want to save a +little space on the slide but these are + + align:start position:0% +little space on the slide but these are + + + align:start position:0% +little space on the slide but these are +the weights for the two stocks and those + + align:start position:0% +the weights for the two stocks and those + + + align:start position:0% +the weights for the two stocks and those +are the only two things you hold all + + align:start position:0% +are the only two things you hold all + + + align:start position:0% +are the only two things you hold all +right the expected value is as we said + + align:start position:0% +right the expected value is as we said + + + align:start position:0% +right the expected value is as we said +it's the weighted average of your + + align:start position:0% +it's the weighted average of your + + + align:start position:0% +it's the weighted average of your +Holdings of A and B right multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +Holdings of A and B right multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +Holdings of A and B right multiplied by +the mean of a and the mean of B now the + + align:start position:0% +the mean of a and the mean of B now the + + + align:start position:0% +the mean of a and the mean of B now the +variance the variance of these two uh + + align:start position:0% +variance the variance of these two uh + + + align:start position:0% +variance the variance of these two uh +Securities when they are put into your + + align:start position:0% +Securities when they are put into your + + + align:start position:0% +Securities when they are put into your +portfolio is going to be simply Omega a + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is going to be simply Omega a + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is going to be simply Omega a +Square * the variance of a plus Omega B + + align:start position:0% +Square * the variance of a plus Omega B + + + align:start position:0% +Square * the variance of a plus Omega B +squ * the variance of B and now you only + + align:start position:0% +squ * the variance of B and now you only + + + align:start position:0% +squ * the variance of B and now you only +have one cross product to worry about + + align:start position:0% +have one cross product to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +have one cross product to worry about +because you've only got two stocks right + + align:start position:0% +because you've only got two stocks right + + + align:start position:0% +because you've only got two stocks right +and that is 2 time Omega a Time Omega B + + align:start position:0% +and that is 2 time Omega a Time Omega B + + + align:start position:0% +and that is 2 time Omega a Time Omega B +times the co variance between A and B + + align:start position:0% +times the co variance between A and B + + + align:start position:0% +times the co variance between A and B +now you can do this in a 2X two table + + align:start position:0% +now you can do this in a 2X two table + + + align:start position:0% +now you can do this in a 2X two table +just like the N byn table and with a 2 + + align:start position:0% +just like the N byn table and with a 2 + + + align:start position:0% +just like the N byn table and with a 2 +by two table you know that you've got + + align:start position:0% +by two table you know that you've got + + + align:start position:0% +by two table you know that you've got +two diagonal + + align:start position:0% +two diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +two diagonal +elements and two off diagonal elements + + align:start position:0% +elements and two off diagonal elements + + + align:start position:0% +elements and two off diagonal elements +and that's where you get that number two + + align:start position:0% +and that's where you get that number two + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where you get that number two +uh for the two times Omega a Omega B + + align:start position:0% +uh for the two times Omega a Omega B + + + align:start position:0% +uh for the two times Omega a Omega B +times the covariant okay and I rewrite + + align:start position:0% +times the covariant okay and I rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +times the covariant okay and I rewrite +it in terms of correlations because it's + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of correlations because it's + + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of correlations because it's +easier to think in terms of correlations + + align:start position:0% +easier to think in terms of correlations + + + align:start position:0% +easier to think in terms of correlations +why because correlations we know have to + + align:start position:0% +why because correlations we know have to + + + align:start position:0% +why because correlations we know have to +be between minus one and one and so if I + + align:start position:0% +be between minus one and one and so if I + + + align:start position:0% +be between minus one and one and so if I +tell you a stock has a correlation with + + align:start position:0% +tell you a stock has a correlation with + + + align:start position:0% +tell you a stock has a correlation with +another of 30% you can actually get your + + align:start position:0% +another of 30% you can actually get your + + + align:start position:0% +another of 30% you can actually get your +arms around that you can get intuition + + align:start position:0% +arms around that you can get intuition + + + align:start position:0% +arms around that you can get intuition +for that all right so it's a little + + align:start position:0% +for that all right so it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +for that all right so it's a little +easier to interpret but either way is + + align:start position:0% +easier to interpret but either way is + + + align:start position:0% +easier to interpret but either way is +fine + + align:start position:0% +fine + + + align:start position:0% +fine +so we now have an expression for the + + align:start position:0% +so we now have an expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +so we now have an expression for the +mean and the variance of a portfolio of + + align:start position:0% +mean and the variance of a portfolio of + + + align:start position:0% +mean and the variance of a portfolio of +two assets any any questions about + + align:start position:0% +two assets any any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +two assets any any questions about +this everybody understand this and how I + + align:start position:0% +this everybody understand this and how I + + + align:start position:0% +this everybody understand this and how I +got it no tricks up my sleeve it's + + align:start position:0% +got it no tricks up my sleeve it's + + + align:start position:0% +got it no tricks up my sleeve it's +really meant to be relatively + + align:start position:0% +really meant to be relatively + + + align:start position:0% +really meant to be relatively +straightforward but the implications + + align:start position:0% +straightforward but the implications + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward but the implications +will be dramatic as I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +will be dramatic as I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +will be dramatic as I'm going to show +you in a + + align:start position:0% +you in a + + + align:start position:0% +you in a +minute + + align:start position:0% +minute + + + align:start position:0% +minute +okay so let me go through at least one + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me go through at least one + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me go through at least one +numerical example and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +numerical example and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +numerical example and then I'm going to +show you why this is actually so + + align:start position:0% +show you why this is actually so + + + align:start position:0% +show you why this is actually so +important uh from 1946 to 2001 Motorola + + align:start position:0% +important uh from 1946 to 2001 Motorola + + + align:start position:0% +important uh from 1946 to 2001 Motorola +had an average monthly return of 1 and + + align:start position:0% +had an average monthly return of 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +had an average monthly return of 1 and +3/4% and a standard deviation of + + align:start position:0% +3/4% and a standard deviation of + + + align:start position:0% +3/4% and a standard deviation of +9.73% General Motors had an average + + align:start position:0% +9.73% General Motors had an average + + + align:start position:0% +9.73% General Motors had an average +return of 1.08% and a standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +return of 1.08% and a standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +return of 1.08% and a standard deviation +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +6.23% that has obviously since gone up a + + align:start position:0% +6.23% that has obviously since gone up a + + + align:start position:0% +6.23% that has obviously since gone up a +great deal the standard deviation that + + align:start position:0% +great deal the standard deviation that + + + align:start position:0% +great deal the standard deviation that +is and their correlation is 37 or + + align:start position:0% +is and their correlation is 37 or + + + align:start position:0% +is and their correlation is 37 or +37% how would a portfolio of the two + + align:start position:0% +37% how would a portfolio of the two + + + align:start position:0% +37% how would a portfolio of the two +stocks perform well it depends what are + + align:start position:0% +stocks perform well it depends what are + + + align:start position:0% +stocks perform well it depends what are +the weights right if you change the + + align:start position:0% +the weights right if you change the + + + align:start position:0% +the weights right if you change the +weights you're going to change the + + align:start position:0% +weights you're going to change the + + + align:start position:0% +weights you're going to change the +performance so let's just take a look if + + align:start position:0% +performance so let's just take a look if + + + align:start position:0% +performance so let's just take a look if +you put all your weight on General + + align:start position:0% +you put all your weight on General + + + align:start position:0% +you put all your weight on General +Motors and nothing on Motorola not + + align:start position:0% +Motors and nothing on Motorola not + + + align:start position:0% +Motors and nothing on Motorola not +surprisingly you're going to get General + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly you're going to get General + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly you're going to get General +Motors return at the other end of the + + align:start position:0% +Motors return at the other end of the + + + align:start position:0% +Motors return at the other end of the +extreme if you put all your weight on on + + align:start position:0% +extreme if you put all your weight on on + + + align:start position:0% +extreme if you put all your weight on on +Motorola and nothing on General Motors + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and nothing on General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and nothing on General Motors +you're going to get Motorola's + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get Motorola's + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get Motorola's +characteristics right nothing mysterious + + align:start position:0% +characteristics right nothing mysterious + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics right nothing mysterious +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +that however if you wait the two so if + + align:start position:0% +that however if you wait the two so if + + + align:start position:0% +that however if you wait the two so if +you put + + align:start position:0% +you put + + + align:start position:0% +you put +50/50 on General Motors and Motorola + + align:start position:0% +50/50 on General Motors and Motorola + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 on General Motors and Motorola +you're going to get a return that is + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a return that is + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a return that is +50/50 of each of those returns but + + align:start position:0% +50/50 of each of those returns but + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 of each of those returns but +you're going to get a risk that is not + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a risk that is not + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a risk that is not +5050 right because the risks the risks + + align:start position:0% +5050 right because the risks the risks + + + align:start position:0% +5050 right because the risks the risks +don't aggregate in a linear way the + + align:start position:0% +don't aggregate in a linear way the + + + align:start position:0% +don't aggregate in a linear way the +risks actually aggregate nonlinearly + + align:start position:0% +risks actually aggregate nonlinearly + + + align:start position:0% +risks actually aggregate nonlinearly +because of those covariances or + + align:start position:0% +because of those covariances or + + + align:start position:0% +because of those covariances or +correlations okay so what you see here + + align:start position:0% +correlations okay so what you see here + + + align:start position:0% +correlations okay so what you see here +is that by taking a weighted average of + + align:start position:0% +is that by taking a weighted average of + + + align:start position:0% +is that by taking a weighted average of +the two what you can do is you can boost + + align:start position:0% +the two what you can do is you can boost + + + align:start position:0% +the two what you can do is you can boost +your return to + + align:start position:0% +your return to + + + align:start position:0% +your return to +1.42 but the extra risk you're taking is + + align:start position:0% +1.42 but the extra risk you're taking is + + + align:start position:0% +1.42 but the extra risk you're taking is +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +6.23 to + + align:start position:0% +6.23 to + + + align:start position:0% +6.23 to +6.68% per month that's not a big + + align:start position:0% +6.68% per month that's not a big + + + align:start position:0% +6.68% per month that's not a big +increase in Risk but that is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +increase in Risk but that is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +increase in Risk but that is a pretty +significant increase in return now again + + align:start position:0% +significant increase in return now again + + + align:start position:0% +significant increase in return now again +I'm not telling you that that's what you + + align:start position:0% +I'm not telling you that that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not telling you that that's what you +all should do because it depends on your + + align:start position:0% +all should do because it depends on your + + + align:start position:0% +all should do because it depends on your +risk preferences and for the next Le or + + align:start position:0% +risk preferences and for the next Le or + + + align:start position:0% +risk preferences and for the next Le or +two I'm going to be saying that over and + + align:start position:0% +two I'm going to be saying that over and + + + align:start position:0% +two I'm going to be saying that over and +over again I'm going to be saying it + + align:start position:0% +over again I'm going to be saying it + + + align:start position:0% +over again I'm going to be saying it +depends upon your risk preferences but + + align:start position:0% +depends upon your risk preferences but + + + align:start position:0% +depends upon your risk preferences but +at the end of the next two lectures I'm + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the next two lectures I'm + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the next two lectures I'm +going to be able to tell you something + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to tell you something + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to tell you something +that doesn't depend on your risk + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't depend on your risk + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't depend on your risk +preference I'm going to be able to tell + + align:start position:0% +preference I'm going to be able to tell + + + align:start position:0% +preference I'm going to be able to tell +you something that all of you should be + + align:start position:0% +you something that all of you should be + + + align:start position:0% +you something that all of you should be +willing to do if you're rational and if + + align:start position:0% +willing to do if you're rational and if + + + align:start position:0% +willing to do if you're rational and if +you're not I will trade with you + + align:start position:0% +you're not I will trade with you + + + align:start position:0% +you're not I will trade with you +personally to help you learn + + align:start position:0% +personally to help you learn + + + align:start position:0% +personally to help you learn +rationality okay but for now I I don't + + align:start position:0% +rationality okay but for now I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +rationality okay but for now I I don't +have a story to tell you about which of + + align:start position:0% +have a story to tell you about which of + + + align:start position:0% +have a story to tell you about which of +these rows you ought to take there is no + + align:start position:0% +these rows you ought to take there is no + + + align:start position:0% +these rows you ought to take there is no +ought to here it's just a matter of what + + align:start position:0% +ought to here it's just a matter of what + + + align:start position:0% +ought to here it's just a matter of what +you prefer risk versus return right now + + align:start position:0% +you prefer risk versus return right now + + + align:start position:0% +you prefer risk versus return right now +interestingly I put here one more case + + align:start position:0% +interestingly I put here one more case + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly I put here one more case +which lies outside of the band of 01 + + align:start position:0% +which lies outside of the band of 01 + + + align:start position:0% +which lies outside of the band of 01 +this is a case where you've put + + align:start position:0% +this is a case where you've put + + + align:start position:0% +this is a case where you've put +125% of your wealth into + + align:start position:0% +125% of your wealth into + + + align:start position:0% +125% of your wealth into +Motorola and you've put negative 25% of + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and you've put negative 25% of + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and you've put negative 25% of +your wealth into General Motors remember + + align:start position:0% +your wealth into General Motors remember + + + align:start position:0% +your wealth into General Motors remember +we talked about this at the very + + align:start position:0% +we talked about this at the very + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about this at the very +beginning you're using Short Selling to + + align:start position:0% +beginning you're using Short Selling to + + + align:start position:0% +beginning you're using Short Selling to +short sell General Motors which you + + align:start position:0% +short sell General Motors which you + + + align:start position:0% +short sell General Motors which you +might think is not a bad idea nowadays + + align:start position:0% +might think is not a bad idea nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +might think is not a bad idea nowadays +given how uh how troubled they are + + align:start position:0% +given how uh how troubled they are + + + align:start position:0% +given how uh how troubled they are +you're going to short General Motors + + align:start position:0% +you're going to short General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to short General Motors +take the proceeds and put that plus the + + align:start position:0% +take the proceeds and put that plus the + + + align:start position:0% +take the proceeds and put that plus the +100% that you started with you're going + + align:start position:0% +100% that you started with you're going + + + align:start position:0% +100% that you started with you're going +to put that in Motorola so you really + + align:start position:0% +to put that in Motorola so you really + + + align:start position:0% +to put that in Motorola so you really +want to make a big bet on Communications + + align:start position:0% +want to make a big bet on Communications + + + align:start position:0% +want to make a big bet on Communications +and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh +microprocessors and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +microprocessors and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +microprocessors and you're going to +leverage that bet by putting a negative + + align:start position:0% +leverage that bet by putting a negative + + + align:start position:0% +leverage that bet by putting a negative +bet on the Auto industry that's what + + align:start position:0% +bet on the Auto industry that's what + + + align:start position:0% +bet on the Auto industry that's what +that last row implies and what you get + + align:start position:0% +that last row implies and what you get + + + align:start position:0% +that last row implies and what you get +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +a a much much higher rate of return than + + align:start position:0% +a a much much higher rate of return than + + + align:start position:0% +a a much much higher rate of return than +anything else in the in the other + + align:start position:0% +anything else in the in the other + + + align:start position:0% +anything else in the in the other +examples right much higher rate of + + align:start position:0% +examples right much higher rate of + + + align:start position:0% +examples right much higher rate of +return but look at the risk now the risk + + align:start position:0% +return but look at the risk now the risk + + + align:start position:0% +return but look at the risk now the risk +is close to double what you would have + + align:start position:0% +is close to double what you would have + + + align:start position:0% +is close to double what you would have +gotten had you put all your money in + + align:start position:0% +gotten had you put all your money in + + + align:start position:0% +gotten had you put all your money in +general mots are you are you willing to + + align:start position:0% +general mots are you are you willing to + + + align:start position:0% +general mots are you are you willing to +do that well you could easily imagine + + align:start position:0% +do that well you could easily imagine + + + align:start position:0% +do that well you could easily imagine +there are people in this class that + + align:start position:0% +there are people in this class that + + + align:start position:0% +there are people in this class that +would be delighted to do that and there + + align:start position:0% +would be delighted to do that and there + + + align:start position:0% +would be delighted to do that and there +are others of you that would be scared + + align:start position:0% +are others of you that would be scared + + + align:start position:0% +are others of you that would be scared +to death that that's way too much + + align:start position:0% +to death that that's way too much + + + align:start position:0% +to death that that's way too much +volatility these are monthly numbers by + + align:start position:0% +volatility these are monthly numbers by + + + align:start position:0% +volatility these are monthly numbers by +the way so if you want calculate the + + align:start position:0% +the way so if you want calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +the way so if you want calculate the +annual equivalent how would you do that + + align:start position:0% +annual equivalent how would you do that + + + align:start position:0% +annual equivalent how would you do that +how would you get an annual standard + + align:start position:0% +how would you get an annual standard + + + align:start position:0% +how would you get an annual standard +deviation from a monthly standard + + align:start position:0% +deviation from a monthly standard + + + align:start position:0% +deviation from a monthly standard +deviation any any uh + + align:start position:0% +deviation any any uh + + + align:start position:0% +deviation any any uh +idea well let's do the let's do the + + align:start position:0% +idea well let's do the let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +idea well let's do the let's do the +return first how do you annualize the + + align:start position:0% +return first how do you annualize the + + + align:start position:0% +return first how do you annualize the +monthly return to get an annual return + + align:start position:0% +monthly return to get an annual return + + + align:start position:0% +monthly return to get an annual return +let's forget about + + align:start position:0% +let's forget about + + + align:start position:0% +let's forget about +compounding what would you + + align:start position:0% +compounding what would you + + + align:start position:0% +compounding what would you +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +what multiply by 12 that's right if you + + align:start position:0% +what multiply by 12 that's right if you + + + align:start position:0% +what multiply by 12 that's right if you +forget about compounding you multiply by + + align:start position:0% +forget about compounding you multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +forget about compounding you multiply by +12 what if you didn't forget about + + align:start position:0% +12 what if you didn't forget about + + + align:start position:0% +12 what if you didn't forget about +compound then what do you + + align:start position:0% +compound then what do you + + + align:start position:0% +compound then what do you +do add one raise it to the 12th power + + align:start position:0% +do add one raise it to the 12th power + + + align:start position:0% +do add one raise it to the 12th power +then subtract one that's right okay what + + align:start position:0% +then subtract one that's right okay what + + + align:start position:0% +then subtract one that's right okay what +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +risk uh see this is tricky what's the + + align:start position:0% +risk uh see this is tricky what's the + + + align:start position:0% +risk uh see this is tricky what's the +variance + + align:start position:0% +variance + + + align:start position:0% +variance +of a 12month + + align:start position:0% +of a 12month + + + align:start position:0% +of a 12month +return in relationship to the variance + + align:start position:0% +return in relationship to the variance + + + align:start position:0% +return in relationship to the variance +of a one month return we haven't talked + + align:start position:0% +of a one month return we haven't talked + + + align:start position:0% +of a one month return we haven't talked +about that what is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah no no no it doesn't compound in + + align:start position:0% +yeah no no no it doesn't compound in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no no no it doesn't compound in +that way variance is actually a little + + align:start position:0% +that way variance is actually a little + + + align:start position:0% +that way variance is actually a little +simpler under certain assumptions yeah I + + align:start position:0% +simpler under certain assumptions yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +simpler under certain assumptions yeah I +think the first assumption you have to + + align:start position:0% +think the first assumption you have to + + + align:start position:0% +think the first assumption you have to +do is that there's no Cycles right + + align:start position:0% +do is that there's no Cycles right + + + align:start position:0% +do is that there's no Cycles right +there's no correlation between one month + + align:start position:0% +there's no correlation between one month + + + align:start position:0% +there's no correlation between one month +to the next no that for example + + align:start position:0% +to the next no that for example + + + align:start position:0% +to the next no that for example +that returns don't go down during the + + align:start position:0% +that returns don't go down during the + + + align:start position:0% +that returns don't go down during the +summer or something like that that's + + align:start position:0% +summer or something like that that's + + + align:start position:0% +summer or something like that that's +right agreed so let's assume that away + + align:start position:0% +right agreed so let's assume that away + + + align:start position:0% +right agreed so let's assume that away +that it's constant that it's constant + + align:start position:0% +that it's constant that it's constant + + + align:start position:0% +that it's constant that it's constant +but the the monthly variance is constant + + align:start position:0% +but the the monthly variance is constant + + + align:start position:0% +but the the monthly variance is constant +but what's the annual variance what's + + align:start position:0% +but what's the annual variance what's + + + align:start position:0% +but what's the annual variance what's +the riskiness of a 12-month return if + + align:start position:0% +the riskiness of a 12-month return if + + + align:start position:0% +the riskiness of a 12-month return if +you know what the riskiness of a + + align:start position:0% +you know what the riskiness of a + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the riskiness of a +one-month return is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well it it can depending on your + + align:start position:0% +yeah well it it can depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well it it can depending on your +assumptions but I want a simple set of + + align:start position:0% +assumptions but I want a simple set of + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions but I want a simple set of +assumptions Andy if you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +assumptions Andy if you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions Andy if you're talking about +variance variance yes you can also + + align:start position:0% +variance variance yes you can also + + + align:start position:0% +variance variance yes you can also +multiply by 12 multiply by 12 now why is + + align:start position:0% +multiply by 12 multiply by 12 now why is + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by 12 multiply by 12 now why is +that it's because and you know all this + + align:start position:0% +that it's because and you know all this + + + align:start position:0% +that it's because and you know all this +you know this from your DMD at least you + + align:start position:0% +you know this from your DMD at least you + + + align:start position:0% +you know this from your DMD at least you +I think you do you may not think you do + + align:start position:0% +I think you do you may not think you do + + + align:start position:0% +I think you do you may not think you do +but you do the + + align:start position:0% +but you do the + + + align:start position:0% +but you do the +variance of a plus b is equal to what + + align:start position:0% +variance of a plus b is equal to what + + + align:start position:0% +variance of a plus b is equal to what +who can tell me what's the variance of a + + align:start position:0% +who can tell me what's the variance of a + + + align:start position:0% +who can tell me what's the variance of a +plus b two random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables variance of a plus variance of + + align:start position:0% +variables variance of a plus variance of + + + align:start position:0% +variables variance of a plus variance of +B + + align:start position:0% +B + + + align:start position:0% +B +plus two times the coari of A and B if + + align:start position:0% +plus two times the coari of A and B if + + + align:start position:0% +plus two times the coari of A and B if +the covariant is zero then it is the + + align:start position:0% +the covariant is zero then it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the covariant is zero then it is the +variance of a plus the variance of B + + align:start position:0% +variance of a plus the variance of B + + + align:start position:0% +variance of a plus the variance of B +absolutely that's right so if we assume + + align:start position:0% +absolutely that's right so if we assume + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely that's right so if we assume +there are no Cycles there are no + + align:start position:0% +there are no Cycles there are no + + + align:start position:0% +there are no Cycles there are no +predictabilities there's no regularities + + align:start position:0% +predictabilities there's no regularities + + + align:start position:0% +predictabilities there's no regularities +there's no correlation every month is + + align:start position:0% +there's no correlation every month is + + + align:start position:0% +there's no correlation every month is +independent of every other month then + + align:start position:0% +independent of every other month then + + + align:start position:0% +independent of every other month then +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +variance of a 12-month return is + + align:start position:0% +variance of a 12-month return is + + + align:start position:0% +variance of a 12-month return is +literally just 12 times the variance of + + align:start position:0% +literally just 12 times the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +literally just 12 times the variance of +a one-month return assuming the Varian + + align:start position:0% +a one-month return assuming the Varian + + + align:start position:0% +a one-month return assuming the Varian +to stay constant throughout the month + + align:start position:0% +to stay constant throughout the month + + + align:start position:0% +to stay constant throughout the month +the monthly variance doesn't go up or + + align:start position:0% +the monthly variance doesn't go up or + + + align:start position:0% +the monthly variance doesn't go up or +down okay now that's the variance what + + align:start position:0% +down okay now that's the variance what + + + align:start position:0% +down okay now that's the variance what +about the standard deviation the + + align:start position:0% +about the standard deviation the + + + align:start position:0% +about the standard deviation the +standard deviation is a square root of + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation is a square root of + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation is a square root of +the variance so that means that the + + align:start position:0% +the variance so that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +the variance so that means that the +standard deviation on an annualized + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation on an annualized + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation on an annualized +basis + + align:start position:0% +basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis +is equal to S < TK of 12 times the + + align:start position:0% +is equal to S < TK of 12 times the + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to S < TK of 12 times the +standard deviation of a monthly okay so + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of a monthly okay so + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of a monthly okay so +finally we're almost there what's a + + align:start position:0% +finally we're almost there what's a + + + align:start position:0% +finally we're almost there what's a +square root of 12 something between + + align:start position:0% +square root of 12 something between + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 12 something between +three and four right so I don't know + + align:start position:0% +three and four right so I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +three and four right so I don't know +call it three and a half whatever we + + align:start position:0% +call it three and a half whatever we + + + align:start position:0% +call it three and a half whatever we +have to take this number and multiply it + + align:start position:0% +have to take this number and multiply it + + + align:start position:0% +have to take this number and multiply it +by about three and a + + align:start position:0% +by about three and a + + + align:start position:0% +by about three and a +half and that will get us an approximate + + align:start position:0% +half and that will get us an approximate + + + align:start position:0% +half and that will get us an approximate +annual standard deviation so a 12% + + align:start position:0% +annual standard deviation so a 12% + + + align:start position:0% +annual standard deviation so a 12% +volatility multiplied by 3 and a half + + align:start position:0% +volatility multiplied by 3 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +volatility multiplied by 3 and a half +you're talking about some crazy volatile + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about some crazy volatile + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about some crazy volatile +stock or portfolio but actually nowadays + + align:start position:0% +stock or portfolio but actually nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +stock or portfolio but actually nowadays +you know we're used to that kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know we're used to that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're used to that kind of +volatility that's no big deal but + + align:start position:0% +volatility that's no big deal but + + + align:start position:0% +volatility that's no big deal but +relative to the individual stock it's + + align:start position:0% +relative to the individual stock it's + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the individual stock it's +quite a bit more volatile okay so this + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit more volatile okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit more volatile okay so this +is an example of how you compute the + + align:start position:0% +is an example of how you compute the + + + align:start position:0% +is an example of how you compute the +riskiness and the return of a portfolio + + align:start position:0% +riskiness and the return of a portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +riskiness and the return of a portfolio +of two stocks and when you do this you + + align:start position:0% +of two stocks and when you do this you + + + align:start position:0% +of two stocks and when you do this you +get a whole bunch of possibilities and + + align:start position:0% +get a whole bunch of possibilities and + + + align:start position:0% +get a whole bunch of possibilities and +the idea behind modern portfolio theory + + align:start position:0% +the idea behind modern portfolio theory + + + align:start position:0% +the idea behind modern portfolio theory +is you pick the one that you like the + + align:start position:0% +is you pick the one that you like the + + + align:start position:0% +is you pick the one that you like the +best and that's optimal for you + + align:start position:0% +best and that's optimal for you + + + align:start position:0% +best and that's optimal for you +okay now let me graph + + align:start position:0% +okay now let me graph + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let me graph +this uh in that mean standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +this uh in that mean standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +this uh in that mean standard deviation +graph and you'll see something really + + align:start position:0% +graph and you'll see something really + + + align:start position:0% +graph and you'll see something really +interesting so here's General + + align:start position:0% +interesting so here's General + + + align:start position:0% +interesting so here's General +Motors and there's + + align:start position:0% +Motors and there's + + + align:start position:0% +Motors and there's +Motorola and what I've graphed with the + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and what I've graphed with the + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and what I've graphed with the +red dots is just the different + + align:start position:0% +red dots is just the different + + + align:start position:0% +red dots is just the different +combinations of 2575 5050 752 + + align:start position:0% +combinations of 2575 5050 752 + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of 2575 5050 752 +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +on and so the red dots that are strictly + + align:start position:0% +on and so the red dots that are strictly + + + align:start position:0% +on and so the red dots that are strictly +between 0 and one where the weights are + + align:start position:0% +between 0 and one where the weights are + + + align:start position:0% +between 0 and one where the weights are +between Z and one those are the dots + + align:start position:0% +between Z and one those are the dots + + + align:start position:0% +between Z and one those are the dots +contained in that Arc between GM and + + align:start position:0% +contained in that Arc between GM and + + + align:start position:0% +contained in that Arc between GM and +Motorola so the first point I want to + + align:start position:0% +Motorola so the first point I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola so the first point I want to +make is that when you graph the risk + + align:start position:0% +make is that when you graph the risk + + + align:start position:0% +make is that when you graph the risk +reward + + align:start position:0% +reward + + + align:start position:0% +reward +tradeoff as I told you it's not linear + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff as I told you it's not linear + + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff as I told you it's not linear +it's nonlinear in fact it's it's curved + + align:start position:0% +it's nonlinear in fact it's it's curved + + + align:start position:0% +it's nonlinear in fact it's it's curved +it looks like a bullet + + align:start position:0% +it looks like a bullet + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like a bullet +okay uh that tells you right away that + + align:start position:0% +okay uh that tells you right away that + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh that tells you right away that +there's something more subtle about + + align:start position:0% +there's something more subtle about + + + align:start position:0% +there's something more subtle about +portfolio Theory than just taking + + align:start position:0% +portfolio Theory than just taking + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio Theory than just taking +weighted averages the + + align:start position:0% +weighted averages the + + + align:start position:0% +weighted averages the +means are weighted averages but the + + align:start position:0% +means are weighted averages but the + + + align:start position:0% +means are weighted averages but the +variances are not because of the + + align:start position:0% +variances are not because of the + + + align:start position:0% +variances are not because of the +co-variance between them and then when + + align:start position:0% +co-variance between them and then when + + + align:start position:0% +co-variance between them and then when +you take the square root to get the + + align:start position:0% +you take the square root to get the + + + align:start position:0% +you take the square root to get the +standard deviation it looks a little bit + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation it looks a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation it looks a little bit +more complicated yet again + + align:start position:0% +more complicated yet again + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated yet again +it looks like this now that red dot that + + align:start position:0% +it looks like this now that red dot that + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like this now that red dot that +goes beyond + + align:start position:0% +goes beyond + + + align:start position:0% +goes beyond +Motorola that red dot is the case where + + align:start position:0% +Motorola that red dot is the case where + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola that red dot is the case where +you're shorting General Motors and + + align:start position:0% +you're shorting General Motors and + + + align:start position:0% +you're shorting General Motors and +you're using the proceeds to take a an + + align:start position:0% +you're using the proceeds to take a an + + + align:start position:0% +you're using the proceeds to take a an +extra large position in Motorola okay so + + align:start position:0% +extra large position in Motorola okay so + + + align:start position:0% +extra large position in Motorola okay so +you're going beyond the Motorola risk + + align:start position:0% +you're going beyond the Motorola risk + + + align:start position:0% +you're going beyond the Motorola risk +reward + + align:start position:0% +reward + + + align:start position:0% +reward +point so I I need you to spend a little + + align:start position:0% +point so I I need you to spend a little + + + align:start position:0% +point so I I need you to spend a little +bit of time now twisting your brain in a + + align:start position:0% +bit of time now twisting your brain in a + + + align:start position:0% +bit of time now twisting your brain in a +way that makes this more understandable + + align:start position:0% +way that makes this more understandable + + + align:start position:0% +way that makes this more understandable +what I mean by that is that you have to + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by that is that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by that is that you have to +think about the weights of the various + + align:start position:0% +think about the weights of the various + + + align:start position:0% +think about the weights of the various +different portfolios but the the weights + + align:start position:0% +different portfolios but the the weights + + + align:start position:0% +different portfolios but the the weights +don't show up on this graph but I want + + align:start position:0% +don't show up on this graph but I want + + + align:start position:0% +don't show up on this graph but I want +you to keep those weights in the back of + + align:start position:0% +you to keep those weights in the back of + + + align:start position:0% +you to keep those weights in the back of +your head so while you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +your head so while you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +your head so while you're looking at +this graph you have to remember that as + + align:start position:0% +this graph you have to remember that as + + + align:start position:0% +this graph you have to remember that as +you move along that + + align:start position:0% +you move along that + + + align:start position:0% +you move along that +bullet the omegas the weights are + + align:start position:0% +bullet the omegas the weights are + + + align:start position:0% +bullet the omegas the weights are +changing so at the General Motors dot + + align:start position:0% +changing so at the General Motors dot + + + align:start position:0% +changing so at the General Motors dot +your weight for General Motors is 100% + + align:start position:0% +your weight for General Motors is 100% + + + align:start position:0% +your weight for General Motors is 100% +And your weight for Motorola is zero at + + align:start position:0% +And your weight for Motorola is zero at + + + align:start position:0% +And your weight for Motorola is zero at +the Motorola dot your weight for General + + align:start position:0% +the Motorola dot your weight for General + + + align:start position:0% +the Motorola dot your weight for General +Motors is zero and your weight for + + align:start position:0% +Motors is zero and your weight for + + + align:start position:0% +Motors is zero and your weight for +Motorola is + + align:start position:0% +Motorola is + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola is +100% And as you vary the weights you + + align:start position:0% +100% And as you vary the weights you + + + align:start position:0% +100% And as you vary the weights you +trace this Arc this curve okay and as + + align:start position:0% +trace this Arc this curve okay and as + + + align:start position:0% +trace this Arc this curve okay and as +you go beyond either General Motors or + + align:start position:0% +you go beyond either General Motors or + + + align:start position:0% +you go beyond either General Motors or +Motorola in other words as you short + + align:start position:0% +Motorola in other words as you short + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola in other words as you short +sell one to invest more than 100% in the + + align:start position:0% +sell one to invest more than 100% in the + + + align:start position:0% +sell one to invest more than 100% in the +other you then go outside of the two + + align:start position:0% +other you then go outside of the two + + + align:start position:0% +other you then go outside of the two +points in either + + align:start position:0% +points in either + + + align:start position:0% +points in either +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +right any questions about this graph + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about this graph + + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about this graph +yeah not the graph but I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +yeah not the graph but I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah not the graph but I'm interested in +finding out how would you calculate a + + align:start position:0% +finding out how would you calculate a + + + align:start position:0% +finding out how would you calculate a +correlation between one spot and the + + align:start position:0% +correlation between one spot and the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between one spot and the +other okay so how do you calculate the + + align:start position:0% +other okay so how do you calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +other okay so how do you calculate the +correlation that's a good question + + align:start position:0% +correlation that's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +correlation that's a good question +historically the way you would do it is + + align:start position:0% +historically the way you would do it is + + + align:start position:0% +historically the way you would do it is +exactly the way that these correlations + + align:start position:0% +exactly the way that these correlations + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the way that these correlations +look like they're defined so in other + + align:start position:0% +look like they're defined so in other + + + align:start position:0% +look like they're defined so in other +words you would calculate the + + align:start position:0% +words you would calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +words you would calculate the +co-variance by essentially taking a + + align:start position:0% +co-variance by essentially taking a + + + align:start position:0% +co-variance by essentially taking a +historical average of these cross + + align:start position:0% +historical average of these cross + + + align:start position:0% +historical average of these cross +products so going back to the first + + align:start position:0% +products so going back to the first + + + align:start position:0% +products so going back to the first +slide in this particular lecture I give + + align:start position:0% +slide in this particular lecture I give + + + align:start position:0% +slide in this particular lecture I give +you a formula that shows you how to do + + align:start position:0% +you a formula that shows you how to do + + + align:start position:0% +you a formula that shows you how to do +that let me go back and take a look at + + align:start position:0% +that let me go back and take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +that let me go back and take a look at +it so that you refresh your + + align:start position:0% +it so that you refresh your + + + align:start position:0% +it so that you refresh your +memory uh let's see it was it was not in + + align:start position:0% +memory uh let's see it was it was not in + + + align:start position:0% +memory uh let's see it was it was not in +this lecture it was in the previous + + align:start position:0% +this lecture it was in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture it was in the previous +lecture in the previous lecture I give + + align:start position:0% +lecture in the previous lecture I give + + + align:start position:0% +lecture in the previous lecture I give +you a formula that shows you how to + + align:start position:0% +you a formula that shows you how to + + + align:start position:0% +you a formula that shows you how to +calculate the weighted average of this + + align:start position:0% +calculate the weighted average of this + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the weighted average of this +or the historical average it's basically + + align:start position:0% +or the historical average it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +or the historical average it's basically +just taking historical data and then uh + + align:start position:0% +just taking historical data and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +just taking historical data and then uh +estimating this quantity right here this + + align:start position:0% +estimating this quantity right here this + + + align:start position:0% +estimating this quantity right here this +this particular cross product the Omega + + align:start position:0% +this particular cross product the Omega + + + align:start position:0% +this particular cross product the Omega +weights come out because that's what you + + align:start position:0% +weights come out because that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +weights come out because that's what you +get to decide but the Inside Stuff how + + align:start position:0% +get to decide but the Inside Stuff how + + + align:start position:0% +get to decide but the Inside Stuff how +to calculate that is simply to take + + align:start position:0% +to calculate that is simply to take + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate that is simply to take +historically uh your actual + + align:start position:0% +historically uh your actual + + + align:start position:0% +historically uh your actual +return minus the mean of + + align:start position:0% +return minus the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +return minus the mean of +I rjt minus the mean of + + align:start position:0% +I rjt minus the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +I rjt minus the mean of +J and then take one over T and that's + + align:start position:0% +J and then take one over T and that's + + + align:start position:0% +J and then take one over T and that's +your estimator for the uh Sigma hat i + + align:start position:0% +your estimator for the uh Sigma hat i + + + align:start position:0% +your estimator for the uh Sigma hat i +j so you would get historical data and + + align:start position:0% +j so you would get historical data and + + + align:start position:0% +j so you would get historical data and +you would estimate the mean estimate the + + align:start position:0% +you would estimate the mean estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +you would estimate the mean estimate the +mean take the cross products over time + + align:start position:0% +mean take the cross products over time + + + align:start position:0% +mean take the cross products over time +this T goes + + align:start position:0% +this T goes + + + align:start position:0% +this T goes +from 1 to T and that gets you an + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to T and that gets you an + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to T and that gets you an +estimator is that the best estimator not + + align:start position:0% +estimator is that the best estimator not + + + align:start position:0% +estimator is that the best estimator not +necessarily because things change over + + align:start position:0% +necessarily because things change over + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily because things change over +time so you have to worry about that and + + align:start position:0% +time so you have to worry about that and + + + align:start position:0% +time so you have to worry about that and +that's what you learn in 15433 how to + + align:start position:0% +that's what you learn in 15433 how to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you learn in 15433 how to +actually Implement a lot of these ideas + + align:start position:0% +actually Implement a lot of these ideas + + + align:start position:0% +actually Implement a lot of these ideas +uh using data yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh using data yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh using data yeah +I kind + + align:start position:0% +I kind + + + align:start position:0% +I kind +of3 as okay um is there any recomended + + align:start position:0% +of3 as okay um is there any recomended + + + align:start position:0% +of3 as okay um is there any recomended +amount of time to look historically when + + align:start position:0% +amount of time to look historically when + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time to look historically when +you're this information okay uh so the + + align:start position:0% +you're this information okay uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +you're this information okay uh so the +question is is there any recommended + + align:start position:0% +question is is there any recommended + + + align:start position:0% +question is is there any recommended +length of time for which you would go + + align:start position:0% +length of time for which you would go + + + align:start position:0% +length of time for which you would go +about estimating the data uh estimating + + align:start position:0% +about estimating the data uh estimating + + + align:start position:0% +about estimating the data uh estimating +these quantities using the data the + + align:start position:0% +these quantities using the data the + + + align:start position:0% +these quantities using the data the +answer is no there's no recommended time + + align:start position:0% +answer is no there's no recommended time + + + align:start position:0% +answer is no there's no recommended time +uh simply because you have to trade off + + align:start position:0% +uh simply because you have to trade off + + + align:start position:0% +uh simply because you have to trade off +two things the longer time you have the + + align:start position:0% +two things the longer time you have the + + + align:start position:0% +two things the longer time you have the +more accurate your estimator is going to + + align:start position:0% +more accurate your estimator is going to + + + align:start position:0% +more accurate your estimator is going to +be in the limit as T goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +be in the limit as T goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +be in the limit as T goes to Infinity +you'll get a perfect + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a perfect +estimator okay however that's under the + + align:start position:0% +estimator okay however that's under the + + + align:start position:0% +estimator okay however that's under the +assumption that nothing ever changes and + + align:start position:0% +assumption that nothing ever changes and + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that nothing ever changes and +I'm pretty sure that Beyond some t uh + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty sure that Beyond some t uh + + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty sure that Beyond some t uh +over let's say 150 or 200 years you know + + align:start position:0% +over let's say 150 or 200 years you know + + + align:start position:0% +over let's say 150 or 200 years you know +we didn't exist you know in terms of + + align:start position:0% +we didn't exist you know in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't exist you know in terms of +stock markets and and data I don't think + + align:start position:0% +stock markets and and data I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +stock markets and and data I don't think +that you know for example General Motors + + align:start position:0% +that you know for example General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +that you know for example General Motors +goes back 200 years so beyond some te + + align:start position:0% +goes back 200 years so beyond some te + + + align:start position:0% +goes back 200 years so beyond some te +this is going to look very boring uh but + + align:start position:0% +this is going to look very boring uh but + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to look very boring uh but +the other thing you have to trade off is + + align:start position:0% +the other thing you have to trade off is + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing you have to trade off is +the fact that that market conditions + + align:start position:0% +the fact that that market conditions + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that that market conditions +change so General Motors today is not + + align:start position:0% +change so General Motors today is not + + + align:start position:0% +change so General Motors today is not +what General Motors was even 10 years + + align:start position:0% +what General Motors was even 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +what General Motors was even 10 years +ago so if you use lots of data you're + + align:start position:0% +ago so if you use lots of data you're + + + align:start position:0% +ago so if you use lots of data you're +going to build into your results what + + align:start position:0% +going to build into your results what + + + align:start position:0% +going to build into your results what +are called non-stationarities + + align:start position:0% +are called non-stationarities + + + align:start position:0% +are called non-stationarities +and the the bottom line is you have to + + align:start position:0% +and the the bottom line is you have to + + + align:start position:0% +and the the bottom line is you have to +balance off the non-stationarities + + align:start position:0% +balance off the non-stationarities + + + align:start position:0% +balance off the non-stationarities +against the error that you introduce by + + align:start position:0% +against the error that you introduce by + + + align:start position:0% +against the error that you introduce by +not using enough data and that really is + + align:start position:0% +not using enough data and that really is + + + align:start position:0% +not using enough data and that really is +uh where 15433 comes in so there are + + align:start position:0% +uh where 15433 comes in so there are + + + align:start position:0% +uh where 15433 comes in so there are +methods that we have developed for + + align:start position:0% +methods that we have developed for + + + align:start position:0% +methods that we have developed for +balancing those two but the bottom line + + align:start position:0% +balancing those two but the bottom line + + + align:start position:0% +balancing those two but the bottom line +is that there isn't one single answer so + + align:start position:0% +is that there isn't one single answer so + + + align:start position:0% +is that there isn't one single answer so +it depends on how unstable the markets + + align:start position:0% +it depends on how unstable the markets + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on how unstable the markets +are and how volatile the underlying + + align:start position:0% +are and how volatile the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +are and how volatile the underlying +estimates uh are given the data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yle if you just included internet stocks + + align:start position:0% +yle if you just included internet stocks + + + align:start position:0% +yle if you just included internet stocks +over the past eight years might + + align:start position:0% +over the past eight years might + + + align:start position:0% +over the past eight years might +something that a + + align:start position:0% +something that a + + + align:start position:0% +something that a +whole well sure you you could uh try to + + align:start position:0% +whole well sure you you could uh try to + + + align:start position:0% +whole well sure you you could uh try to +include a full cycle but then you're + + align:start position:0% +include a full cycle but then you're + + + align:start position:0% +include a full cycle but then you're +left with the question the full cycle of + + align:start position:0% +left with the question the full cycle of + + + align:start position:0% +left with the question the full cycle of +what uh for example um there are these + + align:start position:0% +what uh for example um there are these + + + align:start position:0% +what uh for example um there are these +things called condra TF cycles that + + align:start position:0% +things called condra TF cycles that + + + align:start position:0% +things called condra TF cycles that +claim to be something like 50-year + + align:start position:0% +claim to be something like 50-year + + + align:start position:0% +claim to be something like 50-year +periods so if you want to include one of + + align:start position:0% +periods so if you want to include one of + + + align:start position:0% +periods so if you want to include one of +those you got to include you know 50 + + align:start position:0% +those you got to include you know 50 + + + align:start position:0% +those you got to include you know 50 +years of data but do you really think + + align:start position:0% +years of data but do you really think + + + align:start position:0% +years of data but do you really think +that General Motors is the same company + + align:start position:0% +that General Motors is the same company + + + align:start position:0% +that General Motors is the same company +over those 50 years you're building in a + + align:start position:0% +over those 50 years you're building in a + + + align:start position:0% +over those 50 years you're building in a +lot of bias in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +lot of bias in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of bias in terms of the +non-stationarity of one one aspect while + + align:start position:0% +non-stationarity of one one aspect while + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationarity of one one aspect while +incorporating the station arities of + + align:start position:0% +incorporating the station arities of + + + align:start position:0% +incorporating the station arities of +another aspect so how do you balance off + + align:start position:0% +another aspect so how do you balance off + + + align:start position:0% +another aspect so how do you balance off +those two right this is where it gets + + align:start position:0% +those two right this is where it gets + + + align:start position:0% +those two right this is where it gets +more comple complex and you have to take + + align:start position:0% +more comple complex and you have to take + + + align:start position:0% +more comple complex and you have to take +a stand on the kind of + + align:start position:0% +a stand on the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a stand on the kind of +non-stationarities that are in the + + align:start position:0% +non-stationarities that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationarities that are in the +data other questions yeah another way + + align:start position:0% +data other questions yeah another way + + + align:start position:0% +data other questions yeah another way +ask question but I'm having trouble + + align:start position:0% +ask question but I'm having trouble + + + align:start position:0% +ask question but I'm having trouble +making the connection why history would + + align:start position:0% +making the connection why history would + + + align:start position:0% +making the connection why history would +be any indicator future performance are + + align:start position:0% +be any indicator future performance are + + + align:start position:0% +be any indicator future performance are +there studies that show how accurate + + align:start position:0% +there studies that show how accurate + + + align:start position:0% +there studies that show how accurate +those historical predictions are well + + align:start position:0% +those historical predictions are well + + + align:start position:0% +those historical predictions are well +first of all we're not trying to predict + + align:start position:0% +first of all we're not trying to predict + + + align:start position:0% +first of all we're not trying to predict +the stock market remember we're not + + align:start position:0% +the stock market remember we're not + + + align:start position:0% +the stock market remember we're not +trying to predict where markets are + + align:start position:0% +trying to predict where markets are + + + align:start position:0% +trying to predict where markets are +going to go uh what we're suggesting is + + align:start position:0% +going to go uh what we're suggesting is + + + align:start position:0% +going to go uh what we're suggesting is +that there are underlying parameters of + + align:start position:0% +that there are underlying parameters of + + + align:start position:0% +that there are underlying parameters of +the data that are stable over time so in + + align:start position:0% +the data that are stable over time so in + + + align:start position:0% +the data that are stable over time so in +other words the stocks can go up or down + + align:start position:0% +other words the stocks can go up or down + + + align:start position:0% +other words the stocks can go up or down +right but on average they have some + + align:start position:0% +right but on average they have some + + + align:start position:0% +right but on average they have some +level of return that people expect given + + align:start position:0% +level of return that people expect given + + + align:start position:0% +level of return that people expect given +their risk that's what we're assuming is + + align:start position:0% +their risk that's what we're assuming is + + + align:start position:0% +their risk that's what we're assuming is +stable similarly covariances + + align:start position:0% +stable similarly covariances + + + align:start position:0% +stable similarly covariances +stocks can go up or down in relationship + + align:start position:0% +stocks can go up or down in relationship + + + align:start position:0% +stocks can go up or down in relationship +to other stocks going down or up we + + align:start position:0% +to other stocks going down or up we + + + align:start position:0% +to other stocks going down or up we +don't know what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +don't know what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what's going to happen +day-to-day but over a period of time it + + align:start position:0% +day-to-day but over a period of time it + + + align:start position:0% +day-to-day but over a period of time it +seems + + align:start position:0% +seems + + + align:start position:0% +seems +like we there's a pattern where most + + align:start position:0% +like we there's a pattern where most + + + align:start position:0% +like we there's a pattern where most +stocks on the New York and American + + align:start position:0% +stocks on the New York and American + + + align:start position:0% +stocks on the New York and American +stock exchanges and NASDAQ they seem to + + align:start position:0% +stock exchanges and NASDAQ they seem to + + + align:start position:0% +stock exchanges and NASDAQ they seem to +go up together and they seem to go down + + align:start position:0% +go up together and they seem to go down + + + align:start position:0% +go up together and they seem to go down +together on average so that's what + + align:start position:0% +together on average so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +together on average so that's what +really what we're trying to to distill + + align:start position:0% +really what we're trying to to distill + + + align:start position:0% +really what we're trying to to distill +from the data it's very different than + + align:start position:0% +from the data it's very different than + + + align:start position:0% +from the data it's very different than +trying to forecast what's going to + + align:start position:0% +trying to forecast what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to forecast what's going to +happen with the stock market next week + + align:start position:0% +happen with the stock market next week + + + align:start position:0% +happen with the stock market next week +and this I told you is the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +and this I told you is the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +and this I told you is the fundamental +difference between academic finance and + + align:start position:0% +difference between academic finance and + + + align:start position:0% +difference between academic finance and +Warren Buffett Warren Buffett is all + + align:start position:0% +Warren Buffett Warren Buffett is all + + + align:start position:0% +Warren Buffett Warren Buffett is all +about prediction he's not about creating + + align:start position:0% +about prediction he's not about creating + + + align:start position:0% +about prediction he's not about creating +a a good portfolio + + align:start position:0% +a a good portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +a a good portfolio +that will be worth something reasonable + + align:start position:0% +that will be worth something reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +that will be worth something reasonable +over a period of time what he wants to + + align:start position:0% +over a period of time what he wants to + + + align:start position:0% +over a period of time what he wants to +do is he wants to beat the market he + + align:start position:0% +do is he wants to beat the market he + + + align:start position:0% +do is he wants to beat the market he +wants to find undervalued stocks invest + + align:start position:0% +wants to find undervalued stocks invest + + + align:start position:0% +wants to find undervalued stocks invest +in them and then sell them when they + + align:start position:0% +in them and then sell them when they + + + align:start position:0% +in them and then sell them when they +actually reach equilibrium or become + + align:start position:0% +actually reach equilibrium or become + + + align:start position:0% +actually reach equilibrium or become +overvalued all right that's a very + + align:start position:0% +overvalued all right that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +overvalued all right that's a very +different approach and perspective than + + align:start position:0% +different approach and perspective than + + + align:start position:0% +different approach and perspective than +what we're doing here so that that's a + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing here so that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing here so that that's a +good question and it highlights that + + align:start position:0% +good question and it highlights that + + + align:start position:0% +good question and it highlights that +that distinction yeah + + align:start position:0% +that distinction yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that distinction yeah +analing say you're Pi a portfolio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bas it would be yes there is and there + + align:start position:0% +Bas it would be yes there is and there + + + align:start position:0% +Bas it would be yes there is and there +have been many studies that have been + + align:start position:0% +have been many studies that have been + + + align:start position:0% +have been many studies that have been +that have been done on it and uh but + + align:start position:0% +that have been done on it and uh but + + + align:start position:0% +that have been done on it and uh but +that is beyond the scope of this course + + align:start position:0% +that is beyond the scope of this course + + + align:start position:0% +that is beyond the scope of this course +so I'm going to refer you again to 15433 + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to refer you again to 15433 + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to refer you again to 15433 +but I will tell you at the end of this + + align:start position:0% +but I will tell you at the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +but I will tell you at the end of this +once I get through this make sure + + align:start position:0% +once I get through this make sure + + + align:start position:0% +once I get through this make sure +everybody's with me I will tell you how + + align:start position:0% +everybody's with me I will tell you how + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's with me I will tell you how +this works in practice okay so I'll talk + + align:start position:0% +this works in practice okay so I'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +this works in practice okay so I'll talk +a bit about applications but first I + + align:start position:0% +a bit about applications but first I + + + align:start position:0% +a bit about applications but first I +want to get through the theory to make + + align:start position:0% +want to get through the theory to make + + + align:start position:0% +want to get through the theory to make +sure we all understand it all right so + + align:start position:0% +sure we all understand it all right so + + + align:start position:0% +sure we all understand it all right so +we now have this bullet and the bullet + + align:start position:0% +we now have this bullet and the bullet + + + align:start position:0% +we now have this bullet and the bullet +obviously depends on all the parameters + + align:start position:0% +obviously depends on all the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +obviously depends on all the parameters +but in particular it depends upon the + + align:start position:0% +but in particular it depends upon the + + + align:start position:0% +but in particular it depends upon the +correlation the reason that there is a + + align:start position:0% +correlation the reason that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +correlation the reason that there is a +bullet + + align:start position:0% +bullet + + + align:start position:0% +bullet +shape is because there's a correlation + + align:start position:0% +shape is because there's a correlation + + + align:start position:0% +shape is because there's a correlation +between these two stocks and by the way + + align:start position:0% +between these two stocks and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +between these two stocks and by the way +this correlation and this bullet shape + + align:start position:0% +this correlation and this bullet shape + + + align:start position:0% +this correlation and this bullet shape +is really important okay I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +is really important okay I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +is really important okay I'll tell you +why it's really + + align:start position:0% +why it's really + + + align:start position:0% +why it's really +important take a look at a vertical + + align:start position:0% +important take a look at a vertical + + + align:start position:0% +important take a look at a vertical +slice a vertical line going through the + + align:start position:0% +slice a vertical line going through the + + + align:start position:0% +slice a vertical line going through the +GM dot + + align:start position:0% +GM dot + + + align:start position:0% +GM dot +okay that vertical line is the + + align:start position:0% +okay that vertical line is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay that vertical line is the +riskiness of GM right it's the standard + + align:start position:0% +riskiness of GM right it's the standard + + + align:start position:0% +riskiness of GM right it's the standard +deviation of + + align:start position:0% +deviation of + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of +GM one of the things that you'll notice + + align:start position:0% +GM one of the things that you'll notice + + + align:start position:0% +GM one of the things that you'll notice +about this graph is that if you only had + + align:start position:0% +about this graph is that if you only had + + + align:start position:0% +about this graph is that if you only had +two stocks Available to You GM and and + + align:start position:0% +two stocks Available to You GM and and + + + align:start position:0% +two stocks Available to You GM and and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Motorola the least amount of risk that + + align:start position:0% +Motorola the least amount of risk that + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola the least amount of risk that +you could possibly create for yourself + + align:start position:0% +you could possibly create for yourself + + + align:start position:0% +you could possibly create for yourself +is if you put 100% in General Motors in + + align:start position:0% +is if you put 100% in General Motors in + + + align:start position:0% +is if you put 100% in General Motors in +other words if all you cared about was + + align:start position:0% +other words if all you cared about was + + + align:start position:0% +other words if all you cared about was +going west the the the most extreme West + + align:start position:0% +going west the the the most extreme West + + + align:start position:0% +going west the the the most extreme West +you can go other than putting your money + + align:start position:0% +you can go other than putting your money + + + align:start position:0% +you can go other than putting your money +in t- bills over here the most extreme + + align:start position:0% +in t- bills over here the most extreme + + + align:start position:0% +in t- bills over here the most extreme +West you can go is General Motors you + + align:start position:0% +West you can go is General Motors you + + + align:start position:0% +West you can go is General Motors you +can't get any less risky than that right + + align:start position:0% +can't get any less risky than that right + + + align:start position:0% +can't get any less risky than that right +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question what I what I'm saying is if + + align:start position:0% +question what I what I'm saying is if + + + align:start position:0% +question what I what I'm saying is if +you uh whoops let's see yeah + + align:start position:0% +you uh whoops let's see yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you uh whoops let's see yeah +if you are trying to get less risky as + + align:start position:0% +if you are trying to get less risky as + + + align:start position:0% +if you are trying to get less risky as +possible and you only had General Motors + + align:start position:0% +possible and you only had General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +possible and you only had General Motors +or Motorola then the the most West you + + align:start position:0% +or Motorola then the the most West you + + + align:start position:0% +or Motorola then the the most West you +can go is General Motors right that's + + align:start position:0% +can go is General Motors right that's + + + align:start position:0% +can go is General Motors right that's +all however however this is the + + align:start position:0% +all however however this is the + + + align:start position:0% +all however however this is the +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +point if now I let you take weighted + + align:start position:0% +point if now I let you take weighted + + + align:start position:0% +point if now I let you take weighted +averages of the two if I give you the + + align:start position:0% +averages of the two if I give you the + + + align:start position:0% +averages of the two if I give you the +right to form a portfolio then then you + + align:start position:0% +right to form a portfolio then then you + + + align:start position:0% +right to form a portfolio then then you +can get a DOT which is this Dot + + align:start position:0% +can get a DOT which is this Dot + + + align:start position:0% +can get a DOT which is this Dot +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +here that + + align:start position:0% +here that + + + align:start position:0% +here that +dot everybody in this room should prefer + + align:start position:0% +dot everybody in this room should prefer + + + align:start position:0% +dot everybody in this room should prefer +that dot to General Motors why because + + align:start position:0% +that dot to General Motors why because + + + align:start position:0% +that dot to General Motors why because +it's less risk than General + + align:start position:0% +it's less risk than General + + + align:start position:0% +it's less risk than General +Motors but it's also higher + + align:start position:0% +Motors but it's also higher + + + align:start position:0% +Motors but it's also higher +return there's no downside at least from + + align:start position:0% +return there's no downside at least from + + + align:start position:0% +return there's no downside at least from +the perspective of mean and standard + + align:start position:0% +the perspective of mean and standard + + + align:start position:0% +the perspective of mean and standard +deviation there may be other reasons you + + align:start position:0% +deviation there may be other reasons you + + + align:start position:0% +deviation there may be other reasons you +don't like that dot but if all you care + + align:start position:0% +don't like that dot but if all you care + + + align:start position:0% +don't like that dot but if all you care +about is mean and standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +about is mean and standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +about is mean and standard deviation +that dot is strictly preferred so I've + + align:start position:0% +that dot is strictly preferred so I've + + + align:start position:0% +that dot is strictly preferred so I've +just made all of you better off with + + align:start position:0% +just made all of you better off with + + + align:start position:0% +just made all of you better off with +this piece of knowledge just by telling + + align:start position:0% +this piece of knowledge just by telling + + + align:start position:0% +this piece of knowledge just by telling +you how to waight these two stocks and + + align:start position:0% +you how to waight these two stocks and + + + align:start position:0% +you how to waight these two stocks and +the fact that they've got some kind of + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they've got some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they've got some kind of +correlation I've given you a mechanism + + align:start position:0% +correlation I've given you a mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +correlation I've given you a mechanism +of reducing your risk and and increasing + + align:start position:0% +of reducing your risk and and increasing + + + align:start position:0% +of reducing your risk and and increasing +your expected rate of return + + align:start position:0% +your expected rate of return + + + align:start position:0% +your expected rate of return +both okay so if you were really risk + + align:start position:0% +both okay so if you were really risk + + + align:start position:0% +both okay so if you were really risk +averse if you said to yourself you know + + align:start position:0% +averse if you said to yourself you know + + + align:start position:0% +averse if you said to yourself you know +what I don't want all this fancy stock + + align:start position:0% +what I don't want all this fancy stock + + + align:start position:0% +what I don't want all this fancy stock +picking just give me the least risky + + align:start position:0% +picking just give me the least risky + + + align:start position:0% +picking just give me the least risky +stock of the + + align:start position:0% +stock of the + + + align:start position:0% +stock of the +two then you'd be at General Motors and + + align:start position:0% +two then you'd be at General Motors and + + + align:start position:0% +two then you'd be at General Motors and +then if I came and said you know what I + + align:start position:0% +then if I came and said you know what I + + + align:start position:0% +then if I came and said you know what I +can do even better than that I can get + + align:start position:0% +can do even better than that I can get + + + align:start position:0% +can do even better than that I can get +you even less risk than General Motors + + align:start position:0% +you even less risk than General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +you even less risk than General Motors +and at the same time I'm going to give + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time I'm going to give + + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time I'm going to give +you higher return so right there the + + align:start position:0% +you higher return so right there the + + + align:start position:0% +you higher return so right there the +value of portfolio Theory um is pretty + + align:start position:0% +value of portfolio Theory um is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +value of portfolio Theory um is pretty +clear it gives you options you did not + + align:start position:0% +clear it gives you options you did not + + + align:start position:0% +clear it gives you options you did not +have yeah so since this is based + + align:start position:0% +have yeah so since this is based + + + align:start position:0% +have yeah so since this is based +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +returns this is kind of where we're + + align:start position:0% +returns this is kind of where we're + + + align:start position:0% +returns this is kind of where we're +running into trouble today the + + align:start position:0% +running into trouble today the + + + align:start position:0% +running into trouble today the +correlation between GM and motorol is + + align:start position:0% +correlation between GM and motorol is + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between GM and motorol is +probably than it was before and that's + + align:start position:0% +probably than it was before and that's + + + align:start position:0% +probably than it was before and that's +when have portfolio of of things + + align:start position:0% +when have portfolio of of things + + + align:start position:0% +when have portfolio of of things +corelations or lower corelations all one + + align:start position:0% +corelations or lower corelations all one + + + align:start position:0% +corelations or lower corelations all one +that's right that's right when you when + + align:start position:0% +that's right that's right when you when + + + align:start position:0% +that's right that's right when you when +you have correlations that are unstable + + align:start position:0% +you have correlations that are unstable + + + align:start position:0% +you have correlations that are unstable +over time and you didn't account for + + align:start position:0% +over time and you didn't account for + + + align:start position:0% +over time and you didn't account for +them you can get into trouble okay again + + align:start position:0% +them you can get into trouble okay again + + + align:start position:0% +them you can get into trouble okay again +let's let's let's come back to that + + align:start position:0% +let's let's let's come back to that + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's let's come back to that +after I go through all of this all right + + align:start position:0% +after I go through all of this all right + + + align:start position:0% +after I go through all of this all right +so just if this is a clarifying question + + align:start position:0% +so just if this is a clarifying question + + + align:start position:0% +so just if this is a clarifying question +I'll answer but extensions let's wait + + align:start position:0% +I'll answer but extensions let's wait + + + align:start position:0% +I'll answer but extensions let's wait +until we actually go through this okay + + align:start position:0% +until we actually go through this okay + + + align:start position:0% +until we actually go through this okay +so let me talk about the General Motors + + align:start position:0% +so let me talk about the General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +so let me talk about the General Motors +and motorol example but now where I am + + align:start position:0% +and motorol example but now where I am + + + align:start position:0% +and motorol example but now where I am +going to tell you that correlations are + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you that correlations are + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you that correlations are +changing over time so let's do the + + align:start position:0% +changing over time so let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +changing over time so let's do the +example that Lewis wants us to do let's + + align:start position:0% +example that Lewis wants us to do let's + + + align:start position:0% +example that Lewis wants us to do let's +actually assume the correlation is I + + align:start position:0% +actually assume the correlation is I + + + align:start position:0% +actually assume the correlation is I +don't know zero or one or minus one + + align:start position:0% +don't know zero or one or minus one + + + align:start position:0% +don't know zero or one or minus one +let's go through all three cases and see + + align:start position:0% +let's go through all three cases and see + + + align:start position:0% +let's go through all three cases and see +what happens you'll see some remarkable + + align:start position:0% +what happens you'll see some remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +what happens you'll see some remarkable +things coming out of + + align:start position:0% +things coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +things coming out of +this if the + + align:start position:0% +this if the + + + align:start position:0% +this if the +correlation is zero then it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +correlation is zero then it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +correlation is zero then it's pretty +easy for you to just plug in zero for + + align:start position:0% +easy for you to just plug in zero for + + + align:start position:0% +easy for you to just plug in zero for +that correlation in that second equation + + align:start position:0% +that correlation in that second equation + + + align:start position:0% +that correlation in that second equation +and all you get are the first two terms + + align:start position:0% +and all you get are the first two terms + + + align:start position:0% +and all you get are the first two terms +of that variance expression right so + + align:start position:0% +of that variance expression right so + + + align:start position:0% +of that variance expression right so +when you assume that the co when you + + align:start position:0% +when you assume that the co when you + + + align:start position:0% +when you assume that the co when you +assume that the correlation is zero when + + align:start position:0% +assume that the correlation is zero when + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the correlation is zero when +this thing is zero what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +this thing is zero what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is zero what happens is that +this entire term goes away and all you + + align:start position:0% +this entire term goes away and all you + + + align:start position:0% +this entire term goes away and all you +have are the first two terms that's this + + align:start position:0% +have are the first two terms that's this + + + align:start position:0% +have are the first two terms that's this +column right over here okay so I've just + + align:start position:0% +column right over here okay so I've just + + + align:start position:0% +column right over here okay so I've just +produced the previous table but with the + + align:start position:0% +produced the previous table but with the + + + align:start position:0% +produced the previous table but with the +Assumption of zero correlation and I get + + align:start position:0% +Assumption of zero correlation and I get + + + align:start position:0% +Assumption of zero correlation and I get +that now I'm not going to graph it for + + align:start position:0% +that now I'm not going to graph it for + + + align:start position:0% +that now I'm not going to graph it for +you yet I want to just show you what + + align:start position:0% +you yet I want to just show you what + + + align:start position:0% +you yet I want to just show you what +happens when you choose different + + align:start position:0% +happens when you choose different + + + align:start position:0% +happens when you choose different +assumptions so that's one assumption on + + align:start position:0% +assumptions so that's one assumption on + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions so that's one assumption on +the other hand if I choose a different + + align:start position:0% +the other hand if I choose a different + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand if I choose a different +assumption if I choose the assumption + + align:start position:0% +assumption if I choose the assumption + + + align:start position:0% +assumption if I choose the assumption +that the correlation is let's say one so + + align:start position:0% +that the correlation is let's say one so + + + align:start position:0% +that the correlation is let's say one so +in other words they are perfectly + + align:start position:0% +in other words they are perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +in other words they are perfectly +correlated then I'm going to get uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +correlated then I'm going to get uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +correlated then I'm going to get uh I'm +going to get this uh whoops turn on this + + align:start position:0% +going to get this uh whoops turn on this + + + align:start position:0% +going to get this uh whoops turn on this +I'm going to get uh this becoming one + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get uh this becoming one + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get uh this becoming one +and then I'll get another simplification + + align:start position:0% +and then I'll get another simplification + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'll get another simplification +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +expression and similarly if I assume + + align:start position:0% +expression and similarly if I assume + + + align:start position:0% +expression and similarly if I assume +that the correlation is minus one then + + align:start position:0% +that the correlation is minus one then + + + align:start position:0% +that the correlation is minus one then +I'm going to get yet another + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get yet another + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get yet another +simplification of this expression some + + align:start position:0% +simplification of this expression some + + + align:start position:0% +simplification of this expression some +algebra that I'll show you in a minute + + align:start position:0% +algebra that I'll show you in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +algebra that I'll show you in a minute +but but this is what I'm doing in these + + align:start position:0% +but but this is what I'm doing in these + + + align:start position:0% +but but this is what I'm doing in these +three columns I'm assuming different + + align:start position:0% +three columns I'm assuming different + + + align:start position:0% +three columns I'm assuming different +values of correlation between General + + align:start position:0% +values of correlation between General + + + align:start position:0% +values of correlation between General +Motors and Motorola and then Computing + + align:start position:0% +Motors and Motorola and then Computing + + + align:start position:0% +Motors and Motorola and then Computing +the the standard deviation of the + + align:start position:0% +the the standard deviation of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the standard deviation of the +portfolio using this formula okay so you + + align:start position:0% +portfolio using this formula okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio using this formula okay so you +can all do this at home do this in a + + align:start position:0% +can all do this at home do this in a + + + align:start position:0% +can all do this at home do this in a +spreadsheet it's going to be very easy + + align:start position:0% +spreadsheet it's going to be very easy + + + align:start position:0% +spreadsheet it's going to be very easy +to uh to check my + + align:start position:0% +to uh to check my + + + align:start position:0% +to uh to check my +work but I want to show you the graph + + align:start position:0% +work but I want to show you the graph + + + align:start position:0% +work but I want to show you the graph +cuz that's really I think the insightful + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's really I think the insightful + + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's really I think the insightful +intuition here look at the graphs these + + align:start position:0% +intuition here look at the graphs these + + + align:start position:0% +intuition here look at the graphs these +are the graphs of the three different + + align:start position:0% +are the graphs of the three different + + + align:start position:0% +are the graphs of the three different +cases of zero + + align:start position:0% +cases of zero + + + align:start position:0% +cases of zero +correlation perfect correlation and + + align:start position:0% +correlation perfect correlation and + + + align:start position:0% +correlation perfect correlation and +perfect negative correlation I want to + + align:start position:0% +perfect negative correlation I want to + + + align:start position:0% +perfect negative correlation I want to +go through each one of these with you so + + align:start position:0% +go through each one of these with you so + + + align:start position:0% +go through each one of these with you so +the case of perfect positive correlation + + align:start position:0% +the case of perfect positive correlation + + + align:start position:0% +the case of perfect positive correlation +it turns out that the risk reward + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the risk reward + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the risk reward +tradeoff is actually just a straight + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff is actually just a straight + + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff is actually just a straight +line it gets really really simple just a + + align:start position:0% +line it gets really really simple just a + + + align:start position:0% +line it gets really really simple just a +straight line so in particular there is + + align:start position:0% +straight line so in particular there is + + + align:start position:0% +straight line so in particular there is +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +nonlinearity because if they're + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity because if they're + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity because if they're +perfectly correlated you know what you + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correlated you know what you + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correlated you know what you +basically have the virtually the same + + align:start position:0% +basically have the virtually the same + + + align:start position:0% +basically have the virtually the same +stock the only difference is that + + align:start position:0% +stock the only difference is that + + + align:start position:0% +stock the only difference is that +they're different scales of each other + + align:start position:0% +they're different scales of each other + + + align:start position:0% +they're different scales of each other +right but if they're perfectly + + align:start position:0% +right but if they're perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +right but if they're perfectly +correlated that means that there's a + + align:start position:0% +correlated that means that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +correlated that means that there's a +linear relationship between those two + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between those two + + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between those two +stocks and so when you do this mean + + align:start position:0% +stocks and so when you do this mean + + + align:start position:0% +stocks and so when you do this mean +variance analysis in mean variance space + + align:start position:0% +variance analysis in mean variance space + + + align:start position:0% +variance analysis in mean variance space +you basically get no no nonlinear you + + align:start position:0% +you basically get no no nonlinear you + + + align:start position:0% +you basically get no no nonlinear you +don't get that little bump the little + + align:start position:0% +don't get that little bump the little + + + align:start position:0% +don't get that little bump the little +bullet that we saw before right so + + align:start position:0% +bullet that we saw before right so + + + align:start position:0% +bullet that we saw before right so +there's no way you can get less risk + + align:start position:0% +there's no way you can get less risk + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way you can get less risk +than General Motors unless you end up + + align:start position:0% +than General Motors unless you end up + + + align:start position:0% +than General Motors unless you end up +shorting uh Motorola and putting it in + + align:start position:0% +shorting uh Motorola and putting it in + + + align:start position:0% +shorting uh Motorola and putting it in +General Motors and then your expected + + align:start position:0% +General Motors and then your expected + + + align:start position:0% +General Motors and then your expected +return goes down as your expected uh as + + align:start position:0% +return goes down as your expected uh as + + + align:start position:0% +return goes down as your expected uh as +as well as your + + align:start position:0% +as well as your + + + align:start position:0% +as well as your +risk all right now let's take the case + + align:start position:0% +risk all right now let's take the case + + + align:start position:0% +risk all right now let's take the case +where you've + + align:start position:0% +where you've + + + align:start position:0% +where you've +got no + + align:start position:0% +got no + + + align:start position:0% +got no +correlation it turns out that if you + + align:start position:0% +correlation it turns out that if you + + + align:start position:0% +correlation it turns out that if you +have no correlation you get the + + align:start position:0% +have no correlation you get the + + + align:start position:0% +have no correlation you get the +bullet but the bullet is even more wedg + + align:start position:0% +bullet but the bullet is even more wedg + + + align:start position:0% +bullet but the bullet is even more wedg +shaped what that means is that you can + + align:start position:0% +shaped what that means is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +shaped what that means is that you can +reduce even more risk without getting + + align:start position:0% +reduce even more risk without getting + + + align:start position:0% +reduce even more risk without getting +rid of return remember the the Red Dot + + align:start position:0% +rid of return remember the the Red Dot + + + align:start position:0% +rid of return remember the the Red Dot +that we saw in the previous slide this + + align:start position:0% +that we saw in the previous slide this + + + align:start position:0% +that we saw in the previous slide this +red dot well in the case where you've + + align:start position:0% +red dot well in the case where you've + + + align:start position:0% +red dot well in the case where you've +got Nega zero correlation this is a case + + align:start position:0% +got Nega zero correlation this is a case + + + align:start position:0% +got Nega zero correlation this is a case +where the correlation is 37 37% right + + align:start position:0% +where the correlation is 37 37% right + + + align:start position:0% +where the correlation is 37 37% right +that's what the data tells us but if you + + align:start position:0% +that's what the data tells us but if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the data tells us but if you +assume that the correlation was Zero you + + align:start position:0% +assume that the correlation was Zero you + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the correlation was Zero you +would get even more of a savings of + + align:start position:0% +would get even more of a savings of + + + align:start position:0% +would get even more of a savings of +volatility for a given level of expected + + align:start position:0% +volatility for a given level of expected + + + align:start position:0% +volatility for a given level of expected +return okay so it would look like this + + align:start position:0% +return okay so it would look like this + + + align:start position:0% +return okay so it would look like this +you see how this bullet sticks out a lot + + align:start position:0% +you see how this bullet sticks out a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you see how this bullet sticks out a lot +more than the previous Red Dot that was + + align:start position:0% +more than the previous Red Dot that was + + + align:start position:0% +more than the previous Red Dot that was +somewhere over here + + align:start position:0% +somewhere over here + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere over here +okay now let's continue suppose the + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's continue suppose the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's continue suppose the +correlation is minus 50% then you get an + + align:start position:0% +correlation is minus 50% then you get an + + + align:start position:0% +correlation is minus 50% then you get an +even wider bullet more that sticks out + + align:start position:0% +even wider bullet more that sticks out + + + align:start position:0% +even wider bullet more that sticks out +even more that saves you more standard + + align:start position:0% +even more that saves you more standard + + + align:start position:0% +even more that saves you more standard +deviation you're getting to the West + + align:start position:0% +deviation you're getting to the West + + + align:start position:0% +deviation you're getting to the West +even more and finally and here's where + + align:start position:0% +even more and finally and here's where + + + align:start position:0% +even more and finally and here's where +you get a really remarkable + + align:start position:0% +you get a really remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +you get a really remarkable +result if the correlation is minus + + align:start position:0% +result if the correlation is minus + + + align:start position:0% +result if the correlation is minus +100% you know what you get you get a + + align:start position:0% +100% you know what you get you get a + + + align:start position:0% +100% you know what you get you get a +piece-wise linear tradeoff you get + + align:start position:0% +piece-wise linear tradeoff you get + + + align:start position:0% +piece-wise linear tradeoff you get +this and + + align:start position:0% +this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and +that it doesn't turn into a wedge it + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't turn into a wedge it + + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't turn into a wedge it +turns into a triangle that actually hits + + align:start position:0% +turns into a triangle that actually hits + + + align:start position:0% +turns into a triangle that actually hits +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +x-axis and the reason this is such a + + align:start position:0% +x-axis and the reason this is such a + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis and the reason this is such a +startling result is it tells us that + + align:start position:0% +startling result is it tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +startling result is it tells us that +there exists a way to construct the + + align:start position:0% +there exists a way to construct the + + + align:start position:0% +there exists a way to construct the +portfolio that gives us a rate of return + + align:start position:0% +portfolio that gives us a rate of return + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio that gives us a rate of return +of like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.39% with no risk zero + + align:start position:0% +1.39% with no risk zero + + + align:start position:0% +1.39% with no risk zero +risk 1.39% let's just call it 1.3% to be + + align:start position:0% +risk 1.39% let's just call it 1.3% to be + + + align:start position:0% +risk 1.39% let's just call it 1.3% to be +conservative multiply that by + + align:start position:0% +conservative multiply that by + + + align:start position:0% +conservative multiply that by +12 and you're going to get something + + align:start position:0% +12 and you're going to get something + + + align:start position:0% +12 and you're going to get something +like what + + align:start position:0% +like what + + + align:start position:0% +like what +16% a year you tell me if you know of + + align:start position:0% +16% a year you tell me if you know of + + + align:start position:0% +16% a year you tell me if you know of +any investment opportunities that gives + + align:start position:0% +any investment opportunities that gives + + + align:start position:0% +any investment opportunities that gives +you a return of 16% a year with no risk + + align:start position:0% +you a return of 16% a year with no risk + + + align:start position:0% +you a return of 16% a year with no risk +and I'll examine that for you carefully + + align:start position:0% +and I'll examine that for you carefully + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll examine that for you carefully +okay I it it doesn't exist of course the + + align:start position:0% +okay I it it doesn't exist of course the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I it it doesn't exist of course the +reason it doesn't exist is because you + + align:start position:0% +reason it doesn't exist is because you + + + align:start position:0% +reason it doesn't exist is because you +can't find two assets that have perfect + + align:start position:0% +can't find two assets that have perfect + + + align:start position:0% +can't find two assets that have perfect +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +correlation if you could there are + + align:start position:0% +correlation if you could there are + + + align:start position:0% +correlation if you could there are +wonderous things you could achieve with + + align:start position:0% +wonderous things you could achieve with + + + align:start position:0% +wonderous things you could achieve with +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +combination and portfolio Theory + + align:start position:0% +combination and portfolio Theory + + + align:start position:0% +combination and portfolio Theory +basically tells us how right this is a a + + align:start position:0% +basically tells us how right this is a a + + + align:start position:0% +basically tells us how right this is a a +recipe book for how to exploit + + align:start position:0% +recipe book for how to exploit + + + align:start position:0% +recipe book for how to exploit +correlation all right now again I can't + + align:start position:0% +correlation all right now again I can't + + + align:start position:0% +correlation all right now again I can't +tell you where you should be on this + + align:start position:0% +tell you where you should be on this + + + align:start position:0% +tell you where you should be on this +curve other than if it's really minus + + align:start position:0% +curve other than if it's really minus + + + align:start position:0% +curve other than if it's really minus +one then I would be here okay lots of + + align:start position:0% +one then I would be here okay lots of + + + align:start position:0% +one then I would be here okay lots of +return no risk there that's an + + align:start position:0% +return no risk there that's an + + + align:start position:0% +return no risk there that's an +Arbitrage we know that that can't + + align:start position:0% +Arbitrage we know that that can't + + + align:start position:0% +Arbitrage we know that that can't +possibly happen there's no free lunch + + align:start position:0% +possibly happen there's no free lunch + + + align:start position:0% +possibly happen there's no free lunch +there's no Arbitrage on average over + + align:start position:0% +there's no Arbitrage on average over + + + align:start position:0% +there's no Arbitrage on average over +circumstances however if the bullet is + + align:start position:0% +circumstances however if the bullet is + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances however if the bullet is +minus5 + + align:start position:0% +minus5 + + + align:start position:0% +minus5 +then you've got lots of opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +then you've got lots of opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +then you've got lots of opportunity to +create really attractive + + align:start position:0% +create really attractive + + + align:start position:0% +create really attractive +portfolios that doesn't require Warren + + align:start position:0% +portfolios that doesn't require Warren + + + align:start position:0% +portfolios that doesn't require Warren +Buffett skills there's no forecasting + + align:start position:0% +Buffett skills there's no forecasting + + + align:start position:0% +Buffett skills there's no forecasting +here right we're not trying to pick + + align:start position:0% +here right we're not trying to pick + + + align:start position:0% +here right we're not trying to pick +stocks we're not trying to see how the + + align:start position:0% +stocks we're not trying to see how the + + + align:start position:0% +stocks we're not trying to see how the +Market's going to do next month who + + align:start position:0% +Market's going to do next month who + + + align:start position:0% +Market's going to do next month who +knows all we're assuming is that means + + align:start position:0% +knows all we're assuming is that means + + + align:start position:0% +knows all we're assuming is that means +and variances are stable over time and + + align:start position:0% +and variances are stable over time and + + + align:start position:0% +and variances are stable over time and +the correlation is stable over time + + align:start position:0% +the correlation is stable over time + + + align:start position:0% +the correlation is stable over time +those are those are non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +those are those are non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +those are those are non-trivial +assumptions I grant you but if you + + align:start position:0% +assumptions I grant you but if you + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions I grant you but if you +believe in those assumptions more than + + align:start position:0% +believe in those assumptions more than + + + align:start position:0% +believe in those assumptions more than +you believe in your ability to forecast + + align:start position:0% +you believe in your ability to forecast + + + align:start position:0% +you believe in your ability to forecast +what's going to happen in General Motors + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen in General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen in General Motors +6 months from now then this might be a + + align:start position:0% +6 months from now then this might be a + + + align:start position:0% +6 months from now then this might be a +good way to construct the portfolio but + + align:start position:0% +good way to construct the portfolio but + + + align:start position:0% +good way to construct the portfolio but +I haven't told you where on this curve + + align:start position:0% +I haven't told you where on this curve + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't told you where on this curve +you ought to be I've just told you how + + align:start position:0% +you ought to be I've just told you how + + + align:start position:0% +you ought to be I've just told you how +to construct that curve all right it's + + align:start position:0% +to construct that curve all right it's + + + align:start position:0% +to construct that curve all right it's +your job to look at the curve and say I + + align:start position:0% +your job to look at the curve and say I + + + align:start position:0% +your job to look at the curve and say I +like this point or I like that point + + align:start position:0% +like this point or I like that point + + + align:start position:0% +like this point or I like that point +based upon your own personal preferences + + align:start position:0% +based upon your own personal preferences + + + align:start position:0% +based upon your own personal preferences +for risk and reward so we're not there + + align:start position:0% +for risk and reward so we're not there + + + align:start position:0% +for risk and reward so we're not there +yet where I can tell you how to behave I + + align:start position:0% +yet where I can tell you how to behave I + + + align:start position:0% +yet where I can tell you how to behave I +will get there in about a lecture and a + + align:start position:0% +will get there in about a lecture and a + + + align:start position:0% +will get there in about a lecture and a +half but we're got to build up the + + align:start position:0% +half but we're got to build up the + + + align:start position:0% +half but we're got to build up the +infrastructure to be able to get us + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure to be able to get us + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure to be able to get us +there okay so what this tells us is that + + align:start position:0% +there okay so what this tells us is that + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so what this tells us is that +we need to know what the correlation is + + align:start position:0% +we need to know what the correlation is + + + align:start position:0% +we need to know what the correlation is +in order to figure out where we going to + + align:start position:0% +in order to figure out where we going to + + + align:start position:0% +in order to figure out where we going to +be on these different curves which curve + + align:start position:0% +be on these different curves which curve + + + align:start position:0% +be on these different curves which curve +is going to apply when you have lots of + + align:start position:0% +is going to apply when you have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +is going to apply when you have lots of +correlation a correlation of one there + + align:start position:0% +correlation a correlation of one there + + + align:start position:0% +correlation a correlation of one there +really isn't much of a risk savings per + + align:start position:0% +really isn't much of a risk savings per + + + align:start position:0% +really isn't much of a risk savings per +unit return we can't get a lower risk + + align:start position:0% +unit return we can't get a lower risk + + + align:start position:0% +unit return we can't get a lower risk +for a given level of return but we can + + align:start position:0% +for a given level of return but we can + + + align:start position:0% +for a given level of return but we can +if there is less correlation than + + align:start position:0% +if there is less correlation than + + + align:start position:0% +if there is less correlation than +perfect and these are the different + + align:start position:0% +perfect and these are the different + + + align:start position:0% +perfect and these are the different +curves that illustrate + + align:start position:0% +curves that illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +curves that illustrate +that okay so there are some other + + align:start position:0% +that okay so there are some other + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so there are some other +examples that I'd like you to work + + align:start position:0% +examples that I'd like you to work + + + align:start position:0% +examples that I'd like you to work +through on your own this is another + + align:start position:0% +through on your own this is another + + + align:start position:0% +through on your own this is another +portfolio calculation just go through + + align:start position:0% +portfolio calculation just go through + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio calculation just go through +the same calculations that we did here + + align:start position:0% +the same calculations that we did here + + + align:start position:0% +the same calculations that we did here +and you know you'll graph the different + + align:start position:0% +and you know you'll graph the different + + + align:start position:0% +and you know you'll graph the different +risk reward trade-off between these two + + align:start position:0% +risk reward trade-off between these two + + + align:start position:0% +risk reward trade-off between these two +General Dynamics and Motorola and you + + align:start position:0% +General Dynamics and Motorola and you + + + align:start position:0% +General Dynamics and Motorola and you +can get exactly the same analysis with + + align:start position:0% +can get exactly the same analysis with + + + align:start position:0% +can get exactly the same analysis with +those two stocks General Dynamics and + + align:start position:0% +those two stocks General Dynamics and + + + align:start position:0% +those two stocks General Dynamics and +Motorola okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now what about if you got a risk-free + + align:start position:0% +now what about if you got a risk-free + + + align:start position:0% +now what about if you got a risk-free +rate so suppose that the two assets that + + align:start position:0% +rate so suppose that the two assets that + + + align:start position:0% +rate so suppose that the two assets that +I want you to look at is not General + + align:start position:0% +I want you to look at is not General + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to look at is not General +Motors and Motorola but rather the stock + + align:start position:0% +Motors and Motorola but rather the stock + + + align:start position:0% +Motors and Motorola but rather the stock +market and treasury + + align:start position:0% +market and treasury + + + align:start position:0% +market and treasury +bills then what does your risk reward + + align:start position:0% +bills then what does your risk reward + + + align:start position:0% +bills then what does your risk reward +trade-off look like well it turns out + + align:start position:0% +trade-off look like well it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off look like well it turns out +that in the case where treasury bills + + align:start position:0% +that in the case where treasury bills + + + align:start position:0% +that in the case where treasury bills +are in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question the volatility of treasury + + align:start position:0% +question the volatility of treasury + + + align:start position:0% +question the volatility of treasury +bills is virtually zero it's not exactly + + align:start position:0% +bills is virtually zero it's not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +bills is virtually zero it's not exactly +zero because there may be some kind of + + align:start position:0% +zero because there may be some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +zero because there may be some kind of +Randomness in the underlying rates of + + align:start position:0% +Randomness in the underlying rates of + + + align:start position:0% +Randomness in the underlying rates of +return because of inflationary + + align:start position:0% +return because of inflationary + + + align:start position:0% +return because of inflationary +expectations but as an approximation if + + align:start position:0% +expectations but as an approximation if + + + align:start position:0% +expectations but as an approximation if +it's a risk-free rate and you know that + + align:start position:0% +it's a risk-free rate and you know that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a risk-free rate and you know that +you're going to get that risk-free rate + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get that risk-free rate + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get that risk-free rate +then the volatility of that return is in + + align:start position:0% +then the volatility of that return is in + + + align:start position:0% +then the volatility of that return is in +fact zero over that period of time so in + + align:start position:0% +fact zero over that period of time so in + + + align:start position:0% +fact zero over that period of time so in +that case the expected rate of return of + + align:start position:0% +that case the expected rate of return of + + + align:start position:0% +that case the expected rate of return of +a portfolio between the stock market and + + align:start position:0% +a portfolio between the stock market and + + + align:start position:0% +a portfolio between the stock market and +T bills that's the weighted average + + align:start position:0% +T bills that's the weighted average + + + align:start position:0% +T bills that's the weighted average +but the variance is going to be very + + align:start position:0% +but the variance is going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +but the variance is going to be very +simple because it's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +simple because it's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +simple because it's going to be the +variance of one which is zero plus the + + align:start position:0% +variance of one which is zero plus the + + + align:start position:0% +variance of one which is zero plus the +variance of the other plus two times the + + align:start position:0% +variance of the other plus two times the + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the other plus two times the +weight at average times the covariance + + align:start position:0% +weight at average times the covariance + + + align:start position:0% +weight at average times the covariance +but there is no covariance right there's + + align:start position:0% +but there is no covariance right there's + + + align:start position:0% +but there is no covariance right there's +no correlation because one of the things + + align:start position:0% +no correlation because one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +no correlation because one of the things +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +nonrandom and so when you work out the + + align:start position:0% +nonrandom and so when you work out the + + + align:start position:0% +nonrandom and so when you work out the +weights for the two and you graph + + align:start position:0% +weights for the two and you graph + + + align:start position:0% +weights for the two and you graph +them you get this this is a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +them you get this this is a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +them you get this this is a beautiful +thing nice and simple no weird curves or + + align:start position:0% +thing nice and simple no weird curves or + + + align:start position:0% +thing nice and simple no weird curves or +any kind of bullet shape you got t- + + align:start position:0% +any kind of bullet shape you got t- + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of bullet shape you got t- +bills here you got the stock market here + + align:start position:0% +bills here you got the stock market here + + + align:start position:0% +bills here you got the stock market here +and the weights as you vary them will + + align:start position:0% +and the weights as you vary them will + + + align:start position:0% +and the weights as you vary them will +bring you anywhere along this line or + + align:start position:0% +bring you anywhere along this line or + + + align:start position:0% +bring you anywhere along this line or +possibly up over here if you're in the + + align:start position:0% +possibly up over here if you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +possibly up over here if you're in the +middle of this line so literally if you + + align:start position:0% +middle of this line so literally if you + + + align:start position:0% +middle of this line so literally if you +have the same distance between here and + + align:start position:0% +have the same distance between here and + + + align:start position:0% +have the same distance between here and +here and here and here that actually + + align:start position:0% +here and here and here that actually + + + align:start position:0% +here and here and here that actually +gives you a 5050 waiting on those + + align:start position:0% +gives you a 5050 waiting on those + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a 5050 waiting on those +portfolio weights so geometrically this + + align:start position:0% +portfolio weights so geometrically this + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio weights so geometrically this +actually corresponds to a 5050 waiting + + align:start position:0% +actually corresponds to a 5050 waiting + + + align:start position:0% +actually corresponds to a 5050 waiting +of T bills and the S&P okay now question + + align:start position:0% +of T bills and the S&P okay now question + + + align:start position:0% +of T bills and the S&P okay now question +what happens when you are over here + + align:start position:0% +what happens when you are over here + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when you are over here +let's suppose you're at this point at + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose you're at this point at + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose you're at this point at +this point what would your portfolio + + align:start position:0% +this point what would your portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +this point what would your portfolio +weights look like how would you + + align:start position:0% +weights look like how would you + + + align:start position:0% +weights look like how would you +characterize + + align:start position:0% +characterize + + + align:start position:0% +characterize +that yeah Brian short T bills to short T + + align:start position:0% +that yeah Brian short T bills to short T + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah Brian short T bills to short T +bills to buy uh into the stock market + + align:start position:0% +bills to buy uh into the stock market + + + align:start position:0% +bills to buy uh into the stock market +that's right short T bills what does it + + align:start position:0% +that's right short T bills what does it + + + align:start position:0% +that's right short T bills what does it +mean to short T + + align:start position:0% +mean to short T + + + align:start position:0% +mean to short T +bills what are you + + align:start position:0% +bills what are you + + + align:start position:0% +bills what are you +doing yeah you're you're borrowing + + align:start position:0% +doing yeah you're you're borrowing + + + align:start position:0% +doing yeah you're you're borrowing +you're borrowing money you're leveraging + + align:start position:0% +you're borrowing money you're leveraging + + + align:start position:0% +you're borrowing money you're leveraging +when you're shorting t- bills you're + + align:start position:0% +when you're shorting t- bills you're + + + align:start position:0% +when you're shorting t- bills you're +basically borrowing and getting cash up + + align:start position:0% +basically borrowing and getting cash up + + + align:start position:0% +basically borrowing and getting cash up +front you're going to pay back later + + align:start position:0% +front you're going to pay back later + + + align:start position:0% +front you're going to pay back later +with interest so shorting t- bills is + + align:start position:0% +with interest so shorting t- bills is + + + align:start position:0% +with interest so shorting t- bills is +just borrowing if you're borrowing money + + align:start position:0% +just borrowing if you're borrowing money + + + align:start position:0% +just borrowing if you're borrowing money +and you're putting it into the stock + + align:start position:0% +and you're putting it into the stock + + + align:start position:0% +and you're putting it into the stock +market in addition to 100% of your own + + align:start position:0% +market in addition to 100% of your own + + + align:start position:0% +market in addition to 100% of your own +wealth you've borrowed additional money + + align:start position:0% +wealth you've borrowed additional money + + + align:start position:0% +wealth you've borrowed additional money +to put it in the stock market then + + align:start position:0% +to put it in the stock market then + + + align:start position:0% +to put it in the stock market then +you're going to be way up here higher + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be way up here higher + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be way up here higher +higher return much higher up here than + + align:start position:0% +higher return much higher up here than + + + align:start position:0% +higher return much higher up here than +down here but you're going to get higher + + align:start position:0% +down here but you're going to get higher + + + align:start position:0% +down here but you're going to get higher +risk as well so leverage this idea of + + align:start position:0% +risk as well so leverage this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +risk as well so leverage this idea of +borrowing and putting your money in the + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and putting your money in the + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and putting your money in the +stock market that increases your + + align:start position:0% +stock market that increases your + + + align:start position:0% +stock market that increases your +expected rate of return but it also + + align:start position:0% +expected rate of return but it also + + + align:start position:0% +expected rate of return but it also +increases your risk okay leverage + + align:start position:0% +increases your risk okay leverage + + + align:start position:0% +increases your risk okay leverage +increases your risk and now getting back + + align:start position:0% +increases your risk and now getting back + + + align:start position:0% +increases your risk and now getting back +to the question that Lewis asked us is + + align:start position:0% +to the question that Lewis asked us is + + + align:start position:0% +to the question that Lewis asked us is +this where we got into trouble with the + + align:start position:0% +this where we got into trouble with the + + + align:start position:0% +this where we got into trouble with the +current crisis yes in a nutshell it is + + align:start position:0% +current crisis yes in a nutshell it is + + + align:start position:0% +current crisis yes in a nutshell it is +but it's more complicated because the + + align:start position:0% +but it's more complicated because the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's more complicated because the +underlying Securities are more complex + + align:start position:0% +underlying Securities are more complex + + + align:start position:0% +underlying Securities are more complex +but the basic idea is if you if you + + align:start position:0% +but the basic idea is if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +but the basic idea is if you if you +leverage up if you leverage up way up + + align:start position:0% +leverage up if you leverage up way up + + + align:start position:0% +leverage up if you leverage up way up +here you're up maybe out there and and + + align:start position:0% +here you're up maybe out there and and + + + align:start position:0% +here you're up maybe out there and and +all of a sudden there's a bump in the + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden there's a bump in the + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden there's a bump in the +road and what you are leveraging this + + align:start position:0% +road and what you are leveraging this + + + align:start position:0% +road and what you are leveraging this +thing that you're investing in is not + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're investing in is not + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're investing in is not +nearly as smooth and as uh uh riskless + + align:start position:0% +nearly as smooth and as uh uh riskless + + + align:start position:0% +nearly as smooth and as uh uh riskless +as you thought it + + align:start position:0% +as you thought it + + + align:start position:0% +as you thought it +was it could wipe you out and one of + + align:start position:0% +was it could wipe you out and one of + + + align:start position:0% +was it could wipe you out and one of +those elements that could cause such a + + align:start position:0% +those elements that could cause such a + + + align:start position:0% +those elements that could cause such a +wipe out is if you + + align:start position:0% +wipe out is if you + + + align:start position:0% +wipe out is if you +somehow forgot about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +somehow forgot about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +somehow forgot about the fact that +correlations can change so you thought + + align:start position:0% +correlations can change so you thought + + + align:start position:0% +correlations can change so you thought +that you were I don't know somewhere + + align:start position:0% +that you were I don't know somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +that you were I don't know somewhere +here and all of a sudden uh correlations + + align:start position:0% +here and all of a sudden uh correlations + + + align:start position:0% +here and all of a sudden uh correlations +go to one and now you're actually over + + align:start position:0% +go to one and now you're actually over + + + align:start position:0% +go to one and now you're actually over +here you see how risk can change really + + align:start position:0% +here you see how risk can change really + + + align:start position:0% +here you see how risk can change really +quickly correlations don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +quickly correlations don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +quickly correlations don't have to be +stable over time and that's the lesson + + align:start position:0% +stable over time and that's the lesson + + + align:start position:0% +stable over time and that's the lesson +that most people in Industry who don't + + align:start position:0% +that most people in Industry who don't + + + align:start position:0% +that most people in Industry who don't +have a finance background who've never + + align:start position:0% +have a finance background who've never + + + align:start position:0% +have a finance background who've never +taken this course they won't know these + + align:start position:0% +taken this course they won't know these + + + align:start position:0% +taken this course they won't know these +are physicists or mathematicians or + + align:start position:0% +are physicists or mathematicians or + + + align:start position:0% +are physicists or mathematicians or +computer scientists they estimate the + + align:start position:0% +computer scientists they estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +computer scientists they estimate the +correlation it's a parameter like the + + align:start position:0% +correlation it's a parameter like the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation it's a parameter like the +gravitational constant or avagadro's + + align:start position:0% +gravitational constant or avagadro's + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational constant or avagadro's +number let's plug it in hey you know + + align:start position:0% +number let's plug it in hey you know + + + align:start position:0% +number let's plug it in hey you know +9.08 time 10 23rd that's what it should + + align:start position:0% +9.08 time 10 23rd that's what it should + + + align:start position:0% +9.08 time 10 23rd that's what it should +be and you know nobody ever told them + + align:start position:0% +be and you know nobody ever told them + + + align:start position:0% +be and you know nobody ever told them +that it could + + align:start position:0% +that it could + + + align:start position:0% +that it could +change and when it changes bad things + + align:start position:0% +change and when it changes bad things + + + align:start position:0% +change and when it changes bad things +can happen really quickly so we're going + + align:start position:0% +can happen really quickly so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +can happen really quickly so we're going +to come back to that but let's get the + + align:start position:0% +to come back to that but let's get the + + + align:start position:0% +to come back to that but let's get the +standard Theory down first and then + + align:start position:0% +standard Theory down first and then + + + align:start position:0% +standard Theory down first and then +we'll talk a bit about applications then + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a bit about applications then + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a bit about applications then +on so if you are on the the bullet shap + + align:start position:0% +on so if you are on the the bullet shap + + + align:start position:0% +on so if you are on the the bullet shap +on one of those curves right + + align:start position:0% +on one of those curves right + + + align:start position:0% +on one of those curves right +yeah assuming that you could you you + + align:start position:0% +yeah assuming that you could you you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah assuming that you could you you +could buy GM and mola in whatever + + align:start position:0% +could buy GM and mola in whatever + + + align:start position:0% +could buy GM and mola in whatever +quantities you wanted and these were the + + align:start position:0% +quantities you wanted and these were the + + + align:start position:0% +quantities you wanted and these were the +only two things you could buy yeah is + + align:start position:0% +only two things you could buy yeah is + + + align:start position:0% +only two things you could buy yeah is +there any reason you would not be at + + align:start position:0% +there any reason you would not be at + + + align:start position:0% +there any reason you would not be at +that you know at the point with the + + align:start position:0% +that you know at the point with the + + + align:start position:0% +that you know at the point with the +minimum right here yeah of course + + align:start position:0% +minimum right here yeah of course + + + align:start position:0% +minimum right here yeah of course +because you might want to get more + + align:start position:0% +because you might want to get more + + + align:start position:0% +because you might want to get more +return and you're willing to take on + + align:start position:0% +return and you're willing to take on + + + align:start position:0% +return and you're willing to take on +risk let's take a look at this this + + align:start position:0% +risk let's take a look at this this + + + align:start position:0% +risk let's take a look at this this +bullet point here says that you're going + + align:start position:0% +bullet point here says that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +bullet point here says that you're going +to be at approximately something if if + + align:start position:0% +to be at approximately something if if + + + align:start position:0% +to be at approximately something if if +the correlation let's be realistic about + + align:start position:0% +the correlation let's be realistic about + + + align:start position:0% +the correlation let's be realistic about +it okay the correlation is not going to + + align:start position:0% +it okay the correlation is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +it okay the correlation is not going to +be minus5 it's going to be more like 37 + + align:start position:0% +be minus5 it's going to be more like 37 + + + align:start position:0% +be minus5 it's going to be more like 37 +so this bullet here is going to be like + + align:start position:0% +so this bullet here is going to be like + + + align:start position:0% +so this bullet here is going to be like +1 Point uh I don't know one let's call + + align:start position:0% +1 Point uh I don't know one let's call + + + align:start position:0% +1 Point uh I don't know one let's call +it 1.3% just to make it easy and you got + + align:start position:0% +it 1.3% just to make it easy and you got + + + align:start position:0% +it 1.3% just to make it easy and you got +a standard deviation of about 6% okay so + + align:start position:0% +a standard deviation of about 6% okay so + + + align:start position:0% +a standard deviation of about 6% okay so +on an annualized basis that's giving you + + align:start position:0% +on an annualized basis that's giving you + + + align:start position:0% +on an annualized basis that's giving you +a return 1.3 * 12 is something like uh + + align:start position:0% +a return 1.3 * 12 is something like uh + + + align:start position:0% +a return 1.3 * 12 is something like uh +what 16% + + align:start position:0% +what 16% + + + align:start position:0% +what 16% +16% uh return but the risk on an + + align:start position:0% +16% uh return but the risk on an + + + align:start position:0% +16% uh return but the risk on an +annualize basis multiply by 3 and a half + + align:start position:0% +annualize basis multiply by 3 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +annualize basis multiply by 3 and a half +is about let's say 20% so 20 22% annual + + align:start position:0% +is about let's say 20% so 20 22% annual + + + align:start position:0% +is about let's say 20% so 20 22% annual +standard deviation for a 16% rate of + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation for a 16% rate of + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation for a 16% rate of +return now some of you might like that + + align:start position:0% +return now some of you might like that + + + align:start position:0% +return now some of you might like that +but I have a few friends here for whom + + align:start position:0% +but I have a few friends here for whom + + + align:start position:0% +but I have a few friends here for whom +that return is just boring that's just + + align:start position:0% +that return is just boring that's just + + + align:start position:0% +that return is just boring that's just +not going to get their attention what + + align:start position:0% +not going to get their attention what + + + align:start position:0% +not going to get their attention what +they want is they want to be up here you + + align:start position:0% +they want is they want to be up here you + + + align:start position:0% +they want is they want to be up here you +know like at 2% rate of return 2% rate + + align:start position:0% +know like at 2% rate of return 2% rate + + + align:start position:0% +know like at 2% rate of return 2% rate +of return per month is about 24% a year + + align:start position:0% +of return per month is about 24% a year + + + align:start position:0% +of return per month is about 24% a year +so if you're a hedge fund manager 24% is + + align:start position:0% +so if you're a hedge fund manager 24% is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're a hedge fund manager 24% is +when you start to begin to feel alive + + align:start position:0% +when you start to begin to feel alive + + + align:start position:0% +when you start to begin to feel alive +you know that's when things really start + + align:start position:0% +you know that's when things really start + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's when things really start +to happen for you and at 24% annual + + align:start position:0% +to happen for you and at 24% annual + + + align:start position:0% +to happen for you and at 24% annual +return you can't have volatility of like + + align:start position:0% +return you can't have volatility of like + + + align:start position:0% +return you can't have volatility of like +15 or 20% unless you're doing something + + align:start position:0% +15 or 20% unless you're doing something + + + align:start position:0% +15 or 20% unless you're doing something +you know really different than the + + align:start position:0% +you know really different than the + + + align:start position:0% +you know really different than the +standard Market portfolio so a hedge + + align:start position:0% +standard Market portfolio so a hedge + + + align:start position:0% +standard Market portfolio so a hedge +fund manager is going to say Anand give + + align:start position:0% +fund manager is going to say Anand give + + + align:start position:0% +fund manager is going to say Anand give +me a break you know this is going to put + + align:start position:0% +me a break you know this is going to put + + + align:start position:0% +me a break you know this is going to put +me to sleep I want to be up here but you + + align:start position:0% +me to sleep I want to be up here but you + + + align:start position:0% +me to sleep I want to be up here but you +know you've got a family three kids you + + align:start position:0% +know you've got a family three kids you + + + align:start position:0% +know you've got a family three kids you +have to worry about uh you know making + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about uh you know making + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about uh you know making +mortgage payments you that that kind of + + align:start position:0% +mortgage payments you that that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage payments you that that kind of +lifestyle is not for you so in both + + align:start position:0% +lifestyle is not for you so in both + + + align:start position:0% +lifestyle is not for you so in both +cases though in both cases we can agree + + align:start position:0% +cases though in both cases we can agree + + + align:start position:0% +cases though in both cases we can agree +that where we want to be is on this + + align:start position:0% +that where we want to be is on this + + + align:start position:0% +that where we want to be is on this +curve right in other words you would + + align:start position:0% +curve right in other words you would + + + align:start position:0% +curve right in other words you would +never want to be here in at this point + + align:start position:0% +never want to be here in at this point + + + align:start position:0% +never want to be here in at this point +why because if you were here you can + + align:start position:0% +why because if you were here you can + + + align:start position:0% +why because if you were here you can +either for the same level of risk + + align:start position:0% +either for the same level of risk + + + align:start position:0% +either for the same level of risk +increase your return or for the same + + align:start position:0% +increase your return or for the same + + + align:start position:0% +increase your return or for the same +level of return decrease your risk so + + align:start position:0% +level of return decrease your risk so + + + align:start position:0% +level of return decrease your risk so +what we can agree on even though we + + align:start position:0% +what we can agree on even though we + + + align:start position:0% +what we can agree on even though we +don't agree on where we want to be on + + align:start position:0% +don't agree on where we want to be on + + + align:start position:0% +don't agree on where we want to be on +that curve we can all agree we want to + + align:start position:0% +that curve we can all agree we want to + + + align:start position:0% +that curve we can all agree we want to +be on that curve as as opposed to inside + + align:start position:0% +be on that curve as as opposed to inside + + + align:start position:0% +be on that curve as as opposed to inside +the curve right want to be on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +the curve right want to be on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +the curve right want to be on the bottom +half of the curve exactly great Point + + align:start position:0% +half of the curve exactly great Point + + + align:start position:0% +half of the curve exactly great Point +why would we want to be on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +why would we want to be on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +why would we want to be on the bottom +half nobody would want to do that + + align:start position:0% +half nobody would want to do that + + + align:start position:0% +half nobody would want to do that +because if you want on the bottom half + + align:start position:0% +because if you want on the bottom half + + + align:start position:0% +because if you want on the bottom half +you can just as easily move up to the + + align:start position:0% +you can just as easily move up to the + + + align:start position:0% +you can just as easily move up to the +top and you have a higher expected rate + + align:start position:0% +top and you have a higher expected rate + + + align:start position:0% +top and you have a higher expected rate +of return for the same level of risk so + + align:start position:0% +of return for the same level of risk so + + + align:start position:0% +of return for the same level of risk so +you're exactly right that bottom half of + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right that bottom half of + + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right that bottom half of +the curve you could just throw it away + + align:start position:0% +the curve you could just throw it away + + + align:start position:0% +the curve you could just throw it away +all right if the only people that are + + align:start position:0% +all right if the only people that are + + + align:start position:0% +all right if the only people that are +going to be down there are Knuckleheads + + align:start position:0% +going to be down there are Knuckleheads + + + align:start position:0% +going to be down there are Knuckleheads +all right so we don't want to be down + + align:start position:0% +all right so we don't want to be down + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we don't want to be down +there so in fact the only part of the + + align:start position:0% +there so in fact the only part of the + + + align:start position:0% +there so in fact the only part of the +curve that really matters is this point + + align:start position:0% +curve that really matters is this point + + + align:start position:0% +curve that really matters is this point +going all the way up and that's we're + + align:start position:0% +going all the way up and that's we're + + + align:start position:0% +going all the way up and that's we're +going to give a name to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +going to give a name to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +going to give a name to that in a minute +that's going to be called the efficient + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be called the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be called the efficient +Frontier because you would never want to + + align:start position:0% +Frontier because you would never want to + + + align:start position:0% +Frontier because you would never want to +do anything else actually that's not + + align:start position:0% +do anything else actually that's not + + + align:start position:0% +do anything else actually that's not +quite true what everybody would like to + + align:start position:0% +quite true what everybody would like to + + + align:start position:0% +quite true what everybody would like to +do is they'd like to be up here + + align:start position:0% +do is they'd like to be up here + + + align:start position:0% +do is they'd like to be up here +unfortunately we can't get there we + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we can't get there we + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we can't get there we +can't get there with just General Motors + + align:start position:0% +can't get there with just General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +can't get there with just General Motors +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Motorola in a few minutes I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Motorola in a few minutes I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola in a few minutes I'm going to +show you how you might be able to get + + align:start position:0% +show you how you might be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +show you how you might be able to get +there with other stocks if you introduce + + align:start position:0% +there with other stocks if you introduce + + + align:start position:0% +there with other stocks if you introduce +other assets then you might be able to + + align:start position:0% +other assets then you might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +other assets then you might be able to +get there but you can't get there right + + align:start position:0% +get there but you can't get there right + + + align:start position:0% +get there but you can't get there right +now okay so here we are with stocks and + + align:start position:0% +now okay so here we are with stocks and + + + align:start position:0% +now okay so here we are with stocks and +t- bills uh and we know that we got this + + align:start position:0% +t- bills uh and we know that we got this + + + align:start position:0% +t- bills uh and we know that we got this +linear combination here um what I'd like + + align:start position:0% +linear combination here um what I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination here um what I'd like +to do next is to make this yet more + + align:start position:0% +to do next is to make this yet more + + + align:start position:0% +to do next is to make this yet more +complicated all right and before I do + + align:start position:0% +complicated all right and before I do + + + align:start position:0% +complicated all right and before I do +let me just summarize what we've done so + + align:start position:0% +let me just summarize what we've done so + + + align:start position:0% +let me just summarize what we've done so +far what we've done is to show that with + + align:start position:0% +far what we've done is to show that with + + + align:start position:0% +far what we've done is to show that with +two assets we can do all of this an + + align:start position:0% +two assets we can do all of this an + + + align:start position:0% +two assets we can do all of this an +analytically and illustrate graphically + + align:start position:0% +analytically and illustrate graphically + + + align:start position:0% +analytically and illustrate graphically +all of the intuition that holds for the + + align:start position:0% +all of the intuition that holds for the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the intuition that holds for the +more General case with two assets the + + align:start position:0% +more General case with two assets the + + + align:start position:0% +more General case with two assets the +expected rate of return is just a simple + + align:start position:0% +expected rate of return is just a simple + + + align:start position:0% +expected rate of return is just a simple +weight of average but the variance is + + align:start position:0% +weight of average but the variance is + + + align:start position:0% +weight of average but the variance is +not just a simple weighted average it's + + align:start position:0% +not just a simple weighted average it's + + + align:start position:0% +not just a simple weighted average it's +more complicated and it depends in + + align:start position:0% +more complicated and it depends in + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated and it depends in +particular on the correlation for + + align:start position:0% +particular on the correlation for + + + align:start position:0% +particular on the correlation for +different correlations we get different + + align:start position:0% +different correlations we get different + + + align:start position:0% +different correlations we get different +shapes of trade-offs in mean variant + + align:start position:0% +shapes of trade-offs in mean variant + + + align:start position:0% +shapes of trade-offs in mean variant +space and you have to understand what + + align:start position:0% +space and you have to understand what + + + align:start position:0% +space and you have to understand what +those trade-offs are if it turns out + + align:start position:0% +those trade-offs are if it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +those trade-offs are if it turns out +that one of the two assets is t- bills + + align:start position:0% +that one of the two assets is t- bills + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the two assets is t- bills +for example + + align:start position:0% +for example + + + align:start position:0% +for example +then the tradeoff is really straight + + align:start position:0% +then the tradeoff is really straight + + + align:start position:0% +then the tradeoff is really straight +line okay but if both assets are risky + + align:start position:0% +line okay but if both assets are risky + + + align:start position:0% +line okay but if both assets are risky +then you get the bullet shape until you + + align:start position:0% +then you get the bullet shape until you + + + align:start position:0% +then you get the bullet shape until you +either get minus one or one in terms of + + align:start position:0% +either get minus one or one in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +either get minus one or one in terms of +correlations and then you get straight + + align:start position:0% +correlations and then you get straight + + + align:start position:0% +correlations and then you get straight +lines of different stripes in those two + + align:start position:0% +lines of different stripes in those two + + + align:start position:0% +lines of different stripes in those two +different cases okay now we're ready to + + align:start position:0% +different cases okay now we're ready to + + + align:start position:0% +different cases okay now we're ready to +talk about the general case the general + + align:start position:0% +talk about the general case the general + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the general case the general +case works exactly the same as the two + + align:start position:0% +case works exactly the same as the two + + + align:start position:0% +case works exactly the same as the two +asset case you've got your means you've + + align:start position:0% +asset case you've got your means you've + + + align:start position:0% +asset case you've got your means you've +got your variances and you've got your + + align:start position:0% +got your variances and you've got your + + + align:start position:0% +got your variances and you've got your +co-variances and you add up all of these + + align:start position:0% +co-variances and you add up all of these + + + align:start position:0% +co-variances and you add up all of these +different variances to get the total + + align:start position:0% +different variances to get the total + + + align:start position:0% +different variances to get the total +variance of the + + align:start position:0% +variance of the + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the +portfolio + + align:start position:0% +portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio +and if you consider a couple of simple + + align:start position:0% +and if you consider a couple of simple + + + align:start position:0% +and if you consider a couple of simple +cases like for example an equal weighted + + align:start position:0% +cases like for example an equal weighted + + + align:start position:0% +cases like for example an equal weighted +portfolio so you you got n assets and + + align:start position:0% +portfolio so you you got n assets and + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio so you you got n assets and +you put each of your for each of your + + align:start position:0% +you put each of your for each of your + + + align:start position:0% +you put each of your for each of your +assets you put one over n of your wealth + + align:start position:0% +assets you put one over n of your wealth + + + align:start position:0% +assets you put one over n of your wealth +in them then you can show that the + + align:start position:0% +in them then you can show that the + + + align:start position:0% +in them then you can show that the +variance of your entire + + align:start position:0% +variance of your entire + + + align:start position:0% +variance of your entire +portfolio is equal to the average + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is equal to the average + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is equal to the average +variance Plus + + align:start position:0% +variance Plus + + + align:start position:0% +variance Plus +n * n minus1 times the average + + align:start position:0% +n * n minus1 times the average + + + align:start position:0% +n * n minus1 times the average +co-variance when n gets large then it + + align:start position:0% +co-variance when n gets large then it + + + align:start position:0% +co-variance when n gets large then it +turns out that the average variance + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the average variance + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the average variance +doesn't matter what is driving the risk + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what is driving the risk + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what is driving the risk +of your portfolio has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +of your portfolio has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +of your portfolio has nothing to do with +the variance of the individual + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the individual +components what it has to do with is + + align:start position:0% +components what it has to do with is + + + align:start position:0% +components what it has to do with is +what the average covariance is that's + + align:start position:0% +what the average covariance is that's + + + align:start position:0% +what the average covariance is that's +what's driving the risk of your + + align:start position:0% +what's driving the risk of your + + + align:start position:0% +what's driving the risk of your +portfolio because you got a lot more + + align:start position:0% +portfolio because you got a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio because you got a lot more +covariances than you do variances okay + + align:start position:0% +covariances than you do variances okay + + + align:start position:0% +covariances than you do variances okay +okay so this is kind of a neat Insight + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is kind of a neat Insight + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is kind of a neat Insight +because it says that it's really + + align:start position:0% +because it says that it's really + + + align:start position:0% +because it says that it's really +important how things are related and as + + align:start position:0% +important how things are related and as + + + align:start position:0% +important how things are related and as +those relationships change the risk of + + align:start position:0% +those relationships change the risk of + + + align:start position:0% +those relationships change the risk of +your portfolio is going to change so + + align:start position:0% +your portfolio is going to change so + + + align:start position:0% +your portfolio is going to change so +getting back to Lewis's point about + + align:start position:0% +getting back to Lewis's point about + + + align:start position:0% +getting back to Lewis's point about +what's going on in current markets and + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in current markets and + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in current markets and +what caught a lot of portfolio managers + + align:start position:0% +what caught a lot of portfolio managers + + + align:start position:0% +what caught a lot of portfolio managers +by surprise with the subprime + + align:start position:0% +by surprise with the subprime + + + align:start position:0% +by surprise with the subprime +markets if the risk of your portfolio is + + align:start position:0% +markets if the risk of your portfolio is + + + align:start position:0% +markets if the risk of your portfolio is +approximately given by the average + + align:start position:0% +approximately given by the average + + + align:start position:0% +approximately given by the average +co-variance and you've been assuming all + + align:start position:0% +co-variance and you've been assuming all + + + align:start position:0% +co-variance and you've been assuming all +along that you've got this big pool of + + align:start position:0% +along that you've got this big pool of + + + align:start position:0% +along that you've got this big pool of +mortgages and the mortgages are all + + align:start position:0% +mortgages and the mortgages are all + + + align:start position:0% +mortgages and the mortgages are all +uncorrelated you've essentially assumed + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated you've essentially assumed + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated you've essentially assumed +that you've got virtually no risk + + align:start position:0% +that you've got virtually no risk + + + align:start position:0% +that you've got virtually no risk +because the average co-variance by + + align:start position:0% +because the average co-variance by + + + align:start position:0% +because the average co-variance by +assumption and by historical + + align:start position:0% +assumption and by historical + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and by historical +analysis is close to zero but when the + + align:start position:0% +analysis is close to zero but when the + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is close to zero but when the +real estate market goes down + + align:start position:0% +real estate market goes down + + + align:start position:0% +real estate market goes down +nationally then everybody starts to + + align:start position:0% +nationally then everybody starts to + + + align:start position:0% +nationally then everybody starts to +default and foreclosures become very + + align:start position:0% +default and foreclosures become very + + + align:start position:0% +default and foreclosures become very +highly correlated and so you can see how + + align:start position:0% +highly correlated and so you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +highly correlated and so you can see how +overnight literally overnight your risks + + align:start position:0% +overnight literally overnight your risks + + + align:start position:0% +overnight literally overnight your risks +can shoot up and you're not prepared for + + align:start position:0% +can shoot up and you're not prepared for + + + align:start position:0% +can shoot up and you're not prepared for +that unless you know that this is what's + + align:start position:0% +that unless you know that this is what's + + + align:start position:0% +that unless you know that this is what's +going on in your portfolio yeah why do + + align:start position:0% +going on in your portfolio yeah why do + + + align:start position:0% +going on in your portfolio yeah why do +you say that the co variant change I + + align:start position:0% +you say that the co variant change I + + + align:start position:0% +you say that the co variant change I +mean why would two assets become Sly + + align:start position:0% +mean why would two assets become Sly + + + align:start position:0% +mean why would two assets become Sly +more correlated because what I + + align:start position:0% +more correlated because what I + + + align:start position:0% +more correlated because what I +understand from from this crisis is like + + align:start position:0% +understand from from this crisis is like + + + align:start position:0% +understand from from this crisis is like +okay we never thought of the scenario + + align:start position:0% +okay we never thought of the scenario + + + align:start position:0% +okay we never thought of the scenario +that everything will go down but I don't + + align:start position:0% +that everything will go down but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that everything will go down but I don't +see the correlation great question why + + align:start position:0% +see the correlation great question why + + + align:start position:0% +see the correlation great question why +should things change in terms of + + align:start position:0% +should things change in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +should things change in terms of +correlation well you know what I'll give + + align:start position:0% +correlation well you know what I'll give + + + align:start position:0% +correlation well you know what I'll give +you an example I'll give you a personal + + align:start position:0% +you an example I'll give you a personal + + + align:start position:0% +you an example I'll give you a personal +example correlation is a function of + + align:start position:0% +example correlation is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +example correlation is a function of +human behavior right I mean prices are + + align:start position:0% +human behavior right I mean prices are + + + align:start position:0% +human behavior right I mean prices are +being formed by you and I investors and + + align:start position:0% +being formed by you and I investors and + + + align:start position:0% +being formed by you and I investors and +so correlation simply means that all of + + align:start position:0% +so correlation simply means that all of + + + align:start position:0% +so correlation simply means that all of +us end up doing the same thing around + + align:start position:0% +us end up doing the same thing around + + + align:start position:0% +us end up doing the same thing around +the same time + + align:start position:0% +the same time + + + align:start position:0% +the same time +right I'm going to be heading to the + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to be heading to the + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to be heading to the +airport later on this + + align:start position:0% +airport later on this + + + align:start position:0% +airport later on this +evening and um I don't expect that + + align:start position:0% +evening and um I don't expect that + + + align:start position:0% +evening and um I don't expect that +there's going to be much of a big deal + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be much of a big deal + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be much of a big deal +getting on my flight I'll probably get + + align:start position:0% +getting on my flight I'll probably get + + + align:start position:0% +getting on my flight I'll probably get +to the airport about half an hour 45 + + align:start position:0% +to the airport about half an hour 45 + + + align:start position:0% +to the airport about half an hour 45 +minutes ahead of time it's just a + + align:start position:0% +minutes ahead of time it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +minutes ahead of time it's just a +shuttle so I'm heading to Washington so + + align:start position:0% +shuttle so I'm heading to Washington so + + + align:start position:0% +shuttle so I'm heading to Washington so +it's not a big + + align:start position:0% +it's not a big + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a big +deal what's going to happen in two weeks + + align:start position:0% +deal what's going to happen in two weeks + + + align:start position:0% +deal what's going to happen in two weeks +from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today anything anything going on two + + align:start position:0% +today anything anything going on two + + + align:start position:0% +today anything anything going on two +weeks from today that you can think of + + align:start position:0% +weeks from today that you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +weeks from today that you can think of +Thanksgiving so if I went to the airport + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving so if I went to the airport + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving so if I went to the airport +two weeks from today and tried to get on + + align:start position:0% +two weeks from today and tried to get on + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks from today and tried to get on +that shuttle half an hour before you + + align:start position:0% +that shuttle half an hour before you + + + align:start position:0% +that shuttle half an hour before you +think I can get on that + + align:start position:0% +think I can get on that + + + align:start position:0% +think I can get on that +flight why not + + align:start position:0% +flight why not + + + align:start position:0% +flight why not +because everybody else is going to do + + align:start position:0% +because everybody else is going to do + + + align:start position:0% +because everybody else is going to do +that well why should everything be + + align:start position:0% +that well why should everything be + + + align:start position:0% +that well why should everything be +correlated on that day isn't that at + + align:start position:0% +correlated on that day isn't that at + + + align:start position:0% +correlated on that day isn't that at +Wednesday like every other + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday like every other + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday like every other +Wednesday well it's not it's because + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday well it's not it's because + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday well it's not it's because +somehow we've all decided that we're + + align:start position:0% +somehow we've all decided that we're + + + align:start position:0% +somehow we've all decided that we're +going to take off at the same time on + + align:start position:0% +going to take off at the same time on + + + align:start position:0% +going to take off at the same time on +the same day in that in that year right + + align:start position:0% +the same day in that in that year right + + + align:start position:0% +the same day in that in that year right +does that mean the correlation change or + + align:start position:0% +does that mean the correlation change or + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean the correlation change or +just that we are in a very low probabil + + align:start position:0% +just that we are in a very low probabil + + + align:start position:0% +just that we are in a very low probabil +well first of all I I don't think + + align:start position:0% +well first of all I I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +well first of all I I don't think +Thanksgiving is that low a + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving is that low a + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving is that low a +probability okay + + align:start position:0% +probability okay + + + align:start position:0% +probability okay +but but to your point is that the + + align:start position:0% +but but to your point is that the + + + align:start position:0% +but but to your point is that the +correlation changing well it is + + align:start position:0% +correlation changing well it is + + + align:start position:0% +correlation changing well it is +correlation is a is a statistical + + align:start position:0% +correlation is a is a statistical + + + align:start position:0% +correlation is a is a statistical +measure of two objects and what we're + + align:start position:0% +measure of two objects and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +measure of two objects and what we're +trying to capture is when they move up + + align:start position:0% +trying to capture is when they move up + + + align:start position:0% +trying to capture is when they move up +or down at the same time right so what + + align:start position:0% +or down at the same time right so what + + + align:start position:0% +or down at the same time right so what +I'm trying to get at is that there are + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to get at is that there are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to get at is that there are +certain periods of time where human + + align:start position:0% +certain periods of time where human + + + align:start position:0% +certain periods of time where human +behavior all of a sudden becomes very + + align:start position:0% +behavior all of a sudden becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +behavior all of a sudden becomes very +highly + + align:start position:0% +highly + + + align:start position:0% +highly +correlated and there are many reasons + + align:start position:0% +correlated and there are many reasons + + + align:start position:0% +correlated and there are many reasons +for that in particular Thanksgiving is a + + align:start position:0% +for that in particular Thanksgiving is a + + + align:start position:0% +for that in particular Thanksgiving is a +reason we all decide that Thursday is + + align:start position:0% +reason we all decide that Thursday is + + + align:start position:0% +reason we all decide that Thursday is +this national holiday and therefore on + + align:start position:0% +this national holiday and therefore on + + + align:start position:0% +this national holiday and therefore on +that Wednesday we actually have to + + align:start position:0% +that Wednesday we actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +that Wednesday we actually have to +travel in order to get to where we need + + align:start position:0% +travel in order to get to where we need + + + align:start position:0% +travel in order to get to where we need +to go by Thursday right but any + + align:start position:0% +to go by Thursday right but any + + + align:start position:0% +to go by Thursday right but any +arbitrary Wednesday is not going to be + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary Wednesday is not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary Wednesday is not going to be +necessarily highly correlated so when I + + align:start position:0% +necessarily highly correlated so when I + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily highly correlated so when I +go to the airport on a typical Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +go to the airport on a typical Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +go to the airport on a typical Wednesday +I don't expect it to be so bad but on + + align:start position:0% +I don't expect it to be so bad but on + + + align:start position:0% +I don't expect it to be so bad but on +Wednesday before Thanksgiving it's going + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday before Thanksgiving it's going + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday before Thanksgiving it's going +to be a mad house right that's an + + align:start position:0% +to be a mad house right that's an + + + align:start position:0% +to be a mad house right that's an +example of a changing correlation + + align:start position:0% +example of a changing correlation + + + align:start position:0% +example of a changing correlation +because of a particular coordination + + align:start position:0% +because of a particular coordination + + + align:start position:0% +because of a particular coordination +that we've all agreed upon now that's a + + align:start position:0% +that we've all agreed upon now that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that we've all agreed upon now that's a +relatively artificial example but I did + + align:start position:0% +relatively artificial example but I did + + + align:start position:0% +relatively artificial example but I did +it to make a point now let me give you a + + align:start position:0% +it to make a point now let me give you a + + + align:start position:0% +it to make a point now let me give you a +real answer to your question about why + + align:start position:0% +real answer to your question about why + + + align:start position:0% +real answer to your question about why +things may be + + align:start position:0% +things may be + + + align:start position:0% +things may be +correlated when we are all scared about + + align:start position:0% +correlated when we are all scared about + + + align:start position:0% +correlated when we are all scared about +the value of our investments when our + + align:start position:0% +the value of our investments when our + + + align:start position:0% +the value of our investments when our +fear circuitry gets triggered what's the + + align:start position:0% +fear circuitry gets triggered what's the + + + align:start position:0% +fear circuitry gets triggered what's the +natural instinct for all of us because + + align:start position:0% +natural instinct for all of us because + + + align:start position:0% +natural instinct for all of us because +it's hardwired into our brains it's to + + align:start position:0% +it's hardwired into our brains it's to + + + align:start position:0% +it's hardwired into our brains it's to +get the safety it's to get out of those + + align:start position:0% +get the safety it's to get out of those + + + align:start position:0% +get the safety it's to get out of those +Bad Assets and get into the good assets + + align:start position:0% +Bad Assets and get into the good assets + + + align:start position:0% +Bad Assets and get into the good assets +right you saw that three-month t- Bill + + align:start position:0% +right you saw that three-month t- Bill + + + align:start position:0% +right you saw that three-month t- Bill +yield at 10 basis points or five basis + + align:start position:0% +yield at 10 basis points or five basis + + + align:start position:0% +yield at 10 basis points or five basis +points that's a sign that we're all + + align:start position:0% +points that's a sign that we're all + + + align:start position:0% +points that's a sign that we're all +scared to death and we want to get the + + align:start position:0% +scared to death and we want to get the + + + align:start position:0% +scared to death and we want to get the +safety that's an example of a + + align:start position:0% +safety that's an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +safety that's an example of a +correlation why because everybody's + + align:start position:0% +correlation why because everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +correlation why because everybody's +going to be selling at the same time in + + align:start position:0% +going to be selling at the same time in + + + align:start position:0% +going to be selling at the same time in +in a crowded theater If You Smell Smoke + + align:start position:0% +in a crowded theater If You Smell Smoke + + + align:start position:0% +in a crowded theater If You Smell Smoke +and somebody shouts fire what are you + + align:start position:0% +and somebody shouts fire what are you + + + align:start position:0% +and somebody shouts fire what are you +going to do it I it's not rocket science + + align:start position:0% +going to do it I it's not rocket science + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it I it's not rocket science +to predict that the four exits that are + + align:start position:0% +to predict that the four exits that are + + + align:start position:0% +to predict that the four exits that are +out there will be a bit crowded after + + align:start position:0% +out there will be a bit crowded after + + + align:start position:0% +out there will be a bit crowded after +that right we so correlation is not a + + align:start position:0% +that right we so correlation is not a + + + align:start position:0% +that right we so correlation is not a +physical quantity that's the problem + + align:start position:0% +physical quantity that's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +physical quantity that's the problem +with physics and biology physics has + + align:start position:0% +with physics and biology physics has + + + align:start position:0% +with physics and biology physics has +parameters that don't change over time I + + align:start position:0% +parameters that don't change over time I + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that don't change over time I +wish I wish we could have that in + + align:start position:0% +wish I wish we could have that in + + + align:start position:0% +wish I wish we could have that in +finance we don't we have parameters that + + align:start position:0% +finance we don't we have parameters that + + + align:start position:0% +finance we don't we have parameters that +are not parameters they're random + + align:start position:0% +are not parameters they're random + + + align:start position:0% +are not parameters they're random +variables they depend a lot of things + + align:start position:0% +variables they depend a lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +variables they depend a lot of things +correlation is one of them and until we + + align:start position:0% +correlation is one of them and until we + + + align:start position:0% +correlation is one of them and until we +start recognizing that correlations are + + align:start position:0% +start recognizing that correlations are + + + align:start position:0% +start recognizing that correlations are +really part and parcel of human + + align:start position:0% +really part and parcel of human + + + align:start position:0% +really part and parcel of human +interactions we're going to continue to + + align:start position:0% +interactions we're going to continue to + + + align:start position:0% +interactions we're going to continue to +make mistakes like we've made over the + + align:start position:0% +make mistakes like we've made over the + + + align:start position:0% +make mistakes like we've made over the +last uh 10 years and that's a simple uh + + align:start position:0% +last uh 10 years and that's a simple uh + + + align:start position:0% +last uh 10 years and that's a simple uh +an example of that other question yeah I + + align:start position:0% +an example of that other question yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +an example of that other question yeah I +to agree with you that probably you + + align:start position:0% +to agree with you that probably you + + + align:start position:0% +to agree with you that probably you +estimated the correlation in the first + + align:start position:0% +estimated the correlation in the first + + + align:start position:0% +estimated the correlation in the first +place yes you you said well and this is + + align:start position:0% +place yes you you said well and this is + + + align:start position:0% +place yes you you said well and this is +my estimate at a 99% confidence interval + + align:start position:0% +my estimate at a 99% confidence interval + + + align:start position:0% +my estimate at a 99% confidence interval +yeah perhaps it just the 1% out of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah perhaps it just the 1% out of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah perhaps it just the 1% out of the +confidence inter that it has changed + + align:start position:0% +confidence inter that it has changed + + + align:start position:0% +confidence inter that it has changed +that's true that's possible so you have + + align:start position:0% +that's true that's possible so you have + + + align:start position:0% +that's true that's possible so you have +to decide whether or not what you're + + align:start position:0% +to decide whether or not what you're + + + align:start position:0% +to decide whether or not what you're +looking at is an aberration or whether + + align:start position:0% +looking at is an aberration or whether + + + align:start position:0% +looking at is an aberration or whether +it's something that's systematic so for + + align:start position:0% +it's something that's systematic so for + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that's systematic so for +example if I didn't know anything about + + align:start position:0% +example if I didn't know anything about + + + align:start position:0% +example if I didn't know anything about +Thanksgiving and I happen to travel on + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving and I happen to travel on + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving and I happen to travel on +Wednesdays on a regular basis to + + align:start position:0% +Wednesdays on a regular basis to + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesdays on a regular basis to +Washington then you know next in the two + + align:start position:0% +Washington then you know next in the two + + + align:start position:0% +Washington then you know next in the two +weeks I'll get it's really crowded and + + align:start position:0% +weeks I'll get it's really crowded and + + + align:start position:0% +weeks I'll get it's really crowded and +then it won't be crowded it won't be + + align:start position:0% +then it won't be crowded it won't be + + + align:start position:0% +then it won't be crowded it won't be +crowded it won't be crowded and pretty + + align:start position:0% +crowded it won't be crowded and pretty + + + align:start position:0% +crowded it won't be crowded and pretty +soon after a while I'll say well that + + align:start position:0% +soon after a while I'll say well that + + + align:start position:0% +soon after a while I'll say well that +was just a 1% event of course next year + + align:start position:0% +was just a 1% event of course next year + + + align:start position:0% +was just a 1% event of course next year +it'll happen again and then I'll say gee + + align:start position:0% +it'll happen again and then I'll say gee + + + align:start position:0% +it'll happen again and then I'll say gee +you know well that's U another 1% kind + + align:start position:0% +you know well that's U another 1% kind + + + align:start position:0% +you know well that's U another 1% kind +of but pretty soon I'm going to realize + + align:start position:0% +of but pretty soon I'm going to realize + + + align:start position:0% +of but pretty soon I'm going to realize +that gee in it seems like there's a + + align:start position:0% +that gee in it seems like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that gee in it seems like there's a +pattern here and that 1% it's not just + + align:start position:0% +pattern here and that 1% it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +pattern here and that 1% it's not just +so simple as a 1% error statistics + + align:start position:0% +so simple as a 1% error statistics + + + align:start position:0% +so simple as a 1% error statistics +remember is mathematical quantification + + align:start position:0% +remember is mathematical quantification + + + align:start position:0% +remember is mathematical quantification +of our + + align:start position:0% +of our + + + align:start position:0% +of our +stupidity right I mean what we don't + + align:start position:0% +stupidity right I mean what we don't + + + align:start position:0% +stupidity right I mean what we don't +know we don't know why things happen the + + align:start position:0% +know we don't know why things happen the + + + align:start position:0% +know we don't know why things happen the +way they happen so we put a distribution + + align:start position:0% +way they happen so we put a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +way they happen so we put a distribution +on it we say that it's normal and we say + + align:start position:0% +on it we say that it's normal and we say + + + align:start position:0% +on it we say that it's normal and we say +that there's you know 5% this way 5% + + align:start position:0% +that there's you know 5% this way 5% + + + align:start position:0% +that there's you know 5% this way 5% +that way but that just is an + + align:start position:0% +that way but that just is an + + + align:start position:0% +that way but that just is an +representation of our ignorance the more + + align:start position:0% +representation of our ignorance the more + + + align:start position:0% +representation of our ignorance the more +we know the less we have to rely on + + align:start position:0% +we know the less we have to rely on + + + align:start position:0% +we know the less we have to rely on +statistics so I don't need statistics to + + align:start position:0% +statistics so I don't need statistics to + + + align:start position:0% +statistics so I don't need statistics to +tell me that two weeks from now it's + + align:start position:0% +tell me that two weeks from now it's + + + align:start position:0% +tell me that two weeks from now it's +going to be really crowded at Logan but + + align:start position:0% +going to be really crowded at Logan but + + + align:start position:0% +going to be really crowded at Logan but +if I didn't know about Thanksgiving if I + + align:start position:0% +if I didn't know about Thanksgiving if I + + + align:start position:0% +if I didn't know about Thanksgiving if I +came from Mars and I was doing a study + + align:start position:0% +came from Mars and I was doing a study + + + align:start position:0% +came from Mars and I was doing a study +of of airport congestion question it + + align:start position:0% +of of airport congestion question it + + + align:start position:0% +of of airport congestion question it +would take me a while to get enough data + + align:start position:0% +would take me a while to get enough data + + + align:start position:0% +would take me a while to get enough data +to figure out that once a year on the + + align:start position:0% +to figure out that once a year on the + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out that once a year on the +Wednesday before the Thursday in in you + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday before the Thursday in in you + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday before the Thursday in in you +know November it gets crowded so the + + align:start position:0% +know November it gets crowded so the + + + align:start position:0% +know November it gets crowded so the +challenge for all of you is how much + + align:start position:0% +challenge for all of you is how much + + + align:start position:0% +challenge for all of you is how much +intelligence can you bring to the + + align:start position:0% +intelligence can you bring to the + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence can you bring to the +analysis what I'm showing you is very + + align:start position:0% +analysis what I'm showing you is very + + + align:start position:0% +analysis what I'm showing you is very +simple mathematics mathematics is not + + align:start position:0% +simple mathematics mathematics is not + + + align:start position:0% +simple mathematics mathematics is not +enough if you just had the mathematics + + align:start position:0% +enough if you just had the mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +enough if you just had the mathematics +you would be losing money you know + + align:start position:0% +you would be losing money you know + + + align:start position:0% +you would be losing money you know +continuously because there's just much + + align:start position:0% +continuously because there's just much + + + align:start position:0% +continuously because there's just much +more to financial markets than just the + + align:start position:0% +more to financial markets than just the + + + align:start position:0% +more to financial markets than just the +math okay the math is trivial this is + + align:start position:0% +math okay the math is trivial this is + + + align:start position:0% +math okay the math is trivial this is +high school algebra but the real key is + + align:start position:0% +high school algebra but the real key is + + + align:start position:0% +high school algebra but the real key is +to put together the framework of + + align:start position:0% +to put together the framework of + + + align:start position:0% +to put together the framework of +Economic and financial analysis with the + + align:start position:0% +Economic and financial analysis with the + + + align:start position:0% +Economic and financial analysis with the +mathematics so let me continue doing + + align:start position:0% +mathematics so let me continue doing + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics so let me continue doing +that uh this is another example of + + align:start position:0% +that uh this is another example of + + + align:start position:0% +that uh this is another example of +computing uh the uh average uh variance + + align:start position:0% +computing uh the uh average uh variance + + + align:start position:0% +computing uh the uh average uh variance +and then looking at the volatility of + + align:start position:0% +and then looking at the volatility of + + + align:start position:0% +and then looking at the volatility of +your particular Holdings given different + + align:start position:0% +your particular Holdings given different + + + align:start position:0% +your particular Holdings given different +correlations so I want you to do lots of + + align:start position:0% +correlations so I want you to do lots of + + + align:start position:0% +correlations so I want you to do lots of +exercises where you look at different + + align:start position:0% +exercises where you look at different + + + align:start position:0% +exercises where you look at different +correlations I don't ever want you to + + align:start position:0% +correlations I don't ever want you to + + + align:start position:0% +correlations I don't ever want you to +take correlation as a parameter that is + + align:start position:0% +take correlation as a parameter that is + + + align:start position:0% +take correlation as a parameter that is +fixed over time when you apply the stuff + + align:start position:0% +fixed over time when you apply the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +fixed over time when you apply the stuff +when you're doing problem sets and final + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing problem sets and final + + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing problem sets and final +exams that's fine you know the + + align:start position:0% +exams that's fine you know the + + + align:start position:0% +exams that's fine you know the +correlation is whatever it is but + + align:start position:0% +correlation is whatever it is but + + + align:start position:0% +correlation is whatever it is but +recognize that in practice these things + + align:start position:0% +recognize that in practice these things + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that in practice these things +change a lot over time + + align:start position:0% +change a lot over time + + + align:start position:0% +change a lot over time +okay now the idea behind correlation is + + align:start position:0% +okay now the idea behind correlation is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now the idea behind correlation is +that they help you reduce the ups and + + align:start position:0% +that they help you reduce the ups and + + + align:start position:0% +that they help you reduce the ups and +the Downs of the variance of your + + align:start position:0% +the Downs of the variance of your + + + align:start position:0% +the Downs of the variance of your +portfolio but it turns out that there's + + align:start position:0% +portfolio but it turns out that there's + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio but it turns out that there's +a limit to how much of the risk you can + + align:start position:0% +a limit to how much of the risk you can + + + align:start position:0% +a limit to how much of the risk you can +reduce and this graph basically shows + + align:start position:0% +reduce and this graph basically shows + + + align:start position:0% +reduce and this graph basically shows +that as you add more and more Securities + + align:start position:0% +that as you add more and more Securities + + + align:start position:0% +that as you add more and more Securities +even though the correlations are + + align:start position:0% +even though the correlations are + + + align:start position:0% +even though the correlations are +bouncing around as you add more and more + + align:start position:0% +bouncing around as you add more and more + + + align:start position:0% +bouncing around as you add more and more +Securities there ends up being some kind + + align:start position:0% +Securities there ends up being some kind + + + align:start position:0% +Securities there ends up being some kind +of a steady state limit to what the + + align:start position:0% +of a steady state limit to what the + + + align:start position:0% +of a steady state limit to what the +variance of your overall portfolio is + + align:start position:0% +variance of your overall portfolio is + + + align:start position:0% +variance of your overall portfolio is +after 20 30 40 50 100 + + align:start position:0% +after 20 30 40 50 100 + + + align:start position:0% +after 20 30 40 50 100 +stocks you'll notice that the variance + + align:start position:0% +stocks you'll notice that the variance + + + align:start position:0% +stocks you'll notice that the variance +of your portfolio doesn't go down + + align:start position:0% +of your portfolio doesn't go down + + + align:start position:0% +of your portfolio doesn't go down +anymore and it turns out that that limit + + align:start position:0% +anymore and it turns out that that limit + + + align:start position:0% +anymore and it turns out that that limit +whatever that is is what we consider to + + align:start position:0% +whatever that is is what we consider to + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that is is what we consider to +be the system atic risk that is implicit + + align:start position:0% +be the system atic risk that is implicit + + + align:start position:0% +be the system atic risk that is implicit +in the economy in other words that's the + + align:start position:0% +in the economy in other words that's the + + + align:start position:0% +in the economy in other words that's the +risk that no matter how well Diversified + + align:start position:0% +risk that no matter how well Diversified + + + align:start position:0% +risk that no matter how well Diversified +you are you've got to bear that risk + + align:start position:0% +you are you've got to bear that risk + + + align:start position:0% +you are you've got to bear that risk +everybody all of us we have to we can't + + align:start position:0% +everybody all of us we have to we can't + + + align:start position:0% +everybody all of us we have to we can't +get any less risky than that unless we + + align:start position:0% +get any less risky than that unless we + + + align:start position:0% +get any less risky than that unless we +start putting our money in the mattress + + align:start position:0% +start putting our money in the mattress + + + align:start position:0% +start putting our money in the mattress +you know or in t- bills okay that limit + + align:start position:0% +you know or in t- bills okay that limit + + + align:start position:0% +you know or in t- bills okay that limit +is known as the systematic or Market + + align:start position:0% +is known as the systematic or Market + + + align:start position:0% +is known as the systematic or Market +risk of a portfolio so see here's the + + align:start position:0% +risk of a portfolio so see here's the + + + align:start position:0% +risk of a portfolio so see here's the +graph of your portfolio variance as + + align:start position:0% +graph of your portfolio variance as + + + align:start position:0% +graph of your portfolio variance as +increase more and more Securities but at + + align:start position:0% +increase more and more Securities but at + + + align:start position:0% +increase more and more Securities but at +some point it ASM tootes to this level + + align:start position:0% +some point it ASM tootes to this level + + + align:start position:0% +some point it ASM tootes to this level +which is what I'm going to be focusing + + align:start position:0% +which is what I'm going to be focusing + + + align:start position:0% +which is what I'm going to be focusing +on as + + align:start position:0% +on as + + + align:start position:0% +on as +undiversifiable risk it's the risk + + align:start position:0% +undiversifiable risk it's the risk + + + align:start position:0% +undiversifiable risk it's the risk +that's left over after all of the + + align:start position:0% +that's left over after all of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's left over after all of the +various correlations have done what they + + align:start position:0% +various correlations have done what they + + + align:start position:0% +various correlations have done what they +can to dampen the ups and the Downs of + + align:start position:0% +can to dampen the ups and the Downs of + + + align:start position:0% +can to dampen the ups and the Downs of +your collection of + + align:start position:0% +your collection of + + + align:start position:0% +your collection of +Securities and obviously there's going + + align:start position:0% +Securities and obviously there's going + + + align:start position:0% +Securities and obviously there's going +to be some calculations you'll need to + + align:start position:0% +to be some calculations you'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +to be some calculations you'll need to +do to figure out what that number is but + + align:start position:0% +do to figure out what that number is but + + + align:start position:0% +do to figure out what that number is but +I want to give you the intuition first + + align:start position:0% +I want to give you the intuition first + + + align:start position:0% +I want to give you the intuition first +and then we'll do the calculations and + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll do the calculations and + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll do the calculations and +then we're going to study the properties + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to study the properties + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to study the properties +of this hard limit + + align:start position:0% +of this hard limit + + + align:start position:0% +of this hard limit +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now I'm about to proceed to the next + + align:start position:0% +now I'm about to proceed to the next + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm about to proceed to the next +stage of our analysis where we start + + align:start position:0% +stage of our analysis where we start + + + align:start position:0% +stage of our analysis where we start +asking the question how do we pick the + + align:start position:0% +asking the question how do we pick the + + + align:start position:0% +asking the question how do we pick the +very best possible + + align:start position:0% +very best possible + + + align:start position:0% +very best possible +portfolio but before I do I want to make + + align:start position:0% +portfolio but before I do I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio but before I do I want to make +sure that everybody is comfortable with + + align:start position:0% +sure that everybody is comfortable with + + + align:start position:0% +sure that everybody is comfortable with +the analytics we've developed if you + + align:start position:0% +the analytics we've developed if you + + + align:start position:0% +the analytics we've developed if you +have any questions now would be a good + + align:start position:0% +have any questions now would be a good + + + align:start position:0% +have any questions now would be a good +time to ask because from this point on + + align:start position:0% +time to ask because from this point on + + + align:start position:0% +time to ask because from this point on +I'm going to assume that you understand + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume that you understand + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume that you understand +how portfolio Theory works the mechanics + + align:start position:0% +how portfolio Theory works the mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +how portfolio Theory works the mechanics +of portfolio weights and how to compute + + align:start position:0% +of portfolio weights and how to compute + + + align:start position:0% +of portfolio weights and how to compute +means variances co-variances and what + + align:start position:0% +means variances co-variances and what + + + align:start position:0% +means variances co-variances and what +they imply for the + + align:start position:0% +they imply for the + + + align:start position:0% +they imply for the +portfolio question yeah earlier um you + + align:start position:0% +portfolio question yeah earlier um you + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio question yeah earlier um you +said that we start from the assumtion + + align:start position:0% +said that we start from the assumtion + + + align:start position:0% +said that we start from the assumtion +that the markets are pretty much stable + + align:start position:0% +that the markets are pretty much stable + + + align:start position:0% +that the markets are pretty much stable +but I'm wondering I mean how reasonable + + align:start position:0% +but I'm wondering I mean how reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm wondering I mean how reasonable +is that assumption and why would nobody + + align:start position:0% +is that assumption and why would nobody + + + align:start position:0% +is that assumption and why would nobody +uh ever pick the lower part of the curve + + align:start position:0% +uh ever pick the lower part of the curve + + + align:start position:0% +uh ever pick the lower part of the curve +for example you know if there was a + + align:start position:0% +for example you know if there was a + + + align:start position:0% +for example you know if there was a +I know big Scandal tomorrow like + + align:start position:0% +I know big Scandal tomorrow like + + + align:start position:0% +I know big Scandal tomorrow like +corruption like I don't know thinking + + align:start position:0% +corruption like I don't know thinking + + + align:start position:0% +corruption like I don't know thinking +about hron or parad in Italy right why + + align:start position:0% +about hron or parad in Italy right why + + + align:start position:0% +about hron or parad in Italy right why +would I not want to short sell uh you + + align:start position:0% +would I not want to short sell uh you + + + align:start position:0% +would I not want to short sell uh you +know the higher return stock and bu uh + + align:start position:0% +know the higher return stock and bu uh + + + align:start position:0% +know the higher return stock and bu uh +you know the the the the the lower + + align:start position:0% +you know the the the the the lower + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the the the the lower +return stock and you know take the lower + + align:start position:0% +return stock and you know take the lower + + + align:start position:0% +return stock and you know take the lower +part of the curve you might if there are + + align:start position:0% +part of the curve you might if there are + + + align:start position:0% +part of the curve you might if there are +other elements that are in this analysis + + align:start position:0% +other elements that are in this analysis + + + align:start position:0% +other elements that are in this analysis +so as I said this analysis assumes there + + align:start position:0% +so as I said this analysis assumes there + + + align:start position:0% +so as I said this analysis assumes there +are only two Dimensions mean and + + align:start position:0% +are only two Dimensions mean and + + + align:start position:0% +are only two Dimensions mean and +standard deviation right you've now + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation right you've now + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation right you've now +introduced the third which is Corporate + + align:start position:0% +introduced the third which is Corporate + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the third which is Corporate +responsibility or corporate governance + + align:start position:0% +responsibility or corporate governance + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility or corporate governance +or fraud or something like that then you + + align:start position:0% +or fraud or something like that then you + + + align:start position:0% +or fraud or something like that then you +would need three dimensions and then' be + + align:start position:0% +would need three dimensions and then' be + + + align:start position:0% +would need three dimensions and then' be +there's something there'd be something + + align:start position:0% +there's something there'd be something + + + align:start position:0% +there's something there'd be something +sticking outside the the uh the screen + + align:start position:0% +sticking outside the the uh the screen + + + align:start position:0% +sticking outside the the uh the screen +and then you'd have to choose among the + + align:start position:0% +and then you'd have to choose among the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'd have to choose among the +three possibilities so it's possible + + align:start position:0% +three possibilities so it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +three possibilities so it's possible +that you want to be down here because + + align:start position:0% +that you want to be down here because + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to be down here because +this company has a better reputation + + align:start position:0% +this company has a better reputation + + + align:start position:0% +this company has a better reputation +than than this one up here but then what + + align:start position:0% +than than this one up here but then what + + + align:start position:0% +than than this one up here but then what +you're telling me is that reputation + + align:start position:0% +you're telling me is that reputation + + + align:start position:0% +you're telling me is that reputation +matters to you beyond standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +matters to you beyond standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +matters to you beyond standard deviation +and expected + + align:start position:0% +and expected + + + align:start position:0% +and expected +return what's that Stable Market + + align:start position:0% +return what's that Stable Market + + + align:start position:0% +return what's that Stable Market +conditions stable means that these + + align:start position:0% +conditions stable means that these + + + align:start position:0% +conditions stable means that these +parameters are likely to stay the same + + align:start position:0% +parameters are likely to stay the same + + + align:start position:0% +parameters are likely to stay the same +over time but there's a there's a crisis + + align:start position:0% +over time but there's a there's a crisis + + + align:start position:0% +over time but there's a there's a crisis +every four years there's an industry + + align:start position:0% +every four years there's an industry + + + align:start position:0% +every four years there's an industry +crisis every years right well the + + align:start position:0% +crisis every years right well the + + + align:start position:0% +crisis every years right well the +argument that a financial Economist + + align:start position:0% +argument that a financial Economist + + + align:start position:0% +argument that a financial Economist +would make and I'm not not saying that I + + align:start position:0% +would make and I'm not not saying that I + + + align:start position:0% +would make and I'm not not saying that I +believe in this I'm going to tell you + + align:start position:0% +believe in this I'm going to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +believe in this I'm going to tell you +what I believe at the end of this class + + align:start position:0% +what I believe at the end of this class + + + align:start position:0% +what I believe at the end of this class +but I'm telling you now what the party + + align:start position:0% +but I'm telling you now what the party + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm telling you now what the party +line is and what's in your textbook + + align:start position:0% +line is and what's in your textbook + + + align:start position:0% +line is and what's in your textbook +what's in your textbook and what the + + align:start position:0% +what's in your textbook and what the + + + align:start position:0% +what's in your textbook and what the +party line is is that when you use + + align:start position:0% +party line is is that when you use + + + align:start position:0% +party line is is that when you use +historical amounts of data those kind of + + align:start position:0% +historical amounts of data those kind of + + + align:start position:0% +historical amounts of data those kind of +Crisis periods are in there already so + + align:start position:0% +Crisis periods are in there already so + + + align:start position:0% +Crisis periods are in there already so +if I estimate the correlations including + + align:start position:0% +if I estimate the correlations including + + + align:start position:0% +if I estimate the correlations including +October 87 including March 2000 the + + align:start position:0% +October 87 including March 2000 the + + + align:start position:0% +October 87 including March 2000 the +bursting of the internet bubble August + + align:start position:0% +bursting of the internet bubble August + + + align:start position:0% +bursting of the internet bubble August +1998 ltcm if I include all of those in + + align:start position:0% +1998 ltcm if I include all of those in + + + align:start position:0% +1998 ltcm if I include all of those in +my data + + align:start position:0% +my data + + + align:start position:0% +my data +then it's captured in there right it's + + align:start position:0% +then it's captured in there right it's + + + align:start position:0% +then it's captured in there right it's +not captured today in other words this + + align:start position:0% +not captured today in other words this + + + align:start position:0% +not captured today in other words this +point here for General Dynamics doesn't + + align:start position:0% +point here for General Dynamics doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +point here for General Dynamics doesn't +reflect that there's a crisis today what + + align:start position:0% +reflect that there's a crisis today what + + + align:start position:0% +reflect that there's a crisis today what +it reflects is on average over a long + + align:start position:0% +it reflects is on average over a long + + + align:start position:0% +it reflects is on average over a long +period of time some of which includes + + align:start position:0% +period of time some of which includes + + + align:start position:0% +period of time some of which includes +crises that's what the expected return + + align:start position:0% +crises that's what the expected return + + + align:start position:0% +crises that's what the expected return +looks + + align:start position:0% +looks + + + align:start position:0% +looks +like and so I've already Incorporated + + align:start position:0% +like and so I've already Incorporated + + + align:start position:0% +like and so I've already Incorporated +that into the parameters and just if it + + align:start position:0% +that into the parameters and just if it + + + align:start position:0% +that into the parameters and just if it +if it so happens that today is a bad day + + align:start position:0% +if it so happens that today is a bad day + + + align:start position:0% +if it so happens that today is a bad day +for General Dynamics that shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +for General Dynamics that shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +for General Dynamics that shouldn't +influence whether you buy it or not + + align:start position:0% +influence whether you buy it or not + + + align:start position:0% +influence whether you buy it or not +because what you should be thinking + + align:start position:0% +because what you should be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +because what you should be thinking +about is over the next 15 or 20 years + + align:start position:0% +about is over the next 15 or 20 years + + + align:start position:0% +about is over the next 15 or 20 years +how will my portfolio do so that's + + align:start position:0% +how will my portfolio do so that's + + + align:start position:0% +how will my portfolio do so that's +another difference in perspective from + + align:start position:0% +another difference in perspective from + + + align:start position:0% +another difference in perspective from +US versus Warren Buffett although + + align:start position:0% +US versus Warren Buffett although + + + align:start position:0% +US versus Warren Buffett although +actually not as much as you think Warren + + align:start position:0% +actually not as much as you think Warren + + + align:start position:0% +actually not as much as you think Warren +Buffett typically takes a long-term + + align:start position:0% +Buffett typically takes a long-term + + + align:start position:0% +Buffett typically takes a long-term +perspective right his investment in + + align:start position:0% +perspective right his investment in + + + align:start position:0% +perspective right his investment in +Goldman Sachs we all thought it was a + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs we all thought it was a + + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs we all thought it was a +great deal he's lost money in it since + + align:start position:0% +great deal he's lost money in it since + + + align:start position:0% +great deal he's lost money in it since +he put that money in a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +he put that money in a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +he put that money in a few weeks +ago but is he worried about it I don't + + align:start position:0% +ago but is he worried about it I don't + + + align:start position:0% +ago but is he worried about it I don't +think so because he's invested in it for + + align:start position:0% +think so because he's invested in it for + + + align:start position:0% +think so because he's invested in it for +the next 15 20 years and I believe as he + + align:start position:0% +the next 15 20 years and I believe as he + + + align:start position:0% +the next 15 20 years and I believe as he +does that he got a great deal over that + + align:start position:0% +does that he got a great deal over that + + + align:start position:0% +does that he got a great deal over that +time period so if you care about what's + + align:start position:0% +time period so if you care about what's + + + align:start position:0% +time period so if you care about what's +going to happen tomorrow then all of the + + align:start position:0% +going to happen tomorrow then all of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen tomorrow then all of the +things that I'm telling you you should + + align:start position:0% +things that I'm telling you you should + + + align:start position:0% +things that I'm telling you you should +not take that as seriously because these + + align:start position:0% +not take that as seriously because these + + + align:start position:0% +not take that as seriously because these +kind of parameters aren't made for + + align:start position:0% +kind of parameters aren't made for + + + align:start position:0% +kind of parameters aren't made for +day-to-day forecasting right then you + + align:start position:0% +day-to-day forecasting right then you + + + align:start position:0% +day-to-day forecasting right then you +need to get hedge fund models and for + + align:start position:0% +need to get hedge fund models and for + + + align:start position:0% +need to get hedge fund models and for +that you need to take not only 433 but a + + align:start position:0% +that you need to take not only 433 but a + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to take not only 433 but a +number of other courses and courses that + + align:start position:0% +number of other courses and courses that + + + align:start position:0% +number of other courses and courses that +aren't even offered yet because frankly + + align:start position:0% +aren't even offered yet because frankly + + + align:start position:0% +aren't even offered yet because frankly +if I told you how to do it I'd have to + + align:start position:0% +if I told you how to do it I'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +if I told you how to do it I'd have to +kill you right highly propri + + align:start position:0% +kill you right highly propri + + + align:start position:0% +kill you right highly propri +AR but this is the approach where we're + + align:start position:0% +AR but this is the approach where we're + + + align:start position:0% +AR but this is the approach where we're +not trying to forecast markets and so + + align:start position:0% +not trying to forecast markets and so + + + align:start position:0% +not trying to forecast markets and so +I'm acknowledging that you're right that + + align:start position:0% +I'm acknowledging that you're right that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm acknowledging that you're right that +there are instabilities but as long as + + align:start position:0% +there are instabilities but as long as + + + align:start position:0% +there are instabilities but as long as +I'm using a long enough amount of data + + align:start position:0% +I'm using a long enough amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +I'm using a long enough amount of data +that it's in there it's captured in + + align:start position:0% +that it's in there it's captured in + + + align:start position:0% +that it's in there it's captured in +there in that set of parameters okay if + + align:start position:0% +there in that set of parameters okay if + + + align:start position:0% +there in that set of parameters okay if +it's not if you know of something that's + + align:start position:0% +it's not if you know of something that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not if you know of something that's +not in here obviously you can't expect + + align:start position:0% +not in here obviously you can't expect + + + align:start position:0% +not in here obviously you can't expect +this to give you the right answer and + + align:start position:0% +this to give you the right answer and + + + align:start position:0% +this to give you the right answer and +you have to adjust your use of this + + align:start position:0% +you have to adjust your use of this + + + align:start position:0% +you have to adjust your use of this +technology + + align:start position:0% +technology + + + align:start position:0% +technology +accordingly other other questions yeah + + align:start position:0% +accordingly other other questions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +accordingly other other questions yeah +but to I mean to this point though your + + align:start position:0% +but to I mean to this point though your + + + align:start position:0% +but to I mean to this point though your +example on on the mortgages right yeah + + align:start position:0% +example on on the mortgages right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +example on on the mortgages right yeah +if the news interest rates go up then + + align:start position:0% +if the news interest rates go up then + + + align:start position:0% +if the news interest rates go up then +you can expect that you know people in + + align:start position:0% +you can expect that you know people in + + + align:start position:0% +you can expect that you know people in +variable rates right will they'll begin + + align:start position:0% +variable rates right will they'll begin + + + align:start position:0% +variable rates right will they'll begin +and you can EAS adjust the correlation + + align:start position:0% +and you can EAS adjust the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +and you can EAS adjust the correlation +and then decide to start shorten them + + align:start position:0% +and then decide to start shorten them + + + align:start position:0% +and then decide to start shorten them +yeah based on that analysis that's right + + align:start position:0% +yeah based on that analysis that's right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah based on that analysis that's right +so yeah you don't I guess you know you + + align:start position:0% +so yeah you don't I guess you know you + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah you don't I guess you know you +can't have too many Z axes based on + + align:start position:0% +can't have too many Z axes based on + + + align:start position:0% +can't have too many Z axes based on +those kinds of variables well you have + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of variables well you have + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of variables well you have +to know how to build those other + + align:start position:0% +to know how to build those other + + + align:start position:0% +to know how to build those other +variables into this kind of a framework + + align:start position:0% +variables into this kind of a framework + + + align:start position:0% +variables into this kind of a framework +that's another another way of putting it + + align:start position:0% +that's another another way of putting it + + + align:start position:0% +that's another another way of putting it +so in other words this framework is + + align:start position:0% +so in other words this framework is + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words this framework is +still useful in the case where you've + + align:start position:0% +still useful in the case where you've + + + align:start position:0% +still useful in the case where you've +got other variables but you just need to + + align:start position:0% +got other variables but you just need to + + + align:start position:0% +got other variables but you just need to +know how those other variables will + + align:start position:0% +know how those other variables will + + + align:start position:0% +know how those other variables will +impact the parameters for this analysis + + align:start position:0% +impact the parameters for this analysis + + + align:start position:0% +impact the parameters for this analysis +if you can figure that out then then + + align:start position:0% +if you can figure that out then then + + + align:start position:0% +if you can figure that out then then +you're a hedge fund manager right that + + align:start position:0% +you're a hedge fund manager right that + + + align:start position:0% +you're a hedge fund manager right that +that's what hedge funds try to do they + + align:start position:0% +that's what hedge funds try to do they + + + align:start position:0% +that's what hedge funds try to do they +try to figure out how all of these + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out how all of these + + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out how all of these +relations impact on how to construct a + + align:start position:0% +relations impact on how to construct a + + + align:start position:0% +relations impact on how to construct a +good portfolio all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's right for example that + + align:start position:0% +right that's right for example that + + + align:start position:0% +right that's right for example that +would be one way of looking at it but + + align:start position:0% +would be one way of looking at it but + + + align:start position:0% +would be one way of looking at it but +there are other ways it doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +there are other ways it doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +there are other ways it doesn't have to +be quantitative there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +be quantitative there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +be quantitative there are a lot of +talented hedge fund managers that don't + + align:start position:0% +talented hedge fund managers that don't + + + align:start position:0% +talented hedge fund managers that don't +know how to use a calculator make a lot + + align:start position:0% +know how to use a calculator make a lot + + + align:start position:0% +know how to use a calculator make a lot +of money okay so don't don't think that + + align:start position:0% +of money okay so don't don't think that + + + align:start position:0% +of money okay so don't don't think that +it's all about quantitative analysis + + align:start position:0% +it's all about quantitative analysis + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about quantitative analysis +that's what we think that's that's how I + + align:start position:0% +that's what we think that's that's how I + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we think that's that's how I +think that's how MIT may think but + + align:start position:0% +think that's how MIT may think but + + + align:start position:0% +think that's how MIT may think but +that's not the only way to make money + + align:start position:0% +that's not the only way to make money + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the only way to make money +out there you know Warren Buffett I I + + align:start position:0% +out there you know Warren Buffett I I + + + align:start position:0% +out there you know Warren Buffett I I +don't think knows how to calculate these + + align:start position:0% +don't think knows how to calculate these + + + align:start position:0% +don't think knows how to calculate these +covariances but he's done okay uh so so + + align:start position:0% +covariances but he's done okay uh so so + + + align:start position:0% +covariances but he's done okay uh so so +but but I think what we can do with this + + align:start position:0% +but but I think what we can do with this + + + align:start position:0% +but but I think what we can do with this +framework is to analyze how he does what + + align:start position:0% +framework is to analyze how he does what + + + align:start position:0% +framework is to analyze how he does what +he does and understand it in the context + + align:start position:0% +he does and understand it in the context + + + align:start position:0% +he does and understand it in the context +of this kind of a framework all right so + + align:start position:0% +of this kind of a framework all right so + + + align:start position:0% +of this kind of a framework all right so +let's now go to uh the next topic which + + align:start position:0% +let's now go to uh the next topic which + + + align:start position:0% +let's now go to uh the next topic which +is all right how do we choose a good + + align:start position:0% +is all right how do we choose a good + + + align:start position:0% +is all right how do we choose a good +portfolio given what we now know about + + align:start position:0% +portfolio given what we now know about + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio given what we now know about +this framework well we said before Brian + + align:start position:0% +this framework well we said before Brian + + + align:start position:0% +this framework well we said before Brian +pointed out that we never want to be on + + align:start position:0% +pointed out that we never want to be on + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out that we never want to be on +the lower part of that Frontier so + + align:start position:0% +the lower part of that Frontier so + + + align:start position:0% +the lower part of that Frontier so +that's one thing we know right we don't + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing we know right we don't + + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing we know right we don't +want to be uh on the bottom part so we + + align:start position:0% +want to be uh on the bottom part so we + + + align:start position:0% +want to be uh on the bottom part so we +want to be on the efficient Frontier now + + align:start position:0% +want to be on the efficient Frontier now + + + align:start position:0% +want to be on the efficient Frontier now +this entire bullet can be viewed as + + align:start position:0% +this entire bullet can be viewed as + + + align:start position:0% +this entire bullet can be viewed as +What's called the minimum variance + + align:start position:0% +What's called the minimum variance + + + align:start position:0% +What's called the minimum variance +boundary meaning for any given + + align:start position:0% +boundary meaning for any given + + + align:start position:0% +boundary meaning for any given +investment over here we have the + + align:start position:0% +investment over here we have the + + + align:start position:0% +investment over here we have the +absolute minimum variance that has the + + align:start position:0% +absolute minimum variance that has the + + + align:start position:0% +absolute minimum variance that has the +same level of expected return so when I + + align:start position:0% +same level of expected return so when I + + + align:start position:0% +same level of expected return so when I +go oops when I go horizontally I'm + + align:start position:0% +go oops when I go horizontally I'm + + + align:start position:0% +go oops when I go horizontally I'm +looking at the the smallest amount of + + align:start position:0% +looking at the the smallest amount of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the the smallest amount of +risk I can take for that same level of + + align:start position:0% +risk I can take for that same level of + + + align:start position:0% +risk I can take for that same level of +expected rate of return that's what this + + align:start position:0% +expected rate of return that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +expected rate of return that's what this +bullet can be viewed as giving you and + + align:start position:0% +bullet can be viewed as giving you and + + + align:start position:0% +bullet can be viewed as giving you and +it turns out that because we like + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that because we like + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that because we like +expected return and we don't like Risk + + align:start position:0% +expected return and we don't like Risk + + + align:start position:0% +expected return and we don't like Risk +we want to be on the upper part of that + + align:start position:0% +we want to be on the upper part of that + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be on the upper part of that +bullet so this upper part is known as + + align:start position:0% +bullet so this upper part is known as + + + align:start position:0% +bullet so this upper part is known as +the efficient Frontier so that's the one + + align:start position:0% +the efficient Frontier so that's the one + + + align:start position:0% +the efficient Frontier so that's the one +thing we can tell about portfolio Theory + + align:start position:0% +thing we can tell about portfolio Theory + + + align:start position:0% +thing we can tell about portfolio Theory +it's that we want to be on the upper + + align:start position:0% +it's that we want to be on the upper + + + align:start position:0% +it's that we want to be on the upper +Branch but where on the upper Branch + + align:start position:0% +Branch but where on the upper Branch + + + align:start position:0% +Branch but where on the upper Branch +depends upon our risk preferences okay + + align:start position:0% +depends upon our risk preferences okay + + + align:start position:0% +depends upon our risk preferences okay +so here's a concrete example suppose you + + align:start position:0% +so here's a concrete example suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a concrete example suppose you +can invest in any combination of General + + align:start position:0% +can invest in any combination of General + + + align:start position:0% +can invest in any combination of General +Motors IBM and Motorola what portfolio + + align:start position:0% +Motors IBM and Motorola what portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +Motors IBM and Motorola what portfolio +would you choose so these are the data + + align:start position:0% +would you choose so these are the data + + + align:start position:0% +would you choose so these are the data +that you would start with okay the means + + align:start position:0% +that you would start with okay the means + + + align:start position:0% +that you would start with okay the means +and the standard deviations and then of + + align:start position:0% +and the standard deviations and then of + + + align:start position:0% +and the standard deviations and then of +course the covariances you got to have + + align:start position:0% +course the covariances you got to have + + + align:start position:0% +course the covariances you got to have +the co-variances to be able to calculate + + align:start position:0% +the co-variances to be able to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the co-variances to be able to calculate +that bullet + + align:start position:0% +that bullet + + + align:start position:0% +that bullet +so you can invest in any combination + + align:start position:0% +so you can invest in any combination + + + align:start position:0% +so you can invest in any combination +what would you choose let's calculate + + align:start position:0% +what would you choose let's calculate + + + align:start position:0% +what would you choose let's calculate +the expected rate of return and the VAR + + align:start position:0% +the expected rate of return and the VAR + + + align:start position:0% +the expected rate of return and the VAR +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +portfolio and you want to ask the + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and you want to ask the + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and you want to ask the +question what looks good to you + + align:start position:0% +question what looks good to you + + + align:start position:0% +question what looks good to you +okay well it turns out that when you + + align:start position:0% +okay well it turns out that when you + + + align:start position:0% +okay well it turns out that when you +calculate this kind of a bullet you find + + align:start position:0% +calculate this kind of a bullet you find + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this kind of a bullet you find +out something that's yet again + + align:start position:0% +out something that's yet again + + + align:start position:0% +out something that's yet again +amazing what you find is that the + + align:start position:0% +amazing what you find is that the + + + align:start position:0% +amazing what you find is that the +bullet actually is better than any of + + align:start position:0% +bullet actually is better than any of + + + align:start position:0% +bullet actually is better than any of +the three stocks that you started with + + align:start position:0% +the three stocks that you started with + + + align:start position:0% +the three stocks that you started with +so look at where the three stocks are + + align:start position:0% +so look at where the three stocks are + + + align:start position:0% +so look at where the three stocks are +General Motors IBM and + + align:start position:0% +General Motors IBM and + + + align:start position:0% +General Motors IBM and +Motorola and the bullet look at where + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and the bullet look at where + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola and the bullet look at where +the bullet is the bullet is strictly to + + align:start position:0% +the bullet is the bullet is strictly to + + + align:start position:0% +the bullet is the bullet is strictly to +the northwest of these stocks right in + + align:start position:0% +the northwest of these stocks right in + + + align:start position:0% +the northwest of these stocks right in +other words you can do better than any + + align:start position:0% +other words you can do better than any + + + align:start position:0% +other words you can do better than any +one of these either by going here or by + + align:start position:0% +one of these either by going here or by + + + align:start position:0% +one of these either by going here or by +going here you for the same level of + + align:start position:0% +going here you for the same level of + + + align:start position:0% +going here you for the same level of +risk you can get a higher return for the + + align:start position:0% +risk you can get a higher return for the + + + align:start position:0% +risk you can get a higher return for the +same level of expected return you can + + align:start position:0% +same level of expected return you can + + + align:start position:0% +same level of expected return you can +get lower + + align:start position:0% +get lower + + + align:start position:0% +get lower +risk okay so the first point is that + + align:start position:0% +risk okay so the first point is that + + + align:start position:0% +risk okay so the first point is that +portfolio theory for multiple stocks is + + align:start position:0% +portfolio theory for multiple stocks is + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio theory for multiple stocks is +even more comp ing because now with + + align:start position:0% +even more comp ing because now with + + + align:start position:0% +even more comp ing because now with +those two stocks at least you're the two + + align:start position:0% +those two stocks at least you're the two + + + align:start position:0% +those two stocks at least you're the two +stocks were on that minimum variance + + align:start position:0% +stocks were on that minimum variance + + + align:start position:0% +stocks were on that minimum variance +boundary now with three stocks and more + + align:start position:0% +boundary now with three stocks and more + + + align:start position:0% +boundary now with three stocks and more +it's possible that none of the stocks + + align:start position:0% +it's possible that none of the stocks + + + align:start position:0% +it's possible that none of the stocks +are going to be on the minimum variance + + align:start position:0% +are going to be on the minimum variance + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be on the minimum variance +boundary yeah see so what I don't + + align:start position:0% +boundary yeah see so what I don't + + + align:start position:0% +boundary yeah see so what I don't +understand is this so if everybody or + + align:start position:0% +understand is this so if everybody or + + + align:start position:0% +understand is this so if everybody or +you know this is backward looking so if + + align:start position:0% +you know this is backward looking so if + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is backward looking so if +people between companies and so on all + + align:start position:0% +people between companies and so on all + + + align:start position:0% +people between companies and so on all +make this graph and they all decide to + + align:start position:0% +make this graph and they all decide to + + + align:start position:0% +make this graph and they all decide to +strategize based on this graph yes the + + align:start position:0% +strategize based on this graph yes the + + + align:start position:0% +strategize based on this graph yes the +price of these talks next day are going + + align:start position:0% +price of these talks next day are going + + + align:start position:0% +price of these talks next day are going +to be correlated in a different way than + + align:start position:0% +to be correlated in a different way than + + + align:start position:0% +to be correlated in a different way than +you expect because it's going to affect + + align:start position:0% +you expect because it's going to affect + + + align:start position:0% +you expect because it's going to affect +the very good point but it turns out + + align:start position:0% +the very good point but it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +the very good point but it turns out +your conclusion is false but that's a + + align:start position:0% +your conclusion is false but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +your conclusion is false but that's a +good question to ask and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +good question to ask and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +good question to ask and I'm going to +answer that not today but on Monday when + + align:start position:0% +answer that not today but on Monday when + + + align:start position:0% +answer that not today but on Monday when +we go over the question what happens + + align:start position:0% +we go over the question what happens + + + align:start position:0% +we go over the question what happens +when everybody does it I'm G to deal + + align:start position:0% +when everybody does it I'm G to deal + + + align:start position:0% +when everybody does it I'm G to deal +with that question head on okay that's + + align:start position:0% +with that question head on okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +with that question head on okay that's +going to be a very important point and + + align:start position:0% +going to be a very important point and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a very important point and +this is going to be one of the very few + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be one of the very few + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be one of the very few +instances where when everybody does what + + align:start position:0% +instances where when everybody does what + + + align:start position:0% +instances where when everybody does what +I tell you they're going to do that's + + align:start position:0% +I tell you they're going to do that's + + + align:start position:0% +I tell you they're going to do that's +actually going to give you an + + align:start position:0% +actually going to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to give you an +equilibrium and everything will work out + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and everything will work out + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and everything will work out +in just the right way that's the magic + + align:start position:0% +in just the right way that's the magic + + + align:start position:0% +in just the right way that's the magic +of the Cap B but you're right that + + align:start position:0% +of the Cap B but you're right that + + + align:start position:0% +of the Cap B but you're right that +Warren Buffett could not answer that + + align:start position:0% +Warren Buffett could not answer that + + + align:start position:0% +Warren Buffett could not answer that +criticism if you talk to Warren Buffett + + align:start position:0% +criticism if you talk to Warren Buffett + + + align:start position:0% +criticism if you talk to Warren Buffett +and said Warren if everybody did what + + align:start position:0% +and said Warren if everybody did what + + + align:start position:0% +and said Warren if everybody did what +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +did then it wouldn't work and he would + + align:start position:0% +did then it wouldn't work and he would + + + align:start position:0% +did then it wouldn't work and he would +say you know what that's right that's + + align:start position:0% +say you know what that's right that's + + + align:start position:0% +say you know what that's right that's +why nobody can ever do what I + + align:start position:0% +why nobody can ever do what I + + + align:start position:0% +why nobody can ever do what I +do I'm just smarter than everybody else + + align:start position:0% +do I'm just smarter than everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +do I'm just smarter than everybody else +and so I'm sorry that's the way it goes + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm sorry that's the way it goes + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm sorry that's the way it goes +here I'm not appealing to everybody + + align:start position:0% +here I'm not appealing to everybody + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm not appealing to everybody +being smarter than everybody else + + align:start position:0% +being smarter than everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +being smarter than everybody else +because frankly we're + + align:start position:0% +because frankly we're + + + align:start position:0% +because frankly we're +not what I'm appealing to what I will + + align:start position:0% +not what I'm appealing to what I will + + + align:start position:0% +not what I'm appealing to what I will +appeal to is if everybody does the right + + align:start position:0% +appeal to is if everybody does the right + + + align:start position:0% +appeal to is if everybody does the right +thing by the right thing I'm about to + + align:start position:0% +thing by the right thing I'm about to + + + align:start position:0% +thing by the right thing I'm about to +tell you what that right thing is if + + align:start position:0% +tell you what that right thing is if + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what that right thing is if +everybody is on that upper branch and + + align:start position:0% +everybody is on that upper branch and + + + align:start position:0% +everybody is on that upper branch and +maximizes their risk reward trade-off a + + align:start position:0% +maximizes their risk reward trade-off a + + + align:start position:0% +maximizes their risk reward trade-off a +very special thing happens all right I'm + + align:start position:0% +very special thing happens all right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +very special thing happens all right I'm +I'm going to keep that as a surprise for + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to keep that as a surprise for + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to keep that as a surprise for +Monday okay question question yeah so + + align:start position:0% +Monday okay question question yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +Monday okay question question yeah so +everybody about + + align:start position:0% +everybody about + + + align:start position:0% +everybody about +yeah who's number two well first of all + + align:start position:0% +yeah who's number two well first of all + + + align:start position:0% +yeah who's number two well first of all +it's not clear that Warren Buffett is + + align:start position:0% +it's not clear that Warren Buffett is + + + align:start position:0% +it's not clear that Warren Buffett is +number one all right he's got a long + + align:start position:0% +number one all right he's got a long + + + align:start position:0% +number one all right he's got a long +track record and he's got the biggest + + align:start position:0% +track record and he's got the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +track record and he's got the biggest +pie but in terms of actual track record + + align:start position:0% +pie but in terms of actual track record + + + align:start position:0% +pie but in terms of actual track record +he doesn't have the best track record + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't have the best track record + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't have the best track record +there are people that you've never heard + + align:start position:0% +there are people that you've never heard + + + align:start position:0% +there are people that you've never heard +of that have a better track record than + + align:start position:0% +of that have a better track record than + + + align:start position:0% +of that have a better track record than +Warren Buffett for example there's a + + align:start position:0% +Warren Buffett for example there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Warren Buffett for example there's a +fellow by the name of James Simons who I + + align:start position:0% +fellow by the name of James Simons who I + + + align:start position:0% +fellow by the name of James Simons who I +may have mentioned earlier on as a hedge + + align:start position:0% +may have mentioned earlier on as a hedge + + + align:start position:0% +may have mentioned earlier on as a hedge +fund manager who also happens to be a + + align:start position:0% +fund manager who also happens to be a + + + align:start position:0% +fund manager who also happens to be a +First Rate mathematician who started up + + align:start position:0% +First Rate mathematician who started up + + + align:start position:0% +First Rate mathematician who started up +a hedge fund called Renaissance + + align:start position:0% +a hedge fund called Renaissance + + + align:start position:0% +a hedge fund called Renaissance +technologies that is probably the single + + align:start position:0% +technologies that is probably the single + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that is probably the single +best track record of any manager in the + + align:start position:0% +best track record of any manager in the + + + align:start position:0% +best track record of any manager in the +history of Investments and he does it + + align:start position:0% +history of Investments and he does it + + + align:start position:0% +history of Investments and he does it +completely quantitatively completely uh + + align:start position:0% +completely quantitatively completely uh + + + align:start position:0% +completely quantitatively completely uh +automated uh he hires something like 100 + + align:start position:0% +automated uh he hires something like 100 + + + align:start position:0% +automated uh he hires something like 100 +uh phds that work no on nothing else but + + align:start position:0% +uh phds that work no on nothing else but + + + align:start position:0% +uh phds that work no on nothing else but +how to forecast you know the next minute + + align:start position:0% +how to forecast you know the next minute + + + align:start position:0% +how to forecast you know the next minute +as well as the next hour the next year + + align:start position:0% +as well as the next hour the next year + + + align:start position:0% +as well as the next hour the next year +uh it's an extraordinary track record so + + align:start position:0% +uh it's an extraordinary track record so + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's an extraordinary track record so +there are a number of folks like that + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of folks like that + + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of folks like that +let me not dwell on that but I'll come + + align:start position:0% +let me not dwell on that but I'll come + + + align:start position:0% +let me not dwell on that but I'll come +back to that uh you know in a few + + align:start position:0% +back to that uh you know in a few + + + align:start position:0% +back to that uh you know in a few +lectures when we talk about performance + + align:start position:0% +lectures when we talk about performance + + + align:start position:0% +lectures when we talk about performance +attribution okay + + align:start position:0% +attribution okay + + + align:start position:0% +attribution okay +so I'm going to leave you with one final + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to leave you with one final + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to leave you with one final +thought since we're out of time there is + + align:start position:0% +thought since we're out of time there is + + + align:start position:0% +thought since we're out of time there is +going to be a very special role played + + align:start position:0% +going to be a very special role played + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a very special role played +by a portfolio called the tangency + + align:start position:0% +by a portfolio called the tangency + + + align:start position:0% +by a portfolio called the tangency +portfolio and I want you to think about + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and I want you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and I want you to think about +how your risk reward trade-off would + + align:start position:0% +how your risk reward trade-off would + + + align:start position:0% +how your risk reward trade-off would +look when you mix your t- bill uh + + align:start position:0% +look when you mix your t- bill uh + + + align:start position:0% +look when you mix your t- bill uh +risk-free asset with arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +risk-free asset with arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +risk-free asset with arbitrary +portfolios on this bullet think about + + align:start position:0% +portfolios on this bullet think about + + + align:start position:0% +portfolios on this bullet think about +what that trade-off would look like and + + align:start position:0% +what that trade-off would look like and + + + align:start position:0% +what that trade-off would look like and +ask yourself the question does there + + align:start position:0% +ask yourself the question does there + + + align:start position:0% +ask yourself the question does there +exist + + align:start position:0% +exist + + + align:start position:0% +exist +a special portfolio on that efficient + + align:start position:0% +a special portfolio on that efficient + + + align:start position:0% +a special portfolio on that efficient +Frontier that everybody in this + + align:start position:0% +Frontier that everybody in this + + + align:start position:0% +Frontier that everybody in this +classroom is going to want to have all + + align:start position:0% +classroom is going to want to have all + + + align:start position:0% +classroom is going to want to have all +right I want you to identify that I'm + + align:start position:0% +right I want you to identify that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right I want you to identify that I'm +going to ask you that question on Monday + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you that question on Monday + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you that question on Monday +and I expect an answer all right see you + + align:start position:0% +and I expect an answer all right see you + + + align:start position:0% +and I expect an answer all right see you +on Monday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JFSRqIozgh0.txt b/JFSRqIozgh0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a85e0920212f524eef4b25b410d2e9676178d20e --- /dev/null +++ b/JFSRqIozgh0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2969 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Well, the result of which +we obtained on Wednesday + +for spontaneous emission for +the Einstein A coefficient + +regarded as an accomplishment +as a highlight of the course. + +We've worked hard +to talk about atoms + +and electromagnetic fields. + +And ultimately, to deal +with spontaneous emission, + +it was not enough to put a +semi-classical light atom + +interaction, dipole Hamiltonian, +Rabi oscillation and such + +to put that into the picture. + +We really needed a +quantized version + +of the electromagnetic field. + +And this is a result when an +atom is excited and interact + +with all of the empty +mods of the vacuum. + +And be summed up the +probability that photon + +is immediate in +any of those modes. + +And by doing, kind +of, all of the ever + +reaching with +intensity of state, + +and for all the possibility +of actions we obtained. + +The famous result for the +Einstein A coefficient, + +which is also the +natural aligned width + +of the atomic excited state. + +Do you have any questions +about the derivation + +or what we did last week? + +Then I think I will just +continue and interpret + +the result. + +So we go to result for an +Einstein A coefficient. + +And well, the question +is, how big is it? + +Well it has a +number of constants. + +And if it is-- let's discuss +it now in atomic units. + +Well, if we assume the +frequency or the energy + +is on the order of +Rydberg-- that's + +sort of the measure for +an electronic excitation + +in the atom-- we assume the +dipole matrix element is one. + +That means one per radius. + +Since we have pretty much set +everything one and expressed + +everything in atomic units, it +means that the speed of light + +is-- remember? + +The velocity of the atom +in any correspondent + +was alpha times smaller +than the speed of light. + +But the velocity of the +atom is one atomic unit. + +So therefore, the speed +of light in atomic units + +is one over alpha. + +And that means that if +you look at the formula, + +there is the speed of +light to the power of 3 + +in the denominator. + +And that means that +in atomic units + +the Einstein A +coefficient is alpha + +to the 3, which is 3 +times 10 to the minus 7. + +So that means that the ratio +of this spontaneous emission + +rate, which is also +the inverse lifetime + +and, therefore, the natural +alignments of the excited + +state. + +Relative to the transition +frequency, so the damping + +of the harmonic oscillator +or the two level + +system relative to the NFC +spacing of the oscillator. + +It's small. + +It's actually alpha cube. + +So if you take this 3 +times 10 to the minus 7 + +and multiply it with the +atomic unit of frequency, + +which is 2 Rydbergs. + +We obtain on the +order of 10 to 9. + +And it's a rate of 10 +to the 9 per second. + +And that means that the lifetime +of a tubercle atomic level + +is on the order of 1 nanosecond. + +Well, often it's +10 200 nanosecond + +because many transition +frequencies are smaller + +by quite a factor than the +atomic unit of the transition + +frequency. + +Remember, the Rydberg frequency +would be deep in the UV. + +But a lot of atoms have +transitions in the visible. + +I highlighted already +when I derived it + +that the spontaneous emission +has this famous omega cube + +dependents. + +And that this actually +important to understand + +why lower lying levels-- +excited hyperfine levels-- + +do not radiate. + +So let me just, kind +of, formalize it. + +If I would now estimate what +is the radiative lifetime + +for a transition, which is not +as I just assumed in the UV + +or in the visible. + +Let me estimate what is the +radiative lifetime to emit + +a microwave photon +at a few gigahertz? + +Well, the microwave frequency +of the gigahertz 10 to the nine + +is five orders of magnitude +smaller than the frequency 10 + +to the 14 of an +optical transition. + +So therefore, this is 10 +to the 15 times longer. + +And if you have, +typically, one or ten + +nanosecond for an +electronic transition. + +That means that this spontaneous +lifetime for a microwave + +transition is seven months. + +If in addition we factor in +that hyperfine transitions have + +an operator which is a Bohr +magneton and magnetic type + +of operator, not an +electric dipole and we + +discussed that the Bohr +magneton is actually + +when we discuss multiple +transitions we discuss + +that the Bohr magneton +is alpha times smaller + +than a typical +electric dipole moment. + +So therefore, a magnetic +dipole transition + +is alpha times weaker than an +electronic dipole transition. + +And that means now, if +you multiply months, which + +we obtain by the +frequency scaling, + +again, by alpha square +for the weakness + +of the magnetic dipole, we find +that atomic hyperfine levels + +have a lifetime, which is +on the order of 1,000 years. + +And this is why it's +very safe to neglect + +those transition +in the laboratory + +and assume that all hyperfine +states in the ground state + +manifold pretty much don't +decay and are long lived. + +Questions? + +OK, so with that we have +discussed spontaneous emission. + +Let's go through a +few clicker questions + +to discuss the subject and +verify your understanding. + +So the first question +is can an E2 transition, + +which is a quadruple +transition, can you + +drive it by a plane wave? + +Or does it need a +laser beam which + +has an intensity gradient +such as a focus laser beam. + +Yes or no? + +OK. + +Well the answer is yes. + +You can just use +your laser beam. + +If a quadrupole transition +would require a gradient, + +it would really +require a gradient + +over the size of the atom. + +And that would be +extremely hard to achieve. + +Fortunately, this is not the +case because what happens + +is we actually assumed +in the derivation + +that we had a plane +wave into the IKR. + +And then do the +tailor expansion. + +And it was these part +of the tailor expansion + +of a plain wave, which gave +rise to the matrix element + +for the quadrupole transition. + +So a plane wave laser beam +is sufficient to drive + +higher multiple transitions. + +Next question. + +Can spontaneous +emission be described + +as a stimulated emission +process by the zero point field. + +So by the zero point field, we +know the electromagnetic wave + +is a harmonic oscillator. + +And a harmonic oscillator +has a ground state. + +And in the ground state +you have zero point motion. + +So there is an electric +field, even when + +we have the vacuum state. + +And the question is, +can spontaneous emission + +be described as simply being +stimulated emission but now do + +to the silver point fluctuations +of the electromagnetic field. + +OK. + +The answer is it depends. + +It depends if you just want to +make a qualitative hand waving + +argument. + +Then I would say +you are correct. + +You can say that the +electromagnetic field + +of the vacuum +stimulates a transition. + +But when I said +described, I meant + +if you can get it +quantitatively correct. + +And there the answer +is actually no + +because the energy of +the electromagnetic field + +is n plus 1/2 h bar omega. + +Whereas, this spontaneous +emission of eight is n plus 1. + +So you have half a photon +verse of extra energy. + +But this spontaneous +emission is sort + +of like the spontaneous +emission is the rate, which + +would be stimulated by an +extra energy of h bar omega. + +So in other words, you +would get the answer + +wrong by a factor of two. + +I think decoding deeper in the +electrodynamics description + +of spontaneous +emission you would + +identify two terms for +spontaneous emission. + +One is actually the stimulation +by the vacuum field. + +But there is another term +called radiation reaction. + +So there's, sort of, two terms. + +Trust me. + +If not, there are +hundreds of pages + +in [INAUDIBLE], which is +books written about it. + +And in the ground state, the two +terms destructively interfere. + +Therefore, you have no +spontaneous emission + +in the current state, +which is reassuring. + +But then in the excited +state the two terms + +constructively interfere. + +And therefore, you get +spontaneous emission, + +which is twice as much as +you would get if you just + +look at the stimulation +by the vacuum field. + +So the answer is not +quantitative but half of it, + +yes, can be regarded +as stimulated emission + +by the vacuum fluctuations +of the electromagnetic field. + +OK. + +We emphasized that +spontaneous emission + +is proportional to omega cube. + +The question is now what is the +dependence in one dimension? + +If everything the atom can +only emit in one dimension, + +everything is one dimensional, +put the atom into a waveguide. + +So your choices are omega cube, +omega square, or omega-- well, + +if you press D, +none of the above. + +But I can already tell you +it's one of those three. + +So everything the same. + +But we are in one dimension. + +The world seen by the atom and +by the electromagnetic waves + +is one dimensional. + +Yes, it's correct. + +As you remember, out of +the omega cube dependence. + +Omega square came from +the density of states. + +And what is omega square +in three dimension + +becomes omega in two +dimensions and constant density + +of state in one dimension. + +So therefore, in +one dimension, we + +are only left with +the omega dependence. + +OK, so there is one +factor of omega, + +which does not come from +the density of state. + +And the next question is where +does the other power of omega + +come from? + +As we discussed, it's not +the density of states. + +So we have three choices. + +One is it comes from the +atomic matrix element, + +it comes from the +dipole approximation, + +or it comes from +the quantization + +of the electromagnetic field. + +OK, the majority got it right. + +It's a field quantization. + +Sort of remember when you +write down the electric dipole + +Hamiltonian, in the +quantized version, + +there is a perfecter, +which is electric field + +of a single photon. + +So if you have a +single photon, it + +gives rise to an +electric field squared, + +which is proportionate +to h bar omega. + +And this is, sort of, +the normalization factor. + +Two more questions. + +We talked a lot about the +rotating wave approximation. + +And we also talked about +it for a spinning system + +driven by magnetic field. + +If you have a rotating +magnetic field, + +we do not need the +rotating wave approximation + +because if you drive a +spin system with a rotating + +magnetic field, we have +only the co-rotating term. + +The question I have now for you +is whether the same is correct + +or not for an +electronic transition. + +So therefore, the question +is for electronic transitions + +do we always get the +counter rotating term. + +And if you want to have +a simple Hamiltonian, + +then we do the rotating +wave approximation. + +So the question is is the +rotating wave approximation + +necessary because we always +get the counter rotating + +term for the +electronic transition, + +then the answer is yes. + +Or are there examples +where the system is exactly + +described by only one term? + +The core rotating term. + +I will come back to +that later in the class. + +But I thought it's +a good question. + +OK, let me give you the answer. + +I actually coincide with +everybody in the class + +here because I would tend to say +no because there are situations + +where the counter +rotating term can be zero + +due to angular momentum +selection rules. + +However, if you have an +electronic transition + +and you have a sigma plus +transition to one state, + +there's always a possibility +for sigma minus transition. + +So you usually get both. + +But if you apply an infinitely +strong magnetic field, + +then the m equals +minus 1 state can + +be moved out of the picture. + +You have only, let's say, +the m equals plus 1 state. + +And then selection holds mean +that the counter rotating + +term is vanishingly small. + +But it's an +artificial situation. + +So you can all claim +credit for your answer. + +Finally, the last question +is about the Lamb shift. + +We are now talking about +electronic transitions. + +And the question is +Lamb shift-- if it's + +due to the counter +rotating term. + +In other words, if you have +a situation where the counter + +rotating term is +zero, as we just + +discussed in the +previous example + +that there may be situations. + +Somewhat artificially but +you could arrange for it. + +The set then implies that +there is no lamb shift. + +So yes or no. + +Is the lamb shift caused by +the counter rotating term + +involved in electronic +transitions? + +OK. + +OK, well what else +is the lamb shift? + +It is the AC stock effect of +the counter rotating term. + +So is it due to the +counter rotating term? + +Yes, of course. + +The lamb shift is +the AC stock effect + +caused by the +vacuum fluctuations. + +That's what it is. + +But we come to +that because I want + +to discuss later today +some aspects of the fully + +quantized Hamiltonian. + +And we will, again, in the +fully quantized picture + +see the operators, +which are responsible + +for the core rotating for +the counter rotating turn. + +And then I will point +to the operator, + +which causes a lamb shift. + +But before I continue, any +questions about the questions? + +Collin. + +AUDIENCE: When you derive the +amplitude in the electric field + +due to the single photon-- + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +AUDIENCE: I always get +the factor of two wrong. + +So you wrote h bar omega is 2 +epsilon 0 [INAUDIBLE] squared. + +Now there's a contribution that +comes from the electric field + +and magnetic field because +you have one factor of two. + +Then there's always that +other factor of two. + +Are you getting that +from using one half h + +bar because of the +vacuum fluctuation. + +PROFESSOR: I'm not going +back to the formula + +because I run the risk +that it was wrong. + +But all I want to say is what +I really mean is use Jackson. + +Put in a volume V-- an +electromagnetic field-- + +with h bar omega energy. + +And the electric field +squared of this photon, + +that's what I mean. + +And if you find a factor of +two mistakes in my E square, + +I can still, you know, +get out of theory exit + +by the rear-entrance door +by saying that there is also + +a difference whether E +square is E square RNS + +or whether E square +is the amplitude. + +You know I mean there are risk +factors of two everywhere. + +But what I mean is +really the electric field + +caused by one photon. + +And of course, the +argument stands. + +I don't need any factors +of two or any subtleties + +of the electromagnetic +field energy. + +We know that the energy is +n plus 1/2 but emission is + +n plus 1. + +And these shows that the +stimulation by the vacuum field + +cannot quantitatively account +for spontaneous emission. + +AUDIENCE: So the quantity +that you set equal to + +is h bar omega 1/2, not the +fluctuation but the real-- + +PROFESSOR: OK, if +you want to know, + +let's not compare +apples with oranges. + +You want an electric field. + +And you can pick whether +it's the RMS field + +or whether it is the +maximum amplitude. + +You can pick what you want. + +But now we are comparing +what is the e-square + +for the vacuum-- for +single-mode-- vacuum. + +And what is the e-square +for single photon? + +The two answers differ +by a factor of 2. + +A single photon +is twice as strong + +in e-square as the vacuum +fluctuations in the same mode. + +That's what it means. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: I have a question +about the quantum emission + +rate. + +The explanation that it had-- +quantum mechanic derivation + +that we have, do people +not know the formula, + +how to describe spontaneous +emission [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: I think so. + +I have not gone deeply +back into the story. + +But a lot of credit +is given to Einstein. + +And as I mentioned last +week that Einstein actually + +had spontaneous emission in his +derivation for the Einstein A + +and B coefficient in +this famous paper. + +And so he found that there must +be spontaneous emission based + +on a thermodynamic argument. + +It's only spontaneous +emission, which + +brings the internal population +of an atom into equilibrium. + +So I think it is correct to say. + +AUDIENCE: Can you derive it +from that stagnant condition + +of getting [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: That's +what Einstein did. + +And the answer is, by +comparison with the Planck law, + +you get an expression for the +Einstein A and B coefficient. + +Now of course, you can +go the other way around. + +You can see if you just use +classical physics you would + +actually expect-- +now it depends. + +If you use the Bohr +model, you would + +expect that the electron is +radiating and it was a mystery. + +How can you have an atom +in the ground state, which + +is circling around a nucleolus, +and not radiating at all? + +On the other hand, +in quantum mechanics, + +we are not assuming that +the atom is circulating. + +And we have an +accelerated charge + +and then we have a time +dependent charge distribution. + +We use the steady +state wave function. + +So I'm not sure +if there is maybe + +an argument, which +would say there should + +be some spontaneous +emission based + +on a purely classic argument. + +But this would not +be the whole story + +because a classic argument would +then deal with the difficulty. + +Why is there +difference between n + +equals 1, which does not radiate +in n equals 2, which radiates. + +So my understanding is +that it is only the physics + +either through the +perspective of Einstein + +by just using equilibration +or our microscopic derivation + +using filed quantization, +which allows us to understand + +the phenomenon of a +spontaneous emission. + +Other questions? + +OK, then before we talk about +some really cute and nice + +aspects of the fully +quantised Hamiltonian, + +I want to spend a +few minutes talking + +about degeneracy factors. + +I've already given +you my opinion. + +You should not think in +almost all situations + +about levels, which +have a degeneracy. + +Just think about states. + +A state is a state, +and it counts as one. + +And if you have a level which +has triple degeneracy, well, + +it has three states. + +Just kind of count the states +and look at the states. + +However, there are +formula for which + +involves degeneracy factors. + +And just to remind you, +when we had the discussion + +of Einstein's A +and B coefficient, + +the Einstein A coefficient +was proportionate to the B + +coefficient responsible +for stimulated emission + +from the excited to +the ground state. + +But the Einstein B +coefficient for absorption + +was related to the +Einstein B coefficient + +for stimulated +emission by involving + +these degeneracy factors. + +So degeneracies appear +and in some formal layer + +that it makes a lot +of sense to use them. + +So I've always said for a +fundamental understanding, + +you should just assume +all degeneracies are one. + +This is how you +can avoid, sort of, + +some baggage in +deriving equations. + +And I'm still standing +to my statement. + +I want to show you +now a situation + +where it becomes useful to +consider degeneracy factors. + +So let me give you an example. + +We can now look at the situation +where we have an excited P + +state and a ground +state, which is S. + +Or I can look at the +opposite situation + +where we have an S state, +which can radiate to a P state. + +Well by symmetry, the +different p states + +and plus 1 and minus +1 m equals 0 are just + +connected by spatial rotations. + +So therefore, their +lifetime of the 3 P states + +and the rate of spontaneous +emission are the same. + +But if you now assume +that you have absorption, + +you go from the S +state to the P state. + +Then you find that the +Einstein B coefficient there + +are now three possible ways. + +Not just one polarization +or 3 polarization. + +And you will find that this is +proportional to three times r. + +However, in this +situation, it's a reverse + +but let me just finish here. + +So here the natural +align rates and the rate + +of stimulated emission +described by the coefficient + +from the excited state +to the ground state + +is proportionate to R. + +Whereas, in the other situation, +if you have absorption now, + +well, each of those levels, +there's only one transition, + +one pass way. + +Therefore, you will find that +the coefficient for absorption + +is proportionate to +R. Whereas, gamma + +and the stimulated +emission, which is now BSP, + +is proportionate to +three R because there + +are three pathways. + +So depending what the situation +is, you have to be careful. + +And you would say-- but if +it's an S to P transition, + +it maybe connected by +the same matrix element. + +And therefore, you would +say shouldn't there + +be align strings, +which is independent + +whether you go from S to P or +P to S, which just describes + +in a natural way what is really +the coupling between S and P + +state? + +And yes indeed, there +is in the literature + +some definition of line +strings where the lines strings + +S would be proportionate +to the sum of all + +of the eights between an +initial and the final state. + +And do sum over all. + +So therefore, when you use this +formula for the line strings, + +whether you have the +situation on the left side + +or on the right side, +you will do always + +the sum over the 3 +possible transitions. + +So the lines things is the +same for both situations. + +It's just generic for +an S to P transition. + +So if you use this +definition but then you + +have the situation that +spontaneous emission is always + +given by the line +strings but you + +have to multiply now by the +multiplicity of the excited + +state. + +If you have a P state, +the whole line strings + +is distributed +over three states. + +And each state has only a +spontaneous emission rate, + +which is a third of what +the line strings gives you. + +I don't want to +beat it to death, + +because I hate +degeneracy factors. + +But I just thought this +example with the P to S + +and S to P transition tells +you why they necessarily + +have to appear in derivations +like Einstein's A and B + +coefficient. + +I hope there are no further +questions about degeneracies. + +But you know, making +this comment also + +allows me to say, well, when +I derived the Einstein A + +coefficient-- what we did +last class-- I did not + +use any degeneracy factors. + +Well, this is correct. + +Our derivation +assumed that there + +was-- we assumed that there +is only one final state. + +We did not include +degeneracy factors. + +We also assumed that +we had a dipole matrix + +element, which was +along the z-axis. + +And so by those definitions, +I have implicitly + +picked a geometry, +which can be represented + +by that we have +an exciting piece + +state in the m equals 0 state. + +And we have a pie transition +with linear polarization + +to this s state. + +And by doing that, +I did not have + +to account for any degeneracies. + +But in general, if you +derive microscopically + +an equation for +spontaneous emission, + +you may have to take into +account that your excited + +state has different +transitions-- sigma plus + +and sigma minus transitions-- +to different states. + +And you have to +be careful how you + +do the sum over all +possible finer states. + +And this is where degeneracies +would eventually matter? + +Questions? + +OK, so then lets go from +P counting or accounting + +for the number of +states to something, + +which is hopefully +more exciting. + +We want to talk about the +fully quantized Hamiltonian. + +So what we are +working towards now + +and it may spill over +into the Wednesday class + +is I want to give you the +sort of paradigmatic example + +of cavity QED where an atom +within an excited state + +is in an empty cavity. + +And now it can emit a photon +into the mortification + +mode of the cavity. + +But these photon +can be reabsorbed. + +So this is a phenomenon of +vacuum Rabi oscillations. + +And so I want to set up +the Hamiltonian and then + +the equation to +demonstrate to you + +the vacuum Rabi oscillations. + +And for me, the vacuum +Rabi oscillations + +are the demonstration, +that spontaneous emission, + +has no randomness, +no spontaneity, + +so to speak because you can +observe coherent oscillation. + +A coherent time evolution +of the whole system + +and which is possible only +due to spontaneous emission. + +So let's go there. + +So just to make the +connection, a few lectures ago, + +we had a semi +classical Hamiltonian. + +This is when I +wanted to show you + +that the two level electronic +system can be mapped + +onto a spin one half system +driven by magnetic field. + +So this was when we only +looked at the stimulated term + +when we only did +perturbation theory. + +And in that situation, we had +the electronic excitation. + +And then we had the +drive field, which + +was assumed to be purely +classical like a rotating + +magnetic field which drives +spin up spin down transitions + +magnetically. + +And we concluded that, yes, +if you use a laser field, + +it does exactly the same +to a two level atom what + +a magnetic field does +to spin up spin down. + +But now we are one step further. + +We've quantized the +electromagnetic field. + +And we have +spontaneous emission. + +And this is something, for +reasons I just mentioned, + +you will never find +in spin up spin down + +because it will take 1,000 +years for spontaneous emission + +to happen. + +So now we want to actually +go beyond this semi classical + +picture, which is fully +analogous to the precession + +and rotation of the spin +in a magnetic field. + +And we want to add +spontaneous emission. + +So what we had here +is the Rabi frequency + +was a matrix element-- +the dipole matrix + +element-- times a +classic electric field. + +And we want to replace that +now by the electric field + +at the position of the atom. + +But we want to use the +fully quantized version + +of the electric field. + +And it also becomes useful to +look at the sigma x operator, + +which actually has two matrix +elements of [INAUDIBLE], which + +connects ground excited +and excited ground state. + +And one of them is going from +the excited to the ground + +state. + +So this is, sort of, +lowering the energy + +to sigma minus operator. + +And the other one will +be a raising operator. + +It raises the +excitation of the atom. + +And we will refer +to it as sigma plus. + +So the electric +field is replaced + +by the operator obtained from +the fully quantized picture. + +Here we have the +prefactor, which + +is the electric field of a +single photon or half a photon, + +whatever. + +But it's factors of +2 r square over 2. + +We have the polarization. + +And now if you would +take the previous result + +and would look at it. + +Well we want to go to +the Schrodinger picture. + +And I mentioned that in +the Schrodinger picture + +the operators are +time independent. + +So we cancelled the e +to the i omega t term. + +If you would go to the +result we had last week + +and would simply get rid of +the e to the i omega t term, + +you would now find +operators a and dagger. + +But they would have factors +of i in front of it. + +That's a equation we +had when we derived it. + +Well I prefer note to use +something which looks nicer. + +Just use a and a dagger. + +And you can obtain it by +shifting the origin of time. + +So we're not looking e to +the i omega t or t equals 0. + +We wait a quarter period into e +to the i omega t just gives us + +factors of i, which conveniently +cancel the other factors of i. + +So what I'm doing is +just for convenience. + +And let me write down that this +is in the Schrodinger picture. + +OK. + +So we want to absorb all +constant by in one constant + +now, which is the single +photon Rabi frequency. + +We have the type or matrix +element of the atom. + +There's a dot product with +the polarization of the light. + +And then we have the +electric field amplitude + +of a single photon. + +h bar omega over 2 epsilon 0 v. + +So this is what appears +in the coupling. + +And we want to write it +s h bar omega 1 over 2. + +And this omega 1 is the +single photon Rabi frequency. + +And with that, we have +now a Hamiltonian, + +which is really a classic +Hamiltonian, written down + +in the standard form. + +It has the excitation energy +times the sigma z matrix. + +It has the single +photon Rabi frequency. + +The single photon Rabi +frequency appears. + +You know, this is the single +photon Rabi frequency. + +But then the operator +for the electric field, + +after getting rid off the i's, +is simply h plus h dagger. + +h plus h dagger. + +So this takes care +of the photon field. + +And the operator which +acts on the atoms + +are the raising and lowering +operator sigma plus and sigma + +minus. + +And finally, we have +the Hamiltonian, + +which describes the +photon field which + +is h bar omega times a dagger +a the photon number operator. + +Any questions? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: I mean, +we are looking + +at the interaction with an atom, +which is at rest at the origin. + +Therefore, e to the ikr is 0. + +We will only consider +the spatial dependence e + +to the ikr when we +allow the atom to move. + +As long as the atom is +stationary for convenience, + +we put the atom at i equals 0. + +But in 8.422 when we talk about +light forces and laser cooling, + +then it becomes essential +to allow the photon to move. + +And this is actually where the +recoil and the light forces + +come into play. + +But as long as we're not +interested in light forces, + +only in the internal dynamics-- +calm and excited state-- + +we can conveniently neglect +our spatial dependencies. + +Other questions? + +So this is really a +famous Hamiltonian. + +And you also see how +natural the definition + +of the single-photon +Rabi frequency. + +So we have one half h bar +omega for the diagonal sigma z + +matrix. + +This is the atomic excitation. + +This is the unperturbed +Hamiltonian of the atom. + +This is the unperturbed +Hamiltonian of the photon. + +And now the two are coupled. + +And the coupling is a +product of an operator acting + +on the photon field +plus minus one photon. + +And the other one is an +operator acting on the atoms. + +And it is plus, minus, +and atomic excitation. + +So let me just +remind you of that. + +The sigma plus and +sigma minus operator. + +The sigma plus is the +atomic raising operator, + +which takes a ground +to the excited state. + +And the sigma minus operator is +the atomic lowering operator, + +which takes the atom from the +excited to the ground state. + +So this is our Hamiltonian. + +And to hear about space on +which this Hamiltonian acts + +is the product +space of the atom. + +Direct product of the +states of the light. + +Or in other words, +the basis state + +would be that we +use for the atoms. + +The states which have zero +or one quantum of excitation. + +So we use excited +state or ground state. + +And for the photon, we can +just use the Fock states + +where the occupation +number is n. + +Questions about that? + +So it's a very-- just look +at it with some enjoyment + +for a few seconds. + +I mean, this is a Hamiltonian, +which has just a few terms. + +But what is behind +it is, of course, + +a power of all the definitions. + +I mean, each symbol +has so much meaning. + +But in the end, by having +this formalism of operators + +quantized electromagnetic field. + +We can write down-- we can +catch many, many aspects + +or we can, pretty much, fully +describe how a two level + +system interacts a quantized +electromagnetic field + +with that set of equations. + +Of course, the fact is not +that everything is so simple. + +The fact is that we have, by +understanding the physics, + +we have skillfully +made definitions, + +which allow us to +write everything down + +in this compact form. + +So often something is +simple to write down. + +But if there's a lot +of physics insight, + +we spend some time +in discussing it. + +And the first thing I want +to just point out and discuss + +is this interaction term. + +We have the product of +sigma plus and sigma + +minus with a and a dagger. + +So what we have here is we +have an interaction term. + +And this interaction part +has actually four terms + +in a very natural way. + +Well, let me just +write them down. + +It's sigma plus with a. + +Sigma minus with a dagger. + +Sigma plus with a dagger. + +And sigma minus with a. + +OK, so let's discuss those. + +Sigma plus with a dagger. + +Sigma plus is actually +an absorption process. + +a reduces the photo +number by one, + +and increases the +atomic excitation + +from the column to +the excited state. + +The other term looks naturally, +intuitively like emission. + +The a dagger operator takes +us from n to n plus 1. + +And sigma minus takes us +from the excited state + +to the current state. + +So these are the +two terms, which + +we would call intuitive terms +because they make sense. + +The other terms are +somewhat more tricky. + +Sigma plus and a dagger +means we create a photon + +and we create an excitation. + +So in other words, it's not +that, like the other term, + +quantum of excitation disappears +from the field, appears + +in the atom, and vice versa. + +Sigma plus a dagger means +we have an atom excitation + +takes us from the ground +to the excited state. + +Plus, we emit a photon +at the same time. + +And sigma minus a +dagger means that we + +go from the excited +to the ground state. + +So we have an atom d excitation. + +And I would say, +well, if the atom + +is d excited it +should emit a photon. + +But instead, the +photon disappears. + +So we have those processes. + +The last two are +sometimes referred to + +in the theoretical literature. + +They are off shell. + +Under shell is +energy conservation. + +Off shell means they +cannot conserve energy. + +But nevertheless, +these are terms + +which appear in the operator. + +But you should be used to +if you have often terms + +in the operator which cannot +drive a resonant transition. + +When you looked at the DC +stock effect or when we looked + +at the AC stock effect +for low frequency photons, + +those low frequency photons +cannot excite an atom + +to the excited state. + +So they are not +causing a transition, + +but they led to energy shifts +in second order perturbation + +theory. + +So therefore, those terms +this language now cannot drive + +transitions. + +They can only drive transitions +to virtual states, which + +would mean they can only appear +in second order perturbation + +theory that you go up to +a so-called virtual state + +but you immediately go down. + +And those terms give +only rise to shifts. + +No transitions because you +couldn't conserve energy + +in the transition. + +But you can do shifts +in second order. + +And one example, which we +discussed in the clicker + +question is that those shifts +are actually lamb shifts. + +And in other places, +especially in the context + +of microwave fields, they are +called Bloch-Siegert shifts + +And let's just look +at one specific state. + +And this is the simplest of all. + +We have the vacuum no photons. + +And the atom is in +the ground state. + +If you look at the +four possibilities + +of the interaction term, there +is only one non vanishing term. + +The photon is at the bottom +off all possible states. + +The atom is at the bottom +of the possible states. + +So when we act with +the four terms on it, + +the only term which +contributes is + +where those is where +those are raised + +because all the others are 0. + +The only non vanishing +term is where + +we create a virtual +atomic excitation and also + +a virtual excitation +of the photon field. + +And we know that when we +have an atom in the ground + +state in the vacuum that +the only manifestation + +of the electromagnetic +field is, of course, not + +spontaneous emission +but the lamb shift. + +So therefore, if you +would apply this operator + +to the bound state of +an electron in an atom, + +the complicated 1s wave +function of hydrogen and sum + +this operator over all modes +of the electromagnetic field. + +Then you would have done +a first principle QED + +calculation of the lamb shift. + +I'm not doing it but +you should understand + +that this operator-- +sigma plus a dagger-- + +is you operator +for the Lamb shift. + +Questions? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, +no, everything is. + +If you have a two level +system, this Hamiltonian + +captures everything +which appears in nature + +if you have a two level +system interacting + +with the electromagnetic field. + +That's it. + +A radiation reaction +is just something + +we can pull out of here. + +Stimulated emission we +can pull out of here. + +The way how vacuum fluctuations +create a lamb shift or the way + +how vacuum fluctuations affect +an atom in the excited state, + +everything is included in here. + +The question is just +can we solve it. + +And the calculations +can get involved. + +But this is the +full QED Hamiltonian + +for a two level system. + +That's a full picture. + +I mean, that's why I sort of +said before be proud of it. + +You understand the full picture +of how two level systems + +interact with +electromagnetic radiation. + +The only complication is, yes, +if you put more levels into it + +and such and things can +get richer and richer. + +And-- yes, we have also made +the dipole approximation, + +which we're just wondering +how critical it is. + +Well, we use the electric +field a and a dagger, + +but my gut feeling is it doesn't +really matter what we have. + +Here is the most generic term, +which can create and annihilate + +photons, and we have +the a and a dagger term. + +Actually, I don't +know what would + +happen if you don't make +the dipole approximation. + +Well, if you have +two levels which + +are coupled by magnetic +dipole, then you + +have the same situation. + +It is just your prefactor, the +semi photon Rabi frequency, + +is now alpha times smaller +because of the smaller dipole + +matrix element. + +So I think you can pick, pretty +much, any level you want. + +And this is why I actually +discussed matrix elements + +at the beginning of the unit. + +For, pretty much, +all of the discussion + +you're going to have, +it doesn't really + +matter what kind of +transition you have as long + +as the transition creates +or annihilates a photon. + +And all the physics of the +multiplicity of the transition, + +magnetic, dipole, electric, +quadrupole, or whatever + +just defines what this the +semi photon Rabi frequency is. + +You've put me on the +spot, but the only thing + +which comes to my mind now +is if you would formulate QED + +not in the dipole approximation +but through with the p + +minus a formulation. + +Then we have an a-square term. + +And then we have the +possibility that one transition + +can emit two photons. + +So that's not included here. + +AUDIENCE: So that's higher-- + +PROFESSOR: This would be +something higher order. + +On the other hand, +we can shoulder + +the canonical +transformation that the p + +minus a formalization +with the a-square term + +is equivalent to +dipole approximation. + +So the question whether +you have a transition which + +emits two photons simultaneously +or two photons sequentially + +eventually by going +through an immediate state, + +this is not a +fundamental distinction. + +You can have one description +of your quantum system + +via two photons automated +in one transition. + +You have another description +of your quantum system where + +photons cannot-- only one +photon can be emitted. + +And then you have to lend +an intermediate state. + +And you would say, well, +either two photons at once + +or one photon at a time. + +This is two different +kinds of physics. + +But we can show that the +two pictures are connected + +with economical transformation. + +So therefore, you have +two descriptions here. + +But anyway, I'm going a little +bit beyond my knowledge. + +I'm just telling you +bits and pieces I know. + +But this Hamiltonian is +either generally exact. + +I just don't know +how to prove it. + +But it really captures +in all of the QED aspects + +of the system we +want to get into. + +So OK. + +So in many situations +we may decide + +that the off shell +terms of the interaction + +just create level shifts, Lamb +shifts, Bloch-Siegert shifts. + +And we may simply +absorb those lamb shifts + +in our atomic energy +levels, omega e and omega g. + +So therefore, for the +dynamic of the system, + +if you include all +of those lamb shifts + +in the atomic description, you +do not need those off shell + +counter intuitive terms. + +These are actually also +the counter-rotating terms + +in the semi classical +approximation. + +We only keep the +intuitive terms. + +And that's called, again, the +rotating wave approximation. + +Just to remind you, we do +not have rotating waves here. + +Everything is operators. + +But the same kind of physics-- +co- and counter-rotating-- + +appears here that +we have four terms. + +Two are the fully +quantized version + +of the co-rotating terms. + +And the other two-- +the off shell terms-- + +are the quantized version of +the counter rotating term. + +So therefore, if you neglect +those two off shell terms, + +we have now the fully +quantized Hamiltonian + +in the rotating +wave approximation. + +So let me just write it +down because it's also + +a beautiful line. + +We have the electronic system. + +We have the interaction +Hamiltonian, + +which has now owned +the two terms. + +When we raise the +atomic excitation, + +we lower the photon +excitation and vice versa. + +And we have the Hamiltonian for +the photon field a dagger a. + +And this is apart from +those lamb shift terms. + +The full QED description +of the system. + +And if we only consider +one mode-- here, of course, + +in general, the +general Hamiltonian + +has to be sent over a modes. + +And then you'll get spontaneous +emission and everything + +we want. + +But if you have a +situation where you only + +look at one single +mode, then you have what + +is called the famous +chains Cummings model + +And very important result +of this James Cummings model + +are the vacuum +Rabi oscillations, + +which I want to discuss now. + +OK. + +So let me just-- it's +called James Cummings Model. + +So let me describe to +you why it is a model. + +Well it assumes a +two level system, + +which we find a lot of +candidates among the atoms + +we want. + +Sure our atoms have +hyperfine states. + +But we can always +select a situation + +where, essentially, we +only couple two states. + +We can prepare initial +state by optical pumping, + +and then use circularly +polarized slide + +on a cycling transition. + +And this is how we prepare +in the laboratory a two level + +system. + +So that's one assumption of this +model with a two level system. + +But the second assumption +is that the atom only + +interacts with a similar mode. + +And that requires a +little bit of engineering + +because it means +we need a cavity. + +So let me just +set up the system. + +So our laboratory is +a big box of volume + +v. And this is where we maybe +quantize electromagnetic field + +to calculate +spontaneous emission. + +And our atom here +may actually decay + +with the rate gamma, which +is given by the Einstein A + +coefficient. + +And in order to describe +this spontaneous emission, + +be quantized electromagnetic +field in the large volume v. + +But now we have a +cavity with two mirrors. + +And those two mirrors +define one mode + +of the electromagnetic +field, which + +will be in resonance on your +resonance with the atom. + +Well there will be some losses +out of the cavity, which + +eventually coupe the +electromagnetic mode + +inside the cavity to the other +awards modes in the speaker + +volume v. And this is +described by a cavity damping + +constant kappa. + +What is also important is when +we use cavity to single out one + +mode of the +electromagnetic field, + +the cavity volume is v prime. + +And we often make it very +small by putting the atoms + +in the cavity where the mirror +spacing is extremely small. + +OK. + +We know, and I'm not +writing it down again, + +what the Einstein +A coefficient is. + +The Rabi frequency-- the +single photon Rabi frequency-- + +which couples the atom to +the one mode of the cavity + +has this important +perfecter, which + +was or is the electric field +of one photon in the cavity. + +And importantly, it +involves the electric field + +of the photon in the cavity +value, which is B prime. + +So now in addition +to using, you know-- + +now you see what our +experimental handle is. + +If you make this +volume very small, + +then we can enter this +strong coupling regime + +where the single photon Rabi +frequency for this one mode + +selected by the cavity +becomes much larger then + +the spontaneous emission into +all the many other modes. + +So the interaction with +one mode due to the cavity + +and the smallness of +the volume is, sort of, + +outperforming all these many, +many modes of the surroundings. + +And that would mean that +an atom in an excited state + +is more likely to emit into +the mode between the two + +cavity mirrors than to any +other modes to the side. + +Secondly, of course, +when the photon + +has been emitted +into the cavity, + +the photon can still +couple to the other modes + +by cavity losses kappa. + +And now we assume that we have +such high reflectivity mirrors + +that kappa is smaller that the +single photon Rabi frequency. + +And this is called the strong +coupling regime of cavity QED. + +So then we can at least +observe for a limited time + +the interplay between a single +mode of the cavity and a two + +level system. + +And this is a James +Cummings model. + +The James Cummings model. + +So in that situation, +the Hamiltonian, + +the fully quantized Hamiltonian, +and the QED Hamiltonian couples + +only pairs of states +which we label + +those states the manifold n. + +So we have an excited +state with n photons. + +And it is coupled to the ground +state with one more photon. + +Our Hamiltonian has +two coupling terms. + +Remember the other tool where +you clicked it in the rotating + +wave approximation and we +can go from left to right + +with sigma minus a data plus. + +And we can go from right to left +with the operator sigma plus + +and the annihilation +of the [INAUDIBLE] a. + +So as long as we have +a detuning delta, + +which is relatively small. + +As long as detuning is small, +the rotating wave approximation + +is excellent. + +So let me just conclude +by writing down + +the Hamiltonian for the +situation I just discussed. + +And then we'll discuss the +Hamiltonian on Wednesday. + +So if this is energy, +we have two levels. + +The excited state +with n photons, + +the ground state with +n plus 1 photons. + +If the photons are on resonance, +the two levels are degenerate. + +But if you have +a detuning delta, + +the two levels are +split by delta. + +And what we are doing right +now is for the [INAUDIBLE] + +the Hamiltonian, +we shift the origin + +so the zero of the +energy is just halfway + +between those two states. + +That's natural. + +So this avoids just off +sets in our equations. + +So our Hamiltonian +has now the splitting + +of plus minus delta over two. + +The coupling has the perfecter, +which is the single photon Rabi + +frequency. + +And then the a +and a dagger terms + +depends on n square +root n plus 1. + +So what I wrote down now is +the Hamiltonian rotating wave + +approximation, which +interacts, which + +describes only one +pair of states. + +But we have sort of a +cause in our Hilbert space. + +One pair of states +for each label n. + +But each of them is, +sort of, described + +by the decoupled Hamiltonian. + +So that's what I wanted +to present you today. + +And I will show you on Wednesday +how this Hamiltonian needs + +to Rabi oscillations not +induced by an external field + +but induced by the vacuum. + +Any questions? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JmWguqCZRxk.txt b/JmWguqCZRxk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ea57981c7a739bb6736d977a7fe5017f56977da --- /dev/null +++ b/JmWguqCZRxk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12611 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so today we'll start with um + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so today we'll start with um + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so today we'll start with um +with a demo so Pepe will + + align:start position:0% +with a demo so Pepe will + + + align:start position:0% +with a demo so Pepe will +be uh will be on stage and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +be uh will be on stage and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +be uh will be on stage and then we'll +continue with uh with the lectures on + + align:start position:0% +continue with uh with the lectures on + + + align:start position:0% +continue with uh with the lectures on +the gradings pap whenever you're ready + + align:start position:0% +the gradings pap whenever you're ready + + + align:start position:0% +the gradings pap whenever you're ready +you can cut okay can we uh so so today + + align:start position:0% +you can cut okay can we uh so so today + + + align:start position:0% +you can cut okay can we uh so so today +um the goal of today is to show + + align:start position:0% +um the goal of today is to show + + + align:start position:0% +um the goal of today is to show +you a couple of very interesting + + align:start position:0% +you a couple of very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +you a couple of very interesting +experiments and again the idea of this + + align:start position:0% +experiments and again the idea of this + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and again the idea of this +is for you to see all these uh + + align:start position:0% +is for you to see all these uh + + + align:start position:0% +is for you to see all these uh +derivations that we've been + + align:start position:0% +derivations that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +derivations that we've been +doing uh actually applied on a real + + align:start position:0% +doing uh actually applied on a real + + + align:start position:0% +doing uh actually applied on a real +experiment and see the results that you + + align:start position:0% +experiment and see the results that you + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and see the results that you +would expect and for instance this last + + align:start position:0% +would expect and for instance this last + + + align:start position:0% +would expect and for instance this last +pie Set uh you were supposed to compute + + align:start position:0% +pie Set uh you were supposed to compute + + + align:start position:0% +pie Set uh you were supposed to compute +the interference between a couple a + + align:start position:0% +the interference between a couple a + + + align:start position:0% +the interference between a couple a +plane W two plane waves propagating at a + + align:start position:0% +plane W two plane waves propagating at a + + + align:start position:0% +plane W two plane waves propagating at a +different angle so uh you you were + + align:start position:0% +different angle so uh you you were + + + align:start position:0% +different angle so uh you you were +supposed to also calculate the + + align:start position:0% +supposed to also calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to also calculate the +analytical solution of that now we're + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution of that now we're + + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution of that now we're +going to see the real evidence of that + + align:start position:0% +going to see the real evidence of that + + + align:start position:0% +going to see the real evidence of that +solution so for that we actually built + + align:start position:0% +solution so for that we actually built + + + align:start position:0% +solution so for that we actually built +in this case a little more elaborate + + align:start position:0% +in this case a little more elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +in this case a little more elaborate +setup than than the ones that we've been + + align:start position:0% +setup than than the ones that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +setup than than the ones that we've been +been showing before this is actually a + + align:start position:0% +been showing before this is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +been showing before this is actually a +Max sender + + align:start position:0% +Max sender + + + align:start position:0% +Max sender +interferometer that Professor Shepard + + align:start position:0% +interferometer that Professor Shepard + + + align:start position:0% +interferometer that Professor Shepard +described last time okay and I will + + align:start position:0% +described last time okay and I will + + + align:start position:0% +described last time okay and I will +explain it very briefly uh can we zoom + + align:start position:0% +explain it very briefly uh can we zoom + + + align:start position:0% +explain it very briefly uh can we zoom +out please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controls well I guess maybe that's the + + align:start position:0% +controls well I guess maybe that's the + + + align:start position:0% +controls well I guess maybe that's the +maximum all right so we start here with + + align:start position:0% +maximum all right so we start here with + + + align:start position:0% +maximum all right so we start here with +the laser uh okay all right so the laser + + align:start position:0% +the laser uh okay all right so the laser + + + align:start position:0% +the laser uh okay all right so the laser +comes from this side and and up to this + + align:start position:0% +comes from this side and and up to this + + + align:start position:0% +comes from this side and and up to this +section here is where we just uh cimate + + align:start position:0% +section here is where we just uh cimate + + + align:start position:0% +section here is where we just uh cimate +the light okay so basically what I'm + + align:start position:0% +the light okay so basically what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the light okay so basically what I'm +going to focus right now is on this + + align:start position:0% +going to focus right now is on this + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus right now is on this +other section so after this part here we + + align:start position:0% +other section so after this part here we + + + align:start position:0% +other section so after this part here we +have a nice plane wave this component + + align:start position:0% +have a nice plane wave this component + + + align:start position:0% +have a nice plane wave this component +here it's a polarizer that right now + + align:start position:0% +here it's a polarizer that right now + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a polarizer that right now +just take it as an element that allows + + align:start position:0% +just take it as an element that allows + + + align:start position:0% +just take it as an element that allows +me to uh control the intensity such that + + align:start position:0% +me to uh control the intensity such that + + + align:start position:0% +me to uh control the intensity such that +the CCD doesn't receive too much light + + align:start position:0% +the CCD doesn't receive too much light + + + align:start position:0% +the CCD doesn't receive too much light +now these two pieces of glass here are + + align:start position:0% +now these two pieces of glass here are + + + align:start position:0% +now these two pieces of glass here are +the beam Splitters so we've seen that + + align:start position:0% +the beam Splitters so we've seen that + + + align:start position:0% +the beam Splitters so we've seen that +these beam Splitters basically what they + + align:start position:0% +these beam Splitters basically what they + + + align:start position:0% +these beam Splitters basically what they +do is that they will split a section of + + align:start position:0% +do is that they will split a section of + + + align:start position:0% +do is that they will split a section of +the beam to one side and a section of + + align:start position:0% +the beam to one side and a section of + + + align:start position:0% +the beam to one side and a section of +the beam to the other side in this case + + align:start position:0% +the beam to the other side in this case + + + align:start position:0% +the beam to the other side in this case +it's 50 + + align:start position:0% +it's 50 + + + align:start position:0% +it's 50 +50% now then we have two mirrors so as + + align:start position:0% +50% now then we have two mirrors so as + + + align:start position:0% +50% now then we have two mirrors so as +you can see there's one path here and + + align:start position:0% +you can see there's one path here and + + + align:start position:0% +you can see there's one path here and +the other path here + + align:start position:0% +the other path here + + + align:start position:0% +the other path here +uh the two paths that now are are going + + align:start position:0% +uh the two paths that now are are going + + + align:start position:0% +uh the two paths that now are are going +to be combined by this second beam + + align:start position:0% +to be combined by this second beam + + + align:start position:0% +to be combined by this second beam +splitter here sometimes this is called + + align:start position:0% +splitter here sometimes this is called + + + align:start position:0% +splitter here sometimes this is called +the beam + + align:start position:0% +the beam + + + align:start position:0% +the beam +combiner and uh and then they + + align:start position:0% +combiner and uh and then they + + + align:start position:0% +combiner and uh and then they +co-propagate here pass through these + + align:start position:0% +co-propagate here pass through these + + + align:start position:0% +co-propagate here pass through these +Iris here and then in this case they're + + align:start position:0% +Iris here and then in this case they're + + + align:start position:0% +Iris here and then in this case they're +reflecting against this this mirror and + + align:start position:0% +reflecting against this this mirror and + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting against this this mirror and +going to the CCD so essentially what we + + align:start position:0% +going to the CCD so essentially what we + + + align:start position:0% +going to the CCD so essentially what we +have here is these two plane waves that + + align:start position:0% +have here is these two plane waves that + + + align:start position:0% +have here is these two plane waves that +first are splitted and then are combined + + align:start position:0% +first are splitted and then are combined + + + align:start position:0% +first are splitted and then are combined +back again together and if the two plane + + align:start position:0% +back again together and if the two plane + + + align:start position:0% +back again together and if the two plane +waves are exactly inline we see that + + align:start position:0% +waves are exactly inline we see that + + + align:start position:0% +waves are exactly inline we see that +we're not supposed to see fringes + + align:start position:0% +we're not supposed to see fringes + + + align:start position:0% +we're not supposed to see fringes +because they are exactly inline but we + + align:start position:0% +because they are exactly inline but we + + + align:start position:0% +because they are exactly inline but we +learn also that if we introduce a little + + align:start position:0% +learn also that if we introduce a little + + + align:start position:0% +learn also that if we introduce a little +angle here now the planer wave + + align:start position:0% +angle here now the planer wave + + + align:start position:0% +angle here now the planer wave +wavefronts of each plane W wave will + + align:start position:0% +wavefronts of each plane W wave will + + + align:start position:0% +wavefronts of each plane W wave will +interfere and then we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +interfere and then we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +interfere and then we're going to see +some sinusoidal pattern so this is + + align:start position:0% +some sinusoidal pattern so this is + + + align:start position:0% +some sinusoidal pattern so this is +exactly the same as the as in the P said + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same as the as in the P said + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same as the as in the P said +one of the problems that had what would + + align:start position:0% +one of the problems that had what would + + + align:start position:0% +one of the problems that had what would +be the interference pattern in an XY + + align:start position:0% +be the interference pattern in an XY + + + align:start position:0% +be the interference pattern in an XY +plane in this + + align:start position:0% +plane in this + + + align:start position:0% +plane in this +case uh in an XY plane respect to two PL + + align:start position:0% +case uh in an XY plane respect to two PL + + + align:start position:0% +case uh in an XY plane respect to two PL +was propagating with a slightly + + align:start position:0% +was propagating with a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +was propagating with a slightly +different K vectors so now let's look at + + align:start position:0% +different K vectors so now let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +different K vectors so now let's look at +the um the interference pattern now this + + align:start position:0% +the um the interference pattern now this + + + align:start position:0% +the um the interference pattern now this +is here in my computer + + align:start position:0% +is here in my computer + + + align:start position:0% +is here in my computer +screen so this is a a this is a video + + align:start position:0% +screen so this is a a this is a video + + + align:start position:0% +screen so this is a a this is a video +real time of this interferometer so as + + align:start position:0% +real time of this interferometer so as + + + align:start position:0% +real time of this interferometer so as +you can see you get very nice + + align:start position:0% +you can see you get very nice + + + align:start position:0% +you can see you get very nice +fringes uh of uh very bright and very + + align:start position:0% +fringes uh of uh very bright and very + + + align:start position:0% +fringes uh of uh very bright and very +dark so we know that the Peaks are the + + align:start position:0% +dark so we know that the Peaks are the + + + align:start position:0% +dark so we know that the Peaks are the +the the proof of constructive + + align:start position:0% +the the proof of constructive + + + align:start position:0% +the the proof of constructive +interference the null destructive + + align:start position:0% +interference the null destructive + + + align:start position:0% +interference the null destructive +interference and you also see some + + align:start position:0% +interference and you also see some + + + align:start position:0% +interference and you also see some +vibration here because we said these + + align:start position:0% +vibration here because we said these + + + align:start position:0% +vibration here because we said these +type of instruments are very very very + + align:start position:0% +type of instruments are very very very + + + align:start position:0% +type of instruments are very very very +sensitive to um to environmental + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to um to environmental + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to um to environmental +conditions and I'm actually going to tab + + align:start position:0% +conditions and I'm actually going to tab + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and I'm actually going to tab +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +table even if I just blow some air but I + + align:start position:0% +table even if I just blow some air but I + + + align:start position:0% +table even if I just blow some air but I +don't want to get some moist in the in + + align:start position:0% +don't want to get some moist in the in + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to get some moist in the in +the Optics but uh you can see variations + + align:start position:0% +the Optics but uh you can see variations + + + align:start position:0% +the Optics but uh you can see variations +of the fringes so then these type of + + align:start position:0% +of the fringes so then these type of + + + align:start position:0% +of the fringes so then these type of +interferometers are used for different + + align:start position:0% +interferometers are used for different + + + align:start position:0% +interferometers are used for different +measurements to calculate for instance + + align:start position:0% +measurements to calculate for instance + + + align:start position:0% +measurements to calculate for instance +phes or measure uh different uh profiles + + align:start position:0% +phes or measure uh different uh profiles + + + align:start position:0% +phes or measure uh different uh profiles +of of reflective Optics Etc so there are + + align:start position:0% +of of reflective Optics Etc so there are + + + align:start position:0% +of of reflective Optics Etc so there are +many applications of these Max + + align:start position:0% +many applications of these Max + + + align:start position:0% +many applications of these Max +interferometers + + align:start position:0% +interferometers + + + align:start position:0% +interferometers +and the reason being the sensitivity now + + align:start position:0% +and the reason being the sensitivity now + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason being the sensitivity now +we also talked about another thing the + + align:start position:0% +we also talked about another thing the + + + align:start position:0% +we also talked about another thing the +period of this sinusoidal pattern that + + align:start position:0% +period of this sinusoidal pattern that + + + align:start position:0% +period of this sinusoidal pattern that +we see is proportional to the angle of + + align:start position:0% +we see is proportional to the angle of + + + align:start position:0% +we see is proportional to the angle of +the plane waves so in this case I'm + + align:start position:0% +the plane waves so in this case I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the plane waves so in this case I'm +going to move one of the mirrors say + + align:start position:0% +going to move one of the mirrors say + + + align:start position:0% +going to move one of the mirrors say +this mirror here to change one of the + + align:start position:0% +this mirror here to change one of the + + + align:start position:0% +this mirror here to change one of the +beam pths the other one is going to + + align:start position:0% +beam pths the other one is going to + + + align:start position:0% +beam pths the other one is going to +remain fixed so let me tilt it a little + + align:start position:0% +remain fixed so let me tilt it a little + + + align:start position:0% +remain fixed so let me tilt it a little +bit and see what happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first okay so we see that the period of + + align:start position:0% +first okay so we see that the period of + + + align:start position:0% +first okay so we see that the period of +the of the plane wave is changed + + align:start position:0% +the of the plane wave is changed + + + align:start position:0% +the of the plane wave is changed +in this case I'm moving it uh in in the + + align:start position:0% +in this case I'm moving it uh in in the + + + align:start position:0% +in this case I'm moving it uh in in the +y + + align:start position:0% +y + + + align:start position:0% +y +direction so now the period is larger + + align:start position:0% +direction so now the period is larger + + + align:start position:0% +direction so now the period is larger +does anyone want to tell me what what do + + align:start position:0% +does anyone want to tell me what what do + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone want to tell me what what do +you think it's happening is are the + + align:start position:0% +you think it's happening is are the + + + align:start position:0% +you think it's happening is are the +plane waves more close to be parallel or + + align:start position:0% +plane waves more close to be parallel or + + + align:start position:0% +plane waves more close to be parallel or +further away + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep well p is inversely proportional to + + align:start position:0% +yep well p is inversely proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +yep well p is inversely proportional to +Theta so bigger period smaller Theta yes + + align:start position:0% +Theta so bigger period smaller Theta yes + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so bigger period smaller Theta yes +exactly so essentially here by doing + + align:start position:0% +exactly so essentially here by doing + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so essentially here by doing +this I'm making the plane webs to be as + + align:start position:0% +this I'm making the plane webs to be as + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm making the plane webs to be as +inline as as I can and of course since + + align:start position:0% +inline as as I can and of course since + + + align:start position:0% +inline as as I can and of course since +I'm increasing the period also the + + align:start position:0% +I'm increasing the period also the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm increasing the period also the +oscillations is start increasing and now + + align:start position:0% +oscillations is start increasing and now + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations is start increasing and now +we get these artifacts due to the frame + + align:start position:0% +we get these artifacts due to the frame + + + align:start position:0% +we get these artifacts due to the frame +rate of the camera that are going to be + + align:start position:0% +rate of the camera that are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the camera that are going to be +very noticeable I suppose in + + align:start position:0% +very noticeable I suppose in + + + align:start position:0% +very noticeable I suppose in +Singapore uh that's why I started with a + + align:start position:0% +Singapore uh that's why I started with a + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore uh that's why I started with a +small Fringe I can also change the + + align:start position:0% +small Fringe I can also change the + + + align:start position:0% +small Fringe I can also change the +tilting of the Fring + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to do nice things like this okay by + + align:start position:0% +to do nice things like this okay by + + + align:start position:0% +to do nice things like this okay by +basically changing the orientation of + + align:start position:0% +basically changing the orientation of + + + align:start position:0% +basically changing the orientation of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +mirrors okay all right so now what I'm + + align:start position:0% +mirrors okay all right so now what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors okay all right so now what I'm +going to do is I'm going to block one of + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I'm going to block one of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I'm going to block one of +these uh beam + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paths okay so we have a nice plane wave + + align:start position:0% +paths okay so we have a nice plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +paths okay so we have a nice plane wave +here and now we are going to repeat uh + + align:start position:0% +here and now we are going to repeat uh + + + align:start position:0% +here and now we are going to repeat uh +the aperture the sleit experiment that I + + align:start position:0% +the aperture the sleit experiment that I + + + align:start position:0% +the aperture the sleit experiment that I +showed last time but today we're going + + align:start position:0% +showed last time but today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +showed last time but today we're going +to do it in the frenel regime so + + align:start position:0% +to do it in the frenel regime so + + + align:start position:0% +to do it in the frenel regime so +basically we're going to try to mimic + + align:start position:0% +basically we're going to try to mimic + + + align:start position:0% +basically we're going to try to mimic +physically the experiment that Professor + + align:start position:0% +physically the experiment that Professor + + + align:start position:0% +physically the experiment that Professor +babasi + + align:start position:0% +babasi + + + align:start position:0% +babasi +showed in the video that he showed in in + + align:start position:0% +showed in the video that he showed in in + + + align:start position:0% +showed in the video that he showed in in +I think last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecture all right so we have the this + + align:start position:0% +lecture all right so we have the this + + + align:start position:0% +lecture all right so we have the this +lead here let me get it down a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit and I need to control the intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm going to move this closer to + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to move this closer to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to move this closer to +the CCD this is as close as as I can get + + align:start position:0% +the CCD this is as close as as I can get + + + align:start position:0% +the CCD this is as close as as I can get +so as you can see there's a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see there's a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see there's a plane wave +hitting let me just reduce the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exposure okay there is a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +exposure okay there is a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +exposure okay there is a plane wave +hitting this uh this this slit and you + + align:start position:0% +hitting this uh this this slit and you + + + align:start position:0% +hitting this uh this this slit and you +can see the defraction here happening in + + align:start position:0% +can see the defraction here happening in + + + align:start position:0% +can see the defraction here happening in +the discontinuity when basically it hits + + align:start position:0% +the discontinuity when basically it hits + + + align:start position:0% +the discontinuity when basically it hits +the metal piece and I can tune the size + + align:start position:0% +the metal piece and I can tune the size + + + align:start position:0% +the metal piece and I can tune the size +here and of course if I make this larger + + align:start position:0% +here and of course if I make this larger + + + align:start position:0% +here and of course if I make this larger +the defraction effects appear less + + align:start position:0% +the defraction effects appear less + + + align:start position:0% +the defraction effects appear less +noticeable but for a smaller sleit let's + + align:start position:0% +noticeable but for a smaller sleit let's + + + align:start position:0% +noticeable but for a smaller sleit let's +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it's actually pretty nice we see + + align:start position:0% +that it's actually pretty nice we see + + + align:start position:0% +that it's actually pretty nice we see +the nice defraction pattern I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the nice defraction pattern I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the nice defraction pattern I'm going to +increase intensity so you can see the + + align:start position:0% +increase intensity so you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +increase intensity so you can see the +the the the the fringes that happen + + align:start position:0% +the the the the fringes that happen + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the fringes that happen +there now let's see what happens if I + + align:start position:0% +there now let's see what happens if I + + + align:start position:0% +there now let's see what happens if I +have it I fix the position so the size + + align:start position:0% +have it I fix the position so the size + + + align:start position:0% +have it I fix the position so the size +of the slit and now I'm going to move it + + align:start position:0% +of the slit and now I'm going to move it + + + align:start position:0% +of the slit and now I'm going to move it +along the Optical axis back so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +along the Optical axis back so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +along the Optical axis back so I'm going +propagating + + align:start position:0% +propagating + + + align:start position:0% +propagating +back okay let me just reduce the + + align:start position:0% +back okay let me just reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +back okay let me just reduce the +intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here all right so we are somewhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so now I'm going to go back + + align:start position:0% +here okay so now I'm going to go back + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so now I'm going to go back +and you can see how the diffraction + + align:start position:0% +and you can see how the diffraction + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see how the diffraction +pattern changes and this is essentially + + align:start position:0% +pattern changes and this is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +pattern changes and this is essentially +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +video can you hear me yes + + align:start position:0% +video can you hear me yes + + + align:start position:0% +video can you hear me yes +can you go back where the Fringe in the + + align:start position:0% +can you go back where the Fringe in the + + + align:start position:0% +can you go back where the Fringe in the +center was dark yeah something like that + + align:start position:0% +center was dark yeah something like that + + + align:start position:0% +center was dark yeah something like that +this is the equivalent of the pon + + align:start position:0% +this is the equivalent of the pon + + + align:start position:0% +this is the equivalent of the pon +blinking spot that we mentioned a little + + align:start position:0% +blinking spot that we mentioned a little + + + align:start position:0% +blinking spot that we mentioned a little +bit go a little bit closer to the + + align:start position:0% +bit go a little bit closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +bit go a little bit closer to the +camera go a bit a a little bit wide I'm + + align:start position:0% +camera go a bit a a little bit wide I'm + + + align:start position:0% +camera go a bit a a little bit wide I'm +sorry a little bit closer to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +camera yeah uh try to try to have the + + align:start position:0% +camera yeah uh try to try to have the + + + align:start position:0% +camera yeah uh try to try to have the +center dark oh I'm going to show the pon + + align:start position:0% +center dark oh I'm going to show the pon + + + align:start position:0% +center dark oh I'm going to show the pon +spot with a circular aperture a bit + + align:start position:0% +spot with a circular aperture a bit + + + align:start position:0% +spot with a circular aperture a bit +later but I want make a point about this + + align:start position:0% +later but I want make a point about this + + + align:start position:0% +later but I want make a point about this +case that in this case you can see again + + align:start position:0% +case that in this case you can see again + + + align:start position:0% +case that in this case you can see again +the pon spot but it's actually an entire + + align:start position:0% +the pon spot but it's actually an entire + + + align:start position:0% +the pon spot but it's actually an entire +dark line in the center yeah and that's + + align:start position:0% +dark line in the center yeah and that's + + + align:start position:0% +dark line in the center yeah and that's +because the scattering of the two edges + + align:start position:0% +because the scattering of the two edges + + + align:start position:0% +because the scattering of the two edges +is actually out of face so it interferes + + align:start position:0% +is actually out of face so it interferes + + + align:start position:0% +is actually out of face so it interferes +distractive at the center and you see an + + align:start position:0% +distractive at the center and you see an + + + align:start position:0% +distractive at the center and you see an +entire dark band and then of course in + + align:start position:0% +entire dark band and then of course in + + + align:start position:0% +entire dark band and then of course in +this case of a circular aperture you see + + align:start position:0% +this case of a circular aperture you see + + + align:start position:0% +this case of a circular aperture you see +the pon spot as a spot in this case it + + align:start position:0% +the pon spot as a spot in this case it + + + align:start position:0% +the pon spot as a spot in this case it +is a vertical band here you go yeah + + align:start position:0% +is a vertical band here you go yeah + + + align:start position:0% +is a vertical band here you go yeah +that's perfect perfect yeah yeah so here + + align:start position:0% +that's perfect perfect yeah yeah so here + + + align:start position:0% +that's perfect perfect yeah yeah so here +you see the blinking so this is dark and + + align:start position:0% +you see the blinking so this is dark and + + + align:start position:0% +you see the blinking so this is dark and +this would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bright so this would be the blinking + + align:start position:0% +bright so this would be the blinking + + + align:start position:0% +bright so this would be the blinking +line I + + align:start position:0% +line I + + + align:start position:0% +line I +suppose all right now let me let me + + align:start position:0% +suppose all right now let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +suppose all right now let me let me +change it to the other video that we saw + + align:start position:0% +change it to the other video that we saw + + + align:start position:0% +change it to the other video that we saw +that was the um C circular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aperture okay so this is a circular + + align:start position:0% +aperture okay so this is a circular + + + align:start position:0% +aperture okay so this is a circular +aperture of a fixed size in this case uh + + align:start position:0% +aperture of a fixed size in this case uh + + + align:start position:0% +aperture of a fixed size in this case uh +you can see when it's close to the + + align:start position:0% +you can see when it's close to the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see when it's close to the +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +again as Clos as as I can get it to uh + + align:start position:0% +again as Clos as as I can get it to uh + + + align:start position:0% +again as Clos as as I can get it to uh +you see the refraction + + align:start position:0% +you see the refraction + + + align:start position:0% +you see the refraction +patterns so now this is very nice + + align:start position:0% +patterns so now this is very nice + + + align:start position:0% +patterns so now this is very nice +because what we're supposed to see here + + align:start position:0% +because what we're supposed to see here + + + align:start position:0% +because what we're supposed to see here +again is going to be that famous Pon + + align:start position:0% +again is going to be that famous Pon + + + align:start position:0% +again is going to be that famous Pon +spot or blinking spot and before we saw + + align:start position:0% +spot or blinking spot and before we saw + + + align:start position:0% +spot or blinking spot and before we saw +the results that we again saw in the + + align:start position:0% +the results that we again saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +the results that we again saw in the +movie there's a nice historical story + + align:start position:0% +movie there's a nice historical story + + + align:start position:0% +movie there's a nice historical story +about this in + + align:start position:0% +about this in + + + align:start position:0% +about this in +1888 uh frenel sent a very nice paper to + + align:start position:0% +1888 uh frenel sent a very nice paper to + + + align:start position:0% +1888 uh frenel sent a very nice paper to +a contest uh uh about the defraction of + + align:start position:0% +a contest uh uh about the defraction of + + + align:start position:0% +a contest uh uh about the defraction of +light so at the the time remember that + + align:start position:0% +light so at the the time remember that + + + align:start position:0% +light so at the the time remember that +there was all this controversy of if is + + align:start position:0% +there was all this controversy of if is + + + align:start position:0% +there was all this controversy of if is +light a wave or a particle so in in the + + align:start position:0% +light a wave or a particle so in in the + + + align:start position:0% +light a wave or a particle so in in the +committee judging these papers Wason a + + align:start position:0% +committee judging these papers Wason a + + + align:start position:0% +committee judging these papers Wason a +very respected scientist was actually in + + align:start position:0% +very respected scientist was actually in + + + align:start position:0% +very respected scientist was actually in +the committee and he saw F El's paper + + align:start position:0% +the committee and he saw F El's paper + + + align:start position:0% +the committee and he saw F El's paper +and he was like no this has to be wrong + + align:start position:0% +and he was like no this has to be wrong + + + align:start position:0% +and he was like no this has to be wrong +and he wanted to disprove it so he + + align:start position:0% +and he wanted to disprove it so he + + + align:start position:0% +and he wanted to disprove it so he +actually went and did some calculations + + align:start position:0% +actually went and did some calculations + + + align:start position:0% +actually went and did some calculations +and then proved that uh that if frenel + + align:start position:0% +and then proved that uh that if frenel + + + align:start position:0% +and then proved that uh that if frenel +was right what this means is that if you + + align:start position:0% +was right what this means is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +was right what this means is that if you +have say like an opening like this + + align:start position:0% +have say like an opening like this + + + align:start position:0% +have say like an opening like this +somewhere behind that opening after + + align:start position:0% +somewhere behind that opening after + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere behind that opening after +shining it with a plane wave you are + + align:start position:0% +shining it with a plane wave you are + + + align:start position:0% +shining it with a plane wave you are +supposed to see a dark spot and that + + align:start position:0% +supposed to see a dark spot and that + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to see a dark spot and that +dark spot is very counterintuitive + + align:start position:0% +dark spot is very counterintuitive + + + align:start position:0% +dark spot is very counterintuitive +because basically you're supposed to see + + align:start position:0% +because basically you're supposed to see + + + align:start position:0% +because basically you're supposed to see +from the geometrical Optics all the + + align:start position:0% +from the geometrical Optics all the + + + align:start position:0% +from the geometrical Optics all the +light going straight through so how how + + align:start position:0% +light going straight through so how how + + + align:start position:0% +light going straight through so how how +could be how could there be a very a + + align:start position:0% +could be how could there be a very a + + + align:start position:0% +could be how could there be a very a +dark spot in the center so then + + align:start position:0% +dark spot in the center so then + + + align:start position:0% +dark spot in the center so then +basically he said no okay this is the + + align:start position:0% +basically he said no okay this is the + + + align:start position:0% +basically he said no okay this is the +proof that the Fel theory is wrong but + + align:start position:0% +proof that the Fel theory is wrong but + + + align:start position:0% +proof that the Fel theory is wrong but +then another member in the committee + + align:start position:0% +then another member in the committee + + + align:start position:0% +then another member in the committee +Dominique arago he actually went ahead + + align:start position:0% +Dominique arago he actually went ahead + + + align:start position:0% +Dominique arago he actually went ahead +and did the experiment and he saw this + + align:start position:0% +and did the experiment and he saw this + + + align:start position:0% +and did the experiment and he saw this +Pon spot experimentally and then thanks + + align:start position:0% +Pon spot experimentally and then thanks + + + align:start position:0% +Pon spot experimentally and then thanks +to that of course Fel won the contest + + align:start position:0% +to that of course Fel won the contest + + + align:start position:0% +to that of course Fel won the contest +and now this I guess as opposed to like + + align:start position:0% +and now this I guess as opposed to like + + + align:start position:0% +and now this I guess as opposed to like +as a curse to pison it's called the pon + + align:start position:0% +as a curse to pison it's called the pon + + + align:start position:0% +as a curse to pison it's called the pon +spot all right let's see the pon spot in + + align:start position:0% +spot all right let's see the pon spot in + + + align:start position:0% +spot all right let's see the pon spot in +action so I'm going to go here you see + + align:start position:0% +action so I'm going to go here you see + + + align:start position:0% +action so I'm going to go here you see +it in + + align:start position:0% +it in + + + align:start position:0% +it in +bright dark I'm going to go even further + + align:start position:0% +bright dark I'm going to go even further + + + align:start position:0% +bright dark I'm going to go even further +away so I'm moving it back and you see + + align:start position:0% +away so I'm moving it back and you see + + + align:start position:0% +away so I'm moving it back and you see +the blinking spot + + align:start position:0% +the blinking spot + + + align:start position:0% +the blinking spot +trying to do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slowly going to go back can you see it + + align:start position:0% +slowly going to go back can you see it + + + align:start position:0% +slowly going to go back can you see it +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Singapore I guess that was say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +cool yeah very beautiful actually yeah + + align:start position:0% +cool yeah very beautiful actually yeah + + + align:start position:0% +cool yeah very beautiful actually yeah +it's a it's a very nice + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a very nice +okay so um can we switch to the front + + align:start position:0% +okay so um can we switch to the front + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um can we switch to the front +camera please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controller can we switch to the front + + align:start position:0% +controller can we switch to the front + + + align:start position:0% +controller can we switch to the front +front camera so now the next thing that + + align:start position:0% +front camera so now the next thing that + + + align:start position:0% +front camera so now the next thing that +I'm going to show um it's a defraction + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show um it's a defraction + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show um it's a defraction +gradings so defraction gradings it's a + + align:start position:0% +gradings so defraction gradings it's a + + + align:start position:0% +gradings so defraction gradings it's a +very interesting Optical component the + + align:start position:0% +very interesting Optical component the + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting Optical component the +front view please I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +front view please I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +front view please I'm going to show +something with a piece of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper well I guess if not I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +paper well I guess if not I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +paper well I guess if not I'm going to +show it here I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um all right so the next thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay um all right so the next thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay um all right so the next thing I'm +going to show it's an optical component + + align:start position:0% +going to show it's an optical component + + + align:start position:0% +going to show it's an optical component +that it's a very used in in in practice + + align:start position:0% +that it's a very used in in in practice + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a very used in in in practice +in different Optical setups uh that is + + align:start position:0% +in different Optical setups uh that is + + + align:start position:0% +in different Optical setups uh that is +called a grading so grading you can + + align:start position:0% +called a grading so grading you can + + + align:start position:0% +called a grading so grading you can +think of it as a material in this case + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a material in this case + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a material in this case +that uh the one that I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +that uh the one that I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the one that I'm going to show +it's called a phase grading that + + align:start position:0% +it's called a phase grading that + + + align:start position:0% +it's called a phase grading that +basically the index of refraction within + + align:start position:0% +basically the index of refraction within + + + align:start position:0% +basically the index of refraction within +the material varies in a given way in + + align:start position:0% +the material varies in a given way in + + + align:start position:0% +the material varies in a given way in +this case + + align:start position:0% +this case + + + align:start position:0% +this case +sinusoidally so it's a periodic + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidally so it's a periodic + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidally so it's a periodic +variation of index of refraction and + + align:start position:0% +variation of index of refraction and + + + align:start position:0% +variation of index of refraction and +then when the light hits this element + + align:start position:0% +then when the light hits this element + + + align:start position:0% +then when the light hits this element +like looks like a fat a flat uh piece of + + align:start position:0% +like looks like a fat a flat uh piece of + + + align:start position:0% +like looks like a fat a flat uh piece of +glass but in reality has this index + + align:start position:0% +glass but in reality has this index + + + align:start position:0% +glass but in reality has this index +varing it basically decomposes in + + align:start position:0% +varing it basically decomposes in + + + align:start position:0% +varing it basically decomposes in +multiple angles and uh and what I'm + + align:start position:0% +multiple angles and uh and what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +multiple angles and uh and what I'm +going to show here in this case is a + + align:start position:0% +going to show here in this case is a + + + align:start position:0% +going to show here in this case is a +normal laser + + align:start position:0% +normal laser + + + align:start position:0% +normal laser +pointer but it's + + align:start position:0% +pointer but it's + + + align:start position:0% +pointer but it's +actually has a two set of gradings in in + + align:start position:0% +actually has a two set of gradings in in + + + align:start position:0% +actually has a two set of gradings in in +this little end okay so what we are + + align:start position:0% +this little end okay so what we are + + + align:start position:0% +this little end okay so what we are +going to see again now is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to see again now is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to see again now is we're going to +see some beautiful array of patterns you + + align:start position:0% +see some beautiful array of patterns you + + + align:start position:0% +see some beautiful array of patterns you +see them and actually I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +see them and actually I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +see them and actually I'm going to +project them here this I'm not sure if + + align:start position:0% +project them here this I'm not sure if + + + align:start position:0% +project them here this I'm not sure if +the Singapore uh side is going to see it + + align:start position:0% +the Singapore uh side is going to see it + + + align:start position:0% +the Singapore uh side is going to see it +or not but um okay so now I have two + + align:start position:0% +or not but um okay so now I have two + + + align:start position:0% +or not but um okay so now I have two +cross linear + + align:start position:0% +cross linear + + + align:start position:0% +cross linear +gradings I actually can put them in sync + + align:start position:0% +gradings I actually can put them in sync + + + align:start position:0% +gradings I actually can put them in sync +so I can see very nice + + align:start position:0% +so I can see very nice + + + align:start position:0% +so I can see very nice +spots I can open + + align:start position:0% +spots I can open + + + align:start position:0% +spots I can open +them and you can do all sorts of fun + + align:start position:0% +them and you can do all sorts of fun + + + align:start position:0% +them and you can do all sorts of fun +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +here so the optical component actually + + align:start position:0% +here so the optical component actually + + + align:start position:0% +here so the optical component actually +looks something like this I actually + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this I actually + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this I actually +this is the second time that I showed a + + align:start position:0% +this is the second time that I showed a + + + align:start position:0% +this is the second time that I showed a +grading the first time was in the very + + align:start position:0% +grading the first time was in the very + + + align:start position:0% +grading the first time was in the very +first demo when I used a grading to + + align:start position:0% +first demo when I used a grading to + + + align:start position:0% +first demo when I used a grading to +disperse light similar to a prism so if + + align:start position:0% +disperse light similar to a prism so if + + + align:start position:0% +disperse light similar to a prism so if +you remember I had a prism with + + align:start position:0% +you remember I had a prism with + + + align:start position:0% +you remember I had a prism with +dispersing in what it's called the + + align:start position:0% +dispersing in what it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +dispersing in what it's called the +normal dispersion and a grading with + + align:start position:0% +normal dispersion and a grading with + + + align:start position:0% +normal dispersion and a grading with +what is called the anomalous dispersion + + align:start position:0% +what is called the anomalous dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +what is called the anomalous dispersion +so this also if you shine it with white + + align:start position:0% +so this also if you shine it with white + + + align:start position:0% +so this also if you shine it with white +light will form a very very nice rainbow + + align:start position:0% +light will form a very very nice rainbow + + + align:start position:0% +light will form a very very nice rainbow +so in this case it's a bit hard to show + + align:start position:0% +so in this case it's a bit hard to show + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case it's a bit hard to show +this guy uh with a camera but I'm going + + align:start position:0% +this guy uh with a camera but I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +this guy uh with a camera but I'm going +to try if we can put the other head + + align:start position:0% +to try if we can put the other head + + + align:start position:0% +to try if we can put the other head +camera I think it's on so what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +camera I think it's on so what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +camera I think it's on so what I'm going +to do it's I'm going to increase the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intensity ruce the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aperture and I'm going to try to show it + + align:start position:0% +aperture and I'm going to try to show it + + + align:start position:0% +aperture and I'm going to try to show it +in a piece of paper + + align:start position:0% +in a piece of paper + + + align:start position:0% +in a piece of paper +here so you see here the three spots in + + align:start position:0% +here so you see here the three spots in + + + align:start position:0% +here so you see here the three spots in +this case of this element being in this + + align:start position:0% +this case of this element being in this + + + align:start position:0% +this case of this element being in this +case well more orders so each of these + + align:start position:0% +case well more orders so each of these + + + align:start position:0% +case well more orders so each of these +spot we call a defraction order uh the + + align:start position:0% +spot we call a defraction order uh the + + + align:start position:0% +spot we call a defraction order uh the +one that goes straight through would be + + align:start position:0% +one that goes straight through would be + + + align:start position:0% +one that goes straight through would be +the zero order then we go to plus - one + + align:start position:0% +the zero order then we go to plus - one + + + align:start position:0% +the zero order then we go to plus - one +plus -2 so on and so forth and I and I + + align:start position:0% +plus -2 so on and so forth and I and I + + + align:start position:0% +plus -2 so on and so forth and I and I +guess after this we're going to do the + + align:start position:0% +guess after this we're going to do the + + + align:start position:0% +guess after this we're going to do the +actual derivation the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +actual derivation the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +actual derivation the mathematical +derivation of this do you want to add + + align:start position:0% +derivation of this do you want to add + + + align:start position:0% +derivation of this do you want to add +something else George for the grading + + align:start position:0% +something else George for the grading + + + align:start position:0% +something else George for the grading +side uh I think this only had plus minus + + align:start position:0% +side uh I think this only had plus minus + + + align:start position:0% +side uh I think this only had plus minus +one plus minus three right and a very + + align:start position:0% +one plus minus three right and a very + + + align:start position:0% +one plus minus three right and a very +weak zero or uh let's + + align:start position:0% +weak zero or uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +weak zero or uh let's +see because I only saw four spots so it + + align:start position:0% +see because I only saw four spots so it + + + align:start position:0% +see because I only saw four spots so it +must have been a there's + + align:start position:0% +must have been a there's + + + align:start position:0% +must have been a there's +more I think okay not very visible oh + + align:start position:0% +more I think okay not very visible oh + + + align:start position:0% +more I think okay not very visible oh +yeah yeah that's right there's more yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that's right there's more yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that's right there's more yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +the zero is also present but you can see + + align:start position:0% +the zero is also present but you can see + + + align:start position:0% +the zero is also present but you can see +that the plus - 2 plus - 4 are missing + + align:start position:0% +that the plus - 2 plus - 4 are missing + + + align:start position:0% +that the plus - 2 plus - 4 are missing +we'll talk about this in class later the + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about this in class later the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about this in class later the +point to see here is that uh you see the + + align:start position:0% +point to see here is that uh you see the + + + align:start position:0% +point to see here is that uh you see the +pattern is not quite regular it looks + + align:start position:0% +pattern is not quite regular it looks + + + align:start position:0% +pattern is not quite regular it looks +like the there is one missing order + + align:start position:0% +like the there is one missing order + + + align:start position:0% +like the there is one missing order +between the + + align:start position:0% +between the + + + align:start position:0% +between the +last okay if you label the central one + + align:start position:0% +last okay if you label the central one + + + align:start position:0% +last okay if you label the central one +zero then it goes one and then it skips + + align:start position:0% +zero then it goes one and then it skips + + + align:start position:0% +zero then it goes one and then it skips +two and then it goes to three + + align:start position:0% +two and then it goes to three + + + align:start position:0% +two and then it goes to three +so that's the point I want to make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good okay so I think we we switch back + + align:start position:0% +good okay so I think we we switch back + + + align:start position:0% +good okay so I think we we switch back +to you + + align:start position:0% +to you + + + align:start position:0% +to you +George okay thank you Pepe you're + + align:start position:0% +George okay thank you Pepe you're + + + align:start position:0% +George okay thank you Pepe you're +welcome I feel jealous actually because + + align:start position:0% +welcome I feel jealous actually because + + + align:start position:0% +welcome I feel jealous actually because +this is a it's much better to see it in + + align:start position:0% +this is a it's much better to see it in + + + align:start position:0% +this is a it's much better to see it in +real life than it is to see it in math + + align:start position:0% +real life than it is to see it in math + + + align:start position:0% +real life than it is to see it in math +but uh but hopefully this uh this will + + align:start position:0% +but uh but hopefully this uh this will + + + align:start position:0% +but uh but hopefully this uh this will +motivate you to tolerate the math so + + align:start position:0% +motivate you to tolerate the math so + + + align:start position:0% +motivate you to tolerate the math so +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh well if the physical phen are so + + align:start position:0% +uh well if the physical phen are so + + + align:start position:0% +uh well if the physical phen are so +pretty maybe it is worthwhile to go to + + align:start position:0% +pretty maybe it is worthwhile to go to + + + align:start position:0% +pretty maybe it is worthwhile to go to +the effort of um of understanding them I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so today I will talk I will basically + + align:start position:0% +so so today I will talk I will basically + + + align:start position:0% +so so today I will talk I will basically +pick up where Pepe left and I will talk + + align:start position:0% +pick up where Pepe left and I will talk + + + align:start position:0% +pick up where Pepe left and I will talk +about um uh defraction + + align:start position:0% +about um uh defraction + + + align:start position:0% +about um uh defraction +gratings and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh oh before I forget um some of you + + align:start position:0% +um uh oh before I forget um some of you + + + align:start position:0% +um uh oh before I forget um some of you +asked if you could have the movies from + + align:start position:0% +asked if you could have the movies from + + + align:start position:0% +asked if you could have the movies from +the the Sim the animations that I played + + align:start position:0% +the the Sim the animations that I played + + + align:start position:0% +the the Sim the animations that I played +in class the other day so if you go to + + align:start position:0% +in class the other day so if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +in class the other day so if you go to +the website I have created a new section + + align:start position:0% +the website I have created a new section + + + align:start position:0% +the website I have created a new section +called animations and I've have put the + + align:start position:0% +called animations and I've have put the + + + align:start position:0% +called animations and I've have put the +movies as AVI files so you can download + + align:start position:0% +movies as AVI files so you can download + + + align:start position:0% +movies as AVI files so you can download +them from there and also I have revised + + align:start position:0% +them from there and also I have revised + + + align:start position:0% +them from there and also I have revised +the notes uh last time if you recall uh + + align:start position:0% +the notes uh last time if you recall uh + + + align:start position:0% +the notes uh last time if you recall uh +we CAU a couple of factors of two that + + align:start position:0% +we CAU a couple of factors of two that + + + align:start position:0% +we CAU a couple of factors of two that +were missing and so on and so forth so I + + align:start position:0% +were missing and so on and so forth so I + + + align:start position:0% +were missing and so on and so forth so I +fix those uh if you find any more errors + + align:start position:0% +fix those uh if you find any more errors + + + align:start position:0% +fix those uh if you find any more errors +in the notes please let me know so that + + align:start position:0% +in the notes please let me know so that + + + align:start position:0% +in the notes please let me know so that +I can fix them as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay oh okay so today we will talk about + + align:start position:0% +okay oh okay so today we will talk about + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh okay so today we will talk about +uh so basically I will describe + + align:start position:0% +uh so basically I will describe + + + align:start position:0% +uh so basically I will describe +mathematically what pep showed in real + + align:start position:0% +mathematically what pep showed in real + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically what pep showed in real +life so a great in basically as pppa + + align:start position:0% +life so a great in basically as pppa + + + align:start position:0% +life so a great in basically as pppa +mentioned is a periodic thin + + align:start position:0% +mentioned is a periodic thin + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned is a periodic thin +transparency so we talked about th + + align:start position:0% +transparency so we talked about th + + + align:start position:0% +transparency so we talked about th +transparencies before we mentioned that + + align:start position:0% +transparencies before we mentioned that + + + align:start position:0% +transparencies before we mentioned that +they modulate in general th + + align:start position:0% +they modulate in general th + + + align:start position:0% +they modulate in general th +transparencies modulate the amplitude + + align:start position:0% +transparencies modulate the amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +transparencies modulate the amplitude +and the phase of the optical field so in + + align:start position:0% +and the phase of the optical field so in + + + align:start position:0% +and the phase of the optical field so in +the particular case when the th + + align:start position:0% +the particular case when the th + + + align:start position:0% +the particular case when the th +transparency is a periodic function of + + align:start position:0% +transparency is a periodic function of + + + align:start position:0% +transparency is a periodic function of +space then we call it a grating and for + + align:start position:0% +space then we call it a grating and for + + + align:start position:0% +space then we call it a grating and for +I guess for clarity of a presentation it + + align:start position:0% +I guess for clarity of a presentation it + + + align:start position:0% +I guess for clarity of a presentation it +is customary to to classify gratings as + + align:start position:0% +is customary to to classify gratings as + + + align:start position:0% +is customary to to classify gratings as +amplitude or phase depending on where + + align:start position:0% +amplitude or phase depending on where + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude or phase depending on where +the whether the grating acts upon the + + align:start position:0% +the whether the grating acts upon the + + + align:start position:0% +the whether the grating acts upon the +magnitude of the electromagnetic field + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the electromagnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the electromagnetic field +or the phase of the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +or the phase of the electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +or the phase of the electromagnetic +field now this can cause a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +field now this can cause a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +field now this can cause a little bit of +confusion because uh we have agreed to + + align:start position:0% +confusion because uh we have agreed to + + + align:start position:0% +confusion because uh we have agreed to +use the term amplitude to denote the + + align:start position:0% +use the term amplitude to denote the + + + align:start position:0% +use the term amplitude to denote the +complex amplitude of the optical field + + align:start position:0% +complex amplitude of the optical field + + + align:start position:0% +complex amplitude of the optical field +confusingly enough when people talk + + align:start position:0% +confusingly enough when people talk + + + align:start position:0% +confusingly enough when people talk +about amplitude gratings they actually + + align:start position:0% +about amplitude gratings they actually + + + align:start position:0% +about amplitude gratings they actually +they should be calling them magnitude + + align:start position:0% +they should be calling them magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +they should be calling them magnitude +gratings all right because as you can + + align:start position:0% +gratings all right because as you can + + + align:start position:0% +gratings all right because as you can +see in the case on the left the + + align:start position:0% +see in the case on the left the + + + align:start position:0% +see in the case on the left the +transmission function of an amplitude + + align:start position:0% +transmission function of an amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +transmission function of an amplitude +grating is a positive real number so + + align:start position:0% +grating is a positive real number so + + + align:start position:0% +grating is a positive real number so +therefore this kind of grating acts + + align:start position:0% +therefore this kind of grating acts + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this kind of grating acts +directly onto the onto the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +directly onto the onto the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +directly onto the onto the magnitude of +the optical field nevertheless for + + align:start position:0% +the optical field nevertheless for + + + align:start position:0% +the optical field nevertheless for +historical reason historical reasons + + align:start position:0% +historical reason historical reasons + + + align:start position:0% +historical reason historical reasons +people call these gratings I suppose + + align:start position:0% +people call these gratings I suppose + + + align:start position:0% +people call these gratings I suppose +they call them um magnitude uh I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +they call them um magnitude uh I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +they call them um magnitude uh I'm sorry +they call them amplitude gratings so + + align:start position:0% +they call them amplitude gratings so + + + align:start position:0% +they call them amplitude gratings so +hopefully this will not create confusion + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this will not create confusion + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this will not create confusion +but anyway the simplest possible + + align:start position:0% +but anyway the simplest possible + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway the simplest possible +modulation is sinusoidal and you can see + + align:start position:0% +modulation is sinusoidal and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +modulation is sinusoidal and you can see +here sort of jaapos and a sinusoidal + + align:start position:0% +here sort of jaapos and a sinusoidal + + + align:start position:0% +here sort of jaapos and a sinusoidal +amplitude grating and sinusoidal phase + + align:start position:0% +amplitude grating and sinusoidal phase + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude grating and sinusoidal phase +gring so starting with the amplitude + + align:start position:0% +gring so starting with the amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +gring so starting with the amplitude +gring + + align:start position:0% +gring + + + align:start position:0% +gring +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +complex transmission function of the + + align:start position:0% +complex transmission function of the + + + align:start position:0% +complex transmission function of the +grating is actually not complex at all + + align:start position:0% +grating is actually not complex at all + + + align:start position:0% +grating is actually not complex at all +it is a real positive number and what + + align:start position:0% +it is a real positive number and what + + + align:start position:0% +it is a real positive number and what +I've done is I've plot on top of it I've + + align:start position:0% +I've done is I've plot on top of it I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've done is I've plot on top of it I've +plot its magnitude which is of course + + align:start position:0% +plot its magnitude which is of course + + + align:start position:0% +plot its magnitude which is of course +itself since this is a real positive + + align:start position:0% +itself since this is a real positive + + + align:start position:0% +itself since this is a real positive +function and its phase and of course the + + align:start position:0% +function and its phase and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +function and its phase and of course the +phase is zero because the phase of a + + align:start position:0% +phase is zero because the phase of a + + + align:start position:0% +phase is zero because the phase of a +complex number which happens to be real + + align:start position:0% +complex number which happens to be real + + + align:start position:0% +complex number which happens to be real +and positive is um zero uh the Quant I + + align:start position:0% +and positive is um zero uh the Quant I + + + align:start position:0% +and positive is um zero uh the Quant I +is to mention here are the period of the + + align:start position:0% +is to mention here are the period of the + + + align:start position:0% +is to mention here are the period of the +grating we use the uppercase Greek + + align:start position:0% +grating we use the uppercase Greek + + + align:start position:0% +grating we use the uppercase Greek +symbol Lambda it looks like a like a um + + align:start position:0% +symbol Lambda it looks like a like a um + + + align:start position:0% +symbol Lambda it looks like a like a um +like a hat I guess that that symbol is + + align:start position:0% +like a hat I guess that that symbol is + + + align:start position:0% +like a hat I guess that that symbol is +called Lambda so this is the period of + + align:start position:0% +called Lambda so this is the period of + + + align:start position:0% +called Lambda so this is the period of +the grating so this case you can see the + + align:start position:0% +the grating so this case you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +the grating so this case you can see the +grating seems to fulfill one ulation + + align:start position:0% +grating seems to fulfill one ulation + + + align:start position:0% +grating seems to fulfill one ulation +between approximately minus 5 units and + + align:start position:0% +between approximately minus 5 units and + + + align:start position:0% +between approximately minus 5 units and +plus 5 units therefore the period here + + align:start position:0% +plus 5 units therefore the period here + + + align:start position:0% +plus 5 units therefore the period here +is is 10 units and actually the unit + + align:start position:0% +is is 10 units and actually the unit + + + align:start position:0% +is is 10 units and actually the unit +I've picked on the horizontal axis is + + align:start position:0% +I've picked on the horizontal axis is + + + align:start position:0% +I've picked on the horizontal axis is +the wavelength of the light so this um + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength of the light so this um + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength of the light so this um +GR in has a period of 10 wavelengths so + + align:start position:0% +GR in has a period of 10 wavelengths so + + + align:start position:0% +GR in has a period of 10 wavelengths so +if the light were + + align:start position:0% +if the light were + + + align:start position:0% +if the light were +visible green light has a wavelength of + + align:start position:0% +visible green light has a wavelength of + + + align:start position:0% +visible green light has a wavelength of +approximately half a micrometer so in + + align:start position:0% +approximately half a micrometer so in + + + align:start position:0% +approximately half a micrometer so in +real units for green light the period + + align:start position:0% +real units for green light the period + + + align:start position:0% +real units for green light the period +here would have been approximately 5 + + align:start position:0% +here would have been approximately 5 + + + align:start position:0% +here would have been approximately 5 +micromet or or 10 wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +micromet or or 10 wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +micromet or or 10 wavelengths +okay then M we saw the symbol m also + + align:start position:0% +okay then M we saw the symbol m also + + + align:start position:0% +okay then M we saw the symbol m also +when we talk about interference we + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about interference we + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about interference we +called M the contrast between the the + + align:start position:0% +called M the contrast between the the + + + align:start position:0% +called M the contrast between the the +brightest and the darkest part of a + + align:start position:0% +brightest and the darkest part of a + + + align:start position:0% +brightest and the darkest part of a +fringe in the case of an interference + + align:start position:0% +fringe in the case of an interference + + + align:start position:0% +fringe in the case of an interference +pattern in this case we still call it + + align:start position:0% +pattern in this case we still call it + + + align:start position:0% +pattern in this case we still call it +contrast but it is between the the most + + align:start position:0% +contrast but it is between the the most + + + align:start position:0% +contrast but it is between the the most +transmissive part of the grating and the + + align:start position:0% +transmissive part of the grating and the + + + align:start position:0% +transmissive part of the grating and the +darkest part of the gring so in this + + align:start position:0% +darkest part of the gring so in this + + + align:start position:0% +darkest part of the gring so in this +case you can see that it goes between + + align:start position:0% +case you can see that it goes between + + + align:start position:0% +case you can see that it goes between +approximately + + align:start position:0% +approximately + + + align:start position:0% +approximately +9 and .1 the maximum transmissivity is + + align:start position:0% +9 and .1 the maximum transmissivity is + + + align:start position:0% +9 and .1 the maximum transmissivity is +.9 and the minimum transmissivity is .1 + + align:start position:0% +.9 and the minimum transmissivity is .1 + + + align:start position:0% +.9 and the minimum transmissivity is .1 +so therefore the value of M for the GR + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the value of M for the GR + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the value of M for the GR +in sh here is approximately + + align:start position:0% +in sh here is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +in sh here is approximately +8 uh if the GR in was swinging between + + align:start position:0% +8 uh if the GR in was swinging between + + + align:start position:0% +8 uh if the GR in was swinging between +maximum 100% + + align:start position:0% +maximum 100% + + + align:start position:0% +maximum 100% +transmission uh totally bright and + + align:start position:0% +transmission uh totally bright and + + + align:start position:0% +transmission uh totally bright and +totally dark that would have been zero + + align:start position:0% +totally dark that would have been zero + + + align:start position:0% +totally dark that would have been zero +then the contrast would have been one so + + align:start position:0% +then the contrast would have been one so + + + align:start position:0% +then the contrast would have been one so +this is the the function of this m + + align:start position:0% +this is the the function of this m + + + align:start position:0% +this is the the function of this m +parameter here and finally we allow a + + align:start position:0% +parameter here and finally we allow a + + + align:start position:0% +parameter here and finally we allow a +face shift which basically says if the + + align:start position:0% +face shift which basically says if the + + + align:start position:0% +face shift which basically says if the +maximum since the grent is written as a + + align:start position:0% +maximum since the grent is written as a + + + align:start position:0% +maximum since the grent is written as a +cosine function here F tells me if the + + align:start position:0% +cosine function here F tells me if the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine function here F tells me if the +maximum transmission the maximum value + + align:start position:0% +maximum transmission the maximum value + + + align:start position:0% +maximum transmission the maximum value +of the cosine is centered with xal 0 on + + align:start position:0% +of the cosine is centered with xal 0 on + + + align:start position:0% +of the cosine is centered with xal 0 on +the horizontal axis so you can see that + + align:start position:0% +the horizontal axis so you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +the horizontal axis so you can see that +in this case it is indeed centered so + + align:start position:0% +in this case it is indeed centered so + + + align:start position:0% +in this case it is indeed centered so +therefore the phase F would equal zero + + align:start position:0% +therefore the phase F would equal zero + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the phase F would equal zero +in the GR in shown in this case + + align:start position:0% +in the GR in shown in this case + + + align:start position:0% +in the GR in shown in this case +Okay so uh that's what I had to say + + align:start position:0% +Okay so uh that's what I had to say + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so uh that's what I had to say +about the amplitude grating now if you + + align:start position:0% +about the amplitude grating now if you + + + align:start position:0% +about the amplitude grating now if you +go to the phase grating it is actually + + align:start position:0% +go to the phase grating it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +go to the phase grating it is actually +kind of the opposite so the phase + + align:start position:0% +kind of the opposite so the phase + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the opposite so the phase +grating is expressed as a complex + + align:start position:0% +grating is expressed as a complex + + + align:start position:0% +grating is expressed as a complex +exponential with a purely imagin with a + + align:start position:0% +exponential with a purely imagin with a + + + align:start position:0% +exponential with a purely imagin with a +pure um uh with a pure uh phase without + + align:start position:0% +pure um uh with a pure uh phase without + + + align:start position:0% +pure um uh with a pure uh phase without +any amplitude modulation so its + + align:start position:0% +any amplitude modulation so its + + + align:start position:0% +any amplitude modulation so its +magnitude then is one so you see that + + align:start position:0% +magnitude then is one so you see that + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude then is one so you see that +the magnitude is a flat function + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude is a flat function + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude is a flat function +so this means that this grating + + align:start position:0% +so this means that this grating + + + align:start position:0% +so this means that this grating +transmits all of the light what it does + + align:start position:0% +transmits all of the light what it does + + + align:start position:0% +transmits all of the light what it does +though what it does do though is it + + align:start position:0% +though what it does do though is it + + + align:start position:0% +though what it does do though is it +modulates the phase and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +modulates the phase and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +modulates the phase and you can see that +it modulates the phase in in a + + align:start position:0% +it modulates the phase in in a + + + align:start position:0% +it modulates the phase in in a +sinusoidal + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal +fashion so this is what you see now in + + align:start position:0% +fashion so this is what you see now in + + + align:start position:0% +fashion so this is what you see now in +the bottom plot which is the the phase + + align:start position:0% +the bottom plot which is the the phase + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom plot which is the the phase +the angle by the way the phase sometimes + + align:start position:0% +the angle by the way the phase sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +the angle by the way the phase sometimes +we Den not the phase as this sort of + + align:start position:0% +we Den not the phase as this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we Den not the phase as this sort of +with this angular symbol of a complex + + align:start position:0% +with this angular symbol of a complex + + + align:start position:0% +with this angular symbol of a complex +number so the phase is simply the + + align:start position:0% +number so the phase is simply the + + + align:start position:0% +number so the phase is simply the +argument of the of the exponent here and + + align:start position:0% +argument of the of the exponent here and + + + align:start position:0% +argument of the of the exponent here and +is itself sinusoidal and it also has a + + align:start position:0% +is itself sinusoidal and it also has a + + + align:start position:0% +is itself sinusoidal and it also has a +period and a contrast the contrast in + + align:start position:0% +period and a contrast the contrast in + + + align:start position:0% +period and a contrast the contrast in +this case is called the phase contrast + + align:start position:0% +this case is called the phase contrast + + + align:start position:0% +this case is called the phase contrast +because we're talking about the phase + + align:start position:0% +because we're talking about the phase + + + align:start position:0% +because we're talking about the phase +and you can see that in this case it is + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that in this case it is + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that in this case it is +swinging also approximately between + + align:start position:0% +swinging also approximately between + + + align:start position:0% +swinging also approximately between +plus4 and minus point4 so the contrast + + align:start position:0% +plus4 and minus point4 so the contrast + + + align:start position:0% +plus4 and minus point4 so the contrast +is also 8 in this case but it could be + + align:start position:0% +is also 8 in this case but it could be + + + align:start position:0% +is also 8 in this case but it could be +anything really between minus pi and pi + + align:start position:0% +anything really between minus pi and pi + + + align:start position:0% +anything really between minus pi and pi +uh to to get a complete um you know a + + align:start position:0% +uh to to get a complete um you know a + + + align:start position:0% +uh to to get a complete um you know a +complete phase contrast and the other + + align:start position:0% +complete phase contrast and the other + + + align:start position:0% +complete phase contrast and the other +two parameters are the same the period + + align:start position:0% +two parameters are the same the period + + + align:start position:0% +two parameters are the same the period +is also about 10 wavelengths and the + + align:start position:0% +is also about 10 wavelengths and the + + + align:start position:0% +is also about 10 wavelengths and the +phase shift is zero we have to be a + + align:start position:0% +phase shift is zero we have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift is zero we have to be a +little bit careful here not to confuse + + align:start position:0% +little bit careful here not to confuse + + + align:start position:0% +little bit careful here not to confuse +the phase of the grating with the phase + + align:start position:0% +the phase of the grating with the phase + + + align:start position:0% +the phase of the grating with the phase +shift so again the phase shift is + + align:start position:0% +shift so again the phase shift is + + + align:start position:0% +shift so again the phase shift is +telling us whether the + + align:start position:0% +telling us whether the + + + align:start position:0% +telling us whether the +transmission is uh aligned or not with + + align:start position:0% +transmission is uh aligned or not with + + + align:start position:0% +transmission is uh aligned or not with +the origin of the coordin + + align:start position:0% +the origin of the coordin + + + align:start position:0% +the origin of the coordin +so this case since I have a sign in the + + align:start position:0% +so this case since I have a sign in the + + + align:start position:0% +so this case since I have a sign in the +phase of the grating you see that it + + align:start position:0% +phase of the grating you see that it + + + align:start position:0% +phase of the grating you see that it +assumes the value Z at xal Z so again + + align:start position:0% +assumes the value Z at xal Z so again + + + align:start position:0% +assumes the value Z at xal Z so again +there's no phase shift so this phase + + align:start position:0% +there's no phase shift so this phase + + + align:start position:0% +there's no phase shift so this phase +shift is not to be confused with the + + align:start position:0% +shift is not to be confused with the + + + align:start position:0% +shift is not to be confused with the +phase delay that the grating imposes + + align:start position:0% +phase delay that the grating imposes + + + align:start position:0% +phase delay that the grating imposes +upon the complex amplitude of the + + align:start position:0% +upon the complex amplitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +upon the complex amplitude of the +electromagnetic field so that's a rather + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field so that's a rather + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field so that's a rather +important point and I would like to + + align:start position:0% +important point and I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +important point and I would like to +point it + + align:start position:0% +point it + + + align:start position:0% +point it +out okay so how do these things behave + + align:start position:0% +out okay so how do these things behave + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so how do these things behave +now so what I will do is I will play two + + align:start position:0% +now so what I will do is I will play two + + + align:start position:0% +now so what I will do is I will play two +movies and uh which I guess are not as + + align:start position:0% +movies and uh which I guess are not as + + + align:start position:0% +movies and uh which I guess are not as +convincing as the movies that Pepe + + align:start position:0% +convincing as the movies that Pepe + + + align:start position:0% +convincing as the movies that Pepe +showed because Pepe is doing an + + align:start position:0% +showed because Pepe is doing an + + + align:start position:0% +showed because Pepe is doing an +experiment in this case these are simply + + align:start position:0% +experiment in this case these are simply + + + align:start position:0% +experiment in this case these are simply +matlb + + align:start position:0% +matlb + + + align:start position:0% +matlb +calculations but basically the two movie + + align:start position:0% +calculations but basically the two movie + + + align:start position:0% +calculations but basically the two movie +the movies will show you two grings one + + align:start position:0% +the movies will show you two grings one + + + align:start position:0% +the movies will show you two grings one +is an amplitude gr and one is a phase + + align:start position:0% +is an amplitude gr and one is a phase + + + align:start position:0% +is an amplitude gr and one is a phase +grating and they will show you how the + + align:start position:0% +grating and they will show you how the + + + align:start position:0% +grating and they will show you how the +field propagates after the after the + + align:start position:0% +field propagates after the after the + + + align:start position:0% +field propagates after the after the +gring and these movies are also posted + + align:start position:0% +gring and these movies are also posted + + + align:start position:0% +gring and these movies are also posted +in the website so you can play them + + align:start position:0% +in the website so you can play them + + + align:start position:0% +in the website so you can play them +yourselves again later now at the I + + align:start position:0% +yourselves again later now at the I + + + align:start position:0% +yourselves again later now at the I +should say the grating grooves are + + align:start position:0% +should say the grating grooves are + + + align:start position:0% +should say the grating grooves are +oriented horizontal in this case and you + + align:start position:0% +oriented horizontal in this case and you + + + align:start position:0% +oriented horizontal in this case and you +cannot see them on the camera or on the + + align:start position:0% +cannot see them on the camera or on the + + + align:start position:0% +cannot see them on the camera or on the +video because the pixel size is not big + + align:start position:0% +video because the pixel size is not big + + + align:start position:0% +video because the pixel size is not big +enough to allow you to see them + + align:start position:0% +enough to allow you to see them + + + align:start position:0% +enough to allow you to see them +unfortunately this is an artifact of the + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately this is an artifact of the + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately this is an artifact of the +of the calculation uh so what you see + + align:start position:0% +of the calculation uh so what you see + + + align:start position:0% +of the calculation uh so what you see +here is some some + + align:start position:0% +here is some some + + + align:start position:0% +here is some some +U variation in the grating that is + + align:start position:0% +U variation in the grating that is + + + align:start position:0% +U variation in the grating that is +actually uh not the great in itself as I + + align:start position:0% +actually uh not the great in itself as I + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh not the great in itself as I +said it is called the muare pattern if + + align:start position:0% +said it is called the muare pattern if + + + align:start position:0% +said it is called the muare pattern if +you if you are familiar with the term + + align:start position:0% +you if you are familiar with the term + + + align:start position:0% +you if you are familiar with the term +but anyway I don't want to go into Mo + + align:start position:0% +but anyway I don't want to go into Mo + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway I don't want to go into Mo +Theory here but the reason you can see + + align:start position:0% +Theory here but the reason you can see + + + align:start position:0% +Theory here but the reason you can see +this pattern is because the pixel size + + align:start position:0% +this pattern is because the pixel size + + + align:start position:0% +this pattern is because the pixel size +of the camera and the display is not + + align:start position:0% +of the camera and the display is not + + + align:start position:0% +of the camera and the display is not +small enough to show you the period of + + align:start position:0% +small enough to show you the period of + + + align:start position:0% +small enough to show you the period of +the grating so the grating is actually + + align:start position:0% +the grating so the grating is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the grating so the grating is actually +uh expressed by this function X is the + + align:start position:0% +uh expressed by this function X is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh expressed by this function X is the +same in the equation as in the axis and + + align:start position:0% +same in the equation as in the axis and + + + align:start position:0% +same in the equation as in the axis and +the period of the grating is two + + align:start position:0% +the period of the grating is two + + + align:start position:0% +the period of the grating is two +wavelength so this grating has a very + + align:start position:0% +wavelength so this grating has a very + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength so this grating has a very +very small period + + align:start position:0% +very small period + + + align:start position:0% +very small period +uh the contrast I picked to to be one in + + align:start position:0% +uh the contrast I picked to to be one in + + + align:start position:0% +uh the contrast I picked to to be one in +this case and there's no phase shift so + + align:start position:0% +this case and there's no phase shift so + + + align:start position:0% +this case and there's no phase shift so +I will play the movie now and you will + + align:start position:0% +I will play the movie now and you will + + + align:start position:0% +I will play the movie now and you will +see what happens so the field will + + align:start position:0% +see what happens so the field will + + + align:start position:0% +see what happens so the field will +propagate along the + + align:start position:0% +propagate along the + + + align:start position:0% +propagate along the +z-axis and you can see that the light + + align:start position:0% +z-axis and you can see that the light + + + align:start position:0% +z-axis and you can see that the light +that originally illuminated the grating + + align:start position:0% +that originally illuminated the grating + + + align:start position:0% +that originally illuminated the grating +actually now splits into three parts + + align:start position:0% +actually now splits into three parts + + + align:start position:0% +actually now splits into three parts +these also Peppa mentioned they're + + align:start position:0% +these also Peppa mentioned they're + + + align:start position:0% +these also Peppa mentioned they're +called defraction orders one of them + + align:start position:0% +called defraction orders one of them + + + align:start position:0% +called defraction orders one of them +propagates straight through that is + + align:start position:0% +propagates straight through that is + + + align:start position:0% +propagates straight through that is +called the zero defraction order and + + align:start position:0% +called the zero defraction order and + + + align:start position:0% +called the zero defraction order and +then you get a plus one above and a + + align:start position:0% +then you get a plus one above and a + + + align:start position:0% +then you get a plus one above and a +minus one defraction order below so this + + align:start position:0% +minus one defraction order below so this + + + align:start position:0% +minus one defraction order below so this +is the typical behavior of the + + align:start position:0% +is the typical behavior of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the typical behavior of the +sinusoidal amplitude uh grating now if I + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal amplitude uh grating now if I + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal amplitude uh grating now if I +play the same thing for the phase + + align:start position:0% +play the same thing for the phase + + + align:start position:0% +play the same thing for the phase +grating there's two things to notice + + align:start position:0% +grating there's two things to notice + + + align:start position:0% +grating there's two things to notice +first of all there's no M at all here + + align:start position:0% +first of all there's no M at all here + + + align:start position:0% +first of all there's no M at all here +that's because the phase grating does + + align:start position:0% +that's because the phase grating does + + + align:start position:0% +that's because the phase grating does +not modulate the the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +not modulate the the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +not modulate the the magnitude of the +electric field at all so in other words + + align:start position:0% +electric field at all so in other words + + + align:start position:0% +electric field at all so in other words +at the entrance on the gra in itself the + + align:start position:0% +at the entrance on the gra in itself the + + + align:start position:0% +at the entrance on the gra in itself the +grating looks just like an empty + + align:start position:0% +grating looks just like an empty + + + align:start position:0% +grating looks just like an empty +transparency it has not changed the + + align:start position:0% +transparency it has not changed the + + + align:start position:0% +transparency it has not changed the +magnitude of the field what it has done + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the field what it has done + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the field what it has done +it has changed the phase and because the + + align:start position:0% +it has changed the phase and because the + + + align:start position:0% +it has changed the phase and because the +phase of the field got got modulated + + align:start position:0% +phase of the field got got modulated + + + align:start position:0% +phase of the field got got modulated +inside this slit over here what you will + + align:start position:0% +inside this slit over here what you will + + + align:start position:0% +inside this slit over here what you will +see when I play the GR in is again that + + align:start position:0% +see when I play the GR in is again that + + + align:start position:0% +see when I play the GR in is again that +it splits but now it splits into more + + align:start position:0% +it splits but now it splits into more + + + align:start position:0% +it splits but now it splits into more +than one it splits into in this case you + + align:start position:0% +than one it splits into in this case you + + + align:start position:0% +than one it splits into in this case you +can see very clearly five defraction + + align:start position:0% +can see very clearly five defraction + + + align:start position:0% +can see very clearly five defraction +orders you can see very clearly this + + align:start position:0% +orders you can see very clearly this + + + align:start position:0% +orders you can see very clearly this +there is one in the center then another + + align:start position:0% +there is one in the center then another + + + align:start position:0% +there is one in the center then another +one and another one okay H H so these + + align:start position:0% +one and another one okay H H so these + + + align:start position:0% +one and another one okay H H so these +are the + one + two and then at the + + align:start position:0% +are the + one + two and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +are the + one + two and then at the +bottom you have Min -1 -2 def fraction + + align:start position:0% +bottom you have Min -1 -2 def fraction + + + align:start position:0% +bottom you have Min -1 -2 def fraction +orders so so it is in some ways similar + + align:start position:0% +orders so so it is in some ways similar + + + align:start position:0% +orders so so it is in some ways similar +to the amplitude case but in this case + + align:start position:0% +to the amplitude case but in this case + + + align:start position:0% +to the amplitude case but in this case +we get more defraction orders and uh and + + align:start position:0% +we get more defraction orders and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +we get more defraction orders and uh and +um so I guess what I will try to do now + + align:start position:0% +um so I guess what I will try to do now + + + align:start position:0% +um so I guess what I will try to do now +is I will try to explain what is the + + align:start position:0% +is I will try to explain what is the + + + align:start position:0% +is I will try to explain what is the +difference and and why the phase grating + + align:start position:0% +difference and and why the phase grating + + + align:start position:0% +difference and and why the phase grating +gives us more defraction ERS I should + + align:start position:0% +gives us more defraction ERS I should + + + align:start position:0% +gives us more defraction ERS I should +say by the way that the sinusoidal I + + align:start position:0% +say by the way that the sinusoidal I + + + align:start position:0% +say by the way that the sinusoidal I +want to emphasize the sinusoidal + + align:start position:0% +want to emphasize the sinusoidal + + + align:start position:0% +want to emphasize the sinusoidal +amplitude grating gives us only three + + align:start position:0% +amplitude grating gives us only three + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude grating gives us only three +the zero order the plus one and the + + align:start position:0% +the zero order the plus one and the + + + align:start position:0% +the zero order the plus one and the +minus one in general other types of + + align:start position:0% +minus one in general other types of + + + align:start position:0% +minus one in general other types of +gratings for example binary or phase + + align:start position:0% +gratings for example binary or phase + + + align:start position:0% +gratings for example binary or phase +gratings and so on they give us more + + align:start position:0% +gratings and so on they give us more + + + align:start position:0% +gratings and so on they give us more +than three defraction orders so + + align:start position:0% +than three defraction orders so + + + align:start position:0% +than three defraction orders so +so okay so first of all let's look at + + align:start position:0% +so okay so first of all let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so first of all let's look at +the physical + + align:start position:0% +the physical + + + align:start position:0% +the physical +picture uh so I'll start with the sinos + + align:start position:0% +picture uh so I'll start with the sinos + + + align:start position:0% +picture uh so I'll start with the sinos +the L ude because this is the simplest + + align:start position:0% +the L ude because this is the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +the L ude because this is the simplest +possible grating and let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +possible grating and let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +possible grating and let's look at the +physical picture of what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +physical picture of what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +physical picture of what's going on here +and why we get this defraction orders so + + align:start position:0% +and why we get this defraction orders so + + + align:start position:0% +and why we get this defraction orders so +if I have a plane wave in pinging oh so + + align:start position:0% +if I have a plane wave in pinging oh so + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a plane wave in pinging oh so +so again this symbol uh being Greek I + + align:start position:0% +so again this symbol uh being Greek I + + + align:start position:0% +so again this symbol uh being Greek I +have Advantage I guess I can recognize + + align:start position:0% +have Advantage I guess I can recognize + + + align:start position:0% +have Advantage I guess I can recognize +it it is the uppercase Lambda so we use + + align:start position:0% +it it is the uppercase Lambda so we use + + + align:start position:0% +it it is the uppercase Lambda so we use +the symbol lowercase uh control may have + + align:start position:0% +the symbol lowercase uh control may have + + + align:start position:0% +the symbol lowercase uh control may have +the the paper actually I already have + + align:start position:0% +the the paper actually I already have + + + align:start position:0% +the the paper actually I already have +the paper do I yeah okay so + + align:start position:0% +the paper do I yeah okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the paper do I yeah okay so +this symbol that we use for the + + align:start position:0% +this symbol that we use for the + + + align:start position:0% +this symbol that we use for the +wavelength is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lowercase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda this symbol that we use generally + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this symbol that we use generally + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this symbol that we use generally +for spatial period is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uppercase it may sound a little bit + + align:start position:0% +uppercase it may sound a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +uppercase it may sound a little bit +ridiculous that I emphasize it so much + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous that I emphasize it so much + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous that I emphasize it so much +but believe me in previous years uh + + align:start position:0% +but believe me in previous years uh + + + align:start position:0% +but believe me in previous years uh +older generations of of students have + + align:start position:0% +older generations of of students have + + + align:start position:0% +older generations of of students have +been endlessly confused by the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +been endlessly confused by the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +been endlessly confused by the Lambda +and the Lambda so I would like to + + align:start position:0% +and the Lambda so I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +and the Lambda so I would like to +emphasize it these are two different + + align:start position:0% +emphasize it these are two different + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize it these are two different +symbols we use the lower case for the + + align:start position:0% +symbols we use the lower case for the + + + align:start position:0% +symbols we use the lower case for the +wavelength and the upper case for the + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and the upper case for the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and the upper case for the +spatial period okay so that's it then + + align:start position:0% +spatial period okay so that's it then + + + align:start position:0% +spatial period okay so that's it then +that's the period and the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +that's the period and the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the period and the inverse of +that the inverse of a period generally + + align:start position:0% +that the inverse of a period generally + + + align:start position:0% +that the inverse of a period generally +is a frequency so since now we have a + + align:start position:0% +is a frequency so since now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +is a frequency so since now we have a +spatial period the inverse U not will + + align:start position:0% +spatial period the inverse U not will + + + align:start position:0% +spatial period the inverse U not will +call the spatial + + align:start position:0% +call the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +call the spatial +frequency okay and let's illuminate this + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay and let's illuminate this + + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay and let's illuminate this +great now with the incident plane wave + + align:start position:0% +great now with the incident plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +great now with the incident plane wave +uh so throughout this lecture I will be + + align:start position:0% +uh so throughout this lecture I will be + + + align:start position:0% +uh so throughout this lecture I will be +looking Illuminating gratings with plane + + align:start position:0% +looking Illuminating gratings with plane + + + align:start position:0% +looking Illuminating gratings with plane +waves on axis in the homework that I've + + align:start position:0% +waves on axis in the homework that I've + + + align:start position:0% +waves on axis in the homework that I've +posted today and actually just became + + align:start position:0% +posted today and actually just became + + + align:start position:0% +posted today and actually just became +visible a few minutes ago in the + + align:start position:0% +visible a few minutes ago in the + + + align:start position:0% +visible a few minutes ago in the +homework you will see what happens if + + align:start position:0% +homework you will see what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +homework you will see what happens if +you illuminate the grating with a tilted + + align:start position:0% +you illuminate the grating with a tilted + + + align:start position:0% +you illuminate the grating with a tilted +plane wave or with a spherical wave this + + align:start position:0% +plane wave or with a spherical wave this + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave or with a spherical wave this +is also possible right you can + + align:start position:0% +is also possible right you can + + + align:start position:0% +is also possible right you can +illuminate the great in any way you like + + align:start position:0% +illuminate the great in any way you like + + + align:start position:0% +illuminate the great in any way you like +uh now we'll start with the simplest + + align:start position:0% +uh now we'll start with the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +uh now we'll start with the simplest +case which is an on axis plane wave okay + + align:start position:0% +case which is an on axis plane wave okay + + + align:start position:0% +case which is an on axis plane wave okay +so what we we don't know yet what's + + align:start position:0% +so what we we don't know yet what's + + + align:start position:0% +so what we we don't know yet what's +going to happen but we know one thing we + + align:start position:0% +going to happen but we know one thing we + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen but we know one thing we +know hens principle and hen says that at + + align:start position:0% +know hens principle and hen says that at + + + align:start position:0% +know hens principle and hen says that at +each point where the gring is + + align:start position:0% +each point where the gring is + + + align:start position:0% +each point where the gring is +transmissive I will get Point sources so + + align:start position:0% +transmissive I will get Point sources so + + + align:start position:0% +transmissive I will get Point sources so +of course I do not only get only these + + align:start position:0% +of course I do not only get only these + + + align:start position:0% +of course I do not only get only these +two I + + align:start position:0% +two I + + + align:start position:0% +two I +get I get a point source here which is + + align:start position:0% +get I get a point source here which is + + + align:start position:0% +get I get a point source here which is +very strong because this is the location + + align:start position:0% +very strong because this is the location + + + align:start position:0% +very strong because this is the location +where the gr has maximum transmission + + align:start position:0% +where the gr has maximum transmission + + + align:start position:0% +where the gr has maximum transmission +next to it will get another Point sort + + align:start position:0% +next to it will get another Point sort + + + align:start position:0% +next to it will get another Point sort +of a another hens point source that is + + align:start position:0% +of a another hens point source that is + + + align:start position:0% +of a another hens point source that is +slightly attenuated then next to it + + align:start position:0% +slightly attenuated then next to it + + + align:start position:0% +slightly attenuated then next to it +another one that is slightly more + + align:start position:0% +another one that is slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +another one that is slightly more +attenuated another one another one there + + align:start position:0% +attenuated another one another one there + + + align:start position:0% +attenuated another one another one there +comes a point here where the grating is + + align:start position:0% +comes a point here where the grating is + + + align:start position:0% +comes a point here where the grating is +totally black that it it is totally + + align:start position:0% +totally black that it it is totally + + + align:start position:0% +totally black that it it is totally +absorbing absorbing therefore there's a + + align:start position:0% +absorbing absorbing therefore there's a + + + align:start position:0% +absorbing absorbing therefore there's a +missing hens Source over here and then + + align:start position:0% +missing hens Source over here and then + + + align:start position:0% +missing hens Source over here and then +as I move on along the optical axis I + + align:start position:0% +as I move on along the optical axis I + + + align:start position:0% +as I move on along the optical axis I +will get more hens Point sources that + + align:start position:0% +will get more hens Point sources that + + + align:start position:0% +will get more hens Point sources that +are progressively less attenuated and + + align:start position:0% +are progressively less attenuated and + + + align:start position:0% +are progressively less attenuated and +then finally I get over here where I + + align:start position:0% +then finally I get over here where I + + + align:start position:0% +then finally I get over here where I +have another strong as strong as + + align:start position:0% +have another strong as strong as + + + align:start position:0% +have another strong as strong as +possible hen point source so we derived + + align:start position:0% +possible hen point source so we derived + + + align:start position:0% +possible hen point source so we derived +an integral uh Professor Shephard last + + align:start position:0% +an integral uh Professor Shephard last + + + align:start position:0% +an integral uh Professor Shephard last +week deration of an integral that allows + + align:start position:0% +week deration of an integral that allows + + + align:start position:0% +week deration of an integral that allows +us to basically sum the contributions + + align:start position:0% +us to basically sum the contributions + + + align:start position:0% +us to basically sum the contributions +from all these hens Point sources and + + align:start position:0% +from all these hens Point sources and + + + align:start position:0% +from all these hens Point sources and +derive the frenel defract field after + + align:start position:0% +derive the frenel defract field after + + + align:start position:0% +derive the frenel defract field after +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +grating so of course this integral we + + align:start position:0% +grating so of course this integral we + + + align:start position:0% +grating so of course this integral we +called it frenel integral and here's + + align:start position:0% +called it frenel integral and here's + + + align:start position:0% +called it frenel integral and here's +another linguistic lesson this time in + + align:start position:0% +another linguistic lesson this time in + + + align:start position:0% +another linguistic lesson this time in +French not in Greek + + align:start position:0% +French not in Greek + + + align:start position:0% +French not in Greek +this is pronounced frenel the s is + + align:start position:0% +this is pronounced frenel the s is + + + align:start position:0% +this is pronounced frenel the s is +silent so if you say if you go to a + + align:start position:0% +silent so if you say if you go to a + + + align:start position:0% +silent so if you say if you go to a +conference and you say fresnel people + + align:start position:0% +conference and you say fresnel people + + + align:start position:0% +conference and you say fresnel people +will conclude that you don't know Optics + + align:start position:0% +will conclude that you don't know Optics + + + align:start position:0% +will conclude that you don't know Optics +okay so part of no in Optics is part of + + align:start position:0% +okay so part of no in Optics is part of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so part of no in Optics is part of +no in the French and the Greek language + + align:start position:0% +no in the French and the Greek language + + + align:start position:0% +no in the French and the Greek language +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +suppose okay I'm joking of course but + + align:start position:0% +suppose okay I'm joking of course but + + + align:start position:0% +suppose okay I'm joking of course but +but it's true actually professionals are + + align:start position:0% +but it's true actually professionals are + + + align:start position:0% +but it's true actually professionals are +like children we're vicious if we see + + align:start position:0% +like children we're vicious if we see + + + align:start position:0% +like children we're vicious if we see +someone make a silly mistake like this + + align:start position:0% +someone make a silly mistake like this + + + align:start position:0% +someone make a silly mistake like this +say frel instead of frel we make fun of + + align:start position:0% +say frel instead of frel we make fun of + + + align:start position:0% +say frel instead of frel we make fun of +them and you don't want to be you don't + + align:start position:0% +them and you don't want to be you don't + + + align:start position:0% +them and you don't want to be you don't +want to be made fun of right in a + + align:start position:0% +want to be made fun of right in a + + + align:start position:0% +want to be made fun of right in a +professional set so so always remember + + align:start position:0% +professional set so so always remember + + + align:start position:0% +professional set so so always remember +this is pronounced frenel not + + align:start position:0% +this is pronounced frenel not + + + align:start position:0% +this is pronounced frenel not +frasal so the frenel integral therefore + + align:start position:0% +frasal so the frenel integral therefore + + + align:start position:0% +frasal so the frenel integral therefore +allows us to compute the field the + + align:start position:0% +allows us to compute the field the + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to compute the field the +defract field after the grating but we + + align:start position:0% +defract field after the grating but we + + + align:start position:0% +defract field after the grating but we +will not do it here because the frenel + + align:start position:0% +will not do it here because the frenel + + + align:start position:0% +will not do it here because the frenel +integral in this case is awful it is + + align:start position:0% +integral in this case is awful it is + + + align:start position:0% +integral in this case is awful it is +very difficult to compute however I will + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to compute however I will + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to compute however I will +show you that by using very simple + + align:start position:0% +show you that by using very simple + + + align:start position:0% +show you that by using very simple +physical arguments we can nevertheless + + align:start position:0% +physical arguments we can nevertheless + + + align:start position:0% +physical arguments we can nevertheless +derive the frenel defract field anyway + + align:start position:0% +derive the frenel defract field anyway + + + align:start position:0% +derive the frenel defract field anyway +without using without making use of this + + align:start position:0% +without using without making use of this + + + align:start position:0% +without using without making use of this +nasty + + align:start position:0% +nasty + + + align:start position:0% +nasty +of this nasty frenel + + align:start position:0% +of this nasty frenel + + + align:start position:0% +of this nasty frenel +integral okay so let's go back to our + + align:start position:0% +integral okay so let's go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +integral okay so let's go back to our +hens picture here so this I will just + + align:start position:0% +hens picture here so this I will just + + + align:start position:0% +hens picture here so this I will just +consider these two point sources of hens + + align:start position:0% +consider these two point sources of hens + + + align:start position:0% +consider these two point sources of hens +which are the strongest and this is of + + align:start position:0% +which are the strongest and this is of + + + align:start position:0% +which are the strongest and this is of +course an approximation and a + + align:start position:0% +course an approximation and a + + + align:start position:0% +course an approximation and a +simplification but it will still give us + + align:start position:0% +simplification but it will still give us + + + align:start position:0% +simplification but it will still give us +the correct physical picture that's why + + align:start position:0% +the correct physical picture that's why + + + align:start position:0% +the correct physical picture that's why +I'm doing it so basically over here you + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it so basically over here you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it so basically over here you +can see that these are Point sources so + + align:start position:0% +can see that these are Point sources so + + + align:start position:0% +can see that these are Point sources so +they basically emit light in all + + align:start position:0% +they basically emit light in all + + + align:start position:0% +they basically emit light in all +possible directions so I will pick one + + align:start position:0% +possible directions so I will pick one + + + align:start position:0% +possible directions so I will pick one +arbitrary Direction and I will call it + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary Direction and I will call it + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary Direction and I will call it +Theta okay so here is array if you wish + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so here is array if you wish + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so here is array if you wish +array emanating from this hens point + + align:start position:0% +array emanating from this hens point + + + align:start position:0% +array emanating from this hens point +source at angle Theta and here's another + + align:start position:0% +source at angle Theta and here's another + + + align:start position:0% +source at angle Theta and here's another +aray emanating from the next hens point + + align:start position:0% +aray emanating from the next hens point + + + align:start position:0% +aray emanating from the next hens point +source at the same angle Theta now these + + align:start position:0% +source at the same angle Theta now these + + + align:start position:0% +source at the same angle Theta now these +rays are they the same or different + + align:start position:0% +rays are they the same or different + + + align:start position:0% +rays are they the same or different +geometrical Optics says they're the same + + align:start position:0% +geometrical Optics says they're the same + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical Optics says they're the same +but now we know better we know + + align:start position:0% +but now we know better we know + + + align:start position:0% +but now we know better we know +that these are not really bullets that + + align:start position:0% +that these are not really bullets that + + + align:start position:0% +that these are not really bullets that +propagate like particles these are + + align:start position:0% +propagate like particles these are + + + align:start position:0% +propagate like particles these are +actually waves and if you compare the + + align:start position:0% +actually waves and if you compare the + + + align:start position:0% +actually waves and if you compare the +wave emitted here and the wave emitted + + align:start position:0% +wave emitted here and the wave emitted + + + align:start position:0% +wave emitted here and the wave emitted +there if you draw a line perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +there if you draw a line perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +there if you draw a line perpendicular +to these waves this would be the + + align:start position:0% +to these waves this would be the + + + align:start position:0% +to these waves this would be the +wavefront right so you can see easily + + align:start position:0% +wavefront right so you can see easily + + + align:start position:0% +wavefront right so you can see easily +now that if you compare the wave on the + + align:start position:0% +now that if you compare the wave on the + + + align:start position:0% +now that if you compare the wave on the +lower aay with the wave with the upper + + align:start position:0% +lower aay with the wave with the upper + + + align:start position:0% +lower aay with the wave with the upper +aay you can see that the wave in the + + align:start position:0% +aay you can see that the wave in the + + + align:start position:0% +aay you can see that the wave in the +lower aray is actually delayed it has + + align:start position:0% +lower aray is actually delayed it has + + + align:start position:0% +lower aray is actually delayed it has +traversed a longer distance therefore it + + align:start position:0% +traversed a longer distance therefore it + + + align:start position:0% +traversed a longer distance therefore it +is delayed by a certain amount with + + align:start position:0% +is delayed by a certain amount with + + + align:start position:0% +is delayed by a certain amount with +respect to the ray that is below and the + + align:start position:0% +respect to the ray that is below and the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the ray that is below and the +way of course to compute this delay is + + align:start position:0% +way of course to compute this delay is + + + align:start position:0% +way of course to compute this delay is +to draw + + align:start position:0% +to draw + + + align:start position:0% +to draw +a an orthogonal triangle here this side + + align:start position:0% +a an orthogonal triangle here this side + + + align:start position:0% +a an orthogonal triangle here this side +of the triangle is actually the um + + align:start position:0% +of the triangle is actually the um + + + align:start position:0% +of the triangle is actually the um +wfront this side of the triangle is the + + align:start position:0% +wfront this side of the triangle is the + + + align:start position:0% +wfront this side of the triangle is the +phase delay and the hypotenuse of the + + align:start position:0% +phase delay and the hypotenuse of the + + + align:start position:0% +phase delay and the hypotenuse of the +triangle is the period is the special + + align:start position:0% +triangle is the period is the special + + + align:start position:0% +triangle is the period is the special +period of the of the gr that we denoted + + align:start position:0% +period of the of the gr that we denoted + + + align:start position:0% +period of the of the gr that we denoted +as Lambda so by using the Pythagoras + + align:start position:0% +as Lambda so by using the Pythagoras + + + align:start position:0% +as Lambda so by using the Pythagoras +Theorem then we can actually + + align:start position:0% +Theorem then we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +Theorem then we can actually +compute the phase delay and we can uh + + align:start position:0% +compute the phase delay and we can uh + + + align:start position:0% +compute the phase delay and we can uh +compute this of course a typo here let + + align:start position:0% +compute this of course a typo here let + + + align:start position:0% +compute this of course a typo here let +me fix it right away and I will post the + + align:start position:0% +me fix it right away and I will post the + + + align:start position:0% +me fix it right away and I will post the +fix in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +noes + + align:start position:0% +noes + + + align:start position:0% +noes +anyway uh + + align:start position:0% +anyway uh + + + align:start position:0% +anyway uh +I think it's better if I if I don't fix + + align:start position:0% +I think it's better if I if I don't fix + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's better if I if I don't fix +it now but + + align:start position:0% +it now but + + + align:start position:0% +it now but +uh the correct equation over there + + align:start position:0% +uh the correct equation over there + + + align:start position:0% +uh the correct equation over there +should say the optical path length + + align:start position:0% +should say the optical path length + + + align:start position:0% +should say the optical path length +difference that's what what op means + + align:start position:0% +difference that's what what op means + + + align:start position:0% +difference that's what what op means +equals Lambda the great in Period time + + align:start position:0% +equals Lambda the great in Period time + + + align:start position:0% +equals Lambda the great in Period time +sin + + align:start position:0% +sin + + + align:start position:0% +sin +Theta sorry about that this these notes + + align:start position:0% +Theta sorry about that this these notes + + + align:start position:0% +Theta sorry about that this these notes +came from an older version where the + + align:start position:0% +came from an older version where the + + + align:start position:0% +came from an older version where the +period was denoted as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D okay so with this little fix that op + + align:start position:0% +D okay so with this little fix that op + + + align:start position:0% +D okay so with this little fix that op +equals the period of the grating times + + align:start position:0% +equals the period of the grating times + + + align:start position:0% +equals the period of the grating times +sin Theta we can see now that if this + + align:start position:0% +sin Theta we can see now that if this + + + align:start position:0% +sin Theta we can see now that if this +quantity the + + align:start position:0% +quantity the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity the +op + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals a wavelength then the two rays + + align:start position:0% +equals a wavelength then the two rays + + + align:start position:0% +equals a wavelength then the two rays +are actually in phase and not only one + + align:start position:0% +are actually in phase and not only one + + + align:start position:0% +are actually in phase and not only one +wavelength it might equal two + + align:start position:0% +wavelength it might equal two + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength it might equal two +wavelengths three wavelengths any + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths three wavelengths any + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths three wavelengths any +integral number of wavelengths then + + align:start position:0% +integral number of wavelengths then + + + align:start position:0% +integral number of wavelengths then +these two waves are in Phase therefore + + align:start position:0% +these two waves are in Phase therefore + + + align:start position:0% +these two waves are in Phase therefore +they inter interfere constructively and + + align:start position:0% +they inter interfere constructively and + + + align:start position:0% +they inter interfere constructively and +this is the key now the constructive + + align:start position:0% +this is the key now the constructive + + + align:start position:0% +this is the key now the constructive +interference of waves in these specific + + align:start position:0% +interference of waves in these specific + + + align:start position:0% +interference of waves in these specific +Now directions is what we call + + align:start position:0% +Now directions is what we call + + + align:start position:0% +Now directions is what we call +defraction orders that pep very + + align:start position:0% +defraction orders that pep very + + + align:start position:0% +defraction orders that pep very +beautifully showed you earlier and I + + align:start position:0% +beautifully showed you earlier and I + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully showed you earlier and I +also you also saw them in my simulation + + align:start position:0% +also you also saw them in my simulation + + + align:start position:0% +also you also saw them in my simulation +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +matlb and um and so Q here the quantity + + align:start position:0% +matlb and um and so Q here the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +matlb and um and so Q here the quantity +Q is an integer it is meant to denote an + + align:start position:0% +Q is an integer it is meant to denote an + + + align:start position:0% +Q is an integer it is meant to denote an +integer and + + align:start position:0% +integer and + + + align:start position:0% +integer and +um we can arite this now so we can + + align:start position:0% +um we can arite this now so we can + + + align:start position:0% +um we can arite this now so we can +derive the S of the angle of the + + align:start position:0% +derive the S of the angle of the + + + align:start position:0% +derive the S of the angle of the +Q of the cuth I guess defraction order + + align:start position:0% +Q of the cuth I guess defraction order + + + align:start position:0% +Q of the cuth I guess defraction order +where Q May might be first second third + + align:start position:0% +where Q May might be first second third + + + align:start position:0% +where Q May might be first second third +and so on so Q runs one two three and so + + align:start position:0% +and so on so Q runs one two three and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so Q runs one two three and so +on and of course because typically we + + align:start position:0% +on and of course because typically we + + + align:start position:0% +on and of course because typically we +operate in the paral approximation we + + align:start position:0% +operate in the paral approximation we + + + align:start position:0% +operate in the paral approximation we +can also drop the sign here and say + + align:start position:0% +can also drop the sign here and say + + + align:start position:0% +can also drop the sign here and say +simply that the plus minus one + + align:start position:0% +simply that the plus minus one + + + align:start position:0% +simply that the plus minus one +defraction order is propagating at an + + align:start position:0% +defraction order is propagating at an + + + align:start position:0% +defraction order is propagating at an +angle that is given by this ratio over + + align:start position:0% +angle that is given by this ratio over + + + align:start position:0% +angle that is given by this ratio over +there the ratio of the small Greek + + align:start position:0% +there the ratio of the small Greek + + + align:start position:0% +there the ratio of the small Greek +Lambda to the Big Greek Lambda that is + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to the Big Greek Lambda that is + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to the Big Greek Lambda that is +the ratio of the wavelength over the + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the wavelength over the + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the wavelength over the +period and you can see immediately for + + align:start position:0% +period and you can see immediately for + + + align:start position:0% +period and you can see immediately for +example that uh if I make the great in + + align:start position:0% +example that uh if I make the great in + + + align:start position:0% +example that uh if I make the great in +Period smaller than wavelength I will + + align:start position:0% +Period smaller than wavelength I will + + + align:start position:0% +Period smaller than wavelength I will +get in trouble because this sign over + + align:start position:0% +get in trouble because this sign over + + + align:start position:0% +get in trouble because this sign over +there will attempt to become bigger than + + align:start position:0% +there will attempt to become bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +there will attempt to become bigger than +one anybody knows what happens in this + + align:start position:0% +one anybody knows what happens in this + + + align:start position:0% +one anybody knows what happens in this +case if I make the GR in Period smaller + + align:start position:0% +case if I make the GR in Period smaller + + + align:start position:0% +case if I make the GR in Period smaller +than Lambda the wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +push the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +button yeah actually I Can Do I Can Do I + + align:start position:0% +button yeah actually I Can Do I Can Do I + + + align:start position:0% +button yeah actually I Can Do I Can Do I +can make a period smaller than a + + align:start position:0% +can make a period smaller than a + + + align:start position:0% +can make a period smaller than a +wavelength what will happen then is I + + align:start position:0% +wavelength what will happen then is I + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength what will happen then is I +will get what is called an evanescent + + align:start position:0% +will get what is called an evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +will get what is called an evanescent +wave so I will not get a defraction + + align:start position:0% +wave so I will not get a defraction + + + align:start position:0% +wave so I will not get a defraction +Order anymore I will get an evanescent + + align:start position:0% +Order anymore I will get an evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +Order anymore I will get an evanescent +wave from the gradient and this is a + + align:start position:0% +wave from the gradient and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +wave from the gradient and this is a +term that we've seen before we haven't + + align:start position:0% +term that we've seen before we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +term that we've seen before we haven't +defined yet mathematically but I want to + + align:start position:0% +defined yet mathematically but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +defined yet mathematically but I want to +alert you uh that basically an + + align:start position:0% +alert you uh that basically an + + + align:start position:0% +alert you uh that basically an +evanescent wave is an exponential decay + + align:start position:0% +evanescent wave is an exponential decay + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent wave is an exponential decay +of the defract field so you do not quite + + align:start position:0% +of the defract field so you do not quite + + + align:start position:0% +of the defract field so you do not quite +get a defra defract Order + + align:start position:0% +get a defra defract Order + + + align:start position:0% +get a defra defract Order +anymore for the purposes of the class in + + align:start position:0% +anymore for the purposes of the class in + + + align:start position:0% +anymore for the purposes of the class in +the in the next few lectures at least uh + + align:start position:0% +the in the next few lectures at least uh + + + align:start position:0% +the in the next few lectures at least uh +definitely for the next three or four + + align:start position:0% +definitely for the next three or four + + + align:start position:0% +definitely for the next three or four +weeks we will assume that the GR in + + align:start position:0% +weeks we will assume that the GR in + + + align:start position:0% +weeks we will assume that the GR in +period is much larger than the + + align:start position:0% +period is much larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +period is much larger than the +wavelength so therefore this quantity is + + align:start position:0% +wavelength so therefore this quantity is + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength so therefore this quantity is +always less than one and the sign is + + align:start position:0% +always less than one and the sign is + + + align:start position:0% +always less than one and the sign is +always properly less than one and we can + + align:start position:0% +always properly less than one and we can + + + align:start position:0% +always properly less than one and we can +we can solve it so we can get real and + + align:start position:0% +we can solve it so we can get real and + + + align:start position:0% +we can solve it so we can get real and +not evanescent defraction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orders okay I think my + + align:start position:0% +orders okay I think my + + + align:start position:0% +orders okay I think my +computer okay so the uh + + align:start position:0% +computer okay so the uh + + + align:start position:0% +computer okay so the uh +so so as I said before the plus one this + + align:start position:0% +so so as I said before the plus one this + + + align:start position:0% +so so as I said before the plus one this +is actually arbitrary I can call plus + + align:start position:0% +is actually arbitrary I can call plus + + + align:start position:0% +is actually arbitrary I can call plus +one uh by convention the plus one is the + + align:start position:0% +one uh by convention the plus one is the + + + align:start position:0% +one uh by convention the plus one is the +one that goes uh if we denote the the + + align:start position:0% +one that goes uh if we denote the the + + + align:start position:0% +one that goes uh if we denote the the +you know the light you know as in + + align:start position:0% +you know the light you know as in + + + align:start position:0% +you know the light you know as in +geometrical Optics the light always go + + align:start position:0% +geometrical Optics the light always go + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical Optics the light always go +goes from left to right and the angle is + + align:start position:0% +goes from left to right and the angle is + + + align:start position:0% +goes from left to right and the angle is +positive if it is acute measured + + align:start position:0% +positive if it is acute measured + + + align:start position:0% +positive if it is acute measured +counterclockwise from the optical axis + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise from the optical axis + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise from the optical axis +so that is why this is the plus first + + align:start position:0% +so that is why this is the plus first + + + align:start position:0% +so that is why this is the plus first +defraction order it has a positive + + align:start position:0% +defraction order it has a positive + + + align:start position:0% +defraction order it has a positive +propagation angle and then the one that + + align:start position:0% +propagation angle and then the one that + + + align:start position:0% +propagation angle and then the one that +has negative propagation angle we call + + align:start position:0% +has negative propagation angle we call + + + align:start position:0% +has negative propagation angle we call +it the minus first defraction order the + + align:start position:0% +it the minus first defraction order the + + + align:start position:0% +it the minus first defraction order the +zero defraction order is the one that + + align:start position:0% +zero defraction order is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +zero defraction order is the one that +has theta equals z that is it + + align:start position:0% +has theta equals z that is it + + + align:start position:0% +has theta equals z that is it +propagating on axis that is also known + + align:start position:0% +propagating on axis that is also known + + + align:start position:0% +propagating on axis that is also known +as a DC term now for those of you who + + align:start position:0% +as a DC term now for those of you who + + + align:start position:0% +as a DC term now for those of you who +are electrical engineers the term DC + + align:start position:0% +are electrical engineers the term DC + + + align:start position:0% +are electrical engineers the term DC +already alerts you to some kind of a f + + align:start position:0% +already alerts you to some kind of a f + + + align:start position:0% +already alerts you to some kind of a f +transform or some kind of a frequency + + align:start position:0% +transform or some kind of a frequency + + + align:start position:0% +transform or some kind of a frequency +representation we will see later that + + align:start position:0% +representation we will see later that + + + align:start position:0% +representation we will see later that +indeed light propagating on axis can be + + align:start position:0% +indeed light propagating on axis can be + + + align:start position:0% +indeed light propagating on axis can be +thought of as the equivalent of a DC + + align:start position:0% +thought of as the equivalent of a DC + + + align:start position:0% +thought of as the equivalent of a DC +component in a in a F series + + align:start position:0% +component in a in a F series + + + align:start position:0% +component in a in a F series +decomposition but let's for now let's + + align:start position:0% +decomposition but let's for now let's + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition but let's for now let's +take it as a term uh as a as a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +take it as a term uh as a as a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +take it as a term uh as a as a sort of a +as a as a how do you call this as a + + align:start position:0% +as a as a how do you call this as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a as a how do you call this as a +jargon and we'll see later why we call + + align:start position:0% +jargon and we'll see later why we call + + + align:start position:0% +jargon and we'll see later why we call +this the DC + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term okay this is a mathematical + + align:start position:0% +term okay this is a mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +term okay this is a mathematical +derivation that we can do in order to + + align:start position:0% +derivation that we can do in order to + + + align:start position:0% +derivation that we can do in order to +actually become a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +actually become a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +actually become a little bit more +quantitative and a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +quantitative and a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative and a little bit more +correct so the mathematical devation is + + align:start position:0% +correct so the mathematical devation is + + + align:start position:0% +correct so the mathematical devation is +very simple we start with the expression + + align:start position:0% +very simple we start with the expression + + + align:start position:0% +very simple we start with the expression +for the grating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh then we decompose the cosine into the + + align:start position:0% +uh then we decompose the cosine into the + + + align:start position:0% +uh then we decompose the cosine into the +two complex + + align:start position:0% +two complex + + + align:start position:0% +two complex +exponentials that we can write it and + + align:start position:0% +exponentials that we can write it and + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials that we can write it and +then what we do is we simply make a + + align:start position:0% +then what we do is we simply make a + + + align:start position:0% +then what we do is we simply make a +substitution uh according to the + + align:start position:0% +substitution uh according to the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution uh according to the +equation that I show before already we + + align:start position:0% +equation that I show before already we + + + align:start position:0% +equation that I show before already we +say that 1 / Lambda equal sin Theta upon + + align:start position:0% +say that 1 / Lambda equal sin Theta upon + + + align:start position:0% +say that 1 / Lambda equal sin Theta upon +Lambda uh this may seem arbitrary but I + + align:start position:0% +Lambda uh this may seem arbitrary but I + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda uh this may seem arbitrary but I +can always do it because uh lamb + + align:start position:0% +can always do it because uh lamb + + + align:start position:0% +can always do it because uh lamb +I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry +this uh oh we're out of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +focus anyway you cannot see the question + + align:start position:0% +focus anyway you cannot see the question + + + align:start position:0% +focus anyway you cannot see the question +but you can certainly see the + + align:start position:0% +but you can certainly see the + + + align:start position:0% +but you can certainly see the +substitution here and I canot thank you + + align:start position:0% +substitution here and I canot thank you + + + align:start position:0% +substitution here and I canot thank you +so so we can always do the substitution + + align:start position:0% +so so we can always do the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +so so we can always do the substitution +by defining sin Theta to be the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +by defining sin Theta to be the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +by defining sin Theta to be the ratio of +the wavelength over the period and we + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength over the period and we + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength over the period and we +can also uh make the substitution of U + + align:start position:0% +can also uh make the substitution of U + + + align:start position:0% +can also uh make the substitution of U +not the spatial frequency as a defined + + align:start position:0% +not the spatial frequency as a defined + + + align:start position:0% +not the spatial frequency as a defined +it before the the point is not that the + + align:start position:0% +it before the the point is not that the + + + align:start position:0% +it before the the point is not that the +point is that each one of these terms + + align:start position:0% +point is that each one of these terms + + + align:start position:0% +point is that each one of these terms +actually is recognizable as a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +actually is recognizable as a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +actually is recognizable as a plane wave +and now we'll really need my U my + + align:start position:0% +and now we'll really need my U my + + + align:start position:0% +and now we'll really need my U my +transparency here so if you recall when + + align:start position:0% +transparency here so if you recall when + + + align:start position:0% +transparency here so if you recall when +we derived uh plane waves we did this + + align:start position:0% +we derived uh plane waves we did this + + + align:start position:0% +we derived uh plane waves we did this +some time ago actually I think Professor + + align:start position:0% +some time ago actually I think Professor + + + align:start position:0% +some time ago actually I think Professor +Shephard did it in the context of + + align:start position:0% +Shephard did it in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +Shephard did it in the context of +electromagnetics the way we write an a + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetics the way we write an a + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetics the way we write an a +plain wave is like + + align:start position:0% +plain wave is like + + + align:start position:0% +plain wave is like +this e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this is what you will see if you go + + align:start position:0% +okay this is what you will see if you go + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is what you will see if you go +back into your notes by about two or + + align:start position:0% +back into your notes by about two or + + + align:start position:0% +back into your notes by about two or +three lectures if you have a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +three lectures if you have a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +three lectures if you have a plane wave +propagating in the direction of this + + align:start position:0% +propagating in the direction of this + + + align:start position:0% +propagating in the direction of this +Arrow here then the expression that I + + align:start position:0% +Arrow here then the expression that I + + + align:start position:0% +Arrow here then the expression that I +put above is actually the phaser for the + + align:start position:0% +put above is actually the phaser for the + + + align:start position:0% +put above is actually the phaser for the +electromagnetic field describing that + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field describing that + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field describing that +plane wave and if in addition we say + + align:start position:0% +plane wave and if in addition we say + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave and if in addition we say +that the greatting is at + + align:start position:0% +that the greatting is at + + + align:start position:0% +that the greatting is at +Z equals z which I can always do I can + + align:start position:0% +Z equals z which I can always do I can + + + align:start position:0% +Z equals z which I can always do I can +Define my Axis so that the greatting is + + align:start position:0% +Define my Axis so that the greatting is + + + align:start position:0% +Define my Axis so that the greatting is +located is equal zero then this term + + align:start position:0% +located is equal zero then this term + + + align:start position:0% +located is equal zero then this term +will actually disappear and you can + + align:start position:0% +will actually disappear and you can + + + align:start position:0% +will actually disappear and you can +recognize now this expression that is + + align:start position:0% +recognize now this expression that is + + + align:start position:0% +recognize now this expression that is +left from the plane wave is the same + + align:start position:0% +left from the plane wave is the same + + + align:start position:0% +left from the plane wave is the same +that you have over here for the with the + + align:start position:0% +that you have over here for the with the + + + align:start position:0% +that you have over here for the with the +complex exponent provided you make the + + align:start position:0% +complex exponent provided you make the + + + align:start position:0% +complex exponent provided you make the +substitution that we had before provided + + align:start position:0% +substitution that we had before provided + + + align:start position:0% +substitution that we had before provided +you make the + + align:start position:0% +you make the + + + align:start position:0% +you make the +substitution this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one with this substitution the GR in + + align:start position:0% +one with this substitution the GR in + + + align:start position:0% +one with this substitution the GR in +itself becomes like the expression for + + align:start position:0% +itself becomes like the expression for + + + align:start position:0% +itself becomes like the expression for +not just one but actually three plane + + align:start position:0% +not just one but actually three plane + + + align:start position:0% +not just one but actually three plane +waves and what are the three plane waves + + align:start position:0% +waves and what are the three plane waves + + + align:start position:0% +waves and what are the three plane waves +well here is + + align:start position:0% +well here is + + + align:start position:0% +well here is +one this is the plus first defraction + + align:start position:0% +one this is the plus first defraction + + + align:start position:0% +one this is the plus first defraction +order it is a plane wave propagating at + + align:start position:0% +order it is a plane wave propagating at + + + align:start position:0% +order it is a plane wave propagating at +angle + + align:start position:0% +angle + + + align:start position:0% +angle +Theta then the next one the constant is + + align:start position:0% +Theta then the next one the constant is + + + align:start position:0% +Theta then the next one the constant is +actually the DC term that propagates on + + align:start position:0% +actually the DC term that propagates on + + + align:start position:0% +actually the DC term that propagates on +axis because if you + + align:start position:0% +axis because if you + + + align:start position:0% +axis because if you +substitute Theta equal zero here then + + align:start position:0% +substitute Theta equal zero here then + + + align:start position:0% +substitute Theta equal zero here then +this entire thing disappears so you just + + align:start position:0% +this entire thing disappears so you just + + + align:start position:0% +this entire thing disappears so you just +have a constant that is a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +have a constant that is a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +have a constant that is a plane wave +propagating on axis and finally this + + align:start position:0% +propagating on axis and finally this + + + align:start position:0% +propagating on axis and finally this +term is propagating at a negative angle + + align:start position:0% +term is propagating at a negative angle + + + align:start position:0% +term is propagating at a negative angle +and this is what you call the minus one + + align:start position:0% +and this is what you call the minus one + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what you call the minus one +defraction + + align:start position:0% +defraction + + + align:start position:0% +defraction +order okay so this may seem a little bit + + align:start position:0% +order okay so this may seem a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +order okay so this may seem a little bit +like mathematical trickery but has a + + align:start position:0% +like mathematical trickery but has a + + + align:start position:0% +like mathematical trickery but has a +very nice physical interpretation if + + align:start position:0% +very nice physical interpretation if + + + align:start position:0% +very nice physical interpretation if +only you recall our convention for the + + align:start position:0% +only you recall our convention for the + + + align:start position:0% +only you recall our convention for the +phasor expression of plane waves + + align:start position:0% +phasor expression of plane waves + + + align:start position:0% +phasor expression of plane waves +the rest is relatively straight for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +straightforward sinusoidal phase grating + + align:start position:0% +straightforward sinusoidal phase grating + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward sinusoidal phase grating +as Pepe mentioned it is basically a + + align:start position:0% +as Pepe mentioned it is basically a + + + align:start position:0% +as Pepe mentioned it is basically a +grating which does not modulate the + + align:start position:0% +grating which does not modulate the + + + align:start position:0% +grating which does not modulate the +amplitude but the phase of the optical + + align:start position:0% +amplitude but the phase of the optical + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude but the phase of the optical +field and you can do it in two ways one + + align:start position:0% +field and you can do it in two ways one + + + align:start position:0% +field and you can do it in two ways one +is what I saw here that is known as a + + align:start position:0% +is what I saw here that is known as a + + + align:start position:0% +is what I saw here that is known as a +surface relief grating which has been + + align:start position:0% +surface relief grating which has been + + + align:start position:0% +surface relief grating which has been +processed typically this is done by + + align:start position:0% +processed typically this is done by + + + align:start position:0% +processed typically this is done by +chemical by Optical exposure and then + + align:start position:0% +chemical by Optical exposure and then + + + align:start position:0% +chemical by Optical exposure and then +chemical development that causes the + + align:start position:0% +chemical development that causes the + + + align:start position:0% +chemical development that causes the +surface of a typically a polymer or a + + align:start position:0% +surface of a typically a polymer or a + + + align:start position:0% +surface of a typically a polymer or a +properly prepared um sort of colloidal + + align:start position:0% +properly prepared um sort of colloidal + + + align:start position:0% +properly prepared um sort of colloidal +colloidal glass it causes it surface to + + align:start position:0% +colloidal glass it causes it surface to + + + align:start position:0% +colloidal glass it causes it surface to +to pick up a sinusoidal modulation like + + align:start position:0% +to pick up a sinusoidal modulation like + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up a sinusoidal modulation like +this so because the material has a + + align:start position:0% +this so because the material has a + + + align:start position:0% +this so because the material has a +refractive index n you can see that + + align:start position:0% +refractive index n you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index n you can see that +light depending if you take a ray + + align:start position:0% +light depending if you take a ray + + + align:start position:0% +light depending if you take a ray +depending on where it hits this material + + align:start position:0% +depending on where it hits this material + + + align:start position:0% +depending on where it hits this material +it might uh suffer a different phase + + align:start position:0% +it might uh suffer a different phase + + + align:start position:0% +it might uh suffer a different phase +delay another way that Peppa mentioned + + align:start position:0% +delay another way that Peppa mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +delay another way that Peppa mentioned +is you might actually have flat piece of + + align:start position:0% +is you might actually have flat piece of + + + align:start position:0% +is you might actually have flat piece of +material and modulate the index of + + align:start position:0% +material and modulate the index of + + + align:start position:0% +material and modulate the index of +refraction inside again that would have + + align:start position:0% +refraction inside again that would have + + + align:start position:0% +refraction inside again that would have +a similar effect the complex + + align:start position:0% +a similar effect the complex + + + align:start position:0% +a similar effect the complex +transmission function would be of this + + align:start position:0% +transmission function would be of this + + + align:start position:0% +transmission function would be of this +form it would be an exponential whose uh + + align:start position:0% +form it would be an exponential whose uh + + + align:start position:0% +form it would be an exponential whose uh +value depends upon the optical thickness + + align:start position:0% +value depends upon the optical thickness + + + align:start position:0% +value depends upon the optical thickness +of the of the material that the light + + align:start position:0% +of the of the material that the light + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the material that the light +went through you can see the period here + + align:start position:0% +went through you can see the period here + + + align:start position:0% +went through you can see the period here +and you can see the the phase DeLay So + + align:start position:0% +and you can see the the phase DeLay So + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see the the phase DeLay So +the phase the phase delay of course + + align:start position:0% +the phase the phase delay of course + + + align:start position:0% +the phase the phase delay of course +depends on the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +depends on the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the difference between the +index of refraction inside the material + + align:start position:0% +index of refraction inside the material + + + align:start position:0% +index of refraction inside the material +and the index of refraction in the + + align:start position:0% +and the index of refraction in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the index of refraction in the +surrounding medium that is air so that's + + align:start position:0% +surrounding medium that is air so that's + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding medium that is air so that's +the expression over + + align:start position:0% +the expression over + + + align:start position:0% +the expression over +there and this is of course the phase + + align:start position:0% +there and this is of course the phase + + + align:start position:0% +there and this is of course the phase +contrast that we mentioned before when + + align:start position:0% +contrast that we mentioned before when + + + align:start position:0% +contrast that we mentioned before when +we Define the grating and in order now + + align:start position:0% +we Define the grating and in order now + + + align:start position:0% +we Define the grating and in order now +to figure out what is h what happens + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what is h what happens + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what is h what happens +after this grating I really have to + + align:start position:0% +after this grating I really have to + + + align:start position:0% +after this grating I really have to +resort to mathematical um uh um um again + + align:start position:0% +resort to mathematical um uh um um again + + + align:start position:0% +resort to mathematical um uh um um again +trickery I guess uh if you go to books + + align:start position:0% +trickery I guess uh if you go to books + + + align:start position:0% +trickery I guess uh if you go to books +of optical tables you can find very + + align:start position:0% +of optical tables you can find very + + + align:start position:0% +of optical tables you can find very +easily that this expression it can also + + align:start position:0% +easily that this expression it can also + + + align:start position:0% +easily that this expression it can also +be ex it can also be Rew written as a + + align:start position:0% +be ex it can also be Rew written as a + + + align:start position:0% +be ex it can also be Rew written as a +sum as a sum that involves some kind of + + align:start position:0% +sum as a sum that involves some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sum as a sum that involves some kind of +nasty vessel functions we don't have to + + align:start position:0% +nasty vessel functions we don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +nasty vessel functions we don't have to +we don't really have to worry about this + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have to worry about this + + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have to worry about this +but what will go ahead and argue in a + + align:start position:0% +but what will go ahead and argue in a + + + align:start position:0% +but what will go ahead and argue in a +second is that each one of these Basel + + align:start position:0% +second is that each one of these Basel + + + align:start position:0% +second is that each one of these Basel +functions corresponds to a defraction + + align:start position:0% +functions corresponds to a defraction + + + align:start position:0% +functions corresponds to a defraction +order for this um grating and um the way + + align:start position:0% +order for this um grating and um the way + + + align:start position:0% +order for this um grating and um the way +you can see this is if you rewrite the + + align:start position:0% +you can see this is if you rewrite the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see this is if you rewrite the +grating like this so this is now simply + + align:start position:0% +grating like this so this is now simply + + + align:start position:0% +grating like this so this is now simply +using a mathematical formula + + align:start position:0% +using a mathematical formula + + + align:start position:0% +using a mathematical formula +uh but now if you actually do the same + + align:start position:0% +uh but now if you actually do the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh but now if you actually do the same +trick I did here if you recognize that + + align:start position:0% +trick I did here if you recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +trick I did here if you recognize that +each one of these complex + + align:start position:0% +each one of these complex + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these complex +exponentials physically corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +exponentials physically corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials physically corresponds to a +plane wave then you can see that what + + align:start position:0% +plane wave then you can see that what + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave then you can see that what +I've written there it came out of a book + + align:start position:0% +I've written there it came out of a book + + + align:start position:0% +I've written there it came out of a book +of mathematical formulas but physically + + align:start position:0% +of mathematical formulas but physically + + + align:start position:0% +of mathematical formulas but physically +it contains an amplitude that is given + + align:start position:0% +it contains an amplitude that is given + + + align:start position:0% +it contains an amplitude that is given +by the value of a Bessel function but + + align:start position:0% +by the value of a Bessel function but + + + align:start position:0% +by the value of a Bessel function but +then more importantly it contains a a + + align:start position:0% +then more importantly it contains a a + + + align:start position:0% +then more importantly it contains a a +sequence of plain waves that are known + + align:start position:0% +sequence of plain waves that are known + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of plain waves that are known +as defraction orders and the propagation + + align:start position:0% +as defraction orders and the propagation + + + align:start position:0% +as defraction orders and the propagation +angle of the plane Wave indexed by Q is + + align:start position:0% +angle of the plane Wave indexed by Q is + + + align:start position:0% +angle of the plane Wave indexed by Q is +given by this expression here the same + + align:start position:0% +given by this expression here the same + + + align:start position:0% +given by this expression here the same +expression that I had before so these + + align:start position:0% +expression that I had before so these + + + align:start position:0% +expression that I had before so these +are then the defraction orders for the + + align:start position:0% +are then the defraction orders for the + + + align:start position:0% +are then the defraction orders for the +sinusoidal phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grating even more + + align:start position:0% +grating even more + + + align:start position:0% +grating even more +generally if you don't have a sinusoidal + + align:start position:0% +generally if you don't have a sinusoidal + + + align:start position:0% +generally if you don't have a sinusoidal +grating but still some kind of a + + align:start position:0% +grating but still some kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +grating but still some kind of a +periodic grating with arbitrary shape + + align:start position:0% +periodic grating with arbitrary shape + + + align:start position:0% +periodic grating with arbitrary shape +and also possibly you might even have + + align:start position:0% +and also possibly you might even have + + + align:start position:0% +and also possibly you might even have +absorption now so This gring truly + + align:start position:0% +absorption now so This gring truly + + + align:start position:0% +absorption now so This gring truly +implements a complex amplitude + + align:start position:0% +implements a complex amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +implements a complex amplitude +transmission which is nevertheless + + align:start position:0% +transmission which is nevertheless + + + align:start position:0% +transmission which is nevertheless +periodic you may recall from your basic + + align:start position:0% +periodic you may recall from your basic + + + align:start position:0% +periodic you may recall from your basic +math that you have an arbitrary complex + + align:start position:0% +math that you have an arbitrary complex + + + align:start position:0% +math that you have an arbitrary complex +periodic function you can write it as a + + align:start position:0% +periodic function you can write it as a + + + align:start position:0% +periodic function you can write it as a +Fu series and in this case the F series + + align:start position:0% +Fu series and in this case the F series + + + align:start position:0% +Fu series and in this case the F series +also has the same physical meaning as + + align:start position:0% +also has the same physical meaning as + + + align:start position:0% +also has the same physical meaning as +the one that did before the F series + + align:start position:0% +the one that did before the F series + + + align:start position:0% +the one that did before the F series +expansion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +expansion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +expansion coefficient +are actually the amplitudes and the + + align:start position:0% +are actually the amplitudes and the + + + align:start position:0% +are actually the amplitudes and the +harmonics these are called harmonics if + + align:start position:0% +harmonics these are called harmonics if + + + align:start position:0% +harmonics these are called harmonics if +you recall the harmonics of the F series + + align:start position:0% +you recall the harmonics of the F series + + + align:start position:0% +you recall the harmonics of the F series +themselves now correspond to plane waves + + align:start position:0% +themselves now correspond to plane waves + + + align:start position:0% +themselves now correspond to plane waves +that we previously called defraction + + align:start position:0% +that we previously called defraction + + + align:start position:0% +that we previously called defraction +orders so then you can see that each F + + align:start position:0% +orders so then you can see that each F + + + align:start position:0% +orders so then you can see that each F +series coefficient actually corresponds + + align:start position:0% +series coefficient actually corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +series coefficient actually corresponds +to a separate defraction + + align:start position:0% +to a separate defraction + + + align:start position:0% +to a separate defraction +order and um and in addition recall + + align:start position:0% +order and um and in addition recall + + + align:start position:0% +order and um and in addition recall +again Professor Shephard in last week he + + align:start position:0% +again Professor Shephard in last week he + + + align:start position:0% +again Professor Shephard in last week he +mentioned that if you have an optical + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that if you have an optical + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that if you have an optical +field and you take the magnitude squared + + align:start position:0% +field and you take the magnitude squared + + + align:start position:0% +field and you take the magnitude squared +of its phasor then you what you get is + + align:start position:0% +of its phasor then you what you get is + + + align:start position:0% +of its phasor then you what you get is +actually the amount of energy that + + align:start position:0% +actually the amount of energy that + + + align:start position:0% +actually the amount of energy that +propagates um that that is carried by + + align:start position:0% +propagates um that that is carried by + + + align:start position:0% +propagates um that that is carried by +this field so therefore the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +this field so therefore the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +this field so therefore the magnitude +squared of the for series coefficients + + align:start position:0% +squared of the for series coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +squared of the for series coefficients +actually correspond to the energy that + + align:start position:0% +actually correspond to the energy that + + + align:start position:0% +actually correspond to the energy that +goes into each separate defraction order + + align:start position:0% +goes into each separate defraction order + + + align:start position:0% +goes into each separate defraction order +so in this case uh so they're called + + align:start position:0% +so in this case uh so they're called + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case uh so they're called +defraction efficiencies and I should + + align:start position:0% +defraction efficiencies and I should + + + align:start position:0% +defraction efficiencies and I should +have mentioned earlier actually but I + + align:start position:0% +have mentioned earlier actually but I + + + align:start position:0% +have mentioned earlier actually but I +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got okay so in the case of the in the + + align:start position:0% +got okay so in the case of the in the + + + align:start position:0% +got okay so in the case of the in the +case of the sinusoidal amplitude grating + + align:start position:0% +case of the sinusoidal amplitude grating + + + align:start position:0% +case of the sinusoidal amplitude grating +the defraction efficiencies are given by + + align:start position:0% +the defraction efficiencies are given by + + + align:start position:0% +the defraction efficiencies are given by +the squares of the coefficients that go + + align:start position:0% +the squares of the coefficients that go + + + align:start position:0% +the squares of the coefficients that go +in front of each plane wave so you can + + align:start position:0% +in front of each plane wave so you can + + + align:start position:0% +in front of each plane wave so you can +see that approximately how + + align:start position:0% +see that approximately how + + + align:start position:0% +see that approximately how +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +25% of the energy is going into the zero + + align:start position:0% +25% of the energy is going into the zero + + + align:start position:0% +25% of the energy is going into the zero +order it is propagating on axis and + + align:start position:0% +order it is propagating on axis and + + + align:start position:0% +order it is propagating on axis and +let's assume that the contrast is one in + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that the contrast is one in + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that the contrast is one in +that case approximately 12.5% of the + + align:start position:0% +that case approximately 12.5% of the + + + align:start position:0% +that case approximately 12.5% of the +energy is going into each defraction + + align:start position:0% +energy is going into each defraction + + + align:start position:0% +energy is going into each defraction +order that is + + align:start position:0% +order that is + + + align:start position:0% +order that is +1/8 if I sum them up how much did I + + align:start position:0% +1/8 if I sum them up how much did I + + + align:start position:0% +1/8 if I sum them up how much did I +transmit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +25% + 12.5% + 12.5% 50% right what + + align:start position:0% +25% + 12.5% + 12.5% 50% right what + + + align:start position:0% +25% + 12.5% + 12.5% 50% right what +happened to the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +50% uh could you push the button I think + + align:start position:0% +50% uh could you push the button I think + + + align:start position:0% +50% uh could you push the button I think +there possibly maybe plus minus three + + align:start position:0% +there possibly maybe plus minus three + + + align:start position:0% +there possibly maybe plus minus three +order something many other orders okay + + align:start position:0% +order something many other orders okay + + + align:start position:0% +order something many other orders okay +that is plausible but in this case we + + align:start position:0% +that is plausible but in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +that is plausible but in this case we +derived only three orders the zero the + + align:start position:0% +derived only three orders the zero the + + + align:start position:0% +derived only three orders the zero the +plus one the minus one so there's no + + align:start position:0% +plus one the minus one so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +plus one the minus one so there's no +higher orders what happened to the rest + + align:start position:0% +higher orders what happened to the rest + + + align:start position:0% +higher orders what happened to the rest +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy easy absorbed by the greeting + + align:start position:0% +energy easy absorbed by the greeting + + + align:start position:0% +energy easy absorbed by the greeting +that's right the rest of the energy got + + align:start position:0% +that's right the rest of the energy got + + + align:start position:0% +that's right the rest of the energy got +absorbed or actually reflected backwards + + align:start position:0% +absorbed or actually reflected backwards + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed or actually reflected backwards +by the opaque parts of the grating so + + align:start position:0% +by the opaque parts of the grating so + + + align:start position:0% +by the opaque parts of the grating so +remember this is an amplitude grating it + + align:start position:0% +remember this is an amplitude grating it + + + align:start position:0% +remember this is an amplitude grating it +Blocks part of the light so in this case + + align:start position:0% +Blocks part of the light so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +Blocks part of the light so in this case +it actually blocked about 50% of the + + align:start position:0% +it actually blocked about 50% of the + + + align:start position:0% +it actually blocked about 50% of the +energy okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the last example which I I will not + + align:start position:0% +so the last example which I I will not + + + align:start position:0% +so the last example which I I will not +derive here but I will let you I will + + align:start position:0% +derive here but I will let you I will + + + align:start position:0% +derive here but I will let you I will +let you go over it yourselves at home I + + align:start position:0% +let you go over it yourselves at home I + + + align:start position:0% +let you go over it yourselves at home I +did the case of a binary now so this is + + align:start position:0% +did the case of a binary now so this is + + + align:start position:0% +did the case of a binary now so this is +a phase grating very similar to the + + align:start position:0% +a phase grating very similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +a phase grating very similar to the +surface relief that I show before but in + + align:start position:0% +surface relief that I show before but in + + + align:start position:0% +surface relief that I show before but in +this case the phase is a binary function + + align:start position:0% +this case the phase is a binary function + + + align:start position:0% +this case the phase is a binary function +so why is it binary because this GR in + + align:start position:0% +so why is it binary because this GR in + + + align:start position:0% +so why is it binary because this GR in +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +uh the light goes either through a sort + + align:start position:0% +uh the light goes either through a sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh the light goes either through a sort +of a tall part or a short part The Tall + + align:start position:0% +of a tall part or a short part The Tall + + + align:start position:0% +of a tall part or a short part The Tall +part of course suffers more phase delay + + align:start position:0% +part of course suffers more phase delay + + + align:start position:0% +part of course suffers more phase delay +because the light has to go through + + align:start position:0% +because the light has to go through + + + align:start position:0% +because the light has to go through +glass for a little bit longer than the + + align:start position:0% +glass for a little bit longer than the + + + align:start position:0% +glass for a little bit longer than the +short part therefore if I plot the phase + + align:start position:0% +short part therefore if I plot the phase + + + align:start position:0% +short part therefore if I plot the phase +of the complex transmission I expect to + + align:start position:0% +of the complex transmission I expect to + + + align:start position:0% +of the complex transmission I expect to +see something like this the parts of the + + align:start position:0% +see something like this the parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +see something like this the parts of the +gring that are taller they give me a + + align:start position:0% +gring that are taller they give me a + + + align:start position:0% +gring that are taller they give me a +longer phase delay and of course the + + align:start position:0% +longer phase delay and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +longer phase delay and of course the +phase delay can arbitrarily normal + + align:start position:0% +phase delay can arbitrarily normal + + + align:start position:0% +phase delay can arbitrarily normal +normalize so that it is zero at some + + align:start position:0% +normalize so that it is zero at some + + + align:start position:0% +normalize so that it is zero at some +reference value and then what is the + + align:start position:0% +reference value and then what is the + + + align:start position:0% +reference value and then what is the +phase delay at the long part actually + + align:start position:0% +phase delay at the long part actually + + + align:start position:0% +phase delay at the long part actually +depends on the height of this uh Groove + + align:start position:0% +depends on the height of this uh Groove + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the height of this uh Groove +so if the height of This Groove is such + + align:start position:0% +so if the height of This Groove is such + + + align:start position:0% +so if the height of This Groove is such +that um um + + align:start position:0% +that um um + + + align:start position:0% +that um um +S = 2 piun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nus1 + + align:start position:0% +nus1 + + + align:start position:0% +nus1 +um uh over uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let me get this straight so uh Delta + + align:start position:0% +uh let me get this straight so uh Delta + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me get this straight so uh Delta +V equal 2 piun upon Lambda time + + align:start position:0% +V equal 2 piun upon Lambda time + + + align:start position:0% +V equal 2 piun upon Lambda time +um n * s - 2 piun / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda times S2 where um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is S1 this is S2 + + align:start position:0% +this is S1 this is S2 + + + align:start position:0% +this is S1 this is S2 +right so if I say that S1 = S2 + S then + + align:start position:0% +right so if I say that S1 = S2 + S then + + + align:start position:0% +right so if I say that S1 = S2 + S then +what I will get is 2 piun over Lambda * + + align:start position:0% +what I will get is 2 piun over Lambda * + + + align:start position:0% +what I will get is 2 piun over Lambda * +n -1 * s so you can see from here that + + align:start position:0% +n -1 * s so you can see from here that + + + align:start position:0% +n -1 * s so you can see from here that +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if s is given by Lambda divided by + + align:start position:0% +so if s is given by Lambda divided by + + + align:start position:0% +so if s is given by Lambda divided by +twice the index difference between the + + align:start position:0% +twice the index difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +twice the index difference between the +glass and the surrounding medium then + + align:start position:0% +glass and the surrounding medium then + + + align:start position:0% +glass and the surrounding medium then +the the phase delay implemented by this + + align:start position:0% +the the phase delay implemented by this + + + align:start position:0% +the the phase delay implemented by this +grating is actually + + align:start position:0% +grating is actually + + + align:start position:0% +grating is actually +Pi so if you have a function like this + + align:start position:0% +Pi so if you have a function like this + + + align:start position:0% +Pi so if you have a function like this +then phase delay pi means that the + + align:start position:0% +then phase delay pi means that the + + + align:start position:0% +then phase delay pi means that the +complex ampl transmission is minus one + + align:start position:0% +complex ampl transmission is minus one + + + align:start position:0% +complex ampl transmission is minus one +and phase delay zero means that it is+ + + align:start position:0% +and phase delay zero means that it is+ + + + align:start position:0% +and phase delay zero means that it is+ +one so this is another way to write this + + align:start position:0% +one so this is another way to write this + + + align:start position:0% +one so this is another way to write this +function it is one at half the period + + align:start position:0% +function it is one at half the period + + + align:start position:0% +function it is one at half the period +and minus one the other half the period + + align:start position:0% +and minus one the other half the period + + + align:start position:0% +and minus one the other half the period +so you can actually uh it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually uh it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually uh it's a little bit +of a grung next time I will show you a + + align:start position:0% +of a grung next time I will show you a + + + align:start position:0% +of a grung next time I will show you a +faster way to derive it but you can + + align:start position:0% +faster way to derive it but you can + + + align:start position:0% +faster way to derive it but you can +derive the uh the F series for this kind + + align:start position:0% +derive the uh the F series for this kind + + + align:start position:0% +derive the uh the F series for this kind +of of binary phase grating and you find + + align:start position:0% +of of binary phase grating and you find + + + align:start position:0% +of of binary phase grating and you find +actually something very interesting I + + align:start position:0% +actually something very interesting I + + + align:start position:0% +actually something very interesting I +don't know if you noticed the animation + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you noticed the animation + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you noticed the animation +when I saw it let me play it once again + + align:start position:0% +when I saw it let me play it once again + + + align:start position:0% +when I saw it let me play it once again +you find that the uh even orders of this + + align:start position:0% +you find that the uh even orders of this + + + align:start position:0% +you find that the uh even orders of this +gring are actually zero and uh next time + + align:start position:0% +gring are actually zero and uh next time + + + align:start position:0% +gring are actually zero and uh next time +I will actually say a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +I will actually say a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +I will actually say a little bit more +about this uh but you anyway you find + + align:start position:0% +about this uh but you anyway you find + + + align:start position:0% +about this uh but you anyway you find +the expression for the defract orders + + align:start position:0% +the expression for the defract orders + + + align:start position:0% +the expression for the defract orders +equals to something that looks like s of + + align:start position:0% +equals to something that looks like s of + + + align:start position:0% +equals to something that looks like s of +Pi times the order so of course if the + + align:start position:0% +Pi times the order so of course if the + + + align:start position:0% +Pi times the order so of course if the +if the order is integral if if if the + + align:start position:0% +if the order is integral if if if the + + + align:start position:0% +if the order is integral if if if the +order is is even + + align:start position:0% +order is is even + + + align:start position:0% +order is is even +then the there's no defraction and it + + align:start position:0% +then the there's no defraction and it + + + align:start position:0% +then the there's no defraction and it +turns out that this gr has a relatively + + align:start position:0% +turns out that this gr has a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that this gr has a relatively +strong defraction efficiency of about + + align:start position:0% +strong defraction efficiency of about + + + align:start position:0% +strong defraction efficiency of about +40% into the first order I've got a + + align:start position:0% +40% into the first order I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +40% into the first order I've got a +question yes uh how does the + + align:start position:0% +question yes uh how does the + + + align:start position:0% +question yes uh how does the +polarization of the incident plane wave + + align:start position:0% +polarization of the incident plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +polarization of the incident plane wave +changed the defraction + + align:start position:0% +changed the defraction + + + align:start position:0% +changed the defraction +efficiencies so in this case we're + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies so in this case we're + + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies so in this case we're +actually in the scaler Optics + + align:start position:0% +actually in the scaler Optics + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the scaler Optics +approximation so the so we neglect the + + align:start position:0% +approximation so the so we neglect the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation so the so we neglect the +effect of + + align:start position:0% +effect of + + + align:start position:0% +effect of +polarization uh to include it is rather + + align:start position:0% +polarization uh to include it is rather + + + align:start position:0% +polarization uh to include it is rather +complicated business that uh we may get + + align:start position:0% +complicated business that uh we may get + + + align:start position:0% +complicated business that uh we may get +to near the end of this class but uh but + + align:start position:0% +to near the end of this class but uh but + + + align:start position:0% +to near the end of this class but uh but +it requires um something called coupled + + align:start position:0% +it requires um something called coupled + + + align:start position:0% +it requires um something called coupled +wave theory which is relatively + + align:start position:0% +wave theory which is relatively + + + align:start position:0% +wave theory which is relatively +Advanced um the rule is that if the + + align:start position:0% +Advanced um the rule is that if the + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced um the rule is that if the +period is relatively long uh rule of + + align:start position:0% +period is relatively long uh rule of + + + align:start position:0% +period is relatively long uh rule of +thumb about 10 wavelengths or longer the + + align:start position:0% +thumb about 10 wavelengths or longer the + + + align:start position:0% +thumb about 10 wavelengths or longer the +effect of the polarization is minor if + + align:start position:0% +effect of the polarization is minor if + + + align:start position:0% +effect of the polarization is minor if +you have a grade in whose period is two + + align:start position:0% +you have a grade in whose period is two + + + align:start position:0% +you have a grade in whose period is two +wavelengths three wavelength something + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths three wavelength something + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths three wavelength something +like that then then the effect is + + align:start position:0% +like that then then the effect is + + + align:start position:0% +like that then then the effect is +actually significant and cannot be + + align:start position:0% +actually significant and cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +actually significant and cannot be +neglected but in this class we will + + align:start position:0% +neglected but in this class we will + + + align:start position:0% +neglected but in this class we will +actually at least at the beginning we + + align:start position:0% +actually at least at the beginning we + + + align:start position:0% +actually at least at the beginning we +will pretend that the period is large + + align:start position:0% +will pretend that the period is large + + + align:start position:0% +will pretend that the period is large +enough that we can neglect polarization + + align:start position:0% +enough that we can neglect polarization + + + align:start position:0% +enough that we can neglect polarization +effect you that's a good question in + + align:start position:0% +effect you that's a good question in + + + align:start position:0% +effect you that's a good question in +practice actually makes a big difference + + align:start position:0% +practice actually makes a big difference + + + align:start position:0% +practice actually makes a big difference +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions uh just now we show one + + align:start position:0% +questions uh just now we show one + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh just now we show one +greeting which modifies the amplitude of + + align:start position:0% +greeting which modifies the amplitude of + + + align:start position:0% +greeting which modifies the amplitude of +the vi so what's a physical picture of + + align:start position:0% +the vi so what's a physical picture of + + + align:start position:0% +the vi so what's a physical picture of +such a + + align:start position:0% +such a + + + align:start position:0% +such a +greeting uh so for example what you can + + align:start position:0% +greeting uh so for example what you can + + + align:start position:0% +greeting uh so for example what you can +do is you can take take a piece of glass + + align:start position:0% +do is you can take take a piece of glass + + + align:start position:0% +do is you can take take a piece of glass +and evaporate aluminum or some other + + align:start position:0% +and evaporate aluminum or some other + + + align:start position:0% +and evaporate aluminum or some other +metal into the areas that you want to + + align:start position:0% +metal into the areas that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +metal into the areas that you want to +block the light + + align:start position:0% +block the light + + + align:start position:0% +block the light +so so that's that's one way to make the + + align:start position:0% +so so that's that's one way to make the + + + align:start position:0% +so so that's that's one way to make the +to make the gring + + align:start position:0% +to make the gring + + + align:start position:0% +to make the gring +so you take a piece of + + align:start position:0% +so you take a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +so you take a piece of +glass then you can uh evaporate aluminum + + align:start position:0% +glass then you can uh evaporate aluminum + + + align:start position:0% +glass then you can uh evaporate aluminum +uniformly here then on top of it you can + + align:start position:0% +uniformly here then on top of it you can + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly here then on top of it you can +put um photo resist and pattern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay then you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can add so what when you add you will + + align:start position:0% +can add so what when you add you will + + + align:start position:0% +can add so what when you add you will +actually remove this Parts what you will + + align:start position:0% +actually remove this Parts what you will + + + align:start position:0% +actually remove this Parts what you will +end up is um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something like this then you also remove + + align:start position:0% +something like this then you also remove + + + align:start position:0% +something like this then you also remove +the rest of the photo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resist so that would be now a binary + + align:start position:0% +resist so that would be now a binary + + + align:start position:0% +resist so that would be now a binary +amplitude gring because you have + + align:start position:0% +amplitude gring because you have + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude gring because you have +aluminum Block in the light here and + + align:start position:0% +aluminum Block in the light here and + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum Block in the light here and +then nothing here so the light goes + + align:start position:0% +then nothing here so the light goes + + + align:start position:0% +then nothing here so the light goes +through and this is yeah as I said this + + align:start position:0% +through and this is yeah as I said this + + + align:start position:0% +through and this is yeah as I said this +is called the binary amplitude Gren and + + align:start position:0% +is called the binary amplitude Gren and + + + align:start position:0% +is called the binary amplitude Gren and +you will uh deal with it in homework to + + align:start position:0% +you will uh deal with it in homework to + + + align:start position:0% +you will uh deal with it in homework to +make a gray scale like the one that I + + align:start position:0% +make a gray scale like the one that I + + + align:start position:0% +make a gray scale like the one that I +showed in my calculations here is + + align:start position:0% +showed in my calculations here is + + + align:start position:0% +showed in my calculations here is +actually bit a little bit difficult to + + align:start position:0% +actually bit a little bit difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +actually bit a little bit difficult to +make this kind of thing is is rather + + align:start position:0% +make this kind of thing is is rather + + + align:start position:0% +make this kind of thing is is rather +hard it can be done with with um sort of + + align:start position:0% +hard it can be done with with um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +hard it can be done with with um sort of +proper evaporation tools but very hard + + align:start position:0% +proper evaporation tools but very hard + + + align:start position:0% +proper evaporation tools but very hard +so it so this is rather sort of a it's a + + align:start position:0% +so it so this is rather sort of a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +so it so this is rather sort of a it's a +simple construction that I did in order + + align:start position:0% +simple construction that I did in order + + + align:start position:0% +simple construction that I did in order +to describe the physics but it's not + + align:start position:0% +to describe the physics but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +to describe the physics but it's not +very easy to implement in practice and I + + align:start position:0% +very easy to implement in practice and I + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to implement in practice and I +guess just to tie it to the demo for the + + align:start position:0% +guess just to tie it to the demo for the + + + align:start position:0% +guess just to tie it to the demo for the +face counterpart you can do this by you + + align:start position:0% +face counterpart you can do this by you + + + align:start position:0% +face counterpart you can do this by you +saw the interference pattern produced by + + align:start position:0% +saw the interference pattern produced by + + + align:start position:0% +saw the interference pattern produced by +the max sender right that there were + + align:start position:0% +the max sender right that there were + + + align:start position:0% +the max sender right that there were +like cotal fringes so instead of the CCD + + align:start position:0% +like cotal fringes so instead of the CCD + + + align:start position:0% +like cotal fringes so instead of the CCD +you could imagine putting there a + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine putting there a + + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine putting there a +photosensitive polymer for example like + + align:start position:0% +photosensitive polymer for example like + + + align:start position:0% +photosensitive polymer for example like +Photo resist that will expose that + + align:start position:0% +Photo resist that will expose that + + + align:start position:0% +Photo resist that will expose that +material with these bright and dark + + align:start position:0% +material with these bright and dark + + + align:start position:0% +material with these bright and dark +fringes that basically will cause that + + align:start position:0% +fringes that basically will cause that + + + align:start position:0% +fringes that basically will cause that +refractive index in a sinusoidal pattern + + align:start position:0% +refractive index in a sinusoidal pattern + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index in a sinusoidal pattern +and that would produce the phase version + + align:start position:0% +and that would produce the phase version + + + align:start position:0% +and that would produce the phase version +of this grading that was shown before + + align:start position:0% +of this grading that was shown before + + + align:start position:0% +of this grading that was shown before +also yeah and as it turns out if you do + + align:start position:0% +also yeah and as it turns out if you do + + + align:start position:0% +also yeah and as it turns out if you do +what Peppa just described let me see if + + align:start position:0% +what Peppa just described let me see if + + + align:start position:0% +what Peppa just described let me see if +I get if you do what peepa just + + align:start position:0% +I get if you do what peepa just + + + align:start position:0% +I get if you do what peepa just +described you get two effects one is + + align:start position:0% +described you get two effects one is + + + align:start position:0% +described you get two effects one is +that the index of refraction changes in + + align:start position:0% +that the index of refraction changes in + + + align:start position:0% +that the index of refraction changes in +the exposed areas but also because there + + align:start position:0% +the exposed areas but also because there + + + align:start position:0% +the exposed areas but also because there +is um you can understand this is a fluid + + align:start position:0% +is um you can understand this is a fluid + + + align:start position:0% +is um you can understand this is a fluid +effect the the index of refraction + + align:start position:0% +effect the the index of refraction + + + align:start position:0% +effect the the index of refraction +changing means that the material becomes + + align:start position:0% +changing means that the material becomes + + + align:start position:0% +changing means that the material becomes +actually slightly denser so this will + + align:start position:0% +actually slightly denser so this will + + + align:start position:0% +actually slightly denser so this will +result this will result in a surface + + align:start position:0% +result this will result in a surface + + + align:start position:0% +result this will result in a surface +angulation in order to make you know in + + align:start position:0% +angulation in order to make you know in + + + align:start position:0% +angulation in order to make you know in +order to conserve uh to conserve uh its + + align:start position:0% +order to conserve uh to conserve uh its + + + align:start position:0% +order to conserve uh to conserve uh its +uh to to conserve matter the surface + + align:start position:0% +uh to to conserve matter the surface + + + align:start position:0% +uh to to conserve matter the surface +will actually have to undulate so you + + align:start position:0% +will actually have to undulate so you + + + align:start position:0% +will actually have to undulate so you +end up with a grating that is known as + + align:start position:0% +end up with a grating that is known as + + + align:start position:0% +end up with a grating that is known as +surface relief so this exposure process + + align:start position:0% +surface relief so this exposure process + + + align:start position:0% +surface relief so this exposure process +are relatively complicated so I we may + + align:start position:0% +are relatively complicated so I we may + + + align:start position:0% +are relatively complicated so I we may +if we have time I may go into it later + + align:start position:0% +if we have time I may go into it later + + + align:start position:0% +if we have time I may go into it later +during the class uh but uh another way + + align:start position:0% +during the class uh but uh another way + + + align:start position:0% +during the class uh but uh another way +to do this uh to to do the binary + + align:start position:0% +to do this uh to to do the binary + + + align:start position:0% +to do this uh to to do the binary +grating which is done very often in + + align:start position:0% +grating which is done very often in + + + align:start position:0% +grating which is done very often in +practice is using Electron Beam + + align:start position:0% +practice is using Electron Beam + + + align:start position:0% +practice is using Electron Beam +lithography + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my so this kind of grating is also done + + align:start position:0% +my so this kind of grating is also done + + + align:start position:0% +my so this kind of grating is also done +with a similar process but using + + align:start position:0% +with a similar process but using + + + align:start position:0% +with a similar process but using +Electron Beam lithography so what you do + + align:start position:0% +Electron Beam lithography so what you do + + + align:start position:0% +Electron Beam lithography so what you do +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically one way to do it is you start + + align:start position:0% +basically one way to do it is you start + + + align:start position:0% +basically one way to do it is you start +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +glass then you coat it with a material + + align:start position:0% +glass then you coat it with a material + + + align:start position:0% +glass then you coat it with a material +that is called hsq and this is actually + + align:start position:0% +that is called hsq and this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +that is called hsq and this is actually +you can pattern using an electron beam + + align:start position:0% +you can pattern using an electron beam + + + align:start position:0% +you can pattern using an electron beam +you put an electron beam resist on top + + align:start position:0% +you put an electron beam resist on top + + + align:start position:0% +you put an electron beam resist on top +which is called + + align:start position:0% +which is called + + + align:start position:0% +which is called +pmma then using the Electron Beam you + + align:start position:0% +pmma then using the Electron Beam you + + + align:start position:0% +pmma then using the Electron Beam you +remove parts of the pmma and then you + + align:start position:0% +remove parts of the pmma and then you + + + align:start position:0% +remove parts of the pmma and then you +edch away these + + align:start position:0% +edch away these + + + align:start position:0% +edch away these +parts then you end up with + + align:start position:0% +parts then you end up with + + + align:start position:0% +parts then you end up with +a with a pattern that looks like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so hsq is actually clear it's very + + align:start position:0% +so hsq is actually clear it's very + + + align:start position:0% +so hsq is actually clear it's very +similar to Glass so this would be a + + align:start position:0% +similar to Glass so this would be a + + + align:start position:0% +similar to Glass so this would be a +physical realization of the of the + + align:start position:0% +physical realization of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +physical realization of the of the +binary phase grating the light is all + + align:start position:0% +binary phase grating the light is all + + + align:start position:0% +binary phase grating the light is all +transparent but the light propagates a + + align:start position:0% +transparent but the light propagates a + + + align:start position:0% +transparent but the light propagates a +longer distance inside the material here + + align:start position:0% +longer distance inside the material here + + + align:start position:0% +longer distance inside the material here +whereas here it propagates in air so so + + align:start position:0% +whereas here it propagates in air so so + + + align:start position:0% +whereas here it propagates in air so so +that's why we get this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect with electron be you can actually + + align:start position:0% +effect with electron be you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +effect with electron be you can actually +get very small gratings uh if the if it + + align:start position:0% +get very small gratings uh if the if it + + + align:start position:0% +get very small gratings uh if the if it +is completely + + align:start position:0% +is completely + + + align:start position:0% +is completely +periodic uh then uh people can make uh + + align:start position:0% +periodic uh then uh people can make uh + + + align:start position:0% +periodic uh then uh people can make uh +something like 100 nanometers or less + + align:start position:0% +something like 100 nanometers or less + + + align:start position:0% +something like 100 nanometers or less +easily so so what I mean by 100 + + align:start position:0% +easily so so what I mean by 100 + + + align:start position:0% +easily so so what I mean by 100 +nanometers is that this period over here + + align:start position:0% +nanometers is that this period over here + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers is that this period over here +might be 100 + + align:start position:0% +might be 100 + + + align:start position:0% +might be 100 +nanometers uh even less actually so of + + align:start position:0% +nanometers uh even less actually so of + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers uh even less actually so of +course for visible light that would be a + + align:start position:0% +course for visible light that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +course for visible light that would be a +subwavelength grating and not you know + + align:start position:0% +subwavelength grating and not you know + + + align:start position:0% +subwavelength grating and not you know +it wouldn't do much but uh it could be + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't do much but uh it could be + + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't do much but uh it could be +useful for example for Ultra ultraviolet + + align:start position:0% +useful for example for Ultra ultraviolet + + + align:start position:0% +useful for example for Ultra ultraviolet +light or for other applications where + + align:start position:0% +light or for other applications where + + + align:start position:0% +light or for other applications where +you don't use used as a grating uh if it + + align:start position:0% +you don't use used as a grating uh if it + + + align:start position:0% +you don't use used as a grating uh if it +is non periodic very often we will see + + align:start position:0% +is non periodic very often we will see + + + align:start position:0% +is non periodic very often we will see +later in the class sometimes we want to + + align:start position:0% +later in the class sometimes we want to + + + align:start position:0% +later in the class sometimes we want to +make patterns that look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay so this is again a phase + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this is again a phase + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this is again a phase +grating but it is non periodic you can + + align:start position:0% +grating but it is non periodic you can + + + align:start position:0% +grating but it is non periodic you can +see that the period changes so if the + + align:start position:0% +see that the period changes so if the + + + align:start position:0% +see that the period changes so if the +period changes in a quadratic fashion + + align:start position:0% +period changes in a quadratic fashion + + + align:start position:0% +period changes in a quadratic fashion +this is a very important element is + + align:start position:0% +this is a very important element is + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very important element is +called the frenel here is again the the + + align:start position:0% +called the frenel here is again the the + + + align:start position:0% +called the frenel here is again the the +French term frenel on + + align:start position:0% +French term frenel on + + + align:start position:0% +French term frenel on +plate this one we will describe in class + + align:start position:0% +plate this one we will describe in class + + + align:start position:0% +plate this one we will describe in class +later it's a very very important Optical + + align:start position:0% +later it's a very very important Optical + + + align:start position:0% +later it's a very very important Optical +component but turn out because of the + + align:start position:0% +component but turn out because of the + + + align:start position:0% +component but turn out because of the +because this kind of pattern is non + + align:start position:0% +because this kind of pattern is non + + + align:start position:0% +because this kind of pattern is non +periodic is not so easy to make using + + align:start position:0% +periodic is not so easy to make using + + + align:start position:0% +periodic is not so easy to make using +Electron Beam lithography so in that + + align:start position:0% +Electron Beam lithography so in that + + + align:start position:0% +Electron Beam lithography so in that +case you have to go to Great pains to + + align:start position:0% +case you have to go to Great pains to + + + align:start position:0% +case you have to go to Great pains to +make small features so in this case the + + align:start position:0% +make small features so in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +make small features so in this case the +be it's a little bit strange but because + + align:start position:0% +be it's a little bit strange but because + + + align:start position:0% +be it's a little bit strange but because +of the non periodicity the feature sizes + + align:start position:0% +of the non periodicity the feature sizes + + + align:start position:0% +of the non periodicity the feature sizes +here are limited to bigger values so for + + align:start position:0% +here are limited to bigger values so for + + + align:start position:0% +here are limited to bigger values so for +examp example 200 300 + + align:start position:0% +examp example 200 300 + + + align:start position:0% +examp example 200 300 +nanometers um this has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +nanometers um this has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers um this has to do with the +way um electron beams scatter from the + + align:start position:0% +way um electron beams scatter from the + + + align:start position:0% +way um electron beams scatter from the +photo resist uh actually some of you are + + align:start position:0% +photo resist uh actually some of you are + + + align:start position:0% +photo resist uh actually some of you are +taking simultaneously Professor Buren's + + align:start position:0% +taking simultaneously Professor Buren's + + + align:start position:0% +taking simultaneously Professor Buren's +class uh he goes into great detail into + + align:start position:0% +class uh he goes into great detail into + + + align:start position:0% +class uh he goes into great detail into +this particular into into why this is + + align:start position:0% +this particular into into why this is + + + align:start position:0% +this particular into into why this is +the case + + align:start position:0% +the case + + + align:start position:0% +the case +um for visible light it is actually + + align:start position:0% +um for visible light it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +um for visible light it is actually +quite easy to make reasonably sized + + align:start position:0% +quite easy to make reasonably sized + + + align:start position:0% +quite easy to make reasonably sized +gratings with Lambda bigger than say + + align:start position:0% +gratings with Lambda bigger than say + + + align:start position:0% +gratings with Lambda bigger than say +five or 10 wavelengths it is actually + + align:start position:0% +five or 10 wavelengths it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +five or 10 wavelengths it is actually +easy to make this kind of gradings + + align:start position:0% +easy to make this kind of gradings + + + align:start position:0% +easy to make this kind of gradings +either with Optical exposure like Papa + + align:start position:0% +either with Optical exposure like Papa + + + align:start position:0% +either with Optical exposure like Papa +described or with Electron Beam + + align:start position:0% +described or with Electron Beam + + + align:start position:0% +described or with Electron Beam +lithography there's also other + + align:start position:0% +lithography there's also other + + + align:start position:0% +lithography there's also other +techniques um um for example + + align:start position:0% +techniques um um for example + + + align:start position:0% +techniques um um for example +interference lithography there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +interference lithography there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +interference lithography there's a whole +set of techniques that people use to + + align:start position:0% +set of techniques that people use to + + + align:start position:0% +set of techniques that people use to +make these gradings I don't know Pepe do + + align:start position:0% +make these gradings I don't know Pepe do + + + align:start position:0% +make these gradings I don't know Pepe do +you know the one that you showed how was + + align:start position:0% +you know the one that you showed how was + + + align:start position:0% +you know the one that you showed how was +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +made uh not + + align:start position:0% +made uh not + + + align:start position:0% +made uh not +really not really is the one that we + + align:start position:0% +really not really is the one that we + + + align:start position:0% +really not really is the one that we +bought it was is the one that you used + + align:start position:0% +bought it was is the one that you used + + + align:start position:0% +bought it was is the one that you used +do you know how I I no I I don't know to + + align:start position:0% +do you know how I I no I I don't know to + + + align:start position:0% +do you know how I I no I I don't know to +be honest no I think it's a B I think + + align:start position:0% +be honest no I think it's a B I think + + + align:start position:0% +be honest no I think it's a B I think +it's a binary grading and probably was + + align:start position:0% +it's a binary grading and probably was + + + align:start position:0% +it's a binary grading and probably was +done I don't think it was done with ebam + + align:start position:0% +done I don't think it was done with ebam + + + align:start position:0% +done I don't think it was done with ebam +because it's pretty large no so it has + + align:start position:0% +because it's pretty large no so it has + + + align:start position:0% +because it's pretty large no so it has +to do we B I suspect there ways also of + + align:start position:0% +to do we B I suspect there ways also of + + + align:start position:0% +to do we B I suspect there ways also of +of making these gradings by molding + + align:start position:0% +of making these gradings by molding + + + align:start position:0% +of making these gradings by molding +that's another way so you basically + + align:start position:0% +that's another way so you basically + + + align:start position:0% +that's another way so you basically +create a very expensive negative like a + + align:start position:0% +create a very expensive negative like a + + + align:start position:0% +create a very expensive negative like a +mold and then you stamp not quite glass + + align:start position:0% +mold and then you stamp not quite glass + + + align:start position:0% +mold and then you stamp not quite glass +it has to be like some kind of appliable + + align:start position:0% +it has to be like some kind of appliable + + + align:start position:0% +it has to be like some kind of appliable +material uh that's one way and then they + + align:start position:0% +material uh that's one way and then they + + + align:start position:0% +material uh that's one way and then they +can also make them by basically by + + align:start position:0% +can also make them by basically by + + + align:start position:0% +can also make them by basically by +scratching by very accurate machines so + + align:start position:0% +scratching by very accurate machines so + + + align:start position:0% +scratching by very accurate machines so +there many many different ways to make + + align:start position:0% +there many many different ways to make + + + align:start position:0% +there many many different ways to make +uh to make the deep deep pin lithography + + align:start position:0% +uh to make the deep deep pin lithography + + + align:start position:0% +uh to make the deep deep pin lithography +or some kind of method de reactive ion + + align:start position:0% +or some kind of method de reactive ion + + + align:start position:0% +or some kind of method de reactive ion +deepen lithography or Deen + + align:start position:0% +deepen lithography or Deen + + + align:start position:0% +deepen lithography or Deen +yeah uh yes except Deen lithography can + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yes except Deen lithography can + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yes except Deen lithography can +allow you to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only where is it + + align:start position:0% +only where is it + + + align:start position:0% +only where is it +I lost my amplitude grading it can only + + align:start position:0% +I lost my amplitude grading it can only + + + align:start position:0% +I lost my amplitude grading it can only +make amplitude gradings not phase + + align:start position:0% +make amplitude gradings not phase + + + align:start position:0% +make amplitude gradings not phase +gradings depend you basically is ink + + align:start position:0% +gradings depend you basically is ink + + + align:start position:0% +gradings depend you basically is ink +right so you deposit ink and this way + + align:start position:0% +right so you deposit ink and this way + + + align:start position:0% +right so you deposit ink and this way +you can actually absorb you can get + + align:start position:0% +you can actually absorb you can get + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually absorb you can get +absorption bands but uh I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +absorption bands but uh I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +absorption bands but uh I don't know if +you can make phase gratings with dend + + align:start position:0% +you can make phase gratings with dend + + + align:start position:0% +you can make phase gratings with dend +lithography have to look into + + align:start position:0% +lithography have to look into + + + align:start position:0% +lithography have to look into +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +um it's very popular nowadays again + + align:start position:0% +um it's very popular nowadays again + + + align:start position:0% +um it's very popular nowadays again +Professor berren goes into this in more + + align:start position:0% +Professor berren goes into this in more + + + align:start position:0% +Professor berren goes into this in more +detail but the very popular technique is + + align:start position:0% +detail but the very popular technique is + + + align:start position:0% +detail but the very popular technique is +it's called + + align:start position:0% +it's called + + + align:start position:0% +it's called +um help me out here how you call the + + align:start position:0% +um help me out here how you call the + + + align:start position:0% +um help me out here how you call the +stamping technique + + align:start position:0% +stamping technique + + + align:start position:0% +stamping technique +um oh we call it a Nano imprint Nano + + align:start position:0% +um oh we call it a Nano imprint Nano + + + align:start position:0% +um oh we call it a Nano imprint Nano +imprint yeah Nano imprint lithography + + align:start position:0% +imprint yeah Nano imprint lithography + + + align:start position:0% +imprint yeah Nano imprint lithography +yeah that's a very popular technique to + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's a very popular technique to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's a very popular technique to +make this kind of elements with very + + align:start position:0% +make this kind of elements with very + + + align:start position:0% +make this kind of elements with very +with very small uh periods actually + + align:start position:0% +with very small uh periods actually + + + align:start position:0% +with very small uh periods actually +people make 50 nanometers or less + + align:start position:0% +people make 50 nanometers or less + + + align:start position:0% +people make 50 nanometers or less +actually with Nano imprint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh sorry Prof do we have time for one + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry Prof do we have time for one + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry Prof do we have time for one +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +question I have time but some people may + + align:start position:0% +question I have time but some people may + + + align:start position:0% +question I have time but some people may +have classes but yeah go ahead okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +have classes but yeah go ahead okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have classes but yeah go ahead okay I'm +just curious let's see just now you + + align:start position:0% +just curious let's see just now you + + + align:start position:0% +just curious let's see just now you +mentioned the S SATA cannot be greater + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the S SATA cannot be greater + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the S SATA cannot be greater +than one so what happen if we shine the + + align:start position:0% +than one so what happen if we shine the + + + align:start position:0% +than one so what happen if we shine the +visible light onto a greeting with a + + align:start position:0% +visible light onto a greeting with a + + + align:start position:0% +visible light onto a greeting with a +period for example 100 nanometer yeah so + + align:start position:0% +period for example 100 nanometer yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +period for example 100 nanometer yeah so +actually said it before let me repeat it + + align:start position:0% +actually said it before let me repeat it + + + align:start position:0% +actually said it before let me repeat it +again so he's asking what will happen if + + align:start position:0% +again so he's asking what will happen if + + + align:start position:0% +again so he's asking what will happen if +you have a gr in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here like this for example + + align:start position:0% +here like this for example + + + align:start position:0% +here like this for example +where the period + + align:start position:0% +where the period + + + align:start position:0% +where the period +Lambda now is less than a + + align:start position:0% +Lambda now is less than a + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda now is less than a +wavelength okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um if you recall a plain wave is of + + align:start position:0% +so um if you recall a plain wave is of + + + align:start position:0% +so um if you recall a plain wave is of +this form e to the i k x X Plus k y y + + align:start position:0% +this form e to the i k x X Plus k y y + + + align:start position:0% +this form e to the i k x X Plus k y y +plus k z z and this we saw when we did + + align:start position:0% +plus k z z and this we saw when we did + + + align:start position:0% +plus k z z and this we saw when we did +electromagnetics and we also showed that + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetics and we also showed that + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetics and we also showed that +because of the electromagnetic wave + + align:start position:0% +because of the electromagnetic wave + + + align:start position:0% +because of the electromagnetic wave +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +uh the wave Vector components here they + + align:start position:0% +uh the wave Vector components here they + + + align:start position:0% +uh the wave Vector components here they +have to satisfy this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation okay so now according to the + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so now according to the + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so now according to the +equation that we had + + align:start position:0% +equation that we had + + + align:start position:0% +equation that we had +before um we'll have that um if this is + + align:start position:0% +before um we'll have that um if this is + + + align:start position:0% +before um we'll have that um if this is +the X Direction and Let's ignore y for + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction and Let's ignore y for + + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction and Let's ignore y for +now so basically I can sort of neglect + + align:start position:0% +now so basically I can sort of neglect + + + align:start position:0% +now so basically I can sort of neglect +these terms for now what I will have is + + align:start position:0% +these terms for now what I will have is + + + align:start position:0% +these terms for now what I will have is +that sin Theta will equal + + align:start position:0% +that sin Theta will equal + + + align:start position:0% +that sin Theta will equal +um uh Lambda upon the period and it's + + align:start position:0% +um uh Lambda upon the period and it's + + + align:start position:0% +um uh Lambda upon the period and it's +bigger than one okay + + align:start position:0% +bigger than one okay + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than one okay +mathematically if I have a complex angle + + align:start position:0% +mathematically if I have a complex angle + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically if I have a complex angle +the sign can be bigger than one but what + + align:start position:0% +the sign can be bigger than one but what + + + align:start position:0% +the sign can be bigger than one but what +does this physically mean physically if + + align:start position:0% +does this physically mean physically if + + + align:start position:0% +does this physically mean physically if +you plug into this equation here you + + align:start position:0% +you plug into this equation here you + + + align:start position:0% +you plug into this equation here you +will get that + + align:start position:0% +will get that + + + align:start position:0% +will get that +KZ squar equal 2 pi upon + + align:start position:0% +KZ squar equal 2 pi upon + + + align:start position:0% +KZ squar equal 2 pi upon +Lambda uh + + align:start position:0% +Lambda uh + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda uh +squar minus 2 piun upon Lambda square + + align:start position:0% +squar minus 2 piun upon Lambda square + + + align:start position:0% +squar minus 2 piun upon Lambda square +based from this + + align:start position:0% +based from this + + + align:start position:0% +based from this +equation where I said that um KX + + align:start position:0% +equation where I said that um KX + + + align:start position:0% +equation where I said that um KX +equal uh 2 piun upon Lambda sin Theta = + + align:start position:0% +equal uh 2 piun upon Lambda sin Theta = + + + align:start position:0% +equal uh 2 piun upon Lambda sin Theta = +2 piun upon Lambda * Lambda Lambda = 2 + + align:start position:0% +2 piun upon Lambda * Lambda Lambda = 2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 piun upon Lambda * Lambda Lambda = 2 +piun upon Lambda okay + + align:start position:0% +piun upon Lambda okay + + + align:start position:0% +piun upon Lambda okay +so if I do that now I will get that KZ + + align:start position:0% +so if I do that now I will get that KZ + + + align:start position:0% +so if I do that now I will get that KZ +s equal 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and the quantity inside the square + + align:start position:0% +um and the quantity inside the square + + + align:start position:0% +um and the quantity inside the square +root is less than zero so we'll get that + + align:start position:0% +root is less than zero so we'll get that + + + align:start position:0% +root is less than zero so we'll get that +KZ Square KZ now will equal plusus it + + align:start position:0% +KZ Square KZ now will equal plusus it + + + align:start position:0% +KZ Square KZ now will equal plusus it +will become imaginary will be plusus I + + align:start position:0% +will become imaginary will be plusus I + + + align:start position:0% +will become imaginary will be plusus I +the squ root of something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positive so what does this mean now I + + align:start position:0% +positive so what does this mean now I + + + align:start position:0% +positive so what does this mean now I +have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave whose uh amplitude will be like e + + align:start position:0% +wave whose uh amplitude will be like e + + + align:start position:0% +wave whose uh amplitude will be like e +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +kxx the nothing changes here but then it + + align:start position:0% +kxx the nothing changes here but then it + + + align:start position:0% +kxx the nothing changes here but then it +will be plus - I time something positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's call this + + align:start position:0% +let's call this + + + align:start position:0% +let's call this +uh Alpha for for for brevity + + align:start position:0% +uh Alpha for for for brevity + + + align:start position:0% +uh Alpha for for for brevity +here okay this is what the wave will + + align:start position:0% +here okay this is what the wave will + + + align:start position:0% +here okay this is what the wave will +look like after the subwavelength + + align:start position:0% +look like after the subwavelength + + + align:start position:0% +look like after the subwavelength +grating so + + align:start position:0% +grating so + + + align:start position:0% +grating so +now clearly here I can have if if you + + align:start position:0% +now clearly here I can have if if you + + + align:start position:0% +now clearly here I can have if if you +multiply the two complex the two + + align:start position:0% +multiply the two complex the two + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the two complex the two +imaginary units you'll get a real number + + align:start position:0% +imaginary units you'll get a real number + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary units you'll get a real number +so you get either exponential decay or + + align:start position:0% +so you get either exponential decay or + + + align:start position:0% +so you get either exponential decay or +exponential explosion physically you + + align:start position:0% +exponential explosion physically you + + + align:start position:0% +exponential explosion physically you +cannot expect the wave to grow + + align:start position:0% +cannot expect the wave to grow + + + align:start position:0% +cannot expect the wave to grow +exponentially that would mean someone is + + align:start position:0% +exponentially that would mean someone is + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially that would mean someone is +supplying power there's nothing like + + align:start position:0% +supplying power there's nothing like + + + align:start position:0% +supplying power there's nothing like +that here so therefore you get a wave + + align:start position:0% +that here so therefore you get a wave + + + align:start position:0% +that here so therefore you get a wave +that will look like e to the minus Alpha + + align:start position:0% +that will look like e to the minus Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +that will look like e to the minus Alpha +Z there's a z here time e to Theus e to + + align:start position:0% +Z there's a z here time e to Theus e to + + + align:start position:0% +Z there's a z here time e to Theus e to +the plus I KX X so what is this now the + + align:start position:0% +the plus I KX X so what is this now the + + + align:start position:0% +the plus I KX X so what is this now the +e to the minus Alpha Z is an exponential + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus Alpha Z is an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus Alpha Z is an exponential +decay away from the grating the e to the + + align:start position:0% +decay away from the grating the e to the + + + align:start position:0% +decay away from the grating the e to the +I KX is what we call a surface wave it + + align:start position:0% +I KX is what we call a surface wave it + + + align:start position:0% +I KX is what we call a surface wave it +propagates like this so actually what + + align:start position:0% +propagates like this so actually what + + + align:start position:0% +propagates like this so actually what +you get after this grating is you get a + + align:start position:0% +you get after this grating is you get a + + + align:start position:0% +you get after this grating is you get a +a wave that propagates parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +a wave that propagates parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +a wave that propagates parallel to the +grating I don't know if the camera can + + align:start position:0% +grating I don't know if the camera can + + + align:start position:0% +grating I don't know if the camera can +show me on this one probably not but + + align:start position:0% +show me on this one probably not but + + + align:start position:0% +show me on this one probably not but +anyway you get a wave that propagates + + align:start position:0% +anyway you get a wave that propagates + + + align:start position:0% +anyway you get a wave that propagates +parallel to the grating it is called the + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the grating it is called the + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the grating it is called the +surface wave but it doesn't live very + + align:start position:0% +surface wave but it doesn't live very + + + align:start position:0% +surface wave but it doesn't live very +long it decays exponentially away from + + align:start position:0% +long it decays exponentially away from + + + align:start position:0% +long it decays exponentially away from +the grating that is actually called an + + align:start position:0% +the grating that is actually called an + + + align:start position:0% +the grating that is actually called an +evanescent wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is not really part of the class + + align:start position:0% +and this is not really part of the class + + + align:start position:0% +and this is not really part of the class +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +mean to properly deal this is a very + + align:start position:0% +mean to properly deal this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +mean to properly deal this is a very +simplified description of what happens + + align:start position:0% +simplified description of what happens + + + align:start position:0% +simplified description of what happens +to properly do it I would have to take + + align:start position:0% +to properly do it I would have to take + + + align:start position:0% +to properly do it I would have to take +into account polarization I we basically + + align:start position:0% +into account polarization I we basically + + + align:start position:0% +into account polarization I we basically +have to be more careful solving + + align:start position:0% +have to be more careful solving + + + align:start position:0% +have to be more careful solving +Maxwell's equations and because this + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations and because this + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations and because this +class is simple basic Optics I generally + + align:start position:0% +class is simple basic Optics I generally + + + align:start position:0% +class is simple basic Optics I generally +stay away from these kinds of gratings + + align:start position:0% +stay away from these kinds of gratings + + + align:start position:0% +stay away from these kinds of gratings +that's why I don't describe them in + + align:start position:0% +that's why I don't describe them in + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I don't describe them in +detail but since you asked you know I + + align:start position:0% +detail but since you asked you know I + + + align:start position:0% +detail but since you asked you know I +gave you a very sort of simplified + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +description we may talk about this a + + align:start position:0% +description we may talk about this a + + + align:start position:0% +description we may talk about this a +little bit near the end depend on how + + align:start position:0% +little bit near the end depend on how + + + align:start position:0% +little bit near the end depend on how +much time we have left near the end but + + align:start position:0% +much time we have left near the end but + + + align:start position:0% +much time we have left near the end but +if we do I I will talk about this in + + align:start position:0% +if we do I I will talk about this in + + + align:start position:0% +if we do I I will talk about this in +more detail it's also related to the + + align:start position:0% +more detail it's also related to the + + + align:start position:0% +more detail it's also related to the +question that someone else asked before + + align:start position:0% +question that someone else asked before + + + align:start position:0% +question that someone else asked before +about polarization if you have a + + align:start position:0% +about polarization if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +about polarization if you have a +subwavelength grating then you + + align:start position:0% +subwavelength grating then you + + + align:start position:0% +subwavelength grating then you +definitely have to take into account uh + + align:start position:0% +definitely have to take into account uh + + + align:start position:0% +definitely have to take into account uh +the incident polarization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah aing so maybe it's time for us to + + align:start position:0% +yeah aing so maybe it's time for us to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah aing so maybe it's time for us to +get our martini and the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +get our martini and the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +get our martini and the rest of the +audience to get their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coffee okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KCuQ4GB4gxE.txt b/KCuQ4GB4gxE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e83fbc20c3d752b25e54ea043a26e053bf3fbd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/KCuQ4GB4gxE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13929 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so Thompson scattering as you remember + + align:start position:0% +so Thompson scattering as you remember + + + align:start position:0% +so Thompson scattering as you remember +uh we set up the problem so that we had + + align:start position:0% +uh we set up the problem so that we had + + + align:start position:0% +uh we set up the problem so that we had +some scattering + + align:start position:0% +some scattering + + + align:start position:0% +some scattering +particle here we had some incoming + + align:start position:0% +particle here we had some incoming + + + align:start position:0% +particle here we had some incoming +wave with a load of parallel wave fronts + + align:start position:0% +wave with a load of parallel wave fronts + + + align:start position:0% +wave with a load of parallel wave fronts +at some plain waves uh it's got a wave + + align:start position:0% +at some plain waves uh it's got a wave + + + align:start position:0% +at some plain waves uh it's got a wave +Vector Ki in the IH hat Direction here + + align:start position:0% +Vector Ki in the IH hat Direction here + + + align:start position:0% +Vector Ki in the IH hat Direction here +we said that there was some origin to + + align:start position:0% +we said that there was some origin to + + + align:start position:0% +we said that there was some origin to +our system and the particle was at a + + align:start position:0% +our system and the particle was at a + + + align:start position:0% +our system and the particle was at a +distance R from our origin and we were + + align:start position:0% +distance R from our origin and we were + + + align:start position:0% +distance R from our origin and we were +going to observe the scattered light in + + align:start position:0% +going to observe the scattered light in + + + align:start position:0% +going to observe the scattered light in +another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction with our spectrometer here and + + align:start position:0% +Direction with our spectrometer here and + + + align:start position:0% +Direction with our spectrometer here and +that scattered wave also going to be a + + align:start position:0% +that scattered wave also going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +that scattered wave also going to be a +plain wave that's going to have a wave + + align:start position:0% +plain wave that's going to have a wave + + + align:start position:0% +plain wave that's going to have a wave +Vector KS in the S hat Direction uh + + align:start position:0% +Vector KS in the S hat Direction uh + + + align:start position:0% +Vector KS in the S hat Direction uh +there's going to be two vectors one from + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be two vectors one from + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be two vectors one from +the particle and one from the + + align:start position:0% +the particle and one from the + + + align:start position:0% +the particle and one from the +origin pointing towards + + align:start position:0% +origin pointing towards + + + align:start position:0% +origin pointing towards +our Observer here and we call those + + align:start position:0% +our Observer here and we call those + + + align:start position:0% +our Observer here and we call those +R + + align:start position:0% +R + + + align:start position:0% +R +and R Prime but one of the first + + align:start position:0% +and R Prime but one of the first + + + align:start position:0% +and R Prime but one of the first +approximations we said is that imagine + + align:start position:0% +approximations we said is that imagine + + + align:start position:0% +approximations we said is that imagine +our plasma uh where all of our particles + + align:start position:0% +our plasma uh where all of our particles + + + align:start position:0% +our plasma uh where all of our particles +have some Vector R is relatively small + + align:start position:0% +have some Vector R is relatively small + + + align:start position:0% +have some Vector R is relatively small +compared to uh the distance to our + + align:start position:0% +compared to uh the distance to our + + + align:start position:0% +compared to uh the distance to our +Observer and then we can say that this R + + align:start position:0% +Observer and then we can say that this R + + + align:start position:0% +Observer and then we can say that this R +Vector is roughly the same as the RP + + align:start position:0% +Vector is roughly the same as the RP + + + align:start position:0% +Vector is roughly the same as the RP +prime vector here the position of our + + align:start position:0% +prime vector here the position of our + + + align:start position:0% +prime vector here the position of our +particle R of T is equal to whereever it + + align:start position:0% +particle R of T is equal to whereever it + + + align:start position:0% +particle R of T is equal to whereever it +started off plus its velocity times time + + align:start position:0% +started off plus its velocity times time + + + align:start position:0% +started off plus its velocity times time +and so we're assuming that these + + align:start position:0% +and so we're assuming that these + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're assuming that these +particles are going in roughly straight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we also wanted to distinguish + + align:start position:0% +and we also wanted to distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +and we also wanted to distinguish +between the time T Prime at which the + + align:start position:0% +between the time T Prime at which the + + + align:start position:0% +between the time T Prime at which the +particle is scattering the radiation and + + align:start position:0% +particle is scattering the radiation and + + + align:start position:0% +particle is scattering the radiation and +a Time T at which we're observing the + + align:start position:0% +a Time T at which we're observing the + + + align:start position:0% +a Time T at which we're observing the +radiation and we found out through a + + align:start position:0% +radiation and we found out through a + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and we found out through a +little bit of algebra that t Prime is + + align:start position:0% +little bit of algebra that t Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of algebra that t Prime is +equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 +minus I hat beta over 1 + + align:start position:0% +minus I hat beta over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +minus I hat beta over 1 +minus uh shat do beta where beta in this + + align:start position:0% +minus uh shat do beta where beta in this + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh shat do beta where beta in this +case is defined as the velocity over the + + align:start position:0% +case is defined as the velocity over the + + + align:start position:0% +case is defined as the velocity over the +speed of light and this is effective the + + align:start position:0% +speed of light and this is effective the + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light and this is effective the +origin of our double double doler shift + + align:start position:0% +origin of our double double doler shift + + + align:start position:0% +origin of our double double doler shift +the particle sees a doter shift of the + + align:start position:0% +the particle sees a doter shift of the + + + align:start position:0% +the particle sees a doter shift of the +wave that's incident on it and then the + + align:start position:0% +wave that's incident on it and then the + + + align:start position:0% +wave that's incident on it and then the +Observer sees a doter shift of the + + align:start position:0% +Observer sees a doter shift of the + + + align:start position:0% +Observer sees a doter shift of the +emitted wave because the particle is + + align:start position:0% +emitted wave because the particle is + + + align:start position:0% +emitted wave because the particle is +mov and we found that the electric + + align:start position:0% +mov and we found that the electric + + + align:start position:0% +mov and we found that the electric +field if we said that we had some + + align:start position:0% +field if we said that we had some + + + align:start position:0% +field if we said that we had some +incident electric Fields e sub I at R + + align:start position:0% +incident electric Fields e sub I at R + + + align:start position:0% +incident electric Fields e sub I at R +and T Prime which was equal to some + + align:start position:0% +and T Prime which was equal to some + + + align:start position:0% +and T Prime which was equal to some +electric field strength and some + + align:start position:0% +electric field strength and some + + + align:start position:0% +electric field strength and some +polarization that's why this is L vector + + align:start position:0% +polarization that's why this is L vector + + + align:start position:0% +polarization that's why this is L vector +and we're going to assume it's a plane + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to assume it's a plane + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to assume it's a plane +wave so it's just cosine of k i dot R + + align:start position:0% +wave so it's just cosine of k i dot R + + + align:start position:0% +wave so it's just cosine of k i dot R +minus Omega i g Prime like that so it's + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega i g Prime like that so it's + + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega i g Prime like that so it's +this wave with the incident K vector and + + align:start position:0% +this wave with the incident K vector and + + + align:start position:0% +this wave with the incident K vector and +the incident wave frequency then our + + align:start position:0% +the incident wave frequency then our + + + align:start position:0% +the incident wave frequency then our +scattered radiation that we observe at r + + align:start position:0% +scattered radiation that we observe at r + + + align:start position:0% +scattered radiation that we observe at r +at time T which is not the same as T + + align:start position:0% +at time T which is not the same as T + + + align:start position:0% +at time T which is not the same as T +Prime was going to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +Prime was going to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime was going to be equal to the +classical electron radius over the + + align:start position:0% +classical electron radius over the + + + align:start position:0% +classical electron radius over the +distance because this thing is + + align:start position:0% +distance because this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +distance because this thing is +scattering into four Pi St radians and + + align:start position:0% +scattering into four Pi St radians and + + + align:start position:0% +scattering into four Pi St radians and +then there was a factor that looked like + + align:start position:0% +then there was a factor that looked like + + + align:start position:0% +then there was a factor that looked like +s Hat Cross s Hat Cross the incident + + align:start position:0% +s Hat Cross s Hat Cross the incident + + + align:start position:0% +s Hat Cross s Hat Cross the incident +radiation + + align:start position:0% +radiation + + + align:start position:0% +radiation +uh R Prime and T Prime like this so we + + align:start position:0% +uh R Prime and T Prime like this so we + + + align:start position:0% +uh R Prime and T Prime like this so we +scatter some of that incident radiation + + align:start position:0% +scatter some of that incident radiation + + + align:start position:0% +scatter some of that incident radiation +we scatter it into a shape that's given + + align:start position:0% +we scatter it into a shape that's given + + + align:start position:0% +we scatter it into a shape that's given +by this s Hat Cross s Hat Cross and + + align:start position:0% +by this s Hat Cross s Hat Cross and + + + align:start position:0% +by this s Hat Cross s Hat Cross and +later on I'll start referring to this + + align:start position:0% +later on I'll start referring to this + + + align:start position:0% +later on I'll start referring to this +including that second cross product as + + align:start position:0% +including that second cross product as + + + align:start position:0% +including that second cross product as +just a tensor Capital Pi which + + align:start position:0% +just a tensor Capital Pi which + + + align:start position:0% +just a tensor Capital Pi which +transforms the incoming electric field + + align:start position:0% +transforms the incoming electric field + + + align:start position:0% +transforms the incoming electric field +here and we said that if the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +here and we said that if the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +here and we said that if the velocity of +our particle this V here is equal to + + align:start position:0% +our particle this V here is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +our particle this V here is equal to +zero if we're just dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +zero if we're just dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +zero if we're just dealing with a +stationary particle then our scattered + + align:start position:0% +stationary particle then our scattered + + + align:start position:0% +stationary particle then our scattered +electric field that we observe at our + + align:start position:0% +electric field that we observe at our + + + align:start position:0% +electric field that we observe at our +detector is simply going to have a very + + align:start position:0% +detector is simply going to have a very + + + align:start position:0% +detector is simply going to have a very +simple form which has + + align:start position:0% +simple form which has + + + align:start position:0% +simple form which has +well uh re on R Pi acting on the + + align:start position:0% +well uh re on R Pi acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +well uh re on R Pi acting on the +strength of the electric field that's + + align:start position:0% +strength of the electric field that's + + + align:start position:0% +strength of the electric field that's +gives us that nice dut shaped scattering + + align:start position:0% +gives us that nice dut shaped scattering + + + align:start position:0% +gives us that nice dut shaped scattering +pattern and then we'll have a cosine + + align:start position:0% +pattern and then we'll have a cosine + + + align:start position:0% +pattern and then we'll have a cosine +Factor here that simply looks like a I + + align:start position:0% +Factor here that simply looks like a I + + + align:start position:0% +Factor here that simply looks like a I +do R zero R of zero because the particle + + align:start position:0% +do R zero R of zero because the particle + + + align:start position:0% +do R zero R of zero because the particle +isn't moving so actually R of all time + + align:start position:0% +isn't moving so actually R of all time + + + align:start position:0% +isn't moving so actually R of all time +minus Omega i t plus a factor k i dot R + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega i t plus a factor k i dot R + + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega i t plus a factor k i dot R +and this final Ki r factor + + align:start position:0% +and this final Ki r factor + + + align:start position:0% +and this final Ki r factor +here is for all our particles because we + + align:start position:0% +here is for all our particles because we + + + align:start position:0% +here is for all our particles because we +basically said they all pick up that + + align:start position:0% +basically said they all pick up that + + + align:start position:0% +basically said they all pick up that +phase as we go here but actually all the + + align:start position:0% +phase as we go here but actually all the + + + align:start position:0% +phase as we go here but actually all the +particles are clustered in a little + + align:start position:0% +particles are clustered in a little + + + align:start position:0% +particles are clustered in a little +plasma around about here so this was + + align:start position:0% +plasma around about here so this was + + + align:start position:0% +plasma around about here so this was +quite boring we just get a scattered + + align:start position:0% +quite boring we just get a scattered + + + align:start position:0% +quite boring we just get a scattered +wave which has the same frequency + + align:start position:0% +wave which has the same frequency + + + align:start position:0% +wave which has the same frequency +and K Vector as the uh incident + + align:start position:0% +and K Vector as the uh incident + + + align:start position:0% +and K Vector as the uh incident +wave but if we then allow our particles + + align:start position:0% +wave but if we then allow our particles + + + align:start position:0% +wave but if we then allow our particles +move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around we found out that we get doctor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ships as we would expect uh and we're + + align:start position:0% +ships as we would expect uh and we're + + + align:start position:0% +ships as we would expect uh and we're +also dealing with a regime where we're + + align:start position:0% +also dealing with a regime where we're + + + align:start position:0% +also dealing with a regime where we're +looking at + + align:start position:0% +looking at + + + align:start position:0% +looking at +elastic + + align:start position:0% +elastic + + + align:start position:0% +elastic +collisions + + align:start position:0% +collisions + + + align:start position:0% +collisions +so this elastic collisions means that + + align:start position:0% +so this elastic collisions means that + + + align:start position:0% +so this elastic collisions means that +our incident K Vector has roughly the + + align:start position:0% +our incident K Vector has roughly the + + + align:start position:0% +our incident K Vector has roughly the +same size as our scattered K Vector so + + align:start position:0% +same size as our scattered K Vector so + + + align:start position:0% +same size as our scattered K Vector so +we don't change the momentum of our + + align:start position:0% +we don't change the momentum of our + + + align:start position:0% +we don't change the momentum of our +Photon very much and this is bless you + + align:start position:0% +Photon very much and this is bless you + + + align:start position:0% +Photon very much and this is bless you +valid when our Photon energy is much + + align:start position:0% +valid when our Photon energy is much + + + align:start position:0% +valid when our Photon energy is much +much less than + + align:start position:0% +much less than + + + align:start position:0% +much less than +uh I've written it in terms of particle + + align:start position:0% +uh I've written it in terms of particle + + + align:start position:0% +uh I've written it in terms of particle +velocity interesting half + + align:start position:0% +velocity interesting half + + + align:start position:0% +velocity interesting half +me d e 2 but I imagine it is also true + + align:start position:0% +me d e 2 but I imagine it is also true + + + align:start position:0% +me d e 2 but I imagine it is also true +when it's non-relativistic as well so + + align:start position:0% +when it's non-relativistic as well so + + + align:start position:0% +when it's non-relativistic as well so +I'll just write that down as well okay + + align:start position:0% +I'll just write that down as well okay + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just write that down as well okay +if we violate this limit if we start + + align:start position:0% +if we violate this limit if we start + + + align:start position:0% +if we violate this limit if we start +scattering hgy photons we get Compton + + align:start position:0% +scattering hgy photons we get Compton + + + align:start position:0% +scattering hgy photons we get Compton +scattering not Compton scattering we + + align:start position:0% +scattering not Compton scattering we + + + align:start position:0% +scattering not Compton scattering we +have to do a full relativistic treatment + + align:start position:0% +have to do a full relativistic treatment + + + align:start position:0% +have to do a full relativistic treatment +so this elastic collisions + + align:start position:0% +so this elastic collisions + + + align:start position:0% +so this elastic collisions +constraint comes down to us scattering + + align:start position:0% +constraint comes down to us scattering + + + align:start position:0% +constraint comes down to us scattering +of fluctuations with a K Vector which is + + align:start position:0% +of fluctuations with a K Vector which is + + + align:start position:0% +of fluctuations with a K Vector which is +defined as the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +defined as the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +defined as the difference between the +scattered K vector and the incident K + + align:start position:0% +scattered K vector and the incident K + + + align:start position:0% +scattered K vector and the incident K +vector and a frequency + + align:start position:0% +vector and a frequency + + + align:start position:0% +vector and a frequency +which is equal to the difference between + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the difference between +the scattered frequency and the incident + + align:start position:0% +the scattered frequency and the incident + + + align:start position:0% +the scattered frequency and the incident +frequency and this difference is also + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this difference is also + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this difference is also +equal to the scattering K Vector the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the scattering K Vector the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the scattering K Vector the +difference between the scattered and the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the scattered and the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the scattered and the +incident dotted into the velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +incident dotted into the velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +incident dotted into the velocity of the +particle so this looks like the classic + + align:start position:0% +particle so this looks like the classic + + + align:start position:0% +particle so this looks like the classic +doler shift that you're used to + + align:start position:0% +doler shift that you're used to + + + align:start position:0% +doler shift that you're used to +see so the punch line of all of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +input a wave + + align:start position:0% +input a wave + + + align:start position:0% +input a wave +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +Ki Omega I you put your laser beam + + align:start position:0% +Ki Omega I you put your laser beam + + + align:start position:0% +Ki Omega I you put your laser beam +through the plasma and + + align:start position:0% +through the plasma and + + + align:start position:0% +through the plasma and +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measure some scattering in some + + align:start position:0% +measure some scattering in some + + + align:start position:0% +measure some scattering in some +direction KS which remember you have + + align:start position:0% +direction KS which remember you have + + + align:start position:0% +direction KS which remember you have +control over because you get to choose + + align:start position:0% +control over because you get to choose + + + align:start position:0% +control over because you get to choose +where you put your spectrometer around + + align:start position:0% +where you put your spectrometer around + + + align:start position:0% +where you put your spectrometer around +your plasma here and you measure it on a + + align:start position:0% +your plasma here and you measure it on a + + + align:start position:0% +your plasma here and you measure it on a +spectrometer with some frequency Omega s + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer with some frequency Omega s + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer with some frequency Omega s +then you can infer that in order for you + + align:start position:0% +then you can infer that in order for you + + + align:start position:0% +then you can infer that in order for you +to be able to see this scattered light + + align:start position:0% +to be able to see this scattered light + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to see this scattered light +from your original probe signal there + + align:start position:0% +from your original probe signal there + + + align:start position:0% +from your original probe signal there +has to be something within the plasma + + align:start position:0% +has to be something within the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +has to be something within the plasma +capable of carrying away a momentum K + + align:start position:0% +capable of carrying away a momentum K + + + align:start position:0% +capable of carrying away a momentum K +and an energy Omega or giving a momentum + + align:start position:0% +and an energy Omega or giving a momentum + + + align:start position:0% +and an energy Omega or giving a momentum +K and an energy Omega to your Photon + + align:start position:0% +K and an energy Omega to your Photon + + + align:start position:0% +K and an energy Omega to your Photon +here and the strength of the signal so + + align:start position:0% +here and the strength of the signal so + + + align:start position:0% +here and the strength of the signal so +the intensity at Omega and K is going to + + align:start position:0% +the intensity at Omega and K is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the intensity at Omega and K is going to +be proportional to the number of + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to the number of +scattering + + align:start position:0% +scattering + + + align:start position:0% +scattering +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +scatterers and these scatterers could be + + align:start position:0% +scatterers and these scatterers could be + + + align:start position:0% +scatterers and these scatterers could be +for example particles so electrons or + + align:start position:0% +for example particles so electrons or + + + align:start position:0% +for example particles so electrons or +they could be uh waves and I often refer + + align:start position:0% +they could be uh waves and I often refer + + + align:start position:0% +they could be uh waves and I often refer +to these waves as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes and we will get on to and and + + align:start position:0% +modes and we will get on to and and + + + align:start position:0% +modes and we will get on to and and +these these modes in this case have an + + align:start position:0% +these these modes in this case have an + + + align:start position:0% +these these modes in this case have an +apparent velocity which is equal to + + align:start position:0% +apparent velocity which is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +apparent velocity which is equal to +Omega upon K so that's their phas + + align:start position:0% +Omega upon K so that's their phas + + + align:start position:0% +Omega upon K so that's their phas +velocity here so this is a very handwavy + + align:start position:0% +velocity here so this is a very handwavy + + + align:start position:0% +velocity here so this is a very handwavy +way of trying to drive all this we're + + align:start position:0% +way of trying to drive all this we're + + + align:start position:0% +way of trying to drive all this we're +going to make it more rigorous by going + + align:start position:0% +going to make it more rigorous by going + + + align:start position:0% +going to make it more rigorous by going +to do some fora transformations of all + + align:start position:0% +to do some fora transformations of all + + + align:start position:0% +to do some fora transformations of all +these equations but that's just a recap + + align:start position:0% +these equations but that's just a recap + + + align:start position:0% +these equations but that's just a recap +of what we talked about last week so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes so there is no Vector Omega Omega is + + align:start position:0% +yes so there is no Vector Omega Omega is + + + align:start position:0% +yes so there is no Vector Omega Omega is +a scale of that's + + align:start position:0% +a scale of that's + + + align:start position:0% +a scale of that's +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I what I like to think of them as + + align:start position:0% +what I what I like to think of them as + + + align:start position:0% +what I what I like to think of them as +is the uh momentum if you're thinking of + + align:start position:0% +is the uh momentum if you're thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +is the uh momentum if you're thinking of +it in a particle picture then H bar K + + align:start position:0% +it in a particle picture then H bar K + + + align:start position:0% +it in a particle picture then H bar K +and H bar Omega is the energy and + + align:start position:0% +and H bar Omega is the energy and + + + align:start position:0% +and H bar Omega is the energy and +momentum of the electron that scatters + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the electron that scatters + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the electron that scatters +them if you're thinking about it as a + + align:start position:0% +them if you're thinking about it as a + + + align:start position:0% +them if you're thinking about it as a +wave you don't have to times it by H bar + + align:start position:0% +wave you don't have to times it by H bar + + + align:start position:0% +wave you don't have to times it by H bar +and and to get that you can just say + + align:start position:0% +and and to get that you can just say + + + align:start position:0% +and and to get that you can just say +some wave with K and Omega so like a + + align:start position:0% +some wave with K and Omega so like a + + + align:start position:0% +some wave with K and Omega so like a +sound wave Omega equals Sound Speed time + + align:start position:0% +sound wave Omega equals Sound Speed time + + + align:start position:0% +sound wave Omega equals Sound Speed time +k for example we'll talk a lot more + + align:start position:0% +k for example we'll talk a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +k for example we'll talk a lot more +about that later on so but yeah what + + align:start position:0% +about that later on so but yeah what + + + align:start position:0% +about that later on so but yeah what +these represent is something that can + + align:start position:0% +these represent is something that can + + + align:start position:0% +these represent is something that can +scatter uh this light I mean if you have + + align:start position:0% +scatter uh this light I mean if you have + + + align:start position:0% +scatter uh this light I mean if you have +no plasma and you fire a laser move + + align:start position:0% +no plasma and you fire a laser move + + + align:start position:0% +no plasma and you fire a laser move +through a chamber you really shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +through a chamber you really shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +through a chamber you really shouldn't +expect to see any scattered light at + + align:start position:0% +expect to see any scattered light at + + + align:start position:0% +expect to see any scattered light at +some random angle right there because + + align:start position:0% +some random angle right there because + + + align:start position:0% +some random angle right there because +there's nothing there to scatter it so + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing there to scatter it so + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing there to scatter it so +if you see some scattering you have to + + align:start position:0% +if you see some scattering you have to + + + align:start position:0% +if you see some scattering you have to +say aha there must be somewhere + + align:start position:0% +say aha there must be somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +say aha there must be somewhere +something in that chamber to scatter it + + align:start position:0% +something in that chamber to scatter it + + + align:start position:0% +something in that chamber to scatter it +and it must be able to change the + + align:start position:0% +and it must be able to change the + + + align:start position:0% +and it must be able to change the +momentum of my Photon by K and their + + align:start position:0% +momentum of my Photon by K and their + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of my Photon by K and their +energy by Omega and that limits the + + align:start position:0% +energy by Omega and that limits the + + + align:start position:0% +energy by Omega and that limits the +sorts of things that can exist inside + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things that can exist inside + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things that can exist inside +your um plasma so especially for the + + align:start position:0% +your um plasma so especially for the + + + align:start position:0% +your um plasma so especially for the +waves and modes they'll only be + + align:start position:0% +waves and modes they'll only be + + + align:start position:0% +waves and modes they'll only be +scattering of very discret values of + + align:start position:0% +scattering of very discret values of + + + align:start position:0% +scattering of very discret values of +Omega and K given by the + + align:start position:0% +Omega and K given by the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and K given by the +dispersion okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah Oh you mean like these we'll get + + align:start position:0% +yeah Oh you mean like these we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Oh you mean like these we'll get +onto that in a great deal of detail + + align:start position:0% +onto that in a great deal of detail + + + align:start position:0% +onto that in a great deal of detail +later on so this this these four Le are + + align:start position:0% +later on so this this these four Le are + + + align:start position:0% +later on so this this these four Le are +like a wave washing on the shore right + + align:start position:0% +like a wave washing on the shore right + + + align:start position:0% +like a wave washing on the shore right +so we're going to derive to of + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to derive to of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to derive to of +scattering three times okay we did the + + align:start position:0% +scattering three times okay we did the + + + align:start position:0% +scattering three times okay we did the +first time last week we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +first time last week we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +first time last week we're going to do +the second time today and we'll start on + + align:start position:0% +the second time today and we'll start on + + + align:start position:0% +the second time today and we'll start on +the third time as well in each one the + + align:start position:0% +the third time as well in each one the + + + align:start position:0% +the third time as well in each one the +previous derivation is just a + + align:start position:0% +previous derivation is just a + + + align:start position:0% +previous derivation is just a +simplification of the next derivation + + align:start position:0% +simplification of the next derivation + + + align:start position:0% +simplification of the next derivation +okay and uh previously we sort of got + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh previously we sort of got + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh previously we sort of got +this very very rough picture that if we + + align:start position:0% +this very very rough picture that if we + + + align:start position:0% +this very very rough picture that if we +have a single particle we might be able + + align:start position:0% +have a single particle we might be able + + + align:start position:0% +have a single particle we might be able +to say something about the particle's + + align:start position:0% +to say something about the particle's + + + align:start position:0% +to say something about the particle's +properties its velocity uh if we see + + align:start position:0% +properties its velocity uh if we see + + + align:start position:0% +properties its velocity uh if we see +scattering at a certain frequency and + + align:start position:0% +scattering at a certain frequency and + + + align:start position:0% +scattering at a certain frequency and +wave Vector next we're going to do inco + + align:start position:0% +wave Vector next we're going to do inco + + + align:start position:0% +wave Vector next we're going to do inco +scattering which where we scatter off a + + align:start position:0% +scattering which where we scatter off a + + + align:start position:0% +scattering which where we scatter off a +distribution function of electrons but + + align:start position:0% +distribution function of electrons but + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function of electrons but +these electrons are not correlated + + align:start position:0% +these electrons are not correlated + + + align:start position:0% +these electrons are not correlated +they're all moving incoherently and so + + align:start position:0% +they're all moving incoherently and so + + + align:start position:0% +they're all moving incoherently and so +we basically get scattering off each of + + align:start position:0% +we basically get scattering off each of + + + align:start position:0% +we basically get scattering off each of +the electrons individually and then + + align:start position:0% +the electrons individually and then + + + align:start position:0% +the electrons individually and then +finally we're going to do Collective + + align:start position:0% +finally we're going to do Collective + + + align:start position:0% +finally we're going to do Collective +scattering where we scatter off the + + align:start position:0% +scattering where we scatter off the + + + align:start position:0% +scattering where we scatter off the +collective motion of the electrons where + + align:start position:0% +collective motion of the electrons where + + + align:start position:0% +collective motion of the electrons where +they're all moving together which is a + + align:start position:0% +they're all moving together which is a + + + align:start position:0% +they're all moving together which is a +w okay other question anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online all right so before we get going + + align:start position:0% +online all right so before we get going + + + align:start position:0% +online all right so before we get going +with for transforms I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +with for transforms I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +with for transforms I'm going to write +down some + + align:start position:0% +down some + + + align:start position:0% +down some +assumptions these assumptions don't + + align:start position:0% +assumptions these assumptions don't + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions these assumptions don't +necessarily have to be true for every + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have to be true for every + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have to be true for every +plasma that we're dealing with but they + + align:start position:0% +plasma that we're dealing with but they + + + align:start position:0% +plasma that we're dealing with but they +are assumptions that we've made in order + + align:start position:0% +are assumptions that we've made in order + + + align:start position:0% +are assumptions that we've made in order +to do this Thompson scattering + + align:start position:0% +to do this Thompson scattering + + + align:start position:0% +to do this Thompson scattering +derivation you want to violate these + + align:start position:0% +derivation you want to violate these + + + align:start position:0% +derivation you want to violate these +assumptions you need to go and check + + align:start position:0% +assumptions you need to go and check + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions you need to go and check +where this assumption comes in and + + align:start position:0% +where this assumption comes in and + + + align:start position:0% +where this assumption comes in and +rederive your Thompson + + align:start position:0% +rederive your Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +rederive your Thompson +scattering so first of all we are + + align:start position:0% +scattering so first of all we are + + + align:start position:0% +scattering so first of all we are +scattering from some volume + + align:start position:0% +scattering from some volume + + + align:start position:0% +scattering from some volume +v which has n + + align:start position:0% +v which has n + + + align:start position:0% +v which has n +electrons inside + + align:start position:0% +electrons inside + + + align:start position:0% +electrons inside +it the electrons have a charge of e + + align:start position:0% +it the electrons have a charge of e + + + align:start position:0% +it the electrons have a charge of e +minus and there are n over Z ions with a + + align:start position:0% +minus and there are n over Z ions with a + + + align:start position:0% +minus and there are n over Z ions with a +charge of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z this is pretty standard but this is + + align:start position:0% +Z this is pretty standard but this is + + + align:start position:0% +Z this is pretty standard but this is +effec a statement of causing neutrality + + align:start position:0% +effec a statement of causing neutrality + + + align:start position:0% +effec a statement of causing neutrality +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +secondly we are mostly going to drop + + align:start position:0% +secondly we are mostly going to drop + + + align:start position:0% +secondly we are mostly going to drop +relativistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Corrections so if we want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +Corrections so if we want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections so if we want to look at the +fully non-relativistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case we will drop terms on the order + + align:start position:0% +case we will drop terms on the order + + + align:start position:0% +case we will drop terms on the order +of B upon C + + align:start position:0% +of B upon C + + + align:start position:0% +of B upon C +so if we do some sort of expansion and + + align:start position:0% +so if we do some sort of expansion and + + + align:start position:0% +so if we do some sort of expansion and +we see a term with B upon C we'll just + + align:start position:0% +we see a term with B upon C we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +we see a term with B upon C we'll just +drop it so we're only keeping the zero + + align:start position:0% +drop it so we're only keeping the zero + + + align:start position:0% +drop it so we're only keeping the zero +order terms if we want to do this sort + + align:start position:0% +order terms if we want to do this sort + + + align:start position:0% +order terms if we want to do this sort +of quot marks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relativistic then we will + + align:start position:0% +relativistic then we will + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic then we will +keep the order of B upon C terms but + + align:start position:0% +keep the order of B upon C terms but + + + align:start position:0% +keep the order of B upon C terms but +we'll drop the terms on the order of b^ + + align:start position:0% +we'll drop the terms on the order of b^ + + + align:start position:0% +we'll drop the terms on the order of b^ +s upon c s so you can see this like a + + align:start position:0% +s upon c s so you can see this like a + + + align:start position:0% +s upon c s so you can see this like a +tailor + + align:start position:0% +tailor + + + align:start position:0% +tailor +expion we're going to claim that they're + + align:start position:0% +expion we're going to claim that they're + + + align:start position:0% +expion we're going to claim that they're +much less than one if you want to do the + + align:start position:0% +much less than one if you want to do the + + + align:start position:0% +much less than one if you want to do the +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +relativistic because obviously this + + align:start position:0% +relativistic because obviously this + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic because obviously this +still neglects some relativistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms then you should just go and derive + + align:start position:0% +terms then you should just go and derive + + + align:start position:0% +terms then you should just go and derive +comp from + + align:start position:0% +comp from + + + align:start position:0% +comp from +scattering which we're not going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do I cannot stress this enough there + + align:start position:0% +do I cannot stress this enough there + + + align:start position:0% +do I cannot stress this enough there +will be no want I don't like + + align:start position:0% +will be no want I don't like + + + align:start position:0% +will be no want I don't like +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there's no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scattering from + + align:start position:0% +scattering from + + + align:start position:0% +scattering from +ions we discussed this already because + + align:start position:0% +ions we discussed this already because + + + align:start position:0% +ions we discussed this already because +of the mass difference the ions scatter + + align:start position:0% +of the mass difference the ions scatter + + + align:start position:0% +of the mass difference the ions scatter +much much less we will no longer think + + align:start position:0% +much much less we will no longer think + + + align:start position:0% +much much less we will no longer think +about the scattering directly from the + + align:start position:0% +about the scattering directly from the + + + align:start position:0% +about the scattering directly from the +ion but we will think a lot about the + + align:start position:0% +ion but we will think a lot about the + + + align:start position:0% +ion but we will think a lot about the +scattering from electrons which are + + align:start position:0% +scattering from electrons which are + + + align:start position:0% +scattering from electrons which are +dragged around by the ions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to assume that our Observer + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume that our Observer + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume that our Observer +is at a distance R which is much much + + align:start position:0% +is at a distance R which is much much + + + align:start position:0% +is at a distance R which is much much +larger than the volume within which the + + align:start position:0% +larger than the volume within which the + + + align:start position:0% +larger than the volume within which the +plasma is + + align:start position:0% +plasma is + + + align:start position:0% +plasma is +contained third power so this is a + + align:start position:0% +contained third power so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +contained third power so this is a +length scale now V to 1/3 so this is + + align:start position:0% +length scale now V to 1/3 so this is + + + align:start position:0% +length scale now V to 1/3 so this is +effectively the max value + + align:start position:0% +effectively the max value + + + align:start position:0% +effectively the max value +of this little r Vector here so the + + align:start position:0% +of this little r Vector here so the + + + align:start position:0% +of this little r Vector here so the +plasma is small and it's far away and + + align:start position:0% +plasma is small and it's far away and + + + align:start position:0% +plasma is small and it's far away and +this in turn this length scale here is + + align:start position:0% +this in turn this length scale here is + + + align:start position:0% +this in turn this length scale here is +much much larger than the wavelength of + + align:start position:0% +much much larger than the wavelength of + + + align:start position:0% +much much larger than the wavelength of +the incident light okay so we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +the incident light okay so we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +the incident light okay so we're seeing +a large number of charges within a + + align:start position:0% +a large number of charges within a + + + align:start position:0% +a large number of charges within a +wavelength not scattering of single + + align:start position:0% +wavelength not scattering of single + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength not scattering of single +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +um this is equivalent to saying of + + align:start position:0% +um this is equivalent to saying of + + + align:start position:0% +um this is equivalent to saying of +course that there + + align:start position:0% +course that there + + + align:start position:0% +course that there +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +many electrons in v in the + + align:start position:0% +many electrons in v in the + + + align:start position:0% +many electrons in v in the +volume uh and that V is small and this + + align:start position:0% +volume uh and that V is small and this + + + align:start position:0% +volume uh and that V is small and this +is what we needed to just fire our R + + align:start position:0% +is what we needed to just fire our R + + + align:start position:0% +is what we needed to just fire our R +Prime is approximately our argument here + + align:start position:0% +Prime is approximately our argument here + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is approximately our argument here +these two vectors are roughly the same + + align:start position:0% +these two vectors are roughly the same + + + align:start position:0% +these two vectors are roughly the same +okay what are we up to five + + align:start position:0% +okay what are we up to five + + + align:start position:0% +okay what are we up to five +assumptions assumption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +six we're going to assume that the + + align:start position:0% +six we're going to assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +six we're going to assume that the +frequency of our incident light the + + align:start position:0% +frequency of our incident light the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of our incident light the +light which is being scattered is + + align:start position:0% +light which is being scattered is + + + align:start position:0% +light which is being scattered is +greater than significantly greater than + + align:start position:0% +greater than significantly greater than + + + align:start position:0% +greater than significantly greater than +the electron plasma frequency don't get + + align:start position:0% +the electron plasma frequency don't get + + + align:start position:0% +the electron plasma frequency don't get +fooled lots of eyes showing up here + + align:start position:0% +fooled lots of eyes showing up here + + + align:start position:0% +fooled lots of eyes showing up here +that's always the incident I'm not + + align:start position:0% +that's always the incident I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +that's always the incident I'm not +thinking about the ions anymore they're + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the ions anymore they're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the ions anymore they're +too slow and too heavy so if we make + + align:start position:0% +too slow and too heavy so if we make + + + align:start position:0% +too slow and too heavy so if we make +this approximation I can approximate the + + align:start position:0% +this approximation I can approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +this approximation I can approximate the +refractive index of the plasma as + + align:start position:0% +refractive index of the plasma as + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index of the plasma as +basically being one so I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +basically being one so I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +basically being one so I don't have to +think about those effects in reality you + + align:start position:0% +think about those effects in reality you + + + align:start position:0% +think about those effects in reality you +might want to put in a small correction + + align:start position:0% +might want to put in a small correction + + + align:start position:0% +might want to put in a small correction +for this and it's actually quite easy to + + align:start position:0% +for this and it's actually quite easy to + + + align:start position:0% +for this and it's actually quite easy to +do we also have the Assumption I think + + align:start position:0% +do we also have the Assumption I think + + + align:start position:0% +do we also have the Assumption I think +this should be number seven + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frankly no probe + + align:start position:0% +frankly no probe + + + align:start position:0% +frankly no probe +attenuation so the optical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +depth uh to evaluated at our probe + + align:start position:0% +depth uh to evaluated at our probe + + + align:start position:0% +depth uh to evaluated at our probe +frequency is much much less than one so + + align:start position:0% +frequency is much much less than one so + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is much much less than one so +the beam doesn't get absorbed this just + + align:start position:0% +the beam doesn't get absorbed this just + + + align:start position:0% +the beam doesn't get absorbed this just +makes it much easier to do the + + align:start position:0% +makes it much easier to do the + + + align:start position:0% +makes it much easier to do the +calculations if your beam is getting + + align:start position:0% +calculations if your beam is getting + + + align:start position:0% +calculations if your beam is getting +absorbed you get different amounts of + + align:start position:0% +absorbed you get different amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed you get different amounts of +scattering depending on where you are + + align:start position:0% +scattering depending on where you are + + + align:start position:0% +scattering depending on where you are +beam to pay so we're not going to do + + align:start position:0% +beam to pay so we're not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +beam to pay so we're not going to do +that and then finally we touched on this + + align:start position:0% +that and then finally we touched on this + + + align:start position:0% +that and then finally we touched on this +earlier the velocity induced from the + + align:start position:0% +earlier the velocity induced from the + + + align:start position:0% +earlier the velocity induced from the +electric field of the incident radiation + + align:start position:0% +electric field of the incident radiation + + + align:start position:0% +electric field of the incident radiation +we are going to assume is much much + + align:start position:0% +we are going to assume is much much + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to assume is much much +smaller than the thermal velocity here + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the thermal velocity here + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the thermal velocity here +and so this was saying that our + + align:start position:0% +and so this was saying that our + + + align:start position:0% +and so this was saying that our +particles are going in straight lines at + + align:start position:0% +particles are going in straight lines at + + + align:start position:0% +particles are going in straight lines at +some velocity like the thermal velocity + + align:start position:0% +some velocity like the thermal velocity + + + align:start position:0% +some velocity like the thermal velocity +and the electric field are just making + + align:start position:0% +and the electric field are just making + + + align:start position:0% +and the electric field are just making +them wobble ever so slightly along those + + align:start position:0% +them wobble ever so slightly along those + + + align:start position:0% +them wobble ever so slightly along those +lines here this is equivalent because + + align:start position:0% +lines here this is equivalent because + + + align:start position:0% +lines here this is equivalent because +this quiv this velocity here from the + + align:start position:0% +this quiv this velocity here from the + + + align:start position:0% +this quiv this velocity here from the +electric field you can work it out as + + align:start position:0% +electric field you can work it out as + + + align:start position:0% +electric field you can work it out as +being e times the strength the the + + align:start position:0% +being e times the strength the the + + + align:start position:0% +being e times the strength the the +electric field over me omega I if you + + align:start position:0% +electric field over me omega I if you + + + align:start position:0% +electric field over me omega I if you +set that to be less than V thermal then + + align:start position:0% +set that to be less than V thermal then + + + align:start position:0% +set that to be less than V thermal then +you find out that the power the + + align:start position:0% +you find out that the power the + + + align:start position:0% +you find out that the power the +intensity of your laser beam which is + + align:start position:0% +intensity of your laser beam which is + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of your laser beam which is +equal to c epsol + + align:start position:0% +equal to c epsol + + + align:start position:0% +equal to c epsol +n strength of the scattering electric + + align:start position:0% +n strength of the scattering electric + + + align:start position:0% +n strength of the scattering electric +field squared it limits this how I won't + + align:start position:0% +field squared it limits this how I won't + + + align:start position:0% +field squared it limits this how I won't +derive it directly + + align:start position:0% +derive it directly + + + align:start position:0% +derive it directly +but so you you can't use in order for + + align:start position:0% +but so you you can't use in order for + + + align:start position:0% +but so you you can't use in order for +this assumption to be valid which we'll + + align:start position:0% +this assumption to be valid which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this assumption to be valid which we'll +use a lot in our derivation our laser + + align:start position:0% +use a lot in our derivation our laser + + + align:start position:0% +use a lot in our derivation our laser +cannot be too strong if you end up using + + align:start position:0% +cannot be too strong if you end up using + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be too strong if you end up using +a very strong laser you have to redive + + align:start position:0% +a very strong laser you have to redive + + + align:start position:0% +a very strong laser you have to redive +this uh using uh the full orbit of your + + align:start position:0% +this uh using uh the full orbit of your + + + align:start position:0% +this uh using uh the full orbit of your +particle which includes this strongly + + align:start position:0% +particle which includes this strongly + + + align:start position:0% +particle which includes this strongly +perturbing electric field and that's a + + align:start position:0% +perturbing electric field and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +perturbing electric field and that's a +pain so obviously that's not a good + + align:start position:0% +pain so obviously that's not a good + + + align:start position:0% +pain so obviously that's not a good +reason not to use a very strong laser + + align:start position:0% +reason not to use a very strong laser + + + align:start position:0% +reason not to use a very strong laser +you want to use a nice strong laser in + + align:start position:0% +you want to use a nice strong laser in + + + align:start position:0% +you want to use a nice strong laser in +order to get this Conant scattering + + align:start position:0% +order to get this Conant scattering + + + align:start position:0% +order to get this Conant scattering +effect but you should be careful about + + align:start position:0% +effect but you should be careful about + + + align:start position:0% +effect but you should be careful about +uh whether your comp ging formalism is + + align:start position:0% +uh whether your comp ging formalism is + + + align:start position:0% +uh whether your comp ging formalism is +still valid if you use a very strong + + align:start position:0% +still valid if you use a very strong + + + align:start position:0% +still valid if you use a very strong +laser any questions on any of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumptions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes we are just dealing with these + + align:start position:0% +yes we are just dealing with these + + + align:start position:0% +yes we are just dealing with these +particles as like points so we're going + + align:start position:0% +particles as like points so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +particles as like points so we're going +to use a covich distribution function at + + align:start position:0% +to use a covich distribution function at + + + align:start position:0% +to use a covich distribution function at +some point which has Delta functions + + align:start position:0% +some point which has Delta functions + + + align:start position:0% +some point which has Delta functions +representing the position of the + + align:start position:0% +representing the position of the + + + align:start position:0% +representing the position of the +particles in space and in velocity space + + align:start position:0% +particles in space and in velocity space + + + align:start position:0% +particles in space and in velocity space +and so we don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +and so we don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +and so we don't have to worry about +uncertainty things like that and so + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty things like that and so + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty things like that and so +we're not thinking about particles waves + + align:start position:0% +we're not thinking about particles waves + + + align:start position:0% +we're not thinking about particles waves +and not thinking about like a + + align:start position:0% +and not thinking about like a + + + align:start position:0% +and not thinking about like a +semi-classical treatment of + + align:start position:0% +semi-classical treatment of + + + align:start position:0% +semi-classical treatment of +electromagnetic radiation scattering + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic radiation scattering + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic radiation scattering +this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classic I would have thought it's when + + align:start position:0% +classic I would have thought it's when + + + align:start position:0% +classic I would have thought it's when +you get to short + + align:start position:0% +you get to short + + + align:start position:0% +you get to short +wavelengths so that where you're where + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths so that where you're where + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths so that where you're where +you're getting to short wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +you're getting to short wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting to short wavelengths +which are getting close to like the + + align:start position:0% +which are getting close to like the + + + align:start position:0% +which are getting close to like the +classical electron radius um so not when + + align:start position:0% +classical electron radius um so not when + + + align:start position:0% +classical electron radius um so not when +you're getting close to the divy length + + align:start position:0% +you're getting close to the divy length + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting close to the divy length +but actually talk about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +but actually talk about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +but actually talk about the fact that +the divy length is really important to + + align:start position:0% +the divy length is really important to + + + align:start position:0% +the divy length is really important to +this we can definitely have wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +this we can definitely have wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +this we can definitely have wavelengths +which are above or below the div I would + + align:start position:0% +which are above or below the div I would + + + align:start position:0% +which are above or below the div I would +thought when you get down to wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +thought when you get down to wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +thought when you get down to wavelengths +on the order of the classical electron + + align:start position:0% +on the order of the classical electron + + + align:start position:0% +on the order of the classical electron +radius then you need to conc yeah Sor I + + align:start position:0% +radius then you need to conc yeah Sor I + + + align:start position:0% +radius then you need to conc yeah Sor I +so Brand's hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first depends if your plasma is very hot + + align:start position:0% +first depends if your plasma is very hot + + + align:start position:0% +first depends if your plasma is very hot +the relativistic corrections are hard to + + align:start position:0% +the relativistic corrections are hard to + + + align:start position:0% +the relativistic corrections are hard to +avoid and I'll talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +avoid and I'll talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +avoid and I'll talk a little bit about +the relativistic corrections which + + align:start position:0% +the relativistic corrections which + + + align:start position:0% +the relativistic corrections which +normally use in a toac when you get like + + align:start position:0% +normally use in a toac when you get like + + + align:start position:0% +normally use in a toac when you get like +10 kilo electron volts uh because then + + align:start position:0% +10 kilo electron volts uh because then + + + align:start position:0% +10 kilo electron volts uh because then +your you know your rest mass of your + + align:start position:0% +your you know your rest mass of your + + + align:start position:0% +your you know your rest mass of your +electrons is 500 kilo electron volts and + + align:start position:0% +electrons is 500 kilo electron volts and + + + align:start position:0% +electrons is 500 kilo electron volts and +10 Kil electron volts is not nothing and + + align:start position:0% +10 Kil electron volts is not nothing and + + + align:start position:0% +10 Kil electron volts is not nothing and +you need to have a small correction I + + align:start position:0% +you need to have a small correction I + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have a small correction I +would have thought this one is often + + align:start position:0% +would have thought this one is often + + + align:start position:0% +would have thought this one is often +quite hard to uh obey but it's also + + align:start position:0% +quite hard to uh obey but it's also + + + align:start position:0% +quite hard to uh obey but it's also +quite easy to fix up you just need to + + align:start position:0% +quite easy to fix up you just need to + + + align:start position:0% +quite easy to fix up you just need to +make sure that the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the dispersion +relationship your incoming light and + + align:start position:0% +relationship your incoming light and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship your incoming light and +your scattered light + + align:start position:0% +your scattered light + + + align:start position:0% +your scattered light +uh obeys this equation as well obeys a + + align:start position:0% +uh obeys this equation as well obeys a + + + align:start position:0% +uh obeys this equation as well obeys a +dispersion + + align:start position:0% +dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion +relationship where n is not equal to one + + align:start position:0% +relationship where n is not equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +relationship where n is not equal to one +um that's really hard to achieve in a + + align:start position:0% +um that's really hard to achieve in a + + + align:start position:0% +um that's really hard to achieve in a +lot of plasmas uh if you have inverse + + align:start position:0% +lot of plasmas uh if you have inverse + + + align:start position:0% +lot of plasmas uh if you have inverse +brm stong um because your plasma is + + align:start position:0% +brm stong um because your plasma is + + + align:start position:0% +brm stong um because your plasma is +relatively cold and dense then you have + + align:start position:0% +relatively cold and dense then you have + + + align:start position:0% +relatively cold and dense then you have +very strong prob attenuation that's been + + align:start position:0% +very strong prob attenuation that's been + + + align:start position:0% +very strong prob attenuation that's been +seen in lots of plasmas um yeah posing + + align:start position:0% +seen in lots of plasmas um yeah posing + + + align:start position:0% +seen in lots of plasmas um yeah posing +neutrality is pretty good quantum's + + align:start position:0% +neutrality is pretty good quantum's + + + align:start position:0% +neutrality is pretty good quantum's +pretty good no scattering from mans is + + align:start position:0% +pretty good no scattering from mans is + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good no scattering from mans is +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +good this one is pretty good it's + + align:start position:0% +good this one is pretty good it's + + + align:start position:0% +good this one is pretty good it's +actually hard to get a laser that inent + + align:start position:0% +actually hard to get a laser that inent + + + align:start position:0% +actually hard to get a laser that inent +so yeah other questions + + align:start position:0% +so yeah other questions + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah other questions +yeah Optical + + align:start position:0% +yeah Optical + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Optical +wavelengths because they are nice to + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths because they are nice to + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths because they are nice to +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +with but people x-ray Thompson + + align:start position:0% +with but people x-ray Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +with but people x-ray Thompson +scattering as well which is really + + align:start position:0% +scattering as well which is really + + + align:start position:0% +scattering as well which is really +complicated we won't get into it but + + align:start position:0% +complicated we won't get into it but + + + align:start position:0% +complicated we won't get into it but +that's where things get a bit more + + align:start position:0% +that's where things get a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +that's where things get a bit more +Quantum but yeah Optical web links are + + align:start position:0% +Quantum but yeah Optical web links are + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum but yeah Optical web links are +nice to work with people have done + + align:start position:0% +nice to work with people have done + + + align:start position:0% +nice to work with people have done +Thompson scattering with CO2 lasers + + align:start position:0% +Thompson scattering with CO2 lasers + + + align:start position:0% +Thompson scattering with CO2 lasers +which were about 10 microns so that's + + align:start position:0% +which were about 10 microns so that's + + + align:start position:0% +which were about 10 microns so that's +about 10 times longer than Optical + + align:start position:0% +about 10 times longer than Optical + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 times longer than Optical +waving um and then the first Thompson + + align:start position:0% +waving um and then the first Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +waving um and then the first Thompson +scattering measurements were actually + + align:start position:0% +scattering measurements were actually + + + align:start position:0% +scattering measurements were actually +done off the ionosphere by salt peter + + align:start position:0% +done off the ionosphere by salt peter + + + align:start position:0% +done off the ionosphere by salt peter +and he used radar so he SC did Thompson + + align:start position:0% +and he used radar so he SC did Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +and he used radar so he SC did Thompson +scattering off the plasma that surrounds + + align:start position:0% +scattering off the plasma that surrounds + + + align:start position:0% +scattering off the plasma that surrounds +the Earth and measured its properties + + align:start position:0% +the Earth and measured its properties + + + align:start position:0% +the Earth and measured its properties +but that's when the Theus first arrived + + align:start position:0% +but that's when the Theus first arrived + + + align:start position:0% +but that's when the Theus first arrived +but you know in a in the lab we don't + + align:start position:0% +but you know in a in the lab we don't + + + align:start position:0% +but you know in a in the lab we don't +use R our plasmas are + + align:start position:0% +use R our plasmas are + + + align:start position:0% +use R our plasmas are +smaller + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah no this is just the previous + + align:start position:0% +yeah no this is just the previous + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no this is just the previous +derivation just to give you a heris feel + + align:start position:0% +derivation just to give you a heris feel + + + align:start position:0% +derivation just to give you a heris feel +for the problem yeah the previous + + align:start position:0% +for the problem yeah the previous + + + align:start position:0% +for the problem yeah the previous +derivation was just a single particle so + + align:start position:0% +derivation was just a single particle so + + + align:start position:0% +derivation was just a single particle so +none of these really talk about single + + align:start position:0% +none of these really talk about single + + + align:start position:0% +none of these really talk about single +particle well no they do look we we've + + align:start position:0% +particle well no they do look we we've + + + align:start position:0% +particle well no they do look we we've +put lots of electrons inside our volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah yeah we're going to use this as + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah yeah we're going to use this as + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah yeah we're going to use this as +the orbit the orbit of the particle as + + align:start position:0% +the orbit the orbit of the particle as + + + align:start position:0% +the orbit the orbit of the particle as +it's an equation of motion and if that's + + align:start position:0% +it's an equation of motion and if that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's an equation of motion and if that's +not true then you need to solve it will + + align:start position:0% +not true then you need to solve it will + + + align:start position:0% +not true then you need to solve it will +be very it's already quite nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +be very it's already quite nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +be very it's already quite nonlinear +it'll be very nonlinear at that point + + align:start position:0% +it'll be very nonlinear at that point + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be very nonlinear at that point +right because it will depend on how the + + align:start position:0% +right because it will depend on how the + + + align:start position:0% +right because it will depend on how the +electric field scatters the scattered + + align:start position:0% +electric field scatters the scattered + + + align:start position:0% +electric field scatters the scattered +electric field will also distort the + + align:start position:0% +electric field will also distort the + + + align:start position:0% +electric field will also distort the +orbit of the + + align:start position:0% +orbit of the + + + align:start position:0% +orbit of the +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +exact okay any questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so let's talk about scattering + + align:start position:0% +that okay so let's talk about scattering + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so let's talk about scattering +from multiple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +so imagine I have now my incident wave + + align:start position:0% +so imagine I have now my incident wave + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine I have now my incident wave +coming in k i and I'm still + + align:start position:0% +coming in k i and I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +coming in k i and I'm still +observing along k + + align:start position:0% +observing along k + + + align:start position:0% +observing along k +s and now I have a collection of + + align:start position:0% +s and now I have a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +s and now I have a collection of +particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and they are all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oscillating and they are all scattering + + align:start position:0% +oscillating and they are all scattering + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating and they are all scattering +light and so I'm getting a load of e + + align:start position:0% +light and so I'm getting a load of e + + + align:start position:0% +light and so I'm getting a load of e +scattered from each of these and so now + + align:start position:0% +scattered from each of these and so now + + + align:start position:0% +scattered from each of these and so now +the total scattered power which + + align:start position:0% +the total scattered power which + + + align:start position:0% +the total scattered power which +is as you remember DP the Omega s d oh + + align:start position:0% +is as you remember DP the Omega s d oh + + + align:start position:0% +is as you remember DP the Omega s d oh +No Just DP the OM s okay fine so we're + + align:start position:0% +No Just DP the OM s okay fine so we're + + + align:start position:0% +No Just DP the OM s okay fine so we're +integrating + + align:start position:0% +integrating + + + align:start position:0% +integrating +everything doesn't seem quite + + align:start position:0% +everything doesn't seem quite + + + align:start position:0% +everything doesn't seem quite +right yeah put this back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in what do we do in the previous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay no I'll leave it as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that is now going to be equal to R + + align:start position:0% +that that is now going to be equal to R + + + align:start position:0% +that that is now going to be equal to R +2 C Epsilon previously we had a term + + align:start position:0% +2 C Epsilon previously we had a term + + + align:start position:0% +2 C Epsilon previously we had a term +that looked like e scattered do e + + align:start position:0% +that looked like e scattered do e + + + align:start position:0% +that looked like e scattered do e +scattered star that was for a single + + align:start position:0% +scattered star that was for a single + + + align:start position:0% +scattered star that was for a single +particle so now we replace this with a + + align:start position:0% +particle so now we replace this with a + + + align:start position:0% +particle so now we replace this with a +term that looks like the sum over j and + + align:start position:0% +term that looks like the sum over j and + + + align:start position:0% +term that looks like the sum over j and +l + + align:start position:0% +l + + + align:start position:0% +l +n of EJ do + + align:start position:0% +n of EJ do + + + align:start position:0% +n of EJ do +eel + + align:start position:0% +eel + + + align:start position:0% +eel +St this basically summing up all these + + align:start position:0% +St this basically summing up all these + + + align:start position:0% +St this basically summing up all these +electric fields and these electric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fields now interfere with each other I + + align:start position:0% +Fields now interfere with each other I + + + align:start position:0% +Fields now interfere with each other I +shouldn't have put these ver I arrows + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have put these ver I arrows + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have put these ver I arrows +here this is our time average remember + + align:start position:0% +here this is our time average remember + + + align:start position:0% +here this is our time average remember +there we go like + + align:start position:0% +there we go like + + + align:start position:0% +there we go like +that okay and it turns out we can split + + align:start position:0% +that okay and it turns out we can split + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and it turns out we can split +this into two terms so we split this + + align:start position:0% +this into two terms so we split this + + + align:start position:0% +this into two terms so we split this +into a term both r s c Epsilon and then + + align:start position:0% +into a term both r s c Epsilon and then + + + align:start position:0% +into a term both r s c Epsilon and then +we have a term that looks like n + + align:start position:0% +we have a term that looks like n + + + align:start position:0% +we have a term that looks like n +* e s s and this comes from the sum + + align:start position:0% +* e s s and this comes from the sum + + + align:start position:0% +* e s s and this comes from the sum +where we have J equal to l so this is + + align:start position:0% +where we have J equal to l so this is + + + align:start position:0% +where we have J equal to l so this is +effectively the scattered light of each + + align:start position:0% +effectively the scattered light of each + + + align:start position:0% +effectively the scattered light of each +of the electrons summed + + align:start position:0% +of the electrons summed + + + align:start position:0% +of the electrons summed +up and there's n electrons scattering + + align:start position:0% +up and there's n electrons scattering + + + align:start position:0% +up and there's n electrons scattering +plus a term that looks like n * n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus1 EJ dot e + + align:start position:0% +minus1 EJ dot e + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 EJ dot e +l and this is for J not equal for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +l so we've split this sum up into the + + align:start position:0% +l so we've split this sum up into the + + + align:start position:0% +l so we've split this sum up into the +terms where we're just talking about the + + align:start position:0% +terms where we're just talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +terms where we're just talking about the +electric field from the same particle + + align:start position:0% +electric field from the same particle + + + align:start position:0% +electric field from the same particle +interfering as itself which is obviously + + align:start position:0% +interfering as itself which is obviously + + + align:start position:0% +interfering as itself which is obviously +constructive and the terms where these + + align:start position:0% +constructive and the terms where these + + + align:start position:0% +constructive and the terms where these +are not equal so when the scattered + + align:start position:0% +are not equal so when the scattered + + + align:start position:0% +are not equal so when the scattered +electric field from one particle + + align:start position:0% +electric field from one particle + + + align:start position:0% +electric field from one particle +interferes with the scattered electric + + align:start position:0% +interferes with the scattered electric + + + align:start position:0% +interferes with the scattered electric +field from another + + align:start position:0% +field from another + + + align:start position:0% +field from another +particle um you might notice that + + align:start position:0% +particle um you might notice that + + + align:start position:0% +particle um you might notice that +there's an N minus one here because once + + align:start position:0% +there's an N minus one here because once + + + align:start position:0% +there's an N minus one here because once +we picked which particle is J there's + + align:start position:0% +we picked which particle is J there's + + + align:start position:0% +we picked which particle is J there's +only n minus one particles to be L but + + align:start position:0% +only n minus one particles to be L but + + + align:start position:0% +only n minus one particles to be L but +you may also realize that in a real + + align:start position:0% +you may also realize that in a real + + + align:start position:0% +you may also realize that in a real +plasma the difference between n and n + + align:start position:0% +plasma the difference between n and n + + + align:start position:0% +plasma the difference between n and n +minus one is very small because there's + + align:start position:0% +minus one is very small because there's + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is very small because there's +a lot of particles so we can just write + + align:start position:0% +a lot of particles so we can just write + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of particles so we can just write +this as N squared most of the time and + + align:start position:0% +this as N squared most of the time and + + + align:start position:0% +this as N squared most of the time and +so in this expression this first term + + align:start position:0% +so in this expression this first term + + + align:start position:0% +so in this expression this first term +here is called the + + align:start position:0% +here is called the + + + align:start position:0% +here is called the +incoherence + + align:start position:0% +incoherence + + + align:start position:0% +incoherence +term because + + align:start position:0% +term because + + + align:start position:0% +term because +this just depends on each of the + + align:start position:0% +this just depends on each of the + + + align:start position:0% +this just depends on each of the +particles independently and this second + + align:start position:0% +particles independently and this second + + + align:start position:0% +particles independently and this second +term is called the coherent term and + + align:start position:0% +term is called the coherent term and + + + align:start position:0% +term is called the coherent term and +it's called the coherent term Because + + align:start position:0% +it's called the coherent term Because + + + align:start position:0% +it's called the coherent term Because +unless there is something correlating + + align:start position:0% +unless there is something correlating + + + align:start position:0% +unless there is something correlating +these particles so their electric Fields + + align:start position:0% +these particles so their electric Fields + + + align:start position:0% +these particles so their electric Fields +have some correlation you would expect + + align:start position:0% +have some correlation you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +have some correlation you would expect +them all to be kind of randoms with + + align:start position:0% +them all to be kind of randoms with + + + align:start position:0% +them all to be kind of randoms with +respect to each other and then when you + + align:start position:0% +respect to each other and then when you + + + align:start position:0% +respect to each other and then when you +dot them into each other and average + + align:start position:0% +dot them into each other and average + + + align:start position:0% +dot them into each other and average +them out you would expect that + + align:start position:0% +them out you would expect that + + + align:start position:0% +them out you would expect that +Randomness to average out to zero so to + + align:start position:0% +Randomness to average out to zero so to + + + align:start position:0% +Randomness to average out to zero so to +be coherent we need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correlation and we'll talk a lot about + + align:start position:0% +correlation and we'll talk a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +correlation and we'll talk a lot about +that later on + + align:start position:0% +that later on + + + align:start position:0% +that later on +now what's the smallest length scale in + + align:start position:0% +now what's the smallest length scale in + + + align:start position:0% +now what's the smallest length scale in +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plasma + + align:start position:0% +plasma + + + align:start position:0% +plasma +yeah yeah exactly that's what makes it a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plasma so if you are probing this Plasma + + align:start position:0% +plasma so if you are probing this Plasma + + + align:start position:0% +plasma so if you are probing this Plasma +on length scale smaller than the Divine + + align:start position:0% +on length scale smaller than the Divine + + + align:start position:0% +on length scale smaller than the Divine +length you're effectively going to be + + align:start position:0% +length you're effectively going to be + + + align:start position:0% +length you're effectively going to be +looking at something that isn't a plasma + + align:start position:0% +looking at something that isn't a plasma + + + align:start position:0% +looking at something that isn't a plasma +and by probing I mean if our wavelength + + align:start position:0% +and by probing I mean if our wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +and by probing I mean if our wavelength +of our incoming light here which is + + align:start position:0% +of our incoming light here which is + + + align:start position:0% +of our incoming light here which is +Lambda I which is 2 pi upon k + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I which is 2 pi upon k + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I which is 2 pi upon k +i if Lambda I is smaller than the Debby + + align:start position:0% +i if Lambda I is smaller than the Debby + + + align:start position:0% +i if Lambda I is smaller than the Debby +length then we end up with incoherent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scatter so this wavelength here is + + align:start position:0% +scatter so this wavelength here is + + + align:start position:0% +scatter so this wavelength here is +smaller than the length scale on which + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the length scale on which + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the length scale on which +the particles uh can organize themselves + + align:start position:0% +the particles uh can organize themselves + + + align:start position:0% +the particles uh can organize themselves +and actually look like a plasma so + + align:start position:0% +and actually look like a plasma so + + + align:start position:0% +and actually look like a plasma so +instead we just end up looking like a + + align:start position:0% +instead we just end up looking like a + + + align:start position:0% +instead we just end up looking like a +random gas but if we end up in opposite + + align:start position:0% +random gas but if we end up in opposite + + + align:start position:0% +random gas but if we end up in opposite +limit where the the length is less than + + align:start position:0% +limit where the the length is less than + + + align:start position:0% +limit where the the length is less than +Lambda I we get coherent scattering + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I we get coherent scattering + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I we get coherent scattering +because on this length scale here we end + + align:start position:0% +because on this length scale here we end + + + align:start position:0% +because on this length scale here we end +up being able to see the plasma as a + + align:start position:0% +up being able to see the plasma as a + + + align:start position:0% +up being able to see the plasma as a +coherent object so this coherence is + + align:start position:0% +coherent object so this coherence is + + + align:start position:0% +coherent object so this coherence is +expressed in the form of waves here and + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the form of waves here and + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the form of waves here and +so we end up with a very important + + align:start position:0% +so we end up with a very important + + + align:start position:0% +so we end up with a very important +parameter that we call Alpha and we + + align:start position:0% +parameter that we call Alpha and we + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that we call Alpha and we +Define Alpha as one upon + + align:start position:0% +Define Alpha as one upon + + + align:start position:0% +Define Alpha as one upon +K Lambda + + align:start position:0% +K Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +K Lambda +why yeah kind of FIB here um we'll get + + align:start position:0% +why yeah kind of FIB here um we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +why yeah kind of FIB here um we'll get +back to that in a moment and if you have + + align:start position:0% +back to that in a moment and if you have + + + align:start position:0% +back to that in a moment and if you have +Alpha less than one you're in the + + align:start position:0% +Alpha less than one you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha less than one you're in the +incoherent regime if you have Alpha + + align:start position:0% +incoherent regime if you have Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +incoherent regime if you have Alpha +greater than one you're in the coherent + + align:start position:0% +greater than one you're in the coherent + + + align:start position:0% +greater than one you're in the coherent +regime this shouldn't have been Lambda I + + align:start position:0% +regime this shouldn't have been Lambda I + + + align:start position:0% +regime this shouldn't have been Lambda I +this should have just been Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +this should have just been Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +this should have just been Lambda and +this Lambda here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is uh 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +is uh 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +is uh 2 pi +upon K where K is that ksus this + + align:start position:0% +upon K where K is that ksus this + + + align:start position:0% +upon K where K is that ksus this +Ki so this is saying if the mode that + + align:start position:0% +Ki so this is saying if the mode that + + + align:start position:0% +Ki so this is saying if the mode that +you're scattering on has a wavelength + + align:start position:0% +you're scattering on has a wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +you're scattering on has a wavelength +Which is less than def by length then + + align:start position:0% +Which is less than def by length then + + + align:start position:0% +Which is less than def by length then +you're just scattering off individual + + align:start position:0% +you're just scattering off individual + + + align:start position:0% +you're just scattering off individual +particles if the mode you're scattering + + align:start position:0% +particles if the mode you're scattering + + + align:start position:0% +particles if the mode you're scattering +off has a wavelength that's greater than + + align:start position:0% +off has a wavelength that's greater than + + + align:start position:0% +off has a wavelength that's greater than +def by length you're scattering off a + + align:start position:0% +def by length you're scattering off a + + + align:start position:0% +def by length you're scattering off a +full plasma you're scattering off the + + align:start position:0% +full plasma you're scattering off the + + + align:start position:0% +full plasma you're scattering off the +waves and you get to choose which regime + + align:start position:0% +waves and you get to choose which regime + + + align:start position:0% +waves and you get to choose which regime +you're in because well I mean you don't + + align:start position:0% +you're in because well I mean you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you're in because well I mean you don't +get to choose how dense and how hot your + + align:start position:0% +get to choose how dense and how hot your + + + align:start position:0% +get to choose how dense and how hot your +plasma is which is what goes into the + + align:start position:0% +plasma is which is what goes into the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma is which is what goes into the +violing but you do get to choose this K + + align:start position:0% +violing but you do get to choose this K + + + align:start position:0% +violing but you do get to choose this K +right by where we place our scatterer + + align:start position:0% +right by where we place our scatterer + + + align:start position:0% +right by where we place our scatterer +let's see I had that nice formula for K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +previously remember that K is equal to 2 + + align:start position:0% +previously remember that K is equal to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +previously remember that K is equal to 2 +k + + align:start position:0% +k + + + align:start position:0% +k +i sin Theta upon 2 like that so by + + align:start position:0% +i sin Theta upon 2 like that so by + + + align:start position:0% +i sin Theta upon 2 like that so by +Choosing My angle Theta I can make this + + align:start position:0% +Choosing My angle Theta I can make this + + + align:start position:0% +Choosing My angle Theta I can make this +Ki multiplied by something small I can + + align:start position:0% +Ki multiplied by something small I can + + + align:start position:0% +Ki multiplied by something small I can +make K arbitrarily small and so I can + + align:start position:0% +make K arbitrarily small and so I can + + + align:start position:0% +make K arbitrarily small and so I can +make alpha arbitrarily large so I get to + + align:start position:0% +make alpha arbitrarily large so I get to + + + align:start position:0% +make alpha arbitrarily large so I get to +choose by where I place my detector not + + align:start position:0% +choose by where I place my detector not + + + align:start position:0% +choose by where I place my detector not +just the scattering angle but also I get + + align:start position:0% +just the scattering angle but also I get + + + align:start position:0% +just the scattering angle but also I get +to choose which regime I'm in now it may + + align:start position:0% +to choose which regime I'm in now it may + + + align:start position:0% +to choose which regime I'm in now it may +be that for some plasmas this Theta is + + align:start position:0% +be that for some plasmas this Theta is + + + align:start position:0% +be that for some plasmas this Theta is +so very very very close to the direction + + align:start position:0% +so very very very close to the direction + + + align:start position:0% +so very very very close to the direction +the laser beam is pointing in that we + + align:start position:0% +the laser beam is pointing in that we + + + align:start position:0% +the laser beam is pointing in that we +can't realistically do coherent + + align:start position:0% +can't realistically do coherent + + + align:start position:0% +can't realistically do coherent +scattering um but there is still a + + align:start position:0% +scattering um but there is still a + + + align:start position:0% +scattering um but there is still a +regime where the scattering will be + + align:start position:0% +regime where the scattering will be + + + align:start position:0% +regime where the scattering will be +coherent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and if this doesn't make sense + + align:start position:0% +okay and if this doesn't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if this doesn't make sense +again we're going to do it + + align:start position:0% +again we're going to do it + + + align:start position:0% +again we're going to do it +mathematically uh later on but this is + + align:start position:0% +mathematically uh later on but this is + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically uh later on but this is +just to give you an idea of where we're + + align:start position:0% +just to give you an idea of where we're + + + align:start position:0% +just to give you an idea of where we're +headed and the next thing that we're + + align:start position:0% +headed and the next thing that we're + + + align:start position:0% +headed and the next thing that we're +going to be focusing on is this + + align:start position:0% +going to be focusing on is this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be focusing on is this +incoherent ratio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it is it comes from the the sum of + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is it comes from the the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is it comes from the the sum of +all of these together yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +all of these together yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +all of these together yeah exactly +effectively the wave um correlates the + + align:start position:0% +effectively the wave um correlates the + + + align:start position:0% +effectively the wave um correlates the +electron density fluctuations such that + + align:start position:0% +electron density fluctuations such that + + + align:start position:0% +electron density fluctuations such that +when you scatter off those + + align:start position:0% +when you scatter off those + + + align:start position:0% +when you scatter off those +fluctuations all of the electric fields + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations all of the electric fields + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations all of the electric fields +from them end up at your spectrometer in + + align:start position:0% +from them end up at your spectrometer in + + + align:start position:0% +from them end up at your spectrometer in +PH and they con destructively uh add up + + align:start position:0% +PH and they con destructively uh add up + + + align:start position:0% +PH and they con destructively uh add up +so if you've done x-ray spectroscopy and + + align:start position:0% +so if you've done x-ray spectroscopy and + + + align:start position:0% +so if you've done x-ray spectroscopy and +you've looked at Brag scattering some + + align:start position:0% +you've looked at Brag scattering some + + + align:start position:0% +you've looked at Brag scattering some +people like to look at this in terms of + + align:start position:0% +people like to look at this in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +people like to look at this in terms of +brag scattering but I find most people + + align:start position:0% +brag scattering but I find most people + + + align:start position:0% +brag scattering but I find most people +these days haven't done x-ray + + align:start position:0% +these days haven't done x-ray + + + align:start position:0% +these days haven't done x-ray +spectroscopy and brag scattering so it's + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy and brag scattering so it's + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy and brag scattering so it's +not a useful way to describe it if + + align:start position:0% +not a useful way to describe it if + + + align:start position:0% +not a useful way to describe it if +you've seen it like that um the waiver + + align:start position:0% +you've seen it like that um the waiver + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen it like that um the waiver +kind of makes a grating and that grating + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes a grating and that grating + + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes a grating and that grating +therefore gives us constructive + + align:start position:0% +therefore gives us constructive + + + align:start position:0% +therefore gives us constructive +interference okay have + + align:start position:0% +interference okay have + + + align:start position:0% +interference okay have +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just how it's defined you'll see later + + align:start position:0% +just how it's defined you'll see later + + + align:start position:0% +just how it's defined you'll see later +on if I think if we didn't put it in + + align:start position:0% +on if I think if we didn't put it in + + + align:start position:0% +on if I think if we didn't put it in +there there'd be lots of two pies + + align:start position:0% +there there'd be lots of two pies + + + align:start position:0% +there there'd be lots of two pies +showing up everywhere so when we when we + + align:start position:0% +showing up everywhere so when we when we + + + align:start position:0% +showing up everywhere so when we when we +derive this more formally you'll see + + align:start position:0% +derive this more formally you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +derive this more formally you'll see +this Factor Alpha shot in the equations + + align:start position:0% +this Factor Alpha shot in the equations + + + align:start position:0% +this Factor Alpha shot in the equations +and it will literally be a parameter + + align:start position:0% +and it will literally be a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +and it will literally be a parameter +Alpha that multiplies the incoherent + + align:start position:0% +Alpha that multiplies the incoherent + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha that multiplies the incoherent +term and like a one over Alpha that + + align:start position:0% +term and like a one over Alpha that + + + align:start position:0% +term and like a one over Alpha that +multiplies the coherent term will the + + align:start position:0% +multiplies the coherent term will the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies the coherent term will the +avoid round avoid round and so if Alpha + + align:start position:0% +avoid round avoid round and so if Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +avoid round avoid round and so if Alpha +is largest incoherent term gets + + align:start position:0% +is largest incoherent term gets + + + align:start position:0% +is largest incoherent term gets +suppressed and the coherent term gets + + align:start position:0% +suppressed and the coherent term gets + + + align:start position:0% +suppressed and the coherent term gets +enhanced and if I put it in with your + + align:start position:0% +enhanced and if I put it in with your + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced and if I put it in with your +Lambda over Lambda de which is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +Lambda over Lambda de which is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda over Lambda de which is perfectly +reasonable I'd have like a 2 pi squared + + align:start position:0% +reasonable I'd have like a 2 pi squared + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable I'd have like a 2 pi squared +or something somewhere which I don't + + align:start position:0% +or something somewhere which I don't + + + align:start position:0% +or something somewhere which I don't +want to do so this is a better + + align:start position:0% +want to do so this is a better + + + align:start position:0% +want to do so this is a better +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so again we will get to that I + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so again we will get to that I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so again we will get to that I +don't think anything I've said here + + align:start position:0% +don't think anything I've said here + + + align:start position:0% +don't think anything I've said here +reaches a level of rigor where we can + + align:start position:0% +reaches a level of rigor where we can + + + align:start position:0% +reaches a level of rigor where we can +really say that or not so this is just + + align:start position:0% +really say that or not so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +really say that or not so this is just +like a guide to where we're going next + + align:start position:0% +like a guide to where we're going next + + + align:start position:0% +like a guide to where we're going next +but like I said we're going to derive + + align:start position:0% +but like I said we're going to derive + + + align:start position:0% +but like I said we're going to derive +the equations where Alpha shows up + + align:start position:0% +the equations where Alpha shows up + + + align:start position:0% +the equations where Alpha shows up +explicitly as a parameter and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +explicitly as a parameter and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly as a parameter and then we'll +say Okay depending on the value of alpha + + align:start position:0% +say Okay depending on the value of alpha + + + align:start position:0% +say Okay depending on the value of alpha +you see more incoherent or coherent and + + align:start position:0% +you see more incoherent or coherent and + + + align:start position:0% +you see more incoherent or coherent and +it's important to note that when Alpha + + align:start position:0% +it's important to note that when Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to note that when Alpha +is about one you have both of these + + align:start position:0% +is about one you have both of these + + + align:start position:0% +is about one you have both of these +Spectra at the same time showing up both + + align:start position:0% +Spectra at the same time showing up both + + + align:start position:0% +Spectra at the same time showing up both +these effects so you you know you're + + align:start position:0% +these effects so you you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +these effects so you you know you're +you're probably going to end up seeing + + align:start position:0% +you're probably going to end up seeing + + + align:start position:0% +you're probably going to end up seeing +some of both types of scatter yeah any + + align:start position:0% +some of both types of scatter yeah any + + + align:start position:0% +some of both types of scatter yeah any +questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah fine don't worry + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah fine don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah fine don't worry +about what's two Pi between friends so + + align:start position:0% +about what's two Pi between friends so + + + align:start position:0% +about what's two Pi between friends so +this is again this is like you know what + + align:start position:0% +this is again this is like you know what + + + align:start position:0% +this is again this is like you know what +does it mean to be much less than one + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to be much less than one + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to be much less than one +what does it mean to be much greater + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to be much greater + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to be much greater +than one does a factor of six matter if + + align:start position:0% +than one does a factor of six matter if + + + align:start position:0% +than one does a factor of six matter if +I tell you something is much less than + + align:start position:0% +I tell you something is much less than + + + align:start position:0% +I tell you something is much less than +one if it's much greater yeah okay if + + align:start position:0% +one if it's much greater yeah okay if + + + align:start position:0% +one if it's much greater yeah okay if +that was the point yes fine but yeah I + + align:start position:0% +that was the point yes fine but yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +that was the point yes fine but yeah I +can rewrite these I guess I can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +can rewrite these I guess I can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +can rewrite these I guess I can rewrite +like a a l for the by length but then + + align:start position:0% +like a a l for the by length but then + + + align:start position:0% +like a a l for the by length but then +that's weird because you don't know the + + align:start position:0% +that's weird because you don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +that's weird because you don't know the +formula for that so yeah okay right + + align:start position:0% +formula for that so yeah okay right + + + align:start position:0% +formula for that so yeah okay right +let's keep + + align:start position:0% +let's keep + + + align:start position:0% +let's keep +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +um okay I'm gonna need a lot of board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we're going to do the for + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to do the for + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to do the for +transport okay + + align:start position:0% +transport okay + + + align:start position:0% +transport okay +so we're looking at incoherent + + align:start position:0% +so we're looking at incoherent + + + align:start position:0% +so we're looking at incoherent +scattering you won't even notice where + + align:start position:0% +scattering you won't even notice where + + + align:start position:0% +scattering you won't even notice where +I've made the Assumption of incoherent + + align:start position:0% +I've made the Assumption of incoherent + + + align:start position:0% +I've made the Assumption of incoherent +scattering you'll only spot it probably + + align:start position:0% +scattering you'll only spot it probably + + + align:start position:0% +scattering you'll only spot it probably +when we go back and do coherent + + align:start position:0% +when we go back and do coherent + + + align:start position:0% +when we go back and do coherent +scattering but just to be clear we're + + align:start position:0% +scattering but just to be clear we're + + + align:start position:0% +scattering but just to be clear we're +only going to get the incoherent + + align:start position:0% +only going to get the incoherent + + + align:start position:0% +only going to get the incoherent +component of this treatment so our + + align:start position:0% +component of this treatment so our + + + align:start position:0% +component of this treatment so our +scattered electric field measured at our + + align:start position:0% +scattered electric field measured at our + + + align:start position:0% +scattered electric field measured at our +detector at time T is equal to re over + + align:start position:0% +detector at time T is equal to re over + + + align:start position:0% +detector at time T is equal to re over +Ras electron radius over the distance of + + align:start position:0% +Ras electron radius over the distance of + + + align:start position:0% +Ras electron radius over the distance of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +spectrometer this tensor Pi which + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer this tensor Pi which + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer this tensor Pi which +remember is equivalent to S Hat Cross s + + align:start position:0% +remember is equivalent to S Hat Cross s + + + align:start position:0% +remember is equivalent to S Hat Cross s +Hat Cross this is just something that + + align:start position:0% +Hat Cross this is just something that + + + align:start position:0% +Hat Cross this is just something that +tells you the shape of the emitted field + + align:start position:0% +tells you the shape of the emitted field + + + align:start position:0% +tells you the shape of the emitted field +here and this tensor is acting on the + + align:start position:0% +here and this tensor is acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +here and this tensor is acting on the +scattered but the incident electric + + align:start position:0% +scattered but the incident electric + + + align:start position:0% +scattered but the incident electric +field at position + + align:start position:0% +field at position + + + align:start position:0% +field at position +R and at time T Prime so if I do the + + align:start position:0% +R and at time T Prime so if I do the + + + align:start position:0% +R and at time T Prime so if I do the +foror transformation of this and I want + + align:start position:0% +foror transformation of this and I want + + + align:start position:0% +foror transformation of this and I want +to know what the frequency is the + + align:start position:0% +to know what the frequency is the + + + align:start position:0% +to know what the frequency is the +scattered frequency and + + align:start position:0% +scattered frequency and + + + align:start position:0% +scattered frequency and +because so we're going to be swapping + + align:start position:0% +because so we're going to be swapping + + + align:start position:0% +because so we're going to be swapping +again very freely between Omega s and + + align:start position:0% +again very freely between Omega s and + + + align:start position:0% +again very freely between Omega s and +new s so once again facts of two Pi + + align:start position:0% +new s so once again facts of two Pi + + + align:start position:0% +new s so once again facts of two Pi +flying everywhere um but it I so I'm + + align:start position:0% +flying everywhere um but it I so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +flying everywhere um but it I so I'm +going to write this as a function of us + + align:start position:0% +going to write this as a function of us + + + align:start position:0% +going to write this as a function of us +because this is kind of what we measure + + align:start position:0% +because this is kind of what we measure + + + align:start position:0% +because this is kind of what we measure +and this is what Hutchinson uses in his + + align:start position:0% +and this is what Hutchinson uses in his + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what Hutchinson uses in his +book but when I'm doing a f transforms + + align:start position:0% +book but when I'm doing a f transforms + + + align:start position:0% +book but when I'm doing a f transforms +I'm going to be using Omega so just feel + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be using Omega so just feel + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be using Omega so just feel +free to keep add two pies and getting + + align:start position:0% +free to keep add two pies and getting + + + align:start position:0% +free to keep add two pies and getting +rid of them as you see fit so this is + + align:start position:0% +rid of them as you see fit so this is + + + align:start position:0% +rid of them as you see fit so this is +just a standard definition of a Foria + + align:start position:0% +just a standard definition of a Foria + + + align:start position:0% +just a standard definition of a Foria +transform we have the electric field in + + align:start position:0% +transform we have the electric field in + + + align:start position:0% +transform we have the electric field in +Time Times by e i Omega s see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we already mentioned we have a + + align:start position:0% +now we already mentioned we have a + + + align:start position:0% +now we already mentioned we have a +discrepancy between D Prime which is + + align:start position:0% +discrepancy between D Prime which is + + + align:start position:0% +discrepancy between D Prime which is +going to be inside this and T out here + + align:start position:0% +going to be inside this and T out here + + + align:start position:0% +going to be inside this and T out here +so T + + align:start position:0% +so T + + + align:start position:0% +so T +Prime is equal to T + + align:start position:0% +Prime is equal to T + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is equal to T +minus r minus s hat lowercase r on C and + + align:start position:0% +minus r minus s hat lowercase r on C and + + + align:start position:0% +minus r minus s hat lowercase r on C and +we can also say that the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +we can also say that the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +we can also say that the dispersion +relationship for our scattered wave is + + align:start position:0% +relationship for our scattered wave is + + + align:start position:0% +relationship for our scattered wave is +just the vacuum dispersion relationship + + align:start position:0% +just the vacuum dispersion relationship + + + align:start position:0% +just the vacuum dispersion relationship +so K is equal to Omega upon c s by the + + align:start position:0% +so K is equal to Omega upon c s by the + + + align:start position:0% +so K is equal to Omega upon c s by the +way this is one place where if you want + + align:start position:0% +way this is one place where if you want + + + align:start position:0% +way this is one place where if you want +to modify this take into account like + + align:start position:0% +to modify this take into account like + + + align:start position:0% +to modify this take into account like +the omote dispersion in a plasma that + + align:start position:0% +the omote dispersion in a plasma that + + + align:start position:0% +the omote dispersion in a plasma that +you can modify this here but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you can modify this here but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you can modify this here but it doesn't +actually make a big difference to the + + align:start position:0% +actually make a big difference to the + + + align:start position:0% +actually make a big difference to the +derivation this is going to allow us to + + align:start position:0% +derivation this is going to allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +derivation this is going to allow us to +replace this s hat + + align:start position:0% +replace this s hat + + + align:start position:0% +replace this s hat +here like that we're also going to say + + align:start position:0% +here like that we're also going to say + + + align:start position:0% +here like that we're also going to say +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +DT is equal to DT Prime Times a factor + + align:start position:0% +DT is equal to DT Prime Times a factor + + + align:start position:0% +DT is equal to DT Prime Times a factor +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +1 minus s hat do beta like this and we + + align:start position:0% +1 minus s hat do beta like this and we + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus s hat do beta like this and we +said that anything on first order in B + + align:start position:0% +said that anything on first order in B + + + align:start position:0% +said that anything on first order in B +upon C is much less than one we drop it + + align:start position:0% +upon C is much less than one we drop it + + + align:start position:0% +upon C is much less than one we drop it +so in fact we're going to just switch + + align:start position:0% +so in fact we're going to just switch + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact we're going to just switch +between t DT and DT Prime we can't do + + align:start position:0% +between t DT and DT Prime we can't do + + + align:start position:0% +between t DT and DT Prime we can't do +the same for T Prime and T they are not + + align:start position:0% +the same for T Prime and T they are not + + + align:start position:0% +the same for T Prime and T they are not +the same time coordinates but the amount + + align:start position:0% +the same time coordinates but the amount + + + align:start position:0% +the same time coordinates but the amount +they change by is the same because we're + + align:start position:0% +they change by is the same because we're + + + align:start position:0% +they change by is the same because we're +not dealing with relativistic time Val + + align:start position:0% +not dealing with relativistic time Val + + + align:start position:0% +not dealing with relativistic time Val +in this treat here okay so now I can go + + align:start position:0% +in this treat here okay so now I can go + + + align:start position:0% +in this treat here okay so now I can go +back to this and I can start replacing + + align:start position:0% +back to this and I can start replacing + + + align:start position:0% +back to this and I can start replacing +all of my T's with t primes here and I'm + + align:start position:0% +all of my T's with t primes here and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all of my T's with t primes here and I'm +going to end up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with r upon + + align:start position:0% +with r upon + + + align:start position:0% +with r upon +R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay am I really going to make that + + align:start position:0% +uh okay am I really going to make that + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay am I really going to make that +much of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +jump I'm not make that jump I just need + + align:start position:0% +jump I'm not make that jump I just need + + + align:start position:0% +jump I'm not make that jump I just need +to go back up here and remind you that + + align:start position:0% +to go back up here and remind you that + + + align:start position:0% +to go back up here and remind you that +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +EI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I here as a factor that looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like cosine + + align:start position:0% +like cosine + + + align:start position:0% +like cosine +of this is work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a factor of cosine k i do R minus + + align:start position:0% +and a factor of cosine k i do R minus + + + align:start position:0% +and a factor of cosine k i do R minus +Omega i e Prime if I make the + + align:start position:0% +Omega i e Prime if I make the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega i e Prime if I make the +replacement of T Prime with t then this + + align:start position:0% +replacement of T Prime with t then this + + + align:start position:0% +replacement of T Prime with t then this +becomes cosine + + align:start position:0% +becomes cosine + + + align:start position:0% +becomes cosine +of k s r which is the shared phase for + + align:start position:0% +of k s r which is the shared phase for + + + align:start position:0% +of k s r which is the shared phase for +all of the particles this is just boring + + align:start position:0% +all of the particles this is just boring + + + align:start position:0% +all of the particles this is just boring +just the phase we pick up as the wave + + align:start position:0% +just the phase we pick up as the wave + + + align:start position:0% +just the phase we pick up as the wave +travels to the spectrometer minus Omega + + align:start position:0% +travels to the spectrometer minus Omega + + + align:start position:0% +travels to the spectrometer minus Omega +s of T + + align:start position:0% +s of T + + + align:start position:0% +s of T +minus a s minus + + align:start position:0% +minus a s minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus a s minus +AI R of + + align:start position:0% +AI R of + + + align:start position:0% +AI R of +zero we saw last time so when we go back + + align:start position:0% +zero we saw last time so when we go back + + + align:start position:0% +zero we saw last time so when we go back +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +here I'm going to bring this boring + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to bring this boring + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to bring this boring +phase term out the front I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +phase term out the front I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +phase term out the front I'm going to +turn everything into exponentials so I'm + + align:start position:0% +turn everything into exponentials so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +turn everything into exponentials so I'm +just going to replace this cosine with + + align:start position:0% +just going to replace this cosine with + + + align:start position:0% +just going to replace this cosine with +an exponential I times this space Factor + + align:start position:0% +an exponential I times this space Factor + + + align:start position:0% +an exponential I times this space Factor +here I'm going to bring this space + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to bring this space + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to bring this space +Factor + + align:start position:0% +Factor + + + align:start position:0% +Factor +exponential of i + + align:start position:0% +exponential of i + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of i +ks. + + align:start position:0% +ks. + + + align:start position:0% +ks. +r out of the front here but what I'm + + align:start position:0% +r out of the front here but what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +r out of the front here but what I'm +going to leave inside the integral is + + align:start position:0% +going to leave inside the integral is + + + align:start position:0% +going to leave inside the integral is +the integral of the vector the tensor Pi + + align:start position:0% +the integral of the vector the tensor Pi + + + align:start position:0% +the integral of the vector the tensor Pi +dotted + + align:start position:0% +dotted + + + align:start position:0% +dotted +into the incident electric field at R R + + align:start position:0% +into the incident electric field at R R + + + align:start position:0% +into the incident electric field at R R +and T + + align:start position:0% +and T + + + align:start position:0% +and T +Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime +and all of this is multiplied + + align:start position:0% +and all of this is multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +and all of this is multiplied +by this Factor the for transform Factor + + align:start position:0% +by this Factor the for transform Factor + + + align:start position:0% +by this Factor the for transform Factor +but now I've taken T and I've replaced + + align:start position:0% +but now I've taken T and I've replaced + + + align:start position:0% +but now I've taken T and I've replaced +it with t prime using this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation so this exponential now has a + + align:start position:0% +equation so this exponential now has a + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this exponential now has a +term which looks like I Omega s t Prime + + align:start position:0% +term which looks like I Omega s t Prime + + + align:start position:0% +term which looks like I Omega s t Prime +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +KS + + align:start position:0% +KS + + + align:start position:0% +KS +R and this transform is now in terms of + + align:start position:0% +R and this transform is now in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +R and this transform is now in terms of +DT Prime instead of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT and then remember that this electric + + align:start position:0% +DT and then remember that this electric + + + align:start position:0% +DT and then remember that this electric +field here has this + + align:start position:0% +field here has this + + + align:start position:0% +field here has this +dependence Ki minus Omega i t + + align:start position:0% +dependence Ki minus Omega i t + + + align:start position:0% +dependence Ki minus Omega i t +Prime if I take that as an exponential + + align:start position:0% +Prime if I take that as an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +Prime if I take that as an exponential +it will add with all these exponential + + align:start position:0% +it will add with all these exponential + + + align:start position:0% +it will add with all these exponential +factors here and we will end up with an + + align:start position:0% +factors here and we will end up with an + + + align:start position:0% +factors here and we will end up with an +equation that looks like r e upon r + + align:start position:0% +equation that looks like r e upon r + + + align:start position:0% +equation that looks like r e upon r +exponential of this boring phase Factor + + align:start position:0% +exponential of this boring phase Factor + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of this boring phase Factor +term I + + align:start position:0% +term I + + + align:start position:0% +term I +KS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R integral of I do + + align:start position:0% +R integral of I do + + + align:start position:0% +R integral of I do +ei0 this is just the strength of the + + align:start position:0% +ei0 this is just the strength of the + + + align:start position:0% +ei0 this is just the strength of the +electric field and its + + align:start position:0% +electric field and its + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and its +polarization + + align:start position:0% +polarization + + + align:start position:0% +polarization +exponential of + + align:start position:0% +exponential of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of +I Omega T Prime + + align:start position:0% +I Omega T Prime + + + align:start position:0% +I Omega T Prime +minus K do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are DT + + align:start position:0% +are DT + + + align:start position:0% +are DT +Prime where again I'm using those + + align:start position:0% +Prime where again I'm using those + + + align:start position:0% +Prime where again I'm using those +definitions of Omega and K that we + + align:start position:0% +definitions of Omega and K that we + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of Omega and K that we +had + + align:start position:0% +had + + + align:start position:0% +had +previously so this Omega is Omega s + + align:start position:0% +previously so this Omega is Omega s + + + align:start position:0% +previously so this Omega is Omega s +minus Omega I and this K is k + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega I and this K is k + + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega I and this K is k +s minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K I've now got something where all of my + + align:start position:0% +K I've now got something where all of my + + + align:start position:0% +K I've now got something where all of my +T parameters are T Prime parameters so I + + align:start position:0% +T parameters are T Prime parameters so I + + + align:start position:0% +T parameters are T Prime parameters so I +can now do this integral I couldn't do + + align:start position:0% +can now do this integral I couldn't do + + + align:start position:0% +can now do this integral I couldn't do +it up here because I had a mixture of T + + align:start position:0% +it up here because I had a mixture of T + + + align:start position:0% +it up here because I had a mixture of T +primes inside the scatter electric field + + align:start position:0% +primes inside the scatter electric field + + + align:start position:0% +primes inside the scatter electric field +and t's for where I really am so you + + align:start position:0% +and t's for where I really am so you + + + align:start position:0% +and t's for where I really am so you +really got to take care of doing all of + + align:start position:0% +really got to take care of doing all of + + + align:start position:0% +really got to take care of doing all of +these uh Pro transforms + + align:start position:0% +these uh Pro transforms + + + align:start position:0% +these uh Pro transforms +carefully this pi. + + align:start position:0% +carefully this pi. + + + align:start position:0% +carefully this pi. +ei0 that can go outside the integral as + + align:start position:0% +ei0 that can go outside the integral as + + + align:start position:0% +ei0 that can go outside the integral as +well it's just constant in + + align:start position:0% +well it's just constant in + + + align:start position:0% +well it's just constant in +time remember that's just s cross s + + align:start position:0% +time remember that's just s cross s + + + align:start position:0% +time remember that's just s cross s +cross something like that that that's + + align:start position:0% +cross something like that that that's + + + align:start position:0% +cross something like that that that's +set by where our spectrometer is and + + align:start position:0% +set by where our spectrometer is and + + + align:start position:0% +set by where our spectrometer is and +we're assuming we've got an infinite + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming we've got an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming we've got an infinite +plane wave for the Intensive electric + + align:start position:0% +plane wave for the Intensive electric + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave for the Intensive electric +field to change so what is this foro + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transort R are transform of an + + align:start position:0% +transort R are transform of an + + + align:start position:0% +transort R are transform of an +oscillating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boso there the Delta function thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you there's a factor of 2 pi from the + + align:start position:0% +you there's a factor of 2 pi from the + + + align:start position:0% +you there's a factor of 2 pi from the +Foria transform when we get the + + align:start position:0% +Foria transform when we get the + + + align:start position:0% +Foria transform when we get the +definition of the Delta function and + + align:start position:0% +definition of the Delta function and + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the Delta function and +then we still + + align:start position:0% +then we still + + + align:start position:0% +then we still +got this penser dotted into the electric + + align:start position:0% +got this penser dotted into the electric + + + align:start position:0% +got this penser dotted into the electric +field Vector to give us a scattering + + align:start position:0% +field Vector to give us a scattering + + + align:start position:0% +field Vector to give us a scattering +pattern now we have a Delta + + align:start position:0% +pattern now we have a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +pattern now we have a Delta +function K do B minus + + align:start position:0% +function K do B minus + + + align:start position:0% +function K do B minus +Omega and if you want to follow along + + align:start position:0% +Omega and if you want to follow along + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and if you want to follow along +this in hutson's book this derivation + + align:start position:0% +this in hutson's book this derivation + + + align:start position:0% +this in hutson's book this derivation +here is Hutchinson's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +7.2.5 like that so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +7.2.5 like that so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +7.2.5 like that so this is actually +nothing new this is once again we have + + align:start position:0% +nothing new this is once again we have + + + align:start position:0% +nothing new this is once again we have +just shown that our scattering is going + + align:start position:0% +just shown that our scattering is going + + + align:start position:0% +just shown that our scattering is going +to be off the scattering of the particle + + align:start position:0% +to be off the scattering of the particle + + + align:start position:0% +to be off the scattering of the particle +is going to give us a scattered + + align:start position:0% +is going to give us a scattered + + + align:start position:0% +is going to give us a scattered +frequency Omega which is K.B but now + + align:start position:0% +frequency Omega which is K.B but now + + + align:start position:0% +frequency Omega which is K.B but now +we've done it in terms of foro transform + + align:start position:0% +we've done it in terms of foro transform + + + align:start position:0% +we've done it in terms of foro transform +previously we did it in uh real space + + align:start position:0% +previously we did it in uh real space + + + align:start position:0% +previously we did it in uh real space +and real time and we just handwaved our + + align:start position:0% +and real time and we just handwaved our + + + align:start position:0% +and real time and we just handwaved our +way through it now we've got the Spectra + + align:start position:0% +way through it now we've got the Spectra + + + align:start position:0% +way through it now we've got the Spectra +actually uh in a much + + align:start position:0% +actually uh in a much + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh in a much +more uh slightly more rigorous way so + + align:start position:0% +more uh slightly more rigorous way so + + + align:start position:0% +more uh slightly more rigorous way so +this is still just the scattering of a + + align:start position:0% +this is still just the scattering of a + + + align:start position:0% +this is still just the scattering of a +single particle if we want the scattered + + align:start position:0% +single particle if we want the scattered + + + align:start position:0% +single particle if we want the scattered +power of this single particle then we + + align:start position:0% +power of this single particle then we + + + align:start position:0% +power of this single particle then we +again go to c + + align:start position:0% +again go to c + + + align:start position:0% +again go to c +epon r s and now we need to do the time + + align:start position:0% +epon r s and now we need to do the time + + + align:start position:0% +epon r s and now we need to do the time +averaging so the time average we + + align:start position:0% +averaging so the time average we + + + align:start position:0% +averaging so the time average we +integrate between minus t upon 2 to T + + align:start position:0% +integrate between minus t upon 2 to T + + + align:start position:0% +integrate between minus t upon 2 to T +upon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 and we divide by one upon T here we're + + align:start position:0% +2 and we divide by one upon T here we're + + + align:start position:0% +2 and we divide by one upon T here we're +going to take the limit of T going to + + align:start position:0% +going to take the limit of T going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the limit of T going to +Infinity in a moment so it start to look + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in a moment so it start to look + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in a moment so it start to look +more like a fre transform and this + + align:start position:0% +more like a fre transform and this + + + align:start position:0% +more like a fre transform and this +average power again is defined in terms + + align:start position:0% +average power again is defined in terms + + + align:start position:0% +average power again is defined in terms +of the time so es is a function of time + + align:start position:0% +of the time so es is a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +of the time so es is a function of time +es star is a function of time integrated + + align:start position:0% +es star is a function of time integrated + + + align:start position:0% +es star is a function of time integrated +D time but if we take the limit + + align:start position:0% +D time but if we take the limit + + + align:start position:0% +D time but if we take the limit +as T goes to + + align:start position:0% +as T goes to + + + align:start position:0% +as T goes to +Infinity we can use something called + + align:start position:0% +Infinity we can use something called + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity we can use something called +paral theorem which says that this + + align:start position:0% +paral theorem which says that this + + + align:start position:0% +paral theorem which says that this +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +here is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to the +integral es s in frequency space dotted + + align:start position:0% +integral es s in frequency space dotted + + + align:start position:0% +integral es s in frequency space dotted +with es in frequency + + align:start position:0% +with es in frequency + + + align:start position:0% +with es in frequency +space integrated over frequency still + + align:start position:0% +space integrated over frequency still + + + align:start position:0% +space integrated over frequency still +was a one over time out the front here + + align:start position:0% +was a one over time out the front here + + + align:start position:0% +was a one over time out the front here +so this is a kind + + align:start position:0% +so this is a kind + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +not quite sure about the one over time + + align:start position:0% +not quite sure about the one over time + + + align:start position:0% +not quite sure about the one over time +front + + align:start position:0% +front + + + align:start position:0% +front +there Dimensions don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work think I should have paused earlier + + align:start position:0% +work think I should have paused earlier + + + align:start position:0% +work think I should have paused earlier +and asked questions because this is + + align:start position:0% +and asked questions because this is + + + align:start position:0% +and asked questions because this is +actually NE deration so let's just go + + align:start position:0% +actually NE deration so let's just go + + + align:start position:0% +actually NE deration so let's just go +back draw a line under this here see if + + align:start position:0% +back draw a line under this here see if + + + align:start position:0% +back draw a line under this here see if +anyone has any questions on how we got + + align:start position:0% +anyone has any questions on how we got + + + align:start position:0% +anyone has any questions on how we got +to here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay then we'll go on so now we're + + align:start position:0% +okay then we'll go on so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay then we'll go on so now we're +trying to calculate yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry yeah yeah sure sure sure I I will + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah yeah sure sure sure I I will + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah yeah sure sure sure I I will +pause in a second but below the line um + + align:start position:0% +pause in a second but below the line um + + + align:start position:0% +pause in a second but below the line um +I just want to get through this section + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first no this is just the in I EI Z + + align:start position:0% +first no this is just the in I EI Z + + + align:start position:0% +first no this is just the in I EI Z +which is just the strength from the + + align:start position:0% +which is just the strength from the + + + align:start position:0% +which is just the strength from the +direction of the electric field without + + align:start position:0% +direction of the electric field without + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the electric field without +any of its so it's it's um the instant + + align:start position:0% +any of its so it's it's um the instant + + + align:start position:0% +any of its so it's it's um the instant +electric field + + align:start position:0% +electric field + + + align:start position:0% +electric field +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +ei0 Times by this cosine so I put all of + + align:start position:0% +ei0 Times by this cosine so I put all of + + + align:start position:0% +ei0 Times by this cosine so I put all of +the fluctuations and interesting time + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuations and interesting time + + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuations and interesting time +and space variation in the cosine but + + align:start position:0% +and space variation in the cosine but + + + align:start position:0% +and space variation in the cosine but +this is just like our strength throw El + + align:start position:0% +this is just like our strength throw El + + + align:start position:0% +this is just like our strength throw El +field here so all this is saying here is + + align:start position:0% +field here so all this is saying here is + + + align:start position:0% +field here so all this is saying here is +that the scat electric field is linear + + align:start position:0% +that the scat electric field is linear + + + align:start position:0% +that the scat electric field is linear +in the the in electric field all of the + + align:start position:0% +in the the in electric field all of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the the in electric field all of the +funkiness with time and space has gone + + align:start position:0% +funkiness with time and space has gone + + + align:start position:0% +funkiness with time and space has gone +into a Delta + + align:start position:0% +into a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +into a Delta +function okay so here we want to be able + + align:start position:0% +function okay so here we want to be able + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so here we want to be able +to evaluate this function but we don't + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate this function but we don't + + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate this function but we don't +actually have a great expression for Es + + align:start position:0% +actually have a great expression for Es + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a great expression for Es +as a function of time but we do now have + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time but we do now have + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time but we do now have +a great expression for yes as a function + + align:start position:0% +a great expression for yes as a function + + + align:start position:0% +a great expression for yes as a function +of frequency so we use passible + + align:start position:0% +of frequency so we use passible + + + align:start position:0% +of frequency so we use passible +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +convert between the time power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +convert between the time power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +convert between the time power spectrum +and the frequency power spectrum and + + align:start position:0% +and the frequency power spectrum and + + + align:start position:0% +and the frequency power spectrum and +that means we can now write + + align:start position:0% +that means we can now write + + + align:start position:0% +that means we can now write +down our scattered + + align:start position:0% +down our scattered + + + align:start position:0% +down our scattered +power DP into some scattering volume or + + align:start position:0% +power DP into some scattering volume or + + + align:start position:0% +power DP into some scattering volume or +scattering solid angle Omega s and some + + align:start position:0% +scattering solid angle Omega s and some + + + align:start position:0% +scattering solid angle Omega s and some +scattering frequency and this is equal + + align:start position:0% +scattering frequency and this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +scattering frequency and this is equal +to C + + align:start position:0% +to C + + + align:start position:0% +to C +Epsilon R + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon R + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay limit of T going to Infinity so + + align:start position:0% +okay limit of T going to Infinity so + + + align:start position:0% +okay limit of T going to Infinity so +we're taking a long time slice this + + align:start position:0% +we're taking a long time slice this + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking a long time slice this +allows us to use our th Transformers + + align:start position:0% +allows us to use our th Transformers + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to use our th Transformers +where the limits here plus and minus + + align:start position:0% +where the limits here plus and minus + + + align:start position:0% +where the limits here plus and minus +infinity here and we do the Foria + + align:start position:0% +infinity here and we do the Foria + + + align:start position:0% +infinity here and we do the Foria +transform + + align:start position:0% +transform + + + align:start position:0% +transform +of this sorry don't do the for + + align:start position:0% +of this sorry don't do the for + + + align:start position:0% +of this sorry don't do the for +transform we've taken the new from this + + align:start position:0% +transform we've taken the new from this + + + align:start position:0% +transform we've taken the new from this +side here and we put it down here to + + align:start position:0% +side here and we put it down here to + + + align:start position:0% +side here and we put it down here to +form our scattered power per frequency + + align:start position:0% +form our scattered power per frequency + + + align:start position:0% +form our scattered power per frequency +bin here so we're getting rid of this + + align:start position:0% +bin here so we're getting rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +bin here so we're getting rid of this +integral now and now we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +integral now and now we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +integral now and now we're trying to +evaluate this term which looks like es. + + align:start position:0% +evaluate this term which looks like es. + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate this term which looks like es. +Star instead and we have that equation + + align:start position:0% +Star instead and we have that equation + + + align:start position:0% +Star instead and we have that equation +up here so we want this + + align:start position:0% +up here so we want this + + + align:start position:0% +up here so we want this +term I'm going to take it from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so first of all we have a term that + + align:start position:0% +here so first of all we have a term that + + + align:start position:0% +here so first of all we have a term that +looks like RE 2 upon R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then uh this term will cancel out + + align:start position:0% +then uh this term will cancel out + + + align:start position:0% +then uh this term will cancel out +because we'll have it Times by its + + align:start position:0% +because we'll have it Times by its + + + align:start position:0% +because we'll have it Times by its +complex conjugate so we can get rid of + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate so we can get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate so we can get rid of +it good riddance there'll be a term that + + align:start position:0% +it good riddance there'll be a term that + + + align:start position:0% +it good riddance there'll be a term that +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +for i^ squ here we'll have a term that + + align:start position:0% +for i^ squ here we'll have a term that + + + align:start position:0% +for i^ squ here we'll have a term that +looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like Pi dotted + + align:start position:0% +like Pi dotted + + + align:start position:0% +like Pi dotted +into the incident electric field squared + + align:start position:0% +into the incident electric field squared + + + align:start position:0% +into the incident electric field squared +and then we'll have a term looks like + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll have a term looks like + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll have a term looks like +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +S A B minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega the trouble with this is that we + + align:start position:0% +Omega the trouble with this is that we + + + align:start position:0% +Omega the trouble with this is that we +have a Delta function + + align:start position:0% +have a Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +have a Delta function +squared it's a pretty odd object because + + align:start position:0% +squared it's a pretty odd object because + + + align:start position:0% +squared it's a pretty odd object because +a Delta function is already a pretty odd + + align:start position:0% +a Delta function is already a pretty odd + + + align:start position:0% +a Delta function is already a pretty odd +object and squaring it makes it just + + align:start position:0% +object and squaring it makes it just + + + align:start position:0% +object and squaring it makes it just +odder so we're can do the sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +odder so we're can do the sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +odder so we're can do the sort of thing +that makes the pure mathematicians WIS + + align:start position:0% +that makes the pure mathematicians WIS + + + align:start position:0% +that makes the pure mathematicians WIS +and we're going to say ah this is a + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say ah this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say ah this is a +little bit like a sync function right so + + align:start position:0% +little bit like a sync function right so + + + align:start position:0% +little bit like a sync function right so +a Delta function it's sort of like a + + align:start position:0% +a Delta function it's sort of like a + + + align:start position:0% +a Delta function it's sort of like a +sync + + align:start position:0% +sync + + + align:start position:0% +sync +right and you know if our sync function + + align:start position:0% +right and you know if our sync function + + + align:start position:0% +right and you know if our sync function +of t or in this case I guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +new as this new gets very very small so + + align:start position:0% +new as this new gets very very small so + + + align:start position:0% +new as this new gets very very small so +we have a function that looks like a + + align:start position:0% +we have a function that looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +we have a function that looks like a +sync and then we approximate the Delta + + align:start position:0% +sync and then we approximate the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +sync and then we approximate the Delta +function as just a very very very narrow + + align:start position:0% +function as just a very very very narrow + + + align:start position:0% +function as just a very very very narrow +syn and if you do this you can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +syn and if you do this you can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +syn and if you do this you can rewrite +this Delta squared as looking like T + + align:start position:0% +this Delta squared as looking like T + + + align:start position:0% +this Delta squared as looking like T +upon 2 pi just times the Del function + + align:start position:0% +upon 2 pi just times the Del function + + + align:start position:0% +upon 2 pi just times the Del function +itself so Delta function squar of + + align:start position:0% +itself so Delta function squar of + + + align:start position:0% +itself so Delta function squar of +frequency is equal to T upon 2 pi Delta + + align:start position:0% +frequency is equal to T upon 2 pi Delta + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is equal to T upon 2 pi Delta +function of frequency this is by far the + + align:start position:0% +function of frequency this is by far the + + + align:start position:0% +function of frequency this is by far the +least satisfactory part of this + + align:start position:0% +least satisfactory part of this + + + align:start position:0% +least satisfactory part of this +derivation by the way um but Hutchinson + + align:start position:0% +derivation by the way um but Hutchinson + + + align:start position:0% +derivation by the way um but Hutchinson +doesn't even do it he just skips over it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't even do it he just skips over it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't even do it he just skips over it +so I'm trying to at least demystify + + align:start position:0% +so I'm trying to at least demystify + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm trying to at least demystify +where this might come from uh but I + + align:start position:0% +where this might come from uh but I + + + align:start position:0% +where this might come from uh but I +don't know how to do this very very + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to do this very very + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to do this very very +rigorously let's just go as it for now + + align:start position:0% +rigorously let's just go as it for now + + + align:start position:0% +rigorously let's just go as it for now +we're going to replace this Delta + + align:start position:0% +we're going to replace this Delta + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to replace this Delta +function with just a Delta function not + + align:start position:0% +function with just a Delta function not + + + align:start position:0% +function with just a Delta function not +squared because those are the sorts of + + align:start position:0% +squared because those are the sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +squared because those are the sorts of +things we can work with then we can run + + align:start position:0% +things we can work with then we can run + + + align:start position:0% +things we can work with then we can run +through all of this and we can find out + + align:start position:0% +through all of this and we can find out + + + align:start position:0% +through all of this and we can find out +that we have R e^ 2 C Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +that we have R e^ 2 C Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +that we have R e^ 2 C Epsilon +do limit of T going to + + align:start position:0% +do limit of T going to + + + align:start position:0% +do limit of T going to +Infinity of one upon T * T upon 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +Infinity of one upon T * T upon 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity of one upon T * T upon 2 pi +that's this Factor here Times by 4 pi^ + + align:start position:0% +that's this Factor here Times by 4 pi^ + + + align:start position:0% +that's this Factor here Times by 4 pi^ +2 we still have this I dotted + + align:start position:0% +2 we still have this I dotted + + + align:start position:0% +2 we still have this I dotted +into the the electric field strength + + align:start position:0% +into the the electric field strength + + + align:start position:0% +into the the electric field strength +squared and now we just + + align:start position:0% +squared and now we just + + + align:start position:0% +squared and now we just +have running out of + + align:start position:0% +have running out of + + + align:start position:0% +have running out of +space this Delta function of K do B + + align:start position:0% +space this Delta function of K do B + + + align:start position:0% +space this Delta function of K do B +minus Omega not + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega not + + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega not +squar convenient thing about doing this + + align:start position:0% +squar convenient thing about doing this + + + align:start position:0% +squar convenient thing about doing this +is we've generated a factor of T which + + align:start position:0% +is we've generated a factor of T which + + + align:start position:0% +is we've generated a factor of T which +can cancel out with this T so we've + + align:start position:0% +can cancel out with this T so we've + + + align:start position:0% +can cancel out with this T so we've +canceled out an infinity or a zero that + + align:start position:0% +canceled out an infinity or a zero that + + + align:start position:0% +canceled out an infinity or a zero that +we'd accidentally introduced and now + + align:start position:0% +we'd accidentally introduced and now + + + align:start position:0% +we'd accidentally introduced and now +we've also got a two pi and that will + + align:start position:0% +we've also got a two pi and that will + + + align:start position:0% +we've also got a two pi and that will +cancel out from these two pies + + align:start position:0% +cancel out from these two pies + + + align:start position:0% +cancel out from these two pies +the whole thing starts to look a little + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing starts to look a little + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing starts to look a little +bit more traal um and so the result is I + + align:start position:0% +bit more traal um and so the result is I + + + align:start position:0% +bit more traal um and so the result is I +don't quite have space for it on this + + align:start position:0% +don't quite have space for it on this + + + align:start position:0% +don't quite have space for it on this +board real shape after we've come all + + align:start position:0% +board real shape after we've come all + + + align:start position:0% +board real shape after we've come all +this way I shall write it + + align:start position:0% +this way I shall write it + + + align:start position:0% +this way I shall write it +here DP D Omega B new is equal to re^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +here DP D Omega B new is equal to re^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +here DP D Omega B new is equal to re^ 2 +C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Epsilon e i z + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon e i z + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon e i z +squared what the hell is e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to keep it as it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was I also + + align:start position:0% +was I also + + + align:start position:0% +was I also +into e i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2times 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +2times 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +2times 2 pi +Delta a do B minus + + align:start position:0% +Delta a do B minus + + + align:start position:0% +Delta a do B minus +Omega the point is that this is what we + + align:start position:0% +Omega the point is that this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +Omega the point is that this is what we +should call our Spectrum we're looking + + align:start position:0% +should call our Spectrum we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +should call our Spectrum we're looking +at the power scattered in a certain + + align:start position:0% +at the power scattered in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +at the power scattered in a certain +direction into our Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +direction into our Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +direction into our Spectrum +per unit frequency and so we can now + + align:start position:0% +per unit frequency and so we can now + + + align:start position:0% +per unit frequency and so we can now +evaluate this and once again we can say + + align:start position:0% +evaluate this and once again we can say + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate this and once again we can say +if we're looking at Power per unit + + align:start position:0% +if we're looking at Power per unit + + + align:start position:0% +if we're looking at Power per unit +frequency or rather the PD Omega the + + align:start position:0% +frequency or rather the PD Omega the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency or rather the PD Omega the +power scatter into the certain solid + + align:start position:0% +power scatter into the certain solid + + + align:start position:0% +power scatter into the certain solid +angle this tells us that from a single + + align:start position:0% +angle this tells us that from a single + + + align:start position:0% +angle this tells us that from a single +particle our Spectra will just have a + + align:start position:0% +particle our Spectra will just have a + + + align:start position:0% +particle our Spectra will just have a +little Delta function in and that Delta + + align:start position:0% +little Delta function in and that Delta + + + align:start position:0% +little Delta function in and that Delta +function will be at a frequency Omega + + align:start position:0% +function will be at a frequency Omega + + + align:start position:0% +function will be at a frequency Omega +which is equal to K dot V so if our + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to K dot V so if our + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to K dot V so if our +initial laser line was at some + + align:start position:0% +initial laser line was at some + + + align:start position:0% +initial laser line was at some +wavelength like this this is Omega I + + align:start position:0% +wavelength like this this is Omega I + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength like this this is Omega I +then this is at Omega s equals Omega I + + align:start position:0% +then this is at Omega s equals Omega I + + + align:start position:0% +then this is at Omega s equals Omega I +plus Omega and we say aha this is blue + + align:start position:0% +plus Omega and we say aha this is blue + + + align:start position:0% +plus Omega and we say aha this is blue +shifted it's a higher frequency and so + + align:start position:0% +shifted it's a higher frequency and so + + + align:start position:0% +shifted it's a higher frequency and so +that means the particle is got some + + align:start position:0% +that means the particle is got some + + + align:start position:0% +that means the particle is got some +component of velocity walk do again this + + align:start position:0% +component of velocity walk do again this + + + align:start position:0% +component of velocity walk do again this +is all just single particle called + + align:start position:0% +is all just single particle called + + + align:start position:0% +is all just single particle called +scattering but we're now working in the + + align:start position:0% +scattering but we're now working in the + + + align:start position:0% +scattering but we're now working in the +fer domain as opposed to in real space + + align:start position:0% +fer domain as opposed to in real space + + + align:start position:0% +fer domain as opposed to in real space +which means we can actually write down + + align:start position:0% +which means we can actually write down + + + align:start position:0% +which means we can actually write down +equations for the Spectrum which we + + align:start position:0% +equations for the Spectrum which we + + + align:start position:0% +equations for the Spectrum which we +couldn't do when we're work in real + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do when we're work in real + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do when we're work in real +space we just had a hand wavy argument + + align:start position:0% +space we just had a hand wavy argument + + + align:start position:0% +space we just had a hand wavy argument +for it okay now I will pause oh one more + + align:start position:0% +for it okay now I will pause oh one more + + + align:start position:0% +for it okay now I will pause oh one more +thing just so you can have contact with + + align:start position:0% +thing just so you can have contact with + + + align:start position:0% +thing just so you can have contact with +the book again this is Hutchinson's + + align:start position:0% +the book again this is Hutchinson's + + + align:start position:0% +the book again this is Hutchinson's +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +7.2.1 n so in five equations he does all + + align:start position:0% +7.2.1 n so in five equations he does all + + + align:start position:0% +7.2.1 n so in five equations he does all +of this I have tried to spend a little + + align:start position:0% +of this I have tried to spend a little + + + align:start position:0% +of this I have tried to spend a little +bit more time doing it um but I will + + align:start position:0% +bit more time doing it um but I will + + + align:start position:0% +bit more time doing it um but I will +agree with anyone who says this isn't + + align:start position:0% +agree with anyone who says this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +agree with anyone who says this isn't +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +okay questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so what I have + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so what I have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so what I have +written in my notes is one over T here + + align:start position:0% +written in my notes is one over T here + + + align:start position:0% +written in my notes is one over T here +but if you set these two equal to each + + align:start position:0% +but if you set these two equal to each + + + align:start position:0% +but if you set these two equal to each +other the dimensions don't add up + + align:start position:0% +other the dimensions don't add up + + + align:start position:0% +other the dimensions don't add up +because of the limit here or because of + + align:start position:0% +because of the limit here or because of + + + align:start position:0% +because of the limit here or because of +what we're integrating over so in a + + align:start position:0% +what we're integrating over so in a + + + align:start position:0% +what we're integrating over so in a +panic I Chang it to be T that made + + align:start position:0% +panic I Chang it to be T that made + + + align:start position:0% +panic I Chang it to be T that made +Dimensions work and it makes the rest of + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions work and it makes the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions work and it makes the rest of +the derivation not work so probably + + align:start position:0% +the derivation not work so probably + + + align:start position:0% +the derivation not work so probably +there's some reason why we have this one + + align:start position:0% +there's some reason why we have this one + + + align:start position:0% +there's some reason why we have this one +t in front of both of them that I've + + align:start position:0% +t in front of both of them that I've + + + align:start position:0% +t in front of both of them that I've +missed and I'm very happy to go and have + + align:start position:0% +missed and I'm very happy to go and have + + + align:start position:0% +missed and I'm very happy to go and have +a look at the derivation again uh in + + align:start position:0% +a look at the derivation again uh in + + + align:start position:0% +a look at the derivation again uh in +Hutchinson's book try and work out + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson's book try and work out + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson's book try and work out +what's going on but what we were trying + + align:start position:0% +what's going on but what we were trying + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on but what we were trying +to do is replace this integral here over + + align:start position:0% +to do is replace this integral here over + + + align:start position:0% +to do is replace this integral here over +the electric field in space with this + + align:start position:0% +the electric field in space with this + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field in space with this +integral over the electric field in + + align:start position:0% +integral over the electric field in + + + align:start position:0% +integral over the electric field in +frequency but Dimensions don't quite + + align:start position:0% +frequency but Dimensions don't quite + + + align:start position:0% +frequency but Dimensions don't quite +work out but that's where the one overt + + align:start position:0% +work out but that's where the one overt + + + align:start position:0% +work out but that's where the one overt +was meant to come from and that one over + + align:start position:0% +was meant to come from and that one over + + + align:start position:0% +was meant to come from and that one over +T is the one that gets canceled by the T + + align:start position:0% +T is the one that gets canceled by the T + + + align:start position:0% +T is the one that gets canceled by the T +over 2 pi that we get from our shy + + align:start position:0% +over 2 pi that we get from our shy + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 pi that we get from our shy +treatment of the Del + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function yeah other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question I mean if you're doing a forer + + align:start position:0% +question I mean if you're doing a forer + + + align:start position:0% +question I mean if you're doing a forer +transformation you have to do it over + + align:start position:0% +transformation you have to do it over + + + align:start position:0% +transformation you have to do it over +infinite time so this is is just + + align:start position:0% +infinite time so this is is just + + + align:start position:0% +infinite time so this is is just +simply but if you put that Infinity in + + align:start position:0% +simply but if you put that Infinity in + + + align:start position:0% +simply but if you put that Infinity in +straight away then you start getting + + align:start position:0% +straight away then you start getting + + + align:start position:0% +straight away then you start getting +zeros so we kind of keep it as a t we're + + align:start position:0% +zeros so we kind of keep it as a t we're + + + align:start position:0% +zeros so we kind of keep it as a t we're +like it's a really big T but then + + align:start position:0% +like it's a really big T but then + + + align:start position:0% +like it's a really big T but then +eventually we cancel it out so it's like + + align:start position:0% +eventually we cancel it out so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +eventually we cancel it out so it's like +you don't actually care how big it is so + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually care how big it is so + + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually care how big it is so +um to do this rigorously you actually + + align:start position:0% +um to do this rigorously you actually + + + align:start position:0% +um to do this rigorously you actually +have to do the plast transformation + + align:start position:0% +have to do the plast transformation + + + align:start position:0% +have to do the plast transformation +because the laser is not cannot be a + + align:start position:0% +because the laser is not cannot be a + + + align:start position:0% +because the laser is not cannot be a +plane wave it's not traveling through + + align:start position:0% +plane wave it's not traveling through + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave it's not traveling through +the plas of all time it turns on at some + + align:start position:0% +the plas of all time it turns on at some + + + align:start position:0% +the plas of all time it turns on at some +time and so you have to do the pl + + align:start position:0% +time and so you have to do the pl + + + align:start position:0% +time and so you have to do the pl +Transformations where you only take into + + align:start position:0% +Transformations where you only take into + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations where you only take into +account the T greater than zero but the + + align:start position:0% +account the T greater than zero but the + + + align:start position:0% +account the T greater than zero but the +mathematics of that becomes harder so + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of that becomes harder so + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of that becomes harder so +I'm sort of doing for transforms and + + align:start position:0% +I'm sort of doing for transforms and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sort of doing for transforms and +there you need infinite + + align:start position:0% +there you need infinite + + + align:start position:0% +there you need infinite +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah this one yeah yeah that represents + + align:start position:0% +yeah this one yeah yeah that represents + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this one yeah yeah that represents +the time aage yeah this where the time + + align:start position:0% +the time aage yeah this where the time + + + align:start position:0% +the time aage yeah this where the time +we're we're we're working out the + + align:start position:0% +we're we're we're working out the + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're we're working out the +average power because we're working out + + align:start position:0% +average power because we're working out + + + align:start position:0% +average power because we're working out +the instantaneous power we're + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous power we're + + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous power we're +integrating it over some interval T and + + align:start position:0% +integrating it over some interval T and + + + align:start position:0% +integrating it over some interval T and +we're dividing by + + align:start position:0% +we're dividing by + + + align:start position:0% +we're dividing by +T yeah and then + + align:start position:0% +T yeah and then + + + align:start position:0% +T yeah and then +we and then afterwards being like yeah + + align:start position:0% +we and then afterwards being like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +we and then afterwards being like yeah +but you how long do you need do this for + + align:start position:0% +but you how long do you need do this for + + + align:start position:0% +but you how long do you need do this for +well you know to do this for a plain + + align:start position:0% +well you know to do this for a plain + + + align:start position:0% +well you know to do this for a plain +wave you should do it for like a few + + align:start position:0% +wave you should do it for like a few + + + align:start position:0% +wave you should do it for like a few +Cycles but to be you know rigorous you + + align:start position:0% +Cycles but to be you know rigorous you + + + align:start position:0% +Cycles but to be you know rigorous you +want to extend it out well maybe not + + align:start position:0% +want to extend it out well maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +want to extend it out well maybe not +rigorous in this case to be slightly + + align:start position:0% +rigorous in this case to be slightly + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous in this case to be slightly +more rigorous you want to extend that + + align:start position:0% +more rigorous you want to extend that + + + align:start position:0% +more rigorous you want to extend that +integral to all time if you're really + + align:start position:0% +integral to all time if you're really + + + align:start position:0% +integral to all time if you're really +doing a for a transform Ty yeah okay and + + align:start position:0% +doing a for a transform Ty yeah okay and + + + align:start position:0% +doing a for a transform Ty yeah okay and +that this is the requirement of using + + align:start position:0% +that this is the requirement of using + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the requirement of using +paral theorem which I clearly don't know + + align:start position:0% +paral theorem which I clearly don't know + + + align:start position:0% +paral theorem which I clearly don't know +as well as I thought I did because of + + align:start position:0% +as well as I thought I did because of + + + align:start position:0% +as well as I thought I did because of +this problem with the units here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah um confused because this is + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah um confused because this is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah um confused because this is +definitely something that's Dimension + + align:start position:0% +definitely something that's Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +definitely something that's Dimension +has dimensions of electric field squared + + align:start position:0% +has dimensions of electric field squared + + + align:start position:0% +has dimensions of electric field squared +this does not have dimensions of + + align:start position:0% +this does not have dimensions of + + + align:start position:0% +this does not have dimensions of +electric field squared okay any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions the nice thing about our + + align:start position:0% +questions the nice thing about our + + + align:start position:0% +questions the nice thing about our +treatment is we said that if we want to + + align:start position:0% +treatment is we said that if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +treatment is we said that if we want to +get the scattered Spectrum from many + + align:start position:0% +get the scattered Spectrum from many + + + align:start position:0% +get the scattered Spectrum from many +particles we are not interested in how + + align:start position:0% +particles we are not interested in how + + + align:start position:0% +particles we are not interested in how +the scattered electric fields those + + align:start position:0% +the scattered electric fields those + + + align:start position:0% +the scattered electric fields those +particles interact with each other + + align:start position:0% +particles interact with each other + + + align:start position:0% +particles interact with each other +that's the coherent part this is the + + align:start position:0% +that's the coherent part this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the coherent part this is the +incoherent part so if we now have the + + align:start position:0% +incoherent part so if we now have the + + + align:start position:0% +incoherent part so if we now have the +scattering Spectrum from a single + + align:start position:0% +scattering Spectrum from a single + + + align:start position:0% +scattering Spectrum from a single +particle and it's showing up at a + + align:start position:0% +particle and it's showing up at a + + + align:start position:0% +particle and it's showing up at a +frequency that is to do is that single + + align:start position:0% +frequency that is to do is that single + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that is to do is that single +particle velocity if we want the + + align:start position:0% +particle velocity if we want the + + + align:start position:0% +particle velocity if we want the +scattering Spectrum from many particles + + align:start position:0% +scattering Spectrum from many particles + + + align:start position:0% +scattering Spectrum from many particles +we simply sum the scattering from each + + align:start position:0% +we simply sum the scattering from each + + + align:start position:0% +we simply sum the scattering from each +of the particles V together so this now + + align:start position:0% +of the particles V together so this now + + + align:start position:0% +of the particles V together so this now +you're probably thinking starts to look + + align:start position:0% +you're probably thinking starts to look + + + align:start position:0% +you're probably thinking starts to look +like integration over distribution + + align:start position:0% +like integration over distribution + + + align:start position:0% +like integration over distribution +function so let's go do + + align:start position:0% +function so let's go do + + + align:start position:0% +function so let's go do +that uh I need to write that down + + align:start position:0% +that uh I need to write that down + + + align:start position:0% +that uh I need to write that down +no I'm happy with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that actually I'll write it down again + + align:start position:0% +that actually I'll write it down again + + + align:start position:0% +that actually I'll write it down again +here so we've got it on the page as we + + align:start position:0% +here so we've got it on the page as we + + + align:start position:0% +here so we've got it on the page as we +look at it + + align:start position:0% +look at it + + + align:start position:0% +look at it +so our scattered power into Some solid + + align:start position:0% +so our scattered power into Some solid + + + align:start position:0% +so our scattered power into Some solid +angle into some frequency looks + + align:start position:0% +angle into some frequency looks + + + align:start position:0% +angle into some frequency looks +like re + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2times I dot why am I writing it put it + + align:start position:0% +2times I dot why am I writing it put it + + + align:start position:0% +2times I dot why am I writing it put it +I else okay I'm just going to call it I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again so I've taken the electric + + align:start position:0% +again so I've taken the electric + + + align:start position:0% +again so I've taken the electric +field uh strength and polarization I've + + align:start position:0% +field uh strength and polarization I've + + + align:start position:0% +field uh strength and polarization I've +now split up even further into a term + + align:start position:0% +now split up even further into a term + + + align:start position:0% +now split up even further into a term +that's the electric field strength and + + align:start position:0% +that's the electric field strength and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the electric field strength and +its polarization kep the polarization + + align:start position:0% +its polarization kep the polarization + + + align:start position:0% +its polarization kep the polarization +inside here I've taken out this factor + + align:start position:0% +inside here I've taken out this factor + + + align:start position:0% +inside here I've taken out this factor +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +EI squared because when I times that by + + align:start position:0% +EI squared because when I times that by + + + align:start position:0% +EI squared because when I times that by +C + + align:start position:0% +C + + + align:start position:0% +C +Epsilon I can put all that together and + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon I can put all that together and + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon I can put all that together and +write it + + align:start position:0% +write it + + + align:start position:0% +write it +instead as the incident power of the + + align:start position:0% +instead as the incident power of the + + + align:start position:0% +instead as the incident power of the +laser over the area of the laser so this + + align:start position:0% +laser over the area of the laser so this + + + align:start position:0% +laser over the area of the laser so this +is now an intensity in wats per meter + + align:start position:0% +is now an intensity in wats per meter + + + align:start position:0% +is now an intensity in wats per meter +squared + + align:start position:0% +squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and we often think about our lasers in + + align:start position:0% +and we often think about our lasers in + + + align:start position:0% +and we often think about our lasers in +terms of their intend this is nice units + + align:start position:0% +terms of their intend this is nice units + + + align:start position:0% +terms of their intend this is nice units +and then finally the interesting bit + + align:start position:0% +and then finally the interesting bit + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally the interesting bit +which is this 2 pi Delta k. V minus + + align:start position:0% +which is this 2 pi Delta k. V minus + + + align:start position:0% +which is this 2 pi Delta k. V minus +Omega this is a scattering from one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle and to be clear it's one + + align:start position:0% +particle and to be clear it's one + + + align:start position:0% +particle and to be clear it's one +electron okay + + align:start position:0% +electron okay + + + align:start position:0% +electron okay +so again nothing particularly new here + + align:start position:0% +so again nothing particularly new here + + + align:start position:0% +so again nothing particularly new here +uh but just now in frequency space so + + align:start position:0% +uh but just now in frequency space so + + + align:start position:0% +uh but just now in frequency space so +now we want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrate over some distribution + + align:start position:0% +integrate over some distribution + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over some distribution +function f of V D3 V D3 R and remember + + align:start position:0% +function f of V D3 V D3 R and remember + + + align:start position:0% +function f of V D3 V D3 R and remember +when we have a distribution function we + + align:start position:0% +when we have a distribution function we + + + align:start position:0% +when we have a distribution function we +say that the density is the integral of + + align:start position:0% +say that the density is the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +say that the density is the integral of +f of V over velocity space here so this + + align:start position:0% +f of V over velocity space here so this + + + align:start position:0% +f of V over velocity space here so this +is a density as a function of r the zero + + align:start position:0% +is a density as a function of r the zero + + + align:start position:0% +is a density as a function of r the zero +off moment distribution + + align:start position:0% +off moment distribution + + + align:start position:0% +off moment distribution +function what we're going to end up + + align:start position:0% +function what we're going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +function what we're going to end up +doing is we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +doing is we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +doing is we're going to be +integrating this F of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B times this Delta function K do V minus + + align:start position:0% +B times this Delta function K do V minus + + + align:start position:0% +B times this Delta function K do V minus +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +E3 when we do that integral this Delta + + align:start position:0% +E3 when we do that integral this Delta + + + align:start position:0% +E3 when we do that integral this Delta +function is going to pick out certain + + align:start position:0% +function is going to pick out certain + + + align:start position:0% +function is going to pick out certain +things about this velocity distribution + + align:start position:0% +things about this velocity distribution + + + align:start position:0% +things about this velocity distribution +it's only going to pick out particles + + align:start position:0% +it's only going to pick out particles + + + align:start position:0% +it's only going to pick out particles +which have a velocity which is equal to + + align:start position:0% +which have a velocity which is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +which have a velocity which is equal to +Omega upon K and it's only going to pick + + align:start position:0% +Omega upon K and it's only going to pick + + + align:start position:0% +Omega upon K and it's only going to pick +out particles which have a component of + + align:start position:0% +out particles which have a component of + + + align:start position:0% +out particles which have a component of +velocity parallel to K that's the V + + align:start position:0% +velocity parallel to K that's the V + + + align:start position:0% +velocity parallel to K that's the V +do K part as + + align:start position:0% +do K part as + + + align:start position:0% +do K part as +well so when we do this integral we end + + align:start position:0% +well so when we do this integral we end + + + align:start position:0% +well so when we do this integral we end +up with a scattered power spectrum that + + align:start position:0% +up with a scattered power spectrum that + + + align:start position:0% +up with a scattered power spectrum that +looks like scattered power again into + + align:start position:0% +looks like scattered power again into + + + align:start position:0% +looks like scattered power again into +some solid angle some frequency is equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to 2 pi RE 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intensity of the laser + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the laser + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the laser +beam a factor which accounts for where + + align:start position:0% +beam a factor which accounts for where + + + align:start position:0% +beam a factor which accounts for where +the scattering light goes to and then + + align:start position:0% +the scattering light goes to and then + + + align:start position:0% +the scattering light goes to and then +the interesting bit and the interesting + + align:start position:0% +the interesting bit and the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting bit and the interesting +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +is as opposed to having the full + + align:start position:0% +is as opposed to having the full + + + align:start position:0% +is as opposed to having the full +distribution function we now have a + + align:start position:0% +distribution function we now have a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function we now have a +distribution function f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subk evaluated at Omega upon K and then + + align:start position:0% +subk evaluated at Omega upon K and then + + + align:start position:0% +subk evaluated at Omega upon K and then +there's also a factor of one upon k out + + align:start position:0% +there's also a factor of one upon k out + + + align:start position:0% +there's also a factor of one upon k out +the front here so let me unpack some of + + align:start position:0% +the front here so let me unpack some of + + + align:start position:0% +the front here so let me unpack some of +these bits here this F of + + align:start position:0% +these bits here this F of + + + align:start position:0% +these bits here this F of +K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imagine we have some full distribution + + align:start position:0% +imagine we have some full distribution + + + align:start position:0% +imagine we have some full distribution +function in three dimensions where we + + align:start position:0% +function in three dimensions where we + + + align:start position:0% +function in three dimensions where we +have some coordinate that is + + align:start position:0% +have some coordinate that is + + + align:start position:0% +have some coordinate that is +perpendicular to K we have some + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to K we have some + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to K we have some +coordinate which is along + + align:start position:0% +coordinate which is along + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate which is along +K and what we're doing is the integral + + align:start position:0% +K and what we're doing is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +K and what we're doing is the integral +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +this function integrating over all the + + align:start position:0% +this function integrating over all the + + + align:start position:0% +this function integrating over all the +perpendicular velocities so our F of K + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular velocities so our F of K + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular velocities so our F of K +is simply a one-dimensional slice + + align:start position:0% +is simply a one-dimensional slice + + + align:start position:0% +is simply a one-dimensional slice +through that distribution function you + + align:start position:0% +through that distribution function you + + + align:start position:0% +through that distribution function you +can think of maybe for example in just + + align:start position:0% +can think of maybe for example in just + + + align:start position:0% +can think of maybe for example in just +in two Dimensions here we could have the + + align:start position:0% +in two Dimensions here we could have the + + + align:start position:0% +in two Dimensions here we could have the +K Direction and the perpendicular to K + + align:start position:0% +K Direction and the perpendicular to K + + + align:start position:0% +K Direction and the perpendicular to K +Direction and our distribution function + + align:start position:0% +Direction and our distribution function + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and our distribution function +could look like I'm drawing Contours of + + align:start position:0% +could look like I'm drawing Contours of + + + align:start position:0% +could look like I'm drawing Contours of +f here so for example this is f equals + + align:start position:0% +f here so for example this is f equals + + + align:start position:0% +f here so for example this is f equals +one two three type thing you these can + + align:start position:0% +one two three type thing you these can + + + align:start position:0% +one two three type thing you these can +be much bigger numbers but this is just + + align:start position:0% +be much bigger numbers but this is just + + + align:start position:0% +be much bigger numbers but this is just +to give you an idea of some function + + align:start position:0% +to give you an idea of some function + + + align:start position:0% +to give you an idea of some function +which is peaked around about the center + + align:start position:0% +which is peaked around about the center + + + align:start position:0% +which is peaked around about the center +here but it's not isotropic and what R + + align:start position:0% +here but it's not isotropic and what R + + + align:start position:0% +here but it's not isotropic and what R +Thompson scattering is picking up is + + align:start position:0% +Thompson scattering is picking up is + + + align:start position:0% +Thompson scattering is picking up is +just a + + align:start position:0% +just a + + + align:start position:0% +just a +slice through in One Direction of that + + align:start position:0% +slice through in One Direction of that + + + align:start position:0% +slice through in One Direction of that +distribution function here so it's if I + + align:start position:0% +distribution function here so it's if I + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function here so it's if I +take this cut I get out a distribution + + align:start position:0% +take this cut I get out a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +take this cut I get out a distribution +function that looks like f of + + align:start position:0% +function that looks like f of + + + align:start position:0% +function that looks like f of +K versus VK and maybe it looks + + align:start position:0% +K versus VK and maybe it looks + + + align:start position:0% +K versus VK and maybe it looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this I'm only sensitive to one with + + align:start position:0% +this I'm only sensitive to one with + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm only sensitive to one with +particles moving in One Direction in the + + align:start position:0% +particles moving in One Direction in the + + + align:start position:0% +particles moving in One Direction in the +K Direction + + align:start position:0% +K Direction + + + align:start position:0% +K Direction +here uh and this one over K if you're + + align:start position:0% +here uh and this one over K if you're + + + align:start position:0% +here uh and this one over K if you're +wondering where that comes from this is + + align:start position:0% +wondering where that comes from this is + + + align:start position:0% +wondering where that comes from this is +because DV is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +because DV is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +because DV is equal to the +Omega upon K so when I change this + + align:start position:0% +Omega upon K so when I change this + + + align:start position:0% +Omega upon K so when I change this +integral from being in terms of vity + + align:start position:0% +integral from being in terms of vity + + + align:start position:0% +integral from being in terms of vity +space being in terms of frequency space + + align:start position:0% +space being in terms of frequency space + + + align:start position:0% +space being in terms of frequency space +I'm going to get out this P one k here + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get out this P one k here + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get out this P one k here +so why did I write all of that no this + + align:start position:0% +so why did I write all of that no this + + + align:start position:0% +so why did I write all of that no this +is right I don't need anything else so + + align:start position:0% +is right I don't need anything else so + + + align:start position:0% +is right I don't need anything else so +just to be clear this is a + + align:start position:0% +just to be clear this is a + + + align:start position:0% +just to be clear this is a +1D distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function now if your uh system is + + align:start position:0% +function now if your uh system is + + + align:start position:0% +function now if your uh system is +isotropic this doesn't bother you at all + + align:start position:0% +isotropic this doesn't bother you at all + + + align:start position:0% +isotropic this doesn't bother you at all +because you can if you think there's + + align:start position:0% +because you can if you think there's + + + align:start position:0% +because you can if you think there's +lots of collisions there's no magnetic + + align:start position:0% +lots of collisions there's no magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +lots of collisions there's no magnetic +fields my distribution is isotropic then + + align:start position:0% +fields my distribution is isotropic then + + + align:start position:0% +fields my distribution is isotropic then +I can just make one measurement of the + + align:start position:0% +I can just make one measurement of the + + + align:start position:0% +I can just make one measurement of the +distribution function in One Direction + + align:start position:0% +distribution function in One Direction + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function in One Direction +and I've got all I need but if your + + align:start position:0% +and I've got all I need but if your + + + align:start position:0% +and I've got all I need but if your +distribution function is an isotropic + + align:start position:0% +distribution function is an isotropic + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function is an isotropic +because there's magnetic fields or + + align:start position:0% +because there's magnetic fields or + + + align:start position:0% +because there's magnetic fields or +electric Fields then you won't be able + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields then you won't be able + + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields then you won't be able +to pick up the full distribution with + + align:start position:0% +to pick up the full distribution with + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up the full distribution with +just one measurement you'll need lots + + align:start position:0% +just one measurement you'll need lots + + + align:start position:0% +just one measurement you'll need lots +and lots of different measurements for + + align:start position:0% +and lots of different measurements for + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of different measurements for +example you'll need another K like this + + align:start position:0% +example you'll need another K like this + + + align:start position:0% +example you'll need another K like this +and another K like this you can + + align:start position:0% +and another K like this you can + + + align:start position:0% +and another K like this you can +effectively do like a tomographic + + align:start position:0% +effectively do like a tomographic + + + align:start position:0% +effectively do like a tomographic +reconstruction uh in in velocity space + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction uh in in velocity space + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction uh in in velocity space +um by taking lots of different slices at + + align:start position:0% +um by taking lots of different slices at + + + align:start position:0% +um by taking lots of different slices at +different angles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I will just deal with a few + + align:start position:0% +here I will just deal with a few + + + align:start position:0% +here I will just deal with a few +consequences of this and then I'll take + + align:start position:0% +consequences of this and then I'll take + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of this and then I'll take +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so our scattered + + align:start position:0% +questions so our scattered + + + align:start position:0% +questions so our scattered +Spectrum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which again we've been writing this + + align:start position:0% +which again we've been writing this + + + align:start position:0% +which again we've been writing this +scattered Spectrum in our differential + + align:start position:0% +scattered Spectrum in our differential + + + align:start position:0% +scattered Spectrum in our differential +notation is d2p D Omega d new but every + + align:start position:0% +notation is d2p D Omega d new but every + + + align:start position:0% +notation is d2p D Omega d new but every +time you see this you think that's what + + align:start position:0% +time you see this you think that's what + + + align:start position:0% +time you see this you think that's what +I measure I am measuring some power into + + align:start position:0% +I measure I am measuring some power into + + + align:start position:0% +I measure I am measuring some power into +some solid angle represented by my + + align:start position:0% +some solid angle represented by my + + + align:start position:0% +some solid angle represented by my +spectrometer and I'm measuring it + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer and I'm measuring it + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer and I'm measuring it +resolved in terms of frequency this is + + align:start position:0% +resolved in terms of frequency this is + + + align:start position:0% +resolved in terms of frequency this is +what I measure + + align:start position:0% +what I measure + + + align:start position:0% +what I measure +here this uh + + align:start position:0% +here this uh + + + align:start position:0% +here this uh +measures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I could spell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measures the distribution function f of + + align:start position:0% +measures the distribution function f of + + + align:start position:0% +measures the distribution function f of +B parallel to that K scattering Vector + + align:start position:0% +B parallel to that K scattering Vector + + + align:start position:0% +B parallel to that K scattering Vector +here and so if I have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +multiple K I have + + align:start position:0% +multiple K I have + + + align:start position:0% +multiple K I have +multiple K I get F of V from multiple + + align:start position:0% +multiple K I get F of V from multiple + + + align:start position:0% +multiple K I get F of V from multiple +Direction so again + + align:start position:0% +Direction so again + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so again +I have a plasma like this I put + + align:start position:0% +I have a plasma like this I put + + + align:start position:0% +I have a plasma like this I put +my scattered light through + + align:start position:0% +my scattered light through + + + align:start position:0% +my scattered light through +here this is my laser + + align:start position:0% +here this is my laser + + + align:start position:0% +here this is my laser +beam it's got some K I like that and + + align:start position:0% +beam it's got some K I like that and + + + align:start position:0% +beam it's got some K I like that and +then I measure the scattering for + + align:start position:0% +then I measure the scattering for + + + align:start position:0% +then I measure the scattering for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +in this direction we'll call that K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S1 then my K1 remember a is equal to KS + + align:start position:0% +S1 then my K1 remember a is equal to KS + + + align:start position:0% +S1 then my K1 remember a is equal to KS +minus k i is equal to ks minus Ki like + + align:start position:0% +minus k i is equal to ks minus Ki like + + + align:start position:0% +minus k i is equal to ks minus Ki like +that so I measure scattering along this + + align:start position:0% +that so I measure scattering along this + + + align:start position:0% +that so I measure scattering along this +K1 if I measure Instead at 90 degrees + + align:start position:0% +K1 if I measure Instead at 90 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +K1 if I measure Instead at 90 degrees +sorry 180 degrees to that this is k s 2 + + align:start position:0% +sorry 180 degrees to that this is k s 2 + + + align:start position:0% +sorry 180 degrees to that this is k s 2 +then I go KS minus Ki I end up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +this will be measuring Direction K2 and + + align:start position:0% +this will be measuring Direction K2 and + + + align:start position:0% +this will be measuring Direction K2 and +these two would be measuring different + + align:start position:0% +these two would be measuring different + + + align:start position:0% +these two would be measuring different +cuts through our velocity distribution + + align:start position:0% +cuts through our velocity distribution + + + align:start position:0% +cuts through our velocity distribution +so if it was an isotropic they could be + + align:start position:0% +so if it was an isotropic they could be + + + align:start position:0% +so if it was an isotropic they could be +different by the way if these are at 180 + + align:start position:0% +different by the way if these are at 180 + + + align:start position:0% +different by the way if these are at 180 +degrees these two should be at 90 + + align:start position:0% +degrees these two should be at 90 + + + align:start position:0% +degrees these two should be at 90 +degrees they're not because I'm bad at + + align:start position:0% +degrees they're not because I'm bad at + + + align:start position:0% +degrees they're not because I'm bad at +drawing V diagram but that's where it + + align:start position:0% +drawing V diagram but that's where it + + + align:start position:0% +drawing V diagram but that's where it +should be okay so you could measure + + align:start position:0% +should be okay so you could measure + + + align:start position:0% +should be okay so you could measure +orthogonal components of the velocity + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal components of the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal components of the velocity +and of course if it's fully + + align:start position:0% +and of course if it's fully + + + align:start position:0% +and of course if it's fully +threedimensional you might want to + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional you might want to +scatter out of the page here and then + + align:start position:0% +scatter out of the page here and then + + + align:start position:0% +scatter out of the page here and then +you would measure some scattering k + + align:start position:0% +you would measure some scattering k + + + align:start position:0% +you would measure some scattering k +that's also out of the page so if you + + align:start position:0% +that's also out of the page so if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's also out of the page so if you +have these multiple lines of site you + + align:start position:0% +have these multiple lines of site you + + + align:start position:0% +have these multiple lines of site you +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reconstruct your three-dimensional F + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct your three-dimensional F + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct your three-dimensional F +of the other cool thing about + + align:start position:0% +of the other cool thing about + + + align:start position:0% +of the other cool thing about +this is you might be able to measure + + align:start position:0% +this is you might be able to measure + + + align:start position:0% +this is you might be able to measure +non-max wellan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distributions + + align:start position:0% +distributions + + + align:start position:0% +distributions +even in one dimension so if I just write + + align:start position:0% +even in one dimension so if I just write + + + align:start position:0% +even in one dimension so if I just write +it as F of V without the vector so we're + + align:start position:0% +it as F of V without the vector so we're + + + align:start position:0% +it as F of V without the vector so we're +thinking about this onedimensional cut + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this onedimensional cut + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this onedimensional cut +here if we look at our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spectrum new and this is DP the Omega + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum new and this is DP the Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum new and this is DP the Omega +our scattered light we look at this on a + + align:start position:0% +our scattered light we look at this on a + + + align:start position:0% +our scattered light we look at this on a +log + + align:start position:0% +log + + + align:start position:0% +log +scale then this dpd Omega is just about + + align:start position:0% +scale then this dpd Omega is just about + + + align:start position:0% +scale then this dpd Omega is just about +log of + + align:start position:0% +log of + + + align:start position:0% +log of +f on a log scale here our Mac willan + + align:start position:0% +f on a log scale here our Mac willan + + + align:start position:0% +f on a log scale here our Mac willan +would just look like a + + align:start position:0% +would just look like a + + + align:start position:0% +would just look like a +parabola it would go + + align:start position:0% +parabola it would go + + + align:start position:0% +parabola it would go +as uh minus V + + align:start position:0% +as uh minus V + + + align:start position:0% +as uh minus V +^2 which is minus mu^ s like that so if + + align:start position:0% +^2 which is minus mu^ s like that so if + + + align:start position:0% +^2 which is minus mu^ s like that so if +we had a maxwellian distribution we'd + + align:start position:0% +we had a maxwellian distribution we'd + + + align:start position:0% +we had a maxwellian distribution we'd +expect just to see a spectrum like this + + align:start position:0% +expect just to see a spectrum like this + + + align:start position:0% +expect just to see a spectrum like this +but if we have a non- maxwan + + align:start position:0% +but if we have a non- maxwan + + + align:start position:0% +but if we have a non- maxwan +distribution perhaps we've got some + + align:start position:0% +distribution perhaps we've got some + + + align:start position:0% +distribution perhaps we've got some +scales at some hes coming out from the + + align:start position:0% +scales at some hes coming out from the + + + align:start position:0% +scales at some hes coming out from the +side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and so in principle using this + + align:start position:0% +here and so in principle using this + + + align:start position:0% +here and so in principle using this +incoherent scattering because we measure + + align:start position:0% +incoherent scattering because we measure + + + align:start position:0% +incoherent scattering because we measure +the full distribution function if that + + align:start position:0% +the full distribution function if that + + + align:start position:0% +the full distribution function if that +distribution is not maxwellian we might + + align:start position:0% +distribution is not maxwellian we might + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is not maxwellian we might +be able to measure non- maxwellian Tails + + align:start position:0% +be able to measure non- maxwellian Tails + + + align:start position:0% +be able to measure non- maxwellian Tails +out here now in general these tails are + + align:start position:0% +out here now in general these tails are + + + align:start position:0% +out here now in general these tails are +weak scattering there's not very many + + align:start position:0% +weak scattering there's not very many + + + align:start position:0% +weak scattering there's not very many +particles out in the Tails it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +particles out in the Tails it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +particles out in the Tails it's hard to +make plasmas which are very non + + align:start position:0% +make plasmas which are very non + + + align:start position:0% +make plasmas which are very non +maxwellian so it can be very very hard + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian so it can be very very hard + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian so it can be very very hard +measure + + align:start position:0% +measure + + + align:start position:0% +measure +this but if you are able to repeat your + + align:start position:0% +this but if you are able to repeat your + + + align:start position:0% +this but if you are able to repeat your +experiment lots of times and build up + + align:start position:0% +experiment lots of times and build up + + + align:start position:0% +experiment lots of times and build up +your signal uh like they did in these + + align:start position:0% +your signal uh like they did in these + + + align:start position:0% +your signal uh like they did in these +low temperature plasma experiments you + + align:start position:0% +low temperature plasma experiments you + + + align:start position:0% +low temperature plasma experiments you +may be able to measure the presence of + + align:start position:0% +may be able to measure the presence of + + + align:start position:0% +may be able to measure the presence of +like Fast electrons non manwan electrons + + align:start position:0% +like Fast electrons non manwan electrons + + + align:start position:0% +like Fast electrons non manwan electrons +out here so this is two very cool uses + + align:start position:0% +out here so this is two very cool uses + + + align:start position:0% +out here so this is two very cool uses +for incoherence pumps and Scatter okay I + + align:start position:0% +for incoherence pumps and Scatter okay I + + + align:start position:0% +for incoherence pumps and Scatter okay I +will pause there and take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions maybe I'll put this back down + + align:start position:0% +questions maybe I'll put this back down + + + align:start position:0% +questions maybe I'll put this back down +so you can see what we talking + + align:start position:0% +so you can see what we talking + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see what we talking +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +any questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so we we saw that the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so we we saw that the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so we we saw that the +scattering cross-section was like you + + align:start position:0% +scattering cross-section was like you + + + align:start position:0% +scattering cross-section was like you +know you expect your part 10 to minus + + align:start position:0% +know you expect your part 10 to minus + + + align:start position:0% +know you expect your part 10 to minus +eight of your particles photons to + + align:start position:0% +eight of your particles photons to + + + align:start position:0% +eight of your particles photons to +scatter but the chance of it getting + + align:start position:0% +scatter but the chance of it getting + + + align:start position:0% +scatter but the chance of it getting +scattered twice would be you know 10 to + + align:start position:0% +scattered twice would be you know 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +scattered twice would be you know 10 to +minus 16 which is is very unlikely so we + + align:start position:0% +minus 16 which is is very unlikely so we + + + align:start position:0% +minus 16 which is is very unlikely so we +don't worry about double scattering I + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about double scattering I + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about double scattering I +guess I could have put that on my list + + align:start position:0% +guess I could have put that on my list + + + align:start position:0% +guess I could have put that on my list +of assumptions but yeah we don't worry + + align:start position:0% +of assumptions but yeah we don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +of assumptions but yeah we don't worry +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +double okay just one quick note a + + align:start position:0% +double okay just one quick note a + + + align:start position:0% +double okay just one quick note a +relativistic correction because if you + + align:start position:0% +relativistic correction because if you + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic correction because if you +generally in toomax they do incoherent + + align:start position:0% +generally in toomax they do incoherent + + + align:start position:0% +generally in toomax they do incoherent +scattering because it's very hard to get + + align:start position:0% +scattering because it's very hard to get + + + align:start position:0% +scattering because it's very hard to get +into the alpha greater than one coherent + + align:start position:0% +into the alpha greater than one coherent + + + align:start position:0% +into the alpha greater than one coherent +scattering regime and in toomax if + + align:start position:0% +scattering regime and in toomax if + + + align:start position:0% +scattering regime and in toomax if +you've got a nice hot toomax you may + + align:start position:0% +you've got a nice hot toomax you may + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a nice hot toomax you may +well have a relativistic plasma so just + + align:start position:0% +well have a relativistic plasma so just + + + align:start position:0% +well have a relativistic plasma so just +a quick note here on what the + + align:start position:0% +a quick note here on what the + + + align:start position:0% +a quick note here on what the +relativistic correction looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first of all remember you may need to + + align:start position:0% +first of all remember you may need to + + + align:start position:0% +first of all remember you may need to +think about relativistic + + align:start position:0% +think about relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +think about relativistic +beaming so this is where the radiation + + align:start position:0% +beaming so this is where the radiation + + + align:start position:0% +beaming so this is where the radiation +pattern of your scattered light beams + + align:start position:0% +pattern of your scattered light beams + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of your scattered light beams +forward this is V upon C much much less + + align:start position:0% +forward this is V upon C much much less + + + align:start position:0% +forward this is V upon C much much less +than one and this is maybe V upon C less + + align:start position:0% +than one and this is maybe V upon C less + + + align:start position:0% +than one and this is maybe V upon C less +than or round about one so first of all + + align:start position:0% +than or round about one so first of all + + + align:start position:0% +than or round about one so first of all +you might want to think about this + + align:start position:0% +you might want to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to think about this +relativistic beaming but + + align:start position:0% +relativistic beaming but + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic beaming but +the other thing you might want to think + + align:start position:0% +the other thing you might want to think + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing you might want to think +about is how does it affect your + + align:start position:0% +about is how does it affect your + + + align:start position:0% +about is how does it affect your +spectrum well there's a long derivation + + align:start position:0% +spectrum well there's a long derivation + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum well there's a long derivation +of this but there's a short version of + + align:start position:0% +of this but there's a short version of + + + align:start position:0% +of this but there's a short version of +it which is that your Spectrum which + + align:start position:0% +it which is that your Spectrum which + + + align:start position:0% +it which is that your Spectrum which +again we're writing is d2p D Capital + + align:start position:0% +again we're writing is d2p D Capital + + + align:start position:0% +again we're writing is d2p D Capital +Omega d + + align:start position:0% +Omega d + + + align:start position:0% +Omega d +new the relativistic + + align:start position:0% +new the relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +new the relativistic +version looks a lot like your + + align:start position:0% +version looks a lot like your + + + align:start position:0% +version looks a lot like your +non-relativistic version which we've + + align:start position:0% +non-relativistic version which we've + + + align:start position:0% +non-relativistic version which we've +written several times over on the side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here but it has a correct ction factor + + align:start position:0% +here but it has a correct ction factor + + + align:start position:0% +here but it has a correct ction factor +to it and that correction is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to it and that correction is 1 + + + + align:start position:0% +to it and that correction is 1 + +3 omega upon 2 Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I this means that the whole Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +I this means that the whole Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +I this means that the whole Spectrum +gets shifted up remember that Omega here + + align:start position:0% +gets shifted up remember that Omega here + + + align:start position:0% +gets shifted up remember that Omega here +is equal to k.v if you're wondering why + + align:start position:0% +is equal to k.v if you're wondering why + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to k.v if you're wondering why +this is relativistic that's where the V + + align:start position:0% +this is relativistic that's where the V + + + align:start position:0% +this is relativistic that's where the V +is coming in so this is a correction on + + align:start position:0% +is coming in so this is a correction on + + + align:start position:0% +is coming in so this is a correction on +the order of and this this Omega I by + + align:start position:0% +the order of and this this Omega I by + + + align:start position:0% +the order of and this this Omega I by +the way is just uh c k and so this + + align:start position:0% +the way is just uh c k and so this + + + align:start position:0% +the way is just uh c k and so this +correction here is on the order of B + + align:start position:0% +correction here is on the order of B + + + align:start position:0% +correction here is on the order of B +upon C right these are the ones we said + + align:start position:0% +upon C right these are the ones we said + + + align:start position:0% +upon C right these are the ones we said +we keep for a sort of relativistic + + align:start position:0% +we keep for a sort of relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +we keep for a sort of relativistic +Correction what this correction means is + + align:start position:0% +Correction what this correction means is + + + align:start position:0% +Correction what this correction means is +that we get a blue + + align:start position:0% +that we get a blue + + + align:start position:0% +that we get a blue +shift so the spectrum is always blue + + align:start position:0% +shift so the spectrum is always blue + + + align:start position:0% +shift so the spectrum is always blue +shifted always ends up as being at a + + align:start position:0% +shifted always ends up as being at a + + + align:start position:0% +shifted always ends up as being at a +higher frequency you can see that by the + + align:start position:0% +higher frequency you can see that by the + + + align:start position:0% +higher frequency you can see that by the +shape of this and the fact that it + + align:start position:0% +shape of this and the fact that it + + + align:start position:0% +shape of this and the fact that it +depends on the sign of Omega here um and + + align:start position:0% +depends on the sign of Omega here um and + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the sign of Omega here um and +in particular this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correction is for temperatures electron + + align:start position:0% +correction is for temperatures electron + + + align:start position:0% +correction is for temperatures electron +temperatures on the order of the Kev + + align:start position:0% +temperatures on the order of the Kev + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures on the order of the Kev +range so if you're working below that + + align:start position:0% +range so if you're working below that + + + align:start position:0% +range so if you're working below that +you really don't need this correction + + align:start position:0% +you really don't need this correction + + + align:start position:0% +you really don't need this correction +but if you're working in a sort of 10 KV + + align:start position:0% +but if you're working in a sort of 10 KV + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're working in a sort of 10 KV +plasma you do need this correction + + align:start position:0% +plasma you do need this correction + + + align:start position:0% +plasma you do need this correction +because of this blue shift it's + + align:start position:0% +because of this blue shift it's + + + align:start position:0% +because of this blue shift it's +important to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measure both the positive shifted + + align:start position:0% +measure both the positive shifted + + + align:start position:0% +measure both the positive shifted +frequencies and the negative shifted + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and the negative shifted + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and the negative shifted +frequencies because if you don't measure + + align:start position:0% +frequencies because if you don't measure + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies because if you don't measure +those and your you know you're expecting + + align:start position:0% +those and your you know you're expecting + + + align:start position:0% +those and your you know you're expecting +your spectrum for a maxwellian to be + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum for a maxwellian to be + + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum for a maxwellian to be +nice and + + align:start position:0% +nice and + + + align:start position:0% +nice and +symmetric but if you are the doing the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric but if you are the doing the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric but if you are the doing the +relativistic one then your spectrum + + align:start position:0% +relativistic one then your spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic one then your spectrum +might look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and if you only measure one half of + + align:start position:0% +this and if you only measure one half of + + + align:start position:0% +this and if you only measure one half of +your spectrum this is frequency if we + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum this is frequency if we + + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum this is frequency if we +only measure the positive frequencies or + + align:start position:0% +only measure the positive frequencies or + + + align:start position:0% +only measure the positive frequencies or +negative frequencies we might + + align:start position:0% +negative frequencies we might + + + align:start position:0% +negative frequencies we might +misinterpret what's going on here if + + align:start position:0% +misinterpret what's going on here if + + + align:start position:0% +misinterpret what's going on here if +you're starting to work with uh + + align:start position:0% +you're starting to work with uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're starting to work with uh +relativistic plasmas you may be tempted + + align:start position:0% +relativistic plasmas you may be tempted + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic plasmas you may be tempted +with your spectrometer because you only + + align:start position:0% +with your spectrometer because you only + + + align:start position:0% +with your spectrometer because you only +have a finite number of frequencies you + + align:start position:0% +have a finite number of frequencies you + + + align:start position:0% +have a finite number of frequencies you +can measure at you only measure like + + align:start position:0% +can measure at you only measure like + + + align:start position:0% +can measure at you only measure like +positive or negative frequencies because + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative frequencies because + + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative frequencies because +the spectrum is symmetric but in the + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum is symmetric but in the + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum is symmetric but in the +relativistic case it's not this is like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +d2p okay this is Hutchinson's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +7.2.2 and he does the derivation this + + align:start position:0% +7.2.2 and he does the derivation this + + + align:start position:0% +7.2.2 and he does the derivation this +properly I'm just giving you the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result okay any questions on that just + + align:start position:0% +result okay any questions on that just + + + align:start position:0% +result okay any questions on that just +like a Spide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +note we have just enough time to + + align:start position:0% +note we have just enough time to + + + align:start position:0% +note we have just enough time to +introduce coherence scattering but not + + align:start position:0% +introduce coherence scattering but not + + + align:start position:0% +introduce coherence scattering but not +enough time to actually do all the fun + + align:start position:0% +enough time to actually do all the fun + + + align:start position:0% +enough time to actually do all the fun +mathematics of it so we will leave that + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of it so we will leave that + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of it so we will leave that +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +week + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that was incoherent scattering we + + align:start position:0% +that was incoherent scattering we + + + align:start position:0% +that was incoherent scattering we +derived the scattering of a single + + align:start position:0% +derived the scattering of a single + + + align:start position:0% +derived the scattering of a single +particle then we integrated over the + + align:start position:0% +particle then we integrated over the + + + align:start position:0% +particle then we integrated over the +distribution function and said that the + + align:start position:0% +distribution function and said that the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function and said that the +scattering of each of these particles + + align:start position:0% +scattering of each of these particles + + + align:start position:0% +scattering of each of these particles +does not interfere with the scattering + + align:start position:0% +does not interfere with the scattering + + + align:start position:0% +does not interfere with the scattering +of any of the other particles um or if + + align:start position:0% +of any of the other particles um or if + + + align:start position:0% +of any of the other particles um or if +it does interfere another particle + + align:start position:0% +it does interfere another particle + + + align:start position:0% +it does interfere another particle +scattering will add up and that THM over + + align:start position:0% +scattering will add up and that THM over + + + align:start position:0% +scattering will add up and that THM over +the scattering between different + + align:start position:0% +the scattering between different + + + align:start position:0% +the scattering between different +particles will eventually cancel out + + align:start position:0% +particles will eventually cancel out + + + align:start position:0% +particles will eventually cancel out +that is not going to be the case in + + align:start position:0% +that is not going to be the case in + + + align:start position:0% +that is not going to be the case in +coherent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scattering so again we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +scattering so again we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +scattering so again we're just going to +sort of sketch what's going on before we + + align:start position:0% +sort of sketch what's going on before we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of sketch what's going on before we +go into the mathematics I want you to + + align:start position:0% +go into the mathematics I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +go into the mathematics I want you to +have a htic understanding of what's + + align:start position:0% +have a htic understanding of what's + + + align:start position:0% +have a htic understanding of what's +Happening first so that you have some + + align:start position:0% +Happening first so that you have some + + + align:start position:0% +Happening first so that you have some +faith that when we wave through the math + + align:start position:0% +faith that when we wave through the math + + + align:start position:0% +faith that when we wave through the math +it'll all be worth it in the end so this + + align:start position:0% +it'll all be worth it in the end so this + + + align:start position:0% +it'll all be worth it in the end so this +is just a simple sketch view again we're + + align:start position:0% +is just a simple sketch view again we're + + + align:start position:0% +is just a simple sketch view again we're +talking about scattering of fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +talking about scattering of fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +talking about scattering of fluctuations +which have a wavelength Lambda and that + + align:start position:0% +which have a wavelength Lambda and that + + + align:start position:0% +which have a wavelength Lambda and that +Lambda is greater than the Divine length + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is greater than the Divine length + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is greater than the Divine length +here so these must be coherent + + align:start position:0% +here so these must be coherent + + + align:start position:0% +here so these must be coherent +fluctuations because we can no longer + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations because we can no longer + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations because we can no longer +see individual particles you can only + + align:start position:0% +see individual particles you can only + + + align:start position:0% +see individual particles you can only +see particles that are shielding other + + align:start position:0% +see particles that are shielding other + + + align:start position:0% +see particles that are shielding other +particles and so these particles must be + + align:start position:0% +particles and so these particles must be + + + align:start position:0% +particles and so these particles must be +moving in concert with the other + + align:start position:0% +moving in concert with the other + + + align:start position:0% +moving in concert with the other +particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh just to note as we said before this + + align:start position:0% +uh just to note as we said before this + + + align:start position:0% +uh just to note as we said before this +is a condition that Alpha is greater + + align:start position:0% +is a condition that Alpha is greater + + + align:start position:0% +is a condition that Alpha is greater +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +one these coherent fluctuations are + + align:start position:0% +one these coherent fluctuations are + + + align:start position:0% +one these coherent fluctuations are +modes or waves I'll use both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +words so let's consider what sort of + + align:start position:0% +words so let's consider what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +words so let's consider what sort of +modes and waves there are in a plasma + + align:start position:0% +modes and waves there are in a plasma + + + align:start position:0% +modes and waves there are in a plasma +that we can scatter on so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consider modes with frequency Omega + + align:start position:0% +consider modes with frequency Omega + + + align:start position:0% +consider modes with frequency Omega +which is equal to as we keep saying + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to as we keep saying + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to as we keep saying +Omega s minus Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega s minus Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega s minus Omega +I we're dealing with the difference + + align:start position:0% +I we're dealing with the difference + + + align:start position:0% +I we're dealing with the difference +between these two frequencies and again + + align:start position:0% +between these two frequencies and again + + + align:start position:0% +between these two frequencies and again +we're looking at uh Doppler shifts which + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at uh Doppler shifts which + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at uh Doppler shifts which +onun the order + + align:start position:0% +onun the order + + + align:start position:0% +onun the order +of a do V and so this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +of a do V and so this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +of a do V and so this is going to be a +relatively small quantity so this Omega + + align:start position:0% +relatively small quantity so this Omega + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small quantity so this Omega +s minus Omega I our Omega is much G to + + align:start position:0% +s minus Omega I our Omega is much G to + + + align:start position:0% +s minus Omega I our Omega is much G to +be much much less than Omega I which is + + align:start position:0% +be much much less than Omega I which is + + + align:start position:0% +be much much less than Omega I which is +basically the same as Omega s so we're + + align:start position:0% +basically the same as Omega s so we're + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same as Omega s so we're +looking for lad modes with a relatively + + align:start position:0% +looking for lad modes with a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +looking for lad modes with a relatively +low + + align:start position:0% +low + + + align:start position:0% +low +frequency much lower than the sorts of + + align:start position:0% +frequency much lower than the sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency much lower than the sorts of +waves that we see uh propagating in free + + align:start position:0% +waves that we see uh propagating in free + + + align:start position:0% +waves that we see uh propagating in free +space like our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +laser but despite the fact that these + + align:start position:0% +laser but despite the fact that these + + + align:start position:0% +laser but despite the fact that these +modes are low frequency they may not + + align:start position:0% +modes are low frequency they may not + + + align:start position:0% +modes are low frequency they may not +actually have a low wave number because + + align:start position:0% +actually have a low wave number because + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a low wave number because +remember our scattering diagram we have + + align:start position:0% +remember our scattering diagram we have + + + align:start position:0% +remember our scattering diagram we have +some incoming + + align:start position:0% +some incoming + + + align:start position:0% +some incoming +wave we measure it in some scattering + + align:start position:0% +wave we measure it in some scattering + + + align:start position:0% +wave we measure it in some scattering +Direction KS like this and we said + + align:start position:0% +Direction KS like this and we said + + + align:start position:0% +Direction KS like this and we said +because this is elastic scattering that + + align:start position:0% +because this is elastic scattering that + + + align:start position:0% +because this is elastic scattering that +the size of KS is roughly the same as + + align:start position:0% +the size of KS is roughly the same as + + + align:start position:0% +the size of KS is roughly the same as +the size of a i they don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +the size of a i they don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +the size of a i they don't have to be +pointing the same direction though and + + align:start position:0% +pointing the same direction though and + + + align:start position:0% +pointing the same direction though and +so that means that k + + align:start position:0% +so that means that k + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that k +which is equal to + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to +ks minus k i again we just look at this + + align:start position:0% +ks minus k i again we just look at this + + + align:start position:0% +ks minus k i again we just look at this +and do this as a vector KS minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ki like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and so the size of K is actually on + + align:start position:0% +this and so the size of K is actually on + + + align:start position:0% +this and so the size of K is actually on +the order of the size of KS or the size + + align:start position:0% +the order of the size of KS or the size + + + align:start position:0% +the order of the size of KS or the size +of Ki so although the frequency of the + + align:start position:0% +of Ki so although the frequency of the + + + align:start position:0% +of Ki so although the frequency of the +mode is much lower than the frequency of + + align:start position:0% +mode is much lower than the frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +mode is much lower than the frequency of +a free space propagating plane wave the + + align:start position:0% +a free space propagating plane wave the + + + align:start position:0% +a free space propagating plane wave the +momentum or the wave number of the mode + + align:start position:0% +momentum or the wave number of the mode + + + align:start position:0% +momentum or the wave number of the mode +is roughly the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here nothing I've done here actually is + + align:start position:0% +here nothing I've done here actually is + + + align:start position:0% +here nothing I've done here actually is +talking about the div + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh yes again none of this + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yes again none of this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yes again none of this +mathematics so far has said anything + + align:start position:0% +mathematics so far has said anything + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics so far has said anything +about that we're just we what what all + + align:start position:0% +about that we're just we what what all + + + align:start position:0% +about that we're just we what what all +this means together is we're looking for + + align:start position:0% +this means together is we're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +this means together is we're looking for +a mode which has v phase which is equal + + align:start position:0% +a mode which has v phase which is equal + + + align:start position:0% +a mode which has v phase which is equal +to Omega upon K we know that this Omega + + align:start position:0% +to Omega upon K we know that this Omega + + + align:start position:0% +to Omega upon K we know that this Omega +is much much less than Omega I which is + + align:start position:0% +is much much less than Omega I which is + + + align:start position:0% +is much much less than Omega I which is +equal to c k i but we know that this K + + align:start position:0% +equal to c k i but we know that this K + + + align:start position:0% +equal to c k i but we know that this K +is on the order of k i so if we take the + + align:start position:0% +is on the order of k i so if we take the + + + align:start position:0% +is on the order of k i so if we take the +ratio of Omega and K we can see that + + align:start position:0% +ratio of Omega and K we can see that + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of Omega and K we can see that +this much be much much less than the + + align:start position:0% +this much be much much less than the + + + align:start position:0% +this much be much much less than the +speed of + + align:start position:0% +speed of + + + align:start position:0% +speed of +light which is actually this would be + + align:start position:0% +light which is actually this would be + + + align:start position:0% +light which is actually this would be +the same if I repl this with the + + align:start position:0% +the same if I repl this with the + + + align:start position:0% +the same if I repl this with the +electron velocity here if I was doing + + align:start position:0% +electron velocity here if I was doing + + + align:start position:0% +electron velocity here if I was doing +incoherent scattering of individual + + align:start position:0% +incoherent scattering of individual + + + align:start position:0% +incoherent scattering of individual +electrons but this same condition now + + align:start position:0% +electrons but this same condition now + + + align:start position:0% +electrons but this same condition now +holds here so what we need to do is we + + align:start position:0% +holds here so what we need to do is we + + + align:start position:0% +holds here so what we need to do is we +need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identify find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with so what modes are there in a plasma + + align:start position:0% +with so what modes are there in a plasma + + + align:start position:0% +with so what modes are there in a plasma +that satisfy this they've got a low + + align:start position:0% +that satisfy this they've got a low + + + align:start position:0% +that satisfy this they've got a low +phase velocity compared to the speed of + + align:start position:0% +phase velocity compared to the speed of + + + align:start position:0% +phase velocity compared to the speed of +light they have low relatively low + + align:start position:0% +light they have low relatively low + + + align:start position:0% +light they have low relatively low +frequencies but they have high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momentum not dealing with any magnetic + + align:start position:0% +momentum not dealing with any magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +momentum not dealing with any magnetic +fields here so we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +fields here so we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +fields here so we're not going to +scatter off our Point sound wave okay + + align:start position:0% +scatter off our Point sound wave okay + + + align:start position:0% +scatter off our Point sound wave okay +what is and can you give me a posh name + + align:start position:0% +what is and can you give me a posh name + + + align:start position:0% +what is and can you give me a posh name +for a sound + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave an acoustic wave there we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go so what is the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +go so what is the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +go so what is the dispersion +relationship for an ion acoustic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave okay I'm just going to take the + + align:start position:0% +wave okay I'm just going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +wave okay I'm just going to take the +square root + + align:start position:0% +square root + + + align:start position:0% +square root +there and what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +CS right well we're working a plasma + + align:start position:0% +CS right well we're working a plasma + + + align:start position:0% +CS right well we're working a plasma +that can be multiply an so I put a z in + + align:start position:0% +that can be multiply an so I put a z in + + + align:start position:0% +that can be multiply an so I put a z in +there Z in there and it turns out in + + align:start position:0% +there Z in there and it turns out in + + + align:start position:0% +there Z in there and it turns out in +reality it's ZTE over TI over Mi + + align:start position:0% +reality it's ZTE over TI over Mi + + + align:start position:0% +reality it's ZTE over TI over Mi +I is this a a wave which has low + + align:start position:0% +I is this a a wave which has low + + + align:start position:0% +I is this a a wave which has low +frequency and high momentum which is the + + align:start position:0% +frequency and high momentum which is the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and high momentum which is the +same as saying does it have a phase + + align:start position:0% +same as saying does it have a phase + + + align:start position:0% +same as saying does it have a phase +velocity much less than the speed of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light what's its phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +velocity isn't the true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +okay so so it it's the phase velocity of + + align:start position:0% +okay so so it it's the phase velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so it it's the phase velocity of +it is just the Sound Speed and that + + align:start position:0% +it is just the Sound Speed and that + + + align:start position:0% +it is just the Sound Speed and that +sound speed is going to be much less + + align:start position:0% +sound speed is going to be much less + + + align:start position:0% +sound speed is going to be much less +than the speed of light okay so and and + + align:start position:0% +than the speed of light okay so and and + + + align:start position:0% +than the speed of light okay so and and +yes maybe it is because irons are slow + + align:start position:0% +yes maybe it is because irons are slow + + + align:start position:0% +yes maybe it is because irons are slow +right so you effectively this is + + align:start position:0% +right so you effectively this is + + + align:start position:0% +right so you effectively this is +relatively heavy Mass you calculate this + + align:start position:0% +relatively heavy Mass you calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +relatively heavy Mass you calculate this +and this number is going to be like 10 + + align:start position:0% +and this number is going to be like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +and this number is going to be like 10 +kilometers a second or something like + + align:start position:0% +kilometers a second or something like + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers a second or something like +that it's gonna be much much less than + + align:start position:0% +that it's gonna be much much less than + + + align:start position:0% +that it's gonna be much much less than +three times 108 so these are great modes + + align:start position:0% +three times 108 so these are great modes + + + align:start position:0% +three times 108 so these are great modes +we can definitely scatter off these + + align:start position:0% +we can definitely scatter off these + + + align:start position:0% +we can definitely scatter off these +modes these are actually very low + + align:start position:0% +modes these are actually very low + + + align:start position:0% +modes these are actually very low +frequency modes these are the lowest + + align:start position:0% +frequency modes these are the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +frequency modes these are the lowest +frequency modes in a plasma what's a + + align:start position:0% +frequency modes in a plasma what's a + + + align:start position:0% +frequency modes in a plasma what's a +slightly faster + + align:start position:0% +slightly faster + + + align:start position:0% +slightly faster +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +yes you're cheating you've done this + + align:start position:0% +yes you're cheating you've done this + + + align:start position:0% +yes you're cheating you've done this +before it's + + align:start position:0% +before it's + + + align:start position:0% +before it's +okay langar waves okay I'm G to call + + align:start position:0% +okay langar waves okay I'm G to call + + + align:start position:0% +okay langar waves okay I'm G to call +these electron plasma + + align:start position:0% +these electron plasma + + + align:start position:0% +these electron plasma +waves but they are sometimes named after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +langere so what is the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +langere so what is the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +langere so what is the dispersion +relationship for a langar + + align:start position:0% +relationship for a langar + + + align:start position:0% +relationship for a langar +wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we could go and work out the + + align:start position:0% +okay and we could go and work out the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we could go and work out the +phase velocity for these it's a little + + align:start position:0% +phase velocity for these it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +phase velocity for these it's a little +bit more difficult um but we'll find out + + align:start position:0% +bit more difficult um but we'll find out + + + align:start position:0% +bit more difficult um but we'll find out +that these do have a low phase velocity + + align:start position:0% +that these do have a low phase velocity + + + align:start position:0% +that these do have a low phase velocity +but it's not quite as low as the + + align:start position:0% +but it's not quite as low as the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not quite as low as the +acoustic wave so we these are just the + + align:start position:0% +acoustic wave so we these are just the + + + align:start position:0% +acoustic wave so we these are just the +low frequencies waves so if we're + + align:start position:0% +low frequencies waves so if we're + + + align:start position:0% +low frequencies waves so if we're +scattering off the an acoustic waves we + + align:start position:0% +scattering off the an acoustic waves we + + + align:start position:0% +scattering off the an acoustic waves we +expect to see small frequency shifts if + + align:start position:0% +expect to see small frequency shifts if + + + align:start position:0% +expect to see small frequency shifts if +we're scattering off the electron plasma + + align:start position:0% +we're scattering off the electron plasma + + + align:start position:0% +we're scattering off the electron plasma +waves we expect to see slightly larger + + align:start position:0% +waves we expect to see slightly larger + + + align:start position:0% +waves we expect to see slightly larger +frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shifts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KkyO_u6Ze98.txt b/KkyO_u6Ze98.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fcf28eac3f9ab1de6198feff02f761d982cf765 --- /dev/null +++ b/KkyO_u6Ze98.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9947 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so this is lecture 18 the last + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is lecture 18 the last + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is lecture 18 the last +lecture before the two week uh + + align:start position:0% +lecture before the two week uh + + + align:start position:0% +lecture before the two week uh +break and it's about finite differences + + align:start position:0% +break and it's about finite differences + + + align:start position:0% +break and it's about finite differences +also but now these are differences + + align:start position:0% +also but now these are differences + + + align:start position:0% +also but now these are differences +finite difference methods for problems + + align:start position:0% +finite difference methods for problems + + + align:start position:0% +finite difference methods for problems +that are moving in + + align:start position:0% +that are moving in + + + align:start position:0% +that are moving in +time and the key issue becomes uh + + align:start position:0% +time and the key issue becomes uh + + + align:start position:0% +time and the key issue becomes uh +stability as we move in time do things + + align:start position:0% +stability as we move in time do things + + + align:start position:0% +stability as we move in time do things +blow up or not + + align:start position:0% +blow up or not + + + align:start position:0% +blow up or not +well of + + align:start position:0% +well of + + + align:start position:0% +well of +course we could ask the same thing and + + align:start position:0% +course we could ask the same thing and + + + align:start position:0% +course we could ask the same thing and +it's the classical question for the + + align:start position:0% +it's the classical question for the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the classical question for the +differential equation does it blow up + + align:start position:0% +differential equation does it blow up + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation does it blow up +the solution blow up and what does the + + align:start position:0% +the solution blow up and what does the + + + align:start position:0% +the solution blow up and what does the +answer look like for that so here's + + align:start position:0% +answer look like for that so here's + + + align:start position:0% +answer look like for that so here's +here's an ordinary differential equation + + align:start position:0% +here's an ordinary differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +here's an ordinary differential equation +I start at some U of zero what's the + + align:start position:0% +I start at some U of zero what's the + + + align:start position:0% +I start at some U of zero what's the +solution to that equation well it's + + align:start position:0% +solution to that equation well it's + + + align:start position:0% +solution to that equation well it's +constant coefficients the model is to + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients the model is to + + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients the model is to +understand what's going on with constant + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on with constant + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on with constant +coefficients and then apply that + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and then apply that + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and then apply that +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +locally if the problem is VAR has + + align:start position:0% +locally if the problem is VAR has + + + align:start position:0% +locally if the problem is VAR has +variable coefficients some C ofx coming + + align:start position:0% +variable coefficients some C ofx coming + + + align:start position:0% +variable coefficients some C ofx coming +in or if the problem is nonlinear then + + align:start position:0% +in or if the problem is nonlinear then + + + align:start position:0% +in or if the problem is nonlinear then +still we hope that locally in a small + + align:start position:0% +still we hope that locally in a small + + + align:start position:0% +still we hope that locally in a small +neighborhood the linear constant + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood the linear constant + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood the linear constant +coefficient information is the key so uh + + align:start position:0% +coefficient information is the key so uh + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient information is the key so uh +let's develop that okay so now I could + + align:start position:0% +let's develop that okay so now I could + + + align:start position:0% +let's develop that okay so now I could +write the solution here + + align:start position:0% +write the solution here + + + align:start position:0% +write the solution here +uh so this is now this is the stability + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is now this is the stability + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is now this is the stability +of the differential equation just to be + + align:start position:0% +of the differential equation just to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the differential equation just to be +sure we got that straight so the + + align:start position:0% +sure we got that straight so the + + + align:start position:0% +sure we got that straight so the +solution is What U at time T is e to the + + align:start position:0% +solution is What U at time T is e to the + + + align:start position:0% +solution is What U at time T is e to the +A T U at time Z + + align:start position:0% +A T U at time Z + + + align:start position:0% +A T U at time Z +right so the condition + + align:start position:0% +right so the condition + + + align:start position:0% +right so the condition +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +stability of for non- growth of this is + + align:start position:0% +stability of for non- growth of this is + + + align:start position:0% +stability of for non- growth of this is +what a less than zero and if a were + + align:start position:0% +what a less than zero and if a were + + + align:start position:0% +what a less than zero and if a were +allowed to be a complex number it that + + align:start position:0% +allowed to be a complex number it that + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to be a complex number it that +condition would become real part of a so + + align:start position:0% +condition would become real part of a so + + + align:start position:0% +condition would become real part of a so +the condition is real part of a less + + align:start position:0% +the condition is real part of a less + + + align:start position:0% +the condition is real part of a less +than zero in other words for the + + align:start position:0% +than zero in other words for the + + + align:start position:0% +than zero in other words for the +differential equation for + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for +exponentials where this is the okay + + align:start position:0% +exponentials where this is the okay + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials where this is the okay +region the stable region this is + + align:start position:0% +region the stable region this is + + + align:start position:0% +region the stable region this is +stable for for e to the + + align:start position:0% +stable for for e to the + + + align:start position:0% +stable for for e to the +a always here I'm drawing the comp Lex + + align:start position:0% +a always here I'm drawing the comp Lex + + + align:start position:0% +a always here I'm drawing the comp Lex +plane real and imaginary + + align:start position:0% +plane real and imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +plane real and imaginary +parts so is it's the left half plane is + + align:start position:0% +parts so is it's the left half plane is + + + align:start position:0% +parts so is it's the left half plane is +the stable + + align:start position:0% +the stable + + + align:start position:0% +the stable +half right e to the minus 6t goes to + + align:start position:0% +half right e to the minus 6t goes to + + + align:start position:0% +half right e to the minus 6t goes to +zero of course now what about if we're + + align:start position:0% +zero of course now what about if we're + + + align:start position:0% +zero of course now what about if we're +if we're moving now I'm going to ask a + + align:start position:0% +if we're moving now I'm going to ask a + + + align:start position:0% +if we're moving now I'm going to ask a +similar question and get similar picture + + align:start position:0% +similar question and get similar picture + + + align:start position:0% +similar question and get similar picture +for some let me take the very + + align:start position:0% +for some let me take the very + + + align:start position:0% +for some let me take the very +simplest finite difference approximation + + align:start position:0% +simplest finite difference approximation + + + align:start position:0% +simplest finite difference approximation +to this equation Prime is d by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT okay so what how how could we + + align:start position:0% +DT okay so what how how could we + + + align:start position:0% +DT okay so what how how could we +approximate that by finite difference as + + align:start position:0% +approximate that by finite difference as + + + align:start position:0% +approximate that by finite difference as +well let me just do the natural thing U + + align:start position:0% +well let me just do the natural thing U + + + align:start position:0% +well let me just do the natural thing U +at Step n + one minus U at Step n over + + align:start position:0% +at Step n + one minus U at Step n over + + + align:start position:0% +at Step n + one minus U at Step n over +delta T is equal to a u at Step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n we're we're we're just in in think are + + align:start position:0% +n we're we're we're just in in think are + + + align:start position:0% +n we're we're we're just in in think are +changing in time now the T the t is now + + align:start position:0% +changing in time now the T the t is now + + + align:start position:0% +changing in time now the T the t is now +changing to a discrete variable n and of + + align:start position:0% +changing to a discrete variable n and of + + + align:start position:0% +changing to a discrete variable n and of +course u0 this is this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +u0 and we hope that we we hope that u n + + align:start position:0% +u0 and we hope that we we hope that u n + + + align:start position:0% +u0 and we hope that we we hope that u n +should be we hope would be would be + + align:start position:0% +should be we hope would be would be + + + align:start position:0% +should be we hope would be would be +roughly approximately the the true + + align:start position:0% +roughly approximately the the true + + + align:start position:0% +roughly approximately the the true +answer at what + + align:start position:0% +answer at what + + + align:start position:0% +answer at what +time if we take these time + + align:start position:0% +time if we take these time + + + align:start position:0% +time if we take these time +steps one at a time very fast very quick + + align:start position:0% +steps one at a time very fast very quick + + + align:start position:0% +steps one at a time very fast very quick +uh after we've taken nend time steps + + align:start position:0% +uh after we've taken nend time steps + + + align:start position:0% +uh after we've taken nend time steps +what what length of time has + + align:start position:0% +what what length of time has + + + align:start position:0% +what what length of time has +expired n delta T so each time step was + + align:start position:0% +expired n delta T so each time step was + + + align:start position:0% +expired n delta T so each time step was +a delta T so we would hope that unu n is + + align:start position:0% +a delta T so we would hope that unu n is + + + align:start position:0% +a delta T so we would hope that unu n is +like the true answer at U at at the time + + align:start position:0% +like the true answer at U at at the time + + + align:start position:0% +like the true answer at U at at the time +n delta T and we of course have in mind + + align:start position:0% +n delta T and we of course have in mind + + + align:start position:0% +n delta T and we of course have in mind +uh this convergence as + + align:start position:0% +uh this convergence as + + + align:start position:0% +uh this convergence as +delta T goes to zero but n delta T goes + + align:start position:0% +delta T goes to zero but n delta T goes + + + align:start position:0% +delta T goes to zero but n delta T goes +to some fixed time so this is + + align:start position:0% +to some fixed time so this is + + + align:start position:0% +to some fixed time so this is +Convergence at T let's + + align:start position:0% +Convergence at T let's + + + align:start position:0% +Convergence at T let's +say delta T is going to go to zero but + + align:start position:0% +say delta T is going to go to zero but + + + align:start position:0% +say delta T is going to go to zero but +the point but the the product and so of + + align:start position:0% +the point but the the product and so of + + + align:start position:0% +the point but the the product and so of +course it takes more steps but uh to get + + align:start position:0% +course it takes more steps but uh to get + + + align:start position:0% +course it takes more steps but uh to get +to the right time okay okay so this + + align:start position:0% +to the right time okay okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +to the right time okay okay so this +is uh if I rewrite this putting un n + + + align:start position:0% +is uh if I rewrite this putting un n + + + + align:start position:0% +is uh if I rewrite this putting un n + +one on one + + align:start position:0% +one on one + + + align:start position:0% +one on one +side um multiplying up there bringing + + align:start position:0% +side um multiplying up there bringing + + + align:start position:0% +side um multiplying up there bringing +over the + + align:start position:0% +over the + + + align:start position:0% +over the +1+ a delta T un is that + + align:start position:0% +1+ a delta T un is that + + + align:start position:0% +1+ a delta T un is that +what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happening and of course so two questions + + align:start position:0% +happening and of course so two questions + + + align:start position:0% +happening and of course so two questions +one is + + align:start position:0% +one is + + + align:start position:0% +one is +the stability so let me ask you about + + align:start position:0% +the stability so let me ask you about + + + align:start position:0% +the stability so let me ask you about +the stability when will this difference + + align:start position:0% +the stability when will this difference + + + align:start position:0% +the stability when will this difference +equation be stable so the difference + + align:start position:0% +equation be stable so the difference + + + align:start position:0% +equation be stable so the difference +equation is multiplying at every step by + + align:start position:0% +equation is multiplying at every step by + + + align:start position:0% +equation is multiplying at every step by +that number so the requirement will be + + align:start position:0% +that number so the requirement will be + + + align:start position:0% +that number so the requirement will be +that that number should + + align:start position:0% +that that number should + + + align:start position:0% +that that number should +be less than one so we now instead of a + + align:start position:0% +be less than one so we now instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +be less than one so we now instead of a +half plane for exponentials for Powers + + align:start position:0% +half plane for exponentials for Powers + + + align:start position:0% +half plane for exponentials for Powers +we naturally have maybe I'll draw on the + + align:start position:0% +we naturally have maybe I'll draw on the + + + align:start position:0% +we naturally have maybe I'll draw on the +same thing we have a + + align:start position:0% +same thing we have a + + + align:start position:0% +same thing we have a +circle for + + align:start position:0% +circle for + + + align:start position:0% +circle for +Powers this is powers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where this was for + + align:start position:0% +where this was for + + + align:start position:0% +where this was for +exponentials right the basic so + + align:start position:0% +exponentials right the basic so + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials right the basic so +something should be stability this thing + + align:start position:0% +something should be stability this thing + + + align:start position:0% +something should be stability this thing +should be less than one now actually + + align:start position:0% +should be less than one now actually + + + align:start position:0% +should be less than one now actually +what is actually this is very good right + + align:start position:0% +what is actually this is very good right + + + align:start position:0% +what is actually this is very good right +away what's the condition for this thing + + align:start position:0% +away what's the condition for this thing + + + align:start position:0% +away what's the condition for this thing +to be less than + + align:start position:0% +to be less than + + + align:start position:0% +to be less than +one if a is + + align:start position:0% +one if a is + + + align:start position:0% +one if a is +positive it's not less than one right if + + align:start position:0% +positive it's not less than one right if + + + align:start position:0% +positive it's not less than one right if +a is positive then this is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +a is positive then this is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +a is positive then this is bigger than +one clearly and it's unstable but we say + + align:start position:0% +one clearly and it's unstable but we say + + + align:start position:0% +one clearly and it's unstable but we say +okay can't help that if a is positive + + align:start position:0% +okay can't help that if a is positive + + + align:start position:0% +okay can't help that if a is positive +then the differential equation was + + align:start position:0% +then the differential equation was + + + align:start position:0% +then the differential equation was +unstable so of course the difference + + align:start position:0% +unstable so of course the difference + + + align:start position:0% +unstable so of course the difference +equation which is pursuing it has to + + align:start position:0% +equation which is pursuing it has to + + + align:start position:0% +equation which is pursuing it has to +grow + + align:start position:0% +grow + + + align:start position:0% +grow +too so we we're we're okay with that + + align:start position:0% +too so we we're we're okay with that + + + align:start position:0% +too so we we're we're okay with that +what we don't want is for a to be + + align:start position:0% +what we don't want is for a to be + + + align:start position:0% +what we don't want is for a to be +negative a perfectly stable equation and + + align:start position:0% +negative a perfectly stable equation and + + + align:start position:0% +negative a perfectly stable equation and +then our approximation is 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +then our approximation is 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +then our approximation is 1 plus +negative delta T so it's smaller than + + align:start position:0% +negative delta T so it's smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +negative delta T so it's smaller than +one and we we don't we would be very sad + + align:start position:0% +one and we we don't we would be very sad + + + align:start position:0% +one and we we don't we would be very sad +if it was bigger than one because then + + align:start position:0% +if it was bigger than one because then + + + align:start position:0% +if it was bigger than one because then +our approximation would be blowing up + + align:start position:0% +our approximation would be blowing up + + + align:start position:0% +our approximation would be blowing up +when the true thing is going + + align:start position:0% +when the true thing is going + + + align:start position:0% +when the true thing is going +down now can that + + align:start position:0% +down now can that + + + align:start position:0% +down now can that +happen could this quantity blow up on us + + align:start position:0% +happen could this quantity blow up on us + + + align:start position:0% +happen could this quantity blow up on us +for a negative + + align:start position:0% +for a negative + + + align:start position:0% +for a negative +a it could it + + align:start position:0% +a it could it + + + align:start position:0% +a it could it +could because how would that happen + + align:start position:0% +could because how would that happen + + + align:start position:0% +could because how would that happen +if this if we try too big a Time step + + align:start position:0% +if this if we try too big a Time step + + + align:start position:0% +if this if we try too big a Time step +and we have a negative a like minus 6 or + + align:start position:0% +and we have a negative a like minus 6 or + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a negative a like minus 6 or +something then what's the what's going + + align:start position:0% +something then what's the what's going + + + align:start position:0% +something then what's the what's going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +happen if that time step is too large + + align:start position:0% +happen if that time step is too large + + + align:start position:0% +happen if that time step is too large +delta T is too big this one minus 6 + + align:start position:0% +delta T is too big this one minus 6 + + + align:start position:0% +delta T is too big this one minus 6 +delta T what's the + + align:start position:0% +delta T what's the + + + align:start position:0% +delta T what's the +problem yeah it goes the wrong way it + + align:start position:0% +problem yeah it goes the wrong way it + + + align:start position:0% +problem yeah it goes the wrong way it +goes below minus one and we're blowing + + align:start position:0% +goes below minus one and we're blowing + + + align:start position:0% +goes below minus one and we're blowing +up we're out of the unit circle we're + + align:start position:0% +up we're out of the unit circle we're + + + align:start position:0% +up we're out of the unit circle we're +blowing up so one so we need we + + align:start position:0% +blowing up so one so we need we + + + align:start position:0% +blowing up so one so we need we +need 1 + a delta + + align:start position:0% +need 1 + a delta + + + align:start position:0% +need 1 + a delta +T should + + align:start position:0% +T should + + + align:start position:0% +T should +be smaller than one well that that just + + align:start position:0% +be smaller than one well that that just + + + align:start position:0% +be smaller than one well that that just +means a + + align:start position:0% +means a + + + align:start position:0% +means a +negative but also we we don't want we + + align:start position:0% +negative but also we we don't want we + + + align:start position:0% +negative but also we we don't want we +want it to be we want it to be between + + align:start position:0% +want it to be we want it to be between + + + align:start position:0% +want it to be we want it to be between +minus one and + + align:start position:0% +minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +minus one and +one so this requirement what what does + + align:start position:0% +one so this requirement what what does + + + align:start position:0% +one so this requirement what what does +this then tell us that's a that's a true + + align:start position:0% +this then tell us that's a that's a true + + + align:start position:0% +this then tell us that's a that's a true +requirement imposed in the difference + + align:start position:0% +requirement imposed in the difference + + + align:start position:0% +requirement imposed in the difference +equation by just sort of you can't be + + align:start position:0% +equation by just sort of you can't be + + + align:start position:0% +equation by just sort of you can't be +too fast you can't take big Delta T's + + align:start position:0% +too fast you can't take big Delta T's + + + align:start position:0% +too fast you can't take big Delta T's +and of course you would like to take + + align:start position:0% +and of course you would like to take + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you would like to take +Delta tbig because you you maybe want to + + align:start position:0% +Delta tbig because you you maybe want to + + + align:start position:0% +Delta tbig because you you maybe want to +know what's happening to + + align:start position:0% +know what's happening to + + + align:start position:0% +know what's happening to +the to the solar system in a zillion + + align:start position:0% +the to the solar system in a zillion + + + align:start position:0% +the to the solar system in a zillion +years and uh you don't want to go you + + align:start position:0% +years and uh you don't want to go you + + + align:start position:0% +years and uh you don't want to go you +know a second at a + + align:start position:0% +know a second at a + + + align:start position:0% +know a second at a +time uh so + + align:start position:0% +time uh so + + + align:start position:0% +time uh so +uh we would like to take delt T large + + align:start position:0% +uh we would like to take delt T large + + + align:start position:0% +uh we would like to take delt T large +but this is quite a definite requirement + + align:start position:0% +but this is quite a definite requirement + + + align:start position:0% +but this is quite a definite requirement +what does that requirement amount to + + align:start position:0% +what does that requirement amount to + + + align:start position:0% +what does that requirement amount to +let's see if I put the one on the other + + align:start position:0% +let's see if I put the one on the other + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if I put the one on the other +side now if a is negative + + align:start position:0% +side now if a is negative + + + align:start position:0% +side now if a is negative +somehow a delta + + align:start position:0% +somehow a delta + + + align:start position:0% +somehow a delta +T has to + + align:start position:0% +T has to + + + align:start position:0% +T has to +be what the magnitude of that if if if a + + align:start position:0% +be what the magnitude of that if if if a + + + align:start position:0% +be what the magnitude of that if if if a +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +negative anyway somehow somehow there's + + align:start position:0% +negative anyway somehow somehow there's + + + align:start position:0% +negative anyway somehow somehow there's +a two in here right delta T yeah + + align:start position:0% +a two in here right delta T yeah + + + align:start position:0% +a two in here right delta T yeah +-2 over delta T is that is that what is + + align:start position:0% +-2 over delta T is that is that what is + + + align:start position:0% +-2 over delta T is that is that what is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +what yeah yeah I'm probably standing + + align:start position:0% +what yeah yeah I'm probably standing + + + align:start position:0% +what yeah yeah I'm probably standing +right in your way here anyway everybody + + align:start position:0% +right in your way here anyway everybody + + + align:start position:0% +right in your way here anyway everybody +sees it all right this that's right yes + + align:start position:0% +sees it all right this that's right yes + + + align:start position:0% +sees it all right this that's right yes +that would be one way to write it yeah + + align:start position:0% +that would be one way to write it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that would be one way to write it yeah +-2 this is this delta T delta T can't be + + align:start position:0% +-2 this is this delta T delta T can't be + + + align:start position:0% +-2 this is this delta T delta T can't be +bigger than minus 2 over a right right + + align:start position:0% +bigger than minus 2 over a right right + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than minus 2 over a right right +and dimensionally of course that's + + align:start position:0% +and dimensionally of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +and dimensionally of course that's +appropriate uh yeah yeah a has probably + + align:start position:0% +appropriate uh yeah yeah a has probably + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate uh yeah yeah a has probably +the dimension of one over time so that's + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of one over time so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of one over time so that's +a dimensionless quantity and it's its + + align:start position:0% +a dimensionless quantity and it's its + + + align:start position:0% +a dimensionless quantity and it's its +size is what's crucial okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +size is what's crucial okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +size is what's crucial okay so this is +called Oilers method I mean it's the + + align:start position:0% +called Oilers method I mean it's the + + + align:start position:0% +called Oilers method I mean it's the +first method that would occur to + + align:start position:0% +first method that would occur to + + + align:start position:0% +first method that would occur to +anybody and uh it's a quite strict + + align:start position:0% +anybody and uh it's a quite strict + + + align:start position:0% +anybody and uh it's a quite strict +requirement and you really want to get + + align:start position:0% +requirement and you really want to get + + + align:start position:0% +requirement and you really want to get +away from it I mean for example at MIT + + align:start position:0% +away from it I mean for example at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +away from it I mean for example at MIT +there's a couple really sharp guy Su + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple really sharp guy Su + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple really sharp guy Su +Jerry susman kind of a character and uh + + align:start position:0% +Jerry susman kind of a character and uh + + + align:start position:0% +Jerry susman kind of a character and uh +what's his budd's name wisdom Jack + + align:start position:0% +what's his budd's name wisdom Jack + + + align:start position:0% +what's his budd's name wisdom Jack +wisdom so they really I thought of the + + align:start position:0% +wisdom so they really I thought of the + + + align:start position:0% +wisdom so they really I thought of the +solar system thinking of them because + + align:start position:0% +solar system thinking of them because + + + align:start position:0% +solar system thinking of them because +they established that the solar system + + align:start position:0% +they established that the solar system + + + align:start position:0% +they established that the solar system +was chaotic and they established that by + + align:start position:0% +was chaotic and they established that by + + + align:start position:0% +was chaotic and they established that by +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +Computing the the evolution of the solar + + align:start position:0% +Computing the the evolution of the solar + + + align:start position:0% +Computing the the evolution of the solar +system for + + align:start position:0% +system for + + + align:start position:0% +system for +eons and of course the danger is I mean + + align:start position:0% +eons and of course the danger is I mean + + + align:start position:0% +eons and of course the danger is I mean +how I don't know exactly how they did it + + align:start position:0% +how I don't know exactly how they did it + + + align:start position:0% +how I don't know exactly how they did it +because first of all they had to stay + + align:start position:0% +because first of all they had to stay + + + align:start position:0% +because first of all they had to stay +stable or or forget it but they also had + + align:start position:0% +stable or or forget it but they also had + + + align:start position:0% +stable or or forget it but they also had +to stay accurate and and of course as I + + align:start position:0% +to stay accurate and and of course as I + + + align:start position:0% +to stay accurate and and of course as I +as I uh move forward with this discreet + + align:start position:0% +as I uh move forward with this discreet + + + align:start position:0% +as I uh move forward with this discreet +thing I mostly the errors tend to grow + + align:start position:0% +thing I mostly the errors tend to grow + + + align:start position:0% +thing I mostly the errors tend to grow +on me you know if if if I'm uh you know + + align:start position:0% +on me you know if if if I'm uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +on me you know if if if I'm uh you know +what is this method doing the true + + align:start position:0% +what is this method doing the true + + + align:start position:0% +what is this method doing the true +answer is some e to the at and I better + + align:start position:0% +answer is some e to the at and I better + + + align:start position:0% +answer is some e to the at and I better +make it so start it at one and I better + + align:start position:0% +make it so start it at one and I better + + + align:start position:0% +make it so start it at one and I better +make it uh a negative so a is negative + + align:start position:0% +make it uh a negative so a is negative + + + align:start position:0% +make it uh a negative so a is negative +otherwise it's not stable and what's + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's not stable and what's + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's not stable and what's +this uh what's this discrete method + + align:start position:0% +this uh what's this discrete method + + + align:start position:0% +this uh what's this discrete method +doing it's Oilers method it's chopping + + align:start position:0% +doing it's Oilers method it's chopping + + + align:start position:0% +doing it's Oilers method it's chopping +up Delta + + align:start position:0% +up Delta + + + align:start position:0% +up Delta +T's and it's taking here and it's + + align:start position:0% +T's and it's taking here and it's + + + align:start position:0% +T's and it's taking here and it's +starting with the right + + align:start position:0% +starting with the right + + + align:start position:0% +starting with the right +slope but + + align:start position:0% +slope but + + + align:start position:0% +slope but +it's it's linear + + align:start position:0% +it's it's linear + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's linear +clearly and then here it starts with a + + align:start position:0% +clearly and then here it starts with a + + + align:start position:0% +clearly and then here it starts with a +right slope + + align:start position:0% +right slope + + + align:start position:0% +right slope +but it's you see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's it's + + align:start position:0% +it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's +um it's over + + align:start position:0% +um it's over + + + align:start position:0% +um it's over +stable so so it's extra stable it's it's + + align:start position:0% +stable so so it's extra stable it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +stable so so it's extra stable it's it's +decaying too fast and uh that's better + + align:start position:0% +decaying too fast and uh that's better + + + align:start position:0% +decaying too fast and uh that's better +than the opposite but it's uh still + + align:start position:0% +than the opposite but it's uh still + + + align:start position:0% +than the opposite but it's uh still +means that in a few steps we we will be + + align:start position:0% +means that in a few steps we we will be + + + align:start position:0% +means that in a few steps we we will be +uh not very accurate so we would like to + + align:start position:0% +uh not very accurate so we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +uh not very accurate so we would like to +make this more accurate and more stable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let me suggest a way to make + + align:start position:0% +all right let me suggest a way to make + + + align:start position:0% +all right let me suggest a way to make +it more + + align:start position:0% +it more + + + align:start position:0% +it more +stable use the value the new value + + align:start position:0% +stable use the value the new value + + + align:start position:0% +stable use the value the new value +instead of the old + + align:start position:0% +instead of the old + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the old +one so that's not Oiler anymore this is + + align:start position:0% +one so that's not Oiler anymore this is + + + align:start position:0% +one so that's not Oiler anymore this is +implicit it's called implicit because + + align:start position:0% +implicit it's called implicit because + + + align:start position:0% +implicit it's called implicit because +I'm because the the new U is implicitly + + align:start position:0% +I'm because the the new U is implicitly + + + align:start position:0% +I'm because the the new U is implicitly +showing up in both + + align:start position:0% +showing up in both + + + align:start position:0% +showing up in both +sides and now this this needs correction + + align:start position:0% +sides and now this this needs correction + + + align:start position:0% +sides and now this this needs correction +and what's the stability condition if I + + align:start position:0% +and what's the stability condition if I + + + align:start position:0% +and what's the stability condition if I +do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +implicitly so let me write the formula + + align:start position:0% +implicitly so let me write the formula + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly so let me write the formula +again again I bring up the delta T but + + align:start position:0% +again again I bring up the delta T but + + + align:start position:0% +again again I bring up the delta T but +now I bring this over so I it looks like + + align:start position:0% +now I bring this over so I it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +now I bring this over so I it looks like +I have a 1 minus a delta T un n + 1 is + + align:start position:0% +I have a 1 minus a delta T un n + 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +I have a 1 minus a delta T un n + 1 is +the only is there only a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unu so now if I just divide by that to + + align:start position:0% +unu so now if I just divide by that to + + + align:start position:0% +unu so now if I just divide by that to +see what's going on the new + + align:start position:0% +see what's going on the new + + + align:start position:0% +see what's going on the new +UN was that a one minus a delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T okay what about stability of that one + + align:start position:0% +T okay what about stability of that one + + + align:start position:0% +T okay what about stability of that one +if a is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative what's that growth factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if a is + + align:start position:0% +now if a is + + + align:start position:0% +now if a is +negative we're dividing by something + + align:start position:0% +negative we're dividing by something + + + align:start position:0% +negative we're dividing by something +more than one it's it's stable + + align:start position:0% +more than one it's it's stable + + + align:start position:0% +more than one it's it's stable +unconditionally stable no limit on Delta + + align:start position:0% +unconditionally stable no limit on Delta + + + align:start position:0% +unconditionally stable no limit on Delta +T take delta T now take delta T a + + align:start position:0% +T take delta T now take delta T a + + + align:start position:0% +T take delta T now take delta T a +million + + align:start position:0% +million + + + align:start position:0% +million +years and you're + + align:start position:0% +years and you're + + + align:start position:0% +years and you're +stable but of course again you're this + + align:start position:0% +stable but of course again you're this + + + align:start position:0% +stable but of course again you're this +won't be the same picture but of course + + align:start position:0% +won't be the same picture but of course + + + align:start position:0% +won't be the same picture but of course +it won't be very accurate so any + + align:start position:0% +it won't be very accurate so any + + + align:start position:0% +it won't be very accurate so any +astronomer is going to like sneer at + + align:start position:0% +astronomer is going to like sneer at + + + align:start position:0% +astronomer is going to like sneer at +such a uh first order method so + + align:start position:0% +such a uh first order method so + + + align:start position:0% +such a uh first order method so +astronomers + + align:start position:0% +astronomers + + + align:start position:0% +astronomers +create uh difference equations that are + + align:start position:0% +create uh difference equations that are + + + align:start position:0% +create uh difference equations that are +much more accurate well we could take + + align:start position:0% +much more accurate well we could take + + + align:start position:0% +much more accurate well we could take +one astronomer + + align:start position:0% +one astronomer + + + align:start position:0% +one astronomer +step + + align:start position:0% +step + + + align:start position:0% +step +uh and and take the + + align:start position:0% +uh and and take the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and take the +midpoint thing or the crank Nicholson + + align:start position:0% +midpoint thing or the crank Nicholson + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint thing or the crank Nicholson +method or whatever whoever we want to + + align:start position:0% +method or whatever whoever we want to + + + align:start position:0% +method or whatever whoever we want to +give credit for and use the use the + + align:start position:0% +give credit for and use the use the + + + align:start position:0% +give credit for and use the use the +average of those two as the right on the + + align:start position:0% +average of those two as the right on the + + + align:start position:0% +average of those two as the right on the +right hand + + align:start position:0% +right hand + + + align:start position:0% +right hand +side so I'm that's now we've written up + + align:start position:0% +side so I'm that's now we've written up + + + align:start position:0% +side so I'm that's now we've written up +a third + + align:start position:0% +a third + + + align:start position:0% +a third +method is it implicit or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explicit implicit implicit because the + + align:start position:0% +explicit implicit implicit because the + + + align:start position:0% +explicit implicit implicit because the +we've got a new we got the new guy + + align:start position:0% +we've got a new we got the new guy + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a new we got the new guy +appearing on both sides of course for a + + align:start position:0% +appearing on both sides of course for a + + + align:start position:0% +appearing on both sides of course for a +linear equation that's no problem we + + align:start position:0% +linear equation that's no problem we + + + align:start position:0% +linear equation that's no problem we +just bring it over on the other side as + + align:start position:0% +just bring it over on the other side as + + + align:start position:0% +just bring it over on the other side as +I'm about to do un n + 1 is multiplied + + align:start position:0% +I'm about to do un n + 1 is multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +I'm about to do un n + 1 is multiplied +by a one and then a minus a delta T over + + align:start position:0% +by a one and then a minus a delta T over + + + align:start position:0% +by a one and then a minus a delta T over +2 and then on this side un is multiplied + + align:start position:0% +2 and then on this side un is multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +2 and then on this side un is multiplied +by got + + align:start position:0% +by got + + + align:start position:0% +by got +1 plus an a Delta t/ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 so for this one by one linear system + + align:start position:0% +2 so for this one by one linear system + + + align:start position:0% +2 so for this one by one linear system +of course trivial but + + align:start position:0% +of course trivial but + + + align:start position:0% +of course trivial but +uh of course we have in the back of our + + align:start position:0% +uh of course we have in the back of our + + + align:start position:0% +uh of course we have in the back of our +minds not a SI we have a system of + + align:start position:0% +minds not a SI we have a system of + + + align:start position:0% +minds not a SI we have a system of +equations not just one we have nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +equations not just one we have nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +equations not just one we have nonlinear +equations we have some right hand side + + align:start position:0% +equations we have some right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +equations we have some right hand side +some right this is the the general thing + + align:start position:0% +some right this is the the general thing + + + align:start position:0% +some right this is the the general thing +would be some function of T and U on the + + align:start position:0% +would be some function of T and U on the + + + align:start position:0% +would be some function of T and U on the +right hand side and U is a + + align:start position:0% +right hand side and U is a + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side and U is a +vector so I've got n equations I've got + + align:start position:0% +vector so I've got n equations I've got + + + align:start position:0% +vector so I've got n equations I've got +L nonlinearities and i' if when I go to + + align:start position:0% +L nonlinearities and i' if when I go to + + + align:start position:0% +L nonlinearities and i' if when I go to +evaluate when I go + + align:start position:0% +evaluate when I go + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate when I go +to I have to put U into the + + align:start position:0% +to I have to put U into the + + + align:start position:0% +to I have to put U into the +function here I just the function was + + align:start position:0% +function here I just the function was + + + align:start position:0% +function here I just the function was +multiplied by a so that I didn't didn't + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a so that I didn't didn't + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a so that I didn't didn't +have any problem with but now I have to + + align:start position:0% +have any problem with but now I have to + + + align:start position:0% +have any problem with but now I have to +substitute u in the function if I I want + + align:start position:0% +substitute u in the function if I I want + + + align:start position:0% +substitute u in the function if I I want +derivatives I've got work so implicit + + align:start position:0% +derivatives I've got work so implicit + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives I've got work so implicit +is gives me a nonlinear equation see see + + align:start position:0% +is gives me a nonlinear equation see see + + + align:start position:0% +is gives me a nonlinear equation see see +implicit would mean un n + one would be + + align:start position:0% +implicit would mean un n + one would be + + + align:start position:0% +implicit would mean un n + one would be +here and it would also be inside F and + + align:start position:0% +here and it would also be inside F and + + + align:start position:0% +here and it would also be inside F and +and uh so I've got work to do at every + + align:start position:0% +and uh so I've got work to do at every + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so I've got work to do at every +step I've got this nonlinear thing to + + align:start position:0% +step I've got this nonlinear thing to + + + align:start position:0% +step I've got this nonlinear thing to +solve so implicit is implicit is time + + align:start position:0% +solve so implicit is implicit is time + + + align:start position:0% +solve so implicit is implicit is time +consuming but more stable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explicit is very fast but limited + + align:start position:0% +explicit is very fast but limited + + + align:start position:0% +explicit is very fast but limited +stability limited time step now what's + + align:start position:0% +stability limited time step now what's + + + align:start position:0% +stability limited time step now what's +the time step situation if I divide by + + align:start position:0% +the time step situation if I divide by + + + align:start position:0% +the time step situation if I divide by +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy what's up and again I'll take a to + + align:start position:0% +guy what's up and again I'll take a to + + + align:start position:0% +guy what's up and again I'll take a to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +negative because um that's that makes + + align:start position:0% +negative because um that's that makes + + + align:start position:0% +negative because um that's that makes +the difference equation stable so I've + + align:start position:0% +the difference equation stable so I've + + + align:start position:0% +the difference equation stable so I've +got a chance + + align:start position:0% +got a chance + + + align:start position:0% +got a chance +here uh is that is the so I'm interested + + align:start position:0% +here uh is that is the so I'm interested + + + align:start position:0% +here uh is that is the so I'm interested +in the magnitude of this quantity + + align:start position:0% +in the magnitude of this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +in the magnitude of this quantity +now is it below one when a is + + align:start position:0% +now is it below one when a is + + + align:start position:0% +now is it below one when a is +negative it + + align:start position:0% +negative it + + + align:start position:0% +negative it +is it is if a is negative then this guy + + align:start position:0% +is it is if a is negative then this guy + + + align:start position:0% +is it is if a is negative then this guy +is bigger than this + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than this + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than this +guy so and that's actually a good method + + align:start position:0% +guy so and that's actually a good method + + + align:start position:0% +guy so and that's actually a good method +now can you see why it's better than the + + align:start position:0% +now can you see why it's better than the + + + align:start position:0% +now can you see why it's better than the +two previous methods + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any any guess on that so I + + align:start position:0% +any any guess on that so I + + + align:start position:0% +any any guess on that so I +haven't we we've spoken about + + align:start position:0% +haven't we we've spoken about + + + align:start position:0% +haven't we we've spoken about +stability but of course there's + + align:start position:0% +stability but of course there's + + + align:start position:0% +stability but of course there's +another aspect of choosing the + + align:start position:0% +another aspect of choosing the + + + align:start position:0% +another aspect of choosing the +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +method and that is somehow + + align:start position:0% +method and that is somehow + + + align:start position:0% +method and that is somehow +accuracy way just the way we we yeah + + align:start position:0% +accuracy way just the way we we yeah + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy way just the way we we yeah +we're sort of centered here we're sort + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of centered here we're sort + + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of centered here we're sort +of centered this this is sorry + + align:start position:0% +of centered this this is sorry + + + align:start position:0% +of centered this this is sorry +problem right yeah we're this is like + + align:start position:0% +problem right yeah we're this is like + + + align:start position:0% +problem right yeah we're this is like +this is like centered around the halfway + + align:start position:0% +this is like centered around the halfway + + + align:start position:0% +this is like centered around the halfway +and we know that this is a great if this + + align:start position:0% +and we know that this is a great if this + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that this is a great if this +is if I think of that as centered around + + align:start position:0% +is if I think of that as centered around + + + align:start position:0% +is if I think of that as centered around +the halfway that's that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +the halfway that's that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the halfway that's that's the that's the +center difference that's second order + + align:start position:0% +center difference that's second order + + + align:start position:0% +center difference that's second order +accurate and all all good so it's a + + align:start position:0% +accurate and all all good so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +accurate and all all good so it's a +level of accuracy + + align:start position:0% +level of accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +level of accuracy +up which I could see actually I should + + align:start position:0% +up which I could see actually I should + + + align:start position:0% +up which I could see actually I should +show you how would you test the accuracy + + align:start position:0% +show you how would you test the accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +show you how would you test the accuracy +can I compare these these you + + align:start position:0% +can I compare these these you + + + align:start position:0% +can I compare these these you +these three 1 + a a delta T unu N that + + align:start position:0% +these three 1 + a a delta T unu N that + + + align:start position:0% +these three 1 + a a delta T unu N that +was our first one and then the second + + align:start position:0% +was our first one and then the second + + + align:start position:0% +was our first one and then the second +one was 1 over 1 minus a delta T unu N + + align:start position:0% +one was 1 over 1 minus a delta T unu N + + + align:start position:0% +one was 1 over 1 minus a delta T unu N +and the third one is this 1 + a delta T + + align:start position:0% +and the third one is this 1 + a delta T + + + align:start position:0% +and the third one is this 1 + a delta T +/ 2 / 1 - a delta T over 2 okay now I'm + + align:start position:0% +/ 2 / 1 - a delta T over 2 okay now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +/ 2 / 1 - a delta T over 2 okay now I'm +discussing accuracy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now how do I + + align:start position:0% +now how do I + + + align:start position:0% +now how do I +see the accuracy well what am I accurate + + align:start position:0% +see the accuracy well what am I accurate + + + align:start position:0% +see the accuracy well what am I accurate +with respect to what I'm I guess I'm + + align:start position:0% +with respect to what I'm I guess I'm + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to what I'm I guess I'm +comparing with the true thing so what is + + align:start position:0% +comparing with the true thing so what is + + + align:start position:0% +comparing with the true thing so what is +the true + + align:start position:0% +the true + + + align:start position:0% +the true +answer over one time step what's the + + align:start position:0% +answer over one time step what's the + + + align:start position:0% +answer over one time step what's the +true factor that I should multiply by if + + align:start position:0% +true factor that I should multiply by if + + + align:start position:0% +true factor that I should multiply by if +I go from zero to delta + + align:start position:0% +I go from zero to delta + + + align:start position:0% +I go from zero to delta +T what's the true + + align:start position:0% +T what's the true + + + align:start position:0% +T what's the true +Factor e to the a delta T yeah if I if I + + align:start position:0% +Factor e to the a delta T yeah if I if I + + + align:start position:0% +Factor e to the a delta T yeah if I if I +only went delta T so these guys should + + align:start position:0% +only went delta T so these guys should + + + align:start position:0% +only went delta T so these guys should +all be somehow approximating the true e + + align:start position:0% +all be somehow approximating the true e + + + align:start position:0% +all be somehow approximating the true e +to the a delta T that's that's what the + + align:start position:0% +to the a delta T that's that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +to the a delta T that's that's what the +real uh factor is growth + + align:start position:0% +real uh factor is growth + + + align:start position:0% +real uh factor is growth +factor and does your eye tell you right + + align:start position:0% +factor and does your eye tell you right + + + align:start position:0% +factor and does your eye tell you right +away that yes e to the a delta T is is + + align:start position:0% +away that yes e to the a delta T is is + + + align:start position:0% +away that yes e to the a delta T is is +approxim imated by that why is + + align:start position:0% +approxim imated by that why is + + + align:start position:0% +approxim imated by that why is +that sorry it's the tailor expansion + + align:start position:0% +that sorry it's the tailor expansion + + + align:start position:0% +that sorry it's the tailor expansion +right it's e to the a delta T starts out + + align:start position:0% +right it's e to the a delta T starts out + + + align:start position:0% +right it's e to the a delta T starts out +with those two terms if I expand out the + + align:start position:0% +with those two terms if I expand out the + + + align:start position:0% +with those two terms if I expand out the +exponential and what about this + + align:start position:0% +exponential and what about this + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and what about this +guy well if I do that + + align:start position:0% +guy well if I do that + + + align:start position:0% +guy well if I do that +division let me just focus on these on + + align:start position:0% +division let me just focus on these on + + + align:start position:0% +division let me just focus on these on +these pieces here on these growth + + align:start position:0% +these pieces here on these growth + + + align:start position:0% +these pieces here on these growth +factors so I'll just look at the growth + + align:start position:0% +factors so I'll just look at the growth + + + align:start position:0% +factors so I'll just look at the growth +factors uh if I do that division what + + align:start position:0% +factors uh if I do that division what + + + align:start position:0% +factors uh if I do that division what +what is that + + align:start position:0% +what is that + + + align:start position:0% +what is that +that's that's one plus this is the + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one plus this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one plus this is the +geometric Series right 1 plus a Delta t+ + + align:start position:0% +geometric Series right 1 plus a Delta t+ + + + align:start position:0% +geometric Series right 1 plus a Delta t+ +a 2 Delta t^ 2 so on okay and how many + + align:start position:0% +a 2 Delta t^ 2 so on okay and how many + + + align:start position:0% +a 2 Delta t^ 2 so on okay and how many +terms have I got right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there one yeah the constants right + + align:start position:0% +there one yeah the constants right + + + align:start position:0% +there one yeah the constants right +otherwise like forget it in fact this + + align:start position:0% +otherwise like forget it in fact this + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise like forget it in fact this +has to be right otherwise so consistency + + align:start position:0% +has to be right otherwise so consistency + + + align:start position:0% +has to be right otherwise so consistency +the word consistency means at least I + + align:start position:0% +the word consistency means at least I + + + align:start position:0% +the word consistency means at least I +got the this piece right which is came + + align:start position:0% +got the this piece right which is came + + + align:start position:0% +got the this piece right which is came +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +equation to get this one right have I + + align:start position:0% +equation to get this one right have I + + + align:start position:0% +equation to get this one right have I +got this one + + align:start position:0% +got this one + + + align:start position:0% +got this one +right I'm not off by Factor so I don't + + align:start position:0% +right I'm not off by Factor so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm not off by Factor so I don't +have it right right I don't have it + + align:start position:0% +have it right right I don't have it + + + align:start position:0% +have it right right I don't have it +right so it's only first order accurate + + align:start position:0% +right so it's only first order accurate + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's only first order accurate +I only got the basic one right I didn't + + align:start position:0% +I only got the basic one right I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +I only got the basic one right I didn't +get the next one right and now this is a + + align:start position:0% +get the next one right and now this is a + + + align:start position:0% +get the next one right and now this is a +way to see that this centered thing is + + align:start position:0% +way to see that this centered thing is + + + align:start position:0% +way to see that this centered thing is +better so what would this one be this is + + align:start position:0% +better so what would this one be this is + + + align:start position:0% +better so what would this one be this is +1 + a delta T over 2 times this division + + align:start position:0% +1 + a delta T over 2 times this division + + + align:start position:0% +1 + a delta T over 2 times this division +would be 1 + a delta T / 2 plus + + align:start position:0% +would be 1 + a delta T / 2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +would be 1 + a delta T / 2 plus +what a 2 Delta t^ 2 over 2^ 2 right it's + + align:start position:0% +what a 2 Delta t^ 2 over 2^ 2 right it's + + + align:start position:0% +what a 2 Delta t^ 2 over 2^ 2 right it's +just the series is 1 + S Plus S2 + S Cub + + align:start position:0% +just the series is 1 + S Plus S2 + S Cub + + + align:start position:0% +just the series is 1 + S Plus S2 + S Cub +so on okay then I have to do out that + + align:start position:0% +so on okay then I have to do out that + + + align:start position:0% +so on okay then I have to do out that +multiplication just and then compare + + align:start position:0% +multiplication just and then compare + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication just and then compare +with with the true everybody is + + align:start position:0% +with with the true everybody is + + + align:start position:0% +with with the true everybody is +remembering that that the true is is a 1 + + align:start position:0% +remembering that that the true is is a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +remembering that that the true is is a 1 +over two factorial a Delta t^ + + align:start position:0% +over two factorial a Delta t^ + + + align:start position:0% +over two factorial a Delta t^ +2 and 1 over 6 if I really was on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ball so do I get what do I get how much + + align:start position:0% +ball so do I get what do I get how much + + + align:start position:0% +ball so do I get what do I get how much +do I get correct here the + + align:start position:0% +do I get correct here the + + + align:start position:0% +do I get correct here the +one then the a Delta t/ 2 twice is a + + align:start position:0% +one then the a Delta t/ 2 twice is a + + + align:start position:0% +one then the a Delta t/ 2 twice is a +delta + + align:start position:0% +delta + + + align:start position:0% +delta +T and then the a delta T over 1 time + + align:start position:0% +T and then the a delta T over 1 time + + + align:start position:0% +T and then the a delta T over 1 time +this is 1/4 oh look hey it looks great + + align:start position:0% +this is 1/4 oh look hey it looks great + + + align:start position:0% +this is 1/4 oh look hey it looks great +do you see it I get 1/4 out of this and + + align:start position:0% +do you see it I get 1/4 out of this and + + + align:start position:0% +do you see it I get 1/4 out of this and +1/4 from the two one halves so two 1/4s + + align:start position:0% +1/4 from the two one halves so two 1/4s + + + align:start position:0% +1/4 from the two one halves so two 1/4s +24s of a delta T + + align:start position:0% +24s of a delta T + + + align:start position:0% +24s of a delta T +squ 24s matches the half and it's + + align:start position:0% +squ 24s matches the half and it's + + + align:start position:0% +squ 24s matches the half and it's +correct + + align:start position:0% +correct + + + align:start position:0% +correct +yeah so shouldn't be a surprise that + + align:start position:0% +yeah so shouldn't be a surprise that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so shouldn't be a surprise that +Center differences bump the ACC accuracy + + align:start position:0% +Center differences bump the ACC accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +Center differences bump the ACC accuracy +up by one which is quite important I + + align:start position:0% +up by one which is quite important I + + + align:start position:0% +up by one which is quite important I +mean that's a very big gain from one to + + align:start position:0% +mean that's a very big gain from one to + + + align:start position:0% +mean that's a very big gain from one to +two is the biggest gain in in accuracy + + align:start position:0% +two is the biggest gain in in accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +two is the biggest gain in in accuracy +okay so you're seeing stability you're + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're seeing stability you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're seeing stability you're +seeing + + align:start position:0% +seeing + + + align:start position:0% +seeing +accuracy and to just to conclude my + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and to just to conclude my + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and to just to conclude my +thoughts about ordinary differential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations what would astronomers do I + + align:start position:0% +equations what would astronomers do I + + + align:start position:0% +equations what would astronomers do I +mean they would never ever settle for + + align:start position:0% +mean they would never ever settle for + + + align:start position:0% +mean they would never ever settle for +even second order accy because they they + + align:start position:0% +even second order accy because they they + + + align:start position:0% +even second order accy because they they +they wouldn't they'd lose their planet + + align:start position:0% +they wouldn't they'd lose their planet + + + align:start position:0% +they wouldn't they'd lose their planet +right off the bat uh so they will use a + + align:start position:0% +right off the bat uh so they will use a + + + align:start position:0% +right off the bat uh so they will use a +much more + + align:start position:0% +much more + + + align:start position:0% +much more +sophisticated this is just a twep or one + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated this is just a twep or one + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated this is just a twep or one +I should say one step this is a one-step + + align:start position:0% +I should say one step this is a one-step + + + align:start position:0% +I should say one step this is a one-step +method it's really from old to new one + + align:start position:0% +method it's really from old to new one + + + align:start position:0% +method it's really from old to new one +step + + align:start position:0% +step + + + align:start position:0% +step +later so astronomers wouldn't just use + + align:start position:0% +later so astronomers wouldn't just use + + + align:start position:0% +later so astronomers wouldn't just use +the previous value they'd use eight old + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values so that would give them the + + align:start position:0% +values so that would give them the + + + align:start position:0% +values so that would give them the +chance of with coefficients that or + + align:start position:0% +chance of with coefficients that or + + + align:start position:0% +chance of with coefficients that or +degrees of freedom they can weights that + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom they can weights that + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom they can weights that +they can choose so they get to choose + + align:start position:0% +they can choose so they get to choose + + + align:start position:0% +they can choose so they get to choose +the weights that multiply all those old + + align:start position:0% +the weights that multiply all those old + + + align:start position:0% +the weights that multiply all those old +values and they get to they get to get + + align:start position:0% +values and they get to they get to get + + + align:start position:0% +values and they get to they get to get +match this Ser the exponential eight + + align:start position:0% +match this Ser the exponential eight + + + align:start position:0% +match this Ser the exponential eight +eight more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms so those are so-called atoms multi + + align:start position:0% +terms so those are so-called atoms multi + + + align:start position:0% +terms so those are so-called atoms multi +multi-step methods or raka is a famous + + align:start position:0% +multi-step methods or raka is a famous + + + align:start position:0% +multi-step methods or raka is a famous +one it's it's too complicated to write + + align:start position:0% +one it's it's too complicated to write + + + align:start position:0% +one it's it's too complicated to write +here but it it does a it does sever it's + + align:start position:0% +here but it it does a it does sever it's + + + align:start position:0% +here but it it does a it does sever it's +a it's a a multi- onestep method it + + align:start position:0% +a it's a a multi- onestep method it + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a a multi- onestep method it +repeats One Step Jiggles around and + + align:start position:0% +repeats One Step Jiggles around and + + + align:start position:0% +repeats One Step Jiggles around and +produces fourth order accuracy so it's a + + align:start position:0% +produces fourth order accuracy so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +produces fourth order accuracy so it's a +it's a definite success + + align:start position:0% +it's a definite success + + + align:start position:0% +it's a definite success +ronga of course they all have stability + + align:start position:0% +ronga of course they all have stability + + + align:start position:0% +ronga of course they all have stability +requirements rakuda will be unstable if + + align:start position:0% +requirements rakuda will be unstable if + + + align:start position:0% +requirements rakuda will be unstable if +a is too big because it's an explicit + + align:start position:0% +a is too big because it's an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +a is too big because it's an explicit +method runga any explicit method has to + + align:start position:0% +method runga any explicit method has to + + + align:start position:0% +method runga any explicit method has to +go unstable for sum a a good method + + align:start position:0% +go unstable for sum a a good method + + + align:start position:0% +go unstable for sum a a good method +would would would go unstable later + + align:start position:0% +would would would go unstable later + + + align:start position:0% +would would would go unstable later +would allow a bigger delta T but + + align:start position:0% +would allow a bigger delta T but + + + align:start position:0% +would allow a bigger delta T but +eventually you've you've uh if it's + + align:start position:0% +eventually you've you've uh if it's + + + align:start position:0% +eventually you've you've uh if it's +explicit you've just got a polinomial + + align:start position:0% +explicit you've just got a polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +explicit you've just got a polinomial +and the polinomial is never going to + + align:start position:0% +and the polinomial is never going to + + + align:start position:0% +and the polinomial is never going to +stay below One + + align:start position:0% +stay below One + + + align:start position:0% +stay below One +Forever Pol nomials don't do that if you + + align:start position:0% +Forever Pol nomials don't do that if you + + + align:start position:0% +Forever Pol nomials don't do that if you +draw their graph so + + align:start position:0% +draw their graph so + + + align:start position:0% +draw their graph so +uh so there's a lot of thought at a + + align:start position:0% +uh so there's a lot of thought at a + + + align:start position:0% +uh so there's a lot of thought at a +about um or orary difference methods + + align:start position:0% +about um or orary difference methods + + + align:start position:0% +about um or orary difference methods +implicit explicit how to control the + + align:start position:0% +implicit explicit how to control the + + + align:start position:0% +implicit explicit how to control the +error and uh maybe maybe the mat lab uh + + align:start position:0% +error and uh maybe maybe the mat lab uh + + + align:start position:0% +error and uh maybe maybe the mat lab uh +so do anybody use any of these + + align:start position:0% +so do anybody use any of these + + + align:start position:0% +so do anybody use any of these +codes um Larry champine in uh New Mexico + + align:start position:0% +codes um Larry champine in uh New Mexico + + + align:start position:0% +codes um Larry champine in uh New Mexico +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +developed good codes for uh for + + align:start position:0% +developed good codes for uh for + + + align:start position:0% +developed good codes for uh for +prediction correction stability decide + + align:start position:0% +prediction correction stability decide + + + align:start position:0% +prediction correction stability decide +on the he would decide on that or order + + align:start position:0% +on the he would decide on that or order + + + align:start position:0% +on the he would decide on that or order +eight I if we're if we're in astronomy + + align:start position:0% +eight I if we're if we're in astronomy + + + align:start position:0% +eight I if we're if we're in astronomy +and everything's extremely smooth eighth + + align:start position:0% +and everything's extremely smooth eighth + + + align:start position:0% +and everything's extremely smooth eighth +order is great but if we've got + + align:start position:0% +order is great but if we've got + + + align:start position:0% +order is great but if we've got +something that's jumping all over the + + align:start position:0% +something that's jumping all over the + + + align:start position:0% +something that's jumping all over the +place to try to approximate eighth + + align:start position:0% +place to try to approximate eighth + + + align:start position:0% +place to try to approximate eighth +derivatives is is fatal so he'd back up + + align:start position:0% +derivatives is is fatal so he'd back up + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives is is fatal so he'd back up +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +order and uh so it's very adaptive and + + align:start position:0% +order and uh so it's very adaptive and + + + align:start position:0% +order and uh so it's very adaptive and +it's in madlab I guess madlab has that + + align:start position:0% +it's in madlab I guess madlab has that + + + align:start position:0% +it's in madlab I guess madlab has that +software so there's two or three + + align:start position:0% +software so there's two or three + + + align:start position:0% +software so there's two or three +competitive software but you see what + + align:start position:0% +competitive software but you see what + + + align:start position:0% +competitive software but you see what +you see what the the developer has to + + align:start position:0% +you see what the the developer has to + + + align:start position:0% +you see what the the developer has to +do he has to balance stability + + align:start position:0% +do he has to balance stability + + + align:start position:0% +do he has to balance stability +accuracy + + align:start position:0% +accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy +speed speed being how implicit you're + + align:start position:0% +speed speed being how implicit you're + + + align:start position:0% +speed speed being how implicit you're +going to make it yeah yeah it's a + + align:start position:0% +going to make it yeah yeah it's a + + + align:start position:0% +going to make it yeah yeah it's a +balance of all those things and an + + align:start position:0% +balance of all those things and an + + + align:start position:0% +balance of all those things and an +Adaptive balance yeah it's quite quite + + align:start position:0% +Adaptive balance yeah it's quite quite + + + align:start position:0% +Adaptive balance yeah it's quite quite +interesting you could say it's not as + + align:start position:0% +interesting you could say it's not as + + + align:start position:0% +interesting you could say it's not as +deep Larry would probably feel insulted + + align:start position:0% +deep Larry would probably feel insulted + + + align:start position:0% +deep Larry would probably feel insulted +by this but uh + + align:start position:0% +by this but uh + + + align:start position:0% +by this but uh +PDS partial differential equations is + + align:start position:0% +PDS partial differential equations is + + + align:start position:0% +PDS partial differential equations is +like just more happening because you + + align:start position:0% +like just more happening because you + + + align:start position:0% +like just more happening because you +don't have just a a vector of numbers + + align:start position:0% +don't have just a a vector of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +don't have just a a vector of numbers +you have a we have functions so can I + + align:start position:0% +you have a we have functions so can I + + + align:start position:0% +you have a we have functions so can I +move to pdes now again initial value + + align:start position:0% +move to pdes now again initial value + + + align:start position:0% +move to pdes now again initial value +problems maybe I start with a heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation so let me so I'll so let me + + align:start position:0% +equation so let me so I'll so let me + + + align:start position:0% +equation so let me so I'll so let me +make my first start the heat + + align:start position:0% +make my first start the heat + + + align:start position:0% +make my first start the heat +equation and then the wave equation + + align:start position:0% +equation and then the wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation and then the wave equation +would be a + + align:start position:0% +would be a + + + align:start position:0% +would be a +DF okay so now I'm ready for the heat + + align:start position:0% +DF okay so now I'm ready for the heat + + + align:start position:0% +DF okay so now I'm ready for the heat +equation okay let's go explicit basic + + align:start position:0% +equation okay let's go explicit basic + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay let's go explicit basic +basic uh idea un n + one minus unu n + + align:start position:0% +basic uh idea un n + one minus unu n + + + align:start position:0% +basic uh idea un n + one minus unu n +right is + + align:start position:0% +right is + + + align:start position:0% +right is +a now we're going to be implicit + + align:start position:0% +a now we're going to be implicit + + + align:start position:0% +a now we're going to be implicit +explicit + + align:start position:0% +explicit + + + align:start position:0% +explicit +basic okay so what am I going to + + align:start position:0% +basic okay so what am I going to + + + align:start position:0% +basic okay so what am I going to +approximate the second second derivative + + align:start position:0% +approximate the second second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +approximate the second second derivative +by well everybody knows the threo second + + align:start position:0% +by well everybody knows the threo second + + + align:start position:0% +by well everybody knows the threo second +difference so now these are u n + one + + align:start position:0% +difference so now these are u n + one + + + align:start position:0% +difference so now these are u n + one +that's the new time I have to tell you + + align:start position:0% +that's the new time I have to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the new time I have to tell you +where we are in time and in space + + align:start position:0% +where we are in time and in space + + + align:start position:0% +where we are in time and in space +right so I need a second index to say + + align:start position:0% +right so I need a second index to say + + + align:start position:0% +right so I need a second index to say +that I'm at position + + align:start position:0% +that I'm at position + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm at position +I so they put what should we put first + + align:start position:0% +I so they put what should we put first + + + align:start position:0% +I so they put what should we put first +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +first okay so unu n + + + align:start position:0% +first okay so unu n + + + + align:start position:0% +first okay so unu n + +one I don't know if it's more + + align:start position:0% +one I don't know if it's more + + + align:start position:0% +one I don't know if it's more +conventional put time first but let's do + + align:start position:0% +conventional put time first but let's do + + + align:start position:0% +conventional put time first but let's do +it I minus u n i so that's a that's over + + align:start position:0% +it I minus u n i so that's a that's over + + + align:start position:0% +it I minus u n i so that's a that's over +delta T that's a time that's a time + + align:start position:0% +delta T that's a time that's a time + + + align:start position:0% +delta T that's a time that's a time +difference and + + align:start position:0% +difference and + + + align:start position:0% +difference and +now we've got space differences here so + + align:start position:0% +now we've got space differences here so + + + align:start position:0% +now we've got space differences here so +I'm taking them at time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n and I've got uxx here without the + + align:start position:0% +n and I've got uxx here without the + + + align:start position:0% +n and I've got uxx here without the +minus sign so so so I should have u n i + + align:start position:0% +minus sign so so so I should have u n i + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign so so so I should have u n i ++ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 - 2 UI n + u i n minus one + + align:start position:0% +1 - 2 UI n + u i n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +1 - 2 UI n + u i n minus one +good over Delta x s of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +course sorry oh did I swap yeah so maybe + + align:start position:0% +course sorry oh did I swap yeah so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +course sorry oh did I swap yeah so maybe +that's my subconscious is telling me + + align:start position:0% +that's my subconscious is telling me + + + align:start position:0% +that's my subconscious is telling me +that I usually + + align:start position:0% +that I usually + + + align:start position:0% +that I usually +put um time + + align:start position:0% +put um time + + + align:start position:0% +put um time +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +nevertheless for for variety we'll stay + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless for for variety we'll stay + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless for for variety we'll stay +with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay does that blow up because we + + align:start position:0% +okay okay does that blow up because we + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay does that blow up because we +know the heat equation doesn't blow up + + align:start position:0% +know the heat equation doesn't blow up + + + align:start position:0% +know the heat equation doesn't blow up +right solution to heat equation Smooths + + align:start position:0% +right solution to heat equation Smooths + + + align:start position:0% +right solution to heat equation Smooths +out like mad has a maximum principle it + + align:start position:0% +out like mad has a maximum principle it + + + align:start position:0% +out like mad has a maximum principle it +never goes above its starting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maximum that's our usual minus second + + align:start position:0% +maximum that's our usual minus second + + + align:start position:0% +maximum that's our usual minus second +difference but + + align:start position:0% +difference but + + + align:start position:0% +difference but +now the heat equation just uxx yeah so + + align:start position:0% +now the heat equation just uxx yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +now the heat equation just uxx yeah so +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +hopefully I'm okay with that minus sign + + align:start position:0% +hopefully I'm okay with that minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully I'm okay with that minus sign +and am + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I yeah I it's it's like I want something + + align:start position:0% +I yeah I it's it's like I want something + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah I it's it's like I want something +negative here now why just the way I + + align:start position:0% +negative here now why just the way I + + + align:start position:0% +negative here now why just the way I +wanted that a to be negative in the in + + align:start position:0% +wanted that a to be negative in the in + + + align:start position:0% +wanted that a to be negative in the in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh in + + align:start position:0% +uh in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in +this now a is positive let me take a to + + align:start position:0% +this now a is positive let me take a to + + + align:start position:0% +this now a is positive let me take a to +be well I'll take a to be seven in my + + align:start position:0% +be well I'll take a to be seven in my + + + align:start position:0% +be well I'll take a to be seven in my +own mind here yeah so so a had better be + + align:start position:0% +own mind here yeah so so a had better be + + + align:start position:0% +own mind here yeah so so a had better be +positive right otherwise suppose a is a + + align:start position:0% +positive right otherwise suppose a is a + + + align:start position:0% +positive right otherwise suppose a is a +minus one do do you know about the + + align:start position:0% +minus one do do you know about the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one do do you know about the +equation dtal minus + + align:start position:0% +equation dtal minus + + + align:start position:0% +equation dtal minus +uxx what's happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is that a reasonable equation utal + + align:start position:0% +there is that a reasonable equation utal + + + align:start position:0% +there is that a reasonable equation utal +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +uxx if I use the word backward heat + + align:start position:0% +uxx if I use the word backward heat + + + align:start position:0% +uxx if I use the word backward heat +equation which is what it the right word + + align:start position:0% +equation which is what it the right word + + + align:start position:0% +equation which is what it the right word +you'll probably tell me right away does + + align:start position:0% +you'll probably tell me right away does + + + align:start position:0% +you'll probably tell me right away does +it sound reasonable or + + align:start position:0% +it sound reasonable or + + + align:start position:0% +it sound reasonable or +unreasonable uh unreasonable right + + align:start position:0% +unreasonable uh unreasonable right + + + align:start position:0% +unreasonable uh unreasonable right +you're you're you're trying to yeah you + + align:start position:0% +you're you're you're trying to yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're you're trying to yeah you +you th this is describing diffusion + + align:start position:0% +you th this is describing diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +you th this is describing diffusion +somehow and if you're going backwards in + + align:start position:0% +somehow and if you're going backwards in + + + align:start position:0% +somehow and if you're going backwards in +time you're you're asking all this + + align:start position:0% +time you're you're asking all this + + + align:start position:0% +time you're you're asking all this +little gas back into uh into this uh you + + align:start position:0% +little gas back into uh into this uh you + + + align:start position:0% +little gas back into uh into this uh you +know into + + align:start position:0% +know into + + + align:start position:0% +know into +the I'd say cigarette if that were + + align:start position:0% +the I'd say cigarette if that were + + + align:start position:0% +the I'd say cigarette if that were +uh politically correct but back down the + + align:start position:0% +uh politically correct but back down the + + + align:start position:0% +uh politically correct but back down the +Smoke Stack okay anyway it won't happen + + align:start position:0% +Smoke Stack okay anyway it won't happen + + + align:start position:0% +Smoke Stack okay anyway it won't happen +so so utal minus uxx is is one wildly + + align:start position:0% +so so utal minus uxx is is one wildly + + + align:start position:0% +so so utal minus uxx is is one wildly +unstable now you never want to solve the + + align:start position:0% +unstable now you never want to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +unstable now you never want to solve the +heat equation in the wrong + + align:start position:0% +heat equation in the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +heat equation in the wrong +direction where wave equations are two + + align:start position:0% +direction where wave equations are two + + + align:start position:0% +direction where wave equations are two +ways you could solve those uh forward + + align:start position:0% +ways you could solve those uh forward + + + align:start position:0% +ways you could solve those uh forward +and backward but not um linear ones but + + align:start position:0% +and backward but not um linear ones but + + + align:start position:0% +and backward but not um linear ones but +but not okay so a is positive that's all + + align:start position:0% +but not okay so a is positive that's all + + + align:start position:0% +but not okay so a is positive that's all +that we agree there a is positive think + + align:start position:0% +that we agree there a is positive think + + + align:start position:0% +that we agree there a is positive think +of it as one okay and now but I do want + + align:start position:0% +of it as one okay and now but I do want + + + align:start position:0% +of it as one okay and now but I do want +something like negative multiplying it + + align:start position:0% +something like negative multiplying it + + + align:start position:0% +something like negative multiplying it +because I want so so what's un n + 1 + + align:start position:0% +because I want so so what's un n + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +because I want so so what's un n + 1 +going to be un n + 1 + + align:start position:0% +going to be un n + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be un n + 1 +I is again I'll bring in un I no what do + + align:start position:0% +I is again I'll bring in un I no what do + + + align:start position:0% +I is again I'll bring in un I no what do +I do the a delta T over Delta + + align:start position:0% +I do the a delta T over Delta + + + align:start position:0% +I do the a delta T over Delta +x^2 that's going to be like the key + + align:start position:0% +x^2 that's going to be like the key + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 that's going to be like the key +ratio right + + align:start position:0% +ratio right + + + align:start position:0% +ratio right +times u n i + 1 - 2 un I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let's see I'm getting another un and + + align:start position:0% +and let's see I'm getting another un and + + + align:start position:0% +and let's see I'm getting another un and +I from + + align:start position:0% +I from + + + align:start position:0% +I from +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +sorry what what what minus 2 plus + + align:start position:0% +sorry what what what minus 2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +sorry what what what minus 2 plus +something un + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I plus u n + + align:start position:0% +I plus u n + + + align:start position:0% +I plus u n +ius1 i you figure out what that + + align:start position:0% +ius1 i you figure out what that + + + align:start position:0% +ius1 i you figure out what that +something is maybe whatever sorry is it + + align:start position:0% +something is maybe whatever sorry is it + + + align:start position:0% +something is maybe whatever sorry is it +Delta X Delta x s oh because that's what + + align:start position:0% +Delta X Delta x s oh because that's what + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X Delta x s oh because that's what +I'm or or maybe delta + + align:start position:0% +I'm or or maybe delta + + + align:start position:0% +I'm or or maybe delta +T see I multiply It Up by well yeah who + + align:start position:0% +T see I multiply It Up by well yeah who + + + align:start position:0% +T see I multiply It Up by well yeah who +knows right okay + + align:start position:0% +knows right okay + + + align:start position:0% +knows right okay +now my point + + align:start position:0% +now my point + + + align:start position:0% +now my point +is it's okay oh it's just all right why + + align:start position:0% +is it's okay oh it's just all right why + + + align:start position:0% +is it's okay oh it's just all right why +don't I call this number + + align:start position:0% +don't I call this number + + + align:start position:0% +don't I call this number +something and then remember what it was + + align:start position:0% +something and then remember what it was + + + align:start position:0% +something and then remember what it was +uh that's a other a delta T over Delta + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a other a delta T over Delta + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a other a delta T over Delta +X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll call that number just + + align:start position:0% +so we'll call that number just + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll call that number just +Lambda and then is this one over Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and then is this one over Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and then is this one over Lambda +is that okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stable is this operation now now I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +stable is this operation now now I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +stable is this operation now now I'm I'm +doing a + + align:start position:0% +doing a + + + align:start position:0% +doing a +whole time level at once right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here oh so that I get + + align:start position:0% +here oh so that I get + + + align:start position:0% +here oh so that I get +okay I'm glad you're getting it right + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm glad you're getting it right + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm glad you're getting it right +because it's going to be of course + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to be of course + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to be of course +highly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important okay do yes thank you thank + + align:start position:0% +important okay do yes thank you thank + + + align:start position:0% +important okay do yes thank you thank +you thank you this lecture would be + + align:start position:0% +you thank you this lecture would be + + + align:start position:0% +you thank you this lecture would be +completely on the wrong track if I don't + + align:start position:0% +completely on the wrong track if I don't + + + align:start position:0% +completely on the wrong track if I don't +have that right okay first now what's + + align:start position:0% +have that right okay first now what's + + + align:start position:0% +have that right okay first now what's +going on here we have at every time + + align:start position:0% +going on here we have at every time + + + align:start position:0% +going on here we have at every time +level we've got a whole Vector of U's + + align:start position:0% +level we've got a whole Vector of U's + + + align:start position:0% +level we've got a whole Vector of U's +right at every at every fixed we at a at + + align:start position:0% +right at every at every fixed we at a at + + + align:start position:0% +right at every at every fixed we at a at +a fixed time I say it Time Zero we've + + align:start position:0% +a fixed time I say it Time Zero we've + + + align:start position:0% +a fixed time I say it Time Zero we've +this is time going this way here's X + + align:start position:0% +this is time going this way here's X + + + align:start position:0% +this is time going this way here's X +we've got all these U's u u at at n + + align:start position:0% +we've got all these U's u u at at n + + + align:start position:0% +we've got all these U's u u at at n +equals this is the n equal 0 line and + + align:start position:0% +equals this is the n equal 0 line and + + + align:start position:0% +equals this is the n equal 0 line and +we're moving up a line to n equal + + align:start position:0% +we're moving up a line to n equal + + + align:start position:0% +we're moving up a line to n equal +1 but we've got all these U so it's + + align:start position:0% +1 but we've got all these U so it's + + + align:start position:0% +1 but we've got all these U so it's +really a vector this is a vector U at n + + align:start position:0% +really a vector this is a vector U at n + + + align:start position:0% +really a vector this is a vector U at n ++1 is some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix U the vector U of all the U's at + + align:start position:0% +Matrix U the vector U of all the U's at + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix U the vector U of all the U's at +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +right and at every step we're going to + + align:start position:0% +right and at every step we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +right and at every step we're going to +multiply by that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix so what's our + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so what's our + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so what's our +requirement for + + align:start position:0% +requirement for + + + align:start position:0% +requirement for +stability I can V I can is smaller than + + align:start position:0% +stability I can V I can is smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +stability I can V I can is smaller than +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +right okay so what's our + + align:start position:0% +right okay so what's our + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so what's our +Matrix well damn if it isn't uh close to + + align:start position:0% +Matrix well damn if it isn't uh close to + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix well damn if it isn't uh close to +being an old friend right first of all + + align:start position:0% +being an old friend right first of all + + + align:start position:0% +being an old friend right first of all +it's it's it's it's minus it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's it's minus it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's it's minus it's it's it's +one minus 2 one so it's minus 2 but plus + + align:start position:0% +one minus 2 one so it's minus 2 but plus + + + align:start position:0% +one minus 2 one so it's minus 2 but plus +1 over + + align:start position:0% +1 over + + + align:start position:0% +1 over +Lambda minus one so minus one's on the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda minus one so minus one's on the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda minus one so minus one's on the +diagonal on this on the off diagonals + + align:start position:0% +diagonal on this on the off diagonals + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal on this on the off diagonals +and that number on the + + align:start position:0% +and that number on the + + + align:start position:0% +and that number on the +diagonal + + align:start position:0% +diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal +H I didn't expect to get to this but I + + align:start position:0% +H I didn't expect to get to this but I + + + align:start position:0% +H I didn't expect to get to this but I +seem to be + + align:start position:0% +seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be +there uh so let me let you so that's the + + align:start position:0% +there uh so let me let you so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +there uh so let me let you so that's the +Matrix that multiplies u u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n oh it is a plus one yes certainly it's + + align:start position:0% +n oh it is a plus one yes certainly it's + + + align:start position:0% +n oh it is a plus one yes certainly it's +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +habit that puts minus ones off the DI + + align:start position:0% +habit that puts minus ones off the DI + + + align:start position:0% +habit that puts minus ones off the DI +I can't adjust to that sign change but + + align:start position:0% +I can't adjust to that sign change but + + + align:start position:0% +I can't adjust to that sign change but +time to adjust okay all + + align:start position:0% +time to adjust okay all + + + align:start position:0% +time to adjust okay all +right okay what are the I what about + + align:start position:0% +right okay what are the I what about + + + align:start position:0% +right okay what are the I what about +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix what are the igen values of that + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what are the igen values of that + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what are the igen values of that +Matrix oh let's let me leave what Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Matrix oh let's let me leave what Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix oh let's let me leave what Lambda +was here a delta T everything is + + align:start position:0% +was here a delta T everything is + + + align:start position:0% +was here a delta T everything is +depending on this + + align:start position:0% +depending on this + + + align:start position:0% +depending on this +number and and what's the point point if + + align:start position:0% +number and and what's the point point if + + + align:start position:0% +number and and what's the point point if +that number is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +big if that number is Big that + + align:start position:0% +big if that number is Big that + + + align:start position:0% +big if that number is Big that +means yeah we we're taking a big delta + + align:start position:0% +means yeah we we're taking a big delta + + + align:start position:0% +means yeah we we're taking a big delta +T and and that ought to somehow be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dangerous + + align:start position:0% +dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous +Del it'll force me to use a small Delta + + align:start position:0% +Del it'll force me to use a small Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Del it'll force me to use a small Delta +X right if I take a big delta + + align:start position:0% +X right if I take a big delta + + + align:start position:0% +X right if I take a big delta +T I would like to use a big delta + + align:start position:0% +T I would like to use a big delta + + + align:start position:0% +T I would like to use a big delta +T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah is that what I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want I want a limitation on delta T yes + + align:start position:0% +want I want a limitation on delta T yes + + + align:start position:0% +want I want a limitation on delta T yes +I I I'll tell you the answer always wise + + align:start position:0% +I I I'll tell you the answer always wise + + + align:start position:0% +I I I'll tell you the answer always wise +to tell you the answer all right the + + align:start position:0% +to tell you the answer all right the + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you the answer all right the +answer answer is that this number has to + + align:start position:0% +answer answer is that this number has to + + + align:start position:0% +answer answer is that this number has to +be smaller than a half for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stability for stability and then and + + align:start position:0% +stability for stability and then and + + + align:start position:0% +stability for stability and then and +then it's got to come out of our igen + + align:start position:0% +then it's got to come out of our igen + + + align:start position:0% +then it's got to come out of our igen +values as we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know so so that that's that's a an + + align:start position:0% +know so so that that's that's a an + + + align:start position:0% +know so so that that's that's a an +unpleasant + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant + + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant +requirement now let's think again + + align:start position:0% +requirement now let's think again + + + align:start position:0% +requirement now let's think again +through what that + + align:start position:0% +through what that + + + align:start position:0% +through what that +means I take a little Delta x for good + + align:start position:0% +means I take a little Delta x for good + + + align:start position:0% +means I take a little Delta x for good +accuracy and then the delta T has to be + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and then the delta T has to be + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and then the delta T has to be +extremely small it has to be less than a + + align:start position:0% +extremely small it has to be less than a + + + align:start position:0% +extremely small it has to be less than a +half Del if I said a to be one just to + + align:start position:0% +half Del if I said a to be one just to + + + align:start position:0% +half Del if I said a to be one just to +normalize say the delta T would have to + + align:start position:0% +normalize say the delta T would have to + + + align:start position:0% +normalize say the delta T would have to +be less than a half Delta x + + align:start position:0% +be less than a half Delta x + + + align:start position:0% +be less than a half Delta x +squared which is super small so I'm only + + align:start position:0% +squared which is super small so I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +squared which is super small so I'm only +allowed these creepy little time steps + + align:start position:0% +allowed these creepy little time steps + + + align:start position:0% +allowed these creepy little time steps +and and this this scaling of t with X + + align:start position:0% +and and this this scaling of t with X + + + align:start position:0% +and and this this scaling of t with X +squ of course is appropriate because + + align:start position:0% +squ of course is appropriate because + + + align:start position:0% +squ of course is appropriate because +it's t with two x's in the in the + + align:start position:0% +it's t with two x's in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +it's t with two x's in the in the +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself so + + align:start position:0% +itself so + + + align:start position:0% +itself so +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +um uh yeah a half let's see there there + + align:start position:0% +um uh yeah a half let's see there there + + + align:start position:0% +um uh yeah a half let's see there there +is this Lambda yeah yeah why don't I + + align:start position:0% +is this Lambda yeah yeah why don't I + + + align:start position:0% +is this Lambda yeah yeah why don't I +sorry let me multiply that Lambda in + + align:start position:0% +sorry let me multiply that Lambda in + + + align:start position:0% +sorry let me multiply that Lambda in +there shoot I forgot Lambda that was the + + align:start position:0% +there shoot I forgot Lambda that was the + + + align:start position:0% +there shoot I forgot Lambda that was the +whole thing let me let me get this + + align:start position:0% +whole thing let me let me get this + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing let me let me get this +Matrix here again with the factor Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Matrix here again with the factor Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix here again with the factor Lambda +so there's a Lambda below the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +so there's a Lambda below the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a Lambda below the diagonal +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +minus 2 Lambda + 1 is that what's on the + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 Lambda + 1 is that what's on the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 Lambda + 1 is that what's on the +diagonal and there's a Lambda above so I + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and there's a Lambda above so I + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and there's a Lambda above so I +just just write those numbers again I I + + align:start position:0% +just just write those numbers again I I + + + align:start position:0% +just just write those numbers again I I +have Lambda 1 - 2 Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +have Lambda 1 - 2 Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +have Lambda 1 - 2 Lambda and +Lambda as my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonals and I claim that I need why do + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and I claim that I need why do + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and I claim that I need why do +I need so my question is is why do I + + align:start position:0% +I need so my question is is why do I + + + align:start position:0% +I need so my question is is why do I +need Lambda below a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +half is that old gers + + align:start position:0% +half is that old gers + + + align:start position:0% +half is that old gers +gorin operate + + align:start position:0% +gorin operate + + + align:start position:0% +gorin operate +again so what's the gers Goran idea + + align:start position:0% +again so what's the gers Goran idea + + + align:start position:0% +again so what's the gers Goran idea +here that I all the circles are centered + + align:start position:0% +here that I all the circles are centered + + + align:start position:0% +here that I all the circles are centered +at one minus 2 Lambda so so so let me + + align:start position:0% +at one minus 2 Lambda so so so let me + + + align:start position:0% +at one minus 2 Lambda so so so let me +draw two pictures one where Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +draw two pictures one where Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +draw two pictures one where Lambda is +less than a half and that should be okay + + align:start position:0% +less than a half and that should be okay + + + align:start position:0% +less than a half and that should be okay +and one with Lambda bigger than a half + + align:start position:0% +and one with Lambda bigger than a half + + + align:start position:0% +and one with Lambda bigger than a half +and that should be + + align:start position:0% +and that should be + + + align:start position:0% +and that should be +bad okay so if lambda's less than a half + + align:start position:0% +bad okay so if lambda's less than a half + + + align:start position:0% +bad okay so if lambda's less than a half +then 1 - 2 Lambda + + align:start position:0% +then 1 - 2 Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +then 1 - 2 Lambda +is positive so my circles are here so + + align:start position:0% +is positive so my circles are here so + + + align:start position:0% +is positive so my circles are here so +centers are there and what's my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radius yeah so right so so yeah so the + + align:start position:0% +radius yeah so right so so yeah so the + + + align:start position:0% +radius yeah so right so so yeah so the +center is there and the radius is is I + + align:start position:0% +center is there and the radius is is I + + + align:start position:0% +center is there and the radius is is I +add these guys to find the radius so the + + align:start position:0% +add these guys to find the radius so the + + + align:start position:0% +add these guys to find the radius so the +radius is two Lambda so it reaches out + + align:start position:0% +radius is two Lambda so it reaches out + + + align:start position:0% +radius is two Lambda so it reaches out +to one which I expect but it quits + + align:start position:0% +to one which I expect but it quits + + + align:start position:0% +to one which I expect but it quits +at wherever that is one minus where is + + align:start position:0% +at wherever that is one minus where is + + + align:start position:0% +at wherever that is one minus where is +that 1 minus four + + align:start position:0% +that 1 minus four + + + align:start position:0% +that 1 minus four +lambdas yeah that's where it stops and + + align:start position:0% +lambdas yeah that's where it stops and + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas yeah that's where it stops and +it's okay it's on the right side of + + align:start position:0% +it's okay it's on the right side of + + + align:start position:0% +it's okay it's on the right side of +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +one where this guy is going to fail + + align:start position:0% +one where this guy is going to fail + + + align:start position:0% +one where this guy is going to fail +because the is the center of the circle + + align:start position:0% +because the is the center of the circle + + + align:start position:0% +because the is the center of the circle +if Lambda is 2/3 or + + align:start position:0% +if Lambda is 2/3 or + + + align:start position:0% +if Lambda is 2/3 or +something the center this is this is the + + align:start position:0% +something the center this is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +something the center this is this is the +center of the circles and this is and + + align:start position:0% +center of the circles and this is and + + + align:start position:0% +center of the circles and this is and +then the radius is is the off diagonal + + align:start position:0% +then the radius is is the off diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +then the radius is is the off diagonal +stuff is two lambdas so Center here + + align:start position:0% +stuff is two lambdas so Center here + + + align:start position:0% +stuff is two lambdas so Center here +radius to Lambda yeah this is the good + + align:start position:0% +radius to Lambda yeah this is the good + + + align:start position:0% +radius to Lambda yeah this is the good +picture the bad picture is Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +picture the bad picture is Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +picture the bad picture is Lambda is +bigger than a half 1 minus 2 lamb the + + align:start position:0% +bigger than a half 1 minus 2 lamb the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than a half 1 minus 2 lamb the +center is over here + + align:start position:0% +center is over here + + + align:start position:0% +center is over here +it still stretches up to one but now + + align:start position:0% +it still stretches up to one but now + + + align:start position:0% +it still stretches up to one but now +going back it's it's it's it's gone + + align:start position:0% +going back it's it's it's it's gone + + + align:start position:0% +going back it's it's it's it's gone +beyond minus + + align:start position:0% +beyond minus + + + align:start position:0% +beyond minus +one in other words this 1 - 4 Lambda has + + align:start position:0% +one in other words this 1 - 4 Lambda has + + + align:start position:0% +one in other words this 1 - 4 Lambda has +to be bigger than minus one that's + + align:start position:0% +to be bigger than minus one that's + + + align:start position:0% +to be bigger than minus one that's +that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point and that means that leads to + + align:start position:0% +point and that means that leads to + + + align:start position:0% +point and that means that leads to +Lambda smaller than a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +half right + + align:start position:0% +half right + + + align:start position:0% +half right +okay so the conclusion is so this is a + + align:start position:0% +okay so the conclusion is so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the conclusion is so this is a +typical this is like people just thought + + align:start position:0% +typical this is like people just thought + + + align:start position:0% +typical this is like people just thought +this stuff + + align:start position:0% +this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff +through uh in in well this is earlier in + + align:start position:0% +through uh in in well this is earlier in + + + align:start position:0% +through uh in in well this is earlier in +the 20th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +century uh it was recognized that there + + align:start position:0% +century uh it was recognized that there + + + align:start position:0% +century uh it was recognized that there +was a limit that you couldn't just jump + + align:start position:0% +was a limit that you couldn't just jump + + + align:start position:0% +was a limit that you couldn't just jump +forward maybe it was a guy named + + align:start position:0% +forward maybe it was a guy named + + + align:start position:0% +forward maybe it was a guy named +Richardson doing weather prediction that + + align:start position:0% +Richardson doing weather prediction that + + + align:start position:0% +Richardson doing weather prediction that +noticed that and then of course what + + align:start position:0% +noticed that and then of course what + + + align:start position:0% +noticed that and then of course what +what method did he naturally cook up he + + align:start position:0% +what method did he naturally cook up he + + + align:start position:0% +what method did he naturally cook up he +wanted to stabilize this so he cooked up + + align:start position:0% +wanted to stabilize this so he cooked up + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to stabilize this so he cooked up +a sort of + + align:start position:0% +a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of +midpoint crank Nicholson or somebody + + align:start position:0% +midpoint crank Nicholson or somebody + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint crank Nicholson or somebody +crank maybe crank and Nicholson cooked + + align:start position:0% +crank maybe crank and Nicholson cooked + + + align:start position:0% +crank maybe crank and Nicholson cooked +it up where the where this difference + + align:start position:0% +it up where the where this difference + + + align:start position:0% +it up where the where this difference +was half at the old at the new old time + + align:start position:0% +was half at the old at the new old time + + + align:start position:0% +was half at the old at the new old time +and half at the new time you you you you + + align:start position:0% +and half at the new time you you you you + + + align:start position:0% +and half at the new time you you you you +with me it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +with me it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +with me it's going to be +implicit because I'm going to have new + + align:start position:0% +implicit because I'm going to have new + + + align:start position:0% +implicit because I'm going to have new +times on both sides of the equation but + + align:start position:0% +times on both sides of the equation but + + + align:start position:0% +times on both sides of the equation but +I've centered it all and stabilized + + align:start position:0% +I've centered it all and stabilized + + + align:start position:0% +I've centered it all and stabilized +it good okay so that's the story with + + align:start position:0% +it good okay so that's the story with + + + align:start position:0% +it good okay so that's the story with +the heat + + align:start position:0% +the heat + + + align:start position:0% +the heat +equation the heat equation is very + + align:start position:0% +equation the heat equation is very + + + align:start position:0% +equation the heat equation is very +powerful because there's a restriction + + align:start position:0% +powerful because there's a restriction + + + align:start position:0% +powerful because there's a restriction +delta T of the order Delta X squ unless + + align:start position:0% +delta T of the order Delta X squ unless + + + align:start position:0% +delta T of the order Delta X squ unless +we go implicit and and and save + + align:start position:0% +we go implicit and and and save + + + align:start position:0% +we go implicit and and and save +ourselves of course if I make all this + + align:start position:0% +ourselves of course if I make all this + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves of course if I make all this +at time n plus one do you see the + + align:start position:0% +at time n plus one do you see the + + + align:start position:0% +at time n plus one do you see the +difference at time n + one all that all + + align:start position:0% +difference at time n + one all that all + + + align:start position:0% +difference at time n + one all that all +that negative stuff comes over here + + align:start position:0% +that negative stuff comes over here + + + align:start position:0% +that negative stuff comes over here +becomes positive I divide by it it + + align:start position:0% +becomes positive I divide by it it + + + align:start position:0% +becomes positive I divide by it it +helps and uh + + align:start position:0% +helps and uh + + + align:start position:0% +helps and uh +stabilizes you see the calculations here + + align:start position:0% +stabilizes you see the calculations here + + + align:start position:0% +stabilizes you see the calculations here +are not uh difficult if we assume that + + align:start position:0% +are not uh difficult if we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +are not uh difficult if we assume that +as I'm doing that that the boundaries + + align:start position:0% +as I'm doing that that the boundaries + + + align:start position:0% +as I'm doing that that the boundaries +are not our problem we're we're in the + + align:start position:0% +are not our problem we're we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +are not our problem we're we're in the +middle we're on the whole line for + + align:start position:0% +middle we're on the whole line for + + + align:start position:0% +middle we're on the whole line for +example No + + align:start position:0% +example No + + + align:start position:0% +example No +Boundaries and we uh we just have little + + align:start position:0% +Boundaries and we uh we just have little + + + align:start position:0% +Boundaries and we uh we just have little +neat little calculation here cuz we have + + align:start position:0% +neat little calculation here cuz we have + + + align:start position:0% +neat little calculation here cuz we have +because our matrices are going on + + align:start position:0% +because our matrices are going on + + + align:start position:0% +because our matrices are going on +forever + + align:start position:0% +forever + + + align:start position:0% +forever +so Fier would say wait a minute you're + + align:start position:0% +so Fier would say wait a minute you're + + + align:start position:0% +so Fier would say wait a minute you're +using my methods right if we have these + + align:start position:0% +using my methods right if we have these + + + align:start position:0% +using my methods right if we have these +constant diagonal matrices going on + + align:start position:0% +constant diagonal matrices going on + + + align:start position:0% +constant diagonal matrices going on +forever the reason we're able to do + + align:start position:0% +forever the reason we're able to do + + + align:start position:0% +forever the reason we're able to do +these simple calculations is that fora + + align:start position:0% +these simple calculations is that fora + + + align:start position:0% +these simple calculations is that fora +is fora is correct + + align:start position:0% +is fora is correct + + + align:start position:0% +is fora is correct +now okay and that's the model to always + + align:start position:0% +now okay and that's the model to always + + + align:start position:0% +now okay and that's the model to always +to start with the constant coefficient + + align:start position:0% +to start with the constant coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +to start with the constant coefficient +model all right could could I now turn + + align:start position:0% +model all right could could I now turn + + + align:start position:0% +model all right could could I now turn +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +wave type + + align:start position:0% +wave type + + + align:start position:0% +wave type +equations where stability is again an + + align:start position:0% +equations where stability is again an + + + align:start position:0% +equations where stability is again an +issue okay so to make this into a wave + + align:start position:0% +issue okay so to make this into a wave + + + align:start position:0% +issue okay so to make this into a wave +equation I just make that a first + + align:start position:0% +equation I just make that a first + + + align:start position:0% +equation I just make that a first +derivative so what ratio am I expecting + + align:start position:0% +derivative so what ratio am I expecting + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so what ratio am I expecting +now to be + + align:start position:0% +now to be + + + align:start position:0% +now to be +involved previously we had Delta it'll + + align:start position:0% +involved previously we had Delta it'll + + + align:start position:0% +involved previously we had Delta it'll +be just Del over Delta X that's right + + align:start position:0% +be just Del over Delta X that's right + + + align:start position:0% +be just Del over Delta X that's right +this will be our new Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +this will be our new Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +this will be our new Lambda and +depending on the method we'll have some + + align:start position:0% +depending on the method we'll have some + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the method we'll have some +requirement for + + align:start position:0% +requirement for + + + align:start position:0% +requirement for +stability there be some stability + + align:start position:0% +stability there be some stability + + + align:start position:0% +stability there be some stability +requirement on delta T over deltax to + + align:start position:0% +requirement on delta T over deltax to + + + align:start position:0% +requirement on delta T over deltax to +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +Power and if we go implicit there might + + align:start position:0% +Power and if we go implicit there might + + + align:start position:0% +Power and if we go implicit there might +be no + + align:start position:0% +be no + + + align:start position:0% +be no +requirement yeah so let's see what can I + + align:start position:0% +requirement yeah so let's see what can I + + + align:start position:0% +requirement yeah so let's see what can I +fix up this so now I have first + + align:start position:0% +fix up this so now I have first + + + align:start position:0% +fix up this so now I have first +derivative so suppose I suppose a is now + + align:start position:0% +derivative so suppose I suppose a is now + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so suppose I suppose a is now +always positive say keep a positive just + + align:start position:0% +always positive say keep a positive just + + + align:start position:0% +always positive say keep a positive just +so we know the sign of things all right + + align:start position:0% +so we know the sign of things all right + + + align:start position:0% +so we know the sign of things all right +what what Chang here for the for for + + align:start position:0% +what what Chang here for the for for + + + align:start position:0% +what what Chang here for the for for +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation I just want a Delta + + align:start position:0% +equation I just want a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +equation I just want a Delta +x what else sing just a single + + align:start position:0% +x what else sing just a single + + + align:start position:0% +x what else sing just a single +difference so just this minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I made it a forward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difference and and what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +difference and and what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +difference and and what's going on in +the in the uh in the XT plane so I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +the in the uh in the XT plane so I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the in the uh in the XT plane so I'm I'm +given all these starting + + align:start position:0% +given all these starting + + + align:start position:0% +given all these starting +values and then this tells me how to get + + align:start position:0% +values and then this tells me how to get + + + align:start position:0% +values and then this tells me how to get +up to the next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line and what does it tell me where does + + align:start position:0% +line and what does it tell me where does + + + align:start position:0% +line and what does it tell me where does +that value this is this is n + one line + + align:start position:0% +that value this is this is n + one line + + + align:start position:0% +that value this is this is n + one line +and this is n Line This is I position + + align:start position:0% +and this is n Line This is I position + + + align:start position:0% +and this is n Line This is I position +this is I position this is I + one + + align:start position:0% +this is I position this is I + one + + + align:start position:0% +this is I position this is I + one +position so what does it tell me + + align:start position:0% +position so what does it tell me + + + align:start position:0% +position so what does it tell me +here I'm Computing the new value from + + align:start position:0% +here I'm Computing the new value from + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm Computing the new value from +this value value and this one these + + align:start position:0% +this value value and this one these + + + align:start position:0% +this value value and this one these +These are contributing to that new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +right and the question is am I okay or + + align:start position:0% +right and the question is am I okay or + + + align:start position:0% +right and the question is am I okay or +am I am I in + + align:start position:0% +am I am I in + + + align:start position:0% +am I am I in +trouble it should be just simple here + + align:start position:0% +trouble it should be just simple here + + + align:start position:0% +trouble it should be just simple here +what are the + + align:start position:0% +what are the + + + align:start position:0% +what are the +weights so you I multiply by delta T and + + align:start position:0% +weights so you I multiply by delta T and + + + align:start position:0% +weights so you I multiply by delta T and +that gives me the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +that gives me the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +that gives me the Lambda +again yeah let me try again I I did such + + align:start position:0% +again yeah let me try again I I did such + + + align:start position:0% +again yeah let me try again I I did such +a bad job on this on this one but you + + align:start position:0% +a bad job on this on this one but you + + + align:start position:0% +a bad job on this on this one but you +rescued me so be prepared to rescue me + + align:start position:0% +rescued me so be prepared to rescue me + + + align:start position:0% +rescued me so be prepared to rescue me +again uh + + align:start position:0% +again uh + + + align:start position:0% +again uh +the this I just want to multiply up so + + align:start position:0% +the this I just want to multiply up so + + + align:start position:0% +the this I just want to multiply up so +un n + + + align:start position:0% +un n + + + + align:start position:0% +un n + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +I is some combination of u n i and u n i + + align:start position:0% +I is some combination of u n i and u n i + + + align:start position:0% +I is some combination of u n i and u n i ++ + + align:start position:0% ++ + + + align:start position:0% ++ +1 and what are the weights I multiply up + + align:start position:0% +1 and what are the weights I multiply up + + + align:start position:0% +1 and what are the weights I multiply up +by Delta so that gives me the Lambda so + + align:start position:0% +by Delta so that gives me the Lambda so + + + align:start position:0% +by Delta so that gives me the Lambda so +it's Lambda this looks like a minus + + align:start position:0% +it's Lambda this looks like a minus + + + align:start position:0% +it's Lambda this looks like a minus +Lambda this is a plus Lambda and a one + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this is a plus Lambda and a one + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this is a plus Lambda and a one +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasonable u t is a u x oh no I didn't + + align:start position:0% +reasonable u t is a u x oh no I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable u t is a u x oh no I didn't +do it right this is there's the i+ one + + align:start position:0% +do it right this is there's the i+ one + + + align:start position:0% +do it right this is there's the i+ one +oh come on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh what are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +weights so there's the I + one so the + + align:start position:0% +weights so there's the I + one so the + + + align:start position:0% +weights so there's the I + one so the +thing multiplying the I + one let me + + align:start position:0% +thing multiplying the I + one let me + + + align:start position:0% +thing multiplying the I + one let me +start again yeah is it just Lambda + + align:start position:0% +start again yeah is it just Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +start again yeah is it just Lambda +time the forward + + align:start position:0% +time the forward + + + align:start position:0% +time the forward +guy and 1us Lambda times + + align:start position:0% +guy and 1us Lambda times + + + align:start position:0% +guy and 1us Lambda times +the is that + + align:start position:0% +the is that + + + align:start position:0% +the is that +better yeah yeah I I just bring this up + + align:start position:0% +better yeah yeah I I just bring this up + + + align:start position:0% +better yeah yeah I I just bring this up +here so let me clean it up and just put + + align:start position:0% +here so let me clean it up and just put + + + align:start position:0% +here so let me clean it up and just put +a Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there these should be n yes that should + + align:start position:0% +there these should be n yes that should + + + align:start position:0% +there these should be n yes that should +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n oh + + align:start position:0% +n oh + + + align:start position:0% +n oh +please uh should + + align:start position:0% +please uh should + + + align:start position:0% +please uh should +it no I don't think I hope not no no I + + align:start position:0% +it no I don't think I hope not no no I + + + align:start position:0% +it no I don't think I hope not no no I +brought the yes maybe you're only yeah I + + align:start position:0% +brought the yes maybe you're only yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +brought the yes maybe you're only yeah I +brought maybe you're only making my life + + align:start position:0% +brought maybe you're only making my life + + + align:start position:0% +brought maybe you're only making my life +hard + + align:start position:0% +hard + + + align:start position:0% +hard +anyway I've got time on my side here + + align:start position:0% +anyway I've got time on my side here + + + align:start position:0% +anyway I've got time on my side here +okay yeah I think that's + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah I think that's +right all + + align:start position:0% +right all + + + align:start position:0% +right all +right and Lambda is positive of course + + align:start position:0% +right and Lambda is positive of course + + + align:start position:0% +right and Lambda is positive of course +it's a delta T over Delta X it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a delta T over Delta X it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a delta T over Delta X it's +positive the question is is it too + + align:start position:0% +positive the question is is it too + + + align:start position:0% +positive the question is is it too +big are we trying too big a Delta X so + + align:start position:0% +big are we trying too big a Delta X so + + + align:start position:0% +big are we trying too big a Delta X so +what's a too big Delta X for this + + align:start position:0% +what's a too big Delta X for this + + + align:start position:0% +what's a too big Delta X for this +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so each new value is this is + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so each new value is this is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so each new value is this is +this combination of old + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values and I want to know is it stable + + align:start position:0% +values and I want to know is it stable + + + align:start position:0% +values and I want to know is it stable +or is it blowing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up we could make a pretty good guess + + align:start position:0% +up we could make a pretty good guess + + + align:start position:0% +up we could make a pretty good guess +here L what's your + + align:start position:0% +here L what's your + + + align:start position:0% +here L what's your +guess Lambda be less than one if Lambda + + align:start position:0% +guess Lambda be less than one if Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +guess Lambda be less than one if Lambda +is less than one it's it's always + + align:start position:0% +is less than one it's it's always + + + align:start position:0% +is less than one it's it's always +greater than zero this is so so your + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero this is so so your + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero this is so so your +guess is that we're okay if Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +guess is that we're okay if Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +guess is that we're okay if Lambda is +well Lambda is positive not bigger than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one because in this + + align:start position:0% +one because in this + + + align:start position:0% +one because in this +case these weights are both positive we + + align:start position:0% +case these weights are both positive we + + + align:start position:0% +case these weights are both positive we +it's sort of an averaging process how + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of an averaging process how + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of an averaging process how +could we get how could we go + + align:start position:0% +could we get how could we go + + + align:start position:0% +could we get how could we go +wrong so it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +true but if Lambda was two for + + align:start position:0% +true but if Lambda was two for + + + align:start position:0% +true but if Lambda was two for +example then I'm taking two of this + + align:start position:0% +example then I'm taking two of this + + + align:start position:0% +example then I'm taking two of this +value and minus one of this + + align:start position:0% +value and minus one of this + + + align:start position:0% +value and minus one of this +value and then at the next step I'm + + align:start position:0% +value and then at the next step I'm + + + align:start position:0% +value and then at the next step I'm +taking two and minus one and and you + + align:start position:0% +taking two and minus one and and you + + + align:start position:0% +taking two and minus one and and you +could feel that this is getting out of + + align:start position:0% +could feel that this is getting out of + + + align:start position:0% +could feel that this is getting out of +hand but how would we pin that + + align:start position:0% +hand but how would we pin that + + + align:start position:0% +hand but how would we pin that +down how would we pin that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down well van noyman who was the + + align:start position:0% +down well van noyman who was the + + + align:start position:0% +down well van noyman who was the +greatest math + + align:start position:0% +greatest math + + + align:start position:0% +greatest math +matician of + + align:start position:0% +matician of + + + align:start position:0% +matician of +uh the time of the beginning of computer + + align:start position:0% +uh the time of the beginning of computer + + + align:start position:0% +uh the time of the beginning of computer +age say the 50s or + + align:start position:0% +age say the 50s or + + + align:start position:0% +age say the 50s or +so I he worked on uh he was at Los + + align:start position:0% +so I he worked on uh he was at Los + + + align:start position:0% +so I he worked on uh he was at Los +Alamos during the war he was really fast + + align:start position:0% +Alamos during the war he was really fast + + + align:start position:0% +Alamos during the war he was really fast +I'm sorry that I never met him of course + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry that I never met him of course + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry that I never met him of course +um but he is said to be just a lightning + + align:start position:0% +um but he is said to be just a lightning + + + align:start position:0% +um but he is said to be just a lightning +calculator and deep and uh and + + align:start position:0% +calculator and deep and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +calculator and deep and uh and +interested in Applied Mathematics + + align:start position:0% +interested in Applied Mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +interested in Applied Mathematics +here uh then he became um one of the + + align:start position:0% +here uh then he became um one of the + + + align:start position:0% +here uh then he became um one of the +members of the atomic energy + + align:start position:0% +members of the atomic energy + + + align:start position:0% +members of the atomic energy +commission but prior to that it was his + + align:start position:0% +commission but prior to that it was his + + + align:start position:0% +commission but prior to that it was his +great pure mathematics so just a + + align:start position:0% +great pure mathematics so just a + + + align:start position:0% +great pure mathematics so just a +fantastic + + align:start position:0% +fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic +guy maybe he's the last to have been + + align:start position:0% +guy maybe he's the last to have been + + + align:start position:0% +guy maybe he's the last to have been +sort of generally agreed by by all + + align:start position:0% +sort of generally agreed by by all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of generally agreed by by all +mathematicians as the best at the time I + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians as the best at the time I + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians as the best at the time I +don't know who would + + align:start position:0% +don't know who would + + + align:start position:0% +don't know who would +if there's anybody who would have that + + align:start position:0% +if there's anybody who would have that + + + align:start position:0% +if there's anybody who would have that +General judgment + + align:start position:0% +General judgment + + + align:start position:0% +General judgment +now okay so he had an + + align:start position:0% +now okay so he had an + + + align:start position:0% +now okay so he had an +idea his idea well it was F's idea he + + align:start position:0% +idea his idea well it was F's idea he + + + align:start position:0% +idea his idea well it was F's idea he +said okay we'll use + + align:start position:0% +said okay we'll use + + + align:start position:0% +said okay we'll use +Fier will suppose that you n i is I'm a + + align:start position:0% +Fier will suppose that you n i is I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +Fier will suppose that you n i is I'm a +little sorry I've used I because I'm + + align:start position:0% +little sorry I've used I because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +little sorry I've used I because I'm +going to need an I in in e to the I + + align:start position:0% +going to need an I in in e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +going to need an I in in e to the I +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +if I use J there might be some + + align:start position:0% +if I use J there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +if I use J there might be some +complaints no K I'll use K is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neutral okay so he said well try put in + + align:start position:0% +neutral okay so he said well try put in + + + align:start position:0% +neutral okay so he said well try put in +a put in a an exponential where the + + align:start position:0% +a put in a an exponential where the + + + align:start position:0% +a put in a an exponential where the +thing is you have constant coefficients + + align:start position:0% +thing is you have constant coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +thing is you have constant coefficients +anytime you have constant coefficient + + align:start position:0% +anytime you have constant coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you have constant coefficient +problem you should put in + + align:start position:0% +problem you should put in + + + align:start position:0% +problem you should put in +exponentials so he put in an exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponentials so he put in an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials so he put in an exponential +say e to the i k some frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega and then you said okay the + + align:start position:0% +Omega and then you said okay the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and then you said okay the +frequency is not going to change it's + + align:start position:0% +frequency is not going to change it's + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is not going to change it's +going to come out this will + + align:start position:0% +going to come out this will + + + align:start position:0% +going to come out this will +be so then I get what do I get then when + + align:start position:0% +be so then I get what do I get then when + + + align:start position:0% +be so then I get what do I get then when +I plug that in I have Lambda at time + + align:start position:0% +I plug that in I have Lambda at time + + + align:start position:0% +I plug that in I have Lambda at time +n this is e to the i k + 1 Omega right + + align:start position:0% +n this is e to the i k + 1 Omega right + + + align:start position:0% +n this is e to the i k + 1 Omega right +and then I have 1 - Lambda e to the i k + + align:start position:0% +and then I have 1 - Lambda e to the i k + + + align:start position:0% +and then I have 1 - Lambda e to the i k +Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +okay to the NS well okay yeah so I + + align:start position:0% +okay to the NS well okay yeah so I + + + align:start position:0% +okay to the NS well okay yeah so I +assumed that n was I assumed at time + + align:start position:0% +assumed that n was I assumed at time + + + align:start position:0% +assumed that n was I assumed at time +level N I had a pure exponential and I'm + + align:start position:0% +level N I had a pure exponential and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +level N I had a pure exponential and I'm +just taking one step so I'm just looking + + align:start position:0% +just taking one step so I'm just looking + + + align:start position:0% +just taking one step so I'm just looking +at the growth Factor at each + + align:start position:0% +at the growth Factor at each + + + align:start position:0% +at the growth Factor at each +step so I could have started at zero and + + align:start position:0% +step so I could have started at zero and + + + align:start position:0% +step so I could have started at zero and +asked you at one but I started at n as + + align:start position:0% +asked you at one but I started at n as + + + align:start position:0% +asked you at one but I started at n as +you at n plus one so what's the growth + + align:start position:0% +you at n plus one so what's the growth + + + align:start position:0% +you at n plus one so what's the growth +factor the the point is e to the i k + + align:start position:0% +factor the the point is e to the i k + + + align:start position:0% +factor the the point is e to the i k +Omega factors out of course so the + + align:start position:0% +Omega factors out of course so the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega factors out of course so the +growth factor + + align:start position:0% +growth factor + + + align:start position:0% +growth factor +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +Lambda what what is it now Lambda e to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda what what is it now Lambda e to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda what what is it now Lambda e to +the I + + align:start position:0% +the I + + + align:start position:0% +the I +Omega right and a 1 minus Lambda that's + + align:start position:0% +Omega right and a 1 minus Lambda that's + + + align:start position:0% +Omega right and a 1 minus Lambda that's +the growth factor that multiplies this + + align:start position:0% +the growth factor that multiplies this + + + align:start position:0% +the growth factor that multiplies this +is G the growth factor and it depends on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +and when does our thing not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grow when the growth factor is smaller + + align:start position:0% +grow when the growth factor is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +grow when the growth factor is smaller +than one so vman's requirement is this + + align:start position:0% +than one so vman's requirement is this + + + align:start position:0% +than one so vman's requirement is this +is the vanan condition the growth factor + + align:start position:0% +is the vanan condition the growth factor + + + align:start position:0% +is the vanan condition the growth factor +should be smaller than one for all Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's it's just the natural idea look to + + align:start position:0% +it's it's just the natural idea look to + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's just the natural idea look to +see what happens to an + + align:start position:0% +see what happens to an + + + align:start position:0% +see what happens to an +exponential I in any Evolution problem + + align:start position:0% +exponential I in any Evolution problem + + + align:start position:0% +exponential I in any Evolution problem +we look to see what happens to the igen + + align:start position:0% +we look to see what happens to the igen + + + align:start position:0% +we look to see what happens to the igen +functions they're like multiplied by an + + align:start position:0% +functions they're like multiplied by an + + + align:start position:0% +functions they're like multiplied by an +igen + + align:start position:0% +igen + + + align:start position:0% +igen +value well in a constant coefficient + + align:start position:0% +value well in a constant coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +value well in a constant coefficient +problem the igen functions are always + + align:start position:0% +problem the igen functions are always + + + align:start position:0% +problem the igen functions are always +these guys so we're really doing that + + align:start position:0% +these guys so we're really doing that + + + align:start position:0% +these guys so we're really doing that +we're plugging in an IG + + align:start position:0% +we're plugging in an IG + + + align:start position:0% +we're plugging in an IG +function and but simple exponential we + + align:start position:0% +function and but simple exponential we + + + align:start position:0% +function and but simple exponential we +don't have to say that we just plug in + + align:start position:0% +don't have to say that we just plug in + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to say that we just plug in +exponential we get back exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential we get back exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential we get back exponential +that's why it's an igen function + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's an igen function + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's an igen function +multiplied by some number G okay now I + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by some number G okay now I + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by some number G okay now I +just look at g i plot G so the + + align:start position:0% +just look at g i plot G so the + + + align:start position:0% +just look at g i plot G so the +requirement is G should be smaller than + + align:start position:0% +requirement is G should be smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +requirement is G should be smaller than +one okay so plot this thing now let me + + align:start position:0% +one okay so plot this thing now let me + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so plot this thing now let me +take Lambda smaller than one which will + + align:start position:0% +take Lambda smaller than one which will + + + align:start position:0% +take Lambda smaller than one which will +be okay + + align:start position:0% +be okay + + + align:start position:0% +be okay +okay what's the plot of these of these + + align:start position:0% +okay what's the plot of these of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's the plot of these of these +of those numbers then for all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +omegas do you see what's going on + + align:start position:0% +omegas do you see what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +omegas do you see what's going on +there it's right we have we we start at + + align:start position:0% +there it's right we have we we start at + + + align:start position:0% +there it's right we have we we start at +some point one minus here's one so + + align:start position:0% +some point one minus here's one so + + + align:start position:0% +some point one minus here's one so +here's one minus + + align:start position:0% +here's one minus + + + align:start position:0% +here's one minus +Lambda and then we have a circle of + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and then we have a circle of + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and then we have a circle of +radius Lambda which always it'll reach + + align:start position:0% +radius Lambda which always it'll reach + + + align:start position:0% +radius Lambda which always it'll reach +out to one but + + align:start position:0% +out to one but + + + align:start position:0% +out to one but +again it won't + + align:start position:0% +again it won't + + + align:start position:0% +again it won't +here's it + + align:start position:0% +here's it + + + align:start position:0% +here's it +doesn't right this the radius is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't right this the radius is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't right this the radius is +Lambda so in other words the the end the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so in other words the the end the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so in other words the the end the +back end of the circle the dangerous end + + align:start position:0% +back end of the circle the dangerous end + + + align:start position:0% +back end of the circle the dangerous end +is now 1us 2 + + align:start position:0% +is now 1us 2 + + + align:start position:0% +is now 1us 2 +lambdas where the heat equation it was 1 + + align:start position:0% +lambdas where the heat equation it was 1 + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas where the heat equation it was 1 +- 4 + + align:start position:0% +- 4 + + + align:start position:0% +- 4 +Lambda now it's 1 - 2 Lambda everybody + + align:start position:0% +Lambda now it's 1 - 2 Lambda everybody + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda now it's 1 - 2 Lambda everybody +sees this that there's the there's a + + align:start position:0% +sees this that there's the there's a + + + align:start position:0% +sees this that there's the there's a +fixed number there and now this is + + align:start position:0% +fixed number there and now this is + + + align:start position:0% +fixed number there and now this is +Lambda * e to the I Omega but what's e + + align:start position:0% +Lambda * e to the I Omega but what's e + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda * e to the I Omega but what's e +to the I + + align:start position:0% +to the I + + + align:start position:0% +to the I +Omega it's running all around the circle + + align:start position:0% +Omega it's running all around the circle + + + align:start position:0% +Omega it's running all around the circle +so this runs around a cir around this + + align:start position:0% +so this runs around a cir around this + + + align:start position:0% +so this runs around a cir around this +circle of radius + + align:start position:0% +circle of radius + + + align:start position:0% +circle of radius +Lambda and it furthest back is 1 - 2 + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and it furthest back is 1 - 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and it furthest back is 1 - 2 +Lambda and that has to be bigger than + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and that has to be bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and that has to be bigger than +minus1 because if 1 - 2 Lambda is below + + align:start position:0% +minus1 because if 1 - 2 Lambda is below + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 because if 1 - 2 Lambda is below +minus1 we're in trouble and now if I + + align:start position:0% +minus1 we're in trouble and now if I + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 we're in trouble and now if I +turn that around bring that two over + + align:start position:0% +turn that around bring that two over + + + align:start position:0% +turn that around bring that two over +here the two Lambda two greater than two + + align:start position:0% +here the two Lambda two greater than two + + + align:start position:0% +here the two Lambda two greater than two +Lambda one greater than Lambda win it we + + align:start position:0% +Lambda one greater than Lambda win it we + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda one greater than Lambda win it we +got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so that's the vanman idea one greater + + align:start position:0% +it so that's the vanman idea one greater + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's the vanman idea one greater +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +Lambda put in an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponential so now I only have that one + + align:start position:0% +exponential so now I only have that one + + + align:start position:0% +exponential so now I only have that one +more minute so this is the the good + + align:start position:0% +more minute so this is the the good + + + align:start position:0% +more minute so this is the the good +method put in an exponential we could I + + align:start position:0% +method put in an exponential we could I + + + align:start position:0% +method put in an exponential we could I +could tell you about the book will about + + align:start position:0% +could tell you about the book will about + + + align:start position:0% +could tell you about the book will about +other difference methods I we picked the + + align:start position:0% +other difference methods I we picked the + + + align:start position:0% +other difference methods I we picked the +simplest we picked the simplest + + align:start position:0% +simplest we picked the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +simplest we picked the simplest +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +method we could have used uh implicit we + + align:start position:0% +method we could have used uh implicit we + + + align:start position:0% +method we could have used uh implicit we +could have you yeah try implicit + + align:start position:0% +could have you yeah try implicit + + + align:start position:0% +could have you yeah try implicit +probably that's more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stable we could have used halfway + + align:start position:0% +stable we could have used halfway + + + align:start position:0% +stable we could have used halfway +centered that's probably pretty + + align:start position:0% +centered that's probably pretty + + + align:start position:0% +centered that's probably pretty +stable what do I want to do that the + + align:start position:0% +stable what do I want to do that the + + + align:start position:0% +stable what do I want to do that the +list of topics has included here and I + + align:start position:0% +list of topics has included here and I + + + align:start position:0% +list of topics has included here and I +sorry that that + + align:start position:0% +sorry that that + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that that +letter L and lecture + + align:start position:0% +letter L and lecture + + + align:start position:0% +letter L and lecture +got + + align:start position:0% +got + + + align:start position:0% +got +submerged has included also this great + + align:start position:0% +submerged has included also this great + + + align:start position:0% +submerged has included also this great +CFL paper which was way back 1928 far + + align:start position:0% +CFL paper which was way back 1928 far + + + align:start position:0% +CFL paper which was way back 1928 far +far before its time in a way or it + + align:start position:0% +far before its time in a way or it + + + align:start position:0% +far before its time in a way or it +brought its time with it and what was + + align:start position:0% +brought its time with it and what was + + + align:start position:0% +brought its time with it and what was +the point of their paper V + + align:start position:0% +the point of their paper V + + + align:start position:0% +the point of their paper V +noyman had a more General method Kuran + + align:start position:0% +noyman had a more General method Kuran + + + align:start position:0% +noyman had a more General method Kuran +fried's leevy just made this observation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we're Computing this new value from + + align:start position:0% +that we're Computing this new value from + + + align:start position:0% +that we're Computing this new value from +these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +and he observe they observed the three + + align:start position:0% +and he observe they observed the three + + + align:start position:0% +and he observe they observed the three +of them that if Lambda was larger than + + align:start position:0% +of them that if Lambda was larger than + + + align:start position:0% +of them that if Lambda was larger than +one if Lambda was larger than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one yeah here's the + + align:start position:0% +one yeah here's the + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah here's the +idea the finite difference method this + + align:start position:0% +idea the finite difference method this + + + align:start position:0% +idea the finite difference method this +simple one is Computing this value from + + align:start position:0% +simple one is Computing this value from + + + align:start position:0% +simple one is Computing this value from +these two but now where is the true + + align:start position:0% +these two but now where is the true + + + align:start position:0% +these two but now where is the true +value coming from that goes + + align:start position:0% +value coming from that goes + + + align:start position:0% +value coming from that goes +there where is the true solution what's + + align:start position:0% +there where is the true solution what's + + + align:start position:0% +there where is the true solution what's +it doing so the true solution is U at x + + align:start position:0% +it doing so the true solution is U at x + + + align:start position:0% +it doing so the true solution is U at x ++ a + + align:start position:0% ++ a + + + align:start position:0% ++ a +t a function like that will solve the + + align:start position:0% +t a function like that will solve the + + + align:start position:0% +t a function like that will solve the +equation now I'm going to go fast here + + align:start position:0% +equation now I'm going to go fast here + + + align:start position:0% +equation now I'm going to go fast here +I'm just going to say the answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the true solution comes so this ratio is + + align:start position:0% +the true solution comes so this ratio is + + + align:start position:0% +the true solution comes so this ratio is +delta T over Delta X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right if the true solution comes from a + + align:start position:0% +right if the true solution comes from a + + + align:start position:0% +right if the true solution comes from a +point there the characteristic it's + + align:start position:0% +point there the characteristic it's + + + align:start position:0% +point there the characteristic it's +called that would mean that then that + + align:start position:0% +called that would mean that then that + + + align:start position:0% +called that would mean that then that +would have slope one over a say the + + align:start position:0% +would have slope one over a say the + + + align:start position:0% +would have slope one over a say the +slope of this is It's + + align:start position:0% +slope of this is It's + + + align:start position:0% +slope of this is It's +it it's simple idea here + + align:start position:0% +it it's simple idea here + + + align:start position:0% +it it's simple idea here +the the true value of U is coming from + + align:start position:0% +the the true value of U is coming from + + + align:start position:0% +the the true value of U is coming from +these values along some line if that + + align:start position:0% +these values along some line if that + + + align:start position:0% +these values along some line if that +line is in here then that's good we' we + + align:start position:0% +line is in here then that's good we' we + + + align:start position:0% +line is in here then that's good we' we +we're at least using good + + align:start position:0% +we're at least using good + + + align:start position:0% +we're at least using good +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +if the True Value that's reflected up + + align:start position:0% +if the True Value that's reflected up + + + align:start position:0% +if the True Value that's reflected up +here comes from out here we certainly + + align:start position:0% +here comes from out here we certainly + + + align:start position:0% +here comes from out here we certainly +lost so it's like this top I could + + align:start position:0% +lost so it's like this top I could + + + align:start position:0% +lost so it's like this top I could +introduce a words like domain of + + align:start position:0% +introduce a words like domain of + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a words like domain of +dependence domain of influence + + align:start position:0% +dependence domain of influence + + + align:start position:0% +dependence domain of influence +Ence that that this value has a domain + + align:start position:0% +Ence that that this value has a domain + + + align:start position:0% +Ence that that this value has a domain +of dependence here and if the true + + align:start position:0% +of dependence here and if the true + + + align:start position:0% +of dependence here and if the true +answer was coming from outside that then + + align:start position:0% +answer was coming from outside that then + + + align:start position:0% +answer was coming from outside that then +of course it can't be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stable if I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have that's true so so a better picture + + align:start position:0% +have that's true so so a better picture + + + align:start position:0% +have that's true so so a better picture +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +be a better picture would be to have a + + align:start position:0% +be a better picture would be to have a + + + align:start position:0% +be a better picture would be to have a +bunch of time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +steps with with with delta T over Delta + + align:start position:0% +steps with with with delta T over Delta + + + align:start position:0% +steps with with with delta T over Delta +X as the as the uh sort of steepness and + + align:start position:0% +X as the as the uh sort of steepness and + + + align:start position:0% +X as the as the uh sort of steepness and +then this value is coming from these two + + align:start position:0% +then this value is coming from these two + + + align:start position:0% +then this value is coming from these two +these are coming from these three these + + align:start position:0% +these are coming from these three these + + + align:start position:0% +these are coming from these three these +three are coming from these four because + + align:start position:0% +three are coming from these four because + + + align:start position:0% +three are coming from these four because +each one is coming from the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +below because that's I chose this + + align:start position:0% +below because that's I chose this + + + align:start position:0% +below because that's I chose this +particular scheme + + align:start position:0% +particular scheme + + + align:start position:0% +particular scheme +well because the true solution is like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one-sided because the waves only + + align:start position:0% +one-sided because the waves only + + + align:start position:0% +one-sided because the waves only +one-sided if I if I did a UT if I did + + align:start position:0% +one-sided if I if I did a UT if I did + + + align:start position:0% +one-sided if I if I did a UT if I did +that I'd have to be two-sided but I took + + align:start position:0% +that I'd have to be two-sided but I took + + + align:start position:0% +that I'd have to be two-sided but I took +a one-sided + + align:start position:0% +a one-sided + + + align:start position:0% +a one-sided +equation so and I had a one-sided + + align:start position:0% +equation so and I had a one-sided + + + align:start position:0% +equation so and I had a one-sided +difference and that was fine but if I + + align:start position:0% +difference and that was fine but if I + + + align:start position:0% +difference and that was fine but if I +tried to climb too + + align:start position:0% +tried to climb too + + + align:start position:0% +tried to climb too +steeply where the true answer is coming + + align:start position:0% +steeply where the true answer is coming + + + align:start position:0% +steeply where the true answer is coming +at at some slower at some + + align:start position:0% +at at some slower at some + + + align:start position:0% +at at some slower at some +you know if I try to climb steeper than + + align:start position:0% +you know if I try to climb steeper than + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I try to climb steeper than +that then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fail I'm going to leave it there as + + align:start position:0% +fail I'm going to leave it there as + + + align:start position:0% +fail I'm going to leave it there as +the so this sort of + + align:start position:0% +the so this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the so this sort of +insight gives you only a necessary + + align:start position:0% +insight gives you only a necessary + + + align:start position:0% +insight gives you only a necessary +condition you know that if you're not + + align:start position:0% +condition you know that if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +condition you know that if you're not +using the right stuff you can't + + align:start position:0% +using the right stuff you can't + + + align:start position:0% +using the right stuff you can't +win van nyman's + + align:start position:0% +win van nyman's + + + align:start position:0% +win van nyman's +Insight really pinned down + + align:start position:0% +Insight really pinned down + + + align:start position:0% +Insight really pinned down +stability by saying look at all the igen + + align:start position:0% +stability by saying look at all the igen + + + align:start position:0% +stability by saying look at all the igen +functions which are the pure + + align:start position:0% +functions which are the pure + + + align:start position:0% +functions which are the pure +exponentials in a constant coefficient + + align:start position:0% +exponentials in a constant coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials in a constant coefficient +problem and be sure G is less than one + + align:start position:0% +problem and be sure G is less than one + + + align:start position:0% +problem and be sure G is less than one +so this is one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +NOA and that's the right one to use + + align:start position:0% +NOA and that's the right one to use + + + align:start position:0% +NOA and that's the right one to use +right and then I mentioned this LAX + + align:start position:0% +right and then I mentioned this LAX + + + align:start position:0% +right and then I mentioned this LAX +theorem which who proved LAX proved that + + align:start position:0% +theorem which who proved LAX proved that + + + align:start position:0% +theorem which who proved LAX proved that +if it was + + align:start position:0% +if it was + + + align:start position:0% +if it was +unstable you couldn't + + align:start position:0% +unstable you couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +unstable you couldn't +converge yeah so that's a like a theorem + + align:start position:0% +converge yeah so that's a like a theorem + + + align:start position:0% +converge yeah so that's a like a theorem +in function theory that that uh that if + + align:start position:0% +in function theory that that uh that if + + + align:start position:0% +in function theory that that uh that if +it's stable and and consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +it's stable and and consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +it's stable and and consistent with the +equation you want you will + + align:start position:0% +equation you want you will + + + align:start position:0% +equation you want you will +converge if it's unstable you you won't + + align:start position:0% +converge if it's unstable you you won't + + + align:start position:0% +converge if it's unstable you you won't +converge there'll be some starting + + align:start position:0% +converge there'll be some starting + + + align:start position:0% +converge there'll be some starting +values that that uh mess you up it's + + align:start position:0% +values that that uh mess you up it's + + + align:start position:0% +values that that uh mess you up it's +sort of evident here this in this case + + align:start position:0% +sort of evident here this in this case + + + align:start position:0% +sort of evident here this in this case +the starting value would be the that + + align:start position:0% +the starting value would be the that + + + align:start position:0% +the starting value would be the that +messed you up would be the bad value of + + align:start position:0% +messed you up would be the bad value of + + + align:start position:0% +messed you up would be the bad value of +the bad fre quency Omega that brought + + align:start position:0% +the bad fre quency Omega that brought + + + align:start position:0% +the bad fre quency Omega that brought +you outside the + + align:start position:0% +you outside the + + + align:start position:0% +you outside the +circle and if annoyment condition is + + align:start position:0% +circle and if annoyment condition is + + + align:start position:0% +circle and if annoyment condition is +satisfied all the all the omegas keep + + align:start position:0% +satisfied all the all the omegas keep + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied all the all the omegas keep +you inside the circle growth factor less + + align:start position:0% +you inside the circle growth factor less + + + align:start position:0% +you inside the circle growth factor less +than one stable + + align:start position:0% +than one stable + + + align:start position:0% +than one stable +convergent and success yeah so this you + + align:start position:0% +convergent and success yeah so this you + + + align:start position:0% +convergent and success yeah so this you +see the difference between lecture 18 + + align:start position:0% +see the difference between lecture 18 + + + align:start position:0% +see the difference between lecture 18 +and lecture + + align:start position:0% +and lecture + + + align:start position:0% +and lecture +17 well there was a stability in in + + align:start position:0% +17 well there was a stability in in + + + align:start position:0% +17 well there was a stability in in +lecture 17 it was the stability of the + + align:start position:0% +lecture 17 it was the stability of the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture 17 it was the stability of the +iteration it was it was steady the time + + align:start position:0% +iteration it was it was steady the time + + + align:start position:0% +iteration it was it was steady the time +wasn't moving it was the iteration count + + align:start position:0% +wasn't moving it was the iteration count + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't moving it was the iteration count +here we stability of the time is moving + + align:start position:0% +here we stability of the time is moving + + + align:start position:0% +here we stability of the time is moving +yes last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes that's right that it'll converge to + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right that it'll converge to + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right that it'll converge to +the right thing if you've if your + + align:start position:0% +the right thing if you've if your + + + align:start position:0% +the right thing if you've if your +equation has approximated the right + + align:start position:0% +equation has approximated the right + + + align:start position:0% +equation has approximated the right +thing so there's a there's a prop + + align:start position:0% +thing so there's a there's a prop + + + align:start position:0% +thing so there's a there's a prop +there's a requirement called + + align:start position:0% +there's a requirement called + + + align:start position:0% +there's a requirement called +consistency which says that yeah your + + align:start position:0% +consistency which says that yeah your + + + align:start position:0% +consistency which says that yeah your +difference equation copied the + + align:start position:0% +difference equation copied the + + + align:start position:0% +difference equation copied the +differential equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properly no consistency says this this + + align:start position:0% +properly no consistency says this this + + + align:start position:0% +properly no consistency says this this +would be consistent whatever Lambda we + + align:start position:0% +would be consistent whatever Lambda we + + + align:start position:0% +would be consistent whatever Lambda we +took because we we we're approximating + + align:start position:0% +took because we we we're approximating + + + align:start position:0% +took because we we we're approximating +the differential equation in a + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation in a + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation in a +reasonable way so stability consistency + + align:start position:0% +reasonable way so stability consistency + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable way so stability consistency +is usually easy to check you never screw + + align:start position:0% +is usually easy to check you never screw + + + align:start position:0% +is usually easy to check you never screw +it up but then stability we could we + + align:start position:0% +it up but then stability we could we + + + align:start position:0% +it up but then stability we could we +would screw up if we took delta T too + + align:start position:0% +would screw up if we took delta T too + + + align:start position:0% +would screw up if we took delta T too +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +yeah so it's always this this this + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's always this this this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's always this this this +iteration and do things grow or don't + + align:start position:0% +iteration and do things grow or don't + + + align:start position:0% +iteration and do things grow or don't +they grow and are igen values the test + + align:start position:0% +they grow and are igen values the test + + + align:start position:0% +they grow and are igen values the test +and what are the igen functions is + + align:start position:0% +and what are the igen functions is + + + align:start position:0% +and what are the igen functions is +appearing over and over in these + + align:start position:0% +appearing over and over in these + + + align:start position:0% +appearing over and over in these +lectures yeah so we get a two- week + + align:start position:0% +lectures yeah so we get a two- week + + + align:start position:0% +lectures yeah so we get a two- week +break uh for all of us and then back + + align:start position:0% +break uh for all of us and then back + + + align:start position:0% +break uh for all of us and then back +April the 5th I think and I'll look + + align:start position:0% +April the 5th I think and I'll look + + + align:start position:0% +April the 5th I think and I'll look +forward to it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Mcy-LlcD8jI.txt b/Mcy-LlcD8jI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1dd4955ad13e25ef5510ca55b27f5efa7b70ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Mcy-LlcD8jI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15805 @@ +align:start position:0% + +uh briefly last time about + + align:start position:0% +uh briefly last time about + + + align:start position:0% +uh briefly last time about +tesselating + + align:start position:0% +tesselating + + + align:start position:0% +tesselating +spheres in various dimensions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +found that representing rotation as unit + + align:start position:0% +found that representing rotation as unit + + + align:start position:0% +found that representing rotation as unit +vector unit quaternions was useful and + + align:start position:0% +vector unit quaternions was useful and + + + align:start position:0% +vector unit quaternions was useful and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +exploring that space of rotation we're + + align:start position:0% +exploring that space of rotation we're + + + align:start position:0% +exploring that space of rotation we're +dealing with a sphere and 4d and it'd be + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a sphere and 4d and it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a sphere and 4d and it'd be +good to divide it up into equal + + align:start position:0% +good to divide it up into equal + + + align:start position:0% +good to divide it up into equal +areas + + align:start position:0% +areas + + + align:start position:0% +areas +and in the process we started talking + + align:start position:0% +and in the process we started talking + + + align:start position:0% +and in the process we started talking +about 3d which is slightly easier but + + align:start position:0% +about 3d which is slightly easier but + + + align:start position:0% +about 3d which is slightly easier but +which is also going to be important for + + align:start position:0% +which is also going to be important for + + + align:start position:0% +which is also going to be important for +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +tessellation of the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +tessellation of the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +tessellation of the surface of the +sphere can be based on the platonic + + align:start position:0% +sphere can be based on the platonic + + + align:start position:0% +sphere can be based on the platonic +solids + + align:start position:0% +solids + + + align:start position:0% +solids +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +there are five of and + + align:start position:0% +there are five of and + + + align:start position:0% +there are five of and +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +equal area + + align:start position:0% +equal area + + + align:start position:0% +equal area +projections on the sphere so they're + + align:start position:0% +projections on the sphere so they're + + + align:start position:0% +projections on the sphere so they're +very nice from that point of view but + + align:start position:0% +very nice from that point of view but + + + align:start position:0% +very nice from that point of view but +the divisions kind of cause and so + + align:start position:0% +the divisions kind of cause and so + + + align:start position:0% +the divisions kind of cause and so +typically we'll + + align:start position:0% +typically we'll + + + align:start position:0% +typically we'll +divide it more finely + + align:start position:0% +divide it more finely + + + align:start position:0% +divide it more finely +so one way is to go to the archimedean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solids and so here we've got + + align:start position:0% +solids and so here we've got + + + align:start position:0% +solids and so here we've got +all of those um + + align:start position:0% +all of those um + + + align:start position:0% +all of those um +they're i guess in their world in this + + align:start position:0% +they're i guess in their world in this + + + align:start position:0% +they're i guess in their world in this +view there are 13 of them + + align:start position:0% +view there are 13 of them + + + align:start position:0% +view there are 13 of them +as i mentioned last time they're + + align:start position:0% +as i mentioned last time they're + + + align:start position:0% +as i mentioned last time they're +potentially + + align:start position:0% +potentially + + + align:start position:0% +potentially +14 because this one is not equal to its + + align:start position:0% +14 because this one is not equal to its + + + align:start position:0% +14 because this one is not equal to its +mirror image so you could have two of + + align:start position:0% +mirror image so you could have two of + + + align:start position:0% +mirror image so you could have two of +those with different orientations and + + align:start position:0% +those with different orientations and + + + align:start position:0% +those with different orientations and +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +regular polyhed polygons as facets + + align:start position:0% +regular polyhed polygons as facets + + + align:start position:0% +regular polyhed polygons as facets +but this time you're allowed to use more + + align:start position:0% +but this time you're allowed to use more + + + align:start position:0% +but this time you're allowed to use more +than one flavor of polygon so here we + + align:start position:0% +than one flavor of polygon so here we + + + align:start position:0% +than one flavor of polygon so here we +even use triangles squares and pentagons + + align:start position:0% +even use triangles squares and pentagons + + + align:start position:0% +even use triangles squares and pentagons +and as a result the areas aren't equal + + align:start position:0% +and as a result the areas aren't equal + + + align:start position:0% +and as a result the areas aren't equal +so you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know +this is pretty extreme example where we + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty extreme example where we + + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty extreme example where we +have triangles and + + align:start position:0% +have triangles and + + + align:start position:0% +have triangles and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +octagons no one two three five uh no + + align:start position:0% +octagons no one two three five uh no + + + align:start position:0% +octagons no one two three five uh no +uh dodecagons so um those triangles + + align:start position:0% +uh dodecagons so um those triangles + + + align:start position:0% +uh dodecagons so um those triangles +obviously have a much smaller area than + + align:start position:0% +obviously have a much smaller area than + + + align:start position:0% +obviously have a much smaller area than +the dodecagons + + align:start position:0% +the dodecagons + + + align:start position:0% +the dodecagons +and so on anyway we can base a + + align:start position:0% +and so on anyway we can base a + + + align:start position:0% +and so on anyway we can base a +tessellation on that uh of dividing up + + align:start position:0% +tessellation on that uh of dividing up + + + align:start position:0% +tessellation on that uh of dividing up +the sphere + + align:start position:0% +the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere +also uh this is relevant to um when + + align:start position:0% +also uh this is relevant to um when + + + align:start position:0% +also uh this is relevant to um when +we're talking about rotations + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about rotations + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about rotations +we're interested in the + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in the +rotation groups of these objects and + + align:start position:0% +rotation groups of these objects and + + + align:start position:0% +rotation groups of these objects and +let's see is there another one somewhere + + align:start position:0% +let's see is there another one somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +let's see is there another one somewhere +hidden behind here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and so + + align:start position:0% +um and so + + + align:start position:0% +um and so +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are 12 + + align:start position:0% +there are 12 + + + align:start position:0% +there are 12 +elements of the rotation group for the + + align:start position:0% +elements of the rotation group for the + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the rotation group for the +tetrahedron they're 24 for the + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedron they're 24 for the + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedron they're 24 for the +hexa hexahedron + + align:start position:0% +hexa hexahedron + + + align:start position:0% +hexa hexahedron +and they are + + align:start position:0% +and they are + + + align:start position:0% +and they are +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +60 for the dodecahedron + + align:start position:0% +60 for the dodecahedron + + + align:start position:0% +60 for the dodecahedron +so what about the octahedron and the + + align:start position:0% +so what about the octahedron and the + + + align:start position:0% +so what about the octahedron and the +icosahedron well the octahedron is the + + align:start position:0% +icosahedron well the octahedron is the + + + align:start position:0% +icosahedron well the octahedron is the +dual of the cube so it has the same + + align:start position:0% +dual of the cube so it has the same + + + align:start position:0% +dual of the cube so it has the same +rotation group + + align:start position:0% +rotation group + + + align:start position:0% +rotation group +the icosahedron is the dual of the + + align:start position:0% +the icosahedron is the dual of the + + + align:start position:0% +the icosahedron is the dual of the +dodecahedron so it has the same rotation + + align:start position:0% +dodecahedron so it has the same rotation + + + align:start position:0% +dodecahedron so it has the same rotation +group and we will define more precisely + + align:start position:0% +group and we will define more precisely + + + align:start position:0% +group and we will define more precisely +what dual means but roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +what dual means but roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +what dual means but roughly speaking +replace a face with a vertex replace a + + align:start position:0% +replace a face with a vertex replace a + + + align:start position:0% +replace a face with a vertex replace a +vertex with a face + + align:start position:0% +vertex with a face + + + align:start position:0% +vertex with a face +replace an edge with an edge at right + + align:start position:0% +replace an edge with an edge at right + + + align:start position:0% +replace an edge with an edge at right +angles + + align:start position:0% +angles + + + align:start position:0% +angles +so you can see how you can construct one + + align:start position:0% +so you can see how you can construct one + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see how you can construct one +of these out of the other + + align:start position:0% +of these out of the other + + + align:start position:0% +of these out of the other +so that's not much we got + + align:start position:0% +so that's not much we got + + + align:start position:0% +so that's not much we got +groups of size 12 24 and 60 and we're + + align:start position:0% +groups of size 12 24 and 60 and we're + + + align:start position:0% +groups of size 12 24 and 60 and we're +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +the surface of a sphere and 4d so that's + + align:start position:0% +the surface of a sphere and 4d so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of a sphere and 4d so that's +a three-dimensional thing + + align:start position:0% +a three-dimensional thing + + + align:start position:0% +a three-dimensional thing +and we're only dividing it up into 60 + + align:start position:0% +and we're only dividing it up into 60 + + + align:start position:0% +and we're only dividing it up into 60 +regularly spaced points so we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +regularly spaced points so we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +regularly spaced points so we'll we'll +need more + + align:start position:0% +need more + + + align:start position:0% +need more +um but first in uh + + align:start position:0% +um but first in uh + + + align:start position:0% +um but first in uh +oh by the way you know one of these + + align:start position:0% +oh by the way you know one of these + + + align:start position:0% +oh by the way you know one of these +hello + + align:start position:0% +hello + + + align:start position:0% +hello +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know one of these archimedean solids + + align:start position:0% +you know one of these archimedean solids + + + align:start position:0% +you know one of these archimedean solids +is one that's commonly used and kicked + + align:start position:0% +is one that's commonly used and kicked + + + align:start position:0% +is one that's commonly used and kicked +around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if we divide them up + + align:start position:0% +now if we divide them up + + + align:start position:0% +now if we divide them up +we'll often start off with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of these solids + + align:start position:0% +one of these solids + + + align:start position:0% +one of these solids +either platonic or archimedean and here + + align:start position:0% +either platonic or archimedean and here + + + align:start position:0% +either platonic or archimedean and here +for example we've taken an icosahedron + + align:start position:0% +for example we've taken an icosahedron + + + align:start position:0% +for example we've taken an icosahedron +and divided it up into lots of + + align:start position:0% +and divided it up into lots of + + + align:start position:0% +and divided it up into lots of +triangular areas + + align:start position:0% +triangular areas + + + align:start position:0% +triangular areas +and you know that's a popular thing so + + align:start position:0% +and you know that's a popular thing so + + + align:start position:0% +and you know that's a popular thing so +here's a geodesic dome + + align:start position:0% +here's a geodesic dome + + + align:start position:0% +here's a geodesic dome +and you'll notice that many of the + + align:start position:0% +and you'll notice that many of the + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll notice that many of the +vertices have six edges coming in + + align:start position:0% +vertices have six edges coming in + + + align:start position:0% +vertices have six edges coming in +but there are a few that have five + + align:start position:0% +but there are a few that have five + + + align:start position:0% +but there are a few that have five +and the precise rules affecting that + + align:start position:0% +and the precise rules affecting that + + + align:start position:0% +and the precise rules affecting that +there there will be + + align:start position:0% +there there will be + + + align:start position:0% +there there will be +12 of those with five and everything + + align:start position:0% +12 of those with five and everything + + + align:start position:0% +12 of those with five and everything +else will be hexagonal + + align:start position:0% +else will be hexagonal + + + align:start position:0% +else will be hexagonal +and it looks very regular + + align:start position:0% +and it looks very regular + + + align:start position:0% +and it looks very regular +but actually the facets aren't all the + + align:start position:0% +but actually the facets aren't all the + + + align:start position:0% +but actually the facets aren't all the +same size + + align:start position:0% +same size + + + align:start position:0% +same size +uh here's another one + + align:start position:0% +uh here's another one + + + align:start position:0% +uh here's another one +so so this one actually in a way is uh + + align:start position:0% +so so this one actually in a way is uh + + + align:start position:0% +so so this one actually in a way is uh +better for our purposes when we divide + + align:start position:0% +better for our purposes when we divide + + + align:start position:0% +better for our purposes when we divide +the surface up and so we're kind of + + align:start position:0% +the surface up and so we're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the surface up and so we're kind of +uh making histograms in uh + + align:start position:0% +uh making histograms in uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh making histograms in uh +on the sphere and if we make a histogram + + align:start position:0% +on the sphere and if we make a histogram + + + align:start position:0% +on the sphere and if we make a histogram +in the plane we'll often just use square + + align:start position:0% +in the plane we'll often just use square + + + align:start position:0% +in the plane we'll often just use square +tessellation which isn't the best but + + align:start position:0% +tessellation which isn't the best but + + + align:start position:0% +tessellation which isn't the best but +pretty straightforward over here it's + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward over here it's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward over here it's +not so obvious what to use + + align:start position:0% +not so obvious what to use + + + align:start position:0% +not so obvious what to use +but one of the things that's convenient + + align:start position:0% +but one of the things that's convenient + + + align:start position:0% +but one of the things that's convenient +about this type of tessellation is that + + align:start position:0% +about this type of tessellation is that + + + align:start position:0% +about this type of tessellation is that +it's not very pointed so you don't have + + align:start position:0% +it's not very pointed so you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +it's not very pointed so you don't have +parts of a cell that are far away from + + align:start position:0% +parts of a cell that are far away from + + + align:start position:0% +parts of a cell that are far away from +the center compared to other parts so + + align:start position:0% +the center compared to other parts so + + + align:start position:0% +the center compared to other parts so +actually the tessellations the + + align:start position:0% +actually the tessellations the + + + align:start position:0% +actually the tessellations the +triangular ones aren't that great you + + align:start position:0% +triangular ones aren't that great you + + + align:start position:0% +triangular ones aren't that great you +know the ones i've shown you uh this is + + align:start position:0% +know the ones i've shown you uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +know the ones i've shown you uh this is +this is a dual of a triangular + + align:start position:0% +this is a dual of a triangular + + + align:start position:0% +this is a dual of a triangular +tessellation where we replace the center + + align:start position:0% +tessellation where we replace the center + + + align:start position:0% +tessellation where we replace the center +of each uh triangle by a vertex and so + + align:start position:0% +of each uh triangle by a vertex and so + + + align:start position:0% +of each uh triangle by a vertex and so +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +uh and so in that respect this one is a + + align:start position:0% +uh and so in that respect this one is a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so in that respect this one is a +better tessellation + + align:start position:0% +better tessellation + + + align:start position:0% +better tessellation +and of course it gets bigger + + align:start position:0% +and of course it gets bigger + + + align:start position:0% +and of course it gets bigger +so this was i guess the + + align:start position:0% +so this was i guess the + + + align:start position:0% +so this was i guess the +19 i don't know 68 expo in montreal + + align:start position:0% +19 i don't know 68 expo in montreal + + + align:start position:0% +19 i don't know 68 expo in montreal +they built this geodesic dome + + align:start position:0% +they built this geodesic dome + + + align:start position:0% +they built this geodesic dome +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +what was interesting about it was + + align:start position:0% +what was interesting about it was + + + align:start position:0% +what was interesting about it was +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it was union built and the architect had + + align:start position:0% +it was union built and the architect had + + + align:start position:0% +it was union built and the architect had +made sure that all of the links were + + align:start position:0% +made sure that all of the links were + + + align:start position:0% +made sure that all of the links were +labeled + + align:start position:0% +labeled + + + align:start position:0% +labeled +because they weren't all the same + + align:start position:0% +because they weren't all the same + + + align:start position:0% +because they weren't all the same +but the difference was small so the + + align:start position:0% +but the difference was small so the + + + align:start position:0% +but the difference was small so the +people working on it said that stupid + + align:start position:0% +people working on it said that stupid + + + align:start position:0% +people working on it said that stupid +let's just you know + + align:start position:0% +let's just you know + + + align:start position:0% +let's just you know +work with it and it started + + align:start position:0% +work with it and it started + + + align:start position:0% +work with it and it started +not becoming a sphere because + + align:start position:0% +not becoming a sphere because + + + align:start position:0% +not becoming a sphere because +they hadn't followed the labeling and so + + align:start position:0% +they hadn't followed the labeling and so + + + align:start position:0% +they hadn't followed the labeling and so +they had to actually take it apart again + + align:start position:0% +they had to actually take it apart again + + + align:start position:0% +they had to actually take it apart again +and start over again + + align:start position:0% +and start over again + + + align:start position:0% +and start over again +um i think this still exists i + + align:start position:0% +um i think this still exists i + + + align:start position:0% +um i think this still exists i +i've been there a few years ago and it + + align:start position:0% +i've been there a few years ago and it + + + align:start position:0% +i've been there a few years ago and it +was there so and that of course is + + align:start position:0% +was there so and that of course is + + + align:start position:0% +was there so and that of course is +buckminster fuller + + align:start position:0% +buckminster fuller + + + align:start position:0% +buckminster fuller +here's actually a page of out of + + align:start position:0% +here's actually a page of out of + + + align:start position:0% +here's actually a page of out of +buckminster fuller's original patent + + align:start position:0% +buckminster fuller's original patent + + + align:start position:0% +buckminster fuller's original patent +application + + align:start position:0% +application + + + align:start position:0% +application +of 1961 + + align:start position:0% +of 1961 + + + align:start position:0% +of 1961 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +where he describes how to build these + + align:start position:0% +where he describes how to build these + + + align:start position:0% +where he describes how to build these +geodesic domes + + align:start position:0% +geodesic domes + + + align:start position:0% +geodesic domes +okay and again the geodesic dome + + align:start position:0% +okay and again the geodesic dome + + + align:start position:0% +okay and again the geodesic dome +for us has a number of uh features one + + align:start position:0% +for us has a number of uh features one + + + align:start position:0% +for us has a number of uh features one +of them is that the facets aren't all + + align:start position:0% +of them is that the facets aren't all + + + align:start position:0% +of them is that the facets aren't all +exactly the same size which is + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same size which is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same size which is +undesirable and then the triangular + + align:start position:0% +undesirable and then the triangular + + + align:start position:0% +undesirable and then the triangular +which is undesirable so we're likely to + + align:start position:0% +which is undesirable so we're likely to + + + align:start position:0% +which is undesirable so we're likely to +instead use the dual which would have a + + align:start position:0% +instead use the dual which would have a + + + align:start position:0% +instead use the dual which would have a +large number of hexagonal or + + align:start position:0% +large number of hexagonal or + + + align:start position:0% +large number of hexagonal or +approximately hexagonal facets and some + + align:start position:0% +approximately hexagonal facets and some + + + align:start position:0% +approximately hexagonal facets and some +number of well 12 + + align:start position:0% +number of well 12 + + + align:start position:0% +number of well 12 +pentagonal facets + + align:start position:0% +pentagonal facets + + + align:start position:0% +pentagonal facets +okay uh enough of that + + align:start position:0% +okay uh enough of that + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh enough of that +then right now we'll be talking about so + + align:start position:0% +then right now we'll be talking about so + + + align:start position:0% +then right now we'll be talking about so +since i have the projector here i + + align:start position:0% +since i have the projector here i + + + align:start position:0% +since i have the projector here i +thought i'd do this + + align:start position:0% +thought i'd do this + + + align:start position:0% +thought i'd do this +we're going to run across certain + + align:start position:0% +we're going to run across certain + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to run across certain +types of surfaces that make some machine + + align:start position:0% +types of surfaces that make some machine + + + align:start position:0% +types of surfaces that make some machine +vision problems hard + + align:start position:0% +vision problems hard + + + align:start position:0% +vision problems hard +called critical surfaces and they are + + align:start position:0% +called critical surfaces and they are + + + align:start position:0% +called critical surfaces and they are +hyperboloids of one sheet so i need to + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloids of one sheet so i need to + + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloids of one sheet so i need to +talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about +it's not very well + + align:start position:0% +it's not very well + + + align:start position:0% +it's not very well +i'll blow it up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um quadrix + + align:start position:0% +okay so um quadrix + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um quadrix +so quadratics are surfaces defined by + + align:start position:0% +so quadratics are surfaces defined by + + + align:start position:0% +so quadratics are surfaces defined by +second order equations + + align:start position:0% +second order equations + + + align:start position:0% +second order equations +so we got you know x squared over a + + align:start position:0% +so we got you know x squared over a + + + align:start position:0% +so we got you know x squared over a +squared plus y squared over b squared + + align:start position:0% +squared plus y squared over b squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared plus y squared over b squared +plus z squared over c squared is one + + align:start position:0% +plus z squared over c squared is one + + + align:start position:0% +plus z squared over c squared is one +that's an ellipsoid uh shown over here + + align:start position:0% +that's an ellipsoid uh shown over here + + + align:start position:0% +that's an ellipsoid uh shown over here +special cases where a b and c are the + + align:start position:0% +special cases where a b and c are the + + + align:start position:0% +special cases where a b and c are the +same you get a sphere + + align:start position:0% +same you get a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +same you get a sphere +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know we're all familiar with that + + align:start position:0% +you know we're all familiar with that + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're all familiar with that +american football shape + + align:start position:0% +american football shape + + + align:start position:0% +american football shape +we're going to be interested in this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be interested in this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be interested in this +surface which is a hyperboloid of one + + align:start position:0% +surface which is a hyperboloid of one + + + align:start position:0% +surface which is a hyperboloid of one +sheet + + align:start position:0% +sheet + + + align:start position:0% +sheet +and it's x squared over a squared plus y + + align:start position:0% +and it's x squared over a squared plus y + + + align:start position:0% +and it's x squared over a squared plus y +squared over b squared minus minus z + + align:start position:0% +squared over b squared minus minus z + + + align:start position:0% +squared over b squared minus minus z +squared over + + align:start position:0% +squared over + + + align:start position:0% +squared over +c squared equals one + + align:start position:0% +c squared equals one + + + align:start position:0% +c squared equals one +and this is a shape um + + align:start position:0% +and this is a shape um + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a shape um +you may be familiar with + + align:start position:0% +you may be familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +you may be familiar with +from uh + + align:start position:0% +from uh + + + align:start position:0% +from uh +certain kinds of furniture made out of + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of furniture made out of + + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of furniture made out of +rods + + align:start position:0% +rods + + + align:start position:0% +rods +and it has the feature + + align:start position:0% +and it has the feature + + + align:start position:0% +and it has the feature +that is ruled that is we can embed + + align:start position:0% +that is ruled that is we can embed + + + align:start position:0% +that is ruled that is we can embed +straight lines in the surface + + align:start position:0% +straight lines in the surface + + + align:start position:0% +straight lines in the surface +which obviously you can't do here + + align:start position:0% +which obviously you can't do here + + + align:start position:0% +which obviously you can't do here +and actually they're two sets of rules + + align:start position:0% +and actually they're two sets of rules + + + align:start position:0% +and actually they're two sets of rules +that are at an angle to each other and + + align:start position:0% +that are at an angle to each other and + + + align:start position:0% +that are at an angle to each other and +so you can make this beautiful smooth uh + + align:start position:0% +so you can make this beautiful smooth uh + + + align:start position:0% +so you can make this beautiful smooth uh +curved surface out of straight sticks + + align:start position:0% +curved surface out of straight sticks + + + align:start position:0% +curved surface out of straight sticks +which seems pretty strange but they're + + align:start position:0% +which seems pretty strange but they're + + + align:start position:0% +which seems pretty strange but they're +parts of the world where this is used + + align:start position:0% +parts of the world where this is used + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the world where this is used +widely to make you know chairs and + + align:start position:0% +widely to make you know chairs and + + + align:start position:0% +widely to make you know chairs and +tables and so on + + align:start position:0% +tables and so on + + + align:start position:0% +tables and so on +um let's see + + align:start position:0% +um let's see + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +we have hyperboloids of two sheets + + align:start position:0% +we have hyperboloids of two sheets + + + align:start position:0% +we have hyperboloids of two sheets +uh where the they're two minus signs + + align:start position:0% +uh where the they're two minus signs + + + align:start position:0% +uh where the they're two minus signs +so this one so basically you can + + align:start position:0% +so this one so basically you can + + + align:start position:0% +so this one so basically you can +classify them based on + + align:start position:0% +classify them based on + + + align:start position:0% +classify them based on +the the signs these are all positive + + align:start position:0% +the the signs these are all positive + + + align:start position:0% +the the signs these are all positive +uh here there's one negative + + align:start position:0% +uh here there's one negative + + + align:start position:0% +uh here there's one negative +and here there are two negatives + + align:start position:0% +and here there are two negatives + + + align:start position:0% +and here there are two negatives +and um obviously + + align:start position:0% +and um obviously + + + align:start position:0% +and um obviously +it's called two sheets because they're + + align:start position:0% +it's called two sheets because they're + + + align:start position:0% +it's called two sheets because they're +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +surfaces you can't get from one to the + + align:start position:0% +surfaces you can't get from one to the + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces you can't get from one to the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +well let's see signs so what's the other + + align:start position:0% +well let's see signs so what's the other + + + align:start position:0% +well let's see signs so what's the other +possibility we could have nose negative + + align:start position:0% +possibility we could have nose negative + + + align:start position:0% +possibility we could have nose negative +signs one negative signs two negative + + align:start position:0% +signs one negative signs two negative + + + align:start position:0% +signs one negative signs two negative +signs how about three negative signs + + align:start position:0% +signs how about three negative signs + + + align:start position:0% +signs how about three negative signs +what type of a surface do we get then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well we get an imaginary ellipsoid + + align:start position:0% +well we get an imaginary ellipsoid + + + align:start position:0% +well we get an imaginary ellipsoid +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +you know it's all negative how can it be + + align:start position:0% +you know it's all negative how can it be + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's all negative how can it be +equal to one so unless you allow complex + + align:start position:0% +equal to one so unless you allow complex + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one so unless you allow complex +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +uh hence the term imaginary okay so + + align:start position:0% +uh hence the term imaginary okay so + + + align:start position:0% +uh hence the term imaginary okay so +these are the sort of generic ones + + align:start position:0% +these are the sort of generic ones + + + align:start position:0% +these are the sort of generic ones +now annoyingly there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +now annoyingly there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +now annoyingly there are a lot of +special cases + + align:start position:0% +special cases + + + align:start position:0% +special cases +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know we already talked about the + + align:start position:0% +you know we already talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +you know we already talked about the +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +is the special case and that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +is the special case and that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +is the special case and that's pretty +obvious + + align:start position:0% +obvious + + + align:start position:0% +obvious +but then there's a whole slew of other + + align:start position:0% +but then there's a whole slew of other + + + align:start position:0% +but then there's a whole slew of other +special cases so let's see so that's + + align:start position:0% +special cases so let's see so that's + + + align:start position:0% +special cases so let's see so that's +just the ellipsoid + + align:start position:0% +just the ellipsoid + + + align:start position:0% +just the ellipsoid +we already saw that + + align:start position:0% +we already saw that + + + align:start position:0% +we already saw that +then there's a special case of that uh + + align:start position:0% +then there's a special case of that uh + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a special case of that uh +where we're dealing with a cone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we have + + align:start position:0% +and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +where that neck of the + + align:start position:0% +where that neck of the + + + align:start position:0% +where that neck of the +hyperboloid of one sheet becomes + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloid of one sheet becomes + + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloid of one sheet becomes +infinitesimally small + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimally small + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimally small +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then we have + + align:start position:0% +then we have + + + align:start position:0% +then we have +elliptic + + align:start position:0% +elliptic + + + align:start position:0% +elliptic +paraboloid and + + align:start position:0% +paraboloid and + + + align:start position:0% +paraboloid and +okay this one we've already seen the + + align:start position:0% +okay this one we've already seen the + + + align:start position:0% +okay this one we've already seen the +hyperboloid of one sheet + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloid of one sheet + + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloid of one sheet +then we have hyperbolic paraboloids so + + align:start position:0% +then we have hyperbolic paraboloids so + + + align:start position:0% +then we have hyperbolic paraboloids so +these you see don't have a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +these you see don't have a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +these you see don't have a quadratic +term in z they just have a linear term + + align:start position:0% +term in z they just have a linear term + + + align:start position:0% +term in z they just have a linear term +in z + + align:start position:0% +in z + + + align:start position:0% +in z +and then well that's the other one so + + align:start position:0% +and then well that's the other one so + + + align:start position:0% +and then well that's the other one so +and they're + + align:start position:0% +and they're + + + align:start position:0% +and they're +more special cases and + + align:start position:0% +more special cases and + + + align:start position:0% +more special cases and +most surprisingly + + align:start position:0% +most surprisingly + + + align:start position:0% +most surprisingly +one special case is planar + + align:start position:0% +one special case is planar + + + align:start position:0% +one special case is planar +which seems weird because you've got a + + align:start position:0% +which seems weird because you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +which seems weird because you've got a +second order equation how can that be + + align:start position:0% +second order equation how can that be + + + align:start position:0% +second order equation how can that be +uh hang on a second well imagine if you + + align:start position:0% +uh hang on a second well imagine if you + + + align:start position:0% +uh hang on a second well imagine if you +have two planes that intersect + + align:start position:0% +have two planes that intersect + + + align:start position:0% +have two planes that intersect +how can you describe that surface well + + align:start position:0% +how can you describe that surface well + + + align:start position:0% +how can you describe that surface well +one way you could take the equations for + + align:start position:0% +one way you could take the equations for + + + align:start position:0% +one way you could take the equations for +one of them you know some linear thing + + align:start position:0% +one of them you know some linear thing + + + align:start position:0% +one of them you know some linear thing +equals zero + + align:start position:0% +equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero +and take the equation for the other one + + align:start position:0% +and take the equation for the other one + + + align:start position:0% +and take the equation for the other one +some linear thing equals zero multiply + + align:start position:0% +some linear thing equals zero multiply + + + align:start position:0% +some linear thing equals zero multiply +them and that would describe that + + align:start position:0% +them and that would describe that + + + align:start position:0% +them and that would describe that +object and obviously when you multiply + + align:start position:0% +object and obviously when you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +object and obviously when you multiply +the two linear equations you get + + align:start position:0% +the two linear equations you get + + + align:start position:0% +the two linear equations you get +quadratics so + + align:start position:0% +quadratics so + + + align:start position:0% +quadratics so +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +enough pre-pictures + + align:start position:0% +enough pre-pictures + + + align:start position:0% +enough pre-pictures +let's talk about relative orientation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and binocular stereo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the problem we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +the problem we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +the problem we're interested in +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +computing 3d from 2d + + align:start position:0% +computing 3d from 2d + + + align:start position:0% +computing 3d from 2d +using two cameras + + align:start position:0% +using two cameras + + + align:start position:0% +using two cameras +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we already said that + + align:start position:0% +and we already said that + + + align:start position:0% +and we already said that +if we know the geometry of these two + + align:start position:0% +if we know the geometry of these two + + + align:start position:0% +if we know the geometry of these two +cameras + + align:start position:0% +cameras + + + align:start position:0% +cameras +it's relatively easy because if you have + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively easy because if you have + + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively easy because if you have +a point in the image plane + + align:start position:0% +a point in the image plane + + + align:start position:0% +a point in the image plane +where there's some feature you can + + align:start position:0% +where there's some feature you can + + + align:start position:0% +where there's some feature you can +connect it to the center projection + + align:start position:0% +connect it to the center projection + + + align:start position:0% +connect it to the center projection +gives you a line you extend that line + + align:start position:0% +gives you a line you extend that line + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a line you extend that line +out into the environment and the object + + align:start position:0% +out into the environment and the object + + + align:start position:0% +out into the environment and the object +is somewhere along that line and now you + + align:start position:0% +is somewhere along that line and now you + + + align:start position:0% +is somewhere along that line and now you +do that for the left camera and you do + + align:start position:0% +do that for the left camera and you do + + + align:start position:0% +do that for the left camera and you do +that for the right camera you have two + + align:start position:0% +that for the right camera you have two + + + align:start position:0% +that for the right camera you have two +rays and ideally they'll intersect and + + align:start position:0% +rays and ideally they'll intersect and + + + align:start position:0% +rays and ideally they'll intersect and +that gives you the 3d position of the + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the 3d position of the + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the 3d position of the +thing you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +thing you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +thing you're looking at +now so that's the easy part + + align:start position:0% +now so that's the easy part + + + align:start position:0% +now so that's the easy part +in order to do that you need to know the + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that you need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that you need to know the +geometric relationships between the + + align:start position:0% +geometric relationships between the + + + align:start position:0% +geometric relationships between the +cameras and that's what relative + + align:start position:0% +cameras and that's what relative + + + align:start position:0% +cameras and that's what relative +orientation is about + + align:start position:0% +orientation is about + + + align:start position:0% +orientation is about +and so that's something that you would + + align:start position:0% +and so that's something that you would + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's something that you would +do ahead of time + + align:start position:0% +do ahead of time + + + align:start position:0% +do ahead of time +before you install this thing in your + + align:start position:0% +before you install this thing in your + + + align:start position:0% +before you install this thing in your +car and + + align:start position:0% +car and + + + align:start position:0% +car and +use it for autonomous vehicle purposes + + align:start position:0% +use it for autonomous vehicle purposes + + + align:start position:0% +use it for autonomous vehicle purposes +but you might have to do it again on the + + align:start position:0% +but you might have to do it again on the + + + align:start position:0% +but you might have to do it again on the +fly because + + align:start position:0% +fly because + + + align:start position:0% +fly because +with the baseline isn't something + + align:start position:0% +with the baseline isn't something + + + align:start position:0% +with the baseline isn't something +incredibly rigid it's quite possible + + align:start position:0% +incredibly rigid it's quite possible + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly rigid it's quite possible +that things get + + align:start position:0% +that things get + + + align:start position:0% +that things get +misadjusted + + align:start position:0% +misadjusted + + + align:start position:0% +misadjusted +when you + + align:start position:0% +when you + + + align:start position:0% +when you +use that + + align:start position:0% +use that + + + align:start position:0% +use that +vehicle + + align:start position:0% +vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we may need to do this calibration again + + align:start position:0% +we may need to do this calibration again + + + align:start position:0% +we may need to do this calibration again +now it's not just binocular stereo + + align:start position:0% +now it's not just binocular stereo + + + align:start position:0% +now it's not just binocular stereo +though + + align:start position:0% +though + + + align:start position:0% +though +the whole same machinery applies to + + align:start position:0% +the whole same machinery applies to + + + align:start position:0% +the whole same machinery applies to +structure from motion where instead of a + + align:start position:0% +structure from motion where instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +structure from motion where instead of a +left and a right image we have an image + + align:start position:0% +left and a right image we have an image + + + align:start position:0% +left and a right image we have an image +before an image after + + align:start position:0% +before an image after + + + align:start position:0% +before an image after +and again there's a duality you know did + + align:start position:0% +and again there's a duality you know did + + + align:start position:0% +and again there's a duality you know did +the camera move or the world move + + align:start position:0% +the camera move or the world move + + + align:start position:0% +the camera move or the world move +doesn't matter the same same map so + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter the same same map so + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter the same same map so +let's look at the binocular stereo case + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the binocular stereo case + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the binocular stereo case +keeping in mind that it's just the same + + align:start position:0% +keeping in mind that it's just the same + + + align:start position:0% +keeping in mind that it's just the same +as the + + align:start position:0% +as the + + + align:start position:0% +as the +finite motion case so + + align:start position:0% +finite motion case so + + + align:start position:0% +finite motion case so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in infinitesimal motion is easier but + + align:start position:0% +in infinitesimal motion is easier but + + + align:start position:0% +in infinitesimal motion is easier but +we're talking about you know substantial + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about you know substantial + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about you know substantial +amount of motion so + + align:start position:0% +amount of motion so + + + align:start position:0% +amount of motion so +suppose that we have + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we have + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we have +a left center of projection and a right + + align:start position:0% +a left center of projection and a right + + + align:start position:0% +a left center of projection and a right +center of projection + + align:start position:0% +center of projection + + + align:start position:0% +center of projection +so those are the + + align:start position:0% +so those are the + + + align:start position:0% +so those are the +principal points of our cameras and then + + align:start position:0% +principal points of our cameras and then + + + align:start position:0% +principal points of our cameras and then +there's a bass line + + align:start position:0% +there's a bass line + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bass line +and we'll + + align:start position:0% +and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll +have a vector b + + align:start position:0% +have a vector b + + + align:start position:0% +have a vector b +that describes that bass line and now + + align:start position:0% +that describes that bass line and now + + + align:start position:0% +that describes that bass line and now +we're um + + align:start position:0% +we're um + + + align:start position:0% +we're um +looking out at a point in the world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we can determine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where it is in the two cameras we we + + align:start position:0% +where it is in the two cameras we we + + + align:start position:0% +where it is in the two cameras we we +don't uh from the individual camera + + align:start position:0% +don't uh from the individual camera + + + align:start position:0% +don't uh from the individual camera +images we don't know how long + + align:start position:0% +images we don't know how long + + + align:start position:0% +images we don't know how long +how far along that ray it is but of + + align:start position:0% +how far along that ray it is but of + + + align:start position:0% +how far along that ray it is but of +course if we have both then we can find + + align:start position:0% +course if we have both then we can find + + + align:start position:0% +course if we have both then we can find +the intersection + + align:start position:0% +the intersection + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection +and here i'm working in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right hand coordinate system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now i have to pick a coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +now i have to pick a coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +now i have to pick a coordinate system +and i have several choices i could pick + + align:start position:0% +and i have several choices i could pick + + + align:start position:0% +and i have several choices i could pick +left i could pick right or you know for + + align:start position:0% +left i could pick right or you know for + + + align:start position:0% +left i could pick right or you know for +symmetry i might pick a center one + + align:start position:0% +symmetry i might pick a center one + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry i might pick a center one +all i want but i do want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +all i want but i do want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +all i want but i do want to make sure +when i get the results that they're um + + align:start position:0% +when i get the results that they're um + + + align:start position:0% +when i get the results that they're um +not biased by my choice of coordinate + + align:start position:0% +not biased by my choice of coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +not biased by my choice of coordinate +system so if instead i had picked the + + align:start position:0% +system so if instead i had picked the + + + align:start position:0% +system so if instead i had picked the +left coordinate system i should get the + + align:start position:0% +left coordinate system i should get the + + + align:start position:0% +left coordinate system i should get the +same answer + + align:start position:0% +same answer + + + align:start position:0% +same answer +as if i picked the right coordinate + + align:start position:0% +as if i picked the right coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +as if i picked the right coordinate +system so we'll check on that + + align:start position:0% +system so we'll check on that + + + align:start position:0% +system so we'll check on that +so in this case then + + align:start position:0% +so in this case then + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case then +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +the baseline is measured in the right + + align:start position:0% +the baseline is measured in the right + + + align:start position:0% +the baseline is measured in the right +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +our r is of course measured in the right + + align:start position:0% +our r is of course measured in the right + + + align:start position:0% +our r is of course measured in the right +coordinate system and this prime + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and this prime + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and this prime +indicates that we've converted it + + align:start position:0% +indicates that we've converted it + + + align:start position:0% +indicates that we've converted it +from the left coordinate system to the + + align:start position:0% +from the left coordinate system to the + + + align:start position:0% +from the left coordinate system to the +right coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +right coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +right coordinate system +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +let's talk about the geometry of this + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the geometry of this + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the geometry of this +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +if i have a point out in the world + + align:start position:0% +if i have a point out in the world + + + align:start position:0% +if i have a point out in the world +and i connect it to the baseline + + align:start position:0% +and i connect it to the baseline + + + align:start position:0% +and i connect it to the baseline +that defines a plane + + align:start position:0% +that defines a plane + + + align:start position:0% +that defines a plane +and i can + + align:start position:0% +and i can + + + align:start position:0% +and i can +think about the image of that plane in + + align:start position:0% +think about the image of that plane in + + + align:start position:0% +think about the image of that plane in +both camera systems so + + align:start position:0% +both camera systems so + + + align:start position:0% +both camera systems so +suppose we have + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have +image plane here and image plane here + + align:start position:0% +image plane here and image plane here + + + align:start position:0% +image plane here and image plane here +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we expect to see something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that this plane which is defined by + + align:start position:0% +that this plane which is defined by + + + align:start position:0% +that this plane which is defined by +these three points l r and p + + align:start position:0% +these three points l r and p + + + align:start position:0% +these three points l r and p +projects into a line + + align:start position:0% +projects into a line + + + align:start position:0% +projects into a line +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the point p + + align:start position:0% +the point p + + + align:start position:0% +the point p +is image somewhere along that line + + align:start position:0% +is image somewhere along that line + + + align:start position:0% +is image somewhere along that line +or you know think of it another way + + align:start position:0% +or you know think of it another way + + + align:start position:0% +or you know think of it another way +suppose that i go into the left image + + align:start position:0% +suppose that i go into the left image + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that i go into the left image +and i use my interest operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like sift or surf or something and i + + align:start position:0% +like sift or surf or something and i + + + align:start position:0% +like sift or surf or something and i +define this point uh what do i know well + + align:start position:0% +define this point uh what do i know well + + + align:start position:0% +define this point uh what do i know well +i know that + + align:start position:0% +i know that + + + align:start position:0% +i know that +it has the + + align:start position:0% +it has the + + + align:start position:0% +it has the +world point has to be along that + + align:start position:0% +world point has to be along that + + + align:start position:0% +world point has to be along that +straight line + + align:start position:0% +straight line + + + align:start position:0% +straight line +and then i wonder you know what does + + align:start position:0% +and then i wonder you know what does + + + align:start position:0% +and then i wonder you know what does +that mean for the right camera well i + + align:start position:0% +that mean for the right camera well i + + + align:start position:0% +that mean for the right camera well i +project that straight line into the + + align:start position:0% +project that straight line into the + + + align:start position:0% +project that straight line into the +right camera and of course i just get a + + align:start position:0% +right camera and of course i just get a + + + align:start position:0% +right camera and of course i just get a +straight line in the right + + align:start position:0% +straight line in the right + + + align:start position:0% +straight line in the right +camera and so + + align:start position:0% +camera and so + + + align:start position:0% +camera and so +one conclusion is + + align:start position:0% +one conclusion is + + + align:start position:0% +one conclusion is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +when we search for correspondences + + align:start position:0% +when we search for correspondences + + + align:start position:0% +when we search for correspondences +we only have to search along a line so + + align:start position:0% +we only have to search along a line so + + + align:start position:0% +we only have to search along a line so +instead of + + align:start position:0% +instead of + + + align:start position:0% +instead of +trying to look for that interesting + + align:start position:0% +trying to look for that interesting + + + align:start position:0% +trying to look for that interesting +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +all over the right-hand image + + align:start position:0% +all over the right-hand image + + + align:start position:0% +all over the right-hand image +once we figured out the geometry we only + + align:start position:0% +once we figured out the geometry we only + + + align:start position:0% +once we figured out the geometry we only +have to search + + align:start position:0% +have to search + + + align:start position:0% +have to search +along that line and that gives us some + + align:start position:0% +along that line and that gives us some + + + align:start position:0% +along that line and that gives us some +sort of measure of disparity which we + + align:start position:0% +sort of measure of disparity which we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of measure of disparity which we +can turn turn into a distance + + align:start position:0% +can turn turn into a distance + + + align:start position:0% +can turn turn into a distance +measurement + + align:start position:0% +measurement + + + align:start position:0% +measurement +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so those lines are called epipolar lines + + align:start position:0% +so those lines are called epipolar lines + + + align:start position:0% +so those lines are called epipolar lines +where you know there's a correspondence + + align:start position:0% +where you know there's a correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +where you know there's a correspondence +between two sets of lines + + align:start position:0% +between two sets of lines + + + align:start position:0% +between two sets of lines +one way to uh think about this is that + + align:start position:0% +one way to uh think about this is that + + + align:start position:0% +one way to uh think about this is that +there's some line here between l and r + + align:start position:0% +there's some line here between l and r + + + align:start position:0% +there's some line here between l and r +and now imagine there's a plane through + + align:start position:0% +and now imagine there's a plane through + + + align:start position:0% +and now imagine there's a plane through +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +and now we draw other planes so for + + align:start position:0% +and now we draw other planes so for + + + align:start position:0% +and now we draw other planes so for +example there would be another plane + + align:start position:0% +example there would be another plane + + + align:start position:0% +example there would be another plane +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so think of all of the planes that um + + align:start position:0% +so think of all of the planes that um + + + align:start position:0% +so think of all of the planes that um +have the property that they pass through + + align:start position:0% +have the property that they pass through + + + align:start position:0% +have the property that they pass through +that line + + align:start position:0% +that line + + + align:start position:0% +that line +you know we or we could take one plane + + align:start position:0% +you know we or we could take one plane + + + align:start position:0% +you know we or we could take one plane +and just rotate it those are all the + + align:start position:0% +and just rotate it those are all the + + + align:start position:0% +and just rotate it those are all the +epipolar planes + + align:start position:0% +epipolar planes + + + align:start position:0% +epipolar planes +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +when we + + align:start position:0% +when we + + + align:start position:0% +when we +look in the images we're intersecting + + align:start position:0% +look in the images we're intersecting + + + align:start position:0% +look in the images we're intersecting +the image plane with this arrangement + + align:start position:0% +the image plane with this arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +the image plane with this arrangement +and so we're going to get + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to get +a set of lines each of them intersected + + align:start position:0% +a set of lines each of them intersected + + + align:start position:0% +a set of lines each of them intersected +with the image plane gives us a line + + align:start position:0% +with the image plane gives us a line + + + align:start position:0% +with the image plane gives us a line +but the lines won't be parallel so we're + + align:start position:0% +but the lines won't be parallel so we're + + + align:start position:0% +but the lines won't be parallel so we're +going to end up with uh + + align:start position:0% +going to end up with uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to end up with uh +if i look at the actual images it'll be + + align:start position:0% +if i look at the actual images it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at the actual images it'll be +something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is my left image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if they're not parallel uh they're + + align:start position:0% +so if they're not parallel uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +so if they're not parallel uh they're +going to intersect + + align:start position:0% +going to intersect + + + align:start position:0% +going to intersect +and actually they all intersect in the + + align:start position:0% +and actually they all intersect in the + + + align:start position:0% +and actually they all intersect in the +same place if i'd drawn it properly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so so what is so this is my left + + align:start position:0% +and so so what is so this is my left + + + align:start position:0% +and so so what is so this is my left +dimension that's my right image so so + + align:start position:0% +dimension that's my right image so so + + + align:start position:0% +dimension that's my right image so so +what is this point in the left image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know if you think about this + + align:start position:0% +you know if you think about this + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you think about this +geometric arrangement of the sheaf of + + align:start position:0% +geometric arrangement of the sheaf of + + + align:start position:0% +geometric arrangement of the sheaf of +planes in 3d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that must be where all these planes + + align:start position:0% +so that must be where all these planes + + + align:start position:0% +so that must be where all these planes +come together right so + + align:start position:0% +come together right so + + + align:start position:0% +come together right so +that's the image of the right + + align:start position:0% +that's the image of the right + + + align:start position:0% +that's the image of the right +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +so this is a + + align:start position:0% +so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a +image + + align:start position:0% +image + + + align:start position:0% +image +of r + + align:start position:0% +of r + + + align:start position:0% +of r +and this is correspondingly the + + align:start position:0% +and this is correspondingly the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is correspondingly the +image of the left camera + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now they don't necessarily have to + + align:start position:0% +now they don't necessarily have to + + + align:start position:0% +now they don't necessarily have to +actually appear in the part of the image + + align:start position:0% +actually appear in the part of the image + + + align:start position:0% +actually appear in the part of the image +that you're scanning they could be + + align:start position:0% +that you're scanning they could be + + + align:start position:0% +that you're scanning they could be +outside the frame and typically they + + align:start position:0% +outside the frame and typically they + + + align:start position:0% +outside the frame and typically they +will be particularly if we make the + + align:start position:0% +will be particularly if we make the + + + align:start position:0% +will be particularly if we make the +cameras face more or less parallel out + + align:start position:0% +cameras face more or less parallel out + + + align:start position:0% +cameras face more or less parallel out +at the world + + align:start position:0% +at the world + + + align:start position:0% +at the world +then we then we would have um this point + + align:start position:0% +then we then we would have um this point + + + align:start position:0% +then we then we would have um this point +move out that way and this point move + + align:start position:0% +move out that way and this point move + + + align:start position:0% +move out that way and this point move +out that way and these lines would be + + align:start position:0% +out that way and these lines would be + + + align:start position:0% +out that way and these lines would be +more like parallel so here it's like + + align:start position:0% +more like parallel so here it's like + + + align:start position:0% +more like parallel so here it's like +your eyes are converging you know if + + align:start position:0% +your eyes are converging you know if + + + align:start position:0% +your eyes are converging you know if +you're looking at a nearby object the + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a nearby object the + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a nearby object the +two eyes are not parallel but they're + + align:start position:0% +two eyes are not parallel but they're + + + align:start position:0% +two eyes are not parallel but they're +converging so the way i've drawn it i'm + + align:start position:0% +converging so the way i've drawn it i'm + + + align:start position:0% +converging so the way i've drawn it i'm +assuming they + + align:start position:0% +assuming they + + + align:start position:0% +assuming they +uh are + + align:start position:0% +uh are + + + align:start position:0% +uh are +converged slightly uh they could also be + + align:start position:0% +converged slightly uh they could also be + + + align:start position:0% +converged slightly uh they could also be +parallel in which case these points + + align:start position:0% +parallel in which case these points + + + align:start position:0% +parallel in which case these points +would move out or they could in fact be + + align:start position:0% +would move out or they could in fact be + + + align:start position:0% +would move out or they could in fact be +diverging except that's not the greatest + + align:start position:0% +diverging except that's not the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +diverging except that's not the greatest +thing because then the overlap + + align:start position:0% +thing because then the overlap + + + align:start position:0% +thing because then the overlap +you know the the part of this image + + align:start position:0% +you know the the part of this image + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the part of this image +that's actually appearing in that image + + align:start position:0% +that's actually appearing in that image + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually appearing in that image +is reduced + + align:start position:0% +is reduced + + + align:start position:0% +is reduced +so uh part of the point of actually + + align:start position:0% +so uh part of the point of actually + + + align:start position:0% +so uh part of the point of actually +trying to converge is that you try and + + align:start position:0% +trying to converge is that you try and + + + align:start position:0% +trying to converge is that you try and +have as much + + align:start position:0% +have as much + + + align:start position:0% +have as much +overlap between the two images as + + align:start position:0% +overlap between the two images as + + + align:start position:0% +overlap between the two images as +possible but it's not necessary it's + + align:start position:0% +possible but it's not necessary it's + + + align:start position:0% +possible but it's not necessary it's +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +means that you don't have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +means that you don't have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +means that you don't have a lot of +extraneous image information that's not + + align:start position:0% +extraneous image information that's not + + + align:start position:0% +extraneous image information that's not +of no use to you for recovering depth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now actually i said that's the + + align:start position:0% +okay now actually i said that's the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now actually i said that's the +image of the right hand side it's + + align:start position:0% +image of the right hand side it's + + + align:start position:0% +image of the right hand side it's +actually the whole bass line + + align:start position:0% +actually the whole bass line + + + align:start position:0% +actually the whole bass line +the whole bass line image is in one + + align:start position:0% +the whole bass line image is in one + + + align:start position:0% +the whole bass line image is in one +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +in the left image and in in this point + + align:start position:0% +in the left image and in in this point + + + align:start position:0% +in the left image and in in this point +in the right image + + align:start position:0% +in the right image + + + align:start position:0% +in the right image +and the other + + align:start position:0% +and the other + + + align:start position:0% +and the other +projection center happens to be on the + + align:start position:0% +projection center happens to be on the + + + align:start position:0% +projection center happens to be on the +baseline so it ends up there as well + + align:start position:0% +baseline so it ends up there as well + + + align:start position:0% +baseline so it ends up there as well +okay and so one of the properties that + + align:start position:0% +okay and so one of the properties that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so one of the properties that +we mentioned was that + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned was that + + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned was that +if we know the geometry then + + align:start position:0% +if we know the geometry then + + + align:start position:0% +if we know the geometry then +uh there's a correspondence between + + align:start position:0% +uh there's a correspondence between + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's a correspondence between +these lines + + align:start position:0% +these lines + + + align:start position:0% +these lines +and if you find anything on + + align:start position:0% +and if you find anything on + + + align:start position:0% +and if you find anything on +the line in the left image marked in red + + align:start position:0% +the line in the left image marked in red + + + align:start position:0% +the line in the left image marked in red +then you only need to search along the + + align:start position:0% +then you only need to search along the + + + align:start position:0% +then you only need to search along the +corresponding line in the right image so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we're trying to find + + align:start position:0% +so we're trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +so we're trying to find +the relationship between these two + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between these two + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between these two +cameras and that involves obviously the + + align:start position:0% +cameras and that involves obviously the + + + align:start position:0% +cameras and that involves obviously the +bass line that's a translation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know in the equivalent motion vision + + align:start position:0% +you know in the equivalent motion vision + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the equivalent motion vision +case there's a translation from that + + align:start position:0% +case there's a translation from that + + + align:start position:0% +case there's a translation from that +position to that position and the other + + align:start position:0% +position to that position and the other + + + align:start position:0% +position to that position and the other +thing is the relative + + align:start position:0% +thing is the relative + + + align:start position:0% +thing is the relative +rotation of one camera relative to the + + align:start position:0% +rotation of one camera relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +rotation of one camera relative to the +other and so we know that rotation has + + align:start position:0% +other and so we know that rotation has + + + align:start position:0% +other and so we know that rotation has +three degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +three degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +three degrees of freedom +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we might think that + + align:start position:0% +we might think that + + + align:start position:0% +we might think that +as in absolute orientation it's a six + + align:start position:0% +as in absolute orientation it's a six + + + align:start position:0% +as in absolute orientation it's a six +degree of freedom problem + + align:start position:0% +degree of freedom problem + + + align:start position:0% +degree of freedom problem +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +it isn't quite and the reason is that + + align:start position:0% +it isn't quite and the reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't quite and the reason is that +of the scale factor ambiguity that we + + align:start position:0% +of the scale factor ambiguity that we + + + align:start position:0% +of the scale factor ambiguity that we +talked about so if i take the whole + + align:start position:0% +talked about so if i take the whole + + + align:start position:0% +talked about so if i take the whole +world and i just + + align:start position:0% +world and i just + + + align:start position:0% +world and i just +expanded + + align:start position:0% +expanded + + + align:start position:0% +expanded +by some arbitrary factor + + align:start position:0% +by some arbitrary factor + + + align:start position:0% +by some arbitrary factor +the image positions won't be changed + + align:start position:0% +the image positions won't be changed + + + align:start position:0% +the image positions won't be changed +right because in perspective projection + + align:start position:0% +right because in perspective projection + + + align:start position:0% +right because in perspective projection +we're dividing x by z + + align:start position:0% +we're dividing x by z + + + align:start position:0% +we're dividing x by z +and if you expand both x and z + + align:start position:0% +and if you expand both x and z + + + align:start position:0% +and if you expand both x and z +uh the result doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +uh the result doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +uh the result doesn't change +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +from the binocular uh situation here + + align:start position:0% +from the binocular uh situation here + + + align:start position:0% +from the binocular uh situation here +we can't get absolute size without some + + align:start position:0% +we can't get absolute size without some + + + align:start position:0% +we can't get absolute size without some +additional factor + + align:start position:0% +additional factor + + + align:start position:0% +additional factor +and so that means that um + + align:start position:0% +and so that means that um + + + align:start position:0% +and so that means that um +we can't get the absolute length of the + + align:start position:0% +we can't get the absolute length of the + + + align:start position:0% +we can't get the absolute length of the +baseline + + align:start position:0% +baseline + + + align:start position:0% +baseline +unless we have some additional thing now + + align:start position:0% +unless we have some additional thing now + + + align:start position:0% +unless we have some additional thing now +of course in images there might be other + + align:start position:0% +of course in images there might be other + + + align:start position:0% +of course in images there might be other +things like you know you've imaged + + align:start position:0% +things like you know you've imaged + + + align:start position:0% +things like you know you've imaged +walmart and you have an idea about how + + align:start position:0% +walmart and you have an idea about how + + + align:start position:0% +walmart and you have an idea about how +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +acres of land walmart occupies then you + + align:start position:0% +acres of land walmart occupies then you + + + align:start position:0% +acres of land walmart occupies then you +can scale everything according to that + + align:start position:0% +can scale everything according to that + + + align:start position:0% +can scale everything according to that +but without that we have to treat the + + align:start position:0% +but without that we have to treat the + + + align:start position:0% +but without that we have to treat the +baseline as a unit vector and so we only + + align:start position:0% +baseline as a unit vector and so we only + + + align:start position:0% +baseline as a unit vector and so we only +have two degrees of freedom for + + align:start position:0% +have two degrees of freedom for + + + align:start position:0% +have two degrees of freedom for +that component so there's a total of + + align:start position:0% +that component so there's a total of + + + align:start position:0% +that component so there's a total of +five degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +five degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +five degrees of freedom +so we have five unknowns unlike six for + + align:start position:0% +so we have five unknowns unlike six for + + + align:start position:0% +so we have five unknowns unlike six for +absolute orientation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then um comes the question of + + align:start position:0% +then um comes the question of + + + align:start position:0% +then um comes the question of +you know how many measurements do i need + + align:start position:0% +you know how many measurements do i need + + + align:start position:0% +you know how many measurements do i need +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what is the minimum number of + + align:start position:0% +what is the minimum number of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the minimum number of +correspondences to pin this down + + align:start position:0% +correspondences to pin this down + + + align:start position:0% +correspondences to pin this down +and it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's +it's hard to come up with a good + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to come up with a good + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to come up with a good +heuristic argument uh + + align:start position:0% +heuristic argument uh + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic argument uh +you know what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +you know what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what's the what's the +mechanical analog well the mechanical + + align:start position:0% +mechanical analog well the mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical analog well the mechanical +analog is that + + align:start position:0% +analog is that + + + align:start position:0% +analog is that +we take the image points and we we + + align:start position:0% +we take the image points and we we + + + align:start position:0% +we take the image points and we we +create a wire that goes in that + + align:start position:0% +create a wire that goes in that + + + align:start position:0% +create a wire that goes in that +direction the wire that goes in that + + align:start position:0% +direction the wire that goes in that + + + align:start position:0% +direction the wire that goes in that +direction and they have to intersect but + + align:start position:0% +direction and they have to intersect but + + + align:start position:0% +direction and they have to intersect but +we don't know how far along so imagine + + align:start position:0% +we don't know how far along so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know how far along so imagine +passing these two wires through a collar + + align:start position:0% +passing these two wires through a collar + + + align:start position:0% +passing these two wires through a collar +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +forces them to intersect somewhere but + + align:start position:0% +forces them to intersect somewhere but + + + align:start position:0% +forces them to intersect somewhere but +the collar is free to move all along + + align:start position:0% +the collar is free to move all along + + + align:start position:0% +the collar is free to move all along +okay so if i if that's all i have two + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i if that's all i have two + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i if that's all i have two +rays + + align:start position:0% +rays + + + align:start position:0% +rays +one correspondence + + align:start position:0% +one correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +one correspondence +uh one array from the left and one ray + + align:start position:0% +uh one array from the left and one ray + + + align:start position:0% +uh one array from the left and one ray +from the right + + align:start position:0% +from the right + + + align:start position:0% +from the right +then it's obvious that i can play all + + align:start position:0% +then it's obvious that i can play all + + + align:start position:0% +then it's obvious that i can play all +kinds of games i can change the bass + + align:start position:0% +kinds of games i can change the bass + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of games i can change the bass +line i can move this around rotate it + + align:start position:0% +line i can move this around rotate it + + + align:start position:0% +line i can move this around rotate it +i mean it's constrained but it's only + + align:start position:0% +i mean it's constrained but it's only + + + align:start position:0% +i mean it's constrained but it's only +con only one one degree of freedom + + align:start position:0% +con only one one degree of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +con only one one degree of freedom +constrained so that obviously won't + + align:start position:0% +constrained so that obviously won't + + + align:start position:0% +constrained so that obviously won't +won't do + + align:start position:0% +won't do + + + align:start position:0% +won't do +so let's add a second correspondent + + align:start position:0% +so let's add a second correspondent + + + align:start position:0% +so let's add a second correspondent +correspondence + + align:start position:0% +correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence +so we have a second image point + + align:start position:0% +so we have a second image point + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a second image point +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we have you know a color around + + align:start position:0% +and we have you know a color around + + + align:start position:0% +and we have you know a color around +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +and that's going to be more constrained + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be more constrained + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be more constrained +but you can already see a number of ways + + align:start position:0% +but you can already see a number of ways + + + align:start position:0% +but you can already see a number of ways +that this can't be enough for example + + align:start position:0% +that this can't be enough for example + + + align:start position:0% +that this can't be enough for example +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +draw this axis and you can rotate the + + align:start position:0% +draw this axis and you can rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +draw this axis and you can rotate the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +camera and all of its wires coming out + + align:start position:0% +camera and all of its wires coming out + + + align:start position:0% +camera and all of its wires coming out +about this axis and they will still pass + + align:start position:0% +about this axis and they will still pass + + + align:start position:0% +about this axis and they will still pass +through so so that uh you know reduces + + align:start position:0% +through so so that uh you know reduces + + + align:start position:0% +through so so that uh you know reduces +the degree of freedom but it's not + + align:start position:0% +the degree of freedom but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +the degree of freedom but it's not +enough so the answer is five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and one sort of hand-waving argument is + + align:start position:0% +and one sort of hand-waving argument is + + + align:start position:0% +and one sort of hand-waving argument is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +each correspondence gives you one + + align:start position:0% +each correspondence gives you one + + + align:start position:0% +each correspondence gives you one +constraint + + align:start position:0% +constraint + + + align:start position:0% +constraint +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +why is that + + align:start position:0% +why is that + + + align:start position:0% +why is that +well if you compare the two images + + align:start position:0% +well if you compare the two images + + + align:start position:0% +well if you compare the two images +you'll often find that there's a + + align:start position:0% +you'll often find that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll often find that there's a +disparity + + align:start position:0% +disparity + + + align:start position:0% +disparity +and disparity has two components + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is a situation where we're + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a situation where we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a situation where we're +superimposing + + align:start position:0% +superimposing + + + align:start position:0% +superimposing +the two images left and right + + align:start position:0% +the two images left and right + + + align:start position:0% +the two images left and right +and we're comparing the image position + + align:start position:0% +and we're comparing the image position + + + align:start position:0% +and we're comparing the image position +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're comparing the image position + + align:start position:0% +we're comparing the image position + + + align:start position:0% +we're comparing the image position +of some particular point and let's + + align:start position:0% +of some particular point and let's + + + align:start position:0% +of some particular point and let's +suppose that we sort of approximately + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we sort of approximately + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we sort of approximately +line things up that + + align:start position:0% +line things up that + + + align:start position:0% +line things up that +uh the optical axes are parallel more or + + align:start position:0% +uh the optical axes are parallel more or + + + align:start position:0% +uh the optical axes are parallel more or +less and they're more or less + + align:start position:0% +less and they're more or less + + + align:start position:0% +less and they're more or less +perpendicular to the baseline + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the baseline + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the baseline +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +if things are infinitely far away + + align:start position:0% +if things are infinitely far away + + + align:start position:0% +if things are infinitely far away +they would image in more or less the + + align:start position:0% +they would image in more or less the + + + align:start position:0% +they would image in more or less the +same place in the image plane + + align:start position:0% +same place in the image plane + + + align:start position:0% +same place in the image plane +but in practice they won't and so + + align:start position:0% +but in practice they won't and so + + + align:start position:0% +but in practice they won't and so +there'll be a error + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a error + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a error +disparity in the horizontal and the + + align:start position:0% +disparity in the horizontal and the + + + align:start position:0% +disparity in the horizontal and the +vertical direction + + align:start position:0% +vertical direction + + + align:start position:0% +vertical direction +now the horizontal disparity uh as it's + + align:start position:0% +now the horizontal disparity uh as it's + + + align:start position:0% +now the horizontal disparity uh as it's +called to put that in quotation marks + + align:start position:0% +called to put that in quotation marks + + + align:start position:0% +called to put that in quotation marks +but anyway um + + align:start position:0% +but anyway um + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway um +corresponds to depth right the closer + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to depth right the closer + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to depth right the closer +the object is the more those two rays + + align:start position:0% +the object is the more those two rays + + + align:start position:0% +the object is the more those two rays +have to cross over + + align:start position:0% +have to cross over + + + align:start position:0% +have to cross over +the angle between them + + align:start position:0% +the angle between them + + + align:start position:0% +the angle between them +gets larger + + align:start position:0% +gets larger + + + align:start position:0% +gets larger +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +the image position + + align:start position:0% +the image position + + + align:start position:0% +the image position +changes if if i don't converge my eyes i + + align:start position:0% +changes if if i don't converge my eyes i + + + align:start position:0% +changes if if i don't converge my eyes i +just keep my eyes parallel and then i + + align:start position:0% +just keep my eyes parallel and then i + + + align:start position:0% +just keep my eyes parallel and then i +bring an object closer and closer + + align:start position:0% +bring an object closer and closer + + + align:start position:0% +bring an object closer and closer +then the difference between where it + + align:start position:0% +then the difference between where it + + + align:start position:0% +then the difference between where it +images in the two eyes gets further and + + align:start position:0% +images in the two eyes gets further and + + + align:start position:0% +images in the two eyes gets further and +further apart and we started there we we + + align:start position:0% +further apart and we started there we we + + + align:start position:0% +further apart and we started there we we +had a formula where + + align:start position:0% +had a formula where + + + align:start position:0% +had a formula where +the depth was inversely proportional to + + align:start position:0% +the depth was inversely proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +the depth was inversely proportional to +that disparity so + + align:start position:0% +that disparity so + + + align:start position:0% +that disparity so +and so that's the horizontal disparity + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the horizontal disparity + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the horizontal disparity +so that's the thing we're trying to use + + align:start position:0% +so that's the thing we're trying to use + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the thing we're trying to use +to get depth + + align:start position:0% +to get depth + + + align:start position:0% +to get depth +but there could also be a vertical + + align:start position:0% +but there could also be a vertical + + + align:start position:0% +but there could also be a vertical +disparity and what's that from well it + + align:start position:0% +disparity and what's that from well it + + + align:start position:0% +disparity and what's that from well it +shouldn't be there if we had things + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be there if we had things + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be there if we had things +properly lined up it's an indication + + align:start position:0% +properly lined up it's an indication + + + align:start position:0% +properly lined up it's an indication +that the two cameras are not oriented + + align:start position:0% +that the two cameras are not oriented + + + align:start position:0% +that the two cameras are not oriented +the same way + + align:start position:0% +the same way + + + align:start position:0% +the same way +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +the vertical disparity provides the + + align:start position:0% +the vertical disparity provides the + + + align:start position:0% +the vertical disparity provides the +constraint + + align:start position:0% +constraint + + + align:start position:0% +constraint +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if we + + align:start position:0% +if we + + + align:start position:0% +if we +if we uh figure out the rotation and the + + align:start position:0% +if we uh figure out the rotation and the + + + align:start position:0% +if we uh figure out the rotation and the +baseline we should be able to zero out + + align:start position:0% +baseline we should be able to zero out + + + align:start position:0% +baseline we should be able to zero out +the vertical disparity everywhere so + + align:start position:0% +the vertical disparity everywhere so + + + align:start position:0% +the vertical disparity everywhere so +that we we don't ever see a vertical + + align:start position:0% +that we we don't ever see a vertical + + + align:start position:0% +that we we don't ever see a vertical +disparity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in actual use once we've got everything + + align:start position:0% +in actual use once we've got everything + + + align:start position:0% +in actual use once we've got everything +set up we should only have horizontal + + align:start position:0% +set up we should only have horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +set up we should only have horizontal +disparities which are then inversely + + align:start position:0% +disparities which are then inversely + + + align:start position:0% +disparities which are then inversely +proportional to depth and in order to + + align:start position:0% +proportional to depth and in order to + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to depth and in order to +set the instrument up one thing we can + + align:start position:0% +set the instrument up one thing we can + + + align:start position:0% +set the instrument up one thing we can +do is + + align:start position:0% +do is + + + align:start position:0% +do is +tune out those vertical disparities and + + align:start position:0% +tune out those vertical disparities and + + + align:start position:0% +tune out those vertical disparities and +that's how it actually worked for + + align:start position:0% +that's how it actually worked for + + + align:start position:0% +that's how it actually worked for +decades you know people had very + + align:start position:0% +decades you know people had very + + + align:start position:0% +decades you know people had very +carefully made optical equipment they'd + + align:start position:0% +carefully made optical equipment they'd + + + align:start position:0% +carefully made optical equipment they'd +plonk in two + + align:start position:0% +plonk in two + + + align:start position:0% +plonk in two +glass plates that were photographs taken + + align:start position:0% +glass plates that were photographs taken + + + align:start position:0% +glass plates that were photographs taken +from the plane and there was a + + align:start position:0% +from the plane and there was a + + + align:start position:0% +from the plane and there was a +binocular-like + + align:start position:0% +binocular-like + + + align:start position:0% +binocular-like +imaging arrangement + + align:start position:0% +imaging arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +imaging arrangement +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you set it up + + align:start position:0% +you set it up + + + align:start position:0% +you set it up +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +noticing that oh you know this church + + align:start position:0% +noticing that oh you know this church + + + align:start position:0% +noticing that oh you know this church +tower is slightly higher in this image + + align:start position:0% +tower is slightly higher in this image + + + align:start position:0% +tower is slightly higher in this image +than that + + align:start position:0% +than that + + + align:start position:0% +than that +and there was a sequence of moves where + + align:start position:0% +and there was a sequence of moves where + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a sequence of moves where +you would tweak out + + align:start position:0% +you would tweak out + + + align:start position:0% +you would tweak out +uh these five parameters + + align:start position:0% +uh these five parameters + + + align:start position:0% +uh these five parameters +uh in sequence + + align:start position:0% +uh in sequence + + + align:start position:0% +uh in sequence +and iteratively + + align:start position:0% +and iteratively + + + align:start position:0% +and iteratively +and one of the nasty features of it was + + align:start position:0% +and one of the nasty features of it was + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the nasty features of it was +that it might not converge + + align:start position:0% +that it might not converge + + + align:start position:0% +that it might not converge +and so there was + + align:start position:0% +and so there was + + + align:start position:0% +and so there was +an additional + + align:start position:0% +an additional + + + align:start position:0% +an additional +component where you would record the + + align:start position:0% +component where you would record the + + + align:start position:0% +component where you would record the +five adjustments you made and + + align:start position:0% +five adjustments you made and + + + align:start position:0% +five adjustments you made and +plunk them into a formula which told you + + align:start position:0% +plunk them into a formula which told you + + + align:start position:0% +plunk them into a formula which told you +uh how to adjust things so that they do + + align:start position:0% +uh how to adjust things so that they do + + + align:start position:0% +uh how to adjust things so that they do +converge so it was pretty painful + + align:start position:0% +converge so it was pretty painful + + + align:start position:0% +converge so it was pretty painful +and it's too bad that you know there + + align:start position:0% +and it's too bad that you know there + + + align:start position:0% +and it's too bad that you know there +wasn't some easy solution + + align:start position:0% +wasn't some easy solution + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't some easy solution +but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +find a solution unfortunately not closed + + align:start position:0% +find a solution unfortunately not closed + + + align:start position:0% +find a solution unfortunately not closed +form but any case nobody does it that + + align:start position:0% +form but any case nobody does it that + + + align:start position:0% +form but any case nobody does it that +way anymore but it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +way anymore but it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +way anymore but it was sort of +interesting to think that there's this + + align:start position:0% +interesting to think that there's this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to think that there's this +complicated mechanical heath + + align:start position:0% +complicated mechanical heath + + + align:start position:0% +complicated mechanical heath +robinson-like machine that had these + + align:start position:0% +robinson-like machine that had these + + + align:start position:0% +robinson-like machine that had these +knobs that you could tweak + + align:start position:0% +knobs that you could tweak + + + align:start position:0% +knobs that you could tweak +to find the parameters of this + + align:start position:0% +to find the parameters of this + + + align:start position:0% +to find the parameters of this +transformation in three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +transformation in three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +transformation in three-dimensional +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the minimum number of correspondences we + + align:start position:0% +the minimum number of correspondences we + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum number of correspondences we +need in practice of course we want + + align:start position:0% +need in practice of course we want + + + align:start position:0% +need in practice of course we want +accuracy and so of course + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and so of course + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and so of course +we would like to have more points + + align:start position:0% +we would like to have more points + + + align:start position:0% +we would like to have more points +and then there won't be any arrangement + + align:start position:0% +and then there won't be any arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +and then there won't be any arrangement +that makes them all work so we'll do + + align:start position:0% +that makes them all work so we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +that makes them all work so we'll do +some sort of least coursing in in that + + align:start position:0% +some sort of least coursing in in that + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of least coursing in in that +we will have the + + align:start position:0% +we will have the + + + align:start position:0% +we will have the +image positions match as closely as + + align:start position:0% +image positions match as closely as + + + align:start position:0% +image positions match as closely as +possible so + + align:start position:0% +possible so + + + align:start position:0% +possible so +it's important that the error is in our + + align:start position:0% +it's important that the error is in our + + + align:start position:0% +it's important that the error is in our +measurement of image position and so the + + align:start position:0% +measurement of image position and so the + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of image position and so the +thing we want to minimize is going to be + + align:start position:0% +thing we want to minimize is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +thing we want to minimize is going to be +the sum of squares of errors in image + + align:start position:0% +the sum of squares of errors in image + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of squares of errors in image +position + + align:start position:0% +position + + + align:start position:0% +position +not something out in in space + + align:start position:0% +not something out in in space + + + align:start position:0% +not something out in in space +and we'll we'll come back to that point + + align:start position:0% +and we'll we'll come back to that point + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll we'll come back to that point +so in practice we use more than five + + align:start position:0% +so in practice we use more than five + + + align:start position:0% +so in practice we use more than five +points five is the minimum and there's + + align:start position:0% +points five is the minimum and there's + + + align:start position:0% +points five is the minimum and there's +you know an old + + align:start position:0% +you know an old + + + align:start position:0% +you know an old +problem which is uh + + align:start position:0% +problem which is uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem which is uh +it's non-linear so how many solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking +we're dealing with second order + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with second order + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with second order +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +and we end up with + + align:start position:0% +and we end up with + + + align:start position:0% +and we end up with +seven second order equations uh these + + align:start position:0% +seven second order equations uh these + + + align:start position:0% +seven second order equations uh these +five plus two more having to do with uh + + align:start position:0% +five plus two more having to do with uh + + + align:start position:0% +five plus two more having to do with uh +the baseline being a + + align:start position:0% +the baseline being a + + + align:start position:0% +the baseline being a +unit vector and so on and so by bazoot's + + align:start position:0% +unit vector and so on and so by bazoot's + + + align:start position:0% +unit vector and so on and so by bazoot's +theorem we might have as many as two to + + align:start position:0% +theorem we might have as many as two to + + + align:start position:0% +theorem we might have as many as two to +the seven solutions + + align:start position:0% +the seven solutions + + + align:start position:0% +the seven solutions +128 which is kind of scary + + align:start position:0% +128 which is kind of scary + + + align:start position:0% +128 which is kind of scary +and that's also one reason why you + + align:start position:0% +and that's also one reason why you + + + align:start position:0% +and that's also one reason why you +typically don't use five + + align:start position:0% +typically don't use five + + + align:start position:0% +typically don't use five +correspondences use more to try and get + + align:start position:0% +correspondences use more to try and get + + + align:start position:0% +correspondences use more to try and get +rid of that ambiguity anyway it was + + align:start position:0% +rid of that ambiguity anyway it was + + + align:start position:0% +rid of that ambiguity anyway it was +for a long time not known what the + + align:start position:0% +for a long time not known what the + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time not known what the +actual answer was and also the different + + align:start position:0% +actual answer was and also the different + + + align:start position:0% +actual answer was and also the different +ways of + + align:start position:0% +ways of + + + align:start position:0% +ways of +counting + + align:start position:0% +counting + + + align:start position:0% +counting +but the the true answer is 20. + + align:start position:0% +but the the true answer is 20. + + + align:start position:0% +but the the true answer is 20. +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +kupka a century ago + + align:start position:0% +kupka a century ago + + + align:start position:0% +kupka a century ago +showed that there can't be more than in + + align:start position:0% +showed that there can't be more than in + + + align:start position:0% +showed that there can't be more than in +his way of numbering 11 which would be + + align:start position:0% +his way of numbering 11 which would be + + + align:start position:0% +his way of numbering 11 which would be +22 by our counting + + align:start position:0% +22 by our counting + + + align:start position:0% +22 by our counting +and it took almost a century to get it + + align:start position:0% +and it took almost a century to get it + + + align:start position:0% +and it took almost a century to get it +down from 22 to 20 but + + align:start position:0% +down from 22 to 20 but + + + align:start position:0% +down from 22 to 20 but +you know in a way for us this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know in a way for us this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know in a way for us this is kind of +a curio it just shows you that it's + + align:start position:0% +a curio it just shows you that it's + + + align:start position:0% +a curio it just shows you that it's +non-linear and it shows you that + + align:start position:0% +non-linear and it shows you that + + + align:start position:0% +non-linear and it shows you that +you have to be careful when you get the + + align:start position:0% +you have to be careful when you get the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be careful when you get the +solutions but in practice when you take + + align:start position:0% +solutions but in practice when you take + + + align:start position:0% +solutions but in practice when you take +many more measurements than needed and + + align:start position:0% +many more measurements than needed and + + + align:start position:0% +many more measurements than needed and +when you have a rough idea of the + + align:start position:0% +when you have a rough idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a rough idea of the +arrangement i mean you built this thing + + align:start position:0% +arrangement i mean you built this thing + + + align:start position:0% +arrangement i mean you built this thing +typically so you know roughly how it's + + align:start position:0% +typically so you know roughly how it's + + + align:start position:0% +typically so you know roughly how it's +uh what is geometry is that then it's + + align:start position:0% +uh what is geometry is that then it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is geometry is that then it's +not really a problem but + + align:start position:0% +not really a problem but + + + align:start position:0% +not really a problem but +except for you know people interested in + + align:start position:0% +except for you know people interested in + + + align:start position:0% +except for you know people interested in +uh obscure theoretical uh + + align:start position:0% +uh obscure theoretical uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh obscure theoretical uh +not there's anything wrong with it it's + + align:start position:0% +not there's anything wrong with it it's + + + align:start position:0% +not there's anything wrong with it it's +a lot of fun trying to figure this out + + align:start position:0% +a lot of fun trying to figure this out + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of fun trying to figure this out +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +okay so how do we find uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we find uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we find uh +the baseline and rotation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from correspondences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have our baseline again l and r + + align:start position:0% +we have our baseline again l and r + + + align:start position:0% +we have our baseline again l and r +and then we have some some point out + + align:start position:0% +and then we have some some point out + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have some some point out +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +and this is r l + + align:start position:0% +and this is r l + + + align:start position:0% +and this is r l +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +and this is rr1 + + align:start position:0% +and this is rr1 + + + align:start position:0% +and this is rr1 +this is the baseline + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one thing we can do is + + align:start position:0% +one thing we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +one thing we can do is +notice right away that those three + + align:start position:0% +notice right away that those three + + + align:start position:0% +notice right away that those three +vectors are coplanar + + align:start position:0% +vectors are coplanar + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are coplanar +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +that's one of these epipolar planes so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does that mean about the + + align:start position:0% +so what does that mean about the + + + align:start position:0% +so what does that mean about the +parallel pipette that i can construct + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipette that i can construct + + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipette that i can construct +from those three vectors so maybe i + + align:start position:0% +from those three vectors so maybe i + + + align:start position:0% +from those three vectors so maybe i +should put arrows on these things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so we said that the volume of the + + align:start position:0% +right so we said that the volume of the + + + align:start position:0% +right so we said that the volume of the +distorted brick shape that we get by + + align:start position:0% +distorted brick shape that we get by + + + align:start position:0% +distorted brick shape that we get by +using those three vectors as + + align:start position:0% +using those three vectors as + + + align:start position:0% +using those three vectors as +edges so here's + + align:start position:0% +edges so here's + + + align:start position:0% +edges so here's +the construction i'm talking about so + + align:start position:0% +the construction i'm talking about so + + + align:start position:0% +the construction i'm talking about so +you take these three vectors and you + + align:start position:0% +you take these three vectors and you + + + align:start position:0% +you take these three vectors and you +build + + align:start position:0% +build + + + align:start position:0% +build +things with parallelogram aside + + align:start position:0% +things with parallelogram aside + + + align:start position:0% +things with parallelogram aside +and the whole thing is called a + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing is called a + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing is called a +parallely pipet and its volume is the + + align:start position:0% +parallely pipet and its volume is the + + + align:start position:0% +parallely pipet and its volume is the +triple product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so what what do we expect for that + + align:start position:0% +and so what what do we expect for that + + + align:start position:0% +and so what what do we expect for that +triple product based on that argument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's it's a flat thing right so it + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a flat thing right so it + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a flat thing right so it +should have no volume + + align:start position:0% +should have no volume + + + align:start position:0% +should have no volume +right this this thing that because these + + align:start position:0% +right this this thing that because these + + + align:start position:0% +right this this thing that because these +three vectors are coplanar so uh this + + align:start position:0% +three vectors are coplanar so uh this + + + align:start position:0% +three vectors are coplanar so uh this +object isn't uh something that has + + align:start position:0% +object isn't uh something that has + + + align:start position:0% +object isn't uh something that has +three-dimensional volume it's flat and + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional volume it's flat and + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional volume it's flat and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in the ideal case we expect that to be + + align:start position:0% +in the ideal case we expect that to be + + + align:start position:0% +in the ideal case we expect that to be +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's that's called the coplanarity + + align:start position:0% +and that's that's called the coplanarity + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that's called the coplanarity +condition + + align:start position:0% +condition + + + align:start position:0% +condition +and it's the basis of + + align:start position:0% +and it's the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the basis of +all of this stuff + + align:start position:0% +all of this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +all of this stuff +planarity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so right away you can imagine a + + align:start position:0% +so right away you can imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +so right away you can imagine a +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +least squares method + + align:start position:0% +least squares method + + + align:start position:0% +least squares method +all we need to do is for every + + align:start position:0% +all we need to do is for every + + + align:start position:0% +all we need to do is for every +correspondence we have + + align:start position:0% +correspondence we have + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence we have +we compute this triple product + + align:start position:0% +we compute this triple product + + + align:start position:0% +we compute this triple product +and well it might be positive or + + align:start position:0% +and well it might be positive or + + + align:start position:0% +and well it might be positive or +negative depending on the directions of + + align:start position:0% +negative depending on the directions of + + + align:start position:0% +negative depending on the directions of +these errors you know do they form a + + align:start position:0% +these errors you know do they form a + + + align:start position:0% +these errors you know do they form a +right hand coordinate system or not + + align:start position:0% +right hand coordinate system or not + + + align:start position:0% +right hand coordinate system or not +so uh so we can't just add them up + + align:start position:0% +so uh so we can't just add them up + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so we can't just add them up +but we can add up their squares + + align:start position:0% +but we can add up their squares + + + align:start position:0% +but we can add up their squares +and supposedly if there are no errors + + align:start position:0% +and supposedly if there are no errors + + + align:start position:0% +and supposedly if there are no errors +the sum of those squares should be zero + + align:start position:0% +the sum of those squares should be zero + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of those squares should be zero +so a potential method here would be + + align:start position:0% +so a potential method here would be + + + align:start position:0% +so a potential method here would be +given there actually are measurement + + align:start position:0% +given there actually are measurement + + + align:start position:0% +given there actually are measurement +errors let's minimize the sum of those + + align:start position:0% +errors let's minimize the sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +errors let's minimize the sum of those +squares so we could take this triple + + align:start position:0% +squares so we could take this triple + + + align:start position:0% +squares so we could take this triple +product take the sum of squares and if + + align:start position:0% +product take the sum of squares and if + + + align:start position:0% +product take the sum of squares and if +every uh if if our estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +every uh if if our estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +every uh if if our estimate of the +baseline and our estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +baseline and our estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +baseline and our estimate of the +rotation which is buried in here + + align:start position:0% +rotation which is buried in here + + + align:start position:0% +rotation which is buried in here +is correct then it should be zero and so + + align:start position:0% +is correct then it should be zero and so + + + align:start position:0% +is correct then it should be zero and so +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +now um that's that's a feasible approach + + align:start position:0% +now um that's that's a feasible approach + + + align:start position:0% +now um that's that's a feasible approach +it is not particularly good because um + + align:start position:0% +it is not particularly good because um + + + align:start position:0% +it is not particularly good because um +well let's put it this way if you have + + align:start position:0% +well let's put it this way if you have + + + align:start position:0% +well let's put it this way if you have +absolutely perfect data you will get the + + align:start position:0% +absolutely perfect data you will get the + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely perfect data you will get the +perfectly correct answer + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correct answer + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correct answer +but it's not a good method + + align:start position:0% +but it's not a good method + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not a good method +and the reason is that it has a very + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that it has a very + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that it has a very +high noise gain + + align:start position:0% +high noise gain + + + align:start position:0% +high noise gain +and this is sort of typical of quite a + + align:start position:0% +and this is sort of typical of quite a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is sort of typical of quite a +number of um + + align:start position:0% +number of um + + + align:start position:0% +number of um +bad methods that have found their way + + align:start position:0% +bad methods that have found their way + + + align:start position:0% +bad methods that have found their way +into machine vision + + align:start position:0% +into machine vision + + + align:start position:0% +into machine vision +where um + + align:start position:0% +where um + + + align:start position:0% +where um +they get you know mathematically + + align:start position:0% +they get you know mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +they get you know mathematically +they're right because you give them the + + align:start position:0% +they're right because you give them the + + + align:start position:0% +they're right because you give them the +correct uh measurements they give you + + align:start position:0% +correct uh measurements they give you + + + align:start position:0% +correct uh measurements they give you +the correct answer + + align:start position:0% +the correct answer + + + align:start position:0% +the correct answer +but um + + align:start position:0% +but um + + + align:start position:0% +but um +they are not practically useful + + align:start position:0% +they are not practically useful + + + align:start position:0% +they are not practically useful +because with a small error in the + + align:start position:0% +because with a small error in the + + + align:start position:0% +because with a small error in the +measurement you don't get the correct + + align:start position:0% +measurement you don't get the correct + + + align:start position:0% +measurement you don't get the correct +answer and you often get an answer + + align:start position:0% +answer and you often get an answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer and you often get an answer +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +wrong in quite a large + + align:start position:0% +wrong in quite a large + + + align:start position:0% +wrong in quite a large +degree + + align:start position:0% +degree + + + align:start position:0% +degree +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so we need to do a little bit better + + align:start position:0% +so we need to do a little bit better + + + align:start position:0% +so we need to do a little bit better +than that but but we can start with that + + align:start position:0% +than that but but we can start with that + + + align:start position:0% +than that but but we can start with that +as a basis + + align:start position:0% +as a basis + + + align:start position:0% +as a basis +so what are we really trying to minimize + + align:start position:0% +so what are we really trying to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +so what are we really trying to minimize +well as i mentioned + + align:start position:0% +well as i mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +well as i mentioned +the key is the image this is where we + + align:start position:0% +the key is the image this is where we + + + align:start position:0% +the key is the image this is where we +make the measurements and when we make + + align:start position:0% +make the measurements and when we make + + + align:start position:0% +make the measurements and when we make +the measurement and we know that that + + align:start position:0% +the measurement and we know that that + + + align:start position:0% +the measurement and we know that that +point is known but only within a certain + + align:start position:0% +point is known but only within a certain + + + align:start position:0% +point is known but only within a certain +accuracy and you know for our edges we + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and you know for our edges we + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and you know for our edges we +we were saying that if you do really + + align:start position:0% +we were saying that if you do really + + + align:start position:0% +we were saying that if you do really +well we can determine them to a 40th of + + align:start position:0% +well we can determine them to a 40th of + + + align:start position:0% +well we can determine them to a 40th of +a pixel but whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +a pixel but whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +a pixel but whatever it is +whatever that quantity is it's in the + + align:start position:0% +whatever that quantity is it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that quantity is it's in the +image that we are trying to match things + + align:start position:0% +image that we are trying to match things + + + align:start position:0% +image that we are trying to match things +up uh not some + + align:start position:0% +up uh not some + + + align:start position:0% +up uh not some +triple product uh volume of something + + align:start position:0% +triple product uh volume of something + + + align:start position:0% +triple product uh volume of something +that you know + + align:start position:0% +that you know + + + align:start position:0% +that you know +it's true that if everything is correct + + align:start position:0% +it's true that if everything is correct + + + align:start position:0% +it's true that if everything is correct +that volume will be zero + + align:start position:0% +that volume will be zero + + + align:start position:0% +that volume will be zero +but it's not true + + align:start position:0% +but it's not true + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not true +that that itself is a good measurement + + align:start position:0% +that that itself is a good measurement + + + align:start position:0% +that that itself is a good measurement +of error it is proportional to the error + + align:start position:0% +of error it is proportional to the error + + + align:start position:0% +of error it is proportional to the error +so so if we figure out the + + align:start position:0% +so so if we figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +so so if we figure out the +proportionality factor uh we could use + + align:start position:0% +proportionality factor uh we could use + + + align:start position:0% +proportionality factor uh we could use +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay well let's go a little bit further + + align:start position:0% +okay well let's go a little bit further + + + align:start position:0% +okay well let's go a little bit further +and say okay so the measurements aren't + + align:start position:0% +and say okay so the measurements aren't + + + align:start position:0% +and say okay so the measurements aren't +perfect or our baseline and rotation + + align:start position:0% +perfect or our baseline and rotation + + + align:start position:0% +perfect or our baseline and rotation +aren't perfect and then those two things + + align:start position:0% +aren't perfect and then those two things + + + align:start position:0% +aren't perfect and then those two things +won't intersect so let's see how that + + align:start position:0% +won't intersect so let's see how that + + + align:start position:0% +won't intersect so let's see how that +works out so we have r l prime here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here the two rays are not + + align:start position:0% +so here the two rays are not + + + align:start position:0% +so here the two rays are not +intersecting anymore + + align:start position:0% +intersecting anymore + + + align:start position:0% +intersecting anymore +and you know this separation minimum + + align:start position:0% +and you know this separation minimum + + + align:start position:0% +and you know this separation minimum +separation that that's a measure of + + align:start position:0% +separation that that's a measure of + + + align:start position:0% +separation that that's a measure of +error so we could think about minimizing + + align:start position:0% +error so we could think about minimizing + + + align:start position:0% +error so we could think about minimizing +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so let's uh take that idea a little + + align:start position:0% +so let's uh take that idea a little + + + align:start position:0% +so let's uh take that idea a little +further + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it's pretty easy to prove i won't bother + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy to prove i won't bother + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy to prove i won't bother +that this + + align:start position:0% +that this + + + align:start position:0% +that this +minimum approach has the property that + + align:start position:0% +minimum approach has the property that + + + align:start position:0% +minimum approach has the property that +it's right angles to both of these + + align:start position:0% +it's right angles to both of these + + + align:start position:0% +it's right angles to both of these +right because if it isn't then you can + + align:start position:0% +right because if it isn't then you can + + + align:start position:0% +right because if it isn't then you can +move it closer and get a smaller + + align:start position:0% +move it closer and get a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +move it closer and get a smaller +distance + + align:start position:0% +distance + + + align:start position:0% +distance +and so that means that this direction + + align:start position:0% +and so that means that this direction + + + align:start position:0% +and so that means that this direction +is perpendicular to both of these two + + align:start position:0% +is perpendicular to both of these two + + + align:start position:0% +is perpendicular to both of these two +vectors so it's parallel to the cross + + align:start position:0% +vectors so it's parallel to the cross + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so it's parallel to the cross +product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so i can draw + + align:start position:0% +and so i can draw + + + align:start position:0% +and so i can draw +an equation that sort of goes around + + align:start position:0% +an equation that sort of goes around + + + align:start position:0% +an equation that sort of goes around +this loop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i start over here and then i go + + align:start position:0% +so i start over here and then i go + + + align:start position:0% +so i start over here and then i go +around this along this vector now i + + align:start position:0% +around this along this vector now i + + + align:start position:0% +around this along this vector now i +don't know how far i have to go because + + align:start position:0% +don't know how far i have to go because + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how far i have to go because +i've only got the direction remember + + align:start position:0% +i've only got the direction remember + + + align:start position:0% +i've only got the direction remember +and i'm going to then add to that + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to then add to that + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to then add to that +a vector that goes in this error + + align:start position:0% +a vector that goes in this error + + + align:start position:0% +a vector that goes in this error +direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be equal to +going the other + + align:start position:0% +going the other + + + align:start position:0% +going the other +way which is b plus + + align:start position:0% +way which is b plus + + + align:start position:0% +way which is b plus +and then coming out along the right ray + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so all i'm saying is if i add up + + align:start position:0% +right so all i'm saying is if i add up + + + align:start position:0% +right so all i'm saying is if i add up +the vectors on the left here then they + + align:start position:0% +the vectors on the left here then they + + + align:start position:0% +the vectors on the left here then they +must equal the vectors on the right or i + + align:start position:0% +must equal the vectors on the right or i + + + align:start position:0% +must equal the vectors on the right or i +could have just gone around the loop and + + align:start position:0% +could have just gone around the loop and + + + align:start position:0% +could have just gone around the loop and +said the the result is zero + + align:start position:0% +said the the result is zero + + + align:start position:0% +said the the result is zero +so that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's +an equation i'm interested in partly + + align:start position:0% +an equation i'm interested in partly + + + align:start position:0% +an equation i'm interested in partly +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +i would like to make this + + align:start position:0% +i would like to make this + + + align:start position:0% +i would like to make this +small i would like those + + align:start position:0% +small i would like those + + + align:start position:0% +small i would like those +rays to intersect or or + + align:start position:0% +rays to intersect or or + + + align:start position:0% +rays to intersect or or +into almost intersect + + align:start position:0% +into almost intersect + + + align:start position:0% +into almost intersect +so they have got a vector equation what + + align:start position:0% +so they have got a vector equation what + + + align:start position:0% +so they have got a vector equation what +do i do with vector equations well the + + align:start position:0% +do i do with vector equations well the + + + align:start position:0% +do i do with vector equations well the +appendix teaches you some tricks + + align:start position:0% +appendix teaches you some tricks + + + align:start position:0% +appendix teaches you some tricks +one of them is you know converted to + + align:start position:0% +one of them is you know converted to + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is you know converted to +things we know a lot about scalar + + align:start position:0% +things we know a lot about scalar + + + align:start position:0% +things we know a lot about scalar +equations and how do you do that well + + align:start position:0% +equations and how do you do that well + + + align:start position:0% +equations and how do you do that well +you take dot products + + align:start position:0% +you take dot products + + + align:start position:0% +you take dot products +so we can turn this into a scalar + + align:start position:0% +so we can turn this into a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +so we can turn this into a scalar +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +and actually it's a vector equation so + + align:start position:0% +and actually it's a vector equation so + + + align:start position:0% +and actually it's a vector equation so +it provides three different constraints + + align:start position:0% +it provides three different constraints + + + align:start position:0% +it provides three different constraints +so we should be able to do that three + + align:start position:0% +so we should be able to do that three + + + align:start position:0% +so we should be able to do that three +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +so you know take a dot product with + + align:start position:0% +so you know take a dot product with + + + align:start position:0% +so you know take a dot product with +three different things and get three + + align:start position:0% +three different things and get three + + + align:start position:0% +three different things and get three +scalar equations which correspond to + + align:start position:0% +scalar equations which correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +scalar equations which correspond to +that single vector equation now when we + + align:start position:0% +that single vector equation now when we + + + align:start position:0% +that single vector equation now when we +do that we'd like to pick something that + + align:start position:0% +do that we'd like to pick something that + + + align:start position:0% +do that we'd like to pick something that +makes a lot of these terms disappear to + + align:start position:0% +makes a lot of these terms disappear to + + + align:start position:0% +makes a lot of these terms disappear to +simplify the equation so we want to pick + + align:start position:0% +simplify the equation so we want to pick + + + align:start position:0% +simplify the equation so we want to pick +something that makes a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +something that makes a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +something that makes a lot of these +terms drop out + + align:start position:0% +terms drop out + + + align:start position:0% +terms drop out +and so for example + + align:start position:0% +and so for example + + + align:start position:0% +and so for example +if we take a dot product with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what why is this good well + + align:start position:0% +okay what why is this good well + + + align:start position:0% +okay what why is this good well +rl cross rr is perpendicular to rl and + + align:start position:0% +rl cross rr is perpendicular to rl and + + + align:start position:0% +rl cross rr is perpendicular to rl and +perpendicular to rr so when you dot it + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to rr so when you dot it + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to rr so when you dot it +with this term that term goes away + + align:start position:0% +with this term that term goes away + + + align:start position:0% +with this term that term goes away +uh when you dot it with that term + + align:start position:0% +uh when you dot it with that term + + + align:start position:0% +uh when you dot it with that term +it goes away because you know it's + + align:start position:0% +it goes away because you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +it goes away because you know it's +perpendicular to rr + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to rr + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to rr +so that uh so that's a simple one and we + + align:start position:0% +so that uh so that's a simple one and we + + + align:start position:0% +so that uh so that's a simple one and we +get um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the first and the last term drop out + + align:start position:0% +so the first and the last term drop out + + + align:start position:0% +so the first and the last term drop out +and and we're left with this + + align:start position:0% +and and we're left with this + + + align:start position:0% +and and we're left with this +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this is nice it's sort of intuitive it's + + align:start position:0% +this is nice it's sort of intuitive it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is nice it's sort of intuitive it's +saying that gamma which is measuring the + + align:start position:0% +saying that gamma which is measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +saying that gamma which is measuring the +error the gap between the two rays + + align:start position:0% +error the gap between the two rays + + + align:start position:0% +error the gap between the two rays +is proportional to the triple product + + align:start position:0% +is proportional to the triple product + + + align:start position:0% +is proportional to the triple product +and we know that when things work + + align:start position:0% +and we know that when things work + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that when things work +correctly the triple product is zero and + + align:start position:0% +correctly the triple product is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +correctly the triple product is zero and +then we expect gamma to be zero so + + align:start position:0% +then we expect gamma to be zero so + + + align:start position:0% +then we expect gamma to be zero so +so this is a way of calculating um + + align:start position:0% +so this is a way of calculating um + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a way of calculating um +the discrepancy in in the uh + + align:start position:0% +the discrepancy in in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the discrepancy in in the uh +the gap there + + align:start position:0% +the gap there + + + align:start position:0% +the gap there +okay then we can also + + align:start position:0% +okay then we can also + + + align:start position:0% +okay then we can also +use the same sort of idea let's multiply + + align:start position:0% +use the same sort of idea let's multiply + + + align:start position:0% +use the same sort of idea let's multiply +by something that makes a lot of terms + + align:start position:0% +by something that makes a lot of terms + + + align:start position:0% +by something that makes a lot of terms +go away + + align:start position:0% +go away + + + align:start position:0% +go away +i.e is perpendicular to some of these + + align:start position:0% +i.e is perpendicular to some of these + + + align:start position:0% +i.e is perpendicular to some of these +things well we've already taken care of + + align:start position:0% +things well we've already taken care of + + + align:start position:0% +things well we've already taken care of +rl cross r + + align:start position:0% +rl cross r + + + align:start position:0% +rl cross r +what if we + + align:start position:0% +what if we + + + align:start position:0% +what if we +try and knock out so that knocks out the + + align:start position:0% +try and knock out so that knocks out the + + + align:start position:0% +try and knock out so that knocks out the +first and the last term what do we try + + align:start position:0% +first and the last term what do we try + + + align:start position:0% +first and the last term what do we try +and knock out these two terms well that + + align:start position:0% +and knock out these two terms well that + + + align:start position:0% +and knock out these two terms well that +means we need to take a dot product with + + align:start position:0% +means we need to take a dot product with + + + align:start position:0% +means we need to take a dot product with +the cross product of those + + align:start position:0% +the cross product of those + + + align:start position:0% +the cross product of those +or so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that gives us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so that's a way of calculating beta + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a way of calculating beta + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a way of calculating beta +so that's going to allow us to determine + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to allow us to determine + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to allow us to determine +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how far out along the ray we get to the + + align:start position:0% +how far out along the ray we get to the + + + align:start position:0% +how far out along the ray we get to the +intersection or almost intersection and + + align:start position:0% +intersection or almost intersection and + + + align:start position:0% +intersection or almost intersection and +similarly for alpha that'll tell us how + + align:start position:0% +similarly for alpha that'll tell us how + + + align:start position:0% +similarly for alpha that'll tell us how +far we are out along the other one and + + align:start position:0% +far we are out along the other one and + + + align:start position:0% +far we are out along the other one and +so that's you know that + + align:start position:0% +so that's you know that + + + align:start position:0% +so that's you know that +this is the third of our dot product + + align:start position:0% +this is the third of our dot product + + + align:start position:0% +this is the third of our dot product +and it gives us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this allows us to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this allows us to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this allows us to calculate the +three quantities + + align:start position:0% +three quantities + + + align:start position:0% +three quantities +alpha beta and gamma + + align:start position:0% +alpha beta and gamma + + + align:start position:0% +alpha beta and gamma +and um they they're important so first + + align:start position:0% +and um they they're important so first + + + align:start position:0% +and um they they're important so first +of all gamma is the thing we're trying + + align:start position:0% +of all gamma is the thing we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +of all gamma is the thing we're trying +to make small + + align:start position:0% +to make small + + + align:start position:0% +to make small +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and then there's alpha and beta and and + + align:start position:0% +and then there's alpha and beta and and + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's alpha and beta and and +in many and they give us the + + align:start position:0% +in many and they give us the + + + align:start position:0% +in many and they give us the +three-dimensional position + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional position + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional position +um but there's another + + align:start position:0% +um but there's another + + + align:start position:0% +um but there's another +important point here which is uh + + align:start position:0% +important point here which is uh + + + align:start position:0% +important point here which is uh +are these things positive or negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now um + + align:start position:0% +and now um + + + align:start position:0% +and now um +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know in the case of gamma + + align:start position:0% +you know in the case of gamma + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the case of gamma +it just means does the + + align:start position:0% +it just means does the + + + align:start position:0% +it just means does the +right ray go below or above the left ray + + align:start position:0% +right ray go below or above the left ray + + + align:start position:0% +right ray go below or above the left ray +so that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's +not that interesting we just want to + + align:start position:0% +not that interesting we just want to + + + align:start position:0% +not that interesting we just want to +make it small but for alpha and beta + + align:start position:0% +make it small but for alpha and beta + + + align:start position:0% +make it small but for alpha and beta +uh being negative is a real problem + + align:start position:0% +uh being negative is a real problem + + + align:start position:0% +uh being negative is a real problem +see we're dealing with equations for + + align:start position:0% +see we're dealing with equations for + + + align:start position:0% +see we're dealing with equations for +lines + + align:start position:0% +lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines +well they don't stop or start anywhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're actually looking at + + align:start position:0% +so we're actually looking at + + + align:start position:0% +so we're actually looking at +the intersection or near intersection of + + align:start position:0% +the intersection or near intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection or near intersection of +not just these line segments but these + + align:start position:0% +not just these line segments but these + + + align:start position:0% +not just these line segments but these +two infinite lines and depending on the + + align:start position:0% +two infinite lines and depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +two infinite lines and depending on the +geometry + + align:start position:0% +geometry + + + align:start position:0% +geometry +it may end up that + + align:start position:0% +it may end up that + + + align:start position:0% +it may end up that +you know suppose these are turned + + align:start position:0% +you know suppose these are turned + + + align:start position:0% +you know suppose these are turned +outward they're in actually intersecting + + align:start position:0% +outward they're in actually intersecting + + + align:start position:0% +outward they're in actually intersecting +behind you + + align:start position:0% +behind you + + + align:start position:0% +behind you +and so mathematically you'll get a + + align:start position:0% +and so mathematically you'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +and so mathematically you'll get a +negative alpha and a negative beta + + align:start position:0% +negative alpha and a negative beta + + + align:start position:0% +negative alpha and a negative beta +and then you have to decide if that's + + align:start position:0% +and then you have to decide if that's + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have to decide if that's +physically reasonable in your case it + + align:start position:0% +physically reasonable in your case it + + + align:start position:0% +physically reasonable in your case it +typically won't be because it means that + + align:start position:0% +typically won't be because it means that + + + align:start position:0% +typically won't be because it means that +you're imaging something behind the + + align:start position:0% +you're imaging something behind the + + + align:start position:0% +you're imaging something behind the +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +so remember the formula you know + + align:start position:0% +so remember the formula you know + + + align:start position:0% +so remember the formula you know +x over big x of a big z + + align:start position:0% +x over big x of a big z + + + align:start position:0% +x over big x of a big z +if you make big x and big z both + + align:start position:0% +if you make big x and big z both + + + align:start position:0% +if you make big x and big z both +negative you still get some result but + + align:start position:0% +negative you still get some result but + + + align:start position:0% +negative you still get some result but +what does it mean you typically don't + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean you typically don't + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean you typically don't +image stuff that's behind you so + + align:start position:0% +image stuff that's behind you so + + + align:start position:0% +image stuff that's behind you so +we typically check whether + + align:start position:0% +we typically check whether + + + align:start position:0% +we typically check whether +in the solution + + align:start position:0% +in the solution + + + align:start position:0% +in the solution +alpha and beta are greater than zero and + + align:start position:0% +alpha and beta are greater than zero and + + + align:start position:0% +alpha and beta are greater than zero and +remember i said that there could be as + + align:start position:0% +remember i said that there could be as + + + align:start position:0% +remember i said that there could be as +many as 20 solutions well one way to + + align:start position:0% +many as 20 solutions well one way to + + + align:start position:0% +many as 20 solutions well one way to +throw out most of them is to calculate + + align:start position:0% +throw out most of them is to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +throw out most of them is to calculate +this and + + align:start position:0% +this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and +a whole bunch of them will have negative + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of them will have negative + + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of them will have negative +values for alpha or negative values for + + align:start position:0% +values for alpha or negative values for + + + align:start position:0% +values for alpha or negative values for +beta or both and so + + align:start position:0% +beta or both and so + + + align:start position:0% +beta or both and so +you know yes in the mathematical sense + + align:start position:0% +you know yes in the mathematical sense + + + align:start position:0% +you know yes in the mathematical sense +those equations have up to 20 solutions + + align:start position:0% +those equations have up to 20 solutions + + + align:start position:0% +those equations have up to 20 solutions +but some of the 20 solutions won't make + + align:start position:0% +but some of the 20 solutions won't make + + + align:start position:0% +but some of the 20 solutions won't make +physical sense and so you can just + + align:start position:0% +physical sense and so you can just + + + align:start position:0% +physical sense and so you can just +discard them + + align:start position:0% +discard them + + + align:start position:0% +discard them +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we've got gamma oh uh i guess we we + + align:start position:0% +so we've got gamma oh uh i guess we we + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got gamma oh uh i guess we we +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +haven't got the actual distance gamma is + + align:start position:0% +haven't got the actual distance gamma is + + + align:start position:0% +haven't got the actual distance gamma is +just the multiplier so the actual error + + align:start position:0% +just the multiplier so the actual error + + + align:start position:0% +just the multiplier so the actual error +distance d is gamma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but we keep on coming back to that same + + align:start position:0% +but we keep on coming back to that same + + + align:start position:0% +but we keep on coming back to that same +triple product that that's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +triple product that that's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +triple product that that's sort of the +key + + align:start position:0% +key + + + align:start position:0% +key +to everything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +what we'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +what we'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +what we'd like to do is +have a closed form solution where we + + align:start position:0% +have a closed form solution where we + + + align:start position:0% +have a closed form solution where we +give + + align:start position:0% +give + + + align:start position:0% +give +five correspondences + + align:start position:0% +five correspondences + + + align:start position:0% +five correspondences +and we end up with five equations + + align:start position:0% +and we end up with five equations + + + align:start position:0% +and we end up with five equations +saying gamma equals zero + + align:start position:0% +saying gamma equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +saying gamma equals zero +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +solve them but unfortunately they're + + align:start position:0% +solve them but unfortunately they're + + + align:start position:0% +solve them but unfortunately they're +second order + + align:start position:0% +second order + + + align:start position:0% +second order +so we've got five + + align:start position:0% +so we've got five + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got five +quadratics + + align:start position:0% +quadratics + + + align:start position:0% +quadratics +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so far nobody's come up with + + align:start position:0% +so far nobody's come up with + + + align:start position:0% +so far nobody's come up with +with a closed form solution + + align:start position:0% +with a closed form solution + + + align:start position:0% +with a closed form solution +and there probably isn't one + + align:start position:0% +and there probably isn't one + + + align:start position:0% +and there probably isn't one +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +somewhat painfully reduce those five + + align:start position:0% +somewhat painfully reduce those five + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat painfully reduce those five +equations to a single + + align:start position:0% +equations to a single + + + align:start position:0% +equations to a single +fifth order equation a quintic + + align:start position:0% +fifth order equation a quintic + + + align:start position:0% +fifth order equation a quintic +and we know that quintix don't have + + align:start position:0% +and we know that quintix don't have + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that quintix don't have +solutions in terms of multiplication + + align:start position:0% +solutions in terms of multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +solutions in terms of multiplication +addition division and square roots + + align:start position:0% +addition division and square roots + + + align:start position:0% +addition division and square roots +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now of course from you know number + + align:start position:0% +now of course from you know number + + + align:start position:0% +now of course from you know number +crunching point of view + + align:start position:0% +crunching point of view + + + align:start position:0% +crunching point of view +who cares if you have a fifth order + + align:start position:0% +who cares if you have a fifth order + + + align:start position:0% +who cares if you have a fifth order +equation you can find its roots + + align:start position:0% +equation you can find its roots + + + align:start position:0% +equation you can find its roots +but you know in in the strict way of + + align:start position:0% +but you know in in the strict way of + + + align:start position:0% +but you know in in the strict way of +saying is there a closed form solution + + align:start position:0% +saying is there a closed form solution + + + align:start position:0% +saying is there a closed form solution +uh probably not although you know + + align:start position:0% +uh probably not although you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh probably not although you know +i haven't seen a paper making a clean + + align:start position:0% +i haven't seen a paper making a clean + + + align:start position:0% +i haven't seen a paper making a clean +proof of that so + + align:start position:0% +proof of that so + + + align:start position:0% +proof of that so +so what do we do + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do +well um + + align:start position:0% +well um + + + align:start position:0% +well um +we we know that we would like to + + align:start position:0% +we we know that we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +we we know that we would like to +minimize the error in the image not not + + align:start position:0% +minimize the error in the image not not + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the error in the image not not +this error out in the world you can + + align:start position:0% +this error out in the world you can + + + align:start position:0% +this error out in the world you can +imagine that this could get huge for + + align:start position:0% +imagine that this could get huge for + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that this could get huge for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +you know if there's some object that's + + align:start position:0% +you know if there's some object that's + + + align:start position:0% +you know if there's some object that's +very far away + + align:start position:0% +very far away + + + align:start position:0% +very far away +then that gap + + align:start position:0% +then that gap + + + align:start position:0% +then that gap +obviously gets large even for a small + + align:start position:0% +obviously gets large even for a small + + + align:start position:0% +obviously gets large even for a small +error in image position so this this is + + align:start position:0% +error in image position so this this is + + + align:start position:0% +error in image position so this this is +a d + + align:start position:0% +a d + + + align:start position:0% +a d +this quantity is not the one we want to + + align:start position:0% +this quantity is not the one we want to + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity is not the one we want to +minimize but it's proportional to it and + + align:start position:0% +minimize but it's proportional to it and + + + align:start position:0% +minimize but it's proportional to it and +if the image position is correct then d + + align:start position:0% +if the image position is correct then d + + + align:start position:0% +if the image position is correct then d +will be zero and vice versa so so they + + align:start position:0% +will be zero and vice versa so so they + + + align:start position:0% +will be zero and vice versa so so they +relate it and we can take care of that + + align:start position:0% +relate it and we can take care of that + + + align:start position:0% +relate it and we can take care of that +just by some sort of weighting factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so triple product and we're going + + align:start position:0% +okay so triple product and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay so triple product and we're going +to add it up we're going to square it + + align:start position:0% +to add it up we're going to square it + + + align:start position:0% +to add it up we're going to square it +because it could have different signs so + + align:start position:0% +because it could have different signs so + + + align:start position:0% +because it could have different signs so +we're going to minimize the sum of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to minimize the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to minimize the sum of +squares error and we're going to so + + align:start position:0% +squares error and we're going to so + + + align:start position:0% +squares error and we're going to so +what's that weighting factor well the + + align:start position:0% +what's that weighting factor well the + + + align:start position:0% +what's that weighting factor well the +weighting factor is the conversion + + align:start position:0% +weighting factor is the conversion + + + align:start position:0% +weighting factor is the conversion +factor from an error out here + + align:start position:0% +factor from an error out here + + + align:start position:0% +factor from an error out here +to an error in the image and you know if + + align:start position:0% +to an error in the image and you know if + + + align:start position:0% +to an error in the image and you know if +i know these distances i can figure out + + align:start position:0% +i know these distances i can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +i know these distances i can figure out +what that waiting factor is + + align:start position:0% +what that waiting factor is + + + align:start position:0% +what that waiting factor is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +however the formula for it is a mess so + + align:start position:0% +however the formula for it is a mess so + + + align:start position:0% +however the formula for it is a mess so +i'll just not + + align:start position:0% +i'll just not + + + align:start position:0% +i'll just not +give it to you it's in the paper if you + + align:start position:0% +give it to you it's in the paper if you + + + align:start position:0% +give it to you it's in the paper if you +if you really want it + + align:start position:0% +if you really want it + + + align:start position:0% +if you really want it +and then i solve this problem so the + + align:start position:0% +and then i solve this problem so the + + + align:start position:0% +and then i solve this problem so the +problem here is minimize this with + + align:start position:0% +problem here is minimize this with + + + align:start position:0% +problem here is minimize this with +respect to + + align:start position:0% +respect to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to +b and the rotation + + align:start position:0% +b and the rotation + + + align:start position:0% +b and the rotation +and oh subject two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so unfortunately it's not an + + align:start position:0% +so unfortunately it's not an + + + align:start position:0% +so unfortunately it's not an +unconstrained + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained + + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained +optimization problem + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +how do i actually do this because this + + align:start position:0% +how do i actually do this because this + + + align:start position:0% +how do i actually do this because this +weight um depends on the solution so + + align:start position:0% +weight um depends on the solution so + + + align:start position:0% +weight um depends on the solution so +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +i'm going to do this iteratively so + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to do this iteratively so + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to do this iteratively so +basically that conversion factor between + + align:start position:0% +basically that conversion factor between + + + align:start position:0% +basically that conversion factor between +error in the world and error in the + + align:start position:0% +error in the world and error in the + + + align:start position:0% +error in the world and error in the +image changes with my solution and so um + + align:start position:0% +image changes with my solution and so um + + + align:start position:0% +image changes with my solution and so um +i i will use use this particular set of + + align:start position:0% +i i will use use this particular set of + + + align:start position:0% +i i will use use this particular set of +weighting factors and solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +weighting factors and solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +weighting factors and solve this problem +and then recompute the weighting factors + + align:start position:0% +and then recompute the weighting factors + + + align:start position:0% +and then recompute the weighting factors +and solve that problem and fortunately + + align:start position:0% +and solve that problem and fortunately + + + align:start position:0% +and solve that problem and fortunately +it can + + align:start position:0% +it can + + + align:start position:0% +it can +you know in most cases it converges very + + align:start position:0% +you know in most cases it converges very + + + align:start position:0% +you know in most cases it converges very +quickly so + + align:start position:0% +quickly so + + + align:start position:0% +quickly so +uh and that makes it uh makes the whole + + align:start position:0% +uh and that makes it uh makes the whole + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that makes it uh makes the whole +thing uh + + align:start position:0% +thing uh + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh +feasible without that it it's just uh + + align:start position:0% +feasible without that it it's just uh + + + align:start position:0% +feasible without that it it's just uh +intractable + + align:start position:0% +intractable + + + align:start position:0% +intractable +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +what is oh uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +what is oh uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +what is oh uh sorry +it's my way of saying rotation without + + align:start position:0% +it's my way of saying rotation without + + + align:start position:0% +it's my way of saying rotation without +specifying that it's a rotation vector + + align:start position:0% +specifying that it's a rotation vector + + + align:start position:0% +specifying that it's a rotation vector +or a rotation matrix or so it's r + + align:start position:0% +or a rotation matrix or so it's r + + + align:start position:0% +or a rotation matrix or so it's r +uh r parentheses dot dot + + align:start position:0% +uh r parentheses dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +uh r parentheses dot dot +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +this is a square of a triple product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course we can expand the triple + + align:start position:0% +and of course we can expand the triple + + + align:start position:0% +and of course we can expand the triple +product in + + align:start position:0% +product in + + + align:start position:0% +product in +in many different ways for example + + align:start position:0% +in many different ways for example + + + align:start position:0% +in many different ways for example +let me + + align:start position:0% +let me + + + align:start position:0% +let me +expand it some other way that's + + align:start position:0% +expand it some other way that's + + + align:start position:0% +expand it some other way that's +more useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +now we get to quaternions because we're + + align:start position:0% +now we get to quaternions because we're + + + align:start position:0% +now we get to quaternions because we're +dealing with + + align:start position:0% +dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with +this quantity which has been rotated + + align:start position:0% +this quantity which has been rotated + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity which has been rotated +from the left coordinate system into the + + align:start position:0% +from the left coordinate system into the + + + align:start position:0% +from the left coordinate system into the +right coordinate system and so + + align:start position:0% +right coordinate system and so + + + align:start position:0% +right coordinate system and so +we can introduce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so if if rl is the thing that i'm + + align:start position:0% +right so if if rl is the thing that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +right so if if rl is the thing that i'm +actually measuring in the left + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring in the left + + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring in the left +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +what i'm u since everything over there + + align:start position:0% +what i'm u since everything over there + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm u since everything over there +is expressed in the right coordinate + + align:start position:0% +is expressed in the right coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +is expressed in the right coordinate +system i have to rotate it into the + + align:start position:0% +system i have to rotate it into the + + + align:start position:0% +system i have to rotate it into the +right coordinate system and i can do + + align:start position:0% +right coordinate system and i can do + + + align:start position:0% +right coordinate system and i can do +that using quaternions + + align:start position:0% +that using quaternions + + + align:start position:0% +that using quaternions +okay so so let's call this triple + + align:start position:0% +okay so so let's call this triple + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so let's call this triple +product + + align:start position:0% +product + + + align:start position:0% +product +t for convenience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i'm going now from vectors to + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going now from vectors to + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going now from vectors to +quaternions + + align:start position:0% +quaternions + + + align:start position:0% +quaternions +but these are quaternions with the + + align:start position:0% +but these are quaternions with the + + + align:start position:0% +but these are quaternions with the +special property + + align:start position:0% +special property + + + align:start position:0% +special property +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they have zero scalar part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so remember that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um if i have two + + align:start position:0% +um if i have two + + + align:start position:0% +um if i have two +quaternions that represent vectors this + + align:start position:0% +quaternions that represent vectors this + + + align:start position:0% +quaternions that represent vectors this +formula for multiplication simplifies + + align:start position:0% +formula for multiplication simplifies + + + align:start position:0% +formula for multiplication simplifies +it's just the dot product and the cross + + align:start position:0% +it's just the dot product and the cross + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the dot product and the cross +product + + align:start position:0% +product + + + align:start position:0% +product +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +then we one of the lemmas we stated + + align:start position:0% +then we one of the lemmas we stated + + + align:start position:0% +then we one of the lemmas we stated +without proof was a way of moving + + align:start position:0% +without proof was a way of moving + + + align:start position:0% +without proof was a way of moving +one of these multipliers to the other + + align:start position:0% +one of these multipliers to the other + + + align:start position:0% +one of these multipliers to the other +side by taking its conjugate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the next thing i'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing i'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing i'm going to do is +define a new + + align:start position:0% +define a new + + + align:start position:0% +define a new +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +for convenience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is the product of the baseline and + + align:start position:0% +which is the product of the baseline and + + + align:start position:0% +which is the product of the baseline and +the rotation that sounds really weird + + align:start position:0% +the rotation that sounds really weird + + + align:start position:0% +the rotation that sounds really weird +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +this is a very useful + + align:start position:0% +this is a very useful + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very useful +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +so i take uh quaternion representing the + + align:start position:0% +so i take uh quaternion representing the + + + align:start position:0% +so i take uh quaternion representing the +baseline and i + + align:start position:0% +baseline and i + + + align:start position:0% +baseline and i +and why do i do this well because it + + align:start position:0% +and why do i do this well because it + + + align:start position:0% +and why do i do this well because it +simplifies it and makes it symmetric + + align:start position:0% +simplifies it and makes it symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +simplifies it and makes it symmetric +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um yeah i guess i'm mixing notations + + align:start position:0% +um yeah i guess i'm mixing notations + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah i guess i'm mixing notations +here i'm sorry so this is + + align:start position:0% +here i'm sorry so this is + + + align:start position:0% +here i'm sorry so this is +this is actually rl + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and similarly here + + align:start position:0% +and similarly here + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly here +yeah i was copying from two different + + align:start position:0% +yeah i was copying from two different + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i was copying from two different +papers which use different notation + + align:start position:0% +papers which use different notation + + + align:start position:0% +papers which use different notation +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +so i'm so what's my job my job is to + + align:start position:0% +so i'm so what's my job my job is to + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm so what's my job my job is to +find + + align:start position:0% +find + + + align:start position:0% +find +the baseline + + align:start position:0% +the baseline + + + align:start position:0% +the baseline +and to find d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and why is that enough well because if i + + align:start position:0% +and why is that enough well because if i + + + align:start position:0% +and why is that enough well because if i +find d then i'm done i can + + align:start position:0% +find d then i'm done i can + + + align:start position:0% +find d then i'm done i can +find + + align:start position:0% +find + + + align:start position:0% +find +i can recover + + align:start position:0% +i can recover + + + align:start position:0% +i can recover +so when i'm all done i can recover a b + + align:start position:0% +so when i'm all done i can recover a b + + + align:start position:0% +so when i'm all done i can recover a b +by doing this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when i'm done i just multiply d by q + + align:start position:0% +so when i'm done i just multiply d by q + + + align:start position:0% +so when i'm done i just multiply d by q +star + + align:start position:0% +star + + + align:start position:0% +star +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that's equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +that's equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +that's equivalent to +this expression and then of course + + align:start position:0% +this expression and then of course + + + align:start position:0% +this expression and then of course +q and q star is this quaternion identity + + align:start position:0% +q and q star is this quaternion identity + + + align:start position:0% +q and q star is this quaternion identity +with zero vector part + + align:start position:0% +with zero vector part + + + align:start position:0% +with zero vector part +and b times the identity is just b so i + + align:start position:0% +and b times the identity is just b so i + + + align:start position:0% +and b times the identity is just b so i +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +once i + + align:start position:0% +once i + + + align:start position:0% +once i +so i've replaced the problem of finding + + align:start position:0% +so i've replaced the problem of finding + + + align:start position:0% +so i've replaced the problem of finding +b and q with a problem of finding d and + + align:start position:0% +b and q with a problem of finding d and + + + align:start position:0% +b and q with a problem of finding d and +q + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that doesn't sound right because + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't sound right because + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't sound right because +those quaternions have lots of + + align:start position:0% +those quaternions have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +those quaternions have lots of +components + + align:start position:0% +components + + + align:start position:0% +components +right so b has four components + + align:start position:0% +right so b has four components + + + align:start position:0% +right so b has four components +and q has uh four components so it + + align:start position:0% +and q has uh four components so it + + + align:start position:0% +and q has uh four components so it +sounds like we've got uh eight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh unknowns + + align:start position:0% +uh unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +uh unknowns +and we know that the whole problem's + + align:start position:0% +and we know that the whole problem's + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that the whole problem's +constrained by five degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +constrained by five degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +constrained by five degrees of freedom +so so what's going on + + align:start position:0% +so so what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +so so what's going on +well there's some constraints + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for example we know the baseline is a + + align:start position:0% +for example we know the baseline is a + + + align:start position:0% +for example we know the baseline is a +unit vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it turns out we can + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out we can + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out we can +constrain d to be one + + align:start position:0% +constrain d to be one + + + align:start position:0% +constrain d to be one +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh we can show we're not going to do + + align:start position:0% +uh we can show we're not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can show we're not going to do +that but + + align:start position:0% +that but + + + align:start position:0% +that but +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that these are perpendicular to each + + align:start position:0% +that these are perpendicular to each + + + align:start position:0% +that these are perpendicular to each +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +um that's fairly easy to show so we got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh sorry uh + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry uh + + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry uh +well this is really the same forget that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we've got that concern that + + align:start position:0% +okay so we've got that concern that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we've got that concern that +constraint and that constraint + + align:start position:0% +constraint and that constraint + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and that constraint +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +now the counting is right we've got + + align:start position:0% +now the counting is right we've got + + + align:start position:0% +now the counting is right we've got +eight + + align:start position:0% +eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight +quantities eight variables + + align:start position:0% +quantities eight variables + + + align:start position:0% +quantities eight variables +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +three constraints so they're only five + + align:start position:0% +three constraints so they're only five + + + align:start position:0% +three constraints so they're only five +degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom +but it does uh you know + + align:start position:0% +but it does uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +but it does uh you know +make it much worse than absolute + + align:start position:0% +make it much worse than absolute + + + align:start position:0% +make it much worse than absolute +orientation + + align:start position:0% +orientation + + + align:start position:0% +orientation +where the only constraint we had was + + align:start position:0% +where the only constraint we had was + + + align:start position:0% +where the only constraint we had was +that q be a unit vector which was very + + align:start position:0% +that q be a unit vector which was very + + + align:start position:0% +that q be a unit vector which was very +easy to implement + + align:start position:0% +easy to implement + + + align:start position:0% +easy to implement +here now we've got three + + align:start position:0% +here now we've got three + + + align:start position:0% +here now we've got three +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +quantities three constraints + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's some interesting symmetries here + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting symmetries here + + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting symmetries here +that i want to just briefly talk about + + align:start position:0% +that i want to just briefly talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that i want to just briefly talk about +including the strange thing that you can + + align:start position:0% +including the strange thing that you can + + + align:start position:0% +including the strange thing that you can +replace + + align:start position:0% +replace + + + align:start position:0% +replace +you can interchange the left and right + + align:start position:0% +you can interchange the left and right + + + align:start position:0% +you can interchange the left and right +coordinates the left and right ray + + align:start position:0% +coordinates the left and right ray + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates the left and right ray +directions + + align:start position:0% +directions + + + align:start position:0% +directions +which you know doesn't make any sense + + align:start position:0% +which you know doesn't make any sense + + + align:start position:0% +which you know doesn't make any sense +how can that be it's like somebody + + align:start position:0% +how can that be it's like somebody + + + align:start position:0% +how can that be it's like somebody +screwed up and gave you the data for the + + align:start position:0% +screwed up and gave you the data for the + + + align:start position:0% +screwed up and gave you the data for the +left eye and switched it to the right + + align:start position:0% +left eye and switched it to the right + + + align:start position:0% +left eye and switched it to the right +eye yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +i'm not going to say how to calculate + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to say how to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to say how to calculate +the weight + + align:start position:0% +the weight + + + align:start position:0% +the weight +uh it's it's in unfortunately it's + + align:start position:0% +uh it's it's in unfortunately it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's it's in unfortunately it's +non-trivial so again what is the weight + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial so again what is the weight + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial so again what is the weight +the weight is the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +the weight is the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +the weight is the relationship between +the error in three space where the two + + align:start position:0% +the error in three space where the two + + + align:start position:0% +the error in three space where the two +rays intersect and the error in image + + align:start position:0% +rays intersect and the error in image + + + align:start position:0% +rays intersect and the error in image +position and we can obviously calculate + + align:start position:0% +position and we can obviously calculate + + + align:start position:0% +position and we can obviously calculate +it based on the rays and all those + + align:start position:0% +it based on the rays and all those + + + align:start position:0% +it based on the rays and all those +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +but it's a slightly complicated formula + + align:start position:0% +but it's a slightly complicated formula + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a slightly complicated formula +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and but the only important thing to + + align:start position:0% +and but the only important thing to + + + align:start position:0% +and but the only important thing to +remember is that + + align:start position:0% +remember is that + + + align:start position:0% +remember is that +we have to adjust the weight so we do + + align:start position:0% +we have to adjust the weight so we do + + + align:start position:0% +we have to adjust the weight so we do +this calculation we get an estimate of + + align:start position:0% +this calculation we get an estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +this calculation we get an estimate of +baseline and + + align:start position:0% +baseline and + + + align:start position:0% +baseline and +b and d + + align:start position:0% +b and d + + + align:start position:0% +b and d +and based on that we recalculate the + + align:start position:0% +and based on that we recalculate the + + + align:start position:0% +and based on that we recalculate the +weights + + align:start position:0% +weights + + + align:start position:0% +weights +because depending on the orientation + + align:start position:0% +because depending on the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +because depending on the orientation +the relationship between error and 3d + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between error and 3d + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between error and 3d +and error in the image will change + + align:start position:0% +and error in the image will change + + + align:start position:0% +and error in the image will change +hopefully not a lot + + align:start position:0% +hopefully not a lot + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully not a lot +and so this is + + align:start position:0% +and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is +obviously then dependent on having a + + align:start position:0% +obviously then dependent on having a + + + align:start position:0% +obviously then dependent on having a +good first guess + + align:start position:0% +good first guess + + + align:start position:0% +good first guess +and so that we'll have to talk about + + align:start position:0% +and so that we'll have to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and so that we'll have to talk about +that because that's always a handicap if + + align:start position:0% +that because that's always a handicap if + + + align:start position:0% +that because that's always a handicap if +your iterative algorithm needs a good + + align:start position:0% +your iterative algorithm needs a good + + + align:start position:0% +your iterative algorithm needs a good +first guess + + align:start position:0% +first guess + + + align:start position:0% +first guess +so we have a good first guess we + + align:start position:0% +so we have a good first guess we + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a good first guess we +calculate the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the +weights based on that + + align:start position:0% +weights based on that + + + align:start position:0% +weights based on that +we solve this problem this optimization + + align:start position:0% +we solve this problem this optimization + + + align:start position:0% +we solve this problem this optimization +problem we go back recalculate the + + align:start position:0% +problem we go back recalculate the + + + align:start position:0% +problem we go back recalculate the +weights do it again + + align:start position:0% +weights do it again + + + align:start position:0% +weights do it again +and typically we don't have to do it too + + align:start position:0% +and typically we don't have to do it too + + + align:start position:0% +and typically we don't have to do it too +many times + + align:start position:0% +many times + + + align:start position:0% +many times +so what's this about interchanging left + + align:start position:0% +so what's this about interchanging left + + + align:start position:0% +so what's this about interchanging left +and right well it has to do with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea that we're intersecting lines not + + align:start position:0% +idea that we're intersecting lines not + + + align:start position:0% +idea that we're intersecting lines not +line segments so when you interchange + + align:start position:0% +line segments so when you interchange + + + align:start position:0% +line segments so when you interchange +the left and right arrays + + align:start position:0% +the left and right arrays + + + align:start position:0% +the left and right arrays +so here here's our left and right + + align:start position:0% +so here here's our left and right + + + align:start position:0% +so here here's our left and right +uh ray + + align:start position:0% +uh ray + + + align:start position:0% +uh ray +drawn correctly and now suppose that + + align:start position:0% +drawn correctly and now suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +drawn correctly and now suppose that +somebody says well actually + + align:start position:0% +somebody says well actually + + + align:start position:0% +somebody says well actually +i'm i've mixed up the data + + align:start position:0% +i'm i've mixed up the data + + + align:start position:0% +i'm i've mixed up the data +and i'm giving you that array for the + + align:start position:0% +and i'm giving you that array for the + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm giving you that array for the +right eye + + align:start position:0% +right eye + + + align:start position:0% +right eye +and that ray for the left eye + + align:start position:0% +and that ray for the left eye + + + align:start position:0% +and that ray for the left eye +oh they intersect + + align:start position:0% +oh they intersect + + + align:start position:0% +oh they intersect +just if these intersect these intersect + + align:start position:0% +just if these intersect these intersect + + + align:start position:0% +just if these intersect these intersect +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +that happens to be behind the camera + + align:start position:0% +that happens to be behind the camera + + + align:start position:0% +that happens to be behind the camera +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +you would calculate alpha and beta and + + align:start position:0% +you would calculate alpha and beta and + + + align:start position:0% +you would calculate alpha and beta and +say they're negative so this is not not + + align:start position:0% +say they're negative so this is not not + + + align:start position:0% +say they're negative so this is not not +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's several symmetries like this + + align:start position:0% +there's several symmetries like this + + + align:start position:0% +there's several symmetries like this +which can be useful in the numerical + + align:start position:0% +which can be useful in the numerical + + + align:start position:0% +which can be useful in the numerical +calculation + + align:start position:0% +calculation + + + align:start position:0% +calculation +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so the the triple product we're + + align:start position:0% +so the the triple product we're + + + align:start position:0% +so the the triple product we're +interested in is this thing + + align:start position:0% +interested in is this thing + + + align:start position:0% +interested in is this thing +hopefully got it there + + align:start position:0% +hopefully got it there + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully got it there +and um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surprisingly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's also that + + align:start position:0% +it's also that + + + align:start position:0% +it's also that +where we've interchanged the + + align:start position:0% +where we've interchanged the + + + align:start position:0% +where we've interchanged the +q and d it's sort of like interchanging + + align:start position:0% +q and d it's sort of like interchanging + + + align:start position:0% +q and d it's sort of like interchanging +rotation and translation you know that + + align:start position:0% +rotation and translation you know that + + + align:start position:0% +rotation and translation you know that +seems + + align:start position:0% +seems + + + align:start position:0% +seems +pretty weird + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird + + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird +and if you don't believe it + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't believe it + + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't believe it +you can expand it out in terms of + + align:start position:0% +you can expand it out in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +you can expand it out in terms of +components you know + + align:start position:0% +components you know + + + align:start position:0% +components you know +this is an expression in terms of + + align:start position:0% +this is an expression in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +this is an expression in terms of +quaternions but we can rewrite it in + + align:start position:0% +quaternions but we can rewrite it in + + + align:start position:0% +quaternions but we can rewrite it in +terms of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the components of the quaternions which + + align:start position:0% +the components of the quaternions which + + + align:start position:0% +the components of the quaternions which +of course are these vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you'll see that it's perfectly + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll see that it's perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll see that it's perfectly +symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we + + align:start position:0% +okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we +if you look at this you'll see a number + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this you'll see a number + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this you'll see a number +of symmetries one of them is between + + align:start position:0% +of symmetries one of them is between + + + align:start position:0% +of symmetries one of them is between +rl and r r + + align:start position:0% +rl and r r + + + align:start position:0% +rl and r r +if i interchange left and right + + align:start position:0% +if i interchange left and right + + + align:start position:0% +if i interchange left and right +nothing changes and the other one is if + + align:start position:0% +nothing changes and the other one is if + + + align:start position:0% +nothing changes and the other one is if +i interchange the rotation and the + + align:start position:0% +i interchange the rotation and the + + + align:start position:0% +i interchange the rotation and the +translation + + align:start position:0% +translation + + + align:start position:0% +translation +you know d and q appear symmetrically + + align:start position:0% +you know d and q appear symmetrically + + + align:start position:0% +you know d and q appear symmetrically +everywhere + + align:start position:0% +everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +why is this of interest well one reason + + align:start position:0% +why is this of interest well one reason + + + align:start position:0% +why is this of interest well one reason +is that it means that if you're + + align:start position:0% +is that it means that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +is that it means that if you're +searching the space of possible + + align:start position:0% +searching the space of possible + + + align:start position:0% +searching the space of possible +solutions + + align:start position:0% +solutions + + + align:start position:0% +solutions +and you have an approximate solution you + + align:start position:0% +and you have an approximate solution you + + + align:start position:0% +and you have an approximate solution you +can immediately generate other + + align:start position:0% +can immediately generate other + + + align:start position:0% +can immediately generate other +approximate solutions by making use of + + align:start position:0% +approximate solutions by making use of + + + align:start position:0% +approximate solutions by making use of +this symmetry + + align:start position:0% +this symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +this symmetry +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +all together i think the + + align:start position:0% +all together i think the + + + align:start position:0% +all together i think the +eight is a symmetry of eight + + align:start position:0% +eight is a symmetry of eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight is a symmetry of eight +i think there so there's a symmetry of + + align:start position:0% +i think there so there's a symmetry of + + + align:start position:0% +i think there so there's a symmetry of +eight so that um + + align:start position:0% +eight so that um + + + align:start position:0% +eight so that um +you will find your solution more quickly + + align:start position:0% +you will find your solution more quickly + + + align:start position:0% +you will find your solution more quickly +because uh everything you've worked out + + align:start position:0% +because uh everything you've worked out + + + align:start position:0% +because uh everything you've worked out +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +eight different interpretations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so by the way that means if this is + + align:start position:0% +and so by the way that means if this is + + + align:start position:0% +and so by the way that means if this is +a solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well we know of course that this is the + + align:start position:0% +well we know of course that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +well we know of course that this is the +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because um minus q represents the same + + align:start position:0% +because um minus q represents the same + + + align:start position:0% +because um minus q represents the same +rotation as q so that's not useful to us + + align:start position:0% +rotation as q so that's not useful to us + + + align:start position:0% +rotation as q so that's not useful to us +but out of the + + align:start position:0% +but out of the + + + align:start position:0% +but out of the +formulas you're going to get those as + + align:start position:0% +formulas you're going to get those as + + + align:start position:0% +formulas you're going to get those as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +this is a solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this gives us a factor of 2 factor of + + align:start position:0% +so this gives us a factor of 2 factor of + + + align:start position:0% +so this gives us a factor of 2 factor of + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess that's where the eight comes + + align:start position:0% +and i guess that's where the eight comes + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess that's where the eight comes +from so + + align:start position:0% +from so + + + align:start position:0% +from so +so uh when you solve this numerically uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh when you solve this numerically uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh when you solve this numerically uh +you may find that there are + + align:start position:0% +you may find that there are + + + align:start position:0% +you may find that there are +you know up to eight solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now uh on stella there are two papers + + align:start position:0% +now uh on stella there are two papers + + + align:start position:0% +now uh on stella there are two papers +that describe uh this process and it's + + align:start position:0% +that describe uh this process and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that describe uh this process and it's +it's kind of annoying that it's + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of annoying that it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of annoying that it's +this messy + + align:start position:0% +this messy + + + align:start position:0% +this messy +it would have been wonderful if someone + + align:start position:0% +it would have been wonderful if someone + + + align:start position:0% +it would have been wonderful if someone +had figured out a closed form solution + + align:start position:0% +had figured out a closed form solution + + + align:start position:0% +had figured out a closed form solution +uh i i have to + + align:start position:0% +uh i i have to + + + align:start position:0% +uh i i have to +admit that i don't think there is one + + align:start position:0% +admit that i don't think there is one + + + align:start position:0% +admit that i don't think there is one +i'm i'm + + align:start position:0% +i'm i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i'm i'm +fairly convinced + + align:start position:0% +fairly convinced + + + align:start position:0% +fairly convinced +um and so we're stuck with you know this + + align:start position:0% +um and so we're stuck with you know this + + + align:start position:0% +um and so we're stuck with you know this +kind of numerical calculation now the + + align:start position:0% +kind of numerical calculation now the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of numerical calculation now the +couple so how do you actually implement + + align:start position:0% +couple so how do you actually implement + + + align:start position:0% +couple so how do you actually implement +this well one approach is + + align:start position:0% +this well one approach is + + + align:start position:0% +this well one approach is +assume you know one of these two + + align:start position:0% +assume you know one of these two + + + align:start position:0% +assume you know one of these two +unknowns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it turns out if you fix one of them + + align:start position:0% +it turns out if you fix one of them + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out if you fix one of them +then instead of being + + align:start position:0% +then instead of being + + + align:start position:0% +then instead of being +quadratic it's linear + + align:start position:0% +quadratic it's linear + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic it's linear +there's a simple least square solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closed form solution + + align:start position:0% +closed form solution + + + align:start position:0% +closed form solution +and then assume + + align:start position:0% +and then assume + + + align:start position:0% +and then assume +that d is known + + align:start position:0% +that d is known + + + align:start position:0% +that d is known +you just calculated it + + align:start position:0% +you just calculated it + + + align:start position:0% +you just calculated it +and solve for q and it's symmetric so + + align:start position:0% +and solve for q and it's symmetric so + + + align:start position:0% +and solve for q and it's symmetric so +you would expect this to + + align:start position:0% +you would expect this to + + + align:start position:0% +you would expect this to +also be a simple uh least squares + + align:start position:0% +also be a simple uh least squares + + + align:start position:0% +also be a simple uh least squares +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +of course you'll have to do this again + + align:start position:0% +of course you'll have to do this again + + + align:start position:0% +of course you'll have to do this again +because now q has changed + + align:start position:0% +because now q has changed + + + align:start position:0% +because now q has changed +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and you know giving a recipe like this + + align:start position:0% +and you know giving a recipe like this + + + align:start position:0% +and you know giving a recipe like this +doesn't prove at all that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't prove at all that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't prove at all that it's going to +converge but but it does so + + align:start position:0% +converge but but it does so + + + align:start position:0% +converge but but it does so +and i i'm not going to prove that it + + align:start position:0% +and i i'm not going to prove that it + + + align:start position:0% +and i i'm not going to prove that it +does but so that's a + + align:start position:0% +does but so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +does but so that's a +very um + + align:start position:0% +very um + + + align:start position:0% +very um +heuristic + + align:start position:0% +heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic +very simple method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can do you can do better + + align:start position:0% +you can do you can do better + + + align:start position:0% +you can do you can do better +by using some sort of nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +by using some sort of nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +by using some sort of nonlinear +optimization package + + align:start position:0% +optimization package + + + align:start position:0% +optimization package +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a popular one is this one mostly + + align:start position:0% +and a popular one is this one mostly + + + align:start position:0% +and a popular one is this one mostly +because they're free implementations + + align:start position:0% +because they're free implementations + + + align:start position:0% +because they're free implementations +free available on the + + align:start position:0% +free available on the + + + align:start position:0% +free available on the +on the web + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +i had briefly had a roommate uh when i + + align:start position:0% +i had briefly had a roommate uh when i + + + align:start position:0% +i had briefly had a roommate uh when i +started called marquardt and we had an + + align:start position:0% +started called marquardt and we had an + + + align:start position:0% +started called marquardt and we had an +interesting adventure where drove him + + align:start position:0% +interesting adventure where drove him + + + align:start position:0% +interesting adventure where drove him +across the border to botswana uh in the + + align:start position:0% +across the border to botswana uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +across the border to botswana uh in the +middle of the night and then i never was + + align:start position:0% +middle of the night and then i never was + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the night and then i never was +in contact with him again and he may be + + align:start position:0% +in contact with him again and he may be + + + align:start position:0% +in contact with him again and he may be +this margaret but i i don't know because + + align:start position:0% +this margaret but i i don't know because + + + align:start position:0% +this margaret but i i don't know because +he's apparently + + align:start position:0% +he's apparently + + + align:start position:0% +he's apparently +dropped out of sight and not pursued + + align:start position:0% +dropped out of sight and not pursued + + + align:start position:0% +dropped out of sight and not pursued +science and found something more + + align:start position:0% +science and found something more + + + align:start position:0% +science and found something more +lucrative to do or whatever anyway this + + align:start position:0% +lucrative to do or whatever anyway this + + + align:start position:0% +lucrative to do or whatever anyway this +is a very uh nice package which allows + + align:start position:0% +is a very uh nice package which allows + + + align:start position:0% +is a very uh nice package which allows +you to solve nonlinear optimization + + align:start position:0% +you to solve nonlinear optimization + + + align:start position:0% +you to solve nonlinear optimization +problems and basically you just have to + + align:start position:0% +problems and basically you just have to + + + align:start position:0% +problems and basically you just have to +give a bunch of equations that are + + align:start position:0% +give a bunch of equations that are + + + align:start position:0% +give a bunch of equations that are +supposed to be zero + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be zero +and you have a bunch of knobs a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +and you have a bunch of knobs a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a bunch of knobs a bunch of +parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters +and it + + align:start position:0% +and it + + + align:start position:0% +and it +will tune the parameters until + + align:start position:0% +will tune the parameters until + + + align:start position:0% +will tune the parameters until +those equations are as close to being 0 + + align:start position:0% +those equations are as close to being 0 + + + align:start position:0% +those equations are as close to being 0 +as possible so + + align:start position:0% +as possible so + + + align:start position:0% +as possible so +it's like a black box you you know you + + align:start position:0% +it's like a black box you you know you + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a black box you you know you +throw in + + align:start position:0% +throw in + + + align:start position:0% +throw in +your equations and uh hope for the best + + align:start position:0% +your equations and uh hope for the best + + + align:start position:0% +your equations and uh hope for the best +um but it requires that you have a + + align:start position:0% +um but it requires that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +um but it requires that you have a +non-redundant + + align:start position:0% +non-redundant + + + align:start position:0% +non-redundant +non-redundant parameterization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i only mention this one now because so + + align:start position:0% +i only mention this one now because so + + + align:start position:0% +i only mention this one now because so +far we've been able to do closed forms + + align:start position:0% +far we've been able to do closed forms + + + align:start position:0% +far we've been able to do closed forms +so we didn't need to do anything like + + align:start position:0% +so we didn't need to do anything like + + + align:start position:0% +so we didn't need to do anything like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +but this is useful not just for + + align:start position:0% +but this is useful not just for + + + align:start position:0% +but this is useful not just for +relative orientation + + align:start position:0% +relative orientation + + + align:start position:0% +relative orientation +lots of + + align:start position:0% +lots of + + + align:start position:0% +lots of +these kinds of optimization problems + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of optimization problems + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of optimization problems +succumb to this approach + + align:start position:0% +succumb to this approach + + + align:start position:0% +succumb to this approach +uh so what's the problem well the + + align:start position:0% +uh so what's the problem well the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so what's the problem well the +problem is rotation you know if we do it + + align:start position:0% +problem is rotation you know if we do it + + + align:start position:0% +problem is rotation you know if we do it +as a orthonormal matrix we've got that + + align:start position:0% +as a orthonormal matrix we've got that + + + align:start position:0% +as a orthonormal matrix we've got that +problem nine numbers and only three + + align:start position:0% +problem nine numbers and only three + + + align:start position:0% +problem nine numbers and only three +degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom +so one answer that is commonly given is + + align:start position:0% +so one answer that is commonly given is + + + align:start position:0% +so one answer that is commonly given is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +euler angles and + + align:start position:0% +euler angles and + + + align:start position:0% +euler angles and +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +you know what i think about those so + + align:start position:0% +you know what i think about those so + + + align:start position:0% +you know what i think about those so +let's uh x those out + + align:start position:0% +let's uh x those out + + + align:start position:0% +let's uh x those out +one that's actually used some is the + + align:start position:0% +one that's actually used some is the + + + align:start position:0% +one that's actually used some is the +gibbs vector + + align:start position:0% +gibbs vector + + + align:start position:0% +gibbs vector +so the gibbs vector is tan theta over + + align:start position:0% +so the gibbs vector is tan theta over + + + align:start position:0% +so the gibbs vector is tan theta over +two times omega hat + + align:start position:0% +two times omega hat + + + align:start position:0% +two times omega hat +where mega hat is the unit vector in the + + align:start position:0% +where mega hat is the unit vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +where mega hat is the unit vector in the +axis direction + + align:start position:0% +axis direction + + + align:start position:0% +axis direction +and this has obviously it's a vector it + + align:start position:0% +and this has obviously it's a vector it + + + align:start position:0% +and this has obviously it's a vector it +has three degrees three degrees of three + + align:start position:0% +has three degrees three degrees of three + + + align:start position:0% +has three degrees three degrees of three +numbers three degrees of freedom um and + + align:start position:0% +numbers three degrees of freedom um and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers three degrees of freedom um and +it's unfortunately it has a singularity + + align:start position:0% +it's unfortunately it has a singularity + + + align:start position:0% +it's unfortunately it has a singularity +at theta equals + + align:start position:0% +at theta equals + + + align:start position:0% +at theta equals +pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so that's a potential problem + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a potential problem + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a potential problem +because rotation about 180 degrees is a + + align:start position:0% +because rotation about 180 degrees is a + + + align:start position:0% +because rotation about 180 degrees is a +perfectly legitimate rotation + + align:start position:0% +perfectly legitimate rotation + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly legitimate rotation +now in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +now in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +now in this particular case +you typically don't have the right + + align:start position:0% +you typically don't have the right + + + align:start position:0% +you typically don't have the right +camera rotated 180 degrees relative to + + align:start position:0% +camera rotated 180 degrees relative to + + + align:start position:0% +camera rotated 180 degrees relative to +the left camera so in some sense uh + + align:start position:0% +the left camera so in some sense uh + + + align:start position:0% +the left camera so in some sense uh +you know go ahead use use the gibbs + + align:start position:0% +you know go ahead use use the gibbs + + + align:start position:0% +you know go ahead use use the gibbs +vector it will probably uh work + + align:start position:0% +vector it will probably uh work + + + align:start position:0% +vector it will probably uh work +of course what i'd recommend instead is + + align:start position:0% +of course what i'd recommend instead is + + + align:start position:0% +of course what i'd recommend instead is +unit quaternions + + align:start position:0% +unit quaternions + + + align:start position:0% +unit quaternions +and you know we've we've worked out the + + align:start position:0% +and you know we've we've worked out the + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we've we've worked out the +details over there using unit + + align:start position:0% +details over there using unit + + + align:start position:0% +details over there using unit +quaternions the only problem is it's not + + align:start position:0% +quaternions the only problem is it's not + + + align:start position:0% +quaternions the only problem is it's not +they're redundant right they're four + + align:start position:0% +they're redundant right they're four + + + align:start position:0% +they're redundant right they're four +numbers three degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +numbers three degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +numbers three degrees of freedom +but this package allows you to add you + + align:start position:0% +but this package allows you to add you + + + align:start position:0% +but this package allows you to add you +know additional constraints + + align:start position:0% +know additional constraints + + + align:start position:0% +know additional constraints +so you just pretend that this is another + + align:start position:0% +so you just pretend that this is another + + + align:start position:0% +so you just pretend that this is another +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +um and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it will try and come close to satisfying + + align:start position:0% +it will try and come close to satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +it will try and come close to satisfying +that equation while satisfying the other + + align:start position:0% +that equation while satisfying the other + + + align:start position:0% +that equation while satisfying the other +grid you may need to play with the + + align:start position:0% +grid you may need to play with the + + + align:start position:0% +grid you may need to play with the +weighting of different components but + + align:start position:0% +weighting of different components but + + + align:start position:0% +weighting of different components but +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that works + + align:start position:0% +that works + + + align:start position:0% +that works +very well + + align:start position:0% +very well + + + align:start position:0% +very well +it converges pretty rapidly + + align:start position:0% +it converges pretty rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +it converges pretty rapidly +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh just wondering where to go next given + + align:start position:0% +uh just wondering where to go next given + + + align:start position:0% +uh just wondering where to go next given +that we don't have a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +that we don't have a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't have a lot of time +okay we talked about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +and this probably doesn't come as a + + align:start position:0% +and this probably doesn't come as a + + + align:start position:0% +and this probably doesn't come as a +surprise if you know the rotation + + align:start position:0% +surprise if you know the rotation + + + align:start position:0% +surprise if you know the rotation +there's a straightforward least squares + + align:start position:0% +there's a straightforward least squares + + + align:start position:0% +there's a straightforward least squares +method to find the baseline and that's + + align:start position:0% +method to find the baseline and that's + + + align:start position:0% +method to find the baseline and that's +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +along the lines of what we said over + + align:start position:0% +along the lines of what we said over + + + align:start position:0% +along the lines of what we said over +here so i probably uh won't bother with + + align:start position:0% +here so i probably uh won't bother with + + + align:start position:0% +here so i probably uh won't bother with +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +well um not much beyond um + + align:start position:0% +well um not much beyond um + + + align:start position:0% +well um not much beyond um +you know we have this formula here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the ways we've been thinking + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways we've been thinking + + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways we've been thinking +about rotation is access an angle + + align:start position:0% +about rotation is access an angle + + + align:start position:0% +about rotation is access an angle +and that's pretty intuitive + + align:start position:0% +and that's pretty intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +and that's pretty intuitive +way of thinking about it + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about it + + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about it +i mean some people think euler angles + + align:start position:0% +i mean some people think euler angles + + + align:start position:0% +i mean some people think euler angles +are intuitive i think if this is more + + align:start position:0% +are intuitive i think if this is more + + + align:start position:0% +are intuitive i think if this is more +and from there we can go to this pretty + + align:start position:0% +and from there we can go to this pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and from there we can go to this pretty +straightforwardly so the vector part is + + align:start position:0% +straightforwardly so the vector part is + + + align:start position:0% +straightforwardly so the vector part is +in fact in the direction of the axis + + align:start position:0% +in fact in the direction of the axis + + + align:start position:0% +in fact in the direction of the axis +and it's just scaled according to the + + align:start position:0% +and it's just scaled according to the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's just scaled according to the +amount of rotation + + align:start position:0% +amount of rotation + + + align:start position:0% +amount of rotation +and then the + + align:start position:0% +and then the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the +scalar part you know + + align:start position:0% +scalar part you know + + + align:start position:0% +scalar part you know +not not sure what else you can say about + + align:start position:0% +not not sure what else you can say about + + + align:start position:0% +not not sure what else you can say about +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +uh it has a nice property that if we + + align:start position:0% +uh it has a nice property that if we + + + align:start position:0% +uh it has a nice property that if we +combine two rotations we just multiply + + align:start position:0% +combine two rotations we just multiply + + + align:start position:0% +combine two rotations we just multiply +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +in this form + + align:start position:0% +in this form + + + align:start position:0% +in this form +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the transformation of a vector is a + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of a vector is a + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of a vector is a +little bit more complicated but we saw + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complicated but we saw + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complicated but we saw +the formula for that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we use quaternions to represent + + align:start position:0% +then we use quaternions to represent + + + align:start position:0% +then we use quaternions to represent +vectors by making the scalar part zero + + align:start position:0% +vectors by making the scalar part zero + + + align:start position:0% +vectors by making the scalar part zero +so that's a useful thing and if you + + align:start position:0% +so that's a useful thing and if you + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a useful thing and if you +wanted to you could use them to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to you could use them to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to you could use them to +represent the scalars by making the + + align:start position:0% +represent the scalars by making the + + + align:start position:0% +represent the scalars by making the +vector part zero + + align:start position:0% +vector part zero + + + align:start position:0% +vector part zero +but that's you know not not that + + align:start position:0% +but that's you know not not that + + + align:start position:0% +but that's you know not not that +interesting so + + align:start position:0% +interesting so + + + align:start position:0% +interesting so +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +not sure if that answers your question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so also remember that um + + align:start position:0% +so also remember that um + + + align:start position:0% +so also remember that um +there's a four a short four-page blurb + + align:start position:0% +there's a four a short four-page blurb + + + align:start position:0% +there's a four a short four-page blurb +that sort of summarizes everything you'd + + align:start position:0% +that sort of summarizes everything you'd + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of summarizes everything you'd +want to know about uh quaternions + + align:start position:0% +want to know about uh quaternions + + + align:start position:0% +want to know about uh quaternions +uh you know quatrains can be + + align:start position:0% +uh you know quatrains can be + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know quatrains can be +intimidating i mean when i looked at + + align:start position:0% +intimidating i mean when i looked at + + + align:start position:0% +intimidating i mean when i looked at +hamilton's book it's like 800 pages of + + align:start position:0% +hamilton's book it's like 800 pages of + + + align:start position:0% +hamilton's book it's like 800 pages of +dense math and + + align:start position:0% +dense math and + + + align:start position:0% +dense math and +then i took an engineering approach and + + align:start position:0% +then i took an engineering approach and + + + align:start position:0% +then i took an engineering approach and +said you know what do i do with this how + + align:start position:0% +said you know what do i do with this how + + + align:start position:0% +said you know what do i do with this how +do i actually use this + + align:start position:0% +do i actually use this + + + align:start position:0% +do i actually use this +and it turns out that well + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that well + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that well +this is all i needed to know about it i + + align:start position:0% +this is all i needed to know about it i + + + align:start position:0% +this is all i needed to know about it i +don't need to know + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know +all of the really truly esoteric stuff + + align:start position:0% +all of the really truly esoteric stuff + + + align:start position:0% +all of the really truly esoteric stuff +okay yeah that's a great question so + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah that's a great question so + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah that's a great question so +we've got several things we could use as + + align:start position:0% +we've got several things we could use as + + + align:start position:0% +we've got several things we could use as +an error measure + + align:start position:0% +an error measure + + + align:start position:0% +an error measure +they all have the properties that if + + align:start position:0% +they all have the properties that if + + + align:start position:0% +they all have the properties that if +things line up perfectly they're zero so + + align:start position:0% +things line up perfectly they're zero so + + + align:start position:0% +things line up perfectly they're zero so +why prefer one over another + + align:start position:0% +why prefer one over another + + + align:start position:0% +why prefer one over another +and you know i cautioned against using + + align:start position:0% +and you know i cautioned against using + + + align:start position:0% +and you know i cautioned against using +the triple product in its raw form + + align:start position:0% +the triple product in its raw form + + + align:start position:0% +the triple product in its raw form +and the reason is that + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that +they have different amplification + + align:start position:0% +they have different amplification + + + align:start position:0% +they have different amplification +factors so + + align:start position:0% +factors so + + + align:start position:0% +factors so +suppose that the rays for example are + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the rays for example are + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the rays for example are +almost parallel and the object is you + + align:start position:0% +almost parallel and the object is you + + + align:start position:0% +almost parallel and the object is you +know one light year away then an error + + align:start position:0% +know one light year away then an error + + + align:start position:0% +know one light year away then an error +of one + + align:start position:0% +of one + + + align:start position:0% +of one +arc second is going to be you know + + align:start position:0% +arc second is going to be you know + + + align:start position:0% +arc second is going to be you know +hundreds of thousands of kilometers and + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of thousands of kilometers and + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of thousands of kilometers and +you're going to try and minimize that + + align:start position:0% +you're going to try and minimize that + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to try and minimize that +where some other + + align:start position:0% +where some other + + + align:start position:0% +where some other +part of your image might be an object + + align:start position:0% +part of your image might be an object + + + align:start position:0% +part of your image might be an object +that's closer by so you want to + + align:start position:0% +that's closer by so you want to + + + align:start position:0% +that's closer by so you want to +compensate for that and this this weight + + align:start position:0% +compensate for that and this this weight + + + align:start position:0% +compensate for that and this this weight +w is simply the relationship + + align:start position:0% +w is simply the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +w is simply the relationship +you know so here + + align:start position:0% +you know so here + + + align:start position:0% +you know so here +very roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +very roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +very roughly speaking +z + + align:start position:0% +z + + + align:start position:0% +z +f + + align:start position:0% +f + + + align:start position:0% +f +and so the weight w is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f over z so that + + align:start position:0% +f over z so that + + + align:start position:0% +f over z so that +the triple product + + align:start position:0% +the triple product + + + align:start position:0% +the triple product +measures this error + + align:start position:0% +measures this error + + + align:start position:0% +measures this error +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that can be huge just because z is large + + align:start position:0% +that can be huge just because z is large + + + align:start position:0% +that can be huge just because z is large +but we can uh we're interested in the + + align:start position:0% +but we can uh we're interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +but we can uh we're interested in the +error in the image position that + + align:start position:0% +error in the image position that + + + align:start position:0% +error in the image position that +is what the result of whatever algorithm + + align:start position:0% +is what the result of whatever algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +is what the result of whatever algorithm +we use to find image position and so we + + align:start position:0% +we use to find image position and so we + + + align:start position:0% +we use to find image position and so we +can reduce + + align:start position:0% +can reduce + + + align:start position:0% +can reduce +that triple product error into an image + + align:start position:0% +that triple product error into an image + + + align:start position:0% +that triple product error into an image +relevant error by by taking that and you + + align:start position:0% +relevant error by by taking that and you + + + align:start position:0% +relevant error by by taking that and you +know here their calculation is trivial + + align:start position:0% +know here their calculation is trivial + + + align:start position:0% +know here their calculation is trivial +unfortunately our case we got rays going + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately our case we got rays going + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately our case we got rays going +at different angles and so + + align:start position:0% +at different angles and so + + + align:start position:0% +at different angles and so +uh and the calculation is in the paper + + align:start position:0% +uh and the calculation is in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the calculation is in the paper +online if you want to see it so + + align:start position:0% +online if you want to see it so + + + align:start position:0% +online if you want to see it so +so the thing that + + align:start position:0% +so the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +so the thing that +comes next which i'll just touch upon is + + align:start position:0% +comes next which i'll just touch upon is + + + align:start position:0% +comes next which i'll just touch upon is +you know when does it fail + + align:start position:0% +you know when does it fail + + + align:start position:0% +you know when does it fail +we always get to that point so now we + + align:start position:0% +we always get to that point so now we + + + align:start position:0% +we always get to that point so now we +have a method + + align:start position:0% +have a method + + + align:start position:0% +have a method +um well we already know that we need + + align:start position:0% +um well we already know that we need + + + align:start position:0% +um well we already know that we need +five correspondences so if we don't have + + align:start position:0% +five correspondences so if we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +five correspondences so if we don't have +five correspondences it will fail + + align:start position:0% +five correspondences it will fail + + + align:start position:0% +five correspondences it will fail +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +is it possible that + + align:start position:0% +is it possible that + + + align:start position:0% +is it possible that +there's certain kinds of surfaces + + align:start position:0% +there's certain kinds of surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +there's certain kinds of surfaces +if we look at them with two eyes + + align:start position:0% +if we look at them with two eyes + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at them with two eyes +they're ambiguities and + + align:start position:0% +they're ambiguities and + + + align:start position:0% +they're ambiguities and +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +the high sensitivity to error so that we + + align:start position:0% +the high sensitivity to error so that we + + + align:start position:0% +the high sensitivity to error so that we +can't quite figure out what's going on + + align:start position:0% +can't quite figure out what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +can't quite figure out what's going on +and so those things + + align:start position:0% +and so those things + + + align:start position:0% +and so those things +were discovered pretty early on + + align:start position:0% +were discovered pretty early on + + + align:start position:0% +were discovered pretty early on +like over a century ago + + align:start position:0% +like over a century ago + + + align:start position:0% +like over a century ago +and in the original paper they're called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kefir liqueur flechen which i guess + + align:start position:0% +kefir liqueur flechen which i guess + + + align:start position:0% +kefir liqueur flechen which i guess +properly trans + + align:start position:0% +properly trans + + + align:start position:0% +properly trans +translated means dangerous + + align:start position:0% +translated means dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +translated means dangerous +surfaces or planes + + align:start position:0% +surfaces or planes + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces or planes +and i guess the english terminology is + + align:start position:0% +and i guess the english terminology is + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess the english terminology is +critical surfaces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is that +there may be cases where you're looking + + align:start position:0% +there may be cases where you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +there may be cases where you're looking +at an object of a certain shape that + + align:start position:0% +at an object of a certain shape that + + + align:start position:0% +at an object of a certain shape that +make this problem uh hard or actually + + align:start position:0% +make this problem uh hard or actually + + + align:start position:0% +make this problem uh hard or actually +make it fair make your method fail + + align:start position:0% +make it fair make your method fail + + + align:start position:0% +make it fair make your method fail +uh in that there + + align:start position:0% +uh in that there + + + align:start position:0% +uh in that there +is a lot of ambiguity and to make that + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of ambiguity and to make that + + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of ambiguity and to make that +sound plausible imagine we have a + + align:start position:0% +sound plausible imagine we have a + + + align:start position:0% +sound plausible imagine we have a +u-shaped valley so + + align:start position:0% +u-shaped valley so + + + align:start position:0% +u-shaped valley so +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +and then we have an airplane up here + + align:start position:0% +and then we have an airplane up here + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have an airplane up here +and we have some landmarks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's + + align:start position:0% +let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you remember our job here is to + + align:start position:0% +and you remember our job here is to + + + align:start position:0% +and you remember our job here is to +figure out uh kind of where the airplane + + align:start position:0% +figure out uh kind of where the airplane + + + align:start position:0% +figure out uh kind of where the airplane +is the it's the relative orientation we + + align:start position:0% +is the it's the relative orientation we + + + align:start position:0% +is the it's the relative orientation we +have the plane flying along taking + + align:start position:0% +have the plane flying along taking + + + align:start position:0% +have the plane flying along taking +measurements and we're trying to relate + + align:start position:0% +measurements and we're trying to relate + + + align:start position:0% +measurements and we're trying to relate +those measurements + + align:start position:0% +those measurements + + + align:start position:0% +those measurements +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +have an ambiguity in that + + align:start position:0% +have an ambiguity in that + + + align:start position:0% +have an ambiguity in that +if we move that airplane + + align:start position:0% +if we move that airplane + + + align:start position:0% +if we move that airplane +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +the surface of this circle + + align:start position:0% +the surface of this circle + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of this circle +we don't change this angle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so that the + + align:start position:0% +right so that the + + + align:start position:0% +right so that the +you know what am i measuring in the + + align:start position:0% +you know what am i measuring in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what am i measuring in the +image i can only measure angle i don't + + align:start position:0% +image i can only measure angle i don't + + + align:start position:0% +image i can only measure angle i don't +know distances so uh if i move and the + + align:start position:0% +know distances so uh if i move and the + + + align:start position:0% +know distances so uh if i move and the +angles don't change + + align:start position:0% +angles don't change + + + align:start position:0% +angles don't change +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +i i have a problem you know and i've + + align:start position:0% +i i have a problem you know and i've + + + align:start position:0% +i i have a problem you know and i've +done it for a and c but obviously the + + align:start position:0% +done it for a and c but obviously the + + + align:start position:0% +done it for a and c but obviously the +same is true for a and b + + align:start position:0% +same is true for a and b + + + align:start position:0% +same is true for a and b +and any other number of ground points + + align:start position:0% +and any other number of ground points + + + align:start position:0% +and any other number of ground points +you want to add + + align:start position:0% +you want to add + + + align:start position:0% +you want to add +so that uh in this situation where + + align:start position:0% +so that uh in this situation where + + + align:start position:0% +so that uh in this situation where +you're flying right above the axes of + + align:start position:0% +you're flying right above the axes of + + + align:start position:0% +you're flying right above the axes of +semicircular valley + + align:start position:0% +semicircular valley + + + align:start position:0% +semicircular valley +then it's going to be impossible to + + align:start position:0% +then it's going to be impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +then it's going to be impossible to +distinguish different positions along + + align:start position:0% +distinguish different positions along + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish different positions along +here now this is a cross section this is + + align:start position:0% +here now this is a cross section this is + + + align:start position:0% +here now this is a cross section this is +2d so this isn't the whole story but but + + align:start position:0% +2d so this isn't the whole story but but + + + align:start position:0% +2d so this isn't the whole story but but +it gives you a plausible way of + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a plausible way of + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a plausible way of +understanding why there might be a + + align:start position:0% +understanding why there might be a + + + align:start position:0% +understanding why there might be a +problem and this is why + + align:start position:0% +problem and this is why + + + align:start position:0% +problem and this is why +when they lay out the flight plans for + + align:start position:0% +when they lay out the flight plans for + + + align:start position:0% +when they lay out the flight plans for +mapping they never do that + + align:start position:0% +mapping they never do that + + + align:start position:0% +mapping they never do that +they prefer to do this + + align:start position:0% +they prefer to do this + + + align:start position:0% +they prefer to do this +fly the plane over a ridge rather than + + align:start position:0% +fly the plane over a ridge rather than + + + align:start position:0% +fly the plane over a ridge rather than +over a valley + + align:start position:0% +over a valley + + + align:start position:0% +over a valley +because here when you move over + + align:start position:0% +because here when you move over + + + align:start position:0% +because here when you move over +the angles between different + + align:start position:0% +the angles between different + + + align:start position:0% +the angles between different +images of different surface features + + align:start position:0% +images of different surface features + + + align:start position:0% +images of different surface features +do change + + align:start position:0% +do change + + + align:start position:0% +do change +a lot and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so what we would like to do is get + + align:start position:0% +and so what we would like to do is get + + + align:start position:0% +and so what we would like to do is get +the 3d generalization of this problem + + align:start position:0% +the 3d generalization of this problem + + + align:start position:0% +the 3d generalization of this problem +uh you know what is the and that's + + align:start position:0% +uh you know what is the and that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know what is the and that's +well i kind of gave away the answer by + + align:start position:0% +well i kind of gave away the answer by + + + align:start position:0% +well i kind of gave away the answer by +showing you those pictures it's a + + align:start position:0% +showing you those pictures it's a + + + align:start position:0% +showing you those pictures it's a +hyperboloid of one sheet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll see that it's a second order + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see that it's a second order + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see that it's a second order +a quadric surface and it happens to be + + align:start position:0% +a quadric surface and it happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +a quadric surface and it happens to be +one with um + + align:start position:0% +one with um + + + align:start position:0% +one with um +the right number of minus sign for the + + align:start position:0% +the right number of minus sign for the + + + align:start position:0% +the right number of minus sign for the +one sheet i guess it's one minus sign um + + align:start position:0% +one sheet i guess it's one minus sign um + + + align:start position:0% +one sheet i guess it's one minus sign um +and so if we're looking at a surface + + align:start position:0% +and so if we're looking at a surface + + + align:start position:0% +and so if we're looking at a surface +like that then there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +like that then there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +like that then there's going to be +problem and you say well + + align:start position:0% +problem and you say well + + + align:start position:0% +problem and you say well +who cares i mean how many surfaces are + + align:start position:0% +who cares i mean how many surfaces are + + + align:start position:0% +who cares i mean how many surfaces are +when how likely is it i'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +when how likely is it i'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +when how likely is it i'm going to be +looking at a hyperboloid of one sheet + + align:start position:0% +looking at a hyperboloid of one sheet + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a hyperboloid of one sheet +well that's true uh but then if you're + + align:start position:0% +well that's true uh but then if you're + + + align:start position:0% +well that's true uh but then if you're +looking at a surf uh + + align:start position:0% +looking at a surf uh + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a surf uh +surface you only have a small portion of + + align:start position:0% +surface you only have a small portion of + + + align:start position:0% +surface you only have a small portion of +it the difference between it and a + + align:start position:0% +it the difference between it and a + + + align:start position:0% +it the difference between it and a +section of a hyperboloid of one sheet + + align:start position:0% +section of a hyperboloid of one sheet + + + align:start position:0% +section of a hyperboloid of one sheet +might be small and in that case you will + + align:start position:0% +might be small and in that case you will + + + align:start position:0% +might be small and in that case you will +be approaching this dangerous situation + + align:start position:0% +be approaching this dangerous situation + + + align:start position:0% +be approaching this dangerous situation +that's one argument and the other + + align:start position:0% +that's one argument and the other + + + align:start position:0% +that's one argument and the other +argument is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are other special cases of quadric + + align:start position:0% +there are other special cases of quadric + + + align:start position:0% +there are other special cases of quadric +surfaces and in particular of the + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and in particular of the + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and in particular of the +hyperboloid of one sheet + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloid of one sheet + + + align:start position:0% +hyperboloid of one sheet +which are more common and the most + + align:start position:0% +which are more common and the most + + + align:start position:0% +which are more common and the most +common one is the + + align:start position:0% +common one is the + + + align:start position:0% +common one is the +plane so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it turns out that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +version + + align:start position:0% +version + + + align:start position:0% +version +of this quadric + + align:start position:0% +of this quadric + + + align:start position:0% +of this quadric +surface is just the two intersecting + + align:start position:0% +surface is just the two intersecting + + + align:start position:0% +surface is just the two intersecting +planes and you know you can sort of see + + align:start position:0% +planes and you know you can sort of see + + + align:start position:0% +planes and you know you can sort of see +why that could be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the equation for one plane could be you + + align:start position:0% +the equation for one plane could be you + + + align:start position:0% +the equation for one plane could be you +know a linear equation like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals zero so that's one plane + + align:start position:0% +equals zero so that's one plane + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero so that's one plane +and this is the equation for a second + + align:start position:0% +and this is the equation for a second + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the equation for a second +plane i guess i wrote it in 2d but just + + align:start position:0% +plane i guess i wrote it in 2d but just + + + align:start position:0% +plane i guess i wrote it in 2d but just +add z + + align:start position:0% +add z + + + align:start position:0% +add z +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +each of these planes has a linear + + align:start position:0% +each of these planes has a linear + + + align:start position:0% +each of these planes has a linear +equation like this and i can talk about + + align:start position:0% +equation like this and i can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +equation like this and i can talk about +it by saying you know this is the plane + + align:start position:0% +it by saying you know this is the plane + + + align:start position:0% +it by saying you know this is the plane +where a x plus b y plus c z plus + + align:start position:0% +where a x plus b y plus c z plus + + + align:start position:0% +where a x plus b y plus c z plus +whatever is zero + + align:start position:0% +whatever is zero + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is zero +and if i multiply them together of + + align:start position:0% +and if i multiply them together of + + + align:start position:0% +and if i multiply them together of +course the product is zero and so what + + align:start position:0% +course the product is zero and so what + + + align:start position:0% +course the product is zero and so what +surface is that well the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this times that equals zero + + align:start position:0% +this times that equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +this times that equals zero +is the combination of two planes + + align:start position:0% +is the combination of two planes + + + align:start position:0% +is the combination of two planes +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in our case one of the planes goes + + align:start position:0% +in our case one of the planes goes + + + align:start position:0% +in our case one of the planes goes +through the center of projection + + align:start position:0% +through the center of projection + + + align:start position:0% +through the center of projection +so you can't you it projects into a line + + align:start position:0% +so you can't you it projects into a line + + + align:start position:0% +so you can't you it projects into a line +right so if i have a plane and i'm + + align:start position:0% +right so if i have a plane and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +right so if i have a plane and i'm +looking straight along + + align:start position:0% +looking straight along + + + align:start position:0% +looking straight along +the plane i just see a line so it's even + + align:start position:0% +the plane i just see a line so it's even + + + align:start position:0% +the plane i just see a line so it's even +weirder because it means that a planar + + align:start position:0% +weirder because it means that a planar + + + align:start position:0% +weirder because it means that a planar +surface is a problem + + align:start position:0% +surface is a problem + + + align:start position:0% +surface is a problem +and you know what's more common than a + + align:start position:0% +and you know what's more common than a + + + align:start position:0% +and you know what's more common than a +planar surface well maybe not in top + + align:start position:0% +planar surface well maybe not in top + + + align:start position:0% +planar surface well maybe not in top +topography of switzerland or something + + align:start position:0% +topography of switzerland or something + + + align:start position:0% +topography of switzerland or something +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +you know man-made structures other than + + align:start position:0% +you know man-made structures other than + + + align:start position:0% +you know man-made structures other than +starters and to have lots of planar + + align:start position:0% +starters and to have lots of planar + + + align:start position:0% +starters and to have lots of planar +surfaces + + align:start position:0% +surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces +and so so we can't dismiss this entirely + + align:start position:0% +and so so we can't dismiss this entirely + + + align:start position:0% +and so so we can't dismiss this entirely +we've got to uh talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +we've got to uh talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +we've got to uh talk a little bit about +uh the fearless reflection which we'll + + align:start position:0% +uh the fearless reflection which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh the fearless reflection which we'll +do next time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there's a new homework problem + + align:start position:0% +and there's a new homework problem + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a new homework problem +sadly i almost missed it because it + + align:start position:0% +sadly i almost missed it because it + + + align:start position:0% +sadly i almost missed it because it +seems like we just had one + + align:start position:0% +seems like we just had one + + + align:start position:0% +seems like we just had one +but then someone reminded me that it + + align:start position:0% +but then someone reminded me that it + + + align:start position:0% +but then someone reminded me that it +shouldn't be due on thanksgiving + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be due on thanksgiving + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be due on thanksgiving +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +it isn't it's again going + + align:start position:0% +it isn't it's again going + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't it's again going +the tuesday after \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MvXC1dUDxkg.txt b/MvXC1dUDxkg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1321500bf3b6eb60fb690754ebfbd0175e15a2c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/MvXC1dUDxkg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,667 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something is really wrong with this what + + align:start position:0% +something is really wrong with this what + + + align:start position:0% +something is really wrong with this what +are you playing with I downloaded an app + + align:start position:0% +are you playing with I downloaded an app + + + align:start position:0% +are you playing with I downloaded an app +called part pallet it lets me play in + + align:start position:0% +called part pallet it lets me play in + + + align:start position:0% +called part pallet it lets me play in +genetic circuits using parts from the + + align:start position:0% +genetic circuits using parts from the + + + align:start position:0% +genetic circuits using parts from the +registry that sounds great can I see I + + align:start position:0% +registry that sounds great can I see I + + + align:start position:0% +registry that sounds great can I see I +can select parts and then wrap them + + align:start position:0% +can select parts and then wrap them + + + align:start position:0% +can select parts and then wrap them +together on the pallet or at least I'm + + align:start position:0% +together on the pallet or at least I'm + + + align:start position:0% +together on the pallet or at least I'm +supposed to be able to do that I keep + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be able to do that I keep + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be able to do that I keep +getting an error message hm maybe the + + align:start position:0% +getting an error message hm maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +getting an error message hm maybe the +app doesn't work or maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +app doesn't work or maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +app doesn't work or maybe there's +something about the parts trying to wrap + + align:start position:0% +something about the parts trying to wrap + + + align:start position:0% +something about the parts trying to wrap +together what Gene are you trying to + + align:start position:0% +together what Gene are you trying to + + + align:start position:0% +together what Gene are you trying to +build I just grabbed these three parts + + align:start position:0% +build I just grabbed these three parts + + + align:start position:0% +build I just grabbed these three parts +to try a Terminator an operator and an + + align:start position:0% +to try a Terminator an operator and an + + + align:start position:0% +to try a Terminator an operator and an +open reading frame that's not a jean but + + align:start position:0% +open reading frame that's not a jean but + + + align:start position:0% +open reading frame that's not a jean but +it's got an open reading frame what more + + align:start position:0% +it's got an open reading frame what more + + + align:start position:0% +it's got an open reading frame what more +do I need walk with me dude for starters + + align:start position:0% +do I need walk with me dude for starters + + + align:start position:0% +do I need walk with me dude for starters +you'll need a promoter that's a snippet + + align:start position:0% +you'll need a promoter that's a snippet + + + align:start position:0% +you'll need a promoter that's a snippet +of DNA that the RNA polymerase binds to + + align:start position:0% +of DNA that the RNA polymerase binds to + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA that the RNA polymerase binds to +when it starts transcription promoters + + align:start position:0% +when it starts transcription promoters + + + align:start position:0% +when it starts transcription promoters +come in different strengths so choose + + align:start position:0% +come in different strengths so choose + + + align:start position:0% +come in different strengths so choose +carefully how do I know if a promoter is + + align:start position:0% +carefully how do I know if a promoter is + + + align:start position:0% +carefully how do I know if a promoter is +strong or weak well the strongest + + align:start position:0% +strong or weak well the strongest + + + align:start position:0% +strong or weak well the strongest +promoters have this DNA sequence RNA + + align:start position:0% +promoters have this DNA sequence RNA + + + align:start position:0% +promoters have this DNA sequence RNA +polymerase can bind these bases well the + + align:start position:0% +polymerase can bind these bases well the + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase can bind these bases well the +more bases that are different from this + + align:start position:0% +more bases that are different from this + + + align:start position:0% +more bases that are different from this +consensus sequence the weaker the + + align:start position:0% +consensus sequence the weaker the + + + align:start position:0% +consensus sequence the weaker the +promoter is since RNA polymerase will + + align:start position:0% +promoter is since RNA polymerase will + + + align:start position:0% +promoter is since RNA polymerase will +bind less well and transcribe less often + + align:start position:0% +bind less well and transcribe less often + + + align:start position:0% +bind less well and transcribe less often +at least that's how it usually works I + + align:start position:0% +at least that's how it usually works I + + + align:start position:0% +at least that's how it usually works I +hear an exception coming well sure dude + + align:start position:0% +hear an exception coming well sure dude + + + align:start position:0% +hear an exception coming well sure dude +it's very clever really there are + + align:start position:0% +it's very clever really there are + + + align:start position:0% +it's very clever really there are +promoters that are used in different + + align:start position:0% +promoters that are used in different + + + align:start position:0% +promoters that are used in different +stages of cell growth and those + + align:start position:0% +stages of cell growth and those + + + align:start position:0% +stages of cell growth and those +promoters bind a slightly different RNA + + align:start position:0% +promoters bind a slightly different RNA + + + align:start position:0% +promoters bind a slightly different RNA +polymerase so they have a consensus + + align:start position:0% +polymerase so they have a consensus + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase so they have a consensus +sequence that's a little different from + + align:start position:0% +sequence that's a little different from + + + align:start position:0% +sequence that's a little different from +this one and then there are still other + + align:start position:0% +this one and then there are still other + + + align:start position:0% +this one and then there are still other +promoters that have lots of differences + + align:start position:0% +promoters that have lots of differences + + + align:start position:0% +promoters that have lots of differences +from this consensus sequence but they + + align:start position:0% +from this consensus sequence but they + + + align:start position:0% +from this consensus sequence but they +are still strong promoters since they + + align:start position:0% +are still strong promoters since they + + + align:start position:0% +are still strong promoters since they +also have DNA sequences nearby that bind + + align:start position:0% +also have DNA sequences nearby that bind + + + align:start position:0% +also have DNA sequences nearby that bind +activating proteins the activators help + + align:start position:0% +activating proteins the activators help + + + align:start position:0% +activating proteins the activators help +RNA polymerase find the promoter and + + align:start position:0% +RNA polymerase find the promoter and + + + align:start position:0% +RNA polymerase find the promoter and +that gets transcription really cranking + + align:start position:0% +that gets transcription really cranking + + + align:start position:0% +that gets transcription really cranking +activated promoters can be very strong + + align:start position:0% +activated promoters can be very strong + + + align:start position:0% +activated promoters can be very strong +when does it end another great question + + align:start position:0% +when does it end another great question + + + align:start position:0% +when does it end another great question +dude there are sequences that come after + + align:start position:0% +dude there are sequences that come after + + + align:start position:0% +dude there are sequences that come after +the open reading frame called + + align:start position:0% +the open reading frame called + + + align:start position:0% +the open reading frame called +Terminators these tell RNA polymerase to + + align:start position:0% +Terminators these tell RNA polymerase to + + + align:start position:0% +Terminators these tell RNA polymerase to +stop transcribing RNA and to leave the + + align:start position:0% +stop transcribing RNA and to leave the + + + align:start position:0% +stop transcribing RNA and to leave the +DNA these Terminators are really useful + + align:start position:0% +DNA these Terminators are really useful + + + align:start position:0% +DNA these Terminators are really useful +if you have another promoter Downstream + + align:start position:0% +if you have another promoter Downstream + + + align:start position:0% +if you have another promoter Downstream +of this Gene you'll need a Terminator if + + align:start position:0% +of this Gene you'll need a Terminator if + + + align:start position:0% +of this Gene you'll need a Terminator if +you don't want the polymerase to read + + align:start position:0% +you don't want the polymerase to read + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want the polymerase to read +through this gene into the next one + + align:start position:0% +through this gene into the next one + + + align:start position:0% +through this gene into the next one +Downstream Downstream don't you mean on + + align:start position:0% +Downstream Downstream don't you mean on + + + align:start position:0% +Downstream Downstream don't you mean on +the right cells don't know their right + + align:start position:0% +the right cells don't know their right + + + align:start position:0% +the right cells don't know their right +from their left so we have to use the + + align:start position:0% +from their left so we have to use the + + + align:start position:0% +from their left so we have to use the +natural polarity of doubl stranded DNA + + align:start position:0% +natural polarity of doubl stranded DNA + + + align:start position:0% +natural polarity of doubl stranded DNA +when we give directions Downstream means + + align:start position:0% +when we give directions Downstream means + + + align:start position:0% +when we give directions Downstream means +more three prime no matter which strand + + align:start position:0% +more three prime no matter which strand + + + align:start position:0% +more three prime no matter which strand +of the DNA you're working on so in this + + align:start position:0% +of the DNA you're working on so in this + + + align:start position:0% +of the DNA you're working on so in this +app I can wrap any promoter o RF and + + align:start position:0% +app I can wrap any promoter o RF and + + + align:start position:0% +app I can wrap any promoter o RF and +Terminator together and I've got a jean + + align:start position:0% +Terminator together and I've got a jean + + + align:start position:0% +Terminator together and I've got a jean +well actually you've got a transcription + + align:start position:0% +well actually you've got a transcription + + + align:start position:0% +well actually you've got a transcription +unit and most of the time you'll want to + + align:start position:0% +unit and most of the time you'll want to + + + align:start position:0% +unit and most of the time you'll want to +translate the RNA from that unit into a + + align:start position:0% +translate the RNA from that unit into a + + + align:start position:0% +translate the RNA from that unit into a +protein to translate it you'll need to + + align:start position:0% +protein to translate it you'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +protein to translate it you'll need to +include a ribosome binding site the RBS + + align:start position:0% +include a ribosome binding site the RBS + + + align:start position:0% +include a ribosome binding site the RBS +is where ribosomes attached to the RNA + + align:start position:0% +is where ribosomes attached to the RNA + + + align:start position:0% +is where ribosomes attached to the RNA +message so they can start linking the + + align:start position:0% +message so they can start linking the + + + align:start position:0% +message so they can start linking the +specified amino acids into a protein + + align:start position:0% +specified amino acids into a protein + + + align:start position:0% +specified amino acids into a protein +chain and you can control the strength + + align:start position:0% +chain and you can control the strength + + + align:start position:0% +chain and you can control the strength +of the RBS to control how much of the + + align:start position:0% +of the RBS to control how much of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the RBS to control how much of the +message gets translated and I'll bet + + align:start position:0% +message gets translated and I'll bet + + + align:start position:0% +message gets translated and I'll bet +there's an app for that too well if + + align:start position:0% +there's an app for that too well if + + + align:start position:0% +there's an app for that too well if +you're interested in working on one let + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in working on one let + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in working on one let +me tell you about how genes are arranged + + align:start position:0% +me tell you about how genes are arranged + + + align:start position:0% +me tell you about how genes are arranged +in ukar cells like plants yeast and + + align:start position:0% +in ukar cells like plants yeast and + + + align:start position:0% +in ukar cells like plants yeast and +humans can we do this another day Sally + + align:start position:0% +humans can we do this another day Sally + + + align:start position:0% +humans can we do this another day Sally +my disc space is nearly full Co \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NXrGOd7gdMw.txt b/NXrGOd7gdMw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0f12a8100f6471ec612043e7b02d179850b3f59 --- /dev/null +++ b/NXrGOd7gdMw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12499 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I wanted to give you guys a survey of + + align:start position:0% +so I wanted to give you guys a survey of + + + align:start position:0% +so I wanted to give you guys a survey of +radiation utilizing technology and tell + + align:start position:0% +radiation utilizing technology and tell + + + align:start position:0% +radiation utilizing technology and tell +you a little bit about the way this + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit about the way this + + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit about the way this +department has changed the way it + + align:start position:0% +department has changed the way it + + + align:start position:0% +department has changed the way it +teaches it used to be in our department + + align:start position:0% +teaches it used to be in our department + + + align:start position:0% +teaches it used to be in our department +and probably everywhere else around the + + align:start position:0% +and probably everywhere else around the + + + align:start position:0% +and probably everywhere else around the +country that first we teach you the + + align:start position:0% +country that first we teach you the + + + align:start position:0% +country that first we teach you the +theory of how things go down and + + align:start position:0% +theory of how things go down and + + + align:start position:0% +theory of how things go down and +understand them and then we can teach + + align:start position:0% +understand them and then we can teach + + + align:start position:0% +understand them and then we can teach +you the context in which they're placed + + align:start position:0% +you the context in which they're placed + + + align:start position:0% +you the context in which they're placed +this resulted in a rather boring + + align:start position:0% +this resulted in a rather boring + + + align:start position:0% +this resulted in a rather boring +curriculum in my opinion having been one + + align:start position:0% +curriculum in my opinion having been one + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum in my opinion having been one +of the ones that went through this + + align:start position:0% +of the ones that went through this + + + align:start position:0% +of the ones that went through this +actual curriculum so for those who don't + + align:start position:0% +actual curriculum so for those who don't + + + align:start position:0% +actual curriculum so for those who don't +know I was an undergrad in this + + align:start position:0% +know I was an undergrad in this + + + align:start position:0% +know I was an undergrad in this +department and while I learned a lot of + + align:start position:0% +department and while I learned a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +department and while I learned a lot of +great things from folks I also kept some + + align:start position:0% +great things from folks I also kept some + + + align:start position:0% +great things from folks I also kept some +mental notes on what I would do + + align:start position:0% +mental notes on what I would do + + + align:start position:0% +mental notes on what I would do +differently and now it's the chance to + + align:start position:0% +differently and now it's the chance to + + + align:start position:0% +differently and now it's the chance to +do this so instead we've adopted a + + align:start position:0% +do this so instead we've adopted a + + + align:start position:0% +do this so instead we've adopted a +context first Theory second approach + + align:start position:0% +context first Theory second approach + + + align:start position:0% +context first Theory second approach +which means we tell you where we're + + align:start position:0% +which means we tell you where we're + + + align:start position:0% +which means we tell you where we're +going to show you why should you pay + + align:start position:0% +going to show you why should you pay + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you why should you pay +attention to the rest of the semester + + align:start position:0% +attention to the rest of the semester + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the rest of the semester +then we fill out the rest of the theory + + align:start position:0% +then we fill out the rest of the theory + + + align:start position:0% +then we fill out the rest of the theory +that fill in the gaps and then revisit + + align:start position:0% +that fill in the gaps and then revisit + + + align:start position:0% +that fill in the gaps and then revisit +the context to show you what you've + + align:start position:0% +the context to show you what you've + + + align:start position:0% +the context to show you what you've +learned and how you can understand it + + align:start position:0% +learned and how you can understand it + + + align:start position:0% +learned and how you can understand it +that's why today is gonna be a rather + + align:start position:0% +that's why today is gonna be a rather + + + align:start position:0% +that's why today is gonna be a rather +light class so don't take any notes just + + align:start position:0% +light class so don't take any notes just + + + align:start position:0% +light class so don't take any notes just +listen enjoy ask questions and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +listen enjoy ask questions and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +listen enjoy ask questions and I'm going +to show you some of the applications + + align:start position:0% +to show you some of the applications + + + align:start position:0% +to show you some of the applications +where we use radiation and the + + align:start position:0% +where we use radiation and the + + + align:start position:0% +where we use radiation and the +principles of NSA in technology today + + align:start position:0% +principles of NSA in technology today + + + align:start position:0% +principles of NSA in technology today +and for recitation today since we + + align:start position:0% +and for recitation today since we + + + align:start position:0% +and for recitation today since we +haven't gone over any technical material + + align:start position:0% +haven't gone over any technical material + + + align:start position:0% +haven't gone over any technical material +we're going to be heading to my lab to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be heading to my lab to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be heading to my lab to +demonstrate one of these things a + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate one of these things a + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate one of these things a +sputter coder which is a controlled + + align:start position:0% +sputter coder which is a controlled + + + align:start position:0% +sputter coder which is a controlled +system for radiation damage which + + align:start position:0% +system for radiation damage which + + + align:start position:0% +system for radiation damage which +applies one material to the other via + + align:start position:0% +applies one material to the other via + + + align:start position:0% +applies one material to the other via +the process of sputtering or actual + + align:start position:0% +the process of sputtering or actual + + + align:start position:0% +the process of sputtering or actual +nuclear or ionic collisions that blast + + align:start position:0% +nuclear or ionic collisions that blast + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear or ionic collisions that blast +material in this case gold on to + + align:start position:0% +material in this case gold on to + + + align:start position:0% +material in this case gold on to +whatever you want to coat which in this + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want to coat which in this + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want to coat which in this +case is a pile of pocket change so we're + + align:start position:0% +case is a pile of pocket change so we're + + + align:start position:0% +case is a pile of pocket change so we're +gonna make some gold change today so the + + align:start position:0% +gonna make some gold change today so the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make some gold change today so the +motivation today is really to get over + + align:start position:0% +motivation today is really to get over + + + align:start position:0% +motivation today is really to get over +to questions is how can radiation be + + align:start position:0% +to questions is how can radiation be + + + align:start position:0% +to questions is how can radiation be +used for benefit and what is the physics + + align:start position:0% +used for benefit and what is the physics + + + align:start position:0% +used for benefit and what is the physics +behind how it can be used I'll be using + + align:start position:0% +behind how it can be used I'll be using + + + align:start position:0% +behind how it can be used I'll be using +a circle a fuel rod the same kinds that + + align:start position:0% +a circle a fuel rod the same kinds that + + + align:start position:0% +a circle a fuel rod the same kinds that +you'd see in a nuclear reactor as the + + align:start position:0% +you'd see in a nuclear reactor as the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd see in a nuclear reactor as the +pointer cuz I'm not a fan of lasers and + + align:start position:0% +pointer cuz I'm not a fan of lasers and + + + align:start position:0% +pointer cuz I'm not a fan of lasers and +this is actually incredibly light like I + + align:start position:0% +this is actually incredibly light like I + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually incredibly light like I +can hold it out at the end not much + + align:start position:0% +can hold it out at the end not much + + + align:start position:0% +can hold it out at the end not much +visible shaking and I wanted you guys to + + align:start position:0% +visible shaking and I wanted you guys to + + + align:start position:0% +visible shaking and I wanted you guys to +see and feel and try and Bend what + + align:start position:0% +see and feel and try and Bend what + + + align:start position:0% +see and feel and try and Bend what +Zircaloy actually is like that's a piece + + align:start position:0% +Zircaloy actually is like that's a piece + + + align:start position:0% +Zircaloy actually is like that's a piece +the same diameter and dimensions and + + align:start position:0% +the same diameter and dimensions and + + + align:start position:0% +the same diameter and dimensions and +stuff that you would see in a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you would see in a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you would see in a nuclear +reactor so give it a slight Bend you + + align:start position:0% +reactor so give it a slight Bend you + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so give it a slight Bend you +know if you try really hard you can bend + + align:start position:0% +know if you try really hard you can bend + + + align:start position:0% +know if you try really hard you can bend +it but notice how light it is notice how + + align:start position:0% +it but notice how light it is notice how + + + align:start position:0% +it but notice how light it is notice how +strong it is it's about midway and + + align:start position:0% +strong it is it's about midway and + + + align:start position:0% +strong it is it's about midway and +between stainless steel and aluminum but + + align:start position:0% +between stainless steel and aluminum but + + + align:start position:0% +between stainless steel and aluminum but +it's a hell of a lot stronger than + + align:start position:0% +it's a hell of a lot stronger than + + + align:start position:0% +it's a hell of a lot stronger than +aluminum it also has the added benefit + + align:start position:0% +aluminum it also has the added benefit + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum it also has the added benefit +that it basically doesn't absorb + + align:start position:0% +that it basically doesn't absorb + + + align:start position:0% +that it basically doesn't absorb +neutrons the real reason we use Zircaloy + + align:start position:0% +neutrons the real reason we use Zircaloy + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons the real reason we use Zircaloy +or zirconium alloys and reactors is that + + align:start position:0% +or zirconium alloys and reactors is that + + + align:start position:0% +or zirconium alloys and reactors is that +they have very low interaction + + align:start position:0% +they have very low interaction + + + align:start position:0% +they have very low interaction +probabilities or cross-sections and for + + align:start position:0% +probabilities or cross-sections and for + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities or cross-sections and for +those who don't know what those are in a + + align:start position:0% +those who don't know what those are in a + + + align:start position:0% +those who don't know what those are in a +couple of weeks we'll be defining what a + + align:start position:0% +couple of weeks we'll be defining what a + + + align:start position:0% +couple of weeks we'll be defining what a +cross-section is this stuff's pretty + + align:start position:0% +cross-section is this stuff's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section is this stuff's pretty +cool also what makes this nuclear grade + + align:start position:0% +cool also what makes this nuclear grade + + + align:start position:0% +cool also what makes this nuclear grade +Zircaloy and not just regular zirconium + + align:start position:0% +Zircaloy and not just regular zirconium + + + align:start position:0% +Zircaloy and not just regular zirconium +is that there's no hafnium in it hafnium + + align:start position:0% +is that there's no hafnium in it hafnium + + + align:start position:0% +is that there's no hafnium in it hafnium +is chemically very similar to zirconium + + align:start position:0% +is chemically very similar to zirconium + + + align:start position:0% +is chemically very similar to zirconium +it also happens to be one of the highest + + align:start position:0% +it also happens to be one of the highest + + + align:start position:0% +it also happens to be one of the highest +cross-section elements that there is so + + align:start position:0% +cross-section elements that there is so + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section elements that there is so +you'd hate the stuff that you need to be + + align:start position:0% +you'd hate the stuff that you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +you'd hate the stuff that you need to be +Neutron eclis transparent in reactors it + + align:start position:0% +Neutron eclis transparent in reactors it + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron eclis transparent in reactors it +happens to be found in the ground with + + align:start position:0% +happens to be found in the ground with + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be found in the ground with +the last thing you'd want in your fuel + + align:start position:0% +the last thing you'd want in your fuel + + + align:start position:0% +the last thing you'd want in your fuel +cladding in fact you can use hafnium as + + align:start position:0% +cladding in fact you can use hafnium as + + + align:start position:0% +cladding in fact you can use hafnium as +a control rod or control blade so the + + align:start position:0% +a control rod or control blade so the + + + align:start position:0% +a control rod or control blade so the +difference in in chemistry and and cost + + align:start position:0% +difference in in chemistry and and cost + + + align:start position:0% +difference in in chemistry and and cost +between nuclear zirconium what you've + + align:start position:0% +between nuclear zirconium what you've + + + align:start position:0% +between nuclear zirconium what you've +got there and regular zirconium as the + + align:start position:0% +got there and regular zirconium as the + + + align:start position:0% +got there and regular zirconium as the +hafnium has been taken out by some very + + align:start position:0% +hafnium has been taken out by some very + + + align:start position:0% +hafnium has been taken out by some very +painful chemical separation usually + + align:start position:0% +painful chemical separation usually + + + align:start position:0% +painful chemical separation usually +you'd find about three or four percent + + align:start position:0% +you'd find about three or four percent + + + align:start position:0% +you'd find about three or four percent +hafnium so there's all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +hafnium so there's all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +hafnium so there's all sorts of +technologies that we use the principles + + align:start position:0% +technologies that we use the principles + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that we use the principles +of nuclear science and engineering I'm + + align:start position:0% +of nuclear science and engineering I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of nuclear science and engineering I'm +just going to say NSC from now on you're + + align:start position:0% +just going to say NSC from now on you're + + + align:start position:0% +just going to say NSC from now on you're +all probably pretty familiar with power + + align:start position:0% +all probably pretty familiar with power + + + align:start position:0% +all probably pretty familiar with power +and may be familiar with some of these + + align:start position:0% +and may be familiar with some of these + + + align:start position:0% +and may be familiar with some of these +other ones like medical isotopes are the + + align:start position:0% +other ones like medical isotopes are the + + + align:start position:0% +other ones like medical isotopes are the +backbone of a lot of imaging techniques + + align:start position:0% +backbone of a lot of imaging techniques + + + align:start position:0% +backbone of a lot of imaging techniques +to find and treat different maladies + + align:start position:0% +to find and treat different maladies + + + align:start position:0% +to find and treat different maladies +space is basically a giant maelstrom of + + align:start position:0% +space is basically a giant maelstrom of + + + align:start position:0% +space is basically a giant maelstrom of +radiation so you can both use it and you + + align:start position:0% +radiation so you can both use it and you + + + align:start position:0% +radiation so you can both use it and you +have to shield from it we'll go over + + align:start position:0% +have to shield from it we'll go over + + + align:start position:0% +have to shield from it we'll go over +some of the crazier ways of shielding + + align:start position:0% +some of the crazier ways of shielding + + + align:start position:0% +some of the crazier ways of shielding +from space radiation actually today + + align:start position:0% +from space radiation actually today + + + align:start position:0% +from space radiation actually today +semiconductors + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors +the way that the MIT reactor made about + + align:start position:0% +the way that the MIT reactor made about + + + align:start position:0% +the way that the MIT reactor made about +60% of its operating budget until + + align:start position:0% +60% of its operating budget until + + + align:start position:0% +60% of its operating budget until +recently was by irradiating crystals of + + align:start position:0% +recently was by irradiating crystals of + + + align:start position:0% +recently was by irradiating crystals of +silicon single crystal bulls or ingots + + align:start position:0% +silicon single crystal bulls or ingots + + + align:start position:0% +silicon single crystal bulls or ingots +of silicon to make what's called an + + align:start position:0% +of silicon to make what's called an + + + align:start position:0% +of silicon to make what's called an +n-type semiconductor via the following + + align:start position:0% +n-type semiconductor via the following + + + align:start position:0% +n-type semiconductor via the following +reaction if I can find an eraser + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm gonna use the shorthand that we + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna use the shorthand that we + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna use the shorthand that we +talked about last time normally you + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time normally you + + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time normally you +would take silicon and you add a neutron + + align:start position:0% +would take silicon and you add a neutron + + + align:start position:0% +would take silicon and you add a neutron +and you end up forming phosphorus I've + + align:start position:0% +and you end up forming phosphorus I've + + + align:start position:0% +and you end up forming phosphorus I've +not memorized the masses of the isotopes + + align:start position:0% +not memorized the masses of the isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +not memorized the masses of the isotopes +but in the end this is actually a + + align:start position:0% +but in the end this is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +but in the end this is actually a +neutron capture reaction and then a + + align:start position:0% +neutron capture reaction and then a + + + align:start position:0% +neutron capture reaction and then a +resulting decay which produces + + align:start position:0% +resulting decay which produces + + + align:start position:0% +resulting decay which produces +phosphorus which is what's also known as + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus which is what's also known as + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus which is what's also known as +an n-type dopant it's a sort of extra + + align:start position:0% +an n-type dopant it's a sort of extra + + + align:start position:0% +an n-type dopant it's a sort of extra +negative so does that a negative charge + + align:start position:0% +negative so does that a negative charge + + + align:start position:0% +negative so does that a negative charge +type dopant that changes the + + align:start position:0% +type dopant that changes the + + + align:start position:0% +type dopant that changes the +conductivity of the semiconductor + + align:start position:0% +conductivity of the semiconductor + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity of the semiconductor +there's lots of different ways of doping + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of different ways of doping + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of different ways of doping +semiconductors one of the best and most + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors one of the best and most + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors one of the best and most +uniform is to stick things in the + + align:start position:0% +uniform is to stick things in the + + + align:start position:0% +uniform is to stick things in the +reactor so back when silicon ingots were + + align:start position:0% +reactor so back when silicon ingots were + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so back when silicon ingots were +smaller like four or six inches in + + align:start position:0% +smaller like four or six inches in + + + align:start position:0% +smaller like four or six inches in +diameter there was a constant train of + + align:start position:0% +diameter there was a constant train of + + + align:start position:0% +diameter there was a constant train of +these things traveling through the + + align:start position:0% +these things traveling through the + + + align:start position:0% +these things traveling through the +reactor getting irradiated and being + + align:start position:0% +reactor getting irradiated and being + + + align:start position:0% +reactor getting irradiated and being +sold and then cut up into wafers to make + + align:start position:0% +sold and then cut up into wafers to make + + + align:start position:0% +sold and then cut up into wafers to make +devices and it used to be student or + + align:start position:0% +devices and it used to be student or + + + align:start position:0% +devices and it used to be student or +you're off jobs to load and unload those + + align:start position:0% +you're off jobs to load and unload those + + + align:start position:0% +you're off jobs to load and unload those +things from the reactor now it's not + + align:start position:0% +things from the reactor now it's not + + + align:start position:0% +things from the reactor now it's not +that dangerous as long as you use the + + align:start position:0% +that dangerous as long as you use the + + + align:start position:0% +that dangerous as long as you use the +right handling procedures like put them + + align:start position:0% +right handling procedures like put them + + + align:start position:0% +right handling procedures like put them +on a cart pull the cart at arm's length + + align:start position:0% +on a cart pull the cart at arm's length + + + align:start position:0% +on a cart pull the cart at arm's length +and push like that your dose is very low + + align:start position:0% +and push like that your dose is very low + + + align:start position:0% +and push like that your dose is very low +and that's because for a given point + + align:start position:0% +and that's because for a given point + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because for a given point +source emitter the dose you receive + + align:start position:0% +source emitter the dose you receive + + + align:start position:0% +source emitter the dose you receive +drops off as one over R or the distance + + align:start position:0% +drops off as one over R or the distance + + + align:start position:0% +drops off as one over R or the distance +squared which means that your arms + + align:start position:0% +squared which means that your arms + + + align:start position:0% +squared which means that your arms +length let's say your arm is about a + + align:start position:0% +length let's say your arm is about a + + + align:start position:0% +length let's say your arm is about a +meter you can drop the dose by quite a + + align:start position:0% +meter you can drop the dose by quite a + + + align:start position:0% +meter you can drop the dose by quite a +bit compared to what's called the + + align:start position:0% +bit compared to what's called the + + + align:start position:0% +bit compared to what's called the +contact dose well this poor fool held + + align:start position:0% +contact dose well this poor fool held + + + align:start position:0% +contact dose well this poor fool held +the silicon ingots up to their chest + + align:start position:0% +the silicon ingots up to their chest + + + align:start position:0% +the silicon ingots up to their chest +like that they were okay they got about + + align:start position:0% +like that they were okay they got about + + + align:start position:0% +like that they were okay they got about +ten months of their yearly allowable + + align:start position:0% +ten months of their yearly allowable + + + align:start position:0% +ten months of their yearly allowable +radiation dose that won't induce any + + align:start position:0% +radiation dose that won't induce any + + + align:start position:0% +radiation dose that won't induce any +additional risk of cancer but to insure + + align:start position:0% +additional risk of cancer but to insure + + + align:start position:0% +additional risk of cancer but to insure +that they would not exceed that + + align:start position:0% +that they would not exceed that + + + align:start position:0% +that they would not exceed that +allowable dose they became the + + align:start position:0% +allowable dose they became the + + + align:start position:0% +allowable dose they became the +administrative assistant for the reactor + + align:start position:0% +administrative assistant for the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +administrative assistant for the reactor +for the next ten months so their job at + + align:start position:0% +for the next ten months so their job at + + + align:start position:0% +for the next ten months so their job at +the reactor was to answer the phone + + align:start position:0% +the reactor was to answer the phone + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor was to answer the phone +which is not a radioactive activity + + align:start position:0% +which is not a radioactive activity + + + align:start position:0% +which is not a radioactive activity +including at the reactor first nuclear + + align:start position:0% +including at the reactor first nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +including at the reactor first nuclear +power the reason why I know a number of + + align:start position:0% +power the reason why I know a number of + + + align:start position:0% +power the reason why I know a number of +you guys are here is pretty simple it's + + align:start position:0% +you guys are here is pretty simple it's + + + align:start position:0% +you guys are here is pretty simple it's +just a hot bucket of water the way we + + align:start position:0% +just a hot bucket of water the way we + + + align:start position:0% +just a hot bucket of water the way we +make that bucket of water hot is by + + align:start position:0% +make that bucket of water hot is by + + + align:start position:0% +make that bucket of water hot is by +putting uranium or other fuel into these + + align:start position:0% +putting uranium or other fuel into these + + + align:start position:0% +putting uranium or other fuel into these +rods assembling a lot of them in a small + + align:start position:0% +rods assembling a lot of them in a small + + + align:start position:0% +rods assembling a lot of them in a small +space where they then heat up by + + align:start position:0% +space where they then heat up by + + + align:start position:0% +space where they then heat up by +producing nuclear fission capturing the + + align:start position:0% +producing nuclear fission capturing the + + + align:start position:0% +producing nuclear fission capturing the +resultant kinetic energy of the fission + + align:start position:0% +resultant kinetic energy of the fission + + + align:start position:0% +resultant kinetic energy of the fission +products and neutrons and everything + + align:start position:0% +products and neutrons and everything + + + align:start position:0% +products and neutrons and everything +else that comes out and using it to + + align:start position:0% +else that comes out and using it to + + + align:start position:0% +else that comes out and using it to +either heat up or boil water that's then + + align:start position:0% +either heat up or boil water that's then + + + align:start position:0% +either heat up or boil water that's then +just driven through a heat exchanger and + + align:start position:0% +just driven through a heat exchanger and + + + align:start position:0% +just driven through a heat exchanger and +a turbine so aside from everything on + + align:start position:0% +a turbine so aside from everything on + + + align:start position:0% +a turbine so aside from everything on +this side it looks basically like any + + align:start position:0% +this side it looks basically like any + + + align:start position:0% +this side it looks basically like any +other water-cooled power plant + + align:start position:0% +other water-cooled power plant + + + align:start position:0% +other water-cooled power plant +the difference is things get toasty in a + + align:start position:0% +the difference is things get toasty in a + + + align:start position:0% +the difference is things get toasty in a +radioactive sense but also pretty well + + align:start position:0% +radioactive sense but also pretty well + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive sense but also pretty well +under control and what's inside a + + align:start position:0% +under control and what's inside a + + + align:start position:0% +under control and what's inside a +reactor if you say this is the diagram + + align:start position:0% +reactor if you say this is the diagram + + + align:start position:0% +reactor if you say this is the diagram +of a typical pressurized water reactor + + align:start position:0% +of a typical pressurized water reactor + + + align:start position:0% +of a typical pressurized water reactor +or PWR where the water is pressurized + + align:start position:0% +or PWR where the water is pressurized + + + align:start position:0% +or PWR where the water is pressurized +enough so as to stop boiling from + + align:start position:0% +enough so as to stop boiling from + + + align:start position:0% +enough so as to stop boiling from +occurring keeping the water liquid which + + align:start position:0% +occurring keeping the water liquid which + + + align:start position:0% +occurring keeping the water liquid which +is has a number of safety implications + + align:start position:0% +is has a number of safety implications + + + align:start position:0% +is has a number of safety implications +you've got the core of the reactor right + + align:start position:0% +you've got the core of the reactor right + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the core of the reactor right +here and these things right here are + + align:start position:0% +here and these things right here are + + + align:start position:0% +here and these things right here are +called steam generators it's nothing + + align:start position:0% +called steam generators it's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +called steam generators it's nothing +more than a heat exchanger that + + align:start position:0% +more than a heat exchanger that + + + align:start position:0% +more than a heat exchanger that +generates steam and the steam generated + + align:start position:0% +generates steam and the steam generated + + + align:start position:0% +generates steam and the steam generated +in here goes off somewhere else and + + align:start position:0% +in here goes off somewhere else and + + + align:start position:0% +in here goes off somewhere else and +drives the turbine if you look inside + + align:start position:0% +drives the turbine if you look inside + + + align:start position:0% +drives the turbine if you look inside +this reactor you'll notice a lot of + + align:start position:0% +this reactor you'll notice a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +this reactor you'll notice a lot of +different fuel assemblies or fuel rods + + align:start position:0% +different fuel assemblies or fuel rods + + + align:start position:0% +different fuel assemblies or fuel rods +including things like control rods or + + align:start position:0% +including things like control rods or + + + align:start position:0% +including things like control rods or +shut down rods rods made of Neutron + + align:start position:0% +shut down rods rods made of Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +shut down rods rods made of Neutron +absorbers like hafnium that we talked + + align:start position:0% +absorbers like hafnium that we talked + + + align:start position:0% +absorbers like hafnium that we talked +about or gadolinium or boron for carbide + + align:start position:0% +about or gadolinium or boron for carbide + + + align:start position:0% +about or gadolinium or boron for carbide +or any other material with a high + + align:start position:0% +or any other material with a high + + + align:start position:0% +or any other material with a high +capture cross-section meaning a high + + align:start position:0% +capture cross-section meaning a high + + + align:start position:0% +capture cross-section meaning a high +probability for capturing a neutron + + align:start position:0% +probability for capturing a neutron + + + align:start position:0% +probability for capturing a neutron +rather than letting it go from one fuel + + align:start position:0% +rather than letting it go from one fuel + + + align:start position:0% +rather than letting it go from one fuel +element to another to produce more + + align:start position:0% +element to another to produce more + + + align:start position:0% +element to another to produce more +fission to produce more heat that's + + align:start position:0% +fission to produce more heat that's + + + align:start position:0% +fission to produce more heat that's +effectively how a reactor works so we + + align:start position:0% +effectively how a reactor works so we + + + align:start position:0% +effectively how a reactor works so we +went over a little bit about the fuel + + align:start position:0% +went over a little bit about the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +went over a little bit about the fuel +the fission and the energetics is kind + + align:start position:0% +the fission and the energetics is kind + + + align:start position:0% +the fission and the energetics is kind +of cool so let's say you start off with + + align:start position:0% +of cool so let's say you start off with + + + align:start position:0% +of cool so let's say you start off with +uranium probably the fissile isotope 235 + + align:start position:0% +uranium probably the fissile isotope 235 + + + align:start position:0% +uranium probably the fissile isotope 235 +and you send in one Neutron think it's + + align:start position:0% +and you send in one Neutron think it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you send in one Neutron think it's +92 don't quote me on that though and + + align:start position:0% +92 don't quote me on that though and + + + align:start position:0% +92 don't quote me on that though and +instead of undergoing some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +instead of undergoing some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +instead of undergoing some sort of a +capture reaction or something else it + + align:start position:0% +capture reaction or something else it + + + align:start position:0% +capture reaction or something else it +can split into what we call different + + align:start position:0% +can split into what we call different + + + align:start position:0% +can split into what we call different +fission products and plus anywhere + + align:start position:0% +fission products and plus anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +fission products and plus anywhere +between 2 or 3 neutrons the usually + + align:start position:0% +between 2 or 3 neutrons the usually + + + align:start position:0% +between 2 or 3 neutrons the usually +accepted number is an average of about + + align:start position:0% +accepted number is an average of about + + + align:start position:0% +accepted number is an average of about +2.4 for neutrons plus gamma rays plus + + align:start position:0% +2.4 for neutrons plus gamma rays plus + + + align:start position:0% +2.4 for neutrons plus gamma rays plus +anti neutrinos plus other energy and + + align:start position:0% +anti neutrinos plus other energy and + + + align:start position:0% +anti neutrinos plus other energy and +some occasional other stuff the main + + align:start position:0% +some occasional other stuff the main + + + align:start position:0% +some occasional other stuff the main +point here is these fission products + + align:start position:0% +point here is these fission products + + + align:start position:0% +point here is these fission products +if let's say you had a uranium nucleus + + align:start position:0% +if let's say you had a uranium nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +if let's say you had a uranium nucleus +and it were to split in half fission + + align:start position:0% +and it were to split in half fission + + + align:start position:0% +and it were to split in half fission +products go in other directions they + + align:start position:0% +products go in other directions they + + + align:start position:0% +products go in other directions they +carry with them quite a lot of kinetic + + align:start position:0% +carry with them quite a lot of kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +carry with them quite a lot of kinetic +energy and what we'll be doing a lot in + + align:start position:0% +energy and what we'll be doing a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +energy and what we'll be doing a lot in +the second half of this course is + + align:start position:0% +the second half of this course is + + + align:start position:0% +the second half of this course is +watching to see how do these highly + + align:start position:0% +watching to see how do these highly + + + align:start position:0% +watching to see how do these highly +energetic nuclei or atoms when they slam + + align:start position:0% +energetic nuclei or atoms when they slam + + + align:start position:0% +energetic nuclei or atoms when they slam +into other atoms how quickly do they + + align:start position:0% +into other atoms how quickly do they + + + align:start position:0% +into other atoms how quickly do they +lose energy how far do they tend to go + + align:start position:0% +lose energy how far do they tend to go + + + align:start position:0% +lose energy how far do they tend to go +these fission products tend to stop in + + align:start position:0% +these fission products tend to stop in + + + align:start position:0% +these fission products tend to stop in +the fuel their range is going to be on + + align:start position:0% +the fuel their range is going to be on + + + align:start position:0% +the fuel their range is going to be on +the order of nanometers I don't even + + align:start position:0% +the order of nanometers I don't even + + + align:start position:0% +the order of nanometers I don't even +think it reaches microns but the + + align:start position:0% +think it reaches microns but the + + + align:start position:0% +think it reaches microns but the +neutrons however as we saw from looking + + align:start position:0% +neutrons however as we saw from looking + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons however as we saw from looking +at Chadwicks paper they can go pretty + + align:start position:0% +at Chadwicks paper they can go pretty + + + align:start position:0% +at Chadwicks paper they can go pretty +far usually on the order of around 10 + + align:start position:0% +far usually on the order of around 10 + + + align:start position:0% +far usually on the order of around 10 +centimeters in a reactor before they go + + align:start position:0% +centimeters in a reactor before they go + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters in a reactor before they go +do something else so it might make it a + + align:start position:0% +do something else so it might make it a + + + align:start position:0% +do something else so it might make it a +few fuel rods over and chances are get + + align:start position:0% +few fuel rods over and chances are get + + + align:start position:0% +few fuel rods over and chances are get +captured by another uranium nucleus + + align:start position:0% +captured by another uranium nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +captured by another uranium nucleus +making more fission more neutrons and + + align:start position:0% +making more fission more neutrons and + + + align:start position:0% +making more fission more neutrons and +some other fun stuff like gamma rays and + + align:start position:0% +some other fun stuff like gamma rays and + + + align:start position:0% +some other fun stuff like gamma rays and +neutrinos anyone not know what a + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos anyone not know what a + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos anyone not know what a +neutrino is so a neutrino is a very very + + align:start position:0% +neutrino is so a neutrino is a very very + + + align:start position:0% +neutrino is so a neutrino is a very very +low mass but not massless as was found I + + align:start position:0% +low mass but not massless as was found I + + + align:start position:0% +low mass but not massless as was found I +think like last year almost speed of + + align:start position:0% +think like last year almost speed of + + + align:start position:0% +think like last year almost speed of +light particle that's released as part + + align:start position:0% +light particle that's released as part + + + align:start position:0% +light particle that's released as part +of radioactive decay they basically + + align:start position:0% +of radioactive decay they basically + + + align:start position:0% +of radioactive decay they basically +don't interact with matter but once in a + + align:start position:0% +don't interact with matter but once in a + + + align:start position:0% +don't interact with matter but once in a +while they do what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +while they do what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +while they do what that means is that +they travel straight through everything + + align:start position:0% +they travel straight through everything + + + align:start position:0% +they travel straight through everything +it's been estimated that trillions of + + align:start position:0% +it's been estimated that trillions of + + + align:start position:0% +it's been estimated that trillions of +neutrinos from space are passing through + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos from space are passing through + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos from space are passing through +us per second and on average you won't + + align:start position:0% +us per second and on average you won't + + + align:start position:0% +us per second and on average you won't +get a single interaction during a day in + + align:start position:0% +get a single interaction during a day in + + + align:start position:0% +get a single interaction during a day in +fact to detect neutrinos they've had to + + align:start position:0% +fact to detect neutrinos they've had to + + + align:start position:0% +fact to detect neutrinos they've had to +fill old hollowed out salt mines with + + align:start position:0% +fill old hollowed out salt mines with + + + align:start position:0% +fill old hollowed out salt mines with +water and fill them with photo tubes in + + align:start position:0% +water and fill them with photo tubes in + + + align:start position:0% +water and fill them with photo tubes in +the hopes of catching two or three a day + + align:start position:0% +the hopes of catching two or three a day + + + align:start position:0% +the hopes of catching two or three a day +what that means is if someone turns on a + + align:start position:0% +what that means is if someone turns on a + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is if someone turns on a +reactor somewhere anywhere in the world + + align:start position:0% +reactor somewhere anywhere in the world + + + align:start position:0% +reactor somewhere anywhere in the world +it's releasing tons and tons of + + align:start position:0% +it's releasing tons and tons of + + + align:start position:0% +it's releasing tons and tons of +neutrinos and if all of a sudden you + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos and if all of a sudden you + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos and if all of a sudden you +start to see two or three coming from + + align:start position:0% +start to see two or three coming from + + + align:start position:0% +start to see two or three coming from +the same place that's a rare event + + align:start position:0% +the same place that's a rare event + + + align:start position:0% +the same place that's a rare event +that's something with some statistical + + align:start position:0% +that's something with some statistical + + + align:start position:0% +that's something with some statistical +significance and there's been projects + + align:start position:0% +significance and there's been projects + + + align:start position:0% +significance and there's been projects +in are still in our department using + + align:start position:0% +in are still in our department using + + + align:start position:0% +in are still in our department using +neutrino detectors to try and detect + + align:start position:0% +neutrino detectors to try and detect + + + align:start position:0% +neutrino detectors to try and detect +where reactors are turning on anywhere + + align:start position:0% +where reactors are turning on anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +where reactors are turning on anywhere +in the world so we've been able to sense + + align:start position:0% +in the world so we've been able to sense + + + align:start position:0% +in the world so we've been able to sense +that the MIT reactor is next door from + + align:start position:0% +that the MIT reactor is next door from + + + align:start position:0% +that the MIT reactor is next door from +the building next door I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +the building next door I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +the building next door I don't know how +well this is going to work when you get + + align:start position:0% +well this is going to work when you get + + + align:start position:0% +well this is going to work when you get +to farther distances but the physics is + + align:start position:0% +to farther distances but the physics is + + + align:start position:0% +to farther distances but the physics is +pretty much there it's an engineering + + align:start position:0% +pretty much there it's an engineering + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much there it's an engineering +problem to figure out well how do you + + align:start position:0% +problem to figure out well how do you + + + align:start position:0% +problem to figure out well how do you +detect + + align:start position:0% +detect + + + align:start position:0% +detect +neutrinos to get a statistically + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos to get a statistically + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos to get a statistically +significant signal that's far as I know + + align:start position:0% +significant signal that's far as I know + + + align:start position:0% +significant signal that's far as I know +has not been solved hopefully by this + + align:start position:0% +has not been solved hopefully by this + + + align:start position:0% +has not been solved hopefully by this +time next year it will + + align:start position:0% +time next year it will + + + align:start position:0% +time next year it will +there's also control rods rods filled + + align:start position:0% +there's also control rods rods filled + + + align:start position:0% +there's also control rods rods filled +with absorbers like I mentioned before + + align:start position:0% +with absorbers like I mentioned before + + + align:start position:0% +with absorbers like I mentioned before +if you want to stop this nuclear + + align:start position:0% +if you want to stop this nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to stop this nuclear +reaction you send in something like + + align:start position:0% +reaction you send in something like + + + align:start position:0% +reaction you send in something like +hafnium or gadolinium or boron so let's + + align:start position:0% +hafnium or gadolinium or boron so let's + + + align:start position:0% +hafnium or gadolinium or boron so let's +say boron 11 like chadwick knew would be + + align:start position:0% +say boron 11 like chadwick knew would be + + + align:start position:0% +say boron 11 like chadwick knew would be +able to capture a neutron and then it + + align:start position:0% +able to capture a neutron and then it + + + align:start position:0% +able to capture a neutron and then it +would turn into what's the next one over + + align:start position:0% +would turn into what's the next one over + + + align:start position:0% +would turn into what's the next one over +well sorry that's a 1 and a 0 that's a 5 + + align:start position:0% +well sorry that's a 1 and a 0 that's a 5 + + + align:start position:0% +well sorry that's a 1 and a 0 that's a 5 +that should turn into carbon-12 and then + + align:start position:0% +that should turn into carbon-12 and then + + + align:start position:0% +that should turn into carbon-12 and then +you've captured the neutron instead of + + align:start position:0% +you've captured the neutron instead of + + + align:start position:0% +you've captured the neutron instead of +letting it get into more uranium and + + align:start position:0% +letting it get into more uranium and + + + align:start position:0% +letting it get into more uranium and +cause additional fissions so when + + align:start position:0% +cause additional fissions so when + + + align:start position:0% +cause additional fissions so when +something's going wrong or you want to + + align:start position:0% +something's going wrong or you want to + + + align:start position:0% +something's going wrong or you want to +control the power level and the reactor + + align:start position:0% +control the power level and the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +control the power level and the reactor +you insert control rods they soak up the + + align:start position:0% +you insert control rods they soak up the + + + align:start position:0% +you insert control rods they soak up the +neutrons and make the reactor go + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and make the reactor go + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and make the reactor go +subcritical and we'll go over what all + + align:start position:0% +subcritical and we'll go over what all + + + align:start position:0% +subcritical and we'll go over what all +these words mean in due time various + + align:start position:0% +these words mean in due time various + + + align:start position:0% +these words mean in due time various +points in the course there's also + + align:start position:0% +points in the course there's also + + + align:start position:0% +points in the course there's also +coolant and what's called moderation + + align:start position:0% +coolant and what's called moderation + + + align:start position:0% +coolant and what's called moderation +does anyone know what I mean by + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know what I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know what I mean by +moderation of neutrons yeah what do you + + align:start position:0% +moderation of neutrons yeah what do you + + + align:start position:0% +moderation of neutrons yeah what do you +mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's thermal eise's them and in other + + align:start position:0% +it's thermal eise's them and in other + + + align:start position:0% +it's thermal eise's them and in other +words it slows them down because the + + align:start position:0% +words it slows them down because the + + + align:start position:0% +words it slows them down because the +probability that each uranium nucleus + + align:start position:0% +probability that each uranium nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +probability that each uranium nucleus +can capture a neutron depends on the + + align:start position:0% +can capture a neutron depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +can capture a neutron depends on the +energy of the neutron the cross-sections + + align:start position:0% +energy of the neutron the cross-sections + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the neutron the cross-sections +for interaction which we give the symbol + + align:start position:0% +for interaction which we give the symbol + + + align:start position:0% +for interaction which we give the symbol +Sigma for the microscopic or sort of + + align:start position:0% +Sigma for the microscopic or sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma for the microscopic or sort of +mass independent cross-section they're + + align:start position:0% +mass independent cross-section they're + + + align:start position:0% +mass independent cross-section they're +functions of energy they're extremely + + align:start position:0% +functions of energy they're extremely + + + align:start position:0% +functions of energy they're extremely +strong functions of energy over the + + align:start position:0% +strong functions of energy over the + + + align:start position:0% +strong functions of energy over the +energy ranges were interested in because + + align:start position:0% +energy ranges were interested in because + + + align:start position:0% +energy ranges were interested in because +we're interested in an extremely large + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in an extremely large + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in an extremely large +energy range these neutrons tend to be + + align:start position:0% +energy range these neutrons tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +energy range these neutrons tend to be +born at around one to ten MeV or mega + + align:start position:0% +born at around one to ten MeV or mega + + + align:start position:0% +born at around one to ten MeV or mega +electron volts and by the time they + + align:start position:0% +electron volts and by the time they + + + align:start position:0% +electron volts and by the time they +thermalize like you said or reach + + align:start position:0% +thermalize like you said or reach + + + align:start position:0% +thermalize like you said or reach +roughly room-temperature kinetic + + align:start position:0% +roughly room-temperature kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +roughly room-temperature kinetic +energies of about 2200 meters per second + + align:start position:0% +energies of about 2200 meters per second + + + align:start position:0% +energies of about 2200 meters per second +they can be a what is it a fortieth or + + align:start position:0% +they can be a what is it a fortieth or + + + align:start position:0% +they can be a what is it a fortieth or +point oh two five evey fraction of an + + align:start position:0% +point oh two five evey fraction of an + + + align:start position:0% +point oh two five evey fraction of an +electron volt so we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +electron volt so we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +electron volt so we're interested in +nine orders of magnitude of energy and + + align:start position:0% +nine orders of magnitude of energy and + + + align:start position:0% +nine orders of magnitude of energy and +the cross-sections vary wildly over + + align:start position:0% +the cross-sections vary wildly over + + + align:start position:0% +the cross-sections vary wildly over +these nine orders of magnitude and I'll + + align:start position:0% +these nine orders of magnitude and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +these nine orders of magnitude and I'll +show you what some of these look like + + align:start position:0% +show you what some of these look like + + + align:start position:0% +show you what some of these look like +pretty soon and in this case in the case + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon and in this case in the case + + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon and in this case in the case +of light water reactors like the PWR we + + align:start position:0% +of light water reactors like the PWR we + + + align:start position:0% +of light water reactors like the PWR we +saw the coolant and the moderator are + + align:start position:0% +saw the coolant and the moderator are + + + align:start position:0% +saw the coolant and the moderator are +basically the same thing you guys + + align:start position:0% +basically the same thing you guys + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same thing you guys +remember how when Chadwick put the + + align:start position:0% +remember how when Chadwick put the + + + align:start position:0% +remember how when Chadwick put the +paraffin in front of the neutron source + + align:start position:0% +paraffin in front of the neutron source + + + align:start position:0% +paraffin in front of the neutron source +he started to see more ionizations + + align:start position:0% +he started to see more ionizations + + + align:start position:0% +he started to see more ionizations +that's because the paraffin is a great + + align:start position:0% +that's because the paraffin is a great + + + align:start position:0% +that's because the paraffin is a great +source of hydrogen so is water water is + + align:start position:0% +source of hydrogen so is water water is + + + align:start position:0% +source of hydrogen so is water water is +an ideal coolant because it takes a lot + + align:start position:0% +an ideal coolant because it takes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +an ideal coolant because it takes a lot +of energy to heat it up and a lot to + + align:start position:0% +of energy to heat it up and a lot to + + + align:start position:0% +of energy to heat it up and a lot to +boil it so you can store a lot of energy + + align:start position:0% +boil it so you can store a lot of energy + + + align:start position:0% +boil it so you can store a lot of energy +with less of a temperature difference in + + align:start position:0% +with less of a temperature difference in + + + align:start position:0% +with less of a temperature difference in +water and it's full of hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +water and it's full of hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +water and it's full of hydrogen and +kinematically it's easier for something + + align:start position:0% +kinematically it's easier for something + + + align:start position:0% +kinematically it's easier for something +the size of a neutron and the mass of a + + align:start position:0% +the size of a neutron and the mass of a + + + align:start position:0% +the size of a neutron and the mass of a +neutron to slow a neutron down because a + + align:start position:0% +neutron to slow a neutron down because a + + + align:start position:0% +neutron to slow a neutron down because a +neutron hitting a proton can transfer up + + align:start position:0% +neutron hitting a proton can transfer up + + + align:start position:0% +neutron hitting a proton can transfer up +to all of its energy ballistically then + + align:start position:0% +to all of its energy ballistically then + + + align:start position:0% +to all of its energy ballistically then +that proton won't move very far because + + align:start position:0% +that proton won't move very far because + + + align:start position:0% +that proton won't move very far because +it's also got charge on it if a neutron + + align:start position:0% +it's also got charge on it if a neutron + + + align:start position:0% +it's also got charge on it if a neutron +hits something heavier like stainless + + align:start position:0% +hits something heavier like stainless + + + align:start position:0% +hits something heavier like stainless +steel or other stuff in the reactor it + + align:start position:0% +steel or other stuff in the reactor it + + + align:start position:0% +steel or other stuff in the reactor it +cannot by conservation of energy and + + align:start position:0% +cannot by conservation of energy and + + + align:start position:0% +cannot by conservation of energy and +momentum transfer all of its energy that + + align:start position:0% +momentum transfer all of its energy that + + + align:start position:0% +momentum transfer all of its energy that +fraction is actually pretty small so + + align:start position:0% +fraction is actually pretty small so + + + align:start position:0% +fraction is actually pretty small so +you'll see we'll actually calculate what + + align:start position:0% +you'll see we'll actually calculate what + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see we'll actually calculate what +that fraction is but it drops off pretty + + align:start position:0% +that fraction is but it drops off pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that fraction is but it drops off pretty +precipitously as you start to get + + align:start position:0% +precipitously as you start to get + + + align:start position:0% +precipitously as you start to get +heavier than hydrogen and finally + + align:start position:0% +heavier than hydrogen and finally + + + align:start position:0% +heavier than hydrogen and finally +there's a reflection and shielding we'll + + align:start position:0% +there's a reflection and shielding we'll + + + align:start position:0% +there's a reflection and shielding we'll +get into shielding and + + align:start position:0% +get into shielding and + + + align:start position:0% +get into shielding and +terms of how much stuff and how much + + align:start position:0% +terms of how much stuff and how much + + + align:start position:0% +terms of how much stuff and how much +matter does it take to stop radiation + + align:start position:0% +matter does it take to stop radiation + + + align:start position:0% +matter does it take to stop radiation +from getting through in some cases you + + align:start position:0% +from getting through in some cases you + + + align:start position:0% +from getting through in some cases you +could stop at all in some cases like + + align:start position:0% +could stop at all in some cases like + + + align:start position:0% +could stop at all in some cases like +gammas you technically never can you'll + + align:start position:0% +gammas you technically never can you'll + + + align:start position:0% +gammas you technically never can you'll +just get what's called attenuation or + + align:start position:0% +just get what's called attenuation or + + + align:start position:0% +just get what's called attenuation or +continuous removal of gamma rays but + + align:start position:0% +continuous removal of gamma rays but + + + align:start position:0% +continuous removal of gamma rays but +chances are you can't remove every + + align:start position:0% +chances are you can't remove every + + + align:start position:0% +chances are you can't remove every +single photon from getting out it's only + + align:start position:0% +single photon from getting out it's only + + + align:start position:0% +single photon from getting out it's only +a matter of how much do you need it to + + align:start position:0% +a matter of how much do you need it to + + + align:start position:0% +a matter of how much do you need it to +get down to and there's a neat aside who + + align:start position:0% +get down to and there's a neat aside who + + + align:start position:0% +get down to and there's a neat aside who +here has looked down into a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +here has looked down into a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +here has looked down into a nuclear +reactor before three of you Wow four + + align:start position:0% +reactor before three of you Wow four + + + align:start position:0% +reactor before three of you Wow four +okay what did you see + + align:start position:0% +okay what did you see + + + align:start position:0% +okay what did you see +not that much this is a particularly + + align:start position:0% +not that much this is a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +not that much this is a particularly +powerful reactor known as the advanced + + align:start position:0% +powerful reactor known as the advanced + + + align:start position:0% +powerful reactor known as the advanced +test reactor or ATR at the Idaho + + align:start position:0% +test reactor or ATR at the Idaho + + + align:start position:0% +test reactor or ATR at the Idaho +National Laboratory you won't see any + + align:start position:0% +National Laboratory you won't see any + + + align:start position:0% +National Laboratory you won't see any +others that look like this one because + + align:start position:0% +others that look like this one because + + + align:start position:0% +others that look like this one because +these crazy shaped fuel elements are not + + align:start position:0% +these crazy shaped fuel elements are not + + + align:start position:0% +these crazy shaped fuel elements are not +that easy to make this is a test or a + + align:start position:0% +that easy to make this is a test or a + + + align:start position:0% +that easy to make this is a test or a +research reactor where things get + + align:start position:0% +research reactor where things get + + + align:start position:0% +research reactor where things get +irradiated it's about a hundred + + align:start position:0% +irradiated it's about a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +irradiated it's about a hundred +twenty-five megawatts and the blue light + + align:start position:0% +twenty-five megawatts and the blue light + + + align:start position:0% +twenty-five megawatts and the blue light +being produced is called Cherenkov + + align:start position:0% +being produced is called Cherenkov + + + align:start position:0% +being produced is called Cherenkov +radiation + + align:start position:0% +radiation + + + align:start position:0% +radiation +it's from electrons and things moving or + + align:start position:0% +it's from electrons and things moving or + + + align:start position:0% +it's from electrons and things moving or +beta particles electrons moving faster + + align:start position:0% +beta particles electrons moving faster + + + align:start position:0% +beta particles electrons moving faster +than the speed of light in water now as + + align:start position:0% +than the speed of light in water now as + + + align:start position:0% +than the speed of light in water now as +you know you can't exceed the speed of + + align:start position:0% +you know you can't exceed the speed of + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can't exceed the speed of +light in a vacuum but things can move + + align:start position:0% +light in a vacuum but things can move + + + align:start position:0% +light in a vacuum but things can move +through other media faster than the + + align:start position:0% +through other media faster than the + + + align:start position:0% +through other media faster than the +speed of light in that medium + + align:start position:0% +speed of light in that medium + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light in that medium +effectively producing optical shock + + align:start position:0% +effectively producing optical shock + + + align:start position:0% +effectively producing optical shock +waves given off as little blue cones of + + align:start position:0% +waves given off as little blue cones of + + + align:start position:0% +waves given off as little blue cones of +light for each particle so when folks + + align:start position:0% +light for each particle so when folks + + + align:start position:0% +light for each particle so when folks +say Oh am I going to go green when I get + + align:start position:0% +say Oh am I going to go green when I get + + + align:start position:0% +say Oh am I going to go green when I get +near radiation you can say no you'll + + align:start position:0% +near radiation you can say no you'll + + + align:start position:0% +near radiation you can say no you'll +glow blue they've just got the wrong + + align:start position:0% +glow blue they've just got the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +glow blue they've just got the wrong +color on all the TV shows and then onto + + align:start position:0% +color on all the TV shows and then onto + + + align:start position:0% +color on all the TV shows and then onto +fusion energy since most of us tend to + + align:start position:0% +fusion energy since most of us tend to + + + align:start position:0% +fusion energy since most of us tend to +talk about fission a lot of the time but + + align:start position:0% +talk about fission a lot of the time but + + + align:start position:0% +talk about fission a lot of the time but +how many of you here are interested in + + align:start position:0% +how many of you here are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you here are interested in +going into fusion usually it's at least + + align:start position:0% +going into fusion usually it's at least + + + align:start position:0% +going into fusion usually it's at least +half the class and so I figured this + + align:start position:0% +half the class and so I figured this + + + align:start position:0% +half the class and so I figured this +used to be a fairly fission centric + + align:start position:0% +used to be a fairly fission centric + + + align:start position:0% +used to be a fairly fission centric +teaching style in the department and I + + align:start position:0% +teaching style in the department and I + + + align:start position:0% +teaching style in the department and I +think fusion deserves equal time because + + align:start position:0% +think fusion deserves equal time because + + + align:start position:0% +think fusion deserves equal time because +about an equal number of you want to go + + align:start position:0% +about an equal number of you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +about an equal number of you want to go +into fusion to make it a reality these + + align:start position:0% +into fusion to make it a reality these + + + align:start position:0% +into fusion to make it a reality these +reactors are laid out fairly differently + + align:start position:0% +reactors are laid out fairly differently + + + align:start position:0% +reactors are laid out fairly differently +what they'll be is a big hollow vacuum + + align:start position:0% +what they'll be is a big hollow vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +what they'll be is a big hollow vacuum +chamber that shaped like a donut or a + + align:start position:0% +chamber that shaped like a donut or a + + + align:start position:0% +chamber that shaped like a donut or a +torus and lots of magnets to confine a + + align:start position:0% +torus and lots of magnets to confine a + + + align:start position:0% +torus and lots of magnets to confine a +plasma or sort of a charged mess of + + align:start position:0% +plasma or sort of a charged mess of + + + align:start position:0% +plasma or sort of a charged mess of +separated ions and electrons that whirls + + align:start position:0% +separated ions and electrons that whirls + + + align:start position:0% +separated ions and electrons that whirls +around at millions of meters per second + + align:start position:0% +around at millions of meters per second + + + align:start position:0% +around at millions of meters per second +once in a while these ions and electrons + + align:start position:0% +once in a while these ions and electrons + + + align:start position:0% +once in a while these ions and electrons +are the especially these nuclei will + + align:start position:0% +are the especially these nuclei will + + + align:start position:0% +are the especially these nuclei will +collide + + align:start position:0% +collide + + + align:start position:0% +collide +with each other and undergo a fusion + + align:start position:0% +with each other and undergo a fusion + + + align:start position:0% +with each other and undergo a fusion +reaction or one of a few fusion + + align:start position:0% +reaction or one of a few fusion + + + align:start position:0% +reaction or one of a few fusion +reactions that I've written up here for + + align:start position:0% +reactions that I've written up here for + + + align:start position:0% +reactions that I've written up here for +you so in this case there's no elements + + align:start position:0% +you so in this case there's no elements + + + align:start position:0% +you so in this case there's no elements +with a symbol D or T we're just using + + align:start position:0% +with a symbol D or T we're just using + + + align:start position:0% +with a symbol D or T we're just using +those to refer to deuterium or tritium + + align:start position:0% +those to refer to deuterium or tritium + + + align:start position:0% +those to refer to deuterium or tritium +as a visual aid but you should know that + + align:start position:0% +as a visual aid but you should know that + + + align:start position:0% +as a visual aid but you should know that +they're deuterium and tritium from their + + align:start position:0% +they're deuterium and tritium from their + + + align:start position:0% +they're deuterium and tritium from their +atomic numbers 1 which means it's an + + align:start position:0% +atomic numbers 1 which means it's an + + + align:start position:0% +atomic numbers 1 which means it's an +isotope of hydrogen and their mass + + align:start position:0% +isotope of hydrogen and their mass + + + align:start position:0% +isotope of hydrogen and their mass +numbers 2 and 3 which is not the mass + + align:start position:0% +numbers 2 and 3 which is not the mass + + + align:start position:0% +numbers 2 and 3 which is not the mass +number for a normal hydrogen and in this + + align:start position:0% +number for a normal hydrogen and in this + + + align:start position:0% +number for a normal hydrogen and in this +case when you fuse deuterium and tritium + + align:start position:0% +case when you fuse deuterium and tritium + + + align:start position:0% +case when you fuse deuterium and tritium +you can produce helium and another + + align:start position:0% +you can produce helium and another + + + align:start position:0% +you can produce helium and another +neutron and so then those neutrons can + + align:start position:0% +neutron and so then those neutrons can + + + align:start position:0% +neutron and so then those neutrons can +be used to hit lithium what they'll + + align:start position:0% +be used to hit lithium what they'll + + + align:start position:0% +be used to hit lithium what they'll +usually have in what's called a breeder + + align:start position:0% +usually have in what's called a breeder + + + align:start position:0% +usually have in what's called a breeder +blanket around the outside which + + align:start position:0% +blanket around the outside which + + + align:start position:0% +blanket around the outside which +releases more tritium so fusion reactors + + align:start position:0% +releases more tritium so fusion reactors + + + align:start position:0% +releases more tritium so fusion reactors +actually can produce their own fuel the + + align:start position:0% +actually can produce their own fuel the + + + align:start position:0% +actually can produce their own fuel the +trick is they're radioactive gases so + + align:start position:0% +trick is they're radioactive gases so + + + align:start position:0% +trick is they're radioactive gases so +containing them can be kind of tricky + + align:start position:0% +containing them can be kind of tricky + + + align:start position:0% +containing them can be kind of tricky +you also need a way to get the helium + + align:start position:0% +you also need a way to get the helium + + + align:start position:0% +you also need a way to get the helium +out of the reactor but we have one of + + align:start position:0% +out of the reactor but we have one of + + + align:start position:0% +out of the reactor but we have one of +these on campus we have one of the only + + align:start position:0% +these on campus we have one of the only + + + align:start position:0% +these on campus we have one of the only +three in the country it's called the + + align:start position:0% +three in the country it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +three in the country it's called the +Alka tour ciment have any of you guys + + align:start position:0% +Alka tour ciment have any of you guys + + + align:start position:0% +Alka tour ciment have any of you guys +seen a tour of this place yet almost all + + align:start position:0% +seen a tour of this place yet almost all + + + align:start position:0% +seen a tour of this place yet almost all +of you so forever who hasn't do it this + + align:start position:0% +of you so forever who hasn't do it this + + + align:start position:0% +of you so forever who hasn't do it this +year because this may be the last year + + align:start position:0% +year because this may be the last year + + + align:start position:0% +year because this may be the last year +of Alka Tour seen mods operation that's + + align:start position:0% +of Alka Tour seen mods operation that's + + + align:start position:0% +of Alka Tour seen mods operation that's +not to say there won't be the next + + align:start position:0% +not to say there won't be the next + + + align:start position:0% +not to say there won't be the next +fusion device on campus but there's one + + align:start position:0% +fusion device on campus but there's one + + + align:start position:0% +fusion device on campus but there's one +here right now and it might be a while + + align:start position:0% +here right now and it might be a while + + + align:start position:0% +here right now and it might be a while +before the next one's built so if you + + align:start position:0% +before the next one's built so if you + + + align:start position:0% +before the next one's built so if you +haven't seen it yet go and see it this + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen it yet go and see it this + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen it yet go and see it this +semester definitely the reason why + + align:start position:0% +semester definitely the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +semester definitely the reason why +fission and fusion work from an + + align:start position:0% +fission and fusion work from an + + + align:start position:0% +fission and fusion work from an +energetic standpoint is we look at the + + align:start position:0% +energetic standpoint is we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +energetic standpoint is we look at the +binding energy per nucleon remember last + + align:start position:0% +binding energy per nucleon remember last + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy per nucleon remember last +time we mentioned the binding energy is + + align:start position:0% +time we mentioned the binding energy is + + + align:start position:0% +time we mentioned the binding energy is +the difference in energy if you were to + + align:start position:0% +the difference in energy if you were to + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in energy if you were to +take let's say a proton and a neutron + + align:start position:0% +take let's say a proton and a neutron + + + align:start position:0% +take let's say a proton and a neutron +from infinitely far away and bring them + + align:start position:0% +from infinitely far away and bring them + + + align:start position:0% +from infinitely far away and bring them +together to create a nucleus of + + align:start position:0% +together to create a nucleus of + + + align:start position:0% +together to create a nucleus of +deuterium we'll call this D these two + + align:start position:0% +deuterium we'll call this D these two + + + align:start position:0% +deuterium we'll call this D these two +the energy of the proton plus the energy + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the proton plus the energy + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the proton plus the energy +of the neutron the rest mass energy + + align:start position:0% +of the neutron the rest mass energy + + + align:start position:0% +of the neutron the rest mass energy +rather would be greater than the energy + + align:start position:0% +rather would be greater than the energy + + + align:start position:0% +rather would be greater than the energy +of just deuterium and that little bit of + + align:start position:0% +of just deuterium and that little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +of just deuterium and that little bit of +mass that's change is converted into + + align:start position:0% +mass that's change is converted into + + + align:start position:0% +mass that's change is converted into +energy and this is what's known as the + + align:start position:0% +energy and this is what's known as the + + + align:start position:0% +energy and this is what's known as the +binding energy if we look at the binding + + align:start position:0% +binding energy if we look at the binding + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy if we look at the binding +energy per nucleon or per proton or + + align:start position:0% +energy per nucleon or per proton or + + + align:start position:0% +energy per nucleon or per proton or +neutron we can get a relative rank + + align:start position:0% +neutron we can get a relative rank + + + align:start position:0% +neutron we can get a relative rank +of how tightly bound each nucleus is so + + align:start position:0% +of how tightly bound each nucleus is so + + + align:start position:0% +of how tightly bound each nucleus is so +for the light isotopes smashing them + + align:start position:0% +for the light isotopes smashing them + + + align:start position:0% +for the light isotopes smashing them +together should liberate excess binding + + align:start position:0% +together should liberate excess binding + + + align:start position:0% +together should liberate excess binding +energy or sorry excess energy because + + align:start position:0% +energy or sorry excess energy because + + + align:start position:0% +energy or sorry excess energy because +you'll gain back some of that energy by + + align:start position:0% +you'll gain back some of that energy by + + + align:start position:0% +you'll gain back some of that energy by +the conversion of mass to energy same + + align:start position:0% +the conversion of mass to energy same + + + align:start position:0% +the conversion of mass to energy same +thing over on this side there's not as + + align:start position:0% +thing over on this side there's not as + + + align:start position:0% +thing over on this side there's not as +extreme of a gradient if you were to + + align:start position:0% +extreme of a gradient if you were to + + + align:start position:0% +extreme of a gradient if you were to +split apart heavy nuclei like + + align:start position:0% +split apart heavy nuclei like + + + align:start position:0% +split apart heavy nuclei like +uranium-235 + + align:start position:0% +uranium-235 + + + align:start position:0% +uranium-235 +you can release a little bit of energy + + align:start position:0% +you can release a little bit of energy + + + align:start position:0% +you can release a little bit of energy +in fission and once you get up here to + + align:start position:0% +in fission and once you get up here to + + + align:start position:0% +in fission and once you get up here to +iron you can't go either way which is + + align:start position:0% +iron you can't go either way which is + + + align:start position:0% +iron you can't go either way which is +why if you think about the biggest + + align:start position:0% +why if you think about the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +why if you think about the biggest +fusion reactors that exist in the + + align:start position:0% +fusion reactors that exist in the + + + align:start position:0% +fusion reactors that exist in the +universe anyone know what they are stars + + align:start position:0% +universe anyone know what they are stars + + + align:start position:0% +universe anyone know what they are stars +right they tend to hit cores of iron + + align:start position:0% +right they tend to hit cores of iron + + + align:start position:0% +right they tend to hit cores of iron +before they either die out or go all + + align:start position:0% +before they either die out or go all + + + align:start position:0% +before they either die out or go all +gravity crazy and become black holes of + + align:start position:0% +gravity crazy and become black holes of + + + align:start position:0% +gravity crazy and become black holes of +supernovas or whatever you will this is + + align:start position:0% +supernovas or whatever you will this is + + + align:start position:0% +supernovas or whatever you will this is +kind of the energetic limit for normal + + align:start position:0% +kind of the energetic limit for normal + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the energetic limit for normal +nuclear processes or if they become a + + align:start position:0% +nuclear processes or if they become a + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear processes or if they become a +neutron star then things get beyond the + + align:start position:0% +neutron star then things get beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +neutron star then things get beyond the +scope of this course I won't be + + align:start position:0% +scope of this course I won't be + + + align:start position:0% +scope of this course I won't be +explaining neutron stars there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +explaining neutron stars there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +explaining neutron stars there's a lot +of medical uses of radiation I don't + + align:start position:0% +of medical uses of radiation I don't + + + align:start position:0% +of medical uses of radiation I don't +know if any of you guys have seen these + + align:start position:0% +know if any of you guys have seen these + + + align:start position:0% +know if any of you guys have seen these +things it's the only time I'll show a + + align:start position:0% +things it's the only time I'll show a + + + align:start position:0% +things it's the only time I'll show a +tricky looking biology diagram because + + align:start position:0% +tricky looking biology diagram because + + + align:start position:0% +tricky looking biology diagram because +it's kind of interesting just note these + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of interesting just note these + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of interesting just note these +are what's called brachytherapy seeds + + align:start position:0% +are what's called brachytherapy seeds + + + align:start position:0% +are what's called brachytherapy seeds +little seeds of isotopes that remit a + + align:start position:0% +little seeds of isotopes that remit a + + + align:start position:0% +little seeds of isotopes that remit a +certain type and energy of radiation + + align:start position:0% +certain type and energy of radiation + + + align:start position:0% +certain type and energy of radiation +selected for their applicability that + + align:start position:0% +selected for their applicability that + + + align:start position:0% +selected for their applicability that +can be implanted in the body at the site + + align:start position:0% +can be implanted in the body at the site + + + align:start position:0% +can be implanted in the body at the site +of a tumor to deliver localized + + align:start position:0% +of a tumor to deliver localized + + + align:start position:0% +of a tumor to deliver localized +radiation treatment you can either go in + + align:start position:0% +radiation treatment you can either go in + + + align:start position:0% +radiation treatment you can either go in +through existing ports on the human and + + align:start position:0% +through existing ports on the human and + + + align:start position:0% +through existing ports on the human and +not having to drill or cut a hole in + + align:start position:0% +not having to drill or cut a hole in + + + align:start position:0% +not having to drill or cut a hole in +someone or they can be implanted + + align:start position:0% +someone or they can be implanted + + + align:start position:0% +someone or they can be implanted +laparoscopically or surgically so this + + align:start position:0% +laparoscopically or surgically so this + + + align:start position:0% +laparoscopically or surgically so this +way if you don't want to subject someone + + align:start position:0% +way if you don't want to subject someone + + + align:start position:0% +way if you don't want to subject someone +to a whole body radiation dose or + + align:start position:0% +to a whole body radiation dose or + + + align:start position:0% +to a whole body radiation dose or +chemotherapy or if you want to use it in + + align:start position:0% +chemotherapy or if you want to use it in + + + align:start position:0% +chemotherapy or if you want to use it in +conjunction with chemotherapy you can + + align:start position:0% +conjunction with chemotherapy you can + + + align:start position:0% +conjunction with chemotherapy you can +implant a tiny little seed of a + + align:start position:0% +implant a tiny little seed of a + + + align:start position:0% +implant a tiny little seed of a +radioactive material in there to deliver + + align:start position:0% +radioactive material in there to deliver + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive material in there to deliver +a certain dose to a tumor and then take + + align:start position:0% +a certain dose to a tumor and then take + + + align:start position:0% +a certain dose to a tumor and then take +it out and that way you know very very + + align:start position:0% +it out and that way you know very very + + + align:start position:0% +it out and that way you know very very +well what the dose is going to be + + align:start position:0% +well what the dose is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well what the dose is going to be +because you can measure the activity or + + align:start position:0% +because you can measure the activity or + + + align:start position:0% +because you can measure the activity or +the number of decays per second of that + + align:start position:0% +the number of decays per second of that + + + align:start position:0% +the number of decays per second of that +Brockie therapy seed and you know how + + align:start position:0% +Brockie therapy seed and you know how + + + align:start position:0% +Brockie therapy seed and you know how +it's going to change over time because + + align:start position:0% +it's going to change over time because + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to change over time because +you know the half-life of the particular + + align:start position:0% +you know the half-life of the particular + + + align:start position:0% +you know the half-life of the particular +isotope that you've looked at there's + + align:start position:0% +isotope that you've looked at there's + + + align:start position:0% +isotope that you've looked at there's +also things like imaging you can have + + align:start position:0% +also things like imaging you can have + + + align:start position:0% +also things like imaging you can have +someone ingest an isotope like + + align:start position:0% +someone ingest an isotope like + + + align:start position:0% +someone ingest an isotope like +technetium-99 metastable to highlight + + align:start position:0% +technetium-99 metastable to highlight + + + align:start position:0% +technetium-99 metastable to highlight +certain organs or things in the body + + align:start position:0% +certain organs or things in the body + + + align:start position:0% +certain organs or things in the body +that you + + align:start position:0% +that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you +then image later by their decay gamma + + align:start position:0% +then image later by their decay gamma + + + align:start position:0% +then image later by their decay gamma +rays or other phenomena it's also one of + + align:start position:0% +rays or other phenomena it's also one of + + + align:start position:0% +rays or other phenomena it's also one of +those reasons why when you go in an + + align:start position:0% +those reasons why when you go in an + + + align:start position:0% +those reasons why when you go in an +airport you have to tell them if you've + + align:start position:0% +airport you have to tell them if you've + + + align:start position:0% +airport you have to tell them if you've +had a medical imaging procedure because + + align:start position:0% +had a medical imaging procedure because + + + align:start position:0% +had a medical imaging procedure because +a lot of these places have radiation + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these places have radiation + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these places have radiation +detectors and if you are radioactive and + + align:start position:0% +detectors and if you are radioactive and + + + align:start position:0% +detectors and if you are radioactive and +don't identify yourself you will quickly + + align:start position:0% +don't identify yourself you will quickly + + + align:start position:0% +don't identify yourself you will quickly +be identified and taken into the + + align:start position:0% +be identified and taken into the + + + align:start position:0% +be identified and taken into the +backroom to the probe you later or + + align:start position:0% +backroom to the probe you later or + + + align:start position:0% +backroom to the probe you later or +whatever they're going to do with the + + align:start position:0% +whatever they're going to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they're going to do with the +airport's I don't know I've never been + + align:start position:0% +airport's I don't know I've never been + + + align:start position:0% +airport's I don't know I've never been +searched I don't plan on that happening + + align:start position:0% +searched I don't plan on that happening + + + align:start position:0% +searched I don't plan on that happening +there's also x-ray and proton therapy + + align:start position:0% +there's also x-ray and proton therapy + + + align:start position:0% +there's also x-ray and proton therapy +sending in well known well energy + + align:start position:0% +sending in well known well energy + + + align:start position:0% +sending in well known well energy +characterized radiation to fry tumors or + + align:start position:0% +characterized radiation to fry tumors or + + + align:start position:0% +characterized radiation to fry tumors or +other things in the case of x-rays you + + align:start position:0% +other things in the case of x-rays you + + + align:start position:0% +other things in the case of x-rays you +are relying on what's called exponential + + align:start position:0% +are relying on what's called exponential + + + align:start position:0% +are relying on what's called exponential +attenuation if you look at the distance + + align:start position:0% +attenuation if you look at the distance + + + align:start position:0% +attenuation if you look at the distance +into a material and you look at the + + align:start position:0% +into a material and you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +into a material and you look at the +intensity of the x-rays say at x equals + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the x-rays say at x equals + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the x-rays say at x equals +zero this is your x-ray source this is + + align:start position:0% +zero this is your x-ray source this is + + + align:start position:0% +zero this is your x-ray source this is +your incoming intensity it falls off + + align:start position:0% +your incoming intensity it falls off + + + align:start position:0% +your incoming intensity it falls off +exponentially with distance you might + + align:start position:0% +exponentially with distance you might + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially with distance you might +then ask yourself all right if my tumor + + align:start position:0% +then ask yourself all right if my tumor + + + align:start position:0% +then ask yourself all right if my tumor +is this deep and I apply that radiation + + align:start position:0% +is this deep and I apply that radiation + + + align:start position:0% +is this deep and I apply that radiation +dose to the tumor what about the rest + + align:start position:0% +dose to the tumor what about the rest + + + align:start position:0% +dose to the tumor what about the rest +what about the part of the body that the + + align:start position:0% +what about the part of the body that the + + + align:start position:0% +what about the part of the body that the +x-rays have traveled through in order to + + align:start position:0% +x-rays have traveled through in order to + + + align:start position:0% +x-rays have traveled through in order to +get to that site anyone know how you + + align:start position:0% +get to that site anyone know how you + + + align:start position:0% +get to that site anyone know how you +would deliver more x-rays to a tumor + + align:start position:0% +would deliver more x-rays to a tumor + + + align:start position:0% +would deliver more x-rays to a tumor +than the surrounding tissue anyone have + + align:start position:0% +than the surrounding tissue anyone have + + + align:start position:0% +than the surrounding tissue anyone have +any ideas yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly go from different angles so the + + align:start position:0% +exactly go from different angles so the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly go from different angles so the +Rays would intersect on the tumor I'll + + align:start position:0% +Rays would intersect on the tumor I'll + + + align:start position:0% +Rays would intersect on the tumor I'll +have a better diagram but I'll draw one + + align:start position:0% +have a better diagram but I'll draw one + + + align:start position:0% +have a better diagram but I'll draw one +for now + + align:start position:0% +for now + + + align:start position:0% +for now +let's say that's the eyes and that's the + + align:start position:0% +let's say that's the eyes and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that's the eyes and that's the +tumor you can wear this helmet wear + + align:start position:0% +tumor you can wear this helmet wear + + + align:start position:0% +tumor you can wear this helmet wear +x-rays can come in from all different + + align:start position:0% +x-rays can come in from all different + + + align:start position:0% +x-rays can come in from all different +angles and the x-ray emission emitter + + align:start position:0% +angles and the x-ray emission emitter + + + align:start position:0% +angles and the x-ray emission emitter +would have to come in from different + + align:start position:0% +would have to come in from different + + + align:start position:0% +would have to come in from different +angles so that as all the Rays intersect + + align:start position:0% +angles so that as all the Rays intersect + + + align:start position:0% +angles so that as all the Rays intersect +this part gets fried the most while + + align:start position:0% +this part gets fried the most while + + + align:start position:0% +this part gets fried the most while +keeping you from getting too much + + align:start position:0% +keeping you from getting too much + + + align:start position:0% +keeping you from getting too much +radiation to the rest of your brain and + + align:start position:0% +radiation to the rest of your brain and + + + align:start position:0% +radiation to the rest of your brain and +ceasing to function + + align:start position:0% +ceasing to function + + + align:start position:0% +ceasing to function +there's also radiotracers I think I + + align:start position:0% +there's also radiotracers I think I + + + align:start position:0% +there's also radiotracers I think I +already covered those so imaging we + + align:start position:0% +already covered those so imaging we + + + align:start position:0% +already covered those so imaging we +already showed an image of what this + + align:start position:0% +already showed an image of what this + + + align:start position:0% +already showed an image of what this +looks like the first x-ray back in 1895 + + align:start position:0% +looks like the first x-ray back in 1895 + + + align:start position:0% +looks like the first x-ray back in 1895 +didn't have that good resolution but it + + align:start position:0% +didn't have that good resolution but it + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have that good resolution but it +was kind of striking in that you could + + align:start position:0% +was kind of striking in that you could + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of striking in that you could +see the difference in contrast between + + align:start position:0% +see the difference in contrast between + + + align:start position:0% +see the difference in contrast between +bones and tissue + + align:start position:0% +bones and tissue + + + align:start position:0% +bones and tissue +I should replace this with the x-ray of + + align:start position:0% +I should replace this with the x-ray of + + + align:start position:0% +I should replace this with the x-ray of +my foot that was my signing bonus at MIT + + align:start position:0% +my foot that was my signing bonus at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +my foot that was my signing bonus at MIT +my first day on the job I went down to + + align:start position:0% +my first day on the job I went down to + + + align:start position:0% +my first day on the job I went down to +clean one of the old rooms in Northwest + + align:start position:0% +clean one of the old rooms in Northwest + + + align:start position:0% +clean one of the old rooms in Northwest +13 which is now where my labs are and I + + align:start position:0% +13 which is now where my labs are and I + + + align:start position:0% +13 which is now where my labs are and I +moved a bunch of boxes aside and a + + align:start position:0% +moved a bunch of boxes aside and a + + + align:start position:0% +moved a bunch of boxes aside and a +200-pound steel plate jagged cut with + + align:start position:0% +200-pound steel plate jagged cut with + + + align:start position:0% +200-pound steel plate jagged cut with +plasma torch went down and smashed down + + align:start position:0% +plasma torch went down and smashed down + + + align:start position:0% +plasma torch went down and smashed down +on the bones of my foot and I had one of + + align:start position:0% +on the bones of my foot and I had one of + + + align:start position:0% +on the bones of my foot and I had one of +those you know temporary feats of + + align:start position:0% +those you know temporary feats of + + + align:start position:0% +those you know temporary feats of +superhuman strength and was able to lift + + align:start position:0% +superhuman strength and was able to lift + + + align:start position:0% +superhuman strength and was able to lift +it up I went back to trying to lift it + + align:start position:0% +it up I went back to trying to lift it + + + align:start position:0% +it up I went back to trying to lift it +up and couldn't move it an inch I don't + + align:start position:0% +up and couldn't move it an inch I don't + + + align:start position:0% +up and couldn't move it an inch I don't +know how I got out of the plate the next + + align:start position:0% +know how I got out of the plate the next + + + align:start position:0% +know how I got out of the plate the next +thing I remember I was crawling up the + + align:start position:0% +thing I remember I was crawling up the + + + align:start position:0% +thing I remember I was crawling up the +stairs to go to the hospital but I did + + align:start position:0% +stairs to go to the hospital but I did + + + align:start position:0% +stairs to go to the hospital but I did +get an x-ray and they were able to sense + + align:start position:0% +get an x-ray and they were able to sense + + + align:start position:0% +get an x-ray and they were able to sense +that the pain and my foot was due to a + + align:start position:0% +that the pain and my foot was due to a + + + align:start position:0% +that the pain and my foot was due to a +hairline fracture it was like a fracture + + align:start position:0% +hairline fracture it was like a fracture + + + align:start position:0% +hairline fracture it was like a fracture +in the bones that basically came back + + align:start position:0% +in the bones that basically came back + + + align:start position:0% +in the bones that basically came back +together but the improvement in contrast + + align:start position:0% +together but the improvement in contrast + + + align:start position:0% +together but the improvement in contrast +resolution and x-rays is what + + align:start position:0% +resolution and x-rays is what + + + align:start position:0% +resolution and x-rays is what +differentiates the ability to see a + + align:start position:0% +differentiates the ability to see a + + + align:start position:0% +differentiates the ability to see a +hairline fracture from just the ability + + align:start position:0% +hairline fracture from just the ability + + + align:start position:0% +hairline fracture from just the ability +to see that you contain bones and the + + align:start position:0% +to see that you contain bones and the + + + align:start position:0% +to see that you contain bones and the +reason for this and we'll be looking at + + align:start position:0% +reason for this and we'll be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +reason for this and we'll be looking at +a lot of these curves in this course is + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these curves in this course is + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these curves in this course is +the differential absorption or + + align:start position:0% +the differential absorption or + + + align:start position:0% +the differential absorption or +attenuation of x-rays or any photons of + + align:start position:0% +attenuation of x-rays or any photons of + + + align:start position:0% +attenuation of x-rays or any photons of +any energy through different types of + + align:start position:0% +any energy through different types of + + + align:start position:0% +any energy through different types of +matter and so for example here we have + + align:start position:0% +matter and so for example here we have + + + align:start position:0% +matter and so for example here we have +the ICR you standardized average soft + + align:start position:0% +the ICR you standardized average soft + + + align:start position:0% +the ICR you standardized average soft +tissue attenuation as well as bone and + + align:start position:0% +tissue attenuation as well as bone and + + + align:start position:0% +tissue attenuation as well as bone and +you notice that there's a few + + align:start position:0% +you notice that there's a few + + + align:start position:0% +you notice that there's a few +differences in these curves so also + + align:start position:0% +differences in these curves so also + + + align:start position:0% +differences in these curves so also +there's some similarities I'll note that + + align:start position:0% +there's some similarities I'll note that + + + align:start position:0% +there's some similarities I'll note that +these actually have the same axis of the + + align:start position:0% +these actually have the same axis of the + + + align:start position:0% +these actually have the same axis of the +same units + + align:start position:0% +same units + + + align:start position:0% +same units +what do you guys notice that's the same + + align:start position:0% +what do you guys notice that's the same + + + align:start position:0% +what do you guys notice that's the same +about these curves how about the value + + align:start position:0% +about these curves how about the value + + + align:start position:0% +about these curves how about the value +they're basically the same mass averaged + + align:start position:0% +they're basically the same mass averaged + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically the same mass averaged +with very little differences if you look + + align:start position:0% +with very little differences if you look + + + align:start position:0% +with very little differences if you look +at where it hits the y-axis about 3 + + align:start position:0% +at where it hits the y-axis about 3 + + + align:start position:0% +at where it hits the y-axis about 3 +times 10 to the 3rd 3 times 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +times 10 to the 3rd 3 times 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +times 10 to the 3rd 3 times 10 to the +3rd the curves follow basically the same + + align:start position:0% +3rd the curves follow basically the same + + + align:start position:0% +3rd the curves follow basically the same +shape what's the differences so Sean + + align:start position:0% +shape what's the differences so Sean + + + align:start position:0% +shape what's the differences so Sean +what do you think these jagged edges + + align:start position:0% +what do you think these jagged edges + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think these jagged edges +right here anyone have any idea why and + + align:start position:0% +right here anyone have any idea why and + + + align:start position:0% +right here anyone have any idea why and +these reasons go back to what you + + align:start position:0% +these reasons go back to what you + + + align:start position:0% +these reasons go back to what you +learned in high school in 802 in terms + + align:start position:0% +learned in high school in 802 in terms + + + align:start position:0% +learned in high school in 802 in terms +of atomic transitions not nuclear anyone + + align:start position:0% +of atomic transitions not nuclear anyone + + + align:start position:0% +of atomic transitions not nuclear anyone +here remember the K lines or the L lines + + align:start position:0% +here remember the K lines or the L lines + + + align:start position:0% +here remember the K lines or the L lines +or though it was at the which emissions + + align:start position:0% +or though it was at the which emissions + + + align:start position:0% +or though it was at the which emissions +series were they called the different + + align:start position:0% +series were they called the different + + + align:start position:0% +series were they called the different +emission lines that you can get from + + align:start position:0% +emission lines that you can get from + + + align:start position:0% +emission lines that you can get from +missioner absorption spectra it all has + + align:start position:0% +missioner absorption spectra it all has + + + align:start position:0% +missioner absorption spectra it all has +to do with allowable electron + + align:start position:0% +to do with allowable electron + + + align:start position:0% +to do with allowable electron +transitions and notice the units here + + align:start position:0% +transitions and notice the units here + + + align:start position:0% +transitions and notice the units here +are in centimeter squared per gram + + align:start position:0% +are in centimeter squared per gram + + + align:start position:0% +are in centimeter squared per gram +what's the main difference between soft + + align:start position:0% +what's the main difference between soft + + + align:start position:0% +what's the main difference between soft +tissue and bone say it loud enough so I + + align:start position:0% +tissue and bone say it loud enough so I + + + align:start position:0% +tissue and bone say it loud enough so I +can hear density bone tends to be a fair + + align:start position:0% +can hear density bone tends to be a fair + + + align:start position:0% +can hear density bone tends to be a fair +bit denser than soft tissue so these are + + align:start position:0% +bit denser than soft tissue so these are + + + align:start position:0% +bit denser than soft tissue so these are +mass outwards that mass normalized + + align:start position:0% +mass outwards that mass normalized + + + align:start position:0% +mass outwards that mass normalized +curves but the fact is if you have bone + + align:start position:0% +curves but the fact is if you have bone + + + align:start position:0% +curves but the fact is if you have bone +that has a higher density then you're + + align:start position:0% +that has a higher density then you're + + + align:start position:0% +that has a higher density then you're +going to end up with more absorption in + + align:start position:0% +going to end up with more absorption in + + + align:start position:0% +going to end up with more absorption in +addition you can use some of these + + align:start position:0% +addition you can use some of these + + + align:start position:0% +addition you can use some of these +features and differences to your + + align:start position:0% +features and differences to your + + + align:start position:0% +features and differences to your +advantage like if you choose a photon + + align:start position:0% +advantage like if you choose a photon + + + align:start position:0% +advantage like if you choose a photon +with energy here it might not be nearly + + align:start position:0% +with energy here it might not be nearly + + + align:start position:0% +with energy here it might not be nearly +as absorbing in soft tissue as it + + align:start position:0% +as absorbing in soft tissue as it + + + align:start position:0% +as absorbing in soft tissue as it +wouldn't bone so by selecting the mass + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't bone so by selecting the mass + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't bone so by selecting the mass +of the thing you're trying to image what + + align:start position:0% +of the thing you're trying to image what + + + align:start position:0% +of the thing you're trying to image what +you don't control and the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +you don't control and the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't control and the energy of the +photon which you can control you can + + align:start position:0% +photon which you can control you can + + + align:start position:0% +photon which you can control you can +produce as much possible contrast as you + + align:start position:0% +produce as much possible contrast as you + + + align:start position:0% +produce as much possible contrast as you +can between two different things + + align:start position:0% +can between two different things + + + align:start position:0% +can between two different things +is everyone clear on how that could work + + align:start position:0% +is everyone clear on how that could work + + + align:start position:0% +is everyone clear on how that could work +cool we'll be going over why the kerbs + + align:start position:0% +cool we'll be going over why the kerbs + + + align:start position:0% +cool we'll be going over why the kerbs +has these shapes especially these jagged + + align:start position:0% +has these shapes especially these jagged + + + align:start position:0% +has these shapes especially these jagged +edges pretty soon and like you said this + + align:start position:0% +edges pretty soon and like you said this + + + align:start position:0% +edges pretty soon and like you said this +is how you irradiated with x-rays + + align:start position:0% +is how you irradiated with x-rays + + + align:start position:0% +is how you irradiated with x-rays +because you can't quite control the + + align:start position:0% +because you can't quite control the + + + align:start position:0% +because you can't quite control the +amount of dose to any one part and + + align:start position:0% +amount of dose to any one part and + + + align:start position:0% +amount of dose to any one part and +you split it up into a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you split it up into a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you split it up into a whole bunch of +different Ray's proton therapy is quite + + align:start position:0% +different Ray's proton therapy is quite + + + align:start position:0% +different Ray's proton therapy is quite +different it's a newer technology and it + + align:start position:0% +different it's a newer technology and it + + + align:start position:0% +different it's a newer technology and it +relies on very well-known and distinct + + align:start position:0% +relies on very well-known and distinct + + + align:start position:0% +relies on very well-known and distinct +ranges of charge particles to enter the + + align:start position:0% +ranges of charge particles to enter the + + + align:start position:0% +ranges of charge particles to enter the +body with very little damage stop and do + + align:start position:0% +body with very little damage stop and do + + + align:start position:0% +body with very little damage stop and do +their damage in the tumor and not come + + align:start position:0% +their damage in the tumor and not come + + + align:start position:0% +their damage in the tumor and not come +out the other side they just require + + align:start position:0% +out the other side they just require + + + align:start position:0% +out the other side they just require +significantly more expensive hardware + + align:start position:0% +significantly more expensive hardware + + + align:start position:0% +significantly more expensive hardware +there's one of these at Mass General + + align:start position:0% +there's one of these at Mass General + + + align:start position:0% +there's one of these at Mass General +Hospital or MGH down the road it has + + align:start position:0% +Hospital or MGH down the road it has + + + align:start position:0% +Hospital or MGH down the road it has +consists of a cyclotron or a particle + + align:start position:0% +consists of a cyclotron or a particle + + + align:start position:0% +consists of a cyclotron or a particle +accelerator which injects and speeds up + + align:start position:0% +accelerator which injects and speeds up + + + align:start position:0% +accelerator which injects and speeds up +protons so that they're moving very fast + + align:start position:0% +protons so that they're moving very fast + + + align:start position:0% +protons so that they're moving very fast +then sends it in a beam through a bunch + + align:start position:0% +then sends it in a beam through a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +then sends it in a beam through a bunch +of bending magnets and up to deliver the + + align:start position:0% +of bending magnets and up to deliver the + + + align:start position:0% +of bending magnets and up to deliver the +protons to the patient the way this + + align:start position:0% +protons to the patient the way this + + + align:start position:0% +protons to the patient the way this +works is you start injecting the beam + + align:start position:0% +works is you start injecting the beam + + + align:start position:0% +works is you start injecting the beam +and as it goes through these two magnets + + align:start position:0% +and as it goes through these two magnets + + + align:start position:0% +and as it goes through these two magnets +or what's called DS every time it moves + + align:start position:0% +or what's called DS every time it moves + + + align:start position:0% +or what's called DS every time it moves +through the magnet it's a charged + + align:start position:0% +through the magnet it's a charged + + + align:start position:0% +through the magnet it's a charged +particle in a magnetic field it has a + + align:start position:0% +particle in a magnetic field it has a + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a magnetic field it has a +fixed curvature but every time it's + + align:start position:0% +fixed curvature but every time it's + + + align:start position:0% +fixed curvature but every time it's +accelerated through this electric field + + align:start position:0% +accelerated through this electric field + + + align:start position:0% +accelerated through this electric field +it speeds up so the curvature gets + + align:start position:0% +it speeds up so the curvature gets + + + align:start position:0% +it speeds up so the curvature gets +greater and greater and greater and it + + align:start position:0% +greater and greater and greater and it + + + align:start position:0% +greater and greater and greater and it +spins outwards in a spiral until they + + align:start position:0% +spins outwards in a spiral until they + + + align:start position:0% +spins outwards in a spiral until they +exit the beam and by deciding how long + + align:start position:0% +exit the beam and by deciding how long + + + align:start position:0% +exit the beam and by deciding how long +they get to spin you get to choose the + + align:start position:0% +they get to spin you get to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +they get to spin you get to choose the +energy of the protons why depress proton + + align:start position:0% +energy of the protons why depress proton + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the protons why depress proton +therapy work this has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +therapy work this has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +therapy work this has to do with the +difference in interaction between + + align:start position:0% +difference in interaction between + + + align:start position:0% +difference in interaction between +charged particles and photons which have + + align:start position:0% +charged particles and photons which have + + + align:start position:0% +charged particles and photons which have +no charge charged particles will lose + + align:start position:0% +no charge charged particles will lose + + + align:start position:0% +no charge charged particles will lose +their energy in a very well-known way + + align:start position:0% +their energy in a very well-known way + + + align:start position:0% +their energy in a very well-known way +what's called the stopping power formula + + align:start position:0% +what's called the stopping power formula + + + align:start position:0% +what's called the stopping power formula +until they actually stop in the matter + + align:start position:0% +until they actually stop in the matter + + + align:start position:0% +until they actually stop in the matter +that they are going through photons + + align:start position:0% +that they are going through photons + + + align:start position:0% +that they are going through photons +either scatter or attenuate or they + + align:start position:0% +either scatter or attenuate or they + + + align:start position:0% +either scatter or attenuate or they +don't and you can't stop them all so I + + align:start position:0% +don't and you can't stop them all so I + + + align:start position:0% +don't and you can't stop them all so I +want to run a quick Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +want to run a quick Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +want to run a quick Monte Carlo +simulation for you guys and show you + + align:start position:0% +simulation for you guys and show you + + + align:start position:0% +simulation for you guys and show you +what proton stopping in matter looks + + align:start position:0% +what proton stopping in matter looks + + + align:start position:0% +what proton stopping in matter looks +like so this is a program called srem or + + align:start position:0% +like so this is a program called srem or + + + align:start position:0% +like so this is a program called srem or +the stopping range of ions and matter it + + align:start position:0% +the stopping range of ions and matter it + + + align:start position:0% +the stopping range of ions and matter it +uses the formulas that will be deriving + + align:start position:0% +uses the formulas that will be deriving + + + align:start position:0% +uses the formulas that will be deriving +and developing in this class to + + align:start position:0% +and developing in this class to + + + align:start position:0% +and developing in this class to +calculate the trajectory of protons in + + align:start position:0% +calculate the trajectory of protons in + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the trajectory of protons in +anything so let's say you are made + + align:start position:0% +anything so let's say you are made + + + align:start position:0% +anything so let's say you are made +basically of water so let's say you + + align:start position:0% +basically of water so let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +basically of water so let's say you +consists of hydrogen and oxygen in a + + align:start position:0% +consists of hydrogen and oxygen in a + + + align:start position:0% +consists of hydrogen and oxygen in a +stoichiometric ratio of 2 to 1 I think + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometric ratio of 2 to 1 I think + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometric ratio of 2 to 1 I think +water approximates humans pretty well so + + align:start position:0% +water approximates humans pretty well so + + + align:start position:0% +water approximates humans pretty well so +we'll find out what the range of these + + align:start position:0% +we'll find out what the range of these + + + align:start position:0% +we'll find out what the range of these +actual protons is in humans so what we + + align:start position:0% +actual protons is in humans so what we + + + align:start position:0% +actual protons is in humans so what we +do know is that + + align:start position:0% +do know is that + + + align:start position:0% +do know is that +it's a proton accelerator and I know + + align:start position:0% +it's a proton accelerator and I know + + + align:start position:0% +it's a proton accelerator and I know +that the MGH accelerator has an energy + + align:start position:0% +that the MGH accelerator has an energy + + + align:start position:0% +that the MGH accelerator has an energy +of 250 MeV or 250 thousand kill electron + + align:start position:0% +of 250 MeV or 250 thousand kill electron + + + align:start position:0% +of 250 MeV or 250 thousand kill electron +volts and finally we decide how thick is + + align:start position:0% +volts and finally we decide how thick is + + + align:start position:0% +volts and finally we decide how thick is +the person so how thick is a person + + align:start position:0% +the person so how thick is a person + + + align:start position:0% +the person so how thick is a person +typically how many what units do we get + + align:start position:0% +typically how many what units do we get + + + align:start position:0% +typically how many what units do we get +how many centimeters thick is the + + align:start position:0% +how many centimeters thick is the + + + align:start position:0% +how many centimeters thick is the +average person let's go the the shortest + + align:start position:0% +average person let's go the the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +average person let's go the the shortest +distance in so you know front to back + + align:start position:0% +distance in so you know front to back + + + align:start position:0% +distance in so you know front to back +maybe 10 right 10 centimeters about that + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 right 10 centimeters about that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 right 10 centimeters about that +much they get halfway through you only + + align:start position:0% +much they get halfway through you only + + + align:start position:0% +much they get halfway through you only +have to go halfway because you can + + align:start position:0% +have to go halfway because you can + + + align:start position:0% +have to go halfway because you can +always lie in your stomach all right + + align:start position:0% +always lie in your stomach all right + + + align:start position:0% +always lie in your stomach all right +let's go ten centimeters most of the + + align:start position:0% +let's go ten centimeters most of the + + + align:start position:0% +let's go ten centimeters most of the +protons go screaming right through you + + align:start position:0% +protons go screaming right through you + + + align:start position:0% +protons go screaming right through you +you notice they don't actually stop in + + align:start position:0% +you notice they don't actually stop in + + + align:start position:0% +you notice they don't actually stop in +the person so you don't tend to + + align:start position:0% +the person so you don't tend to + + + align:start position:0% +the person so you don't tend to +irradiated + + align:start position:0% +irradiated + + + align:start position:0% +irradiated +two hundred fifty MeV protons directly + + align:start position:0% +two hundred fifty MeV protons directly + + + align:start position:0% +two hundred fifty MeV protons directly +you'll actually slow down their energy + + align:start position:0% +you'll actually slow down their energy + + + align:start position:0% +you'll actually slow down their energy +to something a little more reasonable + + align:start position:0% +to something a little more reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +to something a little more reasonable +maybe fifty MeV and then you can + + align:start position:0% +maybe fifty MeV and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +maybe fifty MeV and then you can +actually watch each of these charged + + align:start position:0% +actually watch each of these charged + + + align:start position:0% +actually watch each of these charged +particle tracks being computed as it + + align:start position:0% +particle tracks being computed as it + + + align:start position:0% +particle tracks being computed as it +hits let's say imaginary nuclei or + + align:start position:0% +hits let's say imaginary nuclei or + + + align:start position:0% +hits let's say imaginary nuclei or +electrons the paths will be slightly + + align:start position:0% +electrons the paths will be slightly + + + align:start position:0% +electrons the paths will be slightly +deflected but what's really striking is + + align:start position:0% +deflected but what's really striking is + + + align:start position:0% +deflected but what's really striking is +they all tend to stop at about the same + + align:start position:0% +they all tend to stop at about the same + + + align:start position:0% +they all tend to stop at about the same +place that's the really cool thing about + + align:start position:0% +place that's the really cool thing about + + + align:start position:0% +place that's the really cool thing about +charged particle interactions is if you + + align:start position:0% +charged particle interactions is if you + + + align:start position:0% +charged particle interactions is if you +know the charge you know the nucleus you + + align:start position:0% +know the charge you know the nucleus you + + + align:start position:0% +know the charge you know the nucleus you +know the energy you can calculate the + + align:start position:0% +know the energy you can calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +know the energy you can calculate the +range to within a very narrow margin and + + align:start position:0% +range to within a very narrow margin and + + + align:start position:0% +range to within a very narrow margin and +what this is doing is just flying looks + + align:start position:0% +what this is doing is just flying looks + + + align:start position:0% +what this is doing is just flying looks +like it's done 70 ion so far and it will + + align:start position:0% +like it's done 70 ion so far and it will + + + align:start position:0% +like it's done 70 ion so far and it will +keep on flying them until either you hit + + align:start position:0% +keep on flying them until either you hit + + + align:start position:0% +keep on flying them until either you hit +the end let's say we set it to do a + + align:start position:0% +the end let's say we set it to do a + + + align:start position:0% +the end let's say we set it to do a +hundred thousand atoms or you just tell + + align:start position:0% +hundred thousand atoms or you just tell + + + align:start position:0% +hundred thousand atoms or you just tell +it to stop also when you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +it to stop also when you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +it to stop also when you don't have to +draw the lines it goes way faster so + + align:start position:0% +draw the lines it goes way faster so + + + align:start position:0% +draw the lines it goes way faster so +let's let it get maybe three or 400 ions + + align:start position:0% +let's let it get maybe three or 400 ions + + + align:start position:0% +let's let it get maybe three or 400 ions +and we'll show you what the average + + align:start position:0% +and we'll show you what the average + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll show you what the average +range of the protons looks like how far + + align:start position:0% +range of the protons looks like how far + + + align:start position:0% +range of the protons looks like how far +do they go before they stop if we look + + align:start position:0% +do they go before they stop if we look + + + align:start position:0% +do they go before they stop if we look +at the ion distribution it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +at the ion distribution it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +at the ion distribution it's pretty +striking all of the protons except it + + align:start position:0% +striking all of the protons except it + + + align:start position:0% +striking all of the protons except it +looks like one of them stopped at a very + + align:start position:0% +looks like one of them stopped at a very + + + align:start position:0% +looks like one of them stopped at a very +fixed depth of forty-one point + + align:start position:0% +fixed depth of forty-one point + + + align:start position:0% +fixed depth of forty-one point +nine millimeters with very little + + align:start position:0% +nine millimeters with very little + + + align:start position:0% +nine millimeters with very little +straggle maybe point six millimeters on + + align:start position:0% +straggle maybe point six millimeters on + + + align:start position:0% +straggle maybe point six millimeters on +either side so depending on the depth of + + align:start position:0% +either side so depending on the depth of + + + align:start position:0% +either side so depending on the depth of +that you can even get a deep very + + align:start position:0% +that you can even get a deep very + + + align:start position:0% +that you can even get a deep very +shallow very small tumor if you get the + + align:start position:0% +shallow very small tumor if you get the + + + align:start position:0% +shallow very small tumor if you get the +distance just right in the proton energy + + align:start position:0% +distance just right in the proton energy + + + align:start position:0% +distance just right in the proton energy +just right this is why proton therapy + + align:start position:0% +just right this is why proton therapy + + + align:start position:0% +just right this is why proton therapy +centers are popping up all over the + + align:start position:0% +centers are popping up all over the + + + align:start position:0% +centers are popping up all over the +world this is a much more effective + + align:start position:0% +world this is a much more effective + + + align:start position:0% +world this is a much more effective +though expensive treatment for certain + + align:start position:0% +though expensive treatment for certain + + + align:start position:0% +though expensive treatment for certain +types of tumors at the same time since + + align:start position:0% +types of tumors at the same time since + + + align:start position:0% +types of tumors at the same time since +we're nuclear engineers we may be + + align:start position:0% +we're nuclear engineers we may be + + + align:start position:0% +we're nuclear engineers we may be +concerned with the amount of radiation + + align:start position:0% +concerned with the amount of radiation + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with the amount of radiation +damage being done to different materials + + align:start position:0% +damage being done to different materials + + + align:start position:0% +damage being done to different materials +and so this is kind of a measure of how + + align:start position:0% +and so this is kind of a measure of how + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is kind of a measure of how +much energy the protons are losing as + + align:start position:0% +much energy the protons are losing as + + + align:start position:0% +much energy the protons are losing as +they travel through notice it's not zero + + align:start position:0% +they travel through notice it's not zero + + + align:start position:0% +they travel through notice it's not zero +as soon as the protons enter the person + + align:start position:0% +as soon as the protons enter the person + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as the protons enter the person +they start to scatter around undergoing + + align:start position:0% +they start to scatter around undergoing + + + align:start position:0% +they start to scatter around undergoing +some different interactions but they + + align:start position:0% +some different interactions but they + + + align:start position:0% +some different interactions but they +mostly don't lose much energy until they + + align:start position:0% +mostly don't lose much energy until they + + + align:start position:0% +mostly don't lose much energy until they +reach almost their target depth and + + align:start position:0% +reach almost their target depth and + + + align:start position:0% +reach almost their target depth and +what's called the stopping power is very + + align:start position:0% +what's called the stopping power is very + + + align:start position:0% +what's called the stopping power is very +low at high energies very high at low + + align:start position:0% +low at high energies very high at low + + + align:start position:0% +low at high energies very high at low +energies which means once they get slow + + align:start position:0% +energies which means once they get slow + + + align:start position:0% +energies which means once they get slow +enough they almost all stop right there + + align:start position:0% +enough they almost all stop right there + + + align:start position:0% +enough they almost all stop right there +what's called the Bragg peak and that's + + align:start position:0% +what's called the Bragg peak and that's + + + align:start position:0% +what's called the Bragg peak and that's +the basis behind proton therapy and + + align:start position:0% +the basis behind proton therapy and + + + align:start position:0% +the basis behind proton therapy and +you'll be able to understand why every + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to understand why every + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to understand why every +feature this curve looks the way it does + + align:start position:0% +feature this curve looks the way it does + + + align:start position:0% +feature this curve looks the way it does +by the end of this course probably by + + align:start position:0% +by the end of this course probably by + + + align:start position:0% +by the end of this course probably by +the end of this month so let me stop + + align:start position:0% +the end of this month so let me stop + + + align:start position:0% +the end of this month so let me stop +that simulation because you really could + + align:start position:0% +that simulation because you really could + + + align:start position:0% +that simulation because you really could +go on forever what we won't then the + + align:start position:0% +go on forever what we won't then the + + + align:start position:0% +go on forever what we won't then the +question is what do you do if the tumors + + align:start position:0% +question is what do you do if the tumors + + + align:start position:0% +question is what do you do if the tumors +too big if the tumor is larger than that + + align:start position:0% +too big if the tumor is larger than that + + + align:start position:0% +too big if the tumor is larger than that +struggling you actually have to sweep + + align:start position:0% +struggling you actually have to sweep + + + align:start position:0% +struggling you actually have to sweep +the energy of the proton beam so you can + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the proton beam so you can + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the proton beam so you can +vary the energy continuously what's + + align:start position:0% +vary the energy continuously what's + + + align:start position:0% +vary the energy continuously what's +called intensity modulated radiation + + align:start position:0% +called intensity modulated radiation + + + align:start position:0% +called intensity modulated radiation +therapy where you change the energy of + + align:start position:0% +therapy where you change the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +therapy where you change the energy of +the proton sweep it back and forth + + align:start position:0% +the proton sweep it back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +the proton sweep it back and forth +across the tumor to cover the whole + + align:start position:0% +across the tumor to cover the whole + + + align:start position:0% +across the tumor to cover the whole +thing so you can sweep out in 3d space + + align:start position:0% +thing so you can sweep out in 3d space + + + align:start position:0% +thing so you can sweep out in 3d space +the size of whatever you want to die + + align:start position:0% +the size of whatever you want to die + + + align:start position:0% +the size of whatever you want to die +without affecting the stuff that you + + align:start position:0% +without affecting the stuff that you + + + align:start position:0% +without affecting the stuff that you +don't want to die so in this case let's + + align:start position:0% +don't want to die so in this case let's + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to die so in this case let's +say you'll apply protons of a certain + + align:start position:0% +say you'll apply protons of a certain + + + align:start position:0% +say you'll apply protons of a certain +energy for some point and then another + + align:start position:0% +energy for some point and then another + + + align:start position:0% +energy for some point and then another +energy that another energy and you can + + align:start position:0% +energy that another energy and you can + + + align:start position:0% +energy that another energy and you can +maximize the dose to a pretty flat level + + align:start position:0% +maximize the dose to a pretty flat level + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the dose to a pretty flat level +while minimizing the rest of the dose to + + align:start position:0% +while minimizing the rest of the dose to + + + align:start position:0% +while minimizing the rest of the dose to +the patient so even while changing + + align:start position:0% +the patient so even while changing + + + align:start position:0% +the patient so even while changing +energies the most dose is done to the + + align:start position:0% +energies the most dose is done to the + + + align:start position:0% +energies the most dose is done to the +tumor and as little as possible is done + + align:start position:0% +tumor and as little as possible is done + + + align:start position:0% +tumor and as little as possible is done +to the rest of the person we already + + align:start position:0% +to the rest of the person we already + + + align:start position:0% +to the rest of the person we already +talked about brachytherapy but we didn't + + align:start position:0% +talked about brachytherapy but we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +talked about brachytherapy but we didn't +say why it + + align:start position:0% +say why it + + + align:start position:0% +say why it +works this is the first major topic + + align:start position:0% +works this is the first major topic + + + align:start position:0% +works this is the first major topic +we'll be talking about in this course it + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about in this course it + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about in this course it +relies on natural radioactive decay and + + align:start position:0% +relies on natural radioactive decay and + + + align:start position:0% +relies on natural radioactive decay and +for natural radioactive decay you need + + align:start position:0% +for natural radioactive decay you need + + + align:start position:0% +for natural radioactive decay you need +to understand decay diagrams which are + + align:start position:0% +to understand decay diagrams which are + + + align:start position:0% +to understand decay diagrams which are +energy level diagrams of which isotopes + + align:start position:0% +energy level diagrams of which isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +energy level diagrams of which isotopes +turn into which others by which methods + + align:start position:0% +turn into which others by which methods + + + align:start position:0% +turn into which others by which methods +and how much energy they release in each + + align:start position:0% +and how much energy they release in each + + + align:start position:0% +and how much energy they release in each +type of decay so for example a common + + align:start position:0% +type of decay so for example a common + + + align:start position:0% +type of decay so for example a common +run is iridium 192 a pretty bio + + align:start position:0% +run is iridium 192 a pretty bio + + + align:start position:0% +run is iridium 192 a pretty bio +compatible isotope because it's well + + align:start position:0% +compatible isotope because it's well + + + align:start position:0% +compatible isotope because it's well +it's like a noble metal and iridium 192 + + align:start position:0% +it's like a noble metal and iridium 192 + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a noble metal and iridium 192 +can decay by one of three pathways and + + align:start position:0% +can decay by one of three pathways and + + + align:start position:0% +can decay by one of three pathways and +become platinum 192 gaining a proton + + align:start position:0% +become platinum 192 gaining a proton + + + align:start position:0% +become platinum 192 gaining a proton +gaining a proton what has to happen for + + align:start position:0% +gaining a proton what has to happen for + + + align:start position:0% +gaining a proton what has to happen for +that to be conserved so let's think + + align:start position:0% +that to be conserved so let's think + + + align:start position:0% +that to be conserved so let's think +about this let's say we have platinum + + align:start position:0% +about this let's say we have platinum + + + align:start position:0% +about this let's say we have platinum +192 which decays naturally into iridium + + align:start position:0% +192 which decays naturally into iridium + + + align:start position:0% +192 which decays naturally into iridium +192 I can tell you because we've drawn + + align:start position:0% +192 I can tell you because we've drawn + + + align:start position:0% +192 I can tell you because we've drawn +the diagram to the right it's going up + + align:start position:0% +the diagram to the right it's going up + + + align:start position:0% +the diagram to the right it's going up +one atomic number so let's just say that + + align:start position:0% +one atomic number so let's just say that + + + align:start position:0% +one atomic number so let's just say that +it had n protons and it now has n plus + + align:start position:0% +it had n protons and it now has n plus + + + align:start position:0% +it had n protons and it now has n plus +one how do we balance this nuclear + + align:start position:0% +one how do we balance this nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +one how do we balance this nuclear +reaction what are we missing yep + + align:start position:0% +reaction what are we missing yep + + + align:start position:0% +reaction what are we missing yep +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +it's in the new okay so there's a + + align:start position:0% +it's in the new okay so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the new okay so there's a +neutron somewhere in this nucleus that + + align:start position:0% +neutron somewhere in this nucleus that + + + align:start position:0% +neutron somewhere in this nucleus that +turns into a proton what are the three + + align:start position:0% +turns into a proton what are the three + + + align:start position:0% +turns into a proton what are the three +and what are the things that we have to + + align:start position:0% +and what are the things that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +and what are the things that we have to +conserve in any nuclear reaction yep yes + + align:start position:0% +conserve in any nuclear reaction yep yes + + + align:start position:0% +conserve in any nuclear reaction yep yes +thank you I got that backwards but the + + align:start position:0% +thank you I got that backwards but the + + + align:start position:0% +thank you I got that backwards but the +numbers are right the symbols are wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something else I'll mention about this + + align:start position:0% +something else I'll mention about this + + + align:start position:0% +something else I'll mention about this +class please do stay on your toes to + + align:start position:0% +class please do stay on your toes to + + + align:start position:0% +class please do stay on your toes to +correct silly things like that + + align:start position:0% +correct silly things like that + + + align:start position:0% +correct silly things like that +I don't do scripts because you didn't + + align:start position:0% +I don't do scripts because you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +I don't do scripts because you didn't +come here to see me read off a piece of + + align:start position:0% +come here to see me read off a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +come here to see me read off a piece of +paper + + align:start position:0% +paper + + + align:start position:0% +paper +everything's live all the derivations + + align:start position:0% +everything's live all the derivations + + + align:start position:0% +everything's live all the derivations +are gonna be live because it's more + + align:start position:0% +are gonna be live because it's more + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna be live because it's more +interesting certainly more interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting certainly more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting certainly more interesting +for me to teach so thank you for + + align:start position:0% +for me to teach so thank you for + + + align:start position:0% +for me to teach so thank you for +catching that and please do stay on your + + align:start position:0% +catching that and please do stay on your + + + align:start position:0% +catching that and please do stay on your +toes if you see something silly + + align:start position:0% +toes if you see something silly + + + align:start position:0% +toes if you see something silly +especially if it's just not the same as + + align:start position:0% +especially if it's just not the same as + + + align:start position:0% +especially if it's just not the same as +on the screen so like Luke said we made + + align:start position:0% +on the screen so like Luke said we made + + + align:start position:0% +on the screen so like Luke said we made +a proton or a neutron turned into a + + align:start position:0% +a proton or a neutron turned into a + + + align:start position:0% +a proton or a neutron turned into a +proton what's not conserved in this + + align:start position:0% +proton what's not conserved in this + + + align:start position:0% +proton what's not conserved in this +reaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep charge how do we balance that well + + align:start position:0% +yep charge how do we balance that well + + + align:start position:0% +yep charge how do we balance that well +let's add some other particles there's + + align:start position:0% +let's add some other particles there's + + + align:start position:0% +let's add some other particles there's +got to be some sort of radioactive decay + + align:start position:0% +got to be some sort of radioactive decay + + + align:start position:0% +got to be some sort of radioactive decay +so wonder what are our choices of + + align:start position:0% +so wonder what are our choices of + + + align:start position:0% +so wonder what are our choices of +particles yep sure an electron or more + + align:start position:0% +particles yep sure an electron or more + + + align:start position:0% +particles yep sure an electron or more +specifically we'll call it a beta + + align:start position:0% +specifically we'll call it a beta + + + align:start position:0% +specifically we'll call it a beta +particle just like a gamma ray is a + + align:start position:0% +particle just like a gamma ray is a + + + align:start position:0% +particle just like a gamma ray is a +photon that originates in the nucleus a + + align:start position:0% +photon that originates in the nucleus a + + + align:start position:0% +photon that originates in the nucleus a +beta particle is an electron that + + align:start position:0% +beta particle is an electron that + + + align:start position:0% +beta particle is an electron that +originates in a nucleus you can't tell + + align:start position:0% +originates in a nucleus you can't tell + + + align:start position:0% +originates in a nucleus you can't tell +it's a beta particle just by looking at + + align:start position:0% +it's a beta particle just by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +it's a beta particle just by looking at +an electrons and electron the only way + + align:start position:0% +an electrons and electron the only way + + + align:start position:0% +an electrons and electron the only way +you'd know is either by its energy or by + + align:start position:0% +you'd know is either by its energy or by + + + align:start position:0% +you'd know is either by its energy or by +cuz there another source of electrons + + align:start position:0% +cuz there another source of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +cuz there another source of electrons +nearby so in this case we get beta decay + + align:start position:0% +nearby so in this case we get beta decay + + + align:start position:0% +nearby so in this case we get beta decay +this looks fairly balanced one thing + + align:start position:0% +this looks fairly balanced one thing + + + align:start position:0% +this looks fairly balanced one thing +that I'll put in is beta decay is + + align:start position:0% +that I'll put in is beta decay is + + + align:start position:0% +that I'll put in is beta decay is +accompanied by an anti neutrino but I + + align:start position:0% +accompanied by an anti neutrino but I + + + align:start position:0% +accompanied by an anti neutrino but I +did not expect anyone to know that I + + align:start position:0% +did not expect anyone to know that I + + + align:start position:0% +did not expect anyone to know that I +just want to make sure it's up there for + + align:start position:0% +just want to make sure it's up there for + + + align:start position:0% +just want to make sure it's up there for +completeness so what we're relying on is + + align:start position:0% +completeness so what we're relying on is + + + align:start position:0% +completeness so what we're relying on is +the movement of these electrons which + + align:start position:0% +the movement of these electrons which + + + align:start position:0% +the movement of these electrons which +are high charged and low mass which + + align:start position:0% +are high charged and low mass which + + + align:start position:0% +are high charged and low mass which +means they're very low range which means + + align:start position:0% +means they're very low range which means + + + align:start position:0% +means they're very low range which means +when you implant a brachytherapy seed + + align:start position:0% +when you implant a brachytherapy seed + + + align:start position:0% +when you implant a brachytherapy seed +into a person the irradiation volume is + + align:start position:0% +into a person the irradiation volume is + + + align:start position:0% +into a person the irradiation volume is +only as large as the energy of that beta + + align:start position:0% +only as large as the energy of that beta + + + align:start position:0% +only as large as the energy of that beta +particle will allow the maximum energies + + align:start position:0% +particle will allow the maximum energies + + + align:start position:0% +particle will allow the maximum energies +for these beta particles are given by + + align:start position:0% +for these beta particles are given by + + + align:start position:0% +for these beta particles are given by +the differences between the starting and + + align:start position:0% +the differences between the starting and + + + align:start position:0% +the differences between the starting and +the ending energy the way these diagrams + + align:start position:0% +the ending energy the way these diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +the ending energy the way these diagrams +are constructed is your ending energy is + + align:start position:0% +are constructed is your ending energy is + + + align:start position:0% +are constructed is your ending energy is +usually has an energy of zero which we + + align:start position:0% +usually has an energy of zero which we + + + align:start position:0% +usually has an energy of zero which we +refer to as the ground state of that + + align:start position:0% +refer to as the ground state of that + + + align:start position:0% +refer to as the ground state of that +isotope and all of these are relative + + align:start position:0% +isotope and all of these are relative + + + align:start position:0% +isotope and all of these are relative +energies in MeV or mega electron volts + + align:start position:0% +energies in MeV or mega electron volts + + + align:start position:0% +energies in MeV or mega electron volts +so for example this iridium 192 has a + + align:start position:0% +so for example this iridium 192 has a + + + align:start position:0% +so for example this iridium 192 has a +40% chance of decaying by beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +40% chance of decaying by beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +40% chance of decaying by beta 2 +Platinum 192 which means the electron + + align:start position:0% +Platinum 192 which means the electron + + + align:start position:0% +Platinum 192 which means the electron +can have up to one point four five nine + + align:start position:0% +can have up to one point four five nine + + + align:start position:0% +can have up to one point four five nine +seven MeV and if we know its energy we + + align:start position:0% +seven MeV and if we know its energy we + + + align:start position:0% +seven MeV and if we know its energy we +know its maximum range so selecting the + + align:start position:0% +know its maximum range so selecting the + + + align:start position:0% +know its maximum range so selecting the +right isotope and the right activity for + + align:start position:0% +right isotope and the right activity for + + + align:start position:0% +right isotope and the right activity for +the right tumor is quite important + + align:start position:0% +the right tumor is quite important + + + align:start position:0% +the right tumor is quite important +notice that there's also other ways in + + align:start position:0% +notice that there's also other ways in + + + align:start position:0% +notice that there's also other ways in +which this thing can decay it might + + align:start position:0% +which this thing can decay it might + + + align:start position:0% +which this thing can decay it might +release a beta particle of a lower + + align:start position:0% +release a beta particle of a lower + + + align:start position:0% +release a beta particle of a lower +energy and reach what's called an + + align:start position:0% +energy and reach what's called an + + + align:start position:0% +energy and reach what's called an +excited state of platinum 190 + + align:start position:0% +excited state of platinum 190 + + + align:start position:0% +excited state of platinum 190 +- which can then decay by just giving + + align:start position:0% +- which can then decay by just giving + + + align:start position:0% +- which can then decay by just giving +off this extra 612 kV of energy to the + + align:start position:0% +off this extra 612 kV of energy to the + + + align:start position:0% +off this extra 612 kV of energy to the +ground state so let's write that nuclear + + align:start position:0% +ground state so let's write that nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +ground state so let's write that nuclear +reaction let's say we have Platinum 192 + + align:start position:0% +reaction let's say we have Platinum 192 + + + align:start position:0% +reaction let's say we have Platinum 192 +and I'll put a star to mention that it's + + align:start position:0% +and I'll put a star to mention that it's + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll put a star to mention that it's +excited becomes platinum 192 where the + + align:start position:0% +excited becomes platinum 192 where the + + + align:start position:0% +excited becomes platinum 192 where the +energy go gamma so why do you say a + + align:start position:0% +energy go gamma so why do you say a + + + align:start position:0% +energy go gamma so why do you say a +gamma ray + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you said it's because it's the + + align:start position:0% +so you said it's because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +so you said it's because it's the +biggest source of energy that could be + + align:start position:0% +biggest source of energy that could be + + + align:start position:0% +biggest source of energy that could be +released okay what do you think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indeed if an electron drops down in + + align:start position:0% +indeed if an electron drops down in + + + align:start position:0% +indeed if an electron drops down in +energy levels that review will have + + align:start position:0% +energy levels that review will have + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels that review will have +release an x-ray or a photon but that's + + align:start position:0% +release an x-ray or a photon but that's + + + align:start position:0% +release an x-ray or a photon but that's +not a gamma-ray it's not coming from the + + align:start position:0% +not a gamma-ray it's not coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +not a gamma-ray it's not coming from the +nucleus yep exactly + + align:start position:0% +nucleus yep exactly + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus yep exactly +so the question with this is what do we + + align:start position:0% +so the question with this is what do we + + + align:start position:0% +so the question with this is what do we +have to conserve mass momentum energy + + align:start position:0% +have to conserve mass momentum energy + + + align:start position:0% +have to conserve mass momentum energy +charge we have Platinum 192 going to + + align:start position:0% +charge we have Platinum 192 going to + + + align:start position:0% +charge we have Platinum 192 going to +platinum 192 the mass is pretty much the + + align:start position:0% +platinum 192 the mass is pretty much the + + + align:start position:0% +platinum 192 the mass is pretty much the +same yep question Luke what is it means + + align:start position:0% +same yep question Luke what is it means + + + align:start position:0% +same yep question Luke what is it means +it's at a higher energy nuclear state it + + align:start position:0% +it's at a higher energy nuclear state it + + + align:start position:0% +it's at a higher energy nuclear state it +means that there is excess energy in + + align:start position:0% +means that there is excess energy in + + + align:start position:0% +means that there is excess energy in +this nucleus so the difference between + + align:start position:0% +this nucleus so the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +this nucleus so the difference between +ground state or whatever of iridium 192 + + align:start position:0% +ground state or whatever of iridium 192 + + + align:start position:0% +ground state or whatever of iridium 192 +and the ground state a platinum 192 is + + align:start position:0% +and the ground state a platinum 192 is + + + align:start position:0% +and the ground state a platinum 192 is +one point four five nine seven MeV + + align:start position:0% +one point four five nine seven MeV + + + align:start position:0% +one point four five nine seven MeV +notice I'm not rounding don't round and + + align:start position:0% +notice I'm not rounding don't round and + + + align:start position:0% +notice I'm not rounding don't round and +we can end up with a beta particle that + + align:start position:0% +we can end up with a beta particle that + + + align:start position:0% +we can end up with a beta particle that +doesn't quite release all that energy + + align:start position:0% +doesn't quite release all that energy + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't quite release all that energy +leaving some in the nucleus in what's + + align:start position:0% +leaving some in the nucleus in what's + + + align:start position:0% +leaving some in the nucleus in what's +called an excited state it's analogous + + align:start position:0% +called an excited state it's analogous + + + align:start position:0% +called an excited state it's analogous +to if you have let's say an atom of a + + align:start position:0% +to if you have let's say an atom of a + + + align:start position:0% +to if you have let's say an atom of a +whatever that happens to be and since + + align:start position:0% +whatever that happens to be and since + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that happens to be and since +you started talking about different + + align:start position:0% +you started talking about different + + + align:start position:0% +you started talking about different +electron energy levels maybe this atom + + align:start position:0% +electron energy levels maybe this atom + + + align:start position:0% +electron energy levels maybe this atom +is helium and it only has two electrons + + align:start position:0% +is helium and it only has two electrons + + + align:start position:0% +is helium and it only has two electrons +and one of them gains some energy + + align:start position:0% +and one of them gains some energy + + + align:start position:0% +and one of them gains some energy +becoming excited up to the next energy + + align:start position:0% +becoming excited up to the next energy + + + align:start position:0% +becoming excited up to the next energy +level same thing but on the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +level same thing but on the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +level same thing but on the nuclear +level these excitations are not in the + + align:start position:0% +level these excitations are not in the + + + align:start position:0% +level these excitations are not in the +easy range there in the MeV range but + + align:start position:0% +easy range there in the MeV range but + + + align:start position:0% +easy range there in the MeV range but +you can think of it as a precisely + + align:start position:0% +you can think of it as a precisely + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of it as a precisely +analogous process for the time being + + align:start position:0% +analogous process for the time being + + + align:start position:0% +analogous process for the time being +there are excited nuclear energy levels + + align:start position:0% +there are excited nuclear energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +there are excited nuclear energy levels +and they can also decay by photon + + align:start position:0% +and they can also decay by photon + + + align:start position:0% +and they can also decay by photon +emission in this case gamma emission + + align:start position:0% +emission in this case gamma emission + + + align:start position:0% +emission in this case gamma emission +because the masses are basically the + + align:start position:0% +because the masses are basically the + + + align:start position:0% +because the masses are basically the +same remember that the rest mass energy + + align:start position:0% +same remember that the rest mass energy + + + align:start position:0% +same remember that the rest mass energy +might be slightly different but the + + align:start position:0% +might be slightly different but the + + + align:start position:0% +might be slightly different but the +charge is the same there's no real + + align:start position:0% +charge is the same there's no real + + + align:start position:0% +charge is the same there's no real +change in momentum because this is a + + align:start position:0% +change in momentum because this is a + + + align:start position:0% +change in momentum because this is a +nucleus that started at rest and this + + align:start position:0% +nucleus that started at rest and this + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus that started at rest and this +way the energy can be conserved yeah + + align:start position:0% +way the energy can be conserved yeah + + + align:start position:0% +way the energy can be conserved yeah +Sean + + align:start position:0% +Sean + + + align:start position:0% +Sean +in different cases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +absolutely so there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +absolutely so there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely so there are multiple +isomeric transitions or gamma rays so if + + align:start position:0% +isomeric transitions or gamma rays so if + + + align:start position:0% +isomeric transitions or gamma rays so if +let's chart one of the paths through + + align:start position:0% +let's chart one of the paths through + + + align:start position:0% +let's chart one of the paths through +here there's a 14 percent chance that + + align:start position:0% +here there's a 14 percent chance that + + + align:start position:0% +here there's a 14 percent chance that +iridium decays to this excited state and + + align:start position:0% +iridium decays to this excited state and + + + align:start position:0% +iridium decays to this excited state and +it can then decay by a gamma ray to + + align:start position:0% +it can then decay by a gamma ray to + + + align:start position:0% +it can then decay by a gamma ray to +another excited state and then decay to + + align:start position:0% +another excited state and then decay to + + + align:start position:0% +another excited state and then decay to +ground so there are lots of different + + align:start position:0% +ground so there are lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +ground so there are lots of different +possible pathways I've chosen a + + align:start position:0% +possible pathways I've chosen a + + + align:start position:0% +possible pathways I've chosen a +particularly simple isotope because it + + align:start position:0% +particularly simple isotope because it + + + align:start position:0% +particularly simple isotope because it +fits on the slide in your homework + + align:start position:0% +fits on the slide in your homework + + + align:start position:0% +fits on the slide in your homework +you're going to get to look at the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get to look at the +decaying diagram for plutonium-239 there + + align:start position:0% +decaying diagram for plutonium-239 there + + + align:start position:0% +decaying diagram for plutonium-239 there +are not enough pixels in this projector + + align:start position:0% +are not enough pixels in this projector + + + align:start position:0% +are not enough pixels in this projector +to show the full complexity of that so + + align:start position:0% +to show the full complexity of that so + + + align:start position:0% +to show the full complexity of that so +you'll have to zoom in a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to zoom in a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to zoom in a little bit but +I'm not going to ask you to do anything + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to ask you to do anything + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to ask you to do anything +with it except for look at the three + + align:start position:0% +with it except for look at the three + + + align:start position:0% +with it except for look at the three +most likely transitions out of dozens + + align:start position:0% +most likely transitions out of dozens + + + align:start position:0% +most likely transitions out of dozens +maybe scores who knows you guys will see + + align:start position:0% +maybe scores who knows you guys will see + + + align:start position:0% +maybe scores who knows you guys will see +so that's a good question yeah it can + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good question yeah it can + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good question yeah it can +decay from an excited state to an + + align:start position:0% +decay from an excited state to an + + + align:start position:0% +decay from an excited state to an +excited state to an excited state whoo + + align:start position:0% +excited state to an excited state whoo + + + align:start position:0% +excited state to an excited state whoo +an excited state to an excited state and + + align:start position:0% +an excited state to an excited state and + + + align:start position:0% +an excited state to an excited state and +so on until it reaches the ground state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it wouldn't be fishing products but + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't be fishing products but + + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't be fishing products but +everything else you said is yes it can + + align:start position:0% +everything else you said is yes it can + + + align:start position:0% +everything else you said is yes it can +continue to lose energy by continuously + + align:start position:0% +continue to lose energy by continuously + + + align:start position:0% +continue to lose energy by continuously +undergoing radioactive decay and we're + + align:start position:0% +undergoing radioactive decay and we're + + + align:start position:0% +undergoing radioactive decay and we're +gonna go some of this when we explore + + align:start position:0% +gonna go some of this when we explore + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go some of this when we explore +the orally early origins of the universe + + align:start position:0% +the orally early origins of the universe + + + align:start position:0% +the orally early origins of the universe +to say if you just started off with a + + align:start position:0% +to say if you just started off with a + + + align:start position:0% +to say if you just started off with a +soup of protons and other things you'd + + align:start position:0% +soup of protons and other things you'd + + + align:start position:0% +soup of protons and other things you'd +start to form all the isotopes possible + + align:start position:0% +start to form all the isotopes possible + + + align:start position:0% +start to form all the isotopes possible +and the shortest half-life ones would + + align:start position:0% +and the shortest half-life ones would + + + align:start position:0% +and the shortest half-life ones would +then decay successive decays may be + + align:start position:0% +then decay successive decays may be + + + align:start position:0% +then decay successive decays may be +multiple gammas are multiple betas or + + align:start position:0% +multiple gammas are multiple betas or + + + align:start position:0% +multiple gammas are multiple betas or +multiple alphas at the same time I'm + + align:start position:0% +multiple alphas at the same time I'm + + + align:start position:0% +multiple alphas at the same time I'm +sorry in sequence until it reached + + align:start position:0% +sorry in sequence until it reached + + + align:start position:0% +sorry in sequence until it reached +something that was stable or stable + + align:start position:0% +something that was stable or stable + + + align:start position:0% +something that was stable or stable +enough that it's still around now for + + align:start position:0% +enough that it's still around now for + + + align:start position:0% +enough that it's still around now for +example there's no stable isotope of + + align:start position:0% +example there's no stable isotope of + + + align:start position:0% +example there's no stable isotope of +uranium + + align:start position:0% +uranium + + + align:start position:0% +uranium +there's no isotope of uranium that will + + align:start position:0% +there's no isotope of uranium that will + + + align:start position:0% +there's no isotope of uranium that will +not undergo alpha or spontaneous fission + + align:start position:0% +not undergo alpha or spontaneous fission + + + align:start position:0% +not undergo alpha or spontaneous fission +it's just that the half-life is so long + + align:start position:0% +it's just that the half-life is so long + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that the half-life is so long +that there's still some left since the + + align:start position:0% +that there's still some left since the + + + align:start position:0% +that there's still some left since the +universe began there's still a fair bit + + align:start position:0% +universe began there's still a fair bit + + + align:start position:0% +universe began there's still a fair bit +left but you guys are going to actually + + align:start position:0% +left but you guys are going to actually + + + align:start position:0% +left but you guys are going to actually +calculate as part of your homework later + + align:start position:0% +calculate as part of your homework later + + + align:start position:0% +calculate as part of your homework later +in the course how much uranium-235 was + + align:start position:0% +in the course how much uranium-235 was + + + align:start position:0% +in the course how much uranium-235 was +there when the earth was born and how + + align:start position:0% +there when the earth was born and how + + + align:start position:0% +there when the earth was born and how +much has just disappeared because of the + + align:start position:0% +much has just disappeared because of the + + + align:start position:0% +much has just disappeared because of the +passage of time so right now it's + + align:start position:0% +passage of time so right now it's + + + align:start position:0% +passage of time so right now it's +typically about 0.7% u-235 by ASSA topic + + align:start position:0% +typically about 0.7% u-235 by ASSA topic + + + align:start position:0% +typically about 0.7% u-235 by ASSA topic +composition it was not the case when the + + align:start position:0% +composition it was not the case when the + + + align:start position:0% +composition it was not the case when the +earth was born but you guys will be able + + align:start position:0% +earth was born but you guys will be able + + + align:start position:0% +earth was born but you guys will be able +to figure that out yeah it's a good + + align:start position:0% +to figure that out yeah it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +to figure that out yeah it's a good +question and have a rant from me I think + + align:start position:0% +question and have a rant from me I think + + + align:start position:0% +question and have a rant from me I think +has been in response I'll try and keep + + align:start position:0% +has been in response I'll try and keep + + + align:start position:0% +has been in response I'll try and keep +my answers a little shorter oh here's a + + align:start position:0% +my answers a little shorter oh here's a + + + align:start position:0% +my answers a little shorter oh here's a +crazy one not particularly crazy though + + align:start position:0% +crazy one not particularly crazy though + + + align:start position:0% +crazy one not particularly crazy though +so this is molybdenum-99 decaying to + + align:start position:0% +so this is molybdenum-99 decaying to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is molybdenum-99 decaying to +technetium-99 metastable there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +technetium-99 metastable there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +technetium-99 metastable there's lots of +possible decays but the most likely one + + align:start position:0% +possible decays but the most likely one + + + align:start position:0% +possible decays but the most likely one +is right here the state above the ground + + align:start position:0% +is right here the state above the ground + + + align:start position:0% +is right here the state above the ground +state at about a hundred forty KETV a + + align:start position:0% +state at about a hundred forty KETV a + + + align:start position:0% +state at about a hundred forty KETV a +fairly low energy and therefore more + + align:start position:0% +fairly low energy and therefore more + + + align:start position:0% +fairly low energy and therefore more +easy to detect Photon + + align:start position:0% +easy to detect Photon + + + align:start position:0% +easy to detect Photon +so if you notice almost all the other + + align:start position:0% +so if you notice almost all the other + + + align:start position:0% +so if you notice almost all the other +excited states with a couple exceptions + + align:start position:0% +excited states with a couple exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +excited states with a couple exceptions +decay down to this point one for MeV + + align:start position:0% +decay down to this point one for MeV + + + align:start position:0% +decay down to this point one for MeV +excited state at which point you get two + + align:start position:0% +excited state at which point you get two + + + align:start position:0% +excited state at which point you get two +caves to the ground state those also + + align:start position:0% +caves to the ground state those also + + + align:start position:0% +caves to the ground state those also +have a rather long half-life it's a few + + align:start position:0% +have a rather long half-life it's a few + + + align:start position:0% +have a rather long half-life it's a few +days so you can make Molly 99 in a + + align:start position:0% +days so you can make Molly 99 in a + + + align:start position:0% +days so you can make Molly 99 in a +reactor transported to a hospital feed + + align:start position:0% +reactor transported to a hospital feed + + + align:start position:0% +reactor transported to a hospital feed +it to someone + + align:start position:0% +it to someone + + + align:start position:0% +it to someone +use these hundred 40 ke V gamma rays + + align:start position:0% +use these hundred 40 ke V gamma rays + + + align:start position:0% +use these hundred 40 ke V gamma rays +because they come from the nucleus to + + align:start position:0% +because they come from the nucleus to + + + align:start position:0% +because they come from the nucleus to +image whatever the technetium will bond + + align:start position:0% +image whatever the technetium will bond + + + align:start position:0% +image whatever the technetium will bond +to yep touching the M stands for + + align:start position:0% +to yep touching the M stands for + + + align:start position:0% +to yep touching the M stands for +metastable now where do you see it this + + align:start position:0% +metastable now where do you see it this + + + align:start position:0% +metastable now where do you see it this +one yep because the direct decay you + + align:start position:0% +one yep because the direct decay you + + + align:start position:0% +one yep because the direct decay you +don't you never go from molybdenum-99 to + + align:start position:0% +don't you never go from molybdenum-99 to + + + align:start position:0% +don't you never go from molybdenum-99 to +technetium-99 at the ground state the M + + align:start position:0% +technetium-99 at the ground state the M + + + align:start position:0% +technetium-99 at the ground state the M +stands for metastable so it's an excited + + align:start position:0% +stands for metastable so it's an excited + + + align:start position:0% +stands for metastable so it's an excited +state and metastable tells you that it's + + align:start position:0% +state and metastable tells you that it's + + + align:start position:0% +state and metastable tells you that it's +got a pretty long half-life all of these + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty long half-life all of these + + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty long half-life all of these +other states are excited States + + align:start position:0% +other states are excited States + + + align:start position:0% +other states are excited States +metastable means it's kind of sort of + + align:start position:0% +metastable means it's kind of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +metastable means it's kind of sort of +stable on like a human time scale of + + align:start position:0% +stable on like a human time scale of + + + align:start position:0% +stable on like a human time scale of +things it's not technically stable + + align:start position:0% +things it's not technically stable + + + align:start position:0% +things it's not technically stable +because stable would mean infinite + + align:start position:0% +because stable would mean infinite + + + align:start position:0% +because stable would mean infinite +half-life close enough but metastable + + align:start position:0% +half-life close enough but metastable + + + align:start position:0% +half-life close enough but metastable +means long enough to be detected or used + + align:start position:0% +means long enough to be detected or used + + + align:start position:0% +means long enough to be detected or used +or significantly longer than the others + + align:start position:0% +or significantly longer than the others + + + align:start position:0% +or significantly longer than the others +any other questions before I move on + + align:start position:0% +any other questions before I move on + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions before I move on +cool so you can use these to image where + + align:start position:0% +cool so you can use these to image where + + + align:start position:0% +cool so you can use these to image where +something is in the body for example you + + align:start position:0% +something is in the body for example you + + + align:start position:0% +something is in the body for example you +can use this to highlight certain organs + + align:start position:0% +can use this to highlight certain organs + + + align:start position:0% +can use this to highlight certain organs +highlight anything that you can that + + align:start position:0% +highlight anything that you can that + + + align:start position:0% +highlight anything that you can that +will absorb technetium or if you attach + + align:start position:0% +will absorb technetium or if you attach + + + align:start position:0% +will absorb technetium or if you attach +let's say the technetium to a type of + + align:start position:0% +let's say the technetium to a type of + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the technetium to a type of +sugar or something else that will be up + + align:start position:0% +sugar or something else that will be up + + + align:start position:0% +sugar or something else that will be up +taken by the body you can see where it + + align:start position:0% +taken by the body you can see where it + + + align:start position:0% +taken by the body you can see where it +goes and you can use gamma ray imagers + + align:start position:0% +goes and you can use gamma ray imagers + + + align:start position:0% +goes and you can use gamma ray imagers +to make kind of heat maps or radiation + + align:start position:0% +to make kind of heat maps or radiation + + + align:start position:0% +to make kind of heat maps or radiation +maps of where the technetium is going to + + align:start position:0% +maps of where the technetium is going to + + + align:start position:0% +maps of where the technetium is going to +find what could be causing the problem + + align:start position:0% +find what could be causing the problem + + + align:start position:0% +find what could be causing the problem +the problem is well our main problem is + + align:start position:0% +the problem is well our main problem is + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is well our main problem is +there are huge mali 99 shortages right + + align:start position:0% +there are huge mali 99 shortages right + + + align:start position:0% +there are huge mali 99 shortages right +now the only economically viable way to + + align:start position:0% +now the only economically viable way to + + + align:start position:0% +now the only economically viable way to +make molybdenum-99 is in reactors and + + align:start position:0% +make molybdenum-99 is in reactors and + + + align:start position:0% +make molybdenum-99 is in reactors and +there's only a few of these places in + + align:start position:0% +there's only a few of these places in + + + align:start position:0% +there's only a few of these places in +the world that actually make them and + + align:start position:0% +the world that actually make them and + + + align:start position:0% +the world that actually make them and +yeah I don't see any on the US we get + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't see any on the US we get + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't see any on the US we get +ours from Canada and these are slowly + + align:start position:0% +ours from Canada and these are slowly + + + align:start position:0% +ours from Canada and these are slowly +getting closed down as we go so the + + align:start position:0% +getting closed down as we go so the + + + align:start position:0% +getting closed down as we go so the +question is with millions of these + + align:start position:0% +question is with millions of these + + + align:start position:0% +question is with millions of these +diagnostic procedures per year where is + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic procedures per year where is + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic procedures per year where is +the mali 99 going to come from that + + align:start position:0% +the mali 99 going to come from that + + + align:start position:0% +the mali 99 going to come from that +might be where some of you guys come in + + align:start position:0% +might be where some of you guys come in + + + align:start position:0% +might be where some of you guys come in +you can use the knowledge from this + + align:start position:0% +you can use the knowledge from this + + + align:start position:0% +you can use the knowledge from this +course to figure out an energetically + + align:start position:0% +course to figure out an energetically + + + align:start position:0% +course to figure out an energetically +and economically feasible way to make + + align:start position:0% +and economically feasible way to make + + + align:start position:0% +and economically feasible way to make +more mali 99 you're rich that's you know + + align:start position:0% +more mali 99 you're rich that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +more mali 99 you're rich that's you know +life goal achieved space applications if + + align:start position:0% +life goal achieved space applications if + + + align:start position:0% +life goal achieved space applications if +we ever want to get off this earth for a + + align:start position:0% +we ever want to get off this earth for a + + + align:start position:0% +we ever want to get off this earth for a +significant amount of time + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of time +we have to deal with the fact that + + align:start position:0% +we have to deal with the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +we have to deal with the fact that +there's no atmosphere in space to shield + + align:start position:0% +there's no atmosphere in space to shield + + + align:start position:0% +there's no atmosphere in space to shield +us from the high-energy protons and + + align:start position:0% +us from the high-energy protons and + + + align:start position:0% +us from the high-energy protons and +other cosmic rays that would otherwise + + align:start position:0% +other cosmic rays that would otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +other cosmic rays that would otherwise +well destroy life so there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +well destroy life so there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +well destroy life so there's a lot of +interesting ideas and a lot of problems + + align:start position:0% +interesting ideas and a lot of problems + + + align:start position:0% +interesting ideas and a lot of problems +with astronauts shielding one of them is + + align:start position:0% +with astronauts shielding one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +with astronauts shielding one of them is +that the protons are so heavy I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +that the protons are so heavy I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +that the protons are so heavy I'm sorry +the protons are so energetic that + + align:start position:0% +the protons are so energetic that + + + align:start position:0% +the protons are so energetic that +they're difficult to shield just by mass + + align:start position:0% +they're difficult to shield just by mass + + + align:start position:0% +they're difficult to shield just by mass +attenuation the trick here is well + + align:start position:0% +attenuation the trick here is well + + + align:start position:0% +attenuation the trick here is well +different radiation has different + + align:start position:0% +different radiation has different + + + align:start position:0% +different radiation has different +penetrating power it depends on its + + align:start position:0% +penetrating power it depends on its + + + align:start position:0% +penetrating power it depends on its +energy but it also depends a lot on its + + align:start position:0% +energy but it also depends a lot on its + + + align:start position:0% +energy but it also depends a lot on its +charge for example alpha particles can + + align:start position:0% +charge for example alpha particles can + + + align:start position:0% +charge for example alpha particles can +be stopped by a sheet of paper these at + + align:start position:0% +be stopped by a sheet of paper these at + + + align:start position:0% +be stopped by a sheet of paper these at +the MeV level helium nuclei like if you + + align:start position:0% +the MeV level helium nuclei like if you + + + align:start position:0% +the MeV level helium nuclei like if you +hold an alpha particle source in your + + align:start position:0% +hold an alpha particle source in your + + + align:start position:0% +hold an alpha particle source in your +hand the dead skin on your hand stops + + align:start position:0% +hand the dead skin on your hand stops + + + align:start position:0% +hand the dead skin on your hand stops +the alphas from getting in remember that + + align:start position:0% +the alphas from getting in remember that + + + align:start position:0% +the alphas from getting in remember that +because I'm gonna be asking you a + + align:start position:0% +because I'm gonna be asking you a + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm gonna be asking you a +question later on to see who your + + align:start position:0% +question later on to see who your + + + align:start position:0% +question later on to see who your +friends are and who they aren't I don't + + align:start position:0% +friends are and who they aren't I don't + + + align:start position:0% +friends are and who they aren't I don't +know if anyone knows what I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +know if anyone knows what I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +know if anyone knows what I'm talking +about but if you do don't give it away + + align:start position:0% +about but if you do don't give it away + + + align:start position:0% +about but if you do don't give it away +beta particles or electrons have low + + align:start position:0% +beta particles or electrons have low + + + align:start position:0% +beta particles or electrons have low +mass and half the charge of an alpha + + align:start position:0% +mass and half the charge of an alpha + + + align:start position:0% +mass and half the charge of an alpha +particle they tend to be able to get + + align:start position:0% +particle they tend to be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +particle they tend to be able to get +through paper even through a little bit + + align:start position:0% +through paper even through a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +through paper even through a little bit +of plastic but a small bit of metal can + + align:start position:0% +of plastic but a small bit of metal can + + + align:start position:0% +of plastic but a small bit of metal can +stop them + + align:start position:0% +stop them + + + align:start position:0% +stop them +gamma rays go right through and notice + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays go right through and notice + + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays go right through and notice +that they've been drawn not quite being + + align:start position:0% +that they've been drawn not quite being + + + align:start position:0% +that they've been drawn not quite being +stopped by the concrete which is a great + + align:start position:0% +stopped by the concrete which is a great + + + align:start position:0% +stopped by the concrete which is a great +shielding material because like I said + + align:start position:0% +shielding material because like I said + + + align:start position:0% +shielding material because like I said +before you can exponentially attenuate + + align:start position:0% +before you can exponentially attenuate + + + align:start position:0% +before you can exponentially attenuate +gamma rays you can't with all certainty + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays you can't with all certainty + + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays you can't with all certainty +stop every single one so then how do you + + align:start position:0% +stop every single one so then how do you + + + align:start position:0% +stop every single one so then how do you +stop these high-energy charged particles + + align:start position:0% +stop these high-energy charged particles + + + align:start position:0% +stop these high-energy charged particles +if the more energetic they are the more + + align:start position:0% +if the more energetic they are the more + + + align:start position:0% +if the more energetic they are the more +range they are boost your + + align:start position:0% +range they are boost your + + + align:start position:0% +range they are boost your +electromagnetic field so it's actually + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field so it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field so it's actually +been proposed to have spaceships with + + align:start position:0% +been proposed to have spaceships with + + + align:start position:0% +been proposed to have spaceships with +enormous magnetic fields or + + align:start position:0% +enormous magnetic fields or + + + align:start position:0% +enormous magnetic fields or +electromagnetic fields around them to + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic fields around them to + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic fields around them to +deflect the protons away or around the + + align:start position:0% +deflect the protons away or around the + + + align:start position:0% +deflect the protons away or around the +ship because if you can't stop it by + + align:start position:0% +ship because if you can't stop it by + + + align:start position:0% +ship because if you can't stop it by +putting matter in the way rely on the + + align:start position:0% +putting matter in the way rely on the + + + align:start position:0% +putting matter in the way rely on the +fact that they're charged particles and + + align:start position:0% +fact that they're charged particles and + + + align:start position:0% +fact that they're charged particles and +will curve around whatever's got a high + + align:start position:0% +will curve around whatever's got a high + + + align:start position:0% +will curve around whatever's got a high +electric field around it so this is one + + align:start position:0% +electric field around it so this is one + + + align:start position:0% +electric field around it so this is one +way of let's say shielding deep-space + + align:start position:0% +way of let's say shielding deep-space + + + align:start position:0% +way of let's say shielding deep-space +missions + + align:start position:0% +missions + + + align:start position:0% +missions +you can't put more stuff in there + + align:start position:0% +you can't put more stuff in there + + + align:start position:0% +you can't put more stuff in there +because stuff is heavy and launching + + align:start position:0% +because stuff is heavy and launching + + + align:start position:0% +because stuff is heavy and launching +stuff into space is expensive rely on + + align:start position:0% +stuff into space is expensive rely on + + + align:start position:0% +stuff into space is expensive rely on +electromagnetism and there are also RTG + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism and there are also RTG + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism and there are also RTG +their radio thermal generators or + + align:start position:0% +their radio thermal generators or + + + align:start position:0% +their radio thermal generators or +radioisotope thermoelectric generators + + align:start position:0% +radioisotope thermoelectric generators + + + align:start position:0% +radioisotope thermoelectric generators +which are little balls of things like + + align:start position:0% +which are little balls of things like + + + align:start position:0% +which are little balls of things like +plutonium or strong tea + + align:start position:0% +plutonium or strong tea + + + align:start position:0% +plutonium or strong tea +that give off so many alpha particles + + align:start position:0% +that give off so many alpha particles + + + align:start position:0% +that give off so many alpha particles +and the alpha particles have very low + + align:start position:0% +and the alpha particles have very low + + + align:start position:0% +and the alpha particles have very low +range they deposit their kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +range they deposit their kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +range they deposit their kinetic energy +as heat in the material and cause them + + align:start position:0% +as heat in the material and cause them + + + align:start position:0% +as heat in the material and cause them +to glow on their own if you produce + + align:start position:0% +to glow on their own if you produce + + + align:start position:0% +to glow on their own if you produce +enough heat if something's glowing red + + align:start position:0% +enough heat if something's glowing red + + + align:start position:0% +enough heat if something's glowing red +you can use thermoelectric generators to + + align:start position:0% +you can use thermoelectric generators to + + + align:start position:0% +you can use thermoelectric generators to +capture that heat and turn it directly + + align:start position:0% +capture that heat and turn it directly + + + align:start position:0% +capture that heat and turn it directly +into electricity this is how things like + + align:start position:0% +into electricity this is how things like + + + align:start position:0% +into electricity this is how things like +Voyager and let's see all the other + + align:start position:0% +Voyager and let's see all the other + + + align:start position:0% +Voyager and let's see all the other +space probes with interesting names are + + align:start position:0% +space probes with interesting names are + + + align:start position:0% +space probes with interesting names are +powered once you're too far from the Sun + + align:start position:0% +powered once you're too far from the Sun + + + align:start position:0% +powered once you're too far from the Sun +for solar power to work you need + + align:start position:0% +for solar power to work you need + + + align:start position:0% +for solar power to work you need +something that doesn't turn off so you + + align:start position:0% +something that doesn't turn off so you + + + align:start position:0% +something that doesn't turn off so you +can use RTGS + + align:start position:0% +can use RTGS + + + align:start position:0% +can use RTGS +which have long enough half-lives to + + align:start position:0% +which have long enough half-lives to + + + align:start position:0% +which have long enough half-lives to +produce significant amounts of power for + + align:start position:0% +produce significant amounts of power for + + + align:start position:0% +produce significant amounts of power for +a long time but short enough half flies + + align:start position:0% +a long time but short enough half flies + + + align:start position:0% +a long time but short enough half flies +so that their activity is pretty high + + align:start position:0% +so that their activity is pretty high + + + align:start position:0% +so that their activity is pretty high +and they release a lot of energy as + + align:start position:0% +and they release a lot of energy as + + + align:start position:0% +and they release a lot of energy as +radiation and that radiation is heavy + + align:start position:0% +radiation and that radiation is heavy + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and that radiation is heavy +charged particles but you can capture as + + align:start position:0% +charged particles but you can capture as + + + align:start position:0% +charged particles but you can capture as +heat so yeah an actual little sphere of + + align:start position:0% +heat so yeah an actual little sphere of + + + align:start position:0% +heat so yeah an actual little sphere of +plutonium that produces a hundred watts + + align:start position:0% +plutonium that produces a hundred watts + + + align:start position:0% +plutonium that produces a hundred watts +just sitting there there is no way to + + align:start position:0% +just sitting there there is no way to + + + align:start position:0% +just sitting there there is no way to +turn it off that's the end of the + + align:start position:0% +turn it off that's the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +turn it off that's the end of the +sentence it's plutonium and finally + + align:start position:0% +sentence it's plutonium and finally + + + align:start position:0% +sentence it's plutonium and finally +there's nuclear rockets if you think + + align:start position:0% +there's nuclear rockets if you think + + + align:start position:0% +there's nuclear rockets if you think +about using a reactor for thrust instead + + align:start position:0% +about using a reactor for thrust instead + + + align:start position:0% +about using a reactor for thrust instead +of electrical energy the design of the + + align:start position:0% +of electrical energy the design of the + + + align:start position:0% +of electrical energy the design of the +reactor gets very different for example + + align:start position:0% +reactor gets very different for example + + + align:start position:0% +reactor gets very different for example +you can start to let things get a whole + + align:start position:0% +you can start to let things get a whole + + + align:start position:0% +you can start to let things get a whole +lot hotter when there's no oxygen in + + align:start position:0% +lot hotter when there's no oxygen in + + + align:start position:0% +lot hotter when there's no oxygen in +space to oxidize things and your + + align:start position:0% +space to oxidize things and your + + + align:start position:0% +space to oxidize things and your +propellant maybe would be liquid + + align:start position:0% +propellant maybe would be liquid + + + align:start position:0% +propellant maybe would be liquid +hydrogen that doesn't burn but goes + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that doesn't burn but goes + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that doesn't burn but goes +through the reactor gets accelerated + + align:start position:0% +through the reactor gets accelerated + + + align:start position:0% +through the reactor gets accelerated +turned into a gas with a high kinetic + + align:start position:0% +turned into a gas with a high kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +turned into a gas with a high kinetic +energy to fire out the back of the + + align:start position:0% +energy to fire out the back of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy to fire out the back of the +rocket nozzle and provide the thrust + + align:start position:0% +rocket nozzle and provide the thrust + + + align:start position:0% +rocket nozzle and provide the thrust +that you need and so it's nuclear + + align:start position:0% +that you need and so it's nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +that you need and so it's nuclear +rockets that would really be the only + + align:start position:0% +rockets that would really be the only + + + align:start position:0% +rockets that would really be the only +feasible way without bending space-time + + align:start position:0% +feasible way without bending space-time + + + align:start position:0% +feasible way without bending space-time +which I don't think we've really done + + align:start position:0% +which I don't think we've really done + + + align:start position:0% +which I don't think we've really done +yet - in order to get to very distant + + align:start position:0% +yet - in order to get to very distant + + + align:start position:0% +yet - in order to get to very distant +stars like that planet they just found + + align:start position:0% +stars like that planet they just found + + + align:start position:0% +stars like that planet they just found +orbiting Proxima Centuri 4 light-years + + align:start position:0% +orbiting Proxima Centuri 4 light-years + + + align:start position:0% +orbiting Proxima Centuri 4 light-years +away pretty close right no not really if + + align:start position:0% +away pretty close right no not really if + + + align:start position:0% +away pretty close right no not really if +you think about how a nuclear rocket + + align:start position:0% +you think about how a nuclear rocket + + + align:start position:0% +you think about how a nuclear rocket +mission would would work well it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +mission would would work well it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +mission would would work well it doesn't +have to have nearly as much thrust + + align:start position:0% +have to have nearly as much thrust + + + align:start position:0% +have to have nearly as much thrust +especially if you start from orbit maybe + + align:start position:0% +especially if you start from orbit maybe + + + align:start position:0% +especially if you start from orbit maybe +use a chemical rocket to launch yourself + + align:start position:0% +use a chemical rocket to launch yourself + + + align:start position:0% +use a chemical rocket to launch yourself +into orbit and then spend half your + + align:start position:0% +into orbit and then spend half your + + + align:start position:0% +into orbit and then spend half your +journey accelerating very very slowly + + align:start position:0% +journey accelerating very very slowly + + + align:start position:0% +journey accelerating very very slowly +and then turn the rocket around spend + + align:start position:0% +and then turn the rocket around spend + + + align:start position:0% +and then turn the rocket around spend +the other half of this journey + + align:start position:0% +the other half of this journey + + + align:start position:0% +the other half of this journey +decelerating very very slowly so you + + align:start position:0% +decelerating very very slowly so you + + + align:start position:0% +decelerating very very slowly so you +need a long constant but low level + + align:start position:0% +need a long constant but low level + + + align:start position:0% +need a long constant but low level +thrust for these long-lived nuclear + + align:start position:0% +thrust for these long-lived nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +thrust for these long-lived nuclear +mission + + align:start position:0% +mission + + + align:start position:0% +mission +I'm gonna stop here because it's five + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna stop here because it's five + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna stop here because it's five +minutes before the hour we only have a + + align:start position:0% +minutes before the hour we only have a + + + align:start position:0% +minutes before the hour we only have a +few more of these things to go through + + align:start position:0% +few more of these things to go through + + + align:start position:0% +few more of these things to go through +but what I will ask is you guys hang + + align:start position:0% +but what I will ask is you guys hang + + + align:start position:0% +but what I will ask is you guys hang +tight for the next few minutes while + + align:start position:0% +tight for the next few minutes while + + + align:start position:0% +tight for the next few minutes while +these guys take the cameras apart we're + + align:start position:0% +these guys take the cameras apart we're + + + align:start position:0% +these guys take the cameras apart we're +gonna go to my lab and see an + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to my lab and see an + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to my lab and see an +application of nuclear which like I said + + align:start position:0% +application of nuclear which like I said + + + align:start position:0% +application of nuclear which like I said +is plasma sputter coating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right everyone so welcome to my + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone so welcome to my + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone so welcome to my +laboratory this is the mesoscale nuclear + + align:start position:0% +laboratory this is the mesoscale nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory this is the mesoscale nuclear +materials group where we make and break + + align:start position:0% +materials group where we make and break + + + align:start position:0% +materials group where we make and break +materials for nuclear technology usually + + align:start position:0% +materials for nuclear technology usually + + + align:start position:0% +materials for nuclear technology usually +not in that order but whatever we get it + + align:start position:0% +not in that order but whatever we get it + + + align:start position:0% +not in that order but whatever we get it +done somehow and this is read to knock + + align:start position:0% +done somehow and this is read to knock + + + align:start position:0% +done somehow and this is read to knock +out one of my graduate students who's + + align:start position:0% +out one of my graduate students who's + + + align:start position:0% +out one of my graduate students who's +actually repaired I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +actually repaired I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +actually repaired I'm going to show you +the physical principles and operation of + + align:start position:0% +the physical principles and operation of + + + align:start position:0% +the physical principles and operation of +a sputter coder which is nothing more + + align:start position:0% +a sputter coder which is nothing more + + + align:start position:0% +a sputter coder which is nothing more +than a controlled radiation damage + + align:start position:0% +than a controlled radiation damage + + + align:start position:0% +than a controlled radiation damage +machine and he'll be making some + + align:start position:0% +machine and he'll be making some + + + align:start position:0% +machine and he'll be making some +interesting door prizes for you guys oh + + align:start position:0% +interesting door prizes for you guys oh + + + align:start position:0% +interesting door prizes for you guys oh +my Kurt said this is Professor Mike + + align:start position:0% +my Kurt said this is Professor Mike + + + align:start position:0% +my Kurt said this is Professor Mike +sorts calling something else I call it + + align:start position:0% +sorts calling something else I call it + + + align:start position:0% +sorts calling something else I call it +the home the rehabilitated home for old + + align:start position:0% +the home the rehabilitated home for old + + + align:start position:0% +the home the rehabilitated home for old +orphaned equipment and old friends and + + align:start position:0% +orphaned equipment and old friends and + + + align:start position:0% +orphaned equipment and old friends and +so this is actually this piece of gear + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually this piece of gear + + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually this piece of gear +here and did a little research on it and + + align:start position:0% +here and did a little research on it and + + + align:start position:0% +here and did a little research on it and +I think it was built about the same time + + align:start position:0% +I think it was built about the same time + + + align:start position:0% +I think it was built about the same time +as I was entering college 35 years so + + align:start position:0% +as I was entering college 35 years so + + + align:start position:0% +as I was entering college 35 years so +about 1978 maybe 98 that's policy now so + + align:start position:0% +about 1978 maybe 98 that's policy now so + + + align:start position:0% +about 1978 maybe 98 that's policy now so +that's a short goes around as all of us + + align:start position:0% +that's a short goes around as all of us + + + align:start position:0% +that's a short goes around as all of us +that we sprouted we scavenger and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you look at it and talk to a little + + align:start position:0% +if you look at it and talk to a little + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at it and talk to a little +bit but there's a procedure of this that + + align:start position:0% +bit but there's a procedure of this that + + + align:start position:0% +bit but there's a procedure of this that +we've gotten rich out we don't know so + + align:start position:0% +we've gotten rich out we don't know so + + + align:start position:0% +we've gotten rich out we don't know so +what you're gonna see is a little + + align:start position:0% +what you're gonna see is a little + + + align:start position:0% +what you're gonna see is a little +demonstrate fitter smarter cutter it + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate fitter smarter cutter it + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate fitter smarter cutter it +allows your scooters wheat under vacuum + + align:start position:0% +allows your scooters wheat under vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +allows your scooters wheat under vacuum +right now back is pressure there's our + + align:start position:0% +right now back is pressure there's our + + + align:start position:0% +right now back is pressure there's our +vacuum are there come right here so you + + align:start position:0% +vacuum are there come right here so you + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum are there come right here so you +can see both or again there's another + + align:start position:0% +can see both or again there's another + + + align:start position:0% +can see both or again there's another +reputation but we don't discuss that one + + align:start position:0% +reputation but we don't discuss that one + + + align:start position:0% +reputation but we don't discuss that one +alright without further ado like we did + + align:start position:0% +alright without further ado like we did + + + align:start position:0% +alright without further ado like we did +power off we're gonna put up the center + + align:start position:0% +power off we're gonna put up the center + + + align:start position:0% +power off we're gonna put up the center +of high-voltage its argon in here we've + + align:start position:0% +of high-voltage its argon in here we've + + + align:start position:0% +of high-voltage its argon in here we've +got hard on supply sand that bottle over + + align:start position:0% +got hard on supply sand that bottle over + + + align:start position:0% +got hard on supply sand that bottle over +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're not gonna - charts why turning it + + align:start position:0% +we're not gonna - charts why turning it + + + align:start position:0% +we're not gonna - charts why turning it +up so we get the lights read I'll go get + + align:start position:0% +up so we get the lights read I'll go get + + + align:start position:0% +up so we get the lights read I'll go get +him + + align:start position:0% +him + + + align:start position:0% +him +I'll just get him right over where you + + align:start position:0% +I'll just get him right over where you + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just get him right over where you +are you see through this glass bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah come a little closer from where + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah come a little closer from where + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah come a little closer from where +I am you start to see the glowing purple + + align:start position:0% +I am you start to see the glowing purple + + + align:start position:0% +I am you start to see the glowing purple +plasma so that's the ionization of the + + align:start position:0% +plasma so that's the ionization of the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma so that's the ionization of the +argon causing it to electrostatically + + align:start position:0% +argon causing it to electrostatically + + + align:start position:0% +argon causing it to electrostatically +accelerate towards the gold target and + + align:start position:0% +accelerate towards the gold target and + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate towards the gold target and +that's blasting off gold atoms that are + + align:start position:0% +that's blasting off gold atoms that are + + + align:start position:0% +that's blasting off gold atoms that are +then coating the stuff that reads + + align:start position:0% +then coating the stuff that reads + + + align:start position:0% +then coating the stuff that reads +coating that you'll see in a second but + + align:start position:0% +coating that you'll see in a second but + + + align:start position:0% +coating that you'll see in a second but +this is a controlled application of + + align:start position:0% +this is a controlled application of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a controlled application of +ionization and radiation damage using a + + align:start position:0% +ionization and radiation damage using a + + + align:start position:0% +ionization and radiation damage using a +couple of kilovolt argon ion don't know + + align:start position:0% +couple of kilovolt argon ion don't know + + + align:start position:0% +couple of kilovolt argon ion don't know +if you call it a beam but at least an + + align:start position:0% +if you call it a beam but at least an + + + align:start position:0% +if you call it a beam but at least an +argon ion plasma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there's a few other things to note + + align:start position:0% +so there's a few other things to note + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a few other things to note +remember how we talked about charged + + align:start position:0% +remember how we talked about charged + + + align:start position:0% +remember how we talked about charged +particles having a certain range and + + align:start position:0% +particles having a certain range and + + + align:start position:0% +particles having a certain range and +matter well charge particles and let's + + align:start position:0% +matter well charge particles and let's + + + align:start position:0% +matter well charge particles and let's +say low energy particles and the kv + + align:start position:0% +say low energy particles and the kv + + + align:start position:0% +say low energy particles and the kv +range do not have a very high range even + + align:start position:0% +range do not have a very high range even + + + align:start position:0% +range do not have a very high range even +in gases which is why reid has this + + align:start position:0% +in gases which is why reid has this + + + align:start position:0% +in gases which is why reid has this +vacuum pump connected otherwise the + + align:start position:0% +vacuum pump connected otherwise the + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum pump connected otherwise the +argon wouldn't make it to where it has + + align:start position:0% +argon wouldn't make it to where it has + + + align:start position:0% +argon wouldn't make it to where it has +to do the damage so when there's too + + align:start position:0% +to do the damage so when there's too + + + align:start position:0% +to do the damage so when there's too +much gas in there shuts off when there's + + align:start position:0% +much gas in there shuts off when there's + + + align:start position:0% +much gas in there shuts off when there's +not enough argon in there there's no + + align:start position:0% +not enough argon in there there's no + + + align:start position:0% +not enough argon in there there's no +argon to do the damage so we're actually + + align:start position:0% +argon to do the damage so we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +argon to do the damage so we're actually +exciting about two kV ions and their + + align:start position:0% +exciting about two kV ions and their + + + align:start position:0% +exciting about two kV ions and their +range is higher than the distance they + + align:start position:0% +range is higher than the distance they + + + align:start position:0% +range is higher than the distance they +have to travel so they actually make it + + align:start position:0% +have to travel so they actually make it + + + align:start position:0% +have to travel so they actually make it +where they're supposed to go this is a + + align:start position:0% +where they're supposed to go this is a + + + align:start position:0% +where they're supposed to go this is a +kind of direct application of NSE along + + align:start position:0% +kind of direct application of NSE along + + + align:start position:0% +kind of direct application of NSE along +with a fair bit of high voltage + + align:start position:0% +with a fair bit of high voltage + + + align:start position:0% +with a fair bit of high voltage +electronics and that's pretty much all + + align:start position:0% +electronics and that's pretty much all + + + align:start position:0% +electronics and that's pretty much all +there is to it yeah they'll get right in + + align:start position:0% +there is to it yeah they'll get right in + + + align:start position:0% +there is to it yeah they'll get right in +there if you want to see if you look + + align:start position:0% +there if you want to see if you look + + + align:start position:0% +there if you want to see if you look +underneath you'll actually see that a + + align:start position:0% +underneath you'll actually see that a + + + align:start position:0% +underneath you'll actually see that a +blue glowing ring that's actually a ring + + align:start position:0% +blue glowing ring that's actually a ring + + + align:start position:0% +blue glowing ring that's actually a ring +of gold that's being hit by the plasma + + align:start position:0% +of gold that's being hit by the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +of gold that's being hit by the plasma +and that's causing gold ions to fire on + + align:start position:0% +and that's causing gold ions to fire on + + + align:start position:0% +and that's causing gold ions to fire on +to the target + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you should know that only the nukes can + + align:start position:0% +you should know that only the nukes can + + + align:start position:0% +you should know that only the nukes can +do that right really all you got you got + + align:start position:0% +do that right really all you got you got + + + align:start position:0% +do that right really all you got you got +to get away from all the electrons and + + align:start position:0% +to get away from all the electrons and + + + align:start position:0% +to get away from all the electrons and +all that other chemistry stuff and only + + align:start position:0% +all that other chemistry stuff and only + + + align:start position:0% +all that other chemistry stuff and only +the new so if you really want to turn + + align:start position:0% +the new so if you really want to turn + + + align:start position:0% +the new so if you really want to turn +something to gold you got it to learn + + align:start position:0% +something to gold you got it to learn + + + align:start position:0% +something to gold you got it to learn +the different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does everyone had a chance to get a + + align:start position:0% +does everyone had a chance to get a + + + align:start position:0% +does everyone had a chance to get a +close-up look okay + + align:start position:0% +close-up look okay + + + align:start position:0% +close-up look okay +anyone have any questions about what + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any questions about what + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any questions about what +you're seeing here it's a good question + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing here it's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing here it's a good question +the temperature does not go up that much + + align:start position:0% +the temperature does not go up that much + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature does not go up that much +there's certainly kinetic energy turned + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly kinetic energy turned + + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly kinetic energy turned +into thermal energy as the argon hits + + align:start position:0% +into thermal energy as the argon hits + + + align:start position:0% +into thermal energy as the argon hits +the gold and the gold hits whatever + + align:start position:0% +the gold and the gold hits whatever + + + align:start position:0% +the gold and the gold hits whatever +you're trying to coat but the total + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to coat but the total + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to coat but the total +amount of energy the density of that gas + + align:start position:0% +amount of energy the density of that gas + + + align:start position:0% +amount of energy the density of that gas +is extremely low that's another reason + + align:start position:0% +is extremely low that's another reason + + + align:start position:0% +is extremely low that's another reason +why in fusion reactors the plasma is up + + align:start position:0% +why in fusion reactors the plasma is up + + + align:start position:0% +why in fusion reactors the plasma is up +to like millions or tens of millions of + + align:start position:0% +to like millions or tens of millions of + + + align:start position:0% +to like millions or tens of millions of +Kelvin there's just not a lot of it so + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin there's just not a lot of it so + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin there's just not a lot of it so +if you look at the total amount of + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the total amount of + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the total amount of +stored thermal energy in a fusion + + align:start position:0% +stored thermal energy in a fusion + + + align:start position:0% +stored thermal energy in a fusion +reactor it's quite low even though the + + align:start position:0% +reactor it's quite low even though the + + + align:start position:0% +reactor it's quite low even though the +temperature or the relation to the + + align:start position:0% +temperature or the relation to the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature or the relation to the +average kinetic energy of the molecules + + align:start position:0% +average kinetic energy of the molecules + + + align:start position:0% +average kinetic energy of the molecules +is extremely high yeah good question you + + align:start position:0% +is extremely high yeah good question you + + + align:start position:0% +is extremely high yeah good question you +want put your hand up to the side of the + + align:start position:0% +want put your hand up to the side of the + + + align:start position:0% +want put your hand up to the side of the +chamber it's a warm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not at all yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the plasma is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there we go yeah we'll open it up and + + align:start position:0% +there we go yeah we'll open it up and + + + align:start position:0% +there we go yeah we'll open it up and +show you so I'll get the lights on now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah from the point that we when you + + align:start position:0% +yeah from the point that we when you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah from the point that we when you +walked in and saw that yeah okay the + + align:start position:0% +walked in and saw that yeah okay the + + + align:start position:0% +walked in and saw that yeah okay the +first thing the first thing so this had + + align:start position:0% +first thing the first thing so this had + + + align:start position:0% +first thing the first thing so this had +a sort of a static amount of argon in it + + align:start position:0% +a sort of a static amount of argon in it + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of a static amount of argon in it +and when I turn on the voltage the high + + align:start position:0% +and when I turn on the voltage the high + + + align:start position:0% +and when I turn on the voltage the high +voltage that's thick that's it to create + + align:start position:0% +voltage that's thick that's it to create + + + align:start position:0% +voltage that's thick that's it to create +the plasma but then it has to get fed so + + align:start position:0% +the plasma but then it has to get fed so + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma but then it has to get fed so +what I ended up doing with this little + + align:start position:0% +what I ended up doing with this little + + + align:start position:0% +what I ended up doing with this little +knob for a price to explain that it's + + align:start position:0% +knob for a price to explain that it's + + + align:start position:0% +knob for a price to explain that it's +out speeding in argon but they are got + + align:start position:0% +out speeding in argon but they are got + + + align:start position:0% +out speeding in argon but they are got +bottles of coke in here it's going into + + align:start position:0% +bottles of coke in here it's going into + + + align:start position:0% +bottles of coke in here it's going into +this when you're feeding the argon into + + align:start position:0% +this when you're feeding the argon into + + + align:start position:0% +this when you're feeding the argon into +the pressure p1 if the pressure comes up + + align:start position:0% +the pressure p1 if the pressure comes up + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure p1 if the pressure comes up +too high on this particular instrument + + align:start position:0% +too high on this particular instrument + + + align:start position:0% +too high on this particular instrument +and it has an automatic cutoff for the + + align:start position:0% +and it has an automatic cutoff for the + + + align:start position:0% +and it has an automatic cutoff for the +Michael to spits out because otherwise + + align:start position:0% +Michael to spits out because otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +Michael to spits out because otherwise +you know one of the reason why it works + + align:start position:0% +you know one of the reason why it works + + + align:start position:0% +you know one of the reason why it works +is because we have so few atoms in there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deal with what happens when director is + + align:start position:0% +deal with what happens when director is + + + align:start position:0% +deal with what happens when director is +important 7:16 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have a little bit although this is that + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit although this is that + + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit although this is that +that's the goal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the chamber you can put the you can + + align:start position:0% +in the chamber you can put the you can + + + align:start position:0% +in the chamber you can put the you can +put the ring facing down for stability + + align:start position:0% +put the ring facing down for stability + + + align:start position:0% +put the ring facing down for stability +if you wanted that I said you can just + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted that I said you can just + + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted that I said you can just +put the ring lying flat down if you want + + align:start position:0% +put the ring lying flat down if you want + + + align:start position:0% +put the ring lying flat down if you want +for stability yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +purpose of happiness actually this + + align:start position:0% +purpose of happiness actually this + + + align:start position:0% +purpose of happiness actually this +machine the main reason is if you have + + align:start position:0% +machine the main reason is if you have + + + align:start position:0% +machine the main reason is if you have +something that you want to put into a + + align:start position:0% +something that you want to put into a + + + align:start position:0% +something that you want to put into a +scanning electron microscope and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're actually gonna use one of those in + + align:start position:0% +we're actually gonna use one of those in + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually gonna use one of those in +plots so you have some kind of coating + + align:start position:0% +plots so you have some kind of coating + + + align:start position:0% +plots so you have some kind of coating +on it so if you're looking at nothing + + align:start position:0% +on it so if you're looking at nothing + + + align:start position:0% +on it so if you're looking at nothing +like the fire log something that's + + align:start position:0% +like the fire log something that's + + + align:start position:0% +like the fire log something that's +conductive and so there you see about I + + align:start position:0% +conductive and so there you see about I + + + align:start position:0% +conductive and so there you see about I +would guess I think as long as we did it + + align:start position:0% +would guess I think as long as we did it + + + align:start position:0% +would guess I think as long as we did it +for something on the end on the level + + align:start position:0% +for something on the end on the level + + + align:start position:0% +for something on the end on the level +above 200 that's all you need though yep + + align:start position:0% +above 200 that's all you need though yep + + + align:start position:0% +above 200 that's all you need though yep +remember after quiz number one we will + + align:start position:0% +remember after quiz number one we will + + + align:start position:0% +remember after quiz number one we will +be piloting or well two of you guys will + + align:start position:0% +be piloting or well two of you guys will + + + align:start position:0% +be piloting or well two of you guys will +be piloting a scanning electron + + align:start position:0% +be piloting a scanning electron + + + align:start position:0% +be piloting a scanning electron +microscope down in the basement and + + align:start position:0% +microscope down in the basement and + + + align:start position:0% +microscope down in the basement and +before we look at whatever samples you + + align:start position:0% +before we look at whatever samples you + + + align:start position:0% +before we look at whatever samples you +want to see whether it's your one of + + align:start position:0% +want to see whether it's your one of + + + align:start position:0% +want to see whether it's your one of +your eyelash there's dust on the floor + + align:start position:0% +your eyelash there's dust on the floor + + + align:start position:0% +your eyelash there's dust on the floor +or a bug you found or something we'll + + align:start position:0% +or a bug you found or something we'll + + + align:start position:0% +or a bug you found or something we'll +want to coat it in gold so that the + + align:start position:0% +want to coat it in gold so that the + + + align:start position:0% +want to coat it in gold so that the +electrons that we use for imaging will + + align:start position:0% +electrons that we use for imaging will + + + align:start position:0% +electrons that we use for imaging will +have a place to go + + align:start position:0% +have a place to go + + + align:start position:0% +have a place to go +well of a conductive path and they won't + + align:start position:0% +well of a conductive path and they won't + + + align:start position:0% +well of a conductive path and they won't +charge up ruining the image I have a + + align:start position:0% +charge up ruining the image I have a + + + align:start position:0% +charge up ruining the image I have a +question yeah as anybody was anybody + + align:start position:0% +question yeah as anybody was anybody + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah as anybody was anybody +here for this millennia one 2000 or + + align:start position:0% +here for this millennia one 2000 or + + + align:start position:0% +here for this millennia one 2000 or +later nobody in one 1999 nobody in 1990 + + align:start position:0% +later nobody in one 1999 nobody in 1990 + + + align:start position:0% +later nobody in one 1999 nobody in 1990 +honey + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how about 98 Google for 298 there we go + + align:start position:0% +how about 98 Google for 298 there we go + + + align:start position:0% +how about 98 Google for 298 there we go +alright that would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the 1998 die + + align:start position:0% +at the 1998 die + + + align:start position:0% +at the 1998 die +now gold-coated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so you win this it'll rub off okay + + align:start position:0% +right so you win this it'll rub off okay + + + align:start position:0% +right so you win this it'll rub off okay +so thank you guys might you put it up on + + align:start position:0% +so thank you guys might you put it up on + + + align:start position:0% +so thank you guys might you put it up on +eBay and build teams yes the other ones + + align:start position:0% +eBay and build teams yes the other ones + + + align:start position:0% +eBay and build teams yes the other ones +go to people that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh no 97 out of 96 oh there's 396 okay + + align:start position:0% +oh no 97 out of 96 oh there's 396 okay + + + align:start position:0% +oh no 97 out of 96 oh there's 396 okay +you guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right what's the nipple at the 96 + + align:start position:0% +all right what's the nipple at the 96 + + + align:start position:0% +all right what's the nipple at the 96 +you know oh yeah right fun you read + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you got the armwrestling it's a quarter + + align:start position:0% +you got the armwrestling it's a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +you got the armwrestling it's a quarter +and it's parked out there for ya + + align:start position:0% +and it's parked out there for ya + + + align:start position:0% +and it's parked out there for ya +that's not a nuclear thing but it's fun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually breathe into it that's just + + align:start position:0% +actually breathe into it that's just + + + align:start position:0% +actually breathe into it that's just +okay yeah so there's the goal deposited + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah so there's the goal deposited + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah so there's the goal deposited +anywhere else + + align:start position:0% +anywhere else + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere else +yeah if you look actually if you look at + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you look actually if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you look actually if you look at +the neighbors I mean this is all this is + + align:start position:0% +the neighbors I mean this is all this is + + + align:start position:0% +the neighbors I mean this is all this is +all being smarter than if you look + + align:start position:0% +all being smarter than if you look + + + align:start position:0% +all being smarter than if you look +around so it actually it gets everywhere + + align:start position:0% +around so it actually it gets everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +around so it actually it gets everywhere +but it's mostly directed in that area + + align:start position:0% +but it's mostly directed in that area + + + align:start position:0% +but it's mostly directed in that area +that you saw them I have another offer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are all going to be in all but one but + + align:start position:0% +are all going to be in all but one but + + + align:start position:0% +are all going to be in all but one but +we have a new kethu Xia so otherwise + + align:start position:0% +we have a new kethu Xia so otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +we have a new kethu Xia so otherwise +wouldn't be in this class and anyone + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be in this class and anyone + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be in this class and anyone +scared of nuclear is probably not in + + align:start position:0% +scared of nuclear is probably not in + + + align:start position:0% +scared of nuclear is probably not in +this class so obviously is pretty easy + + align:start position:0% +this class so obviously is pretty easy + + + align:start position:0% +this class so obviously is pretty easy +for us to do we have this machine here I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean I can even supply I'm I feel rich + + align:start position:0% +mean I can even supply I'm I feel rich + + + align:start position:0% +mean I can even supply I'm I feel rich +enough I could because all those + + align:start position:0% +enough I could because all those + + + align:start position:0% +enough I could because all those +graduates graduate school + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but aren't anything else any questions + + align:start position:0% +but aren't anything else any questions + + + align:start position:0% +but aren't anything else any questions +for Reid what you just saw the goal is + + align:start position:0% +for Reid what you just saw the goal is + + + align:start position:0% +for Reid what you just saw the goal is +to sort of give you a real life you know + + align:start position:0% +to sort of give you a real life you know + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of give you a real life you know +learn 2201 you'll understand how these + + align:start position:0% +learn 2201 you'll understand how these + + + align:start position:0% +learn 2201 you'll understand how these +things work and how you can modify them + + align:start position:0% +things work and how you can modify them + + + align:start position:0% +things work and how you can modify them +create new stuff that's a general idea + + align:start position:0% +create new stuff that's a general idea + + + align:start position:0% +create new stuff that's a general idea +same thing behind looking at the + + align:start position:0% +same thing behind looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing behind looking at the +electron microscope or the focused ion + + align:start position:0% +electron microscope or the focused ion + + + align:start position:0% +electron microscope or the focused ion +beam EDX elemental analysis I want to + + align:start position:0% +beam EDX elemental analysis I want to + + + align:start position:0% +beam EDX elemental analysis I want to +bring what we're teaching you to life as + + align:start position:0% +bring what we're teaching you to life as + + + align:start position:0% +bring what we're teaching you to life as +often as we can + + align:start position:0% +often as we can + + + align:start position:0% +often as we can +since we only got one recitation a week + + align:start position:0% +since we only got one recitation a week + + + align:start position:0% +since we only got one recitation a week +we'll be doing it about that much once + + align:start position:0% +we'll be doing it about that much once + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be doing it about that much once +in a while I may schedule some extra + + align:start position:0% +in a while I may schedule some extra + + + align:start position:0% +in a while I may schedule some extra +stuff as long as folks who are available + + align:start position:0% +stuff as long as folks who are available + + + align:start position:0% +stuff as long as folks who are available +but we're gonna try all we can to have + + align:start position:0% +but we're gonna try all we can to have + + + align:start position:0% +but we're gonna try all we can to have +days like this we get to see what you're + + align:start position:0% +days like this we get to see what you're + + + align:start position:0% +days like this we get to see what you're +learning in real life because the + + align:start position:0% +learning in real life because the + + + align:start position:0% +learning in real life because the +process of the argon hitting the goal is + + align:start position:0% +process of the argon hitting the goal is + + + align:start position:0% +process of the argon hitting the goal is +actually known as sputtering which is + + align:start position:0% +actually known as sputtering which is + + + align:start position:0% +actually known as sputtering which is +the blasting off of surface atoms by + + align:start position:0% +the blasting off of surface atoms by + + + align:start position:0% +the blasting off of surface atoms by +energetic particles it's a controlled + + align:start position:0% +energetic particles it's a controlled + + + align:start position:0% +energetic particles it's a controlled +form of radiation damage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Swagelok they're all in UV what Swagelok + + align:start position:0% +Swagelok they're all in UV what Swagelok + + + align:start position:0% +Swagelok they're all in UV what Swagelok +companies oh here we go yeah this is + + align:start position:0% +companies oh here we go yeah this is + + + align:start position:0% +companies oh here we go yeah this is +Swagelok tubing it's got a two-piece + + align:start position:0% +Swagelok tubing it's got a two-piece + + + align:start position:0% +Swagelok tubing it's got a two-piece +ferrule which does make some metal to + + align:start position:0% +ferrule which does make some metal to + + + align:start position:0% +ferrule which does make some metal to +metal seal for moving liquid or gas and + + align:start position:0% +metal seal for moving liquid or gas and + + + align:start position:0% +metal seal for moving liquid or gas and +it takes an insanely high pressure so + + align:start position:0% +it takes an insanely high pressure so + + + align:start position:0% +it takes an insanely high pressure so +actually over in the next room we can + + align:start position:0% +actually over in the next room we can + + + align:start position:0% +actually over in the next room we can +look on our way out + + align:start position:0% +look on our way out + + + align:start position:0% +look on our way out +we've built a reactor simulator like an + + align:start position:0% +we've built a reactor simulator like an + + + align:start position:0% +we've built a reactor simulator like an +experimental reactor that replicates all + + align:start position:0% +experimental reactor that replicates all + + + align:start position:0% +experimental reactor that replicates all +the conditions except for the radiation + + align:start position:0% +the conditions except for the radiation + + + align:start position:0% +the conditions except for the radiation +we have to make it entirely out of + + align:start position:0% +we have to make it entirely out of + + + align:start position:0% +we have to make it entirely out of +Swagelok tubing because this stuff can + + align:start position:0% +Swagelok tubing because this stuff can + + + align:start position:0% +Swagelok tubing because this stuff can +hold the pressure and the temperature + + align:start position:0% +hold the pressure and the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +hold the pressure and the temperature +without deforming too much so when you + + align:start position:0% +without deforming too much so when you + + + align:start position:0% +without deforming too much so when you +want to make an absolutely airtight seal + + align:start position:0% +want to make an absolutely airtight seal + + + align:start position:0% +want to make an absolutely airtight seal +use things Swagelok or things like it + + align:start position:0% +use things Swagelok or things like it + + + align:start position:0% +use things Swagelok or things like it +this is stainless steel yep they make it + + align:start position:0% +this is stainless steel yep they make it + + + align:start position:0% +this is stainless steel yep they make it +out of titanium or other things too but + + align:start position:0% +out of titanium or other things too but + + + align:start position:0% +out of titanium or other things too but +stainless steel works for us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PWR how much pressure is in a PWR + + align:start position:0% +PWR how much pressure is in a PWR + + + align:start position:0% +PWR how much pressure is in a PWR +there's a hundred and fifty atmospheres + + align:start position:0% +there's a hundred and fifty atmospheres + + + align:start position:0% +there's a hundred and fifty atmospheres +of pressure it's also 150 atmospheres of + + align:start position:0% +of pressure it's also 150 atmospheres of + + + align:start position:0% +of pressure it's also 150 atmospheres of +pressure over in the room next door like + + align:start position:0% +pressure over in the room next door like + + + align:start position:0% +pressure over in the room next door like +I said it's all the same conditions as a + + align:start position:0% +I said it's all the same conditions as a + + + align:start position:0% +I said it's all the same conditions as a +reactor except the radiation the + + align:start position:0% +reactor except the radiation the + + + align:start position:0% +reactor except the radiation the +pressure is what makes it really + + align:start position:0% +pressure is what makes it really + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is what makes it really +dangerous yeah we'll look through the + + align:start position:0% +dangerous yeah we'll look through the + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous yeah we'll look through the +one of the few bulletproof glass shields + + align:start position:0% +one of the few bulletproof glass shields + + + align:start position:0% +one of the few bulletproof glass shields +because if anything blows on that loop + + align:start position:0% +because if anything blows on that loop + + + align:start position:0% +because if anything blows on that loop +it's like it is a projectile we've only + + align:start position:0% +it's like it is a projectile we've only + + + align:start position:0% +it's like it is a projectile we've only +had one explosion there was no + + align:start position:0% +had one explosion there was no + + + align:start position:0% +had one explosion there was no +temperature at the time but it sounded + + align:start position:0% +temperature at the time but it sounded + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at the time but it sounded +like a like a shotgun blast over the + + align:start position:0% +like a like a shotgun blast over the + + + align:start position:0% +like a like a shotgun blast over the +side of your shoulder it was loud the + + align:start position:0% +side of your shoulder it was loud the + + + align:start position:0% +side of your shoulder it was loud the +loop was right here and we were right in + + align:start position:0% +loop was right here and we were right in + + + align:start position:0% +loop was right here and we were right in +front of it then the loop jumped up + + align:start position:0% +front of it then the loop jumped up + + + align:start position:0% +front of it then the loop jumped up +maybe an inch and we jumped up about + + align:start position:0% +maybe an inch and we jumped up about + + + align:start position:0% +maybe an inch and we jumped up about +three feet we got scared + + align:start position:0% +three feet we got scared + + + align:start position:0% +three feet we got scared +that was what happens when you + + align:start position:0% +that was what happens when you + + + align:start position:0% +that was what happens when you +improperly torque a high pressure + + align:start position:0% +improperly torque a high pressure + + + align:start position:0% +improperly torque a high pressure +fitting because you've actually got to + + align:start position:0% +fitting because you've actually got to + + + align:start position:0% +fitting because you've actually got to +tighten these nuts down to not too low + + align:start position:0% +tighten these nuts down to not too low + + + align:start position:0% +tighten these nuts down to not too low +and not too high of a torque otherwise + + align:start position:0% +and not too high of a torque otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +and not too high of a torque otherwise +they don't seal and usually only find + + align:start position:0% +they don't seal and usually only find + + + align:start position:0% +they don't seal and usually only find +out that they don't seal when they're + + align:start position:0% +out that they don't seal when they're + + + align:start position:0% +out that they don't seal when they're +approaching close to their rated thing + + align:start position:0% +approaching close to their rated thing + + + align:start position:0% +approaching close to their rated thing +you're like great it's not half pressure + + align:start position:0% +you're like great it's not half pressure + + + align:start position:0% +you're like great it's not half pressure +it's all okay you reach 99% pressure and + + align:start position:0% +it's all okay you reach 99% pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +it's all okay you reach 99% pressure and +kaboom that's what happened cool + + align:start position:0% +kaboom that's what happened cool + + + align:start position:0% +kaboom that's what happened cool +thanks a lot Reid for showing this to us + + align:start position:0% +thanks a lot Reid for showing this to us + + + align:start position:0% +thanks a lot Reid for showing this to us +and taking time out of your day anytime + + align:start position:0% +and taking time out of your day anytime + + + align:start position:0% +and taking time out of your day anytime +hope you guys enjoyed it so no problems + + align:start position:0% +hope you guys enjoyed it so no problems + + + align:start position:0% +hope you guys enjoyed it so no problems +to work through this week that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +to work through this week that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +to work through this week that's gonna +change starting Tuesday next class so + + align:start position:0% +change starting Tuesday next class so + + + align:start position:0% +change starting Tuesday next class so +have a good weekend and I'll see you + + align:start position:0% +have a good weekend and I'll see you + + + align:start position:0% +have a good weekend and I'll see you +guys all on Tuesday in room 24 115 next + + align:start position:0% +guys all on Tuesday in room 24 115 next + + + align:start position:0% +guys all on Tuesday in room 24 115 next +to the room where we were just in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/OIjLUzS6SQA.txt b/OIjLUzS6SQA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd8f7d7db1759669a7c6b0c78ec6b56991bd6c7c --- /dev/null +++ b/OIjLUzS6SQA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10682 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right good morning 8 9 62 this is a + + align:start position:0% +all right good morning 8 9 62 this is a + + + align:start position:0% +all right good morning 8 9 62 this is a +very weird experience I am standing in + + align:start position:0% +very weird experience I am standing in + + + align:start position:0% +very weird experience I am standing in +here talking to an empty classroom I + + align:start position:0% +here talking to an empty classroom I + + + align:start position:0% +here talking to an empty classroom I +have some experience talking to myself + + align:start position:0% +have some experience talking to myself + + + align:start position:0% +have some experience talking to myself +because like many of us I am probably a + + align:start position:0% +because like many of us I am probably a + + + align:start position:0% +because like many of us I am probably a +little weirder than the average + + align:start position:0% +little weirder than the average + + + align:start position:0% +little weirder than the average +but that does not change the fact that + + align:start position:0% +but that does not change the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +but that does not change the fact that +this is awkward and a little strange and + + align:start position:0% +this is awkward and a little strange and + + + align:start position:0% +this is awkward and a little strange and +we already miss having you around here + + align:start position:0% +we already miss having you around here + + + align:start position:0% +we already miss having you around here +so I hope we all get through mi t--'s + + align:start position:0% +so I hope we all get through mi t--'s + + + align:start position:0% +so I hope we all get through mi t--'s +current weirdness in a healthy and quick + + align:start position:0% +current weirdness in a healthy and quick + + + align:start position:0% +current weirdness in a healthy and quick +fashion we can get back to doing this + + align:start position:0% +fashion we can get back to doing this + + + align:start position:0% +fashion we can get back to doing this +work we love with the people we love to + + align:start position:0% +work we love with the people we love to + + + align:start position:0% +work we love with the people we love to +have here all right so all that being + + align:start position:0% +have here all right so all that being + + + align:start position:0% +have here all right so all that being +said it's time for us to get back to the + + align:start position:0% +said it's time for us to get back to the + + + align:start position:0% +said it's time for us to get back to the +business of 89-62 which is learning + + align:start position:0% +business of 89-62 which is learning + + + align:start position:0% +business of 89-62 which is learning +about general relativity and today the + + align:start position:0% +about general relativity and today the + + + align:start position:0% +about general relativity and today the +lecture that I am recording is one in + + align:start position:0% +lecture that I am recording is one in + + + align:start position:0% +lecture that I am recording is one in +which we will take all the tools that + + align:start position:0% +which we will take all the tools that + + + align:start position:0% +which we will take all the tools that +have been developed and we will turn + + align:start position:0% +have been developed and we will turn + + + align:start position:0% +have been developed and we will turn +this into a theory of gravity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me go over a quick recap of some of + + align:start position:0% +let me go over a quick recap of some of + + + align:start position:0% +let me go over a quick recap of some of +the things that we talked about in our + + align:start position:0% +the things that we talked about in our + + + align:start position:0% +the things that we talked about in our +previous lecture and + + align:start position:0% +previous lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +previous lecture and +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +I want to emphasize this because this + + align:start position:0% +I want to emphasize this because this + + + align:start position:0% +I want to emphasize this because this +quantity that we derived about two + + align:start position:0% +quantity that we derived about two + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that we derived about two +lectures ago the Riemann curvature + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago the Riemann curvature + + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago the Riemann curvature +tensor is going to play an extremely + + align:start position:0% +tensor is going to play an extremely + + + align:start position:0% +tensor is going to play an extremely +important role in things that we do + + align:start position:0% +important role in things that we do + + + align:start position:0% +important role in things that we do +moving forward so I'll just quickly + + align:start position:0% +moving forward so I'll just quickly + + + align:start position:0% +moving forward so I'll just quickly +remind you that in our previous lecture + + align:start position:0% +remind you that in our previous lecture + + + align:start position:0% +remind you that in our previous lecture +we counted up the symmetries that this + + align:start position:0% +we counted up the symmetries that this + + + align:start position:0% +we counted up the symmetries that this +tensor has and so the foremost that the + + align:start position:0% +tensor has and so the foremost that the + + + align:start position:0% +tensor has and so the foremost that the +four that are important for + + align:start position:0% +four that are important for + + + align:start position:0% +four that are important for +understanding its properties its four + + align:start position:0% +understanding its properties its four + + + align:start position:0% +understanding its properties its four +main symmetries are first of all if you + + align:start position:0% +main symmetries are first of all if you + + + align:start position:0% +main symmetries are first of all if you +exchange indices three and four it comes + + align:start position:0% +exchange indices three and four it comes + + + align:start position:0% +exchange indices three and four it comes +in with a minus sign so it's + + align:start position:0% +in with a minus sign so it's + + + align:start position:0% +in with a minus sign so it's +anti-symmetric under exchange of indices + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric under exchange of indices + + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric under exchange of indices +three and four if you lower that first + + align:start position:0% +three and four if you lower that first + + + align:start position:0% +three and four if you lower that first +index so that they are all in the + + align:start position:0% +index so that they are all in the + + + align:start position:0% +index so that they are all in the +downstairs position and you exchange + + align:start position:0% +downstairs position and you exchange + + + align:start position:0% +downstairs position and you exchange +indices one and two you likewise pick up + + align:start position:0% +indices one and two you likewise pick up + + + align:start position:0% +indices one and two you likewise pick up +a minus sign + + align:start position:0% +a minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +a minus sign +again keeping everything in the + + align:start position:0% +again keeping everything in the + + + align:start position:0% +again keeping everything in the +downstairs position if you just + + align:start position:0% +downstairs position if you just + + + align:start position:0% +downstairs position if you just +wholesale swap indices one and two four + + align:start position:0% +wholesale swap indices one and two four + + + align:start position:0% +wholesale swap indices one and two four +indices three and four like so that's + + align:start position:0% +indices three and four like so that's + + + align:start position:0% +indices three and four like so that's +symmetric and so you get the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and so you get the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and so you get the whole thing +back with a plus sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally one that's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and finally one that's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and finally one that's a little bit +non-obvious but + + align:start position:0% +non-obvious but + + + align:start position:0% +non-obvious but +can be seen if you're sort of pigheaded + + align:start position:0% +can be seen if you're sort of pigheaded + + + align:start position:0% +can be seen if you're sort of pigheaded +enough to sort of stare at this thing + + align:start position:0% +enough to sort of stare at this thing + + + align:start position:0% +enough to sort of stare at this thing +and kind of pound on the algebra a + + align:start position:0% +and kind of pound on the algebra a + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of pound on the algebra a +little bit if you take the the Riemann + + align:start position:0% +little bit if you take the the Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +little bit if you take the the Riemann +curvature tensor and this can be at the + + align:start position:0% +curvature tensor and this can be at the + + + align:start position:0% +curvature tensor and this can be at the +end the first index can be either + + align:start position:0% +end the first index can be either + + + align:start position:0% +end the first index can be either +upstairs or downstairs but if you + + align:start position:0% +upstairs or downstairs but if you + + + align:start position:0% +upstairs or downstairs but if you +cyclically permute indices 2 3 & 4 and + + align:start position:0% +cyclically permute indices 2 3 & 4 and + + + align:start position:0% +cyclically permute indices 2 3 & 4 and +add them up they sum to 0 ok so that + + align:start position:0% +add them up they sum to 0 ok so that + + + align:start position:0% +add them up they sum to 0 ok so that +tells you there's a constraint on this + + align:start position:0% +tells you there's a constraint on this + + + align:start position:0% +tells you there's a constraint on this +thing when I look at the behavior the + + align:start position:0% +thing when I look at the behavior the + + + align:start position:0% +thing when I look at the behavior the +same with respect indices 2 3 & 4 we + + align:start position:0% +same with respect indices 2 3 & 4 we + + + align:start position:0% +same with respect indices 2 3 & 4 we +introduced a variant of the Riemann + + align:start position:0% +introduced a variant of the Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +introduced a variant of the Riemann +curvature tensor called the Ricci + + align:start position:0% +curvature tensor called the Ricci + + + align:start position:0% +curvature tensor called the Ricci +curvature so way I do this is if I take + + align:start position:0% +curvature so way I do this is if I take + + + align:start position:0% +curvature so way I do this is if I take +the trace on the Riemann curvature + + align:start position:0% +the trace on the Riemann curvature + + + align:start position:0% +the trace on the Riemann curvature +tensor on an end indices 1 & 3 which is + + align:start position:0% +tensor on an end indices 1 & 3 which is + + + align:start position:0% +tensor on an end indices 1 & 3 which is +equivalent to taking it with the NSCs + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to taking it with the NSCs + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to taking it with the NSCs +all in the downstairs position and + + align:start position:0% +all in the downstairs position and + + + align:start position:0% +all in the downstairs position and +hitting it with the metric like so I get + + align:start position:0% +hitting it with the metric like so I get + + + align:start position:0% +hitting it with the metric like so I get +this quantity which I forgot to write + + align:start position:0% +this quantity which I forgot to write + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity which I forgot to write +down is symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the major important physical + + align:start position:0% +one of the major important physical + + + align:start position:0% +one of the major important physical +applications of the Riemann curvature + + align:start position:0% +applications of the Riemann curvature + + + align:start position:0% +applications of the Riemann curvature +tensor is that it allows us to describe + + align:start position:0% +tensor is that it allows us to describe + + + align:start position:0% +tensor is that it allows us to describe +the way in which two neighboring judy's + + align:start position:0% +the way in which two neighboring judy's + + + align:start position:0% +the way in which two neighboring judy's +X if I have two judy's X that are + + align:start position:0% +X if I have two judy's X that are + + + align:start position:0% +X if I have two judy's X that are +separated by a for vector C and I look + + align:start position:0% +separated by a for vector C and I look + + + align:start position:0% +separated by a for vector C and I look +at how that separation evolves as they + + align:start position:0% +at how that separation evolves as they + + + align:start position:0% +at how that separation evolves as they +move forward along their along their + + align:start position:0% +move forward along their along their + + + align:start position:0% +move forward along their along their +gd's like paths this differential + + align:start position:0% +gd's like paths this differential + + + align:start position:0% +gd's like paths this differential +equation describes how it behaves and + + align:start position:0% +equation describes how it behaves and + + + align:start position:0% +equation describes how it behaves and +the key thing is that what we see is + + align:start position:0% +the key thing is that what we see is + + + align:start position:0% +the key thing is that what we see is +that the rate of separation is + + align:start position:0% +that the rate of separation is + + + align:start position:0% +that the rate of separation is +proportional to the Riemann curvature it + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the Riemann curvature it + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the Riemann curvature it +ends up playing the role when we think + + align:start position:0% +ends up playing the role when we think + + + align:start position:0% +ends up playing the role when we think +about what this what this tells us is + + align:start position:0% +about what this what this tells us is + + + align:start position:0% +about what this what this tells us is +this ends up remember Judy zzyx + + align:start position:0% +this ends up remember Judy zzyx + + + align:start position:0% +this ends up remember Judy zzyx +described freefall and so what this is + + align:start position:0% +described freefall and so what this is + + + align:start position:0% +described freefall and so what this is +telling me it is a way in which two + + align:start position:0% +telling me it is a way in which two + + + align:start position:0% +telling me it is a way in which two +nearby but somewhat separated separated + + align:start position:0% +nearby but somewhat separated separated + + + align:start position:0% +nearby but somewhat separated separated +by a distance C nearby but slightly + + align:start position:0% +by a distance C nearby but slightly + + + align:start position:0% +by a distance C nearby but slightly +separated judy's X both are in freefall + + align:start position:0% +separated judy's X both are in freefall + + + align:start position:0% +separated judy's X both are in freefall +but they're free for all trajectories + + align:start position:0% +but they're free for all trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +but they're free for all trajectories +are diverging from one another or + + align:start position:0% +are diverging from one another or + + + align:start position:0% +are diverging from one another or +perhaps being focused towards one + + align:start position:0% +perhaps being focused towards one + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps being focused towards one +another depending upon how R is actually + + align:start position:0% +another depending upon how R is actually + + + align:start position:0% +another depending upon how R is actually +behaving this is the behavior of tides + + align:start position:0% +behaving this is the behavior of tides + + + align:start position:0% +behaving this is the behavior of tides +free fall is gravity and this is saying + + align:start position:0% +free fall is gravity and this is saying + + + align:start position:0% +free fall is gravity and this is saying +that the free fall trajectory is change + + align:start position:0% +that the free fall trajectory is change + + + align:start position:0% +that the free fall trajectory is change +of separation is governed by the Riemann + + align:start position:0% +of separation is governed by the Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +of separation is governed by the Riemann +tensor that's telling about the action + + align:start position:0% +tensor that's telling about the action + + + align:start position:0% +tensor that's telling about the action +of gravitation heids the last thing that + + align:start position:0% +of gravitation heids the last thing that + + + align:start position:0% +of gravitation heids the last thing that +we did in + + align:start position:0% +we did in + + + align:start position:0% +we did in +tuesday's shoe me in Thursday's lecture + + align:start position:0% +tuesday's shoe me in Thursday's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +tuesday's shoe me in Thursday's lecture +was I went through and I developed this + + align:start position:0% +was I went through and I developed this + + + align:start position:0% +was I went through and I developed this +proof of what is known as the Bianchi + + align:start position:0% +proof of what is known as the Bianchi + + + align:start position:0% +proof of what is known as the Bianchi +identity which is an identity on the UH + + align:start position:0% +identity which is an identity on the UH + + + align:start position:0% +identity which is an identity on the UH +it's an identity on the covariant + + align:start position:0% +it's an identity on the covariant + + + align:start position:0% +it's an identity on the covariant +derivative of the Riemann tensor so + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the Riemann tensor so + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the Riemann tensor so +notice what's going on here I'm leaving + + align:start position:0% +notice what's going on here I'm leaving + + + align:start position:0% +notice what's going on here I'm leaving +indices three and four on the Riemann + + align:start position:0% +indices three and four on the Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +indices three and four on the Riemann +tensor oh shoot + + align:start position:0% +tensor oh shoot + + + align:start position:0% +tensor oh shoot +I'm actually changing my notation + + align:start position:0% +I'm actually changing my notation + + + align:start position:0% +I'm actually changing my notation +halfway through let me fix that + + align:start position:0% +halfway through let me fix that + + + align:start position:0% +halfway through let me fix that +my apologies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay apologies for that uh you leave + + align:start position:0% +okay apologies for that uh you leave + + + align:start position:0% +okay apologies for that uh you leave +indices three and four unchanged and + + align:start position:0% +indices three and four unchanged and + + + align:start position:0% +indices three and four unchanged and +what you do is you cyclically permute + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you cyclically permute + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you cyclically permute +the index against in the direction which + + align:start position:0% +the index against in the direction which + + + align:start position:0% +the index against in the direction which +you're taking a derivative with indices + + align:start position:0% +you're taking a derivative with indices + + + align:start position:0% +you're taking a derivative with indices +one and two so my first term it goes + + align:start position:0% +one and two so my first term it goes + + + align:start position:0% +one and two so my first term it goes +alpha beta gamma then beta gamma alpha + + align:start position:0% +alpha beta gamma then beta gamma alpha + + + align:start position:0% +alpha beta gamma then beta gamma alpha +gamma alpha beta okay notice the way + + align:start position:0% +gamma alpha beta okay notice the way + + + align:start position:0% +gamma alpha beta okay notice the way +they are sickly permuting like that sum + + align:start position:0% +they are sickly permuting like that sum + + + align:start position:0% +they are sickly permuting like that sum +them up and you get zero so + + align:start position:0% +them up and you get zero so + + + align:start position:0% +them up and you get zero so +let's take it from here we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +let's take it from here we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +let's take it from here we're gonna +start with this bianchi identity um what + + align:start position:0% +start with this bianchi identity um what + + + align:start position:0% +start with this bianchi identity um what +I want to do now is contract the bianchi + + align:start position:0% +I want to do now is contract the bianchi + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do now is contract the bianchi +identity in the following way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's take this form that I've + + align:start position:0% +so let's take this form that I've + + + align:start position:0% +so let's take this form that I've +written out here let me just make sure + + align:start position:0% +written out here let me just make sure + + + align:start position:0% +written out here let me just make sure +I've left it now in a form that comports + + align:start position:0% +I've left it now in a form that comports + + + align:start position:0% +I've left it now in a form that comports +with my notes I did good so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +with my notes I did good so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +with my notes I did good so what I'm +going to do is multiply the entire thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using the metric I'm going to contract + + align:start position:0% +using the metric I'm going to contract + + + align:start position:0% +using the metric I'm going to contract +it on indices beta and Mew + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so remember the metric commutes with the + + align:start position:0% +so remember the metric commutes with the + + + align:start position:0% +so remember the metric commutes with the +covariant derivative so unless the + + align:start position:0% +covariant derivative so unless the + + + align:start position:0% +covariant derivative so unless the +derivative itself is with respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivative itself is with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative itself is with respect to +either the beta or the Miu index that G + + align:start position:0% +either the beta or the Miu index that G + + + align:start position:0% +either the beta or the Miu index that G +just sort of waltzes right on top of + + align:start position:0% +just sort of waltzes right on top of + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of waltzes right on top of +there so when I do this it's going to + + align:start position:0% +there so when I do this it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +there so when I do this it's going to +bethe G beta mu nu upstairs is going to + + align:start position:0% +bethe G beta mu nu upstairs is going to + + + align:start position:0% +bethe G beta mu nu upstairs is going to +walk right through this it's going to + + align:start position:0% +walk right through this it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +walk right through this it's going to +raise the beta index and what I wind up + + align:start position:0% +raise the beta index and what I wind up + + + align:start position:0% +raise the beta index and what I wind up +with here is this first term + + align:start position:0% +with here is this first term + + + align:start position:0% +with here is this first term +becomes the covariant derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the Ricci tensor okay I have + + align:start position:0% +of the Ricci tensor okay I have + + + align:start position:0% +of the Ricci tensor okay I have +contracted on indices beta and mu + + align:start position:0% +contracted on indices beta and mu + + + align:start position:0% +contracted on indices beta and mu +when it hits this one it's just going to + + align:start position:0% +when it hits this one it's just going to + + + align:start position:0% +when it hits this one it's just going to +raise the index on that covariant + + align:start position:0% +raise the index on that covariant + + + align:start position:0% +raise the index on that covariant +derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative +so I've got a term here now that looks + + align:start position:0% +so I've got a term here now that looks + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got a term here now that looks +something like the divergence of the + + align:start position:0% +something like the divergence of the + + + align:start position:0% +something like the divergence of the +Riemann tensor divergence with respect + + align:start position:0% +Riemann tensor divergence with respect + + + align:start position:0% +Riemann tensor divergence with respect +to index 3 + + align:start position:0% +to index 3 + + + align:start position:0% +to index 3 +when I hit this term it walks through + + align:start position:0% +when I hit this term it walks through + + + align:start position:0% +when I hit this term it walks through +the covariant derivative again and you + + align:start position:0% +the covariant derivative again and you + + + align:start position:0% +the covariant derivative again and you +see what I'm doing is a trace on indices + + align:start position:0% +see what I'm doing is a trace on indices + + + align:start position:0% +see what I'm doing is a trace on indices +2 & 3 now I can take advantage of the + + align:start position:0% +2 & 3 now I can take advantage of the + + + align:start position:0% +2 & 3 now I can take advantage of the +anti symmetry here let's reverse this + + align:start position:0% +anti symmetry here let's reverse this + + + align:start position:0% +anti symmetry here let's reverse this +and so it's like doing and throwing in a + + align:start position:0% +and so it's like doing and throwing in a + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's like doing and throwing in a +minus sign and then doing a trace on + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and then doing a trace on + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and then doing a trace on +indices 1 & 2 I see me doing a trace on + + align:start position:0% +indices 1 & 2 I see me doing a trace on + + + align:start position:0% +indices 1 & 2 I see me doing a trace on +we wind up back up for just a second I'm + + align:start position:0% +we wind up back up for just a second I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we wind up back up for just a second I'm +gonna take advantage that anti symmetry + + align:start position:0% +gonna take advantage that anti symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take advantage that anti symmetry +I'll exchange indices 1 & 2 and then I + + align:start position:0% +I'll exchange indices 1 & 2 and then I + + + align:start position:0% +I'll exchange indices 1 & 2 and then I +am doing a trace on indices 1 & 3 which + + align:start position:0% +am doing a trace on indices 1 & 3 which + + + align:start position:0% +am doing a trace on indices 1 & 3 which +is going to give me the Ricci tensor but + + align:start position:0% +is going to give me the Ricci tensor but + + + align:start position:0% +is going to give me the Ricci tensor but +because I have used that mind that anti + + align:start position:0% +because I have used that mind that anti + + + align:start position:0% +because I have used that mind that anti +symmetry I will do so with a minus sign + + align:start position:0% +symmetry I will do so with a minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry I will do so with a minus sign +so what I get here is this + + align:start position:0% +so what I get here is this + + + align:start position:0% +so what I get here is this +I'm going to probably bobble more than + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to probably bobble more than + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to probably bobble more than +once in this lecture because again doing + + align:start position:0% +once in this lecture because again doing + + + align:start position:0% +once in this lecture because again doing +this in an empty room it's a little + + align:start position:0% +this in an empty room it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +this in an empty room it's a little +weird + + align:start position:0% +weird + + + align:start position:0% +weird +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright so I + + align:start position:0% +alright so I + + + align:start position:0% +alright so I +really want to get a relationship that + + align:start position:0% +really want to get a relationship that + + + align:start position:0% +really want to get a relationship that +simplifies the Riemann tensor ok riemann + + align:start position:0% +simplifies the Riemann tensor ok riemann + + + align:start position:0% +simplifies the Riemann tensor ok riemann +tensor has got four indices on it + + align:start position:0% +tensor has got four indices on it + + + align:start position:0% +tensor has got four indices on it +I'm not scared but I don't like it okay + + align:start position:0% +I'm not scared but I don't like it okay + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not scared but I don't like it okay +so we're gonna do one more contraction + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna do one more contraction + + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna do one more contraction +operation to try to simplify this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's now contract + + align:start position:0% +let's now contract + + + align:start position:0% +let's now contract +once more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +metric on indices G and new + + align:start position:0% +metric on indices G and new + + + align:start position:0% +metric on indices G and new +okay so when I do it the first one it + + align:start position:0% +okay so when I do it the first one it + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when I do it the first one it +walks right through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right through that covariant derivative + + align:start position:0% +right through that covariant derivative + + + align:start position:0% +right through that covariant derivative +and I get the trace of the Riemann + + align:start position:0% +and I get the trace of the Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +and I get the trace of the Riemann +tensor the Ricci see me I get the trace + + align:start position:0% +tensor the Ricci see me I get the trace + + + align:start position:0% +tensor the Ricci see me I get the trace +of the Ricci tensor the Ricci scalar + + align:start position:0% +of the Ricci tensor the Ricci scalar + + + align:start position:0% +of the Ricci tensor the Ricci scalar +when I do it on the second term okay I + + align:start position:0% +when I do it on the second term okay I + + + align:start position:0% +when I do it on the second term okay I +am now tracing on indices 1 & 4 I will + + align:start position:0% +am now tracing on indices 1 & 4 I will + + + align:start position:0% +am now tracing on indices 1 & 4 I will +invoke anti symmetry to change that into + + align:start position:0% +invoke anti symmetry to change that into + + + align:start position:0% +invoke anti symmetry to change that into +a trace on indices 1 & 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Ricci tensor with a minus sign and + + align:start position:0% +the Ricci tensor with a minus sign and + + + align:start position:0% +the Ricci tensor with a minus sign and +then the next one I + + align:start position:0% +then the next one I + + + align:start position:0% +then the next one I +just trace on this and I wind up with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something it looks like this okay now + + align:start position:0% +something it looks like this okay now + + + align:start position:0% +something it looks like this okay now +these two terms are both divergences on + + align:start position:0% +these two terms are both divergences on + + + align:start position:0% +these two terms are both divergences on +the they are both divergences on the + + align:start position:0% +the they are both divergences on the + + + align:start position:0% +the they are both divergences on the +second index second index is a dummy + + align:start position:0% +second index second index is a dummy + + + align:start position:0% +second index second index is a dummy +index so I can put these two together so + + align:start position:0% +index so I can put these two together so + + + align:start position:0% +index so I can put these two together so +this is equivalent to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or dividing out a factor of minus two + + align:start position:0% +or dividing out a factor of minus two + + + align:start position:0% +or dividing out a factor of minus two +the way this is more often written + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can also factor out that derivative + + align:start position:0% +you can also factor out that derivative + + + align:start position:0% +you can also factor out that derivative +let's write it like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so what I'm doing here is I've divided + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm doing here is I've divided + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm doing here is I've divided +by a minus two so that I can play this + + align:start position:0% +by a minus two so that I can play this + + + align:start position:0% +by a minus two so that I can play this +guy in front and again a minus 1/2 in + + align:start position:0% +guy in front and again a minus 1/2 in + + + align:start position:0% +guy in front and again a minus 1/2 in +front of my Ricci term uh and because I + + align:start position:0% +front of my Ricci term uh and because I + + + align:start position:0% +front of my Ricci term uh and because I +want to factor out my covariant + + align:start position:0% +want to factor out my covariant + + + align:start position:0% +want to factor out my covariant +derivative I need to throw in a factor + + align:start position:0% +derivative I need to throw in a factor + + + align:start position:0% +derivative I need to throw in a factor +of the metric there so that the indices + + align:start position:0% +of the metric there so that the indices + + + align:start position:0% +of the metric there so that the indices +line up right so what we do at this + + align:start position:0% +line up right so what we do at this + + + align:start position:0% +line up right so what we do at this +point is we do whenever you reach a + + align:start position:0% +point is we do whenever you reach a + + + align:start position:0% +point is we do whenever you reach a +certain point in your calculation where + + align:start position:0% +certain point in your calculation where + + + align:start position:0% +certain point in your calculation where +you've got something good you do what + + align:start position:0% +you've got something good you do what + + + align:start position:0% +you've got something good you do what +every mathematician or physicists would + + align:start position:0% +every mathematician or physicists would + + + align:start position:0% +every mathematician or physicists would +do you'll give this guy a name so + + align:start position:0% +do you'll give this guy a name so + + + align:start position:0% +do you'll give this guy a name so +switching my indices a tiny bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we define + + align:start position:0% +we define + + + align:start position:0% +we define +G mu nu + + align:start position:0% +G mu nu + + + align:start position:0% +G mu nu +to be the Ricci tensor minus 1/2 metric + + align:start position:0% +to be the Ricci tensor minus 1/2 metric + + + align:start position:0% +to be the Ricci tensor minus 1/2 metric +Ricci scalar and this is an entity known + + align:start position:0% +Ricci scalar and this is an entity known + + + align:start position:0% +Ricci scalar and this is an entity known +as the Einstein tensor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a course on Einsteins GAAP + + align:start position:0% +this is a course on Einsteins GAAP + + + align:start position:0% +this is a course on Einsteins GAAP +gravity so the name alone should tell + + align:start position:0% +gravity so the name alone should tell + + + align:start position:0% +gravity so the name alone should tell +you this guy's gonna matter + + align:start position:0% +you this guy's gonna matter + + + align:start position:0% +you this guy's gonna matter +one quick sidenote so suppose I take the + + align:start position:0% +one quick sidenote so suppose I take the + + + align:start position:0% +one quick sidenote so suppose I take the +trace of the Einstein tensor when we + + align:start position:0% +trace of the Einstein tensor when we + + + align:start position:0% +trace of the Einstein tensor when we +took the trace of the Ricci tensor I + + align:start position:0% +took the trace of the Ricci tensor I + + + align:start position:0% +took the trace of the Ricci tensor I +didn't write it down but if I take a + + align:start position:0% +didn't write it down but if I take a + + + align:start position:0% +didn't write it down but if I take a +trace of this guy I just get the Ricci + + align:start position:0% +trace of this guy I just get the Ricci + + + align:start position:0% +trace of this guy I just get the Ricci +scalar R which I used over here so when + + align:start position:0% +scalar R which I used over here so when + + + align:start position:0% +scalar R which I used over here so when +I do this here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose I just want to call this the you + + align:start position:0% +suppose I just want to call this the you + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I just want to call this the you +know the Einstein scale or Jing + + align:start position:0% +know the Einstein scale or Jing + + + align:start position:0% +know the Einstein scale or Jing +well applying that to its definition + + align:start position:0% +well applying that to its definition + + + align:start position:0% +well applying that to its definition +this is going to be equal to the Ricci + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be equal to the Ricci + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be equal to the Ricci +scalar + + align:start position:0% +scalar + + + align:start position:0% +scalar +minus 1/2 trace of the metric times R + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 trace of the metric times R + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 trace of the metric times R +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it's a general rule in any theory of + + align:start position:0% +it's a general rule in any theory of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a general rule in any theory of +space-time that the trace of the metric + + align:start position:0% +space-time that the trace of the metric + + + align:start position:0% +space-time that the trace of the metric +is equal to the number of dimensions in + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the number of dimensions in + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the number of dimensions in +your space-time okay + + align:start position:0% +your space-time okay + + + align:start position:0% +your space-time okay +can easily work it out in special + + align:start position:0% +can easily work it out in special + + + align:start position:0% +can easily work it out in special +relativity you're basically just you + + align:start position:0% +relativity you're basically just you + + + align:start position:0% +relativity you're basically just you +know raising one index and as we'll see + + align:start position:0% +know raising one index and as we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +know raising one index and as we'll see +it holds completely generally in fact + + align:start position:0% +it holds completely generally in fact + + + align:start position:0% +it holds completely generally in fact +this follows directly from the fact that + + align:start position:0% +this follows directly from the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +this follows directly from the fact that +the upstairs metric is the matrix + + align:start position:0% +the upstairs metric is the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the upstairs metric is the matrix +inverse of the downstairs metric so this + + align:start position:0% +inverse of the downstairs metric so this + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of the downstairs metric so this +is equal to four so + + align:start position:0% +is equal to four so + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to four so +this whole thing is just a negative of + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing is just a negative of + + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing is just a negative of +the Ricci scalar + + align:start position:0% +the Ricci scalar + + + align:start position:0% +the Ricci scalar +what this means is that the Einstein + + align:start position:0% +what this means is that the Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +what this means is that the Einstein +tensor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the trace reversed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ricci tensor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I just want to plant that for now + + align:start position:0% +okay I just want to plant that for now + + + align:start position:0% +okay I just want to plant that for now +this is the fact that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this is the fact that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the fact that we're going to +take advantage of a little bit later but + + align:start position:0% +take advantage of a little bit later but + + + align:start position:0% +take advantage of a little bit later but +for now it's just a + + align:start position:0% +for now it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +for now it's just a +too mathematical fact that I want to + + align:start position:0% +too mathematical fact that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +too mathematical fact that I want to +point out I want to set aside we'll come + + align:start position:0% +point out I want to set aside we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +point out I want to set aside we'll come +back to it when it matters + + align:start position:0% +back to it when it matters + + + align:start position:0% +back to it when it matters +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we now have everything that we need + + align:start position:0% +okay we now have everything that we need + + + align:start position:0% +okay we now have everything that we need +to take all of the framework that we + + align:start position:0% +to take all of the framework that we + + + align:start position:0% +to take all of the framework that we +have been developing all term and turn + + align:start position:0% +have been developing all term and turn + + + align:start position:0% +have been developing all term and turn +it into a theory of gravity instead of + + align:start position:0% +it into a theory of gravity instead of + + + align:start position:0% +it into a theory of gravity instead of +nightmare am I being recorded yes okay + + align:start position:0% +nightmare am I being recorded yes okay + + + align:start position:0% +nightmare am I being recorded yes okay +sorry does something you thought I might + + align:start position:0% +sorry does something you thought I might + + + align:start position:0% +sorry does something you thought I might +have forgotten to turn my microphone on + + align:start position:0% +have forgotten to turn my microphone on + + + align:start position:0% +have forgotten to turn my microphone on +so let's turn this into a theory of + + align:start position:0% +so let's turn this into a theory of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's turn this into a theory of +gravity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ingredient one is something that we have + + align:start position:0% +ingredient one is something that we have + + + align:start position:0% +ingredient one is something that we have +discussed quite a bit before I want to + + align:start position:0% +discussed quite a bit before I want to + + + align:start position:0% +discussed quite a bit before I want to +restate it and I want to serve remind us + + align:start position:0% +restate it and I want to serve remind us + + + align:start position:0% +restate it and I want to serve remind us +I've several times over the past couple + + align:start position:0% +I've several times over the past couple + + + align:start position:0% +I've several times over the past couple +of lectures I have implicitly used this + + align:start position:0% +of lectures I have implicitly used this + + + align:start position:0% +of lectures I have implicitly used this +rule already but I want to make it a + + align:start position:0% +rule already but I want to make it a + + + align:start position:0% +rule already but I want to make it a +little bit more explicit now we're going + + align:start position:0% +little bit more explicit now we're going + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more explicit now we're going +to use the principle of equivalence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in particular we're going to use what is + + align:start position:0% +in particular we're going to use what is + + + align:start position:0% +in particular we're going to use what is +known as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the minimal coupling principle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's the way what this basically + + align:start position:0% +so here's the way what this basically + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the way what this basically +means is we are going to try to take + + align:start position:0% +means is we are going to try to take + + + align:start position:0% +means is we are going to try to take +laws of physics that are well understood + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics that are well understood + + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics that are well understood +from laboratory experiments from special + + align:start position:0% +from laboratory experiments from special + + + align:start position:0% +from laboratory experiments from special +relativity everything that we have known + + align:start position:0% +relativity everything that we have known + + + align:start position:0% +relativity everything that we have known +and loved and tested for essentially + + align:start position:0% +and loved and tested for essentially + + + align:start position:0% +and loved and tested for essentially +started studying physics and we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +started studying physics and we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +started studying physics and we're gonna +try to see how that can be carried over + + align:start position:0% +try to see how that can be carried over + + + align:start position:0% +try to see how that can be carried over +to working in the curved space-time that + + align:start position:0% +to working in the curved space-time that + + + align:start position:0% +to working in the curved space-time that +will describe gravity with as little + + align:start position:0% +will describe gravity with as little + + + align:start position:0% +will describe gravity with as little +additional sort of coupling to + + align:start position:0% +additional sort of coupling to + + + align:start position:0% +additional sort of coupling to +space-time entities as is possible so + + align:start position:0% +space-time entities as is possible so + + + align:start position:0% +space-time entities as is possible so +here's what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +here's what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +here's what we're going to do +take a + + align:start position:0% +take a + + + align:start position:0% +take a +law + + align:start position:0% +law + + + align:start position:0% +law +of physics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that is valid in inertial coordinates in + + align:start position:0% +that is valid in inertial coordinates in + + + align:start position:0% +that is valid in inertial coordinates in +flat space-time or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equivalently the local Lorentz frame + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which corresponds to the local region of + + align:start position:0% +which corresponds to the local region of + + + align:start position:0% +which corresponds to the local region of +a freely falling frame or a freely + + align:start position:0% +a freely falling frame or a freely + + + align:start position:0% +a freely falling frame or a freely +falling observer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take that law of physics that is good in + + align:start position:0% +take that law of physics that is good in + + + align:start position:0% +take that law of physics that is good in +that form and rewrite it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a coordinate invariant tensorial form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is one of the reasons why + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the reasons why +throughout this term we have been + + align:start position:0% +throughout this term we have been + + + align:start position:0% +throughout this term we have been +brutally didactic about insisting on + + align:start position:0% +brutally didactic about insisting on + + + align:start position:0% +brutally didactic about insisting on +getting all of our laws of physics + + align:start position:0% +getting all of our laws of physics + + + align:start position:0% +getting all of our laws of physics +expressed using tensors quantities which + + align:start position:0% +expressed using tensors quantities which + + + align:start position:0% +expressed using tensors quantities which +have exactly the transformation law is + + align:start position:0% +have exactly the transformation law is + + + align:start position:0% +have exactly the transformation law is +that we demand in order for them to be + + align:start position:0% +that we demand in order for them to be + + + align:start position:0% +that we demand in order for them to be +true tensors that live in the curved + + align:start position:0% +true tensors that live in the curved + + + align:start position:0% +true tensors that live in the curved +manifold that we use to describe + + align:start position:0% +manifold that we use to describe + + + align:start position:0% +manifold that we use to describe +space-time the last time I actually did + + align:start position:0% +space-time the last time I actually did + + + align:start position:0% +space-time the last time I actually did +something like this was when I derive + + align:start position:0% +something like this was when I derive + + + align:start position:0% +something like this was when I derive +I've erased it now but when I derived + + align:start position:0% +I've erased it now but when I derived + + + align:start position:0% +I've erased it now but when I derived +the equation of Gd zyk deviation okay I + + align:start position:0% +the equation of Gd zyk deviation okay I + + + align:start position:0% +the equation of Gd zyk deviation okay I +first did it using very very simple + + align:start position:0% +first did it using very very simple + + + align:start position:0% +first did it using very very simple +language and then I sort of looked at it + + align:start position:0% +language and then I sort of looked at it + + + align:start position:0% +language and then I sort of looked at it +and said well this is fine according to + + align:start position:0% +and said well this is fine according to + + + align:start position:0% +and said well this is fine according to +that local Lorentz frame according that + + align:start position:0% +that local Lorentz frame according that + + + align:start position:0% +that local Lorentz frame according that +freely falling observer but this is not + + align:start position:0% +freely falling observer but this is not + + + align:start position:0% +freely falling observer but this is not +tensorial it's actually as written only + + align:start position:0% +tensorial it's actually as written only + + + align:start position:0% +tensorial it's actually as written only +good in that frame and so what we did + + align:start position:0% +good in that frame and so what we did + + + align:start position:0% +good in that frame and so what we did +was we took another couple minutes and + + align:start position:0% +was we took another couple minutes and + + + align:start position:0% +was we took another couple minutes and +said let's see how I can change this + + align:start position:0% +said let's see how I can change this + + + align:start position:0% +said let's see how I can change this +acceleration operator that describes my + + align:start position:0% +acceleration operator that describes my + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration operator that describes my +equation of judie tzuke deviation + + align:start position:0% +equation of judie tzuke deviation + + + align:start position:0% +equation of judie tzuke deviation +put in the extra structure necessary so + + align:start position:0% +put in the extra structure necessary so + + + align:start position:0% +put in the extra structure necessary so +that the acceleration operator is + + align:start position:0% +that the acceleration operator is + + + align:start position:0% +that the acceleration operator is +tensorial and when we did that we saw + + align:start position:0% +tensorial and when we did that we saw + + + align:start position:0% +tensorial and when we did that we saw +that the result was actually exactly + + align:start position:0% +that the result was actually exactly + + + align:start position:0% +that the result was actually exactly +what the Riemann tensor looks like in + + align:start position:0% +what the Riemann tensor looks like in + + + align:start position:0% +what the Riemann tensor looks like in +the local Lorentz frame we said you know + + align:start position:0% +the local Lorentz frame we said you know + + + align:start position:0% +the local Lorentz frame we said you know +if it holds in local Lorentz frame I'm + + align:start position:0% +if it holds in local Lorentz frame I'm + + + align:start position:0% +if it holds in local Lorentz frame I'm +going to assert it it holds in all other + + align:start position:0% +going to assert it it holds in all other + + + align:start position:0% +going to assert it it holds in all other +frames and that indeed is the final step + + align:start position:0% +frames and that indeed is the final step + + + align:start position:0% +frames and that indeed is the final step +in this procedure we assert that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the resulting law + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +holds in curved space-time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this is the procedure by which + + align:start position:0% +so this is the procedure by which + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the procedure by which +general relativity takes the laws of + + align:start position:0% +general relativity takes the laws of + + + align:start position:0% +general relativity takes the laws of +physics good and flat space-time and + + align:start position:0% +physics good and flat space-time and + + + align:start position:0% +physics good and flat space-time and +rejigger them so that they work in + + align:start position:0% +rejigger them so that they work in + + + align:start position:0% +rejigger them so that they work in +curved space-time + + align:start position:0% +curved space-time + + + align:start position:0% +curved space-time +ultimately this is physics and so + + align:start position:0% +ultimately this is physics and so + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately this is physics and so +ultimately the tests are these things + + align:start position:0% +ultimately the tests are these things + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately the tests are these things +are experiments and I will simply say at + + align:start position:0% +are experiments and I will simply say at + + + align:start position:0% +are experiments and I will simply say at +this point that this procedure has + + align:start position:0% +this point that this procedure has + + + align:start position:0% +this point that this procedure has +passed all experimental tests that we + + align:start position:0% +passed all experimental tests that we + + + align:start position:0% +passed all experimental tests that we +have thrown at it so far and so + + align:start position:0% +have thrown at it so far and so + + + align:start position:0% +have thrown at it so far and so +we're happy with it so let me just + + align:start position:0% +we're happy with it so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +we're happy with it so let me just +describe one example of where we did it + + align:start position:0% +describe one example of where we did it + + + align:start position:0% +describe one example of where we did it +so I'm going to do two examples so if I + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to do two examples so if I + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to do two examples so if I +consider + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the force free motion of an object in + + align:start position:0% +the force free motion of an object in + + + align:start position:0% +the force free motion of an object in +the freely falling frame so recall in + + align:start position:0% +the freely falling frame so recall in + + + align:start position:0% +the freely falling frame so recall in +the freely falling frame + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everything is being acted upon by + + align:start position:0% +everything is being acted upon by + + + align:start position:0% +everything is being acted upon by +gravity in an equal way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I am in + + align:start position:0% +if I am in + + + align:start position:0% +if I am in +the local Lorentz frame I can simply say + + align:start position:0% +the local Lorentz frame I can simply say + + + align:start position:0% +the local Lorentz frame I can simply say +that my object feels my freely falling + + align:start position:0% +that my object feels my freely falling + + + align:start position:0% +that my object feels my freely falling +object freely flying observer feels no + + align:start position:0% +object freely flying observer feels no + + + align:start position:0% +object freely flying observer feels no +acceleration that is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +acceleration that is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration that is a perfectly +rigorous expression of the idea that + + align:start position:0% +rigorous expression of the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous expression of the idea that +this observer object is undergoing force + + align:start position:0% +this observer object is undergoing force + + + align:start position:0% +this observer object is undergoing force +free motion in this frame this is not + + align:start position:0% +free motion in this frame this is not + + + align:start position:0% +free motion in this frame this is not +tensorial though + + align:start position:0% +tensorial though + + + align:start position:0% +tensorial though +so we look at this and say well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I want to make this tensorial what + + align:start position:0% +if I want to make this tensorial what + + + align:start position:0% +if I want to make this tensorial what +I'm going to do is note that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is note that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is note that +the tensor operator that describes let + + align:start position:0% +the tensor operator that describes let + + + align:start position:0% +the tensor operator that describes let +me keep my indices consistent here my + + align:start position:0% +me keep my indices consistent here my + + + align:start position:0% +me keep my indices consistent here my +tensor operator that + + align:start position:0% +tensor operator that + + + align:start position:0% +tensor operator that +describes + + align:start position:0% +describes + + + align:start position:0% +describes +describe this equation is given by + + align:start position:0% +describe this equation is given by + + + align:start position:0% +describe this equation is given by +taking the covariant derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +taking the covariant derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +taking the covariant derivative of the +four velocity + + align:start position:0% +four velocity + + + align:start position:0% +four velocity +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +contracting it with the four book with + + align:start position:0% +contracting it with the four book with + + + align:start position:0% +contracting it with the four book with +the four velocity itself + + align:start position:0% +the four velocity itself + + + align:start position:0% +the four velocity itself +these say the exact same thing in the + + align:start position:0% +these say the exact same thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +these say the exact same thing in the +local Lorentz frame this one is + + align:start position:0% +local Lorentz frame this one is + + + align:start position:0% +local Lorentz frame this one is +tensorial though that one is not and so + + align:start position:0% +tensorial though that one is not and so + + + align:start position:0% +tensorial though that one is not and so +we then say okay well this is the + + align:start position:0% +we then say okay well this is the + + + align:start position:0% +we then say okay well this is the +version that is tensorial I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +version that is tensorial I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +version that is tensorial I'm going to +assert that it holds in general + + align:start position:0% +assert that it holds in general + + + align:start position:0% +assert that it holds in general +another example + + align:start position:0% +another example + + + align:start position:0% +another example +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +flat space-time + + align:start position:0% +flat space-time + + + align:start position:0% +flat space-time +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +conservation of energy and momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was expressed by the idea that my stress + + align:start position:0% +was expressed by the idea that my stress + + + align:start position:0% +was expressed by the idea that my stress +energy tensor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +had no divergence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the local Lorentz frame + + align:start position:0% +in the local Lorentz frame + + + align:start position:0% +in the local Lorentz frame +well if I want to make this tensorial + + align:start position:0% +well if I want to make this tensorial + + + align:start position:0% +well if I want to make this tensorial +all I do is I promote that partial + + align:start position:0% +all I do is I promote that partial + + + align:start position:0% +all I do is I promote that partial +derivative I use to define the the + + align:start position:0% +derivative I use to define the the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative I use to define the the +divergence to a covariant derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is how we are going to define + + align:start position:0% +this is how we are going to define + + + align:start position:0% +this is how we are going to define +conservation we're going to define local + + align:start position:0% +conservation we're going to define local + + + align:start position:0% +conservation we're going to define local +conservation of energy momentum in a + + align:start position:0% +conservation of energy momentum in a + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of energy momentum in a +general space-time theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's step one um we need our sorry + + align:start position:0% +so that's step one um we need our sorry + + + align:start position:0% +so that's step one um we need our sorry +ingredient one ingredient too is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it's just step back for a second we + + align:start position:0% +well it's just step back for a second we + + + align:start position:0% +well it's just step back for a second we +have done a lot of work to describe the + + align:start position:0% +have done a lot of work to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +have done a lot of work to describe the +behavior of curved spacetimes okay space + + align:start position:0% +behavior of curved spacetimes okay space + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of curved spacetimes okay space +times that are not just the space times + + align:start position:0% +times that are not just the space times + + + align:start position:0% +times that are not just the space times +the special relativity space times where + + align:start position:0% +the special relativity space times where + + + align:start position:0% +the special relativity space times where +my basis objects are functional where + + align:start position:0% +my basis objects are functional where + + + align:start position:0% +my basis objects are functional where +the Riemann curvature tensor is is + + align:start position:0% +the Riemann curvature tensor is is + + + align:start position:0% +the Riemann curvature tensor is is +nonzero + + align:start position:0% +nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero +we've done a lot to do that but I + + align:start position:0% +we've done a lot to do that but I + + + align:start position:0% +we've done a lot to do that but I +haven't said anything about where that + + align:start position:0% +haven't said anything about where that + + + align:start position:0% +haven't said anything about where that +curved space-time actually comes from so + + align:start position:0% +curved space-time actually comes from so + + + align:start position:0% +curved space-time actually comes from so +the next thing which I need is a field + + align:start position:0% +the next thing which I need is a field + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing which I need is a field +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which connects + + align:start position:0% +which connects + + + align:start position:0% +which connects +my space-time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to sources of matter and energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a tall order the way we're going + + align:start position:0% +that's a tall order the way we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that's a tall order the way we're going +to do is we're actually going to do it + + align:start position:0% +to do is we're actually going to do it + + + align:start position:0% +to do is we're actually going to do it +two different ways so in this current + + align:start position:0% +two different ways so in this current + + + align:start position:0% +two different ways so in this current +lecture I am going to do it using the + + align:start position:0% +lecture I am going to do it using the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I am going to do it using the +method that parallels how Einstein + + align:start position:0% +method that parallels how Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +method that parallels how Einstein +originally did it when he derived what + + align:start position:0% +originally did it when he derived what + + + align:start position:0% +originally did it when he derived what +result out of this is what we call the + + align:start position:0% +result out of this is what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +result out of this is what we call the +field equation of general relativity or + + align:start position:0% +field equation of general relativity or + + + align:start position:0% +field equation of general relativity or +the Einstein field equation and in this + + align:start position:0% +the Einstein field equation and in this + + + align:start position:0% +the Einstein field equation and in this +first presentation of this material I'm + + align:start position:0% +first presentation of this material I'm + + + align:start position:0% +first presentation of this material I'm +going to do it the way Einstein did it + + align:start position:0% +going to do it the way Einstein did it + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it the way Einstein did it +so what we are going to do is we will + + align:start position:0% +so what we are going to do is we will + + + align:start position:0% +so what we are going to do is we will +require + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that whatever emerges from this + + align:start position:0% +that whatever emerges from this + + + align:start position:0% +that whatever emerges from this +procedure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it must recover + + align:start position:0% +it must recover + + + align:start position:0% +it must recover +Newtonian gravity in inappropriate limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a philosophical point about + + align:start position:0% +this is a philosophical point about + + + align:start position:0% +this is a philosophical point about +physics + + align:start position:0% +physics + + + align:start position:0% +physics +when you come up with a new theory you + + align:start position:0% +when you come up with a new theory you + + + align:start position:0% +when you come up with a new theory you +may conceptually overturn what came + + align:start position:0% +may conceptually overturn what came + + + align:start position:0% +may conceptually overturn what came +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +you may have an entirely new way of + + align:start position:0% +you may have an entirely new way of + + + align:start position:0% +you may have an entirely new way of +thinking about it you may go from saying + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it you may go from saying + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it you may go from saying +that there is a potential that is + + align:start position:0% +that there is a potential that is + + + align:start position:0% +that there is a potential that is +sourced by mass that fills all of space + + align:start position:0% +sourced by mass that fills all of space + + + align:start position:0% +sourced by mass that fills all of space +and that objects react to to saying + + align:start position:0% +and that objects react to to saying + + + align:start position:0% +and that objects react to to saying +something like we now decide that the + + align:start position:0% +something like we now decide that the + + + align:start position:0% +something like we now decide that the +manifold of events has a curvature that + + align:start position:0% +manifold of events has a curvature that + + + align:start position:0% +manifold of events has a curvature that +is determined by the distribution of + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the distribution of +matter and energy in space-time it's + + align:start position:0% +matter and energy in space-time it's + + + align:start position:0% +matter and energy in space-time it's +very different philosophical and + + align:start position:0% +very different philosophical and + + + align:start position:0% +very different philosophical and +ultimately mathematical ways of + + align:start position:0% +ultimately mathematical ways of + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately mathematical ways of +formulating this but they have to give + + align:start position:0% +formulating this but they have to give + + + align:start position:0% +formulating this but they have to give +consistent predictions because at the + + align:start position:0% +consistent predictions because at the + + + align:start position:0% +consistent predictions because at the +end of the day Newtonian gravity works + + align:start position:0% +end of the day Newtonian gravity works + + + align:start position:0% +end of the day Newtonian gravity works +pretty damn well okay we can't just + + align:start position:0% +pretty damn well okay we can't just + + + align:start position:0% +pretty damn well okay we can't just +throw that away so + + align:start position:0% +throw that away so + + + align:start position:0% +throw that away so +what we are going to do is demand that + + align:start position:0% +what we are going to do is demand that + + + align:start position:0% +what we are going to do is demand that +in an appropriate limit both the field + + align:start position:0% +in an appropriate limit both the field + + + align:start position:0% +in an appropriate limit both the field +equation for Newtonian gravity + + align:start position:0% +equation for Newtonian gravity + + + align:start position:0% +equation for Newtonian gravity +so this is the Laplace operator now + + align:start position:0% +so this is the Laplace operator now + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the Laplace operator now +which I'm going to write in a semi + + align:start position:0% +which I'm going to write in a semi + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm going to write in a semi +coordinate invariant form as + + align:start position:0% +coordinate invariant form as + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate invariant form as +the Kronecker Delta contracted basically + + align:start position:0% +the Kronecker Delta contracted basically + + + align:start position:0% +the Kronecker Delta contracted basically +it's the trace on a matrix of partial + + align:start position:0% +it's the trace on a matrix of partial + + + align:start position:0% +it's the trace on a matrix of partial +derivatives acting on a potential this + + align:start position:0% +derivatives acting on a potential this + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives acting on a potential this +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +four PI G Rho and I call the semi + + align:start position:0% +four PI G Rho and I call the semi + + + align:start position:0% +four PI G Rho and I call the semi +coordinate invariant because part of + + align:start position:0% +coordinate invariant because part of + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate invariant because part of +what goes into this is this Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +what goes into this is this Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +what goes into this is this Newtonian +limit only works if everything is + + align:start position:0% +limit only works if everything is + + + align:start position:0% +limit only works if everything is +sufficiently slowly varying in time + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently slowly varying in time + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently slowly varying in time +that things having to do with time + + align:start position:0% +that things having to do with time + + + align:start position:0% +that things having to do with time +derivatives can be neglected okay it's + + align:start position:0% +derivatives can be neglected okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives can be neglected okay it's +never really been you know prior to some + + align:start position:0% +never really been you know prior to some + + + align:start position:0% +never really been you know prior to some +of the more modern experiments that we + + align:start position:0% +of the more modern experiments that we + + + align:start position:0% +of the more modern experiments that we +voted to do time varying sources of + + align:start position:0% +voted to do time varying sources of + + + align:start position:0% +voted to do time varying sources of +gravity are very hard to to work with + + align:start position:0% +gravity are very hard to to work with + + + align:start position:0% +gravity are very hard to to work with +and so Newton was never really tested in + + align:start position:0% +and so Newton was never really tested in + + + align:start position:0% +and so Newton was never really tested in +that way + + align:start position:0% +that way + + + align:start position:0% +that way +nonetheless + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless +whatever emerges from Einstein had best + + align:start position:0% +whatever emerges from Einstein had best + + + align:start position:0% +whatever emerges from Einstein had best +agree with this and we are also going to + + align:start position:0% +agree with this and we are also going to + + + align:start position:0% +agree with this and we are also going to +require + + align:start position:0% +require + + + align:start position:0% +require +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +that the equation of motion in + + align:start position:0% +that the equation of motion in + + + align:start position:0% +that the equation of motion in +this framework agree with Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +this framework agree with Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +this framework agree with Newtonian +gravity + + align:start position:0% +gravity + + + align:start position:0% +gravity +we actually went through this this was a + + align:start position:0% +we actually went through this this was a + + + align:start position:0% +we actually went through this this was a +little bit of a preview of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a preview of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a preview of this lecture +we did this in our as we concluded our + + align:start position:0% +we did this in our as we concluded our + + + align:start position:0% +we did this in our as we concluded our +discussion of Judy's ex but let me just + + align:start position:0% +discussion of Judy's ex but let me just + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of Judy's ex but let me just +recap the result that came out of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so our equation of motion was that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +write it as + + align:start position:0% +write it as + + + align:start position:0% +write it as +the acceleration of an observer is + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration of an observer is + + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration of an observer is +related to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the gradient of + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of +the potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so let's follow in the footsteps of + + align:start position:0% +so let's follow in the footsteps of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's follow in the footsteps of +Einstein and do this so what we're going + + align:start position:0% +Einstein and do this so what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein and do this so what we're going +to do let's do the equation of motion + + align:start position:0% +to do let's do the equation of motion + + + align:start position:0% +to do let's do the equation of motion +first I've already gone through this + + align:start position:0% +first I've already gone through this + + + align:start position:0% +first I've already gone through this +briefly but I want to go over it again I + + align:start position:0% +briefly but I want to go over it again I + + + align:start position:0% +briefly but I want to go over it again I +want to update the notation slightly + + align:start position:0% +want to update the notation slightly + + + align:start position:0% +want to update the notation slightly +so let's do the equation of motion by + + align:start position:0% +so let's do the equation of motion by + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do the equation of motion by +beginning with + + align:start position:0% +beginning with + + + align:start position:0% +beginning with +the Jeanne's ik equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will start with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the acceleration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +couple to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +floor velocity + + align:start position:0% +floor velocity + + + align:start position:0% +floor velocity +by the Christoffel symbols + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all tests of Newtonian gravity + + align:start position:0% +all tests of Newtonian gravity + + + align:start position:0% +all tests of Newtonian gravity +especially those that Einstein had + + align:start position:0% +especially those that Einstein had + + + align:start position:0% +especially those that Einstein had +available the time that he was + + align:start position:0% +available the time that he was + + + align:start position:0% +available the time that he was +formatting this we're slow motion ones + + align:start position:0% +formatting this we're slow motion ones + + + align:start position:0% +formatting this we're slow motion ones +we were considering objects moving at + + align:start position:0% +we were considering objects moving at + + + align:start position:0% +we were considering objects moving at +best in our solar system and so things + + align:start position:0% +best in our solar system and so things + + + align:start position:0% +best in our solar system and so things +there on a human scale certainly move + + align:start position:0% +there on a human scale certainly move + + + align:start position:0% +there on a human scale certainly move +quickly but they are slow compared to + + align:start position:0% +quickly but they are slow compared to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly but they are slow compared to +the speed of light and so let's impose + + align:start position:0% +the speed of light and so let's impose + + + align:start position:0% +the speed of light and so let's impose +the slow motion limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which tells us that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the zeroth component of the floor + + align:start position:0% +the zeroth component of the floor + + + align:start position:0% +the zeroth component of the floor +velocity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is much larger than the spatial + + align:start position:0% +it is much larger than the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +it is much larger than the spatial +component of the floor velocity okay + + align:start position:0% +component of the floor velocity okay + + + align:start position:0% +component of the floor velocity okay +remember working in units where the + + align:start position:0% +remember working in units where the + + + align:start position:0% +remember working in units where the +speed of light is equal to one and so if + + align:start position:0% +speed of light is equal to one and so if + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light is equal to one and so if +this is being measured in human units + + align:start position:0% +this is being measured in human units + + + align:start position:0% +this is being measured in human units +kilometers per second and things like + + align:start position:0% +kilometers per second and things like + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers per second and things like +that this is on the order of the speed + + align:start position:0% +that this is on the order of the speed + + + align:start position:0% +that this is on the order of the speed +of light + + align:start position:0% +of light + + + align:start position:0% +of light +so when we throw this in we see that we + + align:start position:0% +so when we throw this in we see that we + + + align:start position:0% +so when we throw this in we see that we +expand this out that the contributions + + align:start position:0% +expand this out that the contributions + + + align:start position:0% +expand this out that the contributions +from the DT D tau terms here are going + + align:start position:0% +from the DT D tau terms here are going + + + align:start position:0% +from the DT D tau terms here are going +to be vastly larger than any others and + + align:start position:0% +to be vastly larger than any others and + + + align:start position:0% +to be vastly larger than any others and +so we can simplify + + align:start position:0% +so we can simplify + + + align:start position:0% +so we can simplify +our equation to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form that looks like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% + +the spirit of being uber complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's write out that Christoffel symbol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so dig back into your previous lectures + + align:start position:0% +so dig back into your previous lectures + + + align:start position:0% +so dig back into your previous lectures +notes remind yourself with the formula + + align:start position:0% +notes remind yourself with the formula + + + align:start position:0% +notes remind yourself with the formula +for the Christoffel symbol is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +notice two of the terms here are time + + align:start position:0% +notice two of the terms here are time + + + align:start position:0% +notice two of the terms here are time +derivatives the Newtonian limit all the + + align:start position:0% +derivatives the Newtonian limit all the + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives the Newtonian limit all the +tests that we were available when + + align:start position:0% +tests that we were available when + + + align:start position:0% +tests that we were available when +Einstein was formulating this the the + + align:start position:0% +Einstein was formulating this the the + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein was formulating this the the +limit that we care about here the + + align:start position:0% +limit that we care about here the + + + align:start position:0% +limit that we care about here the +gravitational field gravitational + + align:start position:0% +gravitational field gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational field gravitational +potentials that he was studying then but + + align:start position:0% +potentials that he was studying then but + + + align:start position:0% +potentials that he was studying then but +the Newtonian limit emerges from they + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian limit emerges from they + + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian limit emerges from they +are static so what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +are static so what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +are static so what we're going to do is +neglect + + align:start position:0% +neglect + + + align:start position:0% +neglect +time derivatives + + align:start position:0% +time derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +time derivatives +to recover this limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and when we do this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what we find is that + + align:start position:0% +what we find is that + + + align:start position:0% +what we find is that +the component the Christoffel component + + align:start position:0% +the component the Christoffel component + + + align:start position:0% +the component the Christoffel component +that we care about looks like one + + align:start position:0% +that we care about looks like one + + + align:start position:0% +that we care about looks like one +derivative of the zero zero piece of + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the zero zero piece of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the zero zero piece of +the space-time metric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not too hard to convince yourself + + align:start position:0% +it's not too hard to convince yourself + + + align:start position:0% +it's not too hard to convince yourself +that this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in fact reduces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops pardon me I just kept the step + + align:start position:0% +oops pardon me I just kept the step + + + align:start position:0% +oops pardon me I just kept the step +pardon me just one moment just one + + align:start position:0% +pardon me just one moment just one + + + align:start position:0% +pardon me just one moment just one +moment my apologies + + align:start position:0% +moment my apologies + + + align:start position:0% +moment my apologies +I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write +the space-time metric I'm gonna work in + + align:start position:0% +the space-time metric I'm gonna work in + + + align:start position:0% +the space-time metric I'm gonna work in +a coordinate system such that + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate system such that + + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate system such that +space-time + + align:start position:0% +space-time + + + align:start position:0% +space-time +looks like the flat space-time of + + align:start position:0% +looks like the flat space-time of + + + align:start position:0% +looks like the flat space-time of +special relativity plus a little bit + + align:start position:0% +special relativity plus a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +special relativity plus a little bit +else okay this is consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +else okay this is consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +else okay this is consistent with the +idea that every system we have studied + + align:start position:0% +idea that every system we have studied + + + align:start position:0% +idea that every system we have studied +in Newtonian gravity is one where the + + align:start position:0% +in Newtonian gravity is one where the + + + align:start position:0% +in Newtonian gravity is one where the +predictions of special relativity + + align:start position:0% +predictions of special relativity + + + align:start position:0% +predictions of special relativity +actually worked really really well okay + + align:start position:0% +actually worked really really well okay + + + align:start position:0% +actually worked really really well okay +gravity is new it's special it's why we + + align:start position:0% +gravity is new it's special it's why we + + + align:start position:0% +gravity is new it's special it's why we +have a whole other course describing it + + align:start position:0% +have a whole other course describing it + + + align:start position:0% +have a whole other course describing it +ah but clearly it can't be too far + + align:start position:0% +ah but clearly it can't be too far + + + align:start position:0% +ah but clearly it can't be too far +different from special relativity or we + + align:start position:0% +different from special relativity or we + + + align:start position:0% +different from special relativity or we +wouldn't been down to formulate special + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't been down to formulate special + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't been down to formulate special +relativity in the first place so my + + align:start position:0% +relativity in the first place so my + + + align:start position:0% +relativity in the first place so my +apology has sort of jumped ahead here + + align:start position:0% +apology has sort of jumped ahead here + + + align:start position:0% +apology has sort of jumped ahead here +for a second we're gonna treat the G mu + + align:start position:0% +for a second we're gonna treat the G mu + + + align:start position:0% +for a second we're gonna treat the G mu +nu that goes into this as the metric of + + align:start position:0% +nu that goes into this as the metric of + + + align:start position:0% +nu that goes into this as the metric of +flat space-time plus something else + + align:start position:0% +flat space-time plus something else + + + align:start position:0% +flat space-time plus something else +where I'm going to imagine that all the + + align:start position:0% +where I'm going to imagine that all the + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm going to imagine that all the +different components of this so a + + align:start position:0% +different components of this so a + + + align:start position:0% +different components of this so a +typical component of this H mu nu has an + + align:start position:0% +typical component of this H mu nu has an + + + align:start position:0% +typical component of this H mu nu has an +absolute value that is much smaller than + + align:start position:0% +absolute value that is much smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value that is much smaller than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not too hard to prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that when you invert this + + align:start position:0% +that when you invert this + + + align:start position:0% +that when you invert this +what you wind up with is a form that + + align:start position:0% +what you wind up with is a form that + + + align:start position:0% +what you wind up with is a form that +looks like so where this H mu nu with + + align:start position:0% +looks like so where this H mu nu with + + + align:start position:0% +looks like so where this H mu nu with +the indices in the upstairs position + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is given by raising H as indices using + + align:start position:0% +is given by raising H as indices using + + + align:start position:0% +is given by raising H as indices using +the metric of flat space-time we're + + align:start position:0% +the metric of flat space-time we're + + + align:start position:0% +the metric of flat space-time we're +going to talk about this in a little bit + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about this in a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about this in a little bit +more detail in a future lecture it + + align:start position:0% +more detail in a future lecture it + + + align:start position:0% +more detail in a future lecture it +doesn't really matter too much right now + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter too much right now + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter too much right now +I just want to point out that the + + align:start position:0% +I just want to point out that the + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to point out that the +inverse G which we need to use here also + + align:start position:0% +inverse G which we need to use here also + + + align:start position:0% +inverse G which we need to use here also +has this form that looks like flat + + align:start position:0% +has this form that looks like flat + + + align:start position:0% +has this form that looks like flat +space-time metric and this H coupling + + align:start position:0% +space-time metric and this H coupling + + + align:start position:0% +space-time metric and this H coupling +into it + + align:start position:0% +into it + + + align:start position:0% +into it +now the reason I'm going through all + + align:start position:0% +now the reason I'm going through all + + + align:start position:0% +now the reason I'm going through all +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +that in order to work out this + + align:start position:0% +that in order to work out this + + + align:start position:0% +that in order to work out this +Christoffel symbol I need to take a + + align:start position:0% +Christoffel symbol I need to take a + + + align:start position:0% +Christoffel symbol I need to take a +derivative the derivative of ADA is zero + + align:start position:0% +derivative the derivative of ADA is zero + + + align:start position:0% +derivative the derivative of ADA is zero +okay so the only thing that gets + + align:start position:0% +okay so the only thing that gets + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the only thing that gets +differentiated is H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when you work out this Christoffel + + align:start position:0% +so when you work out this Christoffel + + + align:start position:0% +so when you work out this Christoffel +symbol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what you get is this if you're being + + align:start position:0% +what you get is this if you're being + + + align:start position:0% +what you get is this if you're being +keeping score + + align:start position:0% +keeping score + + + align:start position:0% +keeping score +there are corrections of order h squared + + align:start position:0% +there are corrections of order h squared + + + align:start position:0% +there are corrections of order h squared +and pardon me I should have actually + + align:start position:0% +and pardon me I should have actually + + + align:start position:0% +and pardon me I should have actually +noted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are corrections of order H squared + + align:start position:0% +there are corrections of order H squared + + + align:start position:0% +there are corrections of order H squared +that go into this inverse let me move + + align:start position:0% +that go into this inverse let me move + + + align:start position:0% +that go into this inverse let me move +this over so I can fit that in a little + + align:start position:0% +this over so I can fit that in a little + + + align:start position:0% +this over so I can fit that in a little +bit better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but in keeping with the idea that + + align:start position:0% +but in keeping with the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +but in keeping with the idea that +and keeping the idea that for the + + align:start position:0% +and keeping the idea that for the + + + align:start position:0% +and keeping the idea that for the +Newtonian limit the H squared cadetship + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian limit the H squared cadetship + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian limit the H squared cadetship +H is small we're going to treat the H + + align:start position:0% +H is small we're going to treat the H + + + align:start position:0% +H is small we're going to treat the H +squared corrections as negligible and we + + align:start position:0% +squared corrections as negligible and we + + + align:start position:0% +squared corrections as negligible and we +will drop them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's look at what motion in + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at what motion in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at what motion in +this limit turns into them we now have + + align:start position:0% +this limit turns into them we now have + + + align:start position:0% +this limit turns into them we now have +enough pieces to compute + + align:start position:0% +enough pieces to compute + + + align:start position:0% +enough pieces to compute +all the bits of the equation of motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in keeping with the idea that I am + + align:start position:0% +so in keeping with the idea that I am + + + align:start position:0% +so in keeping with the idea that I am +going to neglect all time derivatives + + align:start position:0% +going to neglect all time derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +going to neglect all time derivatives +this tells me that the gamma zero zero + + align:start position:0% +this tells me that the gamma zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +this tells me that the gamma zero zero +zero term is equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +zero term is equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero term is equal to zero +and from this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we find that there is a simple equation + + align:start position:0% +we find that there is a simple equation + + + align:start position:0% +we find that there is a simple equation +describing time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +our equation describing space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what I've done there is just + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I've done there is just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I've done there is just +taken this judaising equation plugged in + + align:start position:0% +taken this judaising equation plugged in + + + align:start position:0% +taken this judaising equation plugged in +that result for the Christoffel symbol + + align:start position:0% +that result for the Christoffel symbol + + + align:start position:0% +that result for the Christoffel symbol +and expanded this guy out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what results I + + align:start position:0% +so what results I + + + align:start position:0% +so what results I +can divide both sides now by two powers + + align:start position:0% +can divide both sides now by two powers + + + align:start position:0% +can divide both sides now by two powers +of DT D tau + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you take a look at what we've got + + align:start position:0% +if you take a look at what we've got + + + align:start position:0% +if you take a look at what we've got +here this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this prediction of the Neyman prediction + + align:start position:0% +this prediction of the Neyman prediction + + + align:start position:0% +this prediction of the Neyman prediction +this result from the judy's equation is + + align:start position:0% +this result from the judy's equation is + + + align:start position:0% +this result from the judy's equation is +identical to our Newtonian equation of + + align:start position:0% +identical to our Newtonian equation of + + + align:start position:0% +identical to our Newtonian equation of +motion provided we make the following + + align:start position:0% +motion provided we make the following + + + align:start position:0% +motion provided we make the following +identification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +h0 0 must be -2 fee where fee was + + align:start position:0% +h0 0 must be -2 fee where fee was + + + align:start position:0% +h0 0 must be -2 fee where fee was +Newtonian gravitational potential or + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian gravitational potential or + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian gravitational potential or +equivalently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +g 0 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the negative of 1 plus 2 thing + + align:start position:0% +is the negative of 1 plus 2 thing + + + align:start position:0% +is the negative of 1 plus 2 thing +all right so that's step one we have + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's step one we have + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's step one we have +made for ourselves a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correspondence between what the metrics + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between what the metrics + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between what the metrics +should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the equation of motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we still have to do the field equation + + align:start position:0% +we still have to do the field equation + + + align:start position:0% +we still have to do the field equation +so let's talk about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so very helpfully I've already got the + + align:start position:0% +so very helpfully I've already got the + + + align:start position:0% +so very helpfully I've already got the +newtonian field equation right above me + + align:start position:0% +newtonian field equation right above me + + + align:start position:0% +newtonian field equation right above me +here let me rewrite it because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then white week my notation a tiny + + align:start position:0% +and then white week my notation a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +and then white week my notation a tiny +bit I'm gonna want to think about what + + align:start position:0% +bit I'm gonna want to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +bit I'm gonna want to think about what +this is telling me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so a + + align:start position:0% +so a + + + align:start position:0% +so a +de IJ is the same thing as Delta IJ I + + align:start position:0% +de IJ is the same thing as Delta IJ I + + + align:start position:0% +de IJ is the same thing as Delta IJ I +just want to put it in this form so that + + align:start position:0% +just want to put it in this form so that + + + align:start position:0% +just want to put it in this form so that +it looks like a piece of a space-time + + align:start position:0% +it looks like a piece of a space-time + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like a piece of a space-time +tensor + + align:start position:0% +tensor + + + align:start position:0% +tensor +this is manifestly not a tensorial + + align:start position:0% +this is manifestly not a tensorial + + + align:start position:0% +this is manifestly not a tensorial +equation I + + align:start position:0% +equation I + + + align:start position:0% +equation I +have a bunch of derivatives on my + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of derivatives on my + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of derivatives on my +potential being set equal to okay + + align:start position:0% +potential being set equal to okay + + + align:start position:0% +potential being set equal to okay +there's a couple of constants but this + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple of constants but this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple of constants but this +okay when we learned about quantities + + align:start position:0% +okay when we learned about quantities + + + align:start position:0% +okay when we learned about quantities +like this in undergraduate physics + + align:start position:0% +like this in undergraduate physics + + + align:start position:0% +like this in undergraduate physics +usually we're told that this is a tense + + align:start position:0% +usually we're told that this is a tense + + + align:start position:0% +usually we're told that this is a tense +excuse me this is a scalar but we now + + align:start position:0% +excuse me this is a scalar but we now + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me this is a scalar but we now +know Rho is not a scalar it is the mass + + align:start position:0% +know Rho is not a scalar it is the mass + + + align:start position:0% +know Rho is not a scalar it is the mass +density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which up to a factor of C squared it's + + align:start position:0% +which up to a factor of C squared it's + + + align:start position:0% +which up to a factor of C squared it's +the same thing as the energy density and + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as the energy density and + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as the energy density and +when we examined how this behaves as we + + align:start position:0% +when we examined how this behaves as we + + + align:start position:0% +when we examined how this behaves as we +change between inertial reference frames + + align:start position:0% +change between inertial reference frames + + + align:start position:0% +change between inertial reference frames +we found this transforms like a + + align:start position:0% +we found this transforms like a + + + align:start position:0% +we found this transforms like a +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +component of a tensor + + align:start position:0% +component of a tensor + + + align:start position:0% +component of a tensor +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and as I sort of emphasized not that + + align:start position:0% +and as I sort of emphasized not that + + + align:start position:0% +and as I sort of emphasized not that +long ago we have been in something of a + + align:start position:0% +long ago we have been in something of a + + + align:start position:0% +long ago we have been in something of a +didactic fury insisting that everything + + align:start position:0% +didactic fury insisting that everything + + + align:start position:0% +didactic fury insisting that everything +be formulated in terms of tensors + + align:start position:0% +be formulated in terms of tensors + + + align:start position:0% +be formulated in terms of tensors +pulling out a particular component of a + + align:start position:0% +pulling out a particular component of a + + + align:start position:0% +pulling out a particular component of a +tensor is bad mass and bad physics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we want to promote this to something + + align:start position:0% +so we want to promote this to something + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to promote this to something +tensorial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so clearly on the right hand side we've + + align:start position:0% +so clearly on the right hand side we've + + + align:start position:0% +so clearly on the right hand side we've +got one component of the stress energy + + align:start position:0% +got one component of the stress energy + + + align:start position:0% +got one component of the stress energy +tensor + + align:start position:0% +tensor + + + align:start position:0% +tensor +we would like + + align:start position:0% +we would like + + + align:start position:0% +we would like +whatever is gonna be on the right-hand + + align:start position:0% +whatever is gonna be on the right-hand + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is gonna be on the right-hand +side of this equation + + align:start position:0% +side of this equation + + + align:start position:0% +side of this equation +to be the stress energy tensor okay we + + align:start position:0% +to be the stress energy tensor okay we + + + align:start position:0% +to be the stress energy tensor okay we +can sort of imagine that what's going on + + align:start position:0% +can sort of imagine that what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of imagine that what's going on +in Newton's gravity is that there is one + + align:start position:0% +in Newton's gravity is that there is one + + + align:start position:0% +in Newton's gravity is that there is one +particular maybe there's one component + + align:start position:0% +particular maybe there's one component + + + align:start position:0% +particular maybe there's one component +this equation that in all the analyses + + align:start position:0% +this equation that in all the analyses + + + align:start position:0% +this equation that in all the analyses +that were done that led to our + + align:start position:0% +that were done that led to our + + + align:start position:0% +that were done that led to our +formulation Newtonian gravity there's + + align:start position:0% +formulation Newtonian gravity there's + + + align:start position:0% +formulation Newtonian gravity there's +maybe one compliment that was dominated + + align:start position:0% +maybe one compliment that was dominated + + + align:start position:0% +maybe one compliment that was dominated +which is how it was that we that Newton + + align:start position:0% +which is how it was that we that Newton + + + align:start position:0% +which is how it was that we that Newton +and everyone sends them was able to sort + + align:start position:0% +and everyone sends them was able to sort + + + align:start position:0% +and everyone sends them was able to sort +of pick out a particular component this + + align:start position:0% +of pick out a particular component this + + + align:start position:0% +of pick out a particular component this +equation as being important + + align:start position:0% +equation as being important + + + align:start position:0% +equation as being important +over here on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +over here on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +over here on the left hand side +we saw earlier that the equation of + + align:start position:0% +we saw earlier that the equation of + + + align:start position:0% +we saw earlier that the equation of +motion we're going to look for it + + align:start position:0% +motion we're going to look for it + + + align:start position:0% +motion we're going to look for it +corresponds to the Newtonian limit if + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the Newtonian limit if + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the Newtonian limit if +the metric plays the same role up two + + align:start position:0% +the metric plays the same role up two + + + align:start position:0% +the metric plays the same role up two +factors of two and offsets by one and + + align:start position:0% +factors of two and offsets by one and + + + align:start position:0% +factors of two and offsets by one and +things like that the metric must play + + align:start position:0% +things like that the metric must play + + + align:start position:0% +things like that the metric must play +the same role as + + align:start position:0% +the same role as + + + align:start position:0% +the same role as +the Newtonian gravitational potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I look at + + align:start position:0% +so if I look at + + + align:start position:0% +so if I look at +if I look at the newtonian field + + align:start position:0% +if I look at the newtonian field + + + align:start position:0% +if I look at the newtonian field +equation I + + align:start position:0% +equation I + + + align:start position:0% +equation I +see two derivatives acting on the + + align:start position:0% +see two derivatives acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +see two derivatives acting on the +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +so I want my metric to stand in + + align:start position:0% +so I want my metric to stand in + + + align:start position:0% +so I want my metric to stand in +for the potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we expect there to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two derivatives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of metric entering this relationship + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now two derivatives of the metric is + + align:start position:0% +so now two derivatives of the metric is + + + align:start position:0% +so now two derivatives of the metric is +going to give me something that smells + + align:start position:0% +going to give me something that smells + + + align:start position:0% +going to give me something that smells +like a curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we want to put a curvature tensor on the + + align:start position:0% +we want to put a curvature tensor on the + + + align:start position:0% +we want to put a curvature tensor on the +left-hand side of this equation + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side of this equation + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side of this equation +we have several to choose from okay it + + align:start position:0% +we have several to choose from okay it + + + align:start position:0% +we have several to choose from okay it +clearly can't be the Riemann tensor + + align:start position:0% +clearly can't be the Riemann tensor + + + align:start position:0% +clearly can't be the Riemann tensor +there's too many indices it just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +there's too many indices it just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +there's too many indices it just doesn't +fit could be the Ricci curvature okay + + align:start position:0% +fit could be the Ricci curvature okay + + + align:start position:0% +fit could be the Ricci curvature okay +the Ricci curvature has two indices that + + align:start position:0% +the Ricci curvature has two indices that + + + align:start position:0% +the Ricci curvature has two indices that +is two indices so that's a candidate but + + align:start position:0% +is two indices so that's a candidate but + + + align:start position:0% +is two indices so that's a candidate but +it's worth stopping and reminding + + align:start position:0% +it's worth stopping and reminding + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth stopping and reminding +ourselves wait a minute this guy has + + align:start position:0% +ourselves wait a minute this guy has + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves wait a minute this guy has +some properties that I already know + + align:start position:0% +some properties that I already know + + + align:start position:0% +some properties that I already know +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G mu nu tells me about the properties of + + align:start position:0% +G mu nu tells me about the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +G mu nu tells me about the properties of +energy and momentum in my space-time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +as such conservation local conservation + + align:start position:0% +as such conservation local conservation + + + align:start position:0% +as such conservation local conservation +of energy momentum requires that it be + + align:start position:0% +of energy momentum requires that it be + + + align:start position:0% +of energy momentum requires that it be +divergence free so whatever this + + align:start position:0% +divergence free so whatever this + + + align:start position:0% +divergence free so whatever this +curvature tensor is here on the + + align:start position:0% +curvature tensor is here on the + + + align:start position:0% +curvature tensor is here on the +left-hand side + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side +we need it to be a divergence free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to index mathematical object + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the beginning of today's lecture I + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of today's lecture I + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of today's lecture I +showed how by contracting on the Bianchi + + align:start position:0% +showed how by contracting on the Bianchi + + + align:start position:0% +showed how by contracting on the Bianchi +identity you can in fact deduce that + + align:start position:0% +identity you can in fact deduce that + + + align:start position:0% +identity you can in fact deduce that +there exists exactly such a mathematical + + align:start position:0% +there exists exactly such a mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +there exists exactly such a mathematical +object so + + align:start position:0% +object so + + + align:start position:0% +object so +let us suppose that our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation that relates the properties of + + align:start position:0% +equation that relates the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +equation that relates the properties of +the space-time to the sources of energy + + align:start position:0% +the space-time to the sources of energy + + + align:start position:0% +the space-time to the sources of energy +momentum in my space-time is essentially + + align:start position:0% +momentum in my space-time is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +momentum in my space-time is essentially +that that Einstein tensor G mu nu be + + align:start position:0% +that that Einstein tensor G mu nu be + + + align:start position:0% +that that Einstein tensor G mu nu be +equal to the stress energy tensor now in + + align:start position:0% +equal to the stress energy tensor now in + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the stress energy tensor now in +fact they don't have the same dimensions + + align:start position:0% +fact they don't have the same dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +fact they don't have the same dimensions +at each other so let's throw in a Kappa + + align:start position:0% +at each other so let's throw in a Kappa + + + align:start position:0% +at each other so let's throw in a Kappa +some kind of a constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to make sure that we get the right units + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that we get the right units + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that we get the right units +the right dimensions and that we recover + + align:start position:0% +the right dimensions and that we recover + + + align:start position:0% +the right dimensions and that we recover +the Newtonian limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the way we're going to deduce how well + + align:start position:0% +the way we're going to deduce how well + + + align:start position:0% +the way we're going to deduce how well +this works is see whether an equation of + + align:start position:0% +this works is see whether an equation of + + + align:start position:0% +this works is see whether an equation of +this form gives me something that looks + + align:start position:0% +this form gives me something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +this form gives me something that looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +the Newtonian limit when I go to what + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian limit when I go to what + + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian limit when I go to what +I'm going to call the weak gravity limit + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call the weak gravity limit + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call the weak gravity limit +and I'm gonna then use something it does + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna then use something it does + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna then use something it does +work you know + + align:start position:0% +work you know + + + align:start position:0% +work you know +not to give away the plot it does we'll + + align:start position:0% +not to give away the plot it does we'll + + + align:start position:0% +not to give away the plot it does we'll +use that to figure out what this + + align:start position:0% +use that to figure out what this + + + align:start position:0% +use that to figure out what this +constant Kappa must be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if + + align:start position:0% +so if + + + align:start position:0% +so if +we do in fact have a field equation of + + align:start position:0% +we do in fact have a field equation of + + + align:start position:0% +we do in fact have a field equation of +the form G mu nu is some constant team + + align:start position:0% +the form G mu nu is some constant team + + + align:start position:0% +the form G mu nu is some constant team +you know it's not too hard to figure out + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not too hard to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not too hard to figure out +that an equivalent form of this is to + + align:start position:0% +that an equivalent form of this is to + + + align:start position:0% +that an equivalent form of this is to +say that the Ricci tensor is K + + align:start position:0% +say that the Ricci tensor is K + + + align:start position:0% +say that the Ricci tensor is K +times T mu nu minus + + align:start position:0% +times T mu nu minus + + + align:start position:0% +times T mu nu minus +1/2 G me nu T where this T is just the + + align:start position:0% +1/2 G me nu T where this T is just the + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 G me nu T where this T is just the +trace + + align:start position:0% +trace + + + align:start position:0% +trace +of the stress energy tensor remember I + + align:start position:0% +of the stress energy tensor remember I + + + align:start position:0% +of the stress energy tensor remember I +spent a few moments after we derived the + + align:start position:0% +spent a few moments after we derived the + + + align:start position:0% +spent a few moments after we derived the +Einstein tensor pointing out that it's + + align:start position:0% +Einstein tensor pointing out that it's + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein tensor pointing out that it's +essentially the same thing as Ricci but + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same thing as Ricci but + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same thing as Ricci but +with the trace reversed this is this a + + align:start position:0% +with the trace reversed this is this a + + + align:start position:0% +with the trace reversed this is this a +trace reversed equivalent to that + + align:start position:0% +trace reversed equivalent to that + + + align:start position:0% +trace reversed equivalent to that +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +this step that I'm introducing here + + align:start position:0% +this step that I'm introducing here + + + align:start position:0% +this step that I'm introducing here +basically it just makes the algebra for + + align:start position:0% +basically it just makes the algebra for + + + align:start position:0% +basically it just makes the algebra for +the next calculation I'm going to do a + + align:start position:0% +the next calculation I'm going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +the next calculation I'm going to do a +little bit easier ok so I just want to + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier ok so I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier ok so I just want to +emphasize that this and that are exactly + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that this and that are exactly + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that this and that are exactly +the same content + + align:start position:0% +the same content + + + align:start position:0% +the same content +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +to make some headway we need to choose a + + align:start position:0% +to make some headway we need to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +to make some headway we need to choose a +form for a stress energy tensor our goal + + align:start position:0% +form for a stress energy tensor our goal + + + align:start position:0% +form for a stress energy tensor our goal +is to recover the Newtonian limit and so + + align:start position:0% +is to recover the Newtonian limit and so + + + align:start position:0% +is to recover the Newtonian limit and so +what we want to do is make the stress + + align:start position:0% +what we want to do is make the stress + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to do is make the stress +energy tensor of a body that + + align:start position:0% +energy tensor of a body that + + + align:start position:0% +energy tensor of a body that +corresponds to the sort of sources of + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the sort of sources of + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the sort of sources of +gravity that are used in + + align:start position:0% +gravity that are used in + + + align:start position:0% +gravity that are used in +in studies Newtonian gravity so let's do + + align:start position:0% +in studies Newtonian gravity so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +in studies Newtonian gravity so let's do +something very simple for us let's pick + + align:start position:0% +something very simple for us let's pick + + + align:start position:0% +something very simple for us let's pick +a static + + align:start position:0% +a static + + + align:start position:0% +a static +in other words no time variation a + + align:start position:0% +in other words no time variation a + + + align:start position:0% +in other words no time variation a +static perfect fluid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +our source of gravity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to choose from my team you + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to choose from my team you + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to choose from my team you +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dial yourself back to lectures where we + + align:start position:0% +dial yourself back to lectures where we + + + align:start position:0% +dial yourself back to lectures where we +talk about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is the perfect fluid stress + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the perfect fluid stress + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the perfect fluid stress +energy tensor + + align:start position:0% +energy tensor + + + align:start position:0% +energy tensor +we're working in the Newtonian limits + + align:start position:0% +we're working in the Newtonian limits + + + align:start position:0% +we're working in the Newtonian limits +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we are working in units where the speed + + align:start position:0% +we are working in units where the speed + + + align:start position:0% +we are working in units where the speed +of light is equal to 1 if you put speed + + align:start position:0% +of light is equal to 1 if you put speed + + + align:start position:0% +of light is equal to 1 if you put speed +of light back into these things you + + align:start position:0% +of light back into these things you + + + align:start position:0% +of light back into these things you +especially include it this is actually a + + align:start position:0% +especially include it this is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +especially include it this is actually a +Rho C squared that appears here and so + + align:start position:0% +Rho C squared that appears here and so + + + align:start position:0% +Rho C squared that appears here and so +what this tells me is that if I'm + + align:start position:0% +what this tells me is that if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what this tells me is that if I'm +studying sort of Newtonian limit + + align:start position:0% +studying sort of Newtonian limit + + + align:start position:0% +studying sort of Newtonian limit +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +Rho is much much much greater than P in + + align:start position:0% +Rho is much much much greater than P in + + + align:start position:0% +Rho is much much much greater than P in +the limit that we care about + + align:start position:0% +the limit that we care about + + + align:start position:0% +the limit that we care about +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +furthermore I am treating this fluid as + + align:start position:0% +furthermore I am treating this fluid as + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore I am treating this fluid as +being static + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that means that my four velocity + + align:start position:0% +so that means that my four velocity + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that my four velocity +only has one component + + align:start position:0% +only has one component + + + align:start position:0% +only has one component +okay the fluid is not flowing you might + + align:start position:0% +okay the fluid is not flowing you might + + + align:start position:0% +okay the fluid is not flowing you might +be tempted to say oh okay I can just put + + align:start position:0% +be tempted to say oh okay I can just put + + + align:start position:0% +be tempted to say oh okay I can just put +in a 1 in for this not so fast + + align:start position:0% +in a 1 in for this not so fast + + + align:start position:0% +in a 1 in for this not so fast +ok let's be a little bit more careful + + align:start position:0% +ok let's be a little bit more careful + + + align:start position:0% +ok let's be a little bit more careful +about that + + align:start position:0% +about that + + + align:start position:0% +about that +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the key governing properties of a + + align:start position:0% +one of the key governing properties of a + + + align:start position:0% +one of the key governing properties of a +for velocity is that it is properly + + align:start position:0% +for velocity is that it is properly + + + align:start position:0% +for velocity is that it is properly +normalized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this equals G me nu u mu u nu is + + align:start position:0% +so this equals G me nu u mu u nu is + + + align:start position:0% +so this equals G me nu u mu u nu is +minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 +we know that the only component of this + + align:start position:0% +we know that the only component of this + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the only component of this +that matter so to speak are the mu and + + align:start position:0% +that matter so to speak are the mu and + + + align:start position:0% +that matter so to speak are the mu and +nu equals 0 so this becomes G 0 0 u 0 + + align:start position:0% +nu equals 0 so this becomes G 0 0 u 0 + + + align:start position:0% +nu equals 0 so this becomes G 0 0 u 0 +squared equals minus 1 but G 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +squared equals minus 1 but G 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +squared equals minus 1 but G 0 0 +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's write it this way + + align:start position:0% +let's write it this way + + + align:start position:0% +let's write it this way +negative 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus h 0 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go through this algebra + + align:start position:0% +go through this algebra + + + align:start position:0% +go through this algebra +and what it tells you is u 0 equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +and what it tells you is u 0 equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and what it tells you is u 0 equals 1 +plus 1/2 H 0 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again I'm doing my algebra at leading + + align:start position:0% +again I'm doing my algebra at leading + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm doing my algebra at leading +order in H here + + align:start position:0% +order in H here + + + align:start position:0% +order in H here +ok + + align:start position:0% +ok + + + align:start position:0% +ok +we raise and lower indices so in my + + align:start position:0% +we raise and lower indices so in my + + + align:start position:0% +we raise and lower indices so in my +calculation I'm going to want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know the downstairs version of this and + + align:start position:0% +know the downstairs version of this and + + + align:start position:0% +know the downstairs version of this and +if I again + + align:start position:0% +if I again + + + align:start position:0% +if I again +treat this thing + + align:start position:0% +treat this thing + + + align:start position:0% +treat this thing +treat this thing consistently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ok what now finds I just pick up a minus + + align:start position:0% +ok what now finds I just pick up a minus + + + align:start position:0% +ok what now finds I just pick up a minus +sign there ok + + align:start position:0% +sign there ok + + + align:start position:0% +sign there ok +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's now put all the pieces together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the only component of my stress energy + + align:start position:0% +the only component of my stress energy + + + align:start position:0% +the only component of my stress energy +tensor + + align:start position:0% +tensor + + + align:start position:0% +tensor +that's going to now really matter is + + align:start position:0% +that's going to now really matter is + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to now really matter is +Rho u 0 u 0 which putting all these + + align:start position:0% +Rho u 0 u 0 which putting all these + + + align:start position:0% +Rho u 0 u 0 which putting all these +ingredients back together is Rho 1 + + align:start position:0% +ingredients back together is Rho 1 + + + align:start position:0% +ingredients back together is Rho 1 +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +H 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +H 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +H 0 0 +the trace of this guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +putting all these pieces together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's just equal to negative Rho + + align:start position:0% +it's just equal to negative Rho + + + align:start position:0% +it's just equal to negative Rho +since I only have one component that's + + align:start position:0% +since I only have one component that's + + + align:start position:0% +since I only have one component that's +going to end up mattering let's just + + align:start position:0% +going to end up mattering let's just + + + align:start position:0% +going to end up mattering let's just +focus on one component of my proposed + + align:start position:0% +focus on one component of my proposed + + + align:start position:0% +focus on one component of my proposed +field equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is the guy that I want to + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the guy that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the guy that I want to +solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll let you digest that instead of the + + align:start position:0% +I'll let you digest that instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll let you digest that instead of the +calculation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t00 whoops minus 1/2 to 0 0 t + + align:start position:0% +t00 whoops minus 1/2 to 0 0 t + + + align:start position:0% +t00 whoops minus 1/2 to 0 0 t +this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be +plugging in these bits that i worked out + + align:start position:0% +plugging in these bits that i worked out + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in these bits that i worked out +on the other board here's my T 0 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's make sure I did that right earlier + + align:start position:0% +let's make sure I did that right earlier + + + align:start position:0% +let's make sure I did that right earlier +I didn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is my my right-hand side of + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is my my right-hand side of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is my my right-hand side of +my field equation + + align:start position:0% +my field equation + + + align:start position:0% +my field equation +it will actually be sufficient for our + + align:start position:0% +it will actually be sufficient for our + + + align:start position:0% +it will actually be sufficient for our +purposes + + align:start position:0% +purposes + + + align:start position:0% +purposes +to neglect this term + + align:start position:0% +to neglect this term + + + align:start position:0% +to neglect this term +okay you'll see why in just a moment so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plugging that in I need to work out the + + align:start position:0% +plugging that in I need to work out the + + + align:start position:0% +plugging that in I need to work out the +0/0 component of + + align:start position:0% +0/0 component of + + + align:start position:0% +0/0 component of +my Ricci + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I go back to its foundational + + align:start position:0% +so I go back to its foundational + + + align:start position:0% +so I go back to its foundational +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +this is what I get when I + + align:start position:0% +this is what I get when I + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I get when I +take the trace on indices one in three + + align:start position:0% +take the trace on indices one in three + + + align:start position:0% +take the trace on indices one in three +of the Riemann tensor I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can simplify that to just doing the + + align:start position:0% +can simplify that to just doing the + + + align:start position:0% +can simplify that to just doing the +trace over the spatial indices because + + align:start position:0% +trace over the spatial indices because + + + align:start position:0% +trace over the spatial indices because +the term I'm leaving out is the one that + + align:start position:0% +the term I'm leaving out is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +the term I'm leaving out is the one that +is of the form 0 0 here which by the + + align:start position:0% +is of the form 0 0 here which by the + + + align:start position:0% +is of the form 0 0 here which by the +anti symmetry on exchange those Denis's + + align:start position:0% +anti symmetry on exchange those Denis's + + + align:start position:0% +anti symmetry on exchange those Denis's +must vanish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plugging in my definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I find is it is going to look like + + align:start position:0% +what I find is it is going to look like + + + align:start position:0% +what I find is it is going to look like +this here so I'm just going to neglect + + align:start position:0% +this here so I'm just going to neglect + + + align:start position:0% +this here so I'm just going to neglect +the order of gamma squared terms cuz I'm + + align:start position:0% +the order of gamma squared terms cuz I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the order of gamma squared terms cuz I'm +working in a limit where I assume that + + align:start position:0% +working in a limit where I assume that + + + align:start position:0% +working in a limit where I assume that +all these H's are small this is going to + + align:start position:0% +all these H's are small this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +all these H's are small this is going to +vanish because of my assumption of + + align:start position:0% +vanish because of my assumption of + + + align:start position:0% +vanish because of my assumption of +everything being static in this limit + + align:start position:0% +everything being static in this limit + + + align:start position:0% +everything being static in this limit +so this I then go and + + align:start position:0% +so this I then go and + + + align:start position:0% +so this I then go and +plug in my definitions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay again I'm gonna lose these two + + align:start position:0% +okay again I'm gonna lose these two + + + align:start position:0% +okay again I'm gonna lose these two +derivatives by the assumption of things + + align:start position:0% +derivatives by the assumption of things + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives by the assumption of things +being static + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part of me just a second yeah so I'm + + align:start position:0% +part of me just a second yeah so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +part of me just a second yeah so I'm +gonna lose these two because of the + + align:start position:0% +gonna lose these two because of the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna lose these two because of the +assumption of things being static the + + align:start position:0% +assumption of things being static the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption of things being static the +only derivative the only term it's going + + align:start position:0% +only derivative the only term it's going + + + align:start position:0% +only derivative the only term it's going +to matter in the derivative here is H + + align:start position:0% +to matter in the derivative here is H + + + align:start position:0% +to matter in the derivative here is H +and so when I hit it with the inverse + + align:start position:0% +and so when I hit it with the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +and so when I hit it with the inverse +metric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this becomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simply the derivative of the h00 piece + + align:start position:0% +simply the derivative of the h00 piece + + + align:start position:0% +simply the derivative of the h00 piece +okay I + + align:start position:0% +okay I + + + align:start position:0% +okay I +can go from G straight to ADA because + + align:start position:0% +can go from G straight to ADA because + + + align:start position:0% +can go from G straight to ADA because +the correction of this + + align:start position:0% +the correction of this + + + align:start position:0% +the correction of this +is of order H squared which I've + + align:start position:0% +is of order H squared which I've + + + align:start position:0% +is of order H squared which I've +repeatedly emphasized we're going to + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly emphasized we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly emphasized we're going to +neglect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right we're almost there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where was I so I've got it down to here + + align:start position:0% +where was I so I've got it down to here + + + align:start position:0% +where was I so I've got it down to here +let me just simplify this one step more + + align:start position:0% +let me just simplify this one step more + + + align:start position:0% +let me just simplify this one step more +ADA is if mu is not spatial and this is + + align:start position:0% +ADA is if mu is not spatial and this is + + + align:start position:0% +ADA is if mu is not spatial and this is +just zero so I can immediately change my + + align:start position:0% +just zero so I can immediately change my + + + align:start position:0% +just zero so I can immediately change my +new derivative + + align:start position:0% +new derivative + + + align:start position:0% +new derivative +into a J I can just focus on the spatial + + align:start position:0% +into a J I can just focus on the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +into a J I can just focus on the spatial +piece of it so this tells me our zero + + align:start position:0% +piece of it so this tells me our zero + + + align:start position:0% +piece of it so this tells me our zero +zero is + + align:start position:0% +zero is + + + align:start position:0% +zero is +minus one half + + align:start position:0% +minus one half + + + align:start position:0% +minus one half +chroniker Delta + + align:start position:0% +chroniker Delta + + + align:start position:0% +chroniker Delta +Delta I Delta J acting on H zero zero + + align:start position:0% +Delta I Delta J acting on H zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +Delta I Delta J acting on H zero zero +this operator is nothing more than the + + align:start position:0% +this operator is nothing more than the + + + align:start position:0% +this operator is nothing more than the +Laplace operator + + align:start position:0% +Laplace operator + + + align:start position:0% +Laplace operator +so this is minus one half our + + align:start position:0% +so this is minus one half our + + + align:start position:0% +so this is minus one half our +old-fashioned + + align:start position:0% +old-fashioned + + + align:start position:0% +old-fashioned +happily well-known from undergrad + + align:start position:0% +happily well-known from undergrad + + + align:start position:0% +happily well-known from undergrad +studies Laplace operator on H zero zero + + align:start position:0% +studies Laplace operator on H zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +studies Laplace operator on H zero zero +so putting all this together + + align:start position:0% +so putting all this together + + + align:start position:0% +so putting all this together +my field equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which I wrote in this form + + align:start position:0% +which I wrote in this form + + + align:start position:0% +which I wrote in this form +reduces down to + + align:start position:0% +reduces down to + + + align:start position:0% +reduces down to +del squared 8 0 0 equals minus + + align:start position:0% +del squared 8 0 0 equals minus + + + align:start position:0% +del squared 8 0 0 equals minus +Kappa Rho + + align:start position:0% +Kappa Rho + + + align:start position:0% +Kappa Rho +the Newtonian limit + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian limit + + + align:start position:0% +the Newtonian limit +that we did for the equation of motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fact that we showed that judy's escora + + align:start position:0% +fact that we showed that judy's escora + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we showed that judy's escora +spawned tunas + + align:start position:0% +spawned tunas + + + align:start position:0% +spawned tunas +that already led me to deduce that H 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +that already led me to deduce that H 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +that already led me to deduce that H 0 0 +was equal to minus 2 Phi + + align:start position:0% +was equal to minus 2 Phi + + + align:start position:0% +was equal to minus 2 Phi +my Newtonian field equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +requires me to have the Laplace operator + + align:start position:0% +requires me to have the Laplace operator + + + align:start position:0% +requires me to have the Laplace operator +acting on the potential Phi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +giving me four pi + + align:start position:0% +giving me four pi + + + align:start position:0% +giving me four pi +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +put all these pieces together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what we see is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this proposed field equation works + + align:start position:0% +this proposed field equation works + + + align:start position:0% +this proposed field equation works +perfectly + + align:start position:0% +perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly +provided we choose + + align:start position:0% +provided we choose + + + align:start position:0% +provided we choose +for that constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Kappa equals eight pi J so we finally + + align:start position:0% +Kappa equals eight pi J so we finally + + + align:start position:0% +Kappa equals eight pi J so we finally +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +G mu nu equals 8 pi G + + align:start position:0% +G mu nu equals 8 pi G + + + align:start position:0% +G mu nu equals 8 pi G +T mu nu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is known as the Einstein field + + align:start position:0% +this is known as the Einstein field + + + align:start position:0% +this is known as the Einstein field +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so before I do a few more things with it + + align:start position:0% +so before I do a few more things with it + + + align:start position:0% +so before I do a few more things with it +let us pause and just sort of take stock + + align:start position:0% +let us pause and just sort of take stock + + + align:start position:0% +let us pause and just sort of take stock +of what went into this calculation + + align:start position:0% +of what went into this calculation + + + align:start position:0% +of what went into this calculation +we have a ton of mathematical tools that + + align:start position:0% +we have a ton of mathematical tools that + + + align:start position:0% +we have a ton of mathematical tools that +we had developed that allow us to + + align:start position:0% +we had developed that allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +we had developed that allow us to +describe the behavior of curved + + align:start position:0% +describe the behavior of curved + + + align:start position:0% +describe the behavior of curved +manifolds and the motion of bodies as + + align:start position:0% +manifolds and the motion of bodies as + + + align:start position:0% +manifolds and the motion of bodies as +they move in curved manifolds + + align:start position:0% +they move in curved manifolds + + + align:start position:0% +they move in curved manifolds +we didn't yet have a tool telling us how + + align:start position:0% +we didn't yet have a tool telling us how + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't yet have a tool telling us how +the space-time metric + + align:start position:0% +the space-time metric + + + align:start position:0% +the space-time metric +can be specified okay we didn't have the + + align:start position:0% +can be specified okay we didn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +can be specified okay we didn't have the +equivalent of the newtonian field + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of the newtonian field + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of the newtonian field +equation that told me how gravity arises + + align:start position:0% +equation that told me how gravity arises + + + align:start position:0% +equation that told me how gravity arises +from a source so what we did was we + + align:start position:0% +from a source so what we did was we + + + align:start position:0% +from a source so what we did was we +looked at the judy's equation we went + + align:start position:0% +looked at the judy's equation we went + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the judy's equation we went +into a limit where things deviated just + + align:start position:0% +into a limit where things deviated just + + + align:start position:0% +into a limit where things deviated just +a little bit from flat space-time and we + + align:start position:0% +a little bit from flat space-time and we + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit from flat space-time and we +required objects removing + + align:start position:0% +required objects removing + + + align:start position:0% +required objects removing +nonrelativistic Li so that their spatial + + align:start position:0% +nonrelativistic Li so that their spatial + + + align:start position:0% +nonrelativistic Li so that their spatial +for vector comm for velocity compounds + + align:start position:0% +for vector comm for velocity compounds + + + align:start position:0% +for vector comm for velocity compounds +were all small that told us that + + align:start position:0% +were all small that told us that + + + align:start position:0% +were all small that told us that +we were able to reproduce the Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +we were able to reproduce the Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +we were able to reproduce the Newtonian +equation of motion if h0 0 the little + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion if h0 0 the little + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion if h0 0 the little +deviation of space-time from flat + + align:start position:0% +deviation of space-time from flat + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of space-time from flat +space-time in this zero peace was equal + + align:start position:0% +space-time in this zero peace was equal + + + align:start position:0% +space-time in this zero peace was equal +to negative two times the Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +to negative two times the Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +to negative two times the Newtonian +potential we then said well the + + align:start position:0% +potential we then said well the + + + align:start position:0% +potential we then said well the +Newtonian field equation is sort of sick + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian field equation is sort of sick + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian field equation is sort of sick +from a relativistic perspective because + + align:start position:0% +from a relativistic perspective because + + + align:start position:0% +from a relativistic perspective because +it's working with a particular component + + align:start position:0% +it's working with a particular component + + + align:start position:0% +it's working with a particular component +of the tensor rather than with a tensor + + align:start position:0% +of the tensor rather than with a tensor + + + align:start position:0% +of the tensor rather than with a tensor +so let's just ask ourselves how can we + + align:start position:0% +so let's just ask ourselves how can we + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just ask ourselves how can we +promote this to a properly constructed + + align:start position:0% +promote this to a properly constructed + + + align:start position:0% +promote this to a properly constructed +tensorial equation so we insisted the + + align:start position:0% +tensorial equation so we insisted the + + + align:start position:0% +tensorial equation so we insisted the +right-hand side B team you know and then + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side B team you know and then + + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side B team you know and then +we've looked for something that looks + + align:start position:0% +we've looked for something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked for something that looks +like tuturro so two derivatives of the + + align:start position:0% +like tuturro so two derivatives of the + + + align:start position:0% +like tuturro so two derivatives of the +potential or more properly two + + align:start position:0% +potential or more properly two + + + align:start position:0% +potential or more properly two +derivatives of the metric which is going + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the metric which is going + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the metric which is going +to give me a curvature tensor and say + + align:start position:0% +to give me a curvature tensor and say + + + align:start position:0% +to give me a curvature tensor and say +okay I want a to index curvature tensor + + align:start position:0% +okay I want a to index curvature tensor + + + align:start position:0% +okay I want a to index curvature tensor +on the left-hand side since just energy + + align:start position:0% +on the left-hand side since just energy + + + align:start position:0% +on the left-hand side since just energy +tensor is divergence free I am forced to + + align:start position:0% +tensor is divergence free I am forced to + + + align:start position:0% +tensor is divergence free I am forced to +choose a character tensor this that is + + align:start position:0% +choose a character tensor this that is + + + align:start position:0% +choose a character tensor this that is +divergence free and that's what leads me + + align:start position:0% +divergence free and that's what leads me + + + align:start position:0% +divergence free and that's what leads me +to this object convinced the Einstein + + align:start position:0% +to this object convinced the Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +to this object convinced the Einstein +curvature and then insisting that that + + align:start position:0% +curvature and then insisting that that + + + align:start position:0% +curvature and then insisting that that +procedure reproduced Newtonian limit + + align:start position:0% +procedure reproduced Newtonian limit + + + align:start position:0% +procedure reproduced Newtonian limit +when things sort of deviate very + + align:start position:0% +when things sort of deviate very + + + align:start position:0% +when things sort of deviate very +slightly from flat space-time that + + align:start position:0% +slightly from flat space-time that + + + align:start position:0% +slightly from flat space-time that +insisted the constant proportionality + + align:start position:0% +insisted the constant proportionality + + + align:start position:0% +insisted the constant proportionality +between the two sides be 8 pi Jing + + align:start position:0% +between the two sides be 8 pi Jing + + + align:start position:0% +between the two sides be 8 pi Jing +this in a nutshell is how Einstein + + align:start position:0% +this in a nutshell is how Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +this in a nutshell is how Einstein +derived this equation originally when it + + align:start position:0% +derived this equation originally when it + + + align:start position:0% +derived this equation originally when it +was published in 1915 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when I first went through this exercise + + align:start position:0% +when I first went through this exercise + + + align:start position:0% +when I first went through this exercise +and really appreciated this you know I + + align:start position:0% +and really appreciated this you know I + + + align:start position:0% +and really appreciated this you know I +was struck by you know what a clever guy + + align:start position:0% +was struck by you know what a clever guy + + + align:start position:0% +was struck by you know what a clever guy +he was and it is worth noting that the + + align:start position:0% +he was and it is worth noting that the + + + align:start position:0% +he was and it is worth noting that the +mathematics for doing this was very far + + align:start position:0% +mathematics for doing this was very far + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics for doing this was very far +into Einstein at that time there's a + + align:start position:0% +into Einstein at that time there's a + + + align:start position:0% +into Einstein at that time there's a +reason there's a 10-year gap between his + + align:start position:0% +reason there's a 10-year gap between his + + + align:start position:0% +reason there's a 10-year gap between his +papers on special relativity and his + + align:start position:0% +papers on special relativity and his + + + align:start position:0% +papers on special relativity and his +presentation of the field equations of + + align:start position:0% +presentation of the field equations of + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of the field equations of +general relativity in special relativity + + align:start position:0% +general relativity in special relativity + + + align:start position:0% +general relativity in special relativity +was 1905 field equation was 1915 + + align:start position:0% +was 1905 field equation was 1915 + + + align:start position:0% +was 1905 field equation was 1915 +he was spending most of those + + align:start position:0% +he was spending most of those + + + align:start position:0% +he was spending most of those +intervening ten years learning all the + + align:start position:0% +intervening ten years learning all the + + + align:start position:0% +intervening ten years learning all the +math that we have been studying for the + + align:start position:0% +math that we have been studying for the + + + align:start position:0% +math that we have been studying for the +past six or seven weeks okay so we kind + + align:start position:0% +past six or seven weeks okay so we kind + + + align:start position:0% +past six or seven weeks okay so we kind +of had the luxury of knowing what path + + align:start position:0% +of had the luxury of knowing what path + + + align:start position:0% +of had the luxury of knowing what path +to take and so we were able to sort of + + align:start position:0% +to take and so we were able to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to take and so we were able to sort of +pick out the most important bits so we + + align:start position:0% +pick out the most important bits so we + + + align:start position:0% +pick out the most important bits so we +could sort of know we knew where we + + align:start position:0% +could sort of know we knew where we + + + align:start position:0% +could sort of know we knew where we +wanted to go he had to learn all this + + align:start position:0% +wanted to go he had to learn all this + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to go he had to learn all this +stuff from scratch and he worked with + + align:start position:0% +stuff from scratch and he worked with + + + align:start position:0% +stuff from scratch and he worked with +quite a few mathematicians to learn all + + align:start position:0% +quite a few mathematicians to learn all + + + align:start position:0% +quite a few mathematicians to learn all +these pieces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +having said that though it did strike me + + align:start position:0% +having said that though it did strike me + + + align:start position:0% +having said that though it did strike me +this is a somewhat ad hoc kind of a + + align:start position:0% +this is a somewhat ad hoc kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a somewhat ad hoc kind of a +derivation + + align:start position:0% +derivation + + + align:start position:0% +derivation +you know when you look at this you might + + align:start position:0% +you know when you look at this you might + + + align:start position:0% +you know when you look at this you might +sort of think well could we not might + + align:start position:0% +sort of think well could we not might + + + align:start position:0% +sort of think well could we not might +there not be other things I could put on + + align:start position:0% +there not be other things I could put on + + + align:start position:0% +there not be other things I could put on +either the left hand side or the right + + align:start position:0% +either the left hand side or the right + + + align:start position:0% +either the left hand side or the right +hand side that would still respect the + + align:start position:0% +hand side that would still respect the + + + align:start position:0% +hand side that would still respect the +Newtonian limit and indeed + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian limit and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian limit and indeed +we can add any + + align:start position:0% +we can add any + + + align:start position:0% +we can add any +divergence free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tensor + + align:start position:0% +tensor + + + align:start position:0% +tensor +onto depending on how you count it + + align:start position:0% +onto depending on how you count it + + + align:start position:0% +onto depending on how you count it +either the left hand side or the right + + align:start position:0% +either the left hand side or the right + + + align:start position:0% +either the left hand side or the right +hand side let's say the left hand side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we would still have a + + align:start position:0% +and we would still have a + + + align:start position:0% +and we would still have a +good field equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Einstein himself was the first one to + + align:start position:0% +Einstein himself was the first one to + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein himself was the first one to +note this here's an example of such a + + align:start position:0% +note this here's an example of such a + + + align:start position:0% +note this here's an example of such a +divergence free tensor + + align:start position:0% +divergence free tensor + + + align:start position:0% +divergence free tensor +the metric itself okay the metric is + + align:start position:0% +the metric itself okay the metric is + + + align:start position:0% +the metric itself okay the metric is +compatible with the covariant derivative + + align:start position:0% +compatible with the covariant derivative + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with the covariant derivative +any covariant derivative the metric is + + align:start position:0% +any covariant derivative the metric is + + + align:start position:0% +any covariant derivative the metric is +zero and so I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can just put + + align:start position:0% +can just put + + + align:start position:0% +can just put +the metric over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's perfectly fine now the dimensions + + align:start position:0% +that's perfectly fine now the dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +that's perfectly fine now the dimensions +are a little bit off so we have to + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit off so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit off so we have to +insert a + + align:start position:0% +insert a + + + align:start position:0% +insert a +constant of proportionality to make + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality to make + + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality to make +everything come out right this lambda is + + align:start position:0% +everything come out right this lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +everything come out right this lambda is +known as + + align:start position:0% +known as + + + align:start position:0% +known as +the cosmological constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +now it's kind of interesting is that one + + align:start position:0% +now it's kind of interesting is that one + + + align:start position:0% +now it's kind of interesting is that one +can write down the Einstein field + + align:start position:0% +can write down the Einstein field + + + align:start position:0% +can write down the Einstein field +equations in this way + + align:start position:0% +equations in this way + + + align:start position:0% +equations in this way +but you could just as easily take + + align:start position:0% +but you could just as easily take + + + align:start position:0% +but you could just as easily take +that land the g m-- you knew and move it + + align:start position:0% +that land the g m-- you knew and move it + + + align:start position:0% +that land the g m-- you knew and move it +on to the right hand side and think of + + align:start position:0% +on to the right hand side and think of + + + align:start position:0% +on to the right hand side and think of +this additional term as a particularly + + align:start position:0% +this additional term as a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +this additional term as a particularly +special source of stress energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's do that + + align:start position:0% +let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +let's do that +so let's define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T mu nu lambda + + align:start position:0% +T mu nu lambda + + + align:start position:0% +T mu nu lambda +equal negative lambda + + align:start position:0% +equal negative lambda + + + align:start position:0% +equal negative lambda +over 8 pi G + + align:start position:0% +over 8 pi G + + + align:start position:0% +over 8 pi G +times G mu nu if we do that we then just + + align:start position:0% +times G mu nu if we do that we then just + + + align:start position:0% +times G mu nu if we do that we then just +have G me a nu equals a plus G team you + + align:start position:0% +have G me a nu equals a plus G team you + + + align:start position:0% +have G me a nu equals a plus G team you +know with particular contribution to our + + align:start position:0% +know with particular contribution to our + + + align:start position:0% +know with particular contribution to our +team you knew being this cosmological + + align:start position:0% +team you knew being this cosmological + + + align:start position:0% +team you knew being this cosmological +constant term + + align:start position:0% +constant term + + + align:start position:0% +constant term +when we do this what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +when we do this what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +when we do this what you see is that +team you knew is + + align:start position:0% +team you knew is + + + align:start position:0% +team you knew is +nothing more than a perfect fluid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rho + + align:start position:0% +Rho + + + align:start position:0% +Rho +equals 8 pi G in the freely falling + + align:start position:0% +equals 8 pi G in the freely falling + + + align:start position:0% +equals 8 pi G in the freely falling +frame + + align:start position:0% +frame + + + align:start position:0% +frame +pressure of negative lambda over 8 pi + + align:start position:0% +pressure of negative lambda over 8 pi + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of negative lambda over 8 pi +Jing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such a stress energy tensor actually + + align:start position:0% +such a stress energy tensor actually + + + align:start position:0% +such a stress energy tensor actually +arises in quantum field theories this + + align:start position:0% +arises in quantum field theories this + + + align:start position:0% +arises in quantum field theories this +represents a form of zero-point energy + + align:start position:0% +represents a form of zero-point energy + + + align:start position:0% +represents a form of zero-point energy +in the vacuum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is uh we basically need to look for + + align:start position:0% +this is uh we basically need to look for + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh we basically need to look for +something that is a stress energy tensor + + align:start position:0% +something that is a stress energy tensor + + + align:start position:0% +something that is a stress energy tensor +that is isotropic and invariance to + + align:start position:0% +that is isotropic and invariance to + + + align:start position:0% +that is isotropic and invariance to +Lawrence transformations in the local + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence transformations in the local + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence transformations in the local +Lorentz frame and that uniquely picks + + align:start position:0% +Lorentz frame and that uniquely picks + + + align:start position:0% +Lorentz frame and that uniquely picks +out a stress energy tensor that is + + align:start position:0% +out a stress energy tensor that is + + + align:start position:0% +out a stress energy tensor that is +proportional to the metric in the freely + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the metric in the freely + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the metric in the freely +falling frame so this is an argument + + align:start position:0% +falling frame so this is an argument + + + align:start position:0% +falling frame so this is an argument +that was originally noted by yakisoba + + align:start position:0% +that was originally noted by yakisoba + + + align:start position:0% +that was originally noted by yakisoba +which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and much of this stuff was considered to + + align:start position:0% +and much of this stuff was considered to + + + align:start position:0% +and much of this stuff was considered to +be kind of a curiosity for years + + align:start position:0% +be kind of a curiosity for years + + + align:start position:0% +be kind of a curiosity for years +until cosmological observations + + align:start position:0% +until cosmological observations + + + align:start position:0% +until cosmological observations +we haven't done cosmology yet we will do + + align:start position:0% +we haven't done cosmology yet we will do + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't done cosmology yet we will do +this in a couple of weeks a couple of + + align:start position:0% +this in a couple of weeks a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +this in a couple of weeks a couple of +lectures I should say and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +lectures I should say and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +lectures I should say and it turns out +that the large-scale structure of our + + align:start position:0% +that the large-scale structure of our + + + align:start position:0% +that the large-scale structure of our +universe seems to support the existence + + align:start position:0% +universe seems to support the existence + + + align:start position:0% +universe seems to support the existence +potentially of there being a + + align:start position:0% +potentially of there being a + + + align:start position:0% +potentially of there being a +cosmological constant so the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +cosmological constant so the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological constant so the behavior of +all these things is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lot more relevant it's been a lot more + + align:start position:0% +lot more relevant it's been a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +lot more relevant it's been a lot more +relevant over the past say 15 or 20 + + align:start position:0% +relevant over the past say 15 or 20 + + + align:start position:0% +relevant over the past say 15 or 20 +years and it was when I originally + + align:start position:0% +years and it was when I originally + + + align:start position:0% +years and it was when I originally +learned this object in 1993 + + align:start position:0% +learned this object in 1993 + + + align:start position:0% +learned this object in 1993 +so I want to just conclude this lecture + + align:start position:0% +so I want to just conclude this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to just conclude this lecture +with a couple of remarks about + + align:start position:0% +with a couple of remarks about + + + align:start position:0% +with a couple of remarks about +things that are commonly set equal to + + align:start position:0% +things that are commonly set equal to + + + align:start position:0% +things that are commonly set equal to +one when we are doing calculations at + + align:start position:0% +one when we are doing calculations at + + + align:start position:0% +one when we are doing calculations at +this point + + align:start position:0% +this point + + + align:start position:0% +this point +so one often + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +G equal to 1 as well as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +C equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +C equal to 1 +Carol's textbook does not several other + + align:start position:0% +Carol's textbook does not several other + + + align:start position:0% +Carol's textbook does not several other +modern textbooks do not I personally + + align:start position:0% +modern textbooks do not I personally + + + align:start position:0% +modern textbooks do not I personally +like for pedagogical purposes leaving + + align:start position:0% +like for pedagogical purposes leaving + + + align:start position:0% +like for pedagogical purposes leaving +the G in there because it is very useful + + align:start position:0% +the G in there because it is very useful + + + align:start position:0% +the G in there because it is very useful +for calling out helping to understand + + align:start position:0% +for calling out helping to understand + + + align:start position:0% +for calling out helping to understand +the way in which different terms sort of + + align:start position:0% +the way in which different terms sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the way in which different terms sort of +couple in it can if nothing else it + + align:start position:0% +couple in it can if nothing else it + + + align:start position:0% +couple in it can if nothing else it +serves as a very useful ordered + + align:start position:0% +serves as a very useful ordered + + + align:start position:0% +serves as a very useful ordered +accounting parameter something that + + align:start position:0% +accounting parameter something that + + + align:start position:0% +accounting parameter something that +we'll see in some of the future + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in some of the future + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in some of the future +Galatians that we do + + align:start position:0% +Galatians that we do + + + align:start position:0% +Galatians that we do +but there's a reason why one often works + + align:start position:0% +but there's a reason why one often works + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a reason why one often works +with G equal to one in many relativity + + align:start position:0% +with G equal to one in many relativity + + + align:start position:0% +with G equal to one in many relativity +analyses fundamentally this is because + + align:start position:0% +analyses fundamentally this is because + + + align:start position:0% +analyses fundamentally this is because +gravity is a very weak force G is the + + align:start position:0% +gravity is a very weak force G is the + + + align:start position:0% +gravity is a very weak force G is the +most poorly known of all of the + + align:start position:0% +most poorly known of all of the + + + align:start position:0% +most poorly known of all of the +fundamental constants of nature I think + + align:start position:0% +fundamental constants of nature I think + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental constants of nature I think +it's only known I forget that number + + align:start position:0% +it's only known I forget that number + + + align:start position:0% +it's only known I forget that number +right now but it's known to about five + + align:start position:0% +right now but it's known to about five + + + align:start position:0% +right now but it's known to about five +or six digits and you contrast this with + + align:start position:0% +or six digits and you contrast this with + + + align:start position:0% +or six digits and you contrast this with +things like the intrinsic magnetic + + align:start position:0% +things like the intrinsic magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +things like the intrinsic magnetic +moment of the electron which is known to + + align:start position:0% +moment of the electron which is known to + + + align:start position:0% +moment of the electron which is known to +something like 13 digits + + align:start position:0% +something like 13 digits + + + align:start position:0% +something like 13 digits +what this sort of means is that because + + align:start position:0% +what this sort of means is that because + + + align:start position:0% +what this sort of means is that because +G is so poorly known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me write that out in words first so + + align:start position:0% +let me write that out in words first so + + + align:start position:0% +let me write that out in words first so +G is itself poorly known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so when we measure the properties of + + align:start position:0% +and so when we measure the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +and so when we measure the properties of +various large objects using gravity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we typically find that something like G + + align:start position:0% +we typically find that something like G + + + align:start position:0% +we typically find that something like G +times an object's mass + + align:start position:0% +times an object's mass + + + align:start position:0% +times an object's mass +is measured much better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than M alone basically the observable + + align:start position:0% +than M alone basically the observable + + + align:start position:0% +than M alone basically the observable +that one is probing is G times M to get + + align:start position:0% +that one is probing is G times M to get + + + align:start position:0% +that one is probing is G times M to get +em out of that you take G times n and + + align:start position:0% +em out of that you take G times n and + + + align:start position:0% +em out of that you take G times n and +you divide by the value of G that you + + align:start position:0% +you divide by the value of G that you + + + align:start position:0% +you divide by the value of G that you +have determined independently if you + + align:start position:0% +have determined independently if you + + + align:start position:0% +have determined independently if you +only know this guy to five or six digits + + align:start position:0% +only know this guy to five or six digits + + + align:start position:0% +only know this guy to five or six digits +you're only gonna know this guy to five + + align:start position:0% +you're only gonna know this guy to five + + + align:start position:0% +you're only gonna know this guy to five +to take six digits whereas for instance + + align:start position:0% +to take six digits whereas for instance + + + align:start position:0% +to take six digits whereas for instance +for our son G M is known to about nine + + align:start position:0% +for our son G M is known to about nine + + + align:start position:0% +for our son G M is known to about nine +digits maybe even ten digits now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you set + + align:start position:0% +when you set + + + align:start position:0% +when you set +both G and C two one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what you find is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mass time and lengths all come out + + align:start position:0% +mass time and lengths all come out + + + align:start position:0% +mass time and lengths all come out +having the same dimension + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what that means is that certain + + align:start position:0% +and what that means is that certain + + + align:start position:0% +and what that means is that certain +factors of G and C can be combined to + + align:start position:0% +factors of G and C can be combined to + + + align:start position:0% +factors of G and C can be combined to +become convergent factors + + align:start position:0% +become convergent factors + + + align:start position:0% +become convergent factors +so in particular the combination G over + + align:start position:0% +so in particular the combination G over + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular the combination G over +C squared it converts a normal mass + + align:start position:0% +C squared it converts a normal mass + + + align:start position:0% +C squared it converts a normal mass +let's say an SI mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into a length a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very useful one is G times the mass of + + align:start position:0% +very useful one is G times the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +very useful one is G times the mass of +the Sun over C squared is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one point four seven kilometers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +GM over C cubed okay you're gonna divide + + align:start position:0% +GM over C cubed okay you're gonna divide + + + align:start position:0% +GM over C cubed okay you're gonna divide +by another factor of velocity this takes + + align:start position:0% +by another factor of velocity this takes + + + align:start position:0% +by another factor of velocity this takes +mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to time + + align:start position:0% +to time + + + align:start position:0% +to time +so a similar one g mass Sun over C cubed + + align:start position:0% +so a similar one g mass Sun over C cubed + + + align:start position:0% +so a similar one g mass Sun over C cubed +this is four point nine two + + align:start position:0% +this is four point nine two + + + align:start position:0% +this is four point nine two +times ten to the minus six seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one more before I conclude this lecture + + align:start position:0% +one more before I conclude this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +one more before I conclude this lecture +I can't erase this equation it's too + + align:start position:0% +I can't erase this equation it's too + + + align:start position:0% +I can't erase this equation it's too +beautiful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I do G over C the force this converts + + align:start position:0% +if I do G over C the force this converts + + + align:start position:0% +if I do G over C the force this converts +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +to length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm not going to give the numeric value + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to give the numeric value + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to give the numeric value +of this I'm gonna make a comment about + + align:start position:0% +of this I'm gonna make a comment about + + + align:start position:0% +of this I'm gonna make a comment about +this so bear in mind that your typical + + align:start position:0% +this so bear in mind that your typical + + + align:start position:0% +this so bear in mind that your typical +component of team unu has the + + align:start position:0% +component of team unu has the + + + align:start position:0% +component of team unu has the +dimensional form energy + + align:start position:0% +dimensional form energy + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional form energy +per unit volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ie energy over length cubed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I take G over C the force + + align:start position:0% +so if I take G over C the force + + + align:start position:0% +so if I take G over C the force +times team you know that is going to + + align:start position:0% +times team you know that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +times team you know that is going to +give me a + + align:start position:0% +give me a + + + align:start position:0% +give me a +lengths + + align:start position:0% +lengths + + + align:start position:0% +lengths +over a length cubed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in other words one over length squared + + align:start position:0% +in other words one over length squared + + + align:start position:0% +in other words one over length squared +which is exactly what you get for + + align:start position:0% +which is exactly what you get for + + + align:start position:0% +which is exactly what you get for +curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when one writes the Einstein field + + align:start position:0% +so when one writes the Einstein field + + + align:start position:0% +so when one writes the Einstein field +equations if you leave your G's and your + + align:start position:0% +equations if you leave your G's and your + + + align:start position:0% +equations if you leave your G's and your +C's in there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the correct coupling factor between your + + align:start position:0% +the correct coupling factor between your + + + align:start position:0% +the correct coupling factor between your +Einstein tensor and your stress energy + + align:start position:0% +Einstein tensor and your stress energy + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein tensor and your stress energy +tensor is actually 8 pi G over C to the + + align:start position:0% +tensor is actually 8 pi G over C to the + + + align:start position:0% +tensor is actually 8 pi G over C to the +fourth and I just want to leave you with + + align:start position:0% +fourth and I just want to leave you with + + + align:start position:0% +fourth and I just want to leave you with +the observation that + + align:start position:0% +the observation that + + + align:start position:0% +the observation that +G is a pretty small constant C to the + + align:start position:0% +G is a pretty small constant C to the + + + align:start position:0% +G is a pretty small constant C to the +fourth is a rather large constant and so + + align:start position:0% +fourth is a rather large constant and so + + + align:start position:0% +fourth is a rather large constant and so +we are getting a tiny amount of + + align:start position:0% +we are getting a tiny amount of + + + align:start position:0% +we are getting a tiny amount of +curvature from a tremendous amount of + + align:start position:0% +curvature from a tremendous amount of + + + align:start position:0% +curvature from a tremendous amount of +stress energy spacetime is hard to bend \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/OpO1Pj4z1hI.txt b/OpO1Pj4z1hI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..212f281e05d9a2cbb021a4c5e0160a001acbf830 --- /dev/null +++ b/OpO1Pj4z1hI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +CARIANI: HST.725 is a course +really aimed at surveying music + +perception and cognition. +Much of our curriculum nowadays + +in neuroscience and biology and +psychology is very specialized. + +We look at very small problems, +very compartmentalized + +problems. +The knowledge is parcelized + +into very small pieces. +And the big picture gets lost. + +So an important part, +I think, of any pedagogy, + +in any university really is to +get students to think + +synthetically, +to think about what is the + +nature of our auditory systems +and our brains such that music + +has the effects that it does. +So a typical class would be a + +lecture. +And we had many demonstrations. + +I would often use my computer +oscilloscope. + +We would look at the structure +of sounds. + +We used animations from the +music animation machine to + +illustrate both the horizontal +and vertical structure of music. + +We would listen to musical +pieces that illustrated + +particular aspects of music +perception and cognition. + +I would talk for about an hour +going over the area of the topic + +of the day which could be +something like the perception of + +pitch or tambour or consonance +or harmony or scene analysis, + +grouping processes, +something like that. + +And the course was small enough +so that we could have a back and + +forth. +And many of the students, + +it is a graduate course, +and we had some undergraduates + +also. +Many of the students already + +were dealing with these issues +in their own work. + +Well, it is a small elective +course and it was an + +experimental course, +as I said, that we taught for + +the first time last spring. +And what I wanted to do was to + +structure the course in a way +that we would both + +systematically cover the +perception and cognition of + +music, music psychology, +but that would allow the + +students a great deal of freedom +in choosing their own aspect of + +music psychology that they +wanted to look into. + +So the main work that the +students do is their own term + +project. +And that can be a review paper + +that covers extensively some +area of music perception and + +cognition. +It can be an experimental + +project where students can go +and actually do experiments or + +surveys, psychology of music, +or it could be a music project, + +a music composition that +illustrates the principles of + +music perception and talks about +those. + +Or a simulation or a model, +scientific model that + +illuminates and explores some +aspect of the mechanisms that + +are involved. +So the bulk of the student work + +in this case was a term project. +We also had an oral + +presentation students gave on a +paper that they chose in the + +course. +And we also had a large problem + +set and take-home test. +And what I had in mind was to + +systematically look at auditory +perception and auditory + +cognition with music as the +object of that perception and + +cognition. +So the intension is very much + +kind of in the spirit of Hermann +von Helmholtz's on the + +sensations of tone as a basis +for a psychology of music, + +in that spirit to +systematically go through, + +look at the structure of the +musical stimulus, + +the structure of music as a +sound object. + +And then look at the +perception, how do we perceive + +music, what are the qualities of +the sounds that we hear, + +how do they interact? +And then look at the underlying + +neural representations and +computations that allow us to + +apprehend that structure and +appreciate it. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ot6KACafyJU.txt b/Ot6KACafyJU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99766d763c4da2d431fa5fbb19eadf5e2a4d85fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Ot6KACafyJU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,907 @@ +align:start position:0% + +from last week that you had some teams + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you will have to decide + + align:start position:0% +so you will have to decide + + + align:start position:0% +so you will have to decide +which team + + align:start position:0% +which team + + + align:start position:0% +which team +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +different scores + + align:start position:0% +different scores + + + align:start position:0% +different scores +so the first challenge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i will + + align:start position:0% +i will + + + align:start position:0% +i will +tell you the name of the ingredients in + + align:start position:0% +tell you the name of the ingredients in + + + align:start position:0% +tell you the name of the ingredients in +italian and you have to find it on the + + align:start position:0% +italian and you have to find it on the + + + align:start position:0% +italian and you have to find it on the +table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the article the correct article okay + + align:start position:0% +and the article the correct article okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the article the correct article okay +determinant article + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i want the article + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +love + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how about milan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we have + + align:start position:0% +now we have + + + align:start position:0% +now we have +manderley + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you can get the point i'm in your + + align:start position:0% +so you can get the point i'm in your + + + align:start position:0% +so you can get the point i'm in your +team can i help her out + + align:start position:0% +team can i help her out + + + align:start position:0% +team can i help her out +i'm in her team yeah oh okay + + align:start position:0% +i'm in her team yeah oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +i'm in her team yeah oh okay +i think yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next word + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you need to put an article okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what is the fruit alone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this is difficult and i will give + + align:start position:0% +okay this is difficult and i will give + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is difficult and i will give +it to you also without article because + + align:start position:0% +it to you also without article because + + + align:start position:0% +it to you also without article because +it's kind of a weird exception + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's really weird + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where are they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we leave them as a + + align:start position:0% +and we leave them as a + + + align:start position:0% +and we leave them as a +don't chop them this whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we have all the other + + align:start position:0% +then we have all the other + + + align:start position:0% +then we have all the other +ingredients + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +while in a separate bowl + + align:start position:0% +while in a separate bowl + + + align:start position:0% +while in a separate bowl +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +mix + + align:start position:0% +mix + + + align:start position:0% +mix +miscollate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can make kind of a hole and buco an + + align:start position:0% +you can make kind of a hole and buco an + + + align:start position:0% +you can make kind of a hole and buco an +enchantro and you add all the honey + + align:start position:0% +enchantro and you add all the honey + + + align:start position:0% +enchantro and you add all the honey +and you try to mix it and that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +and you try to mix it and that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and you try to mix it and that's gonna +be a total mess + + align:start position:0% +be a total mess + + + align:start position:0% +be a total mess +and you can use a spatula or you can use + + align:start position:0% +and you can use a spatula or you can use + + + align:start position:0% +and you can use a spatula or you can use +your hands that are + + align:start position:0% +your hands that are + + + align:start position:0% +your hands that are +lava you have to wash your hands very + + align:start position:0% +lava you have to wash your hands very + + + align:start position:0% +lava you have to wash your hands very +well and again if you have rings an + + align:start position:0% +well and again if you have rings an + + + align:start position:0% +well and again if you have rings an +alley + + align:start position:0% +alley + + + align:start position:0% +alley +remove your rings or they will + + align:start position:0% +remove your rings or they will + + + align:start position:0% +remove your rings or they will +wish to eat + + align:start position:0% +wish to eat + + + align:start position:0% +wish to eat +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +wouldn't be great + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be great + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be great +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um so you will have these two + + align:start position:0% +um so you will have these two + + + align:start position:0% +um so you will have these two +bowls one with the + + align:start position:0% +bowls one with the + + + align:start position:0% +bowls one with the +farina + + align:start position:0% +farina + + + align:start position:0% +farina +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +and the other one with the sugar and + + align:start position:0% +and the other one with the sugar and + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one with the sugar and +water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just one part we will add lemon + + align:start position:0% +just one part we will add lemon + + + align:start position:0% +just one part we will add lemon +so we will we can make these different + + align:start position:0% +so we will we can make these different + + + align:start position:0% +so we will we can make these different +variations as i told you the traditional + + align:start position:0% +variations as i told you the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +variations as i told you the traditional +cantuchi or cantuccini + + align:start position:0% +cantuchi or cantuccini + + + align:start position:0% +cantuchi or cantuccini +are with mandalay but we will make some + + align:start position:0% +are with mandalay but we will make some + + + align:start position:0% +are with mandalay but we will make some +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +chocolate these are the gold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drops and + + align:start position:0% +drops and + + + align:start position:0% +drops and +and we can also add the + + align:start position:0% +and we can also add the + + + align:start position:0% +and we can also add the +vector to one part + + align:start position:0% +vector to one part + + + align:start position:0% +vector to one part +of our + + align:start position:0% +of our + + + align:start position:0% +of our +of our dough + + align:start position:0% +of our dough + + + align:start position:0% +of our dough +so then you will join the dolls all + + align:start position:0% +so then you will join the dolls all + + + align:start position:0% +so then you will join the dolls all +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +okay and we will i will show you but the + + align:start position:0% +okay and we will i will show you but the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we will i will show you but the +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +we will have to put la carta forno + + align:start position:0% +we will have to put la carta forno + + + align:start position:0% +we will have to put la carta forno +literally means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then we will make some + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we will make some + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we will make some +some kind of long and wide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh pieces of dough + + align:start position:0% +uh pieces of dough + + + align:start position:0% +uh pieces of dough +and then the stuff will be ready + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for the first baking + + align:start position:0% +for the first baking + + + align:start position:0% +for the first baking +it will bake for about 20-25 minutes + + align:start position:0% +it will bake for about 20-25 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +it will bake for about 20-25 minutes +until it becomes a little golden and + + align:start position:0% +until it becomes a little golden and + + + align:start position:0% +until it becomes a little golden and +then we will take them out + + align:start position:0% +then we will take them out + + + align:start position:0% +then we will take them out +cut them + + align:start position:0% +cut them + + + align:start position:0% +cut them +and then we will rebate rebate + + align:start position:0% +and then we will rebate rebate + + + align:start position:0% +and then we will rebate rebate +is to cook + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +twice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these regular cookies they're not baked + + align:start position:0% +these regular cookies they're not baked + + + align:start position:0% +these regular cookies they're not baked +twice + + align:start position:0% +twice + + + align:start position:0% +twice +and we call this coffee even like + + align:start position:0% +and we call this coffee even like + + + align:start position:0% +and we call this coffee even like +regular cookies that you cook only once + + align:start position:0% +regular cookies that you cook only once + + + align:start position:0% +regular cookies that you cook only once +but what's called + + align:start position:0% +but what's called + + + align:start position:0% +but what's called +that's good twice + + align:start position:0% +that's good twice + + + align:start position:0% +that's good twice +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +biscotti that is cooked twice but we use + + align:start position:0% +biscotti that is cooked twice but we use + + + align:start position:0% +biscotti that is cooked twice but we use +the word biscotti for any sort of + + align:start position:0% +the word biscotti for any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the word biscotti for any sort of +cookies in italian so that's a big + + align:start position:0% +cookies in italian so that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +cookies in italian so that's a big +difference like if you go if you go to + + align:start position:0% +difference like if you go if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +difference like if you go if you go to +italy and you ask for this coffee they + + align:start position:0% +italy and you ask for this coffee they + + + align:start position:0% +italy and you ask for this coffee they +won't buy your fantucci they will ask + + align:start position:0% +won't buy your fantucci they will ask + + + align:start position:0% +won't buy your fantucci they will ask +you quality scotty why + + align:start position:0% +you quality scotty why + + + align:start position:0% +you quality scotty why +right which cookies do you want because + + align:start position:0% +right which cookies do you want because + + + align:start position:0% +right which cookies do you want because +there are ten thousand different + + align:start position:0% +there are ten thousand different + + + align:start position:0% +there are ten thousand different +sculpted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/QAdiRwOLl0A.txt b/QAdiRwOLl0A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4d8c57ec50d59cbf23a3171b9d05a19b02ce8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/QAdiRwOLl0A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we already defined work in one dimension + + align:start position:0% +we already defined work in one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +we already defined work in one dimension +as the product of force time + + align:start position:0% +as the product of force time + + + align:start position:0% +as the product of force time +displacement for a constant force but + + align:start position:0% +displacement for a constant force but + + + align:start position:0% +displacement for a constant force but +now let's look at a case where we're + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at a case where we're + + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at a case where we're +applying a force F that is a function of + + align:start position:0% +applying a force F that is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +applying a force F that is a function of +X so our component f ofx is a function + + align:start position:0% +X so our component f ofx is a function + + + align:start position:0% +X so our component f ofx is a function +of X in the iot direction and one of the + + align:start position:0% +of X in the iot direction and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +of X in the iot direction and one of the +simplest examples of a force like this + + align:start position:0% +simplest examples of a force like this + + + align:start position:0% +simplest examples of a force like this +is what we call the spring Force now + + align:start position:0% +is what we call the spring Force now + + + align:start position:0% +is what we call the spring Force now +when we apply this Force to our object + + align:start position:0% +when we apply this Force to our object + + + align:start position:0% +when we apply this Force to our object +and let's look at an object I I had + + align:start position:0% +and let's look at an object I I had + + + align:start position:0% +and let's look at an object I I had +Direction we'll have an origin and this + + align:start position:0% +Direction we'll have an origin and this + + + align:start position:0% +Direction we'll have an origin and this +is our plus x coordinate system now when + + align:start position:0% +is our plus x coordinate system now when + + + align:start position:0% +is our plus x coordinate system now when +we apply a force what we want to look at + + align:start position:0% +we apply a force what we want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +we apply a force what we want to look at +is because the force is a function of + + align:start position:0% +is because the force is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +is because the force is a function of +position then we want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +position then we want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +position then we want to look at the +displacement over a small amount so + + align:start position:0% +displacement over a small amount so + + + align:start position:0% +displacement over a small amount so +let's call this the point XJ and out + + align:start position:0% +let's call this the point XJ and out + + + align:start position:0% +let's call this the point XJ and out +here here let's refer to this as XJ + 1 + + align:start position:0% +here here let's refer to this as XJ + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +here here let's refer to this as XJ + 1 +and what we've done is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and what we've done is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and what we've done is we're going to +ask how much work is done when the force + + align:start position:0% +ask how much work is done when the force + + + align:start position:0% +ask how much work is done when the force +is displaced from here to there and + + align:start position:0% +is displaced from here to there and + + + align:start position:0% +is displaced from here to there and +that's what we'll call Delta X so now + + align:start position:0% +that's what we'll call Delta X so now + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we'll call Delta X so now +our displacement is a small displacement + + align:start position:0% +our displacement is a small displacement + + + align:start position:0% +our displacement is a small displacement +X of J + 1 minus X of J and our work for + + align:start position:0% +X of J + 1 minus X of J and our work for + + + align:start position:0% +X of J + 1 minus X of J and our work for +this small displacement and that's why + + align:start position:0% +this small displacement and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +this small displacement and that's why +we'll indicate it with a Delta is equal + + align:start position:0% +we'll indicate it with a Delta is equal + + + align:start position:0% +we'll indicate it with a Delta is equal +to the force + + align:start position:0% +to the force + + + align:start position:0% +to the force +which is a function of x times this + + align:start position:0% +which is a function of x times this + + + align:start position:0% +which is a function of x times this +displacement and so now we get f ofx * X + + align:start position:0% +displacement and so now we get f ofx * X + + + align:start position:0% +displacement and so now we get f ofx * X +of J + 1 minus X of J and what we have + + align:start position:0% +of J + 1 minus X of J and what we have + + + align:start position:0% +of J + 1 minus X of J and what we have +to indicate here is because the force is + + align:start position:0% +to indicate here is because the force is + + + align:start position:0% +to indicate here is because the force is +varying we're looking at just this + + align:start position:0% +varying we're looking at just this + + + align:start position:0% +varying we're looking at just this +displacement here let's refer to this + + align:start position:0% +displacement here let's refer to this + + + align:start position:0% +displacement here let's refer to this +Force as in the J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part now the total work is just the sum + + align:start position:0% +part now the total work is just the sum + + + align:start position:0% +part now the total work is just the sum +of all these scalar quantities remember + + align:start position:0% +of all these scalar quantities remember + + + align:start position:0% +of all these scalar quantities remember +although force is a vector and + + align:start position:0% +although force is a vector and + + + align:start position:0% +although force is a vector and +displacement is a vector the product of + + align:start position:0% +displacement is a vector the product of + + + align:start position:0% +displacement is a vector the product of +these two quantities is a scalar and so + + align:start position:0% +these two quantities is a scalar and so + + + align:start position:0% +these two quantities is a scalar and so +if we want the total work we have to sum + + align:start position:0% +if we want the total work we have to sum + + + align:start position:0% +if we want the total work we have to sum +o from J goes from 1 to n of this + + align:start position:0% +o from J goes from 1 to n of this + + + align:start position:0% +o from J goes from 1 to n of this +quantity F ofj Dot and I'll put a little + + align:start position:0% +quantity F ofj Dot and I'll put a little + + + align:start position:0% +quantity F ofj Dot and I'll put a little +J there to indicate that Delta XJ now + + align:start position:0% +J there to indicate that Delta XJ now + + + align:start position:0% +J there to indicate that Delta XJ now +what does this sum mean well imagine + + align:start position:0% +what does this sum mean well imagine + + + align:start position:0% +what does this sum mean well imagine +that we're making a series of + + align:start position:0% +that we're making a series of + + + align:start position:0% +that we're making a series of +displacement all the way out to a final + + align:start position:0% +displacement all the way out to a final + + + align:start position:0% +displacement all the way out to a final +position X final and we divided this + + align:start position:0% +position X final and we divided this + + + align:start position:0% +position X final and we divided this +interval into n pieces and so this now + + align:start position:0% +interval into n pieces and so this now + + + align:start position:0% +interval into n pieces and so this now +represents the little bit of work done + + align:start position:0% +represents the little bit of work done + + + align:start position:0% +represents the little bit of work done +for all of these displacements and that + + align:start position:0% +for all of these displacements and that + + + align:start position:0% +for all of these displacements and that +is what we Define to be the work for a + + align:start position:0% +is what we Define to be the work for a + + + align:start position:0% +is what we Define to be the work for a +non-constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +force now the issue here is about how + + align:start position:0% +force now the issue here is about how + + + align:start position:0% +force now the issue here is about how +fine we cut this interval in we made an + + align:start position:0% +fine we cut this interval in we made an + + + align:start position:0% +fine we cut this interval in we made an +individual pieces but if we want to ask + + align:start position:0% +individual pieces but if we want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +individual pieces but if we want to ask +ourselves what is the limit as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what is the limit as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what is the limit as n goes to +Infinity then that's what we now need to + + align:start position:0% +Infinity then that's what we now need to + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity then that's what we now need to +consider so what we're doing is we're + + align:start position:0% +consider so what we're doing is we're + + + align:start position:0% +consider so what we're doing is we're +making smaller and smaller and smaller + + align:start position:0% +making smaller and smaller and smaller + + + align:start position:0% +making smaller and smaller and smaller +little displacements and we're taking + + align:start position:0% +little displacements and we're taking + + + align:start position:0% +little displacements and we're taking +this sum J goes from 1 to n of X of XJ * + + align:start position:0% +this sum J goes from 1 to n of X of XJ * + + + align:start position:0% +this sum J goes from 1 to n of X of XJ * +Delta XJ and this limit of a sum is by + + align:start position:0% +Delta XJ and this limit of a sum is by + + + align:start position:0% +Delta XJ and this limit of a sum is by +definition the integral of the force + + align:start position:0% +definition the integral of the force + + + align:start position:0% +definition the integral of the force +with respect to DX so what we end up + + align:start position:0% +with respect to DX so what we end up + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to DX so what we end up +with is our work is the integral of f + + align:start position:0% +with is our work is the integral of f + + + align:start position:0% +with is our work is the integral of f +ofx now it's a function and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +ofx now it's a function and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +ofx now it's a function and I'm going to +have an integration variable X Prime of + + align:start position:0% +have an integration variable X Prime of + + + align:start position:0% +have an integration variable X Prime of +DX Prime where X Prime is going from our + + align:start position:0% +DX Prime where X Prime is going from our + + + align:start position:0% +DX Prime where X Prime is going from our +initial position to our final position + + align:start position:0% +initial position to our final position + + + align:start position:0% +initial position to our final position +and this is now our definition of work + + align:start position:0% +and this is now our definition of work + + + align:start position:0% +and this is now our definition of work +more which generalizes a constant force + + align:start position:0% +more which generalizes a constant force + + + align:start position:0% +more which generalizes a constant force +to a non-constant force now again let's + + align:start position:0% +to a non-constant force now again let's + + + align:start position:0% +to a non-constant force now again let's +try to look at some type of geometric + + align:start position:0% +try to look at some type of geometric + + + align:start position:0% +try to look at some type of geometric +interpretation so if we plot at f ofx + + align:start position:0% +interpretation so if we plot at f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation so if we plot at f ofx +verse X and now let's consider a case um + + align:start position:0% +verse X and now let's consider a case um + + + align:start position:0% +verse X and now let's consider a case um +where we have some arbitrary Force so + + align:start position:0% +where we have some arbitrary Force so + + + align:start position:0% +where we have some arbitrary Force so +I'm going to just draw the force as if + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to just draw the force as if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to just draw the force as if +it were arbitrarily increasing as a + + align:start position:0% +it were arbitrarily increasing as a + + + align:start position:0% +it were arbitrarily increasing as a +function of X and here's our X + + align:start position:0% +function of X and here's our X + + + align:start position:0% +function of X and here's our X +initial and here's our X final + + align:start position:0% +initial and here's our X final + + + align:start position:0% +initial and here's our X final +and again we would like to make a + + align:start position:0% +and again we would like to make a + + + align:start position:0% +and again we would like to make a +geometric interpretation let's consider + + align:start position:0% +geometric interpretation let's consider + + + align:start position:0% +geometric interpretation let's consider +XJ and I'll make this very big XJ + one + + align:start position:0% +XJ and I'll make this very big XJ + one + + + align:start position:0% +XJ and I'll make this very big XJ + one +for the sake of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +visualization and this value here is f + + align:start position:0% +visualization and this value here is f + + + align:start position:0% +visualization and this value here is f +of x + + align:start position:0% +of x + + + align:start position:0% +of x +j and so what we see now is that little + + align:start position:0% +j and so what we see now is that little + + + align:start position:0% +j and so what we see now is that little +bit of work like we had for a constant + + align:start position:0% +bit of work like we had for a constant + + + align:start position:0% +bit of work like we had for a constant +force can be + + align:start position:0% +force can be + + + align:start position:0% +force can be +approximated as the area under + + align:start position:0% +approximated as the area under + + + align:start position:0% +approximated as the area under +underneath the curve for just this small + + align:start position:0% +underneath the curve for just this small + + + align:start position:0% +underneath the curve for just this small +interval between XJ XJ and XJ + 1 and if + + align:start position:0% +interval between XJ XJ and XJ + 1 and if + + + align:start position:0% +interval between XJ XJ and XJ + 1 and if +we make this sum what we're doing is + + align:start position:0% +we make this sum what we're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +we make this sum what we're doing is +we're just taking a series of + + align:start position:0% +we're just taking a series of + + + align:start position:0% +we're just taking a series of +approximations to the area under these + + align:start position:0% +approximations to the area under these + + + align:start position:0% +approximations to the area under these +curves now you can see graphically that + + align:start position:0% +curves now you can see graphically that + + + align:start position:0% +curves now you can see graphically that +there's very little error when the + + align:start position:0% +there's very little error when the + + + align:start position:0% +there's very little error when the +function was nearly constant but in this + + align:start position:0% +function was nearly constant but in this + + + align:start position:0% +function was nearly constant but in this +position where the function is growing + + align:start position:0% +position where the function is growing + + + align:start position:0% +position where the function is growing +this represents our little + + align:start position:0% +this represents our little + + + align:start position:0% +this represents our little +error however in the limit as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +error however in the limit as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +error however in the limit as n goes to +Infinity we can make that error go + + align:start position:0% +Infinity we can make that error go + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity we can make that error go +vanish lingly small so once again we see + + align:start position:0% +vanish lingly small so once again we see + + + align:start position:0% +vanish lingly small so once again we see +as a geometric + + align:start position:0% +as a geometric + + + align:start position:0% +as a geometric +interpretation that this is the + + align:start position:0% +interpretation that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation that this is the +area under the curve of the force vers + + align:start position:0% +area under the curve of the force vers + + + align:start position:0% +area under the curve of the force vers +position between the points the initial + + align:start position:0% +position between the points the initial + + + align:start position:0% +position between the points the initial +XI and the initial and the final X + + align:start position:0% +XI and the initial and the final X + + + align:start position:0% +XI and the initial and the final X +final where the particles being + + align:start position:0% +final where the particles being + + + align:start position:0% +final where the particles being +displaced from an initial position to + + align:start position:0% +displaced from an initial position to + + + align:start position:0% +displaced from an initial position to +some final position and here we can call + + align:start position:0% +some final position and here we can call + + + align:start position:0% +some final position and here we can call +our initial position anywhere we want if + + align:start position:0% +our initial position anywhere we want if + + + align:start position:0% +our initial position anywhere we want if +I write that is X initial to the final + + align:start position:0% +I write that is X initial to the final + + + align:start position:0% +I write that is X initial to the final +position and that's our generalization + + align:start position:0% +position and that's our generalization + + + align:start position:0% +position and that's our generalization +of the definition of work \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/QXkOaifVfW4.txt b/QXkOaifVfW4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e28bbb6b3211c676faa7725f16df381897271d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/QXkOaifVfW4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14416 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so um again before we start + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so um again before we start + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so um again before we start +there's a survey online if you haven't + + align:start position:0% +there's a survey online if you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +there's a survey online if you haven't +done so uh I would guess at least one of + + align:start position:0% +done so uh I would guess at least one of + + + align:start position:0% +done so uh I would guess at least one of +you has not uh uh some of you have + + align:start position:0% +you has not uh uh some of you have + + + align:start position:0% +you has not uh uh some of you have +entered their answers and their uh their + + align:start position:0% +entered their answers and their uh their + + + align:start position:0% +entered their answers and their uh their +thoughts and I really appreciate this uh + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and I really appreciate this uh + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and I really appreciate this uh +it's actually very helpful so uh you + + align:start position:0% +it's actually very helpful so uh you + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually very helpful so uh you +know seems that the course is going + + align:start position:0% +know seems that the course is going + + + align:start position:0% +know seems that the course is going +fairly well from what I've read so far + + align:start position:0% +fairly well from what I've read so far + + + align:start position:0% +fairly well from what I've read so far +uh so if you don't think this is the + + align:start position:0% +uh so if you don't think this is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so if you don't think this is the +case uh please enter your opinion and + + align:start position:0% +case uh please enter your opinion and + + + align:start position:0% +case uh please enter your opinion and +tell us that we can make it better uh + + align:start position:0% +tell us that we can make it better uh + + + align:start position:0% +tell us that we can make it better uh +one of the things that was said is that + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that was said is that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that was said is that +I speak too fast which is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +I speak too fast which is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +I speak too fast which is absolutely +true uh I just can't help it I get so + + align:start position:0% +true uh I just can't help it I get so + + + align:start position:0% +true uh I just can't help it I get so +excited uh but I will uh really do my + + align:start position:0% +excited uh but I will uh really do my + + + align:start position:0% +excited uh but I will uh really do my +best okay uh I will try to uh so just + + align:start position:0% +best okay uh I will try to uh so just + + + align:start position:0% +best okay uh I will try to uh so just +you know I I think I always start okay I + + align:start position:0% +you know I I think I always start okay I + + + align:start position:0% +you know I I think I always start okay I +just end uh not so well all right so + + align:start position:0% +just end uh not so well all right so + + + align:start position:0% +just end uh not so well all right so +last time we talked about this K Square + + align:start position:0% +last time we talked about this K Square + + + align:start position:0% +last time we talked about this K Square +distribution which is just another + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is just another + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is just another +distribution that's so common that it + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's so common that it + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's so common that it +deserves its own name and uh this is + + align:start position:0% +deserves its own name and uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +deserves its own name and uh this is +something that arises when we sum the + + align:start position:0% +something that arises when we sum the + + + align:start position:0% +something that arises when we sum the +squares of independent uh standard G and + + align:start position:0% +squares of independent uh standard G and + + + align:start position:0% +squares of independent uh standard G and +random variables okay and in particular + + align:start position:0% +random variables okay and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +random variables okay and in particular +uh why is that relevant is because if I + + align:start position:0% +uh why is that relevant is because if I + + + align:start position:0% +uh why is that relevant is because if I +look at the sample variance then it is a + + align:start position:0% +look at the sample variance then it is a + + + align:start position:0% +look at the sample variance then it is a +k Square distribution and the par + + align:start position:0% +k Square distribution and the par + + + align:start position:0% +k Square distribution and the par +parameter that shows up is also known as + + align:start position:0% +parameter that shows up is also known as + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that shows up is also known as +the degrees of freedom is the number of + + align:start position:0% +the degrees of freedom is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the degrees of freedom is the number of +observations minus one okay and so as I + + align:start position:0% +observations minus one okay and so as I + + + align:start position:0% +observations minus one okay and so as I +said this K C distribution has an + + align:start position:0% +said this K C distribution has an + + + align:start position:0% +said this K C distribution has an +explicit probability density function + + align:start position:0% +explicit probability density function + + + align:start position:0% +explicit probability density function +and I tried to draw it and uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +and I tried to draw it and uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and I tried to draw it and uh one of the +comments was also about my handwriting + + align:start position:0% +comments was also about my handwriting + + + align:start position:0% +comments was also about my handwriting +so I will actually uh not rely on it for + + align:start position:0% +so I will actually uh not rely on it for + + + align:start position:0% +so I will actually uh not rely on it for +uh detailed things so this is what the + + align:start position:0% +uh detailed things so this is what the + + + align:start position:0% +uh detailed things so this is what the +kai squ with one degree of Freedom look + + align:start position:0% +kai squ with one degree of Freedom look + + + align:start position:0% +kai squ with one degree of Freedom look +like and really what this is it's just + + align:start position:0% +like and really what this is it's just + + + align:start position:0% +like and really what this is it's just +the distribution of the square of a + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of the square of a + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of the square of a +standard gon right I'm summing only one + + align:start position:0% +standard gon right I'm summing only one + + + align:start position:0% +standard gon right I'm summing only one +so that's what it is then when I go to + + align:start position:0% +so that's what it is then when I go to + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what it is then when I go to +two this is what it is three four five + + align:start position:0% +two this is what it is three four five + + + align:start position:0% +two this is what it is three four five +six 10 and as I move you can see this + + align:start position:0% +six 10 and as I move you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +six 10 and as I move you can see this +thing is becoming flatter and flatter + + align:start position:0% +thing is becoming flatter and flatter + + + align:start position:0% +thing is becoming flatter and flatter +and pushing to the right okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +and pushing to the right okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and pushing to the right okay and that's +because I'm summing more and more + + align:start position:0% +because I'm summing more and more + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm summing more and more +squares and in expectation we just get + + align:start position:0% +squares and in expectation we just get + + + align:start position:0% +squares and in expectation we just get +one at every time so it's really means + + align:start position:0% +one at every time so it's really means + + + align:start position:0% +one at every time so it's really means +that the math is moving the the the the + + align:start position:0% +that the math is moving the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +that the math is moving the the the the +mass is moving to Infinity in particular + + align:start position:0% +mass is moving to Infinity in particular + + + align:start position:0% +mass is moving to Infinity in particular +a k Square distribution with n degrees + + align:start position:0% +a k Square distribution with n degrees + + + align:start position:0% +a k Square distribution with n degrees +of freedom is going to Infinity as any + + align:start position:0% +of freedom is going to Infinity as any + + + align:start position:0% +of freedom is going to Infinity as any +goes to + + align:start position:0% +goes to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to +Infinity another distribution uh that I + + align:start position:0% +Infinity another distribution uh that I + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity another distribution uh that I +ask you to think about anybody looked + + align:start position:0% +ask you to think about anybody looked + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to think about anybody looked +about uh looked around about the student + + align:start position:0% +about uh looked around about the student + + + align:start position:0% +about uh looked around about the student +T distribution what the history of this + + align:start position:0% +T distribution what the history of this + + + align:start position:0% +T distribution what the history of this +thing was so I'll tell I'll tell you a + + align:start position:0% +thing was so I'll tell I'll tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +thing was so I'll tell I'll tell you a +little bit uh maybe understand if you + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh maybe understand if you + + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh maybe understand if you +don't have time so the T distribution is + + align:start position:0% +don't have time so the T distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +don't have time so the T distribution is +another common distribution that is so + + align:start position:0% +another common distribution that is so + + + align:start position:0% +another common distribution that is so +common that it will be used and will + + align:start position:0% +common that it will be used and will + + + align:start position:0% +common that it will be used and will +have its uh table of quintiles that are + + align:start position:0% +have its uh table of quintiles that are + + + align:start position:0% +have its uh table of quintiles that are +drawn at the back of the book now + + align:start position:0% +drawn at the back of the book now + + + align:start position:0% +drawn at the back of the book now +remember when I mentioned the Gan I said + + align:start position:0% +remember when I mentioned the Gan I said + + + align:start position:0% +remember when I mentioned the Gan I said +well there's several values for Alpha + + align:start position:0% +well there's several values for Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +well there's several values for Alpha +that we're interested in right and so I + + align:start position:0% +that we're interested in right and so I + + + align:start position:0% +that we're interested in right and so I +wanted to draw a table for for the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to draw a table for for the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to draw a table for for the +gussan we had something that looked like + + align:start position:0% +gussan we had something that looked like + + + align:start position:0% +gussan we had something that looked like +this and I said well Q Alpha over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two right we get Alpha over two to the + + align:start position:0% +two right we get Alpha over two to the + + + align:start position:0% +two right we get Alpha over two to the +right of this number and we said that + + align:start position:0% +right of this number and we said that + + + align:start position:0% +right of this number and we said that +there's a table for this thinks for + + align:start position:0% +there's a table for this thinks for + + + align:start position:0% +there's a table for this thinks for +common values of of theta well if you + + align:start position:0% +common values of of theta well if you + + + align:start position:0% +common values of of theta well if you +think if you tra you inv what this table + + align:start position:0% +think if you tra you inv what this table + + + align:start position:0% +think if you tra you inv what this table +will look like it's actually a pretty + + align:start position:0% +will look like it's actually a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +will look like it's actually a pretty +sad table right because it's basically + + align:start position:0% +sad table right because it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +sad table right because it's basically +one list of number why would I call it a + + align:start position:0% +one list of number why would I call it a + + + align:start position:0% +one list of number why would I call it a +table because all I need to tell you is + + align:start position:0% +table because all I need to tell you is + + + align:start position:0% +table because all I need to tell you is +something that looks like this if I tell + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this if I tell + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this if I tell +you this is Alpha and this is Q Alpha + + align:start position:0% +you this is Alpha and this is Q Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +you this is Alpha and this is Q Alpha +over two and then I say okay the + + align:start position:0% +over two and then I say okay the + + + align:start position:0% +over two and then I say okay the +basically the three Alphas that I told + + align:start position:0% +basically the three Alphas that I told + + + align:start position:0% +basically the three Alphas that I told +you I care about are something like 1% + + align:start position:0% +you I care about are something like 1% + + + align:start position:0% +you I care about are something like 1% +5% and + + align:start position:0% +5% and + + + align:start position:0% +5% and +10% and my table will just give me Q + + align:start position:0% +10% and my table will just give me Q + + + align:start position:0% +10% and my table will just give me Q +Alpha over two so that's Alpha and + + align:start position:0% +Alpha over two so that's Alpha and + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha over two so that's Alpha and +that's Q Alpha over two and that's going + + align:start position:0% +that's Q Alpha over two and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +that's Q Alpha over two and that's going +to tell me that I don't I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +to tell me that I don't I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +to tell me that I don't I don't remember +this one but this guy is + + align:start position:0% +this one but this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +this one but this guy is +1.96 this guy is uh something like + + align:start position:0% +1.96 this guy is uh something like + + + align:start position:0% +1.96 this guy is uh something like +2.45 I think this one is like 1.65 maybe + + align:start position:0% +2.45 I think this one is like 1.65 maybe + + + align:start position:0% +2.45 I think this one is like 1.65 maybe +and uh and maybe you can be a little + + align:start position:0% +and uh and maybe you can be a little + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and maybe you can be a little +finer but it's not going to be an entire + + align:start position:0% +finer but it's not going to be an entire + + + align:start position:0% +finer but it's not going to be an entire +page at the back of the book and the + + align:start position:0% +page at the back of the book and the + + + align:start position:0% +page at the back of the book and the +reason is because I only need to draw + + align:start position:0% +reason is because I only need to draw + + + align:start position:0% +reason is because I only need to draw +this things for d one standard gussan + + align:start position:0% +this things for d one standard gussan + + + align:start position:0% +this things for d one standard gussan +when the parameters are zero for the + + align:start position:0% +when the parameters are zero for the + + + align:start position:0% +when the parameters are zero for the +mean and one for the variance now if I'm + + align:start position:0% +mean and one for the variance now if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mean and one for the variance now if I'm +actually doing this for the K squ the k + + align:start position:0% +actually doing this for the K squ the k + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing this for the K squ the k +squ + + align:start position:0% +squ + + + align:start position:0% +squ +I basically have to give you one table + + align:start position:0% +I basically have to give you one table + + + align:start position:0% +I basically have to give you one table +per values of uh the degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +per values of uh the degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +per values of uh the degrees of freedom +because those things are different + + align:start position:0% +because those things are different + + + align:start position:0% +because those things are different +there's no way I can take uh right for + + align:start position:0% +there's no way I can take uh right for + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way I can take uh right for +gaussians if you give me a different + + align:start position:0% +gaussians if you give me a different + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians if you give me a different +mean I can subtract it and make it back + + align:start position:0% +mean I can subtract it and make it back + + + align:start position:0% +mean I can subtract it and make it back +to be a standard gaon for the K square + + align:start position:0% +to be a standard gaon for the K square + + + align:start position:0% +to be a standard gaon for the K square +there's no such thing there's no thing + + align:start position:0% +there's no such thing there's no thing + + + align:start position:0% +there's no such thing there's no thing +that just takes the K square with the + + align:start position:0% +that just takes the K square with the + + + align:start position:0% +that just takes the K square with the +degrees of freedom and d and turns it + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom and d and turns it + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom and d and turns it +into say a k square with one degree of + + align:start position:0% +into say a k square with one degree of + + + align:start position:0% +into say a k square with one degree of +Freedom this just does not happen Okay + + align:start position:0% +Freedom this just does not happen Okay + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom this just does not happen Okay +so there's no way to say the word is + + align:start position:0% +so there's no way to say the word is + + + align:start position:0% +so there's no way to say the word is +standardize make it a standard K square + + align:start position:0% +standardize make it a standard K square + + + align:start position:0% +standardize make it a standard K square +there's no such thing as a standard K + + align:start position:0% +there's no such thing as a standard K + + + align:start position:0% +there's no such thing as a standard K +Square so what it means is that I'm + + align:start position:0% +Square so what it means is that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Square so what it means is that I'm +going to need one row like that for each + + align:start position:0% +going to need one row like that for each + + + align:start position:0% +going to need one row like that for each +value of the number of degrees of + + align:start position:0% +value of the number of degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +value of the number of degrees of +freedom so that will certainly fill a + + align:start position:0% +freedom so that will certainly fill a + + + align:start position:0% +freedom so that will certainly fill a +page at the back of a book okay even + + align:start position:0% +page at the back of a book okay even + + + align:start position:0% +page at the back of a book okay even +maybe more I mean you know I need one + + align:start position:0% +maybe more I mean you know I need one + + + align:start position:0% +maybe more I mean you know I need one +per sample size so if I want to go from + + align:start position:0% +per sample size so if I want to go from + + + align:start position:0% +per sample size so if I want to go from +sample size one to 1,000 I need a th + + align:start position:0% +sample size one to 1,000 I need a th + + + align:start position:0% +sample size one to 1,000 I need a th +rows okay so now the student + + align:start position:0% +rows okay so now the student + + + align:start position:0% +rows okay so now the student +distribution is one that arises where + + align:start position:0% +distribution is one that arises where + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is one that arises where +it's it looks very very much like the + + align:start position:0% +it's it looks very very much like the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it looks very very much like the +Gan distribution and there's a very + + align:start position:0% +Gan distribution and there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +Gan distribution and there's a very +simple reason for that is that I take a + + align:start position:0% +simple reason for that is that I take a + + + align:start position:0% +simple reason for that is that I take a +standard gaan and I divide it by + + align:start position:0% +standard gaan and I divide it by + + + align:start position:0% +standard gaan and I divide it by +something that's how I get the student + + align:start position:0% +something that's how I get the student + + + align:start position:0% +something that's how I get the student +what do I divide it with well I take an + + align:start position:0% +what do I divide it with well I take an + + + align:start position:0% +what do I divide it with well I take an +independent K Square I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +independent K Square I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +independent K Square I'm going to call +it V and I want it to be independent + + align:start position:0% +it V and I want it to be independent + + + align:start position:0% +it V and I want it to be independent +from Z and I'm going to divide Z by root + + align:start position:0% +from Z and I'm going to divide Z by root + + + align:start position:0% +from Z and I'm going to divide Z by root +V over D okay so I start with a k squ + + align:start position:0% +V over D okay so I start with a k squ + + + align:start position:0% +V over D okay so I start with a k squ +v so this guy is k s d I start with Z + + align:start position:0% +v so this guy is k s d I start with Z + + + align:start position:0% +v so this guy is k s d I start with Z +which which is + + align:start position:0% +which which is + + + align:start position:0% +which which is +n01 I'm going to assume that those guys + + align:start position:0% +n01 I'm going to assume that those guys + + + align:start position:0% +n01 I'm going to assume that those guys +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +independent and my T distribution I'm + + align:start position:0% +independent and my T distribution I'm + + + align:start position:0% +independent and my T distribution I'm +going to write it t capital t is z + + align:start position:0% +going to write it t capital t is z + + + align:start position:0% +going to write it t capital t is z +divided by the square root of V over + + align:start position:0% +divided by the square root of V over + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the square root of V over +D why would I want to do this well + + align:start position:0% +D why would I want to do this well + + + align:start position:0% +D why would I want to do this well +because this is exactly what happens + + align:start position:0% +because this is exactly what happens + + + align:start position:0% +because this is exactly what happens +when I divide not by the true + + align:start position:0% +when I divide not by the true + + + align:start position:0% +when I divide not by the true +variance a gussan but by its empirical + + align:start position:0% +variance a gussan but by its empirical + + + align:start position:0% +variance a gussan but by its empirical +variance okay so let's see why a second + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so let's see why a second + + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so let's see why a second +right so I know that if you give me some + + align:start position:0% +right so I know that if you give me some + + + align:start position:0% +right so I know that if you give me some +random variable let's call it X which is + + align:start position:0% +random variable let's call it X which is + + + align:start position:0% +random variable let's call it X which is +n mu Sigma squared then I can do this x + + align:start position:0% +n mu Sigma squared then I can do this x + + + align:start position:0% +n mu Sigma squared then I can do this x +minus mu / Sigma I'm going to call this + + align:start position:0% +minus mu / Sigma I'm going to call this + + + align:start position:0% +minus mu / Sigma I'm going to call this +thing Z because this thing actually has + + align:start position:0% +thing Z because this thing actually has + + + align:start position:0% +thing Z because this thing actually has +some standard gaussian distribution I + + align:start position:0% +some standard gaussian distribution I + + + align:start position:0% +some standard gaussian distribution I +have standardized X into something that + + align:start position:0% +have standardized X into something that + + + align:start position:0% +have standardized X into something that +I can read the quenes of at the back of + + align:start position:0% +I can read the quenes of at the back of + + + align:start position:0% +I can read the quenes of at the back of +the book okay so that's this process + + align:start position:0% +the book okay so that's this process + + + align:start position:0% +the book okay so that's this process +that I wanted to do now to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +that I wanted to do now to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +that I wanted to do now to be able to do +this I need to know what new is and I + + align:start position:0% +this I need to know what new is and I + + + align:start position:0% +this I need to know what new is and I +need to know what Sigma is otherwise I'm + + align:start position:0% +need to know what Sigma is otherwise I'm + + + align:start position:0% +need to know what Sigma is otherwise I'm +not going to be able to make this + + align:start position:0% +not going to be able to make this + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be able to make this +operation Mew I can sort of get away + + align:start position:0% +operation Mew I can sort of get away + + + align:start position:0% +operation Mew I can sort of get away +with because remember when we're doing + + align:start position:0% +with because remember when we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +with because remember when we're doing +uh confidence intervals we're actually + + align:start position:0% +uh confidence intervals we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh confidence intervals we're actually +solving for Mew so it was good that me + + align:start position:0% +solving for Mew so it was good that me + + + align:start position:0% +solving for Mew so it was good that me +was there when we're doing hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +was there when we're doing hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +was there when we're doing hypothesis +testing we're actually plugging in here + + align:start position:0% +testing we're actually plugging in here + + + align:start position:0% +testing we're actually plugging in here +the me that shows up in h zero so that + + align:start position:0% +the me that shows up in h zero so that + + + align:start position:0% +the me that shows up in h zero so that +was good we had this thing right think + + align:start position:0% +was good we had this thing right think + + + align:start position:0% +was good we had this thing right think +of me as being p for example but this + + align:start position:0% +of me as being p for example but this + + + align:start position:0% +of me as being p for example but this +guy + + align:start position:0% +guy + + + align:start position:0% +guy +here we don't necessarily know what it + + align:start position:0% +here we don't necessarily know what it + + + align:start position:0% +here we don't necessarily know what it +is right I just had to tell you for the + + align:start position:0% +is right I just had to tell you for the + + + align:start position:0% +is right I just had to tell you for the +entire first chapter I said assume you + + align:start position:0% +entire first chapter I said assume you + + + align:start position:0% +entire first chapter I said assume you +have GA and random variables and that + + align:start position:0% +have GA and random variables and that + + + align:start position:0% +have GA and random variables and that +you know what the variance is and the + + align:start position:0% +you know what the variance is and the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the variance is and the +reason why I said assume you know it and + + align:start position:0% +reason why I said assume you know it and + + + align:start position:0% +reason why I said assume you know it and +I said sometimes you can read it on the + + align:start position:0% +I said sometimes you can read it on the + + + align:start position:0% +I said sometimes you can read it on the +side of the box of uh measuring + + align:start position:0% +side of the box of uh measuring + + + align:start position:0% +side of the box of uh measuring +equipment in the lab so that was sort of + + align:start position:0% +equipment in the lab so that was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +equipment in the lab so that was sort of +just the way I Justified it but the real + + align:start position:0% +just the way I Justified it but the real + + + align:start position:0% +just the way I Justified it but the real +reason why I did this is because I would + + align:start position:0% +reason why I did this is because I would + + + align:start position:0% +reason why I did this is because I would +not be able to to perform this operation + + align:start position:0% +not be able to to perform this operation + + + align:start position:0% +not be able to to perform this operation +if I actually did not know what Sigma + + align:start position:0% +if I actually did not know what Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +if I actually did not know what Sigma +was but from data we know that we can + + align:start position:0% +was but from data we know that we can + + + align:start position:0% +was but from data we know that we can +form this estimator SN which is 1/ n sum + + align:start position:0% +form this estimator SN which is 1/ n sum + + + align:start position:0% +form this estimator SN which is 1/ n sum +from I = 1 to n of X + + align:start position:0% +from I = 1 to n of X + + + align:start position:0% +from I = 1 to n of X +IUS xar 2 and this thing is + + align:start position:0% +IUS xar 2 and this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +IUS xar 2 and this thing is +approximately equal to Sigma squar + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to Sigma squar + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to Sigma squar +that's the sample variance and it's + + align:start position:0% +that's the sample variance and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the sample variance and it's +actually a good + + align:start position:0% +actually a good + + + align:start position:0% +actually a good +estimator okay just by the law of large + + align:start position:0% +estimator okay just by the law of large + + + align:start position:0% +estimator okay just by the law of large +number actually this thing by the law of + + align:start position:0% +number actually this thing by the law of + + + align:start position:0% +number actually this thing by the law of +large number as n goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh well let's say in probability goes to + + align:start position:0% +uh well let's say in probability goes to + + + align:start position:0% +uh well let's say in probability goes to +Sigma squ by the law of number okay so + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ by the law of number okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ by the law of number okay so +it's a consistent estimator of Sigma + + align:start position:0% +it's a consistent estimator of Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +it's a consistent estimator of Sigma +Square so now what I want to do is to uh + + align:start position:0% +Square so now what I want to do is to uh + + + align:start position:0% +Square so now what I want to do is to uh +is to be able to use this estimator + + align:start position:0% +is to be able to use this estimator + + + align:start position:0% +is to be able to use this estimator +rather than using Sigma okay and the way + + align:start position:0% +rather than using Sigma okay and the way + + + align:start position:0% +rather than using Sigma okay and the way +I'm going to do it is I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it is I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it is I'm going to say +okay what I want to form is x minus + + align:start position:0% +okay what I want to form is x minus + + + align:start position:0% +okay what I want to form is x minus +mu divided by SN this time okay I don't + + align:start position:0% +mu divided by SN this time okay I don't + + + align:start position:0% +mu divided by SN this time okay I don't +know what the distribution of this guy + + align:start position:0% +know what the distribution of this guy + + + align:start position:0% +know what the distribution of this guy +is I just don't sorry it's square root + + align:start position:0% +is I just don't sorry it's square root + + + align:start position:0% +is I just don't sorry it's square root +of SN this is Sigma + + align:start position:0% +of SN this is Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +of SN this is Sigma +squar okay so this is what I would take + + align:start position:0% +squar okay so this is what I would take + + + align:start position:0% +squar okay so this is what I would take +and you know I could think of slutsky + + align:start position:0% +and you know I could think of slutsky + + + align:start position:0% +and you know I could think of slutsky +maybe something like this that would + + align:start position:0% +maybe something like this that would + + + align:start position:0% +maybe something like this that would +tell me well just use + + align:start position:0% +tell me well just use + + + align:start position:0% +tell me well just use +that and pretend it's a gausson and it's + + align:start position:0% +that and pretend it's a gausson and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that and pretend it's a gausson and it's +sort of we'll see how actually it's sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of we'll see how actually it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of we'll see how actually it's sort +of valid to do that because slki tells + + align:start position:0% +of valid to do that because slki tells + + + align:start position:0% +of valid to do that because slki tells +us it is valid to do that but what we + + align:start position:0% +us it is valid to do that but what we + + + align:start position:0% +us it is valid to do that but what we +can also do is to say well this is + + align:start position:0% +can also do is to say well this is + + + align:start position:0% +can also do is to say well this is +actually equal to xus Mu divided by + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to xus Mu divided by + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to xus Mu divided by +Sigma which I know what the distribution + + align:start position:0% +Sigma which I know what the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma which I know what the distribution +of this guy is and then what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +of this guy is and then what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +of this guy is and then what I'm going +to do is I'm going to just well I'm + + align:start position:0% +to do is I'm going to just well I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to do is I'm going to just well I'm +going to cancel this effect right Sigma + + align:start position:0% +going to cancel this effect right Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +going to cancel this effect right Sigma +over square root SN okay so I didn't + + align:start position:0% +over square root SN okay so I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +over square root SN okay so I didn't +change anything I just did a I just put + + align:start position:0% +change anything I just did a I just put + + + align:start position:0% +change anything I just did a I just put +the sigma here so now what I know is + + align:start position:0% +the sigma here so now what I know is + + + align:start position:0% +the sigma here so now what I know is +that this is some + + align:start position:0% +that this is some + + + align:start position:0% +that this is some +Z and it has some standard gussan + + align:start position:0% +Z and it has some standard gussan + + + align:start position:0% +Z and it has some standard gussan +distribution what is this + + align:start position:0% +distribution what is this + + + align:start position:0% +distribution what is this +guy well I know that SN we wrote this + + align:start position:0% +guy well I know that SN we wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +guy well I know that SN we wrote this +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +maybe I shouldn't have put those + + align:start position:0% +maybe I shouldn't have put those + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I shouldn't have put those +pictures because now I'm keep on + + align:start position:0% +pictures because now I'm keep on + + + align:start position:0% +pictures because now I'm keep on +skipping before and after we know that + + align:start position:0% +skipping before and after we know that + + + align:start position:0% +skipping before and after we know that +SN time n divided + + align:start position:0% +SN time n divided + + + align:start position:0% +SN time n divided +by uh Sigma + + align:start position:0% +by uh Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +by uh Sigma +squ is + + align:start position:0% +squ is + + + align:start position:0% +squ is +actually um k^ s n minus + + align:start position:0% +actually um k^ s n minus + + + align:start position:0% +actually um k^ s n minus +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay so what do I have here I have that + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do I have here I have that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do I have here I have that +k^ squ so here I have something that + + align:start position:0% +k^ squ so here I have something that + + + align:start position:0% +k^ squ so here I have something that +looks like one over square root of SN + + align:start position:0% +looks like one over square root of SN + + + align:start position:0% +looks like one over square root of SN +ided Sigma squ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right this is what this guy is if I just + + align:start position:0% +right this is what this guy is if I just + + + align:start position:0% +right this is what this guy is if I just +do some rewriting and maybe I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +do some rewriting and maybe I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +do some rewriting and maybe I'm actually +I actually want to make my life a little + + align:start position:0% +I actually want to make my life a little + + + align:start position:0% +I actually want to make my life a little +easier I'm actually going to plug in my + + align:start position:0% +easier I'm actually going to plug in my + + + align:start position:0% +easier I'm actually going to plug in my +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +here and so I'm going to have to + + align:start position:0% +here and so I'm going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +here and so I'm going to have to +multiply by uh square root of n + + align:start position:0% +multiply by uh square root of n + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by uh square root of n +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay everybody's with me + + align:start position:0% +okay everybody's with me + + + align:start position:0% +okay everybody's with me +so now what I end up with is something + + align:start position:0% +so now what I end up with is something + + + align:start position:0% +so now what I end up with is something +that looks like + + align:start position:0% +that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like +this where I have okay here I started + + align:start position:0% +this where I have okay here I started + + + align:start position:0% +this where I have okay here I started +with a x i should really start with + + align:start position:0% +with a x i should really start with + + + align:start position:0% +with a x i should really start with +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay I should really start with uh + + align:start position:0% +um okay I should really start with uh + + + align:start position:0% +um okay I should really start with uh +xnar minus mu time root of n right + + align:start position:0% +xnar minus mu time root of n right + + + align:start position:0% +xnar minus mu time root of n right +that's what the central limit theorem + + align:start position:0% +that's what the central limit theorem + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the central limit theorem +would tell me I need to work with the + + align:start position:0% +would tell me I need to work with the + + + align:start position:0% +would tell me I need to work with the +average rather than just one observation + + align:start position:0% +average rather than just one observation + + + align:start position:0% +average rather than just one observation +okay so if I start with this then I pick + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I start with this then I pick + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I start with this then I pick +up a square root of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so if I had the sigma here I + + align:start position:0% +um okay so if I had the sigma here I + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so if I had the sigma here I +would know that this thing is actually + + align:start position:0% +would know that this thing is actually + + + align:start position:0% +would know that this thing is actually +xnar minus mu / Sigma time < TK of + + align:start position:0% +xnar minus mu / Sigma time < TK of + + + align:start position:0% +xnar minus mu / Sigma time < TK of +n would be a standard gaan right so + + align:start position:0% +n would be a standard gaan right so + + + align:start position:0% +n would be a standard gaan right so +that's if I put xn bar here I really + + align:start position:0% +that's if I put xn bar here I really + + + align:start position:0% +that's if I put xn bar here I really +need to put this thing that goes around + + align:start position:0% +need to put this thing that goes around + + + align:start position:0% +need to put this thing that goes around +the xn bar sorry about that + + align:start position:0% +the xn bar sorry about that + + + align:start position:0% +the xn bar sorry about that +okay that's just my central limit + + align:start position:0% +okay that's just my central limit + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's just my central limit +theorem that says if I average then my + + align:start position:0% +theorem that says if I average then my + + + align:start position:0% +theorem that says if I average then my +variance is shrunk by Factor one over + + align:start position:0% +variance is shrunk by Factor one over + + + align:start position:0% +variance is shrunk by Factor one over +n now I can still do this right that was + + align:start position:0% +n now I can still do this right that was + + + align:start position:0% +n now I can still do this right that was +still fine and now I said that this + + align:start position:0% +still fine and now I said that this + + + align:start position:0% +still fine and now I said that this +thing is basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so it's basically this guy okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay so it's basically this guy okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so it's basically this guy okay +now so what I know is that this thing is + + align:start position:0% +now so what I know is that this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +now so what I know is that this thing is +a k + + align:start position:0% +a k + + + align:start position:0% +a k +with n minus one degrees of freedom so + + align:start position:0% +with n minus one degrees of freedom so + + + align:start position:0% +with n minus one degrees of freedom so +this guy + + align:start position:0% +this guy + + + align:start position:0% +this guy +here is k^ s with n minus one degrees of + + align:start position:0% +here is k^ s with n minus one degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +here is k^ s with n minus one degrees of +freedom let me call this thing V in the + + align:start position:0% +freedom let me call this thing V in the + + + align:start position:0% +freedom let me call this thing V in the +spirit of what was used there and in the + + align:start position:0% +spirit of what was used there and in the + + + align:start position:0% +spirit of what was used there and in the +spirit of what is uh written + + align:start position:0% +spirit of what is uh written + + + align:start position:0% +spirit of what is uh written +here right so this guy was called V so + + align:start position:0% +here right so this guy was called V so + + + align:start position:0% +here right so this guy was called V so +I'm going to call this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call this +V okay so what I can write is that root + + align:start position:0% +V okay so what I can write is that root + + + align:start position:0% +V okay so what I can write is that root +of n xn bar minus mu/ by root of + + align:start position:0% +of n xn bar minus mu/ by root of + + + align:start position:0% +of n xn bar minus mu/ by root of +SN is equal to + + align:start position:0% +SN is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +SN is equal to +Z time squ < TK of + + align:start position:0% +Z time squ < TK of + + + align:start position:0% +Z time squ < TK of +n divid s Ro TK of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V + + align:start position:0% +V + + + align:start position:0% +V +okay everybody's with me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here which I can rewrite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as Z + + align:start position:0% +as Z + + + align:start position:0% +as Z +times square root of V / + + align:start position:0% +times square root of V / + + + align:start position:0% +times square root of V / +n and if you look at what the definition + + align:start position:0% +n and if you look at what the definition + + + align:start position:0% +n and if you look at what the definition +of this thing is I'm almost there what + + align:start position:0% +of this thing is I'm almost there what + + + align:start position:0% +of this thing is I'm almost there what +is the what is the only thing that's + + align:start position:0% +is the what is the only thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +is the what is the only thing that's +wrong + + align:start position:0% +wrong + + + align:start position:0% +wrong +here is this a St a student distribution + + align:start position:0% +here is this a St a student distribution + + + align:start position:0% +here is this a St a student distribution +right so there's two things the first + + align:start position:0% +right so there's two things the first + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's two things the first +one was that they should be independent + + align:start position:0% +one was that they should be independent + + + align:start position:0% +one was that they should be independent +and they actually are independent that's + + align:start position:0% +and they actually are independent that's + + + align:start position:0% +and they actually are independent that's +what cochrance theorem tells me and you + + align:start position:0% +what cochrance theorem tells me and you + + + align:start position:0% +what cochrance theorem tells me and you +just have to count on me for this I told + + align:start position:0% +just have to count on me for this I told + + + align:start position:0% +just have to count on me for this I told +you already that SN was independent of + + align:start position:0% +you already that SN was independent of + + + align:start position:0% +you already that SN was independent of +xn bar right so those two guys are + + align:start position:0% +xn bar right so those two guys are + + + align:start position:0% +xn bar right so those two guys are +independent which implies that the + + align:start position:0% +independent which implies that the + + + align:start position:0% +independent which implies that the +numerator and the denominator here are + + align:start position:0% +numerator and the denominator here are + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and the denominator here are +independent that's what cckr theorem + + align:start position:0% +independent that's what cckr theorem + + + align:start position:0% +independent that's what cckr theorem +tells + + align:start position:0% +tells + + + align:start position:0% +tells +us but is this exactly what I should be + + align:start position:0% +us but is this exactly what I should be + + + align:start position:0% +us but is this exactly what I should be +seeing if I wanted to have my sample + + align:start position:0% +seeing if I wanted to have my sample + + + align:start position:0% +seeing if I wanted to have my sample +variance if I want to have to to write + + align:start position:0% +variance if I want to have to to write + + + align:start position:0% +variance if I want to have to to write +this is this actually the definition of + + align:start position:0% +this is this actually the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +this is this actually the definition of +a student distribution yes no + + align:start position:0% +a student distribution yes no + + + align:start position:0% +a student distribution yes no +Okay so see we see Z /qu root V over D + + align:start position:0% +Okay so see we see Z /qu root V over D + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so see we see Z /qu root V over D +that looks pretty much like like this + + align:start position:0% +that looks pretty much like like this + + + align:start position:0% +that looks pretty much like like this +except there's a small discrepancy what + + align:start position:0% +except there's a small discrepancy what + + + align:start position:0% +except there's a small discrepancy what +is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discrepancy there's just the square root + + align:start position:0% +discrepancy there's just the square root + + + align:start position:0% +discrepancy there's just the square root +of n minus one thing right so here V has + + align:start position:0% +of n minus one thing right so here V has + + + align:start position:0% +of n minus one thing right so here V has +n minus one degrees of freedom and in + + align:start position:0% +n minus one degrees of freedom and in + + + align:start position:0% +n minus one degrees of freedom and in +the definition if V has D degrees of + + align:start position:0% +the definition if V has D degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +the definition if V has D degrees of +freedom I div divided by D not by not by + + align:start position:0% +freedom I div divided by D not by not by + + + align:start position:0% +freedom I div divided by D not by not by +D minus one or Not by D plus one + + align:start position:0% +D minus one or Not by D plus one + + + align:start position:0% +D minus one or Not by D plus one +actually in this case Okay so have this + + align:start position:0% +actually in this case Okay so have this + + + align:start position:0% +actually in this case Okay so have this +extra thing well there's two ways I can + + align:start position:0% +extra thing well there's two ways I can + + + align:start position:0% +extra thing well there's two ways I can +address + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this the first one is by saying well + + align:start position:0% +this the first one is by saying well + + + align:start position:0% +this the first one is by saying well +this is actually equal to Z over sare < + + align:start position:0% +this is actually equal to Z over sare < + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually equal to Z over sare < +TK of V / n minus one + + align:start position:0% +TK of V / n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +TK of V / n minus one +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +uh Square Ro T of n/ n minus one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right I can always do that and say for n + + align:start position:0% +right I can always do that and say for n + + + align:start position:0% +right I can always do that and say for n +large enough this thing is actually + + align:start position:0% +large enough this thing is actually + + + align:start position:0% +large enough this thing is actually +going to be pretty small or I can take + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty small or I can take + + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty small or I can take +account for it or I can actually just I + + align:start position:0% +account for it or I can actually just I + + + align:start position:0% +account for it or I can actually just I +mean I can compute it for any end you + + align:start position:0% +mean I can compute it for any end you + + + align:start position:0% +mean I can compute it for any end you +give me I can compute this number and so + + align:start position:0% +give me I can compute this number and so + + + align:start position:0% +give me I can compute this number and so +rather than having a t distribution I'm + + align:start position:0% +rather than having a t distribution I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rather than having a t distribution I'm +going to have a t distribution times + + align:start position:0% +going to have a t distribution times + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a t distribution times +this deterministic number which is just + + align:start position:0% +this deterministic number which is just + + + align:start position:0% +this deterministic number which is just +a function of my number of + + align:start position:0% +a function of my number of + + + align:start position:0% +a function of my number of +observations but what I actually want to + + align:start position:0% +observations but what I actually want to + + + align:start position:0% +observations but what I actually want to +do instead is + + align:start position:0% +do instead is + + + align:start position:0% +do instead is +probably use a slightly different + + align:start position:0% +probably use a slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +probably use a slightly different +uh normalization which is just to say + + align:start position:0% +uh normalization which is just to say + + + align:start position:0% +uh normalization which is just to say +well why do I have to Define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +SN + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh where was my SN yeah why do I have to + + align:start position:0% +uh where was my SN yeah why do I have to + + + align:start position:0% +uh where was my SN yeah why do I have to +Define SN to be divided by n actually + + align:start position:0% +Define SN to be divided by n actually + + + align:start position:0% +Define SN to be divided by n actually +this is a biased estimator and if I want + + align:start position:0% +this is a biased estimator and if I want + + + align:start position:0% +this is a biased estimator and if I want +it to be unbiased I can actually just + + align:start position:0% +it to be unbiased I can actually just + + + align:start position:0% +it to be unbiased I can actually just +put an N minus one here you can check + + align:start position:0% +put an N minus one here you can check + + + align:start position:0% +put an N minus one here you can check +that right you can expand this thing and + + align:start position:0% +that right you can expand this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +that right you can expand this thing and +compute the expectation you will see + + align:start position:0% +compute the expectation you will see + + + align:start position:0% +compute the expectation you will see +that it's actually not Sigma square but + + align:start position:0% +that it's actually not Sigma square but + + + align:start position:0% +that it's actually not Sigma square but +uh n Over N minus one Sigma squ so you + + align:start position:0% +uh n Over N minus one Sigma squ so you + + + align:start position:0% +uh n Over N minus one Sigma squ so you +can actually just make it unbiased let's + + align:start position:0% +can actually just make it unbiased let's + + + align:start position:0% +can actually just make it unbiased let's +called this guy Tilda and then when I + + align:start position:0% +called this guy Tilda and then when I + + + align:start position:0% +called this guy Tilda and then when I +put this Tilda + + align:start position:0% +put this Tilda + + + align:start position:0% +put this Tilda +here um what I actually get is selda + + align:start position:0% +here um what I actually get is selda + + + align:start position:0% +here um what I actually get is selda +here and selda here I need actually to + + align:start position:0% +here and selda here I need actually to + + + align:start position:0% +here and selda here I need actually to +have n minus one + + align:start position:0% +have n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +have n minus one +here to have this s Zelda be k s degrees + + align:start position:0% +here to have this s Zelda be k s degrees + + + align:start position:0% +here to have this s Zelda be k s degrees +K Square + + align:start position:0% +K Square + + + align:start position:0% +K Square +distribution okay yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah so basically this is what the story + + align:start position:0% +Yeah so basically this is what the story + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah so basically this is what the story +did right so the story was well rather + + align:start position:0% +did right so the story was well rather + + + align:start position:0% +did right so the story was well rather +than using always the central limit + + align:start position:0% +than using always the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +than using always the central limit +theorem and just pretending that my SN + + align:start position:0% +theorem and just pretending that my SN + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and just pretending that my SN +is actually the true Sigma squar since + + align:start position:0% +is actually the true Sigma squar since + + + align:start position:0% +is actually the true Sigma squar since +this is something that's I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +this is something that's I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that's I'm going to do +a lot I might as well just compute the + + align:start position:0% +a lot I might as well just compute the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot I might as well just compute the +distribution like the the quantales for + + align:start position:0% +distribution like the the quantales for + + + align:start position:0% +distribution like the the quantales for +this particular distribution which + + align:start position:0% +this particular distribution which + + + align:start position:0% +this particular distribution which +clearly does not depend on any unkown + + align:start position:0% +clearly does not depend on any unkown + + + align:start position:0% +clearly does not depend on any unkown +parameter D is the only parameter that + + align:start position:0% +parameter D is the only parameter that + + + align:start position:0% +parameter D is the only parameter that +shows up here and it's completely + + align:start position:0% +shows up here and it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +shows up here and it's completely +characterized by the number of + + align:start position:0% +characterized by the number of + + + align:start position:0% +characterized by the number of +observations that you have which you + + align:start position:0% +observations that you have which you + + + align:start position:0% +observations that you have which you +definitely know okay and so people said + + align:start position:0% +definitely know okay and so people said + + + align:start position:0% +definitely know okay and so people said +let's just be slightly more accurate and + + align:start position:0% +let's just be slightly more accurate and + + + align:start position:0% +let's just be slightly more accurate and +in a second I'll show you how the + + align:start position:0% +in a second I'll show you how the + + + align:start position:0% +in a second I'll show you how the +distribution of the T so we know that if + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the T so we know that if + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the T so we know that if +the sample size is large enough this + + align:start position:0% +the sample size is large enough this + + + align:start position:0% +the sample size is large enough this +should not have any difference with the + + align:start position:0% +should not have any difference with the + + + align:start position:0% +should not have any difference with the +gaussian distribution right I mean those + + align:start position:0% +gaussian distribution right I mean those + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian distribution right I mean those +two things should be the same because + + align:start position:0% +two things should be the same because + + + align:start position:0% +two things should be the same because +we've actually not paid attention to + + align:start position:0% +we've actually not paid attention to + + + align:start position:0% +we've actually not paid attention to +this discrepancy by using empirical + + align:start position:0% +this discrepancy by using empirical + + + align:start position:0% +this discrepancy by using empirical +variance rather than true so far and so + + align:start position:0% +variance rather than true so far and so + + + align:start position:0% +variance rather than true so far and so +we'll see what the difference is and + + align:start position:0% +we'll see what the difference is and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see what the difference is and +this difference actually manifests + + align:start position:0% +this difference actually manifests + + + align:start position:0% +this difference actually manifests +itself only in small sample sizes + + align:start position:0% +itself only in small sample sizes + + + align:start position:0% +itself only in small sample sizes +so those are things that matter mostly + + align:start position:0% +so those are things that matter mostly + + + align:start position:0% +so those are things that matter mostly +if you have less than say 50 + + align:start position:0% +if you have less than say 50 + + + align:start position:0% +if you have less than say 50 +observations then you might want to be + + align:start position:0% +observations then you might want to be + + + align:start position:0% +observations then you might want to be +slightly more precise and use to + + align:start position:0% +slightly more precise and use to + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more precise and use to +distribution rather than out okay so + + align:start position:0% +distribution rather than out okay so + + + align:start position:0% +distribution rather than out okay so +this is just a matter of being slightly + + align:start position:0% +this is just a matter of being slightly + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a matter of being slightly +more precise if you have more than 50 + + align:start position:0% +more precise if you have more than 50 + + + align:start position:0% +more precise if you have more than 50 +observations just drop everything and + + align:start position:0% +observations just drop everything and + + + align:start position:0% +observations just drop everything and +just pretend that this is the + + align:start position:0% +just pretend that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +just pretend that this is the +true okay any other + + align:start position:0% +true okay any other + + + align:start position:0% +true okay any other +question okay so now I have this thing + + align:start position:0% +question okay so now I have this thing + + + align:start position:0% +question okay so now I have this thing +and I'm I'm I'm actually so I'm on my + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm I'm actually so I'm on my + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm I'm actually so I'm on my +way to uh changing this guy so here now + + align:start position:0% +way to uh changing this guy so here now + + + align:start position:0% +way to uh changing this guy so here now +I have + + align:start position:0% +I have + + + align:start position:0% +I have +not root n but rot n minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one uh + + align:start position:0% +one uh + + + align:start position:0% +one uh +yes and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um is that + + align:start position:0% +um is that + + + align:start position:0% +um is that +true so I have a z so this guy here is s + + align:start position:0% +true so I have a z so this guy here is s + + + align:start position:0% +true so I have a z so this guy here is s +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um where did I get my Ruden from in the + + align:start position:0% +um where did I get my Ruden from in the + + + align:start position:0% +um where did I get my Ruden from in the +first place + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because I wanted this guy and so + + align:start position:0% +yeah because I wanted this guy and so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because I wanted this guy and so +now what I'm left with is xn minus mu + + align:start position:0% +now what I'm left with is xn minus mu + + + align:start position:0% +now what I'm left with is xn minus mu +ided by SN telda which is the new one + + align:start position:0% +ided by SN telda which is the new one + + + align:start position:0% +ided by SN telda which is the new one +which is now indeed of the form z v root + + align:start position:0% +which is now indeed of the form z v root + + + align:start position:0% +which is now indeed of the form z v root +n minus one which now I can write it as + + align:start position:0% +n minus one which now I can write it as + + + align:start position:0% +n minus one which now I can write it as +Z VN minus one and here I know that I + + align:start position:0% +Z VN minus one and here I know that I + + + align:start position:0% +Z VN minus one and here I know that I +have so now I have exactly what I want + + align:start position:0% +have so now I have exactly what I want + + + align:start position:0% +have so now I have exactly what I want +and so this guy is + + align:start position:0% +and so this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +and so this guy is +n01 and this guy is k^2 with n minus1 + + align:start position:0% +n01 and this guy is k^2 with n minus1 + + + align:start position:0% +n01 and this guy is k^2 with n minus1 +degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom +okay and so now I'm back to what I want + + align:start position:0% +okay and so now I'm back to what I want + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so now I'm back to what I want +okay so rather than using SN to be the + + align:start position:0% +okay so rather than using SN to be the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so rather than using SN to be the +empirical variance where I just divide + + align:start position:0% +empirical variance where I just divide + + + align:start position:0% +empirical variance where I just divide +my normalization is by n if I use n + + align:start position:0% +my normalization is by n if I use n + + + align:start position:0% +my normalization is by n if I use n +minus one I'm perfect of course I can + + align:start position:0% +minus one I'm perfect of course I can + + + align:start position:0% +minus one I'm perfect of course I can +still use n and do this multiplying by + + align:start position:0% +still use n and do this multiplying by + + + align:start position:0% +still use n and do this multiplying by +root n minus one over n at the end but + + align:start position:0% +root n minus one over n at the end but + + + align:start position:0% +root n minus one over n at the end but +it just doesn't make as much sense okay + + align:start position:0% +it just doesn't make as much sense okay + + + align:start position:0% +it just doesn't make as much sense okay +so what's the story every everybody's + + align:start position:0% +so what's the story every everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the story every everybody's +fine with what this TN distribution is + + align:start position:0% +fine with what this TN distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +fine with what this TN distribution is +doing and why this last line is correct + + align:start position:0% +doing and why this last line is correct + + + align:start position:0% +doing and why this last line is correct +right so that's just basically because + + align:start position:0% +right so that's just basically because + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's just basically because +it's of the form of it's been defined so + + align:start position:0% +it's of the form of it's been defined so + + + align:start position:0% +it's of the form of it's been defined so +that this is actually happening that's + + align:start position:0% +that this is actually happening that's + + + align:start position:0% +that this is actually happening that's +that's that was your question and that's + + align:start position:0% +that's that was your question and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that was your question and that's +really what happened so who is this T + + align:start position:0% +really what happened so who is this T + + + align:start position:0% +really what happened so who is this T +student te distribution where does the + + align:start position:0% +student te distribution where does the + + + align:start position:0% +student te distribution where does the +name come from well it does not come + + align:start position:0% +name come from well it does not come + + + align:start position:0% +name come from well it does not come +from Mr T and uh if you know who Mr T + + align:start position:0% +from Mr T and uh if you know who Mr T + + + align:start position:0% +from Mr T and uh if you know who Mr T +was you're probably too young for that + + align:start position:0% +was you're probably too young for that + + + align:start position:0% +was you're probably too young for that +uh he was our hero in the 80s and um it + + align:start position:0% +uh he was our hero in the 80s and um it + + + align:start position:0% +uh he was our hero in the 80s and um it +comes from this guy uh his name is Shan + + align:start position:0% +comes from this guy uh his name is Shan + + + align:start position:0% +comes from this guy uh his name is Shan +William go at 1808 so that was back in + + align:start position:0% +William go at 1808 so that was back in + + + align:start position:0% +William go at 1808 so that was back in +the day and this guy actually worked at + + align:start position:0% +the day and this guy actually worked at + + + align:start position:0% +the day and this guy actually worked at +the Guinness Brewer in Dublin Ireland + + align:start position:0% +the Guinness Brewer in Dublin Ireland + + + align:start position:0% +the Guinness Brewer in Dublin Ireland +and Guinness uh Mr Guinness back then + + align:start position:0% +and Guinness uh Mr Guinness back then + + + align:start position:0% +and Guinness uh Mr Guinness back then +was a bit of a fascist and he didn't + + align:start position:0% +was a bit of a fascist and he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +was a bit of a fascist and he didn't +want him to actually publish papers and + + align:start position:0% +want him to actually publish papers and + + + align:start position:0% +want him to actually publish papers and +so uh what he had to do is to use a fake + + align:start position:0% +so uh what he had to do is to use a fake + + + align:start position:0% +so uh what he had to do is to use a fake +name to do that and he was not very + + align:start position:0% +name to do that and he was not very + + + align:start position:0% +name to do that and he was not very +creative and he used the name uh student + + align:start position:0% +creative and he used the name uh student + + + align:start position:0% +creative and he used the name uh student +um because I guess he was a student of + + align:start position:0% +um because I guess he was a student of + + + align:start position:0% +um because I guess he was a student of +life and so uh here's the guy uh who + + align:start position:0% +life and so uh here's the guy uh who + + + align:start position:0% +life and so uh here's the guy uh who +actually so back in 1808 it was actually + + align:start position:0% +actually so back in 1808 it was actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually so back in 1808 it was actually +not difficult to put your your name or a + + align:start position:0% +not difficult to put your your name or a + + + align:start position:0% +not difficult to put your your name or a +your pen name on a distribution okay so + + align:start position:0% +your pen name on a distribution okay so + + + align:start position:0% +your pen name on a distribution okay so +what does this thing look like and + + align:start position:0% +what does this thing look like and + + + align:start position:0% +what does this thing look like and +actually how does it compare to the + + align:start position:0% +actually how does it compare to the + + + align:start position:0% +actually how does it compare to the +standard normal distribution do you + + align:start position:0% +standard normal distribution do you + + + align:start position:0% +standard normal distribution do you +think it's going to have heavier or + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to have heavier or + + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to have heavier or +lighter Tails compared to the standard + + align:start position:0% +lighter Tails compared to the standard + + + align:start position:0% +lighter Tails compared to the standard +distribution the the gaon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution yeah right because I have + + align:start position:0% +distribution yeah right because I have + + + align:start position:0% +distribution yeah right because I have +extra uncertainty uh in the denominator + + align:start position:0% +extra uncertainty uh in the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +extra uncertainty uh in the denominator +right so it's actually going to make + + align:start position:0% +right so it's actually going to make + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's actually going to make +things wiggle a little wider so let's + + align:start position:0% +things wiggle a little wider so let's + + + align:start position:0% +things wiggle a little wider so let's +start with a reference which is the + + align:start position:0% +start with a reference which is the + + + align:start position:0% +start with a reference which is the +standard normal distribution all right + + align:start position:0% +standard normal distribution all right + + + align:start position:0% +standard normal distribution all right +so that's my usual bell-shaped curve and + + align:start position:0% +so that's my usual bell-shaped curve and + + + align:start position:0% +so that's my usual bell-shaped curve and +this is actually the T distribution with + + align:start position:0% +this is actually the T distribution with + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually the T distribution with +50 degrees of freedom all right so right + + align:start position:0% +50 degrees of freedom all right so right + + + align:start position:0% +50 degrees of freedom all right so right +now that's probably where you should + + align:start position:0% +now that's probably where you should + + + align:start position:0% +now that's probably where you should +just you know stand up and leave because + + align:start position:0% +just you know stand up and leave because + + + align:start position:0% +just you know stand up and leave because +you're like why you wasting our time + + align:start position:0% +you're like why you wasting our time + + + align:start position:0% +you're like why you wasting our time +those are actually pretty much the same + + align:start position:0% +those are actually pretty much the same + + + align:start position:0% +those are actually pretty much the same +thing and it is true if you have 50 + + align:start position:0% +thing and it is true if you have 50 + + + align:start position:0% +thing and it is true if you have 50 +observations both the central limit + + align:start position:0% +observations both the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +observations both the central limit +theorem so here okay one of the thing + + align:start position:0% +theorem so here okay one of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so here okay one of the thing +that you need to know is that if I want + + align:start position:0% +that you need to know is that if I want + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to know is that if I want +to talk + + align:start position:0% +to talk + + + align:start position:0% +to talk +about t distribution for say eight + + align:start position:0% +about t distribution for say eight + + + align:start position:0% +about t distribution for say eight +observations I need those observations + + align:start position:0% +observations I need those observations + + + align:start position:0% +observations I need those observations +to be Gan for real there's no Central + + align:start position:0% +to be Gan for real there's no Central + + + align:start position:0% +to be Gan for real there's no Central +liit theorem happening at eight + + align:start position:0% +liit theorem happening at eight + + + align:start position:0% +liit theorem happening at eight +observations right but really what this + + align:start position:0% +observations right but really what this + + + align:start position:0% +observations right but really what this +is telling me is not that the central + + align:start position:0% +is telling me is not that the central + + + align:start position:0% +is telling me is not that the central +limit theorem kicks in it's telling me + + align:start position:0% +limit theorem kicks in it's telling me + + + align:start position:0% +limit theorem kicks in it's telling me +that what what can what the what are the + + align:start position:0% +that what what can what the what are the + + + align:start position:0% +that what what can what the what are the +astics that kick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the law of large number right this is + + align:start position:0% +in the law of large number right this is + + + align:start position:0% +in the law of large number right this is +exactly this + + align:start position:0% +exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this +guy that's + + align:start position:0% +guy that's + + + align:start position:0% +guy that's +here when I write this statement what + + align:start position:0% +here when I write this statement what + + + align:start position:0% +here when I write this statement what +it's what this picture is really telling + + align:start position:0% +it's what this picture is really telling + + + align:start position:0% +it's what this picture is really telling +us is that for n is equal to 5050 I'm at + + align:start position:0% +us is that for n is equal to 5050 I'm at + + + align:start position:0% +us is that for n is equal to 5050 I'm at +the limit already almost okay there's no + + align:start position:0% +the limit already almost okay there's no + + + align:start position:0% +the limit already almost okay there's no +virtually no difference between using + + align:start position:0% +virtually no difference between using + + + align:start position:0% +virtually no difference between using +the left hand side or using Sigma + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side or using Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side or using Sigma +squ and now I start reducing 40 I'm + + align:start position:0% +squ and now I start reducing 40 I'm + + + align:start position:0% +squ and now I start reducing 40 I'm +still pretty good we can start seeing + + align:start position:0% +still pretty good we can start seeing + + + align:start position:0% +still pretty good we can start seeing +that this thing is actually losing some + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is actually losing some + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is actually losing some +Mass on top of us because it's actually + + align:start position:0% +Mass on top of us because it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +Mass on top of us because it's actually +pushing it to the left and to the right + + align:start position:0% +pushing it to the left and to the right + + + align:start position:0% +pushing it to the left and to the right +in the Tails and then we keep going keep + + align:start position:0% +in the Tails and then we keep going keep + + + align:start position:0% +in the Tails and then we keep going keep +going keep going so that's at 10 even at + + align:start position:0% +going keep going so that's at 10 even at + + + align:start position:0% +going keep going so that's at 10 even at +10 there's not much of a difference + + align:start position:0% +10 there's not much of a difference + + + align:start position:0% +10 there's not much of a difference +right and so you can start seeing + + align:start position:0% +right and so you can start seeing + + + align:start position:0% +right and so you can start seeing +difference when you're uh at five for + + align:start position:0% +difference when you're uh at five for + + + align:start position:0% +difference when you're uh at five for +example you can see the Tails become + + align:start position:0% +example you can see the Tails become + + + align:start position:0% +example you can see the Tails become +heavy + + align:start position:0% +heavy + + + align:start position:0% +heavy +and the effect of this is that when I'm + + align:start position:0% +and the effect of this is that when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and the effect of this is that when I'm +going to build for example a confidence + + align:start position:0% +going to build for example a confidence + + + align:start position:0% +going to build for example a confidence +interval to put the same amount of mass + + align:start position:0% +interval to put the same amount of mass + + + align:start position:0% +interval to put the same amount of mass +to the right of some number let's say + + align:start position:0% +to the right of some number let's say + + + align:start position:0% +to the right of some number let's say +I'm going to look at this Q Alpha over + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to look at this Q Alpha over + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to look at this Q Alpha over +two I'm going to have to go much farther + + align:start position:0% +two I'm going to have to go much farther + + + align:start position:0% +two I'm going to have to go much farther +which is going to result in much wider + + align:start position:0% +which is going to result in much wider + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to result in much wider +confidence intervals + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals +okay to Four 3 two one okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +okay to Four 3 two one okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay to Four 3 two one okay so that's +the T1 obviously that's the worst uh and + + align:start position:0% +the T1 obviously that's the worst uh and + + + align:start position:0% +the T1 obviously that's the worst uh and +uh well I if you ever use the T + + align:start position:0% +uh well I if you ever use the T + + + align:start position:0% +uh well I if you ever use the T +distribution please ask yourself why in + + align:start position:0% +distribution please ask yourself why in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution please ask yourself why in +the world are you doing statistics based + + align:start position:0% +the world are you doing statistics based + + + align:start position:0% +the world are you doing statistics based +on one observation all right and uh okay + + align:start position:0% +on one observation all right and uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +on one observation all right and uh okay +but that's basically what + + align:start position:0% +but that's basically what + + + align:start position:0% +but that's basically what +it so um now that we have this T + + align:start position:0% +it so um now that we have this T + + + align:start position:0% +it so um now that we have this T +distribution we can Define uh more + + align:start position:0% +distribution we can Define uh more + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we can Define uh more +sophisticated test than just take your + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated test than just take your + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated test than just take your +favorite estimator and see if it's far + + align:start position:0% +favorite estimator and see if it's far + + + align:start position:0% +favorite estimator and see if it's far +from the value you're currently testing + + align:start position:0% +from the value you're currently testing + + + align:start position:0% +from the value you're currently testing +right that's that was our rationale to + + align:start position:0% +right that's that was our rationale to + + + align:start position:0% +right that's that was our rationale to +build a test before and the first test + + align:start position:0% +build a test before and the first test + + + align:start position:0% +build a test before and the first test +that's non-trivial is a test that + + align:start position:0% +that's non-trivial is a test that + + + align:start position:0% +that's non-trivial is a test that +exploits the fact that the maximum + + align:start position:0% +exploits the fact that the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +exploits the fact that the maximum +likelihood estimator under some + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimator under some + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimator under some +technical condition has a limit + + align:start position:0% +technical condition has a limit + + + align:start position:0% +technical condition has a limit +distribution which is uh uh Galan with + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is uh uh Galan with + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is uh uh Galan with +mean zero when properly centered and uh + + align:start position:0% +mean zero when properly centered and uh + + + align:start position:0% +mean zero when properly centered and uh +uh cence Matrix or given by the fisser + + align:start position:0% +uh cence Matrix or given by the fisser + + + align:start position:0% +uh cence Matrix or given by the fisser +information Matrix remember this Fisher + + align:start position:0% +information Matrix remember this Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +information Matrix remember this Fisher +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +Matrix uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +Matrix uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix uh I'm +totally okay and so this is uh the setup + + align:start position:0% +totally okay and so this is uh the setup + + + align:start position:0% +totally okay and so this is uh the setup +that we have okay so we have again an + + align:start position:0% +that we have okay so we have again an + + + align:start position:0% +that we have okay so we have again an +IID sample now I'm going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +IID sample now I'm going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +IID sample now I'm going to assume that +I have a d dimensional uh parameter + + align:start position:0% +I have a d dimensional uh parameter + + + align:start position:0% +I have a d dimensional uh parameter +space uh Theta and that's why I talk + + align:start position:0% +space uh Theta and that's why I talk + + + align:start position:0% +space uh Theta and that's why I talk +about Fisher information Matrix and not + + align:start position:0% +about Fisher information Matrix and not + + + align:start position:0% +about Fisher information Matrix and not +just Fisher information say number and + + align:start position:0% +just Fisher information say number and + + + align:start position:0% +just Fisher information say number and +I'm going to consider two hypothesis all + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to consider two hypothesis all + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to consider two hypothesis all +right so here I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +h0 Theta is equal to Theta 0 H1 Theta is + + align:start position:0% +h0 Theta is equal to Theta 0 H1 Theta is + + + align:start position:0% +h0 Theta is equal to Theta 0 H1 Theta is +not equal to Theta 0 okay and this is + + align:start position:0% +not equal to Theta 0 okay and this is + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to Theta 0 okay and this is +basically basically uh what we thought + + align:start position:0% +basically basically uh what we thought + + + align:start position:0% +basically basically uh what we thought +when we said are we testing is uh if a + + align:start position:0% +when we said are we testing is uh if a + + + align:start position:0% +when we said are we testing is uh if a +coin is fair or unfair so fair was P + + align:start position:0% +coin is fair or unfair so fair was P + + + align:start position:0% +coin is fair or unfair so fair was P +equals 1 half unfair was P different + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 half unfair was P different + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 half unfair was P different +from 1 half and uh here I'm just making + + align:start position:0% +from 1 half and uh here I'm just making + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 half and uh here I'm just making +my life uh uh a bit easier okay so now I + + align:start position:0% +my life uh uh a bit easier okay so now I + + + align:start position:0% +my life uh uh a bit easier okay so now I +have this maximum likelihood estimator + + align:start position:0% +have this maximum likelihood estimator + + + align:start position:0% +have this maximum likelihood estimator +that I can construct because let's say I + + align:start position:0% +that I can construct because let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +that I can construct because let's say I +know what P data is and so I can build a + + align:start position:0% +know what P data is and so I can build a + + + align:start position:0% +know what P data is and so I can build a +maximum likelihood estimator and uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimator and uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimator and uh I'm +going to assume that this technical + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that this technical + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that this technical +conditions that ensure that this maximum + + align:start position:0% +conditions that ensure that this maximum + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that ensure that this maximum +likelihood properly standardized + + align:start position:0% +likelihood properly standardized + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood properly standardized +converges to some Gan is actually uh is + + align:start position:0% +converges to some Gan is actually uh is + + + align:start position:0% +converges to some Gan is actually uh is +actually uh uh are actually satisfied + + align:start position:0% +actually uh uh are actually satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh uh are actually satisfied +and so this thing is actually true okay + + align:start position:0% +and so this thing is actually true okay + + + align:start position:0% +and so this thing is actually true okay +so the theorem the way I stated it uh if + + align:start position:0% +so the theorem the way I stated it uh if + + + align:start position:0% +so the theorem the way I stated it uh if +you're a little puzzled this is not the + + align:start position:0% +you're a little puzzled this is not the + + + align:start position:0% +you're a little puzzled this is not the +way I stated it in the first time the + + align:start position:0% +way I stated it in the first time the + + + align:start position:0% +way I stated it in the first time the +way we stated it was that Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +way we stated it was that Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +way we stated it was that Theta hat +mle minus Theta not so here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +mle minus Theta not so here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +mle minus Theta not so here I'm going to +place myself under the null hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +place myself under the null hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +place myself under the null hypothesis +so here I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +so here I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +so here I'm going to say +under a Zer and on hly if you have any + + align:start position:0% +under a Zer and on hly if you have any + + + align:start position:0% +under a Zer and on hly if you have any +exercise on tests that's the way that it + + align:start position:0% +exercise on tests that's the way that it + + + align:start position:0% +exercise on tests that's the way that it +should start what is the distribution + + align:start position:0% +should start what is the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +should start what is the distribution +under H zero because otherwise you don't + + align:start position:0% +under H zero because otherwise you don't + + + align:start position:0% +under H zero because otherwise you don't +know what this guy should be okay so you + + align:start position:0% +know what this guy should be okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +know what this guy should be okay so you +have this and what we showed is that + + align:start position:0% +have this and what we showed is that + + + align:start position:0% +have this and what we showed is that +this thing was going in distribution as + + align:start position:0% +this thing was going in distribution as + + + align:start position:0% +this thing was going in distribution as +n goes to Infinity to some normal with + + align:start position:0% +n goes to Infinity to some normal with + + + align:start position:0% +n goes to Infinity to some normal with +mean zero and coari Matrix which was I + + align:start position:0% +mean zero and coari Matrix which was I + + + align:start position:0% +mean zero and coari Matrix which was I +of theta which was here for the true + + align:start position:0% +of theta which was here for the true + + + align:start position:0% +of theta which was here for the true +parameter but here I'm under AG zero so + + align:start position:0% +parameter but here I'm under AG zero so + + + align:start position:0% +parameter but here I'm under AG zero so +there's only one true parameter which is + + align:start position:0% +there's only one true parameter which is + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one true parameter which is +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +zero okay that's what that those those + + align:start position:0% +zero okay that's what that those those + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay that's what that those those +were our conditions for uh the this was + + align:start position:0% +were our conditions for uh the this was + + + align:start position:0% +were our conditions for uh the this was +our limiting um uh Central limit theorem + + align:start position:0% +our limiting um uh Central limit theorem + + + align:start position:0% +our limiting um uh Central limit theorem +for I mean it's not really Central limit + + align:start position:0% +for I mean it's not really Central limit + + + align:start position:0% +for I mean it's not really Central limit +theorem limit theorem for the maximum + + align:start position:0% +theorem limit theorem for the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +theorem limit theorem for the maximum +likelihood + + align:start position:0% +likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood +estimator okay everybody remembers that + + align:start position:0% +estimator okay everybody remembers that + + + align:start position:0% +estimator okay everybody remembers that +part the the line before said under + + align:start position:0% +part the the line before said under + + + align:start position:0% +part the the line before said under +technical conditions I guess um so now + + align:start position:0% +technical conditions I guess um so now + + + align:start position:0% +technical conditions I guess um so now +it's not really stated in the same way + + align:start position:0% +it's not really stated in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +it's not really stated in the same way +if you look at what's on the slide here + + align:start position:0% +if you look at what's on the slide here + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at what's on the slide here +I don't have the Fisher information + + align:start position:0% +I don't have the Fisher information + + + align:start position:0% +I don't have the Fisher information +Matrix but I really have the the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix but I really have the the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix but I really have the the +identity of + + align:start position:0% +identity of + + + align:start position:0% +identity of +Rd how do I turn a if I have a random + + align:start position:0% +Rd how do I turn a if I have a random + + + align:start position:0% +Rd how do I turn a if I have a random +variable X which has some ciance Matrix + + align:start position:0% +variable X which has some ciance Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +variable X which has some ciance Matrix +Sigma how do I turn this thing into + + align:start position:0% +Sigma how do I turn this thing into + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma how do I turn this thing into +something that has cience Matrix + + align:start position:0% +something that has cience Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +something that has cience Matrix +identity how do I so if I had if this + + align:start position:0% +identity how do I so if I had if this + + + align:start position:0% +identity how do I so if I had if this +was a sigma squar right well the thing I + + align:start position:0% +was a sigma squar right well the thing I + + + align:start position:0% +was a sigma squar right well the thing I +would do would be divide by Sigma and + + align:start position:0% +would do would be divide by Sigma and + + + align:start position:0% +would do would be divide by Sigma and +then I would have a one which is Al also + + align:start position:0% +then I would have a one which is Al also + + + align:start position:0% +then I would have a one which is Al also +known as the identity Matrix of R1 + + align:start position:0% +known as the identity Matrix of R1 + + + align:start position:0% +known as the identity Matrix of R1 +now what is this this was root of Sigma + + align:start position:0% +now what is this this was root of Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +now what is this this was root of Sigma +squ right so what I'm looking for is the + + align:start position:0% +squ right so what I'm looking for is the + + + align:start position:0% +squ right so what I'm looking for is the +equivalent of taking Sigma and sort of + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of taking Sigma and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of taking Sigma and sort of +dividing by the square root of Sigma + + align:start position:0% +dividing by the square root of Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +dividing by the square root of Sigma +which obviously those are matrices I'm + + align:start position:0% +which obviously those are matrices I'm + + + align:start position:0% +which obviously those are matrices I'm +certainly not allowed to do and so what + + align:start position:0% +certainly not allowed to do and so what + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not allowed to do and so what +I'm going to do is I'm actually going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is I'm actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is I'm actually going to +do the + + align:start position:0% +do the + + + align:start position:0% +do the +following Sigma one over square root of + + align:start position:0% +following Sigma one over square root of + + + align:start position:0% +following Sigma one over square root of +Sigma squ can be written as Sigma to the + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ can be written as Sigma to the + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ can be written as Sigma to the +one2 and this is actually the same thing + + align:start position:0% +one2 and this is actually the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +one2 and this is actually the same thing +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay so I'm going to write it as Sigma + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to write it as Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to write it as Sigma +to thetive one2 and now this guy is + + align:start position:0% +to thetive one2 and now this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +to thetive one2 and now this guy is +actually well defined this is just the + + align:start position:0% +actually well defined this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +actually well defined this is just the +uh so this is a positive symmetric + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is a positive symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is a positive symmetric +Matrix and you can actually Define its + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and you can actually Define its + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and you can actually Define its +square root by just uh well taking the + + align:start position:0% +square root by just uh well taking the + + + align:start position:0% +square root by just uh well taking the +square root of its uh of its uh igen + + align:start position:0% +square root of its uh of its uh igen + + + align:start position:0% +square root of its uh of its uh igen +values for example and so you get Sigma + + align:start position:0% +values for example and so you get Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +values for example and so you get Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +equals and follows n zero + + align:start position:0% +equals and follows n zero + + + align:start position:0% +equals and follows n zero +identity okay and in general + + align:start position:0% +identity okay and in general + + + align:start position:0% +identity okay and in general +this guy has uh I'm going to see + + align:start position:0% +this guy has uh I'm going to see + + + align:start position:0% +this guy has uh I'm going to see +something that looks like Sigma 12 + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like Sigma 12 + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like Sigma 12 +negative one2 Sigma Sigma negative one2 + + align:start position:0% +negative one2 Sigma Sigma negative one2 + + + align:start position:0% +negative one2 Sigma Sigma negative one2 +okay and that's the all these things I + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the all these things I + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the all these things I +have minus one2 plus one minus one2 this + + align:start position:0% +have minus one2 plus one minus one2 this + + + align:start position:0% +have minus one2 plus one minus one2 this +whole thing collapse to zero and it's + + align:start position:0% +whole thing collapse to zero and it's + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing collapse to zero and it's +actually the + + align:start position:0% +actually the + + + align:start position:0% +actually the +identity okay so that's the actual rule + + align:start position:0% +identity okay so that's the actual rule + + + align:start position:0% +identity okay so that's the actual rule +okay so if you're not familiar with this + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you're not familiar with this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you're not familiar with this +this is basic multivariate Galan + + align:start position:0% +this is basic multivariate Galan + + + align:start position:0% +this is basic multivariate Galan +distribution computations take a look at + + align:start position:0% +distribution computations take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +distribution computations take a look at +it uh if you feel like you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +it uh if you feel like you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +it uh if you feel like you don't need to +look at it but you know like the basic + + align:start position:0% +look at it but you know like the basic + + + align:start position:0% +look at it but you know like the basic +just the basic maneuver it's fine as + + align:start position:0% +just the basic maneuver it's fine as + + + align:start position:0% +just the basic maneuver it's fine as +well we're not going to go much deeper + + align:start position:0% +well we're not going to go much deeper + + + align:start position:0% +well we're not going to go much deeper +into that but those are part of the + + align:start position:0% +into that but those are part of the + + + align:start position:0% +into that but those are part of the +thing that you know are sort of standard + + align:start position:0% +thing that you know are sort of standard + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you know are sort of standard +manipulations about standard gaan + + align:start position:0% +manipulations about standard gaan + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations about standard gaan +vectors because obviously standard + + align:start position:0% +vectors because obviously standard + + + align:start position:0% +vectors because obviously standard +gaussian vectors arise from this theorem + + align:start position:0% +gaussian vectors arise from this theorem + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian vectors arise from this theorem +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +lot okay so now I premultiplied Sig by + + align:start position:0% +lot okay so now I premultiplied Sig by + + + align:start position:0% +lot okay so now I premultiplied Sig by +Sigma to the minus one2 now of course + + align:start position:0% +Sigma to the minus one2 now of course + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma to the minus one2 now of course +I'm doing all of this in the astics and + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing all of this in the astics and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing all of this in the astics and +so I have uh this effect so if I + + align:start position:0% +so I have uh this effect so if I + + + align:start position:0% +so I have uh this effect so if I +pre-multiply everything by Sigma to the + + align:start position:0% +pre-multiply everything by Sigma to the + + + align:start position:0% +pre-multiply everything by Sigma to the +1/2 Sigma being the Fisher information + + align:start position:0% +1/2 Sigma being the Fisher information + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 Sigma being the Fisher information +Matrix at + + align:start position:0% +Matrix at + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix at +theta0 then this implies this is + + align:start position:0% +theta0 then this implies this is + + + align:start position:0% +theta0 then this implies this is +actually equivalent to saying that squ + + align:start position:0% +actually equivalent to saying that squ + + + align:start position:0% +actually equivalent to saying that squ +root of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n right so now I of + + align:start position:0% +n right so now I of + + + align:start position:0% +n right so now I of +theta uh not plays the role of Sigma + + align:start position:0% +theta uh not plays the role of Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +theta uh not plays the role of Sigma +times uh Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +times uh Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +times uh Theta hat +mle minus Theta not goes in distribution + + align:start position:0% +mle minus Theta not goes in distribution + + + align:start position:0% +mle minus Theta not goes in distribution +as n goes to Infinity to some standard + + align:start position:0% +as n goes to Infinity to some standard + + + align:start position:0% +as n goes to Infinity to some standard +Gan multivariate standard Gan n z + + align:start position:0% +Gan multivariate standard Gan n z + + + align:start position:0% +Gan multivariate standard Gan n z +identity of Rd and here to make sure + + align:start position:0% +identity of Rd and here to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +identity of Rd and here to make sure +that we're talking about a multivar + + align:start position:0% +that we're talking about a multivar + + + align:start position:0% +that we're talking about a multivar +distribution I can put a d here which so + + align:start position:0% +distribution I can put a d here which so + + + align:start position:0% +distribution I can put a d here which so +just so we know we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +just so we know we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +just so we know we're talking about the +multivar though it's pretty clear from + + align:start position:0% +multivar though it's pretty clear from + + + align:start position:0% +multivar though it's pretty clear from +the context since the cence Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +the context since the cence Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +the context since the cence Matrix is +actually a matrix not a number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah right thanks + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah right thanks + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah right thanks +um right so yeah you're right so that's + + align:start position:0% +um right so yeah you're right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +um right so yeah you're right so that's +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +minus and that's a plus okay thanks so + + align:start position:0% +minus and that's a plus okay thanks so + + + align:start position:0% +minus and that's a plus okay thanks so +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what is the anybody has a way to + + align:start position:0% +um what is the anybody has a way to + + + align:start position:0% +um what is the anybody has a way to +remembering whether it's inverse Fisher + + align:start position:0% +remembering whether it's inverse Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +remembering whether it's inverse Fisher +information or Fisher information in the + + align:start position:0% +information or Fisher information in the + + + align:start position:0% +information or Fisher information in the +as a experience than just learning + + align:start position:0% +as a experience than just learning + + + align:start position:0% +as a experience than just learning +it it is called information + + align:start position:0% +it it is called information + + + align:start position:0% +it it is called information +right so it's really telling me how much + + align:start position:0% +right so it's really telling me how much + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's really telling me how much +information I have so when my variance + + align:start position:0% +information I have so when my variance + + + align:start position:0% +information I have so when my variance +increases I'm getting less and less + + align:start position:0% +increases I'm getting less and less + + + align:start position:0% +increases I'm getting less and less +information and so this thing should + + align:start position:0% +information and so this thing should + + + align:start position:0% +information and so this thing should +actually be uh one over a variance the + + align:start position:0% +actually be uh one over a variance the + + + align:start position:0% +actually be uh one over a variance the +notion of information is one over a + + align:start position:0% +notion of information is one over a + + + align:start position:0% +notion of information is one over a +notion of + + align:start position:0% +notion of + + + align:start position:0% +notion of +variance okay so now I just wrote uh + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so now I just wrote uh + + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so now I just wrote uh +wrote this guy like this and this the + + align:start position:0% +wrote this guy like this and this the + + + align:start position:0% +wrote this guy like this and this the +reason why I did this is because now + + align:start position:0% +reason why I did this is because now + + + align:start position:0% +reason why I did this is because now +everything on the right hand side uh + + align:start position:0% +everything on the right hand side uh + + + align:start position:0% +everything on the right hand side uh +does not depend on any unknown parameter + + align:start position:0% +does not depend on any unknown parameter + + + align:start position:0% +does not depend on any unknown parameter +right there's uh zero and identity those + + align:start position:0% +right there's uh zero and identity those + + + align:start position:0% +right there's uh zero and identity those +two things are you know just uh absolute + + align:start position:0% +two things are you know just uh absolute + + + align:start position:0% +two things are you know just uh absolute +numbers or absolute quantities which + + align:start position:0% +numbers or absolute quantities which + + + align:start position:0% +numbers or absolute quantities which +means that this thing I call this + + align:start position:0% +means that this thing I call this + + + align:start position:0% +means that this thing I call this +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +here what was the name that I used + + align:start position:0% +here what was the name that I used + + + align:start position:0% +here what was the name that I used +started with a + + align:start position:0% +started with a + + + align:start position:0% +started with a +p pivotal right so this is a pivotal + + align:start position:0% +p pivotal right so this is a pivotal + + + align:start position:0% +p pivotal right so this is a pivotal +quantity meaning that its distribution + + align:start position:0% +quantity meaning that its distribution + + + align:start position:0% +quantity meaning that its distribution +at least it's a SYM totic distribution + + align:start position:0% +at least it's a SYM totic distribution + + + align:start position:0% +at least it's a SYM totic distribution +does not depend on any unknown parameter + + align:start position:0% +does not depend on any unknown parameter + + + align:start position:0% +does not depend on any unknown parameter +moreover it is indeed a statistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because I can actually compute it + + align:start position:0% +right because I can actually compute it + + + align:start position:0% +right because I can actually compute it +I know Theta Zer and I know Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +I know Theta Zer and I know Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +I know Theta Zer and I know Theta hat +mle one thing that I I did and you + + align:start position:0% +mle one thing that I I did and you + + + align:start position:0% +mle one thing that I I did and you +should actually complain about this is + + align:start position:0% +should actually complain about this is + + + align:start position:0% +should actually complain about this is +on the board I actually used I of theta + + align:start position:0% +on the board I actually used I of theta + + + align:start position:0% +on the board I actually used I of theta +KN and on the slides it says I of theta + + align:start position:0% +KN and on the slides it says I of theta + + + align:start position:0% +KN and on the slides it says I of theta +hat and it's exactly the same thing that + + align:start position:0% +hat and it's exactly the same thing that + + + align:start position:0% +hat and it's exactly the same thing that +we did before do I want to use the + + align:start position:0% +we did before do I want to use the + + + align:start position:0% +we did before do I want to use the +variance as a way for me to check + + align:start position:0% +variance as a way for me to check + + + align:start position:0% +variance as a way for me to check +whether I'm under the right assump or + + align:start position:0% +whether I'm under the right assump or + + + align:start position:0% +whether I'm under the right assump or +not or do I actually want to leave that + + align:start position:0% +not or do I actually want to leave that + + + align:start position:0% +not or do I actually want to leave that +part and just plug in the Theta hat mle + + align:start position:0% +part and just plug in the Theta hat mle + + + align:start position:0% +part and just plug in the Theta hat mle +which should go to the true one + + align:start position:0% +which should go to the true one + + + align:start position:0% +which should go to the true one +eventually or do I actually want to just + + align:start position:0% +eventually or do I actually want to just + + + align:start position:0% +eventually or do I actually want to just +plug in the Theta zero so was this is + + align:start position:0% +plug in the Theta zero so was this is + + + align:start position:0% +plug in the Theta zero so was this is +exactly playing the same role as whether + + align:start position:0% +exactly playing the same role as whether + + + align:start position:0% +exactly playing the same role as whether +I wanted to see square root of xnar 1 + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to see square root of xnar 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to see square root of xnar 1 +minus xn bar in the denominator of my + + align:start position:0% +minus xn bar in the denominator of my + + + align:start position:0% +minus xn bar in the denominator of my +test statistic for P or if I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +test statistic for P or if I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +test statistic for P or if I wanted to +see square root of 0.5 1 minus 0.5 when + + align:start position:0% +see square root of 0.5 1 minus 0.5 when + + + align:start position:0% +see square root of 0.5 1 minus 0.5 when +I was testing if p uh was equal 2.5 + + align:start position:0% +I was testing if p uh was equal 2.5 + + + align:start position:0% +I was testing if p uh was equal 2.5 +right so this is really a choice that's + + align:start position:0% +right so this is really a choice that's + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is really a choice that's +left up to you and that's uh that's + + align:start position:0% +left up to you and that's uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +left up to you and that's uh that's +something you can really choose the two + + align:start position:0% +something you can really choose the two + + + align:start position:0% +something you can really choose the two +and as we said maybe this guy is + + align:start position:0% +and as we said maybe this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +and as we said maybe this guy is +slightly more precise but it's not going + + align:start position:0% +slightly more precise but it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more precise but it's not going +to extend to the case where theta0 is + + align:start position:0% +to extend to the case where theta0 is + + + align:start position:0% +to extend to the case where theta0 is +not reduced to one single number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any question all right so now we + + align:start position:0% +okay any question all right so now we + + + align:start position:0% +okay any question all right so now we +have our pivotal distribution so from + + align:start position:0% +have our pivotal distribution so from + + + align:start position:0% +have our pivotal distribution so from +there I have it this is going to be my + + align:start position:0% +there I have it this is going to be my + + + align:start position:0% +there I have it this is going to be my +test statistic I'm going to use this as + + align:start position:0% +test statistic I'm going to use this as + + + align:start position:0% +test statistic I'm going to use this as +a test statistic and declare that if + + align:start position:0% +a test statistic and declare that if + + + align:start position:0% +a test statistic and declare that if +this thing is too + + align:start position:0% +this thing is too + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is too +large in absolute value right because + + align:start position:0% +large in absolute value right because + + + align:start position:0% +large in absolute value right because +this is really a way to quantify how far + + align:start position:0% +this is really a way to quantify how far + + + align:start position:0% +this is really a way to quantify how far +Theta hat is from Theta zero and since + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat is from Theta zero and since + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat is from Theta zero and since +Theta hat should be close to the true + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat should be close to the true + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat should be close to the true +one when this thing is larger in + + align:start position:0% +one when this thing is larger in + + + align:start position:0% +one when this thing is larger in +absolute value it means that the true + + align:start position:0% +absolute value it means that the true + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value it means that the true +Theta should be far from Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta should be far from Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta should be far from Theta +zero okay so uh this is uh my new uh + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so uh this is uh my new uh + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so uh this is uh my new uh +test statistic now okay I said it should + + align:start position:0% +test statistic now okay I said it should + + + align:start position:0% +test statistic now okay I said it should +far but this is a vector right so if I + + align:start position:0% +far but this is a vector right so if I + + + align:start position:0% +far but this is a vector right so if I +want a vector to be far two vectors to + + align:start position:0% +want a vector to be far two vectors to + + + align:start position:0% +want a vector to be far two vectors to +be far I measure their Norm okay and so + + align:start position:0% +be far I measure their Norm okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +be far I measure their Norm okay and so +I'm going to form the ukian norm of this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to form the ukian norm of this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to form the ukian norm of this +guy okay so if I look at the ukian norm + + align:start position:0% +guy okay so if I look at the ukian norm + + + align:start position:0% +guy okay so if I look at the ukian norm +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N and nucleon Norm is the one you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +know I'm going to take it Square because + + align:start position:0% +know I'm going to take it Square because + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm going to take it Square because +it's actually uh let me not put a two + + align:start position:0% +it's actually uh let me not put a two + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually uh let me not put a two +here okay so that's just the UK a norm + + align:start position:0% +here okay so that's just the UK a norm + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so that's just the UK a norm +and so the norm of a vector + + align:start position:0% +and so the norm of a vector + + + align:start position:0% +and so the norm of a vector +X is just uh uh X transpose X in the + + align:start position:0% +X is just uh uh X transpose X in the + + + align:start position:0% +X is just uh uh X transpose X in the +slides transpose is denoted by Prime + + align:start position:0% +slides transpose is denoted by Prime + + + align:start position:0% +slides transpose is denoted by Prime +well that's hard to say put primes in + + align:start position:0% +well that's hard to say put primes in + + + align:start position:0% +well that's hard to say put primes in +quotes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay that's a statistic standard that + + align:start position:0% +uh okay that's a statistic standard that + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay that's a statistic standard that +people do they put Prime for + + align:start position:0% +people do they put Prime for + + + align:start position:0% +people do they put Prime for +transpose everybody knows what the + + align:start position:0% +transpose everybody knows what the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose everybody knows what the +transpose is okay so I just make it flat + + align:start position:0% +transpose is okay so I just make it flat + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is okay so I just make it flat +and I do it like this and then that + + align:start position:0% +and I do it like this and then that + + + align:start position:0% +and I do it like this and then that +means that's actually equal to the sum + + align:start position:0% +means that's actually equal to the sum + + + align:start position:0% +means that's actually equal to the sum +of the coordinates x i^ + + align:start position:0% +of the coordinates x i^ + + + align:start position:0% +of the coordinates x i^ +2 okay and that's what you know as a + + align:start position:0% +2 okay and that's what you know as a + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay and that's what you know as a +norm but here I'm just writing it in + + align:start position:0% +norm but here I'm just writing it in + + + align:start position:0% +norm but here I'm just writing it in +terms of vectors and so when I want to + + align:start position:0% +terms of vectors and so when I want to + + + align:start position:0% +terms of vectors and so when I want to +write this this is equivalent this is + + align:start position:0% +write this this is equivalent this is + + + align:start position:0% +write this this is equivalent this is +equal to well the square root of n is + + align:start position:0% +equal to well the square root of n is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to well the square root of n is +going to pick up the square so I get + + align:start position:0% +going to pick up the square so I get + + + align:start position:0% +going to pick up the square so I get +square root of n * square root of n so + + align:start position:0% +square root of n * square root of n so + + + align:start position:0% +square root of n * square root of n so +n uh this guy is just one half so half + + align:start position:0% +n uh this guy is just one half so half + + + align:start position:0% +n uh this guy is just one half so half +time2 is going to give me one and so I + + align:start position:0% +time2 is going to give me one and so I + + + align:start position:0% +time2 is going to give me one and so I +get Theta hat mle + + align:start position:0% +get Theta hat mle + + + align:start position:0% +get Theta hat mle +minus Theta and then I have e of theta + + align:start position:0% +minus Theta and then I have e of theta + + + align:start position:0% +minus Theta and then I have e of theta +KN and then I get Theta hat mle minus + + align:start position:0% +KN and then I get Theta hat mle minus + + + align:start position:0% +KN and then I get Theta hat mle minus +Theta KN and so this thing is my uh by + + align:start position:0% +Theta KN and so this thing is my uh by + + + align:start position:0% +Theta KN and so this thing is my uh by +definition I'm going to say that this is + + align:start position:0% +definition I'm going to say that this is + + + align:start position:0% +definition I'm going to say that this is +my test statistic + + align:start position:0% +my test statistic + + + align:start position:0% +my test statistic +TN okay and now I'm going to have a test + + align:start position:0% +TN okay and now I'm going to have a test + + + align:start position:0% +TN okay and now I'm going to have a test +that rejects if TN is large because TN + + align:start position:0% +that rejects if TN is large because TN + + + align:start position:0% +that rejects if TN is large because TN +is really measuring the distance between + + align:start position:0% +is really measuring the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +is really measuring the distance between +Theta hat and Theta zero okay so my test + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat and Theta zero okay so my test + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat and Theta zero okay so my test +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is going to be P which rejects so says + + align:start position:0% +is going to be P which rejects so says + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be P which rejects so says +one if TN is larger than some pral T and + + align:start position:0% +one if TN is larger than some pral T and + + + align:start position:0% +one if TN is larger than some pral T and +how do I pick this T well by controlling + + align:start position:0% +how do I pick this T well by controlling + + + align:start position:0% +how do I pick this T well by controlling +my type 1 error uh this sorry this C by + + align:start position:0% +my type 1 error uh this sorry this C by + + + align:start position:0% +my type 1 error uh this sorry this C by +controlling my type 1 error okay so to + + align:start position:0% +controlling my type 1 error okay so to + + + align:start position:0% +controlling my type 1 error okay so to +choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C what we have to check is that P under + + align:start position:0% +C what we have to check is that P under + + + align:start position:0% +C what we have to check is that P under +Theta KN so here it's Theta KN that I + + align:start position:0% +Theta KN so here it's Theta KN that I + + + align:start position:0% +Theta KN so here it's Theta KN that I +reject so that SI is equal to one I want + + align:start position:0% +reject so that SI is equal to one I want + + + align:start position:0% +reject so that SI is equal to one I want +this to be equal to Alpha right + + align:start position:0% +this to be equal to Alpha right + + + align:start position:0% +this to be equal to Alpha right +that's how I maximize my type one error + + align:start position:0% +that's how I maximize my type one error + + + align:start position:0% +that's how I maximize my type one error +under the budget that's actually given + + align:start position:0% +under the budget that's actually given + + + align:start position:0% +under the budget that's actually given +to me which is Alpha okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +to me which is Alpha okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +to me which is Alpha okay so that's +actually equivalent to setting to + + align:start position:0% +actually equivalent to setting to + + + align:start position:0% +actually equivalent to setting to +checking whether P KN of + + align:start position:0% +checking whether P KN of + + + align:start position:0% +checking whether P KN of +TN is larger than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C and so if I want to compute if I want + + align:start position:0% +C and so if I want to compute if I want + + + align:start position:0% +C and so if I want to compute if I want +to find the C all I need to know is what + + align:start position:0% +to find the C all I need to know is what + + + align:start position:0% +to find the C all I need to know is what +is the distribution of TN when Theta is + + align:start position:0% +is the distribution of TN when Theta is + + + align:start position:0% +is the distribution of TN when Theta is +equal to Theta kn + + align:start position:0% +equal to Theta kn + + + align:start position:0% +equal to Theta kn +right whatever this distribution is + + align:start position:0% +right whatever this distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +right whatever this distribution is +maybe it has some weird density like + + align:start position:0% +maybe it has some weird density like + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it has some weird density like +this whatever this distribution is I'm + + align:start position:0% +this whatever this distribution is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this whatever this distribution is I'm +just going to be able to pick this + + align:start position:0% +just going to be able to pick this + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be able to pick this +number and I'm going to take the this + + align:start position:0% +number and I'm going to take the this + + + align:start position:0% +number and I'm going to take the this +quental Alpha here Alpha and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +quental Alpha here Alpha and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +quental Alpha here Alpha and I'm going +to reject if I'm larger than Alpha + + align:start position:0% +to reject if I'm larger than Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +to reject if I'm larger than Alpha +whatever this guy is so to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +whatever this guy is so to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +whatever this guy is so to be able to do +that I need to know what is the + + align:start position:0% +that I need to know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +that I need to know what is the +distribution of + + align:start position:0% +distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of +TN under when Theta 0 is equal to Theta + + align:start position:0% +TN under when Theta 0 is equal to Theta + + + align:start position:0% +TN under when Theta 0 is equal to Theta +when Theta is equal to Theta 0 what is + + align:start position:0% +when Theta is equal to Theta 0 what is + + + align:start position:0% +when Theta is equal to Theta 0 what is +this distrib + + align:start position:0% +this distrib + + + align:start position:0% +this distrib +tion what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +TN it's the norm + + align:start position:0% +TN it's the norm + + + align:start position:0% +TN it's the norm +squared of this + + align:start position:0% +squared of this + + + align:start position:0% +squared of this +Vector what is this Vector what is the + + align:start position:0% +Vector what is this Vector what is the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector what is this Vector what is the +ASM totic distribution of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes just look one board up what is the + + align:start position:0% +yes just look one board up what is the + + + align:start position:0% +yes just look one board up what is the +ASM totic distribution of this Vector + + align:start position:0% +ASM totic distribution of this Vector + + + align:start position:0% +ASM totic distribution of this Vector +for which we're taking the norm Square + + align:start position:0% +for which we're taking the norm Square + + + align:start position:0% +for which we're taking the norm Square +it's right + + align:start position:0% +it's right + + + align:start position:0% +it's right +here it's a standard + + align:start position:0% +here it's a standard + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a standard +gaan multivariat so when I look at the + + align:start position:0% +gaan multivariat so when I look at the + + + align:start position:0% +gaan multivariat so when I look at the +norm squared right so if + + align:start position:0% +norm squared right so if + + + align:start position:0% +norm squared right so if +Z is a standard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Gan + + align:start position:0% +Gan + + + align:start position:0% +Gan +multivariate + + align:start position:0% +multivariate + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate +then the norm of z + + align:start position:0% +then the norm of z + + + align:start position:0% +then the norm of z +s well by definition of the norm squar + + align:start position:0% +s well by definition of the norm squar + + + align:start position:0% +s well by definition of the norm squar +is the sum of the Z squ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's just the definition of the + + align:start position:0% +right that's just the definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +right that's just the definition of the +norm but what is this + + align:start position:0% +norm but what is this + + + align:start position:0% +norm but what is this +distribution that's a k square right + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's a k square right + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's a k square right +because those guys are all of variance + + align:start position:0% +because those guys are all of variance + + + align:start position:0% +because those guys are all of variance +one that's what the diagonal tells me + + align:start position:0% +one that's what the diagonal tells me + + + align:start position:0% +one that's what the diagonal tells me +all only ones and they're independent + + align:start position:0% +all only ones and they're independent + + + align:start position:0% +all only ones and they're independent +because they have only zeros outside of + + align:start position:0% +because they have only zeros outside of + + + align:start position:0% +because they have only zeros outside of +the diagonal okay so that's really this + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal okay so that's really this + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal okay so that's really this +follows some K Square distribution how + + align:start position:0% +follows some K Square distribution how + + + align:start position:0% +follows some K Square distribution how +many degrees of freedom well the number + + align:start position:0% +many degrees of freedom well the number + + + align:start position:0% +many degrees of freedom well the number +of them that I sell I I sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D so now I have found the distribution + + align:start position:0% +D so now I have found the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +D so now I have found the distribution +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +TN under this guy and that's true + + align:start position:0% +TN under this guy and that's true + + + align:start position:0% +TN under this guy and that's true +because here I'm this is true under AG + + align:start position:0% +because here I'm this is true under AG + + + align:start position:0% +because here I'm this is true under AG +zero right if I was not under AG zero + + align:start position:0% +zero right if I was not under AG zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero right if I was not under AG zero +again I should need I would need to take + + align:start position:0% +again I should need I would need to take + + + align:start position:0% +again I should need I would need to take +another guy + + align:start position:0% +another guy + + + align:start position:0% +another guy +here right the fact how did I use the + + align:start position:0% +here right the fact how did I use the + + + align:start position:0% +here right the fact how did I use the +fact that Theta is equal to thet 0 when + + align:start position:0% +fact that Theta is equal to thet 0 when + + + align:start position:0% +fact that Theta is equal to thet 0 when +I centered by Theta 0 and that was very + + align:start position:0% +I centered by Theta 0 and that was very + + + align:start position:0% +I centered by Theta 0 and that was very +important Okay so so now what I know is + + align:start position:0% +important Okay so so now what I know is + + + align:start position:0% +important Okay so so now what I know is +that this is really equal why did I put + + align:start position:0% +that this is really equal why did I put + + + align:start position:0% +that this is really equal why did I put +uh zero here + + align:start position:0% +uh zero here + + + align:start position:0% +uh zero here +uh okay so this here is actually + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so this here is actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so this here is actually +equal so in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end I + + align:start position:0% +end I + + + align:start position:0% +end I +need c such + + align:start position:0% +need c such + + + align:start position:0% +need c such +that the probability and here I'm not + + align:start position:0% +that the probability and here I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability and here I'm not +going to put a Theta zero I'm just + + align:start position:0% +going to put a Theta zero I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +going to put a Theta zero I'm just +talking about the probability of the the + + align:start position:0% +talking about the probability of the the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the probability of the the +random variable that I'm going to put in + + align:start position:0% +random variable that I'm going to put in + + + align:start position:0% +random variable that I'm going to put in +there it's a k squ with d degrees of + + align:start position:0% +there it's a k squ with d degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +there it's a k squ with d degrees of +freedoms exceed C is equal to + + align:start position:0% +freedoms exceed C is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +freedoms exceed C is equal to +Alpha right I just replaced the fact + + align:start position:0% +Alpha right I just replaced the fact + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha right I just replaced the fact +that this guy TN under this distribution + + align:start position:0% +that this guy TN under this distribution + + + align:start position:0% +that this guy TN under this distribution +was just a k square and this + + align:start position:0% +was just a k square and this + + + align:start position:0% +was just a k square and this +distribution here is just really + + align:start position:0% +distribution here is just really + + + align:start position:0% +distribution here is just really +referring to the distribution of the K + + align:start position:0% +referring to the distribution of the K + + + align:start position:0% +referring to the distribution of the K +square there's no parameters here and + + align:start position:0% +square there's no parameters here and + + + align:start position:0% +square there's no parameters here and +now that means that I look at my K + + align:start position:0% +now that means that I look at my K + + + align:start position:0% +now that means that I look at my K +Square distribution we know it sort of + + align:start position:0% +Square distribution we know it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Square distribution we know it sort of +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +this right and uh I'm going to pick some + + align:start position:0% +this right and uh I'm going to pick some + + + align:start position:0% +this right and uh I'm going to pick some +Alpha + + align:start position:0% +Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha +here and I need to read this number Q + + align:start position:0% +here and I need to read this number Q + + + align:start position:0% +here and I need to read this number Q +Alpha okay and so here what I need to do + + align:start position:0% +Alpha okay and so here what I need to do + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha okay and so here what I need to do +is to pick this Q Alpha here for + + align:start position:0% +is to pick this Q Alpha here for + + + align:start position:0% +is to pick this Q Alpha here for +C so take C to + + align:start position:0% +C so take C to + + + align:start position:0% +C so take C to +be Q + + align:start position:0% +be Q + + + align:start position:0% +be Q +Alpha the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantal of order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one minus + + align:start position:0% +one minus + + + align:start position:0% +one minus +Alpha of a k Square distribution with + + align:start position:0% +Alpha of a k Square distribution with + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha of a k Square distribution with +this D degree of freedom and why do I + + align:start position:0% +this D degree of freedom and why do I + + + align:start position:0% +this D degree of freedom and why do I +say one minus Alpha because again the + + align:start position:0% +say one minus Alpha because again the + + + align:start position:0% +say one minus Alpha because again the +quental are usually referring to the + + align:start position:0% +quental are usually referring to the + + + align:start position:0% +quental are usually referring to the +area that's to the left of them by by uh + + align:start position:0% +area that's to the left of them by by uh + + + align:start position:0% +area that's to the left of them by by uh +uh well actually it's it's by uh + + align:start position:0% +uh well actually it's it's by uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh well actually it's it's by uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +convention however um in statistics we + + align:start position:0% +convention however um in statistics we + + + align:start position:0% +convention however um in statistics we +only care about the right tail usually + + align:start position:0% +only care about the right tail usually + + + align:start position:0% +only care about the right tail usually +so it's not very convenient for us and + + align:start position:0% +so it's not very convenient for us and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not very convenient for us and +that's why rather than calling this guy + + align:start position:0% +that's why rather than calling this guy + + + align:start position:0% +that's why rather than calling this guy +Q sub one minus Alpha all the time I + + align:start position:0% +Q sub one minus Alpha all the time I + + + align:start position:0% +Q sub one minus Alpha all the time I +write it Q Alpha okay so now you have + + align:start position:0% +write it Q Alpha okay so now you have + + + align:start position:0% +write it Q Alpha okay so now you have +this Q Alpha which is the one minus uh + + align:start position:0% +this Q Alpha which is the one minus uh + + + align:start position:0% +this Q Alpha which is the one minus uh +alpha quental or quental of order 1 + + align:start position:0% +alpha quental or quental of order 1 + + + align:start position:0% +alpha quental or quental of order 1 +minus Alpha of k s d and so now I need + + align:start position:0% +minus Alpha of k s d and so now I need + + + align:start position:0% +minus Alpha of k s d and so now I need +to use a table for each D this thing is + + align:start position:0% +to use a table for each D this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +to use a table for each D this thing is +going to take a different value and this + + align:start position:0% +going to take a different value and this + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a different value and this +is why I cannot just spit out a number + + align:start position:0% +is why I cannot just spit out a number + + + align:start position:0% +is why I cannot just spit out a number +to you like I spit out + + align:start position:0% +to you like I spit out + + + align:start position:0% +to you like I spit out +1.96 because I if I were able to do that + + align:start position:0% +1.96 because I if I were able to do that + + + align:start position:0% +1.96 because I if I were able to do that +that would mean that I would remember an + + align:start position:0% +that would mean that I would remember an + + + align:start position:0% +that would mean that I would remember an +entire column of this table for each + + align:start position:0% +entire column of this table for each + + + align:start position:0% +entire column of this table for each +possible value of D okay and that I just + + align:start position:0% +possible value of D okay and that I just + + + align:start position:0% +possible value of D okay and that I just +don't know okay so you need just to look + + align:start position:0% +don't know okay so you need just to look + + + align:start position:0% +don't know okay so you need just to look +at tables and this is what it will tell + + align:start position:0% +at tables and this is what it will tell + + + align:start position:0% +at tables and this is what it will tell +you often software will do that to you + + align:start position:0% +you often software will do that to you + + + align:start position:0% +you often software will do that to you +you don't have to search through + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to search through + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to search through +tables okay and so just as a remark is + + align:start position:0% +tables okay and so just as a remark is + + + align:start position:0% +tables okay and so just as a remark is +that this test W's test is also valid + + align:start position:0% +that this test W's test is also valid + + + align:start position:0% +that this test W's test is also valid +when I have this sort of other + + align:start position:0% +when I have this sort of other + + + align:start position:0% +when I have this sort of other +Alternatives that I could see quite a + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives that I could see quite a + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives that I could see quite a +lot right if I actually have what's + + align:start position:0% +lot right if I actually have what's + + + align:start position:0% +lot right if I actually have what's +called a one-sided alternative all right + + align:start position:0% +called a one-sided alternative all right + + + align:start position:0% +called a one-sided alternative all right +by the way this is called Walt's test + + align:start position:0% +by the way this is called Walt's test + + + align:start position:0% +by the way this is called Walt's test +okay so taking TN to be this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing so this is Walt's + + align:start position:0% +thing so this is Walt's + + + align:start position:0% +thing so this is Walt's +test Abraham Wald was a famous + + align:start position:0% +test Abraham Wald was a famous + + + align:start position:0% +test Abraham Wald was a famous +statistician in the early uh 20th + + align:start position:0% +statistician in the early uh 20th + + + align:start position:0% +statistician in the early uh 20th +century uh yeah who actually was at at + + align:start position:0% +century uh yeah who actually was at at + + + align:start position:0% +century uh yeah who actually was at at +Colombia for quite some time and + + align:start position:0% +Colombia for quite some time and + + + align:start position:0% +Colombia for quite some time and +uh that was actually at the time where + + align:start position:0% +uh that was actually at the time where + + + align:start position:0% +uh that was actually at the time where +India was uh getting very uh where + + align:start position:0% +India was uh getting very uh where + + + align:start position:0% +India was uh getting very uh where +statistics were getting very popular in + + align:start position:0% +statistics were getting very popular in + + + align:start position:0% +statistics were getting very popular in +India and so he was actually traveling + + align:start position:0% +India and so he was actually traveling + + + align:start position:0% +India and so he was actually traveling +all over India in some uh you know dinky + + align:start position:0% +all over India in some uh you know dinky + + + align:start position:0% +all over India in some uh you know dinky +planes and one of them uh crashed and + + align:start position:0% +planes and one of them uh crashed and + + + align:start position:0% +planes and one of them uh crashed and +that's that's how he died pretty young + + align:start position:0% +that's that's how he died pretty young + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's how he died pretty young +uh but he actually has there's a huge + + align:start position:0% +uh but he actually has there's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +uh but he actually has there's a huge +School of Statistics now in India thanks + + align:start position:0% +School of Statistics now in India thanks + + + align:start position:0% +School of Statistics now in India thanks +to him uh there's the Indian Statistical + + align:start position:0% +to him uh there's the Indian Statistical + + + align:start position:0% +to him uh there's the Indian Statistical +Institute which is actually a pretty big + + align:start position:0% +Institute which is actually a pretty big + + + align:start position:0% +Institute which is actually a pretty big +thing and trains the best statisticians + + align:start position:0% +thing and trains the best statisticians + + + align:start position:0% +thing and trains the best statisticians +all right so this is called wels test + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is called wels test + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is called wels test +and it's actually a pretty popular test + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually a pretty popular test + + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually a pretty popular test +let's just look back a sec so you can do + + align:start position:0% +let's just look back a sec so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look back a sec so you can do +the other Alternatives right as I said + + align:start position:0% +the other Alternatives right as I said + + + align:start position:0% +the other Alternatives right as I said +and for the other Alternatives you can + + align:start position:0% +and for the other Alternatives you can + + + align:start position:0% +and for the other Alternatives you can +actually do this trick where you put + + align:start position:0% +actually do this trick where you put + + + align:start position:0% +actually do this trick where you put +Theta zero as well as long as you take + + align:start position:0% +Theta zero as well as long as you take + + + align:start position:0% +Theta zero as well as long as you take +the Theta zero that's the closest to the + + align:start position:0% +the Theta zero that's the closest to the + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta zero that's the closest to the +alternative right you just basically + + align:start position:0% +alternative right you just basically + + + align:start position:0% +alternative right you just basically +take the one that's the least favorable + + align:start position:0% +take the one that's the least favorable + + + align:start position:0% +take the one that's the least favorable +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +you okay to the alternative I mean okay + + align:start position:0% +you okay to the alternative I mean okay + + + align:start position:0% +you okay to the alternative I mean okay +so what is this thing doing right if you + + align:start position:0% +so what is this thing doing right if you + + + align:start position:0% +so what is this thing doing right if you +did not know anything about statistics + + align:start position:0% +did not know anything about statistics + + + align:start position:0% +did not know anything about statistics +and I told you here's a vector that's + + align:start position:0% +and I told you here's a vector that's + + + align:start position:0% +and I told you here's a vector that's +the mle vector Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +the mle vector Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +the mle vector Theta hat +mle and I'm I'm so let's say this this + + align:start position:0% +mle and I'm I'm so let's say this this + + + align:start position:0% +mle and I'm I'm so let's say this this +Theta hat mle takes the values uh say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +um okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so let's +say Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +say Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +say Theta hat +mle takes values uh say + + align:start position:0% +mle takes values uh say + + + align:start position:0% +mle takes values uh say +1.2 0.9 and uh 2.1 and I'm testing a0 + + align:start position:0% +1.2 0.9 and uh 2.1 and I'm testing a0 + + + align:start position:0% +1.2 0.9 and uh 2.1 and I'm testing a0 +Theta is equal to uh 1 + + align:start position:0% +Theta is equal to uh 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is equal to uh 1 +one2 versus Theta is not equal to the + + align:start position:0% +one2 versus Theta is not equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +one2 versus Theta is not equal to the +same number okay that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +same number okay that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +same number okay that's what I'm +testing so you compute this thing and + + align:start position:0% +testing so you compute this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +testing so you compute this thing and +you find this if you don't know any + + align:start position:0% +you find this if you don't know any + + + align:start position:0% +you find this if you don't know any +statistic what are you going to + + align:start position:0% +statistic what are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +statistic what are you going to +do you're just going to check if this + + align:start position:0% +do you're just going to check if this + + + align:start position:0% +do you're just going to check if this +guy is close to that guy and probably + + align:start position:0% +guy is close to that guy and probably + + + align:start position:0% +guy is close to that guy and probably +what you're going to do is compute + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to do is compute + + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to do is compute +something that looks like the norm + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like the norm + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like the norm +squared between those guys so the sum so + + align:start position:0% +squared between those guys so the sum so + + + align:start position:0% +squared between those guys so the sum so +you're going to do 1.2 - 1^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do 1.2 - 1^ 2 + + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do 1.2 - 1^ 2 + +0.9 - 1 2 plus + + align:start position:0% +0.9 - 1 2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +0.9 - 1 2 plus +2.1 minus 2^2 and check if this number + + align:start position:0% +2.1 minus 2^2 and check if this number + + + align:start position:0% +2.1 minus 2^2 and check if this number +is large or not maybe you're going to + + align:start position:0% +is large or not maybe you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +is large or not maybe you're going to +apply some stats to try to understand + + align:start position:0% +apply some stats to try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +apply some stats to try to understand +how those things are but this is + + align:start position:0% +how those things are but this is + + + align:start position:0% +how those things are but this is +basically what you're going to want to + + align:start position:0% +basically what you're going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +basically what you're going to want to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +right what Walt test is telling you is + + align:start position:0% +right what Walt test is telling you is + + + align:start position:0% +right what Walt test is telling you is +that this average is actually not what + + align:start position:0% +that this average is actually not what + + + align:start position:0% +that this average is actually not what +you should be doing + + align:start position:0% +you should be doing + + + align:start position:0% +you should be doing +telling you that you should have some + + align:start position:0% +telling you that you should have some + + + align:start position:0% +telling you that you should have some +sort of a weighted average actually it + + align:start position:0% +sort of a weighted average actually it + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a weighted average actually it +would be a weighted average if I was + + align:start position:0% +would be a weighted average if I was + + + align:start position:0% +would be a weighted average if I was +guaranteed that uh my uh Fisher + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that uh my uh Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that uh my uh Fisher +information Matrix was diagonal if if my + + align:start position:0% +information Matrix was diagonal if if my + + + align:start position:0% +information Matrix was diagonal if if my +Fisher information Matrix is diagonal + + align:start position:0% +Fisher information Matrix is diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher information Matrix is diagonal +looking at this number minus this guy + + align:start position:0% +looking at this number minus this guy + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this number minus this guy +transpose I and then this guy minus this + + align:start position:0% +transpose I and then this guy minus this + + + align:start position:0% +transpose I and then this guy minus this +that would look like I have some weight + + align:start position:0% +that would look like I have some weight + + + align:start position:0% +that would look like I have some weight +here some weight here and some weight + + align:start position:0% +here some weight here and some weight + + + align:start position:0% +here some weight here and some weight +here but if my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix sorry it's only three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if it has nonzero numbers on all + + align:start position:0% +okay so if it has nonzero numbers on all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if it has nonzero numbers on all +of its nine entries then what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +of its nine entries then what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +of its nine entries then what I'm going +to see is weird cross terms right if I + + align:start position:0% +to see is weird cross terms right if I + + + align:start position:0% +to see is weird cross terms right if I +look at some number premultiply by some + + align:start position:0% +look at some number premultiply by some + + + align:start position:0% +look at some number premultiply by some +Vector premultiplying this thing and + + align:start position:0% +Vector premultiplying this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +Vector premultiplying this thing and +post multiplying this thing right so if + + align:start position:0% +post multiplying this thing right so if + + + align:start position:0% +post multiplying this thing right so if +I look at something that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +I look at something that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +I look at something that looks like this +x transpose I of theta KN X + + align:start position:0% +x transpose I of theta KN X + + + align:start position:0% +x transpose I of theta KN X +transpose where're think sorry X think + + align:start position:0% +transpose where're think sorry X think + + + align:start position:0% +transpose where're think sorry X think +of X as being Theta hat mle minus Theta + + align:start position:0% +of X as being Theta hat mle minus Theta + + + align:start position:0% +of X as being Theta hat mle minus Theta +so if I look at what this guy looks like + + align:start position:0% +so if I look at what this guy looks like + + + align:start position:0% +so if I look at what this guy looks like +it's basically a sum over I and J of x i + + align:start position:0% +it's basically a sum over I and J of x i + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically a sum over I and J of x i +XJ + + align:start position:0% +XJ + + + align:start position:0% +XJ +I Theta i j and so if none of those + + align:start position:0% +I Theta i j and so if none of those + + + align:start position:0% +I Theta i j and so if none of those +things are zero you're going not going + + align:start position:0% +things are zero you're going not going + + + align:start position:0% +things are zero you're going not going +to see a sum of three terms that are + + align:start position:0% +to see a sum of three terms that are + + + align:start position:0% +to see a sum of three terms that are +squares but you're going to see a sum of + + align:start position:0% +squares but you're going to see a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +squares but you're going to see a sum of +nine cross products and it's just weird + + align:start position:0% +nine cross products and it's just weird + + + align:start position:0% +nine cross products and it's just weird +right this is not something standard so + + align:start position:0% +right this is not something standard so + + + align:start position:0% +right this is not something standard so +what is Walt's test doing for you well + + align:start position:0% +what is Walt's test doing for you well + + + align:start position:0% +what is Walt's test doing for you well +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +saying I'm actually going to look at all + + align:start position:0% +saying I'm actually going to look at all + + + align:start position:0% +saying I'm actually going to look at all +the directions all at once some of those + + align:start position:0% +the directions all at once some of those + + + align:start position:0% +the directions all at once some of those +directions are going to have more or + + align:start position:0% +directions are going to have more or + + + align:start position:0% +directions are going to have more or +less + + align:start position:0% +less + + + align:start position:0% +less +variance IE less or more + + align:start position:0% +variance IE less or more + + + align:start position:0% +variance IE less or more +information and so for those guys I'm + + align:start position:0% +information and so for those guys I'm + + + align:start position:0% +information and so for those guys I'm +actually going to use a different weight + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use a different weight + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use a different weight +so what you're really doing is putting a + + align:start position:0% +so what you're really doing is putting a + + + align:start position:0% +so what you're really doing is putting a +weight on all directions of the space at + + align:start position:0% +weight on all directions of the space at + + + align:start position:0% +weight on all directions of the space at +once so what this Walts test is doing by + + align:start position:0% +once so what this Walts test is doing by + + + align:start position:0% +once so what this Walts test is doing by +squeezing in the fisser information + + align:start position:0% +squeezing in the fisser information + + + align:start position:0% +squeezing in the fisser information +Matrix is placing your problem into the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is placing your problem into the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is placing your problem into the +right geometry it's a geometry that's + + align:start position:0% +right geometry it's a geometry that's + + + align:start position:0% +right geometry it's a geometry that's +distorted in some where balls become + + align:start position:0% +distorted in some where balls become + + + align:start position:0% +distorted in some where balls become +ellipses that are distorted in some + + align:start position:0% +ellipses that are distorted in some + + + align:start position:0% +ellipses that are distorted in some +directions and shrunk in others or + + align:start position:0% +directions and shrunk in others or + + + align:start position:0% +directions and shrunk in others or +depending on how if you have more + + align:start position:0% +depending on how if you have more + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how if you have more +variants or less variants in those + + align:start position:0% +variants or less variants in those + + + align:start position:0% +variants or less variants in those +directions those directions don't have + + align:start position:0% +directions those directions don't have + + + align:start position:0% +directions those directions don't have +to be aligned with the axis of your + + align:start position:0% +to be aligned with the axis of your + + + align:start position:0% +to be aligned with the axis of your +coordinate system and if they were then + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and if they were then + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and if they were then +that would mean you would have a + + align:start position:0% +that would mean you would have a + + + align:start position:0% +that would mean you would have a +diagonal uh uh uh information Matrix but + + align:start position:0% +diagonal uh uh uh information Matrix but + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal uh uh uh information Matrix but +they might not be and so there's this + + align:start position:0% +they might not be and so there's this + + + align:start position:0% +they might not be and so there's this +weird geometry that shows up there's + + align:start position:0% +weird geometry that shows up there's + + + align:start position:0% +weird geometry that shows up there's +actually an entire field admittedly a + + align:start position:0% +actually an entire field admittedly a + + + align:start position:0% +actually an entire field admittedly a +bit dormant these days that's called + + align:start position:0% +bit dormant these days that's called + + + align:start position:0% +bit dormant these days that's called +information geometry and that's really + + align:start position:0% +information geometry and that's really + + + align:start position:0% +information geometry and that's really +doing differential geometry on Spaces + + align:start position:0% +doing differential geometry on Spaces + + + align:start position:0% +doing differential geometry on Spaces +that are defined by fissure information + + align:start position:0% +that are defined by fissure information + + + align:start position:0% +that are defined by fissure information +matrices okay and so you can do some + + align:start position:0% +matrices okay and so you can do some + + + align:start position:0% +matrices okay and so you can do some +pretty hardcore something that I uh + + align:start position:0% +pretty hardcore something that I uh + + + align:start position:0% +pretty hardcore something that I uh +certainly cannot do a differential + + align:start position:0% +certainly cannot do a differential + + + align:start position:0% +certainly cannot do a differential +geometry just by playing around + + align:start position:0% +geometry just by playing around + + + align:start position:0% +geometry just by playing around +statistical models and trying to + + align:start position:0% +statistical models and trying to + + + align:start position:0% +statistical models and trying to +understand what the geometry of those + + align:start position:0% +understand what the geometry of those + + + align:start position:0% +understand what the geometry of those +models are what what does it mean for + + align:start position:0% +models are what what does it mean for + + + align:start position:0% +models are what what does it mean for +two points to be close in some curved + + align:start position:0% +two points to be close in some curved + + + align:start position:0% +two points to be close in some curved +space right so that's basically the idea + + align:start position:0% +space right so that's basically the idea + + + align:start position:0% +space right so that's basically the idea +so this thing is basically curving your + + align:start position:0% +so this thing is basically curving your + + + align:start position:0% +so this thing is basically curving your +space okay so again I think I always + + align:start position:0% +space okay so again I think I always + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so again I think I always +feel satisfied when my estimator or my + + align:start position:0% +feel satisfied when my estimator or my + + + align:start position:0% +feel satisfied when my estimator or my +test does not involve just Computing an + + align:start position:0% +test does not involve just Computing an + + + align:start position:0% +test does not involve just Computing an +average and checking if it's big or not + + align:start position:0% +average and checking if it's big or not + + + align:start position:0% +average and checking if it's big or not +right and that's not what we're doing + + align:start position:0% +right and that's not what we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's not what we're doing +here we know that this Theta hat mle can + + align:start position:0% +here we know that this Theta hat mle can + + + align:start position:0% +here we know that this Theta hat mle can +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +complicated you know CF problem set to I + + align:start position:0% +complicated you know CF problem set to I + + + align:start position:0% +complicated you know CF problem set to I +believe uh and we know that this Fisher + + align:start position:0% +believe uh and we know that this Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +believe uh and we know that this Fisher +information Matrix can also be pretty + + align:start position:0% +information Matrix can also be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +information Matrix can also be pretty +complicated so here your test is not + + align:start position:0% +complicated so here your test is not + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so here your test is not +going to be trivial at all and that + + align:start position:0% +going to be trivial at all and that + + + align:start position:0% +going to be trivial at all and that +required understanding the mathematics + + align:start position:0% +required understanding the mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +required understanding the mathematics +behind I mean it all built upon uh this + + align:start position:0% +behind I mean it all built upon uh this + + + align:start position:0% +behind I mean it all built upon uh this +theorem that I just erased I believe uh + + align:start position:0% +theorem that I just erased I believe uh + + + align:start position:0% +theorem that I just erased I believe uh +which was that this guy here inside this + + align:start position:0% +which was that this guy here inside this + + + align:start position:0% +which was that this guy here inside this +Norm was actually converging to some + + align:start position:0% +Norm was actually converging to some + + + align:start position:0% +Norm was actually converging to some +standard + + align:start position:0% +standard + + + align:start position:0% +standard +calcium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there's another test that you + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's another test that you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's another test that you +can actually use so WS test is one + + align:start position:0% +can actually use so WS test is one + + + align:start position:0% +can actually use so WS test is one +option + + align:start position:0% +option + + + align:start position:0% +option +and there's another + + align:start position:0% +and there's another + + + align:start position:0% +and there's another +option and just like maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +option and just like maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +option and just like maximum likelihood +estimation and method of moments would + + align:start position:0% +estimation and method of moments would + + + align:start position:0% +estimation and method of moments would +sometime agree and sometime + + align:start position:0% +sometime agree and sometime + + + align:start position:0% +sometime agree and sometime +disagree those guys are going to + + align:start position:0% +disagree those guys are going to + + + align:start position:0% +disagree those guys are going to +sometime agree and sometime disagree and + + align:start position:0% +sometime agree and sometime disagree and + + + align:start position:0% +sometime agree and sometime disagree and +this test is called a likelihood ratio + + align:start position:0% +this test is called a likelihood ratio + + + align:start position:0% +this test is called a likelihood ratio +test okay + + align:start position:0% +test okay + + + align:start position:0% +test okay +so let's parse those words likelihood + + align:start position:0% +so let's parse those words likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +so let's parse those words likelihood +ratio test okay so at some point I'm + + align:start position:0% +ratio test okay so at some point I'm + + + align:start position:0% +ratio test okay so at some point I'm +going to have to take the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +going to have to take the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to take the likelihood of +something divide it by the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +something divide it by the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +something divide it by the likelihood of +some other thing and then you know work + + align:start position:0% +some other thing and then you know work + + + align:start position:0% +some other thing and then you know work +with this and this test is just saying + + align:start position:0% +with this and this test is just saying + + + align:start position:0% +with this and this test is just saying +the following here's the simplest + + align:start position:0% +the following here's the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +the following here's the simplest +principle you can think + + align:start position:0% +principle you can think + + + align:start position:0% +principle you can think +of if you + + align:start position:0% +of if you + + + align:start position:0% +of if you +actually you don't even have to + + align:start position:0% +actually you don't even have to + + + align:start position:0% +actually you don't even have to +understand the + + align:start position:0% +understand the + + + align:start position:0% +understand the +notion of like of statistical of + + align:start position:0% +notion of like of statistical of + + + align:start position:0% +notion of like of statistical of +likelihood in the context of Statistics + + align:start position:0% +likelihood in the context of Statistics + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood in the context of Statistics +you just have to understand the meaning + + align:start position:0% +you just have to understand the meaning + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to understand the meaning +of the word likelihood this test is just + + align:start position:0% +of the word likelihood this test is just + + + align:start position:0% +of the word likelihood this test is just +saying if I want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test h0 Theta is equal to Theta 0 versus + + align:start position:0% +test h0 Theta is equal to Theta 0 versus + + + align:start position:0% +test h0 Theta is equal to Theta 0 versus +8 Theta is equal to Theta 1 all I have + + align:start position:0% +8 Theta is equal to Theta 1 all I have + + + align:start position:0% +8 Theta is equal to Theta 1 all I have +to look at is whether Theta 0 is more or + + align:start position:0% +to look at is whether Theta 0 is more or + + + align:start position:0% +to look at is whether Theta 0 is more or +less likely than Theta one and I have an + + align:start position:0% +less likely than Theta one and I have an + + + align:start position:0% +less likely than Theta one and I have an +exact number that spits out + + align:start position:0% +exact number that spits out + + + align:start position:0% +exact number that spits out +given a theta0 or Theta 1 and given data + + align:start position:0% +given a theta0 or Theta 1 and given data + + + align:start position:0% +given a theta0 or Theta 1 and given data +I can put in this function called the + + align:start position:0% +I can put in this function called the + + + align:start position:0% +I can put in this function called the +lik and they tell me exactly how likely + + align:start position:0% +lik and they tell me exactly how likely + + + align:start position:0% +lik and they tell me exactly how likely +those things + + align:start position:0% +those things + + + align:start position:0% +those things +are right and so all I have to check is + + align:start position:0% +are right and so all I have to check is + + + align:start position:0% +are right and so all I have to check is +whether one is more likely than the + + align:start position:0% +whether one is more likely than the + + + align:start position:0% +whether one is more likely than the +other and so what I can do is form the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +likelihood of theta say one divided by + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of theta say one divided by + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of theta say one divided by +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +likelihood of theta 0 and check if this + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of theta 0 and check if this + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of theta 0 and check if this +thing is larger than one that would mean + + align:start position:0% +thing is larger than one that would mean + + + align:start position:0% +thing is larger than one that would mean +that this guy is more likely than that + + align:start position:0% +that this guy is more likely than that + + + align:start position:0% +that this guy is more likely than that +guy right + + align:start position:0% +guy right + + + align:start position:0% +guy right +that's a natural way to + + align:start position:0% +that's a natural way to + + + align:start position:0% +that's a natural way to +proceed now there's one caveat here + + align:start position:0% +proceed now there's one caveat here + + + align:start position:0% +proceed now there's one caveat here +which is that when I do hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +which is that when I do hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +which is that when I do hypothesis +testing and I have this asymmetry + + align:start position:0% +testing and I have this asymmetry + + + align:start position:0% +testing and I have this asymmetry +between h0 and H1 and so I still need to + + align:start position:0% +between h0 and H1 and so I still need to + + + align:start position:0% +between h0 and H1 and so I still need to +be able to control what my probability + + align:start position:0% +be able to control what my probability + + + align:start position:0% +be able to control what my probability +of type 1 error is and here I basically + + align:start position:0% +of type 1 error is and here I basically + + + align:start position:0% +of type 1 error is and here I basically +have no knob right this is something if + + align:start position:0% +have no knob right this is something if + + + align:start position:0% +have no knob right this is something if +you give me data and Theta 0 and Theta + + align:start position:0% +you give me data and Theta 0 and Theta + + + align:start position:0% +you give me data and Theta 0 and Theta +one I can compute to you and spit out + + align:start position:0% +one I can compute to you and spit out + + + align:start position:0% +one I can compute to you and spit out +the yes no answer but I'm not I have no + + align:start position:0% +the yes no answer but I'm not I have no + + + align:start position:0% +the yes no answer but I'm not I have no +way of controlling the type two and type + + align:start position:0% +way of controlling the type two and type + + + align:start position:0% +way of controlling the type two and type +type one and type two error so what we + + align:start position:0% +type one and type two error so what we + + + align:start position:0% +type one and type two error so what we +do is that we replace this one by some + + align:start position:0% +do is that we replace this one by some + + + align:start position:0% +do is that we replace this one by some +number c and then we calibrate C in such + + align:start position:0% +number c and then we calibrate C in such + + + align:start position:0% +number c and then we calibrate C in such +a way that the type one error is exactly + + align:start position:0% +a way that the type one error is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +a way that the type one error is exactly +at level + + align:start position:0% +at level + + + align:start position:0% +at level +Alpha okay so for example if I want to + + align:start position:0% +Alpha okay so for example if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha okay so for example if I want to +make sure that my type one error is + + align:start position:0% +make sure that my type one error is + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that my type one error is +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +zero all I have to do is to see that + + align:start position:0% +zero all I have to do is to see that + + + align:start position:0% +zero all I have to do is to see that +this guy is actually never more likely + + align:start position:0% +this guy is actually never more likely + + + align:start position:0% +this guy is actually never more likely +than that guy meaning never reject and + + align:start position:0% +than that guy meaning never reject and + + + align:start position:0% +than that guy meaning never reject and +so if I let C go to infin + + align:start position:0% +so if I let C go to infin + + + align:start position:0% +so if I let C go to infin +then this is actually going to make my + + align:start position:0% +then this is actually going to make my + + + align:start position:0% +then this is actually going to make my +type one error go to zero but if I let C + + align:start position:0% +type one error go to zero but if I let C + + + align:start position:0% +type one error go to zero but if I let C +go to negative + + align:start position:0% +go to negative + + + align:start position:0% +go to negative +Infinity then I'm G to have something + + align:start position:0% +Infinity then I'm G to have something + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity then I'm G to have something +that's uh uh I'm I'm G to have my uh my + + align:start position:0% +that's uh uh I'm I'm G to have my uh my + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh uh I'm I'm G to have my uh my +I'm always going to conclude that uh H1 + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to conclude that uh H1 + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to conclude that uh H1 +is the is the right one okay so I have + + align:start position:0% +is the is the right one okay so I have + + + align:start position:0% +is the is the right one okay so I have +this trade off and I can turn this knob + + align:start position:0% +this trade off and I can turn this knob + + + align:start position:0% +this trade off and I can turn this knob +by changing the values of c and get + + align:start position:0% +by changing the values of c and get + + + align:start position:0% +by changing the values of c and get +different uh uh results and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +different uh uh results and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +different uh uh results and I'm going to +be interested in the one that maximizes + + align:start position:0% +be interested in the one that maximizes + + + align:start position:0% +be interested in the one that maximizes +my chances of of rejecting the null + + align:start position:0% +my chances of of rejecting the null + + + align:start position:0% +my chances of of rejecting the null +hypothesis while staying under my Alpha + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis while staying under my Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis while staying under my Alpha +buget of typ + + align:start position:0% +buget of typ + + + align:start position:0% +buget of typ +eror so this is nice when I have two + + align:start position:0% +eror so this is nice when I have two + + + align:start position:0% +eror so this is nice when I have two +very simple hypothesis but actually to + + align:start position:0% +very simple hypothesis but actually to + + + align:start position:0% +very simple hypothesis but actually to +be fair we've actually not seen any test + + align:start position:0% +be fair we've actually not seen any test + + + align:start position:0% +be fair we've actually not seen any test +that corresponds to real life example + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to real life example + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to real life example +where Theta 0 was of the form am I equal + + align:start position:0% +where Theta 0 was of the form am I equal + + + align:start position:0% +where Theta 0 was of the form am I equal +to say 0.5 or am I equal to 0.41 we + + align:start position:0% +to say 0.5 or am I equal to 0.41 we + + + align:start position:0% +to say 0.5 or am I equal to 0.41 we +actually sort of suspected that if + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of suspected that if + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of suspected that if +somebody asked you to perform this test + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked you to perform this test + + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked you to perform this test +they're sort of seen the data before and + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of seen the data before and + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of seen the data before and +they're sort of cheating so it's either + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of cheating so it's either + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of cheating so it's either +it's typically something am I equal to + + align:start position:0% +it's typically something am I equal to + + + align:start position:0% +it's typically something am I equal to +0.5 or not equal to 0.5 or am I equal to + + align:start position:0% +0.5 or not equal to 0.5 or am I equal to + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 or not equal to 0.5 or am I equal to +0.5 or larger than 0.5 but it's very + + align:start position:0% +0.5 or larger than 0.5 but it's very + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 or larger than 0.5 but it's very +rare that you actually get only two + + align:start position:0% +rare that you actually get only two + + + align:start position:0% +rare that you actually get only two +points to test am I this guy or that guy + + align:start position:0% +points to test am I this guy or that guy + + + align:start position:0% +points to test am I this guy or that guy +now I could go on there's actually a + + align:start position:0% +now I could go on there's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +now I could go on there's actually a +nice mathematical Theory something + + align:start position:0% +nice mathematical Theory something + + + align:start position:0% +nice mathematical Theory something +called the name and Pearson LMA that + + align:start position:0% +called the name and Pearson LMA that + + + align:start position:0% +called the name and Pearson LMA that +actually tells me that this this test + + align:start position:0% +actually tells me that this this test + + + align:start position:0% +actually tells me that this this test +the likelihood ratio test is the test + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood ratio test is the test + + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood ratio test is the test +given the constraint of type 1 error + + align:start position:0% +given the constraint of type 1 error + + + align:start position:0% +given the constraint of type 1 error +that will have the smallest type two + + align:start position:0% +that will have the smallest type two + + + align:start position:0% +that will have the smallest type two +error so this is like the ultimate test + + align:start position:0% +error so this is like the ultimate test + + + align:start position:0% +error so this is like the ultimate test +no one should ever use anything + + align:start position:0% +no one should ever use anything + + + align:start position:0% +no one should ever use anything +different and we could go on and do this + + align:start position:0% +different and we could go on and do this + + + align:start position:0% +different and we could go on and do this +but in a way it's completely irrelevant + + align:start position:0% +but in a way it's completely irrelevant + + + align:start position:0% +but in a way it's completely irrelevant +to practice because you will never + + align:start position:0% +to practice because you will never + + + align:start position:0% +to practice because you will never +encounter such tests and I actually find + + align:start position:0% +encounter such tests and I actually find + + + align:start position:0% +encounter such tests and I actually find +students that you know they took my + + align:start position:0% +students that you know they took my + + + align:start position:0% +students that you know they took my +class of sophomores and then you know + + align:start position:0% +class of sophomores and then you know + + + align:start position:0% +class of sophomores and then you know +they're still around a couple years + + align:start position:0% +they're still around a couple years + + + align:start position:0% +they're still around a couple years +later they're doing something they're + + align:start position:0% +later they're doing something they're + + + align:start position:0% +later they're doing something they're +like I have this testing problem and I + + align:start position:0% +like I have this testing problem and I + + + align:start position:0% +like I have this testing problem and I +want to use likelihood ratio + + align:start position:0% +want to use likelihood ratio + + + align:start position:0% +want to use likelihood ratio +test you know the name and Pearson one + + align:start position:0% +test you know the name and Pearson one + + + align:start position:0% +test you know the name and Pearson one +but I just can't because it just never + + align:start position:0% +but I just can't because it just never + + + align:start position:0% +but I just can't because it just never +occurs I mean it's just does not happen + + align:start position:0% +occurs I mean it's just does not happen + + + align:start position:0% +occurs I mean it's just does not happen +so here rather than going into details + + align:start position:0% +so here rather than going into details + + + align:start position:0% +so here rather than going into details +let's just look at what building on this + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at what building on this + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at what building on this +principle we can actually make a test + + align:start position:0% +principle we can actually make a test + + + align:start position:0% +principle we can actually make a test +that work okay so now for Simplicity I'm + + align:start position:0% +that work okay so now for Simplicity I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that work okay so now for Simplicity I'm +going to assume that my alternative so + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that my alternative so + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that my alternative so +now I still have a d + + align:start position:0% +now I still have a d + + + align:start position:0% +now I still have a d +dimensional uh Vector Theta and what I'm + + align:start position:0% +dimensional uh Vector Theta and what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional uh Vector Theta and what I'm +going to assume is that the null + + align:start position:0% +going to assume is that the null + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume is that the null +hypothesis is actually only testing if + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is actually only testing if + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is actually only testing if +the last + + align:start position:0% +the last + + + align:start position:0% +the last +coefficients from from r + one to D are + + align:start position:0% +coefficients from from r + one to D are + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients from from r + one to D are +fixed numbers okay so in this example + + align:start position:0% +fixed numbers okay so in this example + + + align:start position:0% +fixed numbers okay so in this example +where I have Theta was equal so if I + + align:start position:0% +where I have Theta was equal so if I + + + align:start position:0% +where I have Theta was equal so if I +have you know D equals 3 here is an + + align:start position:0% +have you know D equals 3 here is an + + + align:start position:0% +have you know D equals 3 here is an +example H1 h0 is Theta 2 + + align:start position:0% +example H1 h0 is Theta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +example H1 h0 is Theta 2 +equals uh 1 and theta 3 equals + + align:start position:0% +equals uh 1 and theta 3 equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh 1 and theta 3 equals +2 okay that's my H zero but I say I + + align:start position:0% +2 okay that's my H zero but I say I + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay that's my H zero but I say I +don't actually care about what Theta one + + align:start position:0% +don't actually care about what Theta one + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually care about what Theta one +is going to be + + align:start position:0% +is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be +okay so that's my null hypothesis I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's my null hypothesis I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's my null hypothesis I'm +not going to specify right now what the + + align:start position:0% +not going to specify right now what the + + + align:start position:0% +not going to specify right now what the +alternative is that's what the null is + + align:start position:0% +alternative is that's what the null is + + + align:start position:0% +alternative is that's what the null is +in particular this + + align:start position:0% +in particular this + + + align:start position:0% +in particular this +null is actually not of this form it's + + align:start position:0% +null is actually not of this form it's + + + align:start position:0% +null is actually not of this form it's +not restricting it to one point it's + + align:start position:0% +not restricting it to one point it's + + + align:start position:0% +not restricting it to one point it's +actually restricting it to an infinite + + align:start position:0% +actually restricting it to an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +actually restricting it to an infinite +amount of points those are all the the + + align:start position:0% +amount of points those are all the the + + + align:start position:0% +amount of points those are all the the +vectors of the form Theta 1 one + + align:start position:0% +vectors of the form Theta 1 one + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of the form Theta 1 one +2 right for all Theta + + align:start position:0% +2 right for all Theta + + + align:start position:0% +2 right for all Theta +1 and say + + align:start position:0% +1 and say + + + align:start position:0% +1 and say +R okay that's a lot of vectors and so + + align:start position:0% +R okay that's a lot of vectors and so + + + align:start position:0% +R okay that's a lot of vectors and so +it's certainly not like it's equal to + + align:start position:0% +it's certainly not like it's equal to + + + align:start position:0% +it's certainly not like it's equal to +one specific Vector + + align:start position:0% +one specific Vector + + + align:start position:0% +one specific Vector +okay so now what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I'm going to do is I'm +actually going to look at the maximum + + align:start position:0% +actually going to look at the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to look at the maximum +likelihood + + align:start position:0% +likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood +estimator and I'm going to say well the + + align:start position:0% +estimator and I'm going to say well the + + + align:start position:0% +estimator and I'm going to say well the +maximum lik estimator regardless of + + align:start position:0% +maximum lik estimator regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +maximum lik estimator regardless of +anything is going to be close to reality + + align:start position:0% +anything is going to be close to reality + + + align:start position:0% +anything is going to be close to reality +right now if you actually tell me ahead + + align:start position:0% +right now if you actually tell me ahead + + + align:start position:0% +right now if you actually tell me ahead +of time that the true parameter is of + + align:start position:0% +of time that the true parameter is of + + + align:start position:0% +of time that the true parameter is of +this form I'm not going to maximize over + + align:start position:0% +this form I'm not going to maximize over + + + align:start position:0% +this form I'm not going to maximize over +all three coordinates of theta I'm just + + align:start position:0% +all three coordinates of theta I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +all three coordinates of theta I'm just +going to say well I might as well just + + align:start position:0% +going to say well I might as well just + + + align:start position:0% +going to say well I might as well just +set one to uh the second one to one the + + align:start position:0% +set one to uh the second one to one the + + + align:start position:0% +set one to uh the second one to one the +second one to two the third one to two + + align:start position:0% +second one to two the third one to two + + + align:start position:0% +second one to two the third one to two +sorry and just optimize over this guy + + align:start position:0% +sorry and just optimize over this guy + + + align:start position:0% +sorry and just optimize over this guy +right so effectively you can say if + + align:start position:0% +right so effectively you can say if + + + align:start position:0% +right so effectively you can say if +you're telling me that this is the + + align:start position:0% +you're telling me that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +you're telling me that this is the +reality I can compute a constrained + + align:start position:0% +reality I can compute a constrained + + + align:start position:0% +reality I can compute a constrained +maximum lik estimator which is + + align:start position:0% +maximum lik estimator which is + + + align:start position:0% +maximum lik estimator which is +constrained to look like what you think + + align:start position:0% +constrained to look like what you think + + + align:start position:0% +constrained to look like what you think +reality + + align:start position:0% +reality + + + align:start position:0% +reality +is so this is what the maximum + + align:start position:0% +is so this is what the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +is so this is what the maximum +likelihood estimator is that's the one + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimator is that's the one + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimator is that's the one +that's maximizing say here the log + + align:start position:0% +that's maximizing say here the log + + + align:start position:0% +that's maximizing say here the log +likelihood over the entire space of + + align:start position:0% +likelihood over the entire space of + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood over the entire space of +candidate vectors of candidate + + align:start position:0% +candidate vectors of candidate + + + align:start position:0% +candidate vectors of candidate +parameters but this partial one this is + + align:start position:0% +parameters but this partial one this is + + + align:start position:0% +parameters but this partial one this is +the constraint M that's the one that's + + align:start position:0% +the constraint M that's the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +the constraint M that's the one that's +actually not maximizing over all thetas + + align:start position:0% +actually not maximizing over all thetas + + + align:start position:0% +actually not maximizing over all thetas +but only over the thetas that are + + align:start position:0% +but only over the thetas that are + + + align:start position:0% +but only over the thetas that are +plausible in the den + + align:start position:0% +plausible in the den + + + align:start position:0% +plausible in the den +hypothesis okay so in + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis okay so in +particular what can I + + align:start position:0% +particular what can I + + + align:start position:0% +particular what can I +say if I look at Ln of this constraint + + align:start position:0% +say if I look at Ln of this constraint + + + align:start position:0% +say if I look at Ln of this constraint +thing Theta hats n c compar compared to + + align:start position:0% +thing Theta hats n c compar compared to + + + align:start position:0% +thing Theta hats n c compar compared to +Ln Theta hat let's say n + + align:start position:0% +Ln Theta hat let's say n + + + align:start position:0% +Ln Theta hat let's say n +m so we know which one we which one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bigger the first one is bigger so what's + + align:start position:0% +bigger the first one is bigger so what's + + + align:start position:0% +bigger the first one is bigger so what's +the the so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why so the second one is maximized over + + align:start position:0% +why so the second one is maximized over + + + align:start position:0% +why so the second one is maximized over +larger + + align:start position:0% +larger + + + align:start position:0% +larger +space right so the the first one so I + + align:start position:0% +space right so the the first one so I + + + align:start position:0% +space right so the the first one so I +have this all of theta which are all the + + align:start position:0% +have this all of theta which are all the + + + align:start position:0% +have this all of theta which are all the +parameters I can take and let's say + + align:start position:0% +parameters I can take and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +parameters I can take and let's say +Theta zero is this guy I'm maximizing a + + align:start position:0% +Theta zero is this guy I'm maximizing a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta zero is this guy I'm maximizing a +function over all this thing so if the + + align:start position:0% +function over all this thing so if the + + + align:start position:0% +function over all this thing so if the +true maximum is this here then the two + + align:start position:0% +true maximum is this here then the two + + + align:start position:0% +true maximum is this here then the two +things are equal but if the maximum is + + align:start position:0% +things are equal but if the maximum is + + + align:start position:0% +things are equal but if the maximum is +on this side then the one on the right + + align:start position:0% +on this side then the one on the right + + + align:start position:0% +on this side then the one on the right +is actually going to be larger right I'm + + align:start position:0% +is actually going to be larger right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is actually going to be larger right I'm +maximizing over a bigger space so this + + align:start position:0% +maximizing over a bigger space so this + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing over a bigger space so this +guy has to be less than this + + align:start position:0% +guy has to be less than this + + + align:start position:0% +guy has to be less than this +guy okay so maybe it's not easy to see + + align:start position:0% +guy okay so maybe it's not easy to see + + + align:start position:0% +guy okay so maybe it's not easy to see +so let's say that this is Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this + + align:start position:0% +and this + + + align:start position:0% +and this +is Theta 0 and now I have a + + align:start position:0% +is Theta 0 and now I have a + + + align:start position:0% +is Theta 0 and now I have a +function the + + align:start position:0% +function the + + + align:start position:0% +function the +maximum over theta0 is this guy here but + + align:start position:0% +maximum over theta0 is this guy here but + + + align:start position:0% +maximum over theta0 is this guy here but +the maximum over the entire space is + + align:start position:0% +the maximum over the entire space is + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum over the entire space is +here okay so the maximum of a larger + + align:start position:0% +here okay so the maximum of a larger + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so the maximum of a larger +space has to be larger than the maximum + + align:start position:0% +space has to be larger than the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +space has to be larger than the maximum +of a a smaller space they can be equal + + align:start position:0% +of a a smaller space they can be equal + + + align:start position:0% +of a a smaller space they can be equal +but uh the one the other one the bigger + + align:start position:0% +but uh the one the other one the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +but uh the one the other one the bigger +one the one in the bigger space can be + + align:start position:0% +one the one in the bigger space can be + + + align:start position:0% +one the one in the bigger space can be +bigger however if my true + + align:start position:0% +bigger however if my true + + + align:start position:0% +bigger however if my true +Theta actually did belong to Theta 0 if + + align:start position:0% +Theta actually did belong to Theta 0 if + + + align:start position:0% +Theta actually did belong to Theta 0 if +h0 was + + align:start position:0% +h0 was + + + align:start position:0% +h0 was +true what would happen well if theta0 is + + align:start position:0% +true what would happen well if theta0 is + + + align:start position:0% +true what would happen well if theta0 is +true then Theta is in Theta 0er and + + align:start position:0% +true then Theta is in Theta 0er and + + + align:start position:0% +true then Theta is in Theta 0er and +since the maximum likelihood should be + + align:start position:0% +since the maximum likelihood should be + + + align:start position:0% +since the maximum likelihood should be +close to Theta it should be the case + + align:start position:0% +close to Theta it should be the case + + + align:start position:0% +close to Theta it should be the case +that those two things should be pretty + + align:start position:0% +that those two things should be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that those two things should be pretty +similar I should be in a case not in + + align:start position:0% +similar I should be in a case not in + + + align:start position:0% +similar I should be in a case not in +this kind of thing but more in this kind + + align:start position:0% +this kind of thing but more in this kind + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of thing but more in this kind +of position where the true maximum is + + align:start position:0% +of position where the true maximum is + + + align:start position:0% +of position where the true maximum is +actually rained at Theta zero and in + + align:start position:0% +actually rained at Theta zero and in + + + align:start position:0% +actually rained at Theta zero and in +this case they're actually of the same + + align:start position:0% +this case they're actually of the same + + + align:start position:0% +this case they're actually of the same +size those two + + align:start position:0% +size those two + + + align:start position:0% +size those two +things if it's not true then I'm going + + align:start position:0% +things if it's not true then I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +things if it's not true then I'm going +to see a discrepancy between the two + + align:start position:0% +to see a discrepancy between the two + + + align:start position:0% +to see a discrepancy between the two +guys okay so my test is going to be + + align:start position:0% +guys okay so my test is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +guys okay so my test is going to be +built on this intuition that if h0 is + + align:start position:0% +built on this intuition that if h0 is + + + align:start position:0% +built on this intuition that if h0 is +true the values of the likelihood at + + align:start position:0% +true the values of the likelihood at + + + align:start position:0% +true the values of the likelihood at +Theta hat mle and that the constraint + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat mle and that the constraint + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat mle and that the constraint +mle should be pretty much the same but + + align:start position:0% +mle should be pretty much the same but + + + align:start position:0% +mle should be pretty much the same but +if Theta hat if it's not true then the + + align:start position:0% +if Theta hat if it's not true then the + + + align:start position:0% +if Theta hat if it's not true then the +the likelihood of the mle should be much + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood of the mle should be much + + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood of the mle should be much +larger than the mle of the constrained + + align:start position:0% +larger than the mle of the constrained + + + align:start position:0% +larger than the mle of the constrained +mle that the likelihood of the + + align:start position:0% +mle that the likelihood of the + + + align:start position:0% +mle that the likelihood of the +constraint ml + + align:start position:0% +constraint ml + + + align:start position:0% +constraint ml +okay and this is exactly what this test + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is exactly what this test + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is exactly what this test +is doing so that's the likelihood ratio + + align:start position:0% +is doing so that's the likelihood ratio + + + align:start position:0% +is doing so that's the likelihood ratio +test so rather than looking at the uh + + align:start position:0% +test so rather than looking at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +test so rather than looking at the uh +ratio of the likelihoods we look at the + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the likelihoods we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the likelihoods we look at the +difference of the log likelihoods which + + align:start position:0% +difference of the log likelihoods which + + + align:start position:0% +difference of the log likelihoods which +is really the same thing and there's + + align:start position:0% +is really the same thing and there's + + + align:start position:0% +is really the same thing and there's +some weird uh normalization Factor two + + align:start position:0% +some weird uh normalization Factor two + + + align:start position:0% +some weird uh normalization Factor two +that shows up here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is what we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so if I look at the likelihood ratio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test so it's looking at two times Ln of + + align:start position:0% +test so it's looking at two times Ln of + + + align:start position:0% +test so it's looking at two times Ln of +theta hat + + align:start position:0% +theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +theta hat +mle minus l n of theta hat mle + + align:start position:0% +mle minus l n of theta hat mle + + + align:start position:0% +mle minus l n of theta hat mle +constrained and this is actually the + + align:start position:0% +constrained and this is actually the + + + align:start position:0% +constrained and this is actually the +test statistic so we've + + align:start position:0% +test statistic so we've + + + align:start position:0% +test statistic so we've +actually decided that this test + + align:start position:0% +actually decided that this test + + + align:start position:0% +actually decided that this test +statistic is + + align:start position:0% +statistic is + + + align:start position:0% +statistic is +what it's not negative right we've also + + align:start position:0% +what it's not negative right we've also + + + align:start position:0% +what it's not negative right we've also +decided that it should be close to zero + + align:start position:0% +decided that it should be close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +decided that it should be close to zero +if H Zer is true and of course then + + align:start position:0% +if H Zer is true and of course then + + + align:start position:0% +if H Zer is true and of course then +maybe far from zero if H zero is not + + align:start position:0% +maybe far from zero if H zero is not + + + align:start position:0% +maybe far from zero if H zero is not +true right so what should be the natural + + align:start position:0% +true right so what should be the natural + + + align:start position:0% +true right so what should be the natural +test based on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +TN let me just check that it's + + align:start position:0% +TN let me just check that it's + + + align:start position:0% +TN let me just check that it's +uh well it's already there so the + + align:start position:0% +uh well it's already there so the + + + align:start position:0% +uh well it's already there so the +natural test is something that looks + + align:start position:0% +natural test is something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +natural test is something that looks +like indicator that TN is larger than + + align:start position:0% +like indicator that TN is larger than + + + align:start position:0% +like indicator that TN is larger than +C right and you should say well again I + + align:start position:0% +C right and you should say well again I + + + align:start position:0% +C right and you should say well again I +mean you know we just did that right it + + align:start position:0% +mean you know we just did that right it + + + align:start position:0% +mean you know we just did that right it +is basically the same thing that we just + + align:start position:0% +is basically the same thing that we just + + + align:start position:0% +is basically the same thing that we just +did agreed but the TN now is different + + align:start position:0% +did agreed but the TN now is different + + + align:start position:0% +did agreed but the TN now is different +the TN is the difference of log + + align:start position:0% +the TN is the difference of log + + + align:start position:0% +the TN is the difference of log +likelihoods whereas before the TN was + + align:start position:0% +likelihoods whereas before the TN was + + + align:start position:0% +likelihoods whereas before the TN was +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +uh uh Theta hat minus Theta KN + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Theta hat minus Theta KN + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Theta hat minus Theta KN +transpose identity a Fisher information + + align:start position:0% +transpose identity a Fisher information + + + align:start position:0% +transpose identity a Fisher information +Matrix Theta hat minus Theta and this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix Theta hat minus Theta and this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix Theta hat minus Theta and this +there's no reason why this guy should be + + align:start position:0% +there's no reason why this guy should be + + + align:start position:0% +there's no reason why this guy should be +of the same form now if I have a + + align:start position:0% +of the same form now if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +of the same form now if I have a +gaussian model you can check that those + + align:start position:0% +gaussian model you can check that those + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian model you can check that those +two things are actually exactly the + + align:start position:0% +two things are actually exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +two things are actually exactly the +same right but otherwise they don't have + + align:start position:0% +same right but otherwise they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +same right but otherwise they don't have +any reason to be and now what's + + align:start position:0% +any reason to be and now what's + + + align:start position:0% +any reason to be and now what's +happening is that under some technical + + align:start position:0% +happening is that under some technical + + + align:start position:0% +happening is that under some technical +conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions +if h0 is true so now what happens is + + align:start position:0% +if h0 is true so now what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +if h0 is true so now what happens is +that so if I want to calibrate C what I + + align:start position:0% +that so if I want to calibrate C what I + + + align:start position:0% +that so if I want to calibrate C what I +need to do is to look at what is the + + align:start position:0% +need to do is to look at what is the + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is to look at what is the +value of what is the c such that this + + align:start position:0% +value of what is the c such that this + + + align:start position:0% +value of what is the c such that this +guy is equal to Alpha and that's for the + + align:start position:0% +guy is equal to Alpha and that's for the + + + align:start position:0% +guy is equal to Alpha and that's for the +distribution of + + align:start position:0% +distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +under the null + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but there's not only one right the + + align:start position:0% +right but there's not only one right the + + + align:start position:0% +right but there's not only one right the +null hypothesis here was actually + + align:start position:0% +null hypothesis here was actually + + + align:start position:0% +null hypothesis here was actually +uh just a family of things right it was + + align:start position:0% +uh just a family of things right it was + + + align:start position:0% +uh just a family of things right it was +not just one vector it was an entire + + align:start position:0% +not just one vector it was an entire + + + align:start position:0% +not just one vector it was an entire +family of vectors just like in this + + align:start position:0% +family of vectors just like in this + + + align:start position:0% +family of vectors just like in this +example so if I want my type 1 error to + + align:start position:0% +example so if I want my type 1 error to + + + align:start position:0% +example so if I want my type 1 error to +be constrained over the entire space + + align:start position:0% +be constrained over the entire space + + + align:start position:0% +be constrained over the entire space +what I need to make sure of is that the + + align:start position:0% +what I need to make sure of is that the + + + align:start position:0% +what I need to make sure of is that the +maximum overall Theta in Theta KN is + + align:start position:0% +maximum overall Theta in Theta KN is + + + align:start position:0% +maximum overall Theta in Theta KN is +actually equal to + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to +Alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay agree yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh not + + align:start position:0% +so uh not + + + align:start position:0% +so uh not +equal uh in this case uh it's going to + + align:start position:0% +equal uh in this case uh it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +equal uh in this case uh it's going to +be not equal I mean it can really be + + align:start position:0% +be not equal I mean it can really be + + + align:start position:0% +be not equal I mean it can really be +anything you want it's just you're going + + align:start position:0% +anything you want it's just you're going + + + align:start position:0% +anything you want it's just you're going +to have a different type to error um + + align:start position:0% +to have a different type to error um + + + align:start position:0% +to have a different type to error um +because here we're sort of like stuck in + + align:start position:0% +because here we're sort of like stuck in + + + align:start position:0% +because here we're sort of like stuck in +a corner we built this T it has to be + + align:start position:0% +a corner we built this T it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +a corner we built this T it has to be +smaller than the null and whatever the + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the null and whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the null and whatever the +null not the null is we just hope that + + align:start position:0% +null not the null is we just hope that + + + align:start position:0% +null not the null is we just hope that +it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be +large so even if I tell you what the + + align:start position:0% +large so even if I tell you what the + + + align:start position:0% +large so even if I tell you what the +alternative is you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +alternative is you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +alternative is you're not going to +change anything about the + + align:start position:0% +change anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +change anything about the +procedure okay so here Q Alpha so what I + + align:start position:0% +procedure okay so here Q Alpha so what I + + + align:start position:0% +procedure okay so here Q Alpha so what I +need to know is that if h0 is true then + + align:start position:0% +need to know is that if h0 is true then + + + align:start position:0% +need to know is that if h0 is true then +TN in this case actually converges to uh + + align:start position:0% +TN in this case actually converges to uh + + + align:start position:0% +TN in this case actually converges to uh +some K Square distribution and now here + + align:start position:0% +some K Square distribution and now here + + + align:start position:0% +some K Square distribution and now here +the number of degrees of freedom is kind + + align:start position:0% +the number of degrees of freedom is kind + + + align:start position:0% +the number of degrees of freedom is kind +of weird right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but actually what it should tell you is + + align:start position:0% +but actually what it should tell you is + + + align:start position:0% +but actually what it should tell you is +oh finally I know what you call this + + align:start position:0% +oh finally I know what you call this + + + align:start position:0% +oh finally I know what you call this +parameter degrees of freedom rather than + + align:start position:0% +parameter degrees of freedom rather than + + + align:start position:0% +parameter degrees of freedom rather than +Dimension or I just the parameter it's + + align:start position:0% +Dimension or I just the parameter it's + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension or I just the parameter it's +because here what we did is we actually + + align:start position:0% +because here what we did is we actually + + + align:start position:0% +because here what we did is we actually +pinned down + + align:start position:0% +pinned down + + + align:start position:0% +pinned down +everything uh but uh + + align:start position:0% +everything uh but uh + + + align:start position:0% +everything uh but uh +R so sorry we pinned down everything but + + align:start position:0% +R so sorry we pinned down everything but + + + align:start position:0% +R so sorry we pinned down everything but +our coordinates of this thing right + + align:start position:0% +our coordinates of this thing right + + + align:start position:0% +our coordinates of this thing right +and so uh now I'm actually wondering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why did I make a mistake + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I think this should be a k square + + align:start position:0% +here I think this should be a k square + + + align:start position:0% +here I think this should be a k square +with r degrees of freedom uh let me uh + + align:start position:0% +with r degrees of freedom uh let me uh + + + align:start position:0% +with r degrees of freedom uh let me uh +let me check and send you an update + + align:start position:0% +let me check and send you an update + + + align:start position:0% +let me check and send you an update +about this because uh the number of + + align:start position:0% +about this because uh the number of + + + align:start position:0% +about this because uh the number of +degrees of freedom if you talk to normal + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom if you talk to normal + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom if you talk to normal +people They will tell tell you that here + + align:start position:0% +people They will tell tell you that here + + + align:start position:0% +people They will tell tell you that here +the number of degrees of freedom is R + + align:start position:0% +the number of degrees of freedom is R + + + align:start position:0% +the number of degrees of freedom is R +right this is what's allowed to move and + + align:start position:0% +right this is what's allowed to move and + + + align:start position:0% +right this is what's allowed to move and +that's what's called a degrees of + + align:start position:0% +that's what's called a degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's called a degrees of +freedom the rest is pinned down to being + + align:start position:0% +freedom the rest is pinned down to being + + + align:start position:0% +freedom the rest is pinned down to being +something so here this K Square should + + align:start position:0% +something so here this K Square should + + + align:start position:0% +something so here this K Square should +be a k squ r okay and that's something + + align:start position:0% +be a k squ r okay and that's something + + + align:start position:0% +be a k squ r okay and that's something +you just have to believe me anybody + + align:start position:0% +you just have to believe me anybody + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to believe me anybody +guess what theorem is going to tell me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this well in some cases is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this well in some cases is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this well in some cases is going to be +cockr there okay there's something that + + align:start position:0% +cockr there okay there's something that + + + align:start position:0% +cockr there okay there's something that +tells me that things work now here I + + align:start position:0% +tells me that things work now here I + + + align:start position:0% +tells me that things work now here I +used a very specific spefic form of uh + + align:start position:0% +used a very specific spefic form of uh + + + align:start position:0% +used a very specific spefic form of uh +uh the null alternative and so for those + + align:start position:0% +uh the null alternative and so for those + + + align:start position:0% +uh the null alternative and so for those +of you who are sort of familiar with + + align:start position:0% +of you who are sort of familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +of you who are sort of familiar with +linear algebra what I did here is a h0 + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra what I did here is a h0 + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra what I did here is a h0 +consist in saying that Theta belongs to + + align:start position:0% +consist in saying that Theta belongs to + + + align:start position:0% +consist in saying that Theta belongs to +a r dimensional linear space right it's + + align:start position:0% +a r dimensional linear space right it's + + + align:start position:0% +a r dimensional linear space right it's +actually here the r dimensional linear + + align:start position:0% +actually here the r dimensional linear + + + align:start position:0% +actually here the r dimensional linear +space of vectors that have the first R + + align:start position:0% +space of vectors that have the first R + + + align:start position:0% +space of vectors that have the first R +coordinates that can move and the last + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that can move and the last + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that can move and the last +uh um uh coordinates that are fixed to + + align:start position:0% +uh um uh coordinates that are fixed to + + + align:start position:0% +uh um uh coordinates that are fixed to +some number okay actually it's a space + + align:start position:0% +some number okay actually it's a space + + + align:start position:0% +some number okay actually it's a space +because it doesn't necessarily go + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't necessarily go + + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't necessarily go +through zero and so I have this a fine + + align:start position:0% +through zero and so I have this a fine + + + align:start position:0% +through zero and so I have this a fine +space that has Dimension R and if I were + + align:start position:0% +space that has Dimension R and if I were + + + align:start position:0% +space that has Dimension R and if I were +to constrain it to any other R + + align:start position:0% +to constrain it to any other R + + + align:start position:0% +to constrain it to any other R +dimensional space that would be exactly + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space that would be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space that would be exactly +the same thing and so to do that + + align:start position:0% +the same thing and so to do that + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing and so to do that +essentially what you need to do is to + + align:start position:0% +essentially what you need to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what you need to do is to +say if I take any Matrix that say + + align:start position:0% +say if I take any Matrix that say + + + align:start position:0% +say if I take any Matrix that say +invertible let's call it U and then I + + align:start position:0% +invertible let's call it U and then I + + + align:start position:0% +invertible let's call it U and then I +just say I want so h0 is going to be + + align:start position:0% +just say I want so h0 is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +just say I want so h0 is going to be +something like U is of the form U + + align:start position:0% +something like U is of the form U + + + align:start position:0% +something like U is of the form U +times Theta + + align:start position:0% +times Theta + + + align:start position:0% +times Theta +and now I look only at the + + align:start position:0% +and now I look only at the + + + align:start position:0% +and now I look only at the +coordinates uh r + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates uh r + + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates uh r + +one to D then I want to fix those guys + + align:start position:0% +one to D then I want to fix those guys + + + align:start position:0% +one to D then I want to fix those guys +to some numbers so let's call them I + + align:start position:0% +to some numbers so let's call them I + + + align:start position:0% +to some numbers so let's call them I +want to call them Theta so let's call + + align:start position:0% +want to call them Theta so let's call + + + align:start position:0% +want to call them Theta so let's call +them to so it's going to be to r+ one + + align:start position:0% +them to so it's going to be to r+ one + + + align:start position:0% +them to so it's going to be to r+ one +all the way to T D okay so this is not + + align:start position:0% +all the way to T D okay so this is not + + + align:start position:0% +all the way to T D okay so this is not +part of the requirements but just so you + + align:start position:0% +part of the requirements but just so you + + + align:start position:0% +part of the requirements but just so you +know it's really not a matter of keeping + + align:start position:0% +know it's really not a matter of keeping + + + align:start position:0% +know it's really not a matter of keeping +only some coordinates really what + + align:start position:0% +only some coordinates really what + + + align:start position:0% +only some coordinates really what +matters is the the the dimension in the + + align:start position:0% +matters is the the the dimension in the + + + align:start position:0% +matters is the the the dimension in the +sense of linear Subspace + + align:start position:0% +sense of linear Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +sense of linear Subspace +of the problem and that's what + + align:start position:0% +of the problem and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem and that's what +determines what your degrees of freedoms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are okay so now that we know what the + + align:start position:0% +are okay so now that we know what the + + + align:start position:0% +are okay so now that we know what the +ASM totic distribution is under the null + + align:start position:0% +ASM totic distribution is under the null + + + align:start position:0% +ASM totic distribution is under the null +then we know basically uh that uh we + + align:start position:0% +then we know basically uh that uh we + + + align:start position:0% +then we know basically uh that uh we +have uh we know how to control we know + + align:start position:0% +have uh we know how to control we know + + + align:start position:0% +have uh we know how to control we know +how to which table we need to pick our Q + + align:start position:0% +how to which table we need to pick our Q + + + align:start position:0% +how to which table we need to pick our Q +Alpha from and here again the table is a + + align:start position:0% +Alpha from and here again the table is a + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha from and here again the table is a +k Square table but here the number of + + align:start position:0% +k Square table but here the number of + + + align:start position:0% +k Square table but here the number of +degrees of freom is this weird uh D + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freom is this weird uh D + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freom is this weird uh D +minus r degrees of Freedom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing I just said it was + + align:start position:0% +thing I just said it was + + + align:start position:0% +thing I just said it was +R + + align:start position:0% +R + + + align:start position:0% +R +uh I'm just checking actually if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm yeah it's R it's definitely + + align:start position:0% +I'm yeah it's R it's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +I'm yeah it's R it's definitely +R okay and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so here we've made + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we've made + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we've made +tests we're testing if our our parameter + + align:start position:0% +tests we're testing if our our parameter + + + align:start position:0% +tests we're testing if our our parameter +Theta was explicitly in some set or not + + align:start position:0% +Theta was explicitly in some set or not + + + align:start position:0% +Theta was explicitly in some set or not +was it explicitly by explicitly I mean + + align:start position:0% +was it explicitly by explicitly I mean + + + align:start position:0% +was it explicitly by explicitly I mean +we're saying is Theta like this or Theta + + align:start position:0% +we're saying is Theta like this or Theta + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying is Theta like this or Theta +not like this is Theta equal to Theta + + align:start position:0% +not like this is Theta equal to Theta + + + align:start position:0% +not like this is Theta equal to Theta +not or Theta not equal to Theta not are + + align:start position:0% +not or Theta not equal to Theta not are + + + align:start position:0% +not or Theta not equal to Theta not are +the uh last coordinates of theta equal + + align:start position:0% +the uh last coordinates of theta equal + + + align:start position:0% +the uh last coordinates of theta equal +to those fixed numbers or are they not + + align:start position:0% +to those fixed numbers or are they not + + + align:start position:0% +to those fixed numbers or are they not +right it was something that was stating + + align:start position:0% +right it was something that was stating + + + align:start position:0% +right it was something that was stating +directly about data but there's going to + + align:start position:0% +directly about data but there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +directly about data but there's going to +be some instances where you actually + + align:start position:0% +be some instances where you actually + + + align:start position:0% +be some instances where you actually +want to test something about a function + + align:start position:0% +want to test something about a function + + + align:start position:0% +want to test something about a function +of theta not Theta itself for example is + + align:start position:0% +of theta not Theta itself for example is + + + align:start position:0% +of theta not Theta itself for example is +the difference between the first + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the first + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the first +coordinate of theta and the second + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of theta and the second + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of theta and the second +coordinate of theta positive right + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of theta positive right + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of theta positive right +that's definitely something you might + + align:start position:0% +that's definitely something you might + + + align:start position:0% +that's definitely something you might +want to test because maybe Theta one is + + align:start position:0% +want to test because maybe Theta one is + + + align:start position:0% +want to test because maybe Theta one is +uh okay let me try to think of some good + + align:start position:0% +uh okay let me try to think of some good + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay let me try to think of some good +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh I don't know maybe Theta one is your + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know maybe Theta one is your + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know maybe Theta one is your +drawing accuracy with the right hand and + + align:start position:0% +drawing accuracy with the right hand and + + + align:start position:0% +drawing accuracy with the right hand and +Theta 2 is the drawing accuracy with the + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 is the drawing accuracy with the + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 is the drawing accuracy with the +left hand and I'm actually collecting + + align:start position:0% +left hand and I'm actually collecting + + + align:start position:0% +left hand and I'm actually collecting +data for on the young children to be + + align:start position:0% +data for on the young children to be + + + align:start position:0% +data for on the young children to be +able to test early on whether they're + + align:start position:0% +able to test early on whether they're + + + align:start position:0% +able to test early on whether they're +going to be left-handed or right-handed + + align:start position:0% +going to be left-handed or right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +going to be left-handed or right-handed +for example okay and so I want to just + + align:start position:0% +for example okay and so I want to just + + + align:start position:0% +for example okay and so I want to just +compare those two uh with respect to + + align:start position:0% +compare those two uh with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +compare those two uh with respect to +each other but I don't necessarily need + + align:start position:0% +each other but I don't necessarily need + + + align:start position:0% +each other but I don't necessarily need +to know what the absolute score for this + + align:start position:0% +to know what the absolute score for this + + + align:start position:0% +to know what the absolute score for this +handwriting uh skills are okay so + + align:start position:0% +handwriting uh skills are okay so + + + align:start position:0% +handwriting uh skills are okay so +sometimes it's just interesting to look + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's just interesting to look + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's just interesting to look +at the difference of things or maybe the + + align:start position:0% +at the difference of things or maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +at the difference of things or maybe the +sum say the combined effect maybe this + + align:start position:0% +sum say the combined effect maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +sum say the combined effect maybe this +is my you know two measurements of blood + + align:start position:0% +is my you know two measurements of blood + + + align:start position:0% +is my you know two measurements of blood +pressure and I just want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +pressure and I just want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and I just want to talk about +the average blood pressure and so I can + + align:start position:0% +the average blood pressure and so I can + + + align:start position:0% +the average blood pressure and so I can +make a linear combination of those two + + align:start position:0% +make a linear combination of those two + + + align:start position:0% +make a linear combination of those two +and so those things implicitly depend on + + align:start position:0% +and so those things implicitly depend on + + + align:start position:0% +and so those things implicitly depend on +Theta and so I can + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so I can + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so I can +generically you know encapsulate them in + + align:start position:0% +generically you know encapsulate them in + + + align:start position:0% +generically you know encapsulate them in +some test of the form G of theta is + + align:start position:0% +some test of the form G of theta is + + + align:start position:0% +some test of the form G of theta is +equal to zero versus G of theta is not + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero versus G of theta is not + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero versus G of theta is not +equal to zero and sometimes in the first + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and sometimes in the first + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and sometimes in the first +test that we saw G of theta was just the + + align:start position:0% +test that we saw G of theta was just the + + + align:start position:0% +test that we saw G of theta was just the +identity right or maybe the identity + + align:start position:0% +identity right or maybe the identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity right or maybe the identity +minus5 right if G of theta is Theta + + align:start position:0% +minus5 right if G of theta is Theta + + + align:start position:0% +minus5 right if G of theta is Theta +minus5 that's exactly what we've been + + align:start position:0% +minus5 that's exactly what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +minus5 that's exactly what we've been +testing G of theta is Theta minus 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +testing G of theta is Theta minus 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +testing G of theta is Theta minus 0.5 +and Theta is p the parameter of uh of a + + align:start position:0% +and Theta is p the parameter of uh of a + + + align:start position:0% +and Theta is p the parameter of uh of a +a coin this is exactly of this form so + + align:start position:0% +a coin this is exactly of this form so + + + align:start position:0% +a coin this is exactly of this form so +this is a simple one but then there's + + align:start position:0% +this is a simple one but then there's + + + align:start position:0% +this is a simple one but then there's +more complicated ones we can think of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right + + align:start position:0% +okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right +so now how can I do this well let's just + + align:start position:0% +so now how can I do this well let's just + + + align:start position:0% +so now how can I do this well let's just +follow our recipe everything we did was + + align:start position:0% +follow our recipe everything we did was + + + align:start position:0% +follow our recipe everything we did was +to try so we Trace back we were trying + + align:start position:0% +to try so we Trace back we were trying + + + align:start position:0% +to try so we Trace back we were trying +to build a test distribution that was a + + align:start position:0% +to build a test distribution that was a + + + align:start position:0% +to build a test distribution that was a +test statistic which was pivotal right + + align:start position:0% +test statistic which was pivotal right + + + align:start position:0% +test statistic which was pivotal right +we wanted to have this thing that had no + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to have this thing that had no + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to have this thing that had no +nothing that depending on the on the + + align:start position:0% +nothing that depending on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing that depending on the on the +parameter and the only thing we had for + + align:start position:0% +parameter and the only thing we had for + + + align:start position:0% +parameter and the only thing we had for +that that we built even our K Square + + align:start position:0% +that that we built even our K Square + + + align:start position:0% +that that we built even our K Square +test on is basically some form of + + align:start position:0% +test on is basically some form of + + + align:start position:0% +test on is basically some form of +central limit theorem maybe it's for the + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem maybe it's for the + + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem maybe it's for the +maximum likelihood estimator maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimator maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimator maybe it's +for the average but it's basically some + + align:start position:0% +for the average but it's basically some + + + align:start position:0% +for the average but it's basically some +form of asymptotic normality of the + + align:start position:0% +form of asymptotic normality of the + + + align:start position:0% +form of asymptotic normality of the +estimator and that's what we started + + align:start position:0% +estimator and that's what we started + + + align:start position:0% +estimator and that's what we started +from every single time so let's assume + + align:start position:0% +from every single time so let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +from every single time so let's assume +that I have this and I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +that I have this and I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +that I have this and I'm going to talk +very abstractly let's assume that I + + align:start position:0% +very abstractly let's assume that I + + + align:start position:0% +very abstractly let's assume that I +start with an estimator doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +start with an estimator doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +start with an estimator doesn't have to +be the mle it doesn't have to be the + + align:start position:0% +be the mle it doesn't have to be the + + + align:start position:0% +be the mle it doesn't have to be the +average but it's just something and I + + align:start position:0% +average but it's just something and I + + + align:start position:0% +average but it's just something and I +know that I have an estimator such that + + align:start position:0% +know that I have an estimator such that + + + align:start position:0% +know that I have an estimator such that +this guy converges in distribution to + + align:start position:0% +this guy converges in distribution to + + + align:start position:0% +this guy converges in distribution to +some n zero and that have some + + align:start position:0% +some n zero and that have some + + + align:start position:0% +some n zero and that have some +covariance Matrix Theta maybe it's not + + align:start position:0% +covariance Matrix Theta maybe it's not + + + align:start position:0% +covariance Matrix Theta maybe it's not +the Fisher information maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +the Fisher information maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +the Fisher information maybe that's +something that's not as good as the mle + + align:start position:0% +something that's not as good as the mle + + + align:start position:0% +something that's not as good as the mle +meaning that this is going to give me + + align:start position:0% +meaning that this is going to give me + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that this is going to give me +less information than the Fisher + + align:start position:0% +less information than the Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +less information than the Fisher +information less + + align:start position:0% +information less + + + align:start position:0% +information less +accuracy and uh now I can actually just + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and uh now I can actually just + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy and uh now I can actually just +say okay if I know this about Theta I + + align:start position:0% +say okay if I know this about Theta I + + + align:start position:0% +say okay if I know this about Theta I +can apply the + + align:start position:0% +can apply the + + + align:start position:0% +can apply the +multivariate uh um the + + align:start position:0% +multivariate uh um the + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate uh um the +multivariate uh um Delta method which + + align:start position:0% +multivariate uh um Delta method which + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate uh um Delta method which +tells me that squ root of n g of theta + + align:start position:0% +tells me that squ root of n g of theta + + + align:start position:0% +tells me that squ root of n g of theta +hat minus G of + + align:start position:0% +hat minus G of + + + align:start position:0% +hat minus G of +theta goes in + + align:start position:0% +theta goes in + + + align:start position:0% +theta goes in +distribution to some n zero and then the + + align:start position:0% +distribution to some n zero and then the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution to some n zero and then the +price to pay in one dimension was paying + + align:start position:0% +price to pay in one dimension was paying + + + align:start position:0% +price to pay in one dimension was paying +multiplying by the square of the + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by the square of the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by the square of the +derivative and we know that in multivari + + align:start position:0% +derivative and we know that in multivari + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and we know that in multivari +dimension it's premultiplying by the + + align:start position:0% +dimension it's premultiplying by the + + + align:start position:0% +dimension it's premultiplying by the +gradient post multiplying by the + + align:start position:0% +gradient post multiplying by the + + + align:start position:0% +gradient post multiplying by the +gradient okay so I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +gradient okay so I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +gradient okay so I'm going to write +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +G of + + align:start position:0% +G of + + + align:start position:0% +G of +theta transpose + + align:start position:0% +theta transpose + + + align:start position:0% +theta transpose +Sigma uh sorry not Delta NAA G of theta + + align:start position:0% +Sigma uh sorry not Delta NAA G of theta + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma uh sorry not Delta NAA G of theta +okay so gradient and here uh I assume + + align:start position:0% +okay so gradient and here uh I assume + + + align:start position:0% +okay so gradient and here uh I assume +that uh G takes values into r k right + + align:start position:0% +that uh G takes values into r k right + + + align:start position:0% +that uh G takes values into r k right +that's what's written here G takes value + + align:start position:0% +that's what's written here G takes value + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's written here G takes value +from D to K but think of K as being one + + align:start position:0% +from D to K but think of K as being one + + + align:start position:0% +from D to K but think of K as being one +for now okay so the gradient is really + + align:start position:0% +for now okay so the gradient is really + + + align:start position:0% +for now okay so the gradient is really +just a vector and not a matrix that's + + align:start position:0% +just a vector and not a matrix that's + + + align:start position:0% +just a vector and not a matrix that's +your usual uh gradient for for you know + + align:start position:0% +your usual uh gradient for for you know + + + align:start position:0% +your usual uh gradient for for you know +real value + + align:start position:0% +real value + + + align:start position:0% +real value +functions okay so effectively if G takes + + align:start position:0% +functions okay so effectively if G takes + + + align:start position:0% +functions okay so effectively if G takes +values in dimension one what is the size + + align:start position:0% +values in dimension one what is the size + + + align:start position:0% +values in dimension one what is the size +of this Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I only ask trivial questions remember + + align:start position:0% +I only ask trivial questions remember + + + align:start position:0% +I only ask trivial questions remember +that's a rule number + + align:start position:0% +that's a rule number + + + align:start position:0% +that's a rule number +one it's one by one right and that's you + + align:start position:0% +one it's one by one right and that's you + + + align:start position:0% +one it's one by one right and that's you +can check it because on this side those + + align:start position:0% +can check it because on this side those + + + align:start position:0% +can check it because on this side those +are just the difference between numbers + + align:start position:0% +are just the difference between numbers + + + align:start position:0% +are just the difference between numbers +and it would be kind of weird if they + + align:start position:0% +and it would be kind of weird if they + + + align:start position:0% +and it would be kind of weird if they +had a coari matrix at the end I mean + + align:start position:0% +had a coari matrix at the end I mean + + + align:start position:0% +had a coari matrix at the end I mean +this is a random variable not a random + + align:start position:0% +this is a random variable not a random + + + align:start position:0% +this is a random variable not a random +Vector okay so I know that this thing + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay so I know that this thing + + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay so I know that this thing +happens and now if I basically divide by + + align:start position:0% +happens and now if I basically divide by + + + align:start position:0% +happens and now if I basically divide by +this square root of this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so for this T this the board I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so for this T this the board I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for this T this the board I'm +I'm working with K is equal to 1 divided + + align:start position:0% +I'm working with K is equal to 1 divided + + + align:start position:0% +I'm working with K is equal to 1 divided +by square root of Delta G of theta + + align:start position:0% +by square root of Delta G of theta + + + align:start position:0% +by square root of Delta G of theta +transpose Sigma Delta NAA sorry G of + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma Delta NAA sorry G of + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma Delta NAA sorry G of +theta um then this + + align:start position:0% +theta um then this + + + align:start position:0% +theta um then this +thing should go to some standard normal + + align:start position:0% +thing should go to some standard normal + + + align:start position:0% +thing should go to some standard normal +random + + align:start position:0% +random + + + align:start position:0% +random +variable right standard normal distrib + + align:start position:0% +variable right standard normal distrib + + + align:start position:0% +variable right standard normal distrib +bution I just divide it by square root + + align:start position:0% +bution I just divide it by square root + + + align:start position:0% +bution I just divide it by square root +of the variance here which is your usual + + align:start position:0% +of the variance here which is your usual + + + align:start position:0% +of the variance here which is your usual +thing now if you do not have a + + align:start position:0% +thing now if you do not have a + + + align:start position:0% +thing now if you do not have a +univariate thing you do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +univariate thing you do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +univariate thing you do the same thing +we did before which is pre multiply by + + align:start position:0% +we did before which is pre multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +we did before which is pre multiply by +The cence Matrix to the negative one2 so + + align:start position:0% +The cence Matrix to the negative one2 so + + + align:start position:0% +The cence Matrix to the negative one2 so +before this role was played by the + + align:start position:0% +before this role was played by the + + + align:start position:0% +before this role was played by the +inverse fer information Matrix that's + + align:start position:0% +inverse fer information Matrix that's + + + align:start position:0% +inverse fer information Matrix that's +why we ended up having I of theta uh to + + align:start position:0% +why we ended up having I of theta uh to + + + align:start position:0% +why we ended up having I of theta uh to +the2 and now we just have this gamma + + align:start position:0% +the2 and now we just have this gamma + + + align:start position:0% +the2 and now we just have this gamma +which is just this function that I wrote + + align:start position:0% +which is just this function that I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +which is just this function that I wrote +up there and could be potentially K by K + + align:start position:0% +up there and could be potentially K by K + + + align:start position:0% +up there and could be potentially K by K +if G takes values into RK + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah the gradient of a vector is + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah the gradient of a vector is + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah the gradient of a vector is +just the vector of it is the vector with + + align:start position:0% +just the vector of it is the vector with + + + align:start position:0% +just the vector of it is the vector with +all the derivatives for with respect to + + align:start position:0% +all the derivatives for with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +all the derivatives for with respect to +each component + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is so you know the word Vector for + + align:start position:0% +is so you know the word Vector for + + + align:start position:0% +is so you know the word Vector for +derivatives but not for vectors I mean + + align:start position:0% +derivatives but not for vectors I mean + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives but not for vectors I mean +the word gradient you use for + + align:start position:0% +the word gradient you use for + + + align:start position:0% +the word gradient you use for +onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional +okay yes derivative in one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimension + + align:start position:0% +dimension + + + align:start position:0% +dimension +okay now of course here you notice + + align:start position:0% +okay now of course here you notice + + + align:start position:0% +okay now of course here you notice +there's something I I actually have a + + align:start position:0% +there's something I I actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +there's something I I actually have a +little caveat + + align:start position:0% +little caveat + + + align:start position:0% +little caveat +here I want this to have rank K right I + + align:start position:0% +here I want this to have rank K right I + + + align:start position:0% +here I want this to have rank K right I +want this to be invertible I want this + + align:start position:0% +want this to be invertible I want this + + + align:start position:0% +want this to be invertible I want this +Matrix to be invertible even for the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to be invertible even for the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to be invertible even for the +Fisher information Matrix I sort of + + align:start position:0% +Fisher information Matrix I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher information Matrix I sort of +needed to be invertible even for the + + align:start position:0% +needed to be invertible even for the + + + align:start position:0% +needed to be invertible even for the +original theorem that was part of my + + align:start position:0% +original theorem that was part of my + + + align:start position:0% +original theorem that was part of my +technical condition just so that I can + + align:start position:0% +technical condition just so that I can + + + align:start position:0% +technical condition just so that I can +actually write fure Inver information + + align:start position:0% +actually write fure Inver information + + + align:start position:0% +actually write fure Inver information +Matrix inverse and so here you can make + + align:start position:0% +Matrix inverse and so here you can make + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix inverse and so here you can make +your life easy and just assume that it's + + align:start position:0% +your life easy and just assume that it's + + + align:start position:0% +your life easy and just assume that it's +true all the time because I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +true all the time because I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +true all the time because I'm actually +writing in a fairly abstract way but in + + align:start position:0% +writing in a fairly abstract way but in + + + align:start position:0% +writing in a fairly abstract way but in +practice we're going to have to check + + align:start position:0% +practice we're going to have to check + + + align:start position:0% +practice we're going to have to check +whether this is going to be true for + + align:start position:0% +whether this is going to be true for + + + align:start position:0% +whether this is going to be true for +specific distributions and we'll see an + + align:start position:0% +specific distributions and we'll see an + + + align:start position:0% +specific distributions and we'll see an +example towards the end of this chapter + + align:start position:0% +example towards the end of this chapter + + + align:start position:0% +example towards the end of this chapter +the multinomial where it's actually not + + align:start position:0% +the multinomial where it's actually not + + + align:start position:0% +the multinomial where it's actually not +the case that the Fisher information + + align:start position:0% +the case that the Fisher information + + + align:start position:0% +the case that the Fisher information +Matrix exists The cence Matrix the SYM + + align:start position:0% +Matrix exists The cence Matrix the SYM + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix exists The cence Matrix the SYM +totic cence Matrix is not invertible so + + align:start position:0% +totic cence Matrix is not invertible so + + + align:start position:0% +totic cence Matrix is not invertible so +it's not the inverse of the Fisher + + align:start position:0% +it's not the inverse of the Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the inverse of the Fisher +information because to be the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +information because to be the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +information because to be the inverse of +someone you need to be about + + align:start position:0% +someone you need to be about + + + align:start position:0% +someone you need to be about +yourself okay and so now what I can do + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay and so now what I can do + + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay and so now what I can do +is apply slutsky right so here what I + + align:start position:0% +is apply slutsky right so here what I + + + align:start position:0% +is apply slutsky right so here what I +needed to have is uh Theta the true + + align:start position:0% +needed to have is uh Theta the true + + + align:start position:0% +needed to have is uh Theta the true +Theta so what I can do is just put some + + align:start position:0% +Theta so what I can do is just put some + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so what I can do is just put some +Theta hat in there and then I'm just uh + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat in there and then I'm just uh + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat in there and then I'm just uh +writing that uh so that's the gamma of + + align:start position:0% +writing that uh so that's the gamma of + + + align:start position:0% +writing that uh so that's the gamma of +theta hat that I see there and if Theta + + align:start position:0% +theta hat that I see there and if Theta + + + align:start position:0% +theta hat that I see there and if Theta +is true then G of theta is equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +is true then G of theta is equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +is true then G of theta is equal to zero +right that's what we assumed that was + + align:start position:0% +right that's what we assumed that was + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what we assumed that was +our Theta knot H knot was that under H + + align:start position:0% +our Theta knot H knot was that under H + + + align:start position:0% +our Theta knot H knot was that under H +zero g of theta is equal to zero so the + + align:start position:0% +zero g of theta is equal to zero so the + + + align:start position:0% +zero g of theta is equal to zero so the +number I need to plug in + + align:start position:0% +number I need to plug in + + + align:start position:0% +number I need to plug in +here I don't need to replace Theta here + + align:start position:0% +here I don't need to replace Theta here + + + align:start position:0% +here I don't need to replace Theta here +what I need to replace here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero now let's go back to what you were + + align:start position:0% +zero now let's go back to what you were + + + align:start position:0% +zero now let's go back to what you were +saying here you could say let me try to + + align:start position:0% +saying here you could say let me try to + + + align:start position:0% +saying here you could say let me try to +replace zero here but there's no such + + align:start position:0% +replace zero here but there's no such + + + align:start position:0% +replace zero here but there's no such +thing there's no G here it's only the + + align:start position:0% +thing there's no G here it's only the + + + align:start position:0% +thing there's no G here it's only the +gradient of G so it's this thing that + + align:start position:0% +gradient of G so it's this thing that + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of G so it's this thing that +says replace Theta by the Theta Zer + + align:start position:0% +says replace Theta by the Theta Zer + + + align:start position:0% +says replace Theta by the Theta Zer +wherever you see it could not work here + + align:start position:0% +wherever you see it could not work here + + + align:start position:0% +wherever you see it could not work here +I could if G was in invertible I could + + align:start position:0% +I could if G was in invertible I could + + + align:start position:0% +I could if G was in invertible I could +just talk I could just say that Theta is + + align:start position:0% +just talk I could just say that Theta is + + + align:start position:0% +just talk I could just say that Theta is +equal to G inverse of Z in the null + + align:start position:0% +equal to G inverse of Z in the null + + + align:start position:0% +equal to G inverse of Z in the null +right and that and then I could plug in + + align:start position:0% +right and that and then I could plug in + + + align:start position:0% +right and that and then I could plug in +that value but in general it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that value but in general it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that value but in general it doesn't +have to be invertible and so and it + + align:start position:0% +have to be invertible and so and it + + + align:start position:0% +have to be invertible and so and it +might be a pain to invert G even right I + + align:start position:0% +might be a pain to invert G even right I + + + align:start position:0% +might be a pain to invert G even right I +mean it's not clear how you can invert + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not clear how you can invert + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not clear how you can invert +all functions like that and so here you + + align:start position:0% +all functions like that and so here you + + + align:start position:0% +all functions like that and so here you +just go with and you say okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +just go with and you say okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +just go with and you say okay I'm +just going to put Thea hat in there but + + align:start position:0% +just going to put Thea hat in there but + + + align:start position:0% +just going to put Thea hat in there but +this guy I know I need to check whether + + align:start position:0% +this guy I know I need to check whether + + + align:start position:0% +this guy I know I need to check whether +it's zero or not okay same recipe we did + + align:start position:0% +it's zero or not okay same recipe we did + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero or not okay same recipe we did +for Theta except we do it for G of theta + + align:start position:0% +for Theta except we do it for G of theta + + + align:start position:0% +for Theta except we do it for G of theta +now okay and now I have my ASM totic + + align:start position:0% +now okay and now I have my ASM totic + + + align:start position:0% +now okay and now I have my ASM totic +thing I want to check I know this is uh + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to check I know this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to check I know this is uh +has a pivotal distribution this might be + + align:start position:0% +has a pivotal distribution this might be + + + align:start position:0% +has a pivotal distribution this might be +a vector so rather than looking at the + + align:start position:0% +a vector so rather than looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +a vector so rather than looking at the +Matrix itself I'm going to actually look + + align:start position:0% +Matrix itself I'm going to actually look + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix itself I'm going to actually look +at the uh Norm rather than looking at + + align:start position:0% +at the uh Norm rather than looking at + + + align:start position:0% +at the uh Norm rather than looking at +the vectors I'm going to look at their + + align:start position:0% +the vectors I'm going to look at their + + + align:start position:0% +the vectors I'm going to look at their +Square Norm that gives me a k square and + + align:start position:0% +Square Norm that gives me a k square and + + + align:start position:0% +Square Norm that gives me a k square and +I reject when my test statistic which is + + align:start position:0% +I reject when my test statistic which is + + + align:start position:0% +I reject when my test statistic which is +the norm squar exceeds the quti of a k + + align:start position:0% +the norm squar exceeds the quti of a k + + + align:start position:0% +the norm squar exceeds the quti of a k +Square same as before just do it on your + + align:start position:0% +Square same as before just do it on your + + + align:start position:0% +Square same as before just do it on your +before we part ways I wanted to just + + align:start position:0% +before we part ways I wanted to just + + + align:start position:0% +before we part ways I wanted to just +mention one thing which is look at this + + align:start position:0% +mention one thing which is look at this + + + align:start position:0% +mention one thing which is look at this +thing if G was of Dimension + + align:start position:0% +thing if G was of Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +thing if G was of Dimension +One the ukle norm in dimension one is + + align:start position:0% +One the ukle norm in dimension one is + + + align:start position:0% +One the ukle norm in dimension one is +just the absolute value of the number + + align:start position:0% +just the absolute value of the number + + + align:start position:0% +just the absolute value of the number +right right which means that when I'm + + align:start position:0% +right right which means that when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right right which means that when I'm +actually Computing this this is actually + + align:start position:0% +actually Computing this this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually Computing this this is actually +so I'm looking at the square so it's the + + align:start position:0% +so I'm looking at the square so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm looking at the square so it's the +square of of of something so it means + + align:start position:0% +square of of of something so it means + + + align:start position:0% +square of of of something so it means +that this is the square of a gaan + + align:start position:0% +that this is the square of a gaan + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the square of a gaan +and it's true that indeed a k square one + + align:start position:0% +and it's true that indeed a k square one + + + align:start position:0% +and it's true that indeed a k square one +is just the square of a + + align:start position:0% +is just the square of a + + + align:start position:0% +is just the square of a +gaan but okay sure this is the topology + + align:start position:0% +gaan but okay sure this is the topology + + + align:start position:0% +gaan but okay sure this is the topology +but let's look at this test now this + + align:start position:0% +but let's look at this test now this + + + align:start position:0% +but let's look at this test now this +test was built using Walt's Theory and + + align:start position:0% +test was built using Walt's Theory and + + + align:start position:0% +test was built using Walt's Theory and +like some you know pretty heavy stuff + + align:start position:0% +like some you know pretty heavy stuff + + + align:start position:0% +like some you know pretty heavy stuff +but now if I start looking at TN and I + + align:start position:0% +but now if I start looking at TN and I + + + align:start position:0% +but now if I start looking at TN and I +think of it as being just the absolute + + align:start position:0% +think of it as being just the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as being just the absolute +value of this quantity over there + + align:start position:0% +value of this quantity over there + + + align:start position:0% +value of this quantity over there +squared what I'm really doing is I'm + + align:start position:0% +squared what I'm really doing is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +squared what I'm really doing is I'm +looking at whether the square of some + + align:start position:0% +looking at whether the square of some + + + align:start position:0% +looking at whether the square of some +gaan EX exceeds the quental of K squ of + + align:start position:0% +gaan EX exceeds the quental of K squ of + + + align:start position:0% +gaan EX exceeds the quental of K squ of +one degree of Freedom which means that + + align:start position:0% +one degree of Freedom which means that + + + align:start position:0% +one degree of Freedom which means that +this thing is actually equivalent + + align:start position:0% +this thing is actually equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is actually equivalent +completely equivalent to the test so if + + align:start position:0% +completely equivalent to the test so if + + + align:start position:0% +completely equivalent to the test so if +K is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one this is completely equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +one this is completely equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +one this is completely equivalent to +looking at the absolute value of + + align:start position:0% +looking at the absolute value of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the absolute value of +something and check whether it's larger + + align:start position:0% +something and check whether it's larger + + + align:start position:0% +something and check whether it's larger +than say Q Alpha over two uh well than Q + + align:start position:0% +than say Q Alpha over two uh well than Q + + + align:start position:0% +than say Q Alpha over two uh well than Q +Alpha uh well that's Q Alpha over two so + + align:start position:0% +Alpha uh well that's Q Alpha over two so + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha uh well that's Q Alpha over two so +that the probity of this thing is + + align:start position:0% +that the probity of this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +that the probity of this thing is +actually equal to Alpha and that's + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to Alpha and that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to Alpha and that's +exactly what we've been doing before + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we've been doing before + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we've been doing before +when we introduced test in the first + + align:start position:0% +when we introduced test in the first + + + align:start position:0% +when we introduced test in the first +place we just took absolute values said + + align:start position:0% +place we just took absolute values said + + + align:start position:0% +place we just took absolute values said +well it's the absolute value of a gaan + + align:start position:0% +well it's the absolute value of a gaan + + + align:start position:0% +well it's the absolute value of a gaan +in the limit and so it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +in the limit and so it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +in the limit and so it's the same thing +so this is actually equivalent to the + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually equivalent to the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually equivalent to the +probability that the norm squared is + + align:start position:0% +probability that the norm squared is + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the norm squared is +larger so that's the K square of some + + align:start position:0% +larger so that's the K square of some + + + align:start position:0% +larger so that's the K square of some +normal and that's the K the Q Alpha of + + align:start position:0% +normal and that's the K the Q Alpha of + + + align:start position:0% +normal and that's the K the Q Alpha of +some um K squ with one degree of Freedom + + align:start position:0% +some um K squ with one degree of Freedom + + + align:start position:0% +some um K squ with one degree of Freedom +those are exactly the two exactly the + + align:start position:0% +those are exactly the two exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +those are exactly the two exactly the +two same + + align:start position:0% +two same + + + align:start position:0% +two same +tests okay so in one dimension those + + align:start position:0% +tests okay so in one dimension those + + + align:start position:0% +tests okay so in one dimension those +things just collapse into one being one + + align:start position:0% +things just collapse into one being one + + + align:start position:0% +things just collapse into one being one +little thing okay and that's because + + align:start position:0% +little thing okay and that's because + + + align:start position:0% +little thing okay and that's because +there's no geometry in one dimension + + align:start position:0% +there's no geometry in one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +there's no geometry in one dimension +it's just one dimension whereas if I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's just one dimension whereas if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's just one dimension whereas if I'm +in higher Dimension then things get + + align:start position:0% +in higher Dimension then things get + + + align:start position:0% +in higher Dimension then things get +distorted and things can become + + align:start position:0% +distorted and things can become + + + align:start position:0% +distorted and things can become +weird Okay so uh \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/R7DmsL-T2Ag.txt b/R7DmsL-T2Ag.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c0edd858adab82482ecff38999b5cedbd7f6c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/R7DmsL-T2Ag.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a creative common license. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a creative common license. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a creative common license. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Some content in this audio is not + + align:start position:0% +Some content in this audio is not + + + align:start position:0% +Some content in this audio is not +covered under our creative common + + align:start position:0% +covered under our creative common + + + align:start position:0% +covered under our creative common +license. For more information, see the + + align:start position:0% +license. For more information, see the + + + align:start position:0% +license. For more information, see the +course materials on the MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +course materials on the MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +course materials on the MIT Open +Courseware website. + + align:start position:0% +Courseware website. + + + align:start position:0% +Courseware website. +>> I'm finishing assignment two and we will + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm finishing assignment two and we will + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm finishing assignment two and we will +spend the next couple of weeks grading + + align:start position:0% +spend the next couple of weeks grading + + + align:start position:0% +spend the next couple of weeks grading +him. Uh but uh you know, that was pretty + + align:start position:0% +him. Uh but uh you know, that was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +him. Uh but uh you know, that was pretty +fun on Friday. So, so I think both + + align:start position:0% +fun on Friday. So, so I think both + + + align:start position:0% +fun on Friday. So, so I think both +pretty well and um + + align:start position:0% +pretty well and um + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well and um +you know we we've been talking these + + align:start position:0% +you know we we've been talking these + + + align:start position:0% +you know we we've been talking these +past couple of uh oh actually + + align:start position:0% +past couple of uh oh actually + + + align:start position:0% +past couple of uh oh actually +>> yeah we hope um we've been talking the + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah we hope um we've been talking the + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah we hope um we've been talking the +past couple of weeks about you know + + align:start position:0% +past couple of weeks about you know + + + align:start position:0% +past couple of weeks about you know +serious games games games games games + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% +games games games games games games +games games games games for education + + align:start position:0% +games games games games for education + + + align:start position:0% +games games games games for education +game as an art form as a means of + + align:start position:0% +game as an art form as a means of + + + align:start position:0% +game as an art form as a means of +expression and we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +expression and we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +expression and we're going to be +continuing some of those uh discussions + + align:start position:0% +continuing some of those uh discussions + + + align:start position:0% +continuing some of those uh discussions +later on um but the whole idea is sort + + align:start position:0% +later on um but the whole idea is sort + + + align:start position:0% +later on um but the whole idea is sort +of give you um to sort of prep you for + + align:start position:0% +of give you um to sort of prep you for + + + align:start position:0% +of give you um to sort of prep you for +the situation where uh you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the situation where uh you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the situation where uh you're going to +make a game for a client and for this + + align:start position:0% +make a game for a client and for this + + + align:start position:0% +make a game for a client and for this +last assignment you're actually going + + align:start position:0% +last assignment you're actually going + + + align:start position:0% +last assignment you're actually going +going to be making a game on a based on + + align:start position:0% +going to be making a game on a based on + + + align:start position:0% +going to be making a game on a based on +a problem that these guys are going to + + align:start position:0% +a problem that these guys are going to + + + align:start position:0% +a problem that these guys are going to +be talking about actually. + + align:start position:0% +be talking about actually. + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about actually. +>> Sure. + + align:start position:0% +>> Sure. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Sure. +My name is Jim Cartran. I'm a clinical + + align:start position:0% +My name is Jim Cartran. I'm a clinical + + + align:start position:0% +My name is Jim Cartran. I'm a clinical +psychologist. uh work at Beth was at + + align:start position:0% +psychologist. uh work at Beth was at + + + align:start position:0% +psychologist. uh work at Beth was at +Beth Djan just started at Brighamin + + align:start position:0% +Beth Djan just started at Brighamin + + + align:start position:0% +Beth Djan just started at Brighamin +Women's Hospital um in one of the + + align:start position:0% +Women's Hospital um in one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Women's Hospital um in one of the +Harvard mafia hospitals and um my area + + align:start position:0% +Harvard mafia hospitals and um my area + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard mafia hospitals and um my area +is using interactive media for um for uh + + align:start position:0% +is using interactive media for um for uh + + + align:start position:0% +is using interactive media for um for uh +both uh clinical training but especially + + align:start position:0% +both uh clinical training but especially + + + align:start position:0% +both uh clinical training but especially +for treatment of clinical problems. So + + align:start position:0% +for treatment of clinical problems. So + + + align:start position:0% +for treatment of clinical problems. So +building computer programs to help treat + + align:start position:0% +building computer programs to help treat + + + align:start position:0% +building computer programs to help treat +uh clinical disorders in psychology. + + align:start position:0% +uh clinical disorders in psychology. + + + align:start position:0% +uh clinical disorders in psychology. +>> Okay, it's my understand + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, it's my understand + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, it's my understand +I'm a psychiatrist at UMass. I trained + + align:start position:0% +I'm a psychiatrist at UMass. I trained + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a psychiatrist at UMass. I trained +in the same uh uh place like used to + + align:start position:0% +in the same uh uh place like used to + + + align:start position:0% +in the same uh uh place like used to +work as uh and my focus is primarily + + align:start position:0% +work as uh and my focus is primarily + + + align:start position:0% +work as uh and my focus is primarily +clinical. I'm I'm an attending + + align:start position:0% +clinical. I'm I'm an attending + + + align:start position:0% +clinical. I'm I'm an attending +psychiatrist in a variety of setting + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist in a variety of setting + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist in a variety of setting +settings inatient outpatient and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +settings inatient outpatient and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +settings inatient outpatient and uh uh +what I brought up to Jim and then Philip + + align:start position:0% +what I brought up to Jim and then Philip + + + align:start position:0% +what I brought up to Jim and then Philip +was a practical question that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +was a practical question that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +was a practical question that I'm going +to try to uh present uh which is helping + + align:start position:0% +to try to uh present uh which is helping + + + align:start position:0% +to try to uh present uh which is helping +psychiatry residents deal with angry, + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry residents deal with angry, + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry residents deal with angry, +agitated and potentially disordered + + align:start position:0% +agitated and potentially disordered + + + align:start position:0% +agitated and potentially disordered +patients as I'm going to say later. uh + + align:start position:0% +patients as I'm going to say later. uh + + + align:start position:0% +patients as I'm going to say later. uh +this is a uh significant and largely uh + + align:start position:0% +this is a uh significant and largely uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is a uh significant and largely uh +unknown issues. Certainly uh the + + align:start position:0% +unknown issues. Certainly uh the + + + align:start position:0% +unknown issues. Certainly uh the +research is uh picking up and people try + + align:start position:0% +research is uh picking up and people try + + + align:start position:0% +research is uh picking up and people try +to understand uh the extent of the + + align:start position:0% +to understand uh the extent of the + + + align:start position:0% +to understand uh the extent of the +problem and uh um but I see more I'll + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh um but I see more I'll + + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh um but I see more I'll +say it for for the presentation. So u + + align:start position:0% +say it for for the presentation. So u + + + align:start position:0% +say it for for the presentation. So u +thank you for having me here. So um when + + align:start position:0% +thank you for having me here. So um when + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for having me here. So um when +they contacted me um that there was the + + align:start position:0% +they contacted me um that there was the + + + align:start position:0% +they contacted me um that there was the +initial interest in trying to make some + + align:start position:0% +initial interest in trying to make some + + + align:start position:0% +initial interest in trying to make some +sort of digital uh uh piece of software + + align:start position:0% +sort of digital uh uh piece of software + + + align:start position:0% +sort of digital uh uh piece of software +to to be able to help the the training + + align:start position:0% +to to be able to help the the training + + + align:start position:0% +to to be able to help the the training +residents um in in learning how to deal + + align:start position:0% +residents um in in learning how to deal + + + align:start position:0% +residents um in in learning how to deal +with violence or violence in in in in u + + align:start position:0% +with violence or violence in in in in u + + + align:start position:0% +with violence or violence in in in in u +in mental in mental institutions um and + + align:start position:0% +in mental in mental institutions um and + + + align:start position:0% +in mental in mental institutions um and +um and immediately the first thing I + + align:start position:0% +um and immediately the first thing I + + + align:start position:0% +um and immediately the first thing I +thought well before we jump right into + + align:start position:0% +thought well before we jump right into + + + align:start position:0% +thought well before we jump right into +digital let's try doing something in + + align:start position:0% +digital let's try doing something in + + + align:start position:0% +digital let's try doing something in +analog first let's try um uh prototyping + + align:start position:0% +analog first let's try um uh prototyping + + + align:start position:0% +analog first let's try um uh prototyping +something first but it also occurred to + + align:start position:0% +something first but it also occurred to + + + align:start position:0% +something first but it also occurred to +that um in the real world of game + + align:start position:0% +that um in the real world of game + + + align:start position:0% +that um in the real world of game +design, there's actually a lot more jobs + + align:start position:0% +design, there's actually a lot more jobs + + + align:start position:0% +design, there's actually a lot more jobs +in game design outside of the game + + align:start position:0% +in game design outside of the game + + + align:start position:0% +in game design outside of the game +industry and inside the game industry. + + align:start position:0% +industry and inside the game industry. + + + align:start position:0% +industry and inside the game industry. +Uh there are a lot of companies out + + align:start position:0% +Uh there are a lot of companies out + + + align:start position:0% +Uh there are a lot of companies out +there that are basically looking for + + align:start position:0% +there that are basically looking for + + + align:start position:0% +there that are basically looking for +solutions, some of which may be games + + align:start position:0% +solutions, some of which may be games + + + align:start position:0% +solutions, some of which may be games +and uh you might end up working uh in in + + align:start position:0% +and uh you might end up working uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you might end up working uh in in +in some of those um in some of those + + align:start position:0% +in some of those um in some of those + + + align:start position:0% +in some of those um in some of those +capacities. A lot of folks in + + align:start position:0% +capacities. A lot of folks in + + + align:start position:0% +capacities. A lot of folks in +advertising for instance who are + + align:start position:0% +advertising for instance who are + + + align:start position:0% +advertising for instance who are +involved in games. a lot of folks who + + align:start position:0% +involved in games. a lot of folks who + + + align:start position:0% +involved in games. a lot of folks who +are interested in uh improving teaching + + align:start position:0% +are interested in uh improving teaching + + + align:start position:0% +are interested in uh improving teaching +methods or improving uh simulations, you + + align:start position:0% +methods or improving uh simulations, you + + + align:start position:0% +methods or improving uh simulations, you +know, working on um trying to think of + + align:start position:0% +know, working on um trying to think of + + + align:start position:0% +know, working on um trying to think of +an example uh public awareness uh and uh + + align:start position:0% +an example uh public awareness uh and uh + + + align:start position:0% +an example uh public awareness uh and uh +uh people who are also interest who who + + align:start position:0% +uh people who are also interest who who + + + align:start position:0% +uh people who are also interest who who +are now working in website design and + + align:start position:0% +are now working in website design and + + + align:start position:0% +are now working in website design and +you know v various online services who + + align:start position:0% +you know v various online services who + + + align:start position:0% +you know v various online services who +are trying to think about how to make + + align:start position:0% +are trying to think about how to make + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to think about how to make +their experiences a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +their experiences a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +their experiences a little bit more +gamelike. There are really really good + + align:start position:0% +gamelike. There are really really good + + + align:start position:0% +gamelike. There are really really good +ways of doing them and there are really + + align:start position:0% +ways of doing them and there are really + + + align:start position:0% +ways of doing them and there are really +really bad ways of doing them. And for + + align:start position:0% +really bad ways of doing them. And for + + + align:start position:0% +really bad ways of doing them. And for +the most part, what we're hoping is that + + align:start position:0% +the most part, what we're hoping is that + + + align:start position:0% +the most part, what we're hoping is that +if you end up getting one of those jobs, + + align:start position:0% +if you end up getting one of those jobs, + + + align:start position:0% +if you end up getting one of those jobs, +you're you're going to be able to bring + + align:start position:0% +you're you're going to be able to bring + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're going to be able to bring +some of your personal insight as having + + align:start position:0% +some of your personal insight as having + + + align:start position:0% +some of your personal insight as having +actually done game design as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +actually done game design as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +actually done game design as opposed to +just copying what games have done and + + align:start position:0% +just copying what games have done and + + + align:start position:0% +just copying what games have done and +and and just assuming well it kind of + + align:start position:0% +and and just assuming well it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and and just assuming well it kind of +looks like a game therefore it is game. + + align:start position:0% +looks like a game therefore it is game. + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a game therefore it is game. +uh you guys that now. So, so, so this is + + align:start position:0% +uh you guys that now. So, so, so this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh you guys that now. So, so, so this is +this is kind of get your feet wet in in + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of get your feet wet in in + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of get your feet wet in in +terms of designing something uh the + + align:start position:0% +terms of designing something uh the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of designing something uh the +designing for somebody else's needs. Um + + align:start position:0% +designing for somebody else's needs. Um + + + align:start position:0% +designing for somebody else's needs. Um +the the important things to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +the the important things to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +the the important things to keep in mind +is, you know, who's who's going to be + + align:start position:0% +is, you know, who's who's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is, you know, who's who's going to be +playing your game or who's who who's + + align:start position:0% +playing your game or who's who who's + + + align:start position:0% +playing your game or who's who who's +this game intended for and in what + + align:start position:0% +this game intended for and in what + + + align:start position:0% +this game intended for and in what +context are they going to be playing + + align:start position:0% +context are they going to be playing + + + align:start position:0% +context are they going to be playing +your game and what are the particular + + align:start position:0% +your game and what are the particular + + + align:start position:0% +your game and what are the particular +problems that you're trying to address? + + align:start position:0% +problems that you're trying to address? + + + align:start position:0% +problems that you're trying to address? +what's what what's the part of of the + + align:start position:0% +what's what what's the part of of the + + + align:start position:0% +what's what what's the part of of the +system that you're trying to to simulate + + align:start position:0% +system that you're trying to to simulate + + + align:start position:0% +system that you're trying to to simulate +uh and what kinds of things do what what + + align:start position:0% +uh and what kinds of things do what what + + + align:start position:0% +uh and what kinds of things do what what +what kinds of insights do you hope + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of insights do you hope + + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of insights do you hope +people are going to be able to get out + + align:start position:0% +people are going to be able to get out + + + align:start position:0% +people are going to be able to get out +of that the problem they're going to + + align:start position:0% +of that the problem they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of that the problem they're going to +talk about is huge is that um if you + + align:start position:0% +talk about is huge is that um if you + + + align:start position:0% +talk about is huge is that um if you +notice I uploaded actually like four + + align:start position:0% +notice I uploaded actually like four + + + align:start position:0% +notice I uploaded actually like four +readings to the class web only one of + + align:start position:0% +readings to the class web only one of + + + align:start position:0% +readings to the class web only one of +them required but all of them are useful + + align:start position:0% +them required but all of them are useful + + + align:start position:0% +them required but all of them are useful +I'm going to be uploading more these are + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be uploading more these are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be uploading more these are +all reference material for your team to + + align:start position:0% +all reference material for your team to + + + align:start position:0% +all reference material for your team to +use um however you you wish because the + + align:start position:0% +use um however you you wish because the + + + align:start position:0% +use um however you you wish because the +problem is so huge and vast You don't + + align:start position:0% +problem is so huge and vast You don't + + + align:start position:0% +problem is so huge and vast You don't +have to solve the whole problem. You + + align:start position:0% +have to solve the whole problem. You + + + align:start position:0% +have to solve the whole problem. You +pick one thing that you are excited + + align:start position:0% +pick one thing that you are excited + + + align:start position:0% +pick one thing that you are excited +about, that you're interested about, and + + align:start position:0% +about, that you're interested about, and + + + align:start position:0% +about, that you're interested about, and +that you think that you might have a + + align:start position:0% +that you think that you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +that you think that you might have a +good strategy. And then do the the usual + + align:start position:0% +good strategy. And then do the the usual + + + align:start position:0% +good strategy. And then do the the usual +brainstorm. We're going to be going + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm. We're going to be going + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm. We're going to be going +through brainstorming and team selection + + align:start position:0% +through brainstorming and team selection + + + align:start position:0% +through brainstorming and team selection +pretty much this this week. Um, and uh + + align:start position:0% +pretty much this this week. Um, and uh + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much this this week. Um, and uh +and try to identify some small part that + + align:start position:0% +and try to identify some small part that + + + align:start position:0% +and try to identify some small part that +might be, you know, addressable with a + + align:start position:0% +might be, you know, addressable with a + + + align:start position:0% +might be, you know, addressable with a +card game, world game or I'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +card game, world game or I'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +card game, world game or I'll talk a +little bit about uh role playing games + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh role playing games + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh role playing games +uh in a couple of weeks. So um with that + + align:start position:0% +uh in a couple of weeks. So um with that + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a couple of weeks. So um with that +being said, I'm going to hand it over to + + align:start position:0% +being said, I'm going to hand it over to + + + align:start position:0% +being said, I'm going to hand it over to +you guys. + + align:start position:0% +you guys. + + + align:start position:0% +you guys. +>> Great. So who's first? + + align:start position:0% +>> Great. So who's first? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Great. So who's first? +>> Uh Caesar will take the lead on this. + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh Caesar will take the lead on this. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh Caesar will take the lead on this. +>> Okay. So we'll try to take turns to uh + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So we'll try to take turns to uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So we'll try to take turns to uh +talk about uh about violence and + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh about violence and + + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh about violence and +psychiatry in particular. So uh as + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry in particular. So uh as + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry in particular. So uh as +Philip pointed out, violence is a is a + + align:start position:0% +Philip pointed out, violence is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +Philip pointed out, violence is a is a +large is a large issue. uh what I'm + + align:start position:0% +large is a large issue. uh what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +large is a large issue. uh what I'm +going to try to focus on is uh as I + + align:start position:0% +going to try to focus on is uh as I + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to focus on is uh as I +mentioned earlier uh the relevance in in + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier uh the relevance in in + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier uh the relevance in in +dealing with uh psychiatric patients + + align:start position:0% +dealing with uh psychiatric patients + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with uh psychiatric patients +especially psychiatric patients on an + + align:start position:0% +especially psychiatric patients on an + + + align:start position:0% +especially psychiatric patients on an +inatient unit uh which is what uh you + + align:start position:0% +inatient unit uh which is what uh you + + + align:start position:0% +inatient unit uh which is what uh you +know what they actually request or the + + align:start position:0% +know what they actually request or the + + + align:start position:0% +know what they actually request or the +question for me uh came from um and uh + + align:start position:0% +question for me uh came from um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +question for me uh came from um and uh +obviously uh violence can be looked at + + align:start position:0% +obviously uh violence can be looked at + + + align:start position:0% +obviously uh violence can be looked at +in in a variety of uh of ways and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +in in a variety of uh of ways and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +in in a variety of uh of ways and uh uh +I think in in one of the handouts that + + align:start position:0% +I think in in one of the handouts that + + + align:start position:0% +I think in in one of the handouts that +uh that I sent to Philillip, violence + + align:start position:0% +uh that I sent to Philillip, violence + + + align:start position:0% +uh that I sent to Philillip, violence +and mental illness. They talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +and mental illness. They talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +and mental illness. They talk about uh +the biological the psychological + + align:start position:0% +the biological the psychological + + + align:start position:0% +the biological the psychological +theories, the the social uh uh dimension + + align:start position:0% +theories, the the social uh uh dimension + + + align:start position:0% +theories, the the social uh uh dimension +of uh of violence and how it can be + + align:start position:0% +of uh of violence and how it can be + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of violence and how it can be +understood. If you look at the human + + align:start position:0% +understood. If you look at the human + + + align:start position:0% +understood. If you look at the human +development and no matter what theory + + align:start position:0% +development and no matter what theory + + + align:start position:0% +development and no matter what theory +you uh you consider either trai + + align:start position:0% +you uh you consider either trai + + + align:start position:0% +you uh you consider either trai +traditional drive-based theory like + + align:start position:0% +traditional drive-based theory like + + + align:start position:0% +traditional drive-based theory like +pride or or Ericson stages uh each seems + + align:start position:0% +pride or or Ericson stages uh each seems + + + align:start position:0% +pride or or Ericson stages uh each seems +to define a certain um developmental + + align:start position:0% +to define a certain um developmental + + + align:start position:0% +to define a certain um developmental +goal and and often achieving or + + align:start position:0% +goal and and often achieving or + + + align:start position:0% +goal and and often achieving or +achieving in a faulty way that goal uh + + align:start position:0% +achieving in a faulty way that goal uh + + + align:start position:0% +achieving in a faulty way that goal uh +can create uh um the potential for + + align:start position:0% +can create uh um the potential for + + + align:start position:0% +can create uh um the potential for +aggression and sometimes violent um a + + align:start position:0% +aggression and sometimes violent um a + + + align:start position:0% +aggression and sometimes violent um a +little child or or an adult whose uh + + align:start position:0% +little child or or an adult whose uh + + + align:start position:0% +little child or or an adult whose uh +dependent oral needs are frustrated may + + align:start position:0% +dependent oral needs are frustrated may + + + align:start position:0% +dependent oral needs are frustrated may +try to take over and and get those uh u + + align:start position:0% +try to take over and and get those uh u + + + align:start position:0% +try to take over and and get those uh u +u you know those met in a way or + + align:start position:0% +u you know those met in a way or + + + align:start position:0% +u you know those met in a way or +another. So + + align:start position:0% +another. So + + + align:start position:0% +another. So +what I use as if you want the metaphor + + align:start position:0% +what I use as if you want the metaphor + + + align:start position:0% +what I use as if you want the metaphor +for uh for uh uh the origins of violence + + align:start position:0% +for uh for uh uh the origins of violence + + + align:start position:0% +for uh for uh uh the origins of violence +is the communication uh breakdown. at + + align:start position:0% +is the communication uh breakdown. at + + + align:start position:0% +is the communication uh breakdown. at +some level uh something doesn't happen + + align:start position:0% +some level uh something doesn't happen + + + align:start position:0% +some level uh something doesn't happen +right between you know the person who + + align:start position:0% +right between you know the person who + + + align:start position:0% +right between you know the person who +gets angry and uh those around him or + + align:start position:0% +gets angry and uh those around him or + + + align:start position:0% +gets angry and uh those around him or +her. Uh so in a more in the most generic + + align:start position:0% +her. Uh so in a more in the most generic + + + align:start position:0% +her. Uh so in a more in the most generic +way basically communication as Lasso + + align:start position:0% +way basically communication as Lasso + + + align:start position:0% +way basically communication as Lasso +said is about who says what to whom and + + align:start position:0% +said is about who says what to whom and + + + align:start position:0% +said is about who says what to whom and +what channel and with what effect. Uh + + align:start position:0% +what channel and with what effect. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +what channel and with what effect. Uh +the breakdown can occur at many levels + + align:start position:0% +the breakdown can occur at many levels + + + align:start position:0% +the breakdown can occur at many levels +and again this is the the generic + + align:start position:0% +and again this is the the generic + + + align:start position:0% +and again this is the the generic +reform. I hope uh I'll I'll make it + + align:start position:0% +reform. I hope uh I'll I'll make it + + + align:start position:0% +reform. I hope uh I'll I'll make it +clear what I mean and especially uh what + + align:start position:0% +clear what I mean and especially uh what + + + align:start position:0% +clear what I mean and especially uh what +can be done at a practical level when + + align:start position:0% +can be done at a practical level when + + + align:start position:0% +can be done at a practical level when +you're let's say the resident on call uh + + align:start position:0% +you're let's say the resident on call uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're let's say the resident on call uh +at night and the staff calls you up says + + align:start position:0% +at night and the staff calls you up says + + + align:start position:0% +at night and the staff calls you up says +so and so is getting out of control + + align:start position:0% +so and so is getting out of control + + + align:start position:0% +so and so is getting out of control +she's she's raising her voice + + align:start position:0% +she's she's raising her voice + + + align:start position:0% +she's she's raising her voice +threatening pounding walls wanting to + + align:start position:0% +threatening pounding walls wanting to + + + align:start position:0% +threatening pounding walls wanting to +get out refusing medications how do you + + align:start position:0% +get out refusing medications how do you + + + align:start position:0% +get out refusing medications how do you +approach such a person and again the + + align:start position:0% +approach such a person and again the + + + align:start position:0% +approach such a person and again the +intervention can happen at different + + align:start position:0% +intervention can happen at different + + + align:start position:0% +intervention can happen at different +levels and actually one uh one goal of + + align:start position:0% +levels and actually one uh one goal of + + + align:start position:0% +levels and actually one uh one goal of +uh of the training + + align:start position:0% +uh of the training + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the training +uh or or potentially the game uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh or or potentially the game uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh or or potentially the game uh that +you might consider is what to do. How do + + align:start position:0% +you might consider is what to do. How do + + + align:start position:0% +you might consider is what to do. How do +you establish when to engage fully uh by + + align:start position:0% +you establish when to engage fully uh by + + + align:start position:0% +you establish when to engage fully uh by +yourself with outside help when the + + align:start position:0% +yourself with outside help when the + + + align:start position:0% +yourself with outside help when the +intervention is minimal and you just + + align:start position:0% +intervention is minimal and you just + + + align:start position:0% +intervention is minimal and you just +bring uh pens with you, restrain the + + align:start position:0% +bring uh pens with you, restrain the + + + align:start position:0% +bring uh pens with you, restrain the +patient, use pharmarmacology. So, it's a + + align:start position:0% +patient, use pharmarmacology. So, it's a + + + align:start position:0% +patient, use pharmarmacology. So, it's a +continuum of interventions. I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +continuum of interventions. I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +continuum of interventions. I'm going to +just focus on what to do when you can + + align:start position:0% +just focus on what to do when you can + + + align:start position:0% +just focus on what to do when you can +actually engage the patient. Um + + align:start position:0% +actually engage the patient. Um + + + align:start position:0% +actually engage the patient. Um +again continuing the the metaphor uh is + + align:start position:0% +again continuing the the metaphor uh is + + + align:start position:0% +again continuing the the metaphor uh is +what people have what Walter Fish has + + align:start position:0% +what people have what Walter Fish has + + + align:start position:0% +what people have what Walter Fish has +described as as this type of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +described as as this type of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +described as as this type of uh uh +narrative uh rationality as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +narrative uh rationality as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +narrative uh rationality as opposed to +the uh um to the traditional rational + + align:start position:0% +the uh um to the traditional rational + + + align:start position:0% +the uh um to the traditional rational +paradigm that defines people as uh as + + align:start position:0% +paradigm that defines people as uh as + + + align:start position:0% +paradigm that defines people as uh as +thinking beings that have actually uh to + + align:start position:0% +thinking beings that have actually uh to + + + align:start position:0% +thinking beings that have actually uh to +make make decisions and and uh um and + + align:start position:0% +make make decisions and and uh um and + + + align:start position:0% +make make decisions and and uh um and +base their actions on evidential + + align:start position:0% +base their actions on evidential + + + align:start position:0% +base their actions on evidential +reasoning for aggression people. We + + align:start position:0% +reasoning for aggression people. We + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning for aggression people. We +analyze the situation and come up with + + align:start position:0% +analyze the situation and come up with + + + align:start position:0% +analyze the situation and come up with +the best possible outcome. Walter + + align:start position:0% +the best possible outcome. Walter + + + align:start position:0% +the best possible outcome. Walter +Fischer talks about uh uh the fact that + + align:start position:0% +Fischer talks about uh uh the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +Fischer talks about uh uh the fact that +we are all storytellers that we try to + + align:start position:0% +we are all storytellers that we try to + + + align:start position:0% +we are all storytellers that we try to +to interact to understand others based + + align:start position:0% +to interact to understand others based + + + align:start position:0% +to interact to understand others based +on a narrative that we have about + + align:start position:0% +on a narrative that we have about + + + align:start position:0% +on a narrative that we have about +ourselves and about others. My my + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and about others. My my + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and about others. My my +assumption and again this is just the + + align:start position:0% +assumption and again this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and again this is just the +introductory metaphor if you want that + + align:start position:0% +introductory metaphor if you want that + + + align:start position:0% +introductory metaphor if you want that +at some point uh violence can be caused + + align:start position:0% +at some point uh violence can be caused + + + align:start position:0% +at some point uh violence can be caused +by by a disruption uh in in this + + align:start position:0% +by by a disruption uh in in this + + + align:start position:0% +by by a disruption uh in in this +narrative. Things don't make sense + + align:start position:0% +narrative. Things don't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +narrative. Things don't make sense +anymore. We feel u misunderstood. We uh + + align:start position:0% +anymore. We feel u misunderstood. We uh + + + align:start position:0% +anymore. We feel u misunderstood. We uh +we feel the victim of an injustice. And + + align:start position:0% +we feel the victim of an injustice. And + + + align:start position:0% +we feel the victim of an injustice. And +th those principles apply to uh to + + align:start position:0% +th those principles apply to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +th those principles apply to uh to +somebody who's who's struggling with a + + align:start position:0% +somebody who's who's struggling with a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who's who's struggling with a +mental illness where things are, you + + align:start position:0% +mental illness where things are, you + + + align:start position:0% +mental illness where things are, you +know, have a much narrower window of + + align:start position:0% +know, have a much narrower window of + + + align:start position:0% +know, have a much narrower window of +opportunity than than the for people who + + align:start position:0% +opportunity than than the for people who + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity than than the for people who +are able to flexibly adapt to the + + align:start position:0% +are able to flexibly adapt to the + + + align:start position:0% +are able to flexibly adapt to the +demands of of reality. Um, + + align:start position:0% +demands of of reality. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +demands of of reality. Um, +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we all know who this is and uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +we all know who this is and uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +we all know who this is and uh uh the +reason I I put it up and I have to admit + + align:start position:0% +reason I I put it up and I have to admit + + + align:start position:0% +reason I I put it up and I have to admit +I haven't looked into the copyright uh + + align:start position:0% +I haven't looked into the copyright uh + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't looked into the copyright uh +part of this uh I know there are uh + + align:start position:0% +part of this uh I know there are uh + + + align:start position:0% +part of this uh I know there are uh +longer and longer copyright rules for + + align:start position:0% +longer and longer copyright rules for + + + align:start position:0% +longer and longer copyright rules for +using cartoons so you'll have to forgive + + align:start position:0% +using cartoons so you'll have to forgive + + + align:start position:0% +using cartoons so you'll have to forgive +me. Uh my point is that this is an angry + + align:start position:0% +me. Uh my point is that this is an angry + + + align:start position:0% +me. Uh my point is that this is an angry +person. Uh and uh as a as someone who's + + align:start position:0% +person. Uh and uh as a as someone who's + + + align:start position:0% +person. Uh and uh as a as someone who's +communicating, I think we get uh quickly + + align:start position:0% +communicating, I think we get uh quickly + + + align:start position:0% +communicating, I think we get uh quickly +and and and clearly the fact that his + + align:start position:0% +and and and clearly the fact that his + + + align:start position:0% +and and and clearly the fact that his +emotional range may be intense, but it's + + align:start position:0% +emotional range may be intense, but it's + + + align:start position:0% +emotional range may be intense, but it's +fairly narrow. Uh doesn't cover white + + align:start position:0% +fairly narrow. Uh doesn't cover white + + + align:start position:0% +fairly narrow. Uh doesn't cover white +light broad spectrum and and the + + align:start position:0% +light broad spectrum and and the + + + align:start position:0% +light broad spectrum and and the +communication is fairly simple. He's in + + align:start position:0% +communication is fairly simple. He's in + + + align:start position:0% +communication is fairly simple. He's in +distress. He's he's imposing his point + + align:start position:0% +distress. He's he's imposing his point + + + align:start position:0% +distress. He's he's imposing his point +of view. He needs space. He uh he uh + + align:start position:0% +of view. He needs space. He uh he uh + + + align:start position:0% +of view. He needs space. He uh he uh +could uh become uh very aggressive and + + align:start position:0% +could uh become uh very aggressive and + + + align:start position:0% +could uh become uh very aggressive and +assaulted. I think that uh the language + + align:start position:0% +assaulted. I think that uh the language + + + align:start position:0% +assaulted. I think that uh the language +is very simplistic. How would we + + align:start position:0% +is very simplistic. How would we + + + align:start position:0% +is very simplistic. How would we +approach the Hulk and and trying to calm + + align:start position:0% +approach the Hulk and and trying to calm + + + align:start position:0% +approach the Hulk and and trying to calm +him down and change his color? Well, + + align:start position:0% +him down and change his color? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +him down and change his color? Well, +again, that's the end of my health. + + align:start position:0% +again, that's the end of my health. + + + align:start position:0% +again, that's the end of my health. +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +briefly and and please feel free to + + align:start position:0% +briefly and and please feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +briefly and and please feel free to +interrupt, jump in uh I can make this + + align:start position:0% +interrupt, jump in uh I can make this + + + align:start position:0% +interrupt, jump in uh I can make this +presentation as long as short as as as + + align:start position:0% +presentation as long as short as as as + + + align:start position:0% +presentation as long as short as as as +you want me to. There are many slides + + align:start position:0% +you want me to. There are many slides + + + align:start position:0% +you want me to. There are many slides +but don't I'm not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +but don't I'm not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +but don't I'm not going to go through +every single line. I'm just using this + + align:start position:0% +every single line. I'm just using this + + + align:start position:0% +every single line. I'm just using this +as a as if you want as a stimulus for uh + + align:start position:0% +as a as if you want as a stimulus for uh + + + align:start position:0% +as a as if you want as a stimulus for uh +for the conversation especially from + + align:start position:0% +for the conversation especially from + + + align:start position:0% +for the conversation especially from +from your perspective and from from your + + align:start position:0% +from your perspective and from from your + + + align:start position:0% +from your perspective and from from your +needs. As I said I'm a clinical uh + + align:start position:0% +needs. As I said I'm a clinical uh + + + align:start position:0% +needs. As I said I'm a clinical uh +provider. I'm a psychiatrist. I deal + + align:start position:0% +provider. I'm a psychiatrist. I deal + + + align:start position:0% +provider. I'm a psychiatrist. I deal +with patients uh all the time many of + + align:start position:0% +with patients uh all the time many of + + + align:start position:0% +with patients uh all the time many of +whom uh are angry or potentially angry + + align:start position:0% +whom uh are angry or potentially angry + + + align:start position:0% +whom uh are angry or potentially angry +or potentially assaulted. And and I may + + align:start position:0% +or potentially assaulted. And and I may + + + align:start position:0% +or potentially assaulted. And and I may +do things some you know after so many + + align:start position:0% +do things some you know after so many + + + align:start position:0% +do things some you know after so many +years instinctively but sometimes I have + + align:start position:0% +years instinctively but sometimes I have + + + align:start position:0% +years instinctively but sometimes I have +to think through okay this is the + + align:start position:0% +to think through okay this is the + + + align:start position:0% +to think through okay this is the +situation. How do I do to to maximize uh + + align:start position:0% +situation. How do I do to to maximize uh + + + align:start position:0% +situation. How do I do to to maximize uh +the benefit for for the patient I'm + + align:start position:0% +the benefit for for the patient I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the benefit for for the patient I'm +treating and to keep myself safe? I've + + align:start position:0% +treating and to keep myself safe? I've + + + align:start position:0% +treating and to keep myself safe? I've +been assaulted just once in in 15 years. + + align:start position:0% +been assaulted just once in in 15 years. + + + align:start position:0% +been assaulted just once in in 15 years. +And it was like in the movies. Um a VA + + align:start position:0% +And it was like in the movies. Um a VA + + + align:start position:0% +And it was like in the movies. Um a VA +patient, former Green Beret, who got + + align:start position:0% +patient, former Green Beret, who got + + + align:start position:0% +patient, former Green Beret, who got +upset to the system and picked up a very + + align:start position:0% +upset to the system and picked up a very + + + align:start position:0% +upset to the system and picked up a very +heavy armchair and you know lifted above + + align:start position:0% +heavy armchair and you know lifted above + + + align:start position:0% +heavy armchair and you know lifted above +his head and I we we uh established eye + + align:start position:0% +his head and I we we uh established eye + + + align:start position:0% +his head and I we we uh established eye +contact and I think he wondered what + + align:start position:0% +contact and I think he wondered what + + + align:start position:0% +contact and I think he wondered what +should I do with this puny little little + + align:start position:0% +should I do with this puny little little + + + align:start position:0% +should I do with this puny little little +doctor? Should I squash him or not? And + + align:start position:0% +doctor? Should I squash him or not? And + + + align:start position:0% +doctor? Should I squash him or not? And +uh and in the end, I guess it was a + + align:start position:0% +uh and in the end, I guess it was a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and in the end, I guess it was a +last, you know, split-second moment, he + + align:start position:0% +last, you know, split-second moment, he + + + align:start position:0% +last, you know, split-second moment, he +decided to throw it, you know, to my + + align:start position:0% +decided to throw it, you know, to my + + + align:start position:0% +decided to throw it, you know, to my +side. A large section of the wall came + + align:start position:0% +side. A large section of the wall came + + + align:start position:0% +side. A large section of the wall came +down. So I looking I I was wondering, + + align:start position:0% +down. So I looking I I was wondering, + + + align:start position:0% +down. So I looking I I was wondering, +you know, I could have been that wall + + align:start position:0% +you know, I could have been that wall + + + align:start position:0% +you know, I could have been that wall +coming down. He ran out. It took him, + + align:start position:0% +coming down. He ran out. It took him, + + + align:start position:0% +coming down. He ran out. It took him, +you know, a while to to be, you know, be + + align:start position:0% +you know, a while to to be, you know, be + + + align:start position:0% +you know, a while to to be, you know, be +able to catch up with him and two + + align:start position:0% +able to catch up with him and two + + + align:start position:0% +able to catch up with him and two +cruisers full of police officers to + + align:start position:0% +cruisers full of police officers to + + + align:start position:0% +cruisers full of police officers to +subdue him. So I guess no communication + + align:start position:0% +subdue him. So I guess no communication + + + align:start position:0% +subdue him. So I guess no communication +there. Uh he was just subdued. what's + + align:start position:0% +there. Uh he was just subdued. what's + + + align:start position:0% +there. Uh he was just subdued. what's +the magnitude of of the problem? Uh I + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of of the problem? Uh I + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of of the problem? Uh I +think it's substantial and actually more + + align:start position:0% +think it's substantial and actually more + + + align:start position:0% +think it's substantial and actually more +than 10 years ago there were some + + align:start position:0% +than 10 years ago there were some + + + align:start position:0% +than 10 years ago there were some +isolated reports of of how significant + + align:start position:0% +isolated reports of of how significant + + + align:start position:0% +isolated reports of of how significant +uh uh uh the problem was in terms of uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh the problem was in terms of uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh the problem was in terms of uh +trainees and especially psychiatry + + align:start position:0% +trainees and especially psychiatry + + + align:start position:0% +trainees and especially psychiatry +trainees being uh uh the target of of + + align:start position:0% +trainees being uh uh the target of of + + + align:start position:0% +trainees being uh uh the target of of +verbal and physical violence. Um + + align:start position:0% +verbal and physical violence. Um + + + align:start position:0% +verbal and physical violence. Um +uh on this first page I I talk about + + align:start position:0% +uh on this first page I I talk about + + + align:start position:0% +uh on this first page I I talk about +medical students. Uh in one study you + + align:start position:0% +medical students. Uh in one study you + + + align:start position:0% +medical students. Uh in one study you +know numbers are relatively small uh but + + align:start position:0% +know numbers are relatively small uh but + + + align:start position:0% +know numbers are relatively small uh but +again uh the study is uh uh 14 years + + align:start position:0% +again uh the study is uh uh 14 years + + + align:start position:0% +again uh the study is uh uh 14 years +old. Um + + align:start position:0% +old. Um + + + align:start position:0% +old. Um +a survey of psychiatry residents showed + + align:start position:0% +a survey of psychiatry residents showed + + + align:start position:0% +a survey of psychiatry residents showed +that assault or threats of violence uh + + align:start position:0% +that assault or threats of violence uh + + + align:start position:0% +that assault or threats of violence uh +are clearly one of the most difficult uh + + align:start position:0% +are clearly one of the most difficult uh + + + align:start position:0% +are clearly one of the most difficult uh +events in their training. And some were + + align:start position:0% +events in their training. And some were + + + align:start position:0% +events in their training. And some were +wondering retrospectively this is the uh + + align:start position:0% +wondering retrospectively this is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +wondering retrospectively this is the uh +uh the right field for them. Actually + + align:start position:0% +uh the right field for them. Actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh the right field for them. Actually +some students may wonder reading this + + align:start position:0% +some students may wonder reading this + + + align:start position:0% +some students may wonder reading this +literature whether psychiatry is the + + align:start position:0% +literature whether psychiatry is the + + + align:start position:0% +literature whether psychiatry is the +right field for for them to go into. Uh + + align:start position:0% +right field for for them to go into. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +right field for for them to go into. Uh +and as you as you see uh uh the fourth + + align:start position:0% +and as you as you see uh uh the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +and as you as you see uh uh the fourth +um in the fourth article almost + + align:start position:0% +um in the fourth article almost + + + align:start position:0% +um in the fourth article almost +twothirds of psycho residents were + + align:start position:0% +twothirds of psycho residents were + + + align:start position:0% +twothirds of psycho residents were +assaulted at least once during their uh + + align:start position:0% +assaulted at least once during their uh + + + align:start position:0% +assaulted at least once during their uh +their training. + + align:start position:0% +their training. + + + align:start position:0% +their training. +And obviously like with any kind of + + align:start position:0% +And obviously like with any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +And obviously like with any kind of +dangerous situation, the risk of + + align:start position:0% +dangerous situation, the risk of + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous situation, the risk of +post-traumatic symptoms can be + + align:start position:0% +post-traumatic symptoms can be + + + align:start position:0% +post-traumatic symptoms can be +substantial either an acute stress uh + + align:start position:0% +substantial either an acute stress uh + + + align:start position:0% +substantial either an acute stress uh +response or longerlasting long + + align:start position:0% +response or longerlasting long + + + align:start position:0% +response or longerlasting long +longerlasting issues. The idea of uh + + align:start position:0% +longerlasting issues. The idea of uh + + + align:start position:0% +longerlasting issues. The idea of uh +improving their training and their + + align:start position:0% +improving their training and their + + + align:start position:0% +improving their training and their +ability uh to deal with the situation uh + + align:start position:0% +ability uh to deal with the situation uh + + + align:start position:0% +ability uh to deal with the situation uh +has multiple benefits. Those who know + + align:start position:0% +has multiple benefits. Those who know + + + align:start position:0% +has multiple benefits. Those who know +what to do are are almost never + + align:start position:0% +what to do are are almost never + + + align:start position:0% +what to do are are almost never +assaulted. Not only that, if they happen + + align:start position:0% +assaulted. Not only that, if they happen + + + align:start position:0% +assaulted. Not only that, if they happen +to be exposed, the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +to be exposed, the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +to be exposed, the likelihood of +developing post-traumatic symptoms, you + + align:start position:0% +developing post-traumatic symptoms, you + + + align:start position:0% +developing post-traumatic symptoms, you +know, goes down significantly. So, uh I + + align:start position:0% +know, goes down significantly. So, uh I + + + align:start position:0% +know, goes down significantly. So, uh I +don't think I need to to demonstrate uh + + align:start position:0% +don't think I need to to demonstrate uh + + + align:start position:0% +don't think I need to to demonstrate uh +that point any further. Uh the assault + + align:start position:0% +that point any further. Uh the assault + + + align:start position:0% +that point any further. Uh the assault +rate in a in a more detailed a + + align:start position:0% +rate in a in a more detailed a + + + align:start position:0% +rate in a in a more detailed a +relatively more recent study, 10 years + + align:start position:0% +relatively more recent study, 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +relatively more recent study, 10 years +old, pretty old. Uh you see, uh that + + align:start position:0% +old, pretty old. Uh you see, uh that + + + align:start position:0% +old, pretty old. Uh you see, uh that +overall the number of assault rate was + + align:start position:0% +overall the number of assault rate was + + + align:start position:0% +overall the number of assault rate was +30 to 40%. uh men tended to be slightly + + align:start position:0% +30 to 40%. uh men tended to be slightly + + + align:start position:0% +30 to 40%. uh men tended to be slightly +more frequently assaulted than than + + align:start position:0% +more frequently assaulted than than + + + align:start position:0% +more frequently assaulted than than +women. Uh + + align:start position:0% +women. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +women. Uh +>> can you define what what assault means + + align:start position:0% +>> can you define what what assault means + + + align:start position:0% +>> can you define what what assault means +exactly? + + align:start position:0% +exactly? + + + align:start position:0% +exactly? +>> Uh what qualifies as an assault? + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh what qualifies as an assault? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh what qualifies as an assault? +>> Assault um basically means kind of + + align:start position:0% +>> Assault um basically means kind of + + + align:start position:0% +>> Assault um basically means kind of +laying hands on on the person and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +laying hands on on the person and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +laying hands on on the person and uh uh +the assault resulting in an injury uh of + + align:start position:0% +the assault resulting in an injury uh of + + + align:start position:0% +the assault resulting in an injury uh of +of any kind. Skin, you know, being kind + + align:start position:0% +of any kind. Skin, you know, being kind + + + align:start position:0% +of any kind. Skin, you know, being kind +of uh broken through or or some kind. + + align:start position:0% +of uh broken through or or some kind. + + + align:start position:0% +of uh broken through or or some kind. +just just holding the per the the + + align:start position:0% +just just holding the per the the + + + align:start position:0% +just just holding the per the the +clinician wouldn't be an assault. + + align:start position:0% +clinician wouldn't be an assault. + + + align:start position:0% +clinician wouldn't be an assault. +>> Well, it would be an assault because uh + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it would be an assault because uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it would be an assault because uh +that such a kind of grabbing action + + align:start position:0% +that such a kind of grabbing action + + + align:start position:0% +that such a kind of grabbing action +could actually result in a in an injury. + + align:start position:0% +could actually result in a in an injury. + + + align:start position:0% +could actually result in a in an injury. +Um and uh um I think it would be uh + + align:start position:0% +Um and uh um I think it would be uh + + + align:start position:0% +Um and uh um I think it would be uh +probably very limiting to talk only + + align:start position:0% +probably very limiting to talk only + + + align:start position:0% +probably very limiting to talk only +about physical injuries especially since + + align:start position:0% +about physical injuries especially since + + + align:start position:0% +about physical injuries especially since +the psychological consequences are often + + align:start position:0% +the psychological consequences are often + + + align:start position:0% +the psychological consequences are often +uh the longerlasting and much more + + align:start position:0% +uh the longerlasting and much more + + + align:start position:0% +uh the longerlasting and much more +significant. I think what the surveys uh + + align:start position:0% +significant. I think what the surveys uh + + + align:start position:0% +significant. I think what the surveys uh +have shown also is that how unprepared + + align:start position:0% +have shown also is that how unprepared + + + align:start position:0% +have shown also is that how unprepared +uh trainees in the mental health and + + align:start position:0% +uh trainees in the mental health and + + + align:start position:0% +uh trainees in the mental health and +outside the mental health field are. + + align:start position:0% +outside the mental health field are. + + + align:start position:0% +outside the mental health field are. +Actually often this is reduced to a few + + align:start position:0% +Actually often this is reduced to a few + + + align:start position:0% +Actually often this is reduced to a few +lectures especially during orientation + + align:start position:0% +lectures especially during orientation + + + align:start position:0% +lectures especially during orientation +and then they are thrown into the uh you + + align:start position:0% +and then they are thrown into the uh you + + + align:start position:0% +and then they are thrown into the uh you +know lion cage and they learn on the job + + align:start position:0% +know lion cage and they learn on the job + + + align:start position:0% +know lion cage and they learn on the job +u and uh many of these findings are + + align:start position:0% +u and uh many of these findings are + + + align:start position:0% +u and uh many of these findings are +retrospective many trainees felt that + + align:start position:0% +retrospective many trainees felt that + + + align:start position:0% +retrospective many trainees felt that +well I didn't say anything because I + + align:start position:0% +well I didn't say anything because I + + + align:start position:0% +well I didn't say anything because I +thought I was supposed to just toughen + + align:start position:0% +thought I was supposed to just toughen + + + align:start position:0% +thought I was supposed to just toughen +up and bite the bullet and move on or + + align:start position:0% +up and bite the bullet and move on or + + + align:start position:0% +up and bite the bullet and move on or +this is part of the job I chose this + + align:start position:0% +this is part of the job I chose this + + + align:start position:0% +this is part of the job I chose this +it's my fault or maybe I did something + + align:start position:0% +it's my fault or maybe I did something + + + align:start position:0% +it's my fault or maybe I did something +wrong. Maybe I was the one who uh made + + align:start position:0% +wrong. Maybe I was the one who uh made + + + align:start position:0% +wrong. Maybe I was the one who uh made +it so that the assault happened. So, a + + align:start position:0% +it so that the assault happened. So, a + + + align:start position:0% +it so that the assault happened. So, a +lot of reasons that were just again not + + align:start position:0% +lot of reasons that were just again not + + + align:start position:0% +lot of reasons that were just again not +looked into. Um fear of being + + align:start position:0% +looked into. Um fear of being + + + align:start position:0% +looked into. Um fear of being +scrutinized. How come that I'm the one + + align:start position:0% +scrutinized. How come that I'm the one + + + align:start position:0% +scrutinized. How come that I'm the one +who want assaulted among 10 10 trainees? + + align:start position:0% +who want assaulted among 10 10 trainees? + + + align:start position:0% +who want assaulted among 10 10 trainees? +Uh how how I'm going to explain this? I + + align:start position:0% +Uh how how I'm going to explain this? I + + + align:start position:0% +Uh how how I'm going to explain this? I +was so frightened that I cannot even + + align:start position:0% +was so frightened that I cannot even + + + align:start position:0% +was so frightened that I cannot even +remember clearly what happened to me. So + + align:start position:0% +remember clearly what happened to me. So + + + align:start position:0% +remember clearly what happened to me. So +there are a variety of reasons why + + align:start position:0% +there are a variety of reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +there are a variety of reasons why +people who are in training and again I'm + + align:start position:0% +people who are in training and again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +people who are in training and again I'm +focusing on and again with a ve on on a + + align:start position:0% +focusing on and again with a ve on on a + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on and again with a ve on on a +very small segment uh specific group of + + align:start position:0% +very small segment uh specific group of + + + align:start position:0% +very small segment uh specific group of +of trainees in a in medical and psychic + + align:start position:0% +of trainees in a in medical and psychic + + + align:start position:0% +of trainees in a in medical and psychic +training but I could easily think of of + + align:start position:0% +training but I could easily think of of + + + align:start position:0% +training but I could easily think of of +other situations of people who are kind + + align:start position:0% +other situations of people who are kind + + + align:start position:0% +other situations of people who are kind +of exposed to the potential for violence + + align:start position:0% +of exposed to the potential for violence + + + align:start position:0% +of exposed to the potential for violence +and and where you know such training + + align:start position:0% +and and where you know such training + + + align:start position:0% +and and where you know such training +could be helpful + + align:start position:0% +could be helpful + + + align:start position:0% +could be helpful +uh until now and for the most part the + + align:start position:0% +uh until now and for the most part the + + + align:start position:0% +uh until now and for the most part the +data that I was able to collect that + + align:start position:0% +data that I was able to collect that + + + align:start position:0% +data that I was able to collect that +most people you know looking at this + + align:start position:0% +most people you know looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +most people you know looking at this +have been able to collect is fairly + + align:start position:0% +have been able to collect is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +have been able to collect is fairly +limited Um there are certain you know + + align:start position:0% +limited Um there are certain you know + + + align:start position:0% +limited Um there are certain you know +limited number of programs + + align:start position:0% +limited number of programs + + + align:start position:0% +limited number of programs +methodologically the research is is + + align:start position:0% +methodologically the research is is + + + align:start position:0% +methodologically the research is is +quite faulty. You can just talk uh about + + align:start position:0% +quite faulty. You can just talk uh about + + + align:start position:0% +quite faulty. You can just talk uh about +you know how uh you know how limited the + + align:start position:0% +you know how uh you know how limited the + + + align:start position:0% +you know how uh you know how limited the +generalizability of the findings are uh + + align:start position:0% +generalizability of the findings are uh + + + align:start position:0% +generalizability of the findings are uh +and often people talk about what + + align:start position:0% +and often people talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +and often people talk about what +happened in the past. So clearly the + + align:start position:0% +happened in the past. So clearly the + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the past. So clearly the +recall bias is a major limiting factor + + align:start position:0% +recall bias is a major limiting factor + + + align:start position:0% +recall bias is a major limiting factor +in understanding um what what happened. + + align:start position:0% +in understanding um what what happened. + + + align:start position:0% +in understanding um what what happened. +Also as uh Jim asked me so how do you + + align:start position:0% +Also as uh Jim asked me so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +Also as uh Jim asked me so how do you +define assault? One of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +define assault? One of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +define assault? One of the biggest +problems with with most research in this + + align:start position:0% +problems with with most research in this + + + align:start position:0% +problems with with most research in this +field is that uh defining assault + + align:start position:0% +field is that uh defining assault + + + align:start position:0% +field is that uh defining assault +aggression is done in very ways. Uh it's + + align:start position:0% +aggression is done in very ways. Uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +aggression is done in very ways. Uh it's +hard to compare different uh uh + + align:start position:0% +hard to compare different uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +hard to compare different uh uh +different studies. Uh so + + align:start position:0% +different studies. Uh so + + + align:start position:0% +different studies. Uh so +this is a compilation of uh of what + + align:start position:0% +this is a compilation of uh of what + + + align:start position:0% +this is a compilation of uh of what +people in you know different areas have + + align:start position:0% +people in you know different areas have + + + align:start position:0% +people in you know different areas have +have thought about in terms of improving + + align:start position:0% +have thought about in terms of improving + + + align:start position:0% +have thought about in terms of improving +their psychiatric training. And as you + + align:start position:0% +their psychiatric training. And as you + + + align:start position:0% +their psychiatric training. And as you +see most often uh in the last few years, + + align:start position:0% +see most often uh in the last few years, + + + align:start position:0% +see most often uh in the last few years, +the idea of using simulation uh to uh + + align:start position:0% +the idea of using simulation uh to uh + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of using simulation uh to uh +expose the trainees to a uh to a + + align:start position:0% +expose the trainees to a uh to a + + + align:start position:0% +expose the trainees to a uh to a +protected environment that has really + + align:start position:0% +protected environment that has really + + + align:start position:0% +protected environment that has really +defined boundaries and consequences and + + align:start position:0% +defined boundaries and consequences and + + + align:start position:0% +defined boundaries and consequences and +basically uh that can be repeated almost + + align:start position:0% +basically uh that can be repeated almost + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh that can be repeated almost +in identical fashion in order to gain + + align:start position:0% +in identical fashion in order to gain + + + align:start position:0% +in identical fashion in order to gain +proficiency. Uh you know is is coming up + + align:start position:0% +proficiency. Uh you know is is coming up + + + align:start position:0% +proficiency. Uh you know is is coming up +more and more. Uh what uh many training + + align:start position:0% +more and more. Uh what uh many training + + + align:start position:0% +more and more. Uh what uh many training +programs uh are doing is to use + + align:start position:0% +programs uh are doing is to use + + + align:start position:0% +programs uh are doing is to use +standardized patients that are uh that + + align:start position:0% +standardized patients that are uh that + + + align:start position:0% +standardized patients that are uh that +use actors um and that of course will + + align:start position:0% +use actors um and that of course will + + + align:start position:0% +use actors um and that of course will +behave in a in a uh uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +behave in a in a uh uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +behave in a in a uh uh kind of +programmed fashion. They may get up to + + align:start position:0% +programmed fashion. They may get up to + + + align:start position:0% +programmed fashion. They may get up to +you and make fists, but hopefully + + align:start position:0% +you and make fists, but hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +you and make fists, but hopefully +they'll not get so much into the role + + align:start position:0% +they'll not get so much into the role + + + align:start position:0% +they'll not get so much into the role +and end up punching you. So + + align:start position:0% +and end up punching you. So + + + align:start position:0% +and end up punching you. So +>> I think this is the real challenge is + + align:start position:0% +>> I think this is the real challenge is + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think this is the real challenge is +that there's there's different levels of + + align:start position:0% +that there's there's different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +that there's there's different levels of +of learning. You can learn kind of a + + align:start position:0% +of learning. You can learn kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +of learning. You can learn kind of a +list of facts, things to do if your + + align:start position:0% +list of facts, things to do if your + + + align:start position:0% +list of facts, things to do if your +patient starts to get agitated and + + align:start position:0% +patient starts to get agitated and + + + align:start position:0% +patient starts to get agitated and +threatening. And you know, you can learn + + align:start position:0% +threatening. And you know, you can learn + + + align:start position:0% +threatening. And you know, you can learn +that and take a test on it and forget it + + align:start position:0% +that and take a test on it and forget it + + + align:start position:0% +that and take a test on it and forget it +the next day, especially if it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the next day, especially if it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the next day, especially if it doesn't +come up for you right away. Um, and then + + align:start position:0% +come up for you right away. Um, and then + + + align:start position:0% +come up for you right away. Um, and then +there's there's the question of + + align:start position:0% +there's there's the question of + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's the question of +internalizing it so you actually have a + + align:start position:0% +internalizing it so you actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +internalizing it so you actually have a +not just a kind of a working knowledge + + align:start position:0% +not just a kind of a working knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +not just a kind of a working knowledge +of really understand what you should do + + align:start position:0% +of really understand what you should do + + + align:start position:0% +of really understand what you should do +in different kinds of circumstances. And + + align:start position:0% +in different kinds of circumstances. And + + + align:start position:0% +in different kinds of circumstances. And +that's where the um the idea of role + + align:start position:0% +that's where the um the idea of role + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the um the idea of role +playing with live role plays for the + + align:start position:0% +playing with live role plays for the + + + align:start position:0% +playing with live role plays for the +trainees for the residents and mental + + align:start position:0% +trainees for the residents and mental + + + align:start position:0% +trainees for the residents and mental +health providers can really be helpful + + align:start position:0% +health providers can really be helpful + + + align:start position:0% +health providers can really be helpful +so that they've had some se semblance of + + align:start position:0% +so that they've had some se semblance of + + + align:start position:0% +so that they've had some se semblance of +this kind of um training. Um but it's + + align:start position:0% +this kind of um training. Um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of um training. Um but it's +the the tricky thing with these role + + align:start position:0% +the the tricky thing with these role + + + align:start position:0% +the the tricky thing with these role +plays is it's not easy to ensure that + + align:start position:0% +plays is it's not easy to ensure that + + + align:start position:0% +plays is it's not easy to ensure that +everybody receives you know high quality + + align:start position:0% +everybody receives you know high quality + + + align:start position:0% +everybody receives you know high quality +access to you know well-trained actor + + align:start position:0% +access to you know well-trained actor + + + align:start position:0% +access to you know well-trained actor +you here in you know Harvard Medical + + align:start position:0% +you here in you know Harvard Medical + + + align:start position:0% +you here in you know Harvard Medical +School they probably do probably but you + + align:start position:0% +School they probably do probably but you + + + align:start position:0% +School they probably do probably but you +know there's a lot of places and if you + + align:start position:0% +know there's a lot of places and if you + + + align:start position:0% +know there's a lot of places and if you +expand beyond psychiatry to every mental + + align:start position:0% +expand beyond psychiatry to every mental + + + align:start position:0% +expand beyond psychiatry to every mental +health center in the country every case + + align:start position:0% +health center in the country every case + + + align:start position:0% +health center in the country every case +worker who's going out to visit a + + align:start position:0% +worker who's going out to visit a + + + align:start position:0% +worker who's going out to visit a +patient at their home or social worker + + align:start position:0% +patient at their home or social worker + + + align:start position:0% +patient at their home or social worker +you know they're definitely not getting + + align:start position:0% +you know they're definitely not getting + + + align:start position:0% +you know they're definitely not getting +this kind of training and so you know + + align:start position:0% +this kind of training and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of training and so you know +the ones really I think you said before + + align:start position:0% +the ones really I think you said before + + + align:start position:0% +the ones really I think you said before +are really well trained are the nurses + + align:start position:0% +are really well trained are the nurses + + + align:start position:0% +are really well trained are the nurses +actually because they they they get a + + align:start position:0% +actually because they they they get a + + + align:start position:0% +actually because they they they get a +different kind of training that's really + + align:start position:0% +different kind of training that's really + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of training that's really +pretty effective it sounds like but the + + align:start position:0% +pretty effective it sounds like but the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty effective it sounds like but the +mental health care providers often have + + align:start position:0% +mental health care providers often have + + + align:start position:0% +mental health care providers often have +no training and then they're the ones + + align:start position:0% +no training and then they're the ones + + + align:start position:0% +no training and then they're the ones +who are kind of in a closed room with + + align:start position:0% +who are kind of in a closed room with + + + align:start position:0% +who are kind of in a closed room with +the person who can become really violent + + align:start position:0% +the person who can become really violent + + + align:start position:0% +the person who can become really violent +especially at their home or in inatient + + align:start position:0% +especially at their home or in inatient + + + align:start position:0% +especially at their home or in inatient +unit. + + align:start position:0% +unit. + + + align:start position:0% +unit. +>> Yeah Jim was making reference to that + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah Jim was making reference to that + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah Jim was making reference to that +psychiatrist at MGH who last year was + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist at MGH who last year was + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist at MGH who last year was +stabbed by a patient in the outpatient + + align:start position:0% +stabbed by a patient in the outpatient + + + align:start position:0% +stabbed by a patient in the outpatient +clinic in a rather + + align:start position:0% +clinic in a rather + + + align:start position:0% +clinic in a rather +>> you don't hear about this last year. + + align:start position:0% +>> you don't hear about this last year. + + + align:start position:0% +>> you don't hear about this last year. +>> Can you just describe the situation? + + align:start position:0% +>> Can you just describe the situation? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Can you just describe the situation? +Well, it was late in the evening when + + align:start position:0% +Well, it was late in the evening when + + + align:start position:0% +Well, it was late in the evening when +most things like this have this + + align:start position:0% +most things like this have this + + + align:start position:0% +most things like this have this +potential of happening and this was a + + align:start position:0% +potential of happening and this was a + + + align:start position:0% +potential of happening and this was a +new evaluation for uh this psychiatrist + + align:start position:0% +new evaluation for uh this psychiatrist + + + align:start position:0% +new evaluation for uh this psychiatrist +in the life of the clinic at MGH and + + align:start position:0% +in the life of the clinic at MGH and + + + align:start position:0% +in the life of the clinic at MGH and +basically he he was angry from the + + align:start position:0% +basically he he was angry from the + + + align:start position:0% +basically he he was angry from the +beginning and was able to staff + + align:start position:0% +beginning and was able to staff + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and was able to staff +repeatedly. Uh an offg guard, you know, + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly. Uh an offg guard, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly. Uh an offg guard, you know, +person just happened to walk by. + + align:start position:0% +person just happened to walk by. + + + align:start position:0% +person just happened to walk by. +>> Was that police officer? Uh yeah, he was + + align:start position:0% +>> Was that police officer? Uh yeah, he was + + + align:start position:0% +>> Was that police officer? Uh yeah, he was +one of the security uh uh people for + + align:start position:0% +one of the security uh uh people for + + + align:start position:0% +one of the security uh uh people for +that particular clinic and he came + + align:start position:0% +that particular clinic and he came + + + align:start position:0% +that particular clinic and he came +apparently had a gun. I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +apparently had a gun. I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +apparently had a gun. I don't know how +often offduty security people carry + + align:start position:0% +often offduty security people carry + + + align:start position:0% +often offduty security people carry +their guns with him but he opened fire + + align:start position:0% +their guns with him but he opened fire + + + align:start position:0% +their guns with him but he opened fire +and killed the the patient. So he was + + align:start position:0% +and killed the the patient. So he was + + + align:start position:0% +and killed the the patient. So he was +charged I think + + align:start position:0% +charged I think + + + align:start position:0% +charged I think +>> yeah eventually was cleared but for + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah eventually was cleared but for + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah eventually was cleared but for +using excessive force. + + align:start position:0% +using excessive force. + + + align:start position:0% +using excessive force. +>> What happened to the psychiatrist? Well, + + align:start position:0% +>> What happened to the psychiatrist? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +>> What happened to the psychiatrist? Well, +psychiatrist was admitted and uh to a + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist was admitted and uh to a + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist was admitted and uh to a +hospital and required, you know, + + align:start position:0% +hospital and required, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +hospital and required, you know, +extensive surgeries and I think um she + + align:start position:0% +extensive surgeries and I think um she + + + align:start position:0% +extensive surgeries and I think um she +was stabbed in the chest and in the neck + + align:start position:0% +was stabbed in the chest and in the neck + + + align:start position:0% +was stabbed in the chest and in the neck +and it was a fairly gruesome. She + + align:start position:0% +and it was a fairly gruesome. She + + + align:start position:0% +and it was a fairly gruesome. She +survived and I think she's back at work. + + align:start position:0% +survived and I think she's back at work. + + + align:start position:0% +survived and I think she's back at work. +But this is an extreme case and uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +But this is an extreme case and uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +But this is an extreme case and uh I'm +afraid that uh many of the things that + + align:start position:0% +afraid that uh many of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +afraid that uh many of the things that +we talk about and principles that we may + + align:start position:0% +we talk about and principles that we may + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about and principles that we may +come up with may not necessarily be uh + + align:start position:0% +come up with may not necessarily be uh + + + align:start position:0% +come up with may not necessarily be uh +uh so helpful other than thinking back + + align:start position:0% +uh so helpful other than thinking back + + + align:start position:0% +uh so helpful other than thinking back +at a level intervention. It's quite + + align:start position:0% +at a level intervention. It's quite + + + align:start position:0% +at a level intervention. It's quite +conceivable that for somebody who + + align:start position:0% +conceivable that for somebody who + + + align:start position:0% +conceivable that for somebody who +charges at you, you won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +charges at you, you won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +charges at you, you won't be able to +talk him down. You won't be able to use + + align:start position:0% +talk him down. You won't be able to use + + + align:start position:0% +talk him down. You won't be able to use +any of the uh nice deescalation + + align:start position:0% +any of the uh nice deescalation + + + align:start position:0% +any of the uh nice deescalation +principles that I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +principles that I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +principles that I'm going to talk about +in a few minutes. But figuring out what + + align:start position:0% +in a few minutes. But figuring out what + + + align:start position:0% +in a few minutes. But figuring out what +to do, I think it remains important. + + align:start position:0% +to do, I think it remains important. + + + align:start position:0% +to do, I think it remains important. +>> Um so I have a question. You mentioned + + align:start position:0% +>> Um so I have a question. You mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um so I have a question. You mentioned +that nurses have sort of like a + + align:start position:0% +that nurses have sort of like a + + + align:start position:0% +that nurses have sort of like a +different training system for this and + + align:start position:0% +different training system for this and + + + align:start position:0% +different training system for this and +and it seems to be effective. Like what + + align:start position:0% +and it seems to be effective. Like what + + + align:start position:0% +and it seems to be effective. Like what +what what is that training? like what is + + align:start position:0% +what what is that training? like what is + + + align:start position:0% +what what is that training? like what is +different about what nurses get taught + + align:start position:0% +different about what nurses get taught + + + align:start position:0% +different about what nurses get taught +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +>> Well, um there are some in most states + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, um there are some in most states + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, um there are some in most states +there are uh regulations that um try to + + align:start position:0% +there are uh regulations that um try to + + + align:start position:0% +there are uh regulations that um try to +implement some level of training for + + align:start position:0% +implement some level of training for + + + align:start position:0% +implement some level of training for +designed specifically for patients who + + align:start position:0% +designed specifically for patients who + + + align:start position:0% +designed specifically for patients who +get out of control and that's not in + + align:start position:0% +get out of control and that's not in + + + align:start position:0% +get out of control and that's not in +only psychiatry. uh emergency room uh + + align:start position:0% +only psychiatry. uh emergency room uh + + + align:start position:0% +only psychiatry. uh emergency room uh +teams have probably the most one of the + + align:start position:0% +teams have probably the most one of the + + + align:start position:0% +teams have probably the most one of the +most kind of the highest rate of of + + align:start position:0% +most kind of the highest rate of of + + + align:start position:0% +most kind of the highest rate of of +assaulted patients across uh across + + align:start position:0% +assaulted patients across uh across + + + align:start position:0% +assaulted patients across uh across +diagnostic boundaries. Often psychiatric + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic boundaries. Often psychiatric + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic boundaries. Often psychiatric +patients especially patients using + + align:start position:0% +patients especially patients using + + + align:start position:0% +patients especially patients using +substance abuse will will uh will get + + align:start position:0% +substance abuse will will uh will get + + + align:start position:0% +substance abuse will will uh will get +out of control emergency room. So if you + + align:start position:0% +out of control emergency room. So if you + + + align:start position:0% +out of control emergency room. So if you +want to become emergency physician or + + align:start position:0% +want to become emergency physician or + + + align:start position:0% +want to become emergency physician or +you if you work in the field an EMT or + + align:start position:0% +you if you work in the field an EMT or + + + align:start position:0% +you if you work in the field an EMT or +another capacity you'll have to deal + + align:start position:0% +another capacity you'll have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +another capacity you'll have to deal +with these situations. what what makes + + align:start position:0% +with these situations. what what makes + + + align:start position:0% +with these situations. what what makes +the nurses uh somewhat better trained is + + align:start position:0% +the nurses uh somewhat better trained is + + + align:start position:0% +the nurses uh somewhat better trained is +that uh um they often are the frontline + + align:start position:0% +that uh um they often are the frontline + + + align:start position:0% +that uh um they often are the frontline +uh uh staff dealing with out of control + + align:start position:0% +uh uh staff dealing with out of control + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh staff dealing with out of control +patients and I think that's probably + + align:start position:0% +patients and I think that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +patients and I think that's probably +pretty probably sad because physicians + + align:start position:0% +pretty probably sad because physicians + + + align:start position:0% +pretty probably sad because physicians +should be equally you know and trainees + + align:start position:0% +should be equally you know and trainees + + + align:start position:0% +should be equally you know and trainees +and physicians in training should be + + align:start position:0% +and physicians in training should be + + + align:start position:0% +and physicians in training should be +equally well well trained but uh but on + + align:start position:0% +equally well well trained but uh but on + + + align:start position:0% +equally well well trained but uh but on +the nursing front uh there has been some + + align:start position:0% +the nursing front uh there has been some + + + align:start position:0% +the nursing front uh there has been some +progress in Massachusetts the department + + align:start position:0% +progress in Massachusetts the department + + + align:start position:0% +progress in Massachusetts the department +of mental health uh has some method of + + align:start position:0% +of mental health uh has some method of + + + align:start position:0% +of mental health uh has some method of +retraining there's a lot of red tape + + align:start position:0% +retraining there's a lot of red tape + + + align:start position:0% +retraining there's a lot of red tape +there. But there are a lot of um helpful + + align:start position:0% +there. But there are a lot of um helpful + + + align:start position:0% +there. But there are a lot of um helpful +helpful aspects uh including aspects + + align:start position:0% +helpful aspects uh including aspects + + + align:start position:0% +helpful aspects uh including aspects +related to self-defense + + align:start position:0% +related to self-defense + + + align:start position:0% +related to self-defense +and I wish I I could have presented a + + align:start position:0% +and I wish I I could have presented a + + + align:start position:0% +and I wish I I could have presented a +recording of of a of a training session + + align:start position:0% +recording of of a of a training session + + + align:start position:0% +recording of of a of a training session +for staff. Uh it's when I went through + + align:start position:0% +for staff. Uh it's when I went through + + + align:start position:0% +for staff. Uh it's when I went through +it I I thought it would be something + + align:start position:0% +it I I thought it would be something + + + align:start position:0% +it I I thought it would be something +like a very spectacular kind of kung fu + + align:start position:0% +like a very spectacular kind of kung fu + + + align:start position:0% +like a very spectacular kind of kung fu +how you do it. But in fact uh the + + align:start position:0% +how you do it. But in fact uh the + + + align:start position:0% +how you do it. But in fact uh the +emphasis is how to keep yourself safe + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is how to keep yourself safe + + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is how to keep yourself safe +and believe it or not how to keep the + + align:start position:0% +and believe it or not how to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +and believe it or not how to keep the +person safe. the person that you're kind + + align:start position:0% +person safe. the person that you're kind + + + align:start position:0% +person safe. the person that you're kind +of blocking the way punches uh the + + align:start position:0% +of blocking the way punches uh the + + + align:start position:0% +of blocking the way punches uh the +person that might be trying to kind of + + align:start position:0% +person that might be trying to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +person that might be trying to kind of +strangle you or or keep you in a + + align:start position:0% +strangle you or or keep you in a + + + align:start position:0% +strangle you or or keep you in a +stronghold or or scratch you or you know + + align:start position:0% +stronghold or or scratch you or you know + + + align:start position:0% +stronghold or or scratch you or you know +rip your your hair again even when you + + align:start position:0% +rip your your hair again even when you + + + align:start position:0% +rip your your hair again even when you +try to intervene or you're trying you're + + align:start position:0% +try to intervene or you're trying you're + + + align:start position:0% +try to intervene or you're trying you're +trying to protect yourself and keep the + + align:start position:0% +trying to protect yourself and keep the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to protect yourself and keep the +other other person safe. So no punching, + + align:start position:0% +other other person safe. So no punching, + + + align:start position:0% +other other person safe. So no punching, +kicking, no kind of spectacular + + align:start position:0% +kicking, no kind of spectacular + + + align:start position:0% +kicking, no kind of spectacular +kind of stunts in that respect. But + + align:start position:0% +kind of stunts in that respect. But + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stunts in that respect. But +again that also I feel could be you know + + align:start position:0% +again that also I feel could be you know + + + align:start position:0% +again that also I feel could be you know +an interesting topic for for simulation. + + align:start position:0% +an interesting topic for for simulation. + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting topic for for simulation. +How do you kind of interact with uh + + align:start position:0% +How do you kind of interact with uh + + + align:start position:0% +How do you kind of interact with uh +especially since again I'm I'm a total + + align:start position:0% +especially since again I'm I'm a total + + + align:start position:0% +especially since again I'm I'm a total +kind of outsider in the field but I um + + align:start position:0% +kind of outsider in the field but I um + + + align:start position:0% +kind of outsider in the field but I um +having kids you know they they were + + align:start position:0% +having kids you know they they were + + + align:start position:0% +having kids you know they they were +asking me the other day about + + align:start position:0% +asking me the other day about + + + align:start position:0% +asking me the other day about +Microsoft's connects uh connect um and I + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft's connects uh connect um and I + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft's connects uh connect um and I +thought that was really interesting + + align:start position:0% +thought that was really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +thought that was really interesting +because the level of interaction with uh + + align:start position:0% +because the level of interaction with uh + + + align:start position:0% +because the level of interaction with uh +kind of computerenerated uh interfaces + + align:start position:0% +kind of computerenerated uh interfaces + + + align:start position:0% +kind of computerenerated uh interfaces +is very is very interesting and + + align:start position:0% +is very is very interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +is very is very interesting and +certainly would be a that to be attacked + + align:start position:0% +certainly would be a that to be attacked + + + align:start position:0% +certainly would be a that to be attacked +by by somebody from the TV + + align:start position:0% +by by somebody from the TV + + + align:start position:0% +by by somebody from the TV +person. + + align:start position:0% +person. + + + align:start position:0% +person. +>> It sounds like nurses get better + + align:start position:0% +>> It sounds like nurses get better + + + align:start position:0% +>> It sounds like nurses get better +training because the states require them + + align:start position:0% +training because the states require them + + + align:start position:0% +training because the states require them +to have better training. + + align:start position:0% +to have better training. + + + align:start position:0% +to have better training. +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> Okay. That's correct. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. That's correct. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. That's correct. +>> All right. + + align:start position:0% +>> All right. + + + align:start position:0% +>> All right. +>> That that's in part of it. And I've been + + align:start position:0% +>> That that's in part of it. And I've been + + + align:start position:0% +>> That that's in part of it. And I've been +trying at at UMass to to suggest that + + align:start position:0% +trying at at UMass to to suggest that + + + align:start position:0% +trying at at UMass to to suggest that +not only the staff physicians get + + align:start position:0% +not only the staff physicians get + + + align:start position:0% +not only the staff physicians get +exposed to the training but even the um + + align:start position:0% +exposed to the training but even the um + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to the training but even the um +psychiatry trainees and other trainees + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry trainees and other trainees + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry trainees and other trainees +especially in an emergency medicine. + + align:start position:0% +especially in an emergency medicine. + + + align:start position:0% +especially in an emergency medicine. +they they should all really, you know, + + align:start position:0% +they they should all really, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +they they should all really, you know, +know about it. + + align:start position:0% +know about it. + + + align:start position:0% +know about it. +>> I suspect some of this has to do with + + align:start position:0% +>> I suspect some of this has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +>> I suspect some of this has to do with +with the benefits of being in a union, + + align:start position:0% +with the benefits of being in a union, + + + align:start position:0% +with the benefits of being in a union, +which the union can demand that the + + align:start position:0% +which the union can demand that the + + + align:start position:0% +which the union can demand that the +nurses receive this better training + + align:start position:0% +nurses receive this better training + + + align:start position:0% +nurses receive this better training +where the physicians are not in the + + align:start position:0% +where the physicians are not in the + + + align:start position:0% +where the physicians are not in the +union. + + align:start position:0% +union. + + + align:start position:0% +union. +>> Uh, and it's also about numbers. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, and it's also about numbers. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, and it's also about numbers. I mean, +on the on any unit, you know, the you + + align:start position:0% +on the on any unit, you know, the you + + + align:start position:0% +on the on any unit, you know, the you +have uh six, seven nurses per one + + align:start position:0% +have uh six, seven nurses per one + + + align:start position:0% +have uh six, seven nurses per one +physician uh and the nurses are they're + + align:start position:0% +physician uh and the nurses are they're + + + align:start position:0% +physician uh and the nurses are they're +in shifts around the clock. So the lackl + + align:start position:0% +in shifts around the clock. So the lackl + + + align:start position:0% +in shifts around the clock. So the lackl +of being exposed to a uh to an out of + + align:start position:0% +of being exposed to a uh to an out of + + + align:start position:0% +of being exposed to a uh to an out of +control you know much higher usually on + + align:start position:0% +control you know much higher usually on + + + align:start position:0% +control you know much higher usually on +on these units people intervene as a + + align:start position:0% +on these units people intervene as a + + + align:start position:0% +on these units people intervene as a +team uh and there's a team leader that + + align:start position:0% +team uh and there's a team leader that + + + align:start position:0% +team uh and there's a team leader that +tries to you know applies many of the + + align:start position:0% +tries to you know applies many of the + + + align:start position:0% +tries to you know applies many of the +principles I I hope to talk about uh and + + align:start position:0% +principles I I hope to talk about uh and + + + align:start position:0% +principles I I hope to talk about uh and +then if there is need for seclusionary + + align:start position:0% +then if there is need for seclusionary + + + align:start position:0% +then if there is need for seclusionary +strength then that has to be done in an + + align:start position:0% +strength then that has to be done in an + + + align:start position:0% +strength then that has to be done in an +automated fashion and and things are + + align:start position:0% +automated fashion and and things are + + + align:start position:0% +automated fashion and and things are +clearly much much clearer as I said on + + align:start position:0% +clearly much much clearer as I said on + + + align:start position:0% +clearly much much clearer as I said on +the nursing front maybe because they're + + align:start position:0% +the nursing front maybe because they're + + + align:start position:0% +the nursing front maybe because they're +doing it all the time because there are + + align:start position:0% +doing it all the time because there are + + + align:start position:0% +doing it all the time because there are +some ty relations maybe because they're + + align:start position:0% +some ty relations maybe because they're + + + align:start position:0% +some ty relations maybe because they're +unionized and + + align:start position:0% +unionized and + + + align:start position:0% +unionized and +you know at least half of the literature + + align:start position:0% +you know at least half of the literature + + + align:start position:0% +you know at least half of the literature +uh really comes from from the nursing + + align:start position:0% +uh really comes from from the nursing + + + align:start position:0% +uh really comes from from the nursing +direction. So uh so that's a that's a + + align:start position:0% +direction. So uh so that's a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +direction. So uh so that's a that's a +tangent + + align:start position:0% +tangent + + + align:start position:0% +tangent +just want to write on the on the connect + + align:start position:0% +just want to write on the on the connect + + + align:start position:0% +just want to write on the on the connect +uh uh uh comment that you were making. I + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh comment that you were making. I + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh comment that you were making. I +mean we will be talking a little bit + + align:start position:0% +mean we will be talking a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +mean we will be talking a little bit +more about live action games. So, um, + + align:start position:0% +more about live action games. So, um, + + + align:start position:0% +more about live action games. So, um, +that's kind of how you prototype how you + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of how you prototype how you + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of how you prototype how you +prototype something that's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +prototype something that's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +prototype something that's going to be a +motion gesture computer game. You don't + + align:start position:0% +motion gesture computer game. You don't + + + align:start position:0% +motion gesture computer game. You don't +obviously actually having to write code + + align:start position:0% +obviously actually having to write code + + + align:start position:0% +obviously actually having to write code +to do that. That sort of body + + align:start position:0% +to do that. That sort of body + + + align:start position:0% +to do that. That sort of body +recognition is kind of annoying uh and + + align:start position:0% +recognition is kind of annoying uh and + + + align:start position:0% +recognition is kind of annoying uh and +and expensive, but it's but you can test + + align:start position:0% +and expensive, but it's but you can test + + + align:start position:0% +and expensive, but it's but you can test +out a lot of ideas uh just by having two + + align:start position:0% +out a lot of ideas uh just by having two + + + align:start position:0% +out a lot of ideas uh just by having two +people play physical game. Of course, + + align:start position:0% +people play physical game. Of course, + + + align:start position:0% +people play physical game. Of course, +safety becomes the biggest concern for + + align:start position:0% +safety becomes the biggest concern for + + + align:start position:0% +safety becomes the biggest concern for +players as well. It's kind of + + align:start position:0% +players as well. It's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +players as well. It's kind of +interesting because in this particular + + align:start position:0% +interesting because in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because in this particular +case, you're trying to teach someone how + + align:start position:0% +case, you're trying to teach someone how + + + align:start position:0% +case, you're trying to teach someone how +to prevent damage to both parties at the + + align:start position:0% +to prevent damage to both parties at the + + + align:start position:0% +to prevent damage to both parties at the +same time, which is an interesting it + + align:start position:0% +same time, which is an interesting it + + + align:start position:0% +same time, which is an interesting it +actually kind of helps you with the + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of helps you with the + + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of helps you with the +design of of of a live action. Now, + + align:start position:0% +design of of of a live action. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +design of of of a live action. Now, +that's only one problem. That's not the + + align:start position:0% +that's only one problem. That's not the + + + align:start position:0% +that's only one problem. That's not the +you go into more details about the kinds + + align:start position:0% +you go into more details about the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +you go into more details about the kinds +of things that you can do to prevent it + + align:start position:0% +of things that you can do to prevent it + + + align:start position:0% +of things that you can do to prevent it +escalating into actual combat. Combat is + + align:start position:0% +escalating into actual combat. Combat is + + + align:start position:0% +escalating into actual combat. Combat is +one of those things that + + align:start position:0% +one of those things that + + + align:start position:0% +one of those things that +>> and the idea is basically to do you know + + align:start position:0% +>> and the idea is basically to do you know + + + align:start position:0% +>> and the idea is basically to do you know +your best to not end up at that + + align:start position:0% +your best to not end up at that + + + align:start position:0% +your best to not end up at that +particular extreme of of a direct kind + + align:start position:0% +particular extreme of of a direct kind + + + align:start position:0% +particular extreme of of a direct kind +of combat which is not uh uh you know so + + align:start position:0% +of combat which is not uh uh you know so + + + align:start position:0% +of combat which is not uh uh you know so +ideally you don't have to go there and + + align:start position:0% +ideally you don't have to go there and + + + align:start position:0% +ideally you don't have to go there and +as I said in 15 years I've been + + align:start position:0% +as I said in 15 years I've been + + + align:start position:0% +as I said in 15 years I've been +assaulted once I'm sure I was lucky uh + + align:start position:0% +assaulted once I'm sure I was lucky uh + + + align:start position:0% +assaulted once I'm sure I was lucky uh +people see think that my eyebrows are + + align:start position:0% +people see think that my eyebrows are + + + align:start position:0% +people see think that my eyebrows are +intimidating so + + align:start position:0% +intimidating so + + + align:start position:0% +intimidating so +don't uh you know tend to to get very + + align:start position:0% +don't uh you know tend to to get very + + + align:start position:0% +don't uh you know tend to to get very +you know, friendly and and and and + + align:start position:0% +you know, friendly and and and and + + + align:start position:0% +you know, friendly and and and and +again, I'm going to, you know, sell a + + align:start position:0% +again, I'm going to, you know, sell a + + + align:start position:0% +again, I'm going to, you know, sell a +few, you know, tell you about a few + + align:start position:0% +few, you know, tell you about a few + + + align:start position:0% +few, you know, tell you about a few +pearls and a few tricks that I I + + align:start position:0% +pearls and a few tricks that I I + + + align:start position:0% +pearls and a few tricks that I I +personally use. It may not be, you know, + + align:start position:0% +personally use. It may not be, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +personally use. It may not be, you know, +they may not be helpful for for + + align:start position:0% +they may not be helpful for for + + + align:start position:0% +they may not be helpful for for +everybody over time. You develop your + + align:start position:0% +everybody over time. You develop your + + + align:start position:0% +everybody over time. You develop your +own style. The idea is to to uh be able + + align:start position:0% +own style. The idea is to to uh be able + + + align:start position:0% +own style. The idea is to to uh be able +to make an assessment and try to take + + align:start position:0% +to make an assessment and try to take + + + align:start position:0% +to make an assessment and try to take +preventative steps. And I think that + + align:start position:0% +preventative steps. And I think that + + + align:start position:0% +preventative steps. And I think that +that's the secret. And this is what I + + align:start position:0% +that's the secret. And this is what I + + + align:start position:0% +that's the secret. And this is what I +hope, you know, better training, maybe + + align:start position:0% +hope, you know, better training, maybe + + + align:start position:0% +hope, you know, better training, maybe +the use of simulation and and kind of + + align:start position:0% +the use of simulation and and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the use of simulation and and kind of +gaming could be could be helpful. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +gaming could be could be helpful. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +gaming could be could be helpful. Okay. +So, uh now I'm going to just uh you know + + align:start position:0% +So, uh now I'm going to just uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +So, uh now I'm going to just uh you know +I'm going to jump into uh uh talking + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to jump into uh uh talking + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to jump into uh uh talking +about prevention and uh uh I not + + align:start position:0% +about prevention and uh uh I not + + + align:start position:0% +about prevention and uh uh I not +prevention but identifying how you + + align:start position:0% +prevention but identifying how you + + + align:start position:0% +prevention but identifying how you +assess and how you think about the + + align:start position:0% +assess and how you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +assess and how you think about the +potential for violence and uh and these + + align:start position:0% +potential for violence and uh and these + + + align:start position:0% +potential for violence and uh and these +are some some known uh um risk factors + + align:start position:0% +are some some known uh um risk factors + + + align:start position:0% +are some some known uh um risk factors +for aggression. Obviously the history of + + align:start position:0% +for aggression. Obviously the history of + + + align:start position:0% +for aggression. Obviously the history of +violence uh is is the top um how recent + + align:start position:0% +violence uh is is the top um how recent + + + align:start position:0% +violence uh is is the top um how recent +how frequently uh you know those people + + align:start position:0% +how frequently uh you know those people + + + align:start position:0% +how frequently uh you know those people +become uh assaulted what's the pattern + + align:start position:0% +become uh assaulted what's the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +become uh assaulted what's the pattern +of escalation what are the associated + + align:start position:0% +of escalation what are the associated + + + align:start position:0% +of escalation what are the associated +symptoms what happens when before + + align:start position:0% +symptoms what happens when before + + + align:start position:0% +symptoms what happens when before +somebody gets uh becomes assaulted. Why + + align:start position:0% +somebody gets uh becomes assaulted. Why + + + align:start position:0% +somebody gets uh becomes assaulted. Why +is this important? because you can you + + align:start position:0% +is this important? because you can you + + + align:start position:0% +is this important? because you can you +can do and at all you should do quickly + + align:start position:0% +can do and at all you should do quickly + + + align:start position:0% +can do and at all you should do quickly +before you know engaging with the + + align:start position:0% +before you know engaging with the + + + align:start position:0% +before you know engaging with the +patient uh an assessment at that level + + align:start position:0% +patient uh an assessment at that level + + + align:start position:0% +patient uh an assessment at that level +and it will help you uh figure out how + + align:start position:0% +and it will help you uh figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +and it will help you uh figure out how +deep to get involved how likely you are + + align:start position:0% +deep to get involved how likely you are + + + align:start position:0% +deep to get involved how likely you are +to gasolate the patient versus saying oh + + align:start position:0% +to gasolate the patient versus saying oh + + + align:start position:0% +to gasolate the patient versus saying oh +I don't need this I need help let's go + + align:start position:0% +I don't need this I need help let's go + + + align:start position:0% +I don't need this I need help let's go +in as a team you know so uh so that that + + align:start position:0% +in as a team you know so uh so that that + + + align:start position:0% +in as a team you know so uh so that that +makes it important uh people often talk + + align:start position:0% +makes it important uh people often talk + + + align:start position:0% +makes it important uh people often talk +about violent threats and fantasies + + align:start position:0% +about violent threats and fantasies + + + align:start position:0% +about violent threats and fantasies +young people uh tend to be more + + align:start position:0% +young people uh tend to be more + + + align:start position:0% +young people uh tend to be more +assaulted and there's no surprise also + + align:start position:0% +assaulted and there's no surprise also + + + align:start position:0% +assaulted and there's no surprise also +older people who have uh uh dementia uh + + align:start position:0% +older people who have uh uh dementia uh + + + align:start position:0% +older people who have uh uh dementia uh +and get uh more disinhibited and more + + align:start position:0% +and get uh more disinhibited and more + + + align:start position:0% +and get uh more disinhibited and more +likely to become reactive. Uh I always + + align:start position:0% +likely to become reactive. Uh I always + + + align:start position:0% +likely to become reactive. Uh I always +like to tell the story of a patient with + + align:start position:0% +like to tell the story of a patient with + + + align:start position:0% +like to tell the story of a patient with +dementia. I was moonlighting and he + + align:start position:0% +dementia. I was moonlighting and he + + + align:start position:0% +dementia. I was moonlighting and he +swung at me as I was passing and then I + + align:start position:0% +swung at me as I was passing and then I + + + align:start position:0% +swung at me as I was passing and then I +went to talk to him. So what happened? + + align:start position:0% +went to talk to him. So what happened? + + + align:start position:0% +went to talk to him. So what happened? +Well, I don't know. He just passed by me + + align:start position:0% +Well, I don't know. He just passed by me + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I don't know. He just passed by me +and I was upset and he was the closest. + + align:start position:0% +and I was upset and he was the closest. + + + align:start position:0% +and I was upset and he was the closest. +So I thought I would try to talk. Uh so + + align:start position:0% +So I thought I would try to talk. Uh so + + + align:start position:0% +So I thought I would try to talk. Uh so +um there was no way for me to to predict + + align:start position:0% +um there was no way for me to to predict + + + align:start position:0% +um there was no way for me to to predict +that it wasn't a serious thing. It + + align:start position:0% +that it wasn't a serious thing. It + + + align:start position:0% +that it wasn't a serious thing. It +wasn't the predatory type of of uh of + + align:start position:0% +wasn't the predatory type of of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't the predatory type of of uh of +assaultiveness where somebody plants you + + align:start position:0% +assaultiveness where somebody plants you + + + align:start position:0% +assaultiveness where somebody plants you +know you know doesn't like you goes + + align:start position:0% +know you know doesn't like you goes + + + align:start position:0% +know you know doesn't like you goes +after you + + align:start position:0% +after you + + + align:start position:0% +after you +colleague of mine was attacked by a + + align:start position:0% +colleague of mine was attacked by a + + + align:start position:0% +colleague of mine was attacked by a +patient patient watched when people were + + align:start position:0% +patient patient watched when people were + + + align:start position:0% +patient patient watched when people were +not around + + align:start position:0% +not around + + + align:start position:0% +not around +went into the doctor's room locked the + + align:start position:0% +went into the doctor's room locked the + + + align:start position:0% +went into the doctor's room locked the +door and started contacting. So that's a + + align:start position:0% +door and started contacting. So that's a + + + align:start position:0% +door and started contacting. So that's a +totally different animal. Uh so the + + align:start position:0% +totally different animal. Uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +totally different animal. Uh so the +distinction between impulsive, affective + + align:start position:0% +distinction between impulsive, affective + + + align:start position:0% +distinction between impulsive, affective +when you want or uh you know type of + + align:start position:0% +when you want or uh you know type of + + + align:start position:0% +when you want or uh you know type of +aggression and the predatory you know is + + align:start position:0% +aggression and the predatory you know is + + + align:start position:0% +aggression and the predatory you know is +essential to um + + align:start position:0% +essential to um + + + align:start position:0% +essential to um +in some uh subcultures violence is is uh + + align:start position:0% +in some uh subcultures violence is is uh + + + align:start position:0% +in some uh subcultures violence is is uh +is not allowed certainly much more much + + align:start position:0% +is not allowed certainly much more much + + + align:start position:0% +is not allowed certainly much more much +more frequent. Um people uh of a lower + + align:start position:0% +more frequent. Um people uh of a lower + + + align:start position:0% +more frequent. Um people uh of a lower +socioeconomic status uh may may be more + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic status uh may may be more + + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic status uh may may be more +likely to become uh assaulted. Patients + + align:start position:0% +likely to become uh assaulted. Patients + + + align:start position:0% +likely to become uh assaulted. Patients +of a limited cognitive ability + + align:start position:0% +of a limited cognitive ability + + + align:start position:0% +of a limited cognitive ability +especially when institutionalized may be + + align:start position:0% +especially when institutionalized may be + + + align:start position:0% +especially when institutionalized may be +more likely to to become assaulted and + + align:start position:0% +more likely to to become assaulted and + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to to become assaulted and +then it's a uh many many diagnosis + + align:start position:0% +then it's a uh many many diagnosis + + + align:start position:0% +then it's a uh many many diagnosis +uh increase the likelihood of assault. + + align:start position:0% +uh increase the likelihood of assault. + + + align:start position:0% +uh increase the likelihood of assault. +Uh the top are psychotic disorders like + + align:start position:0% +Uh the top are psychotic disorders like + + + align:start position:0% +Uh the top are psychotic disorders like +schizophrenia. Uh mood disorders like + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia. Uh mood disorders like + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia. Uh mood disorders like +bipolar uh I told you about what uh we + + align:start position:0% +bipolar uh I told you about what uh we + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar uh I told you about what uh we +call cognitive disorders especially + + align:start position:0% +call cognitive disorders especially + + + align:start position:0% +call cognitive disorders especially +dementia and confusional states. um + + align:start position:0% +dementia and confusional states. um + + + align:start position:0% +dementia and confusional states. um +patients that have had traumatic brain + + align:start position:0% +patients that have had traumatic brain + + + align:start position:0% +patients that have had traumatic brain +injuries or that have have you know have + + align:start position:0% +injuries or that have have you know have + + + align:start position:0% +injuries or that have have you know have +epilepsy may be more likely a real + + align:start position:0% +epilepsy may be more likely a real + + + align:start position:0% +epilepsy may be more likely a real +problem with Iraq veterans coming back + + align:start position:0% +problem with Iraq veterans coming back + + + align:start position:0% +problem with Iraq veterans coming back +or rack or Afghanistan veterans when + + align:start position:0% +or rack or Afghanistan veterans when + + + align:start position:0% +or rack or Afghanistan veterans when +they have had an IED explode under their + + align:start position:0% +they have had an IED explode under their + + + align:start position:0% +they have had an IED explode under their +vehicle and they've had a brain injury + + align:start position:0% +vehicle and they've had a brain injury + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle and they've had a brain injury +and now they have a lot of just + + align:start position:0% +and now they have a lot of just + + + align:start position:0% +and now they have a lot of just +admission about violence and they can + + align:start position:0% +admission about violence and they can + + + align:start position:0% +admission about violence and they can +just go off sometimes very unexpectedly. + + align:start position:0% +just go off sometimes very unexpectedly. + + + align:start position:0% +just go off sometimes very unexpectedly. +The frontal lobe exerts an inhibitory uh + + align:start position:0% +The frontal lobe exerts an inhibitory uh + + + align:start position:0% +The frontal lobe exerts an inhibitory uh +influence on our ability to uh to + + align:start position:0% +influence on our ability to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +influence on our ability to uh to +function and that allows us to plan to + + align:start position:0% +function and that allows us to plan to + + + align:start position:0% +function and that allows us to plan to +think ahead to sequence events. Often + + align:start position:0% +think ahead to sequence events. Often + + + align:start position:0% +think ahead to sequence events. Often +when uh the exe this is the executive + + align:start position:0% +when uh the exe this is the executive + + + align:start position:0% +when uh the exe this is the executive +function of of our frontal lobe when + + align:start position:0% +function of of our frontal lobe when + + + align:start position:0% +function of of our frontal lobe when +he's impaired either you know in a + + align:start position:0% +he's impaired either you know in a + + + align:start position:0% +he's impaired either you know in a +trauma or after surgery you know or uh + + align:start position:0% +trauma or after surgery you know or uh + + + align:start position:0% +trauma or after surgery you know or uh +being in a in an accident or becoming + + align:start position:0% +being in a in an accident or becoming + + + align:start position:0% +being in a in an accident or becoming +demented that ability to + + align:start position:0% +demented that ability to + + + align:start position:0% +demented that ability to +uh to operate in that fashion maybe + + align:start position:0% +uh to operate in that fashion maybe + + + align:start position:0% +uh to operate in that fashion maybe +violence is a is a possible uh side + + align:start position:0% +violence is a is a possible uh side + + + align:start position:0% +violence is a is a possible uh side +effect. Substance abuse I think are are + + align:start position:0% +effect. Substance abuse I think are are + + + align:start position:0% +effect. Substance abuse I think are are +the top of the list. Uh because of the + + align:start position:0% +the top of the list. Uh because of the + + + align:start position:0% +the top of the list. Uh because of the +disinhibition both during the + + align:start position:0% +disinhibition both during the + + + align:start position:0% +disinhibition both during the +intoxication phase and during the + + align:start position:0% +intoxication phase and during the + + + align:start position:0% +intoxication phase and during the +withdrawal phase people tends to become + + align:start position:0% +withdrawal phase people tends to become + + + align:start position:0% +withdrawal phase people tends to become +very agitated and assaulted. There are + + align:start position:0% +very agitated and assaulted. There are + + + align:start position:0% +very agitated and assaulted. There are +certain personality disorders. Uh so uh + + align:start position:0% +certain personality disorders. Uh so uh + + + align:start position:0% +certain personality disorders. Uh so uh +when uh when we think as about a + + align:start position:0% +when uh when we think as about a + + + align:start position:0% +when uh when we think as about a +personality disorder we have this + + align:start position:0% +personality disorder we have this + + + align:start position:0% +personality disorder we have this +enduring maladaptive patterns of of + + align:start position:0% +enduring maladaptive patterns of of + + + align:start position:0% +enduring maladaptive patterns of of +relating to you know to the to you and + + align:start position:0% +relating to you know to the to you and + + + align:start position:0% +relating to you know to the to you and +to others and to the world. + + align:start position:0% +to others and to the world. + + + align:start position:0% +to others and to the world. +You know the obsessive compulsive + + align:start position:0% +You know the obsessive compulsive + + + align:start position:0% +You know the obsessive compulsive +personality disorder likes to have + + align:start position:0% +personality disorder likes to have + + + align:start position:0% +personality disorder likes to have +things organized, planned, nothing. Even + + align:start position:0% +things organized, planned, nothing. Even + + + align:start position:0% +things organized, planned, nothing. Even +going on vacation is an exhausting task. + + align:start position:0% +going on vacation is an exhausting task. + + + align:start position:0% +going on vacation is an exhausting task. +Nothing has to happen randomly. + + align:start position:0% +Nothing has to happen randomly. + + + align:start position:0% +Nothing has to happen randomly. +Uh grandio personalities really need + + align:start position:0% +Uh grandio personalities really need + + + align:start position:0% +Uh grandio personalities really need +this kind of feeding coming from from + + align:start position:0% +this kind of feeding coming from from + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of feeding coming from from +all directions. Uh they they need to be + + align:start position:0% +all directions. Uh they they need to be + + + align:start position:0% +all directions. Uh they they need to be +in the limelight. they they use people + + align:start position:0% +in the limelight. they they use people + + + align:start position:0% +in the limelight. they they use people +not as good people but as people that + + align:start position:0% +not as good people but as people that + + + align:start position:0% +not as good people but as people that +kind of uh provide sustenance their own + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh provide sustenance their own + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh provide sustenance their own +self-esteem. two uh two type of uh + + align:start position:0% +self-esteem. two uh two type of uh + + + align:start position:0% +self-esteem. two uh two type of uh +personality disorders uh are + + align:start position:0% +personality disorders uh are + + + align:start position:0% +personality disorders uh are +particularly likely to uh promote + + align:start position:0% +particularly likely to uh promote + + + align:start position:0% +particularly likely to uh promote +violence. Uh the antisocial + + align:start position:0% +violence. Uh the antisocial + + + align:start position:0% +violence. Uh the antisocial +uh and you may have heard the term + + align:start position:0% +uh and you may have heard the term + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you may have heard the term +borderline personality disorder which is + + align:start position:0% +borderline personality disorder which is + + + align:start position:0% +borderline personality disorder which is +basically uh at core has uh significant + + align:start position:0% +basically uh at core has uh significant + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh at core has uh significant +instability in emotions in interpersonal + + align:start position:0% +instability in emotions in interpersonal + + + align:start position:0% +instability in emotions in interpersonal +relationships and identity and uh + + align:start position:0% +relationships and identity and uh + + + align:start position:0% +relationships and identity and uh +basically their lives are are a mess. + + align:start position:0% +basically their lives are are a mess. + + + align:start position:0% +basically their lives are are a mess. +often they feel abandoned, they feel put + + align:start position:0% +often they feel abandoned, they feel put + + + align:start position:0% +often they feel abandoned, they feel put +down, they uh they may get briefly + + align:start position:0% +down, they uh they may get briefly + + + align:start position:0% +down, they uh they may get briefly +paranoid and often uh they make they + + align:start position:0% +paranoid and often uh they make they + + + align:start position:0% +paranoid and often uh they make they +become assaulted. So again I'm throwing + + align:start position:0% +become assaulted. So again I'm throwing + + + align:start position:0% +become assaulted. So again I'm throwing +a lot of uh a lot of terms and + + align:start position:0% +a lot of uh a lot of terms and + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of uh a lot of terms and +definitions at you. I don't want to you + + align:start position:0% +definitions at you. I don't want to you + + + align:start position:0% +definitions at you. I don't want to you +know make this u lecture about + + align:start position:0% +know make this u lecture about + + + align:start position:0% +know make this u lecture about +psychiatry but these are conditions that + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry but these are conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatry but these are conditions that +I think u are helpful uh to think about. + + align:start position:0% +I think u are helpful uh to think about. + + + align:start position:0% +I think u are helpful uh to think about. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +>> People with delusional disorders like + + align:start position:0% +>> People with delusional disorders like + + + align:start position:0% +>> People with delusional disorders like +schizophrenia get violent. Is it usually + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia get violent. Is it usually + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia get violent. Is it usually +because they're frustrated about + + align:start position:0% +because they're frustrated about + + + align:start position:0% +because they're frustrated about +something or is it because they suddenly + + align:start position:0% +something or is it because they suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +something or is it because they suddenly +have some sort of delusion about their + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of delusion about their + + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of delusion about their +their clinician that involves uh great + + align:start position:0% +their clinician that involves uh great + + + align:start position:0% +their clinician that involves uh great +question, + + align:start position:0% +question, + + + align:start position:0% +question, +>> you know, requiring them to to take some + + align:start position:0% +>> you know, requiring them to to take some + + + align:start position:0% +>> you know, requiring them to to take some +sort of action that is violent? + + align:start position:0% +sort of action that is violent? + + + align:start position:0% +sort of action that is violent? +>> I think both. I think even people that + + align:start position:0% +>> I think both. I think even people that + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think both. I think even people that +have a psychotic disorder have the right + + align:start position:0% +have a psychotic disorder have the right + + + align:start position:0% +have a psychotic disorder have the right +to, you know, feel the victim of an + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, feel the victim of an + + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, feel the victim of an +injustice or feel frustrated or u many + + align:start position:0% +injustice or feel frustrated or u many + + + align:start position:0% +injustice or feel frustrated or u many +of the reasons that I I I talked about + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons that I I I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons that I I I talked about +could could happen. But in particular uh + + align:start position:0% +could could happen. But in particular uh + + + align:start position:0% +could could happen. But in particular uh +I think the other point is equally + + align:start position:0% +I think the other point is equally + + + align:start position:0% +I think the other point is equally +important that they may act on a on a + + align:start position:0% +important that they may act on a on a + + + align:start position:0% +important that they may act on a on a +delusional delusional conviction or + + align:start position:0% +delusional delusional conviction or + + + align:start position:0% +delusional delusional conviction or +their psychosis may also have uh may may + + align:start position:0% +their psychosis may also have uh may may + + + align:start position:0% +their psychosis may also have uh may may +have hallucinations and uh command + + align:start position:0% +have hallucinations and uh command + + + align:start position:0% +have hallucinations and uh command +auditor hallucinations uh are known to + + align:start position:0% +auditor hallucinations uh are known to + + + align:start position:0% +auditor hallucinations uh are known to +often be the forers of the violent + + align:start position:0% +often be the forers of the violent + + + align:start position:0% +often be the forers of the violent +attack. You talk about me and say things + + align:start position:0% +attack. You talk about me and say things + + + align:start position:0% +attack. You talk about me and say things +you know or the voice tells me I'm going + + align:start position:0% +you know or the voice tells me I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +you know or the voice tells me I'm going +to go after you. uh you do it and the + + align:start position:0% +to go after you. uh you do it and the + + + align:start position:0% +to go after you. uh you do it and the +person feels uh uh uh hopeless to uh uh + + align:start position:0% +person feels uh uh uh hopeless to uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +person feels uh uh uh hopeless to uh uh +to resist that. I discharge the patient + + align:start position:0% +to resist that. I discharge the patient + + + align:start position:0% +to resist that. I discharge the patient +who's doing great. Next day he comes + + align:start position:0% +who's doing great. Next day he comes + + + align:start position:0% +who's doing great. Next day he comes +back, went home. The boys told him that + + align:start position:0% +back, went home. The boys told him that + + + align:start position:0% +back, went home. The boys told him that +he needs to uh hurt his mother otherwise + + align:start position:0% +he needs to uh hurt his mother otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +he needs to uh hurt his mother otherwise +he will get disembowled. So he started + + align:start position:0% +he will get disembowled. So he started + + + align:start position:0% +he will get disembowled. So he started +punching her and then chased her with a + + align:start position:0% +punching her and then chased her with a + + + align:start position:0% +punching her and then chased her with a +with a knife. She had to hide in you + + align:start position:0% +with a knife. She had to hide in you + + + align:start position:0% +with a knife. She had to hide in you +know behind you know in in the + + align:start position:0% +know behind you know in in the + + + align:start position:0% +know behind you know in in the +neighbor's house until the police + + align:start position:0% +neighbor's house until the police + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor's house until the police +arrived. Uh there is an interesting + + align:start position:0% +arrived. Uh there is an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +arrived. Uh there is an interesting +threat control override pair that that + + align:start position:0% +threat control override pair that that + + + align:start position:0% +threat control override pair that that +people have looked at violence u have + + align:start position:0% +people have looked at violence u have + + + align:start position:0% +people have looked at violence u have +described as uh being sometimes the + + align:start position:0% +described as uh being sometimes the + + + align:start position:0% +described as uh being sometimes the +proximal uh cause for violence. People + + align:start position:0% +proximal uh cause for violence. People + + + align:start position:0% +proximal uh cause for violence. People +feel directly threatened uh and they + + align:start position:0% +feel directly threatened uh and they + + + align:start position:0% +feel directly threatened uh and they +also uh have this overpowering you know + + align:start position:0% +also uh have this overpowering you know + + + align:start position:0% +also uh have this overpowering you know +urge that they need to act on that + + align:start position:0% +urge that they need to act on that + + + align:start position:0% +urge that they need to act on that +cannot resist. It's a controversial + + align:start position:0% +cannot resist. It's a controversial + + + align:start position:0% +cannot resist. It's a controversial +concept. But I'm not for sure why I + + align:start position:0% +concept. But I'm not for sure why I + + + align:start position:0% +concept. But I'm not for sure why I +would give it give this particular + + align:start position:0% +would give it give this particular + + + align:start position:0% +would give it give this particular +association a a higher status than than + + align:start position:0% +association a a higher status than than + + + align:start position:0% +association a a higher status than than +other convictions about the neighbors, + + align:start position:0% +other convictions about the neighbors, + + + align:start position:0% +other convictions about the neighbors, +you know, watching me and uh and or + + align:start position:0% +you know, watching me and uh and or + + + align:start position:0% +you know, watching me and uh and or +planning to kill me or putting together + + align:start position:0% +planning to kill me or putting together + + + align:start position:0% +planning to kill me or putting together +a variety of clues that my friends are + + align:start position:0% +a variety of clues that my friends are + + + align:start position:0% +a variety of clues that my friends are +really trying to to to get rid of me and + + align:start position:0% +really trying to to to get rid of me and + + + align:start position:0% +really trying to to to get rid of me and +then I need to protect myself. But but + + align:start position:0% +then I need to protect myself. But but + + + align:start position:0% +then I need to protect myself. But but +you're absolutely right. What's + + align:start position:0% +you're absolutely right. What's + + + align:start position:0% +you're absolutely right. What's +interesting, even though patients with + + align:start position:0% +interesting, even though patients with + + + align:start position:0% +interesting, even though patients with +chronic psychotic disorders may have + + align:start position:0% +chronic psychotic disorders may have + + + align:start position:0% +chronic psychotic disorders may have +their reasons to um to become assaulted + + align:start position:0% +their reasons to um to become assaulted + + + align:start position:0% +their reasons to um to become assaulted +in the overall bigger scheme of things, + + align:start position:0% +in the overall bigger scheme of things, + + + align:start position:0% +in the overall bigger scheme of things, +when you look at actual uh violent + + align:start position:0% +when you look at actual uh violent + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at actual uh violent +assaults committed in in society, + + align:start position:0% +assaults committed in in society, + + + align:start position:0% +assaults committed in in society, +they're responsible for a tiny one. So, + + align:start position:0% +they're responsible for a tiny one. So, + + + align:start position:0% +they're responsible for a tiny one. So, +it's it's an interesting way of looking + + align:start position:0% +it's it's an interesting way of looking + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's an interesting way of looking +at numbers. Yes, they could uh + + align:start position:0% +at numbers. Yes, they could uh + + + align:start position:0% +at numbers. Yes, they could uh +become violent, but the reality is that + + align:start position:0% +become violent, but the reality is that + + + align:start position:0% +become violent, but the reality is that +the their numbers, you know, in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the their numbers, you know, in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the their numbers, you know, in terms of +the actual violent acts very small. But + + align:start position:0% +the actual violent acts very small. But + + + align:start position:0% +the actual violent acts very small. But +anyway, this may just be a kind of + + align:start position:0% +anyway, this may just be a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +anyway, this may just be a kind of +statistical uh trick. + + align:start position:0% +statistical uh trick. + + + align:start position:0% +statistical uh trick. +>> You're talking about the number of cases + + align:start position:0% +>> You're talking about the number of cases + + + align:start position:0% +>> You're talking about the number of cases +of violent episodes where compared to + + align:start position:0% +of violent episodes where compared to + + + align:start position:0% +of violent episodes where compared to +the general population. + + align:start position:0% +the general population. + + + align:start position:0% +the general population. +>> Exactly. Okay. So, + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. Okay. So, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. Okay. So, +>> exactly. That's that's exactly the point + + align:start position:0% +>> exactly. That's that's exactly the point + + + align:start position:0% +>> exactly. That's that's exactly the point +I'm trying to make. And then there are + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to make. And then there are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to make. And then there are +uh various acute findings when you + + align:start position:0% +uh various acute findings when you + + + align:start position:0% +uh various acute findings when you +examine the patient on on what what we + + align:start position:0% +examine the patient on on what what we + + + align:start position:0% +examine the patient on on what what we +call the mental status examination. + + align:start position:0% +call the mental status examination. + + + align:start position:0% +call the mental status examination. +Obviously, hostility, suspiciousness, + + align:start position:0% +Obviously, hostility, suspiciousness, + + + align:start position:0% +Obviously, hostility, suspiciousness, +agitation are all associated with uh + + align:start position:0% +agitation are all associated with uh + + + align:start position:0% +agitation are all associated with uh +with violence. + + align:start position:0% +with violence. + + + align:start position:0% +with violence. +In terms of uh uh one one I want just to + + align:start position:0% +In terms of uh uh one one I want just to + + + align:start position:0% +In terms of uh uh one one I want just to +focus one minute on on the so-called + + align:start position:0% +focus one minute on on the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +focus one minute on on the so-called +aggressive attributional style. Um how + + align:start position:0% +aggressive attributional style. Um how + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive attributional style. Um how +do we uh uh respond to stress in when we + + align:start position:0% +do we uh uh respond to stress in when we + + + align:start position:0% +do we uh uh respond to stress in when we +have the per perception of uh uh of + + align:start position:0% +have the per perception of uh uh of + + + align:start position:0% +have the per perception of uh uh of +threat? Um + + align:start position:0% +threat? Um + + + align:start position:0% +threat? Um +this is the uh um threat override uh + + align:start position:0% +this is the uh um threat override uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is the uh um threat override uh +delusion that I mentioned but I think + + align:start position:0% +delusion that I mentioned but I think + + + align:start position:0% +delusion that I mentioned but I think +that's that's probably relevant and + + align:start position:0% +that's that's probably relevant and + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's probably relevant and +command explanations + + align:start position:0% +command explanations + + + align:start position:0% +command explanations +what happens in conditions of + + align:start position:0% +what happens in conditions of + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in conditions of +uncertainty and many of the patients or + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and many of the patients or + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and many of the patients or +people may have to think in a distorted + + align:start position:0% +people may have to think in a distorted + + + align:start position:0% +people may have to think in a distorted +fashion. I was talking at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +fashion. I was talking at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +fashion. I was talking at the beginning +about uh um + + align:start position:0% +about uh um + + + align:start position:0% +about uh um +the uh communication breakdown. + + align:start position:0% +the uh communication breakdown. + + + align:start position:0% +the uh communication breakdown. +You have the layer of the mental illness + + align:start position:0% +You have the layer of the mental illness + + + align:start position:0% +You have the layer of the mental illness +that that shrinks your options. You have + + align:start position:0% +that that shrinks your options. You have + + + align:start position:0% +that that shrinks your options. You have +a particular situation to deal with uh + + align:start position:0% +a particular situation to deal with uh + + + align:start position:0% +a particular situation to deal with uh +that makes you even more likely to + + align:start position:0% +that makes you even more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +that makes you even more likely to +become uh uh uh to become assaulted. And + + align:start position:0% +become uh uh uh to become assaulted. And + + + align:start position:0% +become uh uh uh to become assaulted. And +and this constellation of cognitive + + align:start position:0% +and this constellation of cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +and this constellation of cognitive +distortions may make you more likely for + + align:start position:0% +distortions may make you more likely for + + + align:start position:0% +distortions may make you more likely for +you to uh to become assaulted. + + align:start position:0% +you to uh to become assaulted. + + + align:start position:0% +you to uh to become assaulted. +neglecting the base information which + + align:start position:0% +neglecting the base information which + + + align:start position:0% +neglecting the base information which +kind of assigns a high weight to to + + align:start position:0% +kind of assigns a high weight to to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of assigns a high weight to to +certain events that otherwise uh you + + align:start position:0% +certain events that otherwise uh you + + + align:start position:0% +certain events that otherwise uh you +know are you know are low frequency uh + + align:start position:0% +know are you know are low frequency uh + + + align:start position:0% +know are you know are low frequency uh +attending uh only to facts that would + + align:start position:0% +attending uh only to facts that would + + + align:start position:0% +attending uh only to facts that would +confirm your assumptions I think. Go + + align:start position:0% +confirm your assumptions I think. Go + + + align:start position:0% +confirm your assumptions I think. Go +ahead. + + align:start position:0% +ahead. + + + align:start position:0% +ahead. +>> Oh okay. So if uh the psychiatrist's + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh okay. So if uh the psychiatrist's + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh okay. So if uh the psychiatrist's +office calls to reschedule appointment + + align:start position:0% +office calls to reschedule appointment + + + align:start position:0% +office calls to reschedule appointment +the person assumes that this is because + + align:start position:0% +the person assumes that this is because + + + align:start position:0% +the person assumes that this is because +the psychiatrist doesn't like him. + + align:start position:0% +the psychiatrist doesn't like him. + + + align:start position:0% +the psychiatrist doesn't like him. +>> Exactly. this guy, this this person + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. this guy, this this person + + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. this guy, this this person +doesn't want to treat me. They don't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to treat me. They don't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to treat me. They don't +like me. They don't want me to be their + + align:start position:0% +like me. They don't want me to be their + + + align:start position:0% +like me. They don't want me to be their +patient because they rescheduled me. + + align:start position:0% +patient because they rescheduled me. + + + align:start position:0% +patient because they rescheduled me. +>> Ignoring facts that could disisconfirm + + align:start position:0% +>> Ignoring facts that could disisconfirm + + + align:start position:0% +>> Ignoring facts that could disisconfirm +your hypothesis. Um, I just talked to + + align:start position:0% +your hypothesis. Um, I just talked to + + + align:start position:0% +your hypothesis. Um, I just talked to +the psychiatrist who who was nice to me, + + align:start position:0% +the psychiatrist who who was nice to me, + + + align:start position:0% +the psychiatrist who who was nice to me, +but still the fact that that he called + + align:start position:0% +but still the fact that that he called + + + align:start position:0% +but still the fact that that he called +and canceled is the overriding, you + + align:start position:0% +and canceled is the overriding, you + + + align:start position:0% +and canceled is the overriding, you +know, explanation that he doesn't like + + align:start position:0% +know, explanation that he doesn't like + + + align:start position:0% +know, explanation that he doesn't like +me. or focusing on on common events just + + align:start position:0% +me. or focusing on on common events just + + + align:start position:0% +me. or focusing on on common events just +because you remember them, which is an + + align:start position:0% +because you remember them, which is an + + + align:start position:0% +because you remember them, which is an +interesting way of explaining the fact + + align:start position:0% +interesting way of explaining the fact + + + align:start position:0% +interesting way of explaining the fact +that you remember them kind of brings + + align:start position:0% +that you remember them kind of brings + + + align:start position:0% +that you remember them kind of brings +them up in the in the rank. Uh, and + + align:start position:0% +them up in the in the rank. Uh, and + + + align:start position:0% +them up in the in the rank. Uh, and +other disisconfirming evidence is + + align:start position:0% +other disisconfirming evidence is + + + align:start position:0% +other disisconfirming evidence is +totally kind of ignored. It's like the + + align:start position:0% +totally kind of ignored. It's like the + + + align:start position:0% +totally kind of ignored. It's like the +assumption that the train on the other + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the train on the other + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the train on the other +platform always always seems to arrive + + align:start position:0% +platform always always seems to arrive + + + align:start position:0% +platform always always seems to arrive +first because those are the ones you + + align:start position:0% +first because those are the ones you + + + align:start position:0% +first because those are the ones you +remember or kind of the garden ride with + + align:start position:0% +remember or kind of the garden ride with + + + align:start position:0% +remember or kind of the garden ride with +grass is always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and I talked about uh about + + align:start position:0% +uh and I talked about uh about + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I talked about uh about +medication and street drugs some are + + align:start position:0% +medication and street drugs some are + + + align:start position:0% +medication and street drugs some are +more likely to be associated alcohol + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be associated alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be associated alcohol +just by the sheer volume and especially + + align:start position:0% +just by the sheer volume and especially + + + align:start position:0% +just by the sheer volume and especially +because withdrawal is so violent uh you + + align:start position:0% +because withdrawal is so violent uh you + + + align:start position:0% +because withdrawal is so violent uh you +know it's it's a significant issue the + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's a significant issue the + + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's a significant issue the +intoxication phase your level of + + align:start position:0% +intoxication phase your level of + + + align:start position:0% +intoxication phase your level of +coordination you know your perception of + + align:start position:0% +coordination you know your perception of + + + align:start position:0% +coordination you know your perception of +facts. You know, it's it's just uh + + align:start position:0% +facts. You know, it's it's just uh + + + align:start position:0% +facts. You know, it's it's just uh +they're so off that you're more likely + + align:start position:0% +they're so off that you're more likely + + + align:start position:0% +they're so off that you're more likely +to to lose control. Uh anti-depressants + + align:start position:0% +to to lose control. Uh anti-depressants + + + align:start position:0% +to to lose control. Uh anti-depressants +um have an interesting impact because in + + align:start position:0% +um have an interesting impact because in + + + align:start position:0% +um have an interesting impact because in +people that have an underlying tendency + + align:start position:0% +people that have an underlying tendency + + + align:start position:0% +people that have an underlying tendency +to swing in their moods may actually + + align:start position:0% +to swing in their moods may actually + + + align:start position:0% +to swing in their moods may actually +augment those things. You may have heard + + align:start position:0% +augment those things. You may have heard + + + align:start position:0% +augment those things. You may have heard +of of the of the news of + + align:start position:0% +of of the of the news of + + + align:start position:0% +of of the of the news of +anti-depressants promoting violence and + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressants promoting violence and + + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressants promoting violence and +suicide in adolescence. Uh and while + + align:start position:0% +suicide in adolescence. Uh and while + + + align:start position:0% +suicide in adolescence. Uh and while +statistitians are still scratching their + + align:start position:0% +statistitians are still scratching their + + + align:start position:0% +statistitians are still scratching their +heads to figure out the exact numbers uh + + align:start position:0% +heads to figure out the exact numbers uh + + + align:start position:0% +heads to figure out the exact numbers uh +the truth is that mood is very unstable + + align:start position:0% +the truth is that mood is very unstable + + + align:start position:0% +the truth is that mood is very unstable +in in adolescence uh and uh often + + align:start position:0% +in in adolescence uh and uh often + + + align:start position:0% +in in adolescence uh and uh often +initial depression may turn out to be + + align:start position:0% +initial depression may turn out to be + + + align:start position:0% +initial depression may turn out to be +something else. You give somebody an + + align:start position:0% +something else. You give somebody an + + + align:start position:0% +something else. You give somebody an +interdepressant call him or her for + + align:start position:0% +interdepressant call him or her for + + + align:start position:0% +interdepressant call him or her for +followup in six or eight months in + + align:start position:0% +followup in six or eight months in + + + align:start position:0% +followup in six or eight months in +meanwhile lots of things happen. And I + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile lots of things happen. And I + + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile lots of things happen. And I +think in those cases when actually uh + + align:start position:0% +think in those cases when actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +think in those cases when actually uh +those young + + align:start position:0% +those young + + + align:start position:0% +those young +adolescents committed suicide, it was + + align:start position:0% +adolescents committed suicide, it was + + + align:start position:0% +adolescents committed suicide, it was +not so much about anti-depressant + + align:start position:0% +not so much about anti-depressant + + + align:start position:0% +not so much about anti-depressant +causing it. Probably the depressants + + align:start position:0% +causing it. Probably the depressants + + + align:start position:0% +causing it. Probably the depressants +made the symptoms worse. It was very + + align:start position:0% +made the symptoms worse. It was very + + + align:start position:0% +made the symptoms worse. It was very +poor followup and and poor diagnostic. + + align:start position:0% +poor followup and and poor diagnostic. + + + align:start position:0% +poor followup and and poor diagnostic. +But anyway, this is getting too too + + align:start position:0% +But anyway, this is getting too too + + + align:start position:0% +But anyway, this is getting too too +technical. Uh I included this in the + + align:start position:0% +technical. Uh I included this in the + + + align:start position:0% +technical. Uh I included this in the +last minute. This is an interesting + + align:start position:0% +last minute. This is an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +last minute. This is an interesting +summary of of a nationwide uh study uh + + align:start position:0% +summary of of a nationwide uh study uh + + + align:start position:0% +summary of of a nationwide uh study uh +focusing on violence violence risk + + align:start position:0% +focusing on violence violence risk + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on violence violence risk +assessment. Um + + align:start position:0% +assessment. Um + + + align:start position:0% +assessment. Um +let me um just say two minutes about + + align:start position:0% +let me um just say two minutes about + + + align:start position:0% +let me um just say two minutes about +useful measures in assessing dynamic + + align:start position:0% +useful measures in assessing dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +useful measures in assessing dynamic +violence. Um people have looked at + + align:start position:0% +violence. Um people have looked at + + + align:start position:0% +violence. Um people have looked at +violence uh in two ways. They have put + + align:start position:0% +violence uh in two ways. They have put + + + align:start position:0% +violence uh in two ways. They have put +together all those factors that I that I + + align:start position:0% +together all those factors that I that I + + + align:start position:0% +together all those factors that I that I +presented initially and uh uh they have + + align:start position:0% +presented initially and uh uh they have + + + align:start position:0% +presented initially and uh uh they have +looked at retrospectively that those + + align:start position:0% +looked at retrospectively that those + + + align:start position:0% +looked at retrospectively that those +would become violent and they compiled + + align:start position:0% +would become violent and they compiled + + + align:start position:0% +would become violent and they compiled +um the history clinical risk assessment + + align:start position:0% +um the history clinical risk assessment + + + align:start position:0% +um the history clinical risk assessment +scale. The problem is that when you're + + align:start position:0% +scale. The problem is that when you're + + + align:start position:0% +scale. The problem is that when you're +dealing with somebody those scales even + + align:start position:0% +dealing with somebody those scales even + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with somebody those scales even +though they may give you a good image of + + align:start position:0% +though they may give you a good image of + + + align:start position:0% +though they may give you a good image of +what happens in the long run uh they may + + align:start position:0% +what happens in the long run uh they may + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in the long run uh they may +not help you deal with the immediate + + align:start position:0% +not help you deal with the immediate + + + align:start position:0% +not help you deal with the immediate +situation. So clinical scales have have + + align:start position:0% +situation. So clinical scales have have + + + align:start position:0% +situation. So clinical scales have have +been used in IL you know one developed + + align:start position:0% +been used in IL you know one developed + + + align:start position:0% +been used in IL you know one developed +in Norway uh the other one the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +in Norway uh the other one the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +in Norway uh the other one the dynamic +appraisal developed in Australia. This + + align:start position:0% +appraisal developed in Australia. This + + + align:start position:0% +appraisal developed in Australia. This +these are the items for the HCR20 + + align:start position:0% +these are the items for the HCR20 + + + align:start position:0% +these are the items for the HCR20 +uh and it's almost like a repetition of + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's almost like a repetition of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's almost like a repetition of +what I said earlier in terms of risk + + align:start position:0% +what I said earlier in terms of risk + + + align:start position:0% +what I said earlier in terms of risk +factors. This is the historical risk + + align:start position:0% +factors. This is the historical risk + + + align:start position:0% +factors. This is the historical risk +factors and these are validated skills + + align:start position:0% +factors and these are validated skills + + + align:start position:0% +factors and these are validated skills +that have been used for for more than 15 + + align:start position:0% +that have been used for for more than 15 + + + align:start position:0% +that have been used for for more than 15 +years. The clinical scale uh is the the + + align:start position:0% +years. The clinical scale uh is the the + + + align:start position:0% +years. The clinical scale uh is the the +dynamic part of the HCR. Uh and then the + + align:start position:0% +dynamic part of the HCR. Uh and then the + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic part of the HCR. Uh and then the +risk management scale is trying to + + align:start position:0% +risk management scale is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +risk management scale is trying to +project in the future what do you have + + align:start position:0% +project in the future what do you have + + + align:start position:0% +project in the future what do you have +to do in order to uh ensure safety what + + align:start position:0% +to do in order to uh ensure safety what + + + align:start position:0% +to do in order to uh ensure safety what +could go wrong and and + + align:start position:0% +could go wrong and and + + + align:start position:0% +could go wrong and and +>> so so the value of these scales is kind + + align:start position:0% +>> so so the value of these scales is kind + + + align:start position:0% +>> so so the value of these scales is kind +of sizing up the likelihood of this + + align:start position:0% +of sizing up the likelihood of this + + + align:start position:0% +of sizing up the likelihood of this +person becoming violent um in the + + align:start position:0% +person becoming violent um in the + + + align:start position:0% +person becoming violent um in the +absence of other information. Now the + + align:start position:0% +absence of other information. Now the + + + align:start position:0% +absence of other information. Now the +best predictor is probably what they're + + align:start position:0% +best predictor is probably what they're + + + align:start position:0% +best predictor is probably what they're +actually doing behaviorally in front of + + align:start position:0% +actually doing behaviorally in front of + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing behaviorally in front of +you. you know, they're reaching for for + + align:start position:0% +you. you know, they're reaching for for + + + align:start position:0% +you. you know, they're reaching for for +something heavy, you know, that's, you + + align:start position:0% +something heavy, you know, that's, you + + + align:start position:0% +something heavy, you know, that's, you +know, I take that into, you know, weigh + + align:start position:0% +know, I take that into, you know, weigh + + + align:start position:0% +know, I take that into, you know, weigh +that heavily. But, um, but in the + + align:start position:0% +that heavily. But, um, but in the + + + align:start position:0% +that heavily. But, um, but in the +absence of anything else, you know, that + + align:start position:0% +absence of anything else, you know, that + + + align:start position:0% +absence of anything else, you know, that +the people who meet a certain, I guess + + align:start position:0% +the people who meet a certain, I guess + + + align:start position:0% +the people who meet a certain, I guess +you could say, certain profile are more + + align:start position:0% +you could say, certain profile are more + + + align:start position:0% +you could say, certain profile are more +likely to be violent and as a + + align:start position:0% +likely to be violent and as a + + + align:start position:0% +likely to be violent and as a +psychiatric patient than others. + + align:start position:0% +psychiatric patient than others. + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatric patient than others. +>> This is a dynamic scale that looks at + + align:start position:0% +>> This is a dynamic scale that looks at + + + align:start position:0% +>> This is a dynamic scale that looks at +what happens in front of you. As you + + align:start position:0% +what happens in front of you. As you + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in front of you. As you +pointed out, u, you're considering + + align:start position:0% +pointed out, u, you're considering + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out, u, you're considering +confusion, irritability, how boisterous + + align:start position:0% +confusion, irritability, how boisterous + + + align:start position:0% +confusion, irritability, how boisterous +and how verbally threatening the person + + align:start position:0% +and how verbally threatening the person + + + align:start position:0% +and how verbally threatening the person +is. uh the most recent one is the + + align:start position:0% +is. uh the most recent one is the + + + align:start position:0% +is. uh the most recent one is the +dynamic appraisal of the situational + + align:start position:0% +dynamic appraisal of the situational + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic appraisal of the situational +aggression that has seven factors that + + align:start position:0% +aggression that has seven factors that + + + align:start position:0% +aggression that has seven factors that +seems to be the best uh one assessment + + align:start position:0% +seems to be the best uh one assessment + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be the best uh one assessment +or uh prediction of violence over the + + align:start position:0% +or uh prediction of violence over the + + + align:start position:0% +or uh prediction of violence over the +over the next 24 hours. Uh and uh this + + align:start position:0% +over the next 24 hours. Uh and uh this + + + align:start position:0% +over the next 24 hours. Uh and uh this +is an interesting psychopathy uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +is an interesting psychopathy uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is an interesting psychopathy uh kind of +index. Psychopathy uh is uh has an + + align:start position:0% +index. Psychopathy uh is uh has an + + + align:start position:0% +index. Psychopathy uh is uh has an +interesting history. I think the the the + + align:start position:0% +interesting history. I think the the the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting history. I think the the the +current uh version that we will talk + + align:start position:0% +current uh version that we will talk + + + align:start position:0% +current uh version that we will talk +about is the antisocial personality. Uh + + align:start position:0% +about is the antisocial personality. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +about is the antisocial personality. Uh +but basically refers to people with uh + + align:start position:0% +but basically refers to people with uh + + + align:start position:0% +but basically refers to people with uh +with minimal capacity for empathy uh + + align:start position:0% +with minimal capacity for empathy uh + + + align:start position:0% +with minimal capacity for empathy uh +whose kind of moral dimension is fairly + + align:start position:0% +whose kind of moral dimension is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +whose kind of moral dimension is fairly +fairly primitive who engage in stealing, + + align:start position:0% +fairly primitive who engage in stealing, + + + align:start position:0% +fairly primitive who engage in stealing, +cheating, violence and don't have a lot + + align:start position:0% +cheating, violence and don't have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +cheating, violence and don't have a lot +of kind of uh moral drawbacks to do it. + + align:start position:0% +of kind of uh moral drawbacks to do it. + + + align:start position:0% +of kind of uh moral drawbacks to do it. +Uh it seems to be associated with + + align:start position:0% +Uh it seems to be associated with + + + align:start position:0% +Uh it seems to be associated with +violence not surprisingly. And this is + + align:start position:0% +violence not surprisingly. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +violence not surprisingly. And this is +actually a factor analysis that you know + + align:start position:0% +actually a factor analysis that you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually a factor analysis that you know +identifies those two uh those two + + align:start position:0% +identifies those two uh those two + + + align:start position:0% +identifies those two uh those two +dimensions. Um now just at the end I + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. Um now just at the end I + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. Um now just at the end I +want to talk about uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about uh uh the +deescalation principles uh that I + + align:start position:0% +deescalation principles uh that I + + + align:start position:0% +deescalation principles uh that I +actually I'm trying to incorporate in + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm trying to incorporate in + + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm trying to incorporate in +standardized patients u because the + + align:start position:0% +standardized patients u because the + + + align:start position:0% +standardized patients u because the +these should be uh fairly easy to to uh + + align:start position:0% +these should be uh fairly easy to to uh + + + align:start position:0% +these should be uh fairly easy to to uh +at least present and then maybe + + align:start position:0% +at least present and then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +at least present and then maybe +hopefully to to teach the residents how + + align:start position:0% +hopefully to to teach the residents how + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully to to teach the residents how +to use uh in terms of dealing with + + align:start position:0% +to use uh in terms of dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +to use uh in terms of dealing with +educated patients. So, and actually many + + align:start position:0% +educated patients. So, and actually many + + + align:start position:0% +educated patients. So, and actually many +of many of them are are are used by by + + align:start position:0% +of many of them are are are used by by + + + align:start position:0% +of many of them are are are used by by +staff u how to how to start the + + align:start position:0% +staff u how to how to start the + + + align:start position:0% +staff u how to how to start the +interaction with a um with a violent + + align:start position:0% +interaction with a um with a violent + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with a um with a violent +patient, how to position yourself within + + align:start position:0% +patient, how to position yourself within + + + align:start position:0% +patient, how to position yourself within +kind of arms length uh uh probably at 45 + + align:start position:0% +kind of arms length uh uh probably at 45 + + + align:start position:0% +kind of arms length uh uh probably at 45 +degrees u for two reasons. + + align:start position:0% +degrees u for two reasons. + + + align:start position:0% +degrees u for two reasons. +uh one to uh um if in case you're + + align:start position:0% +uh one to uh um if in case you're + + + align:start position:0% +uh one to uh um if in case you're +attacked to offer a much smaller surface + + align:start position:0% +attacked to offer a much smaller surface + + + align:start position:0% +attacked to offer a much smaller surface +uh of the impact and also to allow you a + + align:start position:0% +uh of the impact and also to allow you a + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the impact and also to allow you a +way to escape if you have to. Um not + + align:start position:0% +way to escape if you have to. Um not + + + align:start position:0% +way to escape if you have to. Um not +obviously to block the exit or stand + + align:start position:0% +obviously to block the exit or stand + + + align:start position:0% +obviously to block the exit or stand +over if the person is kind of kneeling + + align:start position:0% +over if the person is kind of kneeling + + + align:start position:0% +over if the person is kind of kneeling +down or or in the bed. Never turn your + + align:start position:0% +down or or in the bed. Never turn your + + + align:start position:0% +down or or in the bed. Never turn your +back. Uh what to do with your hands? + + align:start position:0% +back. Uh what to do with your hands? + + + align:start position:0% +back. Uh what to do with your hands? +Never make fists or kind of keep your + + align:start position:0% +Never make fists or kind of keep your + + + align:start position:0% +Never make fists or kind of keep your +arms crossed or behind you or in your + + align:start position:0% +arms crossed or behind you or in your + + + align:start position:0% +arms crossed or behind you or in your +pockets uh to kind of appear as uh um as + + align:start position:0% +pockets uh to kind of appear as uh um as + + + align:start position:0% +pockets uh to kind of appear as uh um as +non-threatening as possible. How to + + align:start position:0% +non-threatening as possible. How to + + + align:start position:0% +non-threatening as possible. How to +regulate the the eye contact? If it's + + align:start position:0% +regulate the the eye contact? If it's + + + align:start position:0% +regulate the the eye contact? If it's +too intense, it can become bothersome. + + align:start position:0% +too intense, it can become bothersome. + + + align:start position:0% +too intense, it can become bothersome. +If it if it lacks completely, then + + align:start position:0% +If it if it lacks completely, then + + + align:start position:0% +If it if it lacks completely, then +people could uh conclude that you're not + + align:start position:0% +people could uh conclude that you're not + + + align:start position:0% +people could uh conclude that you're not +really interested or involved. Um + + align:start position:0% +really interested or involved. Um + + + align:start position:0% +really interested or involved. Um +>> the thing that that's um important to + + align:start position:0% +>> the thing that that's um important to + + + align:start position:0% +>> the thing that that's um important to +keep in mind with a um psychiatric + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind with a um psychiatric + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind with a um psychiatric +patient is well, a couple things. One is + + align:start position:0% +patient is well, a couple things. One is + + + align:start position:0% +patient is well, a couple things. One is +that mental health uh patients are much + + align:start position:0% +that mental health uh patients are much + + + align:start position:0% +that mental health uh patients are much +more likely to be the victims of + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be the victims of + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be the victims of +violence than actually to commit + + align:start position:0% +violence than actually to commit + + + align:start position:0% +violence than actually to commit +violence. And this is, you know, that's + + align:start position:0% +violence. And this is, you know, that's + + + align:start position:0% +violence. And this is, you know, that's +really the outlier, the unusual case + + align:start position:0% +really the outlier, the unusual case + + + align:start position:0% +really the outlier, the unusual case +where the psychiatric patient becomes + + align:start position:0% +where the psychiatric patient becomes + + + align:start position:0% +where the psychiatric patient becomes +violent. But obviously, it's an + + align:start position:0% +violent. But obviously, it's an + + + align:start position:0% +violent. But obviously, it's an +important situation. It does happen + + align:start position:0% +important situation. It does happen + + + align:start position:0% +important situation. It does happen +frequently enough to be a real concern + + align:start position:0% +frequently enough to be a real concern + + + align:start position:0% +frequently enough to be a real concern +for the the providers for their + + align:start position:0% +for the the providers for their + + + align:start position:0% +for the the providers for their +well-being. Um but then um + + align:start position:0% +well-being. Um but then um + + + align:start position:0% +well-being. Um but then um +the I think I've lost lost my train of + + align:start position:0% +the I think I've lost lost my train of + + + align:start position:0% +the I think I've lost lost my train of +thought here and basically there's + + align:start position:0% +thought here and basically there's + + + align:start position:0% +thought here and basically there's +there's different levels of what you + + align:start position:0% +there's different levels of what you + + + align:start position:0% +there's different levels of what you +have to understand how to do. One, how + + align:start position:0% +have to understand how to do. One, how + + + align:start position:0% +have to understand how to do. One, how +to protect yourself and then two, how to + + align:start position:0% +to protect yourself and then two, how to + + + align:start position:0% +to protect yourself and then two, how to +protect the patient. It's almost like if + + align:start position:0% +protect the patient. It's almost like if + + + align:start position:0% +protect the patient. It's almost like if +your child who's 11 years old comes at + + align:start position:0% +your child who's 11 years old comes at + + + align:start position:0% +your child who's 11 years old comes at +you swinging, it's really different than + + align:start position:0% +you swinging, it's really different than + + + align:start position:0% +you swinging, it's really different than +if you're getting bugged on the subway + + align:start position:0% +if you're getting bugged on the subway + + + align:start position:0% +if you're getting bugged on the subway +in terms of what you're going to do. + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you're going to do. + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you're going to do. +Now, the person who's sitting in your + + align:start position:0% +Now, the person who's sitting in your + + + align:start position:0% +Now, the person who's sitting in your +office might be a lot bigger than your + + align:start position:0% +office might be a lot bigger than your + + + align:start position:0% +office might be a lot bigger than your +11-year-old, but you kind of get the + + align:start position:0% +11-year-old, but you kind of get the + + + align:start position:0% +11-year-old, but you kind of get the +idea. You're not you're not trying to + + align:start position:0% +idea. You're not you're not trying to + + + align:start position:0% +idea. You're not you're not trying to +punish them. You're not trying to uh you + + align:start position:0% +punish them. You're not trying to uh you + + + align:start position:0% +punish them. You're not trying to uh you +know inflict any more harm on them than + + align:start position:0% +know inflict any more harm on them than + + + align:start position:0% +know inflict any more harm on them than +is absolutely needed in order to stop + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely needed in order to stop + + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely needed in order to stop +the situation and for you know you to + + align:start position:0% +the situation and for you know you to + + + align:start position:0% +the situation and for you know you to +get out or let them out. + + align:start position:0% +get out or let them out. + + + align:start position:0% +get out or let them out. +>> Yes. And and that's important and that's + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And and that's important and that's + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And and that's important and that's +somewhat counterintuitive because when + + align:start position:0% +somewhat counterintuitive because when + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat counterintuitive because when +uh I think an interesting aspect I'm + + align:start position:0% +uh I think an interesting aspect I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think an interesting aspect I'm +just thinking or trying to think in + + align:start position:0% +just thinking or trying to think in + + + align:start position:0% +just thinking or trying to think in +terms of potential simulation uh and and + + align:start position:0% +terms of potential simulation uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of potential simulation uh and and +targets for for a training uh paradigm. + + align:start position:0% +targets for for a training uh paradigm. + + + align:start position:0% +targets for for a training uh paradigm. +I think an important aspect is to uh uh + + align:start position:0% +I think an important aspect is to uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +I think an important aspect is to uh uh +for the person who's going through the + + align:start position:0% +for the person who's going through the + + + align:start position:0% +for the person who's going through the +training to understand himself or + + align:start position:0% +training to understand himself or + + + align:start position:0% +training to understand himself or +herself. How what's the reaction when + + align:start position:0% +herself. How what's the reaction when + + + align:start position:0% +herself. How what's the reaction when +you're threatened and how to uh to + + align:start position:0% +you're threatened and how to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +you're threatened and how to uh to +continue to think on your feet and and + + align:start position:0% +continue to think on your feet and and + + + align:start position:0% +continue to think on your feet and and +take decisions that are not based on a + + align:start position:0% +take decisions that are not based on a + + + align:start position:0% +take decisions that are not based on a +kind of flight or fight or tendon + + align:start position:0% +kind of flight or fight or tendon + + + align:start position:0% +kind of flight or fight or tendon +befriend you know attitude. Uh this is + + align:start position:0% +befriend you know attitude. Uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +befriend you know attitude. Uh this is +not about dealing with with a common + + align:start position:0% +not about dealing with with a common + + + align:start position:0% +not about dealing with with a common +situation. This is uh when you have to + + align:start position:0% +situation. This is uh when you have to + + + align:start position:0% +situation. This is uh when you have to +maintain your ability to uh to remain + + align:start position:0% +maintain your ability to uh to remain + + + align:start position:0% +maintain your ability to uh to remain +therapeutic and helpful and to minimize + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic and helpful and to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic and helpful and to minimize +harm to yourself but certainly harm to + + align:start position:0% +harm to yourself but certainly harm to + + + align:start position:0% +harm to yourself but certainly harm to +to the other person. And the truth of + + align:start position:0% +to the other person. And the truth of + + + align:start position:0% +to the other person. And the truth of +the matter is that many people in this + + align:start position:0% +the matter is that many people in this + + + align:start position:0% +the matter is that many people in this +situations react the way they have that + + align:start position:0% +situations react the way they have that + + + align:start position:0% +situations react the way they have that +they have always done. I mean, I I I + + align:start position:0% +they have always done. I mean, I I I + + + align:start position:0% +they have always done. I mean, I I I +gave Jim the example of a social worker + + align:start position:0% +gave Jim the example of a social worker + + + align:start position:0% +gave Jim the example of a social worker +I work with who every time when she's + + align:start position:0% +I work with who every time when she's + + + align:start position:0% +I work with who every time when she's +confronted by + + align:start position:0% +confronted by + + + align:start position:0% +confronted by +a patient. She gets angry and and she + + align:start position:0% +a patient. She gets angry and and she + + + align:start position:0% +a patient. She gets angry and and she +gets defensive and and tells things, you + + align:start position:0% +gets defensive and and tells things, you + + + align:start position:0% +gets defensive and and tells things, you +know, to her that I find are are hurtful + + align:start position:0% +know, to her that I find are are hurtful + + + align:start position:0% +know, to her that I find are are hurtful +and are just kind of, you know, adding + + align:start position:0% +and are just kind of, you know, adding + + + align:start position:0% +and are just kind of, you know, adding +gas to the fire. I need to intervene + + align:start position:0% +gas to the fire. I need to intervene + + + align:start position:0% +gas to the fire. I need to intervene +between the two of them. It's almost + + align:start position:0% +between the two of them. It's almost + + + align:start position:0% +between the two of them. It's almost +like uh, you know, I'm there the umpire. + + align:start position:0% +like uh, you know, I'm there the umpire. + + + align:start position:0% +like uh, you know, I'm there the umpire. +I say, "Okay, time out. Stop. We need to + + align:start position:0% +I say, "Okay, time out. Stop. We need to + + + align:start position:0% +I say, "Okay, time out. Stop. We need to +do something else." And I I I try to + + align:start position:0% +do something else." And I I I try to + + + align:start position:0% +do something else." And I I I try to +explain to her, she just doesn't uh + + align:start position:0% +explain to her, she just doesn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +explain to her, she just doesn't uh +doesn't get it or you know can't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get it or you know can't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get it or you know can't +theoretically figure it out but uh you + + align:start position:0% +theoretically figure it out but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically figure it out but uh you +know doesn't uh doesn't do a good job at + + align:start position:0% +know doesn't uh doesn't do a good job at + + + align:start position:0% +know doesn't uh doesn't do a good job at +it. When we are angry or frightened our + + align:start position:0% +it. When we are angry or frightened our + + + align:start position:0% +it. When we are angry or frightened our +behavior, our the way we talk, the way + + align:start position:0% +behavior, our the way we talk, the way + + + align:start position:0% +behavior, our the way we talk, the way +we track changes and that can those + + align:start position:0% +we track changes and that can those + + + align:start position:0% +we track changes and that can those +things can uh be major triggers for for + + align:start position:0% +things can uh be major triggers for for + + + align:start position:0% +things can uh be major triggers for for +the other person. So + + align:start position:0% +the other person. So + + + align:start position:0% +the other person. So +>> yeah, if you're if you're s stay really + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, if you're if you're s stay really + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, if you're if you're s stay really +calm and the other person's escalating, + + align:start position:0% +calm and the other person's escalating, + + + align:start position:0% +calm and the other person's escalating, +that's a real dampening force on that + + align:start position:0% +that's a real dampening force on that + + + align:start position:0% +that's a real dampening force on that +other person from escalating even more. + + align:start position:0% +other person from escalating even more. + + + align:start position:0% +other person from escalating even more. +And it's really really hard to do + + align:start position:0% +And it's really really hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +And it's really really hard to do +that. Stay professional and recognizing + + align:start position:0% +that. Stay professional and recognizing + + + align:start position:0% +that. Stay professional and recognizing +that this this aggression is a really a + + align:start position:0% +that this this aggression is a really a + + + align:start position:0% +that this this aggression is a really a +medical symptom just like if there were + + align:start position:0% +medical symptom just like if there were + + + align:start position:0% +medical symptom just like if there were +bleeding on the floor that you know the + + align:start position:0% +bleeding on the floor that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +bleeding on the floor that you know the +difference obviously is that it could + + align:start position:0% +difference obviously is that it could + + + align:start position:0% +difference obviously is that it could +actually hurt you the provider. But you + + align:start position:0% +actually hurt you the provider. But you + + + align:start position:0% +actually hurt you the provider. But you +know you need to to recognize as a + + align:start position:0% +know you need to to recognize as a + + + align:start position:0% +know you need to to recognize as a +medical symptom that needs to be dealt + + align:start position:0% +medical symptom that needs to be dealt + + + align:start position:0% +medical symptom that needs to be dealt +with as opposed to taking it really + + align:start position:0% +with as opposed to taking it really + + + align:start position:0% +with as opposed to taking it really +personally or or you know getting + + align:start position:0% +personally or or you know getting + + + align:start position:0% +personally or or you know getting +violent act. + + align:start position:0% +violent act. + + + align:start position:0% +violent act. +>> Yes. Uh + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Uh +how do you hear? How do you uh uh + + align:start position:0% +how do you hear? How do you uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +how do you hear? How do you uh uh +obviously being calm, centered, self- + + align:start position:0% +obviously being calm, centered, self- + + + align:start position:0% +obviously being calm, centered, self- +assured is always helpful. It's it's the + + align:start position:0% +assured is always helpful. It's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +assured is always helpful. It's it's the +message that that you're you're you're + + align:start position:0% +message that that you're you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +message that that you're you're you're +conveying. often uh if you respond you + + align:start position:0% +conveying. often uh if you respond you + + + align:start position:0% +conveying. often uh if you respond you +know to anger by being fearful or anger + + align:start position:0% +know to anger by being fearful or anger + + + align:start position:0% +know to anger by being fearful or anger +yourself you know obviously this will + + align:start position:0% +yourself you know obviously this will + + + align:start position:0% +yourself you know obviously this will +just kind of escalate uh or if you're + + align:start position:0% +just kind of escalate uh or if you're + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of escalate uh or if you're +fidgety and you know pacing and + + align:start position:0% +fidgety and you know pacing and + + + align:start position:0% +fidgety and you know pacing and +gesturing yourself and and wondering so + + align:start position:0% +gesturing yourself and and wondering so + + + align:start position:0% +gesturing yourself and and wondering so +what do I do now I think uh the other + + align:start position:0% +what do I do now I think uh the other + + + align:start position:0% +what do I do now I think uh the other +person will clearly pick up that that + + align:start position:0% +person will clearly pick up that that + + + align:start position:0% +person will clearly pick up that that +feeling uh touching + + align:start position:0% +feeling uh touching + + + align:start position:0% +feeling uh touching +uh most often than not is not a good + + align:start position:0% +uh most often than not is not a good + + + align:start position:0% +uh most often than not is not a good +idea even though I mean instinctively we + + align:start position:0% +idea even though I mean instinctively we + + + align:start position:0% +idea even though I mean instinctively we +would like to kind of calm calm the + + align:start position:0% +would like to kind of calm calm the + + + align:start position:0% +would like to kind of calm calm the +other person down or wonder what it is. + + align:start position:0% +other person down or wonder what it is. + + + align:start position:0% +other person down or wonder what it is. +This is how we learn to show kind of + + align:start position:0% +This is how we learn to show kind of + + + align:start position:0% +This is how we learn to show kind of +empathy and that we care, we want to + + align:start position:0% +empathy and that we care, we want to + + + align:start position:0% +empathy and that we care, we want to +help. Well, it may not may not be a may + + align:start position:0% +help. Well, it may not may not be a may + + + align:start position:0% +help. Well, it may not may not be a may +not be a good idea. + + align:start position:0% +not be a good idea. + + + align:start position:0% +not be a good idea. +So, uh and then + + align:start position:0% +So, uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +So, uh and then +this could be a topic in itself. Um + + align:start position:0% +this could be a topic in itself. Um + + + align:start position:0% +this could be a topic in itself. Um +active listening would be uh the most uh + + align:start position:0% +active listening would be uh the most uh + + + align:start position:0% +active listening would be uh the most uh +u if you want the buzzword in terms of + + align:start position:0% +u if you want the buzzword in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +u if you want the buzzword in terms of +the verbal deescalation uh principle. + + align:start position:0% +the verbal deescalation uh principle. + + + align:start position:0% +the verbal deescalation uh principle. +often when I uh when I'm called and many + + align:start position:0% +often when I uh when I'm called and many + + + align:start position:0% +often when I uh when I'm called and many +of my colleagues are called to deal with + + align:start position:0% +of my colleagues are called to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +of my colleagues are called to deal with +such a situation I introduce myself I uh + + align:start position:0% +such a situation I introduce myself I uh + + + align:start position:0% +such a situation I introduce myself I uh +I'm telling the person no matter how + + align:start position:0% +I'm telling the person no matter how + + + align:start position:0% +I'm telling the person no matter how +agitated he is why I'm here uh and I'm + + align:start position:0% +agitated he is why I'm here uh and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +agitated he is why I'm here uh and I'm +trying to understand uh I may not + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand uh I may not + + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand uh I may not +respond or react to you know the + + align:start position:0% +respond or react to you know the + + + align:start position:0% +respond or react to you know the +person's curses or threatening behavior + + align:start position:0% +person's curses or threatening behavior + + + align:start position:0% +person's curses or threatening behavior +of course I try to maintain a safe + + align:start position:0% +of course I try to maintain a safe + + + align:start position:0% +of course I try to maintain a safe +distance and I continue my assessment I + + align:start position:0% +distance and I continue my assessment I + + + align:start position:0% +distance and I continue my assessment I +can I deal with this or I need help or I + + align:start position:0% +can I deal with this or I need help or I + + + align:start position:0% +can I deal with this or I need help or I +I need to stop and and and find another + + align:start position:0% +I need to stop and and and find another + + + align:start position:0% +I need to stop and and and find another +way. Uh and I give that person feedback + + align:start position:0% +way. Uh and I give that person feedback + + + align:start position:0% +way. Uh and I give that person feedback +about uh what I see, how he or she makes + + align:start position:0% +about uh what I see, how he or she makes + + + align:start position:0% +about uh what I see, how he or she makes +me feel. I feel, you know, you're + + align:start position:0% +me feel. I feel, you know, you're + + + align:start position:0% +me feel. I feel, you know, you're +threatening. I feel uncomfortable. I + + align:start position:0% +threatening. I feel uncomfortable. I + + + align:start position:0% +threatening. I feel uncomfortable. I +think we need to stop. Do you want to + + align:start position:0% +think we need to stop. Do you want to + + + align:start position:0% +think we need to stop. Do you want to +talk? What are the issues uh that that + + align:start position:0% +talk? What are the issues uh that that + + + align:start position:0% +talk? What are the issues uh that that +you're dealing with? And um I also + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with? And um I also + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with? And um I also +explain uh and set limits on on what is + + align:start position:0% +explain uh and set limits on on what is + + + align:start position:0% +explain uh and set limits on on what is +acceptable and not acceptable. often + + align:start position:0% +acceptable and not acceptable. often + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable and not acceptable. often +that combination works. Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I listed phacotherapy and seclusion is + + align:start position:0% +I listed phacotherapy and seclusion is + + + align:start position:0% +I listed phacotherapy and seclusion is +trained because they're part of the + + align:start position:0% +trained because they're part of the + + + align:start position:0% +trained because they're part of the +process and I think uh I would like u + + align:start position:0% +process and I think uh I would like u + + + align:start position:0% +process and I think uh I would like u +people you know who are trained you know + + align:start position:0% +people you know who are trained you know + + + align:start position:0% +people you know who are trained you know +uh for this to understand that those + + align:start position:0% +uh for this to understand that those + + + align:start position:0% +uh for this to understand that those +things are available. Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions so far? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I I've just got a couple of comments on + + align:start position:0% +>> I I've just got a couple of comments on + + + align:start position:0% +>> I I've just got a couple of comments on +the position of the table. So, + + align:start position:0% +the position of the table. So, + + + align:start position:0% +the position of the table. So, +>> yeah, we can do that. And also, I wanted + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, we can do that. And also, I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, we can do that. And also, I wanted +to suggest see what you think about + + align:start position:0% +to suggest see what you think about + + + align:start position:0% +to suggest see what you think about +this. If someone would like to play the + + align:start position:0% +this. If someone would like to play the + + + align:start position:0% +this. If someone would like to play the +role of a patient, I can meet with you + + align:start position:0% +role of a patient, I can meet with you + + + align:start position:0% +role of a patient, I can meet with you +briefly and just kind of prepare you to + + align:start position:0% +briefly and just kind of prepare you to + + + align:start position:0% +briefly and just kind of prepare you to +do that. If anybody's interested in + + align:start position:0% +do that. If anybody's interested in + + + align:start position:0% +do that. If anybody's interested in +taking on the role of the aggressive + + align:start position:0% +taking on the role of the aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +taking on the role of the aggressive +you'd like to do. Okay. So, why don't + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to do. Okay. So, why don't + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to do. Okay. So, why don't +you and I step up for just a couple + + align:start position:0% +you and I step up for just a couple + + + align:start position:0% +you and I step up for just a couple +minutes and then you're talking. + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then you're talking. + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then you're talking. +>> So, that's going to be a bit of a role + + align:start position:0% +>> So, that's going to be a bit of a role + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, that's going to be a bit of a role +play demonstration. + + align:start position:0% +play demonstration. + + + align:start position:0% +play demonstration. +>> No, that's okay. So, uh, so I mean + + align:start position:0% +>> No, that's okay. So, uh, so I mean + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, that's okay. So, uh, so I mean +there's a couple of things that that + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple of things that that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple of things that that +that that have been brought up that + + align:start position:0% +that that have been brought up that + + + align:start position:0% +that that have been brought up that +already immediately seem to be possible + + align:start position:0% +already immediately seem to be possible + + + align:start position:0% +already immediately seem to be possible +places where you guys can think of what + + align:start position:0% +places where you guys can think of what + + + align:start position:0% +places where you guys can think of what +what you're going to do your project on. + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to do your project on. + + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to do your project on. +Um that's that's uh that's identifying + + align:start position:0% +Um that's that's uh that's identifying + + + align:start position:0% +Um that's that's uh that's identifying +factors of course that I mean there's a + + align:start position:0% +factors of course that I mean there's a + + + align:start position:0% +factors of course that I mean there's a +whole bunch of different schemes that + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of different schemes that + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of different schemes that +you that that that and different u + + align:start position:0% +you that that that and different u + + + align:start position:0% +you that that that and different u +metrics that that people have been using + + align:start position:0% +metrics that that people have been using + + + align:start position:0% +metrics that that people have been using +uh all the way from from known + + align:start position:0% +uh all the way from from known + + + align:start position:0% +uh all the way from from known +personality types to you know to social + + align:start position:0% +personality types to you know to social + + + align:start position:0% +personality types to you know to social +economic factors and and personal + + align:start position:0% +economic factors and and personal + + + align:start position:0% +economic factors and and personal +history. you can make some some some + + align:start position:0% +history. you can make some some some + + + align:start position:0% +history. you can make some some some +kind of kernel of war game, you know, I + + align:start position:0% +kind of kernel of war game, you know, I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of kernel of war game, you know, I +can imagine some some sort of like can + + align:start position:0% +can imagine some some sort of like can + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine some some sort of like can +you figure out enough information before + + align:start position:0% +you figure out enough information before + + + align:start position:0% +you figure out enough information before +it's too late, that sort of kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's too late, that sort of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's too late, that sort of kind of +thing. Um, the dynamic assessment of + + align:start position:0% +thing. Um, the dynamic assessment of + + + align:start position:0% +thing. Um, the dynamic assessment of +violence seems to be more of a time + + align:start position:0% +violence seems to be more of a time + + + align:start position:0% +violence seems to be more of a time +pressure kind of thing because it's like + + align:start position:0% +pressure kind of thing because it's like + + + align:start position:0% +pressure kind of thing because it's like +you almost have to like figure it out on + + align:start position:0% +you almost have to like figure it out on + + + align:start position:0% +you almost have to like figure it out on +the spot, right? But the factors are + + align:start position:0% +the spot, right? But the factors are + + + align:start position:0% +the spot, right? But the factors are +very different. But I thought it's like + + align:start position:0% +very different. But I thought it's like + + + align:start position:0% +very different. But I thought it's like +identifying um activists. The the + + align:start position:0% +identifying um activists. The the + + + align:start position:0% +identifying um activists. The the +deescalation + + align:start position:0% +deescalation + + + align:start position:0% +deescalation +um the active listening thing is kind of + + align:start position:0% +um the active listening thing is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um the active listening thing is kind of +interesting because it almost seems like + + align:start position:0% +interesting because it almost seems like + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because it almost seems like +you could make it a word game or a face + + align:start position:0% +you could make it a word game or a face + + + align:start position:0% +you could make it a word game or a face +to face kind of party game kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +to face kind of party game kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +to face kind of party game kind of thing +out of that of the can you remember what + + align:start position:0% +out of that of the can you remember what + + + align:start position:0% +out of that of the can you remember what +you're supposed to do with you know in + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to do with you know in + + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to do with you know in +conversation with each other without + + align:start position:0% +conversation with each other without + + + align:start position:0% +conversation with each other without +missing any of the any of the points and + + align:start position:0% +missing any of the any of the points and + + + align:start position:0% +missing any of the any of the points and +and that might be something that they + + align:start position:0% +and that might be something that they + + + align:start position:0% +and that might be something that they +could do. So that that would be like a + + align:start position:0% +could do. So that that would be like a + + + align:start position:0% +could do. So that that would be like a +live action game but not necessarily a + + align:start position:0% +live action game but not necessarily a + + + align:start position:0% +live action game but not necessarily a +physical game. It would be like you know + + align:start position:0% +physical game. It would be like you know + + + align:start position:0% +physical game. It would be like you know +like more like a party game you can + + align:start position:0% +like more like a party game you can + + + align:start position:0% +like more like a party game you can +imagine working. + + align:start position:0% +imagine working. + + + align:start position:0% +imagine working. +>> I mean one one way I uh I this is by the + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean one one way I uh I this is by the + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean one one way I uh I this is by the +way I didn't want to go there to make + + align:start position:0% +way I didn't want to go there to make + + + align:start position:0% +way I didn't want to go there to make +this too long but this these are some + + align:start position:0% +this too long but this these are some + + + align:start position:0% +this too long but this these are some +parts of a standardized uh patient that + + align:start position:0% +parts of a standardized uh patient that + + + align:start position:0% +parts of a standardized uh patient that +I'm putting together. that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm putting together. that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm putting together. that I'm going to +try actually to uh to talk to the + + align:start position:0% +try actually to uh to talk to the + + + align:start position:0% +try actually to uh to talk to the +simulation department at the mass to you + + align:start position:0% +simulation department at the mass to you + + + align:start position:0% +simulation department at the mass to you +know train an actor and this would be + + align:start position:0% +know train an actor and this would be + + + align:start position:0% +know train an actor and this would be +kind of the goals for uh you know the + + align:start position:0% +kind of the goals for uh you know the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the goals for uh you know the +training modes um and I'm really + + align:start position:0% +training modes um and I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +training modes um and I'm really +particularly interested in how people + + align:start position:0% +particularly interested in how people + + + align:start position:0% +particularly interested in how people +respond when they're exposed to an angry + + align:start position:0% +respond when they're exposed to an angry + + + align:start position:0% +respond when they're exposed to an angry +situation or even to an angry face. What + + align:start position:0% +situation or even to an angry face. What + + + align:start position:0% +situation or even to an angry face. What +do you have to do in order to deescalate + + align:start position:0% +do you have to do in order to deescalate + + + align:start position:0% +do you have to do in order to deescalate +the patient? And what I'm what I what I + + align:start position:0% +the patient? And what I'm what I what I + + + align:start position:0% +the patient? And what I'm what I what I +think to you I'm going to suggest to the + + align:start position:0% +think to you I'm going to suggest to the + + + align:start position:0% +think to you I'm going to suggest to the +actor is that uh + + align:start position:0% +actor is that uh + + + align:start position:0% +actor is that uh +uh you are in the room and you're pacing + + align:start position:0% +uh you are in the room and you're pacing + + + align:start position:0% +uh you are in the room and you're pacing +up and down and you're very angry and + + align:start position:0% +up and down and you're very angry and + + + align:start position:0% +up and down and you're very angry and +you're allowed to use some generic swear + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to use some generic swear + + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to use some generic swear +words and uh uh and to have a number of + + align:start position:0% +words and uh uh and to have a number of + + + align:start position:0% +words and uh uh and to have a number of +complaints. Could be a number of them. + + align:start position:0% +complaints. Could be a number of them. + + + align:start position:0% +complaints. Could be a number of them. +Nurse was too late to give the + + align:start position:0% +Nurse was too late to give the + + + align:start position:0% +Nurse was too late to give the +medications. The girlfriend didn't come + + align:start position:0% +medications. The girlfriend didn't come + + + align:start position:0% +medications. The girlfriend didn't come +in time. Uh you owe money. you you just + + align:start position:0% +in time. Uh you owe money. you you just + + + align:start position:0% +in time. Uh you owe money. you you just +had a job interview today and you missed + + align:start position:0% +had a job interview today and you missed + + + align:start position:0% +had a job interview today and you missed +it because you're in the hospital. Could + + align:start position:0% +it because you're in the hospital. Could + + + align:start position:0% +it because you're in the hospital. Could +be a number of things. And then uh and + + align:start position:0% +be a number of things. And then uh and + + + align:start position:0% +be a number of things. And then uh and +then the person approaches approaches + + align:start position:0% +then the person approaches approaches + + + align:start position:0% +then the person approaches approaches +you. Uh the trainee should uh + + align:start position:0% +you. Uh the trainee should uh + + + align:start position:0% +you. Uh the trainee should uh +follow some rules in terms of the verbal + + align:start position:0% +follow some rules in terms of the verbal + + + align:start position:0% +follow some rules in terms of the verbal +and non-verbal deescalation. If that + + align:start position:0% +and non-verbal deescalation. If that + + + align:start position:0% +and non-verbal deescalation. If that +person is able to to engage you, you can + + align:start position:0% +person is able to to engage you, you can + + + align:start position:0% +person is able to to engage you, you can +become uh uh less angry, less agitated, + + align:start position:0% +become uh uh less angry, less agitated, + + + align:start position:0% +become uh uh less angry, less agitated, +more interested, uh face, they seem less + + align:start position:0% +more interested, uh face, they seem less + + + align:start position:0% +more interested, uh face, they seem less +uh uh lower your voice. If the trainee + + align:start position:0% +uh uh lower your voice. If the trainee + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh lower your voice. If the trainee +is just uh uh doing the right wrong + + align:start position:0% +is just uh uh doing the right wrong + + + align:start position:0% +is just uh uh doing the right wrong +things, you either stay at the same + + align:start position:0% +things, you either stay at the same + + + align:start position:0% +things, you either stay at the same +level or get more and more angry. Of + + align:start position:0% +level or get more and more angry. Of + + + align:start position:0% +level or get more and more angry. Of +course, it's fairly demanding for a uh + + align:start position:0% +course, it's fairly demanding for a uh + + + align:start position:0% +course, it's fairly demanding for a uh +for a for a standardized for an actor + + align:start position:0% +for a for a standardized for an actor + + + align:start position:0% +for a for a standardized for an actor +because the nonverbal elements are easy. + + align:start position:0% +because the nonverbal elements are easy. + + + align:start position:0% +because the nonverbal elements are easy. +How you regulate the distance, you know, + + align:start position:0% +How you regulate the distance, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +How you regulate the distance, you know, +how you look, how you approach, you + + align:start position:0% +how you look, how you approach, you + + + align:start position:0% +how you look, how you approach, you +know, you inhibit, you know, your + + align:start position:0% +know, you inhibit, you know, your + + + align:start position:0% +know, you inhibit, you know, your +natural tendency to kind of pat the + + align:start position:0% +natural tendency to kind of pat the + + + align:start position:0% +natural tendency to kind of pat the +person on the shoulder, whatever. But + + align:start position:0% +person on the shoulder, whatever. But + + + align:start position:0% +person on the shoulder, whatever. But +but the verbal aspects are more + + align:start position:0% +but the verbal aspects are more + + + align:start position:0% +but the verbal aspects are more +difficult. + + align:start position:0% +difficult. + + + align:start position:0% +difficult. +>> Improvising dialogue at the spot is + + align:start position:0% +>> Improvising dialogue at the spot is + + + align:start position:0% +>> Improvising dialogue at the spot is +hard. + + align:start position:0% +hard. + + + align:start position:0% +hard. +>> Exactly. But at the same time the goals + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. But at the same time the goals + + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. But at the same time the goals +of the dialogue are not + + align:start position:0% +of the dialogue are not + + + align:start position:0% +of the dialogue are not +>> u because you should probably find out + + align:start position:0% +>> u because you should probably find out + + + align:start position:0% +>> u because you should probably find out +what's going on even though let's say + + align:start position:0% +what's going on even though let's say + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on even though let's say +the the actor will try to tell you about + + align:start position:0% +the the actor will try to tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +the the actor will try to tell you about +his life and how miserable things are + + align:start position:0% +his life and how miserable things are + + + align:start position:0% +his life and how miserable things are +and you know uh I lost my job and you + + align:start position:0% +and you know uh I lost my job and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you know uh I lost my job and you +know I was kicked no but you need to try + + align:start position:0% +know I was kicked no but you need to try + + + align:start position:0% +know I was kicked no but you need to try +to bring the person to what really + + align:start position:0% +to bring the person to what really + + + align:start position:0% +to bring the person to what really +happened. I think that's very very + + align:start position:0% +happened. I think that's very very + + + align:start position:0% +happened. I think that's very very +helpful because you're you're pinning + + align:start position:0% +helpful because you're you're pinning + + + align:start position:0% +helpful because you're you're pinning +down a particular conflict that + + align:start position:0% +down a particular conflict that + + + align:start position:0% +down a particular conflict that +triggered it. uh uh and if you're able + + align:start position:0% +triggered it. uh uh and if you're able + + + align:start position:0% +triggered it. uh uh and if you're able +to do that then you can take some steps + + align:start position:0% +to do that then you can take some steps + + + align:start position:0% +to do that then you can take some steps +okay I I have a patient right now who + + align:start position:0% +okay I I have a patient right now who + + + align:start position:0% +okay I I have a patient right now who +has difficulty expressing herself and + + align:start position:0% +has difficulty expressing herself and + + + align:start position:0% +has difficulty expressing herself and +systematically there is one particular + + align:start position:0% +systematically there is one particular + + + align:start position:0% +systematically there is one particular +shift where the staff is not patient + + align:start position:0% +shift where the staff is not patient + + + align:start position:0% +shift where the staff is not patient +doesn't wait for her you just need to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't wait for her you just need to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't wait for her you just need to +give her a little bit more time and she + + align:start position:0% +give her a little bit more time and she + + + align:start position:0% +give her a little bit more time and she +gets upset and and angry and starts + + align:start position:0% +gets upset and and angry and starts + + + align:start position:0% +gets upset and and angry and starts +facing and I have to every time say + + align:start position:0% +facing and I have to every time say + + + align:start position:0% +facing and I have to every time say +please listen to her or she comes up to + + align:start position:0% +please listen to her or she comes up to + + + align:start position:0% +please listen to her or she comes up to +me she tells me the story and then I go + + align:start position:0% +me she tells me the story and then I go + + + align:start position:0% +me she tells me the story and then I go +back to the staff. Okay, people just + + align:start position:0% +back to the staff. Okay, people just + + + align:start position:0% +back to the staff. Okay, people just +don't don't have the patience or don't + + align:start position:0% +don't don't have the patience or don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't have the patience or don't +care. Okay, so that's that's just a + + align:start position:0% +care. Okay, so that's that's just a + + + align:start position:0% +care. Okay, so that's that's just a +simple intervention. This is why you + + align:start position:0% +simple intervention. This is why you + + + align:start position:0% +simple intervention. This is why you +need to find out what's going on. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +need to find out what's going on. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +need to find out what's going on. Okay, +and then if you can get more information + + align:start position:0% +and then if you can get more information + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you can get more information +about what brought the person to this + + align:start position:0% +about what brought the person to this + + + align:start position:0% +about what brought the person to this +place. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +place. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +place. Uh, +okay. We prepared him and + + align:start position:0% +okay. We prepared him and + + + align:start position:0% +okay. We prepared him and +>> she did a role play before + + align:start position:0% +>> she did a role play before + + + align:start position:0% +>> she did a role play before +>> I showed this because this is a little + + align:start position:0% +>> I showed this because this is a little + + + align:start position:0% +>> I showed this because this is a little +bit. + + align:start position:0% +bit. + + + align:start position:0% +bit. +>> Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, +>> you want to do it? You've been trained. + + align:start position:0% +>> you want to do it? You've been trained. + + + align:start position:0% +>> you want to do it? You've been trained. +>> No, no, no. You're you're the expert + + align:start position:0% +>> No, no, no. You're you're the expert + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, no, no. You're you're the expert +actually. + + align:start position:0% +actually. + + + align:start position:0% +actually. +>> Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. +All right. Let's see what happens to me. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Hello. + + align:start position:0% +>> Hello. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Hello. +>> I'm uh I'm Dr. C. + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm uh I'm Dr. C. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm uh I'm Dr. C. +>> It's John. And I was John. I was born in + + align:start position:0% +>> It's John. And I was John. I was born in + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's John. And I was John. I was born in +oneonone with him. Why isn't he here? + + align:start position:0% +oneonone with him. Why isn't he here? + + + align:start position:0% +oneonone with him. Why isn't he here? +Why? + + align:start position:0% +Why? + + + align:start position:0% +Why? +>> Who Who's this person? I don't know. + + align:start position:0% +>> Who Who's this person? I don't know. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Who Who's this person? I don't know. +>> There's John. I only want to speak to + + align:start position:0% +>> There's John. I only want to speak to + + + align:start position:0% +>> There's John. I only want to speak to +him. + + align:start position:0% +him. + + + align:start position:0% +him. +>> Well, nurse Johnny is not not available. + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, nurse Johnny is not not available. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, nurse Johnny is not not available. +>> Why is he available? Why? Only only I + + align:start position:0% +>> Why is he available? Why? Only only I + + + align:start position:0% +>> Why is he available? Why? Only only I +can talk to. + + align:start position:0% +can talk to. + + + align:start position:0% +can talk to. +>> I don't want to talk to you right now. + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't want to talk to you right now. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't want to talk to you right now. +>> How can I help you? + + align:start position:0% +>> How can I help you? + + + align:start position:0% +>> How can I help you? +>> Get a job. + + align:start position:0% +>> Get a job. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Get a job. +>> Okay, I can try to see if he's around. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, I can try to see if he's around. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, I can try to see if he's around. +>> Get right now. + + align:start position:0% +>> Get right now. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Get right now. +>> Okay, but what else can I do? Um, + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, but what else can I do? Um, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, but what else can I do? Um, +the medication stop not good. Try to + + align:start position:0% +the medication stop not good. Try to + + + align:start position:0% +the medication stop not good. Try to +poison all me dead. + + align:start position:0% +poison all me dead. + + + align:start position:0% +poison all me dead. +>> What does medication do? + + align:start position:0% +>> What does medication do? + + + align:start position:0% +>> What does medication do? +>> Desc. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So tell me what what kind of problems do + + align:start position:0% +So tell me what what kind of problems do + + + align:start position:0% +So tell me what what kind of problems do +you have with medication? + + align:start position:0% +you have with medication? + + + align:start position:0% +you have with medication? +>> Kind of poison you owe me dead. + + align:start position:0% +>> Kind of poison you owe me dead. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Kind of poison you owe me dead. +>> So you don't think the medication is + + align:start position:0% +>> So you don't think the medication is + + + align:start position:0% +>> So you don't think the medication is +helpful? + + align:start position:0% +helpful? + + + align:start position:0% +helpful? +>> Of course not. You already killed me. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +What else can I do to help? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Family. Family. + + align:start position:0% +>> Family. Family. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Family. Family. +>> You want me to contact the family? + + align:start position:0% +>> You want me to contact the family? + + + align:start position:0% +>> You want me to contact the family? +>> No. I hate them all. They're all against + + align:start position:0% +>> No. I hate them all. They're all against + + + align:start position:0% +>> No. I hate them all. They're all against +me. + + align:start position:0% +me. + + + align:start position:0% +me. +>> Must be very hard to not have anyone to + + align:start position:0% +>> Must be very hard to not have anyone to + + + align:start position:0% +>> Must be very hard to not have anyone to +talk to or feel comfortable with. That's + + align:start position:0% +talk to or feel comfortable with. That's + + + align:start position:0% +talk to or feel comfortable with. That's +why I want to have a chance. + + align:start position:0% +why I want to have a chance. + + + align:start position:0% +why I want to have a chance. +>> But I'm sorry you're struggling so much. + + align:start position:0% +>> But I'm sorry you're struggling so much. + + + align:start position:0% +>> But I'm sorry you're struggling so much. +>> And I know we haven't met before, but + + align:start position:0% +>> And I know we haven't met before, but + + + align:start position:0% +>> And I know we haven't met before, but +I'm here and trying to to be helpful to + + align:start position:0% +I'm here and trying to to be helpful to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm here and trying to to be helpful to +you. + + align:start position:0% +you. + + + align:start position:0% +you. +>> You want to kill me, don't you? + + align:start position:0% +>> You want to kill me, don't you? + + + align:start position:0% +>> You want to kill me, don't you? +>> No, I don't think I want to. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, we have a number of options. + + align:start position:0% +So, we have a number of options. + + + align:start position:0% +So, we have a number of options. +And I think you're you're looking angry + + align:start position:0% +And I think you're you're looking angry + + + align:start position:0% +And I think you're you're looking angry +and you're scaring people. Why? + + align:start position:0% +and you're scaring people. Why? + + + align:start position:0% +and you're scaring people. Why? +>> You're scaring me. + + align:start position:0% +>> You're scaring me. + + + align:start position:0% +>> You're scaring me. +>> Of course, you're just laughing behind + + align:start position:0% +>> Of course, you're just laughing behind + + + align:start position:0% +>> Of course, you're just laughing behind +me. You're not scared. Just laughing. + + align:start position:0% +me. You're not scared. Just laughing. + + + align:start position:0% +me. You're not scared. Just laughing. +>> No, I think you're you're a big strong + + align:start position:0% +>> No, I think you're you're a big strong + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, I think you're you're a big strong +guy and and when you get angry and + + align:start position:0% +guy and and when you get angry and + + + align:start position:0% +guy and and when you get angry and +upset, you can intimidate him. Uh, and + + align:start position:0% +upset, you can intimidate him. Uh, and + + + align:start position:0% +upset, you can intimidate him. Uh, and +there are other other way to push me + + align:start position:0% +there are other other way to push me + + + align:start position:0% +there are other other way to push me +>> scared me. + + align:start position:0% +>> scared me. + + + align:start position:0% +>> scared me. +>> Well, I'm not trying to hurt you. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, I'm not trying to hurt you. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, I'm not trying to hurt you. Uh, +but we need to come up with a solution + + align:start position:0% +but we need to come up with a solution + + + align:start position:0% +but we need to come up with a solution +because you could get hurt and uh and + + align:start position:0% +because you could get hurt and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +because you could get hurt and uh and +other people could get hurt. So, we need + + align:start position:0% +other people could get hurt. So, we need + + + align:start position:0% +other people could get hurt. So, we need +to do something about that. + + align:start position:0% +to do something about that. + + + align:start position:0% +to do something about that. +>> Who would be better off? Dead. Everyone + + align:start position:0% +>> Who would be better off? Dead. Everyone + + + align:start position:0% +>> Who would be better off? Dead. Everyone +wants to be dead. + + align:start position:0% +wants to be dead. + + + align:start position:0% +wants to be dead. +>> Well, I understand you're you're quite + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, I understand you're you're quite + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, I understand you're you're quite +destructive today + + align:start position:0% +destructive today + + + align:start position:0% +destructive today +and I want to help you. I may not be + + align:start position:0% +and I want to help you. I may not be + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to help you. I may not be +able to + + align:start position:0% +able to + + + align:start position:0% +able to +right away. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to try to get the nourish that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try to get the nourish that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try to get the nourish that +you want. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But uh what if I cannot get what's the + + align:start position:0% +But uh what if I cannot get what's the + + + align:start position:0% +But uh what if I cannot get what's the +next best thing? + + align:start position:0% +next best thing? + + + align:start position:0% +next best thing? +>> I don't know. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Would he help to uh uh contact your + + align:start position:0% +Would he help to uh uh contact your + + + align:start position:0% +Would he help to uh uh contact your +family? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Okay, I can try to reach out to her. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, I can try to reach out to her. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, I can try to reach out to her. +And uh do you think that if you change + + align:start position:0% +And uh do you think that if you change + + + align:start position:0% +And uh do you think that if you change +the medications, maybe you can uh try a + + align:start position:0% +the medications, maybe you can uh try a + + + align:start position:0% +the medications, maybe you can uh try a +combination that could be helpful? + + align:start position:0% +combination that could be helpful? + + + align:start position:0% +combination that could be helpful? +>> So, it's not poison. + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it's not poison. + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, it's not poison. +>> Okay, I hear you. You don't like the + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, I hear you. You don't like the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, I hear you. You don't like the +medication. You think it's uh it's + + align:start position:0% +medication. You think it's uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +medication. You think it's uh it's +hurting you, but it's helped in the past + + align:start position:0% +hurting you, but it's helped in the past + + + align:start position:0% +hurting you, but it's helped in the past +and maybe a different combination could + + align:start position:0% +and maybe a different combination could + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe a different combination could +be more uh will be better. + + align:start position:0% +be more uh will be better. + + + align:start position:0% +be more uh will be better. +>> Maybe maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you. We can do all this. + + align:start position:0% +thank you. We can do all this. + + + align:start position:0% +thank you. We can do all this. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +>> Oh, we have to put the fire. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You want to hire him? Very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Um + + align:start position:0% +>> Um + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um +uh I have a question actually about the + + align:start position:0% +uh I have a question actually about the + + + align:start position:0% +uh I have a question actually about the +uh the the disruption of narrative uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh the the disruption of narrative uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the disruption of narrative uh uh +model of why violence occurs. Is that is + + align:start position:0% +model of why violence occurs. Is that is + + + align:start position:0% +model of why violence occurs. Is that is +that pretty much accepted as as like + + align:start position:0% +that pretty much accepted as as like + + + align:start position:0% +that pretty much accepted as as like +this this is the way you find + + align:start position:0% +this this is the way you find + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the way you find +>> I just made it up for this. + + align:start position:0% +>> I just made it up for this. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I just made it up for this. +I was just wondering if there are + + align:start position:0% +I was just wondering if there are + + + align:start position:0% +I was just wondering if there are +competing uh different theories might be + + align:start position:0% +competing uh different theories might be + + + align:start position:0% +competing uh different theories might be +useful for people to understand more + + align:start position:0% +useful for people to understand more + + + align:start position:0% +useful for people to understand more +than one model or is that pretty + + align:start position:0% +than one model or is that pretty + + + align:start position:0% +than one model or is that pretty +the the narrative perspective is uh if + + align:start position:0% +the the narrative perspective is uh if + + + align:start position:0% +the the narrative perspective is uh if +you want a a cry from the past I think + + align:start position:0% +you want a a cry from the past I think + + + align:start position:0% +you want a a cry from the past I think +the last 20 years uh from science and + + align:start position:0% +the last 20 years uh from science and + + + align:start position:0% +the last 20 years uh from science and +certainly medicine have been dominated + + align:start position:0% +certainly medicine have been dominated + + + align:start position:0% +certainly medicine have been dominated +by by hard hard evidence + + align:start position:0% +by by hard hard evidence + + + align:start position:0% +by by hard hard evidence +>> actually uh uh the evidence-based + + align:start position:0% +>> actually uh uh the evidence-based + + + align:start position:0% +>> actually uh uh the evidence-based +medicine has been kind of taking over + + align:start position:0% +medicine has been kind of taking over + + + align:start position:0% +medicine has been kind of taking over +the entire world as as if you want the + + align:start position:0% +the entire world as as if you want the + + + align:start position:0% +the entire world as as if you want the +ultimate standard. So there are + + align:start position:0% +ultimate standard. So there are + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate standard. So there are +lists of the strength of the evidence + + align:start position:0% +lists of the strength of the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +lists of the strength of the evidence +and uh uh randomized + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh randomized + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh randomized +control designs are are the best and + + align:start position:0% +control designs are are the best and + + + align:start position:0% +control designs are are the best and +clinical impression anecdotes are the + + align:start position:0% +clinical impression anecdotes are the + + + align:start position:0% +clinical impression anecdotes are the +worst. So in this on this map + + align:start position:0% +worst. So in this on this map + + + align:start position:0% +worst. So in this on this map +um the narrative or a personalized story + + align:start position:0% +um the narrative or a personalized story + + + align:start position:0% +um the narrative or a personalized story +about the patient uh may not may not be + + align:start position:0% +about the patient uh may not may not be + + + align:start position:0% +about the patient uh may not may not be +if you want the accepted uh model today + + align:start position:0% +if you want the accepted uh model today + + + align:start position:0% +if you want the accepted uh model today +but I think in dealing with individual + + align:start position:0% +but I think in dealing with individual + + + align:start position:0% +but I think in dealing with individual +cases I feel that makes a lot of sense + + align:start position:0% +cases I feel that makes a lot of sense + + + align:start position:0% +cases I feel that makes a lot of sense +when you have to deal with somebody + + align:start position:0% +when you have to deal with somebody + + + align:start position:0% +when you have to deal with somebody +who's very distraught + + align:start position:0% +who's very distraught + + + align:start position:0% +who's very distraught +>> if I tell him that the best available + + align:start position:0% +>> if I tell him that the best available + + + align:start position:0% +>> if I tell him that the best available +evidence was published two years ago and + + align:start position:0% +evidence was published two years ago and + + + align:start position:0% +evidence was published two years ago and +showed that you know 20 milligrams of + + align:start position:0% +showed that you know 20 milligrams of + + + align:start position:0% +showed that you know 20 milligrams of +Adilify would work best for psychosis. + + align:start position:0% +Adilify would work best for psychosis. + + + align:start position:0% +Adilify would work best for psychosis. +I'm not so sure that that you would you + + align:start position:0% +I'm not so sure that that you would you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not so sure that that you would you +would feel the warm at the end of it, + + align:start position:0% +would feel the warm at the end of it, + + + align:start position:0% +would feel the warm at the end of it, +you know, but the reality it could be + + align:start position:0% +you know, but the reality it could be + + + align:start position:0% +you know, but the reality it could be +that that evidence is right. He's + + align:start position:0% +that that evidence is right. He's + + + align:start position:0% +that that evidence is right. He's +psychotic and he tried a very various + + align:start position:0% +psychotic and he tried a very various + + + align:start position:0% +psychotic and he tried a very various +medication. Some of them made him fat + + align:start position:0% +medication. Some of them made him fat + + + align:start position:0% +medication. Some of them made him fat +and pushed his triglycerides up and and + + align:start position:0% +and pushed his triglycerides up and and + + + align:start position:0% +and pushed his triglycerides up and and +raised his blood pressure. If I switch + + align:start position:0% +raised his blood pressure. If I switch + + + align:start position:0% +raised his blood pressure. If I switch +him to ailify and you know in two months + + align:start position:0% +him to ailify and you know in two months + + + align:start position:0% +him to ailify and you know in two months +he'll get better. But dealing with the + + align:start position:0% +he'll get better. But dealing with the + + + align:start position:0% +he'll get better. But dealing with the +immediate issue + + align:start position:0% +immediate issue + + + align:start position:0% +immediate issue +uh I think is just uh uh it's something + + align:start position:0% +uh I think is just uh uh it's something + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think is just uh uh it's something +else and and that knowledge about + + align:start position:0% +else and and that knowledge about + + + align:start position:0% +else and and that knowledge about +medication while while helpful in the + + align:start position:0% +medication while while helpful in the + + + align:start position:0% +medication while while helpful in the +long run would not make it very good. So + + align:start position:0% +long run would not make it very good. So + + + align:start position:0% +long run would not make it very good. So +this is why I kind came up with a if you + + align:start position:0% +this is why I kind came up with a if you + + + align:start position:0% +this is why I kind came up with a if you +want uh for the purpose of this meeting + + align:start position:0% +want uh for the purpose of this meeting + + + align:start position:0% +want uh for the purpose of this meeting +with a with a way of kind of creating a + + align:start position:0% +with a with a way of kind of creating a + + + align:start position:0% +with a with a way of kind of creating a +metaphor uh that could sustain my verbal + + align:start position:0% +metaphor uh that could sustain my verbal + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor uh that could sustain my verbal +and non-verbal if you want espiration + + align:start position:0% +and non-verbal if you want espiration + + + align:start position:0% +and non-verbal if you want espiration +I'm trying to uh to create some sense + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to uh to create some sense + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to uh to create some sense +some coherence some meaning some meaning + + align:start position:0% +some coherence some meaning some meaning + + + align:start position:0% +some coherence some meaning some meaning +to to that interaction and in doing that + + align:start position:0% +to to that interaction and in doing that + + + align:start position:0% +to to that interaction and in doing that +I'm empathic and I'm trying to to + + align:start position:0% +I'm empathic and I'm trying to to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm empathic and I'm trying to to +channel theuh the energies in a way that + + align:start position:0% +channel theuh the energies in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +channel theuh the energies in a way that +uh that it's almost like a beginning. + + align:start position:0% +uh that it's almost like a beginning. + + + align:start position:0% +uh that it's almost like a beginning. +He's distraught. He's ready to give up. + + align:start position:0% +He's distraught. He's ready to give up. + + + align:start position:0% +He's distraught. He's ready to give up. +He's ready to to shut himself away from + + align:start position:0% +He's ready to to shut himself away from + + + align:start position:0% +He's ready to to shut himself away from +the world. I'm trying to reach out to + + align:start position:0% +the world. I'm trying to reach out to + + + align:start position:0% +the world. I'm trying to reach out to +him without becoming his friend, without + + align:start position:0% +him without becoming his friend, without + + + align:start position:0% +him without becoming his friend, without +becoming his brother or father. Uh but + + align:start position:0% +becoming his brother or father. Uh but + + + align:start position:0% +becoming his brother or father. Uh but +I'm trying to and I think in a sense I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to and I think in a sense I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to and I think in a sense I'm +restoring the meaning of his narrative. + + align:start position:0% +restoring the meaning of his narrative. + + + align:start position:0% +restoring the meaning of his narrative. +>> Somebody cares, somebody reaches out. + + align:start position:0% +>> Somebody cares, somebody reaches out. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Somebody cares, somebody reaches out. +So because it seems like a very + + align:start position:0% +So because it seems like a very + + + align:start position:0% +So because it seems like a very +interesting system for people uh for + + align:start position:0% +interesting system for people uh for + + + align:start position:0% +interesting system for people uh for +designers to play with like the the the + + align:start position:0% +designers to play with like the the the + + + align:start position:0% +designers to play with like the the the +idea of trying even though there is this + + align:start position:0% +idea of trying even though there is this + + + align:start position:0% +idea of trying even though there is this +distorted narrative and you may uh you + + align:start position:0% +distorted narrative and you may uh you + + + align:start position:0% +distorted narrative and you may uh you +may not know enough about the narrative + + align:start position:0% +may not know enough about the narrative + + + align:start position:0% +may not know enough about the narrative +to be able to act on it but you can find + + align:start position:0% +to be able to act on it but you can find + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to act on it but you can find +out things about it by talking to the to + + align:start position:0% +out things about it by talking to the to + + + align:start position:0% +out things about it by talking to the to +to the patient and what you're really + + align:start position:0% +to the patient and what you're really + + + align:start position:0% +to the patient and what you're really +trying to do is make things fit within + + align:start position:0% +trying to do is make things fit within + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do is make things fit within +that person's narrative. + + align:start position:0% +that person's narrative. + + + align:start position:0% +that person's narrative. +you're filling the blanks that were kind + + align:start position:0% +you're filling the blanks that were kind + + + align:start position:0% +you're filling the blanks that were kind +of somewhat destroyed by + + align:start position:0% +of somewhat destroyed by + + + align:start position:0% +of somewhat destroyed by +>> by events and it could be variety of + + align:start position:0% +>> by events and it could be variety of + + + align:start position:0% +>> by events and it could be variety of +events + + align:start position:0% +events + + + align:start position:0% +events +>> and at times you have to use the + + align:start position:0% +>> and at times you have to use the + + + align:start position:0% +>> and at times you have to use the +imagination in a sense it's almost like + + align:start position:0% +imagination in a sense it's almost like + + + align:start position:0% +imagination in a sense it's almost like +the intuition I mean I know the + + align:start position:0% +the intuition I mean I know the + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition I mean I know the +principles in every case but how I'm + + align:start position:0% +principles in every case but how I'm + + + align:start position:0% +principles in every case but how I'm +going to do it it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +going to do it it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it it's it's not +pre-programmed + + align:start position:0% +pre-programmed + + + align:start position:0% +pre-programmed +>> and it seems like that's that's that's + + align:start position:0% +>> and it seems like that's that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +>> and it seems like that's that's that's +also something that you could play with + + align:start position:0% +also something that you could play with + + + align:start position:0% +also something that you could play with +from a design point of view and this + + align:start position:0% +from a design point of view and this + + + align:start position:0% +from a design point of view and this +this idea of it's disrupted narrative + + align:start position:0% +this idea of it's disrupted narrative + + + align:start position:0% +this idea of it's disrupted narrative +and then how do to put it back. You + + align:start position:0% +and then how do to put it back. You + + + align:start position:0% +and then how do to put it back. You +know, the spec putting the pieces back + + align:start position:0% +know, the spec putting the pieces back + + + align:start position:0% +know, the spec putting the pieces back +together might be something that you can + + align:start position:0% +together might be something that you can + + + align:start position:0% +together might be something that you can +do. + + align:start position:0% +do. + + + align:start position:0% +do. +>> Um, that may be the reason, and that's + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, that may be the reason, and that's + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, that may be the reason, and that's +not the speculation. I'm just making + + align:start position:0% +not the speculation. I'm just making + + + align:start position:0% +not the speculation. I'm just making +this up. Why why uh adventure games are + + align:start position:0% +this up. Why why uh adventure games are + + + align:start position:0% +this up. Why why uh adventure games are +are so powerful + + align:start position:0% +are so powerful + + + align:start position:0% +are so powerful +>> because in a sense, you're finding a + + align:start position:0% +>> because in a sense, you're finding a + + + align:start position:0% +>> because in a sense, you're finding a +substitute narrative + + align:start position:0% +substitute narrative + + + align:start position:0% +substitute narrative +>> uh that is much more controllable than + + align:start position:0% +>> uh that is much more controllable than + + + align:start position:0% +>> uh that is much more controllable than +your own. + + align:start position:0% +your own. + + + align:start position:0% +your own. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Uh and for for the time of the game, + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh and for for the time of the game, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh and for for the time of the game, +you're you're you're there. It's almost + + align:start position:0% +you're you're you're there. It's almost + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're you're there. It's almost +like kind of you're buying a few + + align:start position:0% +like kind of you're buying a few + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of you're buying a few +minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes of of a + + align:start position:0% +minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes of of a + + + align:start position:0% +minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes of of a +different story line. + + align:start position:0% +different story line. + + + align:start position:0% +different story line. +>> Actually, one of our researchers, you + + align:start position:0% +>> Actually, one of our researchers, you + + + align:start position:0% +>> Actually, one of our researchers, you +look specifically at adventure games and + + align:start position:0% +look specifically at adventure games and + + + align:start position:0% +look specifically at adventure games and +and her point of view is that playing an + + align:start position:0% +and her point of view is that playing an + + + align:start position:0% +and her point of view is that playing an +adventure game is like being a performer + + align:start position:0% +adventure game is like being a performer + + + align:start position:0% +adventure game is like being a performer +who hasn't been given the script. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +who hasn't been given the script. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +who hasn't been given the script. Uh, +you know, you're you're still an actor + + align:start position:0% +you know, you're you're still an actor + + + align:start position:0% +you know, you're you're still an actor +in the story and you have to figure out + + align:start position:0% +in the story and you have to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +in the story and you have to figure out +what that story is um in order to move + + align:start position:0% +what that story is um in order to move + + + align:start position:0% +what that story is um in order to move +along. So, so that that fits really + + align:start position:0% +along. So, so that that fits really + + + align:start position:0% +along. So, so that that fits really +well. + + align:start position:0% +well. + + + align:start position:0% +well. +Um there there's one other thing that I + + align:start position:0% +Um there there's one other thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +Um there there's one other thing that I +do want to bring up. Um obviously I + + align:start position:0% +do want to bring up. Um obviously I + + + align:start position:0% +do want to bring up. Um obviously I +don't want any of these games that you + + align:start position:0% +don't want any of these games that you + + + align:start position:0% +don't want any of these games that you +guys are working on to be quizzes to be + + align:start position:0% +guys are working on to be quizzes to be + + + align:start position:0% +guys are working on to be quizzes to be +like really fun quizzes even. Uh you + + align:start position:0% +like really fun quizzes even. Uh you + + + align:start position:0% +like really fun quizzes even. Uh you +know it's like no that's that's not what + + align:start position:0% +know it's like no that's that's not what + + + align:start position:0% +know it's like no that's that's not what +this class is about. I do want you guys + + align:start position:0% +this class is about. I do want you guys + + + align:start position:0% +this class is about. I do want you guys +to be designing games uh you know not + + align:start position:0% +to be designing games uh you know not + + + align:start position:0% +to be designing games uh you know not +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +pursuit psych psychiatry version you + + align:start position:0% +pursuit psych psychiatry version you + + + align:start position:0% +pursuit psych psychiatry version you +know that that's that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +know that that's that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know that that's that's kind of +pointless. We we have had um games in + + align:start position:0% +pointless. We we have had um games in + + + align:start position:0% +pointless. We we have had um games in +the past in this class where people + + align:start position:0% +the past in this class where people + + + align:start position:0% +the past in this class where people +basically pulled questions out of a hat + + align:start position:0% +basically pulled questions out of a hat + + + align:start position:0% +basically pulled questions out of a hat +and had to answer them and there were + + align:start position:0% +and had to answer them and there were + + + align:start position:0% +and had to answer them and there were +like various penalties that were kind of + + align:start position:0% +like various penalties that were kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like various penalties that were kind of +fun but that's not what I've been + + align:start position:0% +fun but that's not what I've been + + + align:start position:0% +fun but that's not what I've been +teaching you guys. So so so try to think + + align:start position:0% +teaching you guys. So so so try to think + + + align:start position:0% +teaching you guys. So so so try to think +about systems try to think about um all + + align:start position:0% +about systems try to think about um all + + + align:start position:0% +about systems try to think about um all +these things that that they want uh + + align:start position:0% +these things that that they want uh + + + align:start position:0% +these things that that they want uh +their traineees to learn you know think + + align:start position:0% +their traineees to learn you know think + + + align:start position:0% +their traineees to learn you know think +about how they can engage with the + + align:start position:0% +about how they can engage with the + + + align:start position:0% +about how they can engage with the +system you know in some small way uh and + + align:start position:0% +system you know in some small way uh and + + + align:start position:0% +system you know in some small way uh and +and that's and that be a project. + + align:start position:0% +and that's and that be a project. + + + align:start position:0% +and that's and that be a project. +Great. Well, ask a question of u what + + align:start position:0% +Great. Well, ask a question of u what + + + align:start position:0% +Great. Well, ask a question of u what +are your thoughts or what are the field + + align:start position:0% +are your thoughts or what are the field + + + align:start position:0% +are your thoughts or what are the field +thoughts I guess on lying to people to + + align:start position:0% +thoughts I guess on lying to people to + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts I guess on lying to people to +like mitigate a situation? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Well, + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, +um I would call lying a distortion. Uh + + align:start position:0% +um I would call lying a distortion. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +um I would call lying a distortion. Uh +and it's very uh in a genetical way. And + + align:start position:0% +and it's very uh in a genetical way. And + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very uh in a genetical way. And +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +when people lie, they they have to make + + align:start position:0% +when people lie, they they have to make + + + align:start position:0% +when people lie, they they have to make +a decision. Uh often People lie for a + + align:start position:0% +a decision. Uh often People lie for a + + + align:start position:0% +a decision. Uh often People lie for a +variety of reasons. What I always seem + + align:start position:0% +variety of reasons. What I always seem + + + align:start position:0% +variety of reasons. What I always seem +surprised by is the reason to to make + + align:start position:0% +surprised by is the reason to to make + + + align:start position:0% +surprised by is the reason to to make +friends, to get friendly, to resolve a + + align:start position:0% +friends, to get friendly, to resolve a + + + align:start position:0% +friends, to get friendly, to resolve a +situation. Okay? And uh + + align:start position:0% +situation. Okay? And uh + + + align:start position:0% +situation. Okay? And uh +I don't believe in lying as as a as a + + align:start position:0% +I don't believe in lying as as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +I don't believe in lying as as a as a +communication tool. Uh even if it if it + + align:start position:0% +communication tool. Uh even if it if it + + + align:start position:0% +communication tool. Uh even if it if it +may make things easier in the short run, + + align:start position:0% +may make things easier in the short run, + + + align:start position:0% +may make things easier in the short run, +certainly clinically, it's not it's not + + align:start position:0% +certainly clinically, it's not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +certainly clinically, it's not it's not +it's not helpful. Uh I was telling you + + align:start position:0% +it's not helpful. Uh I was telling you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not helpful. Uh I was telling you +about patients with borderline pathology + + align:start position:0% +about patients with borderline pathology + + + align:start position:0% +about patients with borderline pathology +that have this affective and relational + + align:start position:0% +that have this affective and relational + + + align:start position:0% +that have this affective and relational +instability that is basically taking + + align:start position:0% +instability that is basically taking + + + align:start position:0% +instability that is basically taking +over their life. They are some of the + + align:start position:0% +over their life. They are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +over their life. They are some of the +most accurate lie detectors that you can + + align:start position:0% +most accurate lie detectors that you can + + + align:start position:0% +most accurate lie detectors that you can +imagine. You cannot design something + + align:start position:0% +imagine. You cannot design something + + + align:start position:0% +imagine. You cannot design something +more perfect than that, especially + + align:start position:0% +more perfect than that, especially + + + align:start position:0% +more perfect than that, especially +having been in the system for a long + + align:start position:0% +having been in the system for a long + + + align:start position:0% +having been in the system for a long +time. They can they can feel the light + + align:start position:0% +time. They can they can feel the light + + + align:start position:0% +time. They can they can feel the light +even before it comes up and then if + + align:start position:0% +even before it comes up and then if + + + align:start position:0% +even before it comes up and then if +you're going that path, you're dead. + + align:start position:0% +you're going that path, you're dead. + + + align:start position:0% +you're going that path, you're dead. +>> So this role play for example, if you + + align:start position:0% +>> So this role play for example, if you + + + align:start position:0% +>> So this role play for example, if you +told Bobby, "Well, let me go get John." + + align:start position:0% +told Bobby, "Well, let me go get John." + + + align:start position:0% +told Bobby, "Well, let me go get John." +on your way here for a minute and then + + align:start position:0% +on your way here for a minute and then + + + align:start position:0% +on your way here for a minute and then +you and you know that John isn't working + + align:start position:0% +you and you know that John isn't working + + + align:start position:0% +you and you know that John isn't working +right now. He's nowhere in the hospital, + + align:start position:0% +right now. He's nowhere in the hospital, + + + align:start position:0% +right now. He's nowhere in the hospital, +but you just told him that to so you can + + align:start position:0% +but you just told him that to so you can + + + align:start position:0% +but you just told him that to so you can +get out and then you get security to + + align:start position:0% +get out and then you get security to + + + align:start position:0% +get out and then you get security to +come back in with you and then we can + + align:start position:0% +come back in with you and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +come back in with you and then we can +subdue him or something. That's a great + + align:start position:0% +subdue him or something. That's a great + + + align:start position:0% +subdue him or something. That's a great +example. Uh and that happens all the + + align:start position:0% +example. Uh and that happens all the + + + align:start position:0% +example. Uh and that happens all the +time because often when you're in this + + align:start position:0% +time because often when you're in this + + + align:start position:0% +time because often when you're in this +place, many of your requests are + + align:start position:0% +place, many of your requests are + + + align:start position:0% +place, many of your requests are +unreasonable. + + align:start position:0% +unreasonable. + + + align:start position:0% +unreasonable. +Uh so you need to set some limits. Uh + + align:start position:0% +Uh so you need to set some limits. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so you need to set some limits. Uh +and eventually you'll end up setting + + align:start position:0% +and eventually you'll end up setting + + + align:start position:0% +and eventually you'll end up setting +some limits. he could have continued to + + align:start position:0% +some limits. he could have continued to + + + align:start position:0% +some limits. he could have continued to +escalate until kind of attacking me, + + align:start position:0% +escalate until kind of attacking me, + + + align:start position:0% +escalate until kind of attacking me, +breaking everything in the room. I + + align:start position:0% +breaking everything in the room. I + + + align:start position:0% +breaking everything in the room. I +usually tell them about uh how they make + + align:start position:0% +usually tell them about uh how they make + + + align:start position:0% +usually tell them about uh how they make +know others feel uh how unacceptable + + align:start position:0% +know others feel uh how unacceptable + + + align:start position:0% +know others feel uh how unacceptable +some of the behaviors are and what are + + align:start position:0% +some of the behaviors are and what are + + + align:start position:0% +some of the behaviors are and what are +the consequences. Okay. Uh so I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +the consequences. Okay. Uh so I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the consequences. Okay. Uh so I'm I'm +going to probably tell you if this + + align:start position:0% +going to probably tell you if this + + + align:start position:0% +going to probably tell you if this +continues I don't have any other choice + + align:start position:0% +continues I don't have any other choice + + + align:start position:0% +continues I don't have any other choice +but to call security and you end up in + + align:start position:0% +but to call security and you end up in + + + align:start position:0% +but to call security and you end up in +these strengths and with the chemical + + align:start position:0% +these strengths and with the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +these strengths and with the chemical +medication given to you injectable you + + align:start position:0% +medication given to you injectable you + + + align:start position:0% +medication given to you injectable you +could take it by mouth. So I'm coming up + + align:start position:0% +could take it by mouth. So I'm coming up + + + align:start position:0% +could take it by mouth. So I'm coming up +front with the with how the next few + + align:start position:0% +front with the with how the next few + + + align:start position:0% +front with the with how the next few +minutes the proximal future looks like + + align:start position:0% +minutes the proximal future looks like + + + align:start position:0% +minutes the proximal future looks like +as opposed to trying to kind of fudge it + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to trying to kind of fudge it + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to trying to kind of fudge it +and kind of get on his friendly side and + + align:start position:0% +and kind of get on his friendly side and + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of get on his friendly side and +oh I don't mean anything but the + + align:start position:0% +oh I don't mean anything but the + + + align:start position:0% +oh I don't mean anything but the +security will put you in strength. You + + align:start position:0% +security will put you in strength. You + + + align:start position:0% +security will put you in strength. You +know what I mean? So I don't want to to + + align:start position:0% +know what I mean? So I don't want to to + + + align:start position:0% +know what I mean? So I don't want to to +buy him out by just becoming a friend if + + align:start position:0% +buy him out by just becoming a friend if + + + align:start position:0% +buy him out by just becoming a friend if +that involves lying. That's some people + + align:start position:0% +that involves lying. That's some people + + + align:start position:0% +that involves lying. That's some people +do it when you're in a corner. You're + + align:start position:0% +do it when you're in a corner. You're + + + align:start position:0% +do it when you're in a corner. You're +okay. So what do I do now? A little lie + + align:start position:0% +okay. So what do I do now? A little lie + + + align:start position:0% +okay. So what do I do now? A little lie +won't hurt any. Maybe it's just my my + + align:start position:0% +won't hurt any. Maybe it's just my my + + + align:start position:0% +won't hurt any. Maybe it's just my my +>> Yes. And what you just mentioned too, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And what you just mentioned too, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And what you just mentioned too, +that sort of like good cop, bad cop. + + align:start position:0% +that sort of like good cop, bad cop. + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of like good cop, bad cop. +Well, you know, I wish we could have + + align:start position:0% +Well, you know, I wish we could have + + + align:start position:0% +Well, you know, I wish we could have +more conversation here, but security + + align:start position:0% +more conversation here, but security + + + align:start position:0% +more conversation here, but security +needs to put you in your security is the + + align:start position:0% +needs to put you in your security is the + + + align:start position:0% +needs to put you in your security is the +bad guy when you know that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +bad guy when you know that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +bad guy when you know that's exactly +where you want the patient to be anyways + + align:start position:0% +where you want the patient to be anyways + + + align:start position:0% +where you want the patient to be anyways +because they're not + + align:start position:0% +because they're not + + + align:start position:0% +because they're not +>> I'm okay, but you know Jim, you know, he + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm okay, but you know Jim, you know, he + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm okay, but you know Jim, you know, he +doesn't he's the director and he's going + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he's the director and he's going + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he's the director and he's going +to, you know, + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, +>> so does that answer your question? + + align:start position:0% +>> so does that answer your question? + + + align:start position:0% +>> so does that answer your question? +>> Yeah. But I mean, would you like Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. But I mean, would you like Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. But I mean, would you like Yeah. +Yeah. Would you + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Would you + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Would you +>> I guess the followup is like would you + + align:start position:0% +>> I guess the followup is like would you + + + align:start position:0% +>> I guess the followup is like would you +ever seek you put medicine in someone's + + align:start position:0% +ever seek you put medicine in someone's + + + align:start position:0% +ever seek you put medicine in someone's +food or do something just + + align:start position:0% +food or do something just + + + align:start position:0% +food or do something just +>> it's not only uh you know a loss of + + align:start position:0% +>> it's not only uh you know a loss of + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's not only uh you know a loss of +waiting to happen + + align:start position:0% +waiting to happen + + + align:start position:0% +waiting to happen +of a of a major magnitude uh but I don't + + align:start position:0% +of a of a major magnitude uh but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +of a of a major magnitude uh but I don't +think it's right + + align:start position:0% +think it's right + + + align:start position:0% +think it's right +>> for me even though even though probably + + align:start position:0% +>> for me even though even though probably + + + align:start position:0% +>> for me even though even though probably +reality is that family members and + + align:start position:0% +reality is that family members and + + + align:start position:0% +reality is that family members and +sometimes even providers and nursing + + align:start position:0% +sometimes even providers and nursing + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes even providers and nursing +homes may uh may do that but I think + + align:start position:0% +homes may uh may do that but I think + + + align:start position:0% +homes may uh may do that but I think +it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a +>> and you may you may need to treat the + + align:start position:0% +>> and you may you may need to treat the + + + align:start position:0% +>> and you may you may need to treat the +person against their will, which which + + align:start position:0% +person against their will, which which + + + align:start position:0% +person against their will, which which +is often meaning putting them into + + align:start position:0% +is often meaning putting them into + + + align:start position:0% +is often meaning putting them into +physical restraints, which is usually + + align:start position:0% +physical restraints, which is usually + + + align:start position:0% +physical restraints, which is usually +like lover kinds of things that can, you + + align:start position:0% +like lover kinds of things that can, you + + + align:start position:0% +like lover kinds of things that can, you +know, kind of a straight jacket thing or + + align:start position:0% +know, kind of a straight jacket thing or + + + align:start position:0% +know, kind of a straight jacket thing or +maybe to a bed and maybe physically + + align:start position:0% +maybe to a bed and maybe physically + + + align:start position:0% +maybe to a bed and maybe physically +inject them with something to really + + align:start position:0% +inject them with something to really + + + align:start position:0% +inject them with something to really +sedate them. But you should always be + + align:start position:0% +sedate them. But you should always be + + + align:start position:0% +sedate them. But you should always be +telling them what you're going to do, + + align:start position:0% +telling them what you're going to do, + + + align:start position:0% +telling them what you're going to do, +right? And and the reason why you're + + align:start position:0% +right? And and the reason why you're + + + align:start position:0% +right? And and the reason why you're +doing it even if they don't have any + + align:start position:0% +doing it even if they don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +doing it even if they don't have any +choices. + + align:start position:0% +choices. + + + align:start position:0% +choices. +>> And if you feel that the person is + + align:start position:0% +>> And if you feel that the person is + + + align:start position:0% +>> And if you feel that the person is +unable to to comprehend, you know, the + + align:start position:0% +unable to to comprehend, you know, the + + + align:start position:0% +unable to to comprehend, you know, the +then you may need to kind of work + + align:start position:0% +then you may need to kind of work + + + align:start position:0% +then you may need to kind of work +towards the being a guardian will take + + align:start position:0% +towards the being a guardian will take + + + align:start position:0% +towards the being a guardian will take +decisions for that person. So, and it's + + align:start position:0% +decisions for that person. So, and it's + + + align:start position:0% +decisions for that person. So, and it's +not necessarily that the legal field has + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily that the legal field has + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily that the legal field has +pushed itself very hard in this field. + + align:start position:0% +pushed itself very hard in this field. + + + align:start position:0% +pushed itself very hard in this field. +But I think it's it's fair. Okay, you + + align:start position:0% +But I think it's it's fair. Okay, you + + + align:start position:0% +But I think it's it's fair. Okay, you +meet the person where the person is at + + align:start position:0% +meet the person where the person is at + + + align:start position:0% +meet the person where the person is at +and try to be helpful. And I think in my + + align:start position:0% +and try to be helpful. And I think in my + + + align:start position:0% +and try to be helpful. And I think in my +view, there's no substitute for being + + align:start position:0% +view, there's no substitute for being + + + align:start position:0% +view, there's no substitute for being +upfront and think what's going to + + align:start position:0% +upfront and think what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +upfront and think what's going to +happen. You may not he may not be my + + align:start position:0% +happen. You may not he may not be my + + + align:start position:0% +happen. You may not he may not be my +best friend, but he knows exactly. I'm + + align:start position:0% +best friend, but he knows exactly. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +best friend, but he knows exactly. I'm +telling the patients often ahead what's + + align:start position:0% +telling the patients often ahead what's + + + align:start position:0% +telling the patients often ahead what's +going to happen in the sense that I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to happen in the sense that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen in the sense that I'm +giving them choices. Uh so if I end up + + align:start position:0% +giving them choices. Uh so if I end up + + + align:start position:0% +giving them choices. Uh so if I end up +taking them to court for a commitment, + + align:start position:0% +taking them to court for a commitment, + + + align:start position:0% +taking them to court for a commitment, +they know that and they would be + + align:start position:0% +they know that and they would be + + + align:start position:0% +they know that and they would be +surprised. You would be surprised how + + align:start position:0% +surprised. You would be surprised how + + + align:start position:0% +surprised. You would be surprised how +you know how angry they are at the + + align:start position:0% +you know how angry they are at the + + + align:start position:0% +you know how angry they are at the +beginning and how okay they are later + + align:start position:0% +beginning and how okay they are later + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and how okay they are later +and how often they come up to me and + + align:start position:0% +and how often they come up to me and + + + align:start position:0% +and how often they come up to me and +said you know thank you. I was in a very + + align:start position:0% +said you know thank you. I was in a very + + + align:start position:0% +said you know thank you. I was in a very +bad place but you know and I know I + + align:start position:0% +bad place but you know and I know I + + + align:start position:0% +bad place but you know and I know I +didn't want to and I fought you all the + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to and I fought you all the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to and I fought you all the +way but I think that was the best + + align:start position:0% +way but I think that was the best + + + align:start position:0% +way but I think that was the best +solution for me and I don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +solution for me and I don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +solution for me and I don't necessarily +do that to get that uh you know thanks. + + align:start position:0% +do that to get that uh you know thanks. + + + align:start position:0% +do that to get that uh you know thanks. +I just do it as a principle. This often + + align:start position:0% +I just do it as a principle. This often + + + align:start position:0% +I just do it as a principle. This often +doesn't come. So it's not like people + + align:start position:0% +doesn't come. So it's not like people + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't come. So it's not like people +are grateful. Often they leave the + + align:start position:0% +are grateful. Often they leave the + + + align:start position:0% +are grateful. Often they leave the +hospital + + align:start position:0% +hospital + + + align:start position:0% +hospital +you let me share a little bit of this uh + + align:start position:0% +you let me share a little bit of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +you let me share a little bit of this uh +um this change is just a few minutes. + + align:start position:0% +um this change is just a few minutes. + + + align:start position:0% +um this change is just a few minutes. +This is the project I'm I've been + + align:start position:0% +This is the project I'm I've been + + + align:start position:0% +This is the project I'm I've been +working on uh a lot for NASA which is + + align:start position:0% +working on uh a lot for NASA which is + + + align:start position:0% +working on uh a lot for NASA which is +basically to develop a mental health uh + + align:start position:0% +basically to develop a mental health uh + + + align:start position:0% +basically to develop a mental health uh +support system for the long duration + + align:start position:0% +support system for the long duration + + + align:start position:0% +support system for the long duration +space crews. And this was kind of a + + align:start position:0% +space crews. And this was kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +space crews. And this was kind of a +whole other topic, but just one piece of + + align:start position:0% +whole other topic, but just one piece of + + + align:start position:0% +whole other topic, but just one piece of +this was teaching the astronauts how to + + align:start position:0% +this was teaching the astronauts how to + + + align:start position:0% +this was teaching the astronauts how to +manage um conflict, interpersonal + + align:start position:0% +manage um conflict, interpersonal + + + align:start position:0% +manage um conflict, interpersonal +conflict more effectively + + align:start position:0% +conflict more effectively + + + align:start position:0% +conflict more effectively +for state. + + align:start position:0% +for state. + + + align:start position:0% +for state. +Astronauts being a very different + + align:start position:0% +Astronauts being a very different + + + align:start position:0% +Astronauts being a very different +population from who we're talking about. + + align:start position:0% +population from who we're talking about. + + + align:start position:0% +population from who we're talking about. +We don't have any sound. + + align:start position:0% +We don't have any sound. + + + align:start position:0% +We don't have any sound. +>> Oh, it's just probably turned down. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, it's just probably turned down. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, it's just probably turned down. +Is it turned up on your computer? + + align:start position:0% +Is it turned up on your computer? + + + align:start position:0% +Is it turned up on your computer? +>> Um, let's just see. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I just checked the muse. + + align:start position:0% +>> I just checked the muse. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I just checked the muse. +It's probably just turned on really. + + align:start position:0% +It's probably just turned on really. + + + align:start position:0% +It's probably just turned on really. +>> Oh, I'm sorry. It just turned off. Um, + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, I'm sorry. It just turned off. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, I'm sorry. It just turned off. Um, +you can't go there and then I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +you can't go there and then I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +you can't go there and then I'll I'll +adjust it. + + align:start position:0% +adjust it. + + + align:start position:0% +adjust it. +>> Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Should we be doing something at this + + align:start position:0% +>> Should we be doing something at this + + + align:start position:0% +>> Should we be doing something at this +point? + + align:start position:0% +point? + + + align:start position:0% +point? +>> Uh, not yet. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Welcome to the virtual space station, + + align:start position:0% +Welcome to the virtual space station, + + + align:start position:0% +Welcome to the virtual space station, +where you can access training and + + align:start position:0% +where you can access training and + + + align:start position:0% +where you can access training and +resources to help deal with the stresses + + align:start position:0% +resources to help deal with the stresses + + + align:start position:0% +resources to help deal with the stresses +of long duration space flights. In the + + align:start position:0% +of long duration space flights. In the + + + align:start position:0% +of long duration space flights. In the +training simulator, you'll interact with + + align:start position:0% +training simulator, you'll interact with + + + align:start position:0% +training simulator, you'll interact with +virtual crew members to learn and + + align:start position:0% +virtual crew members to learn and + + + align:start position:0% +virtual crew members to learn and +practice managing some of the problems + + align:start position:0% +practice managing some of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +practice managing some of the problems +that might come up on longduration + + align:start position:0% +that might come up on longduration + + + align:start position:0% +that might come up on longduration +missions. The resources module has more + + align:start position:0% +missions. The resources module has more + + + align:start position:0% +missions. The resources module has more +advanced training that you can do to + + align:start position:0% +advanced training that you can do to + + + align:start position:0% +advanced training that you can do to +learn about adapting to the stresses of + + align:start position:0% +learn about adapting to the stresses of + + + align:start position:0% +learn about adapting to the stresses of +living in isolation, plus interviews + + align:start position:0% +living in isolation, plus interviews + + + align:start position:0% +living in isolation, plus interviews +with long duration flyers. It also has a + + align:start position:0% +with long duration flyers. It also has a + + + align:start position:0% +with long duration flyers. It also has a +number of ebooks and audio books on + + align:start position:0% +number of ebooks and audio books on + + + align:start position:0% +number of ebooks and audio books on +dealing with stress, plus survival + + align:start position:0% +dealing with stress, plus survival + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with stress, plus survival +stories about polar missions and other + + align:start position:0% +stories about polar missions and other + + + align:start position:0% +stories about polar missions and other +adventures. In the self- assessment + + align:start position:0% +adventures. In the self- assessment + + + align:start position:0% +adventures. In the self- assessment +module, you'll find questionnaires that + + align:start position:0% +module, you'll find questionnaires that + + + align:start position:0% +module, you'll find questionnaires that +can help. I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +can help. I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +can help. I'm going to +>> skip out of this. Um, this is basically + + align:start position:0% +>> skip out of this. Um, this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +>> skip out of this. Um, this is basically +the whole the whole uh interface, but + + align:start position:0% +the whole the whole uh interface, but + + + align:start position:0% +the whole the whole uh interface, but +what I'll show you here is our + + align:start position:0% +what I'll show you here is our + + + align:start position:0% +what I'll show you here is our +simulator. + + align:start position:0% +simulator. + + + align:start position:0% +simulator. +This is the training simulator. Click on + + align:start position:0% +This is the training simulator. Click on + + + align:start position:0% +This is the training simulator. Click on +the topic you would like to learn about. + + align:start position:0% +the topic you would like to learn about. + + + align:start position:0% +the topic you would like to learn about. +Then the coach or mentor for that topic + + align:start position:0% +Then the coach or mentor for that topic + + + align:start position:0% +Then the coach or mentor for that topic +will take over and guide you through. + + align:start position:0% +will take over and guide you through. + + + align:start position:0% +will take over and guide you through. +>> This is the conflict management part of + + align:start position:0% +>> This is the conflict management part of + + + align:start position:0% +>> This is the conflict management part of +the simulator. We recommend that you do + + align:start position:0% +the simulator. We recommend that you do + + + align:start position:0% +the simulator. We recommend that you do +the 10-minute briefing first. After you + + align:start position:0% +the 10-minute briefing first. After you + + + align:start position:0% +the 10-minute briefing first. After you +complete each simulation, + + align:start position:0% +complete each simulation, + + + align:start position:0% +complete each simulation, +>> I am greenhouse, your conflict + + align:start position:0% +>> I am greenhouse, your conflict + + + align:start position:0% +>> I am greenhouse, your conflict +management coach. Here's how these + + align:start position:0% +management coach. Here's how these + + + align:start position:0% +management coach. Here's how these +simulations work. You are flight + + align:start position:0% +simulations work. You are flight + + + align:start position:0% +simulations work. You are flight +engineer one or F1 and your crewmate + + align:start position:0% +engineer one or F1 and your crewmate + + + align:start position:0% +engineer one or F1 and your crewmate +Chuck is flight engineer 2. We'll be + + align:start position:0% +Chuck is flight engineer 2. We'll be + + + align:start position:0% +Chuck is flight engineer 2. We'll be +giving you three choices of what to say + + align:start position:0% +giving you three choices of what to say + + + align:start position:0% +giving you three choices of what to say +or do. You can roll your mouse over them + + align:start position:0% +or do. You can roll your mouse over them + + + align:start position:0% +or do. You can roll your mouse over them +to hear how they're said, even though + + align:start position:0% +to hear how they're said, even though + + + align:start position:0% +to hear how they're said, even though +some options are more likely than others + + align:start position:0% +some options are more likely than others + + + align:start position:0% +some options are more likely than others +to reduce the conflict. I recommend that + + align:start position:0% +to reduce the conflict. I recommend that + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce the conflict. I recommend that +you try out options you might not choose + + align:start position:0% +you try out options you might not choose + + + align:start position:0% +you try out options you might not choose +in real life. That's because all paths + + align:start position:0% +in real life. That's because all paths + + + align:start position:0% +in real life. That's because all paths +in these simulations lead to teaching + + align:start position:0% +in these simulations lead to teaching + + + align:start position:0% +in these simulations lead to teaching +focus. You can click the backup button + + align:start position:0% +focus. You can click the backup button + + + align:start position:0% +focus. You can click the backup button +anytime if you want to change your + + align:start position:0% +anytime if you want to change your + + + align:start position:0% +anytime if you want to change your +choice and go down another pathway. You + + align:start position:0% +choice and go down another pathway. You + + + align:start position:0% +choice and go down another pathway. You +can click on the fair fighting manual at + + align:start position:0% +can click on the fair fighting manual at + + + align:start position:0% +can click on the fair fighting manual at +any time to read some tips. You'll also + + align:start position:0% +any time to read some tips. You'll also + + + align:start position:0% +any time to read some tips. You'll also +find this manual in the resource modules + + align:start position:0% +find this manual in the resource modules + + + align:start position:0% +find this manual in the resource modules +library. Now, as you go through the + + align:start position:0% +library. Now, as you go through the + + + align:start position:0% +library. Now, as you go through the +simulation, I'll be right here coaching + + align:start position:0% +simulation, I'll be right here coaching + + + align:start position:0% +simulation, I'll be right here coaching +you along the way. Okay, back to the + + align:start position:0% +you along the way. Okay, back to the + + + align:start position:0% +you along the way. Okay, back to the +simulation. + + align:start position:0% +simulation. + + + align:start position:0% +simulation. +It's 4 months into your mission with + + align:start position:0% +It's 4 months into your mission with + + + align:start position:0% +It's 4 months into your mission with +five and a half left to go. So far, the + + align:start position:0% +five and a half left to go. So far, the + + + align:start position:0% +five and a half left to go. So far, the +mission's been going pretty well. But + + align:start position:0% +mission's been going pretty well. But + + + align:start position:0% +mission's been going pretty well. But +you're both tired having had to sleep + + align:start position:0% +you're both tired having had to sleep + + + align:start position:0% +you're both tired having had to sleep +shift last night. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Hey, is your display getting squirly? + + align:start position:0% +>> Hey, is your display getting squirly? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Hey, is your display getting squirly? +Shoot. Mine, too. Damn, I can systems + + align:start position:0% +Shoot. Mine, too. Damn, I can systems + + + align:start position:0% +Shoot. Mine, too. Damn, I can systems +down. + + align:start position:0% +down. + + + align:start position:0% +down. +That was the wrong cabling. + + align:start position:0% +That was the wrong cabling. + + + align:start position:0% +That was the wrong cabling. +And when I was installing the recorder, + + align:start position:0% +And when I was installing the recorder, + + + align:start position:0% +And when I was installing the recorder, +I disconnected the A10 cable. I mean, I + + align:start position:0% +I disconnected the A10 cable. I mean, I + + + align:start position:0% +I disconnected the A10 cable. I mean, I +fixed it right away, but I think it + + align:start position:0% +fixed it right away, but I think it + + + align:start position:0% +fixed it right away, but I think it +screwed up the whole system. + + align:start position:0% +screwed up the whole system. + + + align:start position:0% +screwed up the whole system. +Hey, look. If ground calls up, don't + + align:start position:0% +Hey, look. If ground calls up, don't + + + align:start position:0% +Hey, look. If ground calls up, don't +tell them about the cabling. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ah, this is a tricky situation. You + + align:start position:0% +Ah, this is a tricky situation. You + + + align:start position:0% +Ah, this is a tricky situation. You +believe it's important to tell the + + align:start position:0% +believe it's important to tell the + + + align:start position:0% +believe it's important to tell the +ground what happened. At the same time, + + align:start position:0% +ground what happened. At the same time, + + + align:start position:0% +ground what happened. At the same time, +you don't want Chuck to get in trouble. + + align:start position:0% +you don't want Chuck to get in trouble. + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want Chuck to get in trouble. +What's your response? + + align:start position:0% +What's your response? + + + align:start position:0% +What's your response? +>> So, here + + align:start position:0% +>> So, here + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, here +>> they'll spend hours trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +>> they'll spend hours trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +>> they'll spend hours trying to figure +this out. We got to tell what's wrong + + align:start position:0% +this out. We got to tell what's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +this out. We got to tell what's wrong +with telling the ground. + + align:start position:0% +with telling the ground. + + + align:start position:0% +with telling the ground. +>> Okay, but you're putting me + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, but you're putting me + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, but you're putting me +>> make a choice. + + align:start position:0% +>> make a choice. + + + align:start position:0% +>> make a choice. +>> Okay, you're putting me in a bad + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, you're putting me in a bad + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, you're putting me in a bad +position. + + align:start position:0% +position. + + + align:start position:0% +position. +But thanks. You're a real friend. I read + + align:start position:0% +But thanks. You're a real friend. I read + + + align:start position:0% +But thanks. You're a real friend. I read +you big time. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. Houston, this is FE2. Go ahead. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Houston, this is FE2. Go ahead. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Houston, this is FE2. Go ahead. +Uh, no. Negative. I have no idea. + + align:start position:0% +Uh, no. Negative. I have no idea. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, no. Negative. I have no idea. +Yeah, I know. Well, I already got the + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I know. Well, I already got the + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I know. Well, I already got the +reboot started, right? + + align:start position:0% +reboot started, right? + + + align:start position:0% +reboot started, right? +I guess it's too early to say what the + + align:start position:0% +I guess it's too early to say what the + + + align:start position:0% +I guess it's too early to say what the +effect is. + + align:start position:0% +effect is. + + + align:start position:0% +effect is. +Roger that. I'll let you know if it + + align:start position:0% +Roger that. I'll let you know if it + + + align:start position:0% +Roger that. I'll let you know if it +happens again. two up. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> You're feeling very anxious having just + + align:start position:0% +>> You're feeling very anxious having just + + + align:start position:0% +>> You're feeling very anxious having just +heard Chuck lie to the ground. You're + + align:start position:0% +heard Chuck lie to the ground. You're + + + align:start position:0% +heard Chuck lie to the ground. You're +worried that this might backfire on you + + align:start position:0% +worried that this might backfire on you + + + align:start position:0% +worried that this might backfire on you +if the ground finds out that you knew + + align:start position:0% +if the ground finds out that you knew + + + align:start position:0% +if the ground finds out that you knew +what happened. This makes you very angry + + align:start position:0% +what happened. This makes you very angry + + + align:start position:0% +what happened. This makes you very angry +at Chuck. How would you like to respond? + + align:start position:0% +at Chuck. How would you like to respond? + + + align:start position:0% +at Chuck. How would you like to respond? +>> So, the reason I'm showing you guys this + + align:start position:0% +>> So, the reason I'm showing you guys this + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, the reason I'm showing you guys this +is that this is one one approach I've + + align:start position:0% +is that this is one one approach I've + + + align:start position:0% +is that this is one one approach I've +taken to to teaching how to how to + + align:start position:0% +taken to to teaching how to how to + + + align:start position:0% +taken to to teaching how to how to +handle an interaction with somebody + + align:start position:0% +handle an interaction with somebody + + + align:start position:0% +handle an interaction with somebody +through sort of a simulation. Now, this + + align:start position:0% +through sort of a simulation. Now, this + + + align:start position:0% +through sort of a simulation. Now, this +is obviously not a game. There's no + + align:start position:0% +is obviously not a game. There's no + + + align:start position:0% +is obviously not a game. There's no +score. There's no time limit. It's more + + align:start position:0% +score. There's no time limit. It's more + + + align:start position:0% +score. There's no time limit. It's more +of an interactive movie. Um, but with + + align:start position:0% +of an interactive movie. Um, but with + + + align:start position:0% +of an interactive movie. Um, but with +with the teaching points here, just just + + align:start position:0% +with the teaching points here, just just + + + align:start position:0% +with the teaching points here, just just +like what Caesar's giving you is, you + + align:start position:0% +like what Caesar's giving you is, you + + + align:start position:0% +like what Caesar's giving you is, you +know, we can give this to an astronaut + + align:start position:0% +know, we can give this to an astronaut + + + align:start position:0% +know, we can give this to an astronaut +um and they'll read it in 5 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +um and they'll read it in 5 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +um and they'll read it in 5 10 minutes +and say, "Yep, got it. What's the next + + align:start position:0% +and say, "Yep, got it. What's the next + + + align:start position:0% +and say, "Yep, got it. What's the next +thing?" That doesn't mean they actually + + align:start position:0% +thing?" That doesn't mean they actually + + + align:start position:0% +thing?" That doesn't mean they actually +can use it. They remember it. They've + + align:start position:0% +can use it. They remember it. They've + + + align:start position:0% +can use it. They remember it. They've +absorbed it. So, and that I'm not saying + + align:start position:0% +absorbed it. So, and that I'm not saying + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed it. So, and that I'm not saying +that this is the way that you should do + + align:start position:0% +that this is the way that you should do + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the way that you should do +your games, but just that this is one + + align:start position:0% +your games, but just that this is one + + + align:start position:0% +your games, but just that this is one +approach that we've taken um + + align:start position:0% +approach that we've taken um + + + align:start position:0% +approach that we've taken um +to try to get them more involved with + + align:start position:0% +to try to get them more involved with + + + align:start position:0% +to try to get them more involved with +with the kind of material in more of a + + align:start position:0% +with the kind of material in more of a + + + align:start position:0% +with the kind of material in more of a +kind of a sim simulated way. We can just + + align:start position:0% +kind of a sim simulated way. We can just + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a sim simulated way. We can just +maybe do one or one or two of these. + + align:start position:0% +maybe do one or one or two of these. + + + align:start position:0% +maybe do one or one or two of these. +What would you like to do here? + + align:start position:0% +What would you like to do here? + + + align:start position:0% +What would you like to do here? +>> Chuck, we + + align:start position:0% +>> Chuck, we + + + align:start position:0% +>> Chuck, we +>> Chuck, we need to talk about this. I'm + + align:start position:0% +>> Chuck, we need to talk about this. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +>> Chuck, we need to talk about this. I'm +just to talk about it. Brown doesn't + + align:start position:0% +just to talk about it. Brown doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +just to talk about it. Brown doesn't +need to know every single little detail. + + align:start position:0% +need to know every single little detail. + + + align:start position:0% +need to know every single little detail. +All right. Plus, if we do tell them, + + align:start position:0% +All right. Plus, if we do tell them, + + + align:start position:0% +All right. Plus, if we do tell them, +next thing you know, we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +next thing you know, we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +next thing you know, we're going to be +all over the news. + + align:start position:0% +all over the news. + + + align:start position:0% +all over the news. +>> This was a good choice. Even though + + align:start position:0% +>> This was a good choice. Even though + + + align:start position:0% +>> This was a good choice. Even though +Chuck seems exasperated, you know what's + + align:start position:0% +Chuck seems exasperated, you know what's + + + align:start position:0% +Chuck seems exasperated, you know what's +going on in his mind. Understanding what + + align:start position:0% +going on in his mind. Understanding what + + + align:start position:0% +going on in his mind. Understanding what +each other is thinking goes a long way + + align:start position:0% +each other is thinking goes a long way + + + align:start position:0% +each other is thinking goes a long way +to solving conflict. Chuck is concerned + + align:start position:0% +to solving conflict. Chuck is concerned + + + align:start position:0% +to solving conflict. Chuck is concerned +about the ruckus this might cause and + + align:start position:0% +about the ruckus this might cause and + + + align:start position:0% +about the ruckus this might cause and +about negative media attention. But now + + align:start position:0% +about negative media attention. But now + + + align:start position:0% +about negative media attention. But now +you have something to work with. What's + + align:start position:0% +you have something to work with. What's + + + align:start position:0% +you have something to work with. What's +your next move? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Sure. I know you don't. You've been + + align:start position:0% +>> Sure. I know you don't. You've been + + + align:start position:0% +>> Sure. I know you don't. You've been +doing excellent work. So far, I can see + + align:start position:0% +doing excellent work. So far, I can see + + + align:start position:0% +doing excellent work. So far, I can see +you're really scared of them. + + align:start position:0% +you're really scared of them. + + + align:start position:0% +you're really scared of them. +>> I know you don't I know you don't want + + align:start position:0% +>> I know you don't I know you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +>> I know you don't I know you don't want +to draw a lot of attention, but what do + + align:start position:0% +to draw a lot of attention, but what do + + + align:start position:0% +to draw a lot of attention, but what do +you think will happen if they figure it + + align:start position:0% +you think will happen if they figure it + + + align:start position:0% +you think will happen if they figure it +out? + + align:start position:0% +out? + + + align:start position:0% +out? +>> Yeah. Okay, you got a point. I'd be fry, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay, you got a point. I'd be fry, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay, you got a point. I'd be fry, +especially if it looked like I was + + align:start position:0% +especially if it looked like I was + + + align:start position:0% +especially if it looked like I was +trying to cover it up. + + align:start position:0% +trying to cover it up. + + + align:start position:0% +trying to cover it up. +You know, + + align:start position:0% +You know, + + + align:start position:0% +You know, +this really is a team issue. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +On the one hand, you seem to get chart + + align:start position:0% +On the one hand, you seem to get chart + + + align:start position:0% +On the one hand, you seem to get chart +to come around to your perspective that + + align:start position:0% +to come around to your perspective that + + + align:start position:0% +to come around to your perspective that +the ground really needs to know what + + align:start position:0% +the ground really needs to know what + + + align:start position:0% +the ground really needs to know what +happened. On the other hand, he's asking + + align:start position:0% +happened. On the other hand, he's asking + + + align:start position:0% +happened. On the other hand, he's asking +you to share the responsibility, even + + align:start position:0% +you to share the responsibility, even + + + align:start position:0% +you to share the responsibility, even +though it really wasn't your fault. You + + align:start position:0% +though it really wasn't your fault. You + + + align:start position:0% +though it really wasn't your fault. You +have mixed feelings. You don't want to + + align:start position:0% +have mixed feelings. You don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +have mixed feelings. You don't want to +be blamed for a mistake you didn't make, + + align:start position:0% +be blamed for a mistake you didn't make, + + + align:start position:0% +be blamed for a mistake you didn't make, +but you're concerned about keeping a + + align:start position:0% +but you're concerned about keeping a + + + align:start position:0% +but you're concerned about keeping a +good relationship with Chuck. How are + + align:start position:0% +good relationship with Chuck. How are + + + align:start position:0% +good relationship with Chuck. How are +you going to respond? + + align:start position:0% +you going to respond? + + + align:start position:0% +you going to respond? +>> Just do one more of these and wrap up. + + align:start position:0% +>> Just do one more of these and wrap up. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Just do one more of these and wrap up. +I'm sorry, Chuck, but this was your + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry, Chuck, but this was your + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry, Chuck, but this was your +mistake to take responsibility for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> visible ground control. + + align:start position:0% +>> visible ground control. + + + align:start position:0% +>> visible ground control. +That's a good idea. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Houston has too. + + align:start position:0% +>> Houston has too. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Houston has too. +Houston, I think we found a problem. The + + align:start position:0% +Houston, I think we found a problem. The + + + align:start position:0% +Houston, I think we found a problem. The +instructions you set up for the recorder + + align:start position:0% +instructions you set up for the recorder + + + align:start position:0% +instructions you set up for the recorder +had some serious problems. When you + + align:start position:0% +had some serious problems. When you + + + align:start position:0% +had some serious problems. When you +follow the recorder connect procedure, + + align:start position:0% +follow the recorder connect procedure, + + + align:start position:0% +follow the recorder connect procedure, +you can end up disconnecting A10. May + + align:start position:0% +you can end up disconnecting A10. May + + + align:start position:0% +you can end up disconnecting A10. May +need to be validated. + + align:start position:0% +need to be validated. + + + align:start position:0% +need to be validated. +>> Copy that, FB2. The procedure team ran + + align:start position:0% +>> Copy that, FB2. The procedure team ran + + + align:start position:0% +>> Copy that, FB2. The procedure team ran +through this in the mockup, but they can + + align:start position:0% +through this in the mockup, but they can + + + align:start position:0% +through this in the mockup, but they can +give it another look. + + align:start position:0% +give it another look. + + + align:start position:0% +give it another look. +In any organization, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sometimes this can help to create a bond + + align:start position:0% +sometimes this can help to create a bond + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes this can help to create a bond +within the work group because everybody + + align:start position:0% +within the work group because everybody + + + align:start position:0% +within the work group because everybody +has a common enemy. But even though + + align:start position:0% +has a common enemy. But even though + + + align:start position:0% +has a common enemy. But even though +scapegoating the ground may keep the + + align:start position:0% +scapegoating the ground may keep the + + + align:start position:0% +scapegoating the ground may keep the +crew unified for a while, this is + + align:start position:0% +crew unified for a while, this is + + + align:start position:0% +crew unified for a while, this is +serious cost. + + align:start position:0% +serious cost. + + + align:start position:0% +serious cost. +Obviously, a rift between space and + + align:start position:0% +Obviously, a rift between space and + + + align:start position:0% +Obviously, a rift between space and +ground, + + align:start position:0% +ground, + + + align:start position:0% +ground, +>> you kind of get the idea. + + align:start position:0% +>> you kind of get the idea. + + + align:start position:0% +>> you kind of get the idea. +>> We we'd like to be available by email in + + align:start position:0% +>> We we'd like to be available by email in + + + align:start position:0% +>> We we'd like to be available by email in +case you guys have any questions. + + align:start position:0% +case you guys have any questions. + + + align:start position:0% +case you guys have any questions. +Well, I'll I'll I'll I'll send our + + align:start position:0% +Well, I'll I'll I'll I'll send our + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I'll I'll I'll I'll send our +contact information to the fast list and + + align:start position:0% +contact information to the fast list and + + + align:start position:0% +contact information to the fast list and +um we're probably going to spend the + + align:start position:0% +um we're probably going to spend the + + + align:start position:0% +um we're probably going to spend the +rest of the week. So, uh so we're not + + align:start position:0% +rest of the week. So, uh so we're not + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the week. So, uh so we're not +quite sure exactly what we're working on + + align:start position:0% +quite sure exactly what we're working on + + + align:start position:0% +quite sure exactly what we're working on +yet, but you know, hopefully hopefully + + align:start position:0% +yet, but you know, hopefully hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +yet, but you know, hopefully hopefully +article uh on web + + align:start position:0% +article uh on web + + + align:start position:0% +article uh on web +and uh I just have a couple more admin + + align:start position:0% +and uh I just have a couple more admin + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I just have a couple more admin +to deal with. Uh, I want to thank you + + align:start position:0% +to deal with. Uh, I want to thank you + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with. Uh, I want to thank you +guys very well. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +So, uh, let's see. On next Wednesday, + + align:start position:0% +So, uh, let's see. On next Wednesday, + + + align:start position:0% +So, uh, let's see. On next Wednesday, +which is the Wednesday right before + + align:start position:0% +which is the Wednesday right before + + + align:start position:0% +which is the Wednesday right before +Thanksgiving, um, I think a couple of + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving, um, I think a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving, um, I think a couple of +folks are probably going to be like + + align:start position:0% +folks are probably going to be like + + + align:start position:0% +folks are probably going to be like +heading out for the + + align:start position:0% +heading out for the + + + align:start position:0% +heading out for the +>> Okay. Yeah. So, um, there because I've + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Yeah. So, um, there because I've + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Yeah. So, um, there because I've +been hearing some like naffy stuff about + + align:start position:0% +been hearing some like naffy stuff about + + + align:start position:0% +been hearing some like naffy stuff about +like what the TSA might be doing and + + align:start position:0% +like what the TSA might be doing and + + + align:start position:0% +like what the TSA might be doing and +what people will be doing with in + + align:start position:0% +what people will be doing with in + + + align:start position:0% +what people will be doing with in +response to TSA. Uh yeah, + + align:start position:0% +response to TSA. Uh yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +response to TSA. Uh yeah, +>> getting to the air to the airport early + + align:start position:0% +>> getting to the air to the airport early + + + align:start position:0% +>> getting to the air to the airport early +if you're flying out might be a good + + align:start position:0% +if you're flying out might be a good + + + align:start position:0% +if you're flying out might be a good +idea. Um because if everybody decides to + + align:start position:0% +idea. Um because if everybody decides to + + + align:start position:0% +idea. Um because if everybody decides to +refuse the uh the back scatter scans and + + align:start position:0% +refuse the uh the back scatter scans and + + + align:start position:0% +refuse the uh the back scatter scans and +the body searches, then we're talking + + align:start position:0% +the body searches, then we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +the body searches, then we're talking +about some of the utilities. Anyway, um + + align:start position:0% +about some of the utilities. Anyway, um + + + align:start position:0% +about some of the utilities. Anyway, um +so I think what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +so I think what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +so I think what I'm going to do is +actually call up once it's passed. Um + + align:start position:0% +actually call up once it's passed. Um + + + align:start position:0% +actually call up once it's passed. Um +and uh but if the people if there are + + align:start position:0% +and uh but if the people if there are + + + align:start position:0% +and uh but if the people if there are +teams who are really wanting to do a + + align:start position:0% +teams who are really wanting to do a + + + align:start position:0% +teams who are really wanting to do a +live action game and they want to sort + + align:start position:0% +live action game and they want to sort + + + align:start position:0% +live action game and they want to sort +of get a head start on that, talk to me + + align:start position:0% +of get a head start on that, talk to me + + + align:start position:0% +of get a head start on that, talk to me +directly and maybe what we can do is we + + align:start position:0% +directly and maybe what we can do is we + + + align:start position:0% +directly and maybe what we can do is we +can just sort of like uh meet up with + + align:start position:0% +can just sort of like uh meet up with + + + align:start position:0% +can just sort of like uh meet up with +you guys as a team and sort of come talk + + align:start position:0% +you guys as a team and sort of come talk + + + align:start position:0% +you guys as a team and sort of come talk +uh try to get some ideas across do like + + align:start position:0% +uh try to get some ideas across do like + + + align:start position:0% +uh try to get some ideas across do like +a brainstorming with with me. Um I will + + align:start position:0% +a brainstorming with with me. Um I will + + + align:start position:0% +a brainstorming with with me. Um I will +still get to talking about live action + + align:start position:0% +still get to talking about live action + + + align:start position:0% +still get to talking about live action +games um the following week. Uh uh I'll + + align:start position:0% +games um the following week. Uh uh I'll + + + align:start position:0% +games um the following week. Uh uh I'll +schedule uh one of the classes uh for + + align:start position:0% +schedule uh one of the classes uh for + + + align:start position:0% +schedule uh one of the classes uh for +that. So, we're not going to miss that + + align:start position:0% +that. So, we're not going to miss that + + + align:start position:0% +that. So, we're not going to miss that +topic uh at all. Just going to be I just + + align:start position:0% +topic uh at all. Just going to be I just + + + align:start position:0% +topic uh at all. Just going to be I just +worry that if we get to it too late and + + align:start position:0% +worry that if we get to it too late and + + + align:start position:0% +worry that if we get to it too late and +you're making a live action game, then + + align:start position:0% +you're making a live action game, then + + + align:start position:0% +you're making a live action game, then +you don't actually have enough material + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually have enough material + + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually have enough material +to work with. Um let's see. So, that's + + align:start position:0% +to work with. Um let's see. So, that's + + + align:start position:0% +to work with. Um let's see. So, that's +the class on Friday. And oh, and uh + + align:start position:0% +the class on Friday. And oh, and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the class on Friday. And oh, and uh +finally about this assignment, if it if + + align:start position:0% +finally about this assignment, if it if + + + align:start position:0% +finally about this assignment, if it if +if the subject matter, you know, is a + + align:start position:0% +if the subject matter, you know, is a + + + align:start position:0% +if the subject matter, you know, is a +little uncomfortable for you to work + + align:start position:0% +little uncomfortable for you to work + + + align:start position:0% +little uncomfortable for you to work +with and you know, and and and and you + + align:start position:0% +with and you know, and and and and you + + + align:start position:0% +with and you know, and and and and you +can't really find something that that uh + + align:start position:0% +can't really find something that that uh + + + align:start position:0% +can't really find something that that uh +in in this fairly large large uh top + + align:start position:0% +in in this fairly large large uh top + + + align:start position:0% +in in this fairly large large uh top +topic that you will be comfortable + + align:start position:0% +topic that you will be comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +topic that you will be comfortable +working with. You can't find a team. Uh + + align:start position:0% +working with. You can't find a team. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +working with. You can't find a team. Uh +again, talk to me directly and you know + + align:start position:0% +again, talk to me directly and you know + + + align:start position:0% +again, talk to me directly and you know +and and and we can work out some some + + align:start position:0% +and and and we can work out some some + + + align:start position:0% +and and and we can work out some some +some other assignment. I can't say that + + align:start position:0% +some other assignment. I can't say that + + + align:start position:0% +some other assignment. I can't say that +I have an assignment in my back pocket + + align:start position:0% +I have an assignment in my back pocket + + + align:start position:0% +I have an assignment in my back pocket +already to uh to go and more likely than + + align:start position:0% +already to uh to go and more likely than + + + align:start position:0% +already to uh to go and more likely than +not I'm halfassing it too. + + align:start position:0% +not I'm halfassing it too. + + + align:start position:0% +not I'm halfassing it too. +I would much prefer uh folks to to to + + align:start position:0% +I would much prefer uh folks to to to + + + align:start position:0% +I would much prefer uh folks to to to +work on this problem because I think + + align:start position:0% +work on this problem because I think + + + align:start position:0% +work on this problem because I think +it's fascinating and it and I think it's + + align:start position:0% +it's fascinating and it and I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's fascinating and it and I think it's +a pretty big problem that you can like + + align:start position:0% +a pretty big problem that you can like + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty big problem that you can like +find some small uh small parts but if + + align:start position:0% +find some small uh small parts but if + + + align:start position:0% +find some small uh small parts but if +you are I don't want to put anyone I I I + + align:start position:0% +you are I don't want to put anyone I I I + + + align:start position:0% +you are I don't want to put anyone I I I +don't want to make anyone uncomfortable + + align:start position:0% +don't want to make anyone uncomfortable + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to make anyone uncomfortable +do their homework basically. So just + + align:start position:0% +do their homework basically. So just + + + align:start position:0% +do their homework basically. So just +talk to me and pick this up. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +talk to me and pick this up. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +talk to me and pick this up. Okay. +>> Thank you. Please. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/R90sohp6h44.txt b/R90sohp6h44.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7489063b5db5818d92a03729e125f0969a7c4fff --- /dev/null +++ b/R90sohp6h44.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8144 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu welcome to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu welcome to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu welcome to +3091 my name is Donald Sway and I'll be + + align:start position:0% +3091 my name is Donald Sway and I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +3091 my name is Donald Sway and I'll be +your lecturer this + + align:start position:0% +your lecturer this + + + align:start position:0% +your lecturer this +fall uh + + align:start position:0% +fall uh + + + align:start position:0% +fall uh +got plenty of room here if there's uh + + align:start position:0% +got plenty of room here if there's uh + + + align:start position:0% +got plenty of room here if there's uh +need to sit you can sit on the uh on the + + align:start position:0% +need to sit you can sit on the uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +need to sit you can sit on the uh on the +steps and in the aisles and we'll get + + align:start position:0% +steps and in the aisles and we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +steps and in the aisles and we'll get +things sorted out in the next uh day or + + align:start position:0% +things sorted out in the next uh day or + + + align:start position:0% +things sorted out in the next uh day or +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +um what I'd like to do today is to uh + + align:start position:0% +um what I'd like to do today is to uh + + + align:start position:0% +um what I'd like to do today is to uh +introduce myself introduce the + + align:start position:0% +introduce myself introduce the + + + align:start position:0% +introduce myself introduce the +subject introduce my + + align:start position:0% +subject introduce my + + + align:start position:0% +subject introduce my +plans I have plans for + + align:start position:0% +plans I have plans for + + + align:start position:0% +plans I have plans for +you I have plans for you called plans + + align:start position:0% +you I have plans for you called plans + + + align:start position:0% +you I have plans for you called plans +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +learning that's what it's all about + + align:start position:0% +learning that's what it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +learning that's what it's all about +people if you're coming in now if you + + align:start position:0% +people if you're coming in now if you + + + align:start position:0% +people if you're coming in now if you +can come sit up here and you can even + + align:start position:0% +can come sit up here and you can even + + + align:start position:0% +can come sit up here and you can even +sit on the floor up here it's it's one + + align:start position:0% +sit on the floor up here it's it's one + + + align:start position:0% +sit on the floor up here it's it's one +big happy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +family so let me + + align:start position:0% +family so let me + + + align:start position:0% +family so let me +begin let me Begin by telling you that + + align:start position:0% +begin let me Begin by telling you that + + + align:start position:0% +begin let me Begin by telling you that +3091 is the most important subject you + + align:start position:0% +3091 is the most important subject you + + + align:start position:0% +3091 is the most important subject you +will take at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT it is the most important subject + + align:start position:0% +MIT it is the most important subject + + + align:start position:0% +MIT it is the most important subject +you'll take at MIT + + align:start position:0% +you'll take at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +you'll take at MIT +I truly believe that but you know any + + align:start position:0% +I truly believe that but you know any + + + align:start position:0% +I truly believe that but you know any +Professor who stands before you should + + align:start position:0% +Professor who stands before you should + + + align:start position:0% +Professor who stands before you should +say the same thing about his or her + + align:start position:0% +say the same thing about his or her + + + align:start position:0% +say the same thing about his or her +subject if they don't believe that they + + align:start position:0% +subject if they don't believe that they + + + align:start position:0% +subject if they don't believe that they +shouldn't be teaching the difference is + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be teaching the difference is + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be teaching the difference is +when I say it I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right it is the most important subject + + align:start position:0% +right it is the most important subject + + + align:start position:0% +right it is the most important subject +I'm going to teach you things that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to teach you things that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to teach you things that +you're going to retain they going to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to retain they going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to retain they going to +take with + + align:start position:0% +take with + + + align:start position:0% +take with +you so we need to uh we need to get down + + align:start position:0% +you so we need to uh we need to get down + + + align:start position:0% +you so we need to uh we need to get down +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +that what I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +that what I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +that what I want to do is +to get you to appreciate the unique + + align:start position:0% +to get you to appreciate the unique + + + align:start position:0% +to get you to appreciate the unique +perspective that you'll get from + + align:start position:0% +perspective that you'll get from + + + align:start position:0% +perspective that you'll get from +studying Solid State + + align:start position:0% +studying Solid State + + + align:start position:0% +studying Solid State +chemistry and so what I want to do is uh + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and so what I want to do is uh + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and so what I want to do is uh +is Begin by uh doing a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +is Begin by uh doing a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +is Begin by uh doing a little bit of +introduction so you get to know what's + + align:start position:0% +introduction so you get to know what's + + + align:start position:0% +introduction so you get to know what's +going on so I'm going to talk a little + + align:start position:0% +going on so I'm going to talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +going on so I'm going to talk a little +bit about myself about the staff and + + align:start position:0% +bit about myself about the staff and + + + align:start position:0% +bit about myself about the staff and +actually if I could ask uh the teaching + + align:start position:0% +actually if I could ask uh the teaching + + + align:start position:0% +actually if I could ask uh the teaching +staff to start handing out there's three + + align:start position:0% +staff to start handing out there's three + + + align:start position:0% +staff to start handing out there's three +handouts going to come to you and just + + align:start position:0% +handouts going to come to you and just + + + align:start position:0% +handouts going to come to you and just +stay seated we'll get them to you if you + + align:start position:0% +stay seated we'll get them to you if you + + + align:start position:0% +stay seated we'll get them to you if you +don't get them there's plenty of copies + + align:start position:0% +don't get them there's plenty of copies + + + align:start position:0% +don't get them there's plenty of copies +after and we're going to post everything + + align:start position:0% +after and we're going to post everything + + + align:start position:0% +after and we're going to post everything +at the website so no need so let me + + align:start position:0% +at the website so no need so let me + + + align:start position:0% +at the website so no need so let me +Begin by doing a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +Begin by doing a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +Begin by doing a little bit of +background so that you know what's going + + align:start position:0% +background so that you know what's going + + + align:start position:0% +background so that you know what's going +on here uh I was born in Canada I went + + align:start position:0% +on here uh I was born in Canada I went + + + align:start position:0% +on here uh I was born in Canada I went +to the University of Toronto and I + + align:start position:0% +to the University of Toronto and I + + + align:start position:0% +to the University of Toronto and I +studied chemical + + align:start position:0% +studied chemical + + + align:start position:0% +studied chemical +Metallurgy chemical Metallurgy you might + + align:start position:0% +Metallurgy chemical Metallurgy you might + + + align:start position:0% +Metallurgy chemical Metallurgy you might +say well what's the person who studied + + align:start position:0% +say well what's the person who studied + + + align:start position:0% +say well what's the person who studied +chemical Metallurgy doing teaching + + align:start position:0% +chemical Metallurgy doing teaching + + + align:start position:0% +chemical Metallurgy doing teaching +chemistry here well after my PhD I came + + align:start position:0% +chemistry here well after my PhD I came + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry here well after my PhD I came +here as a post-doctoral + + align:start position:0% +here as a post-doctoral + + + align:start position:0% +here as a post-doctoral +fellow in + + align:start position:0% +fellow in + + + align:start position:0% +fellow in +1977 the plan was to stay for a year or + + align:start position:0% +1977 the plan was to stay for a year or + + + align:start position:0% +1977 the plan was to stay for a year or +two then go back to Canada and I lost + + align:start position:0% +two then go back to Canada and I lost + + + align:start position:0% +two then go back to Canada and I lost +track of + + align:start position:0% +track of + + + align:start position:0% +track of +time so I joined the faculty in 1978 and + + align:start position:0% +time so I joined the faculty in 1978 and + + + align:start position:0% +time so I joined the faculty in 1978 and +my first teaching assignment was 3091 + + align:start position:0% +my first teaching assignment was 3091 + + + align:start position:0% +my first teaching assignment was 3091 +recitation I had two sections one met at + + align:start position:0% +recitation I had two sections one met at + + + align:start position:0% +recitation I had two sections one met at +800 a.m. and one met at 9:00 + + align:start position:0% +800 a.m. and one met at 9:00 + + + align:start position:0% +800 a.m. and one met at 9:00 +a.m. we don't have 8: a.m. section + + align:start position:0% +a.m. we don't have 8: a.m. section + + + align:start position:0% +a.m. we don't have 8: a.m. section +at least we haven't in recent years + + align:start position:0% +at least we haven't in recent years + + + align:start position:0% +at least we haven't in recent years +maybe it's time to revisit that so my + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's time to revisit that so my + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's time to revisit that so my +research is electrochemistry that's why + + align:start position:0% +research is electrochemistry that's why + + + align:start position:0% +research is electrochemistry that's why +I'm teaching chemistry electrochemistry + + align:start position:0% +I'm teaching chemistry electrochemistry + + + align:start position:0% +I'm teaching chemistry electrochemistry +is the most important branch of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chemistry why not find your passion and + + align:start position:0% +chemistry why not find your passion and + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry why not find your passion and +pursue + + align:start position:0% +pursue + + + align:start position:0% +pursue +it so I'm interested in non- aquous + + align:start position:0% +it so I'm interested in non- aquous + + + align:start position:0% +it so I'm interested in non- aquous +electrochemistry I don't care about + + align:start position:0% +electrochemistry I don't care about + + + align:start position:0% +electrochemistry I don't care about +water interested in non- aquous + + align:start position:0% +water interested in non- aquous + + + align:start position:0% +water interested in non- aquous +electrochemistry so molten salts and + + align:start position:0% +electrochemistry so molten salts and + + + align:start position:0% +electrochemistry so molten salts and +polymers the applied research first of + + align:start position:0% +polymers the applied research first of + + + align:start position:0% +polymers the applied research first of +all interested in environmentally sound + + align:start position:0% +all interested in environmentally sound + + + align:start position:0% +all interested in environmentally sound +Technologies for extraction refining + + align:start position:0% +Technologies for extraction refining + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies for extraction refining +recycling of metals it's all chemical + + align:start position:0% +recycling of metals it's all chemical + + + align:start position:0% +recycling of metals it's all chemical +processes second pardon me second is + + align:start position:0% +processes second pardon me second is + + + align:start position:0% +processes second pardon me second is +batteries I want to have an all electric + + align:start position:0% +batteries I want to have an all electric + + + align:start position:0% +batteries I want to have an all electric +vehicle in my lifetime I want to see the + + align:start position:0% +vehicle in my lifetime I want to see the + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle in my lifetime I want to see the +end of the internal combustion engine + + align:start position:0% +end of the internal combustion engine + + + align:start position:0% +end of the internal combustion engine +apply to personal + + align:start position:0% +apply to personal + + + align:start position:0% +apply to personal +Mobility the only thing that stands + + align:start position:0% +Mobility the only thing that stands + + + align:start position:0% +Mobility the only thing that stands +between us and that is a suitable + + align:start position:0% +between us and that is a suitable + + + align:start position:0% +between us and that is a suitable +battery so find an important + + align:start position:0% +battery so find an important + + + align:start position:0% +battery so find an important +problem work on + + align:start position:0% +problem work on + + + align:start position:0% +problem work on +it to say nothing of the wireless device + + align:start position:0% +it to say nothing of the wireless device + + + align:start position:0% +it to say nothing of the wireless device +there she's driving and she's talking on + + align:start position:0% +there she's driving and she's talking on + + + align:start position:0% +there she's driving and she's talking on +the cell phone and looking at the + + align:start position:0% +the cell phone and looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +the cell phone and looking at the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +photographer and last one you know we + + align:start position:0% +photographer and last one you know we + + + align:start position:0% +photographer and last one you know we +have to dream we have to dream beyond + + align:start position:0% +have to dream we have to dream beyond + + + align:start position:0% +have to dream we have to dream beyond +the day-to-day living + + align:start position:0% +the day-to-day living + + + align:start position:0% +the day-to-day living +let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the +Stars so if we're going to go to the + + align:start position:0% +Stars so if we're going to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +Stars so if we're going to go to the +Moon we're going to go to Mars we want + + align:start position:0% +Moon we're going to go to Mars we want + + + align:start position:0% +Moon we're going to go to Mars we want +to be able to produce oxygen structural + + align:start position:0% +to be able to produce oxygen structural + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to produce oxygen structural +metals and photovoltaic materials from + + align:start position:0% +metals and photovoltaic materials from + + + align:start position:0% +metals and photovoltaic materials from +insit your resources so I have some + + align:start position:0% +insit your resources so I have some + + + align:start position:0% +insit your resources so I have some +research on that as well so that's kind + + align:start position:0% +research on that as well so that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +research on that as well so that's kind +of a little background about + + align:start position:0% +of a little background about + + + align:start position:0% +of a little background about +myself so now let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +myself so now let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +myself so now let's talk about the +perspective of 3091 all this will be + + align:start position:0% +perspective of 3091 all this will be + + + align:start position:0% +perspective of 3091 all this will be +posted you can take notes you can just + + align:start position:0% +posted you can take notes you can just + + + align:start position:0% +posted you can take notes you can just +enjoy don't have to worry about getting + + align:start position:0% +enjoy don't have to worry about getting + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy don't have to worry about getting +tested on this material at least not on + + align:start position:0% +tested on this material at least not on + + + align:start position:0% +tested on this material at least not on +my life story I don't that wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +my life story I don't that wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +my life story I don't that wouldn't be +be too self-serving so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +be too self-serving so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +be too self-serving so if you look at +any engineering system the performance + + align:start position:0% +any engineering system the performance + + + align:start position:0% +any engineering system the performance +of that engineering system is a function + + align:start position:0% +of that engineering system is a function + + + align:start position:0% +of that engineering system is a function +of its design and its construction and + + align:start position:0% +of its design and its construction and + + + align:start position:0% +of its design and its construction and +that could be anything from a computer + + align:start position:0% +that could be anything from a computer + + + align:start position:0% +that could be anything from a computer +to a living system we are solid state + + align:start position:0% +to a living system we are solid state + + + align:start position:0% +to a living system we are solid state +devices we're made of soft matter this + + align:start position:0% +devices we're made of soft matter this + + + align:start position:0% +devices we're made of soft matter this +is macromolecular + + align:start position:0% +is macromolecular + + + align:start position:0% +is macromolecular +chemistry these are photo + + align:start position:0% +chemistry these are photo + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry these are photo +detectors band Gap 2 electron volts + + align:start position:0% +detectors band Gap 2 electron volts + + + align:start position:0% +detectors band Gap 2 electron volts +respond to visible light they're not + + align:start position:0% +respond to visible light they're not + + + align:start position:0% +respond to visible light they're not +made of gallium arsenide they're made of + + align:start position:0% +made of gallium arsenide they're made of + + + align:start position:0% +made of gallium arsenide they're made of +organic matter the same rules the same + + align:start position:0% +organic matter the same rules the same + + + align:start position:0% +organic matter the same rules the same +laws of chemistry that apply to what + + align:start position:0% +laws of chemistry that apply to what + + + align:start position:0% +laws of chemistry that apply to what +makes this laser grow glow green apply + + align:start position:0% +makes this laser grow glow green apply + + + align:start position:0% +makes this laser grow glow green apply +to what makes these photo detectors + + align:start position:0% +to what makes these photo detectors + + + align:start position:0% +to what makes these photo detectors +work what about Construction + + align:start position:0% +work what about Construction + + + align:start position:0% +work what about Construction +Construction is com combination of + + align:start position:0% +Construction is com combination of + + + align:start position:0% +Construction is com combination of +workmanship and choice of materials you + + align:start position:0% +workmanship and choice of materials you + + + align:start position:0% +workmanship and choice of materials you +take this computer if I pulled a c out I + + align:start position:0% +take this computer if I pulled a c out I + + + align:start position:0% +take this computer if I pulled a c out I +replace it with Gallum aride leave + + align:start position:0% +replace it with Gallum aride leave + + + align:start position:0% +replace it with Gallum aride leave +everything else the same Gallum aride + + align:start position:0% +everything else the same Gallum aride + + + align:start position:0% +everything else the same Gallum aride +switches 10 times faster than silicon + + align:start position:0% +switches 10 times faster than silicon + + + align:start position:0% +switches 10 times faster than silicon +all of a sudden I got a clock speed 10 + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden I got a clock speed 10 + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden I got a clock speed 10 +times faster with no change in design so + + align:start position:0% +times faster with no change in design so + + + align:start position:0% +times faster with no change in design so +that's the power of choice of materials + + align:start position:0% +that's the power of choice of materials + + + align:start position:0% +that's the power of choice of materials +and why properties + + align:start position:0% +and why properties + + + align:start position:0% +and why properties +properties materials are bundles of + + align:start position:0% +properties materials are bundles of + + + align:start position:0% +properties materials are bundles of +properties conceptually they're bundles + + align:start position:0% +properties conceptually they're bundles + + + align:start position:0% +properties conceptually they're bundles +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +properties what is this you say it's an + + align:start position:0% +properties what is this you say it's an + + + align:start position:0% +properties what is this you say it's an +aluminum can no it's a bundle of + + align:start position:0% +aluminum can no it's a bundle of + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum can no it's a bundle of +properties this is a beverage container + + align:start position:0% +properties this is a beverage container + + + align:start position:0% +properties this is a beverage container +I could make this out of borosilicate + + align:start position:0% +I could make this out of borosilicate + + + align:start position:0% +I could make this out of borosilicate +glass I could make this out of + + align:start position:0% +glass I could make this out of + + + align:start position:0% +glass I could make this out of +polymer I could make this out of metal I + + align:start position:0% +polymer I could make this out of metal I + + + align:start position:0% +polymer I could make this out of metal I +could even make it out of Steel versus + + align:start position:0% +could even make it out of Steel versus + + + align:start position:0% +could even make it out of Steel versus +aluminum I could make it out of titanium + + align:start position:0% +aluminum I could make it out of titanium + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum I could make it out of titanium +if I wanted I could make it out of gold + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted I could make it out of gold + + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted I could make it out of gold +I'd prefer to make it out of platinum if + + align:start position:0% +I'd prefer to make it out of platinum if + + + align:start position:0% +I'd prefer to make it out of platinum if +I had my + + align:start position:0% +I had my + + + align:start position:0% +I had my +way why bundle of properties mechanical + + align:start position:0% +way why bundle of properties mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +way why bundle of properties mechanical +strength chemical + + align:start position:0% +strength chemical + + + align:start position:0% +strength chemical +inertness ease of a fabrication that's + + align:start position:0% +inertness ease of a fabrication that's + + + align:start position:0% +inertness ease of a fabrication that's +not a unique solution cost ah there's a + + align:start position:0% +not a unique solution cost ah there's a + + + align:start position:0% +not a unique solution cost ah there's a +factor that may be a + + align:start position:0% +factor that may be a + + + align:start position:0% +factor that may be a +determinant so properties and where do + + align:start position:0% +determinant so properties and where do + + + align:start position:0% +determinant so properties and where do +we get properties from here composition + + align:start position:0% +we get properties from here composition + + + align:start position:0% +we get properties from here composition +clearly everybody knows that if you + + align:start position:0% +clearly everybody knows that if you + + + align:start position:0% +clearly everybody knows that if you +change the composition you change the + + align:start position:0% +change the composition you change the + + + align:start position:0% +change the composition you change the +properties but this is different what + + align:start position:0% +properties but this is different what + + + align:start position:0% +properties but this is different what +I'm going to tell you now is different + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to tell you now is different + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to tell you now is different +I'm what I'm going to tell you now is + + align:start position:0% +I'm what I'm going to tell you now is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm what I'm going to tell you now is +why you take + + align:start position:0% +why you take + + + align:start position:0% +why you take +3091 the properties are not only a + + align:start position:0% +3091 the properties are not only a + + + align:start position:0% +3091 the properties are not only a +function of composition they're a + + align:start position:0% +function of composition they're a + + + align:start position:0% +function of composition they're a +function of the instant atomic + + align:start position:0% +function of the instant atomic + + + align:start position:0% +function of the instant atomic +Arrangement how we arrange the + + align:start position:0% +Arrangement how we arrange the + + + align:start position:0% +Arrangement how we arrange the +atoms same composition simple example + + align:start position:0% +atoms same composition simple example + + + align:start position:0% +atoms same composition simple example +onein thick Pine board 1 inch thick + + align:start position:0% +onein thick Pine board 1 inch thick + + + align:start position:0% +onein thick Pine board 1 inch thick +plywood both made of pine both 1 in + + align:start position:0% +plywood both made of pine both 1 in + + + align:start position:0% +plywood both made of pine both 1 in +thick which one has the Superior + + align:start position:0% +thick which one has the Superior + + + align:start position:0% +thick which one has the Superior +Mechanical properties the plywood why + + align:start position:0% +Mechanical properties the plywood why + + + align:start position:0% +Mechanical properties the plywood why +because the plywood has been sliced into + + align:start position:0% +because the plywood has been sliced into + + + align:start position:0% +because the plywood has been sliced into +thin pieces that are laminated cross + + align:start position:0% +thin pieces that are laminated cross + + + align:start position:0% +thin pieces that are laminated cross +grain so composition alone can't give + + align:start position:0% +grain so composition alone can't give + + + align:start position:0% +grain so composition alone can't give +you the answer to the question why is + + align:start position:0% +you the answer to the question why is + + + align:start position:0% +you the answer to the question why is +the plywood superior to the solid Pine + + align:start position:0% +the plywood superior to the solid Pine + + + align:start position:0% +the plywood superior to the solid Pine +board it has to be the atomic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Arrangement the thesis of 3091 and this + + align:start position:0% +Arrangement the thesis of 3091 and this + + + align:start position:0% +Arrangement the thesis of 3091 and this +is where the chemistry comes in is that + + align:start position:0% +is where the chemistry comes in is that + + + align:start position:0% +is where the chemistry comes in is that +electronic structure of the elements + + align:start position:0% +electronic structure of the elements + + + align:start position:0% +electronic structure of the elements +holds the key to the + + align:start position:0% +holds the key to the + + + align:start position:0% +holds the key to the +understanding not just the chemical + + align:start position:0% +understanding not just the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +understanding not just the chemical +bonding but the long range Atomic + + align:start position:0% +bonding but the long range Atomic + + + align:start position:0% +bonding but the long range Atomic +order so that's how we get to the + + align:start position:0% +order so that's how we get to the + + + align:start position:0% +order so that's how we get to the +syllabus so here's the syllabus two Big + + align:start position:0% +syllabus so here's the syllabus two Big + + + align:start position:0% +syllabus so here's the syllabus two Big +Blocks first block general principles of + + align:start position:0% +Blocks first block general principles of + + + align:start position:0% +Blocks first block general principles of +chemistry and that's the same whether + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and that's the same whether + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and that's the same whether +you take 3091 or 5111 5112 this is your + + align:start position:0% +you take 3091 or 5111 5112 this is your + + + align:start position:0% +you take 3091 or 5111 5112 this is your +insurance policy this is what ensures + + align:start position:0% +insurance policy this is what ensures + + + align:start position:0% +insurance policy this is what ensures +that if you take 3091 you can go on + + align:start position:0% +that if you take 3091 you can go on + + + align:start position:0% +that if you take 3091 you can go on +later and take 512 you could be a + + align:start position:0% +later and take 512 you could be a + + + align:start position:0% +later and take 512 you could be a +chemical engineer you can go to medical + + align:start position:0% +chemical engineer you can go to medical + + + align:start position:0% +chemical engineer you can go to medical +school and then this is the specialty + + align:start position:0% +school and then this is the specialty + + + align:start position:0% +school and then this is the specialty +topic + + align:start position:0% +topic + + + align:start position:0% +topic +that pertain to + + align:start position:0% +that pertain to + + + align:start position:0% +that pertain to +the devices Engineering + + align:start position:0% +the devices Engineering + + + align:start position:0% +the devices Engineering +Systems so let's turn to the handouts + + align:start position:0% +Systems so let's turn to the handouts + + + align:start position:0% +Systems so let's turn to the handouts +now what I'm going to do for about the + + align:start position:0% +now what I'm going to do for about the + + + align:start position:0% +now what I'm going to do for about the +next 15 20 minutes is just tell you what + + align:start position:0% +next 15 20 minutes is just tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +next 15 20 minutes is just tell you what +the class operation is like so that + + align:start position:0% +the class operation is like so that + + + align:start position:0% +the class operation is like so that +everybody knows I want you to understand + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows I want you to understand + + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows I want you to understand +what you've signed up for the text is + + align:start position:0% +what you've signed up for the text is + + + align:start position:0% +what you've signed up for the text is +the one showing here it's uh out in + + align:start position:0% +the one showing here it's uh out in + + + align:start position:0% +the one showing here it's uh out in +second edition it's available at the + + align:start position:0% +second edition it's available at the + + + align:start position:0% +second edition it's available at the +hoop it's available at Quantum books + + align:start position:0% +hoop it's available at Quantum books + + + align:start position:0% +hoop it's available at Quantum books +there's even some first editions out + + align:start position:0% +there's even some first editions out + + + align:start position:0% +there's even some first editions out +there which are very very similar + + align:start position:0% +there which are very very similar + + + align:start position:0% +there which are very very similar +there's some minor differences there's + + align:start position:0% +there's some minor differences there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's some minor differences there's +some numbering differences with some of + + align:start position:0% +some numbering differences with some of + + + align:start position:0% +some numbering differences with some of +the homework problems I don't care if + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems I don't care if + + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems I don't care if +you buy the book I don't work for Wy I + + align:start position:0% +you buy the book I don't work for Wy I + + + align:start position:0% +you buy the book I don't work for Wy I +don't own shares in Wy I don't own + + align:start position:0% +don't own shares in Wy I don't own + + + align:start position:0% +don't own shares in Wy I don't own +shares in the coupe I don't care if you + + align:start position:0% +shares in the coupe I don't care if you + + + align:start position:0% +shares in the coupe I don't care if you +buy the book if you want the book that's + + align:start position:0% +buy the book if you want the book that's + + + align:start position:0% +buy the book if you want the book that's +the book I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use lectures lectures are Monday + + align:start position:0% +use lectures lectures are Monday + + + align:start position:0% +use lectures lectures are Monday +Wednesday Friday at 11: or Monday + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday Friday at 11: or Monday + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday Friday at 11: or Monday +Wednesday Friday at 1: the enrollment as + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday Friday at 1: the enrollment as + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday Friday at 1: the enrollment as +last time I looked is uh an even + + align:start position:0% +last time I looked is uh an even + + + align:start position:0% +last time I looked is uh an even +600 so the registar computer divided you + + align:start position:0% +600 so the registar computer divided you + + + align:start position:0% +600 so the registar computer divided you +between this 11:00 lecture and the 1:00 + + align:start position:0% +between this 11:00 lecture and the 1:00 + + + align:start position:0% +between this 11:00 lecture and the 1:00 +lecture uh if you want to change + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh if you want to change + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh if you want to change +lectures please go to Hillary or Lori + + align:start position:0% +lectures please go to Hillary or Lori + + + align:start position:0% +lectures please go to Hillary or Lori +and arrange it because as you can see + + align:start position:0% +and arrange it because as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +and arrange it because as you can see +some people don't have a seat if + + align:start position:0% +some people don't have a seat if + + + align:start position:0% +some people don't have a seat if +everybody goes to the assigned place + + align:start position:0% +everybody goes to the assigned place + + + align:start position:0% +everybody goes to the assigned place +there will be a seat for everybody so + + align:start position:0% +there will be a seat for everybody so + + + align:start position:0% +there will be a seat for everybody so +out of courtesy I think it's important + + align:start position:0% +out of courtesy I think it's important + + + align:start position:0% +out of courtesy I think it's important +that we follow + + align:start position:0% +that we follow + + + align:start position:0% +that we follow +the uh assignment so if you if you want + + align:start position:0% +the uh assignment so if you if you want + + + align:start position:0% +the uh assignment so if you if you want +to go at 11 excuse me at 1:00 you're + + align:start position:0% +to go at 11 excuse me at 1:00 you're + + + align:start position:0% +to go at 11 excuse me at 1:00 you're +welcome to do so but please uh arrange + + align:start position:0% +welcome to do so but please uh arrange + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to do so but please uh arrange +it with uh my uh assistants um the 1:00 + + align:start position:0% +it with uh my uh assistants um the 1:00 + + + align:start position:0% +it with uh my uh assistants um the 1:00 +lecture is a smaller group it's about + + align:start position:0% +lecture is a smaller group it's about + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is a smaller group it's about +150 and uh it's around the corner on the + + align:start position:0% +150 and uh it's around the corner on the + + + align:start position:0% +150 and uh it's around the corner on the +first floor building + + align:start position:0% +first floor building + + + align:start position:0% +first floor building +6220 so 11:00 will be in + + align:start position:0% +6220 so 11:00 will be in + + + align:start position:0% +6220 so 11:00 will be in +10250 and 1:00 will be in + + align:start position:0% +10250 and 1:00 will be in + + + align:start position:0% +10250 and 1:00 will be in +6120 so that's Monday Wednesday Friday + + align:start position:0% +6120 so that's Monday Wednesday Friday + + + align:start position:0% +6120 so that's Monday Wednesday Friday +and that's the standard lecture format I + + align:start position:0% +and that's the standard lecture format I + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the standard lecture format I +talk you listen Okay I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +talk you listen Okay I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +talk you listen Okay I'm going to write +things on the board I'm going to post + + align:start position:0% +things on the board I'm going to post + + + align:start position:0% +things on the board I'm going to post +things up on the screen so where you get + + align:start position:0% +things up on the screen so where you get + + + align:start position:0% +things up on the screen so where you get +a chance to interact on a greater level + + align:start position:0% +a chance to interact on a greater level + + + align:start position:0% +a chance to interact on a greater level +is in the recitations the recitation is + + align:start position:0% +is in the recitations the recitation is + + + align:start position:0% +is in the recitations the recitation is +an old archaic New England + + align:start position:0% +an old archaic New England + + + align:start position:0% +an old archaic New England +term um if you go back to the colonial + + align:start position:0% +term um if you go back to the colonial + + + align:start position:0% +term um if you go back to the colonial +times uh education would be conducted in + + align:start position:0% +times uh education would be conducted in + + + align:start position:0% +times uh education would be conducted in +a in an unheated room by someone who + + align:start position:0% +a in an unheated room by someone who + + + align:start position:0% +a in an unheated room by someone who +basically hates children and uh would + + align:start position:0% +basically hates children and uh would + + + align:start position:0% +basically hates children and uh would +come into the room and look at someone + + align:start position:0% +come into the room and look at someone + + + align:start position:0% +come into the room and look at someone +in glower and yell sway stand and recite + + align:start position:0% +in glower and yell sway stand and recite + + + align:start position:0% +in glower and yell sway stand and recite +I would recite some whatever the + + align:start position:0% +I would recite some whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +I would recite some whatever the +Articles of Confederation I would rise + + align:start position:0% +Articles of Confederation I would rise + + + align:start position:0% +Articles of Confederation I would rise +on my hind legs quaking in my boots and + + align:start position:0% +on my hind legs quaking in my boots and + + + align:start position:0% +on my hind legs quaking in my boots and +I would begin until I made a mistake + + align:start position:0% +I would begin until I made a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +I would begin until I made a mistake +whereupon I would be castigated berated + + align:start position:0% +whereupon I would be castigated berated + + + align:start position:0% +whereupon I would be castigated berated +totally stripped of self-esteem by this + + align:start position:0% +totally stripped of self-esteem by this + + + align:start position:0% +totally stripped of self-esteem by this +monster who would then inflict the same + + align:start position:0% +monster who would then inflict the same + + + align:start position:0% +monster who would then inflict the same +pain on somebody else that was education + + align:start position:0% +pain on somebody else that was education + + + align:start position:0% +pain on somebody else that was education +in the old days we're going to do it a + + align:start position:0% +in the old days we're going to do it a + + + align:start position:0% +in the old days we're going to do it a +little different this year + + align:start position:0% +little different this year + + + align:start position:0% +little different this year +okay so in your recitation sections I + + align:start position:0% +okay so in your recitation sections I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in your recitation sections I +have asked the instructors not to do + + align:start position:0% +have asked the instructors not to do + + + align:start position:0% +have asked the instructors not to do +that instead you come to class you + + align:start position:0% +that instead you come to class you + + + align:start position:0% +that instead you come to class you +control the agenda I have instructed + + align:start position:0% +control the agenda I have instructed + + + align:start position:0% +control the agenda I have instructed +them not to give you a fourth and fifth + + align:start position:0% +them not to give you a fourth and fifth + + + align:start position:0% +them not to give you a fourth and fifth +lecture you come there with your + + align:start position:0% +lecture you come there with your + + + align:start position:0% +lecture you come there with your +questions you come to my lectures take + + align:start position:0% +questions you come to my lectures take + + + align:start position:0% +questions you come to my lectures take +some notes maybe you don't record + + align:start position:0% +some notes maybe you don't record + + + align:start position:0% +some notes maybe you don't record +everything I say maybe you record what + + align:start position:0% +everything I say maybe you record what + + + align:start position:0% +everything I say maybe you record what +you didn't understand then you go to + + align:start position:0% +you didn't understand then you go to + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't understand then you go to +recitation the first thing they're + + align:start position:0% +recitation the first thing they're + + + align:start position:0% +recitation the first thing they're +supposed to say is good morning or good + + align:start position:0% +supposed to say is good morning or good + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to say is good morning or good +afternoon and and then they say what are + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and and then they say what are + + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and and then they say what are +your questions and they drop the agenda + + align:start position:0% +your questions and they drop the agenda + + + align:start position:0% +your questions and they drop the agenda +so someone says I didn't understand what + + align:start position:0% +so someone says I didn't understand what + + + align:start position:0% +so someone says I didn't understand what +he was talking about at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +he was talking about at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +he was talking about at the end of the +last lecture when he was doing the bore + + align:start position:0% +last lecture when he was doing the bore + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture when he was doing the bore +model I didn't get it somebody else said + + align:start position:0% +model I didn't get it somebody else said + + + align:start position:0% +model I didn't get it somebody else said +can you do number three on the homework + + align:start position:0% +can you do number three on the homework + + + align:start position:0% +can you do number three on the homework +for me so he dropped the agenda + + align:start position:0% +for me so he dropped the agenda + + + align:start position:0% +for me so he dropped the agenda +okay so those recitations occur Tuesdays + + align:start position:0% +okay so those recitations occur Tuesdays + + + align:start position:0% +okay so those recitations occur Tuesdays +and Thursdays so you'll have a time and + + align:start position:0% +and Thursdays so you'll have a time and + + + align:start position:0% +and Thursdays so you'll have a time and +you'll go to the same time on the + + align:start position:0% +you'll go to the same time on the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll go to the same time on the +Tuesday and on the Thursday same thing + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday and on the Thursday same thing + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday and on the Thursday same thing +applies here as with the lectures if you + + align:start position:0% +applies here as with the lectures if you + + + align:start position:0% +applies here as with the lectures if you +wish to change sections you may do so + + align:start position:0% +wish to change sections you may do so + + + align:start position:0% +wish to change sections you may do so +only with permission of the subject + + align:start position:0% +only with permission of the subject + + + align:start position:0% +only with permission of the subject +administrators because it's very + + align:start position:0% +administrators because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +administrators because it's very +important that those sections be kept at + + align:start position:0% +important that those sections be kept at + + + align:start position:0% +important that those sections be kept at +a small population I want to have the + + align:start position:0% +a small population I want to have the + + + align:start position:0% +a small population I want to have the +population at a number no greater than + + align:start position:0% +population at a number no greater than + + + align:start position:0% +population at a number no greater than +20 that way you get good access to the + + align:start position:0% +20 that way you get good access to the + + + align:start position:0% +20 that way you get good access to the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +ta I don't want to have a section with + + align:start position:0% +ta I don't want to have a section with + + + align:start position:0% +ta I don't want to have a section with +30 in it so there are many sections they + + align:start position:0% +30 in it so there are many sections they + + + align:start position:0% +30 in it so there are many sections they +run from 900 in the morning through 4 in + + align:start position:0% +run from 900 in the morning through 4 in + + + align:start position:0% +run from 900 in the morning through 4 in +the afternoon with multiple sections + + align:start position:0% +the afternoon with multiple sections + + + align:start position:0% +the afternoon with multiple sections +through the middle of the day when which + + align:start position:0% +through the middle of the day when which + + + align:start position:0% +through the middle of the day when which +are the most popular sections and if + + align:start position:0% +are the most popular sections and if + + + align:start position:0% +are the most popular sections and if +you'd like to change you can do so only + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to change you can do so only + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to change you can do so only +with the permission of the administrator + + align:start position:0% +with the permission of the administrator + + + align:start position:0% +with the permission of the administrator +and you have to have the reason to do so + + align:start position:0% +and you have to have the reason to do so + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to have the reason to do so +you can't do it because I don't do + + align:start position:0% +you can't do it because I don't do + + + align:start position:0% +you can't do it because I don't do +mornings or because you know my + + align:start position:0% +mornings or because you know my + + + align:start position:0% +mornings or because you know my +girlfriend's in this other section no + + align:start position:0% +girlfriend's in this other section no + + + align:start position:0% +girlfriend's in this other section no +you know I don't get Freedom I'm told I + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't get Freedom I'm told I + + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't get Freedom I'm told I +got to be here at 11: Monday Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +got to be here at 11: Monday Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +got to be here at 11: Monday Wednesday +Friday I can't go down to the registrant + + align:start position:0% +Friday I can't go down to the registrant + + + align:start position:0% +Friday I can't go down to the registrant +and say you know I'd really like to do + + align:start position:0% +and say you know I'd really like to do + + + align:start position:0% +and say you know I'd really like to do +it at another time no no but if you have + + align:start position:0% +it at another time no no but if you have + + + align:start position:0% +it at another time no no but if you have +a A europ or you have a some sports + + align:start position:0% +a A europ or you have a some sports + + + align:start position:0% +a A europ or you have a some sports +practice or something we we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +practice or something we we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +practice or something we we'll we'll +allow that so please stick to the + + align:start position:0% +allow that so please stick to the + + + align:start position:0% +allow that so please stick to the +sections and right now we've uh because + + align:start position:0% +sections and right now we've uh because + + + align:start position:0% +sections and right now we've uh because +of the B uh burgeoning enrollment we've + + align:start position:0% +of the B uh burgeoning enrollment we've + + + align:start position:0% +of the B uh burgeoning enrollment we've +opened up some sections so these three + + align:start position:0% +opened up some sections so these three + + + align:start position:0% +opened up some sections so these three +are underpopulated so if you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +are underpopulated so if you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +are underpopulated so if you'd like to +switch into one of these three uh they + + align:start position:0% +switch into one of these three uh they + + + align:start position:0% +switch into one of these three uh they +have um very low numbers right now + + align:start position:0% +have um very low numbers right now + + + align:start position:0% +have um very low numbers right now +there's a we've added an extra one at 11 + + align:start position:0% +there's a we've added an extra one at 11 + + + align:start position:0% +there's a we've added an extra one at 11 +an extra one at two and we've added one + + align:start position:0% +an extra one at two and we've added one + + + align:start position:0% +an extra one at two and we've added one +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +1:00 so if that meets your schedule + + align:start position:0% +1:00 so if that meets your schedule + + + align:start position:0% +1:00 so if that meets your schedule +uh in a better manner than again do it + + align:start position:0% +uh in a better manner than again do it + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a better manner than again do it +but only with permission from Hillary or + + align:start position:0% +but only with permission from Hillary or + + + align:start position:0% +but only with permission from Hillary or +Lori oh by the way talking about of uh + + align:start position:0% +Lori oh by the way talking about of uh + + + align:start position:0% +Lori oh by the way talking about of uh +under enrolled subjects the + + align:start position:0% +under enrolled subjects the + + + align:start position:0% +under enrolled subjects the +complimentary subject offered by um + + align:start position:0% +complimentary subject offered by um + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary subject offered by um +STS called uh History Society and Solid + + align:start position:0% +STS called uh History Society and Solid + + + align:start position:0% +STS called uh History Society and Solid +State chemistry meets Tuesdays and + + align:start position:0% +State chemistry meets Tuesdays and + + + align:start position:0% +State chemistry meets Tuesdays and +Thursdays at 11: in room + + align:start position:0% +Thursdays at 11: in room + + + align:start position:0% +Thursdays at 11: in room +2136 uh it is underpopulated right now + + align:start position:0% +2136 uh it is underpopulated right now + + + align:start position:0% +2136 uh it is underpopulated right now +so if you're still shopping for a + + align:start position:0% +so if you're still shopping for a + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're still shopping for a +Humanity subject this one bearss the + + align:start position:0% +Humanity subject this one bearss the + + + align:start position:0% +Humanity subject this one bearss the +precious cih + + align:start position:0% +precious cih + + + align:start position:0% +precious cih +designation uh think about that if if + + align:start position:0% +designation uh think about that if if + + + align:start position:0% +designation uh think about that if if +it's a question about um the time of + + align:start position:0% +it's a question about um the time of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a question about um the time of +that then perhaps raise it with the + + align:start position:0% +that then perhaps raise it with the + + + align:start position:0% +that then perhaps raise it with the +instructor and see if if uh you know + + align:start position:0% +instructor and see if if uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +instructor and see if if uh you know +we're talking about a small number of + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about a small number of +people I suspect that enrollment is + + align:start position:0% +people I suspect that enrollment is + + + align:start position:0% +people I suspect that enrollment is +going to be uh in the Dozen so it could + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh in the Dozen so it could + + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh in the Dozen so it could +easily be uh rearranged if uh if the + + align:start position:0% +easily be uh rearranged if uh if the + + + align:start position:0% +easily be uh rearranged if uh if the +time is uh conflicting with one of your + + align:start position:0% +time is uh conflicting with one of your + + + align:start position:0% +time is uh conflicting with one of your +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +classes homework 3091 is different I + + align:start position:0% +classes homework 3091 is different I + + + align:start position:0% +classes homework 3091 is different I +give home homor as a learning Aid I give + + align:start position:0% +give home homor as a learning Aid I give + + + align:start position:0% +give home homor as a learning Aid I give +homework and you'll see you have + + align:start position:0% +homework and you'll see you have + + + align:start position:0% +homework and you'll see you have +homework questions with model Solutions + + align:start position:0% +homework questions with model Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +homework questions with model Solutions +at the outset I want you to learn by + + align:start position:0% +at the outset I want you to learn by + + + align:start position:0% +at the outset I want you to learn by +studying the homework I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +studying the homework I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +studying the homework I'm not going to +have you work long hours on difficult + + align:start position:0% +have you work long hours on difficult + + + align:start position:0% +have you work long hours on difficult +problems to be submitted and then graded + + align:start position:0% +problems to be submitted and then graded + + + align:start position:0% +problems to be submitted and then graded +I don't do that part of this is designed + + align:start position:0% +I don't do that part of this is designed + + + align:start position:0% +I don't do that part of this is designed +to get you to start thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +to get you to start thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +to get you to start thinking about the +transition from high school to college + + align:start position:0% +transition from high school to college + + + align:start position:0% +transition from high school to college +what I mean by that is I want you to + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by that is I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by that is I want you to +take ownership of your + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of your + + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of your +learning so I'm not going to come around + + align:start position:0% +learning so I'm not going to come around + + + align:start position:0% +learning so I'm not going to come around +and say did you do your homework and + + align:start position:0% +and say did you do your homework and + + + align:start position:0% +and say did you do your homework and +I've got evidence that you didn't do it + + align:start position:0% +I've got evidence that you didn't do it + + + align:start position:0% +I've got evidence that you didn't do it +because you didn't turn it + + align:start position:0% +because you didn't turn it + + + align:start position:0% +because you didn't turn it +in so it's easy it's easy to blow it off + + align:start position:0% +in so it's easy it's easy to blow it off + + + align:start position:0% +in so it's easy it's easy to blow it off +and those of you who had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who had a lot of +chemistry for the first little while + + align:start position:0% +chemistry for the first little while + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry for the first little while +it's going to be a lot of review and + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a lot of review and + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a lot of review and +you're going to get complacent don't do + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get complacent don't do + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get complacent don't do +it develop good study habits the + + align:start position:0% +it develop good study habits the + + + align:start position:0% +it develop good study habits the +homework is a good test of that make the + + align:start position:0% +homework is a good test of that make the + + + align:start position:0% +homework is a good test of that make the +time to work the homework + + align:start position:0% +time to work the homework + + + align:start position:0% +time to work the homework +problems but just to make sure to + + align:start position:0% +problems but just to make sure to + + + align:start position:0% +problems but just to make sure to +stimulate interest every Tuesday in + + align:start position:0% +stimulate interest every Tuesday in + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate interest every Tuesday in +recitation there will be a 10-minute + + align:start position:0% +recitation there will be a 10-minute + + + align:start position:0% +recitation there will be a 10-minute +quiz based upon the content of the + + align:start position:0% +quiz based upon the content of the + + + align:start position:0% +quiz based upon the content of the +homework so if you've worked the + + align:start position:0% +homework so if you've worked the + + + align:start position:0% +homework so if you've worked the +homework problems you'll do the homework + + align:start position:0% +homework problems you'll do the homework + + + align:start position:0% +homework problems you'll do the homework +quiz handily if you haven't looked at + + align:start position:0% +quiz handily if you haven't looked at + + + align:start position:0% +quiz handily if you haven't looked at +the homework problems you might have + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems you might have + + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems you might have +difficulty with the homework + + align:start position:0% +difficulty with the homework + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty with the homework +quiz so there is no homework grade based + + align:start position:0% +quiz so there is no homework grade based + + + align:start position:0% +quiz so there is no homework grade based +on turning homework in the homework + + align:start position:0% +on turning homework in the homework + + + align:start position:0% +on turning homework in the homework +portion of your total grade is the + + align:start position:0% +portion of your total grade is the + + + align:start position:0% +portion of your total grade is the +aggregate of all of those weekly test + + align:start position:0% +aggregate of all of those weekly test + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate of all of those weekly test +scores + + align:start position:0% +scores + + + align:start position:0% +scores +and you must take the test if you fail + + align:start position:0% +and you must take the test if you fail + + + align:start position:0% +and you must take the test if you fail +to take the test you get zero and I + + align:start position:0% +to take the test you get zero and I + + + align:start position:0% +to take the test you get zero and I +average the zero in if you don't make it + + align:start position:0% +average the zero in if you don't make it + + + align:start position:0% +average the zero in if you don't make it +to class contact your ta your recitation + + align:start position:0% +to class contact your ta your recitation + + + align:start position:0% +to class contact your ta your recitation +instructor and you can take a makeup + + align:start position:0% +instructor and you can take a makeup + + + align:start position:0% +instructor and you can take a makeup +within a week of the time of the + + align:start position:0% +within a week of the time of the + + + align:start position:0% +within a week of the time of the +original test I want to give you every + + align:start position:0% +original test I want to give you every + + + align:start position:0% +original test I want to give you every +chance to to get caught + + align:start position:0% +chance to to get caught + + + align:start position:0% +chance to to get caught +up but it's your education I want you to + + align:start position:0% +up but it's your education I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +up but it's your education I want you to +take ownership of it so all scores count + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of it so all scores count + + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of it so all scores count +there's there's no dropping of lowest + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no dropping of lowest + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no dropping of lowest +scores from the average some of the + + align:start position:0% +scores from the average some of the + + + align:start position:0% +scores from the average some of the +other classes perhaps do this people + + align:start position:0% +other classes perhaps do this people + + + align:start position:0% +other classes perhaps do this people +have actually confronted me telling me + + align:start position:0% +have actually confronted me telling me + + + align:start position:0% +have actually confronted me telling me +it's an MIT + + align:start position:0% +it's an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +it's an MIT +rule I've been here 26 years I I know + + align:start position:0% +rule I've been here 26 years I I know + + + align:start position:0% +rule I've been here 26 years I I know +what the rules + + align:start position:0% +what the rules + + + align:start position:0% +what the rules +are okay speaking of homework here's + + align:start position:0% +are okay speaking of homework here's + + + align:start position:0% +are okay speaking of homework here's +homework number one so it's assigned + + align:start position:0% +homework number one so it's assigned + + + align:start position:0% +homework number one so it's assigned +today you've got the model + + align:start position:0% +today you've got the model + + + align:start position:0% +today you've got the model +Solutions and they'll be a test in + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and they'll be a test in + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and they'll be a test in +recitation on Tuesday the 14th based + + align:start position:0% +recitation on Tuesday the 14th based + + + align:start position:0% +recitation on Tuesday the 14th based +upon that homework okay and it's based + + align:start position:0% +upon that homework okay and it's based + + + align:start position:0% +upon that homework okay and it's based +upon the homework subject so I don't + + align:start position:0% +upon the homework subject so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +upon the homework subject so I don't +want somebody coming in with an attorney + + align:start position:0% +want somebody coming in with an attorney + + + align:start position:0% +want somebody coming in with an attorney +saying well the question looked a little + + align:start position:0% +saying well the question looked a little + + + align:start position:0% +saying well the question looked a little +bit like 39 but it's not exactly well I + + align:start position:0% +bit like 39 but it's not exactly well I + + + align:start position:0% +bit like 39 but it's not exactly well I +think you know what I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saying let's continue with the + + align:start position:0% +saying let's continue with the + + + align:start position:0% +saying let's continue with the +administration in addition to the weekly + + align:start position:0% +administration in addition to the weekly + + + align:start position:0% +administration in addition to the weekly +homeworks there will be monthly tests + + align:start position:0% +homeworks there will be monthly tests + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks there will be monthly tests +monthly tests and they've all been + + align:start position:0% +monthly tests and they've all been + + + align:start position:0% +monthly tests and they've all been +scheduled so you can plan okay the + + align:start position:0% +scheduled so you can plan okay the + + + align:start position:0% +scheduled so you can plan okay the +monthly tests are the following dat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +September + + align:start position:0% +September + + + align:start position:0% +September +29th October 27th November 17th the test + + align:start position:0% +29th October 27th November 17th the test + + + align:start position:0% +29th October 27th November 17th the test +will be written in the normal class + + align:start position:0% +will be written in the normal class + + + align:start position:0% +will be written in the normal class +period now I know you're you've you've + + align:start position:0% +period now I know you're you've you've + + + align:start position:0% +period now I know you're you've you've +had all this bonding in the orientation + + align:start position:0% +had all this bonding in the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +had all this bonding in the orientation +period but you know I think that it's + + align:start position:0% +period but you know I think that it's + + + align:start position:0% +period but you know I think that it's +much better when you write a test for + + align:start position:0% +much better when you write a test for + + + align:start position:0% +much better when you write a test for +there to be some solid state defects + + align:start position:0% +there to be some solid state defects + + + align:start position:0% +there to be some solid state defects +known as vacancies in between the + + align:start position:0% +known as vacancies in between the + + + align:start position:0% +known as vacancies in between the +various people so when on the day of the + + align:start position:0% +various people so when on the day of the + + + align:start position:0% +various people so when on the day of the +test we'll have Shadow rooms and and + + align:start position:0% +test we'll have Shadow rooms and and + + + align:start position:0% +test we'll have Shadow rooms and and +will'll divide you so some of you will + + align:start position:0% +will'll divide you so some of you will + + + align:start position:0% +will'll divide you so some of you will +write in here and some of you will write + + align:start position:0% +write in here and some of you will write + + + align:start position:0% +write in here and some of you will write +in some of the other rooms but you'll + + align:start position:0% +in some of the other rooms but you'll + + + align:start position:0% +in some of the other rooms but you'll +write during the normal class period + + align:start position:0% +write during the normal class period + + + align:start position:0% +write during the normal class period +it'll run the 50 + + align:start position:0% +it'll run the 50 + + + align:start position:0% +it'll run the 50 +minutes um and likewise the there'll be + + align:start position:0% +minutes um and likewise the there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +minutes um and likewise the there'll be +a test running from uh 105 to 155 two + + align:start position:0% +a test running from uh 105 to 155 two + + + align:start position:0% +a test running from uh 105 to 155 two +different tests of comparable difficulty + + align:start position:0% +different tests of comparable difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +different tests of comparable difficulty +I did this last year and the the the + + align:start position:0% +I did this last year and the the the + + + align:start position:0% +I did this last year and the the the +difference in the scores on all three + + align:start position:0% +difference in the scores on all three + + + align:start position:0% +difference in the scores on all three +tests was less than 1% so I think we + + align:start position:0% +tests was less than 1% so I think we + + + align:start position:0% +tests was less than 1% so I think we +were capable of with the kind assistance + + align:start position:0% +were capable of with the kind assistance + + + align:start position:0% +were capable of with the kind assistance +of my staff capable of setting exams of + + align:start position:0% +of my staff capable of setting exams of + + + align:start position:0% +of my staff capable of setting exams of +comparable difficulty but again you're + + align:start position:0% +comparable difficulty but again you're + + + align:start position:0% +comparable difficulty but again you're +going to be required to go to the room + + align:start position:0% +going to be required to go to the room + + + align:start position:0% +going to be required to go to the room +that you've been assigned otherwise we + + align:start position:0% +that you've been assigned otherwise we + + + align:start position:0% +that you've been assigned otherwise we +don't have enough seats or we don't have + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough seats or we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough seats or we don't have +enough test papers and so on by the way + + align:start position:0% +enough test papers and so on by the way + + + align:start position:0% +enough test papers and so on by the way +on the tests you will be getting + + align:start position:0% +on the tests you will be getting + + + align:start position:0% +on the tests you will be getting +tomorrow these handouts that you can use + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow these handouts that you can use + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow these handouts that you can use +in working the homeworks so when you're + + align:start position:0% +in working the homeworks so when you're + + + align:start position:0% +in working the homeworks so when you're +taking the test you're allowed to bring + + align:start position:0% +taking the test you're allowed to bring + + + align:start position:0% +taking the test you're allowed to bring +in the copy of the periodic table of the + + align:start position:0% +in the copy of the periodic table of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the copy of the periodic table of the +elements we give you a very rich table + + align:start position:0% +elements we give you a very rich table + + + align:start position:0% +elements we give you a very rich table +of constants that's got all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of constants that's got all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of constants that's got all kinds of +things from the mass of the electron to + + align:start position:0% +things from the mass of the electron to + + + align:start position:0% +things from the mass of the electron to +the speed of light and all this stuff to + + align:start position:0% +the speed of light and all this stuff to + + + align:start position:0% +the speed of light and all this stuff to +the requisite number of significant + + align:start position:0% +the requisite number of significant + + + align:start position:0% +the requisite number of significant +figures and in addition you're allowed + + align:start position:0% +figures and in addition you're allowed + + + align:start position:0% +figures and in addition you're allowed +to take in one sheet of paper one sheet + + align:start position:0% +to take in one sheet of paper one sheet + + + align:start position:0% +to take in one sheet of paper one sheet +8 and 1 12 by 11 you can write anything + + align:start position:0% +8 and 1 12 by 11 you can write anything + + + align:start position:0% +8 and 1 12 by 11 you can write anything +you want on it write on the front you + + align:start position:0% +you want on it write on the front you + + + align:start position:0% +you want on it write on the front you +write on the back you can write on the + + align:start position:0% +write on the back you can write on the + + + align:start position:0% +write on the back you can write on the +edge for all I care all right you can + + align:start position:0% +edge for all I care all right you can + + + align:start position:0% +edge for all I care all right you can +write you can print I've seen students + + align:start position:0% +write you can print I've seen students + + + align:start position:0% +write you can print I've seen students +photocopy exams down to the size of a + + align:start position:0% +photocopy exams down to the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +photocopy exams down to the size of a +postage stamp I don't care what you + + align:start position:0% +postage stamp I don't care what you + + + align:start position:0% +postage stamp I don't care what you +write on there what is designed to do is + + align:start position:0% +write on there what is designed to do is + + + align:start position:0% +write on there what is designed to do is +to give you the resources you think you + + align:start position:0% +to give you the resources you think you + + + align:start position:0% +to give you the resources you think you +need so that I can focus on measuring + + align:start position:0% +need so that I can focus on measuring + + + align:start position:0% +need so that I can focus on measuring +whether you've learned anything as + + align:start position:0% +whether you've learned anything as + + + align:start position:0% +whether you've learned anything as +opposed to whether you've remembered + + align:start position:0% +opposed to whether you've remembered + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to whether you've remembered +memorized anything okay and of course + + align:start position:0% +memorized anything okay and of course + + + align:start position:0% +memorized anything okay and of course +something to calculate with there's a + + align:start position:0% +something to calculate with there's a + + + align:start position:0% +something to calculate with there's a +final exam in this subject it's a + + align:start position:0% +final exam in this subject it's a + + + align:start position:0% +final exam in this subject it's a +three-hour final the final exam period + + align:start position:0% +three-hour final the final exam period + + + align:start position:0% +three-hour final the final exam period +is December 13th to 17th this year do + + align:start position:0% +is December 13th to 17th this year do + + + align:start position:0% +is December 13th to 17th this year do +not plan to leave town until your finals + + align:start position:0% +not plan to leave town until your finals + + + align:start position:0% +not plan to leave town until your finals +are over do not come to your instructor + + align:start position:0% +are over do not come to your instructor + + + align:start position:0% +are over do not come to your instructor +and say I got a really good ticket but + + align:start position:0% +and say I got a really good ticket but + + + align:start position:0% +and say I got a really good ticket but +I'm leaving on the 13th uh uh you're + + align:start position:0% +I'm leaving on the 13th uh uh you're + + + align:start position:0% +I'm leaving on the 13th uh uh you're +here for the finals but I will say once + + align:start position:0% +here for the finals but I will say once + + + align:start position:0% +here for the finals but I will say once +you know your final exams schedule and + + align:start position:0% +you know your final exams schedule and + + + align:start position:0% +you know your final exams schedule and +you should know that about October 1st + + align:start position:0% +you should know that about October 1st + + + align:start position:0% +you should know that about October 1st +the registar will publish the schedule + + align:start position:0% +the registar will publish the schedule + + + align:start position:0% +the registar will publish the schedule +once you know that get on the phone get + + align:start position:0% +once you know that get on the phone get + + + align:start position:0% +once you know that get on the phone get +on the internet book your tickets there + + align:start position:0% +on the internet book your tickets there + + + align:start position:0% +on the internet book your tickets there +are 30 degree granting institutions in + + align:start position:0% +are 30 degree granting institutions in + + + align:start position:0% +are 30 degree granting institutions in +the Boston area they start at different + + align:start position:0% +the Boston area they start at different + + + align:start position:0% +the Boston area they start at different +times they all end just before Christmas + + align:start position:0% +times they all end just before Christmas + + + align:start position:0% +times they all end just before Christmas +everybody in his pet dog is trying to + + align:start position:0% +everybody in his pet dog is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody in his pet dog is trying to +get a seat on a plane at a Logan airport + + align:start position:0% +get a seat on a plane at a Logan airport + + + align:start position:0% +get a seat on a plane at a Logan airport +so so once you know your schedule then + + align:start position:0% +so so once you know your schedule then + + + align:start position:0% +so so once you know your schedule then +you make your Arrangements but you must + + align:start position:0% +you make your Arrangements but you must + + + align:start position:0% +you make your Arrangements but you must +be here for the + + align:start position:0% +be here for the + + + align:start position:0% +be here for the +final grading for freshman it's pass no + + align:start position:0% +final grading for freshman it's pass no + + + align:start position:0% +final grading for freshman it's pass no +record pass no record and to get a pass + + align:start position:0% +record pass no record and to get a pass + + + align:start position:0% +record pass no record and to get a pass +as a freshman you have to be performing + + align:start position:0% +as a freshman you have to be performing + + + align:start position:0% +as a freshman you have to be performing +at C Level or better for upper classmen + + align:start position:0% +at C Level or better for upper classmen + + + align:start position:0% +at C Level or better for upper classmen +you get the full range of the alphabet a + + align:start position:0% +you get the full range of the alphabet a + + + align:start position:0% +you get the full range of the alphabet a +b c d f it's all there available for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you what is the final grade man of I + + align:start position:0% +you what is the final grade man of I + + + align:start position:0% +you what is the final grade man of I +already mentioned homework now this is + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned homework now this is + + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned homework now this is +supposed to be6 but I know I don't want + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be6 but I know I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be6 but I know I don't want +any transcendental numbers here so I + + align:start position:0% +any transcendental numbers here so I + + + align:start position:0% +any transcendental numbers here so I +made it + + align:start position:0% +made it + + + align:start position:0% +made it +16.75 exactly so that's roughly one six + + align:start position:0% +16.75 exactly so that's roughly one six + + + align:start position:0% +16.75 exactly so that's roughly one six +for the homework that's the average of + + align:start position:0% +for the homework that's the average of + + + align:start position:0% +for the homework that's the average of +all of your weekly quizzes in the + + align:start position:0% +all of your weekly quizzes in the + + + align:start position:0% +all of your weekly quizzes in the +recitation each of those three monthly + + align:start position:0% +recitation each of those three monthly + + + align:start position:0% +recitation each of those three monthly +tests gives also a sixth so 1+ 3 is four + + align:start position:0% +tests gives also a sixth so 1+ 3 is four + + + align:start position:0% +tests gives also a sixth so 1+ 3 is four +four six which leaves 2 six or 1/3 so + + align:start position:0% +four six which leaves 2 six or 1/3 so + + + align:start position:0% +four six which leaves 2 six or 1/3 so +the final is worth + + align:start position:0% +the final is worth + + + align:start position:0% +the final is worth +33% right so that's the + + align:start position:0% +33% right so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +33% right so that's the +breakdown and the grade is sea level and + + align:start position:0% +breakdown and the grade is sea level and + + + align:start position:0% +breakdown and the grade is sea level and +it's based upon a performance of 50% + + align:start position:0% +it's based upon a performance of 50% + + + align:start position:0% +it's based upon a performance of 50% +absolute I want you to learn I do not + + align:start position:0% +absolute I want you to learn I do not + + + align:start position:0% +absolute I want you to learn I do not +have you compete against your classmates + + align:start position:0% +have you compete against your classmates + + + align:start position:0% +have you compete against your classmates +there is no curving of the grades okay + + align:start position:0% +there is no curving of the grades okay + + + align:start position:0% +there is no curving of the grades okay +no curving of the grades how do I know + + align:start position:0% +no curving of the grades how do I know + + + align:start position:0% +no curving of the grades how do I know +that that's an absolute pass though well + + align:start position:0% +that that's an absolute pass though well + + + align:start position:0% +that that's an absolute pass though well +when we set the exams we set the tests I + + align:start position:0% +when we set the exams we set the tests I + + + align:start position:0% +when we set the exams we set the tests I +sit with my Tas and we say all right + + align:start position:0% +sit with my Tas and we say all right + + + align:start position:0% +sit with my Tas and we say all right +let's work out the point scheme on this + + align:start position:0% +let's work out the point scheme on this + + + align:start position:0% +let's work out the point scheme on this +question let's say it's worth 10 points + + align:start position:0% +question let's say it's worth 10 points + + + align:start position:0% +question let's say it's worth 10 points +so let's grade about five or six of them + + align:start position:0% +so let's grade about five or six of them + + + align:start position:0% +so let's grade about five or six of them +maybe 10 of them get a sense of it if a + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 of them get a sense of it if a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 of them get a sense of it if a +person has the basic concept down + + align:start position:0% +person has the basic concept down + + + align:start position:0% +person has the basic concept down +regardless of numerical errors the + + align:start position:0% +regardless of numerical errors the + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of numerical errors the +person has a basic concept down he or + + align:start position:0% +person has a basic concept down he or + + + align:start position:0% +person has a basic concept down he or +she must get at least five out of 10 if + + align:start position:0% +she must get at least five out of 10 if + + + align:start position:0% +she must get at least five out of 10 if +the person has not mastered the basic + + align:start position:0% +the person has not mastered the basic + + + align:start position:0% +the person has not mastered the basic +concept the person must fail must get + + align:start position:0% +concept the person must fail must get + + + align:start position:0% +concept the person must fail must get +four or less and if if that's not the + + align:start position:0% +four or less and if if that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +four or less and if if that's not the +case we redo the point scheme all right + + align:start position:0% +case we redo the point scheme all right + + + align:start position:0% +case we redo the point scheme all right +so if you propagate that through the + + align:start position:0% +so if you propagate that through the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you propagate that through the +whole year and you have the basic + + align:start position:0% +whole year and you have the basic + + + align:start position:0% +whole year and you have the basic +Mastery of the concepts 50 is a pass + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of the concepts 50 is a pass + + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of the concepts 50 is a pass +that's the way we do it no grading on a + + align:start position:0% +that's the way we do it no grading on a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way we do it no grading on a +curve but I also look at Trends to show + + align:start position:0% +curve but I also look at Trends to show + + + align:start position:0% +curve but I also look at Trends to show +you the kind of attention you get in + + align:start position:0% +you the kind of attention you get in + + + align:start position:0% +you the kind of attention you get in +this class on the 17th Friday the 17th I + + align:start position:0% +this class on the 17th Friday the 17th I + + + align:start position:0% +this class on the 17th Friday the 17th I +know where I and my staff will be we're + + align:start position:0% +know where I and my staff will be we're + + + align:start position:0% +know where I and my staff will be we're +going to be in a conference room not far + + align:start position:0% +going to be in a conference room not far + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in a conference room not far +from here and we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +from here and we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +from here and we're going to be +reviewing every person's performance in + + align:start position:0% +reviewing every person's performance in + + + align:start position:0% +reviewing every person's performance in +this class we're going to go down the + + align:start position:0% +this class we're going to go down the + + + align:start position:0% +this class we're going to go down the +whole list and what are we looking for + + align:start position:0% +whole list and what are we looking for + + + align:start position:0% +whole list and what are we looking for +we're looking for Trends we're looking + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for Trends we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for Trends we're looking +for Trends obviously if your aggregate + + align:start position:0% +for Trends obviously if your aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +for Trends obviously if your aggregate +score is 75 you're past but I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +score is 75 you're past but I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +score is 75 you're past but I'm I'm +looking at what's going on in the + + align:start position:0% +looking at what's going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at what's going on in the +vicinity of 50 because I don't think my + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of 50 because I don't think my + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of 50 because I don't think my +point scheme is that accurate so suppose + + align:start position:0% +point scheme is that accurate so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +point scheme is that accurate so suppose +I have somebody who comes in here with a + + align:start position:0% +I have somebody who comes in here with a + + + align:start position:0% +I have somebody who comes in here with a +shaky background in chemistry from high + + align:start position:0% +shaky background in chemistry from high + + + align:start position:0% +shaky background in chemistry from high +school and gets a a failing score on the + + align:start position:0% +school and gets a a failing score on the + + + align:start position:0% +school and gets a a failing score on the +first test and works hard and improves + + align:start position:0% +first test and works hard and improves + + + align:start position:0% +first test and works hard and improves +but still fails the second test passes + + align:start position:0% +but still fails the second test passes + + + align:start position:0% +but still fails the second test passes +the third test writes a decent final and + + align:start position:0% +the third test writes a decent final and + + + align:start position:0% +the third test writes a decent final and +has an aggregate score of + + align:start position:0% +has an aggregate score of + + + align:start position:0% +has an aggregate score of +48 I have the freedom to pass that + + align:start position:0% +48 I have the freedom to pass that + + + align:start position:0% +48 I have the freedom to pass that +person cuz I like the + + align:start position:0% +person cuz I like the + + + align:start position:0% +person cuz I like the +trend suppose I have somebody else who + + align:start position:0% +trend suppose I have somebody else who + + + align:start position:0% +trend suppose I have somebody else who +came here with two years of chemistry in + + align:start position:0% +came here with two years of chemistry in + + + align:start position:0% +came here with two years of chemistry in +high school got a 95 on the first test + + align:start position:0% +high school got a 95 on the first test + + + align:start position:0% +high school got a 95 on the first test +70 on the second test failed the third + + align:start position:0% +70 on the second test failed the third + + + align:start position:0% +70 on the second test failed the third +test failed the final has an aggregate + + align:start position:0% +test failed the final has an aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +test failed the final has an aggregate +score of 48 I'll let that person sit + + align:start position:0% +score of 48 I'll let that person sit + + + align:start position:0% +score of 48 I'll let that person sit +there because that person clearly didn't + + align:start position:0% +there because that person clearly didn't + + + align:start position:0% +there because that person clearly didn't +make the investment that person didn't + + align:start position:0% +make the investment that person didn't + + + align:start position:0% +make the investment that person didn't +take ownership of his or her education + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of his or her education + + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of his or her education +that person + + align:start position:0% +that person + + + align:start position:0% +that person +isn't deciding to be part of 391 + + align:start position:0% +isn't deciding to be part of 391 + + + align:start position:0% +isn't deciding to be part of 391 +community in fact if that person has a + + align:start position:0% +community in fact if that person has a + + + align:start position:0% +community in fact if that person has a +48 and the the first person who had the + + align:start position:0% +48 and the the first person who had the + + + align:start position:0% +48 and the the first person who had the +weaker scores has a 46 I can still pass + + align:start position:0% +weaker scores has a 46 I can still pass + + + align:start position:0% +weaker scores has a 46 I can still pass +the person with the 46 and fail the + + align:start position:0% +the person with the 46 and fail the + + + align:start position:0% +the person with the 46 and fail the +person with the 48 if I want to I can + + align:start position:0% +person with the 48 if I want to I can + + + align:start position:0% +person with the 48 if I want to I can +give the person with a 46 and + + align:start position:0% +give the person with a 46 and + + + align:start position:0% +give the person with a 46 and +a I can do anything I want because I'm + + align:start position:0% +a I can do anything I want because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a I can do anything I want because I'm +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +professor what else I can + + align:start position:0% +professor what else I can + + + align:start position:0% +professor what else I can +do there's no requirement for me to fail + + align:start position:0% +do there's no requirement for me to fail + + + align:start position:0% +do there's no requirement for me to fail +anybody my management doesn't ask me + + align:start position:0% +anybody my management doesn't ask me + + + align:start position:0% +anybody my management doesn't ask me +what I'm doing in here right they don't + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing in here right they don't + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing in here right they don't +know they really don't right so if + + align:start position:0% +know they really don't right so if + + + align:start position:0% +know they really don't right so if +everybody Masters the material I can say + + align:start position:0% +everybody Masters the material I can say + + + align:start position:0% +everybody Masters the material I can say +A's on the + + align:start position:0% +A's on the + + + align:start position:0% +A's on the +house they don't say to me six bodies + + align:start position:0% +house they don't say to me six bodies + + + align:start position:0% +house they don't say to me six bodies +one of them must + + align:start position:0% +one of them must + + + align:start position:0% +one of them must +fail no so my point is that I want you + + align:start position:0% +fail no so my point is that I want you + + + align:start position:0% +fail no so my point is that I want you +to succeed and I know you can succeed + + align:start position:0% +to succeed and I know you can succeed + + + align:start position:0% +to succeed and I know you can succeed +you know faculty here have three major + + align:start position:0% +you know faculty here have three major + + + align:start position:0% +you know faculty here have three major +professional activities one is teaching + + align:start position:0% +professional activities one is teaching + + + align:start position:0% +professional activities one is teaching +one is research and the third is + + align:start position:0% +one is research and the third is + + + align:start position:0% +one is research and the third is +Administration we serve on committees + + align:start position:0% +Administration we serve on committees + + + align:start position:0% +Administration we serve on committees +well for the last three years I've been + + align:start position:0% +well for the last three years I've been + + + align:start position:0% +well for the last three years I've been +chairing the committee on undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +chairing the committee on undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +chairing the committee on undergraduate +Admissions and financial aid I chaired + + align:start position:0% +Admissions and financial aid I chaired + + + align:start position:0% +Admissions and financial aid I chaired +the committee at the time you were + + align:start position:0% +the committee at the time you were + + + align:start position:0% +the committee at the time you were +applying I read some of your folders I + + align:start position:0% +applying I read some of your folders I + + + align:start position:0% +applying I read some of your folders I +sat at the selection period where we've + + align:start position:0% +sat at the selection period where we've + + + align:start position:0% +sat at the selection period where we've +got the stacks 11,000 applications you + + align:start position:0% +got the stacks 11,000 applications you + + + align:start position:0% +got the stacks 11,000 applications you +went through a grueling screening + + align:start position:0% +went through a grueling screening + + + align:start position:0% +went through a grueling screening +process I know the quality of individual + + align:start position:0% +process I know the quality of individual + + + align:start position:0% +process I know the quality of individual +in this room I sat there it was during + + align:start position:0% +in this room I sat there it was during + + + align:start position:0% +in this room I sat there it was during +the Patriots Day no the uh President's + + align:start position:0% +the Patriots Day no the uh President's + + + align:start position:0% +the Patriots Day no the uh President's +Day weekend sitting here Friday Saturday + + align:start position:0% +Day weekend sitting here Friday Saturday + + + align:start position:0% +Day weekend sitting here Friday Saturday +Sunday Monday Stacks them go + + align:start position:0% +Sunday Monday Stacks them go + + + align:start position:0% +Sunday Monday Stacks them go +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +no hell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no see tenure means never having to say + + align:start position:0% +no see tenure means never having to say + + + align:start position:0% +no see tenure means never having to say +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +sorry so you're here 11,000 and you made + + align:start position:0% +sorry so you're here 11,000 and you made + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so you're here 11,000 and you made +it and I know that everybody in this + + align:start position:0% +it and I know that everybody in this + + + align:start position:0% +it and I know that everybody in this +room had first of all belongs here + + align:start position:0% +room had first of all belongs here + + + align:start position:0% +room had first of all belongs here +everybody in this room has the + + align:start position:0% +everybody in this room has the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody in this room has the +intellectual apparatus not to just pass + + align:start position:0% +intellectual apparatus not to just pass + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual apparatus not to just pass +3091 but to flourish in 3091 and I want + + align:start position:0% +3091 but to flourish in 3091 and I want + + + align:start position:0% +3091 but to flourish in 3091 and I want +you to succeed the only only people who + + align:start position:0% +you to succeed the only only people who + + + align:start position:0% +you to succeed the only only people who +fail 3091 are those who choose to fail + + align:start position:0% +fail 3091 are those who choose to fail + + + align:start position:0% +fail 3091 are those who choose to fail +3091 they choose not to come to class + + align:start position:0% +3091 they choose not to come to class + + + align:start position:0% +3091 they choose not to come to class +they choose not to work the homework + + align:start position:0% +they choose not to work the homework + + + align:start position:0% +they choose not to work the homework +they choose not to interact with their + + align:start position:0% +they choose not to interact with their + + + align:start position:0% +they choose not to interact with their +recitation instructors I don't know why + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructors I don't know why + + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructors I don't know why +they make that + + align:start position:0% +they make that + + + align:start position:0% +they make that +choice + + align:start position:0% +choice + + + align:start position:0% +choice +but the website website has all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +but the website website has all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +but the website website has all sorts of +goodies including the readings you got + + align:start position:0% +goodies including the readings you got + + + align:start position:0% +goodies including the readings you got +to read before you come to class I'm not + + align:start position:0% +to read before you come to class I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +to read before you come to class I'm not +going to write them on the board like a + + align:start position:0% +going to write them on the board like a + + + align:start position:0% +going to write them on the board like a +little high school teacher not doing + + align:start position:0% +little high school teacher not doing + + + align:start position:0% +little high school teacher not doing +that anymore you're taking ownership so + + align:start position:0% +that anymore you're taking ownership so + + + align:start position:0% +that anymore you're taking ownership so +you go to the website the other thing + + align:start position:0% +you go to the website the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +you go to the website the other thing +you find at the website are old + + align:start position:0% +you find at the website are old + + + align:start position:0% +you find at the website are old +homeworks old exams all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +homeworks old exams all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks old exams all sorts of +resources and they're videotaping this + + align:start position:0% +resources and they're videotaping this + + + align:start position:0% +resources and they're videotaping this +by the way with they're videotaping it + + align:start position:0% +by the way with they're videotaping it + + + align:start position:0% +by the way with they're videotaping it +um in a sort of heightened technology + + align:start position:0% +um in a sort of heightened technology + + + align:start position:0% +um in a sort of heightened technology +this year and so uh some of this is + + align:start position:0% +this year and so uh some of this is + + + align:start position:0% +this year and so uh some of this is +going to end up on open course whereare + + align:start position:0% +going to end up on open course whereare + + + align:start position:0% +going to end up on open course whereare +so if any of you uh doesn't want to be + + align:start position:0% +so if any of you uh doesn't want to be + + + align:start position:0% +so if any of you uh doesn't want to be +by chance seen on the internet then sit + + align:start position:0% +by chance seen on the internet then sit + + + align:start position:0% +by chance seen on the internet then sit +out of range of the camera I guess + + align:start position:0% +out of range of the camera I guess + + + align:start position:0% +out of range of the camera I guess +that's all I can tell you so that's why + + align:start position:0% +that's all I can tell you so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +that's all I can tell you so that's why +there's all these cameras here um so you + + align:start position:0% +there's all these cameras here um so you + + + align:start position:0% +there's all these cameras here um so you +can you can click on this it's on demand + + align:start position:0% +can you can click on this it's on demand + + + align:start position:0% +can you can click on this it's on demand +so if you by chance I know it's very + + align:start position:0% +so if you by chance I know it's very + + + align:start position:0% +so if you by chance I know it's very +rare but if by chance you don't get to + + align:start position:0% +rare but if by chance you don't get to + + + align:start position:0% +rare but if by chance you don't get to +class you could always follow up later + + align:start position:0% +class you could always follow up later + + + align:start position:0% +class you could always follow up later +it's also on a verer a sliding scale so + + align:start position:0% +it's also on a verer a sliding scale so + + + align:start position:0% +it's also on a verer a sliding scale so +if there's one section of the lecture + + align:start position:0% +if there's one section of the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +if there's one section of the lecture +that I went a little too quickly for you + + align:start position:0% +that I went a little too quickly for you + + + align:start position:0% +that I went a little too quickly for you +can say gee if I could just see that + + align:start position:0% +can say gee if I could just see that + + + align:start position:0% +can say gee if I could just see that +five minutes you can click on zoom in + + align:start position:0% +five minutes you can click on zoom in + + + align:start position:0% +five minutes you can click on zoom in +that five minutes play it a few times + + align:start position:0% +that five minutes play it a few times + + + align:start position:0% +that five minutes play it a few times +and then say I still don't know what + + align:start position:0% +and then say I still don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +and then say I still don't know what +he's talking about and then you go to + + align:start position:0% +he's talking about and then you go to + + + align:start position:0% +he's talking about and then you go to +the recitation + + align:start position:0% +the recitation + + + align:start position:0% +the recitation +instructor so this is what happens you + + align:start position:0% +instructor so this is what happens you + + + align:start position:0% +instructor so this is what happens you +go to the website there's all the bars + + align:start position:0% +go to the website there's all the bars + + + align:start position:0% +go to the website there's all the bars +down the side so there's lecture videos + + align:start position:0% +down the side so there's lecture videos + + + align:start position:0% +down the side so there's lecture videos +there's the um lecture topics that's + + align:start position:0% +there's the um lecture topics that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's the um lecture topics that's +where the readings are and there's a + + align:start position:0% +where the readings are and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +where the readings are and there's a +whole bunch of other information there + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of other information there + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of other information there +and list of recitation instructors so + + align:start position:0% +and list of recitation instructors so + + + align:start position:0% +and list of recitation instructors so +here's the reading so for example today + + align:start position:0% +here's the reading so for example today + + + align:start position:0% +here's the reading so for example today +there's a vision statement + + align:start position:0% +there's a vision statement + + + align:start position:0% +there's a vision statement +administrative details and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +administrative details and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +administrative details and I'm going to +get to a little bit of teaching towards + + align:start position:0% +get to a little bit of teaching towards + + + align:start position:0% +get to a little bit of teaching towards +the end and if you wanted to you could + + align:start position:0% +the end and if you wanted to you could + + + align:start position:0% +the end and if you wanted to you could +crack the book and look at chapter one + + align:start position:0% +crack the book and look at chapter one + + + align:start position:0% +crack the book and look at chapter one +so that's that's the drill but again + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's the drill but again + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's the drill but again +that's up to + + align:start position:0% +that's up to + + + align:start position:0% +that's up to +you ah couple of topics a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you ah couple of topics a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you ah couple of topics a little bit +unpleasant but we have to cover them + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant but we have to cover them + + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant but we have to cover them +this is where the man the management + + align:start position:0% +this is where the man the management + + + align:start position:0% +this is where the man the management +doesn't care what I say in terms of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care what I say in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care what I say in terms of +chemistry but they really care about + + align:start position:0% +chemistry but they really care about + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry but they really care about +this stuff so I'm going to uh obey so um + + align:start position:0% +this stuff so I'm going to uh obey so um + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff so I'm going to uh obey so um +academic honesty very simply you can't + + align:start position:0% +academic honesty very simply you can't + + + align:start position:0% +academic honesty very simply you can't +cheat in 3091 is that is that shocking + + align:start position:0% +cheat in 3091 is that is that shocking + + + align:start position:0% +cheat in 3091 is that is that shocking +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +cheating you know this the + + align:start position:0% +cheating you know this the + + + align:start position:0% +cheating you know this the +Roman poet philosopher juvenile said men + + align:start position:0% +Roman poet philosopher juvenile said men + + + align:start position:0% +Roman poet philosopher juvenile said men +need not so much be informed as + + align:start position:0% +need not so much be informed as + + + align:start position:0% +need not so much be informed as +reminded you you know this I'm telling + + align:start position:0% +reminded you you know this I'm telling + + + align:start position:0% +reminded you you know this I'm telling +you nothing new so when you take a test + + align:start position:0% +you nothing new so when you take a test + + + align:start position:0% +you nothing new so when you take a test +you don't accept information from others + + align:start position:0% +you don't accept information from others + + + align:start position:0% +you don't accept information from others +you don't + + align:start position:0% +you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't +represent as your own work the work of + + align:start position:0% +represent as your own work the work of + + + align:start position:0% +represent as your own work the work of +anyone else and you don't use aids to + + align:start position:0% +anyone else and you don't use aids to + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else and you don't use aids to +memory other than those permitted by the + + align:start position:0% +memory other than those permitted by the + + + align:start position:0% +memory other than those permitted by the +examiner I'm giving you an age sheet you + + align:start position:0% +examiner I'm giving you an age sheet you + + + align:start position:0% +examiner I'm giving you an age sheet you +got the table of constants what else do + + align:start position:0% +got the table of constants what else do + + + align:start position:0% +got the table of constants what else do +you need it's enough and following a + + align:start position:0% +you need it's enough and following a + + + align:start position:0% +you need it's enough and following a +test a lot of people write in pencil + + align:start position:0% +test a lot of people write in pencil + + + align:start position:0% +test a lot of people write in pencil +don't try to erase something and bring + + align:start position:0% +don't try to erase something and bring + + + align:start position:0% +don't try to erase something and bring +it back and say that oh actually I you + + align:start position:0% +it back and say that oh actually I you + + + align:start position:0% +it back and say that oh actually I you +know this is what I had because you know + + align:start position:0% +know this is what I had because you know + + + align:start position:0% +know this is what I had because you know +we look at that and go how this is + + align:start position:0% +we look at that and go how this is + + + align:start position:0% +we look at that and go how this is +perfect how do we miss something like + + align:start position:0% +perfect how do we miss something like + + + align:start position:0% +perfect how do we miss something like +that you know don't do + + align:start position:0% +that you know don't do + + + align:start position:0% +that you know don't do +that and also you know there's we're + + align:start position:0% +that and also you know there's we're + + + align:start position:0% +that and also you know there's we're +trying to teach you on many levels + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach you on many levels + + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach you on many levels +trying to teach you some chemistry I'm + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach you some chemistry I'm + + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach you some chemistry I'm +also trying to teach you how to + + align:start position:0% +also trying to teach you how to + + + align:start position:0% +also trying to teach you how to +transform into a standalone professional + + align:start position:0% +transform into a standalone professional + + + align:start position:0% +transform into a standalone professional +and the code of conduct professional + + align:start position:0% +and the code of conduct professional + + + align:start position:0% +and the code of conduct professional +conduct that we embody by this code here + + align:start position:0% +conduct that we embody by this code here + + + align:start position:0% +conduct that we embody by this code here +is comparable to what you are expected + + align:start position:0% +is comparable to what you are expected + + + align:start position:0% +is comparable to what you are expected +to adhere to in your professional + + align:start position:0% +to adhere to in your professional + + + align:start position:0% +to adhere to in your professional +lives you don't publish results that + + align:start position:0% +lives you don't publish results that + + + align:start position:0% +lives you don't publish results that +you've faked you don't publish results + + align:start position:0% +you've faked you don't publish results + + + align:start position:0% +you've faked you don't publish results +that you stole from others and + + align:start position:0% +that you stole from others and + + + align:start position:0% +that you stole from others and +represented as your own so don't start + + align:start position:0% +represented as your own so don't start + + + align:start position:0% +represented as your own so don't start +here and you know it happens in + + align:start position:0% +here and you know it happens in + + + align:start position:0% +here and you know it happens in +frequently but I got to tell you a few + + align:start position:0% +frequently but I got to tell you a few + + + align:start position:0% +frequently but I got to tell you a few +years back on the final exam couple of + + align:start position:0% +years back on the final exam couple of + + + align:start position:0% +years back on the final exam couple of +people were involved in passing + + align:start position:0% +people were involved in passing + + + align:start position:0% +people were involved in passing +information back and forth they got + + align:start position:0% +information back and forth they got + + + align:start position:0% +information back and forth they got +caught you know why they got caught + + align:start position:0% +caught you know why they got caught + + + align:start position:0% +caught you know why they got caught +because for the first time you're being + + align:start position:0% +because for the first time you're being + + + align:start position:0% +because for the first time you're being +taught by people who are as smart as you + + align:start position:0% +taught by people who are as smart as you + + + align:start position:0% +taught by people who are as smart as you +are so you're going to get caught my Tas + + align:start position:0% +are so you're going to get caught my Tas + + + align:start position:0% +are so you're going to get caught my Tas +are really smart so don't think it's + + align:start position:0% +are really smart so don't think it's + + + align:start position:0% +are really smart so don't think it's +like back in pickup plates I could + + align:start position:0% +like back in pickup plates I could + + + align:start position:0% +like back in pickup plates I could +offend somebody who it's not like we're + + align:start position:0% +offend somebody who it's not like we're + + + align:start position:0% +offend somebody who it's not like we're +back in on Ontario how's that that's + + align:start position:0% +back in on Ontario how's that that's + + + align:start position:0% +back in on Ontario how's that that's +where I came from okay you're here now + + align:start position:0% +where I came from okay you're here now + + + align:start position:0% +where I came from okay you're here now +so don't try it you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +so don't try it you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +so don't try it you're going to get +caught these guys got caught I had to + + align:start position:0% +caught these guys got caught I had to + + + align:start position:0% +caught these guys got caught I had to +press the case to the committee on + + align:start position:0% +press the case to the committee on + + + align:start position:0% +press the case to the committee on +discipline one of them did not return + + align:start position:0% +discipline one of them did not return + + + align:start position:0% +discipline one of them did not return +for his sophomore + + align:start position:0% +for his sophomore + + + align:start position:0% +for his sophomore +year that's a crazy thing to to do it's + + align:start position:0% +year that's a crazy thing to to do it's + + + align:start position:0% +year that's a crazy thing to to do it's +a huge price to pay in a pass no record + + align:start position:0% +a huge price to pay in a pass no record + + + align:start position:0% +a huge price to pay in a pass no record +first semester + + align:start position:0% +first semester + + + align:start position:0% +first semester +class and you know who is most severe on + + align:start position:0% +class and you know who is most severe on + + + align:start position:0% +class and you know who is most severe on +the committee on discipline it's made of + + align:start position:0% +the committee on discipline it's made of + + + align:start position:0% +the committee on discipline it's made of +Faculty administrators and students and + + align:start position:0% +Faculty administrators and students and + + + align:start position:0% +Faculty administrators and students and +guess who the most severe members of + + align:start position:0% +guess who the most severe members of + + + align:start position:0% +guess who the most severe members of +that committee are it's the students + + align:start position:0% +that committee are it's the students + + + align:start position:0% +that committee are it's the students +your peers who are outraged at that kind + + align:start position:0% +your peers who are outraged at that kind + + + align:start position:0% +your peers who are outraged at that kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +behavior speaking of behavior um I have + + align:start position:0% +behavior speaking of behavior um I have + + + align:start position:0% +behavior speaking of behavior um I have +to maintain a fertile learning + + align:start position:0% +to maintain a fertile learning + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain a fertile learning +environment in here we've got round + + align:start position:0% +environment in here we've got round + + + align:start position:0% +environment in here we've got round +numbers and excess of 400 people sitting + + align:start position:0% +numbers and excess of 400 people sitting + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and excess of 400 people sitting +here so I expect certain things here and + + align:start position:0% +here so I expect certain things here and + + + align:start position:0% +here so I expect certain things here and +that's how we're going to get along + + align:start position:0% +that's how we're going to get along + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we're going to get along +first of all no conversations no + + align:start position:0% +first of all no conversations no + + + align:start position:0% +first of all no conversations no +talking little conversation here a + + align:start position:0% +talking little conversation here a + + + align:start position:0% +talking little conversation here a +little conversation there it adds up + + align:start position:0% +little conversation there it adds up + + + align:start position:0% +little conversation there it adds up +okay so I insist no talking please no + + align:start position:0% +okay so I insist no talking please no + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I insist no talking please no +food or drink no food or drink we're + + align:start position:0% +food or drink no food or drink we're + + + align:start position:0% +food or drink no food or drink we're +we're seated cheek to jow here I don't + + align:start position:0% +we're seated cheek to jow here I don't + + + align:start position:0% +we're seated cheek to jow here I don't +want somebody opening up a clam shell + + align:start position:0% +want somebody opening up a clam shell + + + align:start position:0% +want somebody opening up a clam shell +with some hot food in it it's not right + + align:start position:0% +with some hot food in it it's not right + + + align:start position:0% +with some hot food in it it's not right +it's not right plus there's all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +it's not right plus there's all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not right plus there's all kinds of +trash left around nobody picks up the + + align:start position:0% +trash left around nobody picks up the + + + align:start position:0% +trash left around nobody picks up the +stuff now this is an exception this + + align:start position:0% +stuff now this is an exception this + + + align:start position:0% +stuff now this is an exception this +is for medicinal purposes + + align:start position:0% +is for medicinal purposes + + + align:start position:0% +is for medicinal purposes +it's to make sure that my throat doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it's to make sure that my throat doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's to make sure that my throat doesn't +get dry and I swear it it really + + align:start position:0% +get dry and I swear it it really + + + align:start position:0% +get dry and I swear it it really +contains + + align:start position:0% +contains + + + align:start position:0% +contains +fresa + + align:start position:0% +fresa + + + align:start position:0% +fresa +um and of course no disruptive behavior + + align:start position:0% +um and of course no disruptive behavior + + + align:start position:0% +um and of course no disruptive behavior +no disruptive behavior uh Wireless + + align:start position:0% +no disruptive behavior uh Wireless + + + align:start position:0% +no disruptive behavior uh Wireless +Communications devices must be silenced + + align:start position:0% +Communications devices must be silenced + + + align:start position:0% +Communications devices must be silenced +okay so From This Moment forth and I + + align:start position:0% +okay so From This Moment forth and I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so From This Moment forth and I +heard some stuff go off earlier but I + + align:start position:0% +heard some stuff go off earlier but I + + + align:start position:0% +heard some stuff go off earlier but I +let it slide because I haven't had my + + align:start position:0% +let it slide because I haven't had my + + + align:start position:0% +let it slide because I haven't had my +chance to explain what my expectations + + align:start position:0% +chance to explain what my expectations + + + align:start position:0% +chance to explain what my expectations +are but from this moment forth cell + + align:start position:0% +are but from this moment forth cell + + + align:start position:0% +are but from this moment forth cell +phone goes off you're out you leave the + + align:start position:0% +phone goes off you're out you leave the + + + align:start position:0% +phone goes off you're out you leave the +room okay and Lord help you if a cell + + align:start position:0% +room okay and Lord help you if a cell + + + align:start position:0% +room okay and Lord help you if a cell +phone goes off during an exam because + + align:start position:0% +phone goes off during an exam because + + + align:start position:0% +phone goes off during an exam because +those things have text messaging + + align:start position:0% +those things have text messaging + + + align:start position:0% +those things have text messaging +capabilities if your cell phone goes off + + align:start position:0% +capabilities if your cell phone goes off + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities if your cell phone goes off +dur an exam I come up there I grab your + + align:start position:0% +dur an exam I come up there I grab your + + + align:start position:0% +dur an exam I come up there I grab your +paper I tear it in half and I give you a + + align:start position:0% +paper I tear it in half and I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +paper I tear it in half and I give you a +zero I am teaching you professional + + align:start position:0% +zero I am teaching you professional + + + align:start position:0% +zero I am teaching you professional +Behavior that's + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's +unprofessional you can say that + + align:start position:0% +unprofessional you can say that + + + align:start position:0% +unprofessional you can say that +I'm over the top on this I got 450 + + align:start position:0% +I'm over the top on this I got 450 + + + align:start position:0% +I'm over the top on this I got 450 +people here I want to maintain a fertile + + align:start position:0% +people here I want to maintain a fertile + + + align:start position:0% +people here I want to maintain a fertile +learning environment when you walk + + align:start position:0% +learning environment when you walk + + + align:start position:0% +learning environment when you walk +through that door it's an act of free + + align:start position:0% +through that door it's an act of free + + + align:start position:0% +through that door it's an act of free +will it's an act of free will somebody's + + align:start position:0% +will it's an act of free will somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +will it's an act of free will somebody's +leaving + + align:start position:0% +leaving + + + align:start position:0% +leaving +bye let's go let's get it let's get it + + align:start position:0% +bye let's go let's get it let's get it + + + align:start position:0% +bye let's go let's get it let's get it +started right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please it makes noise when you turn it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +off they you're you owe these gals + + align:start position:0% +off they you're you owe these gals + + + align:start position:0% +off they you're you owe these gals +dinner I tell you all right turn them + + align:start position:0% +dinner I tell you all right turn them + + + align:start position:0% +dinner I tell you all right turn them +off if they have to make noises you turn + + align:start position:0% +off if they have to make noises you turn + + + align:start position:0% +off if they have to make noises you turn +them off turn them off but that's it so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh when you walk through that door it's + + align:start position:0% +uh when you walk through that door it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh when you walk through that door it's +an act of Free Will and we enter into a + + align:start position:0% +an act of Free Will and we enter into a + + + align:start position:0% +an act of Free Will and we enter into a +contract okay you walk in here you have + + align:start position:0% +contract okay you walk in here you have + + + align:start position:0% +contract okay you walk in here you have +certain expectations of me you expect me + + align:start position:0% +certain expectations of me you expect me + + + align:start position:0% +certain expectations of me you expect me +to conduct myself professionally you + + align:start position:0% +to conduct myself professionally you + + + align:start position:0% +to conduct myself professionally you +expect me to respect you you expect me + + align:start position:0% +expect me to respect you you expect me + + + align:start position:0% +expect me to respect you you expect me +not to use foul language you expect me + + align:start position:0% +not to use foul language you expect me + + + align:start position:0% +not to use foul language you expect me +not to say offensive things to you you + + align:start position:0% +not to say offensive things to you you + + + align:start position:0% +not to say offensive things to you you +expect me to have a well prepared + + align:start position:0% +expect me to have a well prepared + + + align:start position:0% +expect me to have a well prepared +lecture well you know what I have + + align:start position:0% +lecture well you know what I have + + + align:start position:0% +lecture well you know what I have +expectations of you I expect you to come + + align:start position:0% +expectations of you I expect you to come + + + align:start position:0% +expectations of you I expect you to come +to class prepared I expect you to sit + + align:start position:0% +to class prepared I expect you to sit + + + align:start position:0% +to class prepared I expect you to sit +there quietly respect your neighbors I + + align:start position:0% +there quietly respect your neighbors I + + + align:start position:0% +there quietly respect your neighbors I +expect you to contribute to the learning + + align:start position:0% +expect you to contribute to the learning + + + align:start position:0% +expect you to contribute to the learning +environment that's not unreasonable is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +oh you looking the course bulletin you + + align:start position:0% +oh you looking the course bulletin you + + + align:start position:0% +oh you looking the course bulletin you +ever wonder what this is this is the + + align:start position:0% +ever wonder what this is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +ever wonder what this is this is the +listing for + + align:start position:0% +listing for + + + align:start position:0% +listing for +3091 507 + + align:start position:0% +3091 507 + + + align:start position:0% +3091 507 +507 five hours is uh contact time that's + + align:start position:0% +507 five hours is uh contact time that's + + + align:start position:0% +507 five hours is uh contact time that's +three hours here and two hours with the + + align:start position:0% +three hours here and two hours with the + + + align:start position:0% +three hours here and two hours with the +recitation instructor zero there's no + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor zero there's no + + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor zero there's no +lab seven I wonder what the seven is + + align:start position:0% +lab seven I wonder what the seven is + + + align:start position:0% +lab seven I wonder what the seven is +that must be the time you spend in + + align:start position:0% +that must be the time you spend in + + + align:start position:0% +that must be the time you spend in +preparation in studying so I make a + + align:start position:0% +preparation in studying so I make a + + + align:start position:0% +preparation in studying so I make a +pledge you give me seven hours a week + + align:start position:0% +pledge you give me seven hours a week + + + align:start position:0% +pledge you give me seven hours a week +you will pass this class not just by the + + align:start position:0% +you will pass this class not just by the + + + align:start position:0% +you will pass this class not just by the +skin of your teeth you'll pass it if you + + align:start position:0% +skin of your teeth you'll pass it if you + + + align:start position:0% +skin of your teeth you'll pass it if you +don't give me seven hours a week I don't + + align:start position:0% +don't give me seven hours a week I don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't give me seven hours a week I don't +know what I can do for you so I want you + + align:start position:0% +know what I can do for you so I want you + + + align:start position:0% +know what I can do for you so I want you +to be successful so I put this up this + + align:start position:0% +to be successful so I put this up this + + + align:start position:0% +to be successful so I put this up this +is sort of venues for learning + + align:start position:0% +is sort of venues for learning + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of venues for learning +recitation reading homework so that's my + + align:start position:0% +recitation reading homework so that's my + + + align:start position:0% +recitation reading homework so that's my +responsibility the lecture recitation + + align:start position:0% +responsibility the lecture recitation + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility the lecture recitation +that's got to be the staff you that's + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be the staff you that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be the staff you that's +you're responsible for the reading + + align:start position:0% +you're responsible for the reading + + + align:start position:0% +you're responsible for the reading +you're responsible for the homework the + + align:start position:0% +you're responsible for the homework the + + + align:start position:0% +you're responsible for the homework the +quizzes the test the final + + align:start position:0% +quizzes the test the final + + + align:start position:0% +quizzes the test the final +exam so what we have here is a + + align:start position:0% +exam so what we have here is a + + + align:start position:0% +exam so what we have here is a +partnership we have a partnership and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning what we + + align:start position:0% +learning what we + + + align:start position:0% +learning what we +want is for you to grow Franklin said + + align:start position:0% +want is for you to grow Franklin said + + + align:start position:0% +want is for you to grow Franklin said +education is what remains when you've + + align:start position:0% +education is what remains when you've + + + align:start position:0% +education is what remains when you've +forgotten all your schooling so we want + + align:start position:0% +forgotten all your schooling so we want + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten all your schooling so we want +you to have some retention here so we + + align:start position:0% +you to have some retention here so we + + + align:start position:0% +you to have some retention here so we +got a few minutes here I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +got a few minutes here I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +got a few minutes here I don't want to +just uh have you go from room to room + + align:start position:0% +just uh have you go from room to room + + + align:start position:0% +just uh have you go from room to room +with people saying um welcome to MIT so + + align:start position:0% +with people saying um welcome to MIT so + + + align:start position:0% +with people saying um welcome to MIT so +I want to talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk a little bit about +um about + + align:start position:0% +um about + + + align:start position:0% +um about +taxonomy classification nomenclature I + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy classification nomenclature I + + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy classification nomenclature I +said at the core Blitz that one of the + + align:start position:0% +said at the core Blitz that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +said at the core Blitz that one of the +things I'm going to try to do is + + align:start position:0% +things I'm going to try to do is + + + align:start position:0% +things I'm going to try to do is +introduce some things from Beyond + + align:start position:0% +introduce some things from Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +introduce some things from Beyond +chemistry so let's let's see what the + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so let's let's see what the + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so let's let's see what the +Bard had to say about + + align:start position:0% +Bard had to say about + + + align:start position:0% +Bard had to say about +nomenclature there may even be people + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature there may even be people + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature there may even be people +here who uh distinguish themselves + + align:start position:0% +here who uh distinguish themselves + + + align:start position:0% +here who uh distinguish themselves +because they starred in Romeo and Juliet + + align:start position:0% +because they starred in Romeo and Juliet + + + align:start position:0% +because they starred in Romeo and Juliet +or maybe they produced maybe they built + + align:start position:0% +or maybe they produced maybe they built + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe they produced maybe they built +the sets maybe they wrote the screenplay + + align:start position:0% +the sets maybe they wrote the screenplay + + + align:start position:0% +the sets maybe they wrote the screenplay +I don't know so let's look act two scene + + align:start position:0% +I don't know so let's look act two scene + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know so let's look act two scene +to you remember this Romeo but soft with + + align:start position:0% +to you remember this Romeo but soft with + + + align:start position:0% +to you remember this Romeo but soft with +light through yonder window breaks it is + + align:start position:0% +light through yonder window breaks it is + + + align:start position:0% +light through yonder window breaks it is +the East and Juliet is the + + align:start position:0% +the East and Juliet is the + + + align:start position:0% +the East and Juliet is the +Sun that has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +Sun that has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +Sun that has nothing to do with +nomenclature nothing Photon emission + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature nothing Photon emission + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature nothing Photon emission +perhaps okay let's get get the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps okay let's get get the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps okay let's get get the +nomenclature Juliet oh Romeo Romeo + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature Juliet oh Romeo Romeo + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature Juliet oh Romeo Romeo +wherefore art thou Romeo deny thy father + + align:start position:0% +wherefore art thou Romeo deny thy father + + + align:start position:0% +wherefore art thou Romeo deny thy father +and refuse thy name or if thou Wilt not + + align:start position:0% +and refuse thy name or if thou Wilt not + + + align:start position:0% +and refuse thy name or if thou Wilt not +be but sworn my love and I'll no longer + + align:start position:0% +be but sworn my love and I'll no longer + + + align:start position:0% +be but sworn my love and I'll no longer +be a Capulet see she's a Capulet he's a + + align:start position:0% +be a Capulet see she's a Capulet he's a + + + align:start position:0% +be a Capulet see she's a Capulet he's a +monague you know like the Hatfields and + + align:start position:0% +monague you know like the Hatfields and + + + align:start position:0% +monague you know like the Hatfields and +a McCoy the Waring fames two lovers you + + align:start position:0% +a McCoy the Waring fames two lovers you + + + align:start position:0% +a McCoy the Waring fames two lovers you +know it's as old as literature it's here + + align:start position:0% +know it's as old as literature it's here + + + align:start position:0% +know it's as old as literature it's here +okay so now Romeo shall I hear more or + + align:start position:0% +okay so now Romeo shall I hear more or + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now Romeo shall I hear more or +shall I speak at this fellas bit of + + align:start position:0% +shall I speak at this fellas bit of + + + align:start position:0% +shall I speak at this fellas bit of +advice don't + + align:start position:0% +advice don't + + + align:start position:0% +advice don't +interrupt the answer to that question is + + align:start position:0% +interrupt the answer to that question is + + + align:start position:0% +interrupt the answer to that question is +no don't + + align:start position:0% +no don't + + + align:start position:0% +no don't +speak so Juliet it is but thy name that + + align:start position:0% +speak so Juliet it is but thy name that + + + align:start position:0% +speak so Juliet it is but thy name that +is my enemy thou are thyself though not + + align:start position:0% +is my enemy thou are thyself though not + + + align:start position:0% +is my enemy thou are thyself though not +a monu what's monigue it is nor hand nor + + align:start position:0% +a monu what's monigue it is nor hand nor + + + align:start position:0% +a monu what's monigue it is nor hand nor +foot nor arm nor face nor any other part + + align:start position:0% +foot nor arm nor face nor any other part + + + align:start position:0% +foot nor arm nor face nor any other part +belonging to a man oh be some other + + align:start position:0% +belonging to a man oh be some other + + + align:start position:0% +belonging to a man oh be some other +name what's in a + + align:start position:0% +name what's in a + + + align:start position:0% +name what's in a +name that which we call a rose by any + + align:start position:0% +name that which we call a rose by any + + + align:start position:0% +name that which we call a rose by any +other word would smell as sweet so Romeo + + align:start position:0% +other word would smell as sweet so Romeo + + + align:start position:0% +other word would smell as sweet so Romeo +would were you not Romeo called retain + + align:start position:0% +would were you not Romeo called retain + + + align:start position:0% +would were you not Romeo called retain +that dear Perfection which he owes + + align:start position:0% +that dear Perfection which he owes + + + align:start position:0% +that dear Perfection which he owes +without that + + align:start position:0% +without that + + + align:start position:0% +without that +title Romeo do thy name and for that + + align:start position:0% +title Romeo do thy name and for that + + + align:start position:0% +title Romeo do thy name and for that +name which is no part of thee take all + + align:start position:0% +name which is no part of thee take all + + + align:start position:0% +name which is no part of thee take all +myself that's an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +offer in science it works differently in + + align:start position:0% +offer in science it works differently in + + + align:start position:0% +offer in science it works differently in +science we have to agree it can't be + + align:start position:0% +science we have to agree it can't be + + + align:start position:0% +science we have to agree it can't be +like Alice and Wonderland I'll give the + + align:start position:0% +like Alice and Wonderland I'll give the + + + align:start position:0% +like Alice and Wonderland I'll give the +word the meaning I intended to mean + + align:start position:0% +word the meaning I intended to mean + + + align:start position:0% +word the meaning I intended to mean +science has to have some rigor so if you + + align:start position:0% +science has to have some rigor so if you + + + align:start position:0% +science has to have some rigor so if you +look in chapter one you will find these + + align:start position:0% +look in chapter one you will find these + + + align:start position:0% +look in chapter one you will find these +definitions for + + align:start position:0% +definitions for + + + align:start position:0% +definitions for +different Atomic groupings starting down + + align:start position:0% +different Atomic groupings starting down + + + align:start position:0% +different Atomic groupings starting down +here with the elements and moving + + align:start position:0% +here with the elements and moving + + + align:start position:0% +here with the elements and moving +through up through complex matter this + + align:start position:0% +through up through complex matter this + + + align:start position:0% +through up through complex matter this +is solid state up here Aggregates of + + align:start position:0% +is solid state up here Aggregates of + + + align:start position:0% +is solid state up here Aggregates of +atoms so we're going to begin down in + + align:start position:0% +atoms so we're going to begin down in + + + align:start position:0% +atoms so we're going to begin down in +the lower left corner we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the lower left corner we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the lower left corner we're going to +begin in the lower left corner so let's + + align:start position:0% +begin in the lower left corner so let's + + + align:start position:0% +begin in the lower left corner so let's +look at some of the origins of chemistry + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the origins of chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the origins of chemistry +we can go back to ancient Egypt where + + align:start position:0% +we can go back to ancient Egypt where + + + align:start position:0% +we can go back to ancient Egypt where +there's reference in the hieroglyphs to + + align:start position:0% +there's reference in the hieroglyphs to + + + align:start position:0% +there's reference in the hieroglyphs to +a term Chia which among other things + + align:start position:0% +a term Chia which among other things + + + align:start position:0% +a term Chia which among other things +meant chemical processes for EMB bombing + + align:start position:0% +meant chemical processes for EMB bombing + + + align:start position:0% +meant chemical processes for EMB bombing +the dead you know the Egyptians are very + + align:start position:0% +the dead you know the Egyptians are very + + + align:start position:0% +the dead you know the Egyptians are very +concerned about afterlife they wanted to + + align:start position:0% +concerned about afterlife they wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about afterlife they wanted to +be well preserved to make that journey + + align:start position:0% +be well preserved to make that journey + + + align:start position:0% +be well preserved to make that journey +and so practitioners who understood what + + align:start position:0% +and so practitioners who understood what + + + align:start position:0% +and so practitioners who understood what +what we would know to be chemistry were + + align:start position:0% +what we would know to be chemistry were + + + align:start position:0% +what we would know to be chemistry were +highly valued in that + + align:start position:0% +highly valued in that + + + align:start position:0% +highly valued in that +society and then Hima expanded to other + + align:start position:0% +society and then Hima expanded to other + + + align:start position:0% +society and then Hima expanded to other +chemical process dying of cloth glass + + align:start position:0% +chemical process dying of cloth glass + + + align:start position:0% +chemical process dying of cloth glass +making and metals + + align:start position:0% +making and metals + + + align:start position:0% +making and metals +extraction it's magical it's sorcery to + + align:start position:0% +extraction it's magical it's sorcery to + + + align:start position:0% +extraction it's magical it's sorcery to +take an ore and convert it to metal It's + + align:start position:0% +take an ore and convert it to metal It's + + + align:start position:0% +take an ore and convert it to metal It's +Magic still amazes me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today gee you know I showed you this + + align:start position:0% +today gee you know I showed you this + + + align:start position:0% +today gee you know I showed you this +earlier one of my areas is extraction of + + align:start position:0% +earlier one of my areas is extraction of + + + align:start position:0% +earlier one of my areas is extraction of +metals extraction of metals you know + + align:start position:0% +metals extraction of metals you know + + + align:start position:0% +metals extraction of metals you know +some things never + + align:start position:0% +some things never + + + align:start position:0% +some things never +change and and then they tried to make + + align:start position:0% +change and and then they tried to make + + + align:start position:0% +change and and then they tried to make +an overarching theme an overarching + + align:start position:0% +an overarching theme an overarching + + + align:start position:0% +an overarching theme an overarching +theme to go to the heavens so there were + + align:start position:0% +theme to go to the heavens so there were + + + align:start position:0% +theme to go to the heavens so there were +seven no and metals at the time and + + align:start position:0% +seven no and metals at the time and + + + align:start position:0% +seven no and metals at the time and +seven Heavenly Bodies so obviously the + + align:start position:0% +seven Heavenly Bodies so obviously the + + + align:start position:0% +seven Heavenly Bodies so obviously the +sun would be gold Mercury is a liquid + + align:start position:0% +sun would be gold Mercury is a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +sun would be gold Mercury is a liquid +metal and Mercury the planet is the + + align:start position:0% +metal and Mercury the planet is the + + + align:start position:0% +metal and Mercury the planet is the +fastest moving naked eye Heavenly Body + + align:start position:0% +fastest moving naked eye Heavenly Body + + + align:start position:0% +fastest moving naked eye Heavenly Body +Mars iron why is Mars red iron + + align:start position:0% +Mars iron why is Mars red iron + + + align:start position:0% +Mars iron why is Mars red iron +oxide and in fact you could even couch + + align:start position:0% +oxide and in fact you could even couch + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and in fact you could even couch +things so if I wanted to make a bronze + + align:start position:0% +things so if I wanted to make a bronze + + + align:start position:0% +things so if I wanted to make a bronze +which is an alloy of tin and copper I + + align:start position:0% +which is an alloy of tin and copper I + + + align:start position:0% +which is an alloy of tin and copper I +could say the Confluence of Venus with + + align:start position:0% +could say the Confluence of Venus with + + + align:start position:0% +could say the Confluence of Venus with +Jupiter and that way keep it so that the + + align:start position:0% +Jupiter and that way keep it so that the + + + align:start position:0% +Jupiter and that way keep it so that the +common folk would know the secret of the + + align:start position:0% +common folk would know the secret of the + + + align:start position:0% +common folk would know the secret of the +alloy so now let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +alloy so now let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +alloy so now let's look at the +transition from Craft to science craft + + align:start position:0% +transition from Craft to science craft + + + align:start position:0% +transition from Craft to science craft +to science about 2400 years ago we have + + align:start position:0% +to science about 2400 years ago we have + + + align:start position:0% +to science about 2400 years ago we have +democratus and democratus moves from + + align:start position:0% +democratus and democratus moves from + + + align:start position:0% +democratus and democratus moves from +practice to Theory and this is all that + + align:start position:0% +practice to Theory and this is all that + + + align:start position:0% +practice to Theory and this is all that +were was knowing at that time seven + + align:start position:0% +were was knowing at that time seven + + + align:start position:0% +were was knowing at that time seven +Metals carbon and Sul + + align:start position:0% +Metals carbon and Sul + + + align:start position:0% +Metals carbon and Sul +and so here was his idea of the + + align:start position:0% +and so here was his idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so here was his idea of the +structure of + + align:start position:0% +structure of + + + align:start position:0% +structure of +matter it's about + + align:start position:0% +matter it's about + + + align:start position:0% +matter it's about + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +BC and what did democratus do he + + align:start position:0% +BC and what did democratus do he + + + align:start position:0% +BC and what did democratus do he +described the physical world as the + + align:start position:0% +described the physical world as the + + + align:start position:0% +described the physical world as the +integral of void plus being void plus + + align:start position:0% +integral of void plus being void plus + + + align:start position:0% +integral of void plus being void plus +being used lofty terms and being he + + align:start position:0% +being used lofty terms and being he + + + align:start position:0% +being used lofty terms and being he +described as an Infinity an infinity + + align:start position:0% +described as an Infinity an infinity + + + align:start position:0% +described as an Infinity an infinity +of indivisible + + align:start position:0% +of indivisible + + + align:start position:0% +of indivisible +particles indivisible + + align:start position:0% +particles indivisible + + + align:start position:0% +particles indivisible +particles which he dubbed + + align:start position:0% +particles which he dubbed + + + align:start position:0% +particles which he dubbed +atoms from the + + align:start position:0% +atoms from the + + + align:start position:0% +atoms from the +Greek to me means to slice and a as in a + + align:start position:0% +Greek to me means to slice and a as in a + + + align:start position:0% +Greek to me means to slice and a as in a +political a moral so a to me is + + align:start position:0% +political a moral so a to me is + + + align:start position:0% +political a moral so a to me is +something that is indivisible cannot be + + align:start position:0% +something that is indivisible cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +something that is indivisible cannot be +sliced and he says these are + + align:start position:0% +sliced and he says these are + + + align:start position:0% +sliced and he says these are +Eternal and in between there is void + + align:start position:0% +Eternal and in between there is void + + + align:start position:0% +Eternal and in between there is void +which is very similar to how we would + + align:start position:0% +which is very similar to how we would + + + align:start position:0% +which is very similar to how we would +describe vacuum this is 2400 years ago + + align:start position:0% +describe vacuum this is 2400 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +describe vacuum this is 2400 years ago +this depiction of matter takes you right + + align:start position:0% +this depiction of matter takes you right + + + align:start position:0% +this depiction of matter takes you right +up to eal + + align:start position:0% +up to eal + + + align:start position:0% +up to eal +mc2 brilliant and that's all he had to + + align:start position:0% +mc2 brilliant and that's all he had to + + + align:start position:0% +mc2 brilliant and that's all he had to +work with for data it's all he had to + + align:start position:0% +work with for data it's all he had to + + + align:start position:0% +work with for data it's all he had to +work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with but science doesn't always move + + align:start position:0% +with but science doesn't always move + + + align:start position:0% +with but science doesn't always move +forward after that came + + align:start position:0% +forward after that came + + + align:start position:0% +forward after that came +Aristotle and Aristotle gave us this + + align:start position:0% +Aristotle and Aristotle gave us this + + + align:start position:0% +Aristotle and Aristotle gave us this +system which persisted almost through + + align:start position:0% +system which persisted almost through + + + align:start position:0% +system which persisted almost through +the Middle Ages and Aristotle gave us + + align:start position:0% +the Middle Ages and Aristotle gave us + + + align:start position:0% +the Middle Ages and Aristotle gave us +this and I'll leave you with this and + + align:start position:0% +this and I'll leave you with this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and I'll leave you with this and +you can ponder so this is the + + align:start position:0% +you can ponder so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +you can ponder so this is the +Aristotelian view he's got four + + align:start position:0% +Aristotelian view he's got four + + + align:start position:0% +Aristotelian view he's got four +Essences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Earth + + align:start position:0% +Earth + + + align:start position:0% +Earth +fire + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water air you can even make compounds + + align:start position:0% +water air you can even make compounds + + + align:start position:0% +water air you can even make compounds +Earth plus water makes + + align:start position:0% +Earth plus water makes + + + align:start position:0% +Earth plus water makes +cold I mean this is nuts + + align:start position:0% +cold I mean this is nuts + + + align:start position:0% +cold I mean this is nuts +this is nuts all right but it it was + + align:start position:0% +this is nuts all right but it it was + + + align:start position:0% +this is nuts all right but it it was +there for uh over a thousand years and + + align:start position:0% +there for uh over a thousand years and + + + align:start position:0% +there for uh over a thousand years and +we now know things to be a little + + align:start position:0% +we now know things to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +we now know things to be a little +different and so what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +different and so what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +different and so what I'm going to do +next day is uh is return to this + + align:start position:0% +next day is uh is return to this + + + align:start position:0% +next day is uh is return to this +discussion and um take a look at a more + + align:start position:0% +discussion and um take a look at a more + + + align:start position:0% +discussion and um take a look at a more +rational view of the chemical world so + + align:start position:0% +rational view of the chemical world so + + + align:start position:0% +rational view of the chemical world so +we'll see you on Friday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RX88J2e4W0M.txt b/RX88J2e4W0M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cca7656cfc106358d013331d27f06a04e2dcfac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/RX88J2e4W0M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,371 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we already showed that the torque about + + align:start position:0% +we already showed that the torque about + + + align:start position:0% +we already showed that the torque about +a point can also be thought of as a + + align:start position:0% +a point can also be thought of as a + + + align:start position:0% +a point can also be thought of as a +decomposition we take the vector from + + align:start position:0% +decomposition we take the vector from + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition we take the vector from +the point P to the center of mass and + + align:start position:0% +the point P to the center of mass and + + + align:start position:0% +the point P to the center of mass and +apply all the forces acting on the + + align:start position:0% +apply all the forces acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +apply all the forces acting on the +particle at the center of mass and we + + align:start position:0% +particle at the center of mass and we + + + align:start position:0% +particle at the center of mass and we +can calculate the torque about the + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the torque about the + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the torque about the +center of mass due to the action of some + + align:start position:0% +center of mass due to the action of some + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass due to the action of some +forces well we're having forces acting + + align:start position:0% +forces well we're having forces acting + + + align:start position:0% +forces well we're having forces acting +about the center of mass now if we + + align:start position:0% +about the center of mass now if we + + + align:start position:0% +about the center of mass now if we +choose the point P to equal the center + + align:start position:0% +choose the point P to equal the center + + + align:start position:0% +choose the point P to equal the center +of mass then we know that the vector R + + align:start position:0% +of mass then we know that the vector R + + + align:start position:0% +of mass then we know that the vector R +center of mass to the center of mass is + + align:start position:0% +center of mass to the center of mass is + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass to the center of mass is +zero so the torque about the center of + + align:start position:0% +zero so the torque about the center of + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the torque about the center of +mass is just equal to the forces about + + align:start position:0% +mass is just equal to the forces about + + + align:start position:0% +mass is just equal to the forces about +that point we know that this is always + + align:start position:0% +that point we know that this is always + + + align:start position:0% +that point we know that this is always +torque is always just LCM DT now again + + align:start position:0% +torque is always just LCM DT now again + + + align:start position:0% +torque is always just LCM DT now again +how could we justify that statement that + + align:start position:0% +how could we justify that statement that + + + align:start position:0% +how could we justify that statement that +because we're only calculating the + + align:start position:0% +because we're only calculating the + + + align:start position:0% +because we're only calculating the +torque about the center of mass the only + + align:start position:0% +torque about the center of mass the only + + + align:start position:0% +torque about the center of mass the only +it's only the rotational angular + + align:start position:0% +it's only the rotational angular + + + align:start position:0% +it's only the rotational angular +momentum about the center of mass that's + + align:start position:0% +momentum about the center of mass that's + + + align:start position:0% +momentum about the center of mass that's +changing we saw before that if we + + align:start position:0% +changing we saw before that if we + + + align:start position:0% +changing we saw before that if we +thought of LP again as a translational + + align:start position:0% +thought of LP again as a translational + + + align:start position:0% +thought of LP again as a translational +and a rotational angular momentum and + + align:start position:0% +and a rotational angular momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +and a rotational angular momentum and +the point P I'm sorry rotational angular + + align:start position:0% +the point P I'm sorry rotational angular + + + align:start position:0% +the point P I'm sorry rotational angular +momentum Omega and the point P was equal + + align:start position:0% +momentum Omega and the point P was equal + + + align:start position:0% +momentum Omega and the point P was equal +to the center of mass then this first + + align:start position:0% +to the center of mass then this first + + + align:start position:0% +to the center of mass then this first +piece would be zero and L about P is + + align:start position:0% +piece would be zero and L about P is + + + align:start position:0% +piece would be zero and L about P is +only I see M Omega n dl P DT is equal to + + align:start position:0% +only I see M Omega n dl P DT is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +only I see M Omega n dl P DT is equal to +I see M alpha for fixed axis and that's + + align:start position:0% +I see M alpha for fixed axis and that's + + + align:start position:0% +I see M alpha for fixed axis and that's +exactly equal to DL cm DT and so the + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to DL cm DT and so the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to DL cm DT and so the +point here is that when we're applying + + align:start position:0% +point here is that when we're applying + + + align:start position:0% +point here is that when we're applying +problems involving rotation and + + align:start position:0% +problems involving rotation and + + + align:start position:0% +problems involving rotation and +translation + + align:start position:0% +translation + + + align:start position:0% +translation +we can just analyze the torque about the + + align:start position:0% +we can just analyze the torque about the + + + align:start position:0% +we can just analyze the torque about the +center of mass and only consider how the + + align:start position:0% +center of mass and only consider how the + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass and only consider how the +angular momentum about the center of + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum about the center of + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum about the center of +mass is changing and then for the center + + align:start position:0% +mass is changing and then for the center + + + align:start position:0% +mass is changing and then for the center +of mass motion so this gives us our + + align:start position:0% +of mass motion so this gives us our + + + align:start position:0% +of mass motion so this gives us our +rotational dynamics and for our linear + + align:start position:0% +rotational dynamics and for our linear + + + align:start position:0% +rotational dynamics and for our linear +dynamics we will still apply F equals + + align:start position:0% +dynamics we will still apply F equals + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics we will still apply F equals +the total mass times a cm so that's our + + align:start position:0% +the total mass times a cm so that's our + + + align:start position:0% +the total mass times a cm so that's our +linear dynamics and this is our overall + + align:start position:0% +linear dynamics and this is our overall + + + align:start position:0% +linear dynamics and this is our overall +decomposition of rotational motion to + + align:start position:0% +decomposition of rotational motion to + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition of rotational motion to +analyze it we study the rotational + + align:start position:0% +analyze it we study the rotational + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it we study the rotational +dynamics and the linear dynamics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SsHQjxYJI94.txt b/SsHQjxYJI94.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a3fb691e66b25dc2b7b1dca2f4930a3d2f9fcce --- /dev/null +++ b/SsHQjxYJI94.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24010 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open coreware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open coreware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open coreware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay the idea is is to talk + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay the idea is is to talk + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay the idea is is to talk +about the exercise of + + align:start position:0% +about the exercise of + + + align:start position:0% +about the exercise of +yesterday + + align:start position:0% +yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday +no uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the exercise was not easy was very + + align:start position:0% +the exercise was not easy was very + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise was not easy was very +complex for some + + align:start position:0% +complex for some + + + align:start position:0% +complex for some +people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and hey + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it was very instructive the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise its + + align:start position:0% +exercise its + + + align:start position:0% +exercise its +difficulties also were very + + align:start position:0% +difficulties also were very + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties also were very +instructive at the exposition + + align:start position:0% +instructive at the exposition + + + align:start position:0% +instructive at the exposition +I made before the exercise I forgot the + + align:start position:0% +I made before the exercise I forgot the + + + align:start position:0% +I made before the exercise I forgot the +last slid to explain the last slide for + + align:start position:0% +last slid to explain the last slide for + + + align:start position:0% +last slid to explain the last slide for +you and the last slide was about how to + + align:start position:0% +you and the last slide was about how to + + + align:start position:0% +you and the last slide was about how to +do the exercise and some requirements + + align:start position:0% +do the exercise and some requirements + + + align:start position:0% +do the exercise and some requirements +for doing + + align:start position:0% +for doing + + + align:start position:0% +for doing +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +yeah and I think that now they may sound + + align:start position:0% +yeah and I think that now they may sound + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and I think that now they may sound +for you thinking in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise these requirements are + + align:start position:0% +exercise these requirements are + + + align:start position:0% +exercise these requirements are +took + + align:start position:0% +took + + + align:start position:0% +took +from the text of Sean and Chris argies + + align:start position:0% +from the text of Sean and Chris argies + + + align:start position:0% +from the text of Sean and Chris argies +name it model two behavior model two I + + align:start position:0% +name it model two behavior model two I + + + align:start position:0% +name it model two behavior model two I +don't know if you remember this + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you remember this + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you remember this +reading I put it as optional but it's a + + align:start position:0% +reading I put it as optional but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +reading I put it as optional but it's a +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +good explanation + + align:start position:0% +good explanation + + + align:start position:0% +good explanation +about two + + align:start position:0% +about two + + + align:start position:0% +about two +actitudes of learning with may have of + + align:start position:0% +actitudes of learning with may have of + + + align:start position:0% +actitudes of learning with may have of +behavior and + + align:start position:0% +behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and +learning and from the model two I struct + + align:start position:0% +learning and from the model two I struct + + + align:start position:0% +learning and from the model two I struct +what I thought should be more important + + align:start position:0% +what I thought should be more important + + + align:start position:0% +what I thought should be more important +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +you the first condition for doing this + + align:start position:0% +you the first condition for doing this + + + align:start position:0% +you the first condition for doing this +kind of work we made yesterday of + + align:start position:0% +kind of work we made yesterday of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of work we made yesterday of +discovering theories in use is + + align:start position:0% +discovering theories in use is + + + align:start position:0% +discovering theories in use is +one commitment with Discovery we need to + + align:start position:0% +one commitment with Discovery we need to + + + align:start position:0% +one commitment with Discovery we need to +be very + + align:start position:0% +be very + + + align:start position:0% +be very +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +in understanding what the theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the second thing + + align:start position:0% +is the second thing + + + align:start position:0% +is the second thing +is very important feature is to be open + + align:start position:0% +is very important feature is to be open + + + align:start position:0% +is very important feature is to be open +enough to accept to discuss one's idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +publicly this public testing of theories + + align:start position:0% +publicly this public testing of theories + + + align:start position:0% +publicly this public testing of theories +assumption and + + align:start position:0% +assumption and + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and +data we need be enough open to accept + + align:start position:0% +data we need be enough open to accept + + + align:start position:0% +data we need be enough open to accept +this discussion it's my idea but I will + + align:start position:0% +this discussion it's my idea but I will + + + align:start position:0% +this discussion it's my idea but I will +discuss with + + align:start position:0% +discuss with + + + align:start position:0% +discuss with +everyone it's not easy the dely + + align:start position:0% +everyone it's not easy the dely + + + align:start position:0% +everyone it's not easy the dely +method one of the reason why people + + align:start position:0% +method one of the reason why people + + + align:start position:0% +method one of the reason why people +don't know the others in the dely method + + align:start position:0% +don't know the others in the dely method + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the others in the dely method +is because for these people is very + + align:start position:0% +is because for these people is very + + + align:start position:0% +is because for these people is very +difficult to discuss their ideas with + + align:start position:0% +difficult to discuss their ideas with + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to discuss their ideas with +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +peers each one of them are very + + align:start position:0% +peers each one of them are very + + + align:start position:0% +peers each one of them are very +important people and they don't like to + + align:start position:0% +important people and they don't like to + + + align:start position:0% +important people and they don't like to +to step + + align:start position:0% +to step + + + align:start position:0% +to step +back respect to an idea if they publicly + + align:start position:0% +back respect to an idea if they publicly + + + align:start position:0% +back respect to an idea if they publicly +defended + + align:start position:0% +defended + + + align:start position:0% +defended +it so for making more easy for them to + + align:start position:0% +it so for making more easy for them to + + + align:start position:0% +it so for making more easy for them to +be flexible they don't know who is + + align:start position:0% +be flexible they don't know who is + + + align:start position:0% +be flexible they don't know who is +giving opinions about their ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one condition for to discover theoris in + + align:start position:0% +one condition for to discover theoris in + + + align:start position:0% +one condition for to discover theoris in +uses the this post this + + align:start position:0% +uses the this post this + + + align:start position:0% +uses the this post this +attitude the third it's a bit subtle but + + align:start position:0% +attitude the third it's a bit subtle but + + + align:start position:0% +attitude the third it's a bit subtle but +also very important is the separation + + align:start position:0% +also very important is the separation + + + align:start position:0% +also very important is the separation +between the self and the + + align:start position:0% +between the self and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the self and the +idea it may be sounds very + + align:start position:0% +idea it may be sounds very + + + align:start position:0% +idea it may be sounds very +real + + align:start position:0% +real + + + align:start position:0% +real +but when we create an idea + + align:start position:0% +but when we create an idea + + + align:start position:0% +but when we create an idea +idea we feel that the idea is our idea + + align:start position:0% +idea we feel that the idea is our idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea we feel that the idea is our idea +and in some sense that that this idea is + + align:start position:0% +and in some sense that that this idea is + + + align:start position:0% +and in some sense that that this idea is +ourself as + + align:start position:0% +ourself as + + + align:start position:0% +ourself as +a is is a product that is part of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ourselves for being more capable of + + align:start position:0% +ourselves for being more capable of + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves for being more capable of +learning about what we have produced we + + align:start position:0% +learning about what we have produced we + + + align:start position:0% +learning about what we have produced we +need to separate our ideas from + + align:start position:0% +need to separate our ideas from + + + align:start position:0% +need to separate our ideas from +ourself we need to live the idea to live + + align:start position:0% +ourself we need to live the idea to live + + + align:start position:0% +ourself we need to live the idea to live +or to die by + + align:start position:0% +or to die by + + + align:start position:0% +or to die by +themselves it doesn't matter if the idea + + align:start position:0% +themselves it doesn't matter if the idea + + + align:start position:0% +themselves it doesn't matter if the idea +was created by me or by any other person + + align:start position:0% +was created by me or by any other person + + + align:start position:0% +was created by me or by any other person +the idea in itself is something like a + + align:start position:0% +the idea in itself is something like a + + + align:start position:0% +the idea in itself is something like a +living + + align:start position:0% +living + + + align:start position:0% +living +object I will not fight for her okay + + align:start position:0% +object I will not fight for her okay + + + align:start position:0% +object I will not fight for her okay +it's very different from people who are + + align:start position:0% +it's very different from people who are + + + align:start position:0% +it's very different from people who are +training in arguing for defending their + + align:start position:0% +training in arguing for defending their + + + align:start position:0% +training in arguing for defending their +ideas in this case the best attitude is + + align:start position:0% +ideas in this case the best attitude is + + + align:start position:0% +ideas in this case the best attitude is +not to defend one one's idea is to put + + align:start position:0% +not to defend one one's idea is to put + + + align:start position:0% +not to defend one one's idea is to put +one's idea at the side and to look at + + align:start position:0% +one's idea at the side and to look at + + + align:start position:0% +one's idea at the side and to look at +the most objectively we can + + align:start position:0% +the most objectively we can + + + align:start position:0% +the most objectively we can +do and so we can have many ideas one of + + align:start position:0% +do and so we can have many ideas one of + + + align:start position:0% +do and so we can have many ideas one of +them was originated in my mind the other + + align:start position:0% +them was originated in my mind the other + + + align:start position:0% +them was originated in my mind the other +ideas were originated by other people + + align:start position:0% +ideas were originated by other people + + + align:start position:0% +ideas were originated by other people +were created by other people and + + align:start position:0% +were created by other people and + + + align:start position:0% +were created by other people and +I will just compare + + align:start position:0% +I will just compare + + + align:start position:0% +I will just compare +them okay I will just compare + + align:start position:0% +them okay I will just compare + + + align:start position:0% +them okay I will just compare +them without no reference for from whom + + align:start position:0% +them without no reference for from whom + + + align:start position:0% +them without no reference for from whom +they have come up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the first component that Sean and + + align:start position:0% +okay the first component that Sean and + + + align:start position:0% +okay the first component that Sean and +Chris AR found is to look for valid + + align:start position:0% +Chris AR found is to look for valid + + + align:start position:0% +Chris AR found is to look for valid +information in the excise in the + + align:start position:0% +information in the excise in the + + + align:start position:0% +information in the excise in the +exercise you had yesterday you had not + + align:start position:0% +exercise you had yesterday you had not + + + align:start position:0% +exercise you had yesterday you had not +enough information for doing this step + + align:start position:0% +enough information for doing this step + + + align:start position:0% +enough information for doing this step +adequately okay so was not possible to + + align:start position:0% +adequately okay so was not possible to + + + align:start position:0% +adequately okay so was not possible to +go to the exercise completely because we + + align:start position:0% +go to the exercise completely because we + + + align:start position:0% +go to the exercise completely because we +had not enough information for improving + + align:start position:0% +had not enough information for improving + + + align:start position:0% +had not enough information for improving +our theory of uh in use + + align:start position:0% +our theory of uh in use + + + align:start position:0% +our theory of uh in use +okay and the last one is the capacity + + align:start position:0% +okay and the last one is the capacity + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the last one is the capacity +for reframing + + align:start position:0% +for reframing + + + align:start position:0% +for reframing +the capacity for reframing is very + + align:start position:0% +the capacity for reframing is very + + + align:start position:0% +the capacity for reframing is very +interesting is to be able to see one's + + align:start position:0% +interesting is to be able to see one's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is to be able to see one's +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +to being to be + + align:start position:0% +to being to be + + + align:start position:0% +to being to be +dismantled in front of one and don't be + + align:start position:0% +dismantled in front of one and don't be + + + align:start position:0% +dismantled in front of one and don't be +afraid about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +that the + + align:start position:0% +that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the +mind has a a characteristic described by + + align:start position:0% +mind has a a characteristic described by + + + align:start position:0% +mind has a a characteristic described by +Ilia Pini uh Nobel Prize in in + + align:start position:0% +Ilia Pini uh Nobel Prize in in + + + align:start position:0% +Ilia Pini uh Nobel Prize in in +chemistry he explained that the mind is + + align:start position:0% +chemistry he explained that the mind is + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry he explained that the mind is +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +self-organizing + + align:start position:0% +self-organizing + + + align:start position:0% +self-organizing +system so the Mind always will create a + + align:start position:0% +system so the Mind always will create a + + + align:start position:0% +system so the Mind always will create a +logic it's impossible for the mind to + + align:start position:0% +logic it's impossible for the mind to + + + align:start position:0% +logic it's impossible for the mind to +live without logic if I + + align:start position:0% +live without logic if I + + + align:start position:0% +live without logic if I +destroy a theory I have in my mind I + + align:start position:0% +destroy a theory I have in my mind I + + + align:start position:0% +destroy a theory I have in my mind I +will feel very disturbed for a while but + + align:start position:0% +will feel very disturbed for a while but + + + align:start position:0% +will feel very disturbed for a while but +after a while my mind reconstruct a new + + align:start position:0% +after a while my mind reconstruct a new + + + align:start position:0% +after a while my mind reconstruct a new +logic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and Edward Deon explaining how to Pro to + + align:start position:0% +and Edward Deon explaining how to Pro to + + + align:start position:0% +and Edward Deon explaining how to Pro to +increase creativity in + + align:start position:0% +increase creativity in + + + align:start position:0% +increase creativity in +people he suggest the use of some + + align:start position:0% +people he suggest the use of some + + + align:start position:0% +people he suggest the use of some +statement that + + align:start position:0% +statement that + + + align:start position:0% +statement that +disturbs the ideas people have in their + + align:start position:0% +disturbs the ideas people have in their + + + align:start position:0% +disturbs the ideas people have in their +minds for enable them to be able to to + + align:start position:0% +minds for enable them to be able to to + + + align:start position:0% +minds for enable them to be able to to +create new + + align:start position:0% +create new + + + align:start position:0% +create new +Logics the his method lateral thinking I + + align:start position:0% +Logics the his method lateral thinking I + + + align:start position:0% +Logics the his method lateral thinking I +don't know if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have listen about lateral thinking is + + align:start position:0% +have listen about lateral thinking is + + + align:start position:0% +have listen about lateral thinking is +this idea how to + + align:start position:0% +this idea how to + + + align:start position:0% +this idea how to +disturb the idea the way we are thinking + + align:start position:0% +disturb the idea the way we are thinking + + + align:start position:0% +disturb the idea the way we are thinking +for being able to discover new ways of + + align:start position:0% +for being able to discover new ways of + + + align:start position:0% +for being able to discover new ways of +thinking about in + + align:start position:0% +thinking about in + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about in +object when we are working with people + + align:start position:0% +object when we are working with people + + + align:start position:0% +object when we are working with people +something that we need to do a + + align:start position:0% +something that we need to do a + + + align:start position:0% +something that we need to do a +facilitator is always to distur + + align:start position:0% +facilitator is always to distur + + + align:start position:0% +facilitator is always to distur +people each people support us a level of + + align:start position:0% +people each people support us a level of + + + align:start position:0% +people each people support us a level of +this this + + align:start position:0% +this this + + + align:start position:0% +this this +distur disturbance disturbance thank you + + align:start position:0% +distur disturbance disturbance thank you + + + align:start position:0% +distur disturbance disturbance thank you +very much each people have a a level of + + align:start position:0% +very much each people have a a level of + + + align:start position:0% +very much each people have a a level of +disturbance they may + + align:start position:0% +disturbance they may + + + align:start position:0% +disturbance they may +support without + + align:start position:0% +support without + + + align:start position:0% +support without +stress okay so we need to graduate this + + align:start position:0% +stress okay so we need to graduate this + + + align:start position:0% +stress okay so we need to graduate this +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +it's something that we always need to do + + align:start position:0% +it's something that we always need to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that we always need to do +with people is to disturb in some level + + align:start position:0% +with people is to disturb in some level + + + align:start position:0% +with people is to disturb in some level +their their thinking model + + align:start position:0% +their their thinking model + + + align:start position:0% +their their thinking model +okay would you say would you say his + + align:start position:0% +okay would you say would you say his + + + align:start position:0% +okay would you say would you say his +name is + + align:start position:0% +name is + + + align:start position:0% +name is +PR p r i g u c p r i g + + align:start position:0% +PR p r i g u c p r i g + + + align:start position:0% +PR p r i g u c p r i g +o I think that's g y n e g y n e I think + + align:start position:0% +o I think that's g y n e g y n e I think + + + align:start position:0% +o I think that's g y n e g y n e I think +so okay okay but you if you go to + + align:start position:0% +so okay okay but you if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +so okay okay but you if you go to +internet okay Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +internet okay Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +internet okay Nobel Prize +Ilia Ilia i i + + align:start position:0% +Ilia Ilia i i + + + align:start position:0% +Ilia Ilia i i +l i a + + align:start position:0% +l i a + + + align:start position:0% +l i a +yeah and it was the lateral thinking you + + align:start position:0% +yeah and it was the lateral thinking you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and it was the lateral thinking you +said was the technique lateral thinking + + align:start position:0% +said was the technique lateral thinking + + + align:start position:0% +said was the technique lateral thinking +lateral thinking is Edward + + align:start position:0% +lateral thinking is Edward + + + align:start position:0% +lateral thinking is Edward +debono he's an expert about creativity + + align:start position:0% +debono he's an expert about creativity + + + align:start position:0% +debono he's an expert about creativity +he's from + + align:start position:0% +he's from + + + align:start position:0% +he's from +Ma and with the when you say the + + align:start position:0% +Ma and with the when you say the + + + align:start position:0% +Ma and with the when you say the +facilitator's role is to disturb people + + align:start position:0% +facilitator's role is to disturb people + + + align:start position:0% +facilitator's role is to disturb people +and each person has a level of + + align:start position:0% +and each person has a level of + + + align:start position:0% +and each person has a level of +disturbance they can support without + + align:start position:0% +disturbance they can support without + + + align:start position:0% +disturbance they can support without +stress is it always good to not get them + + align:start position:0% +stress is it always good to not get them + + + align:start position:0% +stress is it always good to not get them +stressed because if you want to make + + align:start position:0% +stressed because if you want to make + + + align:start position:0% +stressed because if you want to make +really big change like I was reading + + align:start position:0% +really big change like I was reading + + + align:start position:0% +really big change like I was reading +about uh the South African TR Truth and + + align:start position:0% +about uh the South African TR Truth and + + + align:start position:0% +about uh the South African TR Truth and +Reconciliation Commission I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +Reconciliation Commission I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +Reconciliation Commission I mean it's +hard to imagine doing the process of + + align:start position:0% +hard to imagine doing the process of + + + align:start position:0% +hard to imagine doing the process of +post- aarti and figuring out what the + + align:start position:0% +post- aarti and figuring out what the + + + align:start position:0% +post- aarti and figuring out what the +country is going to look like without + + align:start position:0% +country is going to look like without + + + align:start position:0% +country is going to look like without +stressful people oh yes yes it's a + + align:start position:0% +stressful people oh yes yes it's a + + + align:start position:0% +stressful people oh yes yes it's a +decision you you need always to + + align:start position:0% +decision you you need always to + + + align:start position:0% +decision you you need always to +to to + + align:start position:0% +to to + + + align:start position:0% +to to +gauge to compare + + align:start position:0% +gauge to compare + + + align:start position:0% +gauge to compare +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +objective okay and at the same + + align:start position:0% +objective okay and at the same + + + align:start position:0% +objective okay and at the same +time the level of stress people is able + + align:start position:0% +time the level of stress people is able + + + align:start position:0% +time the level of stress people is able +to supp + + align:start position:0% +to supp + + + align:start position:0% +to supp +because if people not support the level + + align:start position:0% +because if people not support the level + + + align:start position:0% +because if people not support the level +of stress that you produce in them you + + align:start position:0% +of stress that you produce in them you + + + align:start position:0% +of stress that you produce in them you +cannot work with them you will produce a + + align:start position:0% +cannot work with them you will produce a + + + align:start position:0% +cannot work with them you will produce a +problem okay so it's better to work with + + align:start position:0% +problem okay so it's better to work with + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay so it's better to work with +another people to go + + align:start position:0% +another people to go + + + align:start position:0% +another people to go +forward + + align:start position:0% +forward + + + align:start position:0% +forward +but in some cases very difficult we need + + align:start position:0% +but in some cases very difficult we need + + + align:start position:0% +but in some cases very difficult we need +to increase the level increase the level + + align:start position:0% +to increase the level increase the level + + + align:start position:0% +to increase the level increase the level +increase the level until observing the + + align:start position:0% +increase the level until observing the + + + align:start position:0% +increase the level until observing the +the capacity of reaction people have + + align:start position:0% +the capacity of reaction people have + + + align:start position:0% +the capacity of reaction people have +because as you are more disruptive you + + align:start position:0% +because as you are more disruptive you + + + align:start position:0% +because as you are more disruptive you +get more new ideas in the + + align:start position:0% +get more new ideas in the + + + align:start position:0% +get more new ideas in the +process and then it seems to me then + + align:start position:0% +process and then it seems to me then + + + align:start position:0% +process and then it seems to me then +that the role of the facilitator is + + align:start position:0% +that the role of the facilitator is + + + align:start position:0% +that the role of the facilitator is +keeping as high a level of stress as + + align:start position:0% +keeping as high a level of stress as + + + align:start position:0% +keeping as high a level of stress as +possible well not making everyone break + + align:start position:0% +possible well not making everyone break + + + align:start position:0% +possible well not making everyone break +down something like that something like + + align:start position:0% +down something like that something like + + + align:start position:0% +down something like that something like +that and that's the art this is what yes + + align:start position:0% +that and that's the art this is what yes + + + align:start position:0% +that and that's the art this is what yes +this one of the roles of the facilitator + + align:start position:0% +this one of the roles of the facilitator + + + align:start position:0% +this one of the roles of the facilitator +okay yeah one of the + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah one of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah one of the +roles and yes but some some methods + + align:start position:0% +roles and yes but some some methods + + + align:start position:0% +roles and yes but some some methods +encourage uh excessive stress to break + + align:start position:0% +encourage uh excessive stress to break + + + align:start position:0% +encourage uh excessive stress to break +down bar you know for example um people + + align:start position:0% +down bar you know for example um people + + + align:start position:0% +down bar you know for example um people +uh take corporate Executives out to the + + align:start position:0% +uh take corporate Executives out to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh take corporate Executives out to the +woods and totally stress them out so + + align:start position:0% +woods and totally stress them out so + + + align:start position:0% +woods and totally stress them out so +that they can break down and then are + + align:start position:0% +that they can break down and then are + + + align:start position:0% +that they can break down and then are +able to reorganize their thinking and + + align:start position:0% +able to reorganize their thinking and + + + align:start position:0% +able to reorganize their thinking and +their behavior so it just depends on + + align:start position:0% +their behavior so it just depends on + + + align:start position:0% +their behavior so it just depends on +what stress is appropriate to + + align:start position:0% +what stress is appropriate to + + + align:start position:0% +what stress is appropriate to +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +ER and we are talking about the stress + + align:start position:0% +ER and we are talking about the stress + + + align:start position:0% +ER and we are talking about the stress +of reframing + + align:start position:0% +of reframing + + + align:start position:0% +of reframing +no not the stress of everyday life no + + align:start position:0% +no not the stress of everyday life no + + + align:start position:0% +no not the stress of everyday life no +that we needs to to to change the kind + + align:start position:0% +that we needs to to to change the kind + + + align:start position:0% +that we needs to to to change the kind +of stress no the reason to for go to + + align:start position:0% +of stress no the reason to for go to + + + align:start position:0% +of stress no the reason to for go to +some place I began to express to explain + + align:start position:0% +some place I began to express to explain + + + align:start position:0% +some place I began to express to explain +these ideas and I spent more time than I + + align:start position:0% +these ideas and I spent more time than I + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas and I spent more time than I +was assumed to + + align:start position:0% +was assumed to + + + align:start position:0% +was assumed to +use can you talk about the + + align:start position:0% +use can you talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +use can you talk about the +exercise of yesterday I think first it + + align:start position:0% +exercise of yesterday I think first it + + + align:start position:0% +exercise of yesterday I think first it +would be good it would be good to just + + align:start position:0% +would be good it would be good to just + + + align:start position:0% +would be good it would be good to just +clarify what the methodology of the + + align:start position:0% +clarify what the methodology of the + + + align:start position:0% +clarify what the methodology of the +exercise was okay um there were two two + + align:start position:0% +exercise was okay um there were two two + + + align:start position:0% +exercise was okay um there were two two +distinct phases in the exercise the + + align:start position:0% +distinct phases in the exercise the + + + align:start position:0% +distinct phases in the exercise the +first phase was to + + align:start position:0% +first phase was to + + + align:start position:0% +first phase was to +um you had we + + align:start position:0% +um you had we + + + align:start position:0% +um you had we +needed we needed an objetive + + align:start position:0% +needed we needed an objetive + + + align:start position:0% +needed we needed an objetive +analysis okay and that objetive analysis + + align:start position:0% +analysis okay and that objetive analysis + + + align:start position:0% +analysis okay and that objetive analysis +was some sort of espouse theory that we + + align:start position:0% +was some sort of espouse theory that we + + + align:start position:0% +was some sort of espouse theory that we +were going to analyze in order to + + align:start position:0% +were going to analyze in order to + + + align:start position:0% +were going to analyze in order to +identify that that uh theory in use the + + align:start position:0% +identify that that uh theory in use the + + + align:start position:0% +identify that that uh theory in use the +more tcid theory that that guides our + + align:start position:0% +more tcid theory that that guides our + + + align:start position:0% +more tcid theory that that guides our +actions so the problem was not it we + + align:start position:0% +actions so the problem was not it we + + + align:start position:0% +actions so the problem was not it we +gave you a problem so that you could + + align:start position:0% +gave you a problem so that you could + + + align:start position:0% +gave you a problem so that you could +identify some sort of solution or + + align:start position:0% +identify some sort of solution or + + + align:start position:0% +identify some sort of solution or +strategy which was going to be the + + align:start position:0% +strategy which was going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +strategy which was going to be the +object of + + align:start position:0% +object of + + + align:start position:0% +object of +analysis um the next the the second + + align:start position:0% +analysis um the next the the second + + + align:start position:0% +analysis um the next the the second +phase of the of the uh exercise was to + + align:start position:0% +phase of the of the uh exercise was to + + + align:start position:0% +phase of the of the uh exercise was to +put the problem aside really and just + + align:start position:0% +put the problem aside really and just + + + align:start position:0% +put the problem aside really and just +look at the what what was behind our + + align:start position:0% +look at the what what was behind our + + + align:start position:0% +look at the what what was behind our +reasoning when we defined the problem as + + align:start position:0% +reasoning when we defined the problem as + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning when we defined the problem as +did and then determine the solution that + + align:start position:0% +did and then determine the solution that + + + align:start position:0% +did and then determine the solution that +we did so then we had to operate in a + + align:start position:0% +we did so then we had to operate in a + + + align:start position:0% +we did so then we had to operate in a +different level of analysis where we + + align:start position:0% +different level of analysis where we + + + align:start position:0% +different level of analysis where we +were really trying to get into the minds + + align:start position:0% +were really trying to get into the minds + + + align:start position:0% +were really trying to get into the minds +of the groups that were + + align:start position:0% +of the groups that were + + + align:start position:0% +of the groups that were +presenting um so the second phase we had + + align:start position:0% +presenting um so the second phase we had + + + align:start position:0% +presenting um so the second phase we had +to what we were trying to do was become + + align:start position:0% +to what we were trying to do was become + + + align:start position:0% +to what we were trying to do was become +aware of the assumptions like that there + + align:start position:0% +aware of the assumptions like that there + + + align:start position:0% +aware of the assumptions like that there +are assumptions in our our reasoning and + + align:start position:0% +are assumptions in our our reasoning and + + + align:start position:0% +are assumptions in our our reasoning and +our logic um and then also train our + + align:start position:0% +our logic um and then also train our + + + align:start position:0% +our logic um and then also train our +ourselves to think of of questions that + + align:start position:0% +ourselves to think of of questions that + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves to think of of questions that +help people identify those + + align:start position:0% +help people identify those + + + align:start position:0% +help people identify those +assumptions and and lastly we were + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and and lastly we were + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and and lastly we were +looking at how identifying the + + align:start position:0% +looking at how identifying the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at how identifying the +assumptions of themselves like trying to + + align:start position:0% +assumptions of themselves like trying to + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions of themselves like trying to +do that and so if you look at some of + + align:start position:0% +do that and so if you look at some of + + + align:start position:0% +do that and so if you look at some of +the the results of what you came up with + + align:start position:0% +the the results of what you came up with + + + align:start position:0% +the the results of what you came up with +I mean you were for the first group a + + align:start position:0% +I mean you were for the first group a + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you were for the first group a +major assumption was the you know the + + align:start position:0% +major assumption was the you know the + + + align:start position:0% +major assumption was the you know the +police that that there's some sort of + + align:start position:0% +police that that there's some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +police that that there's some sort of +racial profile in at the police level so + + align:start position:0% +racial profile in at the police level so + + + align:start position:0% +racial profile in at the police level so +police pay more attention to black + + align:start position:0% +police pay more attention to black + + + align:start position:0% +police pay more attention to black +people than whites or or white kids that + + align:start position:0% +people than whites or or white kids that + + + align:start position:0% +people than whites or or white kids that +get caught don't enter the system don't + + align:start position:0% +get caught don't enter the system don't + + + align:start position:0% +get caught don't enter the system don't +get referred to the juvenile court + + align:start position:0% +get referred to the juvenile court + + + align:start position:0% +get referred to the juvenile court +system for the second group you had some + + align:start position:0% +system for the second group you had some + + + align:start position:0% +system for the second group you had some +interesting assumptions here about + + align:start position:0% +interesting assumptions here about + + + align:start position:0% +interesting assumptions here about +prevention the idea that prevention will + + align:start position:0% +prevention the idea that prevention will + + + align:start position:0% +prevention the idea that prevention will +reduce like if if you give people more + + align:start position:0% +reduce like if if you give people more + + + align:start position:0% +reduce like if if you give people more +choices there will be le they will + + align:start position:0% +choices there will be le they will + + + align:start position:0% +choices there will be le they will +choose there will be less likely to + + align:start position:0% +choose there will be less likely to + + + align:start position:0% +choose there will be less likely to +commit crimes or to choose crime um or + + align:start position:0% +commit crimes or to choose crime um or + + + align:start position:0% +commit crimes or to choose crime um or +if you don't have other choices you will + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have other choices you will + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have other choices you will +choose crime these were these were some + + align:start position:0% +choose crime these were these were some + + + align:start position:0% +choose crime these were these were some +of the assumptions and for the last + + align:start position:0% +of the assumptions and for the last + + + align:start position:0% +of the assumptions and for the last +group you had an interesting assumption + + align:start position:0% +group you had an interesting assumption + + + align:start position:0% +group you had an interesting assumption +which is if your basic material needs + + align:start position:0% +which is if your basic material needs + + + align:start position:0% +which is if your basic material needs +are met then people are less likely to + + align:start position:0% +are met then people are less likely to + + + align:start position:0% +are met then people are less likely to +commit a + + align:start position:0% +commit a + + + align:start position:0% +commit a +crime + + align:start position:0% +crime + + + align:start position:0% +crime +so that's just that you know we were we + + align:start position:0% +so that's just that you know we were we + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just that you know we were we +got to identify the assumptions now what + + align:start position:0% +got to identify the assumptions now what + + + align:start position:0% +got to identify the assumptions now what +we if if you look at that last slide + + align:start position:0% +we if if you look at that last slide + + + align:start position:0% +we if if you look at that last slide +that that seasal presented yesterday + + align:start position:0% +that that seasal presented yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +that that seasal presented yesterday +there were certain steps for you to + + align:start position:0% +there were certain steps for you to + + + align:start position:0% +there were certain steps for you to +identify that theory in use and the + + align:start position:0% +identify that theory in use and the + + + align:start position:0% +identify that theory in use and the +first step was to + + align:start position:0% +first step was to + + + align:start position:0% +first step was to +identify the + + align:start position:0% +identify the + + + align:start position:0% +identify the +assumptions be + + align:start position:0% +assumptions be + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions be +behind that the logic of that espouse + + align:start position:0% +behind that the logic of that espouse + + + align:start position:0% +behind that the logic of that espouse +theory that the strategy that you that + + align:start position:0% +theory that the strategy that you that + + + align:start position:0% +theory that the strategy that you that +you are that you say you are taking to + + align:start position:0% +you are that you say you are taking to + + + align:start position:0% +you are that you say you are taking to +solve a specific problem um what we + + align:start position:0% +solve a specific problem um what we + + + align:start position:0% +solve a specific problem um what we +didn't get to do which we can do at + + align:start position:0% +didn't get to do which we can do at + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get to do which we can do at +another time if we want is to actually + + align:start position:0% +another time if we want is to actually + + + align:start position:0% +another time if we want is to actually +see how the assumptions what the + + align:start position:0% +see how the assumptions what the + + + align:start position:0% +see how the assumptions what the +sequence of the assumptions are because + + align:start position:0% +sequence of the assumptions are because + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of the assumptions are because +through that exercise you can get to the + + align:start position:0% +through that exercise you can get to the + + + align:start position:0% +through that exercise you can get to the +to that underlying Theory the theory in + + align:start position:0% +to that underlying Theory the theory in + + + align:start position:0% +to that underlying Theory the theory in +use um so just to get you and I just to + + align:start position:0% +use um so just to get you and I just to + + + align:start position:0% +use um so just to get you and I just to +this just so you know that that we + + align:start position:0% +this just so you know that that we + + + align:start position:0% +this just so you know that that we +started to try to get at that theory in + + align:start position:0% +started to try to get at that theory in + + + align:start position:0% +started to try to get at that theory in +use but we haven't + + align:start position:0% +use but we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +use but we haven't +finished um so at some point we we could + + align:start position:0% +finished um so at some point we we could + + + align:start position:0% +finished um so at some point we we could +do we could try to complete the exercise + + align:start position:0% +do we could try to complete the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +do we could try to complete the exercise +um one afternoon either this afternoon + + align:start position:0% +um one afternoon either this afternoon + + + align:start position:0% +um one afternoon either this afternoon +or sometime next week if if this is of + + align:start position:0% +or sometime next week if if this is of + + + align:start position:0% +or sometime next week if if this is of +interest to + + align:start position:0% +interest to + + + align:start position:0% +interest to +you but I think we didn't make that + + align:start position:0% +you but I think we didn't make that + + + align:start position:0% +you but I think we didn't make that +explicit you know we just kind of threw + + align:start position:0% +explicit you know we just kind of threw + + + align:start position:0% +explicit you know we just kind of threw +you in in the exercise and you went + + align:start position:0% +you in in the exercise and you went + + + align:start position:0% +you in in the exercise and you went +through it Without Really knowing what + + align:start position:0% +through it Without Really knowing what + + + align:start position:0% +through it Without Really knowing what +the what the process was like so I think + + align:start position:0% +the what the process was like so I think + + + align:start position:0% +the what the process was like so I think +it may be helpful for you to know what + + align:start position:0% +it may be helpful for you to know what + + + align:start position:0% +it may be helpful for you to know what +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so now we were interested in knowing + + align:start position:0% +so now we were interested in knowing + + + align:start position:0% +so now we were interested in knowing +what your what your impressions were + + align:start position:0% +what your what your impressions were + + + align:start position:0% +what your what your impressions were +like how you feel about yesterday's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise + + align:start position:0% +exercise + + + align:start position:0% +exercise +CL just + + align:start position:0% +CL just + + + align:start position:0% +CL just +for putting in graphically what you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +said the first part of the X exercise + + align:start position:0% +said the first part of the X exercise + + + align:start position:0% +said the first part of the X exercise +was the creation of an object the object + + align:start position:0% +was the creation of an object the object + + + align:start position:0% +was the creation of an object the object +was an spous theory about the + + align:start position:0% +was an spous theory about the + + + align:start position:0% +was an spous theory about the +issue the second part of the exercise + + align:start position:0% +issue the second part of the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +issue the second part of the exercise +was the an the analysis of this + + align:start position:0% +was the an the analysis of this + + + align:start position:0% +was the an the analysis of this +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +and these are very + + align:start position:0% +and these are very + + + align:start position:0% +and these are very +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +activity we had planted a + + align:start position:0% +activity we had planted a + + + align:start position:0% +activity we had planted a +third part that was not possible to Care + + align:start position:0% +third part that was not possible to Care + + + align:start position:0% +third part that was not possible to Care +on is the discovery of the theory in use + + align:start position:0% +on is the discovery of the theory in use + + + align:start position:0% +on is the discovery of the theory in use +we stop at the exercise + + align:start position:0% +we stop at the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +we stop at the exercise +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no and for the participants was not + + align:start position:0% +no and for the participants was not + + + align:start position:0% +no and for the participants was not +clear in some cases the kind of analysis + + align:start position:0% +clear in some cases the kind of analysis + + + align:start position:0% +clear in some cases the kind of analysis +we were doing here and the kind of + + align:start position:0% +we were doing here and the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing here and the kind of +analysis where we were doing the second + + align:start position:0% +analysis where we were doing the second + + + align:start position:0% +analysis where we were doing the second +part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so how do you feel about your + + align:start position:0% +okay so so how do you feel about your + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so how do you feel about your +stream + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise thought it was great helpful to + + align:start position:0% +exercise thought it was great helpful to + + + align:start position:0% +exercise thought it was great helpful to +see kind of all the underlying cognitive + + align:start position:0% +see kind of all the underlying cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +see kind of all the underlying cognitive +processes and biases that we all have I + + align:start position:0% +processes and biases that we all have I + + + align:start position:0% +processes and biases that we all have I +mean I don't mean bias in a negative way + + align:start position:0% +mean I don't mean bias in a negative way + + + align:start position:0% +mean I don't mean bias in a negative way +but it's just we all go in a particular + + align:start position:0% +but it's just we all go in a particular + + + align:start position:0% +but it's just we all go in a particular +frame and you know we have the same same + + align:start position:0% +frame and you know we have the same same + + + align:start position:0% +frame and you know we have the same same +one sheet of data and you know you get + + align:start position:0% +one sheet of data and you know you get + + + align:start position:0% +one sheet of data and you know you get +all this off to that pretty + + align:start position:0% +all this off to that pretty + + + align:start position:0% +all this off to that pretty +illustrative how complex we are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +underneath I think in this part it was + + align:start position:0% +underneath I think in this part it was + + + align:start position:0% +underneath I think in this part it was +sometimes it was difficult because we + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it was difficult because we + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it was difficult because we +are so it's uh attached I mean the the + + align:start position:0% +are so it's uh attached I mean the the + + + align:start position:0% +are so it's uh attached I mean the the +problem is a is a problem that we feel + + align:start position:0% +problem is a is a problem that we feel + + + align:start position:0% +problem is a is a problem that we feel +very uh strongly about right it it it + + align:start position:0% +very uh strongly about right it it it + + + align:start position:0% +very uh strongly about right it it it +causes us to and it's very emotional for + + align:start position:0% +causes us to and it's very emotional for + + + align:start position:0% +causes us to and it's very emotional for +a lot of people so often we just kept + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people so often we just kept + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people so often we just kept +going back to analyze the problem + + align:start position:0% +going back to analyze the problem + + + align:start position:0% +going back to analyze the problem +instead of remaining at that just + + align:start position:0% +instead of remaining at that just + + + align:start position:0% +instead of remaining at that just +analyzing the espouse Theory remaining + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the espouse Theory remaining + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the espouse Theory remaining +at a more cognitive level we just kept + + align:start position:0% +at a more cognitive level we just kept + + + align:start position:0% +at a more cognitive level we just kept +going back to the problem at times + + align:start position:0% +going back to the problem at times + + + align:start position:0% +going back to the problem at times +so here the analysis is of the social + + align:start position:0% +so here the analysis is of the social + + + align:start position:0% +so here the analysis is of the social +issue here the analysis is of the + + align:start position:0% +issue here the analysis is of the + + + align:start position:0% +issue here the analysis is of the +underlying logic with with we were + + align:start position:0% +underlying logic with with we were + + + align:start position:0% +underlying logic with with we were +thinking about the social issue no we + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the social issue no we + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the social issue no we +have these two + + align:start position:0% +have these two + + + align:start position:0% +have these two +moments I think that we can go forward + + align:start position:0% +moments I think that we can go forward + + + align:start position:0% +moments I think that we can go forward +okay okay thank you very much now we + + align:start position:0% +okay okay thank you very much now we + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay thank you very much now we +will make a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +will make a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +will make a very interesting +exercise I + + align:start position:0% +exercise I + + + align:start position:0% +exercise I +will make a very brief + + align:start position:0% +will make a very brief + + + align:start position:0% +will make a very brief +presentation before that okay and we + + align:start position:0% +presentation before that okay and we + + + align:start position:0% +presentation before that okay and we +will make an exercise with with + + align:start position:0% +will make an exercise with with + + + align:start position:0% +will make an exercise with with +for we was talking with working with him + + align:start position:0% +for we was talking with working with him + + + align:start position:0% +for we was talking with working with him +today early very + + align:start position:0% +today early very + + + align:start position:0% +today early very +early and after that we will make an + + align:start position:0% +early and after that we will make an + + + align:start position:0% +early and after that we will make an +exercise among all all we all us can you + + align:start position:0% +exercise among all all we all us can you + + + align:start position:0% +exercise among all all we all us can you +project and need to close the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shades yes yes should + + align:start position:0% +shades yes yes should + + + align:start position:0% +shades yes yes should +be yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay can you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +project in the course we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was we have planed to talk with you + + align:start position:0% +was we have planed to talk with you + + + align:start position:0% +was we have planed to talk with you +about virtual wordss today but we + + align:start position:0% +about virtual wordss today but we + + + align:start position:0% +about virtual wordss today but we +expanded the concept for talking about + + align:start position:0% +expanded the concept for talking about + + + align:start position:0% +expanded the concept for talking about +visual words and mental models + + align:start position:0% +visual words and mental models + + + align:start position:0% +visual words and mental models +okay the concept of mental models that + + align:start position:0% +okay the concept of mental models that + + + align:start position:0% +okay the concept of mental models that +we will use is concrete mental models is + + align:start position:0% +we will use is concrete mental models is + + + align:start position:0% +we will use is concrete mental models is +not exactly the same concept that Peter + + align:start position:0% +not exactly the same concept that Peter + + + align:start position:0% +not exactly the same concept that Peter +S uses in his book The Fifth Discipline + + align:start position:0% +S uses in his book The Fifth Discipline + + + align:start position:0% +S uses in his book The Fifth Discipline +in his book Peter S Define mental model + + align:start position:0% +in his book Peter S Define mental model + + + align:start position:0% +in his book Peter S Define mental model +as a a framework that we use for + + align:start position:0% +as a a framework that we use for + + + align:start position:0% +as a a framework that we use for +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +situations a general framework and we + + align:start position:0% +situations a general framework and we + + + align:start position:0% +situations a general framework and we +apply this same framework in different + + align:start position:0% +apply this same framework in different + + + align:start position:0% +apply this same framework in different +situations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the case that we will consider now + + align:start position:0% +and the case that we will consider now + + + align:start position:0% +and the case that we will consider now +are models that we construct in our mind + + align:start position:0% +are models that we construct in our mind + + + align:start position:0% +are models that we construct in our mind +for specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tasks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we always associate this kind of + + align:start position:0% +and we always associate this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and we always associate this kind of +virtual words and mental models with + + align:start position:0% +virtual words and mental models with + + + align:start position:0% +virtual words and mental models with +computers but most of the cases we have + + align:start position:0% +computers but most of the cases we have + + + align:start position:0% +computers but most of the cases we have +them in our mind and you we use it every + + align:start position:0% +them in our mind and you we use it every + + + align:start position:0% +them in our mind and you we use it every +day okay it's almost like a an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +day okay it's almost like a an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +day okay it's almost like a an algorithm +or her istic to deal with a particular + + align:start position:0% +or her istic to deal with a particular + + + align:start position:0% +or her istic to deal with a particular +situation yes yes the the group of + + align:start position:0% +situation yes yes the the group of + + + align:start position:0% +situation yes yes the the group of +algorithm we use + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we use + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we use +no the most easy to understand + + align:start position:0% +no the most easy to understand + + + align:start position:0% +no the most easy to understand +is the design of an + + align:start position:0% +is the design of an + + + align:start position:0% +is the design of an +architect he makes the design but he he + + align:start position:0% +architect he makes the design but he he + + + align:start position:0% +architect he makes the design but he he +don't see the design he doesn't see the + + align:start position:0% +don't see the design he doesn't see the + + + align:start position:0% +don't see the design he doesn't see the +design what he sees is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +building he's work he he works with the + + align:start position:0% +building he's work he he works with the + + + align:start position:0% +building he's work he he works with the +building his mind with an an image of + + align:start position:0% +building his mind with an an image of + + + align:start position:0% +building his mind with an an image of +the building his mind he used the the + + align:start position:0% +the building his mind he used the the + + + align:start position:0% +the building his mind he used the the +lines just for stimulate his + + align:start position:0% +lines just for stimulate his + + + align:start position:0% +lines just for stimulate his +imagination okay he take a look when he + + align:start position:0% +imagination okay he take a look when he + + + align:start position:0% +imagination okay he take a look when he +looks the the design the image of the + + align:start position:0% +looks the the design the image of the + + + align:start position:0% +looks the the design the image of the +building grows clear in his + + align:start position:0% +building grows clear in his + + + align:start position:0% +building grows clear in his +mind okay and and when they talk among + + align:start position:0% +mind okay and and when they talk among + + + align:start position:0% +mind okay and and when they talk among +them they are talking about not of the + + align:start position:0% +them they are talking about not of the + + + align:start position:0% +them they are talking about not of the +design not of the drawing but they are + + align:start position:0% +design not of the drawing but they are + + + align:start position:0% +design not of the drawing but they are +talking about the images they have in + + align:start position:0% +talking about the images they have in + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the images they have in +their minds in the book reflective + + align:start position:0% +their minds in the book reflective + + + align:start position:0% +their minds in the book reflective +practitioner they use very + + align:start position:0% +practitioner they use very + + + align:start position:0% +practitioner they use very +telegraphic + + align:start position:0% +telegraphic + + + align:start position:0% +telegraphic +communication the only way that this + + align:start position:0% +communication the only way that this + + + align:start position:0% +communication the only way that this +telegraphic communication may work is + + align:start position:0% +telegraphic communication may work is + + + align:start position:0% +telegraphic communication may work is +because they share the same image of the + + align:start position:0% +because they share the same image of the + + + align:start position:0% +because they share the same image of the +building + + align:start position:0% +building + + + align:start position:0% +building +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +architect + + align:start position:0% +architect + + + align:start position:0% +architect +evaluate how his his design is + + align:start position:0% +evaluate how his his design is + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate how his his design is +evolving using his image in his + + align:start position:0% +evolving using his image in his + + + align:start position:0% +evolving using his image in his +mind he Compares His image with some + + align:start position:0% +mind he Compares His image with some + + + align:start position:0% +mind he Compares His image with some +values or some criterias or some + + align:start position:0% +values or some criterias or some + + + align:start position:0% +values or some criterias or some +expectation that he has for his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +building okay he always work with this + + align:start position:0% +building okay he always work with this + + + align:start position:0% +building okay he always work with this +we common + + align:start position:0% +we common + + + align:start position:0% +we common +people who are not trained in this + + align:start position:0% +people who are not trained in this + + + align:start position:0% +people who are not trained in this +perhaps someone of you are I am + + align:start position:0% +perhaps someone of you are I am + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps someone of you are I am +not we need not a virtual object we need + + align:start position:0% +not we need not a virtual object we need + + + align:start position:0% +not we need not a virtual object we need +a small building to look at for + + align:start position:0% +a small building to look at for + + + align:start position:0% +a small building to look at for +stimulate our mind okay but they don't + + align:start position:0% +stimulate our mind okay but they don't + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate our mind okay but they don't +need the the object they just need some + + align:start position:0% +need the the object they just need some + + + align:start position:0% +need the the object they just need some +small lines and the image comes up in + + align:start position:0% +small lines and the image comes up in + + + align:start position:0% +small lines and the image comes up in +their minds okay they have this kind of + + align:start position:0% +their minds okay they have this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +their minds okay they have this kind of +training + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the + + align:start position:0% +okay the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the +psychologist he has a much more abstract + + align:start position:0% +psychologist he has a much more abstract + + + align:start position:0% +psychologist he has a much more abstract +model in his + + align:start position:0% +model in his + + + align:start position:0% +model in his +mind indeed I try to + + align:start position:0% +mind indeed I try to + + + align:start position:0% +mind indeed I try to +explain he works with two two + + align:start position:0% +explain he works with two two + + + align:start position:0% +explain he works with two two +models one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +he he + + align:start position:0% +he he + + + align:start position:0% +he he +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +h a portfolio of cases of disease + + align:start position:0% +h a portfolio of cases of disease + + + align:start position:0% +h a portfolio of cases of disease +disease when he talks with with the + + align:start position:0% +disease when he talks with with the + + + align:start position:0% +disease when he talks with with the +client at the + + align:start position:0% +client at the + + + align:start position:0% +client at the +first ER opportunity he tries to compare + + align:start position:0% +first ER opportunity he tries to compare + + + align:start position:0% +first ER opportunity he tries to compare +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +compare the case some features of the + + align:start position:0% +compare the case some features of the + + + align:start position:0% +compare the case some features of the +case with his + + align:start position:0% +case with his + + + align:start position:0% +case with his +portfolio after a time he select one and + + align:start position:0% +portfolio after a time he select one and + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio after a time he select one and +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +says this case is a32 + + align:start position:0% +says this case is a32 + + + align:start position:0% +says this case is a32 +okay after that he will + + align:start position:0% +okay after that he will + + + align:start position:0% +okay after that he will +work with this case in his mind his he + + align:start position:0% +work with this case in his mind his he + + + align:start position:0% +work with this case in his mind his he +has a model of the the disease and he + + align:start position:0% +has a model of the the disease and he + + + align:start position:0% +has a model of the the disease and he +introduced the particularities of the + + align:start position:0% +introduced the particularities of the + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the particularities of the +client and he works with this model in + + align:start position:0% +client and he works with this model in + + + align:start position:0% +client and he works with this model in +his mind when he's talking with the + + align:start position:0% +his mind when he's talking with the + + + align:start position:0% +his mind when he's talking with the +client each phrase of the client go + + align:start position:0% +client each phrase of the client go + + + align:start position:0% +client each phrase of the client go +through this model and is interpreted + + align:start position:0% +through this model and is interpreted + + + align:start position:0% +through this model and is interpreted +through this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model the main two that he use he uses + + align:start position:0% +model the main two that he use he uses + + + align:start position:0% +model the main two that he use he uses +is this + + align:start position:0% +is this + + + align:start position:0% +is this +model if things not work he need to come + + align:start position:0% +model if things not work he need to come + + + align:start position:0% +model if things not work he need to come +to his model and change his model to + + align:start position:0% +to his model and change his model to + + + align:start position:0% +to his model and change his model to +make it more + + align:start position:0% +make it more + + + align:start position:0% +make it more +robust + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay the + + align:start position:0% +okay the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the +dentist the dentist is drilling our + + align:start position:0% +dentist the dentist is drilling our + + + align:start position:0% +dentist the dentist is drilling our +tooth okay it's not agreeable something + + align:start position:0% +tooth okay it's not agreeable something + + + align:start position:0% +tooth okay it's not agreeable something +like that but I asked my dentist what + + align:start position:0% +like that but I asked my dentist what + + + align:start position:0% +like that but I asked my dentist what +what are you saying when you are + + align:start position:0% +what are you saying when you are + + + align:start position:0% +what are you saying when you are +drilling my tooth and she explained me + + align:start position:0% +drilling my tooth and she explained me + + + align:start position:0% +drilling my tooth and she explained me +very clearly she said I see a very big + + align:start position:0% +very clearly she said I see a very big + + + align:start position:0% +very clearly she said I see a very big +image of your + + align:start position:0% +image of your + + + align:start position:0% +image of your +tools a big tools and each touch I make + + align:start position:0% +tools a big tools and each touch I make + + + align:start position:0% +tools a big tools and each touch I make +in your tools I connect this touch with + + align:start position:0% +in your tools I connect this touch with + + + align:start position:0% +in your tools I connect this touch with +my image I image that the drill is in + + align:start position:0% +my image I image that the drill is in + + + align:start position:0% +my image I image that the drill is in +some place of the image I have and based + + align:start position:0% +some place of the image I have and based + + + align:start position:0% +some place of the image I have and based +on this image I press in One Direction + + align:start position:0% +on this image I press in One Direction + + + align:start position:0% +on this image I press in One Direction +or in another + + align:start position:0% +or in another + + + align:start position:0% +or in another +Direction so H she has a mechanism for + + align:start position:0% +Direction so H she has a mechanism for + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so H she has a mechanism for +interpreting the + + align:start position:0% +interpreting the + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting the +touch I talking with another dentist and + + align:start position:0% +touch I talking with another dentist and + + + align:start position:0% +touch I talking with another dentist and +he informed me that now they are + + align:start position:0% +he informed me that now they are + + + align:start position:0% +he informed me that now they are +creating a very small camera with optic + + align:start position:0% +creating a very small camera with optic + + + align:start position:0% +creating a very small camera with optic +fiber that it's possible to put inside + + align:start position:0% +fiber that it's possible to put inside + + + align:start position:0% +fiber that it's possible to put inside +the tooth and to project it in a big + + align:start position:0% +the tooth and to project it in a big + + + align:start position:0% +the tooth and to project it in a big +so the the the kind of image that some + + align:start position:0% +so the the the kind of image that some + + + align:start position:0% +so the the the kind of image that some +people uses in in in their mind they are + + align:start position:0% +people uses in in in their mind they are + + + align:start position:0% +people uses in in in their mind they are +creating technology for for make it + + align:start position:0% +creating technology for for make it + + + align:start position:0% +creating technology for for make it +easier no to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT yesterday we were talking about + + align:start position:0% +MIT yesterday we were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +MIT yesterday we were talking about +this each student has a map of + + align:start position:0% +this each student has a map of + + + align:start position:0% +this each student has a map of +MIT + + align:start position:0% +MIT + + + align:start position:0% +MIT +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it depends of the quality of the + + align:start position:0% +and it depends of the quality of the + + + align:start position:0% +and it depends of the quality of the +maps the capacity of the person for + + align:start position:0% +maps the capacity of the person for + + + align:start position:0% +maps the capacity of the person for +taking initiative + + align:start position:0% +taking initiative + + + align:start position:0% +taking initiative +here if I know where the resources are + + align:start position:0% +here if I know where the resources are + + + align:start position:0% +here if I know where the resources are +and where are the people that can enable + + align:start position:0% +and where are the people that can enable + + + align:start position:0% +and where are the people that can enable +these resources for me I can make my + + align:start position:0% +these resources for me I can make my + + + align:start position:0% +these resources for me I can make my +much more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actions if I don't know where the + + align:start position:0% +actions if I don't know where the + + + align:start position:0% +actions if I don't know where the +resources are or I don't know people to + + align:start position:0% +resources are or I don't know people to + + + align:start position:0% +resources are or I don't know people to +to talk with to ask them to access to + + align:start position:0% +to talk with to ask them to access to + + + align:start position:0% +to talk with to ask them to access to +these resources I can't I I stay + + align:start position:0% +these resources I can't I I stay + + + align:start position:0% +these resources I can't I I stay +immobilized + + align:start position:0% +immobilized + + + align:start position:0% +immobilized +okay throughout the year we try to + + align:start position:0% +okay throughout the year we try to + + + align:start position:0% +okay throughout the year we try to +improve this model as fast as + + align:start position:0% +improve this model as fast as + + + align:start position:0% +improve this model as fast as +possible it's very it should be great to + + align:start position:0% +possible it's very it should be great to + + + align:start position:0% +possible it's very it should be great to +compare different models of MIT each + + align:start position:0% +compare different models of MIT each + + + align:start position:0% +compare different models of MIT each +maps of MIT each one of us have and we + + align:start position:0% +maps of MIT each one of us have and we + + + align:start position:0% +maps of MIT each one of us have and we +can see the kind of initiative we are + + align:start position:0% +can see the kind of initiative we are + + + align:start position:0% +can see the kind of initiative we are +able to to do Bas it on on these + + align:start position:0% +able to to do Bas it on on these + + + align:start position:0% +able to to do Bas it on on these +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +Maps Okay okay + + align:start position:0% +Maps Okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +Maps Okay okay +and this is + + align:start position:0% +and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and this is +a description very + + align:start position:0% +a description very + + + align:start position:0% +a description very +simplified of the + + align:start position:0% +simplified of the + + + align:start position:0% +simplified of the +process one is to identify the image we + + align:start position:0% +process one is to identify the image we + + + align:start position:0% +process one is to identify the image we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +okay if it if it is an image and + + align:start position:0% +okay if it if it is an image and + + + align:start position:0% +okay if it if it is an image and +describe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it after we make a very brief + + align:start position:0% +it after we make a very brief + + + align:start position:0% +it after we make a very brief +description of this image we need to go + + align:start position:0% +description of this image we need to go + + + align:start position:0% +description of this image we need to go +through the use how we use this image + + align:start position:0% +through the use how we use this image + + + align:start position:0% +through the use how we use this image +because analyzing the use we we + + align:start position:0% +because analyzing the use we we + + + align:start position:0% +because analyzing the use we we +identify the functional components of + + align:start position:0% +identify the functional components of + + + align:start position:0% +identify the functional components of +this image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the use is an activity we can + + align:start position:0% +okay the use is an activity we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay the use is an activity we can +analiz this activity why we make this + + align:start position:0% +analiz this activity why we make this + + + align:start position:0% +analiz this activity why we make this +particular use why we go to some places + + align:start position:0% +particular use why we go to some places + + + align:start position:0% +particular use why we go to some places +for making this activity and we may + + align:start position:0% +for making this activity and we may + + + align:start position:0% +for making this activity and we may +discover the function of this place if + + align:start position:0% +discover the function of this place if + + + align:start position:0% +discover the function of this place if +it is a place + + align:start position:0% +it is a place + + + align:start position:0% +it is a place +or a + + align:start position:0% +or a + + + align:start position:0% +or a +person so the the the method is to + + align:start position:0% +person so the the the method is to + + + align:start position:0% +person so the the the method is to +reconstruct the action and analyze the + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the action and analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the action and analyze the +action okay for disc for discovering the + + align:start position:0% +action okay for disc for discovering the + + + align:start position:0% +action okay for disc for discovering the +functions of the components of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model if is abstract it's very + + align:start position:0% +model if is abstract it's very + + + align:start position:0% +model if is abstract it's very +similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but we need a concrete + + align:start position:0% +but we need a concrete + + + align:start position:0% +but we need a concrete +case and go go through the case how we + + align:start position:0% +case and go go through the case how we + + + align:start position:0% +case and go go through the case how we +we us it our + + align:start position:0% +we us it our + + + align:start position:0% +we us it our +framework in our mind + + align:start position:0% +framework in our mind + + + align:start position:0% +framework in our mind +for working on on this case and began to + + align:start position:0% +for working on on this case and began to + + + align:start position:0% +for working on on this case and began to +represent these components + + align:start position:0% +represent these components + + + align:start position:0% +represent these components +okay H do you understand that this is an + + align:start position:0% +okay H do you understand that this is an + + + align:start position:0% +okay H do you understand that this is an +activity that that we need to do many + + align:start position:0% +activity that that we need to do many + + + align:start position:0% +activity that that we need to do many +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +no it's it's not easy to just to + + align:start position:0% +no it's it's not easy to just to + + + align:start position:0% +no it's it's not easy to just to +describe it + + align:start position:0% +describe it + + + align:start position:0% +describe it +completely we should do improve it many + + align:start position:0% +completely we should do improve it many + + + align:start position:0% +completely we should do improve it many +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +times that's all I like to talk with + + align:start position:0% +times that's all I like to talk with + + + align:start position:0% +times that's all I like to talk with +you can you explain why we want to know + + align:start position:0% +you can you explain why we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +you can you explain why we want to know +what our mental models are uh yes why no + + align:start position:0% +what our mental models are uh yes why no + + + align:start position:0% +what our mental models are uh yes why no +why are you are are we expend our + + align:start position:0% +why are you are are we expend our + + + align:start position:0% +why are you are are we expend our +time in these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions one is + + align:start position:0% +questions one is + + + align:start position:0% +questions one is +that when we are working with different + + align:start position:0% +that when we are working with different + + + align:start position:0% +that when we are working with different +people we + + align:start position:0% +people we + + + align:start position:0% +people we +need to be able to understand their + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to understand their + + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to understand their +mental + + align:start position:0% +mental + + + align:start position:0% +mental +models because they are resoning they + + align:start position:0% +models because they are resoning they + + + align:start position:0% +models because they are resoning they +are talking with us but they are + + align:start position:0% +are talking with us but they are + + + align:start position:0% +are talking with us but they are +resoning with their mental + + align:start position:0% +resoning with their mental + + + align:start position:0% +resoning with their mental +models and any word I pron I say to them + + align:start position:0% +models and any word I pron I say to them + + + align:start position:0% +models and any word I pron I say to them +they interpret my word they give meaning + + align:start position:0% +they interpret my word they give meaning + + + align:start position:0% +they interpret my word they give meaning +to my word through their mental + + align:start position:0% +to my word through their mental + + + align:start position:0% +to my word through their mental +models okay I may say the same phrase + + align:start position:0% +models okay I may say the same phrase + + + align:start position:0% +models okay I may say the same phrase +for different people the same phrase and + + align:start position:0% +for different people the same phrase and + + + align:start position:0% +for different people the same phrase and +they will interpret the phrase + + align:start position:0% +they will interpret the phrase + + + align:start position:0% +they will interpret the phrase +differently + + align:start position:0% +differently + + + align:start position:0% +differently +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +for make making possible first of all to + + align:start position:0% +for make making possible first of all to + + + align:start position:0% +for make making possible first of all to +communicate my ideas to the + + align:start position:0% +communicate my ideas to the + + + align:start position:0% +communicate my ideas to the +persons the other thing is + + align:start position:0% +persons the other thing is + + + align:start position:0% +persons the other thing is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +like we are not aware of our mental + + align:start position:0% +like we are not aware of our mental + + + align:start position:0% +like we are not aware of our mental +models we are not aware and people + + align:start position:0% +models we are not aware and people + + + align:start position:0% +models we are not aware and people +with whom we are working they don't they + + align:start position:0% +with whom we are working they don't they + + + align:start position:0% +with whom we are working they don't they +are not aware of their mental models + + align:start position:0% +are not aware of their mental models + + + align:start position:0% +are not aware of their mental models +okay and I I'm sure you are clear about + + align:start position:0% +okay and I I'm sure you are clear about + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I I'm sure you are clear about +that the mental models are + + align:start position:0% +that the mental models are + + + align:start position:0% +that the mental models are +tcid okay we just use them but we are + + align:start position:0% +tcid okay we just use them but we are + + + align:start position:0% +tcid okay we just use them but we are +not we don't understand their main + + align:start position:0% +not we don't understand their main + + + align:start position:0% +not we don't understand their main +features so the relation May evolve + + align:start position:0% +features so the relation May evolve + + + align:start position:0% +features so the relation May evolve +differently than + + align:start position:0% +differently than + + + align:start position:0% +differently than +planet people may react in a way that I + + align:start position:0% +planet people may react in a way that I + + + align:start position:0% +planet people may react in a way that I +was not waiting this kind of + + align:start position:0% +was not waiting this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +was not waiting this kind of +reaction people may interpret our + + align:start position:0% +reaction people may interpret our + + + align:start position:0% +reaction people may interpret our +expressions in different + + align:start position:0% +expressions in different + + + align:start position:0% +expressions in different +way or people may persist in some kind + + align:start position:0% +way or people may persist in some kind + + + align:start position:0% +way or people may persist in some kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +mistakes + + align:start position:0% +mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes +consistently because the consistent of + + align:start position:0% +consistently because the consistent of + + + align:start position:0% +consistently because the consistent of +the consistence of + + align:start position:0% +the consistence of + + + align:start position:0% +the consistence of +mistakes is a consequence of the kind of + + align:start position:0% +mistakes is a consequence of the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes is a consequence of the kind of +metal model model that are being + + align:start position:0% +metal model model that are being + + + align:start position:0% +metal model model that are being +used okay + + align:start position:0% +used okay + + + align:start position:0% +used okay +when you commit one mistake one + + align:start position:0% +when you commit one mistake one + + + align:start position:0% +when you commit one mistake one +time there's no problem no when we + + align:start position:0% +time there's no problem no when we + + + align:start position:0% +time there's no problem no when we +commit the same mistake in a systematic + + align:start position:0% +commit the same mistake in a systematic + + + align:start position:0% +commit the same mistake in a systematic +way we need to find which mental model + + align:start position:0% +way we need to find which mental model + + + align:start position:0% +way we need to find which mental model +we have in our + + align:start position:0% +we have in our + + + align:start position:0% +we have in our +minds and we need in most case that we + + align:start position:0% +minds and we need in most case that we + + + align:start position:0% +minds and we need in most case that we +are working with people helping them to + + align:start position:0% +are working with people helping them to + + + align:start position:0% +are working with people helping them to +change their their life to change the + + align:start position:0% +change their their life to change the + + + align:start position:0% +change their their life to change the +way they are tackling their problems + + align:start position:0% +way they are tackling their problems + + + align:start position:0% +way they are tackling their problems +we need to work with mental + + align:start position:0% +we need to work with mental + + + align:start position:0% +we need to work with mental +models + + align:start position:0% +models + + + align:start position:0% +models +so it mental models will + + align:start position:0% +so it mental models will + + + align:start position:0% +so it mental models will +be a main staff of our professional + + align:start position:0% +be a main staff of our professional + + + align:start position:0% +be a main staff of our professional +work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the other reason is that we can + + align:start position:0% +and the other reason is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +and the other reason is that we can +learn from their mental models they may + + align:start position:0% +learn from their mental models they may + + + align:start position:0% +learn from their mental models they may +have a mental model better than + + align:start position:0% +have a mental model better than + + + align:start position:0% +have a mental model better than +ours okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's very interesting because the + + align:start position:0% +and it's very interesting because the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very interesting because the +metal model + + align:start position:0% +metal model + + + align:start position:0% +metal model +is a a very important component of our + + align:start position:0% +is a a very important component of our + + + align:start position:0% +is a a very important component of our +intellectual capital or of our cognitive + + align:start position:0% +intellectual capital or of our cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual capital or of our cognitive +resources as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +professionals if if + + align:start position:0% +professionals if if + + + align:start position:0% +professionals if if +we should + + align:start position:0% +we should + + + align:start position:0% +we should +make uh in stock of our cognitive + + align:start position:0% +make uh in stock of our cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +make uh in stock of our cognitive +resources + + align:start position:0% +resources + + + align:start position:0% +resources +that a professional has for doing his + + align:start position:0% +that a professional has for doing his + + + align:start position:0% +that a professional has for doing his +work most of these cognitive resources + + align:start position:0% +work most of these cognitive resources + + + align:start position:0% +work most of these cognitive resources +are mental + + align:start position:0% +are mental + + + align:start position:0% +are mental +models yeah the other one are portfolio + + align:start position:0% +models yeah the other one are portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +models yeah the other one are portfolio +of cases the other one are some theories + + align:start position:0% +of cases the other one are some theories + + + align:start position:0% +of cases the other one are some theories +that the person is able to to work with + + align:start position:0% +that the person is able to to work with + + + align:start position:0% +that the person is able to to work with +no people who can use math or people who + + align:start position:0% +no people who can use math or people who + + + align:start position:0% +no people who can use math or people who +cannot use math or people who can + + align:start position:0% +cannot use math or people who can + + + align:start position:0% +cannot use math or people who can +combine + + align:start position:0% +combine + + + align:start position:0% +combine +complex groups of variables and people + + align:start position:0% +complex groups of variables and people + + + align:start position:0% +complex groups of variables and people +who can work just one or two + + align:start position:0% +who can work just one or two + + + align:start position:0% +who can work just one or two +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +so the mental models are very important + + align:start position:0% +so the mental models are very important + + + align:start position:0% +so the mental models are very important +component of our resources for + + align:start position:0% +component of our resources for + + + align:start position:0% +component of our resources for +professional work and we evolve + + align:start position:0% +professional work and we evolve + + + align:start position:0% +professional work and we evolve +professionally evolving our mental + + align:start position:0% +professionally evolving our mental + + + align:start position:0% +professionally evolving our mental +models do people have only a mental + + align:start position:0% +models do people have only a mental + + + align:start position:0% +models do people have only a mental +model we one mental model or do they + + align:start position:0% +model we one mental model or do they + + + align:start position:0% +model we one mental model or do they +have several mental models and do and if + + align:start position:0% +have several mental models and do and if + + + align:start position:0% +have several mental models and do and if +you have several are are they supposed + + align:start position:0% +you have several are are they supposed + + + align:start position:0% +you have several are are they supposed +to coh I mean my experience are they + + align:start position:0% +to coh I mean my experience are they + + + align:start position:0% +to coh I mean my experience are they +coherent I mean you know okay not + + align:start position:0% +coherent I mean you know okay not + + + align:start position:0% +coherent I mean you know okay not +necessary contradict or they you know + + align:start position:0% +necessary contradict or they you know + + + align:start position:0% +necessary contradict or they you know +the these kind of metam models we + + align:start position:0% +the these kind of metam models we + + + align:start position:0% +the these kind of metam models we +analyzing are operational they use this + + align:start position:0% +analyzing are operational they use this + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing are operational they use this +each one of them for a kind of + + align:start position:0% +each one of them for a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +each one of them for a kind of +task and they can contradict they may + + align:start position:0% +task and they can contradict they may + + + align:start position:0% +task and they can contradict they may +have contradiction among + + align:start position:0% +have contradiction among + + + align:start position:0% +have contradiction among +them okay no one is able to be + + align:start position:0% +them okay no one is able to be + + + align:start position:0% +them okay no one is able to be +absolutely + + align:start position:0% +absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely +coherent so some in some cases we are in + + align:start position:0% +coherent so some in some cases we are in + + + align:start position:0% +coherent so some in some cases we are in +in in one space and we are + + align:start position:0% +in in one space and we are + + + align:start position:0% +in in one space and we are +behaving basing based on the mental + + align:start position:0% +behaving basing based on the mental + + + align:start position:0% +behaving basing based on the mental +model of another space and we begin to + + align:start position:0% +model of another space and we begin to + + + align:start position:0% +model of another space and we begin to +commit a lot of mistakes okay after we + + align:start position:0% +commit a lot of mistakes okay after we + + + align:start position:0% +commit a lot of mistakes okay after we +can improve our model of the this new + + align:start position:0% +can improve our model of the this new + + + align:start position:0% +can improve our model of the this new +space we are working in okay and what I + + align:start position:0% +space we are working in okay and what I + + + align:start position:0% +space we are working in okay and what I +think is that there is a basic C + + align:start position:0% +think is that there is a basic C + + + align:start position:0% +think is that there is a basic C +coherence among them but not a + + align:start position:0% +coherence among them but not a + + + align:start position:0% +coherence among them but not a +complete okay yes how do you identify + + align:start position:0% +complete okay yes how do you identify + + + align:start position:0% +complete okay yes how do you identify +mental model specific mental model how + + align:start position:0% +mental model specific mental model how + + + align:start position:0% +mental model specific mental model how +do we identify that that person has one + + align:start position:0% +do we identify that that person has one + + + align:start position:0% +do we identify that that person has one +mental model and not the other yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +mental model and not the other yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +mental model and not the other yeah okay +this is the exercise we we'll do in 5 + + align:start position:0% +this is the exercise we we'll do in 5 + + + align:start position:0% +this is the exercise we we'll do in 5 +minutes it will be our our in + + align:start position:0% +minutes it will be our our in + + + align:start position:0% +minutes it will be our our in +okay because the best way to understand + + align:start position:0% +okay because the best way to understand + + + align:start position:0% +okay because the best way to understand +this is doing is like to ride a bike + + align:start position:0% +this is doing is like to ride a bike + + + align:start position:0% +this is doing is like to ride a bike +okay there is no Theory we have just + + align:start position:0% +okay there is no Theory we have just + + + align:start position:0% +okay there is no Theory we have just +some steps basic steps and some control + + align:start position:0% +some steps basic steps and some control + + + align:start position:0% +some steps basic steps and some control +variables for + + align:start position:0% +variables for + + + align:start position:0% +variables for +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay anything else we can begin yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay anything else we can begin yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay anything else we can begin yeah +today in the morning we have a long talk + + align:start position:0% +today in the morning we have a long talk + + + align:start position:0% +today in the morning we have a long talk +with Esra and he accepted to be the + + align:start position:0% +with Esra and he accepted to be the + + + align:start position:0% +with Esra and he accepted to be the +experiment for us + + align:start position:0% +experiment for us + + + align:start position:0% +experiment for us +okay and what we will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do first of all I think that should be + + align:start position:0% +do first of all I think that should be + + + align:start position:0% +do first of all I think that should be +good to explain what we have have + + align:start position:0% +good to explain what we have have + + + align:start position:0% +good to explain what we have have +already advanced in some brief Lines no + + align:start position:0% +already advanced in some brief Lines no + + + align:start position:0% +already advanced in some brief Lines no +for helping you + + align:start position:0% +for helping you + + + align:start position:0% +for helping you +to to begin to to play the role of + + align:start position:0% +to to begin to to play the role of + + + align:start position:0% +to to begin to to play the role of +facilitator + + align:start position:0% +facilitator + + + align:start position:0% +facilitator +all you the role of all you will be to + + align:start position:0% +all you the role of all you will be to + + + align:start position:0% +all you the role of all you will be to +make questions to him for helping him to + + align:start position:0% +make questions to him for helping him to + + + align:start position:0% +make questions to him for helping him to +express his mental + + align:start position:0% +express his mental + + + align:start position:0% +express his mental +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +okay this this will be our Roes and we + + align:start position:0% +okay this this will be our Roes and we + + + align:start position:0% +okay this this will be our Roes and we +will need to in some way to resist this + + align:start position:0% +will need to in some way to resist this + + + align:start position:0% +will need to in some way to resist this +will be his original mental model his + + align:start position:0% +will be his original mental model his + + + align:start position:0% +will be his original mental model his +this will be his mental model it's it's + + align:start position:0% +this will be his mental model it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +this will be his mental model it's it's +his mental model okay is it possible to + + align:start position:0% +his mental model okay is it possible to + + + align:start position:0% +his mental model okay is it possible to +have everybody do their own mental model + + align:start position:0% +have everybody do their own mental model + + + align:start position:0% +have everybody do their own mental model +beforehand of one exercise before to do + + align:start position:0% +beforehand of one exercise before to do + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand of one exercise before to do +with yeah it would be really helpful for + + align:start position:0% +with yeah it would be really helpful for + + + align:start position:0% +with yeah it would be really helpful for +me actually if if people were able to + + align:start position:0% +me actually if if people were able to + + + align:start position:0% +me actually if if people were able to +put together mental models of MIT Campus + + align:start position:0% +put together mental models of MIT Campus + + + align:start position:0% +put together mental models of MIT Campus +before I tell them okay because and then + + align:start position:0% +before I tell them okay because and then + + + align:start position:0% +before I tell them okay because and then +if I could collect those at the end it + + align:start position:0% +if I could collect those at the end it + + + align:start position:0% +if I could collect those at the end it +would actually be helpful for my thesis + + align:start position:0% +would actually be helpful for my thesis + + + align:start position:0% +would actually be helpful for my thesis +research it's not C through it's very + + align:start position:0% +research it's not C through it's very + + + align:start position:0% +research it's not C through it's very +interesting because we we + + align:start position:0% +interesting because we we + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because we we +we ER worked on this MIT mental + + align:start position:0% +we ER worked on this MIT mental + + + align:start position:0% +we ER worked on this MIT mental +model without knowing you didn't know + + align:start position:0% +model without knowing you didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +model without knowing you didn't know +that I had this example no no he just + + align:start position:0% +that I had this example no no he just + + + align:start position:0% +that I had this example no no he just +proposed the one okay was very + + align:start position:0% +proposed the one okay was very + + + align:start position:0% +proposed the one okay was very +interesting and I think that should be + + align:start position:0% +interesting and I think that should be + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and I think that should be +good if each one of you should try to + + align:start position:0% +good if each one of you should try to + + + align:start position:0% +good if each one of you should try to +write some elements I can explain which + + align:start position:0% +write some elements I can explain which + + + align:start position:0% +write some elements I can explain which +elements you should write before to + + align:start position:0% +elements you should write before to + + + align:start position:0% +elements you should write before to +begin the exercise I think it's a good + + align:start position:0% +begin the exercise I think it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +begin the exercise I think it's a good +idea for preparing oneself for playing + + align:start position:0% +idea for preparing oneself for playing + + + align:start position:0% +idea for preparing oneself for playing +the role of facilitator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have already a + + align:start position:0% +we have already a + + + align:start position:0% +we have already a +name okay + + align:start position:0% +name okay + + + align:start position:0% +name okay +MIT a mental model okay for care folks I + + align:start position:0% +MIT a mental model okay for care folks I + + + align:start position:0% +MIT a mental model okay for care folks I +think it + + align:start position:0% +think it + + + align:start position:0% +think it +maybe what should we give them because + + align:start position:0% +maybe what should we give them because + + + align:start position:0% +maybe what should we give them because +they don't have an until they they have + + align:start position:0% +they don't have an until they they have + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have an until they they have +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +one not much complete but they have but + + align:start position:0% +one not much complete but they have but + + + align:start position:0% +one not much complete but they have but +you are correct perhaps should be easier + + align:start position:0% +you are correct perhaps should be easier + + + align:start position:0% +you are correct perhaps should be easier +for you to think about + + align:start position:0% +for you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +for you to think about +a me an object that you know better so + + align:start position:0% +a me an object that you know better so + + + align:start position:0% +a me an object that you know better so +you can go forward easy easier in in the + + align:start position:0% +you can go forward easy easier in in the + + + align:start position:0% +you can go forward easy easier in in the +description of your model okay + + align:start position:0% +description of your model okay + + + align:start position:0% +description of your model okay +because the our effort will be to to + + align:start position:0% +because the our effort will be to to + + + align:start position:0% +because the our effort will be to to +to identify the main features of these + + align:start position:0% +to identify the main features of these + + + align:start position:0% +to identify the main features of these +models okay so you can use the building + + align:start position:0% +models okay so you can use the building + + + align:start position:0% +models okay so you can use the building +of the headquarters of Atlanta if you + + align:start position:0% +of the headquarters of Atlanta if you + + + align:start position:0% +of the headquarters of Atlanta if you +want + + align:start position:0% +want + + + align:start position:0% +want +know better + + align:start position:0% +know better + + + align:start position:0% +know better +than great okay you you may decide okay + + align:start position:0% +than great okay you you may decide okay + + + align:start position:0% +than great okay you you may decide okay +but the other people everyone lives + + align:start position:0% +but the other people everyone lives + + + align:start position:0% +but the other people everyone lives +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay spend most of their times in this + + align:start position:0% +okay spend most of their times in this + + + align:start position:0% +okay spend most of their times in this +place okay what sort of mental model is + + align:start position:0% +place okay what sort of mental model is + + + align:start position:0% +place okay what sort of mental model is +just like where the resources and + + align:start position:0% +just like where the resources and + + + align:start position:0% +just like where the resources and +opportunities are on campus or how it + + align:start position:0% +opportunities are on campus or how it + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities are on campus or how it +works or who I know okay this is the + + align:start position:0% +works or who I know okay this is the + + + align:start position:0% +works or who I know okay this is the +question yeah okay the framing question + + align:start position:0% +question yeah okay the framing question + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah okay the framing question +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +I think that his idea is very good + + align:start position:0% +I think that his idea is very good + + + align:start position:0% +I think that his idea is very good +without no parameter without parameter + + align:start position:0% +without no parameter without parameter + + + align:start position:0% +without no parameter without parameter +try you to describe with your words okay + + align:start position:0% +try you to describe with your words okay + + + align:start position:0% +try you to describe with your words okay +with your + + align:start position:0% +with your + + + align:start position:0% +with your +components whatever we want yes about + + align:start position:0% +components whatever we want yes about + + + align:start position:0% +components whatever we want yes about +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +MIT how + + align:start position:0% +MIT how + + + align:start position:0% +MIT how +you what what kind of image you create + + align:start position:0% +you what what kind of image you create + + + align:start position:0% +you what what kind of image you create +about MIT for moving here for doing your + + align:start position:0% +about MIT for moving here for doing your + + + align:start position:0% +about MIT for moving here for doing your +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +here we don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have maybe you can quickly write down + + align:start position:0% +have maybe you can quickly write down + + + align:start position:0% +have maybe you can quickly write down +the steps that you already set in your + + align:start position:0% +the steps that you already set in your + + + align:start position:0% +the steps that you already set in your +SL can you just show it up on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +screen there it is we can see it yeah we + + align:start position:0% +screen there it is we can see it yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +screen there it is we can see it yeah we +can see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it helps a lot to think about your + + align:start position:0% +it helps a lot to think about your + + + align:start position:0% +it helps a lot to think about your +actions like what you do actually an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting first is just to retrieve + + align:start position:0% +interesting first is just to retrieve + + + align:start position:0% +interesting first is just to retrieve +what we have in memory okay not not try + + align:start position:0% +what we have in memory okay not not try + + + align:start position:0% +what we have in memory okay not not try +to to interpret just to remember what I + + align:start position:0% +to to interpret just to remember what I + + + align:start position:0% +to to interpret just to remember what I +have in In My Memory about MIT MIT what + + align:start position:0% +have in In My Memory about MIT MIT what + + + align:start position:0% +have in In My Memory about MIT MIT what +I I pronounce MIT and what comes up in + + align:start position:0% +I I pronounce MIT and what comes up in + + + align:start position:0% +I I pronounce MIT and what comes up in +my mind I try to okay to explain this + + align:start position:0% +my mind I try to okay to explain this + + + align:start position:0% +my mind I try to okay to explain this +okay the the second step + + align:start position:0% +okay the the second step + + + align:start position:0% +okay the the second step +is try to + + align:start position:0% +is try to + + + align:start position:0% +is try to +to describe how I use + + align:start position:0% +to describe how I use + + + align:start position:0% +to describe how I use +it what kind of actions I do + + align:start position:0% +it what kind of actions I do + + + align:start position:0% +it what kind of actions I do +here in case of your a bit in the + + align:start position:0% +here in case of your a bit in the + + + align:start position:0% +here in case of your a bit in the +South + + align:start position:0% +South + + + align:start position:0% +South +and why I do this action in this + + align:start position:0% +and why I do this action in this + + + align:start position:0% +and why I do this action in this +place the why I the why of the use of + + align:start position:0% +place the why I the why of the use of + + + align:start position:0% +place the why I the why of the use of +this place is useful for discovering the + + align:start position:0% +this place is useful for discovering the + + + align:start position:0% +this place is useful for discovering the +function the place has for + + align:start position:0% +function the place has for + + + align:start position:0% +function the place has for +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +okay yes this mental model should be of + + align:start position:0% +okay yes this mental model should be of + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes this mental model should be of +something physical a building or for + + align:start position:0% +something physical a building or for + + + align:start position:0% +something physical a building or for +this case of exercise I think that is + + align:start position:0% +this case of exercise I think that is + + + align:start position:0% +this case of exercise I think that is +easier for the mdal model of a + + align:start position:0% +easier for the mdal model of a + + + align:start position:0% +easier for the mdal model of a +psychologist is much more a logic + + align:start position:0% +psychologist is much more a logic + + + align:start position:0% +psychologist is much more a logic +structure it's much more abstract it's + + align:start position:0% +structure it's much more abstract it's + + + align:start position:0% +structure it's much more abstract it's +difficult for a first exercise I think + + align:start position:0% +difficult for a first exercise I think + + + align:start position:0% +difficult for a first exercise I think +that is not no I understand it's not + + align:start position:0% +that is not no I understand it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that is not no I understand it's not +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +necessarily that's could it be resources + + align:start position:0% +necessarily that's could it be resources + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily that's could it be resources +departments and people and I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +departments and people and I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +departments and people and I mean that's +more how I think + + align:start position:0% +more how I think + + + align:start position:0% +more how I think +we we work about + + align:start position:0% +we we work about + + + align:start position:0% +we we work about +question looking up there to see for an + + align:start position:0% +question looking up there to see for an + + + align:start position:0% +question looking up there to see for an +image like a + + align:start position:0% +image like a + + + align:start position:0% +image like a +building or number + + align:start position:0% +building or number + + + align:start position:0% +building or number +two it it's about it's about the + + align:start position:0% +two it it's about it's about the + + + align:start position:0% +two it it's about it's about the +interpretation of of a physical + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of of a physical + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of of a physical +object the interpretation how I when you + + align:start position:0% +object the interpretation how I when you + + + align:start position:0% +object the interpretation how I when you +say physical you when you say MIT you + + align:start position:0% +say physical you when you say MIT you + + + align:start position:0% +say physical you when you say MIT you +mean the institution space + + align:start position:0% +mean the institution space + + + align:start position:0% +mean the institution space +yes but his interpret is better + + align:start position:0% +yes but his interpret is better + + + align:start position:0% +yes but his interpret is better +it's an institution that has a building + + align:start position:0% +it's an institution that has a building + + + align:start position:0% +it's an institution that has a building +exactly okay but we are talking about + + align:start position:0% +exactly okay but we are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +exactly okay but we are talking about +the institution great we are not talking + + align:start position:0% +the institution great we are not talking + + + align:start position:0% +the institution great we are not talking +about only the building in itself we are + + align:start position:0% +about only the building in itself we are + + + align:start position:0% +about only the building in itself we are +talking about the building and + + align:start position:0% +talking about the building and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the building and +everything and that happens here and + + align:start position:0% +everything and that happens here and + + + align:start position:0% +everything and that happens here and +every people who are working + + align:start position:0% +every people who are working + + + align:start position:0% +every people who are working +here these are the components of what I + + align:start position:0% +here these are the components of what I + + + align:start position:0% +here these are the components of what I +will try to to map to construct a map + + align:start position:0% +will try to to map to construct a map + + + align:start position:0% +will try to to map to construct a map +but it's we have a very clear physical + + align:start position:0% +but it's we have a very clear physical + + + align:start position:0% +but it's we have a very clear physical +reference in this case no it's not only + + align:start position:0% +reference in this case no it's not only + + + align:start position:0% +reference in this case no it's not only +the physical object but we have a + + align:start position:0% +the physical object but we have a + + + align:start position:0% +the physical object but we have a +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +reference if I try to the dentist has a + + align:start position:0% +reference if I try to the dentist has a + + + align:start position:0% +reference if I try to the dentist has a +physical reference the the dentist the + + align:start position:0% +physical reference the the dentist the + + + align:start position:0% +physical reference the the dentist the +driver of a truck he has a physical + + align:start position:0% +driver of a truck he has a physical + + + align:start position:0% +driver of a truck he has a physical +reference of his image of the + + align:start position:0% +reference of his image of the + + + align:start position:0% +reference of his image of the +truck of the rear of the TRU okay he + + align:start position:0% +truck of the rear of the TRU okay he + + + align:start position:0% +truck of the rear of the TRU okay he +uses o his turning on the + + align:start position:0% +uses o his turning on the + + + align:start position:0% +uses o his turning on the +street and but the psychologist or the + + align:start position:0% +street and but the psychologist or the + + + align:start position:0% +street and but the psychologist or the +students of mathematics who are trying + + align:start position:0% +students of mathematics who are trying + + + align:start position:0% +students of mathematics who are trying +to to go forward in the process of + + align:start position:0% +to to go forward in the process of + + + align:start position:0% +to to go forward in the process of +solution of a + + align:start position:0% +solution of a + + + align:start position:0% +solution of a +problem this the model they are using + + align:start position:0% +problem this the model they are using + + + align:start position:0% +problem this the model they are using +has no physical reference are just + + align:start position:0% +has no physical reference are just + + + align:start position:0% +has no physical reference are just +Concepts + + align:start position:0% +Concepts + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts +structured Concepts that are functional + + align:start position:0% +structured Concepts that are functional + + + align:start position:0% +structured Concepts that are functional +to that triggers operations enable + + align:start position:0% +to that triggers operations enable + + + align:start position:0% +to that triggers operations enable +operations okay make the effort please + + align:start position:0% +operations okay make the effort please + + + align:start position:0% +operations okay make the effort please +how long 5 + + align:start position:0% +how long 5 + + + align:start position:0% +how long 5 +minutes you are leaving I'm not feeling + + align:start position:0% +minutes you are leaving I'm not feeling + + + align:start position:0% +minutes you are leaving I'm not feeling +well okay thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you oh she she forgot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you can you make a graic + + align:start position:0% +can you can you make a graic + + + align:start position:0% +can you can you make a graic +representation yes yes you don't need + + align:start position:0% +representation yes yes you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +representation yes yes you don't need +describe words on yes the the best + + align:start position:0% +describe words on yes the the best + + + align:start position:0% +describe words on yes the the best +should be the combination of a graphical + + align:start position:0% +should be the combination of a graphical + + + align:start position:0% +should be the combination of a graphical +representation and some words it's the + + align:start position:0% +representation and some words it's the + + + align:start position:0% +representation and some words it's the +best method + + align:start position:0% +best method + + + align:start position:0% +best method +okay to combine a graphic of + + align:start position:0% +okay to combine a graphic of + + + align:start position:0% +okay to combine a graphic of +representation with some words + + align:start position:0% +representation with some words + + + align:start position:0% +representation with some words +okay yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to pause + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huh yes yes yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes we we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +begin with the presentation of Esra you + + align:start position:0% +begin with the presentation of Esra you + + + align:start position:0% +begin with the presentation of Esra you +use what we have learned in this brief + + align:start position:0% +use what we have learned in this brief + + + align:start position:0% +use what we have learned in this brief +exercise for making question to him okay + + align:start position:0% +exercise for making question to him okay + + + align:start position:0% +exercise for making question to him okay +he will describe his his model about + + align:start position:0% +he will describe his his model about + + + align:start position:0% +he will describe his his model about +MIT and then he will + + align:start position:0% +MIT and then he will + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and then he will +describe he will + + align:start position:0% +describe he will + + + align:start position:0% +describe he will +reconstruct his model with us okay so we + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct his model with us okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct his model with us okay so we +can begin you if you want to make some + + align:start position:0% +can begin you if you want to make some + + + align:start position:0% +can begin you if you want to make some +designs some drawings you have yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +designs some drawings you have yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +designs some drawings you have yeah okay +let's go right + + align:start position:0% +let's go right + + + align:start position:0% +let's go right +so I've actually thought a bit about + + align:start position:0% +so I've actually thought a bit about + + + align:start position:0% +so I've actually thought a bit about +this before this class as well so but it + + align:start position:0% +this before this class as well so but it + + + align:start position:0% +this before this class as well so but it +was good we spend a little time this + + align:start position:0% +was good we spend a little time this + + + align:start position:0% +was good we spend a little time this +morning and dug in a little + + align:start position:0% +morning and dug in a little + + + align:start position:0% +morning and dug in a little +deeper here so basically the way that + + align:start position:0% +deeper here so basically the way that + + + align:start position:0% +deeper here so basically the way that +I conceive of conceive so to speak my my + + align:start position:0% +I conceive of conceive so to speak my my + + + align:start position:0% +I conceive of conceive so to speak my my +my my own cognition of my own mental + + align:start position:0% +my my own cognition of my own mental + + + align:start position:0% +my my own cognition of my own mental +math is that uh it all starts with a + + align:start position:0% +math is that uh it all starts with a + + + align:start position:0% +math is that uh it all starts with a +task or a series of Tas + + align:start position:0% +task or a series of Tas + + + align:start position:0% +task or a series of Tas +um so the first thing is figuring out + + align:start position:0% +um so the first thing is figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +um so the first thing is figuring out +what tasks I need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do the second thing is figuring out what + + align:start position:0% +do the second thing is figuring out what + + + align:start position:0% +do the second thing is figuring out what +I need to do what what I need what sorts + + align:start position:0% +I need to do what what I need what sorts + + + align:start position:0% +I need to do what what I need what sorts +of resources or facilities or groups of + + align:start position:0% +of resources or facilities or groups of + + + align:start position:0% +of resources or facilities or groups of +resources I need to accomplish those + + align:start position:0% +resources I need to accomplish those + + + align:start position:0% +resources I need to accomplish those +tasks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and then there's sort of + + align:start position:0% +so and then there's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so and then there's sort of +a uh series of of options that might + + align:start position:0% +a uh series of of options that might + + + align:start position:0% +a uh series of of options that might +that might rise my different parts of my + + align:start position:0% +that might rise my different parts of my + + + align:start position:0% +that might rise my different parts of my +map are kind of illuminated based on on + + align:start position:0% +map are kind of illuminated based on on + + + align:start position:0% +map are kind of illuminated based on on +this um understanding of the tasks I + + align:start position:0% +this um understanding of the tasks I + + + align:start position:0% +this um understanding of the tasks I +have and and the needs I have for + + align:start position:0% +have and and the needs I have for + + + align:start position:0% +have and and the needs I have for +accomplishing those various tasks um and + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing those various tasks um and + + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing those various tasks um and +then some sort of decision is made about + + align:start position:0% +then some sort of decision is made about + + + align:start position:0% +then some sort of decision is made about +where I go to accomplish those tasks so + + align:start position:0% +where I go to accomplish those tasks so + + + align:start position:0% +where I go to accomplish those tasks so +my main interest in in understanding + + align:start position:0% +my main interest in in understanding + + + align:start position:0% +my main interest in in understanding +this mental math is how I make those + + align:start position:0% +this mental math is how I make those + + + align:start position:0% +this mental math is how I make those +decisions to use a particular location + + align:start position:0% +decisions to use a particular location + + + align:start position:0% +decisions to use a particular location +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +campus so some sort of + + align:start position:0% +campus so some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +campus so some sort of +decis there um and there are a number of + + align:start position:0% +decis there um and there are a number of + + + align:start position:0% +decis there um and there are a number of +different uh elements to this decision- + + align:start position:0% +different uh elements to this decision- + + + align:start position:0% +different uh elements to this decision- +making + + align:start position:0% +making + + + align:start position:0% +making +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +um one is + + align:start position:0% +um one is + + + align:start position:0% +um one is +uh call functional elements is the word + + align:start position:0% +uh call functional elements is the word + + + align:start position:0% +uh call functional elements is the word +we came up with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +morning + + align:start position:0% +morning + + + align:start position:0% +morning +um one is + + align:start position:0% +um one is + + + align:start position:0% +um one is +U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people and this is sort of a depending + + align:start position:0% +people and this is sort of a depending + + + align:start position:0% +people and this is sort of a depending +on what my what my task is what my needs + + align:start position:0% +on what my what my task is what my needs + + + align:start position:0% +on what my what my task is what my needs +are um the people maybe people I'm + + align:start position:0% +are um the people maybe people I'm + + + align:start position:0% +are um the people maybe people I'm +interested in socializing with people + + align:start position:0% +interested in socializing with people + + + align:start position:0% +interested in socializing with people +I'm interested in working with or + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in working with or + + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in working with or +collaborating with people who might be + + align:start position:0% +collaborating with people who might be + + + align:start position:0% +collaborating with people who might be +able to help me with a particular task + + align:start position:0% +able to help me with a particular task + + + align:start position:0% +able to help me with a particular task +maybe it's very specific people like an + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's very specific people like an + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's very specific people like an +administrative office or something I + + align:start position:0% +administrative office or something I + + + align:start position:0% +administrative office or something I +need to go to or maybe it's um more + + align:start position:0% +need to go to or maybe it's um more + + + align:start position:0% +need to go to or maybe it's um more +vague like I need some designer who has + + align:start position:0% +vague like I need some designer who has + + + align:start position:0% +vague like I need some designer who has +experience with this particular software + + align:start position:0% +experience with this particular software + + + align:start position:0% +experience with this particular software +so that I can they can help me with + + align:start position:0% +so that I can they can help me with + + + align:start position:0% +so that I can they can help me with +something um or maybe it's just I want + + align:start position:0% +something um or maybe it's just I want + + + align:start position:0% +something um or maybe it's just I want +to have lunch with someone another is + + align:start position:0% +to have lunch with someone another is + + + align:start position:0% +to have lunch with someone another is +um the type of + + align:start position:0% +um the type of + + + align:start position:0% +um the type of +space um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and how that space can meet my needs + + align:start position:0% +so and how that space can meet my needs + + + align:start position:0% +so and how that space can meet my needs +the physical space you know whether it's + + align:start position:0% +the physical space you know whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +the physical space you know whether it's +a classroom or whether it's a a place I + + align:start position:0% +a classroom or whether it's a a place I + + + align:start position:0% +a classroom or whether it's a a place I +can eat lunch or um place where there's + + align:start position:0% +can eat lunch or um place where there's + + + align:start position:0% +can eat lunch or um place where there's +a an Athena cluster or somewhere I can + + align:start position:0% +a an Athena cluster or somewhere I can + + + align:start position:0% +a an Athena cluster or somewhere I can +use my laptop a number of different + + align:start position:0% +use my laptop a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +use my laptop a number of different +options but the the physical + + align:start position:0% +options but the the physical + + + align:start position:0% +options but the the physical +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +um and then there's uh various specific + + align:start position:0% +um and then there's uh various specific + + + align:start position:0% +um and then there's uh various specific +resources that I might find in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space uh you know those resources might + + align:start position:0% +space uh you know those resources might + + + align:start position:0% +space uh you know those resources might +be a computer it might be the ability to + + align:start position:0% +be a computer it might be the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +be a computer it might be the ability to +check out books it might be a professor + + align:start position:0% +check out books it might be a professor + + + align:start position:0% +check out books it might be a professor +it might be uh someone in the + + align:start position:0% +it might be uh someone in the + + + align:start position:0% +it might be uh someone in the +administration it might be somewhere I + + align:start position:0% +administration it might be somewhere I + + + align:start position:0% +administration it might be somewhere I +can get a cup of coffee and then there's + + align:start position:0% +can get a cup of coffee and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +can get a cup of coffee and then there's +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +a it came up with an idea there's sort + + align:start position:0% +a it came up with an idea there's sort + + + align:start position:0% +a it came up with an idea there's sort +of facilities for tasks where you know a + + align:start position:0% +of facilities for tasks where you know a + + + align:start position:0% +of facilities for tasks where you know a +a library might serve multiple different + + align:start position:0% +a library might serve multiple different + + + align:start position:0% +a library might serve multiple different +might have multiple different resources + + align:start position:0% +might have multiple different resources + + + align:start position:0% +might have multiple different resources +all clustered together in such a way + + align:start position:0% +all clustered together in such a way + + + align:start position:0% +all clustered together in such a way +that it makes it opportune location for + + align:start position:0% +that it makes it opportune location for + + + align:start position:0% +that it makes it opportune location for +me to perform a particular task + + align:start position:0% +me to perform a particular task + + + align:start position:0% +me to perform a particular task +um call this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +facilities I'm sorry I a question this + + align:start position:0% +facilities I'm sorry I a question this + + + align:start position:0% +facilities I'm sorry I a question this +is totally unexpected for me I thought + + align:start position:0% +is totally unexpected for me I thought + + + align:start position:0% +is totally unexpected for me I thought +he was going to show us his mental model + + align:start position:0% +he was going to show us his mental model + + + align:start position:0% +he was going to show us his mental model +not tell us how to construct one or it's + + align:start position:0% +not tell us how to construct one or it's + + + align:start position:0% +not tell us how to construct one or it's +like am I like totally lost I don't + + align:start position:0% +like am I like totally lost I don't + + + align:start position:0% +like am I like totally lost I don't +understand what's going on okay ER the + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on okay ER the + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on okay ER the +idea was that he will present is that he + + align:start position:0% +idea was that he will present is that he + + + align:start position:0% +idea was that he will present is that he +will present his metal model but he's + + align:start position:0% +will present his metal model but he's + + + align:start position:0% +will present his metal model but he's +beginning for the abstract elements for + + align:start position:0% +beginning for the abstract elements for + + + align:start position:0% +beginning for the abstract elements for +the components of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +his he got + + align:start position:0% +his he got + + + align:start position:0% +his he got +yet step started should I start I + + align:start position:0% +yet step started should I start I + + + align:start position:0% +yet step started should I start I +start see I I understood that the whole + + align:start position:0% +start see I I understood that the whole + + + align:start position:0% +start see I I understood that the whole +exercise is to ask you questions later + + align:start position:0% +exercise is to ask you questions later + + + align:start position:0% +exercise is to ask you questions later +so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fig he already has a base so the + + align:start position:0% +fig he already has a base so the + + + align:start position:0% +fig he already has a base so the +questions you will ask is to get him to + + align:start position:0% +questions you will ask is to get him to + + + align:start position:0% +questions you will ask is to get him to +expand on that base to understand it + + align:start position:0% +expand on that base to understand it + + + align:start position:0% +expand on that base to understand it +more than he already does because we + + align:start position:0% +more than he already does because we + + + align:start position:0% +more than he already does because we +already kind of spent the morning coming + + align:start position:0% +already kind of spent the morning coming + + + align:start position:0% +already kind of spent the morning coming +to these sorts of things so now the + + align:start position:0% +to these sorts of things so now the + + + align:start position:0% +to these sorts of things so now the +point is to of think deeper into + + align:start position:0% +point is to of think deeper into + + + align:start position:0% +point is to of think deeper into +that it's a refining process not a + + align:start position:0% +that it's a refining process not a + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a refining process not a +initial if we just did the same he begin + + align:start position:0% +initial if we just did the same he begin + + + align:start position:0% +initial if we just did the same he begin +for a point that not necessarily we were + + align:start position:0% +for a point that not necessarily we were + + + align:start position:0% +for a point that not necessarily we were +respect + + align:start position:0% +respect + + + align:start position:0% +respect +but no problem we need to give him + + align:start position:0% +but no problem we need to give him + + + align:start position:0% +but no problem we need to give him +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +question maybe but our question may be + + align:start position:0% +question maybe but our question may be + + + align:start position:0% +question maybe but our question may be +for verifying if + + align:start position:0% +for verifying if + + + align:start position:0% +for verifying if +his his Legend is adequate yeah okay we + + align:start position:0% +his his Legend is adequate yeah okay we + + + align:start position:0% +his his Legend is adequate yeah okay we +can use for verifying that not for + + align:start position:0% +can use for verifying that not for + + + align:start position:0% +can use for verifying that not for +finding that you have that he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +finding that you have that he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +finding that you have that he doesn't +have and you can get help him identify + + align:start position:0% +have and you can get help him identify + + + align:start position:0% +have and you can get help him identify +yeah I want to see if if this basically + + align:start position:0% +yeah I want to see if if this basically + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I want to see if if this basically +what I want to understand is + + align:start position:0% +what I want to understand is + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to understand is +is this an accurate way of of depicting + + align:start position:0% +is this an accurate way of of depicting + + + align:start position:0% +is this an accurate way of of depicting +my mental map am I not really accurately + + align:start position:0% +my mental map am I not really accurately + + + align:start position:0% +my mental map am I not really accurately +understanding it or + + align:start position:0% +understanding it or + + + align:start position:0% +understanding it or +um and furthermore is this similar to + + align:start position:0% +um and furthermore is this similar to + + + align:start position:0% +um and furthermore is this similar to +the way that other people perceive MIT + + align:start position:0% +the way that other people perceive MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the way that other people perceive MIT +or is this just purely me it's it's + + align:start position:0% +or is this just purely me it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +or is this just purely me it's it's +almost perceived by a lot of people here + + align:start position:0% +almost perceived by a lot of people here + + + align:start position:0% +almost perceived by a lot of people here +you're going in to me I think you're + + align:start position:0% +you're going in to me I think you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're going in to me I think you're +going in right track right track so + + align:start position:0% +going in right track right track so + + + align:start position:0% +going in right track right track so +that's what I want to know basically my + + align:start position:0% +that's what I want to know basically my + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I want to know basically my +thesis I want to know is this a good + + align:start position:0% +thesis I want to know is this a good + + + align:start position:0% +thesis I want to know is this a good +hypo to start with that this maybe is + + align:start position:0% +hypo to start with that this maybe is + + + align:start position:0% +hypo to start with that this maybe is +the way that other people use campus or + + align:start position:0% +the way that other people use campus or + + + align:start position:0% +the way that other people use campus or +am I just you want to know how + + align:start position:0% +am I just you want to know how + + + align:start position:0% +am I just you want to know how +common about how to unravel any sort of + + align:start position:0% +common about how to unravel any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +common about how to unravel any sort of +uh mental model from anybody in any + + align:start position:0% +uh mental model from anybody in any + + + align:start position:0% +uh mental model from anybody in any +exercise and the way you're setting it + + align:start position:0% +exercise and the way you're setting it + + + align:start position:0% +exercise and the way you're setting it +up it's like it's impossible because + + align:start position:0% +up it's like it's impossible because + + + align:start position:0% +up it's like it's impossible because +that's that's that's the the skill we're + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's the the skill we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's the the skill we're +supposed to try to work on right he may + + align:start position:0% +supposed to try to work on right he may + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to try to work on right he may +be missing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something I think the deeping of it will + + align:start position:0% +something I think the deeping of it will + + + align:start position:0% +something I think the deeping of it will +be basically the same see let let's give + + align:start position:0% +be basically the same see let let's give + + + align:start position:0% +be basically the same see let let's give +him a bit more of time okay and and + + align:start position:0% +him a bit more of time okay and and + + + align:start position:0% +him a bit more of time okay and and +support our yeah but one more + + align:start position:0% +support our yeah but one more + + + align:start position:0% +support our yeah but one more +clarification which there's another part + + align:start position:0% +clarification which there's another part + + + align:start position:0% +clarification which there's another part +to this exercise which is small groups + + align:start position:0% +to this exercise which is small groups + + + align:start position:0% +to this exercise which is small groups +where you get to start from + + align:start position:0% +where you get to start from + + + align:start position:0% +where you get to start from +scratch okay so go ahead so um another + + align:start position:0% +scratch okay so go ahead so um another + + + align:start position:0% +scratch okay so go ahead so um another +another important part of this to get + + align:start position:0% +another important part of this to get + + + align:start position:0% +another important part of this to get +back is H the the physical context um + + align:start position:0% +back is H the the physical context um + + + align:start position:0% +back is H the the physical context um +where I happen to be standing at a + + align:start position:0% +where I happen to be standing at a + + + align:start position:0% +where I happen to be standing at a +particular moment in time you know if + + align:start position:0% +particular moment in time you know if + + + align:start position:0% +particular moment in time you know if +I'm if I'm standing kiling in court and + + align:start position:0% +I'm if I'm standing kiling in court and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm if I'm standing kiling in court and +I and I want to do something it's going + + align:start position:0% +I and I want to do something it's going + + + align:start position:0% +I and I want to do something it's going +to be very different from if I'm + + align:start position:0% +to be very different from if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to be very different from if I'm +standing over in the student center or + + align:start position:0% +standing over in the student center or + + + align:start position:0% +standing over in the student center or +if I'm standing in Kendall Square + + align:start position:0% +if I'm standing in Kendall Square + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm standing in Kendall Square +because the resources that are in my + + align:start position:0% +because the resources that are in my + + + align:start position:0% +because the resources that are in my +physical proximity will be different and + + align:start position:0% +physical proximity will be different and + + + align:start position:0% +physical proximity will be different and +I'll have to make more of an effort to + + align:start position:0% +I'll have to make more of an effort to + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have to make more of an effort to +get to various different resources than + + align:start position:0% +get to various different resources than + + + align:start position:0% +get to various different resources than +I might if I if I were just it so it's + + align:start position:0% +I might if I if I were just it so it's + + + align:start position:0% +I might if I if I were just it so it's +the context the physical context is Ezra + + align:start position:0% +the context the physical context is Ezra + + + align:start position:0% +the context the physical context is Ezra +if what you're really interested there + + align:start position:0% +if what you're really interested there + + + align:start position:0% +if what you're really interested there +is location why not just say location + + align:start position:0% +is location why not just say location + + + align:start position:0% +is location why not just say location +okay may I should say location context + + align:start position:0% +okay may I should say location context + + + align:start position:0% +okay may I should say location context +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +location um + + align:start position:0% +location um + + + align:start position:0% +location um +then there's a amount of + + align:start position:0% +then there's a amount of + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a amount of +time I have to accomplish a particular + + align:start position:0% +time I have to accomplish a particular + + + align:start position:0% +time I have to accomplish a particular +task you know whether it's 15 minutes or + + align:start position:0% +task you know whether it's 15 minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +task you know whether it's 15 minutes or +3 hours that's going to matter and then + + align:start position:0% +3 hours that's going to matter and then + + + align:start position:0% +3 hours that's going to matter and then +also the time of day which I think is + + align:start position:0% +also the time of day which I think is + + + align:start position:0% +also the time of day which I think is +actually a separate thing you know + + align:start position:0% +actually a separate thing you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually a separate thing you know +whether it's noon or midnight or you + + align:start position:0% +whether it's noon or midnight or you + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's noon or midnight or you +know 7 in the morning it's going to it's + + align:start position:0% +know 7 in the morning it's going to it's + + + align:start position:0% +know 7 in the morning it's going to it's +going to make some difference as well um + + align:start position:0% +going to make some difference as well um + + + align:start position:0% +going to make some difference as well um +just with relation to you know which + + align:start position:0% +just with relation to you know which + + + align:start position:0% +just with relation to you know which +things might be open or closed what + + align:start position:0% +things might be open or closed what + + + align:start position:0% +things might be open or closed what +people might be there things like that + + align:start position:0% +people might be there things like that + + + align:start position:0% +people might be there things like that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I think that's about it I mean I can + + align:start position:0% +I think that's about it I mean I can + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's about it I mean I can +draw a brief little map of just sort of + + align:start position:0% +draw a brief little map of just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +draw a brief little map of just sort of +the lay of the land of my + + align:start position:0% +the lay of the land of my + + + align:start position:0% +the lay of the land of my +physical understanding of you know just + + align:start position:0% +physical understanding of you know just + + + align:start position:0% +physical understanding of you know just +sort of a thumbnail sketch you know it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of a thumbnail sketch you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a thumbnail sketch you know it's +probably pretty much uh dust oriented + + align:start position:0% +probably pretty much uh dust oriented + + + align:start position:0% +probably pretty much uh dust oriented +probably base would be like 10 this a + + align:start position:0% +probably base would be like 10 this a + + + align:start position:0% +probably base would be like 10 this a +little bigger 1045 maybe which is a + + align:start position:0% +little bigger 1045 maybe which is a + + + align:start position:0% +little bigger 1045 maybe which is a +design area um and then there's sort of + + align:start position:0% +design area um and then there's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +design area um and then there's sort of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +crn places that I've been a lot of times + + align:start position:0% +crn places that I've been a lot of times + + + align:start position:0% +crn places that I've been a lot of times +um then there's the down a floor which + + align:start position:0% +um then there's the down a floor which + + + align:start position:0% +um then there's the down a floor which +is sort of hard to depict here but + + align:start position:0% +is sort of hard to depict here but + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of hard to depict here but +there's you know the dust common + + align:start position:0% +there's you know the dust common + + + align:start position:0% +there's you know the dust common +room there's the steam + + align:start position:0% +room there's the steam + + + align:start position:0% +room there's the steam +Cafe you know across the + + align:start position:0% +Cafe you know across the + + + align:start position:0% +Cafe you know across the +street is uh the Student + + align:start position:0% +street is uh the Student + + + align:start position:0% +street is uh the Student +Center uh you know Lobby 7 maybe is just + + align:start position:0% +Center uh you know Lobby 7 maybe is just + + + align:start position:0% +Center uh you know Lobby 7 maybe is just +sort of a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a +good place that I understand uh and then + + align:start position:0% +good place that I understand uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +good place that I understand uh and then +there's kind of this is the part I + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of this is the part I + + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of this is the part I +obviously use the most and then you know + + align:start position:0% +obviously use the most and then you know + + + align:start position:0% +obviously use the most and then you know +stata every once in a while I go + + align:start position:0% +stata every once in a while I go + + + align:start position:0% +stata every once in a while I go +there and you know some of the other + + align:start position:0% +there and you know some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +there and you know some of the other +areas like the media lab or something + + align:start position:0% +areas like the media lab or something + + + align:start position:0% +areas like the media lab or something +like that maybe I go to + + align:start position:0% +like that maybe I go to + + + align:start position:0% +like that maybe I go to +occasionally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kle but you know most of my activities + + align:start position:0% +kle but you know most of my activities + + + align:start position:0% +kle but you know most of my activities +is pretty concentrated in that sort of + + align:start position:0% +is pretty concentrated in that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty concentrated in that sort of +General couple of building area which is + + align:start position:0% +General couple of building area which is + + + align:start position:0% +General couple of building area which is +probably similar to a lot of people here + + align:start position:0% +probably similar to a lot of people here + + + align:start position:0% +probably similar to a lot of people here +um you know and then if I were able to + + align:start position:0% +um you know and then if I were able to + + + align:start position:0% +um you know and then if I were able to +really depict Solly in 3D then I could + + align:start position:0% +really depict Solly in 3D then I could + + + align:start position:0% +really depict Solly in 3D then I could +show you you know various roots that I + + align:start position:0% +show you you know various roots that I + + + align:start position:0% +show you you know various roots that I +tend to take through the through the + + align:start position:0% +tend to take through the through the + + + align:start position:0% +tend to take through the through the +campus you know connection like this + + align:start position:0% +campus you know connection like this + + + align:start position:0% +campus you know connection like this +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something then all all this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +something then all all this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +something then all all this is sort of +connected in my head + + align:start position:0% +connected in my head + + + align:start position:0% +connected in my head +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff it's not a very detailed map but I + + align:start position:0% +stuff it's not a very detailed map but I + + + align:start position:0% +stuff it's not a very detailed map but I +some some idea what's in my head when + + align:start position:0% +some some idea what's in my head when + + + align:start position:0% +some some idea what's in my head when +I'm making these decisions oh the + + align:start position:0% +I'm making these decisions oh the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm making these decisions oh the +library I + + align:start position:0% +library I + + + align:start position:0% +library I +guess there too + + align:start position:0% +guess there too + + + align:start position:0% +guess there too +so predominantly when I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +so predominantly when I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +so predominantly when I'm looking for +various resources to use mostly focused + + align:start position:0% +various resources to use mostly focused + + + align:start position:0% +various resources to use mostly focused +in the dust area because those are + + align:start position:0% +in the dust area because those are + + + align:start position:0% +in the dust area because those are +things I oh and access actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry whether or not I can physically + + align:start position:0% +sorry whether or not I can physically + + + align:start position:0% +sorry whether or not I can physically +access something I think has a lot to do + + align:start position:0% +access something I think has a lot to do + + + align:start position:0% +access something I think has a lot to do +with you know if I have hard access to a + + align:start position:0% +with you know if I have hard access to a + + + align:start position:0% +with you know if I have hard access to a +room I can use it if I don't I can't uh + + align:start position:0% +room I can use it if I don't I can't uh + + + align:start position:0% +room I can use it if I don't I can't uh +and and then not just physical access + + align:start position:0% +and and then not just physical access + + + align:start position:0% +and and then not just physical access +but social access do I feel comfortable + + align:start position:0% +but social access do I feel comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +but social access do I feel comfortable +you know I had I had uh access to space + + align:start position:0% +you know I had I had uh access to space + + + align:start position:0% +you know I had I had uh access to space +over the media lab last semester but I + + align:start position:0% +over the media lab last semester but I + + + align:start position:0% +over the media lab last semester but I +never felt comfortable there didn't feel + + align:start position:0% +never felt comfortable there didn't feel + + + align:start position:0% +never felt comfortable there didn't feel +like it was my space so even though I + + align:start position:0% +like it was my space so even though I + + + align:start position:0% +like it was my space so even though I +had theoretically I had you know to use + + align:start position:0% +had theoretically I had you know to use + + + align:start position:0% +had theoretically I had you know to use +all these crazy machines I didn't know + + align:start position:0% +all these crazy machines I didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +all these crazy machines I didn't know +how to use them and I didn't feel + + align:start position:0% +how to use them and I didn't feel + + + align:start position:0% +how to use them and I didn't feel +comfortable using them on my own and I + + align:start position:0% +comfortable using them on my own and I + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable using them on my own and I +it didn't feel like my social space so + + align:start position:0% +it didn't feel like my social space so + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't feel like my social space so +practically I very rarely ever actually + + align:start position:0% +practically I very rarely ever actually + + + align:start position:0% +practically I very rarely ever actually +used any of those resources so that's + + align:start position:0% +used any of those resources so that's + + + align:start position:0% +used any of those resources so that's +more or less + + align:start position:0% +more or less + + + align:start position:0% +more or less +um my mental map so is that yeah is + + align:start position:0% +um my mental map so is that yeah is + + + align:start position:0% +um my mental map so is that yeah is +there something else I + + align:start position:0% +there something else I + + + align:start position:0% +there something else I +missed I have a question okay um um do + + align:start position:0% +missed I have a question okay um um do + + + align:start position:0% +missed I have a question okay um um do +you change your roots oh yeah depending + + align:start position:0% +you change your roots oh yeah depending + + + align:start position:0% +you change your roots oh yeah depending +on the weather + + align:start position:0% +on the weather + + + align:start position:0% +on the weather +weather uh don't get out of yes yeah I + + align:start position:0% +weather uh don't get out of yes yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +weather uh don't get out of yes yeah I +do the weather is probably also you know + + align:start position:0% +do the weather is probably also you know + + + align:start position:0% +do the weather is probably also you know +whether I go inside or + + align:start position:0% +whether I go inside or + + + align:start position:0% +whether I go inside or +outside you know whether I go down the + + align:start position:0% +outside you know whether I go down the + + + align:start position:0% +outside you know whether I go down the +infinite all the way across campus or + + align:start position:0% +infinite all the way across campus or + + + align:start position:0% +infinite all the way across campus or +whether I decide usually if the weather + + align:start position:0% +whether I decide usually if the weather + + + align:start position:0% +whether I decide usually if the weather +is even remotely nice I'll try to go + + align:start position:0% +is even remotely nice I'll try to go + + + align:start position:0% +is even remotely nice I'll try to go +outside but if it's really grummy out + + align:start position:0% +outside but if it's really grummy out + + + align:start position:0% +outside but if it's really grummy out +then then I'll have to take the interior + + align:start position:0% +then then I'll have to take the interior + + + align:start position:0% +then then I'll have to take the interior +roof and another thing actually that + + align:start position:0% +roof and another thing actually that + + + align:start position:0% +roof and another thing actually that +came out this morning that that sebastia + + align:start position:0% +came out this morning that that sebastia + + + align:start position:0% +came out this morning that that sebastia +pointed out was that this is a dynamic + + align:start position:0% +pointed out was that this is a dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out was that this is a dynamic +mental map that um my mental map is + + align:start position:0% +mental map that um my mental map is + + + align:start position:0% +mental map that um my mental map is +always through this process is always + + align:start position:0% +always through this process is always + + + align:start position:0% +always through this process is always +shifting throughout the day so depending + + align:start position:0% +shifting throughout the day so depending + + + align:start position:0% +shifting throughout the day so depending +on particular sort of arrangement of + + align:start position:0% +on particular sort of arrangement of + + + align:start position:0% +on particular sort of arrangement of +these different + + align:start position:0% +these different + + + align:start position:0% +these different +things each decision is going to be + + align:start position:0% +things each decision is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +things each decision is going to be +slightly different based on what it is + + align:start position:0% +slightly different based on what it is + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different based on what it is +I'm trying to accomplish where I have to + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to accomplish where I have to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to accomplish where I have to +be what time of day it is all these + + align:start position:0% +be what time of day it is all these + + + align:start position:0% +be what time of day it is all these +different things and so my mental map is + + align:start position:0% +different things and so my mental map is + + + align:start position:0% +different things and so my mental map is +always kind of um changing slightly + + align:start position:0% +always kind of um changing slightly + + + align:start position:0% +always kind of um changing slightly +through the day not + + align:start position:0% +through the day not + + + align:start position:0% +through the day not +static could I one thing that I'm a + + align:start position:0% +static could I one thing that I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +static could I one thing that I'm a +little unclear of is it seems to me like + + align:start position:0% +little unclear of is it seems to me like + + + align:start position:0% +little unclear of is it seems to me like +you have sort of two + + align:start position:0% +you have sort of two + + + align:start position:0% +you have sort of two +different layers which you sort of mix + + align:start position:0% +different layers which you sort of mix + + + align:start position:0% +different layers which you sort of mix +together or layers or I don't know I'll + + align:start position:0% +together or layers or I don't know I'll + + + align:start position:0% +together or layers or I don't know I'll +try to come up with a better word but + + align:start position:0% +try to come up with a better word but + + + align:start position:0% +try to come up with a better word but +you have sort of the stock of + + align:start position:0% +you have sort of the stock of + + + align:start position:0% +you have sort of the stock of +information of you know a physical map + + align:start position:0% +information of you know a physical map + + + align:start position:0% +information of you know a physical map +and you know like Geographic locations + + align:start position:0% +and you know like Geographic locations + + + align:start position:0% +and you know like Geographic locations +and there's different resources but then + + align:start position:0% +and there's different resources but then + + + align:start position:0% +and there's different resources but then +you also have other stuff like amount of + + align:start position:0% +you also have other stuff like amount of + + + align:start position:0% +you also have other stuff like amount of +time and weather which then to me is + + align:start position:0% +time and weather which then to me is + + + align:start position:0% +time and weather which then to me is +more about Pro how you process the map + + align:start position:0% +more about Pro how you process the map + + + align:start position:0% +more about Pro how you process the map +and to extract a root or to extract a + + align:start position:0% +and to extract a root or to extract a + + + align:start position:0% +and to extract a root or to extract a +direction maybe this is like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process context I mean it's almost like + + align:start position:0% +process context I mean it's almost like + + + align:start position:0% +process context I mean it's almost like +you have a database and then you have a + + align:start position:0% +you have a database and then you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a database and then you have a +different set of queries like you query + + align:start position:0% +different set of queries like you query + + + align:start position:0% +different set of queries like you query +the database in different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways something like that ises that + + align:start position:0% +ways something like that ises that + + + align:start position:0% +ways something like that ises that +clarify like this is sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +clarify like this is sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +clarify like this is sort of the the +process that I go through in in general + + align:start position:0% +process that I go through in in general + + + align:start position:0% +process that I go through in in general +sort of the overarching process these + + align:start position:0% +sort of the overarching process these + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the overarching process these +are sort of the particular components of + + align:start position:0% +are sort of the particular components of + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of the particular components of +that process process that that enable a + + align:start position:0% +that process process that that enable a + + + align:start position:0% +that process process that that enable a +decision and this is sort of the his + + align:start position:0% +decision and this is sort of the his + + + align:start position:0% +decision and this is sort of the his +comment is about the components yeah two + + align:start position:0% +comment is about the components yeah two + + + align:start position:0% +comment is about the components yeah two +kind of components no some components + + align:start position:0% +kind of components no some components + + + align:start position:0% +kind of components no some components +that are uh resources in itself and + + align:start position:0% +that are uh resources in itself and + + + align:start position:0% +that are uh resources in itself and +other that are parameters of and they + + align:start position:0% +other that are parameters of and they + + + align:start position:0% +other that are parameters of and they +mixed together yeah like whether like + + align:start position:0% +mixed together yeah like whether like + + + align:start position:0% +mixed together yeah like whether like +whether an amount of time you have to do + + align:start position:0% +whether an amount of time you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +whether an amount of time you have to do +something it very much dictates how you + + align:start position:0% +something it very much dictates how you + + + align:start position:0% +something it very much dictates how you +go about doing something whereas + + align:start position:0% +go about doing something whereas + + + align:start position:0% +go about doing something whereas +resources dictates where youd go you + + align:start position:0% +resources dictates where youd go you + + + align:start position:0% +resources dictates where youd go you +know separated OB to get when you said + + align:start position:0% +know separated OB to get when you said + + + align:start position:0% +know separated OB to get when you said +data and query um it's it's about maybe + + align:start position:0% +data and query um it's it's about maybe + + + align:start position:0% +data and query um it's it's about maybe +about the the variability of the + + align:start position:0% +about the the variability of the + + + align:start position:0% +about the the variability of the +component you know the library is not V + + align:start position:0% +component you know the library is not V + + + align:start position:0% +component you know the library is not V +is not that variable but weather will be + + align:start position:0% +is not that variable but weather will be + + + align:start position:0% +is not that variable but weather will be +more variable so it's a data and query + + align:start position:0% +more variable so it's a data and query + + + align:start position:0% +more variable so it's a data and query +function right help you decide yeah how + + align:start position:0% +function right help you decide yeah how + + + align:start position:0% +function right help you decide yeah how +do I get to the library depends on the + + align:start position:0% +do I get to the library depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +do I get to the library depends on the +weather but maybe the fact you want to + + align:start position:0% +weather but maybe the fact you want to + + + align:start position:0% +weather but maybe the fact you want to +get to the library do exctly M what you + + align:start position:0% +get to the library do exctly M what you + + + align:start position:0% +get to the library do exctly M what you +need from the library is still there + + align:start position:0% +need from the library is still there + + + align:start position:0% +need from the library is still there +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +we are talking more of the components of + + align:start position:0% +we are talking more of the components of + + + align:start position:0% +we are talking more of the components of +the model should you for illustrating us + + align:start position:0% +the model should you for illustrating us + + + align:start position:0% +the model should you for illustrating us +should you explain how you go through a + + align:start position:0% +should you explain how you go through a + + + align:start position:0% +should you explain how you go through a +task in this + + align:start position:0% +task in this + + + align:start position:0% +task in this +model if you need to go a task how you + + align:start position:0% +model if you need to go a task how you + + + align:start position:0% +model if you need to go a task how you +use this model sure um well let's let's + + align:start position:0% +use this model sure um well let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +use this model sure um well let's let's +take a a fairly common example um I'm in + + align:start position:0% +take a a fairly common example um I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +take a a fairly common example um I'm in +the Urban Design department so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the Urban Design department so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the Urban Design department so a lot of +times I have design work to do um and + + align:start position:0% +times I have design work to do um and + + + align:start position:0% +times I have design work to do um and +I'm not a designer by training so I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm not a designer by training so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not a designer by training so I'm +not very familiar with with a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +not very familiar with with a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +not very familiar with with a lot of the +design so in order to let's say I have + + align:start position:0% +design so in order to let's say I have + + + align:start position:0% +design so in order to let's say I have +to uh you know make some sort of drawing + + align:start position:0% +to uh you know make some sort of drawing + + + align:start position:0% +to uh you know make some sort of drawing +using uh illustrator or or photoshop or + + align:start position:0% +using uh illustrator or or photoshop or + + + align:start position:0% +using uh illustrator or or photoshop or +whatever the program is um I have those + + align:start position:0% +whatever the program is um I have those + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the program is um I have those +things on my own computer I have access + + align:start position:0% +things on my own computer I have access + + + align:start position:0% +things on my own computer I have access +to F the first things I would need is + + align:start position:0% +to F the first things I would need is + + + align:start position:0% +to F the first things I would need is +okay what what is the task I need to + + align:start position:0% +okay what what is the task I need to + + + align:start position:0% +okay what what is the task I need to +accomplish the Tas is I need to make + + align:start position:0% +accomplish the Tas is I need to make + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish the Tas is I need to make +some sort of drawing using Photoshop I + + align:start position:0% +some sort of drawing using Photoshop I + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of drawing using Photoshop I +you know then I guess the another + + align:start position:0% +you know then I guess the another + + + align:start position:0% +you know then I guess the another +thing that you and then so this is sort + + align:start position:0% +thing that you and then so this is sort + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you and then so this is sort +of so one of the things would be how + + align:start position:0% +of so one of the things would be how + + + align:start position:0% +of so one of the things would be how +long is it going to take me to do this + + align:start position:0% +long is it going to take me to do this + + + align:start position:0% +long is it going to take me to do this +task okay let's say it's going to take + + align:start position:0% +task okay let's say it's going to take + + + align:start position:0% +task okay let's say it's going to take +me 2 hours to to complete this task uh + + align:start position:0% +me 2 hours to to complete this task uh + + + align:start position:0% +me 2 hours to to complete this task uh +and then the other thing is okay do I + + align:start position:0% +and then the other thing is okay do I + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other thing is okay do I +have two hours so then I'm thinking okay + + align:start position:0% +have two hours so then I'm thinking okay + + + align:start position:0% +have two hours so then I'm thinking okay +what time is it right now what's my next + + align:start position:0% +what time is it right now what's my next + + + align:start position:0% +what time is it right now what's my next +class when's uh how much what's my block + + align:start position:0% +class when's uh how much what's my block + + + align:start position:0% +class when's uh how much what's my block +of time that I've got okay let's say I + + align:start position:0% +of time that I've got okay let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +of time that I've got okay let's say I +have 3 hours so great I've got the time + + align:start position:0% +have 3 hours so great I've got the time + + + align:start position:0% +have 3 hours so great I've got the time +uh time of day is it lunch time am I + + align:start position:0% +uh time of day is it lunch time am I + + + align:start position:0% +uh time of day is it lunch time am I +hungry do I need to go do something else + + align:start position:0% +hungry do I need to go do something else + + + align:start position:0% +hungry do I need to go do something else +in the interm uh let's say it's 1:00 + + align:start position:0% +in the interm uh let's say it's 1:00 + + + align:start position:0% +in the interm uh let's say it's 1:00 +I've already had LUN Bunch like I can go + + align:start position:0% +I've already had LUN Bunch like I can go + + + align:start position:0% +I've already had LUN Bunch like I can go +and do this task okay great uh then you + + align:start position:0% +and do this task okay great uh then you + + + align:start position:0% +and do this task okay great uh then you +know then then the next question would + + align:start position:0% +know then then the next question would + + + align:start position:0% +know then then the next question would +maybe be um one of the resources I need + + align:start position:0% +maybe be um one of the resources I need + + + align:start position:0% +maybe be um one of the resources I need +in order to accomplish this task well I + + align:start position:0% +in order to accomplish this task well I + + + align:start position:0% +in order to accomplish this task well I +need to have the applications I need to + + align:start position:0% +need to have the applications I need to + + + align:start position:0% +need to have the applications I need to +have the software I need to have a some + + align:start position:0% +have the software I need to have a some + + + align:start position:0% +have the software I need to have a some +sort of computer and I need to have a a + + align:start position:0% +sort of computer and I need to have a a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of computer and I need to have a a +space to use that computer either on my + + align:start position:0% +space to use that computer either on my + + + align:start position:0% +space to use that computer either on my +La laptop if I have my laptop I guess + + align:start position:0% +La laptop if I have my laptop I guess + + + align:start position:0% +La laptop if I have my laptop I guess +could be another one do I have my + + align:start position:0% +could be another one do I have my + + + align:start position:0% +could be another one do I have my +laptop I don't have my laptop that's + + align:start position:0% +laptop I don't have my laptop that's + + + align:start position:0% +laptop I don't have my laptop that's +going to change my decisions slightly + + align:start position:0% +going to change my decisions slightly + + + align:start position:0% +going to change my decisions slightly +could that's actually my + + align:start position:0% +could that's actually my + + + align:start position:0% +could that's actually my +does that you know what's the role of + + align:start position:0% +does that you know what's the role of + + + align:start position:0% +does that you know what's the role of +this and all + + align:start position:0% +this and all + + + align:start position:0% +this and all +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +um so if + + align:start position:0% +um so if + + + align:start position:0% +um so if +I let's say I do have my laptop uh most + + align:start position:0% +I let's say I do have my laptop uh most + + + align:start position:0% +I let's say I do have my laptop uh most +likely even though I have my laptop and + + align:start position:0% +likely even though I have my laptop and + + + align:start position:0% +likely even though I have my laptop and +I can do it in the library I will + + align:start position:0% +I can do it in the library I will + + + align:start position:0% +I can do it in the library I will +probably still choose to go somewhere + + align:start position:0% +probably still choose to go somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +probably still choose to go somewhere +else and I'll get to why that is so the + + align:start position:0% +else and I'll get to why that is so the + + + align:start position:0% +else and I'll get to why that is so the +first thing is I need to have access to + + align:start position:0% +first thing is I need to have access to + + + align:start position:0% +first thing is I need to have access to +those physical resources the tools that + + align:start position:0% +those physical resources the tools that + + + align:start position:0% +those physical resources the tools that +to to uh to accomplish the + + align:start position:0% +to to uh to accomplish the + + + align:start position:0% +to to uh to accomplish the +task a um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and then an actually a fairly major + + align:start position:0% +um and then an actually a fairly major + + + align:start position:0% +um and then an actually a fairly major +uh I guess this could also this is um + + align:start position:0% +uh I guess this could also this is um + + + align:start position:0% +uh I guess this could also this is um +Baseline and then there's sort of uh um + + align:start position:0% +Baseline and then there's sort of uh um + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline and then there's sort of uh um +preferences in some senses right there's + + align:start position:0% +preferences in some senses right there's + + + align:start position:0% +preferences in some senses right there's +I I need to in order to complete the T I + + align:start position:0% +I I need to in order to complete the T I + + + align:start position:0% +I I need to in order to complete the T I +have to have illustrator and I have to + + align:start position:0% +have to have illustrator and I have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to have illustrator and I have to +have a computer um but there are + + align:start position:0% +have a computer um but there are + + + align:start position:0% +have a computer um but there are +different you know there are different + + align:start position:0% +different you know there are different + + + align:start position:0% +different you know there are different +computers that I could use right and I + + align:start position:0% +computers that I could use right and I + + + align:start position:0% +computers that I could use right and I +have access to a number of different + + align:start position:0% +have access to a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +have access to a number of different +computers so I I have preferences for + + align:start position:0% +computers so I I have preferences for + + + align:start position:0% +computers so I I have preferences for +certain ones over other ones so that's + + align:start position:0% +certain ones over other ones so that's + + + align:start position:0% +certain ones over other ones so that's +going to influence my decision too yeah + + align:start position:0% +going to influence my decision too yeah + + + align:start position:0% +going to influence my decision too yeah +and then but the the big one is probably + + align:start position:0% +and then but the the big one is probably + + + align:start position:0% +and then but the the big one is probably +the the people you know if I go to 1045 + + align:start position:0% +the the people you know if I go to 1045 + + + align:start position:0% +the the people you know if I go to 1045 +I know that there are other designers + + align:start position:0% +I know that there are other designers + + + align:start position:0% +I know that there are other designers +who can help me through the process + + align:start position:0% +who can help me through the process + + + align:start position:0% +who can help me through the process +because I don't necessarily I'm not + + align:start position:0% +because I don't necessarily I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't necessarily I'm not +perfectly competent in all these + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competent in all these + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competent in all these +different software packages so um if I + + align:start position:0% +different software packages so um if I + + + align:start position:0% +different software packages so um if I +know that there are people who can help + + align:start position:0% +know that there are people who can help + + + align:start position:0% +know that there are people who can help +me if I get to a stumbling block then + + align:start position:0% +me if I get to a stumbling block then + + + align:start position:0% +me if I get to a stumbling block then +that is significant and then + + align:start position:0% +that is significant and then + + + align:start position:0% +that is significant and then +um one that we seem to have kind of + + align:start position:0% +um one that we seem to have kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um one that we seem to have kind of +Forgotten here is + + align:start position:0% +Forgotten here is + + + align:start position:0% +Forgotten here is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um let say the the physical space or the + + align:start position:0% +um let say the the physical space or the + + + align:start position:0% +um let say the the physical space or the +design of the physical + + align:start position:0% +design of the physical + + + align:start position:0% +design of the physical +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +um and by that I mean like the + + align:start position:0% +um and by that I mean like the + + + align:start position:0% +um and by that I mean like the +ergonomics the daylighting the + + align:start position:0% +ergonomics the daylighting the + + + align:start position:0% +ergonomics the daylighting the +temperature various things that might + + align:start position:0% +temperature various things that might + + + align:start position:0% +temperature various things that might +influence my decision as to whether I + + align:start position:0% +influence my decision as to whether I + + + align:start position:0% +influence my decision as to whether I +prefer to use that space over another + + align:start position:0% +prefer to use that space over another + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to use that space over another +one so that would be another like crn is + + align:start position:0% +one so that would be another like crn is + + + align:start position:0% +one so that would be another like crn is +much nicer to work in than 10 + + align:start position:0% +much nicer to work in than 10 + + + align:start position:0% +much nicer to work in than 10 +patri + + align:start position:0% +patri + + + align:start position:0% +patri +she's well it's going to sound like a + + align:start position:0% +she's well it's going to sound like a + + + align:start position:0% +she's well it's going to sound like a +statement but it's really a question + + align:start position:0% +statement but it's really a question + + + align:start position:0% +statement but it's really a question +because I have an + + align:start position:0% +because I have an + + + align:start position:0% +because I have an +architect so so so I have I have like + + align:start position:0% +architect so so so I have I have like + + + align:start position:0% +architect so so so I have I have like +this this garbage in my head so I don't + + align:start position:0% +this this garbage in my head so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +this this garbage in my head so I don't +know if in cognitive analysis is the + + align:start position:0% +know if in cognitive analysis is the + + + align:start position:0% +know if in cognitive analysis is the +same thing or not so I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +same thing or not so I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +same thing or not so I'm just going to +throw it out there uh for example uh + + align:start position:0% +throw it out there uh for example uh + + + align:start position:0% +throw it out there uh for example uh +when we working on design you can + + align:start position:0% +when we working on design you can + + + align:start position:0% +when we working on design you can +actually draw a map of an idea without + + align:start position:0% +actually draw a map of an idea without + + + align:start position:0% +actually draw a map of an idea without +actually drawing the design of the + + align:start position:0% +actually drawing the design of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually drawing the design of the +building yet but through the map you + + align:start position:0% +building yet but through the map you + + + align:start position:0% +building yet but through the map you +discover relations for example or + + align:start position:0% +discover relations for example or + + + align:start position:0% +discover relations for example or +channels so the in fact when you when + + align:start position:0% +channels so the in fact when you when + + + align:start position:0% +channels so the in fact when you when +you draw it out you can actually tell uh + + align:start position:0% +you draw it out you can actually tell uh + + + align:start position:0% +you draw it out you can actually tell uh +for example you could be working on on a + + align:start position:0% +for example you could be working on on a + + + align:start position:0% +for example you could be working on on a +specific thing like in terms of areas or + + align:start position:0% +specific thing like in terms of areas or + + + align:start position:0% +specific thing like in terms of areas or +relationship in terms of hierarchy or + + align:start position:0% +relationship in terms of hierarchy or + + + align:start position:0% +relationship in terms of hierarchy or +relationship in terms of that will later + + align:start position:0% +relationship in terms of that will later + + + align:start position:0% +relationship in terms of that will later +in the design State become proximity + + align:start position:0% +in the design State become proximity + + + align:start position:0% +in the design State become proximity +elements criteria um or hierarchical in + + align:start position:0% +elements criteria um or hierarchical in + + + align:start position:0% +elements criteria um or hierarchical in +terms of whatever you know expressions + + align:start position:0% +terms of whatever you know expressions + + + align:start position:0% +terms of whatever you know expressions +or um so what I was trying to see in the + + align:start position:0% +or um so what I was trying to see in the + + + align:start position:0% +or um so what I was trying to see in the +map was that + + align:start position:0% +map was that + + + align:start position:0% +map was that +um I saw different elements I saw for + + align:start position:0% +um I saw different elements I saw for + + + align:start position:0% +um I saw different elements I saw for +example that the physical was uh was + + align:start position:0% +example that the physical was uh was + + + align:start position:0% +example that the physical was uh was +like a rough version of a + + align:start position:0% +like a rough version of a + + + align:start position:0% +like a rough version of a +map but it doesn't really show relations + + align:start position:0% +map but it doesn't really show relations + + + align:start position:0% +map but it doesn't really show relations +in terms of uh intense of use or how + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh intense of use or how + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh intense of use or how +important it is to you or in terms of uh + + align:start position:0% +important it is to you or in terms of uh + + + align:start position:0% +important it is to you or in terms of uh +of the list in the middle that's + + align:start position:0% +of the list in the middle that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the list in the middle that's +associated with + + align:start position:0% +associated with + + + align:start position:0% +associated with +context I I Can See For example that + + align:start position:0% +context I I Can See For example that + + + align:start position:0% +context I I Can See For example that +there different qualities in the + + align:start position:0% +there different qualities in the + + + align:start position:0% +there different qualities in the +elements you you you started enriching + + align:start position:0% +elements you you you started enriching + + + align:start position:0% +elements you you you started enriching +it actually at the end with + + align:start position:0% +it actually at the end with + + + align:start position:0% +it actually at the end with +um with elements or criteria or or uh + + align:start position:0% +um with elements or criteria or or uh + + + align:start position:0% +um with elements or criteria or or uh +factors that would + + align:start position:0% +factors that would + + + align:start position:0% +factors that would +uh that would + + align:start position:0% +uh that would + + + align:start position:0% +uh that would +uh that would um affect uh a certain + + align:start position:0% +uh that would um affect uh a certain + + + align:start position:0% +uh that would um affect uh a certain +type of decision but of your + + align:start position:0% +type of decision but of your + + + align:start position:0% +type of decision but of your +movements but uh but some of them were + + align:start position:0% +movements but uh but some of them were + + + align:start position:0% +movements but uh but some of them were +very non-tangible like if you have your + + align:start position:0% +very non-tangible like if you have your + + + align:start position:0% +very non-tangible like if you have your +laptop or not if there's a soft or not + + align:start position:0% +laptop or not if there's a soft or not + + + align:start position:0% +laptop or not if there's a soft or not +so but they're mixed with other things + + align:start position:0% +so but they're mixed with other things + + + align:start position:0% +so but they're mixed with other things +that are more related to um connections + + align:start position:0% +that are more related to um connections + + + align:start position:0% +that are more related to um connections +and relations between you and either + + align:start position:0% +and relations between you and either + + + align:start position:0% +and relations between you and either +spaces or people so I don't know so I + + align:start position:0% +spaces or people so I don't know so I + + + align:start position:0% +spaces or people so I don't know so I +was thinking you know how could one + + align:start position:0% +was thinking you know how could one + + + align:start position:0% +was thinking you know how could one +actually sort of um build it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of um build it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of um build it in terms of +what would you want to build it on like + + align:start position:0% +what would you want to build it on like + + + align:start position:0% +what would you want to build it on like +on relationships on hierarchies on + + align:start position:0% +on relationships on hierarchies on + + + align:start position:0% +on relationships on hierarchies on +connectivity on um intensitivity of use + + align:start position:0% +connectivity on um intensitivity of use + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity on um intensitivity of use +intensiveness of use because I I I think + + align:start position:0% +intensiveness of use because I I I think + + + align:start position:0% +intensiveness of use because I I I think +if it has everything on top I just I + + align:start position:0% +if it has everything on top I just I + + + align:start position:0% +if it has everything on top I just I +can't see how you could actually use it + + align:start position:0% +can't see how you could actually use it + + + align:start position:0% +can't see how you could actually use it +to understand something in particular + + align:start position:0% +to understand something in particular + + + align:start position:0% +to understand something in particular +but I might be wrong I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +but I might be wrong I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +but I might be wrong I don't know how +okay no no no problem ER he + + align:start position:0% +okay no no no problem ER he + + + align:start position:0% +okay no no no problem ER he +described not the process for achieving + + align:start position:0% +described not the process for achieving + + + align:start position:0% +described not the process for achieving +the the mental model but he descried the + + align:start position:0% +the the mental model but he descried the + + + align:start position:0% +the the mental model but he descried the +model in itself so I think that's + + align:start position:0% +model in itself so I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +model in itself so I think that's +natural that now the conversation should + + align:start position:0% +natural that now the conversation should + + + align:start position:0% +natural that now the conversation should +be about the + + align:start position:0% +be about the + + + align:start position:0% +be about the +model after that we will make an + + align:start position:0% +model after that we will make an + + + align:start position:0% +model after that we will make an +exercise of how to construct it but + + align:start position:0% +exercise of how to construct it but + + + align:start position:0% +exercise of how to construct it but +asking him to to explain his model is + + align:start position:0% +asking him to to explain his model is + + + align:start position:0% +asking him to to explain his model is +natural that he we will explain the + + align:start position:0% +natural that he we will explain the + + + align:start position:0% +natural that he we will explain the +final result of his + + align:start position:0% +final result of his + + + align:start position:0% +final result of his +thinking no and you are talking about + + align:start position:0% +thinking no and you are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +thinking no and you are talking about +this different components that we should + + align:start position:0% +this different components that we should + + + align:start position:0% +this different components that we should +use for describing a model no different + + align:start position:0% +use for describing a model no different + + + align:start position:0% +use for describing a model no different +kinds of of Frameworks for describing a + + align:start position:0% +kinds of of Frameworks for describing a + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of of Frameworks for describing a +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +no I don't know I was just trying to + + align:start position:0% +no I don't know I was just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +no I don't know I was just trying to +understand going on there so I was think + + align:start position:0% +understand going on there so I was think + + + align:start position:0% +understand going on there so I was think +so I use examples as as a in + + align:start position:0% +so I use examples as as a in + + + align:start position:0% +so I use examples as as a in +architecture for example as a way of + + align:start position:0% +architecture for example as a way of + + + align:start position:0% +architecture for example as a way of +trying to figure out what I could see + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out what I could see + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out what I could see +and my conclusion of that I'm seeing + + align:start position:0% +and my conclusion of that I'm seeing + + + align:start position:0% +and my conclusion of that I'm seeing +super superimposed things that would not + + align:start position:0% +super superimposed things that would not + + + align:start position:0% +super superimposed things that would not +allow me to read either relationships or + + align:start position:0% +allow me to read either relationships or + + + align:start position:0% +allow me to read either relationships or +hierarchies or + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies or + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies or +um something that will allow me to get + + align:start position:0% +um something that will allow me to get + + + align:start position:0% +um something that will allow me to get +okay some sort of evaluation out of it + + align:start position:0% +okay some sort of evaluation out of it + + + align:start position:0% +okay some sort of evaluation out of it +yeah I think um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he he's expressed some of that but he + + align:start position:0% +he he's expressed some of that but he + + + align:start position:0% +he he's expressed some of that but he +hasn't shown it gra that's what you're + + align:start position:0% +hasn't shown it gra that's what you're + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't shown it gra that's what you're +saying yeah I think that these are + + align:start position:0% +saying yeah I think that these are + + + align:start position:0% +saying yeah I think that these are +basically what would these are the + + align:start position:0% +basically what would these are the + + + align:start position:0% +basically what would these are the +underlying characteristics of I I could + + align:start position:0% +underlying characteristics of I I could + + + align:start position:0% +underlying characteristics of I I could +probably draw out a whole map of the + + align:start position:0% +probably draw out a whole map of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably draw out a whole map of the +various + + align:start position:0% +various + + + align:start position:0% +various +hierarchies but my point is that this is + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies but my point is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies but my point is that this is +what underlies those hierarchies and + + align:start position:0% +what underlies those hierarchies and + + + align:start position:0% +what underlies those hierarchies and +it's important to note that those + + align:start position:0% +it's important to note that those + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to note that those +Dynamic that those hierarchies are not + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic that those hierarchies are not + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic that those hierarchies are not +static hierarchies that every time I + + align:start position:0% +static hierarchies that every time I + + + align:start position:0% +static hierarchies that every time I +want to do particular task I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +want to do particular task I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +want to do particular task I'm going to +go to + + align:start position:0% +go to + + + align:start position:0% +go to +1045 because that's the hierarchy in my + + align:start position:0% +1045 because that's the hierarchy in my + + + align:start position:0% +1045 because that's the hierarchy in my +mind is 1045 is the best place to do XYZ + + align:start position:0% +mind is 1045 is the best place to do XYZ + + + align:start position:0% +mind is 1045 is the best place to do XYZ +tasks but that based on all of these + + align:start position:0% +tasks but that based on all of these + + + align:start position:0% +tasks but that based on all of these +different things those hierarchies are + + align:start position:0% +different things those hierarchies are + + + align:start position:0% +different things those hierarchies are +constantly shifting in an e and + + align:start position:0% +constantly shifting in an e and + + + align:start position:0% +constantly shifting in an e and +flow um and so the the important thing + + align:start position:0% +flow um and so the the important thing + + + align:start position:0% +flow um and so the the important thing +to me is that 1045 is not far away from + + align:start position:0% +to me is that 1045 is not far away from + + + align:start position:0% +to me is that 1045 is not far away from +other resources that I also might want + + align:start position:0% +other resources that I also might want + + + align:start position:0% +other resources that I also might want +to choose to use because um where I am + + align:start position:0% +to choose to use because um where I am + + + align:start position:0% +to choose to use because um where I am +is going to influence whether I can + + align:start position:0% +is going to influence whether I can + + + align:start position:0% +is going to influence whether I can +access + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's very clear I think so I mean it + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear I think so I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear I think so I mean it +sounds like your question is sort of how + + align:start position:0% +sounds like your question is sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like your question is sort of how +does this relate to a design process how + + align:start position:0% +does this relate to a design process how + + + align:start position:0% +does this relate to a design process how +would you actually use this in in + + align:start position:0% +would you actually use this in in + + + align:start position:0% +would you actually use this in in +designing building or no to a graphical + + align:start position:0% +designing building or no to a graphical + + + align:start position:0% +designing building or no to a graphical +representation how how would you make + + align:start position:0% +representation how how would you make + + + align:start position:0% +representation how how would you make +AAL question yeah know how would you + + align:start position:0% +AAL question yeah know how would you + + + align:start position:0% +AAL question yeah know how would you +make your mental map work to describe a + + align:start position:0% +make your mental map work to describe a + + + align:start position:0% +make your mental map work to describe a +particular situation be it relations be + + align:start position:0% +particular situation be it relations be + + + align:start position:0% +particular situation be it relations be +it hierarchy be it times be it because I + + align:start position:0% +it hierarchy be it times be it because I + + + align:start position:0% +it hierarchy be it times be it because I +I have the feeling that for example + + align:start position:0% +I have the feeling that for example + + + align:start position:0% +I have the feeling that for example +architecture you can't just use the same + + align:start position:0% +architecture you can't just use the same + + + align:start position:0% +architecture you can't just use the same +map to describe everything for example + + align:start position:0% +map to describe everything for example + + + align:start position:0% +map to describe everything for example +you would be able to find it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +you would be able to find it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +you would be able to find it wouldn't +just get so you can't really so that's + + align:start position:0% +just get so you can't really so that's + + + align:start position:0% +just get so you can't really so that's +what I was seeing like you have like the + + align:start position:0% +what I was seeing like you have like the + + + align:start position:0% +what I was seeing like you have like the +elements but maybe I'm wondering if uh + + align:start position:0% +elements but maybe I'm wondering if uh + + + align:start position:0% +elements but maybe I'm wondering if uh +exactly what you're saying according to + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you're saying according to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you're saying according to +the different situations you want to map + + align:start position:0% +the different situations you want to map + + + align:start position:0% +the different situations you want to map +out maybe the the map is not done yet + + align:start position:0% +out maybe the the map is not done yet + + + align:start position:0% +out maybe the the map is not done yet +maybe the material is there to build s + + align:start position:0% +maybe the material is there to build s + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the material is there to build s +ones on that + + align:start position:0% +ones on that + + + align:start position:0% +ones on that +okay and after I think I'm not sure I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay and after I think I'm not sure I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay and after I think I'm not sure I'm +probably I don't know if I understand + + align:start position:0% +probably I don't know if I understand + + + align:start position:0% +probably I don't know if I understand +what she's saying is about the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +what she's saying is about the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +what she's saying is about the dynamic +of the process I mean what's the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +of the process I mean what's the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +of the process I mean what's the dynamic +of all those elements and how do they + + align:start position:0% +of all those elements and how do they + + + align:start position:0% +of all those elements and how do they +inter relate together is that what + + align:start position:0% +inter relate together is that what + + + align:start position:0% +inter relate together is that what +you're saying I mean what what's the + + align:start position:0% +you're saying I mean what what's the + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying I mean what what's the +character of the dynamic I mean you have + + align:start position:0% +character of the dynamic I mean you have + + + align:start position:0% +character of the dynamic I mean you have +all these different elements how do they + + align:start position:0% +all these different elements how do they + + + align:start position:0% +all these different elements how do they +relate with each other is that what + + align:start position:0% +relate with each other is that what + + + align:start position:0% +relate with each other is that what +you're saying is it oh okay okay sorry I + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is it oh okay okay sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is it oh okay okay sorry I +think I wasn't quite getting reles to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +challenge um well I think that's what I + + align:start position:0% +challenge um well I think that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +challenge um well I think that's what I +was trying to get out with the the + + align:start position:0% +was trying to get out with the the + + + align:start position:0% +was trying to get out with the the +example that you as me to do but + + align:start position:0% +example that you as me to do but + + + align:start position:0% +example that you as me to do but +um I think + + align:start position:0% +um I think + + + align:start position:0% +um I think +that's partly kind of the next stage of + + align:start position:0% +that's partly kind of the next stage of + + + align:start position:0% +that's partly kind of the next stage of +my own personal research is how do these + + align:start position:0% +my own personal research is how do these + + + align:start position:0% +my own personal research is how do these +all relate I don't know the answer to + + align:start position:0% +all relate I don't know the answer to + + + align:start position:0% +all relate I don't know the answer to +that question + + align:start position:0% +that question + + + align:start position:0% +that question +and which of these things is the most + + align:start position:0% +and which of these things is the most + + + align:start position:0% +and which of these things is the most +important and how is it you know what + + align:start position:0% +important and how is it you know what + + + align:start position:0% +important and how is it you know what +here I'm just kind of organized them in + + align:start position:0% +here I'm just kind of organized them in + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm just kind of organized them in +any old Which Way But is there some sort + + align:start position:0% +any old Which Way But is there some sort + + + align:start position:0% +any old Which Way But is there some sort +of maybe maybe these are maybe these are + + align:start position:0% +of maybe maybe these are maybe these are + + + align:start position:0% +of maybe maybe these are maybe these are +a hierarchical list the first thing I + + align:start position:0% +a hierarchical list the first thing I + + + align:start position:0% +a hierarchical list the first thing I +ask is can I do the thing the second + + align:start position:0% +ask is can I do the thing the second + + + align:start position:0% +ask is can I do the thing the second +thing I I ask is maybe how much time + + align:start position:0% +thing I I ask is maybe how much time + + + align:start position:0% +thing I I ask is maybe how much time +maybe the third is where do I have to be + + align:start position:0% +maybe the third is where do I have to be + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the third is where do I have to be +standing and fourth is you know what do + + align:start position:0% +standing and fourth is you know what do + + + align:start position:0% +standing and fourth is you know what do +I know there's another thing actually + + align:start position:0% +I know there's another thing actually + + + align:start position:0% +I know there's another thing actually +what do I know about the physical + + align:start position:0% +what do I know about the physical + + + align:start position:0% +what do I know about the physical +context you know if I'm across campus I + + align:start position:0% +context you know if I'm across campus I + + + align:start position:0% +context you know if I'm across campus I +might not know what there maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +might not know what there maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +might not know what there maybe there's +some room right next door that I could + + align:start position:0% +some room right next door that I could + + + align:start position:0% +some room right next door that I could +use but I don't know that it's there + + align:start position:0% +use but I don't know that it's there + + + align:start position:0% +use but I don't know that it's there +so knowledge or maybe strength of + + align:start position:0% +so knowledge or maybe strength of + + + align:start position:0% +so knowledge or maybe strength of +the you know how detailed this this map + + align:start position:0% +the you know how detailed this this map + + + align:start position:0% +the you know how detailed this this map +is where wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +is where wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +is where wouldn't +importance um the does he have that on + + align:start position:0% +importance um the does he have that on + + + align:start position:0% +importance um the does he have that on +there some some need you have to do that + + align:start position:0% +there some some need you have to do that + + + align:start position:0% +there some some need you have to do that +day + + align:start position:0% +day + + + align:start position:0% +day +regardless to take care of there + + align:start position:0% +regardless to take care of there + + + align:start position:0% +regardless to take care of there +something you just have to take + + align:start position:0% +something you just have to take + + + align:start position:0% +something you just have to take +care yeah I guess yeah that's true the + + align:start position:0% +care yeah I guess yeah that's true the + + + align:start position:0% +care yeah I guess yeah that's true the +importance of the task you know because + + align:start position:0% +importance of the task you know because + + + align:start position:0% +importance of the task you know because +have to choose the task there might be + + align:start position:0% +have to choose the task there might be + + + align:start position:0% +have to choose the task there might be +multiple task class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and I think another thing is uh + + align:start position:0% +okay and I think another thing is uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I think another thing is uh +whether or not it's a task that I need + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's a task that I need + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's a task that I need +to focus on singularly or whether it's + + align:start position:0% +to focus on singularly or whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on singularly or whether it's +something I can uh multitask and the + + align:start position:0% +something I can uh multitask and the + + + align:start position:0% +something I can uh multitask and the +amount of concentration I might need + + align:start position:0% +amount of concentration I might need + + + align:start position:0% +amount of concentration I might need +I'll be go into + + align:start position:0% +I'll be go into + + + align:start position:0% +I'll be go into +that Chris I guess it's a little unclear + + align:start position:0% +that Chris I guess it's a little unclear + + + align:start position:0% +that Chris I guess it's a little unclear +to me what this is actually for I mean + + align:start position:0% +to me what this is actually for I mean + + + align:start position:0% +to me what this is actually for I mean +like I understand no I don't mean that + + align:start position:0% +like I understand no I don't mean that + + + align:start position:0% +like I understand no I don't mean that +just to cut it I just like it would help + + align:start position:0% +just to cut it I just like it would help + + + align:start position:0% +just to cut it I just like it would help +to understand you know what you have + + align:start position:0% +to understand you know what you have + + + align:start position:0% +to understand you know what you have +this wealth of information and there's a + + align:start position:0% +this wealth of information and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +this wealth of information and there's a +lot of relationships but what does that + + align:start position:0% +lot of relationships but what does that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of relationships but what does that +help you do how does that help you + + align:start position:0% +help you do how does that help you + + + align:start position:0% +help you do how does that help you +organize your behavior and you know is + + align:start position:0% +organize your behavior and you know is + + + align:start position:0% +organize your behavior and you know is +this and are you and then you're trying + + align:start position:0% +this and are you and then you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +this and are you and then you're trying +to understand if other people organize + + align:start position:0% +to understand if other people organize + + + align:start position:0% +to understand if other people organize +their kind of mental models and their + + align:start position:0% +their kind of mental models and their + + + align:start position:0% +their kind of mental models and their +behavior the same way you do or is it + + align:start position:0% +behavior the same way you do or is it + + + align:start position:0% +behavior the same way you do or is it +different or you know what are the + + align:start position:0% +different or you know what are the + + + align:start position:0% +different or you know what are the +different types of how people organize + + align:start position:0% +different types of how people organize + + + align:start position:0% +different types of how people organize +their their way you know does that make + + align:start position:0% +their their way you know does that make + + + align:start position:0% +their their way you know does that make +sense well I mean outside of this class + + align:start position:0% +sense well I mean outside of this class + + + align:start position:0% +sense well I mean outside of this class +my interest is in if there's some way to + + align:start position:0% +my interest is in if there's some way to + + + align:start position:0% +my interest is in if there's some way to +take this kind of knowledge and um use + + align:start position:0% +take this kind of knowledge and um use + + + align:start position:0% +take this kind of knowledge and um use +it for the design of physical spaces is + + align:start position:0% +it for the design of physical spaces is + + + align:start position:0% +it for the design of physical spaces is +there some way that this sheds some + + align:start position:0% +there some way that this sheds some + + + align:start position:0% +there some way that this sheds some +light on like sort of the way that + + align:start position:0% +light on like sort of the way that + + + align:start position:0% +light on like sort of the way that +something that came to light this + + align:start position:0% +something that came to light this + + + align:start position:0% +something that came to light this +morning is anybody familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +morning is anybody familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +morning is anybody familiar with the +work of Kevin Lynch where he did mental + + align:start position:0% +work of Kevin Lynch where he did mental + + + align:start position:0% +work of Kevin Lynch where he did mental +mapping of people's images of various + + align:start position:0% +mapping of people's images of various + + + align:start position:0% +mapping of people's images of various +cities so he ask them to do a similar + + align:start position:0% +cities so he ask them to do a similar + + + align:start position:0% +cities so he ask them to do a similar +thing here but physically oriented just + + align:start position:0% +thing here but physically oriented just + + + align:start position:0% +thing here but physically oriented just +how do you how do you get around the + + align:start position:0% +how do you how do you get around the + + + align:start position:0% +how do you how do you get around the +city what are the what's your um mental + + align:start position:0% +city what are the what's your um mental + + + align:start position:0% +city what are the what's your um mental +map of the physical things in the city + + align:start position:0% +map of the physical things in the city + + + align:start position:0% +map of the physical things in the city +and from that he was able to pull out + + align:start position:0% +and from that he was able to pull out + + + align:start position:0% +and from that he was able to pull out +these various components of how people + + align:start position:0% +these various components of how people + + + align:start position:0% +these various components of how people +find their way through cities but what + + align:start position:0% +find their way through cities but what + + + align:start position:0% +find their way through cities but what +he didn't really point out which really + + align:start position:0% +he didn't really point out which really + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't really point out which really +was uh late better this morning was all + + align:start position:0% +was uh late better this morning was all + + + align:start position:0% +was uh late better this morning was all +of these these other things that are + + align:start position:0% +of these these other things that are + + + align:start position:0% +of these these other things that are +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +on you know why is it that people would + + align:start position:0% +on you know why is it that people would + + + align:start position:0% +on you know why is it that people would +even need to go from A to B and and how + + align:start position:0% +even need to go from A to B and and how + + + align:start position:0% +even need to go from A to B and and how +that would influence their decision to + + align:start position:0% +that would influence their decision to + + + align:start position:0% +that would influence their decision to +move through those different spaces so + + align:start position:0% +move through those different spaces so + + + align:start position:0% +move through those different spaces so +this is sort of like a cognitive map of + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of like a cognitive map of + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of like a cognitive map of +um a number of other things that are not + + align:start position:0% +um a number of other things that are not + + + align:start position:0% +um a number of other things that are not +necessarily physical but related to the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily physical but related to the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily physical but related to the +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +uh is asking I have one question I think + + align:start position:0% +uh is asking I have one question I think + + + align:start position:0% +uh is asking I have one question I think +if if that's not the question that Chris + + align:start position:0% +if if that's not the question that Chris + + + align:start position:0% +if if that's not the question that Chris +asked I have a feeling let me know if + + align:start position:0% +asked I have a feeling let me know if + + + align:start position:0% +asked I have a feeling let me know if +I'm wrong but um putting aside your + + align:start position:0% +I'm wrong but um putting aside your + + + align:start position:0% +I'm wrong but um putting aside your +research and your interest in this how + + align:start position:0% +research and your interest in this how + + + align:start position:0% +research and your interest in this how +does this mental model of MIT that's + + align:start position:0% +does this mental model of MIT that's + + + align:start position:0% +does this mental model of MIT that's +Dynamic help you + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic help you + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic help you +decide how + + align:start position:0% +decide how + + + align:start position:0% +decide how +to how to act in in your day at MIT like + + align:start position:0% +to how to act in in your day at MIT like + + + align:start position:0% +to how to act in in your day at MIT like +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +around find the best route find the best + + align:start position:0% +around find the best route find the best + + + align:start position:0% +around find the best route find the best +space to work in for the for the test + + align:start position:0% +space to work in for the for the test + + + align:start position:0% +space to work in for the for the test +how does this mental model help you + + align:start position:0% +how does this mental model help you + + + align:start position:0% +how does this mental model help you +organize your behavior now that I'm + + align:start position:0% +organize your behavior now that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +organize your behavior now that I'm +aware of it or how did it do it before + + align:start position:0% +aware of it or how did it do it before + + + align:start position:0% +aware of it or how did it do it before +even before I was aware like because + + align:start position:0% +even before I was aware like because + + + align:start position:0% +even before I was aware like because +there's there's one one question is you + + align:start position:0% +there's there's one one question is you + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's one one question is you +you can does it matter yes in some cases + + align:start position:0% +you can does it matter yes in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +you can does it matter yes in some cases +but not in the + + align:start position:0% +but not in the + + + align:start position:0% +but not in the +fundamentals in some case it will change + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals in some case it will change + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals in some case it will change +his behavior for being aware about this + + align:start position:0% +his behavior for being aware about this + + + align:start position:0% +his behavior for being aware about this +but in spite of that he uses + + align:start position:0% +but in spite of that he uses + + + align:start position:0% +but in spite of that he uses +uses it in some way okay so so now that + + align:start position:0% +uses it in some way okay so so now that + + + align:start position:0% +uses it in some way okay so so now that +you're aware of it how does it help you + + align:start position:0% +you're aware of it how does it help you + + + align:start position:0% +you're aware of it how does it help you +organize your behavior like if you put + + align:start position:0% +organize your behavior like if you put + + + align:start position:0% +organize your behavior like if you put +yourself in your mind like yesterday as + + align:start position:0% +yourself in your mind like yesterday as + + + align:start position:0% +yourself in your mind like yesterday as +you were walking through campus making + + align:start position:0% +you were walking through campus making + + + align:start position:0% +you were walking through campus making +decisions on how to get to a certain + + align:start position:0% +decisions on how to get to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +decisions on how to get to a certain +place or what place to work in what role + + align:start position:0% +place or what place to work in what role + + + align:start position:0% +place or what place to work in what role +did this model + + align:start position:0% +did this model + + + align:start position:0% +did this model +play well how did it help I guess + + align:start position:0% +play well how did it help I guess + + + align:start position:0% +play well how did it help I guess +usually the way that I use this is the + + align:start position:0% +usually the way that I use this is the + + + align:start position:0% +usually the way that I use this is the +other way around I try to figure out I'm + + align:start position:0% +other way around I try to figure out I'm + + + align:start position:0% +other way around I try to figure out I'm +constantly checking my model I'm more + + align:start position:0% +constantly checking my model I'm more + + + align:start position:0% +constantly checking my model I'm more +interested in model that I am in the in + + align:start position:0% +interested in model that I am in the in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in model that I am in the in +the how it's changing my behavior to + + align:start position:0% +the how it's changing my behavior to + + + align:start position:0% +the how it's changing my behavior to +know the model but that's just + + align:start position:0% +know the model but that's just + + + align:start position:0% +know the model but that's just +personally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um we we are getting out of time for the + + align:start position:0% +um we we are getting out of time for the + + + align:start position:0% +um we we are getting out of time for the +exercise okay Rene wants to make a + + align:start position:0% +exercise okay Rene wants to make a + + + align:start position:0% +exercise okay Rene wants to make a +question Jord but brief question and + + align:start position:0% +question Jord but brief question and + + + align:start position:0% +question Jord but brief question and +brief answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +concluding um I think + + align:start position:0% +concluding um I think + + + align:start position:0% +concluding um I think +one of the things that I I think I heard + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that I I think I heard + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that I I think I heard +you say is about decision + + align:start position:0% +you say is about decision + + + align:start position:0% +you say is about decision +efficiency you know you you the model's + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you know you you the model's + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you know you you the model's +there you know where things are and + + align:start position:0% +there you know where things are and + + + align:start position:0% +there you know where things are and +choose those and what you don't know may + + align:start position:0% +choose those and what you don't know may + + + align:start position:0% +choose those and what you don't know may +have been more efficient but you don't + + align:start position:0% +have been more efficient but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +have been more efficient but you don't +know um and so just when you said you + + align:start position:0% +know um and so just when you said you + + + align:start position:0% +know um and so just when you said you +know there might be a room next door + + align:start position:0% +know there might be a room next door + + + align:start position:0% +know there might be a room next door +that I could use you don't bother + + align:start position:0% +that I could use you don't bother + + + align:start position:0% +that I could use you don't bother +looking right could have made you more + + align:start position:0% +looking right could have made you more + + + align:start position:0% +looking right could have made you more +efficient + + align:start position:0% +efficient + + + align:start position:0% +efficient +right so that's just what I heard you + + align:start 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information knowledge and + + align:start position:0% +acquire more information knowledge and + + + align:start position:0% +acquire more information knowledge and +we're constantly adding lines to our + + align:start position:0% +we're constantly adding lines to our + + + align:start position:0% +we're constantly adding lines to our +maps and in terms of like an Orient + + align:start position:0% +maps and in terms of like an Orient + + + align:start position:0% +maps and in terms of like an Orient +ation say of how a new student comes in + + align:start position:0% +ation say of how a new student comes in + + + align:start position:0% +ation say of how a new student comes in +to MIT and what pieces of that + + align:start position:0% +to MIT and what pieces of that + + + align:start position:0% +to MIT and what pieces of that +map you know that person would have and + + align:start position:0% +map you know that person would have and + + + align:start position:0% +map you know that 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and + + + align:start position:0% +process is more streamlined and +hopefully I'm I'm more efficient and + + align:start position:0% +hopefully I'm I'm more efficient and + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully I'm I'm more efficient and +more productive when I'm there um and + + align:start position:0% +more productive when I'm there um and + + + align:start position:0% +more productive when I'm there um and +I'm actually I'm sort of writing a piece + + align:start position:0% +I'm actually I'm sort of writing a piece + + + align:start position:0% +I'm actually I'm sort of writing a piece +for a magazine right now that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +for a magazine right now that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +for a magazine right now that's sort of +related to that that issue so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +related to that that issue so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +related to that that issue so hopefully +I'll know more once I actually + + align:start position:0% +I'll know more once I actually + + + align:start position:0% +I'll know more once I actually +really I to find out in that process go + + align:start position:0% +really I to find out in that process go + + + align:start position:0% +really I to find out in that process go +through that and see if there anything + + align:start position:0% +through that and see if there anything + + + align:start position:0% +through that and see if there anything +he has missed or refin that + + align:start position:0% +he has missed or refin that + + + align:start position:0% +he has missed or refin that +this is the this is the end of the + + align:start position:0% +this is the this is the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the this is the end of the +activity + + align:start position:0% +activity + + + align:start position:0% +activity +for for this moment of the class I was + + align:start position:0% +for for this moment of the class I was + + + align:start position:0% +for for this moment of the class I was +thinking that what he has made is enough + + align:start position:0% +thinking that what he has made is enough + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that what he has made is enough +for us after that we need to to make our + + align:start position:0% +for us after that we need to to make our + + + align:start position:0% +for us after that we need to to make our +exercise okay but okay thank you very + + align:start position:0% +exercise okay but okay thank you very + + + align:start position:0% +exercise okay but okay thank you very +much i' like to make some comments about + + align:start position:0% +much i' like to make some comments about + + + align:start position:0% +much i' like to make some comments about +his exercise really thanks very much + + align:start position:0% +his exercise really thanks very much + + + align:start position:0% +his exercise really thanks very much +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and E + + align:start position:0% +and E + + + align:start position:0% +and E +he presents he describ his + + align:start position:0% +he presents he describ his + + + align:start position:0% +he presents he describ his +model in the effort for of description + + align:start position:0% +model in the effort for of description + + + align:start position:0% +model in the effort for of description +he tries to + + align:start position:0% +he tries to + + + align:start position:0% +he tries to +to characterize the diverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components the useful of the exercise + + align:start position:0% +components the useful of the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +components the useful of the exercise +for us is that now we have in our mind a + + align:start position:0% +for us is that now we have in our mind a + + + align:start position:0% +for us is that now we have in our mind a +lot of 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position:0% +able to to construct this this model in + + + align:start position:0% +able to to construct this this model in +just 30 minutes and now I I had actually + + align:start position:0% +just 30 minutes and now I I had actually + + + align:start position:0% +just 30 minutes and now I I had actually +done some previous work with this yes + + align:start position:0% +done some previous work with this yes + + + align:start position:0% +done some previous work with this yes +yes yes yes but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes but it's possible to not with the + + align:start position:0% +yes but it's possible to not with the + + + align:start position:0% +yes but it's possible to not with the +level of sophistication we have here 15 + + align:start position:0% +level of sophistication we have here 15 + + + align:start position:0% +level of sophistication we have here 15 +variables okay but with less variables + + align:start position:0% +variables 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will be + + + align:start position:0% +groups in each group one person will be +volunteer for + + align:start position:0% +volunteer for + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer for +describing for construct one model and + + align:start position:0% +describing for construct one model and + + + align:start position:0% +describing for construct one model and +the other people will make question for + + align:start position:0% +the other people will make question for + + + align:start position:0% +the other people will make question for +help them to go forward in + + align:start position:0% +help them to go forward in + + + align:start position:0% +help them to go forward in +the construction of of his model okay + + align:start position:0% +the construction of of his model okay + + + align:start position:0% +the construction of of his model okay +any guidance as to how to choose the the + + align:start position:0% +any guidance as to how to choose the the + + + align:start position:0% 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it's +much it's to be able to to think about + + align:start position:0% +much it's to be able to to think about + + + align:start position:0% +much it's to be able to to think about +in space helps a lot to to to describe + + align:start position:0% +in space helps a lot to to to describe + + + align:start position:0% +in space helps a lot to to to describe +the functions + + align:start position:0% +the functions + + + align:start position:0% +the functions +okay it's a support for thinking about + + align:start position:0% +okay it's a support for thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's a support for thinking about +the functions the the + + align:start position:0% +the functions the the + + + align:start position:0% +the functions the the +space the other kind of model + + align:start position:0% +space the other kind of model + + + align:start position:0% +space the other kind of model +is it's logical + + align:start position:0% +is it's logical + + + align:start position:0% +is it's logical +relations it's a construct more + + align:start position:0% +relations it's a construct more + + + align:start position:0% +relations it's a construct more +abstract and you will off in each group + + align:start position:0% +abstract and you will off in each group + + + align:start position:0% +abstract and you will off in each group +one person will + + align:start position:0% +one person will + + + align:start position:0% +one person will +offer for making or you may select among + + align:start position:0% +offer for making or you may select among + + + align:start position:0% +offer for making or you may select among +you each each one may a ER + + align:start position:0% +you each each one may a ER + + + align:start position:0% +you each each one may a ER +show + + align:start position:0% +show + + + align:start position:0% +show +his his model the idea of model he has + + align:start position:0% +his his model the idea of model he has + + + align:start position:0% +his his model the idea of model he has +in his mind and people may select one or + + align:start position:0% +in his mind and people may select one or + + + align:start position:0% +in his mind and people may select one or +the people may offer to himself you can + + align:start position:0% +the people may offer to himself you can + + + align:start position:0% +the people may offer to himself you can +see in the group which way you + + align:start position:0% +see in the group which way you + + + align:start position:0% +see in the group which way you +prefer + + align:start position:0% +prefer + + + align:start position:0% +prefer +okay turn this break if you can just + + align:start position:0% +okay turn this break if you can just + + + align:start position:0% +okay turn this break if you can just +think about what what type of model you + + align:start position:0% +think about what what type of model you + + + align:start position:0% +think about what what type of model you +would like to try to to + + align:start position:0% +would like to try to to + + + align:start position:0% +would like to try to to +and then you can present it in your + + align:start position:0% +and then you can present it in your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can present it in your +small groups briefly and pick one that + + align:start position:0% +small groups briefly and pick one that + + + align:start position:0% +small groups briefly and pick one that +you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to +really develop over a 30 minute period + + align:start position:0% +really develop over a 30 minute period + + + align:start position:0% +really develop over a 30 minute period +yes I also love to get feedback during + + align:start position:0% +yes I also love to get feedback during + + + align:start position:0% +yes I also love to get feedback during +the break if people are interested in + + align:start position:0% +the break if people are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +the break if people are interested in +this particular thought process and + + align:start position:0% +this particular thought process and + + + align:start position:0% +this particular thought process and +whether it seems like I'm heading down + + align:start position:0% +whether it seems like I'm heading down + + + align:start position:0% +whether it seems like I'm heading down +the right path if this is seems like a + + align:start position:0% +the right path if this is seems like a + + + align:start position:0% +the right path if this is seems like a +way that most people might be making + + align:start position:0% +way that most people might be making + + + align:start position:0% +way that most people might be making +their decisions or if I'm just kind of + + align:start position:0% +their decisions or if I'm just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +their decisions or if I'm just kind of +pulling that out of my own process that' + + align:start position:0% +pulling that out of my own process that' + + + align:start position:0% +pulling that out of my own process that' +be helpful if people want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +be helpful if people want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +be helpful if people want to talk about +that and and also if people feel + + align:start position:0% +that and and also if people feel + + + align:start position:0% +that and and also if people feel +comfortable I'd love to get their their + + align:start position:0% +comfortable I'd love to get their their + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable I'd love to get their their +mental maps at MIT if people want to + + align:start position:0% +mental maps at MIT if people want to + + + align:start position:0% +mental maps at MIT if people want to +feel comfortable giving them to me after + + align:start position:0% +feel comfortable giving them to me after + + + align:start position:0% +feel comfortable giving them to me after +after class yeah put your name and your + + align:start position:0% +after class yeah put your name and your + + + align:start position:0% +after class yeah put your name and your +email on your yeah or actually even yeah + + align:start position:0% +email on your yeah or actually even yeah + + + align:start position:0% +email on your yeah or actually even yeah +and and what would also be great is you + + align:start position:0% +and and what would also be great is you + + + align:start position:0% +and and what would also be great is you +could put like basic demographic like + + align:start position:0% +could put like basic demographic like + + + align:start position:0% +could put like basic demographic like +age gender what you're class what you're + + align:start position:0% +age gender what you're class what you're + + + align:start position:0% +age gender what you're class what you're +studying here um maybe where you're from + + align:start position:0% +studying here um maybe where you're from + + + align:start position:0% +studying here um maybe where you're from +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that where email oh what's my email EJ + + align:start position:0% +that where email oh what's my email EJ + + + align:start position:0% +that where email oh what's my email EJ +my email is ejg MIT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's go to the break we will begin + + align:start position:0% +okay let's go to the break we will begin + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's go to the break we will begin +11 L five or 5 minutes for + + align:start position:0% +11 L five or 5 minutes for + + + align:start position:0% +11 L five or 5 minutes for +11 5 minutes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + 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number one two one + + + align:start position:0% +one of you say one number one two one +two we we'll Begin by Lee one one two + + align:start position:0% +two we we'll Begin by Lee one one two + + + align:start position:0% +two we we'll Begin by Lee one one two +one two one + + align:start position:0% +one two one + + + align:start position:0% +one two one +two two Ezra's two + + align:start position:0% +two two Ezra's two + + + align:start position:0% +two two Ezra's two +Ezra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah two one two one one okay erra you + + align:start position:0% +yeah two one two one one okay erra you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah two one two one one okay erra you +are two two + + align:start position:0% +are two two + + + align:start position:0% +are two two +two one may meet this place + + align:start position:0% +two one may meet this place + + + align:start position:0% +two one may meet this place +nearly and two may meet in this place + + align:start position:0% +nearly and two may meet in this place + + + align:start position:0% +nearly and two may meet in this place +near Rene + + align:start position:0% +near Rene + + + align:start position:0% +near Rene +okay you your task is one each one will + + align:start position:0% +okay you your task is one each one will + + + align:start position:0% +okay you your task is one each one will +describe briefly his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model after that you will select + + align:start position:0% +model after that you will select + + + align:start position:0% +model after that you will select +one and we try + + align:start position:0% +one and we try + + + align:start position:0% +one and we try +to to help the person to construct to + + align:start position:0% +to to help the person to construct to + + + align:start position:0% +to to help the person to construct to +improve his + + align:start position:0% +improve his + + + align:start position:0% +improve his +his ER initial version + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the method should be + + align:start position:0% +okay the method should be + + + align:start position:0% +okay the method should be +go from the + + align:start position:0% +go from the + + + align:start position:0% +go from the +Tusk to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components okay because the task helps + + align:start position:0% +components okay because the task helps + + + align:start position:0% +components okay because the task helps +to identify the + + align:start position:0% +to identify the + + + align:start position:0% +to identify the +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +okay and the functions helps to identify + + align:start position:0% +okay and the functions helps to identify + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the functions helps to identify +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components and try to design something + + align:start position:0% +components and try to design something + + + align:start position:0% +components and try to design something +that is not so + + align:start position:0% +that is not so + + + align:start position:0% +that is not so +complex the metal model + + align:start position:0% +complex the metal model + + + align:start position:0% +complex the metal model +should have should should have two main + + align:start position:0% +should have should should have two main + + + align:start position:0% +should have should should have two main +characteris should be highly effective + + align:start position:0% +characteris should be highly effective + + + align:start position:0% +characteris should be highly effective +and robust I can use I may use it for + + align:start position:0% +and robust I can use I may use it for + + + align:start position:0% +and robust I can use I may use it for +many different things and it's it should + + align:start position:0% +many different things and it's it should + + + align:start position:0% +many different things and it's it should +be simple not much + + align:start position:0% +be simple not much + + + align:start position:0% +be simple not much +complex okay I need to try to combine + + align:start position:0% +complex okay I need to try to combine + + + align:start position:0% +complex okay I need to try to combine +this two characteristics okay but we're + + align:start position:0% +this two characteristics okay but we're + + + align:start position:0% +this two characteristics okay but we're +going to give the person like several + + align:start position:0% +going to give the person like several + + + align:start position:0% +going to give the person like several +minutes to build and then tell or going + + align:start position:0% +minutes to build and then tell or going + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to build and then tell or going +to build it + + align:start position:0% +to build it + + + align:start position:0% +to build it +from the first activity is just to + + align:start position:0% +from the first activity is just to + + + align:start position:0% +from the first activity is just to +explain to each other the model the one + + align:start position:0% +explain to each other the model the one + + + align:start position:0% +explain to each other the model the one +we have already yeah yes oh okay the + + align:start position:0% +we have already yeah yes oh okay the + + + align:start position:0% +we have already yeah yes oh okay the +first thing the MIT model we're not + + align:start position:0% +first thing the MIT model we're not + + + align:start position:0% +first thing the MIT model we're not +going to make a new one we're just MIT + + align:start position:0% +going to make a new one we're just MIT + + + align:start position:0% +going to make a new one we're just MIT +model yes okay I thought + + align:start position:0% +model yes okay I thought + + + align:start position:0% +model yes okay I thought +no in this case it's MIT model I don't + + align:start position:0% +no in this case it's MIT model I don't + + + align:start position:0% +no in this case it's MIT model I don't +know if everyone + + align:start position:0% +know if everyone + + + align:start position:0% +know if everyone +has didn't work in any other model + + align:start position:0% +has didn't work in any other model + + + align:start position:0% +has didn't work in any other model +okay and after that you may select one + + align:start position:0% +okay and after that you may select one + + + align:start position:0% +okay and after that you may select one +or you + + align:start position:0% +or you + + + align:start position:0% +or you +may decide collectively to construct + + align:start position:0% +may decide collectively to construct + + + align:start position:0% +may decide collectively to construct +one oh as a group as a group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay it's very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heavy to do um explicitly separating if + + align:start position:0% +heavy to do um explicitly separating if + + + align:start position:0% +heavy to do um explicitly separating if +you're trying to Comm + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to Comm + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to Comm +Collective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +separating + + align:start position:0% +separating + + + align:start position:0% +separating +please I I have one someone will be the + + align:start position:0% +please I I have one someone will be the + + + align:start position:0% +please I I have one someone will be the +time controller + + align:start position:0% +time controller + + + align:start position:0% +time controller +controller okay we remember people we + + align:start position:0% +controller okay we remember people we + + + align:start position:0% +controller okay we remember people we +have 25 minutes we have 20 minutes we + + align:start position:0% +have 25 minutes we have 20 minutes we + + + align:start position:0% +have 25 minutes we have 20 minutes we +have 15 minutes we have 10 minutes okay + + align:start position:0% +have 15 minutes we have 10 minutes okay + + + align:start position:0% +have 15 minutes we have 10 minutes okay +to remember the time okay okay + + align:start position:0% +to remember the time okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +to remember the time okay okay +constantly you you do + + align:start position:0% +constantly you you do + + + align:start position:0% +constantly you you do +it have we have 30 minutes okay we will + + align:start position:0% +it have we have 30 minutes okay we will + + + align:start position:0% +it have we have 30 minutes okay we will +finish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +11 anyway more later yeah we'll + + align:start position:0% +11 anyway more later yeah we'll + + + align:start position:0% +11 anyway more later yeah we'll +talk okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disclaimer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes +can may I make a question before we + + align:start position:0% +can may I make a question before we + + + align:start position:0% +can may I make a question before we +answer your question Hi how are you good + + align:start position:0% +answer your question Hi how are you good + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question Hi how are you good +to meet + + align:start position:0% +to meet + + + align:start position:0% +to meet +you I just didn't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you I'm not facilate I'm taking her two + + align:start position:0% +you I'm not facilate I'm taking her two + + + align:start position:0% +you I'm not facilate I'm taking her two +minutes are almost + + align:start position:0% +minutes are almost + + + align:start position:0% +minutes are almost +over I mean not just yours I mean just + + align:start position:0% +over I mean not just yours I mean just + + + align:start position:0% +over I mean not just yours I mean just +general like I don't think I get not the + + align:start position:0% +general like I don't think I get not the + + + align:start position:0% +general like I don't think I get not the +past I don't + + align:start position:0% +past I don't + + + align:start position:0% +past I don't +get model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe an + + align:start position:0% +maybe an + + + align:start position:0% +maybe an +example in my work I work with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +communities we've done ter ofal modeling + + align:start position:0% +communities we've done ter ofal modeling + + + align:start position:0% +communities we've done ter ofal modeling +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +Community Express how they see their + + align:start position:0% +Community Express how they see their + + + align:start position:0% +Community Express how they see their +community and we ask them to draw their + + align:start position:0% +community and we ask them to draw their + + + align:start position:0% +community and we ask them to draw their +Community looks + + align:start position:0% +Community looks + + + align:start position:0% +Community looks +like it's very raling in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +like it's very raling in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +like it's very raling in terms of what +people prioritize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and actually some things that are that + + align:start position:0% +and actually some things that are that + + + align:start position:0% +and actually some things that are that +show differences in perspectives example + + align:start position:0% +show differences in perspectives example + + + align:start position:0% +show differences in perspectives example +uh we this happens regularly when women + + align:start position:0% +uh we this happens regularly when women + + + align:start position:0% +uh we this happens regularly when women +who have to get water draw the here and + + align:start position:0% +who have to get water draw the here and + + + align:start position:0% +who have to get water draw the here and +the river way over there and the path + + align:start position:0% +the river way over there and the path + + + align:start position:0% +the river way over there and the path +very complex the men will draw city + + align:start position:0% +very complex the men will draw city + + + align:start position:0% +very complex the men will draw city +server and it's right there problem and + + align:start position:0% +server and it's right there problem and + + + align:start position:0% +server and it's right there problem and +so just just to understand that these + + align:start position:0% +so just just to understand that these + + + align:start position:0% +so just just to understand that these +there are different models and when + + align:start position:0% +there are different models and when + + + align:start position:0% +there are different models and when +people are making decisions talk to each + + align:start position:0% +people are making decisions talk to each + + + align:start position:0% +people are making decisions talk to each +other they have these very different + + align:start position:0% +other they have these very different + + + align:start position:0% +other they have these very different +mental models + + align:start position:0% +mental models + + + align:start position:0% +mental models +about their reality so + + align:start position:0% +about their reality so + + + align:start position:0% +about their reality so +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +that PRI and the example that he trying + + align:start position:0% +that PRI and the example that he trying + + + align:start position:0% +that PRI and the example that he trying +to give us about you know a building an + + align:start position:0% +to give us about you know a building an + + + align:start position:0% +to give us about you know a building an +architect can draw a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line so and how you are able to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah sometimes you start something and + + align:start position:0% +yeah sometimes you start something and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sometimes you start something and +you don't have a vision a model and + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a vision a model and + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a vision a model and +especially when you work with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +projects that + + align:start position:0% +projects that + + + align:start position:0% +projects that +please may I give an instruction the + + align:start position:0% +please may I give an instruction the + + + align:start position:0% +please may I give an instruction the +immediate task is each one to show + + align:start position:0% +immediate task is each one to show + + + align:start position:0% +immediate task is each one to show +your your model you have don't talk + + align:start position:0% +your your model you have don't talk + + + align:start position:0% +your your model you have don't talk +about the + + align:start position:0% +about the + + + align:start position:0% +about the +issue no no no everyone will work with + + align:start position:0% +issue no no no everyone will work with + + + align:start position:0% +issue no no no everyone will work with +his understand the task some people + + align:start position:0% +his understand the task some people + + + align:start position:0% +his understand the task some people +didn't understand what mental Maps were + + align:start position:0% +didn't understand what mental Maps were + + + align:start position:0% +didn't understand what mental Maps were +they're still a little unclear this + + align:start position:0% +they're still a little unclear this + + + align:start position:0% +they're still a little unclear this +person will understand in the process of + + align:start position:0% +person will understand in the process of + + + align:start position:0% +person will understand in the process of +the exercise we have no time for 25 + + align:start position:0% +the exercise we have no time for 25 + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise we have no time for 25 +minutes okay begin to now people are + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay begin to now people are + + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay begin to now people are +explaining their own + + align:start position:0% +explaining their own + + + align:start position:0% +explaining their own +mthly we have to decide which map which + + align:start position:0% +mthly we have to decide which map which + + + align:start position:0% +mthly we have to decide which map which +map we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +map we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +map we're going to try to +construct who wants to be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +IDE + + align:start position:0% +IDE + + + align:start position:0% +IDE +yours but I didn't do my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no just tell me what idea tell us what + + align:start position:0% +no just tell me what idea tell us what + + + align:start position:0% +no just tell me what idea tell us what +idea you have in terms of potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model okay so my model pretty much it's + + align:start position:0% +model okay so my model pretty much it's + + + align:start position:0% +model okay so my model pretty much it's +like a body and like like this area of + + align:start position:0% +like a body and like like this area of + + + align:start position:0% +like a body and like like this area of +the fing room and the computer lab and + + align:start position:0% +the fing room and the computer lab and + + + align:start position:0% +the fing room and the computer lab and +roach Library pretty much the dust area + + align:start position:0% +roach Library pretty much the dust area + + + align:start position:0% +roach Library pretty much the dust area +kind this body and everything else is + + align:start position:0% +kind this body and everything else is + + + align:start position:0% +kind this body and everything else is +kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of +like but this is where happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +she's describing the model that she was + + align:start position:0% +she's describing the model that she was + + + align:start position:0% +she's describing the model that she was +asked she work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I think about not like but I don't + + align:start position:0% +what I think about not like but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +what I think about not like but I don't +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like research ucation + + align:start position:0% +like research ucation + + + align:start position:0% +like research ucation +creativity I tried Tobe my relationship + + align:start position:0% +creativity I tried Tobe my relationship + + + align:start position:0% +creativity I tried Tobe my relationship +to the world and because this is my + + align:start position:0% +to the world and because this is my + + + align:start position:0% +to the world and because this is my +world actually Camp I don't I don't ever + + align:start position:0% +world actually Camp I don't I don't ever + + + align:start position:0% +world actually Camp I don't I don't ever +campus so uh first I I discovered a + + align:start position:0% +campus so uh first I I discovered a + + + align:start position:0% +campus so uh first I I discovered a +boundary of my world which was the + + align:start position:0% +boundary of my world which was the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary of my world which was the +wireless + + align:start position:0% +wireless + + + align:start position:0% +wireless +internet + + align:start position:0% +internet + + + align:start position:0% +internet +my the range that + + align:start position:0% +my the range that + + + align:start position:0% +my the range that +that's my connection to the world and no + + align:start position:0% +that's my connection to the world and no + + + align:start position:0% +that's my connection to the world and no +it's important because my connection to + + align:start position:0% +it's important because my connection to + + + align:start position:0% +it's important because my connection to +the world is email + + align:start position:0% +the world is email + + + align:start position:0% +the world is email +and my emotional world is outside + + align:start position:0% +and my emotional world is outside + + + align:start position:0% +and my emotional world is outside +the there's a there's a door to the + + align:start position:0% +the there's a there's a door to the + + + align:start position:0% +the there's a there's a door to the +world which is kle choose right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't and looks a little bital it's + + align:start position:0% +don't and looks a little bital it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't and looks a little bital it's +actually funny but it's my U the way I I + + align:start position:0% +actually funny but it's my U the way I I + + + align:start position:0% +actually funny but it's my U the way I I +actually relate to the different tasks + + align:start position:0% +actually relate to the different tasks + + + align:start position:0% +actually relate to the different tasks +that I do + + align:start position:0% +that I do + + + align:start position:0% +that I do +home I think what what we did we each + + align:start position:0% +home I think what what we did we each + + + align:start position:0% +home I think what what we did we each +already part of the previous exercise + + align:start position:0% +already part of the previous exercise + + + align:start position:0% +already part of the previous exercise +was to draw a everybody was asked to + + align:start position:0% +was to draw a everybody was asked to + + + align:start position:0% +was to draw a everybody was asked to +draw a model of relation + + align:start position:0% +draw a model of relation + + + align:start position:0% +draw a model of relation +to what I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +to what I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +to what I'm trying +to can do that if you want you don't + + align:start position:0% +to can do that if you want you don't + + + align:start position:0% +to can do that if you want you don't +need but we were starting sharing what + + align:start position:0% +need but we were starting sharing what + + + align:start position:0% +need but we were starting sharing what +we've already done then we can go to the + + align:start position:0% +we've already done then we can go to the + + + align:start position:0% +we've already done then we can go to the +next level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of I Didn't Do MIT CU I don't live here + + align:start position:0% +of I Didn't Do MIT CU I don't live here + + + align:start position:0% +of I Didn't Do MIT CU I don't live here +and I was asked to do I was doing care + + align:start position:0% +and I was asked to do I was doing care + + + align:start position:0% +and I was asked to do I was doing care +and what I did was a a scope of + + align:start position:0% +and what I did was a a scope of + + + align:start position:0% +and what I did was a a scope of +action different pieces of care have + + align:start position:0% +action different pieces of care have + + + align:start position:0% +action different pieces of care have +aope of action within and each one each + + align:start position:0% +aope of action within and each one each + + + align:start position:0% +aope of action within and each one each +circle represent some some money some + + align:start position:0% +circle represent some some money some + + + align:start position:0% +circle represent some some money some +knowledge some ideas some power yes no + + align:start position:0% +knowledge some ideas some power yes no + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge some ideas some power yes no +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +sometimes so that's what I had put in + + align:start position:0% +sometimes so that's what I had put in + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes so that's what I had put in +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +circles and networks so each one of + + align:start position:0% +circles and networks so each one of + + + align:start position:0% +circles and networks so each one of +these has different little components + + align:start position:0% +these has different little components + + + align:start position:0% +these has different little components +and what I and when I'm trying and some + + align:start position:0% +and what I and when I'm trying and some + + + align:start position:0% +and what I and when I'm trying and some +of them are coherent some of them are + + align:start position:0% +of them are coherent some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +of them are coherent some of them are +not and some of them are coherent with + + align:start position:0% +not and some of them are coherent with + + + align:start position:0% +not and some of them are coherent with +what I perceive to be + + align:start position:0% +what I perceive to be + + + align:start position:0% +what I perceive to be +car's function and some of them may be + + align:start position:0% +car's function and some of them may be + + + align:start position:0% +car's function and some of them may be +totally outside of car's function or + + align:start position:0% +totally outside of car's function or + + + align:start position:0% +totally outside of car's function or +part partially within or car's + + align:start position:0% +part partially within or car's + + + align:start position:0% +part partially within or car's +function um scope action's say + + align:start position:0% +function um scope action's say + + + align:start position:0% +function um scope action's say +interesting there a GE coration that you + + align:start position:0% +interesting there a GE coration that you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting there a GE coration that you +can compartment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually what I think is there who has + + align:start position:0% +actually what I think is there who has + + + align:start position:0% +actually what I think is there who has +pieces of this both political power yes + + align:start position:0% +pieces of this both political power yes + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of this both political power yes +no time money knowledge ideas from my + + align:start position:0% +no time money knowledge ideas from my + + + align:start position:0% +no time money knowledge ideas from my +perspective and then I try to get as + + align:start position:0% +perspective and then I try to get as + + + align:start position:0% +perspective and then I try to get as +many of these resources to help me + + align:start position:0% +many of these resources to help me + + + align:start position:0% +many of these resources to help me +Resolve not notal but it just happens to + + align:start position:0% +Resolve not notal but it just happens to + + + align:start position:0% +Resolve not notal but it just happens to +Beal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I may have to go and by reason I put + + align:start position:0% +so I may have to go and by reason I put + + + align:start position:0% +so I may have to go and by reason I put +networks in because we tend to have + + align:start position:0% +networks in because we tend to have + + + align:start position:0% +networks in because we tend to have +networks both internal and external and + + align:start position:0% +networks both internal and external and + + + align:start position:0% +networks both internal and external and +often I have I have for example some + + align:start position:0% +often I have I have for example some + + + align:start position:0% +often I have I have for example some +standard external networ resources that + + align:start position:0% +standard external networ resources that + + + align:start position:0% +standard external networ resources that +I use and others might have those as + + align:start position:0% +I use and others might have those as + + + align:start position:0% +I use and others might have those as +well so in order to get those I have to + + align:start position:0% +well so in order to get those I have to + + + align:start position:0% +well so in order to get those I have to +go here and figure out if they have it + + align:start position:0% +go here and figure out if they have it + + + align:start position:0% +go here and figure out if they have it +that might I think mine isimar um so + + align:start position:0% +that might I think mine isimar um so + + + align:start position:0% +that might I think mine isimar um so +that's what I was that's how + + align:start position:0% +that's what I was that's how + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I was that's how +I okay okay so here is my I'm trying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rel basically this is a classroom + + align:start position:0% +Rel basically this is a classroom + + + align:start position:0% +Rel basically this is a classroom +there's my research iice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space is also space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forar while seems to have the technical + + align:start position:0% +forar while seems to have the technical + + + align:start position:0% +forar while seems to have the technical +and the social another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +place see how you know how practice and + + align:start position:0% +place see how you know how practice and + + + align:start position:0% +place see how you know how practice and +coming in + + align:start position:0% +coming in + + + align:start position:0% +coming in +Rel the and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know I don't know if I'm making + + align:start position:0% +I don't know I don't know if I'm making + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know I don't know if I'm making +sense um um so here I because I start + + align:start position:0% +sense um um so here I because I start + + + align:start position:0% +sense um um so here I because I start +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation the and it's + + align:start position:0% +situation the and it's + + + align:start position:0% +situation the and it's +learning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +press the time I spend here when I go + + align:start position:0% +press the time I spend here when I go + + + align:start position:0% +press the time I spend here when I go +back and us the crn as a resource for + + align:start position:0% +back and us the crn as a resource for + + + align:start position:0% +back and us the crn as a resource for +that matter but along the way + + align:start position:0% +that matter but along the way + + + align:start position:0% +that matter but along the way +liise all so all all connected with what + + align:start position:0% +liise all so all all connected with what + + + align:start position:0% +liise all so all all connected with what +I'm doing Lear I have actually gain over + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing Lear I have actually gain over + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing Lear I have actually gain over +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +experience learning I have I already had + + align:start position:0% +experience learning I have I already had + + + align:start position:0% +experience learning I have I already had +some questions + + align:start position:0% +some questions + + + align:start position:0% +some questions +exp came here + + align:start position:0% +exp came here + + + align:start position:0% +exp came here +proc you know with them and how to go + + align:start position:0% +proc you know with them and how to go + + + align:start position:0% +proc you know with them and how to go +about move forward um that's why I + + align:start position:0% +about move forward um that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +about move forward um that's why I +landed into this class for our ex + + align:start position:0% +landed into this class for our ex + + + align:start position:0% +landed into this class for our ex +because I thought I saw the whole idea + + align:start position:0% +because I thought I saw the whole idea + + + align:start position:0% +because I thought I saw the whole idea +for Effective practice gives the ability + + align:start position:0% +for Effective practice gives the ability + + + align:start position:0% +for Effective practice gives the ability +to this probably can help it's not an + + align:start position:0% +to this probably can help it's not an + + + align:start position:0% +to this probably can help it's not an +understanding things through experiences + + align:start position:0% +understanding things through experiences + + + align:start position:0% +understanding things through experiences +in the development work that I've been + + align:start position:0% +in the development work that I've been + + + align:start position:0% +in the development work that I've been +doing and um I also saw a women's study + + align:start position:0% +doing and um I also saw a women's study + + + align:start position:0% +doing and um I also saw a women's study +here uh I haven't got in touch with that + + align:start position:0% +here uh I haven't got in touch with that + + + align:start position:0% +here uh I haven't got in touch with that +but I think that's that's a resource I + + align:start position:0% +but I think that's that's a resource I + + + align:start position:0% +but I think that's that's a resource I +would like to talk but um the other + + align:start position:0% +would like to talk but um the other + + + align:start position:0% +would like to talk but um the other +resource is also the technical resource + + align:start position:0% +resource is also the technical resource + + + align:start position:0% +resource is also the technical resource +and that puts me a question + + align:start position:0% +and that puts me a question + + + align:start position:0% +and that puts me a question +mark because um I don't know where to to + + align:start position:0% +mark because um I don't know where to to + + + align:start position:0% +mark because um I don't know where to to +actually get you know I mean like you + + align:start position:0% +actually get you know I mean like you + + + align:start position:0% +actually get you know I mean like you +have classes like you know have St have + + align:start position:0% +have classes like you know have St have + + + align:start position:0% +have classes like you know have St have +all these microeconomics but I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +all these microeconomics but I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +all these microeconomics but I'm looking +for more like you know understanding + + align:start position:0% +for more like you know understanding + + + align:start position:0% +for more like you know understanding +complexities of environmental issues or + + align:start position:0% +complexities of environmental issues or + + + align:start position:0% +complexities of environmental issues or +even like you know hydrology and all + + align:start position:0% +even like you know hydrology and all + + + align:start position:0% +even like you know hydrology and all +these things but I don't like it in a + + align:start position:0% +these things but I don't like it in a + + + align:start position:0% +these things but I don't like it in a +very very Tech the the only in my mental + + align:start position:0% +very very Tech the the only in my mental + + + align:start position:0% +very very Tech the the only in my mental +M like some way what I know at this + + align:start position:0% +M like some way what I know at this + + + align:start position:0% +M like some way what I know at this +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +is it's too technical you know I went + + align:start position:0% +is it's too technical you know I went + + + align:start position:0% +is it's too technical you know I went +into this 101 climate change thing and + + align:start position:0% +into this 101 climate change thing and + + + align:start position:0% +into this 101 climate change thing and +all that but it was too like it was + + align:start position:0% +all that but it was too like it was + + + align:start position:0% +all that but it was too like it was +modeling they were discussing and I + + align:start position:0% +modeling they were discussing and I + + + align:start position:0% +modeling they were discussing and I +couldn't get into all this modeling that + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get into all this modeling that + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get into all this modeling that +he did I mean I need a technical thing + + align:start position:0% +he did I mean I need a technical thing + + + align:start position:0% +he did I mean I need a technical thing +but I need some I need the resources + + align:start position:0% +but I need some I need the resources + + + align:start position:0% +but I need some I need the resources +people and probably um you know like + + align:start position:0% +people and probably um you know like + + + align:start position:0% +people and probably um you know like +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +software we need to unfortunately at + + align:start position:0% +software we need to unfortunately at + + + align:start position:0% +software we need to unfortunately at +this point describe model we we need to + + align:start position:0% +this point describe model we we need to + + + align:start position:0% +this point describe model we we need to +determine which model we're going to + + align:start position:0% +determine which model we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +determine which model we're going to +start + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to so that this gives us an idea 15 + + align:start position:0% +to so that this gives us an idea 15 + + + align:start position:0% +to so that this gives us an idea 15 +minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes +left we only have 15 minutes so maybe + + align:start position:0% +left we only have 15 minutes so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +left we only have 15 minutes so maybe +the question is who wants to construct + + align:start position:0% +the question is who wants to construct + + + align:start position:0% +the question is who wants to construct +them who wants to who would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interested do + + align:start position:0% +interested do + + + align:start position:0% +interested do +model I I I was trying to to model MIT + + align:start position:0% +model I I I was trying to to model MIT + + + align:start position:0% +model I I I was trying to to model MIT +but I felt in some ways when you so I + + align:start position:0% +but I felt in some ways when you so I + + + align:start position:0% +but I felt in some ways when you so I +couldn't what what am I doing here what + + align:start position:0% +couldn't what what am I doing here what + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't what what am I doing here what +I do outside connect to I walk in a + + align:start position:0% +I do outside connect to I walk in a + + + align:start position:0% +I do outside connect to I walk in a +village + + align:start position:0% +village + + + align:start position:0% +village +where one of the M Reas I came I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bu based on + + align:start position:0% +bu based on + + + align:start position:0% +bu based on +the working well how could I streng that + + align:start position:0% +the working well how could I streng that + + + align:start position:0% +the working well how could I streng that +so I could + + align:start position:0% +so I could + + + align:start position:0% +so I could +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +Des system boundary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AOG which even if the resources there I + + align:start position:0% +AOG which even if the resources there I + + + align:start position:0% +AOG which even if the resources there I +don't need have the navigation to do it + + align:start position:0% +don't need have the navigation to do it + + + align:start position:0% +don't need have the navigation to do it +so it's kind of like even though it's a + + align:start position:0% +so it's kind of like even though it's a + + + align:start position:0% +so it's kind of like even though it's a +huge place that has so much it's not it + + align:start position:0% +huge place that has so much it's not it + + + align:start position:0% +huge place that has so much it's not it +doesn't have much to doesn't have Bridge + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have much to doesn't have Bridge + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have much to doesn't have Bridge +doesn't have a map to connect you to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a map to connect you to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a map to connect you to +what the resources is there and does not + + align:start position:0% +what the resources is there and does not + + + align:start position:0% +what the resources is there and does not +connect the resources to what you have + + align:start position:0% +connect the resources to what you have + + + align:start position:0% +connect the resources to what you have +even though I have a lot to offer the + + align:start position:0% +even though I have a lot to offer the + + + align:start position:0% +even though I have a lot to offer the +prob is not going to take benefits from + + align:start position:0% +prob is not going to take benefits from + + + align:start position:0% +prob is not going to take benefits from +what I have as much as I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +what I have as much as I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +what I have as much as I'm not going to +take as much benefits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Nei + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rel about what you talking about and + + align:start position:0% +Rel about what you talking about and + + + align:start position:0% +Rel about what you talking about and +what I was talking with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +earlier she was trying to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +earlier she was trying to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +earlier she was trying to figure out how +do you + + align:start position:0% +do you + + + align:start position:0% +do you +help people get + + align:start position:0% +help people get + + + align:start position:0% +help people get +Orient speeds up their learning process + + align:start position:0% +Orient speeds up their learning process + + + align:start position:0% +Orient speeds up their learning process +about what exists there I that was + + align:start position:0% +about what exists there I that was + + + align:start position:0% +about what exists there I that was +really interesting thing and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's how how you would construct that + + align:start position:0% +that's how how you would construct that + + + align:start position:0% +that's how how you would construct that +mental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some what I thought was interesting + + align:start position:0% +some what I thought was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +some what I thought was interesting +about thing true you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talking tasks maybe it's maybe a more + + align:start position:0% +talking tasks maybe it's maybe a more + + + align:start position:0% +talking tasks maybe it's maybe a more +generalized form of task Asos to you + + align:start position:0% +generalized form of task Asos to you + + + align:start position:0% +generalized form of task Asos to you +know I Pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up relationships with but also what + + align:start position:0% +up relationships with but also what + + + align:start position:0% +up relationships with but also what +power they have connected that + + align:start position:0% +power they have connected that + + + align:start position:0% +power they have connected that +was yeah that was and for you um I like + + align:start position:0% +was yeah that was and for you um I like + + + align:start position:0% +was yeah that was and for you um I like +when you said you know the reason you + + align:start position:0% +when you said you know the reason you + + + align:start position:0% +when you said you know the reason you +know you the it was a purposeful mental + + align:start position:0% +know you the it was a purposeful mental + + + align:start position:0% +know you the it was a purposeful mental +map and I know each mental map has a + + align:start position:0% +map and I know each mental map has a + + + align:start position:0% +map and I know each mental map has a +purpose we're very explicit about that + + align:start position:0% +purpose we're very explicit about that + + + align:start position:0% +purpose we're very explicit about that +and so in an orientation or whatever we + + align:start position:0% +and so in an orientation or whatever we + + + align:start position:0% +and so in an orientation or whatever we +have to understand the purpose before we + + align:start position:0% +have to understand the purpose before we + + + align:start position:0% +have to understand the purpose before we +are able to help + + align:start position:0% +are able to help + + + align:start position:0% +are able to help +you develop your map that will serve + + align:start position:0% +you develop your map that will serve + + + align:start position:0% +you develop your map that will serve +your purpose will be different than + + align:start position:0% +your purpose will be different than + + + align:start position:0% +your purpose will be different than +yours or yours or + + align:start position:0% +yours or yours or + + + align:start position:0% +yours or yours or +mine + + align:start position:0% +mine + + + align:start position:0% +mine +also L of just I'm just going to we have + + align:start position:0% +also L of just I'm just going to we have + + + align:start position:0% +also L of just I'm just going to we have +less than 15 minutes there's going back + + align:start position:0% +less than 15 minutes there's going back + + + align:start position:0% +less than 15 minutes there's going back +and forth I heard + + align:start position:0% +and forth I heard + + + align:start position:0% +and forth I heard +which were interesting was kind of a + + align:start position:0% +which were interesting was kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +which were interesting was kind of a +organic one a network map and + + align:start position:0% +organic one a network map and + + + align:start position:0% +organic one a network map and +intellectual resource + + align:start position:0% +intellectual resource + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual resource +map a function technical map and again + + align:start position:0% +map a function technical map and again + + + align:start position:0% +map a function technical map and again +another kind of network you use the word + + align:start position:0% +another kind of network you use the word + + + align:start position:0% +another kind of network you use the word +Bridge um Network math which was there's + + align:start position:0% +Bridge um Network math which was there's + + + align:start position:0% +Bridge um Network math which was there's +a lot + + align:start position:0% +a lot + + + align:start position:0% +a lot +of in your power relations power Rel + + align:start position:0% +of in your power relations power Rel + + + align:start position:0% +of in your power relations power Rel +mine I didn't know what I + + align:start position:0% +mine I didn't know what I + + + align:start position:0% +mine I didn't know what I +said it's not + + align:start position:0% +said it's not + + + align:start position:0% +said it's not +self-conscious information dissemination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +information we have to choose one one + + align:start position:0% +information we have to choose one one + + + align:start position:0% +information we have to choose one one +person has + + align:start position:0% +person has + + + align:start position:0% +person has +to well you guys can choose I mean I + + align:start position:0% +to well you guys can choose I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +to well you guys can choose I mean I +want my volunteer but I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +want my volunteer but I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +want my volunteer but I don't want to +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away go is to find out more about their + + align:start position:0% +away go is to find out more about their + + + align:start position:0% +away go is to find out more about their +how they put their map together I mean + + align:start position:0% +how they put their map together I mean + + + align:start position:0% +how they put their map together I mean +the resources libraries well I think + + align:start position:0% +the resources libraries well I think + + + align:start position:0% +the resources libraries well I think +I've done this so many times I think + + align:start position:0% +I've done this so many times I think + + + align:start position:0% +I've done this so many times I think +it's very clear I mean you can + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear I mean you can + + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear I mean you can +don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +judge 7,000 + + align:start position:0% +judge 7,000 + + + align:start position:0% +judge 7,000 +ACR one part of this land is a + + align:start position:0% +ACR one part of this land is a + + + align:start position:0% +ACR one part of this land is a +desert there 23 V the one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +brail the + + align:start position:0% +brail the + + + align:start position:0% +brail the +north so and this part is part of person + + align:start position:0% +north so and this part is part of person + + + align:start position:0% +north so and this part is part of person +the so in this + + align:start position:0% +the so in this + + + align:start position:0% +the so in this +part a part of the country been in a + + align:start position:0% +part a part of the country been in a + + + align:start position:0% +part a part of the country been in a +very situ many + + align:start position:0% +very situ many + + + align:start position:0% +very situ many +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +slavy all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kind a long time this this land was then + + align:start position:0% +kind a long time this this land was then + + + align:start position:0% +kind a long time this this land was then +got back to the to the the land was + + align:start position:0% +got back to the to the the land was + + + align:start position:0% +got back to the to the the land was +invaded by + + align:start position:0% 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land back +the slave + + align:start position:0% +the slave + + + align:start position:0% +the slave +Indi so this this tribe is protected + + align:start position:0% +Indi so this this tribe is protected + + + align:start position:0% +Indi so this this tribe is protected +by but even though the protect also have + + align:start position:0% +by but even though the protect also have + + + align:start position:0% +by but even though the protect also have +other situation where they don't really + + align:start position:0% +other situation where they don't really + + + align:start position:0% +other situation where they don't really +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +anything and only the government can + + align:start position:0% +anything and only the government can + + + align:start position:0% +anything and only the government can +help federal + + align:start position:0% +help federal + + + align:start position:0% +help federal +government so what happened is this + + align:start position:0% +government so what happened is this + + + align:start position:0% +government so what happened is this +woman to make uh so because they don't + + align:start position:0% +woman to make uh so because they don't + + + align:start position:0% +woman to make uh so because they don't +water so what I was trying to find out + + align:start position:0% +water so what I was trying to find out + + + align:start position:0% +water so what I was trying to find out +is how could I build sustainability for + + align:start position:0% +is how could I build sustainability for + + + align:start position:0% +is how could I build sustainability for +this people so they make this beautiful + + align:start position:0% +this people so they make this beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +this people so they make this beautiful +hand L the idea which I always I always + + align:start position:0% +hand L the idea which I always I always + + + align:start position:0% +hand L the idea which I always I always +felt by living here in the United States + + align:start position:0% +felt by living here in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +felt by living here in the United States +giving money to people was not always + + align:start position:0% +giving money to people was not always + + + align:start position:0% +giving money to people was not always +the best but how can you find + + align:start position:0% +the best but how can you find + + + align:start position:0% +the best but how can you find +something and I would here and then they + + align:start position:0% +something and I would here and then they + + + align:start position:0% +something and I would here and then they +would have the money + + align:start position:0% +would have the money + + + align:start position:0% +would have the money +so your map is almost like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a to this and back so my map was I went + + align:start position:0% +a to this and back so my map was I went + + + align:start position:0% +a to this and back so my map was I went +there and going to find the need and + + align:start position:0% +there and going to find the need and + + + align:start position:0% +there and going to find the need and +built a structure they do what did they + + align:start position:0% +built a structure they do what did they + + + align:start position:0% +built a structure they do what did they +want they want food water Education + + align:start position:0% +want they want food water Education + + + align:start position:0% +want they want food water Education +Health so we Market where they could buy + + align:start position:0% +Health so we Market where they could buy + + + align:start position:0% +Health so we Market where they could buy +food cost everybody put the money + + align:start position:0% +food cost everybody put the money + + + align:start position:0% +food cost everybody 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and we went +from0 and it's fantastic but how now + + align:start position:0% +from0 and it's fantastic but how now + + + align:start position:0% +from0 and it's fantastic but how now +other people from other Village want to + + align:start position:0% +other people from other Village want to + + + align:start position:0% +other people from other Village want to +work in the same + + align:start position:0% +work in the same + + + align:start position:0% +work in the same +process but I can aford buy the money + + align:start position:0% +process but I can aford buy the money + + + align:start position:0% +process but I can aford buy the money +because the product then they have all + + align:start position:0% +because the product then they have all + + + align:start position:0% +because the product then they have all +kinds of other need they don't know how + + align:start position:0% +kinds of other need they don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of other need they 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+contaminate once they we give the school +supply and we get this to school now + + align:start position:0% +supply and we get this to school now + + + align:start position:0% +supply and we get this to school now +they all want to go to college I'm + + align:start position:0% +they all want to go to college I'm + + + align:start position:0% +they all want to go to college I'm +thankful too but I's the parking lot + + align:start position:0% +thankful too but I's the parking lot + + + align:start position:0% +thankful too but I's the parking lot +even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they don't feel like somebody + + align:start position:0% +they don't feel like somebody + + + align:start position:0% +they don't feel like somebody +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +learning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +professional but now now what how do you + + align:start position:0% +professional but now now what how do you + + + align:start position:0% +professional but now now what how do you +build this to the another level one + + align:start position:0% +build this to the another level one + + + align:start position:0% +build this to the another level one +thing that I did was I did a surve we're + + align:start position:0% +thing that I did was I did a surve we're + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I did was I did a surve we're +just finishing now on all the 23 + + align:start position:0% +just finishing now on all the 23 + + + align:start position:0% +just finishing now on all the 23 +villages we have about 3,000 cops of the + + align:start position:0% +villages we have about 3,000 cops of the + + + align:start position:0% +villages we have about 3,000 cops of the +survey to identif find the but now you + + align:start position:0% +survey to identif find the but now you + + + align:start position:0% +survey to identif find the but now you +know I iord to pay + + 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+you know it's +mod help whatever it is what can I mean + + align:start position:0% +mod help whatever it is what can I mean + + + align:start position:0% +mod help whatever it is what can I mean +take in + + align:start position:0% +take in + + + align:start position:0% +take in +consideration and Indigenous the + + align:start position:0% +consideration and Indigenous the + + + align:start position:0% +consideration and Indigenous the +reservation is it's not the kind of + + align:start position:0% +reservation is it's not the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +reservation is it's not the kind of +thing can openly do a lot of things we + + align:start position:0% +thing can openly do a lot of things we + + + align:start position:0% +thing can openly do a lot of things we +have so limitation so how to help them + + align:start position:0% +have so limitation so how to help them + + + align:start position:0% +have so limitation so how to help them +preserving the culture and preserving + + align:start position:0% +preserving the culture and preserving + + + align:start position:0% +preserving the culture and preserving +their privacy the chief is very young + + align:start position:0% +their privacy the chief is very young + + + align:start position:0% +their privacy the chief is very young +and doesn't have much education so I + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't have much education so I + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't have much education so I +don't want to just do anything out of my + + align:start position:0% +don't want to just do anything out of my + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to just do anything out of my +mind that could jaize a long time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +construct I mean we need to focus + + align:start position:0% +construct I mean we need to focus + + + align:start position:0% +construct I mean we need to focus +on I think here uh I'm trying to I'm + + align:start position:0% +on I think here uh I'm trying to I'm + + + align:start position:0% +on I think here uh I'm trying to I'm +still trying to build this mod I have + + align:start position:0% +still trying to build this mod I have + + + align:start position:0% +still trying to build this mod I have +and connect this model to what I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +and connect this model to what I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +and connect this model to what I'm doing +here so you have a model in your mind + + align:start position:0% +here so you have a model in your mind + + + align:start position:0% +here so you have a model in your mind +but in practice it's not working like + + align:start position:0% +but in practice it's not working like + + + align:start position:0% +but in practice it's not working like +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +you model I think's confusion about + + align:start position:0% +you model I think's confusion about + + + align:start position:0% +you model I think's confusion about +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +model for your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work and a boundary and you want to I + + align:start position:0% +work and a boundary and you want to I + + + align:start position:0% +work and a boundary and you want to I +mean you had a hard boundary veryt + + align:start position:0% +mean you had a hard boundary veryt + + + align:start position:0% +mean you had a hard boundary veryt +boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary +there's actually another scale this is + + align:start position:0% +there's actually another scale this is + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually another scale this is +like I know it's a it's a resource you + + align:start position:0% +like I know it's a it's a resource you + + + align:start position:0% +like I know it's a it's a resource you +use for guiding a + + align:start position:0% +use for guiding a + + + align:start position:0% +use for guiding a +specific I understand that is what I'm + + align:start position:0% +specific I understand that is what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +specific I understand that is what I'm +having + + align:start position:0% +having + + + align:start position:0% +having +difficult let's talk let's pick a + + align:start position:0% +difficult let's talk let's pick a + + + align:start position:0% +difficult let's talk let's pick a +speciic a model that you use your + + align:start position:0% +speciic a model that you use your + + + align:start position:0% +speciic a model that you use your +boundary was sort of 24 hours it come or + + align:start position:0% +boundary was sort of 24 hours it come or + + + align:start position:0% +boundary was sort of 24 hours it come or +go at any time maybe your guys a little + + align:start position:0% +go at any time maybe your guys a little + + + align:start position:0% +go at any time maybe your guys a little +B hard + + align:start position:0% +B hard + + + align:start position:0% +B hard +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +work with you know or or just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT connection to resour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do when I applied I don't have to P + + align:start position:0% +do when I applied I don't have to P + + + align:start position:0% +do when I applied I don't have to P +together in order to get the need the I + + align:start position:0% +together in order to get the need the I + + + align:start position:0% +together in order to get the need the I +don't have a okay what else do you do + + align:start position:0% +don't have a okay what else do you do + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a okay what else do you do +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +research + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minist okay name we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you plans they always have layer so + + align:start position:0% +when you plans they always have layer so + + + align:start position:0% +when you plans they always have layer so +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like you might like how do people use + + align:start position:0% +like you might like how do people use + + + align:start position:0% +like you might like how do people use +like Transit layer you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lay research on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +computer where the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +raise + + align:start position:0% +raise + + + align:start position:0% +raise +awareness by giving them information + + align:start position:0% +awareness by giving them information + + + align:start position:0% +awareness by giving them information +about your work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neighborhood this building + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so linkes + + align:start position:0% +so linkes + + + align:start position:0% +so linkes +took try to establish link + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +letter you know but it's not respon to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it it's not that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +many has that whole process I don't know + + align:start position:0% +many has that whole process I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +many has that whole process I don't know +how that process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I don't I don't you want to work on + + align:start position:0% +what I don't I don't you want to work on + + + align:start position:0% +what I don't I don't you want to work on +when you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +research + + align:start position:0% +research + + + align:start position:0% +research +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Rel projects that look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +understanding can do Ito I mean your + + align:start position:0% +understanding can do Ito I mean your + + + align:start position:0% +understanding can do Ito I mean your +boundar is pretty hard right so so far + + align:start position:0% +boundar is pretty hard right so so far + + + align:start position:0% +boundar is pretty hard right so so far +what we've been doing through identify + + align:start position:0% +what we've been doing through identify + + + align:start position:0% +what we've been doing through identify +what your options are like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concep kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +connect to resources through + + align:start position:0% +connect to resources through + + + align:start position:0% +connect to resources through +classes way to connect to resources is + + align:start position:0% +classes way to connect to resources is + + + align:start position:0% +classes way to connect to resources is +there's a specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +one very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we and I live there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Live Language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you're some okay why do you look for + + align:start position:0% +and you're some okay why do you look for + + + align:start position:0% +and you're some okay why do you look for +people because I find that people they + + align:start position:0% +people because I find that people they + + + align:start position:0% +people because I find that people they +you have the communication but what do + + align:start position:0% +you have the communication but what do + + + align:start position:0% +you have the communication but what do +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +expect information about if they doing + + align:start position:0% +expect information about if they doing + + + align:start position:0% +expect information about if they doing +the same thing or this model has been + + align:start position:0% +the same thing or this model has been + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing or this model has been +done in any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +place what do I get get when uh + + align:start position:0% +place what do I get get when uh + + + align:start position:0% +place what do I get get when uh +especially like understanding this model + + align:start position:0% +especially like understanding this model + + + align:start position:0% +especially like understanding this model +is right + + align:start position:0% +is right + + + align:start position:0% +is right +continue or there's any other way if + + align:start position:0% +continue or there's any other way if + + + align:start position:0% +continue or there's any other way if +there's any better way to do this it's + + align:start position:0% +there's any better way to do this it's + + + align:start position:0% +there's any better way to do this it's +pretty much knowledge of how to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this bring it in so that you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think support what kind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of support towards the understanding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofly support understanding it's just + + align:start position:0% +ofly support understanding it's just + + + align:start position:0% +ofly support understanding it's just +pretty much to exchange ideas like is + + align:start position:0% +pretty much to exchange ideas like is + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much to exchange ideas like is +this the right way to + + align:start position:0% +this the right way to + + + align:start position:0% +this the right way to +do what kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consequence John why did you work with + + align:start position:0% +consequence John why did you work with + + + align:start position:0% +consequence John why did you work with +John + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come back to + + align:start position:0% +come back to + + + align:start position:0% +come back to +the all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together prop technal support + + align:start position:0% +together prop technal support + + + align:start position:0% +together prop technal support +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +propos so here we + + align:start position:0% +propos so here we + + + align:start position:0% +propos so here we +have you have developed a model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +needs the needs is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for proposals tech + + align:start position:0% +for proposals tech + + + align:start position:0% +for proposals tech +support and so then you well depending + + align:start position:0% +support and so then you well depending + + + align:start position:0% +support and so then you well depending +on these need what + + align:start position:0% +on these need what + + + align:start position:0% +on these need what +people who can help me how do I find + + align:start position:0% +people who can help me how do I find + + + align:start position:0% +people who can help me how do I find +those people classes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +project we're starting to develop them + + align:start position:0% +project we're starting to develop them + + + align:start position:0% +project we're starting to develop them +that yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +come let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +come let's talk about the +exercise okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what's + + align:start position:0% +and what's + + + align:start position:0% +and what's +this quite a reflection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +yeah yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah okay +yeah first of all let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +yeah first of all let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah first of all let's talk about the +exercise only to to know your + + align:start position:0% +exercise only to to know your + + + align:start position:0% +exercise only to to know your +feedback how well or + + align:start position:0% +feedback how well or + + + align:start position:0% +feedback how well or +not how easy or not what you have + + align:start position:0% +not how easy or not what you have + + + align:start position:0% +not how easy or not what you have +discovered with this + + align:start position:0% +discovered with this + + + align:start position:0% +discovered with this +exercise as we went the exercise I don't + + align:start position:0% +exercise as we went the exercise I don't + + + align:start position:0% +exercise as we went the exercise I don't +know if I I begin to doubt whether I + + align:start position:0% +know if I I begin to doubt whether I + + + align:start position:0% +know if I I begin to doubt whether I +understood that a model is or not you + + align:start position:0% +understood that a model is or not you + + + align:start position:0% +understood that a model is or not you +know because um when you ask like what + + align:start position:0% +know because um when you ask like what + + + align:start position:0% +know because um when you ask like what +are the things you're doing like you + + align:start position:0% +are the things you're doing like you + + + align:start position:0% +are the things you're doing like you +know um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because in a framework in in a framework + + align:start position:0% +because in a framework in in a framework + + + align:start position:0% +because in a framework in in a framework +that we used to do in development work + + align:start position:0% +that we used to do in development work + + + align:start position:0% +that we used to do in development work +like you can identify those actions as + + align:start position:0% +like you can identify those actions as + + + align:start position:0% +like you can identify those actions as +sort of strategies already and then you + + align:start position:0% +sort of strategies already and then you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of strategies already and then you +begin to ask what do you need in order + + align:start position:0% +begin to ask what do you need in order + + + align:start position:0% +begin to ask what do you need in order +to actually Implement those strategies + + align:start position:0% +to actually Implement those strategies + + + align:start position:0% +to actually Implement those strategies +then you go say you have you need + + align:start position:0% +then you go say you have you need + + + align:start position:0% +then you go say you have you need +resources what kind of resources you + + align:start position:0% +resources what kind of resources you + + + align:start position:0% +resources what kind of resources you +need technical you need financial and + + align:start position:0% +need technical you need financial and + + + align:start position:0% +need technical you need financial and +all that but those becomes like more + + align:start position:0% +all that but those becomes like more + + + align:start position:0% +all that but those becomes like more +like the question of what resources are + + align:start position:0% +like the question of what resources are + + + align:start position:0% +like the question of what resources are +you going to achieve in order to achieve + + align:start position:0% +you going to achieve in order to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +you going to achieve in order to achieve +this kind of strategies or actions so I + + align:start position:0% +this kind of strategies or actions so I + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of strategies or actions so I +I don't consider I mean the where I come + + align:start position:0% +I don't consider I mean the where I come + + + align:start position:0% +I don't consider I mean the where I come +from it's like so that's already a model + + align:start position:0% +from it's like so that's already a model + + + align:start position:0% +from it's like so that's already a model +I mean like you know while it's just a + + align:start position:0% +I mean like you know while it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +I mean like you know while it's just a +chart or a matrix framework that we used + + align:start position:0% +chart or a matrix framework that we used + + + align:start position:0% +chart or a matrix framework that we used +to I kind of think model more in terms + + align:start position:0% +to I kind of think model more in terms + + + align:start position:0% +to I kind of think model more in terms +of when you talk of the + + align:start position:0% +of when you talk of the + + + align:start position:0% +of when you talk of the +sustainability model of the + + align:start position:0% +sustainability model of the + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability model of the +triangulation of culture + + align:start position:0% +triangulation of culture + + + align:start position:0% +triangulation of culture +economics and environment and how the + + align:start position:0% +economics and environment and how the + + + align:start position:0% +economics and environment and how the +interaction goes that's why people push + + align:start position:0% +interaction goes that's why people push + + + align:start position:0% +interaction goes that's why people push +that culture should be part of a + + align:start position:0% +that culture should be part of a + + + align:start position:0% +that culture should be part of a +sustainable development concept I find + + align:start position:0% +sustainable development concept I find + + + align:start position:0% +sustainable development concept I find +that more + + align:start position:0% +that more + + + align:start position:0% +that more +the way a model is defined so I was + + align:start position:0% +the way a model is defined so I was + + + align:start position:0% +the way a model is defined so I was +getting really a bit lost in okay in the + + align:start position:0% +getting really a bit lost in okay in the + + + align:start position:0% +getting really a bit lost in okay in the +way okay you made the question we cannot + + align:start position:0% +way okay you made the question we cannot + + + align:start position:0% +way okay you made the question we cannot +answer the question this moment we need + + align:start position:0% +answer the question this moment we need + + + align:start position:0% +answer the question this moment we need +to receive the other comments of of + + align:start position:0% +to receive the other comments of of + + + align:start position:0% +to receive the other comments of of +other people about the exercise okay but + + align:start position:0% +other people about the exercise okay but + + + align:start position:0% +other people about the exercise okay but +it registered your your question any + + align:start position:0% +it registered your your question any + + + align:start position:0% +it registered your your question any +person has another kind of comments + + align:start position:0% +person has another kind of comments + + + align:start position:0% +person has another kind of comments +about the exercise it seem that the some + + align:start position:0% +about the exercise it seem that the some + + + align:start position:0% +about the exercise it seem that the some +of the interpretation of the mental m + + align:start position:0% +of the interpretation of the mental m + + + align:start position:0% +of the interpretation of the mental m +was different depending on people's + + align:start position:0% +was different depending on people's + + + align:start position:0% +was different depending on people's +backgrounds and how they perceived it + + align:start position:0% +backgrounds and how they perceived it + + + align:start position:0% +backgrounds and how they perceived it +like mine was very design focused and + + align:start position:0% +like mine was very design focused and + + + align:start position:0% +like mine was very design focused and +spatially oriented and some other people + + align:start position:0% +spatially oriented and some other people + + + align:start position:0% +spatially oriented and some other people +who um do more Community Development + + align:start position:0% +who um do more Community Development + + + align:start position:0% +who um do more Community Development +work were more focused on the the + + align:start position:0% +work were more focused on the the + + + align:start position:0% +work were more focused on the the +resource needs and the sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +resource needs and the sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +resource needs and the sort of the the +people power structures the think space + + align:start position:0% +people power structures the think space + + + align:start position:0% +people power structures the think space +didn't even enter into it for example so + + align:start position:0% +didn't even enter into it for example so + + + align:start position:0% +didn't even enter into it for example so +I think it was kind of interesting to + + align:start position:0% +I think it was kind of interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +I think it was kind of interesting to +see how people's different backgrounds + + align:start position:0% +see how people's different backgrounds + + + align:start position:0% +see how people's different backgrounds +played into how they perceive we + + align:start position:0% +played into how they perceive we + + + align:start position:0% +played into how they perceive we +describe his mental model with the + + align:start position:0% +describe his mental model with the + + + align:start position:0% +describe his mental model with the +different elements yeah even though + + align:start position:0% +different elements yeah even though + + + align:start position:0% +different elements yeah even though +they're all MIT they okay the same + + align:start position:0% +they're all MIT they okay the same + + + align:start position:0% +they're all MIT they okay the same +object but they describe differently no + + align:start position:0% +object but they describe differently no + + + align:start position:0% +object but they describe differently no +and they are much more aware of some + + align:start position:0% +and they are much more aware of some + + + align:start position:0% +and they are much more aware of some +aspects of some elements than other + + align:start position:0% +aspects of some elements than other + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of some elements than other +depending of the the background or the + + align:start position:0% +depending of the the background or the + + + align:start position:0% +depending of the the background or the +social condition too no or the kind of + + align:start position:0% +social condition too no or the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +social condition too no or the kind of +experience they are living in in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT yes okay any + + align:start position:0% +MIT yes okay any + + + align:start position:0% +MIT yes okay any +other I think just you know going off + + align:start position:0% +other I think just you know going off + + + align:start position:0% +other I think just you know going off +what said for me it's I think it's been + + align:start position:0% +what said for me it's I think it's been + + + align:start position:0% +what said for me it's I think it's been +I guess the more difficult model for me + + align:start position:0% +I guess the more difficult model for me + + + align:start position:0% +I guess the more difficult model for me +to understand of all the you know + + align:start position:0% +to understand of all the you know + + + align:start position:0% +to understand of all the you know +exercises and things that we've talked + + align:start position:0% +exercises and things that we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +exercises and things that we've talked +about this week for the model of MIT or + + align:start position:0% +about this week for the model of MIT or + + + align:start position:0% +about this week for the model of MIT or +just the concept General and the concept + + align:start position:0% +just the concept General and the concept + + + align:start position:0% +just the concept General and the concept +okay I think that I needs to treat the + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that I needs to treat the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that I needs to treat the +concept again I I consider it but let's + + align:start position:0% +concept again I I consider it but let's + + + align:start position:0% +concept again I I consider it but let's +go on with the the comments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it was interesting trying to extract + + align:start position:0% +it was interesting trying to extract + + + align:start position:0% +it was interesting trying to extract +sort of commonalities and differences + + align:start position:0% +sort of commonalities and differences + + + align:start position:0% +sort of commonalities and differences +between different models sort of like + + align:start position:0% +between different models sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +between different models sort of like +you mentioned it's good to get up + + align:start position:0% +you mentioned it's good to get up + + + align:start position:0% +you mentioned it's good to get up +complexity and then try to bring + + align:start position:0% +complexity and then try to bring + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and then try to bring +together it was just uh I don't know + + align:start position:0% +together it was just uh I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +together it was just uh I don't know +it's an interesting synthetic + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting synthetic +process okay and comparing the different + + align:start position:0% +process okay and comparing the different + + + align:start position:0% +process okay and comparing the different +models that people have about the same + + align:start position:0% +models that people have about the same + + + align:start position:0% +models that people have about the same +place no yeah and it's helpful for + + align:start position:0% +place no yeah and it's helpful for + + + align:start position:0% +place no yeah and it's helpful for +understanding how people interact with + + align:start position:0% +understanding how people interact with + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how people interact with +things differently are the same too and + + align:start position:0% +things differently are the same too and + + + align:start position:0% +things differently are the same too and +then you kind of see see where the + + align:start position:0% +then you kind of see see where the + + + align:start position:0% +then you kind of see see where the +overlap is and where people diverge like + + align:start position:0% +overlap is and where people diverge like + + + align:start position:0% +overlap is and where people diverge like +for instance Le's very has a permeable + + align:start position:0% +for instance Le's very has a permeable + + + align:start position:0% +for instance Le's very has a permeable +barrier between MIT and the community + + align:start position:0% +barrier between MIT and the community + + + align:start position:0% +barrier between MIT and the community +where both of you had a much more uh + + align:start position:0% +where both of you had a much more uh + + + align:start position:0% +where both of you had a much more uh +harder a harder barrier so you know it + + align:start position:0% +harder a harder barrier so you know it + + + align:start position:0% +harder a harder barrier so you know it +it opens the door to analysis or creates + + align:start position:0% +it opens the door to analysis or creates + + + align:start position:0% +it opens the door to analysis or creates +a frame for understanding how people + + align:start position:0% +a frame for understanding how people + + + align:start position:0% +a frame for understanding how people +engage + + align:start position:0% +engage + + + align:start position:0% +engage +okay before to going on I will tweet the + + align:start position:0% +okay before to going on I will tweet the + + + align:start position:0% +okay before to going on I will tweet the +concept that's just a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit we we're talking about mental + + align:start position:0% +bit we we're talking about mental + + + align:start position:0% +bit we we're talking about mental +model and the task we had to do was to + + align:start position:0% +model and the task we had to do was to + + + align:start position:0% +model and the task we had to do was to +design a model of MIT like a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +map + + align:start position:0% +map + + + align:start position:0% +map +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +may ER put to focus our + + align:start position:0% +may ER put to focus our + + + align:start position:0% +may ER put to focus our +attention only in the map in itself and + + align:start position:0% +attention only in the map in itself and + + + align:start position:0% +attention only in the map in itself and +this should be a problem because we can + + align:start position:0% +this should be a problem because we can + + + align:start position:0% +this should be a problem because we can +construct a map we can began to work for + + align:start position:0% +construct a map we can began to work for + + + align:start position:0% +construct a map we can began to work for +constructing a map but we not we not + + align:start position:0% +constructing a map but we not we not + + + align:start position:0% +constructing a map but we not we not +necessarily are describing the model we + + align:start position:0% +necessarily are describing the model we + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily are describing the model we +have in our minds the mental model is a + + align:start position:0% +have in our minds the mental model is a + + + align:start position:0% +have in our minds the mental model is a +working map that we have in our + + align:start position:0% +working map that we have in our + + + align:start position:0% +working map that we have in our +minds no it's very interesting to to see + + align:start position:0% +minds no it's very interesting to to see + + + align:start position:0% +minds no it's very interesting to to see +like different person have different + + align:start position:0% +like different person have different + + + align:start position:0% +like different person have different +working maps in their minds no we can + + align:start position:0% +working maps in their minds no we can + + + align:start position:0% +working maps in their minds no we can +combine in all these mental models for + + align:start position:0% +combine in all these mental models for + + + align:start position:0% +combine in all these mental models for +constructing a map of MIT but this map + + align:start position:0% +constructing a map of MIT but this map + + + align:start position:0% +constructing a map of MIT but this map +will not be the model of + + align:start position:0% +will not be the model of + + + align:start position:0% +will not be the model of +anyone the model of each one of us + + align:start position:0% +anyone the model of each one of us + + + align:start position:0% +anyone the model of each one of us +are the group of symbols we use in our + + align:start position:0% +are the group of symbols we use in our + + + align:start position:0% +are the group of symbols we use in our +mind for moving through the + + align:start position:0% +mind for moving through the + + + align:start position:0% +mind for moving through the +MIT + + align:start position:0% +MIT + + + align:start position:0% +MIT +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +can gather a group of people we can + + align:start position:0% +can gather a group of people we can + + + align:start position:0% +can gather a group of people we can +combine all their experience and we can + + align:start position:0% +combine all their experience and we can + + + align:start position:0% +combine all their experience and we can +construct a a generic map that we in + + align:start position:0% +construct a a generic map that we in + + + align:start position:0% +construct a a generic map that we in +this map + + align:start position:0% +this map + + + align:start position:0% +this map +we will group knowledge and use that a + + align:start position:0% +we will group knowledge and use that a + + + align:start position:0% +we will group knowledge and use that a +lot of people but this map will not be a + + align:start position:0% +lot of people but this map will not be a + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people but this map will not be a +mental + + align:start position:0% +mental + + + align:start position:0% +mental +model so we can if we trying to improve + + align:start position:0% +model so we can if we trying to improve + + + align:start position:0% +model so we can if we trying to improve +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +map it may help to improve our mental + + align:start position:0% +map it may help to improve our mental + + + align:start position:0% +map it may help to improve our mental +model but not necessarily I may have a + + align:start position:0% +model but not necessarily I may have a + + + align:start position:0% +model but not necessarily I may have a +very sophisticated map + + align:start position:0% +very sophisticated map + + + align:start position:0% +very sophisticated map +and I will may be + + align:start position:0% +and I will may be + + + align:start position:0% +and I will may be +resoning + + align:start position:0% +resoning + + + align:start position:0% +resoning +in the old + + align:start position:0% +in the old + + + align:start position:0% +in the old +way what is important as is what we use + + align:start position:0% +way what is important as is what we use + + + align:start position:0% +way what is important as is what we use +as we are making + + align:start position:0% +as we are making + + + align:start position:0% +as we are making +decisions + + align:start position:0% +decisions + + + align:start position:0% +decisions +and the mental model the map may be + + align:start position:0% +and the mental model the map may be + + + align:start position:0% +and the mental model the map may be +highly sophisticated the mental model + + align:start position:0% +highly sophisticated the mental model + + + align:start position:0% +highly sophisticated the mental model +needs to have two main characteristics + + align:start position:0% +needs to have two main characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +needs to have two main characteristics +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +it should be simple enough for being + + align:start position:0% +it should be simple enough for being + + + align:start position:0% +it should be simple enough for being +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +naturally without training + + align:start position:0% +naturally without training + + + align:start position:0% +naturally without training +without preparation with for being used + + align:start position:0% +without preparation with for being used + + + align:start position:0% +without preparation with for being used +at the spot of the + + align:start position:0% +at the spot of the + + + align:start position:0% +at the spot of the +action it may be enough simple for that + + align:start position:0% +action it may be enough simple for that + + + align:start position:0% +action it may be enough simple for that +but at the same time it should be very + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time it should be very + + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time it should be very +robust for enable me to use it in any + + align:start position:0% +robust for enable me to use it in any + + + align:start position:0% +robust for enable me to use it in any +situation I + + align:start position:0% +situation I + + + align:start position:0% +situation I +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +so in in our mind what we + + align:start position:0% +so in in our mind what we + + + align:start position:0% +so in in our mind what we +have are not complete Maps but just + + align:start position:0% +have are not complete Maps but just + + + align:start position:0% +have are not complete Maps but just +elements of a map that we + + align:start position:0% +elements of a map that we + + + align:start position:0% +elements of a map that we +combine when we need to make a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decision the the mental model we have is + + align:start position:0% +decision the the mental model we have is + + + align:start position:0% +decision the the mental model we have is +something very flexible and adaptable to + + align:start position:0% +something very flexible and adaptable to + + + align:start position:0% +something very flexible and adaptable to +the situation we we have + + align:start position:0% +the situation we we have + + + align:start position:0% +the situation we we have +the exercise + + align:start position:0% +the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise +of putting + + align:start position:0% +of putting + + + align:start position:0% +of putting +it in a visual way is very important for + + align:start position:0% +it in a visual way is very important for + + + align:start position:0% +it in a visual way is very important for +make us aware of + + align:start position:0% +make us aware of + + + align:start position:0% +make us aware of +that but what I would like to you to be + + align:start position:0% +that but what I would like to you to be + + + align:start position:0% +that but what I would like to you to be +clear is that the map is not your mental + + align:start position:0% +clear is that the map is not your mental + + + align:start position:0% +clear is that the map is not your mental +model the map is only a brief + + align:start position:0% +model the map is only a brief + + + align:start position:0% +model the map is only a brief +description of the mental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model the exercise we made now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was based on the model that each one + + align:start position:0% +was based on the model that each one + + + align:start position:0% +was based on the model that each one +have designed before so I in the group I + + align:start position:0% +have designed before so I in the group I + + + align:start position:0% +have designed before so I in the group I +was most of the time what we made was to + + align:start position:0% +was most of the time what we made was to + + + align:start position:0% +was most of the time what we made was to +compare the different elements of these + + align:start position:0% +compare the different elements of these + + + align:start position:0% +compare the different elements of these +models okay was very useful for us to + + align:start position:0% +models okay was very useful for us to + + + align:start position:0% +models okay was very useful for us to +understand how people perceive the space + + align:start position:0% +understand how people perceive the space + + + align:start position:0% +understand how people perceive the space +differently + + align:start position:0% +differently + + + align:start position:0% +differently +but we didn't make + + align:start position:0% +but we didn't make + + + align:start position:0% +but we didn't make +made the group of exercise + + align:start position:0% +made the group of exercise + + + align:start position:0% +made the group of exercise +of externalizing a mental model of to + + align:start position:0% +of externalizing a mental model of to + + + align:start position:0% +of externalizing a mental model of to +disc of discovering the mental model + + align:start position:0% +disc of discovering the mental model + + + align:start position:0% +disc of discovering the mental model +what we made was to compare different + + align:start position:0% +what we made was to compare different + + + align:start position:0% +what we made was to compare different +mental models okay because that was your + + align:start position:0% +mental models okay because that was your + + + align:start position:0% +mental models okay because that was your +group yes that was yes I talking about + + align:start position:0% +group yes that was yes I talking about + + + align:start position:0% +group yes that was yes I talking about +my group okay and in in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the understanding of the process of + + align:start position:0% +the understanding of the process of + + + align:start position:0% +the understanding of the process of +cre of discovering the + + align:start position:0% +cre of discovering the + + + align:start position:0% +cre of discovering the +model is a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +model is a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +model is a different kind of +experience that I think that we need to + + align:start position:0% +experience that I think that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +experience that I think that we need to +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +have the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group someone of the other group should + + align:start position:0% +group someone of the other group should + + + align:start position:0% +group someone of the other group should +would like to express their experience I + + align:start position:0% +would like to express their experience I + + + align:start position:0% +would like to express their experience I +have one person of the group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um well what we + + align:start position:0% +um well what we + + + align:start position:0% +um well what we +did we we briefly went around and + + align:start position:0% +did we we briefly went around and + + + align:start position:0% +did we we briefly went around and +everyone explained their their mental + + align:start position:0% +everyone explained their their mental + + + align:start position:0% +everyone explained their their mental +model that they had veloped and then + + align:start position:0% +model that they had veloped and then + + + align:start position:0% +model that they had veloped and then +then we chose One to begin to + + align:start position:0% +then we chose One to begin to + + + align:start position:0% +then we chose One to begin to +develop more uh + + align:start position:0% +develop more uh + + + align:start position:0% +develop more uh +fully um and that was um + + align:start position:0% +fully um and that was um + + + align:start position:0% +fully um and that was um +model yeah so she began to kind of talk + + align:start position:0% +model yeah so she began to kind of talk + + + align:start position:0% +model yeah so she began to kind of talk +about her work and her reason for being + + align:start position:0% +about her work and her reason for being + + + align:start position:0% +about her work and her reason for being +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +MIT and basically she she's here because + + align:start position:0% +MIT and basically she she's here because + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and basically she she's here because +she wants to one of the reasons that she + + align:start position:0% +she wants to one of the reasons that she + + + align:start position:0% +she wants to one of the reasons that she +wants to expand resources and knowledge + + align:start position:0% +wants to expand resources and knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +wants to expand resources and knowledge +that she needs in order to improve her + + align:start position:0% +that she needs in order to improve her + + + align:start position:0% +that she needs in order to improve her +work in + + align:start position:0% +work in + + + align:start position:0% +work in +Brazil and so through various different + + align:start position:0% +Brazil and so through various different + + + align:start position:0% +Brazil and so through various different +questions about how she's going about + + align:start position:0% +questions about how she's going about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about how she's going about +doing that at MIT we began to identify + + align:start position:0% +doing that at MIT we began to identify + + + align:start position:0% +doing that at MIT we began to identify +some of the components that she uses in + + align:start position:0% +some of the components that she uses in + + + align:start position:0% +some of the components that she uses in +her head to + + align:start position:0% +her head to + + + align:start position:0% +her head to +to you know maneuver in + + align:start position:0% +to you know maneuver in + + + align:start position:0% +to you know maneuver in +MIT um I don't know I don't know if I + + align:start position:0% +MIT um I don't know I don't know if I + + + align:start position:0% +MIT um I don't know I don't know if I +described it the way you all Perce it + + align:start position:0% +described it the way you all Perce it + + + align:start position:0% +described it the way you all Perce it +should you + + align:start position:0% +should you + + + align:start position:0% +should you +explain a bit about the process not + + align:start position:0% +explain a bit about the process not + + + align:start position:0% +explain a bit about the process not +about the mental the mental model in + + align:start position:0% +about the mental the mental model in + + + align:start position:0% +about the mental the mental model in +itself but about the process of + + align:start position:0% +itself but about the process of + + + align:start position:0% +itself but about the process of +discovering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it why do I I think that's something you + + align:start position:0% +it why do I I think that's something you + + + align:start position:0% +it why do I I think that's something you +guys should be doing but if you want I + + align:start position:0% +guys should be doing but if you want I + + + align:start position:0% +guys should be doing but if you want I +can go ahead you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it um well the process was that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first what something that was key was to + + align:start position:0% +first what something that was key was to + + + align:start position:0% +first what something that was key was to +determine what model we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +determine what model we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +determine what model we were trying to +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +construct uh because you know you start + + align:start position:0% +construct uh because you know you start + + + align:start position:0% +construct uh because you know you start +by talking about your + + align:start position:0% +by talking about your + + + align:start position:0% +by talking about your +work but then you have so many different + + align:start position:0% +work but then you have so many different + + + align:start position:0% +work but then you have so many different +models you use for different aspects of + + align:start position:0% +models you use for different aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +models you use for different aspects of +your work uh so we finally were able to + + align:start position:0% +your work uh so we finally were able to + + + align:start position:0% +your work uh so we finally were able to +determine that what we were going to + + align:start position:0% +determine that what we were going to + + + align:start position:0% +determine that what we were going to +construct was the model that she uses + + align:start position:0% +construct was the model that she uses + + + align:start position:0% +construct was the model that she uses +for for organizing her her work her + + align:start position:0% +for for organizing her her work her + + + align:start position:0% +for for organizing her her work her +efforts at MIT for maneuvering herself + + align:start position:0% +efforts at MIT for maneuvering herself + + + align:start position:0% +efforts at MIT for maneuvering herself +in MIT and finding connections to + + align:start position:0% +in MIT and finding connections to + + + align:start position:0% +in MIT and finding connections to +resources and people so once that was + + align:start position:0% +resources and people so once that was + + + align:start position:0% +resources and people so once that was +decided then we started figuring we + + align:start position:0% +decided then we started figuring we + + + align:start position:0% +decided then we started figuring we +started + + align:start position:0% +started + + + align:start position:0% +started +asking uh I what what she does to find + + align:start position:0% +asking uh I what what she does to find + + + align:start position:0% +asking uh I what what she does to find +those connections you know + + align:start position:0% +those connections you know + + + align:start position:0% +those connections you know +um as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why and so just + + align:start position:0% +why and so just + + + align:start position:0% +why and so just +to you know she she she needs just one + + align:start position:0% +to you know she she she needs just one + + + align:start position:0% +to you know she she she needs just one +example is she's looking for information + + align:start position:0% +example is she's looking for information + + + align:start position:0% +example is she's looking for information +or some sort of way to to get feedback + + align:start position:0% +or some sort of way to to get feedback + + + align:start position:0% +or some sort of way to to get feedback +on on her strategies in Brazil and so + + align:start position:0% +on on her strategies in Brazil and so + + + align:start position:0% +on on her strategies in Brazil and so +she finds classes uh that are dealing + + align:start position:0% +she finds classes uh that are dealing + + + align:start position:0% +she finds classes uh that are dealing +with that with with the subject that + + align:start position:0% +with that with with the subject that + + + align:start position:0% +with that with with the subject that +she's grappling with and she finds + + align:start position:0% +she's grappling with and she finds + + + align:start position:0% +she's grappling with and she finds +people through those classes she begins + + align:start position:0% +people through those classes she begins + + + align:start position:0% +people through those classes she begins +to find people who are interested in the + + align:start position:0% +to find people who are interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +to find people who are interested in the +same thing she's interested + + align:start position:0% +same thing she's interested + + + align:start position:0% +same thing she's interested +in um and another way she does this is + + align:start position:0% +in um and another way she does this is + + + align:start position:0% +in um and another way she does this is +through identifying projects those + + align:start position:0% +through identifying projects those + + + align:start position:0% +through identifying projects those +projects that have a common subject she + + align:start position:0% +projects that have a common subject she + + + align:start position:0% +projects that have a common subject she +finds the people who are interested in + + align:start position:0% +finds the people who are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +finds the people who are interested in +what she's interested in + + align:start position:0% +what she's interested in + + + align:start position:0% +what she's interested in +um like that okay + + align:start position:0% +um like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +um like that okay +so these + + align:start position:0% +so these + + + align:start position:0% +so these +activities where the starting point for + + align:start position:0% +activities where the starting point for + + + align:start position:0% +activities where the starting point for +finding the mental model components of + + align:start position:0% +finding the mental model components of + + + align:start position:0% +finding the mental model components of +the mental model + + align:start position:0% +the mental model + + + align:start position:0% +the mental model +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay do you have some difficulty in + + align:start position:0% +okay do you have some difficulty in + + + align:start position:0% +okay do you have some difficulty in +doing that or no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difficulty if I have anyone anyone do + + align:start position:0% +difficulty if I have anyone anyone do + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty if I have anyone anyone do +you have difficulty CU you're the one + + align:start position:0% +you have difficulty CU you're the one + + + align:start position:0% +you have difficulty CU you're the one +who has experienced oh yeah absolutely I + + align:start position:0% +who has experienced oh yeah absolutely I + + + align:start position:0% +who has experienced oh yeah absolutely I +mean the difficulty is to even though + + align:start position:0% +mean the difficulty is to even though + + + align:start position:0% +mean the difficulty is to even though +MIT have so much resource it's very + + align:start position:0% +MIT have so much resource it's very + + + align:start position:0% +MIT have so much resource it's very +difficult to + + align:start position:0% +difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to +connect with + + align:start position:0% +connect with + + + align:start position:0% +connect with +to the is that what what say the + + align:start position:0% +to the is that what what say the + + + align:start position:0% +to the is that what what say the +question is you have difficulty + + align:start position:0% +question is you have difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +question is you have difficulty +processing in this process today 15 + + align:start position:0% +processing in this process today 15 + + + align:start position:0% +processing in this process today 15 +minutes that we were talking to start to + + align:start position:0% +minutes that we were talking to start to + + + align:start position:0% +minutes that we were talking to start to +identify those components in this + + align:start position:0% +identify those components in this + + + align:start position:0% +identify those components in this +virtual world that you have yes yes + + align:start position:0% +virtual world that you have yes yes + + + align:start position:0% +virtual world that you have yes yes +which kind of difficulties what is + + align:start position:0% +which kind of difficulties what is + + + align:start position:0% +which kind of difficulties what is +result difficult for you in the in the + + align:start position:0% +result difficult for you in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +result difficult for you in the in the +exercise I think it's because I didn't + + align:start position:0% +exercise I think it's because I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +exercise I think it's because I didn't +really have the model before and so to + + align:start position:0% +really have the model before and so to + + + align:start position:0% +really have the model before and so to +place an order it was difficult + + align:start position:0% +place an order it was difficult + + + align:start position:0% +place an order it was difficult +you have the model you use it I just + + align:start position:0% +you have the model you use it I just + + + align:start position:0% +you have the model you use it I just +making it expl I think it was I think I + + align:start position:0% +making it expl I think it was I think I + + + align:start position:0% +making it expl I think it was I think I +have the model in my mind but bring it + + align:start position:0% +have the model in my mind but bring it + + + align:start position:0% +have the model in my mind but bring it +out is difficult okay okay you know like + + align:start position:0% +out is difficult okay okay you know like + + + align:start position:0% +out is difficult okay okay you know like +actually I have a model but it's it's to + + align:start position:0% +actually I have a model but it's it's to + + + align:start position:0% +actually I have a model but it's it's to +put that model in use in a way that + + align:start position:0% +put that model in use in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +put that model in use in a way that +could be clear it is difficult although + + align:start position:0% +could be clear it is difficult although + + + align:start position:0% +could be clear it is difficult although +I was looking your model of following + + align:start position:0% +I was looking your model of following + + + align:start position:0% +I was looking your model of following +this I could see that but how it does + + align:start position:0% +this I could see that but how it does + + + align:start position:0% +this I could see that but how it does +not connect to my situation + + align:start position:0% +not connect to my situation + + + align:start position:0% +not connect to my situation +specifically but it's uh yeah it's not I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't my needs is different you know so + + align:start position:0% +don't my needs is different you know so + + + align:start position:0% +don't my needs is different you know so +my way of Designing and frame is + + align:start position:0% +my way of Designing and frame is + + + align:start position:0% +my way of Designing and frame is +different it's like she said I can't + + align:start position:0% +different it's like she said I can't + + + align:start position:0% +different it's like she said I can't +quite see how this model works when so + + align:start position:0% +quite see how this model works when so + + + align:start position:0% +quite see how this model works when so +many other compon needs to be in + + align:start position:0% +many other compon needs to be in + + + align:start position:0% +many other compon needs to be in +place yeah good + + align:start position:0% +place yeah good + + + align:start position:0% +place yeah good +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +um an instrument is as good as what + + align:start position:0% +um an instrument is as good as what + + + align:start position:0% +um an instrument is as good as what +you're using it for you know depending + + align:start position:0% +you're using it for you know depending + + + align:start position:0% +you're using it for you know depending +if you want to draw something if you use + + align:start position:0% +if you want to draw something if you use + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to draw something if you use +a certain type of pen or pencil that + + align:start position:0% +a certain type of pen or pencil that + + + align:start position:0% +a certain type of pen or pencil that +works out or if you use something that's + + align:start position:0% +works out or if you use something that's + + + align:start position:0% +works out or if you use something that's +too huge it won't work out what I'm + + align:start position:0% +too huge it won't work out what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +too huge it won't work out what I'm +trying to say here is that for example + + align:start position:0% +trying to say here is that for example + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say here is that for example +through a spatial map of a of a of of a + + align:start position:0% +through a spatial map of a of a of of a + + + align:start position:0% +through a spatial map of a of a of of a +campus for example you could use it to + + align:start position:0% +campus for example you could use it to + + + align:start position:0% +campus for example you could use it to +map out different things but for example + + align:start position:0% +map out different things but for example + + + align:start position:0% +map out different things but for example +if what you were working on was a + + align:start position:0% +if what you were working on was a + + + align:start position:0% +if what you were working on was a +network of people which is what I + + align:start position:0% +network of people which is what I + + + align:start position:0% +network of people which is what I +understand now that Scene Three then you + + align:start position:0% +understand now that Scene Three then you + + + align:start position:0% +understand now that Scene Three then you +would need to use a map of a different + + align:start position:0% +would need to use a map of a different + + + align:start position:0% +would need to use a map of a different +type of map for + + align:start position:0% +type of map for + + + align:start position:0% +type of map for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +um a place where you could visualize the + + align:start position:0% +um a place where you could visualize the + + + align:start position:0% +um a place where you could visualize the +people that she works with so she could + + align:start position:0% +people that she works with so she could + + + align:start position:0% +people that she works with so she could +actually draw out her network of people + + align:start position:0% +actually draw out her network of people + + + align:start position:0% +actually draw out her network of people +what I'm trying to say is that for + + align:start position:0% +what I'm trying to say is that for + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm trying to say is that for +example in her campus map where probably + + align:start position:0% +example in her campus map where probably + + + align:start position:0% +example in her campus map where probably +most of the people that she is is at D + + align:start position:0% +most of the people that she is is at D + + + align:start position:0% +most of the people that she is is at D +unless she had like for example an + + align:start position:0% +unless she had like for example an + + + align:start position:0% +unless she had like for example an +office map of all the people that she + + align:start position:0% +office map of all the people that she + + + align:start position:0% +office map of all the people that she +actually gets in touch with and she + + align:start position:0% +actually gets in touch with and she + + + align:start position:0% +actually gets in touch with and she +wanted to like try to see how she + + align:start position:0% +wanted to like try to see how she + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to like try to see how she +connects with all of them unless she had + + align:start position:0% +connects with all of them unless she had + + + align:start position:0% +connects with all of them unless she had +something like that with a campus map + + align:start position:0% +something like that with a campus map + + + align:start position:0% +something like that with a campus map +you couldn't actually visualize what you + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't actually visualize what you + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't actually visualize what you +wanted to see if that's what you wanted + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see if that's what you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see if that's what you wanted +you know see those Network I would + + align:start position:0% +you know see those Network I would + + + align:start position:0% +you know see those Network I would +probably use like a phone directory + + align:start position:0% +probably use like a phone directory + + + align:start position:0% +probably use like a phone directory +would probably be even more useful like + + align:start position:0% +would probably be even more useful like + + + align:start position:0% +would probably be even more useful like +um spread out with the names otherwise I + + align:start position:0% +um spread out with the names otherwise I + + + align:start position:0% +um spread out with the names otherwise I +mean how do you visual I think you're + + align:start position:0% +mean how do you visual I think you're + + + align:start position:0% +mean how do you visual I think you're +talking about the physical right but + + align:start position:0% +talking about the physical right but + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the physical right but +exactly but how do you talk about spal + + align:start position:0% +exactly but how do you talk about spal + + + align:start position:0% +exactly but how do you talk about spal +distribution of the people and the and + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the people and the and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the people and the and +the existence of the people right + + align:start position:0% +the existence of the people right + + + align:start position:0% +the existence of the people right +identifying the people now her what was + + align:start position:0% +identifying the people now her what was + + + align:start position:0% +identifying the people now her what was +so interesting about Yuma is that it + + align:start position:0% +so interesting about Yuma is that it + + + align:start position:0% +so interesting about Yuma is that it +was it's the it's the tactic she uses to + + align:start position:0% +was it's the it's the tactic she uses to + + + align:start position:0% +was it's the it's the tactic she uses to +find those people in a place that is + + align:start position:0% +find those people in a place that is + + + align:start position:0% +find those people in a place that is +totally foreign to her so the + + align:start position:0% +totally foreign to her so the + + + align:start position:0% +totally foreign to her so the +classes the projects you know the you + + align:start position:0% +classes the projects you know the you + + + align:start position:0% +classes the projects you know the you +know these these ways to begin + + align:start position:0% +know these these ways to begin + + + align:start position:0% +know these these ways to begin +conversation with total strangers to + + align:start position:0% +conversation with total strangers to + + + align:start position:0% +conversation with total strangers to +find the strangers and then be like oh + + align:start position:0% +find the strangers and then be like oh + + + align:start position:0% +find the strangers and then be like oh +we have something in common and be able + + align:start position:0% +we have something in common and be able + + + align:start position:0% +we have something in common and be able +to talk to you know and so she's been + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you know and so she's been + + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you know and so she's been +able to do that in + + align:start position:0% +able to do that in + + + align:start position:0% +able to do that in +D now she's got this problem of how do I + + align:start position:0% +D now she's got this problem of how do I + + + align:start position:0% +D now she's got this problem of how do I +do that in Sloan I know that Sloan there + + align:start position:0% +do that in Sloan I know that Sloan there + + + align:start position:0% +do that in Sloan I know that Sloan there +are lots of people but now that she's + + align:start position:0% +are lots of people but now that she's + + + align:start position:0% +are lots of people but now that she's +made explicit that one way that she does + + align:start position:0% +made explicit that one way that she does + + + align:start position:0% +made explicit that one way that she does +that is through identifying classes + + align:start position:0% +that is through identifying classes + + + align:start position:0% +that is through identifying classes +projects or other things that help her + + align:start position:0% +projects or other things that help her + + + align:start position:0% +projects or other things that help her +establish that first link maybe she can + + align:start position:0% +establish that first link maybe she can + + + align:start position:0% +establish that first link maybe she can +use that model and transpose it to SLO + + align:start position:0% +use that model and transpose it to SLO + + + align:start position:0% +use that model and transpose it to SLO +and start using that you know mhm + + align:start position:0% +and start using that you know mhm + + + align:start position:0% +and start using that you know mhm +so the so the the model really is how + + align:start position:0% +so the so the the model really is how + + + align:start position:0% +so the so the the model really is how +you sort of get what you want out of MIT + + align:start position:0% +you sort of get what you want out of MIT + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of get what you want out of MIT +and you have this you you've kind of + + align:start position:0% +and you have this you you've kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have this you you've kind of +built up a model through sort of + + align:start position:0% +built up a model through sort of + + + align:start position:0% +built up a model through sort of +experimentation within D but now you're + + align:start position:0% +experimentation within D but now you're + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation within D but now you're +trying to apply it to a new setting is + + align:start position:0% +trying to apply it to a new setting is + + + align:start position:0% +trying to apply it to a new setting is +that sort of a process well it's + + align:start position:0% +that sort of a process well it's + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of a process well it's +identifying the need what it is that + + align:start position:0% +identifying the need what it is that + + + align:start position:0% +identifying the need what it is that +needed for this to work and and it's you + + align:start position:0% +needed for this to work and and it's you + + + align:start position:0% +needed for this to work and and it's you +know even if the if the development of + + align:start position:0% +know even if the if the development of + + + align:start position:0% +know even if the if the development of +the physical space there works and + + align:start position:0% +the physical space there works and + + + align:start position:0% +the physical space there works and +that's but the economic development of + + align:start position:0% +that's but the economic development of + + + align:start position:0% +that's but the economic development of +course would work much better in long to + + align:start position:0% +course would work much better in long to + + + align:start position:0% +course would work much better in long to +because they they do a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +because they they do a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +because they they do a lot of the +financial and the business part of it + + align:start position:0% +financial and the business part of it + + + align:start position:0% +financial and the business part of it +yeah so your question the answer is yes + + align:start position:0% +yeah so your question the answer is yes + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so your question the answer is yes +to your + + align:start position:0% +to your + + + align:start position:0% +to your +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +let's try to come back to the cognitive + + align:start position:0% +let's try to come back to the cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to come back to the cognitive +issue + + align:start position:0% +issue + + + align:start position:0% +issue +and the one difficulty is + + align:start position:0% +and the one difficulty is + + + align:start position:0% +and the one difficulty is +that you have in your mind + + align:start position:0% +that you have in your mind + + + align:start position:0% +that you have in your mind +model but you are not use it in + + align:start position:0% +model but you are not use it in + + + align:start position:0% +model but you are not use it in +expressing it no okay yes I think that + + align:start position:0% +expressing it no okay yes I think that + + + align:start position:0% +expressing it no okay yes I think that +this is a source of difficulty the other + + align:start position:0% +this is a source of difficulty the other + + + align:start position:0% +this is a source of difficulty the other +one I was thinking about is the language + + align:start position:0% +one I was thinking about is the language + + + align:start position:0% +one I was thinking about is the language +what kind of language I will use for + + align:start position:0% +what kind of language I will use for + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of language I will use for +expressing my my + + align:start position:0% +expressing my my + + + align:start position:0% +expressing my my +model okay we were improving improving + + align:start position:0% +model okay we were improving improving + + + align:start position:0% +model okay we were improving improving +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +improvising some languages okay we try + + align:start position:0% +improvising some languages okay we try + + + align:start position:0% +improvising some languages okay we try +to draw to to put + + align:start position:0% +to draw to to put + + + align:start position:0% +to draw to to put +some H categories + + align:start position:0% +some H categories + + + align:start position:0% +some H categories +Some people prefer to use networks and + + align:start position:0% +Some people prefer to use networks and + + + align:start position:0% +Some people prefer to use networks and +to construct everything as networks so + + align:start position:0% +to construct everything as networks so + + + align:start position:0% +to construct everything as networks so +the laws of the networks constitute + + align:start position:0% +the laws of the networks constitute + + + align:start position:0% +the laws of the networks constitute +their language for expressing this no + + align:start position:0% +their language for expressing this no + + + align:start position:0% +their language for expressing this no +and I think that to find a language for + + align:start position:0% +and I think that to find a language for + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that to find a language for +expressing is a task that we need to + + align:start position:0% +expressing is a task that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +expressing is a task that we need to +improve my understand is that is that + + align:start position:0% +improve my understand is that is that + + + align:start position:0% +improve my understand is that is that +each person should develop his own + + align:start position:0% +each person should develop his own + + + align:start position:0% +each person should develop his own +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +in the way he find more effective more F + + align:start position:0% +in the way he find more effective more F + + + align:start position:0% +in the way he find more effective more F +more comfortable with this language okay + + align:start position:0% +more comfortable with this language okay + + + align:start position:0% +more comfortable with this language okay +and I think that should be very + + align:start position:0% +and I think that should be very + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that should be very +instructive for us try to describe our + + align:start position:0% +instructive for us try to describe our + + + align:start position:0% +instructive for us try to describe our +mental model for example about MIT and + + align:start position:0% +mental model for example about MIT and + + + align:start position:0% +mental model for example about MIT and +after that to compare the languages we + + align:start position:0% +after that to compare the languages we + + + align:start position:0% +after that to compare the languages we +are using + + align:start position:0% +are using + + + align:start position:0% +are using +say uh what kind of expression we use + + align:start position:0% +say uh what kind of expression we use + + + align:start position:0% +say uh what kind of expression we use +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +describing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I think + + align:start position:0% +and I think + + + align:start position:0% +and I think +that another thing that should be useful + + align:start position:0% +that another thing that should be useful + + + align:start position:0% +that another thing that should be useful +for us is to discover what kind + + align:start position:0% +for us is to discover what kind + + + align:start position:0% +for us is to discover what kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +events triggers in us the capacity of + + align:start position:0% +events triggers in us the capacity of + + + align:start position:0% +events triggers in us the capacity of +improving our mental model what kind of + + align:start position:0% +improving our mental model what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +improving our mental model what kind of +events transforms our mental model + + align:start position:0% +events transforms our mental model + + + align:start position:0% +events transforms our mental model +we had not time have had not time for + + align:start position:0% +we had not time have had not time for + + + align:start position:0% +we had not time have had not time for +doing this but I think that should be a + + align:start position:0% +doing this but I think that should be a + + + align:start position:0% +doing this but I think that should be a +a good question for example the + + align:start position:0% +a good question for example the + + + align:start position:0% +a good question for example the +experience of someone here in + + align:start position:0% +experience of someone here in + + + align:start position:0% +experience of someone here in +MIT who has only one one year for being + + align:start position:0% +MIT who has only one one year for being + + + align:start position:0% +MIT who has only one one year for being +here depends a lot of how fast the + + align:start position:0% +here depends a lot of how fast the + + + align:start position:0% +here depends a lot of how fast the +person is able to construct an an an a + + align:start position:0% +person is able to construct an an an a + + + align:start position:0% +person is able to construct an an an a +mental model of MIT that increase their + + align:start position:0% +mental model of MIT that increase their + + + align:start position:0% +mental model of MIT that increase their +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +here something that may happen is that + + align:start position:0% +here something that may happen is that + + + align:start position:0% +here something that may happen is that +at the month 11 I began to understand + + align:start position:0% +at the month 11 I began to understand + + + align:start position:0% +at the month 11 I began to understand +some things that should be very good to + + align:start position:0% +some things that should be very good to + + + align:start position:0% +some things that should be very good to +have discovered at the second + + align:start position:0% +have discovered at the second + + + align:start position:0% +have discovered at the second +month okay so the question of to to to + + align:start position:0% +month okay so the question of to to to + + + align:start position:0% +month okay so the question of to to to +learn to improve our mental model I + + align:start position:0% +learn to improve our mental model I + + + align:start position:0% +learn to improve our mental model I +think that's very + + align:start position:0% +think that's very + + + align:start position:0% +think that's very +important no to reflect on it on this + + align:start position:0% +important no to reflect on it on this + + + align:start position:0% +important no to reflect on it on this +after that one example of this is like + + align:start position:0% +after that one example of this is like + + + align:start position:0% +after that one example of this is like +I've been at MIT as aective student I've + + align:start position:0% +I've been at MIT as aective student I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've been at MIT as aective student I've +been MIT as a master student and then as + + align:start position:0% +been MIT as a master student and then as + + + align:start position:0% +been MIT as a master student and then as +a staff member mhm and each time my + + align:start position:0% +a staff member mhm and each time my + + + align:start position:0% +a staff member mhm and each time my +mental model has has been Chang changed + + align:start position:0% +mental model has has been Chang changed + + + align:start position:0% +mental model has has been Chang changed +exactly my + + align:start position:0% +exactly my + + + align:start position:0% +exactly my +perspective yes yes yes the the the + + align:start position:0% +perspective yes yes yes the the the + + + align:start position:0% +perspective yes yes yes the the the +change in mandates in Necessities in + + align:start position:0% +change in mandates in Necessities in + + + align:start position:0% +change in mandates in Necessities in +roles no in identity change transform + + align:start position:0% +roles no in identity change transform + + + align:start position:0% +roles no in identity change transform +our mental model + + align:start position:0% +our mental model + + + align:start position:0% +our mental model +no ER I think that for someone who be + + align:start position:0% +no ER I think that for someone who be + + + align:start position:0% +no ER I think that for someone who be +just a + + align:start position:0% +just a + + + align:start position:0% +just a +small time in MIT should be very + + align:start position:0% +small time in MIT should be very + + + align:start position:0% +small time in MIT should be very +important to learn to improve their + + align:start position:0% +important to learn to improve their + + + align:start position:0% +important to learn to improve their +mental models very + + align:start position:0% +mental models very + + + align:start position:0% +mental models very +quickly okay I have a question for + + align:start position:0% +quickly okay I have a question for + + + align:start position:0% +quickly okay I have a question for +example uh when a person changes role + + align:start position:0% +example uh when a person changes role + + + align:start position:0% +example uh when a person changes role +role like for example from me team + + align:start position:0% +role like for example from me team + + + align:start position:0% +role like for example from me team +member to being team captain for example + + align:start position:0% +member to being team captain for example + + + align:start position:0% +member to being team captain for example +is that a mental model the shift in for + + align:start position:0% +is that a mental model the shift in for + + + align:start position:0% +is that a mental model the shift in for +example in the responsibilities and the + + align:start position:0% +example in the responsibilities and the + + + align:start position:0% +example in the responsibilities and the +the role that it has to play in relation + + align:start position:0% +the role that it has to play in relation + + + align:start position:0% +the role that it has to play in relation +does that is that a change in mental + + align:start position:0% +does that is that a change in mental + + + align:start position:0% +does that is that a change in mental +model of the situation right because it + + align:start position:0% +model of the situation right because it + + + align:start position:0% +model of the situation right because it +changes the way that perceives and acts + + align:start position:0% +changes the way that perceives and acts + + + align:start position:0% +changes the way that perceives and acts +in respect to what's going on from the + + align:start position:0% +in respect to what's going on from the + + + align:start position:0% +in respect to what's going on from the +outside yeah in my understanding one key + + align:start position:0% +outside yeah in my understanding one key + + + align:start position:0% +outside yeah in my understanding one key +question is my identity how I Define + + align:start position:0% +question is my identity how I Define + + + align:start position:0% +question is my identity how I Define +myself at the time I defined + + align:start position:0% +myself at the time I defined + + + align:start position:0% +myself at the time I defined +myself my mind began to to make a search + + align:start position:0% +myself my mind began to to make a search + + + align:start position:0% +myself my mind began to to make a search +that will enable me to construct a + + align:start position:0% +that will enable me to construct a + + + align:start position:0% +that will enable me to construct a +mental model so it's very important for + + align:start position:0% +mental model so it's very important for + + + align:start position:0% +mental model so it's very important for +improving learning in people is not to + + align:start position:0% +improving learning in people is not to + + + align:start position:0% +improving learning in people is not to +teach them anything but to analyze their + + align:start position:0% +teach them anything but to analyze their + + + align:start position:0% +teach them anything but to analyze their +identity okay and the impact of their + + align:start position:0% +identity okay and the impact of their + + + align:start position:0% +identity okay and the impact of their +identity in what is permitted and what + + align:start position:0% +identity in what is permitted and what + + + align:start position:0% +identity in what is permitted and what +is not permitted what I should + + align:start position:0% +is not permitted what I should + + + align:start position:0% +is not permitted what I should +understand what I should not I I I not I + + align:start position:0% +understand what I should not I I I not I + + + align:start position:0% +understand what I should not I I I not I +did not need to understand okay I have + + align:start position:0% +did not need to understand okay I have + + + align:start position:0% +did not need to understand okay I have +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +very brief exercise for you two minutes + + align:start position:0% +very brief exercise for you two minutes + + + align:start position:0% +very brief exercise for you two minutes +exercise I I have a question actually + + align:start position:0% +exercise I I have a question actually + + + align:start position:0% +exercise I I have a question actually +what if + + align:start position:0% +what if + + + align:start position:0% +what if +they um Can + + align:start position:0% +they um Can + + + align:start position:0% +they um Can +iose yes my idea is that they should + + align:start position:0% +iose yes my idea is that they should + + + align:start position:0% +iose yes my idea is that they should +write it right now yes okay all right + + align:start position:0% +write it right now yes okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +write it right now yes okay all right +and yeah go for + + align:start position:0% +and yeah go for + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah go for +yeah please give + + align:start position:0% +yeah please give + + + align:start position:0% +yeah please give +me yes yes you can it's just for you to + + align:start position:0% +me yes yes you can it's just for you to + + + align:start position:0% +me yes yes you can it's just for you to +I finish + + align:start position:0% +I finish + + + align:start position:0% +I finish +you answer these questions + + align:start position:0% +you answer these questions + + + align:start position:0% +you answer these questions +and uh give them to us + + align:start position:0% +and uh give them to us + + + align:start position:0% +and uh give them to us +okay for us will be very important + + align:start position:0% +okay for us will be very important + + + align:start position:0% +okay for us will be very important +because this is the midterm evaluation + + align:start position:0% +because this is the midterm evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +because this is the midterm evaluation +of the course okay but you evaluating us + + align:start position:0% +of the course okay but you evaluating us + + + align:start position:0% +of the course okay but you evaluating us +not we evaluating you would be better if + + align:start position:0% +not we evaluating you would be better if + + + align:start position:0% +not we evaluating you would be better if +we took this over the weekend so we + + align:start position:0% +we took this over the weekend so we + + + align:start position:0% +we took this over the weekend so we +could just writing this in 2 minutes is + + align:start position:0% +could just writing this in 2 minutes is + + + align:start position:0% +could just writing this in 2 minutes is +going to be a little hard to give it is + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little hard to give it is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little hard to give it is +a her idea you prefer I would prefer I + + align:start position:0% +a her idea you prefer I would prefer I + + + align:start position:0% +a her idea you prefer I would prefer I +don't I can't give you good feedback + + align:start position:0% +don't I can't give you good feedback + + + align:start position:0% +don't I can't give you good feedback +into oh yes okay okay if you prefer I I + + align:start position:0% +into oh yes okay okay if you prefer I I + + + align:start position:0% +into oh yes okay okay if you prefer I I +will accept your suggestion what you + + align:start position:0% +will accept your suggestion what you + + + align:start position:0% +will accept your suggestion what you +could do is just email it to me you know + + align:start position:0% +could do is just email it to me you know + + + align:start position:0% +could do is just email it to me you know +by night okay and then we also had some + + align:start position:0% +by night okay and then we also had some + + + align:start position:0% +by night okay and then we also had some +other questions that if you could email + + align:start position:0% +other questions that if you could email + + + align:start position:0% +other questions that if you could email +to us that would be great as well um + + align:start position:0% +to us that would be great as well um + + + align:start position:0% +to us that would be great as well um +these are just reflection questions + + align:start position:0% +these are just reflection questions + + + align:start position:0% +these are just reflection questions +regarding the exercise today um the + + align:start position:0% +regarding the exercise today um the + + + align:start position:0% +regarding the exercise today um the +second group the group that was the + + align:start position:0% +second group the group that was the + + + align:start position:0% +second group the group that was the +group that was with me will be able to + + align:start position:0% +group that was with me will be able to + + + align:start position:0% +group that was with me will be able to +answer these questions better than the + + align:start position:0% +answer these questions better than the + + + align:start position:0% +answer these questions better than the +other group but maybe not who knows see + + align:start position:0% +other group but maybe not who knows see + + + align:start position:0% +other group but maybe not who knows see +what you can do see what see what you + + align:start position:0% +what you can do see what see what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do see what see what you +can do it's one set of questions is for + + align:start position:0% +can do it's one set of questions is for + + + align:start position:0% +can do it's one set of questions is for +those people who were the + + align:start position:0% +those people who were the + + + align:start position:0% +those people who were the +protagonists protagonists meaning that + + align:start position:0% +protagonists protagonists meaning that + + + align:start position:0% +protagonists protagonists meaning that +they were the ones who were constructing + + align:start position:0% +they were the ones who were constructing + + + align:start position:0% +they were the ones who were constructing +their own mental models and then the + + align:start position:0% +their own mental models and then the + + + align:start position:0% +their own mental models and then the +other set of questions is for those + + align:start position:0% +other set of questions is for those + + + align:start position:0% +other set of questions is for those +people who are the + + align:start position:0% +people who are the + + + align:start position:0% +people who are the +facilitators um you're helping others + + align:start position:0% +facilitators um you're helping others + + + align:start position:0% +facilitators um you're helping others +construct their mental models or + + align:start position:0% +construct their mental models or + + + align:start position:0% +construct their mental models or +watching other you know maybe there's a + + align:start position:0% +watching other you know maybe there's a + + + align:start position:0% +watching other you know maybe there's a +question there it says what did you do + + align:start position:0% +question there it says what did you do + + + align:start position:0% +question there it says what did you do +that help the person begin to identify + + align:start position:0% +that help the person begin to identify + + + align:start position:0% +that help the person begin to identify +their mental model if there's something + + align:start position:0% +their mental model if there's something + + + align:start position:0% +their mental model if there's something +that someone else did that you think + + align:start position:0% +that someone else did that you think + + + align:start position:0% +that someone else did that you think +helped the person identify their mental + + align:start position:0% +helped the person identify their mental + + + align:start position:0% +helped the person identify their mental +model you can write that as well it + + align:start position:0% +model you can write that as well it + + + align:start position:0% +model you can write that as well it +doesn't necessarily have to be something + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily have to be something + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily have to be something +that you did as a + + align:start position:0% +that you did as a + + + align:start position:0% +that you did as a +person last question if if each one of + + align:start position:0% +person last question if if each one of + + + align:start position:0% +person last question if if each one of +you would like to discuss any issue + + align:start position:0% +you would like to discuss any issue + + + align:start position:0% +you would like to discuss any issue +about the course + + align:start position:0% +about the course + + + align:start position:0% +about the course +ER you can send emails to us to me or to + + align:start position:0% +ER you can send emails to us to me or to + + + align:start position:0% +ER you can send emails to us to me or to +Claudia for + + align:start position:0% +Claudia for + + + align:start position:0% +Claudia for +discussing something that was not enough + + align:start position:0% +discussing something that was not enough + + + align:start position:0% +discussing something that was not enough +clear during the class okay so so the + + align:start position:0% +clear during the class okay so so the + + + align:start position:0% +clear during the class okay so so the +evaluation if you can email it to us + + align:start position:0% +evaluation if you can email it to us + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation if you can email it to us +before Monday that would be great and + + align:start position:0% +before Monday that would be great and + + + align:start position:0% +before Monday that would be great and +then the other part the reflection on + + align:start position:0% +then the other part the reflection on + + + align:start position:0% +then the other part the reflection on +the exercise is just type up your your + + align:start position:0% +the exercise is just type up your your + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise is just type up your your +responses to the questions and bring + + align:start position:0% +responses to the questions and bring + + + align:start position:0% +responses to the questions and bring +them to class on + + align:start position:0% +them to class on + + + align:start position:0% +them to class on +Monday + + align:start position:0% +Monday + + + align:start position:0% +Monday +yes yeah okay Claudia it's just I don't + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah okay Claudia it's just I don't + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah okay Claudia it's just I don't +know if you're going to deal with this + + align:start position:0% +know if you're going to deal with this + + + align:start position:0% +know if you're going to deal with this +later next week but I'm still not clear + + align:start position:0% +later next week but I'm still not clear + + + align:start position:0% +later next week but I'm still not clear +about how do you discover your mental + + align:start position:0% +about how do you discover your mental + + + align:start position:0% +about how do you discover your mental +model okay I'm not clear about that okay + + align:start position:0% +model okay I'm not clear about that okay + + + align:start position:0% +model okay I'm not clear about that okay +at all if I could make one suggestion + + align:start position:0% +at all if I could make one suggestion + + + align:start position:0% +at all if I could make one suggestion +that I think I think it would be helpful + + align:start position:0% +that I think I think it would be helpful + + + align:start position:0% +that I think I think it would be helpful +for us perhaps as a class to do one + + align:start position:0% +for us perhaps as a class to do one + + + align:start position:0% +for us perhaps as a class to do one +particular exercise or one particular + + align:start position:0% +particular exercise or one particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular exercise or one particular +task so then everyone is in a a pretty + + align:start position:0% +task so then everyone is in a a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +task so then everyone is in a a pretty +common frame and then we can we can sort + + align:start position:0% +common frame and then we can we can sort + + + align:start position:0% +common frame and then we can we can sort +of pick apartmentalist because for me + + align:start position:0% +of pick apartmentalist because for me + + + align:start position:0% +of pick apartmentalist because for me +you know it's like we all have a + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like we all have a + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like we all have a +different experience of MIT we're all + + align:start position:0% +different experience of MIT we're all + + + align:start position:0% +different experience of MIT we're all +trying to get something pretty different + + align:start position:0% +trying to get something pretty different + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get something pretty different +out of here we have a different way of + + align:start position:0% +out of here we have a different way of + + + align:start position:0% +out of here we have a different way of +experiencing it and even though it's I + + align:start position:0% +experiencing it and even though it's I + + + align:start position:0% +experiencing it and even though it's I +don't know I just found it hard I me I + + align:start position:0% +don't know I just found it hard I me I + + + align:start position:0% +don't know I just found it hard I me I +don't know if this is experience you + + align:start position:0% +don't know if this is experience you + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if this is experience you +guys shared or not but I just found it + + align:start position:0% +guys shared or not but I just found it + + + align:start position:0% +guys shared or not but I just found it +hard to try to try to dig into those + + align:start position:0% +hard to try to try to dig into those + + + align:start position:0% +hard to try to try to dig into those +mental models without the Shar without + + align:start position:0% +mental models without the Shar without + + + align:start position:0% +mental models without the Shar without +the shared frame I I don't know I find I + + align:start position:0% +the shared frame I I don't know I find I + + + align:start position:0% +the shared frame I I don't know I find I +work better in a really concrete context + + align:start position:0% +work better in a really concrete context + + + align:start position:0% +work better in a really concrete context +like when I'm in a task and I I don't + + align:start position:0% +like when I'm in a task and I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +like when I'm in a task and I I don't +know that I feel like I'm kind of not + + align:start position:0% +know that I feel like I'm kind of not + + + align:start position:0% +know that I feel like I'm kind of not +articulating your suggestion + + align:start position:0% +articulating your suggestion + + + align:start position:0% +articulating your suggestion +if we had a common project as a class I + + align:start position:0% +if we had a common project as a class I + + + align:start position:0% +if we had a common project as a class I +mean it could be something pretty small + + align:start position:0% +mean it could be something pretty small + + + align:start position:0% +mean it could be something pretty small +and then as we go through that project + + align:start position:0% +and then as we go through that project + + + align:start position:0% +and then as we go through that project +everyone's kind of mental models you + + align:start position:0% +everyone's kind of mental models you + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's kind of mental models you +know we could try to debug our mental + + align:start position:0% +know we could try to debug our mental + + + align:start position:0% +know we could try to debug our mental +models or make those explicit as we go + + align:start position:0% +models or make those explicit as we go + + + align:start position:0% +models or make those explicit as we go +through the common task oh okay like + + align:start position:0% +through the common task oh okay like + + + align:start position:0% +through the common task oh okay like +almost a small project instead of + + align:start position:0% +almost a small project instead of + + + align:start position:0% +almost a small project instead of +dividing the class into groups we could + + align:start position:0% +dividing the class into groups we could + + + align:start position:0% +dividing the class into groups we could +divide it into groups but we all have a + + align:start position:0% +divide it into groups but we all have a + + + align:start position:0% +divide it into groups but we all have a +we all have a common project like what + + align:start position:0% +we all have a common project like what + + + align:start position:0% +we all have a common project like what +we did Thursday I think was pretty close + + align:start position:0% +we did Thursday I think was pretty close + + + align:start position:0% +we did Thursday I think was pretty close +to that you know he said here's here's a + + align:start position:0% +to that you know he said here's here's a + + + align:start position:0% +to that you know he said here's here's a +here's a here's a graph what's the + + align:start position:0% +here's a here's a graph what's the + + + align:start position:0% +here's a here's a graph what's the +problem and what's your solution and I + + align:start position:0% +problem and what's your solution and I + + + align:start position:0% +problem and what's your solution and I +felt like that was really effective + + align:start position:0% +felt like that was really effective + + + align:start position:0% +felt like that was really effective +because at least we all I mean we all + + align:start position:0% +because at least we all I mean we all + + + align:start position:0% +because at least we all I mean we all +had different ways of looking at it but + + align:start position:0% +had different ways of looking at it but + + + align:start position:0% +had different ways of looking at it but +we all at least had a very common sort + + align:start position:0% +we all at least had a very common sort + + + align:start position:0% +we all at least had a very common sort +of object to look at and a common sort + + align:start position:0% +of object to look at and a common sort + + + align:start position:0% +of object to look at and a common sort +of thought process okay okay the same + + align:start position:0% +of thought process okay okay the same + + + align:start position:0% +of thought process okay okay the same +project or the same the same object yeah + + align:start position:0% +project or the same the same object yeah + + + align:start position:0% +project or the same the same object yeah +if have the same object all the time I + + align:start position:0% +if have the same object all the time I + + + align:start position:0% +if have the same object all the time I +mean it could be different on different + + align:start position:0% +mean it could be different on different + + + align:start position:0% +mean it could be different on different +days or it could be one that we work + + align:start position:0% +days or it could be one that we work + + + align:start position:0% +days or it could be one that we work +with over the course of two weeks uh and + + align:start position:0% +with over the course of two weeks uh and + + + align:start position:0% +with over the course of two weeks uh and +that's or + + align:start position:0% +that's or + + + align:start position:0% +that's or +maybe okay we we will try to incorporate + + align:start position:0% +maybe okay we we will try to incorporate + + + align:start position:0% +maybe okay we we will try to incorporate +your idea okay + + align:start position:0% +your idea okay + + + align:start position:0% +your idea okay +next week we we work most of our time in + + align:start position:0% +next week we we work most of our time in + + + align:start position:0% +next week we we work most of our time in +reframing but we we'll think about this + + align:start position:0% +reframing but we we'll think about this + + + align:start position:0% +reframing but we we'll think about this +okay thank you very much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/T8Ydn1eglm8.txt b/T8Ydn1eglm8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..910c3c4e8b0e7d9414ae77e1c5473e45ba811da7 --- /dev/null +++ b/T8Ydn1eglm8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +HANSOL: She's our TA. + +TAs know everything. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +LINA: Something bad happened. + +My flask tipped over. + +Something bad always happens +whenever I do an experiment. + +It's either my flask tips over +or something explodes. + +Do you make mistakes too? + +PHIL: I still make mistakes. + +LINA: Wait really? + +What did you do? + +PHIL: What did I do? + +LINA: Yeah. + +PHIL: I've had some +pretty bad days. + +KATHARINA RIBBECK: My +worst day in lab... + +JUSTIN BULLOCK:It's more like +a worse like two weeks. + +GRACE YAO: My worst day in lab +had to be the day where I had + +to smash fish. + +PHIL: One day in undergrad, I +was re-crystallizing something + +on a hotplate. + +NICOLE KAVANAUGH: I was doing +an RNA purification. + +GRACE YAO: First of all, I'm +a little scared of fish. + +I had this mortar and pestle. + +PHIL: I set up this big huge +two liter flask on a ring + +stand and everything +connected to a hose + +GRACE YAO: And I had to put the +little fish in and smash + +it to powder. + +The fish head just flew +off onto the floor + +PHIL: And before I could fasten +it, the hose whipped + +the flask across the room and +it shattered all over. + +NICOLE KAVANAUGH: And I +made some poison gas. + +JUSTIN BULLOCK: By the end, I +pretty much had nothing left + +and it was just a failure. + +PHIL: You're going to +cry at that point. + +Your day cannot get any +worse than that. + +ALONA BIRJINIUK: The very +first time it's always + +nerve-wracking. + +This is your experiment. + +And if things don't go right- + +BEN OFORI-OKAI: There are going +to be times where you + +may not feel like your +going to be capable. + +But the truth is that +you actually are. + +You just have to like step +back, take a deep breath, + +remember like who you are +like where you came. + +KATHARINA RIBBECK: You have +failures of course. + +And you're very disappointed +and then redo it. + +But this is local and then +you have to move on. + +LINA: Something bad always +happens and I always have to + +start over. + +But Tengfei told me that when +she was an undergrad she was + +even worse than I was +and look at her now. + +She's teaching us how to +do all these things. + +It's so encouraging because +if she can learn, + +then I can learn too. + +And someday I'll be just +as good as she is. + +PHIL: Oh wow, I really should've +been wearing safety + +glasses here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TT7ZUJGPqos.txt b/TT7ZUJGPqos.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c90ed12b0a40950ccd67e9f00138d70a4204961c --- /dev/null +++ b/TT7ZUJGPqos.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9899 @@ +align:start position:0% + +um it might have been a little cognitive + + align:start position:0% +um it might have been a little cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +um it might have been a little cognitive +dissonance for those you who know the + + align:start position:0% +dissonance for those you who know the + + + align:start position:0% +dissonance for those you who know the +term because today is the lecture I tell + + align:start position:0% +term because today is the lecture I tell + + + align:start position:0% +term because today is the lecture I tell +you why everything I taught you this + + align:start position:0% +you why everything I taught you this + + + align:start position:0% +you why everything I taught you this +semester is wrong um and maybe I was a + + align:start position:0% +semester is wrong um and maybe I was a + + + align:start position:0% +semester is wrong um and maybe I was a +little reluctant to come in and do that + + align:start position:0% +little reluctant to come in and do that + + + align:start position:0% +little reluctant to come in and do that +but in all seriousness today we're going + + align:start position:0% +but in all seriousness today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +but in all seriousness today we're going +to talk about behavioral + + align:start position:0% +to talk about behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about behavioral +economics um we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +economics um we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +economics um we're going to talk about +basically how we can bring this insights + + align:start position:0% +basically how we can bring this insights + + + align:start position:0% +basically how we can bring this insights +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +psychology into understanding how we + + align:start position:0% +psychology into understanding how we + + + align:start position:0% +psychology into understanding how we +make the models in the semester more + + align:start position:0% +make the models in the semester more + + + align:start position:0% +make the models in the semester more +realistic now once again let's remember + + align:start position:0% +realistic now once again let's remember + + + align:start position:0% +realistic now once again let's remember +the role of models the role of models + + align:start position:0% +the role of models the role of models + + + align:start position:0% +the role of models the role of models +remember the George boach saying all + + align:start position:0% +remember the George boach saying all + + + align:start position:0% +remember the George boach saying all +models are wrong but some are useful + + align:start position:0% +models are wrong but some are useful + + + align:start position:0% +models are wrong but some are useful +okay the goal of the models this + + align:start position:0% +okay the goal of the models this + + + align:start position:0% +okay the goal of the models this +semester were to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +semester were to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +semester were to figure out how to +parsimoniously explain the world how to + + align:start position:0% +parsimoniously explain the world how to + + + align:start position:0% +parsimoniously explain the world how to +give you models that you guys could + + align:start position:0% +give you models that you guys could + + + align:start position:0% +give you models that you guys could +solve in a problem set that have + + align:start position:0% +solve in a problem set that have + + + align:start position:0% +solve in a problem set that have +enormous explanatory power for how the + + align:start position:0% +enormous explanatory power for how the + + + align:start position:0% +enormous explanatory power for how the +world functions and we've done that that + + align:start position:0% +world functions and we've done that that + + + align:start position:0% +world functions and we've done that that +said + + align:start position:0% +said + + + align:start position:0% +said +we can always make our models better and + + align:start position:0% +we can always make our models better and + + + align:start position:0% +we can always make our models better and +as you go on in economics your goal + + align:start position:0% +as you go on in economics your goal + + + align:start position:0% +as you go on in economics your goal +should be to think about how we enrich + + align:start position:0% +should be to think about how we enrich + + + align:start position:0% +should be to think about how we enrich +these models and make them better but + + align:start position:0% +these models and make them better but + + + align:start position:0% +these models and make them better but +without losing the goal of parsimony + + align:start position:0% +without losing the goal of parsimony + + + align:start position:0% +without losing the goal of parsimony +without losing the goal of having models + + align:start position:0% +without losing the goal of having models + + + align:start position:0% +without losing the goal of having models +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +manageable can explain the world which + + align:start position:0% +manageable can explain the world which + + + align:start position:0% +manageable can explain the world which +means how do we sort of minimally extend + + align:start position:0% +means how do we sort of minimally extend + + + align:start position:0% +means how do we sort of minimally extend +our models to think about bringing much + + align:start position:0% +our models to think about bringing much + + + align:start position:0% +our models to think about bringing much +richer + + align:start position:0% +richer + + + align:start position:0% +richer +phenomenon so let's talk about so what + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon so let's talk about so what + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon so let's talk about so what +behavioral economics does is essentially + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics does is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics does is essentially +say look there's a set of realities from + + align:start position:0% +say look there's a set of realities from + + + align:start position:0% +say look there's a set of realities from +psychology that we ignore in + + align:start position:0% +psychology that we ignore in + + + align:start position:0% +psychology that we ignore in +economics behavioral economics is about + + align:start position:0% +economics behavioral economics is about + + + align:start position:0% +economics behavioral economics is about +how can we build models to bring in what + + align:start position:0% +how can we build models to bring in what + + + align:start position:0% +how can we build models to bring in what +we know is true from psychological + + align:start position:0% +we know is true from psychological + + + align:start position:0% +we know is true from psychological +research and the best example of this is + + align:start position:0% +research and the best example of this is + + + align:start position:0% +research and the best example of this is +models of what we + + align:start position:0% +models of what we + + + align:start position:0% +models of what we +call time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inconsistency this is the best example + + align:start position:0% +inconsistency this is the best example + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistency this is the best example +of how we bring in an important Insight + + align:start position:0% +of how we bring in an important Insight + + + align:start position:0% +of how we bring in an important Insight +from psychology in a manageable way into + + align:start position:0% +from psychology in a manageable way into + + + align:start position:0% +from psychology in a manageable way into +our mind + + align:start position:0% +our mind + + + align:start position:0% +our mind +models okay so the idea of time Inc + + align:start position:0% +models okay so the idea of time Inc + + + align:start position:0% +models okay so the idea of time Inc +consistency is that a widespread + + align:start position:0% +consistency is that a widespread + + + align:start position:0% +consistency is that a widespread +phenomenon that is not only always shown + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that is not only always shown + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that is not only always shown +in psychological experiments but in fact + + align:start position:0% +in psychological experiments but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +in psychological experiments but in fact +never rejected in psychological + + align:start position:0% +never rejected in psychological + + + align:start position:0% +never rejected in psychological +experiments is the human problem of + + align:start position:0% +experiments is the human problem of + + + align:start position:0% +experiments is the human problem of +self-control the human problem of + + align:start position:0% +self-control the human problem of + + + align:start position:0% +self-control the human problem of +self-control we have a problem + + align:start position:0% +self-control we have a problem + + + align:start position:0% +self-control we have a problem +controlling + + align:start position:0% +controlling + + + align:start position:0% +controlling +ourselves okay and what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +ourselves okay and what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves okay and what does this mean +in economic terms it doesn't mean that + + align:start position:0% +in economic terms it doesn't mean that + + + align:start position:0% +in economic terms it doesn't mean that +individuals are + + align:start position:0% +individuals are + + + align:start position:0% +individuals are +irrational it doesn't mean that the + + align:start position:0% +irrational it doesn't mean that the + + + align:start position:0% +irrational it doesn't mean that the +models we wrote down and the + + align:start position:0% +models we wrote down and the + + + align:start position:0% +models we wrote down and the +optimization assumptions we make itly + + align:start position:0% +optimization assumptions we make itly + + + align:start position:0% +optimization assumptions we make itly +wrong what it means is while we can make + + align:start position:0% +wrong what it means is while we can make + + + align:start position:0% +wrong what it means is while we can make +optimal plans we can't carry them out so + + align:start position:0% +optimal plans we can't carry them out so + + + align:start position:0% +optimal plans we can't carry them out so +in words think about the optimization + + align:start position:0% +in words think about the optimization + + + align:start position:0% +in words think about the optimization +problem done so far as having two parts + + align:start position:0% +problem done so far as having two parts + + + align:start position:0% +problem done so far as having two parts +you make an optimal plan and then you + + align:start position:0% +you make an optimal plan and then you + + + align:start position:0% +you make an optimal plan and then you +carry it out we haven't separated those + + align:start position:0% +carry it out we haven't separated those + + + align:start position:0% +carry it out we haven't separated those +we've just said you decide how many + + align:start position:0% +we've just said you decide how many + + + align:start position:0% +we've just said you decide how many +cookies in Pizza eat that many cookies + + align:start position:0% +cookies in Pizza eat that many cookies + + + align:start position:0% +cookies in Pizza eat that many cookies +in pizza but in fact there's two steps + + align:start position:0% +in pizza but in fact there's two steps + + + align:start position:0% +in pizza but in fact there's two steps +first you got to decide how many cookies + + align:start position:0% +first you got to decide how many cookies + + + align:start position:0% +first you got to decide how many cookies +in pizza pizza then you got to eat that + + align:start position:0% +in pizza pizza then you got to eat that + + + align:start position:0% +in pizza pizza then you got to eat that +many cookies in Pizza you might think + + align:start position:0% +many cookies in Pizza you might think + + + align:start position:0% +many cookies in Pizza you might think +well that's sort of irrelevant the + + align:start position:0% +well that's sort of irrelevant the + + + align:start position:0% +well that's sort of irrelevant the +Second Step it's trivial but it's not + + align:start position:0% +Second Step it's trivial but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +Second Step it's trivial but it's not +it's not trivial Whenever there are + + align:start position:0% +it's not trivial Whenever there are + + + align:start position:0% +it's not trivial Whenever there are +costs and benefits that differ in + + align:start position:0% +costs and benefits that differ in + + + align:start position:0% +costs and benefits that differ in +time okay and when there are costs or + + align:start position:0% +time okay and when there are costs or + + + align:start position:0% +time okay and when there are costs or +benefits at differ in time this can lead + + align:start position:0% +benefits at differ in time this can lead + + + align:start position:0% +benefits at differ in time this can lead +to self-control problems in particular + + align:start position:0% +to self-control problems in particular + + + align:start position:0% +to self-control problems in particular +when you have a decision that imposes a + + align:start position:0% +when you have a decision that imposes a + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a decision that imposes a +short run cost for a long run benefit + + align:start position:0% +short run cost for a long run benefit + + + align:start position:0% +short run cost for a long run benefit +humans will undertake that activity + + align:start position:0% +humans will undertake that activity + + + align:start position:0% +humans will undertake that activity +when we have an activity that imposes a + + align:start position:0% +when we have an activity that imposes a + + + align:start position:0% +when we have an activity that imposes a +short run cost long-term benefit humans + + align:start position:0% +short run cost long-term benefit humans + + + align:start position:0% +short run cost long-term benefit humans +as a species I don't know maybe other + + align:start position:0% +as a species I don't know maybe other + + + align:start position:0% +as a species I don't know maybe other +species too will undertake that activity + + align:start position:0% +species too will undertake that activity + + + align:start position:0% +species too will undertake that activity +so for example smoking if you're a + + align:start position:0% +so for example smoking if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +so for example smoking if you're a +smoker 90% of smokers when surveyed say + + align:start position:0% +smoker 90% of smokers when surveyed say + + + align:start position:0% +smoker 90% of smokers when surveyed say +they'd like to quit yet 90% do not quit + + align:start position:0% +they'd like to quit yet 90% do not quit + + + align:start position:0% +they'd like to quit yet 90% do not quit +why because when you wake up in the + + align:start position:0% +why because when you wake up in the + + + align:start position:0% +why because when you wake up in the +morning you feel awful until you have + + align:start position:0% +morning you feel awful until you have + + + align:start position:0% +morning you feel awful until you have +that cigarette you have the cigarette + + align:start position:0% +that cigarette you have the cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +that cigarette you have the cigarette +and you're like okay I'll have a smoke + + align:start position:0% +and you're like okay I'll have a smoke + + + align:start position:0% +and you're like okay I'll have a smoke +to I'll quit tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +to I'll quit tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +to I'll quit tomorrow +okay the idea of I can quit tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +okay the idea of I can quit tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +okay the idea of I can quit tomorrow +I'll solve that tomorrow that's a + + align:start position:0% +I'll solve that tomorrow that's a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll solve that tomorrow that's a +standard feature of self-control + + align:start position:0% +standard feature of self-control + + + align:start position:0% +standard feature of self-control +problems let's think about savings for + + align:start position:0% +problems let's think about savings for + + + align:start position:0% +problems let's think about savings for +retirement in our model of retirement + + align:start position:0% +retirement in our model of retirement + + + align:start position:0% +retirement in our model of retirement +savings we had someone deciding across + + align:start position:0% +savings we had someone deciding across + + + align:start position:0% +savings we had someone deciding across +C1 and C2 and they just optimized with + + align:start position:0% +C1 and C2 and they just optimized with + + + align:start position:0% +C1 and C2 and they just optimized with +some indifference curve and budget + + align:start position:0% +some indifference curve and budget + + + align:start position:0% +some indifference curve and budget +constraint we're not saying any of that + + align:start position:0% +constraint we're not saying any of that + + + align:start position:0% +constraint we're not saying any of that +math was wrong we're saying in practice + + align:start position:0% +math was wrong we're saying in practice + + + align:start position:0% +math was wrong we're saying in practice +it's actually hard to put the money away + + align:start position:0% +it's actually hard to put the money away + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually hard to put the money away +and save it because in practice once you + + align:start position:0% +and save it because in practice once you + + + align:start position:0% +and save it because in practice once you +have the money there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +have the money there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +have the money there's a lot of +attractive stuff I talked about how ge + + align:start position:0% +attractive stuff I talked about how ge + + + align:start position:0% +attractive stuff I talked about how ge +when you get the job you start saving + + align:start position:0% +when you get the job you start saving + + + align:start position:0% +when you get the job you start saving +right away but but right away when you + + align:start position:0% +right away but but right away when you + + + align:start position:0% +right away but but right away when you +get the job you want a new car and you + + align:start position:0% +get the job you want a new car and you + + + align:start position:0% +get the job you want a new car and you +want a party and things like that so + + align:start position:0% +want a party and things like that so + + + align:start position:0% +want a party and things like that so +it's hard to say well yeah I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to say well yeah I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to say well yeah I'm going to +save for 50 years from now so and rather + + align:start position:0% +save for 50 years from now so and rather + + + align:start position:0% +save for 50 years from now so and rather +than going to the party tonight okay + + align:start position:0% +than going to the party tonight okay + + + align:start position:0% +than going to the party tonight okay +maybe not once again hard to each In + + align:start position:0% +maybe not once again hard to each In + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not once again hard to each In +This Crowd we're all we're all a very + + align:start position:0% +This Crowd we're all we're all a very + + + align:start position:0% +This Crowd we're all we're all a very +sort of self-controlled crowd Rel to + + align:start position:0% +sort of self-controlled crowd Rel to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of self-controlled crowd Rel to +most Americans but I think we all have + + align:start position:0% +most Americans but I think we all have + + + align:start position:0% +most Americans but I think we all have +experien with this okay think about + + align:start position:0% +experien with this okay think about + + + align:start position:0% +experien with this okay think about +dieting or exercise things where there's + + align:start position:0% +dieting or exercise things where there's + + + align:start position:0% +dieting or exercise things where there's +a with dieting there's a short-run cost + + align:start position:0% +a with dieting there's a short-run cost + + + align:start position:0% +a with dieting there's a short-run cost +you cannot eat that piece of cake which + + align:start position:0% +you cannot eat that piece of cake which + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot eat that piece of cake which +is delicious for a long run benefit + + align:start position:0% +is delicious for a long run benefit + + + align:start position:0% +is delicious for a long run benefit +exercise the short run cost which is + + align:start position:0% +exercise the short run cost which is + + + align:start position:0% +exercise the short run cost which is +you've got to go work out it takes time + + align:start position:0% +you've got to go work out it takes time + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to go work out it takes time +it takes effort for a long run benefit + + align:start position:0% +it takes effort for a long run benefit + + + align:start position:0% +it takes effort for a long run benefit +now once again you all look very fit + + align:start position:0% +now once again you all look very fit + + + align:start position:0% +now once again you all look very fit +maybe you don't feel that way about + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't feel that way about + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't feel that way about +dieting exercise but we all have things + + align:start position:0% +dieting exercise but we all have things + + + align:start position:0% +dieting exercise but we all have things +we have self-control problems over mine + + align:start position:0% +we have self-control problems over mine + + + align:start position:0% +we have self-control problems over mine +is biting my nails I cannot stop biting + + align:start position:0% +is biting my nails I cannot stop biting + + + align:start position:0% +is biting my nails I cannot stop biting +my nails I'd like to stop biting my + + align:start position:0% +my nails I'd like to stop biting my + + + align:start position:0% +my nails I'd like to stop biting my +nails I make plans to stop biting my + + align:start position:0% +nails I make plans to stop biting my + + + align:start position:0% +nails I make plans to stop biting my +nails when I've got a deadline of paper + + align:start position:0% +nails when I've got a deadline of paper + + + align:start position:0% +nails when I've got a deadline of paper +on my favorite teams on TV I bite my + + align:start position:0% +on my favorite teams on TV I bite my + + + align:start position:0% +on my favorite teams on TV I bite my +nails okay I've tried things like the + + align:start position:0% +nails okay I've tried things like the + + + align:start position:0% +nails okay I've tried things like the +you can pain on your nails to make them + + align:start position:0% +you can pain on your nails to make them + + + align:start position:0% +you can pain on your nails to make them +taste terrible it just tastes terrible + + align:start position:0% +taste terrible it just tastes terrible + + + align:start position:0% +taste terrible it just tastes terrible +when I bite my nails okay I have a + + align:start position:0% +when I bite my nails okay I have a + + + align:start position:0% +when I bite my nails okay I have a +self-control problem with all all humans + + align:start position:0% +self-control problem with all all humans + + + align:start position:0% +self-control problem with all all humans +not all humans most humans suffer from + + align:start position:0% +not all humans most humans suffer from + + + align:start position:0% +not all humans most humans suffer from +self-control problems of one or another + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems of one or another + + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems of one or another +so the question is how do we build that + + align:start position:0% +so the question is how do we build that + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is how do we build that +into the models we use how do we take + + align:start position:0% +into the models we use how do we take + + + align:start position:0% +into the models we use how do we take +the kind of parsimonious model we've + + align:start position:0% +the kind of parsimonious model we've + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of parsimonious model we've +used and add an element of time + + align:start position:0% +used and add an element of time + + + align:start position:0% +used and add an element of time +inconsistency well let's come back to + + align:start position:0% +inconsistency well let's come back to + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistency well let's come back to +the intertemporal choice model we had + + align:start position:0% +the intertemporal choice model we had + + + align:start position:0% +the intertemporal choice model we had +before the interal Choice model was + + align:start position:0% +before the interal Choice model was + + + align:start position:0% +before the interal Choice model was +someone trading off consuming today + + align:start position:0% +someone trading off consuming today + + + align:start position:0% +someone trading off consuming today +versus consuming tomorrow and and let's + + align:start position:0% +versus consuming tomorrow and and let's + + + align:start position:0% +versus consuming tomorrow and and let's +make that rather than sa vers tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +make that rather than sa vers tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +make that rather than sa vers tomorrow +let's make it the whole Future Let's + + align:start position:0% +let's make it the whole Future Let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's make it the whole Future Let's +make someone's decision let's say that + + align:start position:0% +make someone's decision let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +make someone's decision let's say that +someone has a has a utility function + + align:start position:0% +someone has a has a utility function + + + align:start position:0% +someone has a has a utility function +that depends on the entire future path + + align:start position:0% +that depends on the entire future path + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on the entire future path +of their + + align:start position:0% +of their + + + align:start position:0% +of their +consumption okay all that matters to my + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay all that matters to my + + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay all that matters to my +utility is + + align:start position:0% +utility is + + + align:start position:0% +utility is +consumption but the entire Future Path + + align:start position:0% +consumption but the entire Future Path + + + align:start position:0% +consumption but the entire Future Path +but here's the key thing let's also + + align:start position:0% +but here's the key thing let's also + + + align:start position:0% +but here's the key thing let's also +remember we learned about discounting + + align:start position:0% +remember we learned about discounting + + + align:start position:0% +remember we learned about discounting +that I care less about the future than I + + align:start position:0% +that I care less about the future than I + + + align:start position:0% +that I care less about the future than I +care about today okay this is remember + + align:start position:0% +care about today okay this is remember + + + align:start position:0% +care about today okay this is remember +with npv we talked about how money today + + align:start position:0% +with npv we talked about how money today + + + align:start position:0% +with npv we talked about how money today +is worth more than the money in the + + align:start position:0% +is worth more than the money in the + + + align:start position:0% +is worth more than the money in the +future which is why people would save + + align:start position:0% +future which is why people would save + + + align:start position:0% +future which is why people would save +the reason people don't save is because + + align:start position:0% +the reason people don't save is because + + + align:start position:0% +the reason people don't save is because +I care more about today than I do about + + align:start position:0% +I care more about today than I do about + + + align:start position:0% +I care more about today than I do about +the future and those humans have an + + align:start position:0% +the future and those humans have an + + + align:start position:0% +the future and those humans have an +inherent discounting of the future that + + align:start position:0% +inherent discounting of the future that + + + align:start position:0% +inherent discounting of the future that +offsets the return to + + align:start position:0% +offsets the return to + + + align:start position:0% +offsets the return to +saving having putting money aside today + + align:start position:0% +saving having putting money aside today + + + align:start position:0% +saving having putting money aside today +is a benefit you get more tomorrow but + + align:start position:0% +is a benefit you get more tomorrow but + + + align:start position:0% +is a benefit you get more tomorrow but +it's a cost which is we'd rather have + + align:start position:0% +it's a cost which is we'd rather have + + + align:start position:0% +it's a cost which is we'd rather have + today than tomorrow that's the + + align:start position:0% + today than tomorrow that's the + + + align:start position:0% + today than tomorrow that's the +human nature we call that discounting + + align:start position:0% +human nature we call that discounting + + + align:start position:0% +human nature we call that discounting +and we tip the way we typically model + + align:start position:0% +and we tip the way we typically model + + + align:start position:0% +and we tip the way we typically model +this is we say look we can model your + + align:start position:0% +this is we say look we can model your + + + align:start position:0% +this is we say look we can model your +utility at as the sum from today till + + align:start position:0% +utility at as the sum from today till + + + align:start position:0% +utility at as the sum from today till +the end of time till you + + align:start position:0% +the end of time till you + + + align:start position:0% +the end of time till you +die of your + + align:start position:0% +die of your + + + align:start position:0% +die of your +consumption in each period you're let's + + align:start position:0% +consumption in each period you're let's + + + align:start position:0% +consumption in each period you're let's +say you're going to consume the same + + align:start position:0% +say you're going to consume the same + + + align:start position:0% +say you're going to consume the same +amount every time let's say consumption + + align:start position:0% +amount every time let's say consumption + + + align:start position:0% +amount every time let's say consumption +smooth so C's constant let's just lay + + align:start position:0% +smooth so C's constant let's just lay + + + align:start position:0% +smooth so C's constant let's just lay +say say soon same m forever times Delta + + align:start position:0% +say say soon same m forever times Delta + + + align:start position:0% +say say soon same m forever times Delta +to the IUS + + align:start position:0% +to the IUS + + + align:start position:0% +to the IUS +T Delta is what we call a discount + + align:start position:0% +T Delta is what we call a discount + + + align:start position:0% +T Delta is what we call a discount +Factor Delta is less than one greater + + align:start position:0% +Factor Delta is less than one greater + + + align:start position:0% +Factor Delta is less than one greater +than zero it's the discount factor it's + + align:start position:0% +than zero it's the discount factor it's + + + align:start position:0% +than zero it's the discount factor it's +how much less I care about consumption + + align:start position:0% +how much less I care about consumption + + + align:start position:0% +how much less I care about consumption +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +future okay so for example if Delta's + + align:start position:0% +future okay so for example if Delta's + + + align:start position:0% +future okay so for example if Delta's +0.9 then that + + align:start position:0% +0.9 then that + + + align:start position:0% +0.9 then that +says consuming something next year makes + + align:start position:0% +says consuming something next year makes + + + align:start position:0% +says consuming something next year makes +me 90% as happy as consuming it + + align:start position:0% +me 90% as happy as consuming it + + + align:start position:0% +me 90% as happy as consuming it +today consuming something in two year + + align:start position:0% +today consuming something in two year + + + align:start position:0% +today consuming something in two year +and we assume Delta by this functional + + align:start position:0% +and we assume Delta by this functional + + + align:start position:0% +and we assume Delta by this functional +formulation is exponential + + align:start position:0% +formulation is exponential + + + align:start position:0% +formulation is exponential +okay so we assume consuming something in + + align:start position:0% +okay so we assume consuming something in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we assume consuming something in +two years is 09 squared so it's + + align:start position:0% +two years is 09 squared so it's + + + align:start position:0% +two years is 09 squared so it's +081 okay so basically we assume that + + align:start position:0% +081 okay so basically we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +081 okay so basically we assume that +exponentially every period in the future + + align:start position:0% +exponentially every period in the future + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially every period in the future +is worth less so next year is worth 0. n + + align:start position:0% +is worth less so next year is worth 0. n + + + align:start position:0% +is worth less so next year is worth 0. n +of today two years is 081 of today Etc + + align:start position:0% +of today two years is 081 of today Etc + + + align:start position:0% +of today two years is 081 of today Etc +so we assume that basically the reason + + align:start position:0% +so we assume that basically the reason + + + align:start position:0% +so we assume that basically the reason +people don't my retirement saving sample + + align:start position:0% +people don't my retirement saving sample + + + align:start position:0% +people don't my retirement saving sample +is pretty compelling right save 15 years + + align:start position:0% +is pretty compelling right save 15 years + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty compelling right save 15 years +you're better off than to save for the + + align:start position:0% +you're better off than to save for the + + + align:start position:0% +you're better off than to save for the +next 33 years why don't people do it + + align:start position:0% +next 33 years why don't people do it + + + align:start position:0% +next 33 years why don't people do it +then UND do it CU at at a Delta even + + align:start position:0% +then UND do it CU at at a Delta even + + + align:start position:0% +then UND do it CU at at a Delta even +arbitrarily close to one 50 years from + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily close to one 50 years from + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily close to one 50 years from +now is + + align:start position:0% +now is + + + align:start position:0% +now is +irrelevant okay you know if you take you + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant okay you know if you take you + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant okay you know if you take you +know 0. n to the 50 okay it's + + align:start position:0% +know 0. n to the 50 okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +know 0. n to the 50 okay it's +irrelevant okay or if you do you know + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant okay or if you do you know + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant okay or if you do you know +even if it's 095 50 years around you + + align:start position:0% +even if it's 095 50 years around you + + + align:start position:0% +even if it's 095 50 years around you +don't care about as long as you're + + align:start position:0% +don't care about as long as you're + + + align:start position:0% +don't care about as long as you're +somewhat + + align:start position:0% +somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat +impatient the distant future doesn't + + align:start position:0% +impatient the distant future doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +impatient the distant future doesn't +matter and that's why people don't say + + align:start position:0% +matter and that's why people don't say + + + align:start position:0% +matter and that's why people don't say +for retirement okay that's why despite + + align:start position:0% +for retirement okay that's why despite + + + align:start position:0% +for retirement okay that's why despite +the incredibly strong incentives I laid + + align:start position:0% +the incredibly strong incentives I laid + + + align:start position:0% +the incredibly strong incentives I laid +out people people don't because they + + align:start position:0% +out people people don't because they + + + align:start position:0% +out people people don't because they +discount the + + align:start position:0% +discount the + + + align:start position:0% +discount the +Future Okay questions about why why + + align:start position:0% +Future Okay questions about why why + + + align:start position:0% +Future Okay questions about why why +question about that + + align:start position:0% +question about that + + + align:start position:0% +question about that +model okay that's our standard economics + + align:start position:0% +model okay that's our standard economics + + + align:start position:0% +model okay that's our standard economics +model that's what I grew up with that's + + align:start position:0% +model that's what I grew up with that's + + + align:start position:0% +model that's what I grew up with that's +what you learn basic economics okay + + align:start position:0% +what you learn basic economics okay + + + align:start position:0% +what you learn basic economics okay +that's what you learn in the next level + + align:start position:0% +that's what you learn in the next level + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you learn in the next level +when you go on and do more economics + + align:start position:0% +when you go on and do more economics + + + align:start position:0% +when you go on and do more economics +this is the model you'll learn okay it's + + align:start position:0% +this is the model you'll learn okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is the model you'll learn okay it's +a multiversion period of the + + align:start position:0% +a multiversion period of the + + + align:start position:0% +a multiversion period of the +multiversion version of the two period + + align:start position:0% +multiversion version of the two period + + + align:start position:0% +multiversion version of the two period +model I taught you but it's + + align:start position:0% +model I taught you but it's + + + align:start position:0% +model I taught you but it's +wrong why is it wrong it's wrong because + + align:start position:0% +wrong why is it wrong it's wrong because + + + align:start position:0% +wrong why is it wrong it's wrong because +every single psychological experiment + + align:start position:0% +every single psychological experiment + + + align:start position:0% +every single psychological experiment +ever run shows that discounting is not + + align:start position:0% +ever run shows that discounting is not + + + align:start position:0% +ever run shows that discounting is not +exponential but rather + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hyperbolic which means that + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic which means that + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic which means that +people the discounting of the + + align:start position:0% +people the discounting of the + + + align:start position:0% +people the discounting of the +future is much much steeper than we get + + align:start position:0% +future is much much steeper than we get + + + align:start position:0% +future is much much steeper than we get +when just from a pure exponential + + align:start position:0% +when just from a pure exponential + + + align:start position:0% +when just from a pure exponential +function okay and here's a simple + + align:start position:0% +function okay and here's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +function okay and here's a simple +example of that okay I'm going to do let + + align:start position:0% +example of that okay I'm going to do let + + + align:start position:0% +example of that okay I'm going to do let +me say this example slowly it's + + align:start position:0% +me say this example slowly it's + + + align:start position:0% +me say this example slowly it's +important to get it right imagine I + + align:start position:0% +important to get it right imagine I + + + align:start position:0% +important to get it right imagine I +offer you the following okay $100 I + + align:start position:0% +offer you the following okay $100 I + + + align:start position:0% +offer you the following okay $100 I +offer you a choice $100 today or $125 in + + align:start position:0% +offer you a choice $100 today or $125 in + + + align:start position:0% +offer you a choice $100 today or $125 in +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +year $100 say $125 in a year you can + + align:start position:0% +year $100 say $125 in a year you can + + + align:start position:0% +year $100 say $125 in a year you can +just don't don't vote just so guys feel + + align:start position:0% +just don't don't vote just so guys feel + + + align:start position:0% +just don't don't vote just so guys feel +about this Choice then I offer you a + + align:start position:0% +about this Choice then I offer you a + + + align:start position:0% +about this Choice then I offer you a +different choice I say $100 in two + + align:start position:0% +different choice I say $100 in two + + + align:start position:0% +different choice I say $100 in two +years versus + + align:start position:0% +years versus + + + align:start position:0% +years versus +$125 in three + + align:start position:0% +$125 in three + + + align:start position:0% +$125 in three +years now with this exponential function + + align:start position:0% +years now with this exponential function + + + align:start position:0% +years now with this exponential function +that's the same + + align:start position:0% +that's the same + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same +Choice it's only a 0. n factor between + + align:start position:0% +Choice it's only a 0. n factor between + + + align:start position:0% +Choice it's only a 0. n factor between +them it's a one-year Gap so it shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +them it's a one-year Gap so it shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +them it's a one-year Gap so it shouldn't +matter if I if you today versus one year + + align:start position:0% +matter if I if you today versus one year + + + align:start position:0% +matter if I if you today versus one year +or two years versus three years it turns + + align:start position:0% +or two years versus three years it turns + + + align:start position:0% +or two years versus three years it turns +out it matters enormously people always + + align:start position:0% +out it matters enormously people always + + + align:start position:0% +out it matters enormously people always +take the this year but they'll delay it + + align:start position:0% +take the this year but they'll delay it + + + align:start position:0% +take the this year but they'll delay it +in the future that is people are willing + + align:start position:0% +in the future that is people are willing + + + align:start position:0% +in the future that is people are willing +are impatient today but willing to be + + align:start position:0% +are impatient today but willing to be + + + align:start position:0% +are impatient today but willing to be +patient in the + + align:start position:0% +patient in the + + + align:start position:0% +patient in the +future and that is an illustration of + + align:start position:0% +future and that is an illustration of + + + align:start position:0% +future and that is an illustration of +self-control + + align:start position:0% +self-control + + + align:start position:0% +self-control +problems that when it's it's about + + align:start position:0% +problems that when it's it's about + + + align:start position:0% +problems that when it's it's about +having your hot little hands you want it + + align:start position:0% +having your hot little hands you want it + + + align:start position:0% +having your hot little hands you want it +if it's about well will you save in the + + align:start position:0% +if it's about well will you save in the + + + align:start position:0% +if it's about well will you save in the +future sure I'll save in the future + + align:start position:0% +future sure I'll save in the future + + + align:start position:0% +future sure I'll save in the future +that's great happy to do + + align:start position:0% +that's great happy to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's great happy to do +that okay and this example is exactly + + align:start position:0% +that okay and this example is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and this example is exactly +why this exponential model is + + align:start position:0% +why this exponential model is + + + align:start position:0% +why this exponential model is +wrong and the hyperbolic model is + + align:start position:0% +wrong and the hyperbolic model is + + + align:start position:0% +wrong and the hyperbolic model is +right that basically people feel + + align:start position:0% +right that basically people feel + + + align:start position:0% +right that basically people feel +differently about today than the future + + align:start position:0% +differently about today than the future + + + align:start position:0% +differently about today than the future +and so uh an economist Dame L named + + align:start position:0% +and so uh an economist Dame L named + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh an economist Dame L named +davidon at Harvard said look let's make + + align:start position:0% +davidon at Harvard said look let's make + + + align:start position:0% +davidon at Harvard said look let's make +a simple tweak to this model let's reite + + align:start position:0% +a simple tweak to this model let's reite + + + align:start position:0% +a simple tweak to this model let's reite +WR utility as the utility of today is + + align:start position:0% +WR utility as the utility of today is + + + align:start position:0% +WR utility as the utility of today is +today's consumption + + align:start position:0% +today's consumption + + + align:start position:0% +today's consumption +C plus a factor beta times the sum from + + align:start position:0% +C plus a factor beta times the sum from + + + align:start position:0% +C plus a factor beta times the sum from +tomorrow next year till the end of + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow next year till the end of + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow next year till the end of +time times C * Delta to the IUS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t i minus t okay how is this different + + align:start position:0% +t i minus t okay how is this different + + + align:start position:0% +t i minus t okay how is this different +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +this all I've done is I've pulled out + + align:start position:0% +this all I've done is I've pulled out + + + align:start position:0% +this all I've done is I've pulled out +today and add an extra Factor B to the + + align:start position:0% +today and add an extra Factor B to the + + + align:start position:0% +today and add an extra Factor B to the +rest of the future beta to the rest of + + align:start position:0% +rest of the future beta to the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the future beta to the rest of +the future so look at this function + + align:start position:0% +the future so look at this function + + + align:start position:0% +the future so look at this function +versus this function all I've done is + + align:start position:0% +versus this function all I've done is + + + align:start position:0% +versus this function all I've done is +pulled out one C from the sum kept the + + align:start position:0% +pulled out one C from the sum kept the + + + align:start position:0% +pulled out one C from the sum kept the +rest of the sum and add an extra factor + + align:start position:0% +rest of the sum and add an extra factor + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the sum and add an extra factor +beter in front of + + align:start position:0% +beter in front of + + + align:start position:0% +beter in front of +this what is that doing that's saying + + align:start position:0% +this what is that doing that's saying + + + align:start position:0% +this what is that doing that's saying +that starting next year I'm an + + align:start position:0% +that starting next year I'm an + + + align:start position:0% +that starting next year I'm an +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +Discounter but with beta less than one + + align:start position:0% +Discounter but with beta less than one + + + align:start position:0% +Discounter but with beta less than one +that entire future is wor less than it + + align:start position:0% +that entire future is wor less than it + + + align:start position:0% +that entire future is wor less than it +today than it would be under an + + align:start position:0% +today than it would be under an + + + align:start position:0% +today than it would be under an +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +model okay so let me let me um do this + + align:start position:0% +model okay so let me let me um do this + + + align:start position:0% +model okay so let me let me um do this +in a simple example okay let's say + + align:start position:0% +in a simple example okay let's say + + + align:start position:0% +in a simple example okay let's say +that um uh you have um let's say that uh + + align:start position:0% +that um uh you have um let's say that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that um uh you have um let's say that uh +you're offered 100 today versus 125 next + + align:start position:0% +you're offered 100 today versus 125 next + + + align:start position:0% +you're offered 100 today versus 125 next +year + + align:start position:0% +year + + + align:start position:0% +year +okay and then as I said so so 100 in t + + align:start position:0% +okay and then as I said so so 100 in t + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then as I said so so 100 in t +versus 125 and t+ 1 and 100 in t + + + align:start position:0% +versus 125 and t+ 1 and 100 in t + + + + align:start position:0% +versus 125 and t+ 1 and 100 in t + +2 uh 100 and t+ 1 versus 125 and t+ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 well from for this + + align:start position:0% +2 well from for this + + + align:start position:0% +2 well from for this +decision you use this part of the term + + align:start position:0% +decision you use this part of the term + + + align:start position:0% +decision you use this part of the term +which is the same as exponential so as + + align:start position:0% +which is the same as exponential so as + + + align:start position:0% +which is the same as exponential so as +long as Delta isn't very small you're + + align:start position:0% +long as Delta isn't very small you're + + + align:start position:0% +long as Delta isn't very small you're +going to wait so let's say Delta's 0. n + + align:start position:0% +going to wait so let's say Delta's 0. n + + + align:start position:0% +going to wait so let's say Delta's 0. n +so that says that next year's is worth + + align:start position:0% +so that says that next year's is worth + + + align:start position:0% +so that says that next year's is worth +125 time 0.9 which is still greater than + + align:start position:0% +125 time 0.9 which is still greater than + + + align:start position:0% +125 time 0.9 which is still greater than +100 so you'd say I'll + + align:start position:0% +100 so you'd say I'll + + + align:start position:0% +100 so you'd say I'll +wait but for this decision you've got + + align:start position:0% +wait but for this decision you've got + + + align:start position:0% +wait but for this decision you've got +Delta and + + align:start position:0% +Delta and + + + align:start position:0% +Delta and +beta and the best s in the laboratory of + + align:start position:0% +beta and the best s in the laboratory of + + + align:start position:0% +beta and the best s in the laboratory of +beta is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.6 so now it's 125 time9 time .9 time + + align:start position:0% +0.6 so now it's 125 time9 time .9 time + + + align:start position:0% +0.6 so now it's 125 time9 time .9 time +6 because you've got the regular delay + + align:start position:0% +6 because you've got the regular delay + + + align:start position:0% +6 because you've got the regular delay +of a year but you also have this extra + + align:start position:0% +of a year but you also have this extra + + + align:start position:0% +of a year but you also have this extra +factor which is you really like it today + + align:start position:0% +factor which is you really like it today + + + align:start position:0% +factor which is you really like it today +and care less about tomorrow so now you + + align:start position:0% +and care less about tomorrow so now you + + + align:start position:0% +and care less about tomorrow so now you +reject the + + align:start position:0% +reject the + + + align:start position:0% +reject the +offer and that is a simple + + align:start position:0% +offer and that is a simple + + + align:start position:0% +offer and that is a simple +parameterization of how you could reject + + align:start position:0% +parameterization of how you could reject + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization of how you could reject +this offer but accept this + + align:start position:0% +this offer but accept this + + + align:start position:0% +this offer but accept this +offer you reject this offer because this + + align:start position:0% +offer you reject this offer because this + + + align:start position:0% +offer you reject this offer because this +offer has an extra feature that + + align:start position:0% +offer has an extra feature that + + + align:start position:0% +offer has an extra feature that +discounts at + + align:start position:0% +discounts at + + + align:start position:0% +discounts at +beta okay that is how that is how a very + + align:start position:0% +beta okay that is how that is how a very + + + align:start position:0% +beta okay that is how that is how a very +smart Economist builds a psychological + + align:start position:0% +smart Economist builds a psychological + + + align:start position:0% +smart Economist builds a psychological +insight in a relatively simple way into + + align:start position:0% +insight in a relatively simple way into + + + align:start position:0% +insight in a relatively simple way into +one of our models take the model tweak a + + align:start position:0% +one of our models take the model tweak a + + + align:start position:0% +one of our models take the model tweak a +little bit just pull the C out add a + + align:start position:0% +little bit just pull the C out add a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit just pull the C out add a +beta boom you can explain a phenomenal + + align:start position:0% +beta boom you can explain a phenomenal + + + align:start position:0% +beta boom you can explain a phenomenal +we couldn't have explained before that's + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't have explained before that's + + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't have explained before that's +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +modeling now to be fair while this looks + + align:start position:0% +modeling now to be fair while this looks + + + align:start position:0% +modeling now to be fair while this looks +simple solving this model turns out to + + align:start position:0% +simple solving this model turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +simple solving this model turns out to +be a total nightmare okay I + + align:start position:0% +be a total nightmare okay I + + + align:start position:0% +be a total nightmare okay I +could not teach in this class I'm not + + align:start position:0% +could not teach in this class I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +could not teach in this class I'm not +sure I can do it okay even though it's + + align:start position:0% +sure I can do it okay even though it's + + + align:start position:0% +sure I can do it okay even though it's +simple because you've got all these + + align:start position:0% +simple because you've got all these + + + align:start position:0% +simple because you've got all these +iterative terms that gets very + + align:start position:0% +iterative terms that gets very + + + align:start position:0% +iterative terms that gets very +complicated okay and which is why we + + align:start position:0% +complicated okay and which is why we + + + align:start position:0% +complicated okay and which is why we +don't teach it even though it's probably + + align:start position:0% +don't teach it even though it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +don't teach it even though it's probably +a better model okay but it's an example + + align:start position:0% +a better model okay but it's an example + + + align:start position:0% +a better model okay but it's an example +of how you can relatively parsimoniously + + align:start position:0% +of how you can relatively parsimoniously + + + align:start position:0% +of how you can relatively parsimoniously +incorporate this + + align:start position:0% +incorporate this + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate this +idea okay let me give you one final + + align:start position:0% +idea okay let me give you one final + + + align:start position:0% +idea okay let me give you one final +example let questions about + + align:start position:0% +example let questions about + + + align:start position:0% +example let questions about +this let give you one one other example + + align:start position:0% +this let give you one one other example + + + align:start position:0% +this let give you one one other example +to motivate this they did a really cool + + align:start position:0% +to motivate this they did a really cool + + + align:start position:0% +to motivate this they did a really cool +experiment in Amsterdam which is they + + align:start position:0% +experiment in Amsterdam which is they + + + align:start position:0% +experiment in Amsterdam which is they +went to people and they said um here's a + + align:start position:0% +went to people and they said um here's a + + + align:start position:0% +went to people and they said um here's a +snack that you can have in one week what + + align:start position:0% +snack that you can have in one week what + + + align:start position:0% +snack that you can have in one week what +would you like and there was healthy and + + align:start position:0% +would you like and there was healthy and + + + align:start position:0% +would you like and there was healthy and +unhealthy snacks mixed in the list they + + align:start position:0% +unhealthy snacks mixed in the list they + + + align:start position:0% +unhealthy snacks mixed in the list they +said you have snack in one week what + + align:start position:0% +said you have snack in one week what + + + align:start position:0% +said you have snack in one week what +would you like about 50% of people chose + + align:start position:0% +would you like about 50% of people chose + + + align:start position:0% +would you like about 50% of people chose +the healthy snack + + align:start position:0% +the healthy snack + + + align:start position:0% +the healthy snack +they then came back a week later and + + align:start position:0% +they then came back a week later and + + + align:start position:0% +they then came back a week later and +saidou know here's what you chose but + + align:start position:0% +saidou know here's what you chose but + + + align:start position:0% +saidou know here's what you chose but +guess what today we're going to let you + + align:start position:0% +guess what today we're going to let you + + + align:start position:0% +guess what today we're going to let you +change your decision would you like to + + align:start position:0% +change your decision would you like to + + + align:start position:0% +change your decision would you like to +change it and almost everyone changed it + + align:start position:0% +change it and almost everyone changed it + + + align:start position:0% +change it and almost everyone changed it +to have the unhealthy + + align:start position:0% +to have the unhealthy + + + align:start position:0% +to have the unhealthy +snack that is when it was a week away + + align:start position:0% +snack that is when it was a week away + + + align:start position:0% +snack that is when it was a week away +they were happy to wait for the healthy + + align:start position:0% +they were happy to wait for the healthy + + + align:start position:0% +they were happy to wait for the healthy +snack but today they wanted the candy + + align:start position:0% +snack but today they wanted the candy + + + align:start position:0% +snack but today they wanted the candy +okay that is timing consistency that's + + align:start position:0% +okay that is timing consistency that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay that is timing consistency that's +what this captures that our standard + + align:start position:0% +what this captures that our standard + + + align:start position:0% +what this captures that our standard +model does it that's the only math I'm + + align:start position:0% +model does it that's the only math I'm + + + align:start position:0% +model does it that's the only math I'm +going to do today the only modeling I'll + + align:start position:0% +going to do today the only modeling I'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to do today the only modeling I'll +do today but that is the an example of + + align:start position:0% +do today but that is the an example of + + + align:start position:0% +do today but that is the an example of +how we can take a deep psychological + + align:start position:0% +how we can take a deep psychological + + + align:start position:0% +how we can take a deep psychological +insight and build it into our economics + + align:start position:0% +insight and build it into our economics + + + align:start position:0% +insight and build it into our economics +model and enrich it to capture a whole + + align:start position:0% +model and enrich it to capture a whole + + + align:start position:0% +model and enrich it to capture a whole +new set of phenomena this is what and + + align:start position:0% +new set of phenomena this is what and + + + align:start position:0% +new set of phenomena this is what and +this is what we do in the course 1413 + + align:start position:0% +this is what we do in the course 1413 + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we do in the course 1413 +which is one of our most popular under + + align:start position:0% +which is one of our most popular under + + + align:start position:0% +which is one of our most popular under +grad course when 200 people take it a + + align:start position:0% +grad course when 200 people take it a + + + align:start position:0% +grad course when 200 people take it a +year incredibly great course which is + + align:start position:0% +year incredibly great course which is + + + align:start position:0% +year incredibly great course which is +behavioral economics which is teaching + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics which is teaching + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics which is teaching +you how you take the next step from 1401 + + align:start position:0% +you how you take the next step from 1401 + + + align:start position:0% +you how you take the next step from 1401 +to incorporate these psychological + + align:start position:0% +to incorporate these psychological + + + align:start position:0% +to incorporate these psychological +phenomena into + + align:start position:0% +phenomena into + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena into +models okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that is the the most difficult + + align:start position:0% +yeah that is the the most difficult + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that is the the most difficult +there's a lot of hard problems here + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of hard problems here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of hard problems here +what's the right time for frame is a + + align:start position:0% +what's the right time for frame is a + + + align:start position:0% +what's the right time for frame is a +really hard problem here's the even + + align:start position:0% +really hard problem here's the even + + + align:start position:0% +really hard problem here's the even +harder + + align:start position:0% +harder + + + align:start position:0% +harder +problem how do you do welfare how do you + + align:start position:0% +problem how do you do welfare how do you + + + align:start position:0% +problem how do you do welfare how do you +do welfare when people make mistakes + + align:start position:0% +do welfare when people make mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +do welfare when people make mistakes +we've said welfare is the sum the so + + align:start position:0% +we've said welfare is the sum the so + + + align:start position:0% +we've said welfare is the sum the so +welfare function is the sum of + + align:start position:0% +welfare function is the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +welfare function is the sum of +individual utility functions what if the + + align:start position:0% +individual utility functions what if the + + + align:start position:0% +individual utility functions what if the +people in individual utility functions + + align:start position:0% +people in individual utility functions + + + align:start position:0% +people in individual utility functions +are making mistakes does the government + + align:start position:0% +are making mistakes does the government + + + align:start position:0% +are making mistakes does the government +still just want to sum up their utility + + align:start position:0% +still just want to sum up their utility + + + align:start position:0% +still just want to sum up their utility +function does the government want to + + align:start position:0% +function does the government want to + + + align:start position:0% +function does the government want to +correct those mistakes hard question so + + align:start position:0% +correct those mistakes hard question so + + + align:start position:0% +correct those mistakes hard question so +that's exactly that's why 14 13 is fun + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly that's why 14 13 is fun + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly that's why 14 13 is fun +you struggle with some deep + + align:start position:0% +you struggle with some deep + + + align:start position:0% +you struggle with some deep +philosophical issues like + + align:start position:0% +philosophical issues like + + + align:start position:0% +philosophical issues like +that okay now what I want to do now + + align:start position:0% +that okay now what I want to do now + + + align:start position:0% +that okay now what I want to do now +rather than writing down other models + + align:start position:0% +rather than writing down other models + + + align:start position:0% +rather than writing down other models +because I want to you can take 1413 for + + align:start position:0% +because I want to you can take 1413 for + + + align:start position:0% +because I want to you can take 1413 for +to do that I want to run through a set + + align:start position:0% +to do that I want to run through a set + + + align:start position:0% +to do that I want to run through a set +of fun insights that we get from + + align:start position:0% +of fun insights that we get from + + + align:start position:0% +of fun insights that we get from +behavioral + + align:start position:0% +behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral +economics okay and talk about what they + + align:start position:0% +economics okay and talk about what they + + + align:start position:0% +economics okay and talk about what they +apply so let me just sort of talk about + + align:start position:0% +apply so let me just sort of talk about + + + align:start position:0% +apply so let me just sort of talk about +some additional insights some other + + align:start position:0% +some additional insights some other + + + align:start position:0% +some additional insights some other +examples these are sort of other + + align:start position:0% +examples these are sort of other + + + align:start position:0% +examples these are sort of other +behavioral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insights that we've worked on over the + + align:start position:0% +insights that we've worked on over the + + + align:start position:0% +insights that we've worked on over the +past few decades that we'd love to + + align:start position:0% +past few decades that we'd love to + + + align:start position:0% +past few decades that we'd love to +incorporate into our models to make a + + align:start position:0% +incorporate into our models to make a + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate into our models to make a +realistic model the first and one of the + + align:start position:0% +realistic model the first and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +realistic model the first and one of the +most + + align:start position:0% +most + + + align:start position:0% +most +is loss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aversion and I mentioned this briefly we + + align:start position:0% +aversion and I mentioned this briefly we + + + align:start position:0% +aversion and I mentioned this briefly we +talked about + + align:start position:0% +talked about + + + align:start position:0% +talked about +uncertainty which is remember I gave you + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty which is remember I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty which is remember I gave you +guys the gamble win 100 win 125 lose 100 + + align:start position:0% +guys the gamble win 100 win 125 lose 100 + + + align:start position:0% +guys the gamble win 100 win 125 lose 100 +and you mostly didn't take it then I + + align:start position:0% +and you mostly didn't take it then I + + + align:start position:0% +and you mostly didn't take it then I +said well what if it was win 1250 lose + + align:start position:0% +said well what if it was win 1250 lose + + + align:start position:0% +said well what if it was win 1250 lose +10 more of you should take it not many + + align:start position:0% +10 more of you should take it not many + + + align:start position:0% +10 more of you should take it not many +more of you did but more of you should + + align:start position:0% +more of you did but more of you should + + + align:start position:0% +more of you did but more of you should +and ultim if I said it was win a125 lose + + align:start position:0% +and ultim if I said it was win a125 lose + + + align:start position:0% +and ultim if I said it was win a125 lose +a dollar everyone all of you should take + + align:start position:0% +a dollar everyone all of you should take + + + align:start position:0% +a dollar everyone all of you should take +it okay unless you're super risk averse + + align:start position:0% +it okay unless you're super risk averse + + + align:start position:0% +it okay unless you're super risk averse +that's a great deal no matter how + + align:start position:0% +that's a great deal no matter how + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great deal no matter how +wealthy you are but it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +wealthy you are but it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy you are but it turns out that +that's not true it turns out that even + + align:start position:0% +that's not true it turns out that even + + + align:start position:0% +that's not true it turns out that even +that basically people turn down gambles + + align:start position:0% +that basically people turn down gambles + + + align:start position:0% +that basically people turn down gambles +that can be above and beyond what's + + align:start position:0% +that can be above and beyond what's + + + align:start position:0% +that can be above and beyond what's +explained by risk + + align:start position:0% +explained by risk + + + align:start position:0% +explained by risk +aversion okay and the best way to see + + align:start position:0% +aversion okay and the best way to see + + + align:start position:0% +aversion okay and the best way to see +this is um this great calculation that + + align:start position:0% +this is um this great calculation that + + + align:start position:0% +this is um this great calculation that +was done uh by The Economist Matt Ren so + + align:start position:0% +was done uh by The Economist Matt Ren so + + + align:start position:0% +was done uh by The Economist Matt Ren so +let's say someone would turn down + + align:start position:0% +let's say someone would turn down + + + align:start position:0% +let's say someone would turn down +someone of an average wealth so they've + + align:start position:0% +someone of an average wealth so they've + + + align:start position:0% +someone of an average wealth so they've +got you know thousands of dollars + + align:start position:0% +got you know thousands of dollars + + + align:start position:0% +got you know thousands of dollars +you offer them a 50/50 shot win 11 lose + + align:start position:0% +you offer them a 50/50 shot win 11 lose + + + align:start position:0% +you offer them a 50/50 shot win 11 lose +10 and they turn it down you say well + + align:start position:0% +10 and they turn it down you say well + + + align:start position:0% +10 and they turn it down you say well +that's just risk aversion right but if + + align:start position:0% +that's just risk aversion right but if + + + align:start position:0% +that's just risk aversion right but if +you apply that risk aversion to other + + align:start position:0% +you apply that risk aversion to other + + + align:start position:0% +you apply that risk aversion to other +bets you see how ridiculous that is that + + align:start position:0% +bets you see how ridiculous that is that + + + align:start position:0% +bets you see how ridiculous that is that +says that you would + + align:start position:0% +says that you would + + + align:start position:0% +says that you would +also turn down win 2100 lose + + align:start position:0% +also turn down win 2100 lose + + + align:start position:0% +also turn down win 2100 lose +800 it also means you would lose you + + align:start position:0% +800 it also means you would lose you + + + align:start position:0% +800 it also means you would lose you +would if I offered you the BET lose a, + + align:start position:0% +would if I offered you the BET lose a, + + + align:start position:0% +would if I offered you the BET lose a, +win Infinity you would turn it + + align:start position:0% +win Infinity you would turn it + + + align:start position:0% +win Infinity you would turn it +down that if you're risk averse enough + + align:start position:0% +down that if you're risk averse enough + + + align:start position:0% +down that if you're risk averse enough +that you turn down win 100 lose win 110 + + align:start position:0% +that you turn down win 100 lose win 110 + + + align:start position:0% +that you turn down win 100 lose win 110 +lose 100 and you extend that same risk + + align:start position:0% +lose 100 and you extend that same risk + + + align:start position:0% +lose 100 and you extend that same risk +aversion that same parameter impli you + + align:start position:0% +aversion that same parameter impli you + + + align:start position:0% +aversion that same parameter impli you +would turn down lose a th win Infinity + + align:start position:0% +would turn down lose a th win Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +would turn down lose a th win Infinity +none of you would turn that down you + + align:start position:0% +none of you would turn that down you + + + align:start position:0% +none of you would turn that down you +sure if you did I'd be disappointed in + + align:start position:0% +sure if you did I'd be disappointed in + + + align:start position:0% +sure if you did I'd be disappointed in +you okay so basically the bottom line is + + align:start position:0% +you okay so basically the bottom line is + + + align:start position:0% +you okay so basically the bottom line is +risk aversion can't explain these + + align:start position:0% +risk aversion can't explain these + + + align:start position:0% +risk aversion can't explain these +decisions what can is the model of loss + + align:start position:0% +decisions what can is the model of loss + + + align:start position:0% +decisions what can is the model of loss +aversion which is that people have + + align:start position:0% +aversion which is that people have + + + align:start position:0% +aversion which is that people have +endowment + + align:start position:0% +endowment + + + align:start position:0% +endowment +effects that is I care more stuff I have + + align:start position:0% +effects that is I care more stuff I have + + + align:start position:0% +effects that is I care more stuff I have +already I care more about than stuff I + + align:start position:0% +already I care more about than stuff I + + + align:start position:0% +already I care more about than stuff I +might + + align:start position:0% +might + + + align:start position:0% +might +get so here's the best example of how we + + align:start position:0% +get so here's the best example of how we + + + align:start position:0% +get so here's the best example of how we +think about endowment + + align:start position:0% +think about endowment + + + align:start position:0% +think about endowment +effects which is that they did an + + align:start position:0% +effects which is that they did an + + + align:start position:0% +effects which is that they did an +experiment where they randomly selected + + align:start position:0% +experiment where they randomly selected + + + align:start position:0% +experiment where they randomly selected +individuals half of them they said + + align:start position:0% +individuals half of them they said + + + align:start position:0% +individuals half of them they said +here's a mug it says M or whatever how + + align:start position:0% +here's a mug it says M or whatever how + + + align:start position:0% +here's a mug it says M or whatever how +much would you pay for this mug and they + + align:start position:0% +much would you pay for this mug and they + + + align:start position:0% +much would you pay for this mug and they +got a demand curve and the average + + align:start position:0% +got a demand curve and the average + + + align:start position:0% +got a demand curve and the average +person would have paid $5 + + align:start position:0% +person would have paid $5 + + + align:start position:0% +person would have paid $5 +the other half the people I'm sorry so + + align:start position:0% +the other half the people I'm sorry so + + + align:start position:0% +the other half the people I'm sorry so +no let me go back it was a mug with a + + align:start position:0% +no let me go back it was a mug with a + + + align:start position:0% +no let me go back it was a mug with a +market price of $5 that how much people + + align:start position:0% +market price of $5 that how much people + + + align:start position:0% +market price of $5 that how much people +want to pay the people pay pay about + + align:start position:0% +want to pay the people pay pay about + + + align:start position:0% +want to pay the people pay pay about +$3 then they did a second experiment + + align:start position:0% +$3 then they did a second experiment + + + align:start position:0% +$3 then they did a second experiment +randomly they gave a set of other people + + align:start position:0% +randomly they gave a set of other people + + + align:start position:0% +randomly they gave a set of other people +they gave them the mug and said how much + + align:start position:0% +they gave them the mug and said how much + + + align:start position:0% +they gave them the mug and said how much +would I have to pay you to buy this back + + align:start position:0% +would I have to pay you to buy this back + + + align:start position:0% +would I have to pay you to buy this back +from you and the average person said + + align:start position:0% +from you and the average person said + + + align:start position:0% +from you and the average person said +$7 same decision right in the one case I + + align:start position:0% +$7 same decision right in the one case I + + + align:start position:0% +$7 same decision right in the one case I +just gave you the mug in other case I + + align:start position:0% +just gave you the mug in other case I + + + align:start position:0% +just gave you the mug in other case I +didn't but if the mug is worth $3 to you + + align:start position:0% +didn't but if the mug is worth $3 to you + + + align:start position:0% +didn't but if the mug is worth $3 to you +to buy why would you only sell it for $7 + + align:start position:0% +to buy why would you only sell it for $7 + + + align:start position:0% +to buy why would you only sell it for $7 +because once you have it you feel + + align:start position:0% +because once you have it you feel + + + align:start position:0% +because once you have it you feel +differently it's an endowment effect + + align:start position:0% +differently it's an endowment effect + + + align:start position:0% +differently it's an endowment effect +okay here's a great example from the + + align:start position:0% +okay here's a great example from the + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's a great example from the +from the Nobel prize winning Economist + + align:start position:0% +from the Nobel prize winning Economist + + + align:start position:0% +from the Nobel prize winning Economist +Richard Taylor okay imagine the + + align:start position:0% +Richard Taylor okay imagine the + + + align:start position:0% +Richard Taylor okay imagine the +following two questions a you have been + + align:start position:0% +following two questions a you have been + + + align:start position:0% +following two questions a you have been +exposed to a disease which if contracted + + align:start position:0% +exposed to a disease which if contracted + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to a disease which if contracted +leads to a quick and painless death + + align:start position:0% +leads to a quick and painless death + + + align:start position:0% +leads to a quick and painless death +within a week the probability you have + + align:start position:0% +within a week the probability you have + + + align:start position:0% +within a week the probability you have +this disease is + + align:start position:0% +this disease is + + + align:start position:0% +this disease is +.1% what would you be willing to pay for + + align:start position:0% +.1% what would you be willing to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +.1% what would you be willing to pay for +a cure that's question one question two + + align:start position:0% +a cure that's question one question two + + + align:start position:0% +a cure that's question one question two +is we need to research this + + align:start position:0% +is we need to research this + + + align:start position:0% +is we need to research this +disease if you're in the sample you'll + + align:start position:0% +disease if you're in the sample you'll + + + align:start position:0% +disease if you're in the sample you'll +have to expose yourself and risk + + align:start position:0% +have to expose yourself and risk + + + align:start position:0% +have to expose yourself and risk +yourself to a 0.1% chance of + + align:start position:0% +yourself to a 0.1% chance of + + + align:start position:0% +yourself to a 0.1% chance of +dying how much would I have to pay you + + align:start position:0% +dying how much would I have to pay you + + + align:start position:0% +dying how much would I have to pay you +to be in the + + align:start position:0% +to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +to be in the +experiment now I hope you could see that + + align:start position:0% +experiment now I hope you could see that + + + align:start position:0% +experiment now I hope you could see that +as the same + + align:start position:0% +as the same + + + align:start position:0% +as the same +question in both cases you're asking how + + align:start position:0% +question in both cases you're asking how + + + align:start position:0% +question in both cases you're asking how +much is it worth to you to take a 01 + + align:start position:0% +much is it worth to you to take a 01 + + + align:start position:0% +much is it worth to you to take a 01 +chance of 0.1% chance of dying yet if + + align:start position:0% +chance of 0.1% chance of dying yet if + + + align:start position:0% +chance of 0.1% chance of dying yet if +you ask people the first question + + align:start position:0% +you ask people the first question + + + align:start position:0% +you ask people the first question +question they'd be willing to pay $200 + + align:start position:0% +question they'd be willing to pay $200 + + + align:start position:0% +question they'd be willing to pay $200 +for a cure you ask the second question + + align:start position:0% +for a cure you ask the second question + + + align:start position:0% +for a cure you ask the second question +you'd have to pay them + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to pay them + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to pay them +$100,000 to be in the + + align:start position:0% +$100,000 to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +$100,000 to be in the +study one so there's a 5,000 fold + + align:start position:0% +study one so there's a 5,000 fold + + + align:start position:0% +study one so there's a 5,000 fold +difference between what people or five + + align:start position:0% +difference between what people or five + + + align:start position:0% +difference between what people or five +500 fold difference between these two + + align:start position:0% +500 fold difference between these two + + + align:start position:0% +500 fold difference between these two +framings and the only difference in + + align:start position:0% +framings and the only difference in + + + align:start position:0% +framings and the only difference in +framing is the endowment effect so + + align:start position:0% +framing is the endowment effect so + + + align:start position:0% +framing is the endowment effect so +obviously this is a clear thing we + + align:start position:0% +obviously this is a clear thing we + + + align:start position:0% +obviously this is a clear thing we +should ultimately want to build into our + + align:start position:0% +should ultimately want to build into our + + + align:start position:0% +should ultimately want to build into our +models the problem is it's like the + + align:start position:0% +models the problem is it's like the + + + align:start position:0% +models the problem is it's like the +question as this nice astute question + + align:start position:0% +question as this nice astute question + + + align:start position:0% +question as this nice astute question +asked here what's the right time period + + align:start position:0% +asked here what's the right time period + + + align:start position:0% +asked here what's the right time period +here here the question what's the right + + align:start position:0% +here here the question what's the right + + + align:start position:0% +here here the question what's the right +endowment how do I think about the + + align:start position:0% +endowment how do I think about the + + + align:start position:0% +endowment how do I think about the +endowment effect and that's where a lot + + align:start position:0% +endowment effect and that's where a lot + + + align:start position:0% +endowment effect and that's where a lot +of the exciting modeling is going on is + + align:start position:0% +of the exciting modeling is going on is + + + align:start position:0% +of the exciting modeling is going on is +how do I model the endowment people have + + align:start position:0% +how do I model the endowment people have + + + align:start position:0% +how do I model the endowment people have +what's their reference point is an + + align:start position:0% +what's their reference point is an + + + align:start position:0% +what's their reference point is an +important problem that's one example a + + align:start position:0% +important problem that's one example a + + + align:start position:0% +important problem that's one example a +second example which is even more + + align:start position:0% +second example which is even more + + + align:start position:0% +second example which is even more +mind-blowing is basically people have + + align:start position:0% +mind-blowing is basically people have + + + align:start position:0% +mind-blowing is basically people have +unstable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +preferences there was a professor MIT + + align:start position:0% +preferences there was a professor MIT + + + align:start position:0% +preferences there was a professor MIT +who ran the following informal + + align:start position:0% +who ran the following informal + + + align:start position:0% +who ran the following informal +experiment it's never published I can't + + align:start position:0% +experiment it's never published I can't + + + align:start position:0% +experiment it's never published I can't +I can't guarantee the reports are + + align:start position:0% +I can't guarantee the reports are + + + align:start position:0% +I can't guarantee the reports are +reported accurately but I love the story + + align:start position:0% +reported accurately but I love the story + + + align:start position:0% +reported accurately but I love the story +so I'm going to tell it anyway he taught + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to tell it anyway he taught + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to tell it anyway he taught +two class in one day he went to the + + align:start position:0% +two class in one day he went to the + + + align:start position:0% +two class in one day he went to the +first class and he said to the first + + align:start position:0% +first class and he said to the first + + + align:start position:0% +first class and he said to the first +class how much would you pay me to sing + + align:start position:0% +class how much would you pay me to sing + + + align:start position:0% +class how much would you pay me to sing +a song and he took a survey in the class + + align:start position:0% +a song and he took a survey in the class + + + align:start position:0% +a song and he took a survey in the class +he got some demand curve and there was + + align:start position:0% +he got some demand curve and there was + + + align:start position:0% +he got some demand curve and there was +some average value they pay him let's + + align:start position:0% +some average value they pay him let's + + + align:start position:0% +some average value they pay him let's +say it was + + align:start position:0% +say it was + + + align:start position:0% +say it was +$5 he then to a second class same set of + + align:start position:0% +$5 he then to a second class same set of + + + align:start position:0% +$5 he then to a second class same set of +students and said how much would you pay + + align:start position:0% +students and said how much would you pay + + + align:start position:0% +students and said how much would you pay +me not to sing a song he got demand + + align:start position:0% +me not to sing a song he got demand + + + align:start position:0% +me not to sing a song he got demand +curve people would pay posit amounts the + + align:start position:0% +curve people would pay posit amounts the + + + align:start position:0% +curve people would pay posit amounts the +average is about + + align:start position:0% +average is about + + + align:start position:0% +average is about +$5 basically the way you ask the + + align:start position:0% +$5 basically the way you ask the + + + align:start position:0% +$5 basically the way you ask the +question affects how people feel about + + align:start position:0% +question affects how people feel about + + + align:start position:0% +question affects how people feel about +it that is inconsistent what we've + + align:start position:0% +it that is inconsistent what we've + + + align:start position:0% +it that is inconsistent what we've +modeled so far that is UN your + + align:start position:0% +modeled so far that is UN your + + + align:start position:0% +modeled so far that is UN your +preferences are literally determined by + + align:start position:0% +preferences are literally determined by + + + align:start position:0% +preferences are literally determined by +the questions asked welcome to marketing + + align:start position:0% +the questions asked welcome to marketing + + + align:start position:0% +the questions asked welcome to marketing +okay welcome to advertising any + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome to advertising any + + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome to advertising any +advertisers tell you duh of course + + align:start position:0% +advertisers tell you duh of course + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers tell you duh of course +that's why we advertise if preferences + + align:start position:0% +that's why we advertise if preferences + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we advertise if preferences +were stable we wouldn't advertise we + + align:start position:0% +were stable we wouldn't advertise we + + + align:start position:0% +were stable we wouldn't advertise we +want to change preferences okay we want + + align:start position:0% +want to change preferences okay we want + + + align:start position:0% +want to change preferences okay we want +to affect preferences that's why we say + + align:start position:0% +to affect preferences that's why we say + + + align:start position:0% +to affect preferences that's why we say +it's the number one best selling that's + + align:start position:0% +it's the number one best selling that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's the number one best selling that's +why we do all these things okay so + + align:start position:0% +why we do all these things okay so + + + align:start position:0% +why we do all these things okay so +preferences are unstable that's really + + align:start position:0% +preferences are unstable that's really + + + align:start position:0% +preferences are unstable that's really +mind-blowing because basically um uh + + align:start position:0% +mind-blowing because basically um uh + + + align:start position:0% +mind-blowing because basically um uh +that's says that a framing effect how + + align:start position:0% +that's says that a framing effect how + + + align:start position:0% +that's says that a framing effect how +you frame things can matter enormously + + align:start position:0% +you frame things can matter enormously + + + align:start position:0% +you frame things can matter enormously +and that's a lot of what advertising and + + align:start position:0% +and that's a lot of what advertising and + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a lot of what advertising and +politicians and others tried to + + align:start position:0% +politicians and others tried to + + + align:start position:0% +politicians and others tried to +do okay third + + align:start position:0% +do okay third + + + align:start position:0% +do okay third +example statistical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +biases this is + + align:start position:0% +biases this is + + + align:start position:0% +biases this is +probably + + align:start position:0% +probably + + + align:start position:0% +probably +um my favorite my favorite fact of + + align:start position:0% +um my favorite my favorite fact of + + + align:start position:0% +um my favorite my favorite fact of +anything I've ever done in research so + + align:start position:0% +anything I've ever done in research so + + + align:start position:0% +anything I've ever done in research so +the cisal bi the IDE is we like to think + + align:start position:0% +the cisal bi the IDE is we like to think + + + align:start position:0% +the cisal bi the IDE is we like to think +we do uncertainty models that people + + align:start position:0% +we do uncertainty models that people + + + align:start position:0% +we do uncertainty models that people +understand the uncertainty they face and + + align:start position:0% +understand the uncertainty they face and + + + align:start position:0% +understand the uncertainty they face and +then how to process it but it turns out + + align:start position:0% +then how to process it but it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +then how to process it but it turns out +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +don't so for example 80% of drivers + + align:start position:0% +don't so for example 80% of drivers + + + align:start position:0% +don't so for example 80% of drivers +think they're better than average that + + align:start position:0% +think they're better than average that + + + align:start position:0% +think they're better than average that +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +impossible okay but 80% of drivers think + + align:start position:0% +impossible okay but 80% of drivers think + + + align:start position:0% +impossible okay but 80% of drivers think +they're better than average or my fact + + align:start position:0% +they're better than average or my fact + + + align:start position:0% +they're better than average or my fact +from my research I loved was there was a + + align:start position:0% +from my research I loved was there was a + + + align:start position:0% +from my research I loved was there was a +survey that asked High School seniors + + align:start position:0% +survey that asked High School seniors + + + align:start position:0% +survey that asked High School seniors +back in the 1980s when smoking was a lot + + align:start position:0% +back in the 1980s when smoking was a lot + + + align:start position:0% +back in the 1980s when smoking was a lot +more prevalent they asked High School + + align:start position:0% +more prevalent they asked High School + + + align:start position:0% +more prevalent they asked High School +seniors who smoked a pack a day what are + + align:start position:0% +seniors who smoked a pack a day what are + + + align:start position:0% +seniors who smoked a pack a day what are +the odds you'll be smoking in five + + align:start position:0% +the odds you'll be smoking in five + + + align:start position:0% +the odds you'll be smoking in five +years of those who said I will be + + align:start position:0% +years of those who said I will be + + + align:start position:0% +years of those who said I will be +smoking in five years 72% were smoking 5 + + align:start position:0% +smoking in five years 72% were smoking 5 + + + align:start position:0% +smoking in five years 72% were smoking 5 +years later so on average they did + + align:start position:0% +years later so on average they did + + + align:start position:0% +years later so on average they did +reasonable prediction of those who said + + align:start position:0% +reasonable prediction of those who said + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable prediction of those who said +I will not be smoking 74% we're smoking + + align:start position:0% +I will not be smoking 74% we're smoking + + + align:start position:0% +I will not be smoking 74% we're smoking +five years later zero predictive ability + + align:start position:0% +five years later zero predictive ability + + + align:start position:0% +five years later zero predictive ability +because it's just hard to figure it out + + align:start position:0% +because it's just hard to figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just hard to figure it out +it's hard to assess these statistics and + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to assess these statistics and + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to assess these statistics and +probabilities okay this has enormous + + align:start position:0% +probabilities okay this has enormous + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities okay this has enormous +implications it says the teenagers may + + align:start position:0% +implications it says the teenagers may + + + align:start position:0% +implications it says the teenagers may +not be properly deciding whether to + + align:start position:0% +not be properly deciding whether to + + + align:start position:0% +not be properly deciding whether to +smoke it turns out if you ask + + align:start position:0% +smoke it turns out if you ask + + + align:start position:0% +smoke it turns out if you ask +smokers how bad is smoking for you + + align:start position:0% +smokers how bad is smoking for you + + + align:start position:0% +smokers how bad is smoking for you +actually smokers no actually if anything + + align:start position:0% +actually smokers no actually if anything + + + align:start position:0% +actually smokers no actually if anything +smokers slightly overestimate how bad + + align:start position:0% +smokers slightly overestimate how bad + + + align:start position:0% +smokers slightly overestimate how bad +smoking is for you it's not that smokers + + align:start position:0% +smoking is for you it's not that smokers + + + align:start position:0% +smoking is for you it's not that smokers +don't know how bad smoking is for you if + + align:start position:0% +don't know how bad smoking is for you if + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how bad smoking is for you if +anything think it's worse for you than + + align:start position:0% +anything think it's worse for you than + + + align:start position:0% +anything think it's worse for you than +it is but they think they're going to + + align:start position:0% +it is but they think they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +it is but they think they're going to +quit so you have smokers what is the + + align:start position:0% +quit so you have smokers what is the + + + align:start position:0% +quit so you have smokers what is the +effect on the average person's length of + + align:start position:0% +effect on the average person's length of + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the average person's length of +life for smoking it turns out by smoking + + align:start position:0% +life for smoking it turns out by smoking + + + align:start position:0% +life for smoking it turns out by smoking +you shorten your life by seven years + + align:start position:0% +you shorten your life by seven years + + + align:start position:0% +you shorten your life by seven years +smokers get that a bit right they're + + align:start position:0% +smokers get that a bit right they're + + + align:start position:0% +smokers get that a bit right they're +probably bit pessimistic they may say + + align:start position:0% +probably bit pessimistic they may say + + + align:start position:0% +probably bit pessimistic they may say +eight or nine years but if you ask them + + align:start position:0% +eight or nine years but if you ask them + + + align:start position:0% +eight or nine years but if you ask them +how how long do you expect to live they + + align:start position:0% +how how long do you expect to live they + + + align:start position:0% +how how long do you expect to live they +give the population average not a number + + align:start position:0% +give the population average not a number + + + align:start position:0% +give the population average not a number +eight years lower because they think it + + align:start position:0% +eight years lower because they think it + + + align:start position:0% +eight years lower because they think it +won't affect + + align:start position:0% +won't affect + + + align:start position:0% +won't affect +them either they'll quit or they're just + + align:start position:0% +them either they'll quit or they're just + + + align:start position:0% +them either they'll quit or they're just +superhuman or whatever okay so + + align:start position:0% +superhuman or whatever okay so + + + align:start position:0% +superhuman or whatever okay so +statistical biases are another example + + align:start position:0% +statistical biases are another example + + + align:start position:0% +statistical biases are another example +of that okay a fourth example extrinsic + + align:start position:0% +of that okay a fourth example extrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +of that okay a fourth example extrinsic +versus intrinsic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motivation extrinsic versus intrinsic + + align:start position:0% +motivation extrinsic versus intrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +motivation extrinsic versus intrinsic +motivation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay for many decisions we make the + + align:start position:0% +okay for many decisions we make the + + + align:start position:0% +okay for many decisions we make the +right thing to do is + + align:start position:0% +right thing to do is + + + align:start position:0% +right thing to do is +obvious and yet we don't do it let's + + align:start position:0% +obvious and yet we don't do it let's + + + align:start position:0% +obvious and yet we don't do it let's +take the classic example which is + + align:start position:0% +take the classic example which is + + + align:start position:0% +take the classic example which is +inexpensive generic medication for + + align:start position:0% +inexpensive generic medication for + + + align:start position:0% +inexpensive generic medication for +life-threatening chronic disease if you + + align:start position:0% +life-threatening chronic disease if you + + + align:start position:0% +life-threatening chronic disease if you +have diabetes you can manage it with if + + align:start position:0% +have diabetes you can manage it with if + + + align:start position:0% +have diabetes you can manage it with if +you have type two diabetes you can + + align:start position:0% +you have type two diabetes you can + + + align:start position:0% +you have type two diabetes you can +manage with a with a product called + + align:start position:0% +manage with a with a product called + + + align:start position:0% +manage with a with a product called +metformin it's a dollar a day pill you + + align:start position:0% +metformin it's a dollar a day pill you + + + align:start position:0% +metformin it's a dollar a day pill you +can take that will keep you alive and if + + align:start position:0% +can take that will keep you alive and if + + + align:start position:0% +can take that will keep you alive and if +you don't take it you'll die it's not + + align:start position:0% +you don't take it you'll die it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you don't take it you'll die it's not +very complicated okay you won't die + + align:start position:0% +very complicated okay you won't die + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated okay you won't die +right away you'll eventually lose your + + align:start position:0% +right away you'll eventually lose your + + + align:start position:0% +right away you'll eventually lose your +leg and eventually die okay + + align:start position:0% +leg and eventually die okay + + + align:start position:0% +leg and eventually die okay +yet a huge share of diabetics do not + + align:start position:0% +yet a huge share of diabetics do not + + + align:start position:0% +yet a huge share of diabetics do not +take their metformin compliance with + + align:start position:0% +take their metformin compliance with + + + align:start position:0% +take their metformin compliance with +metformin is incredibly + + align:start position:0% +metformin is incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +metformin is incredibly +poor now you might think okay people are + + align:start position:0% +poor now you might think okay people are + + + align:start position:0% +poor now you might think okay people are +uninformed you know whatever you know + + align:start position:0% +uninformed you know whatever you know + + + align:start position:0% +uninformed you know whatever you know +nothing's ever 100% but if you run the + + align:start position:0% +nothing's ever 100% but if you run the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing's ever 100% but if you run the +follow experiment if you say to people + + align:start position:0% +follow experiment if you say to people + + + align:start position:0% +follow experiment if you say to people +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +diabetes I will should lower your + + align:start position:0% +diabetes I will should lower your + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes I will should lower your +metform cost from a dollar day to zero a + + align:start position:0% +metform cost from a dollar day to zero a + + + align:start position:0% +metform cost from a dollar day to zero a +huge share start to take it now think + + align:start position:0% +huge share start to take it now think + + + align:start position:0% +huge share start to take it now think +about that for a + + align:start position:0% +about that for a + + + align:start position:0% +about that for a +second it is whether you're going to die + + align:start position:0% +second it is whether you're going to die + + + align:start position:0% +second it is whether you're going to die +or not and you're letting a dollar a day + + align:start position:0% +or not and you're letting a dollar a day + + + align:start position:0% +or not and you're letting a dollar a day +affect whether you take it and the + + align:start position:0% +affect whether you take it and the + + + align:start position:0% +affect whether you take it and the +answer is not that people are poor it's + + align:start position:0% +answer is not that people are poor it's + + + align:start position:0% +answer is not that people are poor it's +that in some sense zero matters in some + + align:start position:0% +that in some sense zero matters in some + + + align:start position:0% +that in some sense zero matters in some +sense these signals intrinsic versus + + align:start position:0% +sense these signals intrinsic versus + + + align:start position:0% +sense these signals intrinsic versus +extrinsic motivation matters these + + align:start position:0% +extrinsic motivation matters these + + + align:start position:0% +extrinsic motivation matters these +things matter this is sort of combining + + align:start position:0% +things matter this is sort of combining + + + align:start position:0% +things matter this is sort of combining +the two of sort of framing matters but + + align:start position:0% +the two of sort of framing matters but + + + align:start position:0% +the two of sort of framing matters but +basically um individuals uh essentially + + align:start position:0% +basically um individuals uh essentially + + + align:start position:0% +basically um individuals uh essentially +they have to believe it and that uh the + + align:start position:0% +they have to believe it and that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +they have to believe it and that uh the +framing + + align:start position:0% +framing + + + align:start position:0% +framing +matters okay let me talk about another + + align:start position:0% +matters okay let me talk about another + + + align:start position:0% +matters okay let me talk about another +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defaults this is probably the single + + align:start position:0% +defaults this is probably the single + + + align:start position:0% +defaults this is probably the single +most striking finding in all of + + align:start position:0% +most striking finding in all of + + + align:start position:0% +most striking finding in all of +empirical behavioral economics a former + + align:start position:0% +empirical behavioral economics a former + + + align:start position:0% +empirical behavioral economics a former +student of mine named Bridget madrian + + align:start position:0% +student of mine named Bridget madrian + + + align:start position:0% +student of mine named Bridget madrian +did a fascinating + + align:start position:0% +did a fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +did a fascinating +study when you go to join your firm when + + align:start position:0% +study when you go to join your firm when + + + align:start position:0% +study when you go to join your firm when +you got to get your job you get a good + + align:start position:0% +you got to get your job you get a good + + + align:start position:0% +you got to get your job you get a good +job you'll sign up there'll be a + + align:start position:0% +job you'll sign up there'll be a + + + align:start position:0% +job you'll sign up there'll be a +benefits package and they'll be like do + + align:start position:0% +benefits package and they'll be like do + + + align:start position:0% +benefits package and they'll be like do +you want health insurance do you want a + + align:start position:0% +you want health insurance do you want a + + + align:start position:0% +you want health insurance do you want a +401k and as I sold to you should check + + align:start position:0% +401k and as I sold to you should check + + + align:start position:0% +401k and as I sold to you should check +yes you should put your money away stop + + align:start position:0% +yes you should put your money away stop + + + align:start position:0% +yes you should put your money away stop +partying save your money for your future + + align:start position:0% +partying save your money for your future + + + align:start position:0% +partying save your money for your future +okay you can still party too you can + + align:start position:0% +okay you can still party too you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can still party too you can +afford do both okay + + align:start position:0% +afford do both okay + + + align:start position:0% +afford do both okay +now if you look at most firms most new + + align:start position:0% +now if you look at most firms most new + + + align:start position:0% +now if you look at most firms most new +workers young workers do not choose the + + align:start position:0% +workers young workers do not choose the + + + align:start position:0% +workers young workers do not choose the +401K about 20% of young workers sign up + + align:start position:0% +401K about 20% of young workers sign up + + + align:start position:0% +401K about 20% of young workers sign up +initially eventually time they're older + + align:start position:0% +initially eventually time they're older + + + align:start position:0% +initially eventually time they're older +it rises towards like 80% but initially + + align:start position:0% +it rises towards like 80% but initially + + + align:start position:0% +it rises towards like 80% but initially +it's about + + align:start position:0% +it's about + + + align:start position:0% +it's about +20% so Bridget had a firm studied a firm + + align:start position:0% +20% so Bridget had a firm studied a firm + + + align:start position:0% +20% so Bridget had a firm studied a firm +that made one simple + + align:start position:0% +that made one simple + + + align:start position:0% +that made one simple +change they said we're going to roll you + + align:start position:0% +change they said we're going to roll you + + + align:start position:0% +change they said we're going to roll you +in the 401K unless you check here saying + + align:start position:0% +in the 401K unless you check here saying + + + align:start position:0% +in the 401K unless you check here saying +you don't want to be in it literally + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to be in it literally + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to be in it literally +they just change check if you want to be + + align:start position:0% +they just change check if you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +they just change check if you want to be +in to check if you want to be out the + + align:start position:0% +in to check if you want to be out the + + + align:start position:0% +in to check if you want to be out the +participation rate among young people + + align:start position:0% +participation rate among young people + + + align:start position:0% +participation rate among young people +went from 20% to + + align:start position:0% +went from 20% to + + + align:start position:0% +went from 20% to +80% with one wording change okay that + + align:start position:0% +80% with one wording change okay that + + + align:start position:0% +80% with one wording change okay that +can simply not be explained by anything + + align:start position:0% +can simply not be explained by anything + + + align:start position:0% +can simply not be explained by anything +we've learned in 1401 so far at least + + align:start position:0% +we've learned in 1401 so far at least + + + align:start position:0% +we've learned in 1401 so far at least +before today okay there's simply no + + align:start position:0% +before today okay there's simply no + + + align:start position:0% +before today okay there's simply no +rational model of the world + + align:start position:0% +rational model of the world + + + align:start position:0% +rational model of the world +of any type which would justify that + + align:start position:0% +of any type which would justify that + + + align:start position:0% +of any type which would justify that +okay the answer is that PE that things + + align:start position:0% +okay the answer is that PE that things + + + align:start position:0% +okay the answer is that PE that things +like presentation and defaults matter + + align:start position:0% +like presentation and defaults matter + + + align:start position:0% +like presentation and defaults matter +and once again that needs to be built + + align:start position:0% +and once again that needs to be built + + + align:start position:0% +and once again that needs to be built +into our + + align:start position:0% +into our + + + align:start position:0% +into our +models okay now why is this that's where + + align:start position:0% +models okay now why is this that's where + + + align:start position:0% +models okay now why is this that's where +you got to take 1413 what where the + + align:start position:0% +you got to take 1413 what where the + + + align:start position:0% +you got to take 1413 what where the +thing the place where Behavior economics + + align:start position:0% +thing the place where Behavior economics + + + align:start position:0% +thing the place where Behavior economics +is right now is we've documented a huge + + align:start position:0% +is right now is we've documented a huge + + + align:start position:0% +is right now is we've documented a huge +set of these what we call anomalies a + + align:start position:0% +set of these what we call anomalies a + + + align:start position:0% +set of these what we call anomalies a +huge set of strange examples that are + + align:start position:0% +huge set of strange examples that are + + + align:start position:0% +huge set of strange examples that are +Inc consistent with our standard + + align:start position:0% +Inc consistent with our standard + + + align:start position:0% +Inc consistent with our standard +model where we're struggling and where + + align:start position:0% +model where we're struggling and where + + + align:start position:0% +model where we're struggling and where +we need more work and where 1430 can + + align:start position:0% +we need more work and where 1430 can + + + align:start position:0% +we need more work and where 1430 can +help you is how do you write the correct + + align:start position:0% +help you is how do you write the correct + + + align:start position:0% +help you is how do you write the correct +models to explain + + align:start position:0% +models to explain + + + align:start position:0% +models to explain +those okay how do you write the correct + + align:start position:0% +those okay how do you write the correct + + + align:start position:0% +those okay how do you write the correct +model to explain those and so for + + align:start position:0% +model to explain those and so for + + + align:start position:0% +model to explain those and so for +example this defaults matter 401K thing + + align:start position:0% +example this defaults matter 401K thing + + + align:start position:0% +example this defaults matter 401K thing +could be a procrastination story it + + align:start position:0% +could be a procrastination story it + + + align:start position:0% +could be a procrastination story it +could be a lack of attention story + + align:start position:0% +could be a lack of attention story + + + align:start position:0% +could be a lack of attention story +there's lots of stories you can tell how + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of stories you can tell how + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of stories you can tell how +do we write the right models and + + align:start position:0% +do we write the right models and + + + align:start position:0% +do we write the right models and +distinguish them that's what the + + align:start position:0% +distinguish them that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish them that's what the +exciting cutting edges in behavioral + + align:start position:0% +exciting cutting edges in behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +exciting cutting edges in behavioral +economics okay question about any of + + align:start position:0% +economics okay question about any of + + + align:start position:0% +economics okay question about any of +these examples I realized I went fast + + align:start position:0% +these examples I realized I went fast + + + align:start position:0% +these examples I realized I went fast +but question about any of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah perspective like I know America + + align:start position:0% +yeah perspective like I know America + + + align:start position:0% +yeah perspective like I know America +like if you want to be a heart donor + + align:start position:0% +like if you want to be a heart donor + + + align:start position:0% +like if you want to be a heart donor +they like op you out versus like other + + align:start position:0% +they like op you out versus like other + + + align:start position:0% +they like op you out versus like other +countries op you do you know why that is + + align:start position:0% +countries op you do you know why that is + + + align:start position:0% +countries op you do you know why that is +that's a that's a great point a perfect + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a great point a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a great point a perfect +example Oregon donations you're + + align:start position:0% +example Oregon donations you're + + + align:start position:0% +example Oregon donations you're +defaulted in in other countries in + + align:start position:0% +defaulted in in other countries in + + + align:start position:0% +defaulted in in other countries in +America you have to sign up they have + + align:start position:0% +America you have to sign up they have + + + align:start position:0% +America you have to sign up they have +organization rights that are dwarf ours + + align:start position:0% +organization rights that are dwarf ours + + + align:start position:0% +organization rights that are dwarf ours +there's no good reason other than + + align:start position:0% +there's no good reason other than + + + align:start position:0% +there's no good reason other than +individual Freedom uh but this is what's + + align:start position:0% +individual Freedom uh but this is what's + + + align:start position:0% +individual Freedom uh but this is what's +this is a great segue other + + align:start position:0% +this is a great segue other + + + align:start position:0% +this is a great segue other +questions that's a great segue to the + + align:start position:0% +questions that's a great segue to the + + + align:start position:0% +questions that's a great segue to the +last thing I wanted to talk about + + align:start position:0% +last thing I wanted to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +last thing I wanted to talk about +which is what does this all imply for + + align:start position:0% +which is what does this all imply for + + + align:start position:0% +which is what does this all imply for +policy where does this all lead us in + + align:start position:0% +policy where does this all lead us in + + + align:start position:0% +policy where does this all lead us in +terms of government + + align:start position:0% +terms of government + + + align:start position:0% +terms of government +policy and let me talk about a specific + + align:start position:0% +policy and let me talk about a specific + + + align:start position:0% +policy and let me talk about a specific +example then speak it out more + + align:start position:0% +example then speak it out more + + + align:start position:0% +example then speak it out more +generally okay the specific example is + + align:start position:0% +generally okay the specific example is + + + align:start position:0% +generally okay the specific example is +taxation of + + align:start position:0% +taxation of + + + align:start position:0% +taxation of +cigarettes we talked in the + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes we talked in the + + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes we talked in the +externalities + + align:start position:0% +externalities + + + align:start position:0% +externalities +lecture about how when there's a + + align:start position:0% +lecture about how when there's a + + + align:start position:0% +lecture about how when there's a +negative consumption + + align:start position:0% +negative consumption + + + align:start position:0% +negative consumption +externality you should tax the activity + + align:start position:0% +externality you should tax the activity + + + align:start position:0% +externality you should tax the activity +cigarettes are a classic negative + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes are a classic negative + + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes are a classic negative +consumption externality it's been + + align:start position:0% +consumption externality it's been + + + align:start position:0% +consumption externality it's been +measured to be around 40 to 50 cents a + + align:start position:0% +measured to be around 40 to 50 cents a + + + align:start position:0% +measured to be around 40 to 50 cents a +pack and that suggests that optimal + + align:start position:0% +pack and that suggests that optimal + + + align:start position:0% +pack and that suggests that optimal +policy would be to have a 40 to 50 cent + + align:start position:0% +policy would be to have a 40 to 50 cent + + + align:start position:0% +policy would be to have a 40 to 50 cent +a pack cigarette + + align:start position:0% +a pack cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +a pack cigarette +tax but that's actually a pretty small + + align:start position:0% +tax but that's actually a pretty small + + + align:start position:0% +tax but that's actually a pretty small +number it turns out and why is it so + + align:start position:0% +number it turns out and why is it so + + + align:start position:0% +number it turns out and why is it so +small it's so small for an interesting + + align:start position:0% +small it's so small for an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +small it's so small for an interesting +reason cigarettes have huge + + align:start position:0% +reason cigarettes have huge + + + align:start position:0% +reason cigarettes have huge +externalities uncovered medical costs + + align:start position:0% +externalities uncovered medical costs + + + align:start position:0% +externalities uncovered medical costs +smoker start fires Etc second smok Etc + + align:start position:0% +smoker start fires Etc second smok Etc + + + align:start position:0% +smoker start fires Etc second smok Etc +but it turns out cigarettes have a huge + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out cigarettes have a huge + + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out cigarettes have a huge +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +externality what's the positive + + align:start position:0% +externality what's the positive + + + align:start position:0% +externality what's the positive +externality well smokers have a + + align:start position:0% +externality well smokers have a + + + align:start position:0% +externality well smokers have a +convenient habit of dying at + + align:start position:0% +convenient habit of dying at + + + align:start position:0% +convenient habit of dying at +65 why is that convenient that means + + align:start position:0% +65 why is that convenient that means + + + align:start position:0% +65 why is that convenient that means +they spent their lifetime paying taxes + + align:start position:0% +they spent their lifetime paying taxes + + + align:start position:0% +they spent their lifetime paying taxes +and never get collect the retirement + + align:start position:0% +and never get collect the retirement + + + align:start position:0% +and never get collect the retirement +benefits there's a positive that's a + + align:start position:0% +benefits there's a positive that's a + + + align:start position:0% +benefits there's a positive that's a +positive externality on us we benefit + + align:start position:0% +positive externality on us we benefit + + + align:start position:0% +positive externality on us we benefit +from those stupid + + align:start position:0% +from those stupid + + + align:start position:0% +from those stupid +smokers because basically they pay all + + align:start position:0% +smokers because basically they pay all + + + align:start position:0% +smokers because basically they pay all +the taxes we get the benefits that is a + + align:start position:0% +the taxes we get the benefits that is a + + + align:start position:0% +the taxes we get the benefits that is a +positive externality that's not a + + align:start position:0% +positive externality that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +positive externality that's not a +controversial comment it's a purely POS + + align:start position:0% +controversial comment it's a purely POS + + + align:start position:0% +controversial comment it's a purely POS +indeed the tobacco companies in court + + align:start position:0% +indeed the tobacco companies in court + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the tobacco companies in court +have defended themselves by arguing that + + align:start position:0% +have defended themselves by arguing that + + + align:start position:0% +have defended themselves by arguing that +smoking has a death + + align:start position:0% +smoking has a death + + + align:start position:0% +smoking has a death +benefit okay they quickly realized that + + align:start position:0% +benefit okay they quickly realized that + + + align:start position:0% +benefit okay they quickly realized that +was a winning argument and went away + + align:start position:0% +was a winning argument and went away + + + align:start position:0% +was a winning argument and went away +from it okay but that is a big reason + + align:start position:0% +from it okay but that is a big reason + + + align:start position:0% +from it okay but that is a big reason +why the ex numers is in bigger in fact + + align:start position:0% +why the ex numers is in bigger in fact + + + align:start position:0% +why the ex numers is in bigger in fact +if you took out that death F the ex + + align:start position:0% +if you took out that death F the ex + + + align:start position:0% +if you took out that death F the ex +number is more like two or three dollars + + align:start position:0% +number is more like two or three dollars + + + align:start position:0% +number is more like two or three dollars +a pack the reason so big is because + + align:start position:0% +a pack the reason so big is because + + + align:start position:0% +a pack the reason so big is because +there's this huge financial positive + + align:start position:0% +there's this huge financial positive + + + align:start position:0% +there's this huge financial positive +externality now I worked in Washington + + align:start position:0% +externality now I worked in Washington + + + align:start position:0% +externality now I worked in Washington +in the Clinton Administration and the + + align:start position:0% +in the Clinton Administration and the + + + align:start position:0% +in the Clinton Administration and the +thing I loved about that is economists + + align:start position:0% +thing I loved about that is economists + + + align:start position:0% +thing I loved about that is economists +are just so much smarter than lawyers we + + align:start position:0% +are just so much smarter than lawyers we + + + align:start position:0% +are just so much smarter than lawyers we +just whenever I was in a room unless I + + align:start position:0% +just whenever I was in a room unless I + + + align:start position:0% +just whenever I was in a room unless I +was in room with Larry Summers who was + + align:start position:0% +was in room with Larry Summers who was + + + align:start position:0% +was in room with Larry Summers who was +my mentor there I was the smartest guy + + align:start position:0% +my mentor there I was the smartest guy + + + align:start position:0% +my mentor there I was the smartest guy +in the room because we know how to not + + align:start position:0% +in the room because we know how to not + + + align:start position:0% +in the room because we know how to not +the smartest by IQ but the smartest by + + align:start position:0% +the smartest by IQ but the smartest by + + + align:start position:0% +the smartest by IQ but the smartest by +knowing how to think about how to frame + + align:start position:0% +knowing how to think about how to frame + + + align:start position:0% +knowing how to think about how to frame +a policy question our whole fields + + align:start position:0% +a policy question our whole fields + + + align:start position:0% +a policy question our whole fields +around how to frame policy questions and + + align:start position:0% +around how to frame policy questions and + + + align:start position:0% +around how to frame policy questions and +we're so good at it except one time + + align:start position:0% +we're so good at it except one time + + + align:start position:0% +we're so good at it except one time +which we had to stand up in front of a + + align:start position:0% +which we had to stand up in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +which we had to stand up in front of a +room of lawyers and say you know what we + + align:start position:0% +room of lawyers and say you know what we + + + align:start position:0% +room of lawyers and say you know what we +should tax cigarettes less because they + + align:start position:0% +should tax cigarettes less because they + + + align:start position:0% +should tax cigarettes less because they +kill people and lawyers looked at me + + align:start position:0% +kill people and lawyers looked at me + + + align:start position:0% +kill people and lawyers looked at me +like you're nuts and I realized I + + align:start position:0% +like you're nuts and I realized I + + + align:start position:0% +like you're nuts and I realized I +probably actually was not that the + + align:start position:0% +probably actually was not that the + + + align:start position:0% +probably actually was not that the +external math is wrong what was wrong + + align:start position:0% +external math is wrong what was wrong + + + align:start position:0% +external math is wrong what was wrong +was the model of smoking was wrong in + + align:start position:0% +was the model of smoking was wrong in + + + align:start position:0% +was the model of smoking was wrong in +particular the model of smoking should + + align:start position:0% +particular the model of smoking should + + + align:start position:0% +particular the model of smoking should +incorporate self-control problems there + + align:start position:0% +incorporate self-control problems there + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate self-control problems there +is vast evidence that smokers suffer + + align:start position:0% +is vast evidence that smokers suffer + + + align:start position:0% +is vast evidence that smokers suffer +from self-control problems indeed what's + + align:start position:0% +from self-control problems indeed what's + + + align:start position:0% +from self-control problems indeed what's +the best what he conly is the best piece + + align:start position:0% +the best what he conly is the best piece + + + align:start position:0% +the best what he conly is the best piece +of evidence for self-control problems + + align:start position:0% +of evidence for self-control problems + + + align:start position:0% +of evidence for self-control problems +not what's in the lab because remember + + align:start position:0% +not what's in the lab because remember + + + align:start position:0% +not what's in the lab because remember +we believe what people do not what they + + align:start position:0% +we believe what people do not what they + + + align:start position:0% +we believe what people do not what they +say we think the best piece of evidence + + align:start position:0% +say we think the best piece of evidence + + + align:start position:0% +say we think the best piece of evidence +for self-control problems is that when + + align:start position:0% +for self-control problems is that when + + + align:start position:0% +for self-control problems is that when +people want to change your behavior they + + align:start position:0% +people want to change your behavior they + + + align:start position:0% +people want to change your behavior they +search for commitment + + align:start position:0% +search for commitment + + + align:start position:0% +search for commitment +devices for example if you look at all + + align:start position:0% +devices for example if you look at all + + + align:start position:0% +devices for example if you look at all +the recommendation to quit smoking it's + + align:start position:0% +the recommendation to quit smoking it's + + + align:start position:0% +the recommendation to quit smoking it's +all punish yourself if you smoke leave + + align:start position:0% +all punish yourself if you smoke leave + + + align:start position:0% +all punish yourself if you smoke leave +your dirty cigarette butts in water so + + align:start position:0% +your dirty cigarette butts in water so + + + align:start position:0% +your dirty cigarette butts in water so +you have to smell it make a bet with + + align:start position:0% +you have to smell it make a bet with + + + align:start position:0% +you have to smell it make a bet with +your friends so that you have to pay + + align:start position:0% +your friends so that you have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +your friends so that you have to pay +them if you smoke it's all activities + + align:start position:0% +them if you smoke it's all activities + + + align:start position:0% +them if you smoke it's all activities +where you punish yourself if you + + align:start position:0% +where you punish yourself if you + + + align:start position:0% +where you punish yourself if you +smoke that is not consistent with a + + align:start position:0% +smoke that is not consistent with a + + + align:start position:0% +smoke that is not consistent with a +rational model in a rational model you + + align:start position:0% +rational model in a rational model you + + + align:start position:0% +rational model in a rational model you +never punish yourself for some future + + align:start position:0% +never punish yourself for some future + + + align:start position:0% +never punish yourself for some future +act you just wouldn't do the future + + align:start position:0% +act you just wouldn't do the future + + + align:start position:0% +act you just wouldn't do the future +act the fact that people punish those + + align:start position:0% +act the fact that people punish those + + + align:start position:0% +act the fact that people punish those +for future Act is exactly cons people + + align:start position:0% +for future Act is exactly cons people + + + align:start position:0% +for future Act is exactly cons people +knowing they have a self-control problem + + align:start position:0% +knowing they have a self-control problem + + + align:start position:0% +knowing they have a self-control problem +perhaps the best example this is syrup + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the best example this is syrup + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the best example this is syrup +ofac syrup aipac is something you drink + + align:start position:0% +ofac syrup aipac is something you drink + + + align:start position:0% +ofac syrup aipac is something you drink +so that if you consume alcohol you + + align:start position:0% +so that if you consume alcohol you + + + align:start position:0% +so that if you consume alcohol you +vomit why would anyone do this because + + align:start position:0% +vomit why would anyone do this because + + + align:start position:0% +vomit why would anyone do this because +they think they know they're alcoholics + + align:start position:0% +they think they know they're alcoholics + + + align:start position:0% +they think they know they're alcoholics +and they can't stop consuming alcohol + + align:start position:0% +and they can't stop consuming alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +and they can't stop consuming alcohol +it's like painting my nails with that + + align:start position:0% +it's like painting my nails with that + + + align:start position:0% +it's like painting my nails with that +shitty stuff okay sikac is totally + + align:start position:0% +shitty stuff okay sikac is totally + + + align:start position:0% +shitty stuff okay sikac is totally +unjustified by any rational model but + + align:start position:0% +unjustified by any rational model but + + + align:start position:0% +unjustified by any rational model but +it's justified by a self-control model + + align:start position:0% +it's justified by a self-control model + + + align:start position:0% +it's justified by a self-control model +which is I know I can't stop drinking so + + align:start position:0% +which is I know I can't stop drinking so + + + align:start position:0% +which is I know I can't stop drinking so +I'm going to stop myself from drinking + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to stop myself from drinking + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to stop myself from drinking +by setting up the self-control device + + align:start position:0% +by setting up the self-control device + + + align:start position:0% +by setting up the self-control device +this commitment + + align:start position:0% +this commitment + + + align:start position:0% +this commitment +device okay and that is evidence that + + align:start position:0% +device okay and that is evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +device okay and that is evidence that +basically um people want have + + align:start position:0% +basically um people want have + + + align:start position:0% +basically um people want have +self-control problems well here's the + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems well here's the + + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems well here's the +thing as I said the AL tax on cigarettes + + align:start position:0% +thing as I said the AL tax on cigarettes + + + align:start position:0% +thing as I said the AL tax on cigarettes +with this model the exponential model is + + align:start position:0% +with this model the exponential model is + + + align:start position:0% +with this model the exponential model is +50 cents a pack with this + + align:start position:0% +50 cents a pack with this + + + align:start position:0% +50 cents a pack with this +model it's $10 a + + align:start position:0% +model it's $10 a + + + align:start position:0% +model it's $10 a +pack why because cigarettes are so bad + + align:start position:0% +pack why because cigarettes are so bad + + + align:start position:0% +pack why because cigarettes are so bad +for your health + + align:start position:0% +for your health + + + align:start position:0% +for your health +every pack of cigarettes every cigarette + + align:start position:0% +every pack of cigarettes every cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +every pack of cigarettes every cigarette +you smoke lowers your life by seven + + align:start position:0% +you smoke lowers your life by seven + + + align:start position:0% +you smoke lowers your life by seven +minutes if you take + + align:start position:0% +minutes if you take + + + align:start position:0% +minutes if you take +that and multiply by the value of life + + align:start position:0% +that and multiply by the value of life + + + align:start position:0% +that and multiply by the value of life +that implies the Damage Done by a pack + + align:start position:0% +that implies the Damage Done by a pack + + + align:start position:0% +that implies the Damage Done by a pack +of cigarettes if you take Economist + + align:start position:0% +of cigarettes if you take Economist + + + align:start position:0% +of cigarettes if you take Economist +estimat the value of a life is about $40 + + align:start position:0% +estimat the value of a life is about $40 + + + align:start position:0% +estimat the value of a life is about $40 +a pack that is you lower your health by + + align:start position:0% +a pack that is you lower your health by + + + align:start position:0% +a pack that is you lower your health by +$40 a + + align:start position:0% +$40 a + + + align:start position:0% +$40 a +pack so if if none of that's a mistake + + align:start position:0% +pack so if if none of that's a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +pack so if if none of that's a mistake +if you're perfectly rational then that's + + align:start position:0% +if you're perfectly rational then that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you're perfectly rational then that's +irrelevant in the per AC doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant in the per AC doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant in the per AC doesn't matter +what you're doing yourself you've made a + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing yourself you've made a + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing yourself you've made a +decision you know that but what if you + + align:start position:0% +decision you know that but what if you + + + align:start position:0% +decision you know that but what if you +don't get it right then it counts then + + align:start position:0% +don't get it right then it counts then + + + align:start position:0% +don't get it right then it counts then +we don't just care about externalities + + align:start position:0% +we don't just care about externalities + + + align:start position:0% +we don't just care about externalities +but also internalities what my co-author + + align:start position:0% +but also internalities what my co-author + + + align:start position:0% +but also internalities what my co-author +and I label internalities + + align:start position:0% +and I label internalities + + + align:start position:0% +and I label internalities +which are the fact that the fact you're + + align:start position:0% +which are the fact that the fact you're + + + align:start position:0% +which are the fact that the fact you're +harming yourself does matter in a + + align:start position:0% +harming yourself does matter in a + + + align:start position:0% +harming yourself does matter in a +standard econic model the fact you're + + align:start position:0% +standard econic model the fact you're + + + align:start position:0% +standard econic model the fact you're +harming yourself doesn't matter but once + + align:start position:0% +harming yourself doesn't matter but once + + + align:start position:0% +harming yourself doesn't matter but once +you make this minor tweak which is once + + align:start position:0% +you make this minor tweak which is once + + + align:start position:0% +you make this minor tweak which is once +again consistent with every experiment + + align:start position:0% +again consistent with every experiment + + + align:start position:0% +again consistent with every experiment +ever run in the history of + + align:start position:0% +ever run in the history of + + + align:start position:0% +ever run in the history of +psychology suddenly it does matter and + + align:start position:0% +psychology suddenly it does matter and + + + align:start position:0% +psychology suddenly it does matter and +it matters a lot for government policies + + align:start position:0% +it matters a lot for government policies + + + align:start position:0% +it matters a lot for government policies +the optimal tax goes from 50 cents a + + align:start position:0% +the optimal tax goes from 50 cents a + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal tax goes from 50 cents a +pack to $10 a pack now is $10 exactly + + align:start position:0% +pack to $10 a pack now is $10 exactly + + + align:start position:0% +pack to $10 a pack now is $10 exactly +right no but the point is that inter + + align:start position:0% +right no but the point is that inter + + + align:start position:0% +right no but the point is that inter +once internalities matter that up put a + + align:start position:0% +once internalities matter that up put a + + + align:start position:0% +once internalities matter that up put a +whole puts up a whole new space to think + + align:start position:0% +whole puts up a whole new space to think + + + align:start position:0% +whole puts up a whole new space to think +about policy think about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +about policy think about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +about policy think about the fact that +policies which hurt people um uh might + + align:start position:0% +policies which hurt people um uh might + + + align:start position:0% +policies which hurt people um uh might +actually even if they don't hurt even on + + align:start position:0% +actually even if they don't hurt even on + + + align:start position:0% +actually even if they don't hurt even on +externalities might be things we want to + + align:start position:0% +externalities might be things we want to + + + align:start position:0% +externalities might be things we want to +address so for example so + + align:start position:0% +address so for example so + + + align:start position:0% +address so for example so +basically this comes back to thinking + + align:start position:0% +basically this comes back to thinking + + + align:start position:0% +basically this comes back to thinking +about the policy inies we talked about + + align:start position:0% +about the policy inies we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +about the policy inies we talked about +last time for health + + align:start position:0% +last time for health + + + align:start position:0% +last time for health +externalities and we talked about why + + align:start position:0% +externalities and we talked about why + + + align:start position:0% +externalities and we talked about why +would you ever ban a + + align:start position:0% +would you ever ban a + + + align:start position:0% +would you ever ban a +drug well this is why you'd never want + + align:start position:0% +drug well this is why you'd never want + + + align:start position:0% +drug well this is why you'd never want +to make a drug illegal if all we car + + align:start position:0% +to make a drug illegal if all we car + + + align:start position:0% +to make a drug illegal if all we car +about was externalities that is + + align:start position:0% +about was externalities that is + + + align:start position:0% +about was externalities that is +absolutely right there's no externality + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right there's no externality + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right there's no externality +argument given the benefits and costs + + align:start position:0% +argument given the benefits and costs + + + align:start position:0% +argument given the benefits and costs +for making drugs illegal not no but if + + align:start position:0% +for making drugs illegal not no but if + + + align:start position:0% +for making drugs illegal not no but if +you do the math it's hard to justify + + align:start position:0% +you do the math it's hard to justify + + + align:start position:0% +you do the math it's hard to justify +okay I don't be too strong it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't be too strong it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't be too strong it's hard to +justify but once you permit + + align:start position:0% +justify but once you permit + + + align:start position:0% +justify but once you permit +internalities then it becomes easy to + + align:start position:0% +internalities then it becomes easy to + + + align:start position:0% +internalities then it becomes easy to +justify once you say the people doing + + align:start position:0% +justify once you say the people doing + + + align:start position:0% +justify once you say the people doing +those drugs are making + + align:start position:0% +those drugs are making + + + align:start position:0% +those drugs are making +mistakes it's easier to justify so the + + align:start position:0% +mistakes it's easier to justify so the + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes it's easier to justify so the +fact that we as a society ban drugs + + align:start position:0% +fact that we as a society ban drugs + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we as a society ban drugs +means we Society believe in + + align:start position:0% +means we Society believe in + + + align:start position:0% +means we Society believe in +internalities + + align:start position:0% +internalities + + + align:start position:0% +internalities +okay we believe that these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +okay we believe that these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +okay we believe that these kinds of +inconsistent decisions are being made + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent decisions are being made + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent decisions are being made +all these kinds of various behavioral + + align:start position:0% +all these kinds of various behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +all these kinds of various behavioral +problems exist and when all these exist + + align:start position:0% +problems exist and when all these exist + + + align:start position:0% +problems exist and when all these exist +then suddenly we we need to consider the + + align:start position:0% +then suddenly we we need to consider the + + + align:start position:0% +then suddenly we we need to consider the +fact that internalities might matter as + + align:start position:0% +fact that internalities might matter as + + + align:start position:0% +fact that internalities might matter as +well and that's a new ball + + align:start position:0% +well and that's a new ball + + + align:start position:0% +well and that's a new ball +game now what's + + align:start position:0% +game now what's + + + align:start position:0% +game now what's +interesting is that the internalities + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that the internalities + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that the internalities +versus + + align:start position:0% +versus + + + align:start position:0% +versus +externalities + + align:start position:0% +externalities + + + align:start position:0% +externalities +debate plays out very + + align:start position:0% +debate plays out very + + + align:start position:0% +debate plays out very +differently in different spaces so let's + + align:start position:0% +differently in different spaces so let's + + + align:start position:0% +differently in different spaces so let's +take smoking versus + + align:start position:0% +take smoking versus + + + align:start position:0% +take smoking versus +drinking it turns out the internals from + + align:start position:0% +drinking it turns out the internals from + + + align:start position:0% +drinking it turns out the internals from +drinking are not very large you have to + + align:start position:0% +drinking are not very large you have to + + + align:start position:0% +drinking are not very large you have to +be a really really serious alcoholic do + + align:start position:0% +be a really really serious alcoholic do + + + align:start position:0% +be a really really serious alcoholic do +major health damage to + + align:start position:0% +major health damage to + + + align:start position:0% +major health damage to +yourself okay whereas the ex from + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay whereas the ex from + + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay whereas the ex from +drinking are enormous as I said 12,000 + + align:start position:0% +drinking are enormous as I said 12,000 + + + align:start position:0% +drinking are enormous as I said 12,000 +people a year die in drunk driving + + align:start position:0% +people a year die in drunk driving + + + align:start position:0% +people a year die in drunk driving +accidents 50% of all violent crimes are + + align:start position:0% +accidents 50% of all violent crimes are + + + align:start position:0% +accidents 50% of all violent crimes are +linked to consumption of + + align:start position:0% +linked to consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +linked to consumption of +alcohol okay 50% of domestic a huge + + align:start position:0% +alcohol okay 50% of domestic a huge + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol okay 50% of domestic a huge +share of domestic abuse is L cons + + align:start position:0% +share of domestic abuse is L cons + + + align:start position:0% +share of domestic abuse is L cons +alcohol alcohol is huge externalities + + align:start position:0% +alcohol alcohol is huge externalities + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol alcohol is huge externalities +probably pretty modest internalities + + align:start position:0% +probably pretty modest internalities + + + align:start position:0% +probably pretty modest internalities +so any Economist who believes who didn't + + align:start position:0% +so any Economist who believes who didn't + + + align:start position:0% +so any Economist who believes who didn't +believe in this stuff even they like + + align:start position:0% +believe in this stuff even they like + + + align:start position:0% +believe in this stuff even they like +1401 believe we should tax alcohol more + + align:start position:0% +1401 believe we should tax alcohol more + + + align:start position:0% +1401 believe we should tax alcohol more +alcohol is vastly under taxed it is + + align:start position:0% +alcohol is vastly under taxed it is + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol is vastly under taxed it is +quite frankly and my kid is upset that + + align:start position:0% +quite frankly and my kid is upset that + + + align:start position:0% +quite frankly and my kid is upset that +every time I say this it is insane that + + align:start position:0% +every time I say this it is insane that + + + align:start position:0% +every time I say this it is insane that +you can get a beer for the same price as + + align:start position:0% +you can get a beer for the same price as + + + align:start position:0% +you can get a beer for the same price as +a Diet + + align:start position:0% +a Diet + + + align:start position:0% +a Diet +Coke okay that makes no sense at + + align:start position:0% +Coke okay that makes no sense at + + + align:start position:0% +Coke okay that makes no sense at +all okay basically there are external + + align:start position:0% +all okay basically there are external + + + align:start position:0% +all okay basically there are external +damages done by now you might say but + + align:start position:0% +damages done by now you might say but + + + align:start position:0% +damages done by now you might say but +wait a second + + align:start position:0% +wait a second + + + align:start position:0% +wait a second +John I drink sucessfully in my dorm room + + align:start position:0% +John I drink sucessfully in my dorm room + + + align:start position:0% +John I drink sucessfully in my dorm room +I might stumble from one dorm to another + + align:start position:0% +I might stumble from one dorm to another + + + align:start position:0% +I might stumble from one dorm to another +but I'm not driving I'm not committing + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not driving I'm not committing + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not driving I'm not committing +crimes I'm not domestic abuse lay off + + align:start position:0% +crimes I'm not domestic abuse lay off + + + align:start position:0% +crimes I'm not domestic abuse lay off +buddy to which I say to you remember + + align:start position:0% +buddy to which I say to you remember + + + align:start position:0% +buddy to which I say to you remember +we're talking about is the cost to you + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about is the cost to you + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about is the cost to you +of paying maybe 20 cents more a beer + + align:start position:0% +of paying maybe 20 cents more a beer + + + align:start position:0% +of paying maybe 20 cents more a beer +versus the benefit to Society of maybe a + + align:start position:0% +versus the benefit to Society of maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +versus the benefit to Society of maybe a +few thousand people less dying in drunk + + align:start position:0% +few thousand people less dying in drunk + + + align:start position:0% +few thousand people less dying in drunk +driving accidents and less domestic + + align:start position:0% +driving accidents and less domestic + + + align:start position:0% +driving accidents and less domestic +abuse less + + align:start position:0% +abuse less + + + align:start position:0% +abuse less +crime and ultimately we want to use a + + align:start position:0% +crime and ultimately we want to use a + + + align:start position:0% +crime and ultimately we want to use a +social welfare function to evaluate that + + align:start position:0% +social welfare function to evaluate that + + + align:start position:0% +social welfare function to evaluate that +but for most social welfare functions + + align:start position:0% +but for most social welfare functions + + + align:start position:0% +but for most social welfare functions +that's a trade-off worth making now is + + align:start position:0% +that's a trade-off worth making now is + + + align:start position:0% +that's a trade-off worth making now is +it worth five bucks a beer of tax + + align:start position:0% +it worth five bucks a beer of tax + + + align:start position:0% +it worth five bucks a beer of tax +probably not is it worth some absolutely + + align:start position:0% +probably not is it worth some absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +probably not is it worth some absolutely +okay and so that's how we think about + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's how we think about + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's how we think about +that okay but with cigarettes it's + + align:start position:0% +that okay but with cigarettes it's + + + align:start position:0% +that okay but with cigarettes it's +harder because social economics doesn't + + align:start position:0% +harder because social economics doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +harder because social economics doesn't +work you need more internality arguments + + align:start position:0% +work you need more internality arguments + + + align:start position:0% +work you need more internality arguments +to make that now let's talk about let's + + align:start position:0% +to make that now let's talk about let's + + + align:start position:0% +to make that now let's talk about let's +conclude by talking about what I said is + + align:start position:0% +conclude by talking about what I said is + + + align:start position:0% +conclude by talking about what I said is +the most + + align:start position:0% +the most + + + align:start position:0% +the most +significant Health externality and also + + align:start position:0% +significant Health externality and also + + + align:start position:0% +significant Health externality and also +internality today which is + + align:start position:0% +internality today which is + + + align:start position:0% +internality today which is +obesity as I said about 35% of our + + align:start position:0% +obesity as I said about 35% of our + + + align:start position:0% +obesity as I said about 35% of our +country is obese in some states it + + align:start position:0% +country is obese in some states it + + + align:start position:0% +country is obese in some states it +approaches 50% + + align:start position:0% +approaches 50% + + + align:start position:0% +approaches 50% +obesity has both internalities and + + align:start position:0% +obesity has both internalities and + + + align:start position:0% +obesity has both internalities and +externalities the externalities arise + + align:start position:0% +externalities the externalities arise + + + align:start position:0% +externalities the externalities arise +because there's enormous medical cost + + align:start position:0% +because there's enormous medical cost + + + align:start position:0% +because there's enormous medical cost +associated with obesity in particular + + align:start position:0% +associated with obesity in particular + + + align:start position:0% +associated with obesity in particular +through the fact that obesity causes + + align:start position:0% +through the fact that obesity causes + + + align:start position:0% +through the fact that obesity causes +diabetes type two and diabetes type two + + align:start position:0% +diabetes type two and diabetes type two + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes type two and diabetes type two +is incredibly expensive to treat the + + align:start position:0% +is incredibly expensive to treat the + + + align:start position:0% +is incredibly expensive to treat the +country of Mexico spends 1.1% of its + + align:start position:0% +country of Mexico spends 1.1% of its + + + align:start position:0% +country of Mexico spends 1.1% of its +entire GDP treating the complications + + align:start position:0% +entire GDP treating the complications + + + align:start position:0% +entire GDP treating the complications +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +diabetes okay think about that one every + + align:start position:0% +diabetes okay think about that one every + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes okay think about that one every +$100 earned in Mexico more than that + + align:start position:0% +$100 earned in Mexico more than that + + + align:start position:0% +$100 earned in Mexico more than that +goes to just the complication of + + align:start position:0% +goes to just the complication of + + + align:start position:0% +goes to just the complication of +diabetes + + align:start position:0% +diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes +this is an enormous health problem it's + + align:start position:0% +this is an enormous health problem it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is an enormous health problem it's +a huge uh Health expenditure for our + + align:start position:0% +a huge uh Health expenditure for our + + + align:start position:0% +a huge uh Health expenditure for our +country and at the same time there's + + align:start position:0% +country and at the same time there's + + + align:start position:0% +country and at the same time there's +also internalities + + align:start position:0% +also internalities + + + align:start position:0% +also internalities +people don't have self-control around + + align:start position:0% +people don't have self-control around + + + align:start position:0% +people don't have self-control around +eating okay and so anytime you don't + + align:start position:0% +eating okay and so anytime you don't + + + align:start position:0% +eating okay and so anytime you don't +have self-control once again what's + + align:start position:0% +have self-control once again what's + + + align:start position:0% +have self-control once again what's +amazing about that model is just a + + align:start position:0% +amazing about that model is just a + + + align:start position:0% +amazing about that model is just a +little bit of lack of self-control the + + align:start position:0% +little bit of lack of self-control the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of lack of self-control the +tobacco cost said if there's big damage + + align:start position:0% +tobacco cost said if there's big damage + + + align:start position:0% +tobacco cost said if there's big damage +to your sell from eating too much a + + align:start position:0% +to your sell from eating too much a + + + align:start position:0% +to your sell from eating too much a +little bit of lack of self-control can + + align:start position:0% +little bit of lack of self-control can + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of lack of self-control can +cause a big effect internality + + align:start position:0% +cause a big effect internality + + + align:start position:0% +cause a big effect internality +so obesity causes both externalities in + + align:start position:0% +so obesity causes both externalities in + + + align:start position:0% +so obesity causes both externalities in +medical SP internalities being obese + + align:start position:0% +medical SP internalities being obese + + + align:start position:0% +medical SP internalities being obese +lowers your life expectancy by something + + align:start position:0% +lowers your life expectancy by something + + + align:start position:0% +lowers your life expectancy by something +other over four years it's not as bad as + + align:start position:0% +other over four years it's not as bad as + + + align:start position:0% +other over four years it's not as bad as +smoking but it's pretty bad so basically + + align:start position:0% +smoking but it's pretty bad so basically + + + align:start position:0% +smoking but it's pretty bad so basically +it's both externalities and + + align:start position:0% +it's both externalities and + + + align:start position:0% +it's both externalities and +internalities so what do we do about it + + align:start position:0% +internalities so what do we do about it + + + align:start position:0% +internalities so what do we do about it +well this is as I said where it gets + + align:start position:0% +well this is as I said where it gets + + + align:start position:0% +well this is as I said where it gets +hard the first thing we do that's + + align:start position:0% +hard the first thing we do that's + + + align:start position:0% +hard the first thing we do that's +obvious that anybody who believes in + + align:start position:0% +obvious that anybody who believes in + + + align:start position:0% +obvious that anybody who believes in +anything would say it's more information + + align:start position:0% +anything would say it's more information + + + align:start position:0% +anything would say it's more information +that's a clear one we should explain to + + align:start position:0% +that's a clear one we should explain to + + + align:start position:0% +that's a clear one we should explain to +people like things like nutritional + + align:start position:0% +people like things like nutritional + + + align:start position:0% +people like things like nutritional +calorie labeling fun fact about Cal I + + align:start position:0% +calorie labeling fun fact about Cal I + + + align:start position:0% +calorie labeling fun fact about Cal I +talked to one of the guys who was an + + align:start position:0% +talked to one of the guys who was an + + + align:start position:0% +talked to one of the guys who was an +owner of Dunkin Donuts says fast what + + align:start position:0% +owner of Dunkin Donuts says fast what + + + align:start position:0% +owner of Dunkin Donuts says fast what +happen they label calories they label + + align:start position:0% +happen they label calories they label + + + align:start position:0% +happen they label calories they label +calories of Dunkin Donuts doughnut + + align:start position:0% +calories of Dunkin Donuts doughnut + + + align:start position:0% +calories of Dunkin Donuts doughnut +consumption didn't change at + + align:start position:0% +consumption didn't change at + + + align:start position:0% +consumption didn't change at +all muffin consumption fell + + align:start position:0% +all muffin consumption fell + + + align:start position:0% +all muffin consumption fell +enormously why who knew muffins were + + align:start position:0% +enormously why who knew muffins were + + + align:start position:0% +enormously why who knew muffins were +like 500 calories each you know a + + align:start position:0% +like 500 calories each you know a + + + align:start position:0% +like 500 calories each you know a +Doughnut's bad for you but you don't + + align:start position:0% +Doughnut's bad for you but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +Doughnut's bad for you but you don't +realize a muffin that seems okay it's + + align:start position:0% +realize a muffin that seems okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +realize a muffin that seems okay it's +twice as bad as a doughnut nobody knew + + align:start position:0% +twice as bad as a doughnut nobody knew + + + align:start position:0% +twice as bad as a doughnut nobody knew +that so basically information matters + + align:start position:0% +that so basically information matters + + + align:start position:0% +that so basically information matters +okay so information is an obvious step + + align:start position:0% +okay so information is an obvious step + + + align:start position:0% +okay so information is an obvious step +but it's not enough we can do do + + align:start position:0% +but it's not enough we can do do + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not enough we can do do +taxation but the problem then is what do + + align:start position:0% +taxation but the problem then is what do + + + align:start position:0% +taxation but the problem then is what do +we tax we can't tax food poor people + + align:start position:0% +we tax we can't tax food poor people + + + align:start position:0% +we tax we can't tax food poor people +won't be able to eat we could try things + + align:start position:0% +won't be able to eat we could try things + + + align:start position:0% +won't be able to eat we could try things +like taxing sugar + + align:start position:0% +like taxing sugar + + + align:start position:0% +like taxing sugar +content okay but then the problem is + + align:start position:0% +content okay but then the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +content okay but then the problem is +what if they then just substitute + + align:start position:0% +what if they then just substitute + + + align:start position:0% +what if they then just substitute +towards fattier Foods instead of sugier + + align:start position:0% +towards fattier Foods instead of sugier + + + align:start position:0% +towards fattier Foods instead of sugier +foods substitute cigar out tobacco is + + align:start position:0% +foods substitute cigar out tobacco is + + + align:start position:0% +foods substitute cigar out tobacco is +easy you tax tobacco you're done food's + + align:start position:0% +easy you tax tobacco you're done food's + + + align:start position:0% +easy you tax tobacco you're done food's +harder because there's so many bad + + align:start position:0% +harder because there's so many bad + + + align:start position:0% +harder because there's so many bad +components and multiple components and + + align:start position:0% +components and multiple components and + + + align:start position:0% +components and multiple components and +food okay now really what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +food okay now really what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +food okay now really what we want to do +is we'd like to tax body + + align:start position:0% +is we'd like to tax body + + + align:start position:0% +is we'd like to tax body +weight okay now we can't but in theory + + align:start position:0% +weight okay now we can't but in theory + + + align:start position:0% +weight okay now we can't but in theory +the externality is caused by being + + align:start position:0% +the externality is caused by being + + + align:start position:0% +the externality is caused by being +obese So in theory we could do that in + + align:start position:0% +obese So in theory we could do that in + + + align:start position:0% +obese So in theory we could do that in +practice politically we can't but + + align:start position:0% +practice politically we can't but + + + align:start position:0% +practice politically we can't but +actually in practice it's not obvious + + align:start position:0% +actually in practice it's not obvious + + + align:start position:0% +actually in practice it's not obvious +that would help and the reason not ofice + + align:start position:0% +that would help and the reason not ofice + + + align:start position:0% +that would help and the reason not ofice +it would help is because of self-control + + align:start position:0% +it would help is because of self-control + + + align:start position:0% +it would help is because of self-control +problems if you tax body weight so + + align:start position:0% +problems if you tax body weight so + + + align:start position:0% +problems if you tax body weight so +people in a year have to pay a higher + + align:start position:0% +people in a year have to pay a higher + + + align:start position:0% +people in a year have to pay a higher +tax that might not affect where they + + align:start position:0% +tax that might not affect where they + + + align:start position:0% +tax that might not affect where they +today whereas a tax on food is right in + + align:start position:0% +today whereas a tax on food is right in + + + align:start position:0% +today whereas a tax on food is right in +front of them it puts the cost of + + align:start position:0% +front of them it puts the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +front of them it puts the cost of +benefits together a tax on body weight + + align:start position:0% +benefits together a tax on body weight + + + align:start position:0% +benefits together a tax on body weight +puts the cost and the benefits future + + align:start position:0% +puts the cost and the benefits future + + + align:start position:0% +puts the cost and the benefits future +and that runs to self-control + + align:start position:0% +and that runs to self-control + + + align:start position:0% +and that runs to self-control +problems okay so that is um another + + align:start position:0% +problems okay so that is um another + + + align:start position:0% +problems okay so that is um another +solution the other solution just + + align:start position:0% +solution the other solution just + + + align:start position:0% +solution the other solution just +regulation so for example most European + + align:start position:0% +regulation so for example most European + + + align:start position:0% +regulation so for example most European +nations and now in the US we we've + + align:start position:0% +nations and now in the US we we've + + + align:start position:0% +nations and now in the US we we've +banned trans fats trans fats are + + align:start position:0% +banned trans fats trans fats are + + + align:start position:0% +banned trans fats trans fats are +particularly awful kind of substance + + align:start position:0% +particularly awful kind of substance + + + align:start position:0% +particularly awful kind of substance +that is yummy but is very bad for us and + + align:start position:0% +that is yummy but is very bad for us and + + + align:start position:0% +that is yummy but is very bad for us and +we have good + + align:start position:0% +we have good + + + align:start position:0% +we have good +substitutes but once again substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitutes but once again substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitutes but once again substitution +makes that challenging that was an easy + + align:start position:0% +makes that challenging that was an easy + + + align:start position:0% +makes that challenging that was an easy +case because they were good substitute + + align:start position:0% +case because they were good substitute + + + align:start position:0% +case because they were good substitute +were all obviously better so anytime you + + align:start position:0% +were all obviously better so anytime you + + + align:start position:0% +were all obviously better so anytime you +have something where there's all the sub + + align:start position:0% +have something where there's all the sub + + + align:start position:0% +have something where there's all the sub +suits are obviously better that's easy + + align:start position:0% +suits are obviously better that's easy + + + align:start position:0% +suits are obviously better that's easy +to ban that what about some of the subss + + align:start position:0% +to ban that what about some of the subss + + + align:start position:0% +to ban that what about some of the subss +might be worse for you then that gets + + align:start position:0% +might be worse for you then that gets + + + align:start position:0% +might be worse for you then that gets +tricky okay another thing we do is + + align:start position:0% +tricky okay another thing we do is + + + align:start position:0% +tricky okay another thing we do is +regulate Supply a big problem we have in + + align:start position:0% +regulate Supply a big problem we have in + + + align:start position:0% +regulate Supply a big problem we have in +America is food deserts they're called + + align:start position:0% +America is food deserts they're called + + + align:start position:0% +America is food deserts they're called +we're basically the large areas of + + align:start position:0% +we're basically the large areas of + + + align:start position:0% +we're basically the large areas of +America we can't buy vegetables + + align:start position:0% +America we can't buy vegetables + + + align:start position:0% +America we can't buy vegetables +literally within any walking distance + + align:start position:0% +literally within any walking distance + + + align:start position:0% +literally within any walking distance +there's nowhere to buy vegetables with + + align:start position:0% +there's nowhere to buy vegetables with + + + align:start position:0% +there's nowhere to buy vegetables with +any biking distance you have to get in a + + align:start position:0% +any biking distance you have to get in a + + + align:start position:0% +any biking distance you have to get in a +bus and go a long + + align:start position:0% +bus and go a long + + + align:start position:0% +bus and go a long +way okay so we could solve that by + + align:start position:0% +way okay so we could solve that by + + + align:start position:0% +way okay so we could solve that by +making them more available it turns out + + align:start position:0% +making them more available it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +making them more available it turns out +so we could do that making it more + + align:start position:0% +so we could do that making it more + + + align:start position:0% +so we could do that making it more +available now + + align:start position:0% +available now + + + align:start position:0% +available now +it turns out we have tried all of these + + align:start position:0% +it turns out we have tried all of these + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out we have tried all of these +approaches I've + + align:start position:0% +approaches I've + + + align:start position:0% +approaches I've +said in individually and all of them + + align:start position:0% +said in individually and all of them + + + align:start position:0% +said in individually and all of them +work a little bit and none of them make + + align:start position:0% +work a little bit and none of them make + + + align:start position:0% +work a little bit and none of them make +a huge difference on + + align:start position:0% +a huge difference on + + + align:start position:0% +a huge difference on +Obesity the one policy intervention that + + align:start position:0% +Obesity the one policy intervention that + + + align:start position:0% +Obesity the one policy intervention that +seems to matter a lot comes from + + align:start position:0% +seems to matter a lot comes from + + + align:start position:0% +seems to matter a lot comes from +behavioral economics and it's what we + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics and it's what we + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics and it's what we +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +nudges which is changing the framework + + align:start position:0% +nudges which is changing the framework + + + align:start position:0% +nudges which is changing the framework +in a way where we're not lowering + + align:start position:0% +in a way where we're not lowering + + + align:start position:0% +in a way where we're not lowering +welfare because your choice set hasn't + + align:start position:0% +welfare because your choice set hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +welfare because your choice set hasn't +changed we're just changing the way it's + + align:start position:0% +changed we're just changing the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +changed we're just changing the way it's +presented to you like the default + + align:start position:0% +presented to you like the default + + + align:start position:0% +presented to you like the default +example so one now let me just say for + + align:start position:0% +example so one now let me just say for + + + align:start position:0% +example so one now let me just say for +here big caveat any of some of you who + + align:start position:0% +here big caveat any of some of you who + + + align:start position:0% +here big caveat any of some of you who +are I don't know if any of you there's + + align:start position:0% +are I don't know if any of you there's + + + align:start position:0% +are I don't know if any of you there's +there's a huge replication crisis in + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge replication crisis in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge replication crisis in +social sciences right now and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +social sciences right now and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +social sciences right now and a lot of +the studies I'll site have not been + + align:start position:0% +the studies I'll site have not been + + + align:start position:0% +the studies I'll site have not been +successfully replicated okay but I + + align:start position:0% +successfully replicated okay but I + + + align:start position:0% +successfully replicated okay but I +believe in so much I'm going to tell you + + align:start position:0% +believe in so much I'm going to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +believe in so much I'm going to tell you +about them anyway because I think they + + align:start position:0% +about them anyway because I think they + + + align:start position:0% +about them anyway because I think they +offer some interesting insights but I + + align:start position:0% +offer some interesting insights but I + + + align:start position:0% +offer some interesting insights but I +just want to be clear on the evidence + + align:start position:0% +just want to be clear on the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +just want to be clear on the evidence +there's a there's a big replication + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a big replication + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a big replication +crisis with these sort of fun nudge + + align:start position:0% +crisis with these sort of fun nudge + + + align:start position:0% +crisis with these sort of fun nudge +studies so more needs to be done but for + + align:start position:0% +studies so more needs to be done but for + + + align:start position:0% +studies so more needs to be done but for +for example one of the most famous + + align:start position:0% +for example one of the most famous + + + align:start position:0% +for example one of the most famous +studies was they took people that all + + align:start position:0% +studies was they took people that all + + + align:start position:0% +studies was they took people that all +eaten a meal at the same time put them + + align:start position:0% +eaten a meal at the same time put them + + + align:start position:0% +eaten a meal at the same time put them +in front of a movie and gave them + + align:start position:0% +in front of a movie and gave them + + + align:start position:0% +in front of a movie and gave them +buckets of stale popcorn and the buckets + + align:start position:0% +buckets of stale popcorn and the buckets + + + align:start position:0% +buckets of stale popcorn and the buckets +were full to different levels a third + + align:start position:0% +were full to different levels a third + + + align:start position:0% +were full to different levels a third +full a half full and full everybody ate + + align:start position:0% +full a half full and full everybody ate + + + align:start position:0% +full a half full and full everybody ate +the entire bucket of what was in their + + align:start position:0% +the entire bucket of what was in their + + + align:start position:0% +the entire bucket of what was in their +bucket okay despite the fact it was + + align:start position:0% +bucket okay despite the fact it was + + + align:start position:0% +bucket okay despite the fact it was +different amounts they were all equally + + align:start position:0% +different amounts they were all equally + + + align:start position:0% +different amounts they were all equally +hungry it was just in front of them they + + align:start position:0% +hungry it was just in front of them they + + + align:start position:0% +hungry it was just in front of them they +ate it okay or one study of Professor to + + align:start position:0% +ate it okay or one study of Professor to + + + align:start position:0% +ate it okay or one study of Professor to +man it's never been publisher so I don't + + align:start position:0% +man it's never been publisher so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +man it's never been publisher so I don't +I once again just a informal story but I + + align:start position:0% +I once again just a informal story but I + + + align:start position:0% +I once again just a informal story but I +love + + align:start position:0% +love + + + align:start position:0% +love +it but buffets create huge food waste + + align:start position:0% +it but buffets create huge food waste + + + align:start position:0% +it but buffets create huge food waste +because we all know how Buffet works you + + align:start position:0% +because we all know how Buffet works you + + + align:start position:0% +because we all know how Buffet works you +say first thing say oh that's good you + + align:start position:0% +say first thing say oh that's good you + + + align:start position:0% +say first thing say oh that's good you +take a bunch of it next oh that's really + + align:start position:0% +take a bunch of it next oh that's really + + + align:start position:0% +take a bunch of it next oh that's really +good you take a bunch of by third thing + + align:start position:0% +good you take a bunch of by third thing + + + align:start position:0% +good you take a bunch of by third thing +oh yeah I'll squeeze that in the corner + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I'll squeeze that in the corner + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I'll squeeze that in the corner +of the plate because that looks good too + + align:start position:0% +of the plate because that looks good too + + + align:start position:0% +of the plate because that looks good too +you don't eat it all so they made a + + align:start position:0% +you don't eat it all so they made a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't eat it all so they made a +simple change of the buffet at her + + align:start position:0% +simple change of the buffet at her + + + align:start position:0% +simple change of the buffet at her +school they put the plates at the end of + + align:start position:0% +school they put the plates at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +school they put the plates at the end of +the row rather than the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +the row rather than the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +the row rather than the beginning of the +row so you had to walk by the buffet to + + align:start position:0% +row so you had to walk by the buffet to + + + align:start position:0% +row so you had to walk by the buffet to +get your plate so you knew what was + + align:start position:0% +get your plate so you knew what was + + + align:start position:0% +get your plate so you knew what was +there and they lowered food waste by + + align:start position:0% +there and they lowered food waste by + + + align:start position:0% +there and they lowered food waste by +20% because people then were like oh + + align:start position:0% +20% because people then were like oh + + + align:start position:0% +20% because people then were like oh +yeah I know this is coming so I won't + + align:start position:0% +yeah I know this is coming so I won't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I know this is coming so I won't +load up so much on this + + align:start position:0% +load up so much on this + + + align:start position:0% +load up so much on this +okay these are once again we need more + + align:start position:0% +okay these are once again we need more + + + align:start position:0% +okay these are once again we need more +study of this but it suggests that the + + align:start position:0% +study of this but it suggests that the + + + align:start position:0% +study of this but it suggests that the +way we're really going to ultimately + + align:start position:0% +way we're really going to ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +way we're really going to ultimately +deal with problems like this is to lean + + align:start position:0% +deal with problems like this is to lean + + + align:start position:0% +deal with problems like this is to lean +to the behavioral biases that cause them + + align:start position:0% +to the behavioral biases that cause them + + + align:start position:0% +to the behavioral biases that cause them +if you find this interesting is a book + + align:start position:0% +if you find this interesting is a book + + + align:start position:0% +if you find this interesting is a book +called Nudge by the Nobel prize winning + + align:start position:0% +called Nudge by the Nobel prize winning + + + align:start position:0% +called Nudge by the Nobel prize winning +Economist Richard theor who talks about + + align:start position:0% +Economist Richard theor who talks about + + + align:start position:0% +Economist Richard theor who talks about +this and talks about the behavioral + + align:start position:0% +this and talks about the behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +this and talks about the behavioral +economics behind it and uh and all the + + align:start position:0% +economics behind it and uh and all the + + + align:start position:0% +economics behind it and uh and all the +all the policies behind it but once + + align:start position:0% +all the policies behind it but once + + + align:start position:0% +all the policies behind it but once +again the politics is hard perhaps the + + align:start position:0% +again the politics is hard perhaps the + + + align:start position:0% +again the politics is hard perhaps the +best nudge based policy suggestion of + + align:start position:0% +best nudge based policy suggestion of + + + align:start position:0% +best nudge based policy suggestion of +all time + + align:start position:0% +all time + + + align:start position:0% +all time +was what Mayor Bloomberg suggested in + + align:start position:0% +was what Mayor Bloomberg suggested in + + + align:start position:0% +was what Mayor Bloomberg suggested in +New York which was to ban large servings + + align:start position:0% +New York which was to ban large servings + + + align:start position:0% +New York which was to ban large servings +of soda he said look people buy a soda + + align:start position:0% +of soda he said look people buy a soda + + + align:start position:0% +of soda he said look people buy a soda +you guys don't know when I was a kid + + align:start position:0% +you guys don't know when I was a kid + + + align:start position:0% +you guys don't know when I was a kid +okay now when you go to buy soda you + + align:start position:0% +okay now when you go to buy soda you + + + align:start position:0% +okay now when you go to buy soda you +almost never can buy anything less than + + align:start position:0% +almost never can buy anything less than + + + align:start position:0% +almost never can buy anything less than +18 ounces and often can't buy some less + + align:start position:0% +18 ounces and often can't buy some less + + + align:start position:0% +18 ounces and often can't buy some less +than 24 ounces when I was a kid you the + + align:start position:0% +than 24 ounces when I was a kid you the + + + align:start position:0% +than 24 ounces when I was a kid you the +choice was typically 12 ounces you can't + + align:start position:0% +choice was typically 12 ounces you can't + + + align:start position:0% +choice was typically 12 ounces you can't +even buy those anymore size have gone up + + align:start position:0% +even buy those anymore size have gone up + + + align:start position:0% +even buy those anymore size have gone up +so Bloomberg said look let's just ban + + align:start position:0% +so Bloomberg said look let's just ban + + + align:start position:0% +so Bloomberg said look let's just ban +large soda + + align:start position:0% +large soda + + + align:start position:0% +large soda +sizes therefore Mak people work more to + + align:start position:0% +sizes therefore Mak people work more to + + + align:start position:0% +sizes therefore Mak people work more to +have to get those calories brilliant + + align:start position:0% +have to get those calories brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +have to get those calories brilliant +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +okay uh but the politics was ugly even + + align:start position:0% +okay uh but the politics was ugly even + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh but the politics was ugly even +including obviously conservatives appros + + align:start position:0% +including obviously conservatives appros + + + align:start position:0% +including obviously conservatives appros +it because it's interfering with the + + align:start position:0% +it because it's interfering with the + + + align:start position:0% +it because it's interfering with the +free market but liberals opposes too + + align:start position:0% +free market but liberals opposes too + + + align:start position:0% +free market but liberals opposes too +John Stewart made fun of him I'll never + + align:start position:0% +John Stewart made fun of him I'll never + + + align:start position:0% +John Stewart made fun of him I'll never +forgive John Stewart for that okay John + + align:start position:0% +forgive John Stewart for that okay John + + + align:start position:0% +forgive John Stewart for that okay John +Stewart made fun of me too I'll forgive + + align:start position:0% +Stewart made fun of me too I'll forgive + + + align:start position:0% +Stewart made fun of me too I'll forgive +him for that either okay but basically + + align:start position:0% +him for that either okay but basically + + + align:start position:0% +him for that either okay but basically +the bottom line is these behavioral + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is these behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is these behavioral +nudges matter and we should think + + align:start position:0% +nudges matter and we should think + + + align:start position:0% +nudges matter and we should think +seriously about incorporating them into + + align:start position:0% +seriously about incorporating them into + + + align:start position:0% +seriously about incorporating them into +policy okay I'm going to stop there + + align:start position:0% +policy okay I'm going to stop there + + + align:start position:0% +policy okay I'm going to stop there +we're going to come back on Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +we're going to come back on Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to come back on Wednesday +I'm not going to say I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to say I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to say I'm not going to +give the answers to the finals on + + align:start position:0% +give the answers to the finals on + + + align:start position:0% +give the answers to the finals on +Wednesday I'm just not going to say that + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday I'm just not going to say that + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday I'm just not going to say that +I'm not not going to give the answers to + + align:start position:0% +I'm not not going to give the answers to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not not going to give the answers to +the finals on Wednesday so it's your + + align:start position:0% +the finals on Wednesday so it's your + + + align:start position:0% +the finals on Wednesday so it's your +decision whether you want to come or not \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TbC-kPbRt3c.txt b/TbC-kPbRt3c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a2da25b180f2f819496c050d284accb10f31842 --- /dev/null +++ b/TbC-kPbRt3c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +Hey guys. + +Welcome back. + +Today, we're going to be working +on a problem that asks + +you to find the PMF of a +function of a random variable. + +So let's just jump right in. + +The problem statement gives +you the PMF for a random + +variable called x. + +So we're told that there's this +random variable x that + +takes on values minus 3, minus +2, minus 1, 1, 2, and 3. + +And for each of those values, +the probability mass lying + +over that value is given +by this formula, x + +squared over a. + +Now I didn't write it here to +save room, but we're also told + +that a is a real number that +is greater than 0. + +And we're told that the +probability of x taking on any + +value outside of the set is 0. + +Now we're asked to do two +things in the problem. + +First is to find the value +of the parameter a. + +And that's sort of a natural +question to ask, because if + +you think about it, the PMF +isn't fully specified. + +And in fact, if you plug in the +wrong number for a, you + +actually won't get +a valid PMF. + +So we'll explore that idea +in the first part. + +And then the second part, you're +given a new random + +variable called z. + +And z happens to be +a function of x. + +In fact, it's equal +to x squared. + +And then you're asked +to compute that PMF. + +So this problem is a good +practice problem. + +I think, at this point, you +guys are sort of newly + +acquainted with the +idea of a PMF, or + +probability mass function. + +So this problem will hopefully +help you get more familiar + +with that concept and how +to manipulate PMFs. + +And by the way, just to make +sure we're all on the same + +page, what does a PMF +really tell you? + +So p sub X, where this is +a capital X, because the + +convention in this class +is to use capital + +letters for random variables. + +So p X of k, this is defined +to be the probability that + +your random variable X takes +on a value of k. + +So essentially, this says-- + +and this is just some number. + +So in our particular case, +this would be equal to k + +squared over a. + +And how you can interpret +this is this px guy is + +sort of like a machine. + +He takes in some value that +your random variable could + +take on, and then he spits out +the amount of probability mass + +lying over that value. + +OK. + +So now that we've done that +quick recap, let's get back to + +the first part of the problem. + +So we have this formula for +px of x, and we need + +to solve for a. + +So in order to do that, we're +going to use one of our axioms + +of probability to set +up an equation. + +And then we can solve +precisely for a. + +So namely, we know that every +PMF must sum to 1. + +And so essentially, if you sum +this guy over all possible + +values of x, you should get a 1, +and that equation will let + +us solve for a. + +So let's do that. + +Summation over x of px of x. + +So here, essentially +you're only summing + +over these six values. + +So this is equal to px of minus +3, plus px of minus 2, + +plus px of minus 1, et cetera. + +Oops. px of 2 plus px of 3. + +OK. + +And again, like the +interpretation as we said, + +this number here should be +interpreted as the amount of + +probability mass lying +over minus 3. + +And to help you visualize this, +actually, before we go + +further with the computation, +let's actually plot this PMF. + +So the amount of probability +mass lying over minus 3, the + +way we figure that out is we +take minus 3 and we plug it + +into this formula up here. + +So you get 9/a. + + + +Now you can do this +for minus 2. + +You've got 4/a, looking +at the formula. + +For 1, you get 1/a. + +And of course, this graph, it's +the mirror image over 0, + +because of the symmetry. + +So hopefully this little +visualization helps you + +understand what I'm +talking about. + +And now we can just read +these values off of the + +plot we just made. + +So we know px minus 3 +is equal to px of 3. + +So we can go ahead and just +take 2 times 9/a. + +Similarly, we get 2 times 4/a, +and then plus 2 times 1/a. + +So now it's just a question +of algebra. + +So simplifying this, you're +going to get 18 plus 8 plus 2, + +divided by a. + +And this gives you 28/a. + +And as I argued before, you +know that if you sum a PMF + +over all possible values, +you must get 1. + +So this is equal to 1, which +of course implies that a is + +equal to 28. + + + +So what we've shown here is that +you actually don't have a + +choice for what value +a can take on. + +It must take on 28. + +And in fact, if you plug in +any other value than 28 in + +here, you actually are not going +to have a valid PMF, + +because it's not going +to sum to 1. + +OK. + +So I'm going to write my answer +here, and then erase to + +give myself more room for part \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Uf7qNWklQkE.txt b/Uf7qNWklQkE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c728b5042b873596d8db434174bdb12559dffd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Uf7qNWklQkE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8107 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so Ju Just trying to remind you that the + + align:start position:0% +so Ju Just trying to remind you that the + + + align:start position:0% +so Ju Just trying to remind you that the +uh replication + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fork looks something like this where + + align:start position:0% +fork looks something like this where + + + align:start position:0% +fork looks something like this where +five Prime to three prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and five Prime to three + + align:start position:0% +and five Prime to three + + + align:start position:0% +and five Prime to three +prime this is what's known as the + + align:start position:0% +prime this is what's known as the + + + align:start position:0% +prime this is what's known as the +leading + + align:start position:0% +leading + + + align:start position:0% +leading +strand uh because DNA the synthesis of + + align:start position:0% +strand uh because DNA the synthesis of + + + align:start position:0% +strand uh because DNA the synthesis of +the New Strand can go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is going five Prime to three prime + + align:start position:0% +which is going five Prime to three prime + + + align:start position:0% +which is going five Prime to three prime +is going in the same direction as the + + align:start position:0% +is going in the same direction as the + + + align:start position:0% +is going in the same direction as the +movement of the replication fork uh the + + align:start position:0% +movement of the replication fork uh the + + + align:start position:0% +movement of the replication fork uh the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +strand which is known as the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lagging strand the DNA + + align:start position:0% +lagging strand the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +lagging strand the DNA +synthesis is actually going backwards to + + align:start position:0% +synthesis is actually going backwards to + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis is actually going backwards to +the um to the movement of the + + align:start position:0% +the um to the movement of the + + + align:start position:0% +the um to the movement of the +replication fork which means it has to + + align:start position:0% +replication fork which means it has to + + + align:start position:0% +replication fork which means it has to +go and then start up here and go again + + align:start position:0% +go and then start up here and go again + + + align:start position:0% +go and then start up here and go again +and it's continually jumping and I told + + align:start position:0% +and it's continually jumping and I told + + + align:start position:0% +and it's continually jumping and I told +you that their little RNA primer is used + + align:start position:0% +you that their little RNA primer is used + + + align:start position:0% +you that their little RNA primer is used +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +start each Strand and then DNA the DNA + + align:start position:0% +start each Strand and then DNA the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +start each Strand and then DNA the DNA +polymerase is able to elongate that and + + align:start position:0% +polymerase is able to elongate that and + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase is able to elongate that and +then at the end these little uh Nicks in + + align:start position:0% +then at the end these little uh Nicks in + + + align:start position:0% +then at the end these little uh Nicks in +here the the RNA has to be removed fill + + align:start position:0% +here the the RNA has to be removed fill + + + align:start position:0% +here the the RNA has to be removed fill +in the Gap and then it's sealed up by + + align:start position:0% +in the Gap and then it's sealed up by + + + align:start position:0% +in the Gap and then it's sealed up by +the enzyme DNA ligase which we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme DNA ligase which we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme DNA ligase which we'll talk +about when we talk about recombinant + + align:start position:0% +about when we talk about recombinant + + + align:start position:0% +about when we talk about recombinant +DNA I someone asked I'd + + align:start position:0% +DNA I someone asked I'd + + + align:start position:0% +DNA I someone asked I'd +mentioned uh why this strategy of using + + align:start position:0% +mentioned uh why this strategy of using + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned uh why this strategy of using +RNA was was beneficial and that has to + + align:start position:0% +RNA was was beneficial and that has to + + + align:start position:0% +RNA was was beneficial and that has to +do with the fact that the Fidelity which + + align:start position:0% +do with the fact that the Fidelity which + + + align:start position:0% +do with the fact that the Fidelity which +is going to be the next thing I'm going + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the next thing I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the next thing I'm going +to focus on of of DNA replication is not + + align:start position:0% +to focus on of of DNA replication is not + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on of of DNA replication is not +you can get a much higher accuracy if + + align:start position:0% +you can get a much higher accuracy if + + + align:start position:0% +you can get a much higher accuracy if +you have it uh the end of a primer + + align:start position:0% +you have it uh the end of a primer + + + align:start position:0% +you have it uh the end of a primer +already there and then carry out the + + align:start position:0% +already there and then carry out the + + + align:start position:0% +already there and then carry out the +chemistry in there no enzyme has ever + + align:start position:0% +chemistry in there no enzyme has ever + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry in there no enzyme has ever +achieved the accuracy of uh that you see + + align:start position:0% +achieved the accuracy of uh that you see + + + align:start position:0% +achieved the accuracy of uh that you see +in DNA replication if it's starting a + + align:start position:0% +in DNA replication if it's starting a + + + align:start position:0% +in DNA replication if it's starting a +strand so RNA pimas which constantly + + align:start position:0% +strand so RNA pimas which constantly + + + align:start position:0% +strand so RNA pimas which constantly +start strands to make RNA copies as + + align:start position:0% +start strands to make RNA copies as + + + align:start position:0% +start strands to make RNA copies as +we'll talk about is not as accurate as + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about is not as accurate as + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about is not as accurate as +DNA replication and by using putting a + + align:start position:0% +DNA replication and by using putting a + + + align:start position:0% +DNA replication and by using putting a +little bit of RNA because the cell has + + align:start position:0% +little bit of RNA because the cell has + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of RNA because the cell has +to start a new strand before it it's it + + align:start position:0% +to start a new strand before it it's it + + + align:start position:0% +to start a new strand before it it's it +gets here there's no strand at all on + + align:start position:0% +gets here there's no strand at all on + + + align:start position:0% +gets here there's no strand at all on +this lagging strand so it needs to make + + align:start position:0% +this lagging strand so it needs to make + + + align:start position:0% +this lagging strand so it needs to make +this little RNA primer needs to make a + + align:start position:0% +this little RNA primer needs to make a + + + align:start position:0% +this little RNA primer needs to make a +little primer and it may by making it + + align:start position:0% +little primer and it may by making it + + + align:start position:0% +little primer and it may by making it +out of RNA then it can tell what isn't + + align:start position:0% +out of RNA then it can tell what isn't + + + align:start position:0% +out of RNA then it can tell what isn't +what doesn't belong there it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +what doesn't belong there it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +what doesn't belong there it doesn't +matter if it's not quite as accurate as + + align:start position:0% +matter if it's not quite as accurate as + + + align:start position:0% +matter if it's not quite as accurate as +the rest of DNA replications because + + align:start position:0% +the rest of DNA replications because + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of DNA replications because +going to take it out anyway and fill it + + align:start position:0% +going to take it out anyway and fill it + + + align:start position:0% +going to take it out anyway and fill it +in using a DNA polymerase and if you + + align:start position:0% +in using a DNA polymerase and if you + + + align:start position:0% +in using a DNA polymerase and if you +think about that maybe you can see one + + align:start position:0% +think about that maybe you can see one + + + align:start position:0% +think about that maybe you can see one +of the reasons that the cell has chosen + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons that the cell has chosen + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons that the cell has chosen +or Nature has chosen through Evolution + + align:start position:0% +or Nature has chosen through Evolution + + + align:start position:0% +or Nature has chosen through Evolution +to use little rnas to begin the to begin + + align:start position:0% +to use little rnas to begin the to begin + + + align:start position:0% +to use little rnas to begin the to begin +the strands okay well anyway in any case + + align:start position:0% +the strands okay well anyway in any case + + + align:start position:0% +the strands okay well anyway in any case +the Fidelity is of DNA replication is is + + align:start position:0% +the Fidelity is of DNA replication is is + + + align:start position:0% +the Fidelity is of DNA replication is is +really uh uh pretty + + align:start position:0% +really uh uh pretty + + + align:start position:0% +really uh uh pretty +amazing incidentally just speaking of + + align:start position:0% +amazing incidentally just speaking of + + + align:start position:0% +amazing incidentally just speaking of +DNA many of you wrote some very + + align:start position:0% +DNA many of you wrote some very + + + align:start position:0% +DNA many of you wrote some very +thoughtful things about uh Vernon + + align:start position:0% +thoughtful things about uh Vernon + + + align:start position:0% +thoughtful things about uh Vernon +Ingram's visit he' had to I didn't give + + align:start position:0% +Ingram's visit he' had to I didn't give + + + align:start position:0% +Ingram's visit he' had to I didn't give +him a whole lot of warning and he had to + + align:start position:0% +him a whole lot of warning and he had to + + + align:start position:0% +him a whole lot of warning and he had to +go and change his schedule and move + + align:start position:0% +go and change his schedule and move + + + align:start position:0% +go and change his schedule and move +meetings around in order to come to talk + + align:start position:0% +meetings around in order to come to talk + + + align:start position:0% +meetings around in order to come to talk +to you and it was very nice of you many + + align:start position:0% +to you and it was very nice of you many + + + align:start position:0% +to you and it was very nice of you many +of you wrote some very thoughtful things + + align:start position:0% +of you wrote some very thoughtful things + + + align:start position:0% +of you wrote some very thoughtful things +which I'm going to pass on to him I want + + align:start position:0% +which I'm going to pass on to him I want + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm going to pass on to him I want +him to know that many of you appreciated + + align:start position:0% +him to know that many of you appreciated + + + align:start position:0% +him to know that many of you appreciated +his visit I also saw a lot of you + + align:start position:0% +his visit I also saw a lot of you + + + align:start position:0% +his visit I also saw a lot of you +reacted to his advice about Crown + + align:start position:0% +reacted to his advice about Crown + + + align:start position:0% +reacted to his advice about Crown +crowded Labs but that has been my + + align:start position:0% +crowded Labs but that has been my + + + align:start position:0% +crowded Labs but that has been my +experience too I think one thing about + + align:start position:0% +experience too I think one thing about + + + align:start position:0% +experience too I think one thing about +the scientific process is it's not just + + align:start position:0% +the scientific process is it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +the scientific process is it's not just +one person you're in with a group of + + align:start position:0% +one person you're in with a group of + + + align:start position:0% +one person you're in with a group of +people just as Vernon described and that + + align:start position:0% +people just as Vernon described and that + + + align:start position:0% +people just as Vernon described and that +group of people becomes the creative + + align:start position:0% +group of people becomes the creative + + + align:start position:0% +group of people becomes the creative +engine that drives all the science + + align:start position:0% +engine that drives all the science + + + align:start position:0% +engine that drives all the science +within that lab and so you're not only + + align:start position:0% +within that lab and so you're not only + + + align:start position:0% +within that lab and so you're not only +picking a project you're looking for a + + align:start position:0% +picking a project you're looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +picking a project you're looking for a +group of people to work in and if as + + align:start position:0% +group of people to work in and if as + + + align:start position:0% +group of people to work in and if as +Vernon said if if the lab is really + + align:start position:0% +Vernon said if if the lab is really + + + align:start position:0% +Vernon said if if the lab is really +doing hot stuff they tend to they tend + + align:start position:0% +doing hot stuff they tend to they tend + + + align:start position:0% +doing hot stuff they tend to they tend +to to to uh attract a lot of people so + + align:start position:0% +to to to uh attract a lot of people so + + + align:start position:0% +to to to uh attract a lot of people so +crowded lab can sometimes be a really + + align:start position:0% +crowded lab can sometimes be a really + + + align:start position:0% +crowded lab can sometimes be a really +good indicator um no absolutes and + + align:start position:0% +good indicator um no absolutes and + + + align:start position:0% +good indicator um no absolutes and +there's an exception to everything but + + align:start position:0% +there's an exception to everything but + + + align:start position:0% +there's an exception to everything but +that was a good piece of advice he gave + + align:start position:0% +that was a good piece of advice he gave + + + align:start position:0% +that was a good piece of advice he gave +you if you're looking for EUR Ops + + align:start position:0% +you if you're looking for EUR Ops + + + align:start position:0% +you if you're looking for EUR Ops +sometimes um okay so anyway DNA Fidelity + + align:start position:0% +sometimes um okay so anyway DNA Fidelity + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes um okay so anyway DNA Fidelity +remember I said we've gone from our + + align:start position:0% +remember I said we've gone from our + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said we've gone from our +bodies have somewhere like 10 to 20 Bill + + align:start position:0% +bodies have somewhere like 10 to 20 Bill + + + align:start position:0% +bodies have somewhere like 10 to 20 Bill +billion miles of DNA in them if we could + + align:start position:0% +billion miles of DNA in them if we could + + + align:start position:0% +billion miles of DNA in them if we could +take all the human DNA and stretch it + + align:start position:0% +take all the human DNA and stretch it + + + align:start position:0% +take all the human DNA and stretch it +out but that Fidelity is done at an + + align:start position:0% +out but that Fidelity is done at an + + + align:start position:0% +out but that Fidelity is done at an +error rate of about one mistake to every + + align:start position:0% +error rate of about one mistake to every + + + align:start position:0% +error rate of about one mistake to every +10 the minus 10th + + align:start position:0% +10 the minus 10th + + + align:start position:0% +10 the minus 10th +uh nucleotides replicated which I said + + align:start position:0% +uh nucleotides replicated which I said + + + align:start position:0% +uh nucleotides replicated which I said +if you were typing all the time would be + + align:start position:0% +if you were typing all the time would be + + + align:start position:0% +if you were typing all the time would be +like sort of making one mistake every 38 + + align:start position:0% +like sort of making one mistake every 38 + + + align:start position:0% +like sort of making one mistake every 38 +years so it's an astonishing degree of + + align:start position:0% +years so it's an astonishing degree of + + + align:start position:0% +years so it's an astonishing degree of +fidelity something that's beyond + + align:start position:0% +fidelity something that's beyond + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity something that's beyond +anything within our experience and there + + align:start position:0% +anything within our experience and there + + + align:start position:0% +anything within our experience and there +are three principles + + align:start position:0% +are three principles + + + align:start position:0% +are three principles +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that go one is the plas is very + + align:start position:0% +that that go one is the plas is very + + + align:start position:0% +that that go one is the plas is very +good at the base pair recognition + + align:start position:0% +good at the base pair recognition + + + align:start position:0% +good at the base pair recognition +telling that an a is paired with a t or + + align:start position:0% +telling that an a is paired with a t or + + + align:start position:0% +telling that an a is paired with a t or +a g is paired with a c and + + align:start position:0% +a g is paired with a c and + + + align:start position:0% +a g is paired with a c and +discriminating against everything else + + align:start position:0% +discriminating against everything else + + + align:start position:0% +discriminating against everything else +there's a phenomenon known as + + align:start position:0% +there's a phenomenon known as + + + align:start position:0% +there's a phenomenon known as +proofreading and I'll tell you how that + + align:start position:0% +proofreading and I'll tell you how that + + + align:start position:0% +proofreading and I'll tell you how that +works and then there's a third system + + align:start position:0% +works and then there's a third system + + + align:start position:0% +works and then there's a third system +called mismatch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +repair and all three of these uh + + align:start position:0% +repair and all three of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +repair and all three of these uh +contribute to this very very low + + align:start position:0% +contribute to this very very low + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to this very very low +frequency of Errors one one uh mistake + + align:start position:0% +frequency of Errors one one uh mistake + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of Errors one one uh mistake +for every approximately every 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +for every approximately every 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +for every approximately every 10 to the +10th nucleotides uh + + align:start position:0% +10th nucleotides uh + + + align:start position:0% +10th nucleotides uh +replicated so the first thing is I've + + align:start position:0% +replicated so the first thing is I've + + + align:start position:0% +replicated so the first thing is I've +pointed out to you several times that + + align:start position:0% +pointed out to you several times that + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out to you several times that +that the at if you draw the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +that the at if you draw the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +that the at if you draw the hydrogen +bonds between an an A and A T base pair + + align:start position:0% +bonds between an an A and A T base pair + + + align:start position:0% +bonds between an an A and A T base pair +the two hydrogen bonds or the three + + align:start position:0% +the two hydrogen bonds or the three + + + align:start position:0% +the two hydrogen bonds or the three +hydrogen bonds between a g and a c base + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds between a g and a c base + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds between a g and a c base +pair that the shapes of this pair and + + align:start position:0% +pair that the shapes of this pair and + + + align:start position:0% +pair that the shapes of this pair and +that pair are virtually identical you + + align:start position:0% +that pair are virtually identical you + + + align:start position:0% +that pair are virtually identical you +can pick them up lay it right down on + + align:start position:0% +can pick them up lay it right down on + + + align:start position:0% +can pick them up lay it right down on +top now if you actually look at it + + align:start position:0% +top now if you actually look at it + + + align:start position:0% +top now if you actually look at it +you'll see you could draw some base + + align:start position:0% +you'll see you could draw some base + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see you could draw some base +pairs between for example a g and a t in + + align:start position:0% +pairs between for example a g and a t in + + + align:start position:0% +pairs between for example a g and a t in +fact you can draw two hydrogen bonds + + align:start position:0% +fact you can draw two hydrogen bonds + + + align:start position:0% +fact you can draw two hydrogen bonds +which is the same as between an A and A + + align:start position:0% +which is the same as between an A and A + + + align:start position:0% +which is the same as between an A and A +T but the one thing I hope you can see + + align:start position:0% +T but the one thing I hope you can see + + + align:start position:0% +T but the one thing I hope you can see +just from the shapes even without being + + align:start position:0% +just from the shapes even without being + + + align:start position:0% +just from the shapes even without being +able to see the individual atoms is that + + align:start position:0% +able to see the individual atoms is that + + + align:start position:0% +able to see the individual atoms is that +an a a GT base pair doesn't have the + + align:start position:0% +an a a GT base pair doesn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +an a a GT base pair doesn't have the +same shape as the correct base pairs so + + align:start position:0% +same shape as the correct base pairs so + + + align:start position:0% +same shape as the correct base pairs so +when I showed you that little movie the + + align:start position:0% +when I showed you that little movie the + + + align:start position:0% +when I showed you that little movie the +other day where this is the template + + align:start position:0% +other day where this is the template + + + align:start position:0% +other day where this is the template +nucleotide this is the incoming + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide this is the incoming + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide this is the incoming +nucleotide and there's this Alpha Helix + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide and there's this Alpha Helix + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide and there's this Alpha Helix +that's swinging up what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +that's swinging up what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +that's swinging up what's happening in +there is that the the enzyme is checking + + align:start position:0% +there is that the the enzyme is checking + + + align:start position:0% +there is that the the enzyme is checking +that whether the incoming nucleotide is + + align:start position:0% +that whether the incoming nucleotide is + + + align:start position:0% +that whether the incoming nucleotide is +the correct shape to go with the with + + align:start position:0% +the correct shape to go with the with + + + align:start position:0% +the correct shape to go with the with +the base pair and if you can sort of see + + align:start position:0% +the base pair and if you can sort of see + + + align:start position:0% +the base pair and if you can sort of see +it's put it into a flipping it right + + align:start position:0% +it's put it into a flipping it right + + + align:start position:0% +it's put it into a flipping it right +into a very narrow little slot in the uh + + align:start position:0% +into a very narrow little slot in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +into a very narrow little slot in the uh +in the uh in the enzyme so it's not only + + align:start position:0% +in the uh in the enzyme so it's not only + + + align:start position:0% +in the uh in the enzyme so it's not only +asking for sort of hydrogen bonds it's + + align:start position:0% +asking for sort of hydrogen bonds it's + + + align:start position:0% +asking for sort of hydrogen bonds it's +asking for the the exact shape if you + + align:start position:0% +asking for the the exact shape if you + + + align:start position:0% +asking for the the exact shape if you +just did it by thermodynamic grounds + + align:start position:0% +just did it by thermodynamic grounds + + + align:start position:0% +just did it by thermodynamic grounds +you'd make about one mistake in a 100 + + align:start position:0% +you'd make about one mistake in a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +you'd make about one mistake in a 100 +because that's about the Discrimination + + align:start position:0% +because that's about the Discrimination + + + align:start position:0% +because that's about the Discrimination +between the correct base pairs and some + + align:start position:0% +between the correct base pairs and some + + + align:start position:0% +between the correct base pairs and some +of these other ones this works so well + + align:start position:0% +of these other ones this works so well + + + align:start position:0% +of these other ones this works so well +you get more like one mistake in 10 the + + align:start position:0% +you get more like one mistake in 10 the + + + align:start position:0% +you get more like one mistake in 10 the +4th or 10 the 5th we're still quite a + + align:start position:0% +4th or 10 the 5th we're still quite a + + + align:start position:0% +4th or 10 the 5th we're still quite a +distance away from um from uh from the + + align:start position:0% +distance away from um from uh from the + + + align:start position:0% +distance away from um from uh from the +10 to the 10th but so this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 10th but so this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 10th but so this is one of the +things it's it's looking for the the + + align:start position:0% +things it's it's looking for the the + + + align:start position:0% +things it's it's looking for the the +correct + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shape of the base + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pair now the second uh thing that helps + + align:start position:0% +pair now the second uh thing that helps + + + align:start position:0% +pair now the second uh thing that helps +with Fidelity is a phenomenon known as a + + align:start position:0% +with Fidelity is a phenomenon known as a + + + align:start position:0% +with Fidelity is a phenomenon known as a +proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reading + + align:start position:0% +reading + + + align:start position:0% +reading +exonuclease things called nuclea a + + align:start position:0% +exonuclease things called nuclea a + + + align:start position:0% +exonuclease things called nuclea a +nucleas + + align:start position:0% +nucleas + + + align:start position:0% +nucleas +that means it can + + align:start position:0% +that means it can + + + align:start position:0% +that means it can +degrade + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DNA and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +EXO works at an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end and furthermore this the + + align:start position:0% +end and furthermore this the + + + align:start position:0% +end and furthermore this the +directionality of this uh proof reading + + align:start position:0% +directionality of this uh proof reading + + + align:start position:0% +directionality of this uh proof reading +was something that puzzled people + + align:start position:0% +was something that puzzled people + + + align:start position:0% +was something that puzzled people +initially because it's going three prime + + align:start position:0% +initially because it's going three prime + + + align:start position:0% +initially because it's going three prime +to five Prime + + align:start position:0% +to five Prime + + + align:start position:0% +to five Prime +and when people started to purify DNA + + align:start position:0% +and when people started to purify DNA + + + align:start position:0% +and when people started to purify DNA +polymerases or complexes of DNA + + align:start position:0% +polymerases or complexes of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +polymerases or complexes of DNA +polymerases involved in replication + + align:start position:0% +polymerases involved in replication + + + align:start position:0% +polymerases involved in replication +there seem to be a puzzle because the + + align:start position:0% +there seem to be a puzzle because the + + + align:start position:0% +there seem to be a puzzle because the +polymerase as I've told you goes five + + align:start position:0% +polymerase as I've told you goes five + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase as I've told you goes five +Prime to three prime but it the + + align:start position:0% +Prime to three prime but it the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime to three prime but it the +same uh enzyme complex had an nexton + + align:start position:0% +same uh enzyme complex had an nexton + + + align:start position:0% +same uh enzyme complex had an nexton +nuclease that went in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +nuclease that went in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +nuclease that went in the opposite +direction so this seemed very peculiar + + align:start position:0% +direction so this seemed very peculiar + + + align:start position:0% +direction so this seemed very peculiar +at first in the sense if you were trying + + align:start position:0% +at first in the sense if you were trying + + + align:start position:0% +at first in the sense if you were trying +to polymerase DNA in this way why in + + align:start position:0% +to polymerase DNA in this way why in + + + align:start position:0% +to polymerase DNA in this way why in +that same uh enzyme would you have + + align:start position:0% +that same uh enzyme would you have + + + align:start position:0% +that same uh enzyme would you have +something that wanted to degrade DNA in + + align:start position:0% +something that wanted to degrade DNA in + + + align:start position:0% +something that wanted to degrade DNA in +the in the other way and the answer + + align:start position:0% +the in the other way and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +the in the other way and the answer +turned out that it was this is uh known + + align:start position:0% +turned out that it was this is uh known + + + align:start position:0% +turned out that it was this is uh known +as a proofreading exonuclease as I put + + align:start position:0% +as a proofreading exonuclease as I put + + + align:start position:0% +as a proofreading exonuclease as I put +up here and here's the principle of of + + align:start position:0% +up here and here's the principle of of + + + align:start position:0% +up here and here's the principle of of +how it works so suppose you were + + align:start position:0% +how it works so suppose you were + + + align:start position:0% +how it works so suppose you were +replicating the the DNA and there was a + + align:start position:0% +replicating the the DNA and there was a + + + align:start position:0% +replicating the the DNA and there was a +g and if you put a c in there it very + + align:start position:0% +g and if you put a c in there it very + + + align:start position:0% +g and if you put a c in there it very +quickly goes on and continues the + + align:start position:0% +quickly goes on and continues the + + + align:start position:0% +quickly goes on and continues the +replication if it puts + + align:start position:0% +replication if it puts + + + align:start position:0% +replication if it puts +in a t let's + + align:start position:0% +in a t let's + + + align:start position:0% +in a t let's +say this is not a very good uh base pair + + align:start position:0% +say this is not a very good uh base pair + + + align:start position:0% +say this is not a very good uh base pair +it wouldn't have the right shape so when + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't have the right shape so when + + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't have the right shape so when +the enzyme came up looking for that + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme came up looking for that + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme came up looking for that +three prime hydroxy which would be right + + align:start position:0% +three prime hydroxy which would be right + + + align:start position:0% +three prime hydroxy which would be right +at the end of that T it's not things are + + align:start position:0% +at the end of that T it's not things are + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of that T it's not things are +not in the right place and so the + + align:start position:0% +not in the right place and so the + + + align:start position:0% +not in the right place and so the +polymerase activity slows down and as + + align:start position:0% +polymerase activity slows down and as + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase activity slows down and as +that primer Terminus if it sits there + + align:start position:0% +that primer Terminus if it sits there + + + align:start position:0% +that primer Terminus if it sits there +for a little bit it's able to just peel + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit it's able to just peel + + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit it's able to just peel +off the DNA flip up and there's this + + align:start position:0% +off the DNA flip up and there's this + + + align:start position:0% +off the DNA flip up and there's this +function that that does just what You' + + align:start position:0% +function that that does just what You' + + + align:start position:0% +function that that does just what You' +do if you were typing and you made a + + align:start position:0% +do if you were typing and you made a + + + align:start position:0% +do if you were typing and you made a +mistake you just hit the delete key and + + align:start position:0% +mistake you just hit the delete key and + + + align:start position:0% +mistake you just hit the delete key and +take off the last + + align:start position:0% +take off the last + + + align:start position:0% +take off the last +nucleotide that that you did I have a + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide that that you did I have a + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide that that you did I have a +little movie showing you that this is um + + align:start position:0% +little movie showing you that this is um + + + align:start position:0% +little movie showing you that this is um +this is a crystal structure this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is a crystal structure this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a crystal structure this is the +DNA template and the Ply's catalytic + + align:start position:0% +DNA template and the Ply's catalytic + + + align:start position:0% +DNA template and the Ply's catalytic +activity uh site is right here and it's + + align:start position:0% +activity uh site is right here and it's + + + align:start position:0% +activity uh site is right here and it's +in this little movie it's just added an + + align:start position:0% +in this little movie it's just added an + + + align:start position:0% +in this little movie it's just added an +incorrect base pair and the ply is sort + + align:start position:0% +incorrect base pair and the ply is sort + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect base pair and the ply is sort +of stalled and the the actual nucleas + + align:start position:0% +of stalled and the the actual nucleas + + + align:start position:0% +of stalled and the the actual nucleas +function is physically separate on the + + align:start position:0% +function is physically separate on the + + + align:start position:0% +function is physically separate on the +on the protein structure but what you'll + + align:start position:0% +on the protein structure but what you'll + + + align:start position:0% +on the protein structure but what you'll +see in the movie is that if the + + align:start position:0% +see in the movie is that if the + + + align:start position:0% +see in the movie is that if the +polymerase can't go very well eventually + + align:start position:0% +polymerase can't go very well eventually + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase can't go very well eventually +this thing will come up and it'll chop + + align:start position:0% +this thing will come up and it'll chop + + + align:start position:0% +this thing will come up and it'll chop +off one nucleotide come back and try it + + align:start position:0% +off one nucleotide come back and try it + + + align:start position:0% +off one nucleotide come back and try it +again and you can let's see I think if + + align:start position:0% +again and you can let's see I think if + + + align:start position:0% +again and you can let's see I think if +we do this uh oops it + + align:start position:0% +we do this uh oops it + + + align:start position:0% +we do this uh oops it +ay see if I can get this to work + + align:start position:0% +ay see if I can get this to work + + + align:start position:0% +ay see if I can get this to work +here um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no it's not + + align:start position:0% +no it's not + + + align:start position:0% +no it's not +working okay well anyway I'm I'm going + + align:start position:0% +working okay well anyway I'm I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +working okay well anyway I'm I'm going +to skip it for right now I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +to skip it for right now I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +to skip it for right now I don't want to +waste time but in any case the end would + + align:start position:0% +waste time but in any case the end would + + + align:start position:0% +waste time but in any case the end would +go up here and it would take off take + + align:start position:0% +go up here and it would take off take + + + align:start position:0% +go up here and it would take off take +off when nucleotide so there at least + + align:start position:0% +off when nucleotide so there at least + + + align:start position:0% +off when nucleotide so there at least +are two of the ways that uh the + + align:start position:0% +are two of the ways that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +are two of the ways that uh the +polymerase is able to um work with such + + align:start position:0% +polymerase is able to um work with such + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase is able to um work with such +Fidelity it corre it selects for the + + align:start position:0% +Fidelity it corre it selects for the + + + align:start position:0% +Fidelity it corre it selects for the +correct base pair of shape and then + + align:start position:0% +correct base pair of shape and then + + + align:start position:0% +correct base pair of shape and then +after it's done an addition it sort of + + align:start position:0% +after it's done an addition it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +after it's done an addition it sort of +looks back just as if you were a very + + align:start position:0% +looks back just as if you were a very + + + align:start position:0% +looks back just as if you were a very +slow typist and every time you you type + + align:start position:0% +slow typist and every time you you type + + + align:start position:0% +slow typist and every time you you type +the letter you look back and said did I + + align:start position:0% +the letter you look back and said did I + + + align:start position:0% +the letter you look back and said did I +make a mistake and if you made a mistake + + align:start position:0% +make a mistake and if you made a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +make a mistake and if you made a mistake +then you delete it and just try again + + align:start position:0% +then you delete it and just try again + + + align:start position:0% +then you delete it and just try again +and that gets the cell another maybe two + + align:start position:0% +and that gets the cell another maybe two + + + align:start position:0% +and that gets the cell another maybe two +orders of magnitude of accuracy so it's + + align:start position:0% +orders of magnitude of accuracy so it's + + + align:start position:0% +orders of magnitude of accuracy so it's +we're up to about one mistake and 10 to + + align:start position:0% +we're up to about one mistake and 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +we're up to about one mistake and 10 to +the 7th base pair is replicated the + + align:start position:0% +the 7th base pair is replicated the + + + align:start position:0% +the 7th base pair is replicated the +third system which is called mismatch + + align:start position:0% +third system which is called mismatch + + + align:start position:0% +third system which is called mismatch +repair uh turns out to be uh very + + align:start position:0% +repair uh turns out to be uh very + + + align:start position:0% +repair uh turns out to be uh very +important for a whole variety of reasons + + align:start position:0% +important for a whole variety of reasons + + + align:start position:0% +important for a whole variety of reasons +and before I tell you about it I want to + + align:start position:0% +and before I tell you about it I want to + + + align:start position:0% +and before I tell you about it I want to +first introduce the idea of DNA repair + + align:start position:0% +first introduce the idea of DNA repair + + + align:start position:0% +first introduce the idea of DNA repair +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +general one of the things that's + + align:start position:0% +general one of the things that's + + + align:start position:0% +general one of the things that's +wonderful about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DNA as you've learned is it's got the + + align:start position:0% +DNA as you've learned is it's got the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA as you've learned is it's got the +information in two copies it's in a + + align:start position:0% +information in two copies it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +information in two copies it's in a +complimentary form but it's like having + + align:start position:0% +complimentary form but it's like having + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary form but it's like having +the photograph in the negative and if + + align:start position:0% +the photograph in the negative and if + + + align:start position:0% +the photograph in the negative and if +your kid's sister pokes a hole the PA + + align:start position:0% +your kid's sister pokes a hole the PA + + + align:start position:0% +your kid's sister pokes a hole the PA +scissors through the picture of your + + align:start position:0% +scissors through the picture of your + + + align:start position:0% +scissors through the picture of your +boyfriend your girlfriend you're not + + align:start position:0% +boyfriend your girlfriend you're not + + + align:start position:0% +boyfriend your girlfriend you're not +really in trouble as long as you got the + + align:start position:0% +really in trouble as long as you got the + + + align:start position:0% +really in trouble as long as you got the +negative because you can get the + + align:start position:0% +negative because you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +negative because you can get the +information back again uh and that same + + align:start position:0% +information back again uh and that same + + + align:start position:0% +information back again uh and that same +principle applies in DNA uh repair so if + + align:start position:0% +principle applies in DNA uh repair so if + + + align:start position:0% +principle applies in DNA uh repair so if +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +have some kind of lesion in DNA and this + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of lesion in DNA and this + + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of lesion in DNA and this +might have come from going outside in + + align:start position:0% +might have come from going outside in + + + align:start position:0% +might have come from going outside in +the in the sunlight your DNA absorbs in + + align:start position:0% +the in the sunlight your DNA absorbs in + + + align:start position:0% +the in the sunlight your DNA absorbs in +the UV and it undergoes photo reactions + + align:start position:0% +the UV and it undergoes photo reactions + + + align:start position:0% +the UV and it undergoes photo reactions +that tend for the most part to just + + align:start position:0% +that tend for the most part to just + + + align:start position:0% +that tend for the most part to just +affect one of the two strands of DNA or + + align:start position:0% +affect one of the two strands of DNA or + + + align:start position:0% +affect one of the two strands of DNA or +uh if you smoke which I hope none of you + + align:start position:0% +uh if you smoke which I hope none of you + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you smoke which I hope none of you +do um there many chemicals in smoke that + + align:start position:0% +do um there many chemicals in smoke that + + + align:start position:0% +do um there many chemicals in smoke that +will react with DNA and if they uh and + + align:start position:0% +will react with DNA and if they uh and + + + align:start position:0% +will react with DNA and if they uh and +they'll modify one strand and so what + + align:start position:0% +they'll modify one strand and so what + + + align:start position:0% +they'll modify one strand and so what +the the cell has is a system there what + + align:start position:0% +the the cell has is a system there what + + + align:start position:0% +the the cell has is a system there what +has many kinds of of repair systems but + + align:start position:0% +has many kinds of of repair systems but + + + align:start position:0% +has many kinds of of repair systems but +it has a a special type of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um repair system known as nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +um repair system known as nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +um repair system known as nucleotide +excision repair and you could think of + + align:start position:0% +excision repair and you could think of + + + align:start position:0% +excision repair and you could think of +this as a protein machine that + + align:start position:0% +this as a protein machine that + + + align:start position:0% +this as a protein machine that +constantly scans the DNA looking for + + align:start position:0% +constantly scans the DNA looking for + + + align:start position:0% +constantly scans the DNA looking for +little distortions and if it finds it + + align:start position:0% +little distortions and if it finds it + + + align:start position:0% +little distortions and if it finds it +then what it needs to do is it needs to + + align:start position:0% +then what it needs to do is it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +then what it needs to do is it needs to +make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Cuts remove the DNA and make a little + + align:start position:0% +Cuts remove the DNA and make a little + + + align:start position:0% +Cuts remove the DNA and make a little +Gap and now you can see what it could do + + align:start position:0% +Gap and now you can see what it could do + + + align:start position:0% +Gap and now you can see what it could do +now once it's got a little Gap the + + align:start position:0% +now once it's got a little Gap the + + + align:start position:0% +now once it's got a little Gap the +information over here is in a + + align:start position:0% +information over here is in a + + + align:start position:0% +information over here is in a +complimentary form so if a DNA + + align:start position:0% +complimentary form so if a DNA + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary form so if a DNA +polymerase were to come along it could + + align:start position:0% +polymerase were to come along it could + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase were to come along it could +fill in that Gap and seal it up and then + + align:start position:0% +fill in that Gap and seal it up and then + + + align:start position:0% +fill in that Gap and seal it up and then +you'd back be back to ordinary DNA the + + align:start position:0% +you'd back be back to ordinary DNA the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd back be back to ordinary DNA the +lesion would be gone and um I made a + + align:start position:0% +lesion would be gone and um I made a + + + align:start position:0% +lesion would be gone and um I made a +little silly little PowerPoint thing + + align:start position:0% +little silly little PowerPoint thing + + + align:start position:0% +little silly little PowerPoint thing +here to show it so if you were to say + + align:start position:0% +here to show it so if you were to say + + + align:start position:0% +here to show it so if you were to say +damage this guanine with something say + + align:start position:0% +damage this guanine with something say + + + align:start position:0% +damage this guanine with something say +one of the carcinogens you find in + + align:start position:0% +one of the carcinogens you find in + + + align:start position:0% +one of the carcinogens you find in +cigarette smoke you could think of this + + align:start position:0% +cigarette smoke you could think of this + + + align:start position:0% +cigarette smoke you could think of this +protein machine as being a sort of pair + + align:start position:0% +protein machine as being a sort of pair + + + align:start position:0% +protein machine as being a sort of pair +of of scissors that that have a + + align:start position:0% +of of scissors that that have a + + + align:start position:0% +of of scissors that that have a +conditionality in them as this protein + + align:start position:0% +conditionality in them as this protein + + + align:start position:0% +conditionality in them as this protein +machine scans along the DNA the scissors + + align:start position:0% +machine scans along the DNA the scissors + + + align:start position:0% +machine scans along the DNA the scissors +aren't activated until it recognizes + + align:start position:0% +aren't activated until it recognizes + + + align:start position:0% +aren't activated until it recognizes +there's a distortion like here at which + + align:start position:0% +there's a distortion like here at which + + + align:start position:0% +there's a distortion like here at which +point then it senses that there's some + + align:start position:0% +point then it senses that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +point then it senses that there's some +bump in the DNA and it's very clever the + + align:start position:0% +bump in the DNA and it's very clever the + + + align:start position:0% +bump in the DNA and it's very clever the +way it does does it because the nucleas + + align:start position:0% +way it does does it because the nucleas + + + align:start position:0% +way it does does it because the nucleas +activities the things that are going to + + align:start position:0% +activities the things that are going to + + + align:start position:0% +activities the things that are going to +cut the DNA are actually some distance + + align:start position:0% +cut the DNA are actually some distance + + + align:start position:0% +cut the DNA are actually some distance +away a few nucleotides away from the + + align:start position:0% +away a few nucleotides away from the + + + align:start position:0% +away a few nucleotides away from the +lesion so even if this is distorting the + + align:start position:0% +lesion so even if this is distorting the + + + align:start position:0% +lesion so even if this is distorting the +DNA the scissors are able to work out + + align:start position:0% +DNA the scissors are able to work out + + + align:start position:0% +DNA the scissors are able to work out +here and out here and it makes two cuts + + align:start position:0% +here and out here and it makes two cuts + + + align:start position:0% +here and out here and it makes two cuts +that was a huge surprise nobody expected + + align:start position:0% +that was a huge surprise nobody expected + + + align:start position:0% +that was a huge surprise nobody expected +that when they started to do the + + align:start position:0% +that when they started to do the + + + align:start position:0% +that when they started to do the +biochemistry and then in principle once + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry and then in principle once + + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry and then in principle once +you cut it now you can remove this + + align:start position:0% +you cut it now you can remove this + + + align:start position:0% +you cut it now you can remove this +little nucleotide and then a DNA + + align:start position:0% +little nucleotide and then a DNA + + + align:start position:0% +little nucleotide and then a DNA +polymerase can just come in and + + align:start position:0% +polymerase can just come in and + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase can just come in and +following those a pairs with t g pairs + + align:start position:0% +following those a pairs with t g pairs + + + align:start position:0% +following those a pairs with t g pairs +with C copy it along and then would seal + + align:start position:0% +with C copy it along and then would seal + + + align:start position:0% +with C copy it along and then would seal +it up to get to the to the end and I've + + align:start position:0% +it up to get to the to the end and I've + + + align:start position:0% +it up to get to the to the end and I've +actually shown you a picture of what + + align:start position:0% +actually shown you a picture of what + + + align:start position:0% +actually shown you a picture of what +happens if a human is missing that + + align:start position:0% +happens if a human is missing that + + + align:start position:0% +happens if a human is missing that +system when when I was uh showing you + + align:start position:0% +system when when I was uh showing you + + + align:start position:0% +system when when I was uh showing you +how profound an effect you could get + + align:start position:0% +how profound an effect you could get + + + align:start position:0% +how profound an effect you could get +from just losing one single gene or a + + align:start position:0% +from just losing one single gene or a + + + align:start position:0% +from just losing one single gene or a +mutation affecting one single Gene it's + + align:start position:0% +mutation affecting one single Gene it's + + + align:start position:0% +mutation affecting one single Gene it's +disease called xeroderma + + align:start position:0% +disease called xeroderma + + + align:start position:0% +disease called xeroderma +pigmentosum there are a variety of + + align:start position:0% +pigmentosum there are a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +pigmentosum there are a variety of +different groups and they uh the one on + + align:start position:0% +different groups and they uh the one on + + + align:start position:0% +different groups and they uh the one on +the left is an example that's someone + + align:start position:0% +the left is an example that's someone + + + align:start position:0% +the left is an example that's someone +who's missing one of the the genes that + + align:start position:0% +who's missing one of the the genes that + + + align:start position:0% +who's missing one of the the genes that +encodes one of the proteins involved in + + align:start position:0% +encodes one of the proteins involved in + + + align:start position:0% +encodes one of the proteins involved in +nucleotid oygen repair and this is + + align:start position:0% +nucleotid oygen repair and this is + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotid oygen repair and this is +really really important for fixing up + + align:start position:0% +really really important for fixing up + + + align:start position:0% +really really important for fixing up +this the damage we get all the time in + + align:start position:0% +this the damage we get all the time in + + + align:start position:0% +this the damage we get all the time in +sunlight so if you miss that repair + + align:start position:0% +sunlight so if you miss that repair + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight so if you miss that repair +system and you go out in the sun then + + align:start position:0% +system and you go out in the sun then + + + align:start position:0% +system and you go out in the sun then +you get all kinds of lesions and people + + align:start position:0% +you get all kinds of lesions and people + + + align:start position:0% +you get all kinds of lesions and people +were uh are very susceptible to to skin + + align:start position:0% +were uh are very susceptible to to skin + + + align:start position:0% +were uh are very susceptible to to skin +cancer and I told you fortunately now + + align:start position:0% +cancer and I told you fortunately now + + + align:start position:0% +cancer and I told you fortunately now +you don't find people with this disease + + align:start position:0% +you don't find people with this disease + + + align:start position:0% +you don't find people with this disease +looking like that because we at least in + + align:start position:0% +looking like that because we at least in + + + align:start position:0% +looking like that because we at least in +developed countries we recognize that + + align:start position:0% +developed countries we recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +developed countries we recognize that +they're kept out of the Sun and this was + + align:start position:0% +they're kept out of the Sun and this was + + + align:start position:0% +they're kept out of the Sun and this was +the the kids who I I said are called + + align:start position:0% +the the kids who I I said are called + + + align:start position:0% +the the kids who I I said are called +Children of the Moon because they for + + align:start position:0% +Children of the Moon because they for + + + align:start position:0% +Children of the Moon because they for +example go to summer camps where they + + align:start position:0% +example go to summer camps where they + + + align:start position:0% +example go to summer camps where they +they go do everything at night so they + + align:start position:0% +they go do everything at night so they + + + align:start position:0% +they go do everything at night so they +won't get exposed to to sunlight but + + align:start position:0% +won't get exposed to to sunlight but + + + align:start position:0% +won't get exposed to to sunlight but +that's that's what happens uh to us if + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what happens uh to us if + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what happens uh to us if +we miss that excision repair and again + + align:start position:0% +we miss that excision repair and again + + + align:start position:0% +we miss that excision repair and again +what makes that possible is that the + + align:start position:0% +what makes that possible is that the + + + align:start position:0% +what makes that possible is that the +damage the the information is there + + align:start position:0% +damage the the information is there + + + align:start position:0% +damage the the information is there +twice in in + + align:start position:0% +twice in in + + + align:start position:0% +twice in in +um uh in a in a double stranded uh DNA I + + align:start position:0% +um uh in a in a double stranded uh DNA I + + + align:start position:0% +um uh in a in a double stranded uh DNA I +also showed you a little movie early on + + align:start position:0% +also showed you a little movie early on + + + align:start position:0% +also showed you a little movie early on +when I was showing you um I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +when I was showing you um I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +when I was showing you um I'm going to +actually show run this in quick time + + align:start position:0% +actually show run this in quick time + + + align:start position:0% +actually show run this in quick time +because it works a little more smoothly + + align:start position:0% +because it works a little more smoothly + + + align:start position:0% +because it works a little more smoothly +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +um so I showed you this when we were + + align:start position:0% +um so I showed you this when we were + + + align:start position:0% +um so I showed you this when we were +talking about DNA because I wanted you + + align:start position:0% +talking about DNA because I wanted you + + + align:start position:0% +talking about DNA because I wanted you +to sort of get that sense of what it was + + align:start position:0% +to sort of get that sense of what it was + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of get that sense of what it was +like to kind of fly down the the groove + + align:start position:0% +like to kind of fly down the the groove + + + align:start position:0% +like to kind of fly down the the groove +of a of a DNA but what I didn't + + align:start position:0% +of a of a DNA but what I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +of a of a DNA but what I didn't +emphasize was this protein that was + + align:start position:0% +emphasize was this protein that was + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize was this protein that was +bound to the DNA that's a protein that's + + align:start position:0% +bound to the DNA that's a protein that's + + + align:start position:0% +bound to the DNA that's a protein that's +a DNA repair protein and what it's it's + + align:start position:0% +a DNA repair protein and what it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +a DNA repair protein and what it's it's +one of these things that looks for + + align:start position:0% +one of these things that looks for + + + align:start position:0% +one of these things that looks for +lesions in the DNA and as we fly along + + align:start position:0% +lesions in the DNA and as we fly along + + + align:start position:0% +lesions in the DNA and as we fly along +the ma your groove this little green + + align:start position:0% +the ma your groove this little green + + + align:start position:0% +the ma your groove this little green +thing is actually the lesion that that + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually the lesion that that + + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually the lesion that that +protein is looking for and it sort of + + align:start position:0% +protein is looking for and it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +protein is looking for and it sort of +puts fingers down into the groove and + + align:start position:0% +puts fingers down into the groove and + + + align:start position:0% +puts fingers down into the groove and +it's able to um to to sense that and you + + align:start position:0% +it's able to um to to sense that and you + + + align:start position:0% +it's able to um to to sense that and you +can sort of see how this this protein is + + align:start position:0% +can sort of see how this this protein is + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of see how this this protein is +is bound to DNA this is a lesion that we + + align:start position:0% +is bound to DNA this is a lesion that we + + + align:start position:0% +is bound to DNA this is a lesion that we +get all the time from from oxidative + + align:start position:0% +get all the time from from oxidative + + + align:start position:0% +get all the time from from oxidative +damage and I said remember I said oxygen + + align:start position:0% +damage and I said remember I said oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +damage and I said remember I said oxygen +is bad for DNA so our bodies have to + + align:start position:0% +is bad for DNA so our bodies have to + + + align:start position:0% +is bad for DNA so our bodies have to +have uh systems that are able to to do + + align:start position:0% +have uh systems that are able to to do + + + align:start position:0% +have uh systems that are able to to do +that so DNA repair is is uh is very + + align:start position:0% +that so DNA repair is is uh is very + + + align:start position:0% +that so DNA repair is is uh is very +important for um for Life we'll just + + align:start position:0% +important for um for Life we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +important for um for Life we'll just +finish flying down the major Groove one + + align:start position:0% +finish flying down the major Groove one + + + align:start position:0% +finish flying down the major Groove one +more time + + align:start position:0% +more time + + + align:start position:0% +more time +here okay and I'll go back to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PowerPoint + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint +okay so there's mismatch repair is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a form of repair that that's got that + + align:start position:0% +a form of repair that that's got that + + + align:start position:0% +a form of repair that that's got that +same idea that let's think about it if + + align:start position:0% +same idea that let's think about it if + + + align:start position:0% +same idea that let's think about it if +we had a replication fork + + align:start position:0% +we had a replication fork + + + align:start position:0% +we had a replication fork +here and let's say there was a g here + + align:start position:0% +here and let's say there was a g here + + + align:start position:0% +here and let's say there was a g here +and a t got misincorporated but in this + + align:start position:0% +and a t got misincorporated but in this + + + align:start position:0% +and a t got misincorporated but in this +case it wasn't removed by the proof + + align:start position:0% +case it wasn't removed by the proof + + + align:start position:0% +case it wasn't removed by the proof +reading and uh which happens about 1 and + + align:start position:0% +reading and uh which happens about 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +reading and uh which happens about 1 and +10 the 7th times now if that strand is + + align:start position:0% +10 the 7th times now if that strand is + + + align:start position:0% +10 the 7th times now if that strand is +uh is fixed up uh excuse me is is + + align:start position:0% +uh is fixed up uh excuse me is is + + + align:start position:0% +uh is fixed up uh excuse me is is +continued then end up with a GT uh base + + align:start position:0% +continued then end up with a GT uh base + + + align:start position:0% +continued then end up with a GT uh base +pair and the next time you copied it + + align:start position:0% +pair and the next time you copied it + + + align:start position:0% +pair and the next time you copied it +this strand might would give right to a + + align:start position:0% +this strand might would give right to a + + + align:start position:0% +this strand might would give right to a +GC but this one would give rise to an at + + align:start position:0% +GC but this one would give rise to an at + + + align:start position:0% +GC but this one would give rise to an at +and then you'd have have a mutation that + + align:start position:0% +and then you'd have have a mutation that + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'd have have a mutation that +now would have changed and if it + + align:start position:0% +now would have changed and if it + + + align:start position:0% +now would have changed and if it +affected an important Gene that could be + + align:start position:0% +affected an important Gene that could be + + + align:start position:0% +affected an important Gene that could be +bad for you so the cell has what's known + + align:start position:0% +bad for you so the cell has what's known + + + align:start position:0% +bad for you so the cell has what's known +as a mismatch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +repair that works in exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +repair that works in exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +repair that works in exactly the same +logic as here here that basically comes + + align:start position:0% +logic as here here that basically comes + + + align:start position:0% +logic as here here that basically comes +along it scans the DNA it finds the the + + align:start position:0% +along it scans the DNA it finds the the + + + align:start position:0% +along it scans the DNA it finds the the +bump it + + align:start position:0% +bump it + + + align:start position:0% +bump it +makes because this is not a proper base + + align:start position:0% +makes because this is not a proper base + + + align:start position:0% +makes because this is not a proper base +pair and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then it fills it in and you're back to + + align:start position:0% +then it fills it in and you're back to + + + align:start position:0% +then it fills it in and you're back to +ordinary DNA with a + + align:start position:0% +ordinary DNA with a + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary DNA with a +g c base pair there's one little wrinkle + + align:start position:0% +g c base pair there's one little wrinkle + + + align:start position:0% +g c base pair there's one little wrinkle +this cell this for this system to work + + align:start position:0% +this cell this for this system to work + + + align:start position:0% +this cell this for this system to work +and has to do one other thing that's + + align:start position:0% +and has to do one other thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +and has to do one other thing that's +different from that kind of DNA repair + + align:start position:0% +different from that kind of DNA repair + + + align:start position:0% +different from that kind of DNA repair +can anybody see what it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is want you talk to the person next to + + align:start position:0% +is want you talk to the person next to + + + align:start position:0% +is want you talk to the person next to +you see see if you can figure + + align:start position:0% +you see see if you can figure + + + align:start position:0% +you see see if you can figure +out there's this system must be doing + + align:start position:0% +out there's this system must be doing + + + align:start position:0% +out there's this system must be doing +something else in order for this to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work it's okay you can ask + + align:start position:0% +work it's okay you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +work it's okay you can ask +somebody anything think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what if I what if I remove the G would + + align:start position:0% +what if I what if I remove the G would + + + align:start position:0% +what if I what if I remove the G would +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work you got + + align:start position:0% +work you got + + + align:start position:0% +work you got +it so what would happen if I took out + + align:start position:0% +it so what would happen if I took out + + + align:start position:0% +it so what would happen if I took out +the G + + align:start position:0% +the G + + + align:start position:0% +the G +instead say I made the little Gap over + + align:start position:0% +instead say I made the little Gap over + + + align:start position:0% +instead say I made the little Gap over +on on this strand instead cut it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here yeah so which one's the one that's + + align:start position:0% +here yeah so which one's the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah so which one's the one that's +right the old strand or the New Strand + + align:start position:0% +right the old strand or the New Strand + + + align:start position:0% +right the old strand or the New Strand +the old strand yeah so see this is the + + align:start position:0% +the old strand yeah so see this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the old strand yeah so see this is the +old and this is the new and the the term + + align:start position:0% +old and this is the new and the the term + + + align:start position:0% +old and this is the new and the the term +that's usually used it's known as the + + align:start position:0% +that's usually used it's known as the + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually used it's known as the +daughter strand the New Strand so the + + align:start position:0% +daughter strand the New Strand so the + + + align:start position:0% +daughter strand the New Strand so the +other thing this this system has to do + + align:start position:0% +other thing this this system has to do + + + align:start position:0% +other thing this this system has to do +is it not only has to be able to detect + + align:start position:0% +is it not only has to be able to detect + + + align:start position:0% +is it not only has to be able to detect +it there's an incorrect little base pair + + align:start position:0% +it there's an incorrect little base pair + + + align:start position:0% +it there's an incorrect little base pair +in there but it also has to um + + align:start position:0% +in there but it also has to um + + + align:start position:0% +in there but it also has to um +uh know which is the parental strand the + + align:start position:0% +uh know which is the parental strand the + + + align:start position:0% +uh know which is the parental strand the +template Strand and which is the + + align:start position:0% +template Strand and which is the + + + align:start position:0% +template Strand and which is the +daughter strand the newly synthesized + + align:start position:0% +daughter strand the newly synthesized + + + align:start position:0% +daughter strand the newly synthesized +Strand and this system makes the + + align:start position:0% +Strand and this system makes the + + + align:start position:0% +Strand and this system makes the +assumption that the Strand that's old is + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the Strand that's old is + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the Strand that's old is +the one that's correct and the mistake + + align:start position:0% +the one that's correct and the mistake + + + align:start position:0% +the one that's correct and the mistake +is on the new one you guys see that okay + + align:start position:0% +is on the new one you guys see that okay + + + align:start position:0% +is on the new one you guys see that okay +so that gets another two or three orders + + align:start position:0% +so that gets another two or three orders + + + align:start position:0% +so that gets another two or three orders +of magnitude and accuracy and that's + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude and accuracy and that's + + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude and accuracy and that's +what brings it up now the the people who + + align:start position:0% +what brings it up now the the people who + + + align:start position:0% +what brings it up now the the people who +made the this who orig who formul ated + + align:start position:0% +made the this who orig who formul ated + + + align:start position:0% +made the this who orig who formul ated +this this model for mismatch repair + + align:start position:0% +this this model for mismatch repair + + + align:start position:0% +this this model for mismatch repair +complete with the feature uh that it + + align:start position:0% +complete with the feature uh that it + + + align:start position:0% +complete with the feature uh that it +that it needed to recognize the Old and + + align:start position:0% +that it needed to recognize the Old and + + + align:start position:0% +that it needed to recognize the Old and +New Strand and that's a bit of a trick + + align:start position:0% +New Strand and that's a bit of a trick + + + align:start position:0% +New Strand and that's a bit of a trick +if you think about it because it's DNA + + align:start position:0% +if you think about it because it's DNA + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about it because it's DNA +on both sides and there there are + + align:start position:0% +on both sides and there there are + + + align:start position:0% +on both sides and there there are +several different ways used in nature so + + align:start position:0% +several different ways used in nature so + + + align:start position:0% +several different ways used in nature so +I'm not going to go into it but there's + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go into it but there's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go into it but there's +at least a couple of different ways of + + align:start position:0% +at least a couple of different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +at least a couple of different ways of +doing that trick you could sort of see + + align:start position:0% +doing that trick you could sort of see + + + align:start position:0% +doing that trick you could sort of see +if you were the replication fork and you + + align:start position:0% +if you were the replication fork and you + + + align:start position:0% +if you were the replication fork and you +talk to that you could certainly just + + align:start position:0% +talk to that you could certainly just + + + align:start position:0% +talk to that you could certainly just +from the geometry of that if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +from the geometry of that if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +from the geometry of that if you wanted +you could probably keep track of who's + + align:start position:0% +you could probably keep track of who's + + + align:start position:0% +you could probably keep track of who's +old and new e I has a a very cute trick + + align:start position:0% +old and new e I has a a very cute trick + + + align:start position:0% +old and new e I has a a very cute trick +but it's not Universal so I won't go + + align:start position:0% +but it's not Universal so I won't go + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not Universal so I won't go +into it but the people who who did the + + align:start position:0% +into it but the people who who did the + + + align:start position:0% +into it but the people who who did the +seminal stuff um I had a just quickly + + align:start position:0% +seminal stuff um I had a just quickly + + + align:start position:0% +seminal stuff um I had a just quickly +show you a couple of pictures when I + + align:start position:0% +show you a couple of pictures when I + + + align:start position:0% +show you a couple of pictures when I +showed you that picture of at the the + + align:start position:0% +showed you that picture of at the the + + + align:start position:0% +showed you that picture of at the the +DNA 50 at the guy sitting in the front + + align:start position:0% +DNA 50 at the guy sitting in the front + + + align:start position:0% +DNA 50 at the guy sitting in the front +row was mirus radman who was one of the + + align:start position:0% +row was mirus radman who was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +row was mirus radman who was one of the +two people he's a European scientist + + align:start position:0% +two people he's a European scientist + + + align:start position:0% +two people he's a European scientist +originally from Croatia and he + + align:start position:0% +originally from Croatia and he + + + align:start position:0% +originally from Croatia and he +collaborated with someone you've heard + + align:start position:0% +collaborated with someone you've heard + + + align:start position:0% +collaborated with someone you've heard +about before Matt meselson uh who was up + + align:start position:0% +about before Matt meselson uh who was up + + + align:start position:0% +about before Matt meselson uh who was up +at Harvard and it was with the meselson + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard and it was with the meselson + + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard and it was with the meselson +stall experiment that showed the + + align:start position:0% +stall experiment that showed the + + + align:start position:0% +stall experiment that showed the +semiconservative mechanism of DNA repair + + align:start position:0% +semiconservative mechanism of DNA repair + + + align:start position:0% +semiconservative mechanism of DNA repair +this was a little reception and Matt was + + align:start position:0% +this was a little reception and Matt was + + + align:start position:0% +this was a little reception and Matt was +talking to Alex Rich who's one in the + + align:start position:0% +talking to Alex Rich who's one in the + + + align:start position:0% +talking to Alex Rich who's one in the +MIT biology department and I was amused + + align:start position:0% +MIT biology department and I was amused + + + align:start position:0% +MIT biology department and I was amused +because remember how um Vernon told you + + align:start position:0% +because remember how um Vernon told you + + + align:start position:0% +because remember how um Vernon told you +how Francis Crick would run up and down + + align:start position:0% +how Francis Crick would run up and down + + + align:start position:0% +how Francis Crick would run up and down +the stairs uh at the in the Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +the stairs uh at the in the Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +the stairs uh at the in the Cambridge +lab and he was talking all the time and + + align:start position:0% +lab and he was talking all the time and + + + align:start position:0% +lab and he was talking all the time and +I've heard Vernon say you could never + + align:start position:0% +I've heard Vernon say you could never + + + align:start position:0% +I've heard Vernon say you could never +really tell whether an idea came from + + align:start position:0% +really tell whether an idea came from + + + align:start position:0% +really tell whether an idea came from +Watson or Crick cuz we just talk talk + + align:start position:0% +Watson or Crick cuz we just talk talk + + + align:start position:0% +Watson or Crick cuz we just talk talk +talk talk all the time so this was at a + + align:start position:0% +talk talk all the time so this was at a + + + align:start position:0% +talk talk all the time so this was at a +sort of a nice reception at the uh at + + align:start position:0% +sort of a nice reception at the uh at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a nice reception at the uh at +the in a 50th and and within a couple of + + align:start position:0% +the in a 50th and and within a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +the in a 50th and and within a couple of +minutes I looked over and there were Mir + + align:start position:0% +minutes I looked over and there were Mir + + + align:start position:0% +minutes I looked over and there were Mir +radman and Matt mesel and talk talk talk + + align:start position:0% +radman and Matt mesel and talk talk talk + + + align:start position:0% +radman and Matt mesel and talk talk talk +they're over in the corner drawing + + align:start position:0% +they're over in the corner drawing + + + align:start position:0% +they're over in the corner drawing +pictures on a on a uh on a board I also + + align:start position:0% +pictures on a on a uh on a board I also + + + align:start position:0% +pictures on a on a uh on a board I also +showed you actually a picture of one of + + align:start position:0% +showed you actually a picture of one of + + + align:start position:0% +showed you actually a picture of one of +the genes that's involved in recognizing + + align:start position:0% +the genes that's involved in recognizing + + + align:start position:0% +the genes that's involved in recognizing +this mismatch because there's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +protein that recognizes that mismatch + + align:start position:0% +protein that recognizes that mismatch + + + align:start position:0% +protein that recognizes that mismatch +and it's given the name of uh muts and + + align:start position:0% +and it's given the name of uh muts and + + + align:start position:0% +and it's given the name of uh muts and +when I was showing you some proteins + + align:start position:0% +when I was showing you some proteins + + + align:start position:0% +when I was showing you some proteins +that had one that had a lot of Alpha + + align:start position:0% +that had one that had a lot of Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +that had one that had a lot of Alpha +hoses this is actually a picture of + + align:start position:0% +hoses this is actually a picture of + + + align:start position:0% +hoses this is actually a picture of +mutas it's a dier that's why some of + + align:start position:0% +mutas it's a dier that's why some of + + + align:start position:0% +mutas it's a dier that's why some of +it's green and some of it's blue and + + align:start position:0% +it's green and some of it's blue and + + + align:start position:0% +it's green and some of it's blue and +it's recognize this is DNA viewed and on + + align:start position:0% +it's recognize this is DNA viewed and on + + + align:start position:0% +it's recognize this is DNA viewed and on +and it's recognizing a GT mismatch in + + align:start position:0% +and it's recognizing a GT mismatch in + + + align:start position:0% +and it's recognizing a GT mismatch in +DNA in that in that picture now this may + + align:start position:0% +DNA in that in that picture now this may + + + align:start position:0% +DNA in that in that picture now this may +sound very esoteric you know obviously + + align:start position:0% +sound very esoteric you know obviously + + + align:start position:0% +sound very esoteric you know obviously +important for life and an important part + + align:start position:0% +important for life and an important part + + + align:start position:0% +important for life and an important part +of of + + align:start position:0% +of of + + + align:start position:0% +of of +um of + + align:start position:0% +um of + + + align:start position:0% +um of +uh sort of understanding how how life + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of understanding how how life + + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of understanding how how life +works if you're interested in studying + + align:start position:0% +works if you're interested in studying + + + align:start position:0% +works if you're interested in studying +molecular biology it may not seem to + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology it may not seem to + + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology it may not seem to +have very much connection to your to + + align:start position:0% +have very much connection to your to + + + align:start position:0% +have very much connection to your to +your real life but in fact in this case + + align:start position:0% +your real life but in fact in this case + + + align:start position:0% +your real life but in fact in this case +M mismatch repair does and I because it + + align:start position:0% +M mismatch repair does and I because it + + + align:start position:0% +M mismatch repair does and I because it +affects the frequency with which if you + + align:start position:0% +affects the frequency with which if you + + + align:start position:0% +affects the frequency with which if you +lose it then uh when you replicate your + + align:start position:0% +lose it then uh when you replicate your + + + align:start position:0% +lose it then uh when you replicate your +DNA you're going to make more mistakes + + align:start position:0% +DNA you're going to make more mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +DNA you're going to make more mistakes +and I I need to tell you just a little + + align:start position:0% +and I I need to tell you just a little + + + align:start position:0% +and I I need to tell you just a little +give you a very quick introduction to + + align:start position:0% +give you a very quick introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +give you a very quick introduction to +cancer so you can see why this is + + align:start position:0% +cancer so you can see why this is + + + align:start position:0% +cancer so you can see why this is +important so + + align:start position:0% +important so + + + align:start position:0% +important so +cancer uh comes from the fact that + + align:start position:0% +cancer uh comes from the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +cancer uh comes from the fact that +remember a human cell or a multi cell + + align:start position:0% +remember a human cell or a multi cell + + + align:start position:0% +remember a human cell or a multi cell +with many or with um like us that has + + align:start position:0% +with many or with um like us that has + + + align:start position:0% +with many or with um like us that has +many kinds of different cells starts out + + align:start position:0% +many kinds of different cells starts out + + + align:start position:0% +many kinds of different cells starts out +from one cell and I talked about as we + + align:start position:0% +from one cell and I talked about as we + + + align:start position:0% +from one cell and I talked about as we +go first you get the embryonic stem + + align:start position:0% +go first you get the embryonic stem + + + align:start position:0% +go first you get the embryonic stem +cells that become anything and the cells + + align:start position:0% +cells that become anything and the cells + + + align:start position:0% +cells that become anything and the cells +become successively more and more and + + align:start position:0% +become successively more and more and + + + align:start position:0% +become successively more and more and +more specialized as they go along so + + align:start position:0% +more specialized as they go along so + + + align:start position:0% +more specialized as they go along so +ultimately a cell that's in your retina + + align:start position:0% +ultimately a cell that's in your retina + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately a cell that's in your retina +or in say the lining of your your colon + + align:start position:0% +or in say the lining of your your colon + + + align:start position:0% +or in say the lining of your your colon +needs to know that that's where it + + align:start position:0% +needs to know that that's where it + + + align:start position:0% +needs to know that that's where it +belongs and it also needs to know that + + align:start position:0% +belongs and it also needs to know that + + + align:start position:0% +belongs and it also needs to know that +it can't just keep replicating so if + + align:start position:0% +it can't just keep replicating so if + + + align:start position:0% +it can't just keep replicating so if +this is actually showing a little + + align:start position:0% +this is actually showing a little + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually showing a little +picture of a lining of your intestine + + align:start position:0% +picture of a lining of your intestine + + + align:start position:0% +picture of a lining of your intestine +and you there's a a single layer of + + align:start position:0% +and you there's a a single layer of + + + align:start position:0% +and you there's a a single layer of +cells right along the the edge of your + + align:start position:0% +cells right along the the edge of your + + + align:start position:0% +cells right along the the edge of your +the inside edge of your intestine this + + align:start position:0% +the inside edge of your intestine this + + + align:start position:0% +the inside edge of your intestine this +is the the cells through which all the + + align:start position:0% +is the the cells through which all the + + + align:start position:0% +is the the cells through which all the +nutrient exchange happens and everything + + align:start position:0% +nutrient exchange happens and everything + + + align:start position:0% +nutrient exchange happens and everything +else when your body extracts uh + + align:start position:0% +else when your body extracts uh + + + align:start position:0% +else when your body extracts uh +nutrients um as as food stuff passes + + align:start position:0% +nutrients um as as food stuff passes + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients um as as food stuff passes +through your your through your intestine + + align:start position:0% +through your your through your intestine + + + align:start position:0% +through your your through your intestine +and so what happens with cancer is a + + align:start position:0% +and so what happens with cancer is a + + + align:start position:0% +and so what happens with cancer is a +cell that's a normally part of your body + + align:start position:0% +cell that's a normally part of your body + + + align:start position:0% +cell that's a normally part of your body +has to obey a whole set of rules and + + align:start position:0% +has to obey a whole set of rules and + + + align:start position:0% +has to obey a whole set of rules and +what you can think of as when someone + + align:start position:0% +what you can think of as when someone + + + align:start position:0% +what you can think of as when someone +starts to develop cancer is that what + + align:start position:0% +starts to develop cancer is that what + + + align:start position:0% +starts to develop cancer is that what +started out as an ordinary cell undergo + + align:start position:0% +started out as an ordinary cell undergo + + + align:start position:0% +started out as an ordinary cell undergo +some kind of changes successive changes + + align:start position:0% +some kind of changes successive changes + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of changes successive changes +in its DNA that gradually causes it to + + align:start position:0% +in its DNA that gradually causes it to + + + align:start position:0% +in its DNA that gradually causes it to +forget the rules that make it be part of + + align:start position:0% +forget the rules that make it be part of + + + align:start position:0% +forget the rules that make it be part of +an organized body system so if we take a + + align:start position:0% +an organized body system so if we take a + + + align:start position:0% +an organized body system so if we take a +look here so all these different cells + + align:start position:0% +look here so all these different cells + + + align:start position:0% +look here so all these different cells +but let's imagine just one of them gets + + align:start position:0% +but let's imagine just one of them gets + + + align:start position:0% +but let's imagine just one of them gets +a change that makes it forget to stop or + + align:start position:0% +a change that makes it forget to stop or + + + align:start position:0% +a change that makes it forget to stop or +it should know that it'll stop to stop + + align:start position:0% +it should know that it'll stop to stop + + + align:start position:0% +it should know that it'll stop to stop +replicating when it touches its + + align:start position:0% +replicating when it touches its + + + align:start position:0% +replicating when it touches its +neighbors but if a cell were to lose + + align:start position:0% +neighbors but if a cell were to lose + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors but if a cell were to lose +that control what would happen well it + + align:start position:0% +that control what would happen well it + + + align:start position:0% +that control what would happen well it +would then begin to to proliferate and + + align:start position:0% +would then begin to to proliferate and + + + align:start position:0% +would then begin to to proliferate and +then what happens in cancer is the cell + + align:start position:0% +then what happens in cancer is the cell + + + align:start position:0% +then what happens in cancer is the cell +will now they're more of them and one + + align:start position:0% +will now they're more of them and one + + + align:start position:0% +will now they're more of them and one +cell will acquire an additional mutation + + align:start position:0% +cell will acquire an additional mutation + + + align:start position:0% +cell will acquire an additional mutation +that will lead lead to a further loss of + + align:start position:0% +that will lead lead to a further loss of + + + align:start position:0% +that will lead lead to a further loss of +growth control you can see now the cells + + align:start position:0% +growth control you can see now the cells + + + align:start position:0% +growth control you can see now the cells +are starting to become sort of funny + + align:start position:0% +are starting to become sort of funny + + + align:start position:0% +are starting to become sort of funny +shapes and then it'll so one of the + + align:start position:0% +shapes and then it'll so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +shapes and then it'll so one of the +cells in here will undergo yet another + + align:start position:0% +cells in here will undergo yet another + + + align:start position:0% +cells in here will undergo yet another +change and right at this point up till + + align:start position:0% +change and right at this point up till + + + align:start position:0% +change and right at this point up till +now the cancer has even though the cells + + align:start position:0% +now the cancer has even though the cells + + + align:start position:0% +now the cancer has even though the cells +of are dividing um and have lost uh some + + align:start position:0% +of are dividing um and have lost uh some + + + align:start position:0% +of are dividing um and have lost uh some +of their growth control they're still + + align:start position:0% +of their growth control they're still + + + align:start position:0% +of their growth control they're still +staying in the same place so that would + + align:start position:0% +staying in the same place so that would + + + align:start position:0% +staying in the same place so that would +be sort of mean know like a ward or + + align:start position:0% +be sort of mean know like a ward or + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of mean know like a ward or +something like that or what you would + + align:start position:0% +something like that or what you would + + + align:start position:0% +something like that or what you would +hear is a benign tumor you can go in + + align:start position:0% +hear is a benign tumor you can go in + + + align:start position:0% +hear is a benign tumor you can go in +surgically and take it away but then the + + align:start position:0% +surgically and take it away but then the + + + align:start position:0% +surgically and take it away but then the +other thing that can happen is cells can + + align:start position:0% +other thing that can happen is cells can + + + align:start position:0% +other thing that can happen is cells can +forget where they're supposed to be in + + align:start position:0% +forget where they're supposed to be in + + + align:start position:0% +forget where they're supposed to be in +the body and when that happens they they + + align:start position:0% +the body and when that happens they they + + + align:start position:0% +the body and when that happens they they +say the cells metastasize or become + + align:start position:0% +say the cells metastasize or become + + + align:start position:0% +say the cells metastasize or become +metastic or malignant tumor and what + + align:start position:0% +metastic or malignant tumor and what + + + align:start position:0% +metastic or malignant tumor and what +that means is the cell is beginning to + + align:start position:0% +that means is the cell is beginning to + + + align:start position:0% +that means is the cell is beginning to +it's acquired yet another change that's + + align:start position:0% +it's acquired yet another change that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's acquired yet another change that's +made it forget which part of the body + + align:start position:0% +made it forget which part of the body + + + align:start position:0% +made it forget which part of the body +it's supposed to be in and they've + + align:start position:0% +it's supposed to be in and they've + + + align:start position:0% +it's supposed to be in and they've +signified it here as being a a change in + + align:start position:0% +signified it here as being a a change in + + + align:start position:0% +signified it here as being a a change in +the cell that then leads to you can see + + align:start position:0% +the cell that then leads to you can see + + + align:start position:0% +the cell that then leads to you can see +here now it's starting to invade into + + align:start position:0% +here now it's starting to invade into + + + align:start position:0% +here now it's starting to invade into +the the whole intestine or if one of + + align:start position:0% +the the whole intestine or if one of + + + align:start position:0% +the the whole intestine or if one of +those cells comes off loose in your + + align:start position:0% +those cells comes off loose in your + + + align:start position:0% +those cells comes off loose in your +bloodstream it can land somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream it can land somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream it can land somewhere else +in your body and then start to grow grow + + align:start position:0% +in your body and then start to grow grow + + + align:start position:0% +in your body and then start to grow grow +there and that's what happens when + + align:start position:0% +there and that's what happens when + + + align:start position:0% +there and that's what happens when +somebody has metastatic cancer it's some + + align:start position:0% +somebody has metastatic cancer it's some + + + align:start position:0% +somebody has metastatic cancer it's some +you can't really cure it because now + + align:start position:0% +you can't really cure it because now + + + align:start position:0% +you can't really cure it because now +there's cells cancer cells all over the + + align:start position:0% +there's cells cancer cells all over the + + + align:start position:0% +there's cells cancer cells all over the +body and and that usually is is a very + + align:start position:0% +body and and that usually is is a very + + + align:start position:0% +body and and that usually is is a very +difficult situation to get any kind of + + align:start position:0% +difficult situation to get any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +difficult situation to get any kind of +cure on so to put this in perspective + + align:start position:0% +cure on so to put this in perspective + + + align:start position:0% +cure on so to put this in perspective +you needed to have a number of changes + + align:start position:0% +you needed to have a number of changes + + + align:start position:0% +you needed to have a number of changes +to go from an ordinary cell to uh a + + align:start position:0% +to go from an ordinary cell to uh a + + + align:start position:0% +to go from an ordinary cell to uh a +metastatic cancer cell so at each one of + + align:start position:0% +metastatic cancer cell so at each one of + + + align:start position:0% +metastatic cancer cell so at each one of +these changes there was some kind of + + align:start position:0% +these changes there was some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these changes there was some kind of +change in the DNA either there was a + + align:start position:0% +change in the DNA either there was a + + + align:start position:0% +change in the DNA either there was a +mutation or maybe a chromosome was lost + + align:start position:0% +mutation or maybe a chromosome was lost + + + align:start position:0% +mutation or maybe a chromosome was lost +or something like this so that you need + + align:start position:0% +or something like this so that you need + + + align:start position:0% +or something like this so that you need +s a series of successive genetic um + + align:start position:0% +s a series of successive genetic um + + + align:start position:0% +s a series of successive genetic um +alterations so there was a very key + + align:start position:0% +alterations so there was a very key + + + align:start position:0% +alterations so there was a very key +Insight uh that a number of people had + + align:start position:0% +Insight uh that a number of people had + + + align:start position:0% +Insight uh that a number of people had +after we understood the mechanism of uh + + align:start position:0% +after we understood the mechanism of uh + + + align:start position:0% +after we understood the mechanism of uh +mismatch repair because people realized + + align:start position:0% +mismatch repair because people realized + + + align:start position:0% +mismatch repair because people realized +some people realized that if a human + + align:start position:0% +some people realized that if a human + + + align:start position:0% +some people realized that if a human +cell had lost uh mismatch repair then + + align:start position:0% +cell had lost uh mismatch repair then + + + align:start position:0% +cell had lost uh mismatch repair then +the frequency of each one of these + + align:start position:0% +the frequency of each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency of each one of these +changes would go up it wouldn't affect + + align:start position:0% +changes would go up it wouldn't affect + + + align:start position:0% +changes would go up it wouldn't affect +what the change was it wouldn't actually + + align:start position:0% +what the change was it wouldn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +what the change was it wouldn't actually +have anything to do if you lost mismatch + + align:start position:0% +have anything to do if you lost mismatch + + + align:start position:0% +have anything to do if you lost mismatch +your pair it wouldn't affect uh directly + + align:start position:0% +your pair it wouldn't affect uh directly + + + align:start position:0% +your pair it wouldn't affect uh directly +the ability of this cell to forget um to + + align:start position:0% +the ability of this cell to forget um to + + + align:start position:0% +the ability of this cell to forget um to +stop dividing when it touches its + + align:start position:0% +stop dividing when it touches its + + + align:start position:0% +stop dividing when it touches its +neighbors but it would increase the the + + align:start position:0% +neighbors but it would increase the the + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors but it would increase the the +chances that a mutation somewhere would + + align:start position:0% +chances that a mutation somewhere would + + + align:start position:0% +chances that a mutation somewhere would +have that that effect and if every one + + align:start position:0% +have that that effect and if every one + + + align:start position:0% +have that that effect and if every one +of these steps goes now a 100 or a + + align:start position:0% +of these steps goes now a 100 or a + + + align:start position:0% +of these steps goes now a 100 or a +thousand times faster you can see that + + align:start position:0% +thousand times faster you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +thousand times faster you can see that +if somebody loses mismatch repair in a + + align:start position:0% +if somebody loses mismatch repair in a + + + align:start position:0% +if somebody loses mismatch repair in a +Cell then the chances of that cell + + align:start position:0% +Cell then the chances of that cell + + + align:start position:0% +Cell then the chances of that cell +coming into a uh cancer are very high so + + align:start position:0% +coming into a uh cancer are very high so + + + align:start position:0% +coming into a uh cancer are very high so +there was a um a kind of human cancer + + align:start position:0% +there was a um a kind of human cancer + + + align:start position:0% +there was a um a kind of human cancer +it's a susceptibility to Poland cancer + + align:start position:0% +it's a susceptibility to Poland cancer + + + align:start position:0% +it's a susceptibility to Poland cancer +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +called hereditary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non polyposis colon cancer you don't + + align:start position:0% +non polyposis colon cancer you don't + + + align:start position:0% +non polyposis colon cancer you don't +need to remember the + + align:start position:0% +need to remember the + + + align:start position:0% +need to remember the +name it's often abbreviated + + align:start position:0% +name it's often abbreviated + + + align:start position:0% +name it's often abbreviated +hnpcc for people who who can't remember + + align:start position:0% +hnpcc for people who who can't remember + + + align:start position:0% +hnpcc for people who who can't remember +the name but it was a kind of uh can + + align:start position:0% +the name but it was a kind of uh can + + + align:start position:0% +the name but it was a kind of uh can +susceptibility to cancer that ran in + + align:start position:0% +susceptibility to cancer that ran in + + + align:start position:0% +susceptibility to cancer that ran in +families so it was thought to be + + align:start position:0% +families so it was thought to be + + + align:start position:0% +families so it was thought to be +genetically determined mined in some way + + align:start position:0% +genetically determined mined in some way + + + align:start position:0% +genetically determined mined in some way +and one of the interesting things was a + + align:start position:0% +and one of the interesting things was a + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the interesting things was a +number of the people who had this + + align:start position:0% +number of the people who had this + + + align:start position:0% +number of the people who had this +disease would show a kind of instability + + align:start position:0% +disease would show a kind of instability + + + align:start position:0% +disease would show a kind of instability +of the genome in if they looked in the + + align:start position:0% +of the genome in if they looked in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the genome in if they looked in the +tumors they just looked at the DNA it + + align:start position:0% +tumors they just looked at the DNA it + + + align:start position:0% +tumors they just looked at the DNA it +seemed to be undergoing changes at much + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be undergoing changes at much + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be undergoing changes at much +faster rate and the Insight that came + + align:start position:0% +faster rate and the Insight that came + + + align:start position:0% +faster rate and the Insight that came +out was that the the people who um had + + align:start position:0% +out was that the the people who um had + + + align:start position:0% +out was that the the people who um had +this disease had for + + align:start position:0% +this disease had for + + + align:start position:0% +this disease had for +example mutation + + align:start position:0% +example mutation + + + align:start position:0% +example mutation +affecting what we can think of as a + + align:start position:0% +affecting what we can think of as a + + + align:start position:0% +affecting what we can think of as a +human homologue of + + align:start position:0% +human homologue of + + + align:start position:0% +human homologue of +mutas and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about uh genetics of humans and other uh + + align:start position:0% +about uh genetics of humans and other uh + + + align:start position:0% +about uh genetics of humans and other uh +in a in a small number of weeks but I + + align:start position:0% +in a in a small number of weeks but I + + + align:start position:0% +in a in a small number of weeks but I +think most of you know that we for most + + align:start position:0% +think most of you know that we for most + + + align:start position:0% +think most of you know that we for most +genes except for the genes associated + + align:start position:0% +genes except for the genes associated + + + align:start position:0% +genes except for the genes associated +with the sex chromosomes you get one + + align:start position:0% +with the sex chromosomes you get one + + + align:start position:0% +with the sex chromosomes you get one +copy of a gene from Mom and another copy + + align:start position:0% +copy of a gene from Mom and another copy + + + align:start position:0% +copy of a gene from Mom and another copy +of a gene from Dad so under no most + + align:start position:0% +of a gene from Dad so under no most + + + align:start position:0% +of a gene from Dad so under no most +circumstances we would have two good + + align:start position:0% +circumstances we would have two good + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances we would have two good +copies of this Gene encoding a human + + align:start position:0% +copies of this Gene encoding a human + + + align:start position:0% +copies of this Gene encoding a human +homologue of mutes and what does that + + align:start position:0% +homologue of mutes and what does that + + + align:start position:0% +homologue of mutes and what does that +human homologue of mutes does the same + + align:start position:0% +human homologue of mutes does the same + + + align:start position:0% +human homologue of mutes does the same +thing as the bacteria it recognizes a + + align:start position:0% +thing as the bacteria it recognizes a + + + align:start position:0% +thing as the bacteria it recognizes a +mismatch in in DNA and uh fixes it up so + + align:start position:0% +mismatch in in DNA and uh fixes it up so + + + align:start position:0% +mismatch in in DNA and uh fixes it up so +it turned out that what the people with + + align:start position:0% +it turned out that what the people with + + + align:start position:0% +it turned out that what the people with +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um disease have is they have one of the + + align:start position:0% +um disease have is they have one of the + + + align:start position:0% +um disease have is they have one of the +genes the gene they got from M the gene + + align:start position:0% +genes the gene they got from M the gene + + + align:start position:0% +genes the gene they got from M the gene +they got from Dad is broken so they're + + align:start position:0% +they got from Dad is broken so they're + + + align:start position:0% +they got from Dad is broken so they're +still okay they have one copy of + + align:start position:0% +still okay they have one copy of + + + align:start position:0% +still okay they have one copy of +mismatch repair in every + + align:start position:0% +mismatch repair in every + + + align:start position:0% +mismatch repair in every +cell but if a cell ever had lost that + + align:start position:0% +cell but if a cell ever had lost that + + + align:start position:0% +cell but if a cell ever had lost that +copy of the + + align:start position:0% +copy of the + + + align:start position:0% +copy of the +second of lost the copy of the good + + align:start position:0% +second of lost the copy of the good + + + align:start position:0% +second of lost the copy of the good +version now that cell and all of its + + align:start position:0% +version now that cell and all of its + + + align:start position:0% +version now that cell and all of its +descendants would mutate at something + + align:start position:0% +descendants would mutate at something + + + align:start position:0% +descendants would mutate at something +like a 100 or a thousand times the the + + align:start position:0% +like a 100 or a thousand times the the + + + align:start position:0% +like a 100 or a thousand times the the +uh normal probability and so they would + + align:start position:0% +uh normal probability and so they would + + + align:start position:0% +uh normal probability and so they would +progress down this pathway and so + + align:start position:0% +progress down this pathway and so + + + align:start position:0% +progress down this pathway and so +polyposis means that if they look in the + + align:start position:0% +polyposis means that if they look in the + + + align:start position:0% +polyposis means that if they look in the +in the in the uh colons of people who + + align:start position:0% +in the in the uh colons of people who + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the uh colons of people who +have this disease they find lots and + + align:start position:0% +have this disease they find lots and + + + align:start position:0% +have this disease they find lots and +lots of little uh grow or Pops that are + + align:start position:0% +lots of little uh grow or Pops that are + + + align:start position:0% +lots of little uh grow or Pops that are +on their way to progressing down this uh + + align:start position:0% +on their way to progressing down this uh + + + align:start position:0% +on their way to progressing down this uh +disease uh even in these people uh it + + align:start position:0% +disease uh even in these people uh it + + + align:start position:0% +disease uh even in these people uh it +takes quite a while and uh so once they + + align:start position:0% +takes quite a while and uh so once they + + + align:start position:0% +takes quite a while and uh so once they +knew that they're able to go in and + + align:start position:0% +knew that they're able to go in and + + + align:start position:0% +knew that they're able to go in and +through colonoscopies find these uh + + align:start position:0% +through colonoscopies find these uh + + + align:start position:0% +through colonoscopies find these uh +Cancers and remove them and uh most of + + align:start position:0% +Cancers and remove them and uh most of + + + align:start position:0% +Cancers and remove them and uh most of +you will not have that disease but uh + + align:start position:0% +you will not have that disease but uh + + + align:start position:0% +you will not have that disease but uh +this is now a kind of cancer that's + + align:start position:0% +this is now a kind of cancer that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is now a kind of cancer that's +pretty much preventable as long as it + + align:start position:0% +pretty much preventable as long as it + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much preventable as long as it +gets detected it can take in a normal + + align:start position:0% +gets detected it can take in a normal + + + align:start position:0% +gets detected it can take in a normal +person as long as 20 years or something + + align:start position:0% +person as long as 20 years or something + + + align:start position:0% +person as long as 20 years or something +for an initial cell that underwent this + + align:start position:0% +for an initial cell that underwent this + + + align:start position:0% +for an initial cell that underwent this +initial change to go all the way down to + + align:start position:0% +initial change to go all the way down to + + + align:start position:0% +initial change to go all the way down to +becoming metastatic so when you get + + align:start position:0% +becoming metastatic so when you get + + + align:start position:0% +becoming metastatic so when you get +older and this is certainly applies to + + align:start position:0% +older and this is certainly applies to + + + align:start position:0% +older and this is certainly applies to +most of you your parents are in this age + + align:start position:0% +most of you your parents are in this age + + + align:start position:0% +most of you your parents are in this age +group + + align:start position:0% +group + + + align:start position:0% +group +uh they should you should ask them if + + align:start position:0% +uh they should you should ask them if + + + align:start position:0% +uh they should you should ask them if +they've had a colonoscopy it's not the + + align:start position:0% +they've had a colonoscopy it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +they've had a colonoscopy it's not the +world's most fun procedure because you + + align:start position:0% +world's most fun procedure because you + + + align:start position:0% +world's most fun procedure because you +know they stick a probe and look inside + + align:start position:0% +know they stick a probe and look inside + + + align:start position:0% +know they stick a probe and look inside +your testin but it isn't that bad and if + + align:start position:0% +your testin but it isn't that bad and if + + + align:start position:0% +your testin but it isn't that bad and if +they when what they do is if they see + + align:start position:0% +they when what they do is if they see + + + align:start position:0% +they when what they do is if they see +one of these little pups they can catch + + align:start position:0% +one of these little pups they can catch + + + align:start position:0% +one of these little pups they can catch +it before it's progressed far enough to + + align:start position:0% +it before it's progressed far enough to + + + align:start position:0% +it before it's progressed far enough to +be metastatic and then there's no + + align:start position:0% +be metastatic and then there's no + + + align:start position:0% +be metastatic and then there's no +problem I had my first one done about I + + align:start position:0% +problem I had my first one done about I + + + align:start position:0% +problem I had my first one done about I +don't know three or four years ago and + + align:start position:0% +don't know three or four years ago and + + + align:start position:0% +don't know three or four years ago and +they found one and they took it out and + + align:start position:0% +they found one and they took it out and + + + align:start position:0% +they found one and they took it out and +I'm I'm fine but if it had been left + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm fine but if it had been left + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm fine but if it had been left +there and it allowed to progress then + + align:start position:0% +there and it allowed to progress then + + + align:start position:0% +there and it allowed to progress then +some years down the line I would have + + align:start position:0% +some years down the line I would have + + + align:start position:0% +some years down the line I would have +gotten colon cancer and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +gotten colon cancer and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +gotten colon cancer and I'm going to +have to go back and get checked again in + + align:start position:0% +have to go back and get checked again in + + + align:start position:0% +have to go back and get checked again in +another year or two but it is + + align:start position:0% +another year or two but it is + + + align:start position:0% +another year or two but it is +um something that you should you should + + align:start position:0% +um something that you should you should + + + align:start position:0% +um something that you should you should +check with your parents because + + align:start position:0% +check with your parents because + + + align:start position:0% +check with your parents because +everybody should have have a colonoscopy + + align:start position:0% +everybody should have have a colonoscopy + + + align:start position:0% +everybody should have have a colonoscopy +My Hope Is by the time you guys reach an + + align:start position:0% +My Hope Is by the time you guys reach an + + + align:start position:0% +My Hope Is by the time you guys reach an +age where this comes they'll probably + + align:start position:0% +age where this comes they'll probably + + + align:start position:0% +age where this comes they'll probably +have some kind of little blood test or + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of little blood test or + + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of little blood test or +something where you won't have to go + + align:start position:0% +something where you won't have to go + + + align:start position:0% +something where you won't have to go +through this uh indignity but right at + + align:start position:0% +through this uh indignity but right at + + + align:start position:0% +through this uh indignity but right at +the moment it's it's it's something + + align:start position:0% +the moment it's it's it's something + + + align:start position:0% +the moment it's it's it's something +everyone should do I think um I just + + align:start position:0% +everyone should do I think um I just + + + align:start position:0% +everyone should do I think um I just +wanted to make one other comment about + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make one other comment about + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make one other comment about +basic research because there's another + + align:start position:0% +basic research because there's another + + + align:start position:0% +basic research because there's another +thing here I was actually my lab was the + + align:start position:0% +thing here I was actually my lab was the + + + align:start position:0% +thing here I was actually my lab was the +first lab to clone the mutes Gene we + + align:start position:0% +first lab to clone the mutes Gene we + + + align:start position:0% +first lab to clone the mutes Gene we +cloned it we sequenced it and we looked + + align:start position:0% +cloned it we sequenced it and we looked + + + align:start position:0% +cloned it we sequenced it and we looked +in the databases and at that time uh in + + align:start position:0% +in the databases and at that time uh in + + + align:start position:0% +in the databases and at that time uh in +the late 80s there was nothing else that + + align:start position:0% +the late 80s there was nothing else that + + + align:start position:0% +the late 80s there was nothing else that +looked like it I thought it would be + + align:start position:0% +looked like it I thought it would be + + + align:start position:0% +looked like it I thought it would be +like there were some sort of similar + + align:start position:0% +like there were some sort of similar + + + align:start position:0% +like there were some sort of similar +mutants you um and here's what it looked + + align:start position:0% +mutants you um and here's what it looked + + + align:start position:0% +mutants you um and here's what it looked +like this is a a culture of eoli and + + align:start position:0% +like this is a a culture of eoli and + + + align:start position:0% +like this is a a culture of eoli and +I've just they're about 10 the 9th cells + + align:start position:0% +I've just they're about 10 the 9th cells + + + align:start position:0% +I've just they're about 10 the 9th cells +per Mill we played it about 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +per Mill we played it about 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +per Mill we played it about 10 to the +9th or 10 to the E on a plate with a + + align:start position:0% +9th or 10 to the E on a plate with a + + + align:start position:0% +9th or 10 to the E on a plate with a +drug on it and you can see they almost + + align:start position:0% +drug on it and you can see they almost + + + align:start position:0% +drug on it and you can see they almost +all died but there were maybe three or + + align:start position:0% +all died but there were maybe three or + + + align:start position:0% +all died but there were maybe three or +four that survived and then they were + + align:start position:0% +four that survived and then they were + + + align:start position:0% +four that survived and then they were +their descendants were able to grow up + + align:start position:0% +their descendants were able to grow up + + + align:start position:0% +their descendants were able to grow up +and form a + + align:start position:0% +and form a + + + align:start position:0% +and form a +colony this is how we recognized + + align:start position:0% +colony this is how we recognized + + + align:start position:0% +colony this is how we recognized +something was uh defective in what we + + align:start position:0% +something was uh defective in what we + + + align:start position:0% +something was uh defective in what we +now know as mismatch repair if you took + + align:start position:0% +now know as mismatch repair if you took + + + align:start position:0% +now know as mismatch repair if you took +this this mutant of ecoli and plated it + + align:start position:0% +this this mutant of ecoli and plated it + + + align:start position:0% +this this mutant of ecoli and plated it +out you see you got a lot more drug + + align:start position:0% +out you see you got a lot more drug + + + align:start position:0% +out you see you got a lot more drug +resistant colonies that's the difference + + align:start position:0% +resistant colonies that's the difference + + + align:start position:0% +resistant colonies that's the difference +that I was describing you the importance + + align:start position:0% +that I was describing you the importance + + + align:start position:0% +that I was describing you the importance +of mismatch if you don't have mismatch a + + align:start position:0% +of mismatch if you don't have mismatch a + + + align:start position:0% +of mismatch if you don't have mismatch a +pair you can see you get a lot more + + align:start position:0% +pair you can see you get a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +pair you can see you get a lot more +mistakes that show up as as mutants so I + + align:start position:0% +mistakes that show up as as mutants so I + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes that show up as as mutants so I +was studying that and uh we cloned the + + align:start position:0% +was studying that and uh we cloned the + + + align:start position:0% +was studying that and uh we cloned the +mute s and mutel genes which another + + align:start position:0% +mute s and mutel genes which another + + + align:start position:0% +mute s and mutel genes which another +Gene that's involved in this didn't see + + align:start position:0% +Gene that's involved in this didn't see + + + align:start position:0% +Gene that's involved in this didn't see +anything in the database but there were + + align:start position:0% +anything in the database but there were + + + align:start position:0% +anything in the database but there were +very similar mutants um in streptococus + + align:start position:0% +very similar mutants um in streptococus + + + align:start position:0% +very similar mutants um in streptococus +pneumoni that people had isolated + + align:start position:0% +pneumoni that people had isolated + + + align:start position:0% +pneumoni that people had isolated +remember streptococus pneumoni in the + + align:start position:0% +remember streptococus pneumoni in the + + + align:start position:0% +remember streptococus pneumoni in the +transformation experiments so I thought + + align:start position:0% +transformation experiments so I thought + + + align:start position:0% +transformation experiments so I thought +well maybe these are the same genes in + + align:start position:0% +well maybe these are the same genes in + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe these are the same genes in +an evolutionary basis so I phoned some + + align:start position:0% +an evolutionary basis so I phoned some + + + align:start position:0% +an evolutionary basis so I phoned some +labs and I found one that was sequencing + + align:start position:0% +labs and I found one that was sequencing + + + align:start position:0% +labs and I found one that was sequencing +what turned out to be a homologue of of + + align:start position:0% +what turned out to be a homologue of of + + + align:start position:0% +what turned out to be a homologue of of +mutas we tried to publish our papers in + + align:start position:0% +mutas we tried to publish our papers in + + + align:start position:0% +mutas we tried to publish our papers in +a a medium fancy Journal because I + + align:start position:0% +a a medium fancy Journal because I + + + align:start position:0% +a a medium fancy Journal because I +thought this was a pretty cool result + + align:start position:0% +thought this was a pretty cool result + + + align:start position:0% +thought this was a pretty cool result +that two bacteria that were + + align:start position:0% +that two bacteria that were + + + align:start position:0% +that two bacteria that were +evolutionarily very diverged had this + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily very diverged had this + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily very diverged had this +conserved mechanism for mismatch repair + + align:start position:0% +conserved mechanism for mismatch repair + + + align:start position:0% +conserved mechanism for mismatch repair +but uh the reviewer said you know this + + align:start position:0% +but uh the reviewer said you know this + + + align:start position:0% +but uh the reviewer said you know this +is a pretty specialized topic it's not + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty specialized topic it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty specialized topic it's not +of general interest it should go in a + + align:start position:0% +of general interest it should go in a + + + align:start position:0% +of general interest it should go in a +the the phrase they use is a more + + align:start position:0% +the the phrase they use is a more + + + align:start position:0% +the the phrase they use is a more +specialized Journal so it was published + + align:start position:0% +specialized Journal so it was published + + + align:start position:0% +specialized Journal so it was published +in journal bacteriology which is a + + align:start position:0% +in journal bacteriology which is a + + + align:start position:0% +in journal bacteriology which is a +really wonderful Journal but it + + align:start position:0% +really wonderful Journal but it + + + align:start position:0% +really wonderful Journal but it +basically deals with bacteria and about + + align:start position:0% +basically deals with bacteria and about + + + align:start position:0% +basically deals with bacteria and about +a week after that paper came out my + + align:start position:0% +a week after that paper came out my + + + align:start position:0% +a week after that paper came out my +phone rang and it was a guy from Emory + + align:start position:0% +phone rang and it was a guy from Emory + + + align:start position:0% +phone rang and it was a guy from Emory +and he said hi I work on Mouse we were + + align:start position:0% +and he said hi I work on Mouse we were + + + align:start position:0% +and he said hi I work on Mouse we were +sequencing a gene doesn't matter what + + align:start position:0% +sequencing a gene doesn't matter what + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing a gene doesn't matter what +and we sequenced in the wrong direction + + align:start position:0% +and we sequenced in the wrong direction + + + align:start position:0% +and we sequenced in the wrong direction +and we seem to have a something called + + align:start position:0% +and we seem to have a something called + + + align:start position:0% +and we seem to have a something called +mutes do you know anything about mutes + + align:start position:0% +mutes do you know anything about mutes + + + align:start position:0% +mutes do you know anything about mutes +and a couple of days after that I got a + + align:start position:0% +and a couple of days after that I got a + + + align:start position:0% +and a couple of days after that I got a +phone call from somebody at NIH and they + + align:start position:0% +phone call from somebody at NIH and they + + + align:start position:0% +phone call from somebody at NIH and they +said well same thing we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +said well same thing we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +said well same thing we were trying to +sequence this gene in humans we kind of + + align:start position:0% +sequence this gene in humans we kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sequence this gene in humans we kind of +sequenced in the wrong direction we + + align:start position:0% +sequenced in the wrong direction we + + + align:start position:0% +sequenced in the wrong direction we +found muts so then a week of the paper + + align:start position:0% +found muts so then a week of the paper + + + align:start position:0% +found muts so then a week of the paper +coming out I knew there were Mouse and + + align:start position:0% +coming out I knew there were Mouse and + + + align:start position:0% +coming out I knew there were Mouse and +human homologues and that led from this + + align:start position:0% +human homologues and that led from this + + + align:start position:0% +human homologues and that led from this +identification from these sort of + + align:start position:0% +identification from these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +identification from these sort of +studies which my first graduate student + + align:start position:0% +studies which my first graduate student + + + align:start position:0% +studies which my first graduate student +worked on to um the identification of + + align:start position:0% +worked on to um the identification of + + + align:start position:0% +worked on to um the identification of +the human + + align:start position:0% +the human + + + align:start position:0% +the human +homologs and then not me but others made + + align:start position:0% +homologs and then not me but others made + + + align:start position:0% +homologs and then not me but others made +the connection between um mismatch rep + + align:start position:0% +the connection between um mismatch rep + + + align:start position:0% +the connection between um mismatch rep +pair and cancer but this is the way a + + align:start position:0% +pair and cancer but this is the way a + + + align:start position:0% +pair and cancer but this is the way a +lot of things happen with basic research + + align:start position:0% +lot of things happen with basic research + + + align:start position:0% +lot of things happen with basic research +this doesn't look like anything that's + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't look like anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't look like anything that's +very important and a sure doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +very important and a sure doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +very important and a sure doesn't look +like it's going to lead to an insight + + align:start position:0% +like it's going to lead to an insight + + + align:start position:0% +like it's going to lead to an insight +into cancer but this is very much the + + align:start position:0% +into cancer but this is very much the + + + align:start position:0% +into cancer but this is very much the +way it goes I've had this happen twice + + align:start position:0% +way it goes I've had this happen twice + + + align:start position:0% +way it goes I've had this happen twice +with another set of genes in my in my + + align:start position:0% +with another set of genes in my in my + + + align:start position:0% +with another set of genes in my in my +life that turned out to be important for + + align:start position:0% +life that turned out to be important for + + + align:start position:0% +life that turned out to be important for +cancer as well and as I said what + + align:start position:0% +cancer as well and as I said what + + + align:start position:0% +cancer as well and as I said what +happens if you lose the mismatch repair + + align:start position:0% +happens if you lose the mismatch repair + + + align:start position:0% +happens if you lose the mismatch repair +then all these alterations happen much + + align:start position:0% +then all these alterations happen much + + + align:start position:0% +then all these alterations happen much +more quickly and the cells can become + + align:start position:0% +more quickly and the cells can become + + + align:start position:0% +more quickly and the cells can become +cancerous I I I've included a couple of + + align:start position:0% +cancerous I I I've included a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +cancerous I I I've included a couple of +outtakes because I actually made this + + align:start position:0% +outtakes because I actually made this + + + align:start position:0% +outtakes because I actually made this +slide on my with my son's pillowcase on + + align:start position:0% +slide on my with my son's pillowcase on + + + align:start position:0% +slide on my with my son's pillowcase on +her our dining room counter and my our + + align:start position:0% +her our dining room counter and my our + + + align:start position:0% +her our dining room counter and my our +cats who you who you saw at some point + + align:start position:0% +cats who you who you saw at some point + + + align:start position:0% +cats who you who you saw at some point +earlier in the year thought this was the + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the year thought this was the + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the year thought this was the +weirdest thing they had ever seen was + + align:start position:0% +weirdest thing they had ever seen was + + + align:start position:0% +weirdest thing they had ever seen was +when I brought these these plates home + + align:start position:0% +when I brought these these plates home + + + align:start position:0% +when I brought these these plates home +so okay anyway all right so um one other + + align:start position:0% +so okay anyway all right so um one other + + + align:start position:0% +so okay anyway all right so um one other +uh thing to tell you about DNA + + align:start position:0% +uh thing to tell you about DNA + + + align:start position:0% +uh thing to tell you about DNA +replication be before I move on and that + + align:start position:0% +replication be before I move on and that + + + align:start position:0% +replication be before I move on and that +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the initiation of of DNA replication uh + + align:start position:0% +the initiation of of DNA replication uh + + + align:start position:0% +the initiation of of DNA replication uh +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coli the there's one great big piece of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DNA and it's all one giant circular + + align:start position:0% +DNA and it's all one giant circular + + + align:start position:0% +DNA and it's all one giant circular +chromosome and if you realize uh what + + align:start position:0% +chromosome and if you realize uh what + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome and if you realize uh what +I've told you about DNA replication I've + + align:start position:0% +I've told you about DNA replication I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've told you about DNA replication I've +talked to you only about once you have a + + align:start position:0% +talked to you only about once you have a + + + align:start position:0% +talked to you only about once you have a +replication fork established how you uh + + align:start position:0% +replication fork established how you uh + + + align:start position:0% +replication fork established how you uh +how you keep it going but as you might + + align:start position:0% +how you keep it going but as you might + + + align:start position:0% +how you keep it going but as you might +guess + + align:start position:0% +guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess +a really important point of biological + + align:start position:0% +a really important point of biological + + + align:start position:0% +a really important point of biological +control is the initiation of of DNA + + align:start position:0% +control is the initiation of of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +control is the initiation of of DNA +replication and so the way cells do that + + align:start position:0% +replication and so the way cells do that + + + align:start position:0% +replication and so the way cells do that +is they have a special sequence in their + + align:start position:0% +is they have a special sequence in their + + + align:start position:0% +is they have a special sequence in their +DNA it's written just with G's and C's + + align:start position:0% +DNA it's written just with G's and C's + + + align:start position:0% +DNA it's written just with G's and C's +and A's and + + align:start position:0% +and A's and + + + align:start position:0% +and A's and +T's but it's a it's a a word sort of + + align:start position:0% +T's but it's a it's a a word sort of + + + align:start position:0% +T's but it's a it's a a word sort of +written in a different language than the + + align:start position:0% +written in a different language than the + + + align:start position:0% +written in a different language than the +kind of genetic code we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +kind of genetic code we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of genetic code we're going to be +talking about in the next couple of + + align:start position:0% +talking about in the next couple of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about in the next couple of +lectures and what it means is start + + align:start position:0% +lectures and what it means is start + + + align:start position:0% +lectures and what it means is start +replication here and so in + + align:start position:0% +replication here and so in + + + align:start position:0% +replication here and so in +eoli it's called an the these terms are + + align:start position:0% +eoli it's called an the these terms are + + + align:start position:0% +eoli it's called an the these terms are +called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin of DNA replication and for + + align:start position:0% +origin of DNA replication and for + + + align:start position:0% +origin of DNA replication and for +example in eoli it's about a stretch of + + align:start position:0% +example in eoli it's about a stretch of + + + align:start position:0% +example in eoli it's about a stretch of +DNA that's about 250 base pairs long and + + align:start position:0% +DNA that's about 250 base pairs long and + + + align:start position:0% +DNA that's about 250 base pairs long and +it's got a sequence that lets proteins + + align:start position:0% +it's got a sequence that lets proteins + + + align:start position:0% +it's got a sequence that lets proteins +bind and they kind of are able to make + + align:start position:0% +bind and they kind of are able to make + + + align:start position:0% +bind and they kind of are able to make +a little bubble like this and it's at + + align:start position:0% +a little bubble like this and it's at + + + align:start position:0% +a little bubble like this and it's at +these the edges of this little bubble + + align:start position:0% +these the edges of this little bubble + + + align:start position:0% +these the edges of this little bubble +where it's able to start a uh start a + + align:start position:0% +where it's able to start a uh start a + + + align:start position:0% +where it's able to start a uh start a +replication fork and one of the secrets + + align:start position:0% +replication fork and one of the secrets + + + align:start position:0% +replication fork and one of the secrets +to control of cell division is that + + align:start position:0% +to control of cell division is that + + + align:start position:0% +to control of cell division is that +cells are able then to control whether + + align:start position:0% +cells are able then to control whether + + + align:start position:0% +cells are able then to control whether +the protein that sees the origin is + + align:start position:0% +the protein that sees the origin is + + + align:start position:0% +the protein that sees the origin is +there or not and it won't start a new + + align:start position:0% +there or not and it won't start a new + + + align:start position:0% +there or not and it won't start a new +round of replication unless everything's + + align:start position:0% +round of replication unless everything's + + + align:start position:0% +round of replication unless everything's +right then it can make the things that + + align:start position:0% +right then it can make the things that + + + align:start position:0% +right then it can make the things that +initiate a new round and after that it + + align:start position:0% +initiate a new round and after that it + + + align:start position:0% +initiate a new round and after that it +finishes we use uh our eukariotic cells + + align:start position:0% +finishes we use uh our eukariotic cells + + + align:start position:0% +finishes we use uh our eukariotic cells +with a lot more DNA use the same thing + + align:start position:0% +with a lot more DNA use the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot more DNA use the same thing +same idea but it tends to be there tend + + align:start position:0% +same idea but it tends to be there tend + + + align:start position:0% +same idea but it tends to be there tend +to be multiple + + align:start position:0% +to be multiple + + + align:start position:0% +to be multiple +Origins and you get a little bubble and + + align:start position:0% +Origins and you get a little bubble and + + + align:start position:0% +Origins and you get a little bubble and +another little one down + + align:start position:0% +another little one down + + + align:start position:0% +another little one down +here and once you start get the + + align:start position:0% +here and once you start get the + + + align:start position:0% +here and once you start get the +replication forks established then these + + align:start position:0% +replication forks established then these + + + align:start position:0% +replication forks established then these +kind of merge and then eventually we end + + align:start position:0% +kind of merge and then eventually we end + + + align:start position:0% +kind of merge and then eventually we end +up with the two strands of of DNA I just + + align:start position:0% +up with the two strands of of DNA I just + + + align:start position:0% +up with the two strands of of DNA I just +mentioned that in passing because it's + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that in passing because it's + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that in passing because it's +an example of how even even though the + + align:start position:0% +an example of how even even though the + + + align:start position:0% +an example of how even even though the +DNA is nothing but G's and C's and A's + + align:start position:0% +DNA is nothing but G's and C's and A's + + + align:start position:0% +DNA is nothing but G's and C's and A's +and T's you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +and T's you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and T's you can kind of +write words in there that use mean + + align:start position:0% +write words in there that use mean + + + align:start position:0% +write words in there that use mean +different things some of them the + + align:start position:0% +different things some of them the + + + align:start position:0% +different things some of them the +genetic code tell you what amino order + + align:start position:0% +genetic code tell you what amino order + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code tell you what amino order +of amino acids in the cell but + + align:start position:0% +of amino acids in the cell but + + + align:start position:0% +of amino acids in the cell but +everything else has to be encoded in the + + align:start position:0% +everything else has to be encoded in the + + + align:start position:0% +everything else has to be encoded in the +DNA too and here's a really nice example + + align:start position:0% +DNA too and here's a really nice example + + + align:start position:0% +DNA too and here's a really nice example +of how that that works now we're going + + align:start position:0% +of how that that works now we're going + + + align:start position:0% +of how that that works now we're going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +switch at this point from worrying about + + align:start position:0% +switch at this point from worrying about + + + align:start position:0% +switch at this point from worrying about +how DNA replication is is replicated to + + align:start position:0% +how DNA replication is is replicated to + + + align:start position:0% +how DNA replication is is replicated to +um how it's uh + + align:start position:0% +um how it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +um how it's uh +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +information is stored and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpreted and there's a figure that + + align:start position:0% +interpreted and there's a figure that + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted and there's a figure that +most of you have probably seen that DNA + + align:start position:0% +most of you have probably seen that DNA + + + align:start position:0% +most of you have probably seen that DNA +goes to + + align:start position:0% +goes to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to +RNA goes to protein this is the usual + + align:start position:0% +RNA goes to protein this is the usual + + + align:start position:0% +RNA goes to protein this is the usual +direction of information flow the + + align:start position:0% +direction of information flow the + + + align:start position:0% +direction of information flow the +information for making proteins is + + align:start position:0% +information for making proteins is + + + align:start position:0% +information for making proteins is +encoded in the DNA as we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +encoded in the DNA as we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +encoded in the DNA as we'll talk about +in more detail an RNA copy of some piece + + align:start position:0% +in more detail an RNA copy of some piece + + + align:start position:0% +in more detail an RNA copy of some piece +of that one Genworth usually gets made + + align:start position:0% +of that one Genworth usually gets made + + + align:start position:0% +of that one Genworth usually gets made +in RNA and then that information in the + + align:start position:0% +in RNA and then that information in the + + + align:start position:0% +in RNA and then that information in the +RNA is used to direct the sequences of + + align:start position:0% +RNA is used to direct the sequences of + + + align:start position:0% +RNA is used to direct the sequences of +uh amino acids that appear in a in a + + align:start position:0% +uh amino acids that appear in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh amino acids that appear in a in a +protein and this + + align:start position:0% +protein and this + + + align:start position:0% +protein and this +is this is a + + align:start position:0% +is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a +four-letter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alphabet if you want AG + + align:start position:0% +alphabet if you want AG + + + align:start position:0% +alphabet if you want AG +g t and c this this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four-letter + + align:start position:0% +four-letter + + + align:start position:0% +four-letter +alphabet + + align:start position:0% +alphabet + + + align:start position:0% +alphabet +AG U and C where the uracil and the and + + align:start position:0% +AG U and C where the uracil and the and + + + align:start position:0% +AG U and C where the uracil and the and +the um thyine have the same base pairing + + align:start position:0% +the um thyine have the same base pairing + + + align:start position:0% +the um thyine have the same base pairing +capacity and this is a 20l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alphabet all those 20 amino acids that + + align:start position:0% +alphabet all those 20 amino acids that + + + align:start position:0% +alphabet all those 20 amino acids that +you were looking at at the chart of it + + align:start position:0% +you were looking at at the chart of it + + + align:start position:0% +you were looking at at the chart of it +the back of at the back of the exam so + + align:start position:0% +the back of at the back of the exam so + + + align:start position:0% +the back of at the back of the exam so +from a point of view of of information + + align:start position:0% +from a point of view of of information + + + align:start position:0% +from a point of view of of information +storage and information flow there's + + align:start position:0% +storage and information flow there's + + + align:start position:0% +storage and information flow there's +some interesting things that had to had + + align:start position:0% +some interesting things that had to had + + + align:start position:0% +some interesting things that had to had +to come up in order for the information + + align:start position:0% +to come up in order for the information + + + align:start position:0% +to come up in order for the information +to flow in that way but before I do that + + align:start position:0% +to flow in that way but before I do that + + + align:start position:0% +to flow in that way but before I do that +I want to just uh get you to think about + + align:start position:0% +I want to just uh get you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +I want to just uh get you to think about +DNA as an information storage device + + align:start position:0% +DNA as an information storage device + + + align:start position:0% +DNA as an information storage device +this is MIT I'm almost surely sure in + + align:start position:0% +this is MIT I'm almost surely sure in + + + align:start position:0% +this is MIT I'm almost surely sure in +this room there's some people that are + + align:start position:0% +this room there's some people that are + + + align:start position:0% +this room there's some people that are +experts in high density information + + align:start position:0% +experts in high density information + + + align:start position:0% +experts in high density information +storage and even if you're not most of + + align:start position:0% +storage and even if you're not most of + + + align:start position:0% +storage and even if you're not most of +us have now a lot of experience with it + + align:start position:0% +us have now a lot of experience with it + + + align:start position:0% +us have now a lot of experience with it +your computer can do gigabytes of + + align:start position:0% +your computer can do gigabytes of + + + align:start position:0% +your computer can do gigabytes of +information your iPod probably has a a + + align:start position:0% +information your iPod probably has a a + + + align:start position:0% +information your iPod probably has a a +40 gigabyte hard drive in it or + + align:start position:0% +40 gigabyte hard drive in it or + + + align:start position:0% +40 gigabyte hard drive in it or +something like that so you have some + + align:start position:0% +something like that so you have some + + + align:start position:0% +something like that so you have some +experience with with high density + + align:start position:0% +experience with with high density + + + align:start position:0% +experience with with high density +information storage so here's here's the + + align:start position:0% +information storage so here's here's the + + + align:start position:0% +information storage so here's here's the +thought how much DNA would it take or + + align:start position:0% +thought how much DNA would it take or + + + align:start position:0% +thought how much DNA would it take or +the question how much DNA would it take + + align:start position:0% +the question how much DNA would it take + + + align:start position:0% +the question how much DNA would it take +to encode everybody who's alive on Earth + + align:start position:0% +to encode everybody who's alive on Earth + + + align:start position:0% +to encode everybody who's alive on Earth +today six billion and a bit + + align:start position:0% +today six billion and a bit + + + align:start position:0% +today six billion and a bit +people and let's argue that all we need + + align:start position:0% +people and let's argue that all we need + + + align:start position:0% +people and let's argue that all we need +is a single cell worth of DNA because + + align:start position:0% +is a single cell worth of DNA because + + + align:start position:0% +is a single cell worth of DNA because +everybody started out as a single + + align:start position:0% +everybody started out as a single + + + align:start position:0% +everybody started out as a single +fertilized egg and went on + + align:start position:0% +fertilized egg and went on + + + align:start position:0% +fertilized egg and went on +so yeah one person I mean enough DNA + + align:start position:0% +so yeah one person I mean enough DNA + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah one person I mean enough DNA +fill one human being okay enough DNA to + + align:start position:0% +fill one human being okay enough DNA to + + + align:start position:0% +fill one human being okay enough DNA to +fill one human being anybody else got + + align:start position:0% +fill one human being anybody else got + + + align:start position:0% +fill one human being anybody else got +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense this is I think the most amazing + + align:start position:0% +sense this is I think the most amazing + + + align:start position:0% +sense this is I think the most amazing +demo I I did this one I was teaching for + + align:start position:0% +demo I I did this one I was teaching for + + + align:start position:0% +demo I I did this one I was teaching for +the first time but the amount of DNA it + + align:start position:0% +the first time but the amount of DNA it + + + align:start position:0% +the first time but the amount of DNA it +would take to encode everybody who's + + align:start position:0% +would take to encode everybody who's + + + align:start position:0% +would take to encode everybody who's +alive on Earth one cell of everybody + + align:start position:0% +alive on Earth one cell of everybody + + + align:start position:0% +alive on Earth one cell of everybody +who's alive on Earth today is this + + align:start position:0% +who's alive on Earth today is this + + + align:start position:0% +who's alive on Earth today is this +little thing in here which you probably + + align:start position:0% +little thing in here which you probably + + + align:start position:0% +little thing in here which you probably +can't see even but I took a picture of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it there's about six * 10 Theus 12 grams + + align:start position:0% +it there's about six * 10 Theus 12 grams + + + align:start position:0% +it there's about six * 10 Theus 12 grams +of DNA in a human cell and you multiply + + align:start position:0% +of DNA in a human cell and you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA in a human cell and you multiply +that out by six billion uh people and it + + align:start position:0% +that out by six billion uh people and it + + + align:start position:0% +that out by six billion uh people and it +comes out to 36 milligrams of of DNA and + + align:start position:0% +comes out to 36 milligrams of of DNA and + + + align:start position:0% +comes out to 36 milligrams of of DNA and +and I weighed out 40 some milligrams of + + align:start position:0% +and I weighed out 40 some milligrams of + + + align:start position:0% +and I weighed out 40 some milligrams of +DNA so there's actually + + align:start position:0% +DNA so there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +DNA so there's actually +more DNA there than you need to encode + + align:start position:0% +more DNA there than you need to encode + + + align:start position:0% +more DNA there than you need to encode +everybody who's alive on Earth today and + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's alive on Earth today and + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's alive on Earth today and +I don't know how this hits you but I've + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how this hits you but I've + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how this hits you but I've +been teaching working on DNA my entire + + align:start position:0% +been teaching working on DNA my entire + + + align:start position:0% +been teaching working on DNA my entire +life but when I every time I do this I + + align:start position:0% +life but when I every time I do this I + + + align:start position:0% +life but when I every time I do this I +think I you know I think I understand + + align:start position:0% +think I you know I think I understand + + + align:start position:0% +think I you know I think I understand +this molecule but I I don't really think + + align:start position:0% +this molecule but I I don't really think + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule but I I don't really think +I do it's some more fundamental level + + align:start position:0% +I do it's some more fundamental level + + + align:start position:0% +I do it's some more fundamental level +it's absolutely amazingly amazing uh how + + align:start position:0% +it's absolutely amazingly amazing uh how + + + align:start position:0% +it's absolutely amazingly amazing uh how +much information is stored in in that + + align:start position:0% +much information is stored in in that + + + align:start position:0% +much information is stored in in that +molecule so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the one uh thing point I will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um actually I think it's it's close + + align:start position:0% +um actually I think it's it's close + + + align:start position:0% +um actually I think it's it's close +enough why don't we just call it a day + + align:start position:0% +enough why don't we just call it a day + + + align:start position:0% +enough why don't we just call it a day +and I'll I'll pick this \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UgsPIL0VOxA.txt b/UgsPIL0VOxA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4ba9635be03afd6127f128fcc23a85d7c8e609e --- /dev/null +++ b/UgsPIL0VOxA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so just a quick recap of what we covered + + align:start position:0% +so just a quick recap of what we covered + + + align:start position:0% +so just a quick recap of what we covered +on Tuesday and then we will continue and + + align:start position:0% +on Tuesday and then we will continue and + + + align:start position:0% +on Tuesday and then we will continue and +look at electron cyron + + align:start position:0% +look at electron cyron + + + align:start position:0% +look at electron cyron +emission so first of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all we had a look at the radiation + + align:start position:0% +all we had a look at the radiation + + + align:start position:0% +all we had a look at the radiation +transport + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we wrote this radiation transport + + align:start position:0% +and we wrote this radiation transport + + + align:start position:0% +and we wrote this radiation transport +equation in terms of the uh intensity of + + align:start position:0% +equation in terms of the uh intensity of + + + align:start position:0% +equation in terms of the uh intensity of +light spectral Radiance to be correct + + align:start position:0% +light spectral Radiance to be correct + + + align:start position:0% +light spectral Radiance to be correct +coming out of the plasma and how it + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the plasma and how it + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the plasma and how it +changes along the path through the + + align:start position:0% +changes along the path through the + + + align:start position:0% +changes along the path through the +plasma so we've got a little plasma here + + align:start position:0% +plasma so we've got a little plasma here + + + align:start position:0% +plasma so we've got a little plasma here +we've got some path going through it + + align:start position:0% +we've got some path going through it + + + align:start position:0% +we've got some path going through it +parameterized by S and the change in + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by S and the change in + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by S and the change in +this spectral Radiance is equal to a + + align:start position:0% +this spectral Radiance is equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +this spectral Radiance is equal to a +quty j the emissivity minus Alpha times + + align:start position:0% +quty j the emissivity minus Alpha times + + + align:start position:0% +quty j the emissivity minus Alpha times +the spectral Radiance Alpha is the + + align:start position:0% +the spectral Radiance Alpha is the + + + align:start position:0% +the spectral Radiance Alpha is the +opacity here and it's convenient to + + align:start position:0% +opacity here and it's convenient to + + + align:start position:0% +opacity here and it's convenient to +rewrite this equation in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this equation in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this equation in terms of a +dimensionless parameter T by D dividing + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless parameter T by D dividing + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless parameter T by D dividing +through by Alpha and then we get this + + align:start position:0% +through by Alpha and then we get this + + + align:start position:0% +through by Alpha and then we get this +compact form of the equation + + align:start position:0% +compact form of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +compact form of the equation +d d to is equal to J + + align:start position:0% +d d to is equal to J + + + align:start position:0% +d d to is equal to J +Alpha minus I and what we've done is we' + + align:start position:0% +Alpha minus I and what we've done is we' + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha minus I and what we've done is we' +defined this parameter to as being equal + + align:start position:0% +defined this parameter to as being equal + + + align:start position:0% +defined this parameter to as being equal +the integral of + + align:start position:0% +the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +the integral of +alpha DS here and again this is an + + align:start position:0% +alpha DS here and again this is an + + + align:start position:0% +alpha DS here and again this is an +indefinite integral uh it's only when we + + align:start position:0% +indefinite integral uh it's only when we + + + align:start position:0% +indefinite integral uh it's only when we +start putting limits on this that we + + align:start position:0% +start putting limits on this that we + + + align:start position:0% +start putting limits on this that we +know where abouts we're integrating from + + align:start position:0% +know where abouts we're integrating from + + + align:start position:0% +know where abouts we're integrating from +and integrating to and the other thing + + align:start position:0% +and integrating to and the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +and integrating to and the other thing +to say is that this equation is true for + + align:start position:0% +to say is that this equation is true for + + + align:start position:0% +to say is that this equation is true for +all frequencies and maybe we'll write + + align:start position:0% +all frequencies and maybe we'll write + + + align:start position:0% +all frequencies and maybe we'll write +these in terms of cyclic frequency or + + align:start position:0% +these in terms of cyclic frequency or + + + align:start position:0% +these in terms of cyclic frequency or +RADS per second or wavelength or energy + + align:start position:0% +RADS per second or wavelength or energy + + + align:start position:0% +RADS per second or wavelength or energy +whatever it is just some way that we're + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is just some way that we're + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is just some way that we're +measuring the the difference the + + align:start position:0% +measuring the the difference the + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the the difference the +difference in the Spectrum here and this + + align:start position:0% +difference in the Spectrum here and this + + + align:start position:0% +difference in the Spectrum here and this +equation then can be solved separately + + align:start position:0% +equation then can be solved separately + + + align:start position:0% +equation then can be solved separately +for all the different frequencies in + + align:start position:0% +for all the different frequencies in + + + align:start position:0% +for all the different frequencies in +your system in our assumption here we're + + align:start position:0% +your system in our assumption here we're + + + align:start position:0% +your system in our assumption here we're +not allowing the frequencies to interact + + align:start position:0% +not allowing the frequencies to interact + + + align:start position:0% +not allowing the frequencies to interact +in any way there's no second harmonic + + align:start position:0% +in any way there's no second harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +in any way there's no second harmonic +generation there's no absorption and + + align:start position:0% +generation there's no absorption and + + + align:start position:0% +generation there's no absorption and +fluoresence and things like that and + + align:start position:0% +fluoresence and things like that and + + + align:start position:0% +fluoresence and things like that and +this Tower + + align:start position:0% +this Tower + + + align:start position:0% +this Tower +parameter um is a nice dimensionist + + align:start position:0% +parameter um is a nice dimensionist + + + align:start position:0% +parameter um is a nice dimensionist +parameter so of course the first thing + + align:start position:0% +parameter so of course the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +parameter so of course the first thing +we want to do is work out what it means + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is work out what it means + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is work out what it means +for that dimensionist parameter to be + + align:start position:0% +for that dimensionist parameter to be + + + align:start position:0% +for that dimensionist parameter to be +small and what it means for that + + align:start position:0% +small and what it means for that + + + align:start position:0% +small and what it means for that +dimensionless parameter to be large in + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless parameter to be large in + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless parameter to be large in +the case where the parameter is small we + + align:start position:0% +the case where the parameter is small we + + + align:start position:0% +the case where the parameter is small we +find a plasma which we call optically + + align:start position:0% +find a plasma which we call optically + + + align:start position:0% +find a plasma which we call optically +thin which means that radiation streams + + align:start position:0% +thin which means that radiation streams + + + align:start position:0% +thin which means that radiation streams +through it without being absorbed and + + align:start position:0% +through it without being absorbed and + + + align:start position:0% +through it without being absorbed and +there's minimal emission in this in the + + align:start position:0% +there's minimal emission in this in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's minimal emission in this in the +opposite case where to is greater than + + align:start position:0% +opposite case where to is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +opposite case where to is greater than +one our plasma is thick and instant + + align:start position:0% +one our plasma is thick and instant + + + align:start position:0% +one our plasma is thick and instant +radiation is strongly absorbed and the + + align:start position:0% +radiation is strongly absorbed and the + + + align:start position:0% +radiation is strongly absorbed and the +plas plasma is also strongly emitting + + align:start position:0% +plas plasma is also strongly emitting + + + align:start position:0% +plas plasma is also strongly emitting +and in fact we found out that in this + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we found out that in this + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we found out that in this +thick case our plasma is going to be so + + align:start position:0% +thick case our plasma is going to be so + + + align:start position:0% +thick case our plasma is going to be so +strongly absorbing that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +strongly absorbing that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +strongly absorbing that it's going to +approximate a black + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +body and a black body has a spectral + + align:start position:0% +body and a black body has a spectral + + + align:start position:0% +body and a black body has a spectral +Radiance that looks like mu^ 2 upon c^ + + align:start position:0% +Radiance that looks like mu^ 2 upon c^ + + + align:start position:0% +Radiance that looks like mu^ 2 upon c^ +2times the temperature so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +2times the temperature so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +2times the temperature so it doesn't +depend on any particular properties of + + align:start position:0% +depend on any particular properties of + + + align:start position:0% +depend on any particular properties of +your material it just depends on its + + align:start position:0% +your material it just depends on its + + + align:start position:0% +your material it just depends on its +temperature this is the rally genes + + align:start position:0% +temperature this is the rally genes + + + align:start position:0% +temperature this is the rally genes +approximation the full black body is + + align:start position:0% +approximation the full black body is + + + align:start position:0% +approximation the full black body is +more complicated but most of the time we + + align:start position:0% +more complicated but most of the time we + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated but most of the time we +can use this rally genes approximation + + align:start position:0% +can use this rally genes approximation + + + align:start position:0% +can use this rally genes approximation +and the neat thing about that is we + + align:start position:0% +and the neat thing about that is we + + + align:start position:0% +and the neat thing about that is we +found that there was a + + align:start position:0% +found that there was a + + + align:start position:0% +found that there was a +correspondence between this equation + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between this equation + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between this equation +here in the optically thick limit and + + align:start position:0% +here in the optically thick limit and + + + align:start position:0% +here in the optically thick limit and +the black body equation which is kof's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Law and kof's law lets us set the + + align:start position:0% +Law and kof's law lets us set the + + + align:start position:0% +Law and kof's law lets us set the +emissivity over the opacity equal to the + + align:start position:0% +emissivity over the opacity equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +emissivity over the opacity equal to the +frequency squ over speed of light squ + + align:start position:0% +frequency squ over speed of light squ + + + align:start position:0% +frequency squ over speed of light squ +times the temperature and this + + align:start position:0% +times the temperature and this + + + align:start position:0% +times the temperature and this +effectively tells us that the emissivity + + align:start position:0% +effectively tells us that the emissivity + + + align:start position:0% +effectively tells us that the emissivity +and the opacity are linked together and + + align:start position:0% +and the opacity are linked together and + + + align:start position:0% +and the opacity are linked together and +so if we calculated one we automatically + + align:start position:0% +so if we calculated one we automatically + + + align:start position:0% +so if we calculated one we automatically +have a calculation of the other and + + align:start position:0% +have a calculation of the other and + + + align:start position:0% +have a calculation of the other and +simultaneously if we have a region with + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously if we have a region with + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously if we have a region with +high emission at some frequency that's + + align:start position:0% +high emission at some frequency that's + + + align:start position:0% +high emission at some frequency that's +also a region with high absorption as + + align:start position:0% +also a region with high absorption as + + + align:start position:0% +also a region with high absorption as +well so these two quantities are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Li + + align:start position:0% +Li + + + align:start position:0% +Li +okay and then we talked about how to + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we talked about how to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we talked about how to +actually calculate J and therefore Alpha + + align:start position:0% +actually calculate J and therefore Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +actually calculate J and therefore Alpha +so that we can use this R transort + + align:start position:0% +so that we can use this R transort + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can use this R transort +equation to see how plasma allowed + + align:start position:0% +equation to see how plasma allowed + + + align:start position:0% +equation to see how plasma allowed +electromagnetic radiation to propagate + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic radiation to propagate + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic radiation to propagate +through it and we did a sort of + + align:start position:0% +through it and we did a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +through it and we did a sort of +pictorial representation and tough is + + align:start position:0% +pictorial representation and tough is + + + align:start position:0% +pictorial representation and tough is +sent around very good uh sort of web + + align:start position:0% +sent around very good uh sort of web + + + align:start position:0% +sent around very good uh sort of web +demo that you can play with to play with + + align:start position:0% +demo that you can play with to play with + + + align:start position:0% +demo that you can play with to play with +that vioral representation of why + + align:start position:0% +that vioral representation of why + + + align:start position:0% +that vioral representation of why +accelerating charges radiate and we also + + align:start position:0% +accelerating charges radiate and we also + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating charges radiate and we also +wrote down a very long equation + + align:start position:0% +wrote down a very long equation + + + align:start position:0% +wrote down a very long equation +and then immediately dropped the near + + align:start position:0% +and then immediately dropped the near + + + align:start position:0% +and then immediately dropped the near +field term but the remaining term the + + align:start position:0% +field term but the remaining term the + + + align:start position:0% +field term but the remaining term the +farfield electromagnetic radiation from + + align:start position:0% +farfield electromagnetic radiation from + + + align:start position:0% +farfield electromagnetic radiation from +moving charge was equal to something was + + align:start position:0% +moving charge was equal to something was + + + align:start position:0% +moving charge was equal to something was +a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of +constants and a few new variables + + align:start position:0% +constants and a few new variables + + + align:start position:0% +constants and a few new variables +related to where we are with respect to + + align:start position:0% +related to where we are with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +related to where we are with respect to +the particle but the key part of it was + + align:start position:0% +the particle but the key part of it was + + + align:start position:0% +the particle but the key part of it was +that we started getting these cross + + align:start position:0% +that we started getting these cross + + + align:start position:0% +that we started getting these cross +products here that have within them some + + align:start position:0% +products here that have within them some + + + align:start position:0% +products here that have within them some +properties of the particle itself its + + align:start position:0% +properties of the particle itself its + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the particle itself its +velocity crossed with its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acceleration and so it's clear that in + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and so it's clear that in + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and so it's clear that in +order to estimate the radiation for a + + align:start position:0% +order to estimate the radiation for a + + + align:start position:0% +order to estimate the radiation for a +moving charge we're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +moving charge we're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +moving charge we're going to have to +know these two properties and so the + + align:start position:0% +know these two properties and so the + + + align:start position:0% +know these two properties and so the +recipe that we're going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +follow is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +follow is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +follow is we're going to +firstly + + align:start position:0% +firstly + + + align:start position:0% +firstly +calculate V and V Dot and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +calculate V and V Dot and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +calculate V and V Dot and we're going to +do that with the equation of motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then secondly that would give us the + + align:start position:0% +and then secondly that would give us the + + + align:start position:0% +and then secondly that would give us the +radiation from just a single charge we + + align:start position:0% +radiation from just a single charge we + + + align:start position:0% +radiation from just a single charge we +then need to integrate this over the + + align:start position:0% +then need to integrate this over the + + + align:start position:0% +then need to integrate this over the +distribution function f of V d3b to get + + align:start position:0% +distribution function f of V d3b to get + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function f of V d3b to get +out the emission from all of the charges + + align:start position:0% +out the emission from all of the charges + + + align:start position:0% +out the emission from all of the charges +in the plasma together and that is going + + align:start position:0% +in the plasma together and that is going + + + align:start position:0% +in the plasma together and that is going +to give us the + + align:start position:0% +to give us the + + + align:start position:0% +to give us the +Emmy at a single point and then of + + align:start position:0% +Emmy at a single point and then of + + + align:start position:0% +Emmy at a single point and then of +course because they're linked Al of the + + align:start position:0% +course because they're linked Al of the + + + align:start position:0% +course because they're linked Al of the +opacity so this is what we're going + + align:start position:0% +opacity so this is what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +opacity so this is what we're going +after any questions on that before we + + align:start position:0% +after any questions on that before we + + + align:start position:0% +after any questions on that before we +move on to an example of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this yes you explain we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dr yeah so the nearfield term which I + + align:start position:0% +Dr yeah so the nearfield term which I + + + align:start position:0% +Dr yeah so the nearfield term which I +haven't written down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the nearfield term goes as one upon r s + + align:start position:0% +the nearfield term goes as one upon r s + + + align:start position:0% +the nearfield term goes as one upon r s +whereas the farfield term goes as one + + align:start position:0% +whereas the farfield term goes as one + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the farfield term goes as one +upon R so when you calculate s is equal + + align:start position:0% +upon R so when you calculate s is equal + + + align:start position:0% +upon R so when you calculate s is equal +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B to WR + + align:start position:0% +B to WR + + + align:start position:0% +B to WR +theity the magnetic field is going to + + align:start position:0% +theity the magnetic field is going to + + + align:start position:0% +theity the magnetic field is going to +have the same radial dependence the same + + align:start position:0% +have the same radial dependence the same + + + align:start position:0% +have the same radial dependence the same +drop off in distance as the electric + + align:start position:0% +drop off in distance as the electric + + + align:start position:0% +drop off in distance as the electric +field and so the pointing Vector is + + align:start position:0% +field and so the pointing Vector is + + + align:start position:0% +field and so the pointing Vector is +going to go as one upon R 4 and that + + align:start position:0% +going to go as one upon R 4 and that + + + align:start position:0% +going to go as one upon R 4 and that +means that if you go far enough away + + align:start position:0% +means that if you go far enough away + + + align:start position:0% +means that if you go far enough away +from the particle that electric field + + align:start position:0% +from the particle that electric field + + + align:start position:0% +from the particle that electric field +and the therefore the radiation from it + + align:start position:0% +and the therefore the radiation from it + + + align:start position:0% +and the therefore the radiation from it +is going to drop off faster than R squ + + align:start position:0% +is going to drop off faster than R squ + + + align:start position:0% +is going to drop off faster than R squ +and so you're not going to see it from + + align:start position:0% +and so you're not going to see it from + + + align:start position:0% +and so you're not going to see it from +any reasonable distance away in fact the + + align:start position:0% +any reasonable distance away in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +any reasonable distance away in fact the +distance you need to be away is a few + + align:start position:0% +distance you need to be away is a few + + + align:start position:0% +distance you need to be away is a few +wavelengths of the radiation and so + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths of the radiation and so + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths of the radiation and so +that's usually quite short so we don't + + align:start position:0% +that's usually quite short so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually quite short so we don't +have to worry about this effectively + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about this effectively + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about this effectively +what your electric field looks like and + + align:start position:0% +what your electric field looks like and + + + align:start position:0% +what your electric field looks like and +I had a little chat with Sean about this + + align:start position:0% +I had a little chat with Sean about this + + + align:start position:0% +I had a little chat with Sean about this +after the class I hope I remember + + align:start position:0% +after the class I hope I remember + + + align:start position:0% +after the class I hope I remember +it the electric field that you as an + + align:start position:0% +it the electric field that you as an + + + align:start position:0% +it the electric field that you as an +observer would see at some function of + + align:start position:0% +observer would see at some function of + + + align:start position:0% +observer would see at some function of +distance has one over R component which + + align:start position:0% +distance has one over R component which + + + align:start position:0% +distance has one over R component which +is the far + + align:start position:0% +is the far + + + align:start position:0% +is the far +field and much more steeply + + align:start position:0% +field and much more steeply + + + align:start position:0% +field and much more steeply +dropping one over R to the four + + align:start position:0% +dropping one over R to the four + + + align:start position:0% +dropping one over R to the four +component which is the near fields and + + align:start position:0% +component which is the near fields and + + + align:start position:0% +component which is the near fields and +so you don't as an observer get to see + + align:start position:0% +so you don't as an observer get to see + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't as an observer get to see +the difference between these two they + + align:start position:0% +the difference between these two they + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between these two they +look the same what you'll end up seeing + + align:start position:0% +look the same what you'll end up seeing + + + align:start position:0% +look the same what you'll end up seeing +is just some field that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +is just some field that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +is just some field that looks like this +but the far field the near field + + align:start position:0% +but the far field the near field + + + align:start position:0% +but the far field the near field +component won't show up at any sensible + + align:start position:0% +component won't show up at any sensible + + + align:start position:0% +component won't show up at any sensible +distance away from the plasma so we + + align:start position:0% +distance away from the plasma so we + + + align:start position:0% +distance away from the plasma so we +never need to we do not need to worry + + align:start position:0% +never need to we do not need to worry + + + align:start position:0% +never need to we do not need to worry +about it in plasma physics as far as I + + align:start position:0% +about it in plasma physics as far as I + + + align:start position:0% +about it in plasma physics as far as I +know but maybe there is some special + + align:start position:0% +know but maybe there is some special + + + align:start position:0% +know but maybe there is some special +case you can think about we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +case you can think about we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +case you can think about we're gonna +drop it in these lectures yeah Sean it + + align:start position:0% +drop it in these lectures yeah Sean it + + + align:start position:0% +drop it in these lectures yeah Sean it +makes sense that we don't need the near + + align:start position:0% +makes sense that we don't need the near + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense that we don't need the near +field for trying to observe the + + align:start position:0% +field for trying to observe the + + + align:start position:0% +field for trying to observe the +radiation that's emitted but if you're + + align:start position:0% +radiation that's emitted but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +radiation that's emitted but if you're +trying to couple the emitted radiation + + align:start position:0% +trying to couple the emitted radiation + + + align:start position:0% +trying to couple the emitted radiation +back to the plasma for the absorption + + align:start position:0% +back to the plasma for the absorption + + + align:start position:0% +back to the plasma for the absorption +shouldn't the near field contribute to + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't the near field contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't the near field contribute to +that because you do have particles that + + align:start position:0% +that because you do have particles that + + + align:start position:0% +that because you do have particles that +are you know near the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the benefit of people online the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the benefit of people online the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the benefit of people online the +question is doesn't the near field the + + align:start position:0% +question is doesn't the near field the + + + align:start position:0% +question is doesn't the near field the +ter of plasma I don't know I could + + align:start position:0% +ter of plasma I don't know I could + + + align:start position:0% +ter of plasma I don't know I could +handwave and say something about the by + + align:start position:0% +handwave and say something about the by + + + align:start position:0% +handwave and say something about the by +lengths the plasma is very good at + + align:start position:0% +lengths the plasma is very good at + + + align:start position:0% +lengths the plasma is very good at +shielding out electric Fields right and + + align:start position:0% +shielding out electric Fields right and + + + align:start position:0% +shielding out electric Fields right and +so maybe it would depend on the + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it would depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it would depend on the +wavelength of your radiation compared to + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of your radiation compared to + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of your radiation compared to +the the length there um but I'm just + + align:start position:0% +the the length there um but I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +the the length there um but I'm just +spitballing here I don't know the answer + + align:start position:0% +spitballing here I don't know the answer + + + align:start position:0% +spitballing here I don't know the answer +to that yeah thank you you're going to + + align:start position:0% +to that yeah thank you you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to that yeah thank you you're going to +love my next uh I I went to talk to Paul + + align:start position:0% +love my next uh I I went to talk to Paul + + + align:start position:0% +love my next uh I I went to talk to Paul +benoli and I'm like hey Paul is this + + align:start position:0% +benoli and I'm like hey Paul is this + + + align:start position:0% +benoli and I'm like hey Paul is this +right and he's like yeah that sounds + + align:start position:0% +right and he's like yeah that sounds + + + align:start position:0% +right and he's like yeah that sounds +right so you're going to love my next + + align:start position:0% +right so you're going to love my next + + + align:start position:0% +right so you're going to love my next +approximation a little bit so um okay + + align:start position:0% +approximation a little bit so um okay + + + align:start position:0% +approximation a little bit so um okay +any other questions anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online okay let's keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going so we're going to be looking + + align:start position:0% +going so we're going to be looking + + + align:start position:0% +going so we're going to be looking +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +electron + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cyron or + + align:start position:0% +cyron or + + + align:start position:0% +cyron or +EC this is a key Diagnostic in + + align:start position:0% +EC this is a key Diagnostic in + + + align:start position:0% +EC this is a key Diagnostic in +magnetically confined PLS this is a very + + align:start position:0% +magnetically confined PLS this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +magnetically confined PLS this is a very +very important diagnostic which is why + + align:start position:0% +very important diagnostic which is why + + + align:start position:0% +very important diagnostic which is why +we're going to spend a significant + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend a significant + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend a significant +amount of time on it this diagnostic + + align:start position:0% +amount of time on it this diagnostic + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time on it this diagnostic +works on the basis that we have magnet + + align:start position:0% +works on the basis that we have magnet + + + align:start position:0% +works on the basis that we have magnet +field lines inside our plasma and we + + align:start position:0% +field lines inside our plasma and we + + + align:start position:0% +field lines inside our plasma and we +have particles electrons which are + + align:start position:0% +have particles electrons which are + + + align:start position:0% +have particles electrons which are +spiraling around those magnetic fields + + align:start position:0% +spiraling around those magnetic fields + + + align:start position:0% +spiraling around those magnetic fields +there is also ion cyron emission as well + + align:start position:0% +there is also ion cyron emission as well + + + align:start position:0% +there is also ion cyron emission as well +which we are not going to cover here I + + align:start position:0% +which we are not going to cover here I + + + align:start position:0% +which we are not going to cover here I +believe that's because it has a much + + align:start position:0% +believe that's because it has a much + + + align:start position:0% +believe that's because it has a much +harder time propagating out of the + + align:start position:0% +harder time propagating out of the + + + align:start position:0% +harder time propagating out of the +plasma and we'll discuss a little bit + + align:start position:0% +plasma and we'll discuss a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +plasma and we'll discuss a little bit +about that later on um but at the moment + + align:start position:0% +about that later on um but at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +about that later on um but at the moment +we're just focusing on the electrons + + align:start position:0% +we're just focusing on the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +we're just focusing on the electrons +here and so what we want to do as we + + align:start position:0% +here and so what we want to do as we + + + align:start position:0% +here and so what we want to do as we +said before is write down an equation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motion and that equation of motion is + + align:start position:0% +motion and that equation of motion is + + + align:start position:0% +motion and that equation of motion is +going to be simply that the time rate of + + align:start position:0% +going to be simply that the time rate of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be simply that the time rate of +change of the momentum of our + + align:start position:0% +change of the momentum of our + + + align:start position:0% +change of the momentum of our +electron is going to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +electron is going to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +electron is going to be equal to the +fourth on our electron so this is e v + + align:start position:0% +fourth on our electron so this is e v + + + align:start position:0% +fourth on our electron so this is e v +cross B here we're assuming that there + + align:start position:0% +cross B here we're assuming that there + + + align:start position:0% +cross B here we're assuming that there +in this formula that there are no + + align:start position:0% +in this formula that there are no + + + align:start position:0% +in this formula that there are no +electric Fields uh so we're just dealing + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields uh so we're just dealing + + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields uh so we're just dealing +with the particles generating on the + + align:start position:0% +with the particles generating on the + + + align:start position:0% +with the particles generating on the +magnetic field you've seen this before + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field you've seen this before + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field you've seen this before +you've solved this before one thing that + + align:start position:0% +you've solved this before one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +you've solved this before one thing that +Hutchinson puts inside here that we + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson puts inside here that we + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson puts inside here that we +didn't have previously is this Factor + + align:start position:0% +didn't have previously is this Factor + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have previously is this Factor +gamma so this is a relativistic gamma + + align:start position:0% +gamma so this is a relativistic gamma + + + align:start position:0% +gamma so this is a relativistic gamma +here and that is 1 minus b^ 2 upon c^ + + align:start position:0% +here and that is 1 minus b^ 2 upon c^ + + + align:start position:0% +here and that is 1 minus b^ 2 upon c^ +2 minus a + + align:start position:0% +2 minus a + + + align:start position:0% +2 minus a +half G is always greater than one and + + align:start position:0% +half G is always greater than one and + + + align:start position:0% +half G is always greater than one and +this is a factor that effectively in + + align:start position:0% +this is a factor that effectively in + + + align:start position:0% +this is a factor that effectively in +this case if you want to think about it + + align:start position:0% +this case if you want to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +this case if you want to think about it +is increasing the rest mass of our + + align:start position:0% +is increasing the rest mass of our + + + align:start position:0% +is increasing the rest mass of our +particle and this is because our + + align:start position:0% +particle and this is because our + + + align:start position:0% +particle and this is because our +particles tend to be moving in like a + + align:start position:0% +particles tend to be moving in like a + + + align:start position:0% +particles tend to be moving in like a +mcf plasma where the electrons are at 10 + + align:start position:0% +mcf plasma where the electrons are at 10 + + + align:start position:0% +mcf plasma where the electrons are at 10 +KV or 20 KV that's a significant + + align:start position:0% +KV or 20 KV that's a significant + + + align:start position:0% +KV or 20 KV that's a significant +fraction of their rest mass and so there + + align:start position:0% +fraction of their rest mass and so there + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of their rest mass and so there +will be some relativistic effects on top + + align:start position:0% +will be some relativistic effects on top + + + align:start position:0% +will be some relativistic effects on top +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +so in this case here we know that this + + align:start position:0% +so in this case here we know that this + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case here we know that this +because we've solved this equation + + align:start position:0% +because we've solved this equation + + + align:start position:0% +because we've solved this equation +before we know that this electron is + + align:start position:0% +before we know that this electron is + + + align:start position:0% +before we know that this electron is +going to oscillate I guess I can be + + align:start position:0% +going to oscillate I guess I can be + + + align:start position:0% +going to oscillate I guess I can be +precise I can say it's going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gate out of frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega C cyron + + align:start position:0% +Omega C cyron + + + align:start position:0% +Omega C cyron +frequency and this is just ever so + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this is just ever so + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this is just ever so +slightly different from our normal gyro + + align:start position:0% +slightly different from our normal gyro + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different from our normal gyro +frequency because it's different by a + + align:start position:0% +frequency because it's different by a + + + align:start position:0% +frequency because it's different by a +factor of gamma here so the gamma + + align:start position:0% +factor of gamma here so the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +factor of gamma here so the gamma +changes a little bit and so this is just + + align:start position:0% +changes a little bit and so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +changes a little bit and so this is just +e e0 over electron mass times by gamma + + align:start position:0% +e e0 over electron mass times by gamma + + + align:start position:0% +e e0 over electron mass times by gamma +again if you just keep the gamma + + align:start position:0% +again if you just keep the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +again if you just keep the gamma +sticking with the electron Mass you + + align:start position:0% +sticking with the electron Mass you + + + align:start position:0% +sticking with the electron Mass you +won't go too badly inside this because + + align:start position:0% +won't go too badly inside this because + + + align:start position:0% +won't go too badly inside this because +the electron is G this frequency it is + + align:start position:0% +the electron is G this frequency it is + + + align:start position:0% +the electron is G this frequency it is +reasonable to believe that there is an + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to believe that there is an + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to believe that there is an +electric field it generates which is + + align:start position:0% +electric field it generates which is + + + align:start position:0% +electric field it generates which is +also generating in that frequency so + + align:start position:0% +also generating in that frequency so + + + align:start position:0% +also generating in that frequency so +this means we expect to have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radiation this frequency as well and + + align:start position:0% +radiation this frequency as well and + + + align:start position:0% +radiation this frequency as well and +that's true we do have radiation that + + align:start position:0% +that's true we do have radiation that + + + align:start position:0% +that's true we do have radiation that +frequency but the thing I've been + + align:start position:0% +frequency but the thing I've been + + + align:start position:0% +frequency but the thing I've been +struggling to find an intuitive + + align:start position:0% +struggling to find an intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +struggling to find an intuitive +explanation for I went to go talk with + + align:start position:0% +explanation for I went to go talk with + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for I went to go talk with +Dr ear about just before this class is + + align:start position:0% +Dr ear about just before this class is + + + align:start position:0% +Dr ear about just before this class is +that we don't just get radiation at this + + align:start position:0% +that we don't just get radiation at this + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't just get radiation at this +frequency when you go into the + + align:start position:0% +frequency when you go into the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency when you go into the +mathematics of it uh you find out that + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of it uh you find out that + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of it uh you find out that +you get radiation at integer multile of + + align:start position:0% +you get radiation at integer multile of + + + align:start position:0% +you get radiation at integer multile of +that at harmonic of that so we also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have this factor of M here where m is + + align:start position:0% +have this factor of M here where m is + + + align:start position:0% +have this factor of M here where m is +some natural + + align:start position:0% +some natural + + + align:start position:0% +some natural +number now mathematically I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +number now mathematically I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +number now mathematically I can tell you +where this comes from it comes from for + + align:start position:0% +where this comes from it comes from for + + + align:start position:0% +where this comes from it comes from for +example H's equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +5.2.7 what this is is there's an + + align:start position:0% +5.2.7 what this is is there's an + + + align:start position:0% +5.2.7 what this is is there's an +exponential of some horrific quantity + + align:start position:0% +exponential of some horrific quantity + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of some horrific quantity +and Hutchinson and everyone else says + + align:start position:0% +and Hutchinson and everyone else says + + + align:start position:0% +and Hutchinson and everyone else says +well fortunately there's a really great + + align:start position:0% +well fortunately there's a really great + + + align:start position:0% +well fortunately there's a really great +trigonometric identity that converts the + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric identity that converts the + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric identity that converts the +exponential of this horrific quantity + + align:start position:0% +exponential of this horrific quantity + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of this horrific quantity +into a sum over an infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +into a sum over an infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +into a sum over an infinite number of +Bessel functions and those Bessel + + align:start position:0% +Bessel functions and those Bessel + + + align:start position:0% +Bessel functions and those Bessel +functions are all oscillating at + + align:start position:0% +functions are all oscillating at + + + align:start position:0% +functions are all oscillating at +harmonics here and so therefore you've + + align:start position:0% +harmonics here and so therefore you've + + + align:start position:0% +harmonics here and so therefore you've +got all these harmonics right so + + align:start position:0% +got all these harmonics right so + + + align:start position:0% +got all these harmonics right so +mathematically it all makes sense no one + + align:start position:0% +mathematically it all makes sense no one + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically it all makes sense no one +is upset about that the trouble is that + + align:start position:0% +is upset about that the trouble is that + + + align:start position:0% +is upset about that the trouble is that +it doesn't make any physical sense right + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make any physical sense right + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make any physical sense right +as far as I can tell like there's no + + align:start position:0% +as far as I can tell like there's no + + + align:start position:0% +as far as I can tell like there's no +reason why electron should have to care + + align:start position:0% +reason why electron should have to care + + + align:start position:0% +reason why electron should have to care +about vessel functions anymore than I do + + align:start position:0% +about vessel functions anymore than I do + + + align:start position:0% +about vessel functions anymore than I do +right so something is going on + + align:start position:0% +right so something is going on + + + align:start position:0% +right so something is going on +physically and so I want to go talk to + + align:start position:0% +physically and so I want to go talk to + + + align:start position:0% +physically and so I want to go talk to +Paul and ask about it and thing we came + + align:start position:0% +Paul and ask about it and thing we came + + + align:start position:0% +Paul and ask about it and thing we came +up with + + align:start position:0% +up with + + + align:start position:0% +up with +is whenever you have harmonics in a + + align:start position:0% +is whenever you have harmonics in a + + + align:start position:0% +is whenever you have harmonics in a +system uh in some sort of simple + + align:start position:0% +system uh in some sort of simple + + + align:start position:0% +system uh in some sort of simple +physical system it's usually due to some + + align:start position:0% +physical system it's usually due to some + + + align:start position:0% +physical system it's usually due to some +nonlinearity right so we need a + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity right so we need a + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity right so we need a +nonlinearity in our system where the + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity in our system where the + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity in our system where the +system acts back of on itself in order + + align:start position:0% +system acts back of on itself in order + + + align:start position:0% +system acts back of on itself in order +the producer and what our best guess is + + align:start position:0% +the producer and what our best guess is + + + align:start position:0% +the producer and what our best guess is +that the electric field that you produce + + align:start position:0% +that the electric field that you produce + + + align:start position:0% +that the electric field that you produce +at the fundamental frequency here Omega + + align:start position:0% +at the fundamental frequency here Omega + + + align:start position:0% +at the fundamental frequency here Omega +C is going to go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back and couple back into the electron + + align:start position:0% +back and couple back into the electron + + + align:start position:0% +back and couple back into the electron +equation of motion so it's effectively + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion so it's effectively + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion so it's effectively +the electron is going to be forcing + + align:start position:0% +the electron is going to be forcing + + + align:start position:0% +the electron is going to be forcing +itself um slightly out of phase and that + + align:start position:0% +itself um slightly out of phase and that + + + align:start position:0% +itself um slightly out of phase and that +is going to give rise to these other + + align:start position:0% +is going to give rise to these other + + + align:start position:0% +is going to give rise to these other +harmonics here so this is sort of a way + + align:start position:0% +harmonics here so this is sort of a way + + + align:start position:0% +harmonics here so this is sort of a way +of trying to make the system nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +of trying to make the system nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +of trying to make the system nonlinear +because of course this electric field + + align:start position:0% +because of course this electric field + + + align:start position:0% +because of course this electric field +depends on V Dot and V and that's the + + align:start position:0% +depends on V Dot and V and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +depends on V Dot and V and that's the +thing we're solving for over here so we + + align:start position:0% +thing we're solving for over here so we + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're solving for over here so we +think that it's a nonlinear so we think + + align:start position:0% +think that it's a nonlinear so we think + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's a nonlinear so we think +that these harmonics are new + + align:start position:0% +that these harmonics are new + + + align:start position:0% +that these harmonics are new +to linearity we looked at sticks we + + align:start position:0% +to linearity we looked at sticks we + + + align:start position:0% +to linearity we looked at sticks we +looked at Chen we looked at CL trible + + align:start position:0% +looked at Chen we looked at CL trible + + + align:start position:0% +looked at Chen we looked at CL trible +piece we couldn't find anyone who was + + align:start position:0% +piece we couldn't find anyone who was + + + align:start position:0% +piece we couldn't find anyone who was +willing to tell us what the answer is so + + align:start position:0% +willing to tell us what the answer is so + + + align:start position:0% +willing to tell us what the answer is so +if anyone has any insight into why it's + + align:start position:0% +if anyone has any insight into why it's + + + align:start position:0% +if anyone has any insight into why it's +the case + + align:start position:0% +the case + + + align:start position:0% +the case +and if it's better than just waving my + + align:start position:0% +and if it's better than just waving my + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's better than just waving my +hands and saying nonlinearity then + + align:start position:0% +hands and saying nonlinearity then + + + align:start position:0% +hands and saying nonlinearity then +please go for it but the alternative is + + align:start position:0% +please go for it but the alternative is + + + align:start position:0% +please go for it but the alternative is +you just have to treat this as a + + align:start position:0% +you just have to treat this as a + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to treat this as a +mathematical exercise and CH for the + + align:start position:0% +mathematical exercise and CH for the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical exercise and CH for the +algebra and I assure you if you go and + + align:start position:0% +algebra and I assure you if you go and + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and I assure you if you go and +have a look at this you'll see that it + + align:start position:0% +have a look at this you'll see that it + + + align:start position:0% +have a look at this you'll see that it +really is an awful one of algebra so I'm + + align:start position:0% +really is an awful one of algebra so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +really is an awful one of algebra so I'm +trying to keep the mathematics out of + + align:start position:0% +trying to keep the mathematics out of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to keep the mathematics out of +this as much as possible but you go and + + align:start position:0% +this as much as possible but you go and + + + align:start position:0% +this as much as possible but you go and +do this + + align:start position:0% +do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this +properly you find out this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +5.26 you're going to get a set of peaks + + align:start position:0% +5.26 you're going to get a set of peaks + + + align:start position:0% +5.26 you're going to get a set of peaks +in your emission and those Peaks are + + align:start position:0% +in your emission and those Peaks are + + + align:start position:0% +in your emission and those Peaks are +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +at frequencies Omega M which equal to M + + align:start position:0% +at frequencies Omega M which equal to M + + + align:start position:0% +at frequencies Omega M which equal to M +Omega C and they're actually going be + + align:start position:0% +Omega C and they're actually going be + + + align:start position:0% +Omega C and they're actually going be +modified um due to + + align:start position:0% +modified um due to + + + align:start position:0% +modified um due to +relativity and they're going to be one + + align:start position:0% +relativity and they're going to be one + + + align:start position:0% +relativity and they're going to be one +minus beta s to the half I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +minus beta s to the half I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta s to the half I'm going to +explain what beta is in the moment one + + align:start position:0% +explain what beta is in the moment one + + + align:start position:0% +explain what beta is in the moment one +minus beta parallel plus Theta I'm going + + align:start position:0% +minus beta parallel plus Theta I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta parallel plus Theta I'm going +to explain all of these terms in a + + align:start position:0% +to explain all of these terms in a + + + align:start position:0% +to explain all of these terms in a +moment here so we've still got this uh M + + align:start position:0% +moment here so we've still got this uh M + + + align:start position:0% +moment here so we've still got this uh M +inside here it's just that there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +also m is some natural number um it's + + align:start position:0% +also m is some natural number um it's + + + align:start position:0% +also m is some natural number um it's +just that we also have uh some + + align:start position:0% +just that we also have uh some + + + align:start position:0% +just that we also have uh some +modification due to relativistic effects + + align:start position:0% +modification due to relativistic effects + + + align:start position:0% +modification due to relativistic effects +here so what are these betas some of you + + align:start position:0% +here so what are these betas some of you + + + align:start position:0% +here so what are these betas some of you +have come across these before this is + + align:start position:0% +have come across these before this is + + + align:start position:0% +have come across these before this is +absolutely not the plasma beta right it + + align:start position:0% +absolutely not the plasma beta right it + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely not the plasma beta right it +have nothing to do with the plasma beta + + align:start position:0% +have nothing to do with the plasma beta + + + align:start position:0% +have nothing to do with the plasma beta +this beta is defined as V upon C so it's + + align:start position:0% +this beta is defined as V upon C so it's + + + align:start position:0% +this beta is defined as V upon C so it's +the ratio of the particle velocity the + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the particle velocity the + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the particle velocity the +speed of light and we also have beta + + align:start position:0% +speed of light and we also have beta + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light and we also have beta +parallel which is equal to B parallel + + align:start position:0% +parallel which is equal to B parallel + + + align:start position:0% +parallel which is equal to B parallel +upon C that parallel is with respect to + + align:start position:0% +upon C that parallel is with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +upon C that parallel is with respect to +the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field +here I don't think it comes up but you + + align:start position:0% +here I don't think it comes up but you + + + align:start position:0% +here I don't think it comes up but you +can also define beta perpendicular if + + align:start position:0% +can also define beta perpendicular if + + + align:start position:0% +can also define beta perpendicular if +you want to as well okay something else + + align:start position:0% +you want to as well okay something else + + + align:start position:0% +you want to as well okay something else +I wanted to mention all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +what oh that was the one thank + + align:start position:0% +what oh that was the one thank + + + align:start position:0% +what oh that was the one thank +you yes I forgot to draw the diagram ear + + align:start position:0% +you yes I forgot to draw the diagram ear + + + align:start position:0% +you yes I forgot to draw the diagram ear +on so Theta in this case is the same + + align:start position:0% +on so Theta in this case is the same + + + align:start position:0% +on so Theta in this case is the same +Theta that we had when we talking about + + align:start position:0% +Theta that we had when we talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that we had when we talking about +X mode and O mode and all that sort of + + align:start position:0% +X mode and O mode and all that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +X mode and O mode and all that sort of +stuff it's the angle between the + + align:start position:0% +stuff it's the angle between the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff it's the angle between the +Observer and the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +Observer and the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +Observer and the magnetic field +yeah so this is a term that is largest + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is a term that is largest + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is a term that is largest +when you're looking along that the + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking along that the + + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking along that the +electron trajectory towards you and + + align:start position:0% +electron trajectory towards you and + + + align:start position:0% +electron trajectory towards you and +smallest when you're looking + + align:start position:0% +smallest when you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +smallest when you're looking +perpendicular and so you can see + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and so you can see +straight away this is ass signed + + align:start position:0% +straight away this is ass signed + + + align:start position:0% +straight away this is ass signed +quantity it's going to end up looking a + + align:start position:0% +quantity it's going to end up looking a + + + align:start position:0% +quantity it's going to end up looking a +little bit like a Doppler shift so that + + align:start position:0% +little bit like a Doppler shift so that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit like a Doppler shift so that +is the to shift that you were expecting + + align:start position:0% +is the to shift that you were expecting + + + align:start position:0% +is the to shift that you were expecting +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +see but it's yeah relativistic doar + + align:start position:0% +see but it's yeah relativistic doar + + + align:start position:0% +see but it's yeah relativistic doar +shift here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so for a single + + align:start position:0% +okay so for a single + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for a single +particle just some electron moving on + + align:start position:0% +particle just some electron moving on + + + align:start position:0% +particle just some electron moving on +magnetic field we would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have an emissivity that looked like a + + align:start position:0% +have an emissivity that looked like a + + + align:start position:0% +have an emissivity that looked like a +series of these Peaks okay and these are + + align:start position:0% +series of these Peaks okay and these are + + + align:start position:0% +series of these Peaks okay and these are +Delta functions in the theory so you + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions in the theory so you + + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions in the theory so you +just have these very sharp emission + + align:start position:0% +just have these very sharp emission + + + align:start position:0% +just have these very sharp emission +lines and they're evenly spaced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Heights the same their heights are not + + align:start position:0% +Heights the same their heights are not + + + align:start position:0% +Heights the same their heights are not +the same if you want to get their + + align:start position:0% +the same if you want to get their + + + align:start position:0% +the same if you want to get their +heights you have to go look at all those + + align:start position:0% +heights you have to go look at all those + + + align:start position:0% +heights you have to go look at all those +nasty vessel functions right which I'm + + align:start position:0% +nasty vessel functions right which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +nasty vessel functions right which I'm +hiding from you but if you want to + + align:start position:0% +hiding from you but if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +hiding from you but if you want to +height it's the argument of the N belel + + align:start position:0% +height it's the argument of the N belel + + + align:start position:0% +height it's the argument of the N belel +function and the the thing that goes + + align:start position:0% +function and the the thing that goes + + + align:start position:0% +function and the the thing that goes +into decimal function is some + + align:start position:0% +into decimal function is some + + + align:start position:0% +into decimal function is some +complicated fact all these other things + + align:start position:0% +complicated fact all these other things + + + align:start position:0% +complicated fact all these other things +here so again I'm not going to explain + + align:start position:0% +here so again I'm not going to explain + + + align:start position:0% +here so again I'm not going to explain +it but they do not have to have the same + + align:start position:0% +it but they do not have to have the same + + + align:start position:0% +it but they do not have to have the same +Heights which why I've drawn them a + + align:start position:0% +Heights which why I've drawn them a + + + align:start position:0% +Heights which why I've drawn them a +little bit like this and if that + + align:start position:0% +little bit like this and if that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit like this and if that +particle is moving particularly fast + + align:start position:0% +particle is moving particularly fast + + + align:start position:0% +particle is moving particularly fast +then all of these will be shifted in one + + align:start position:0% +then all of these will be shifted in one + + + align:start position:0% +then all of these will be shifted in one +way and if you're looking at for a + + align:start position:0% +way and if you're looking at for a + + + align:start position:0% +way and if you're looking at for a +certain angle be sh another way but + + align:start position:0% +certain angle be sh another way but + + + align:start position:0% +certain angle be sh another way but +they'll we all be shifted in the same + + align:start position:0% +they'll we all be shifted in the same + + + align:start position:0% +they'll we all be shifted in the same +way because this is just for a single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle okay any questions on that + + align:start position:0% +particle okay any questions on that + + + align:start position:0% +particle okay any questions on that +before we find out what happens when we + + align:start position:0% +before we find out what happens when we + + + align:start position:0% +before we find out what happens when we +have more than one electron first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thought + + align:start position:0% +thought + + + align:start position:0% +thought +okay so the next thing we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is we look at many + + align:start position:0% +is we look at many + + + align:start position:0% +is we look at many +particles many + + align:start position:0% +particles many + + + align:start position:0% +particles many +electrons and for this it's useful to + + align:start position:0% +electrons and for this it's useful to + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and for this it's useful to +split our three-dimensional distribution + + align:start position:0% +split our three-dimensional distribution + + + align:start position:0% +split our three-dimensional distribution +function f of V the vector + + align:start position:0% +function f of V the vector + + + align:start position:0% +function f of V the vector +e3v into a distribution function in beta + + align:start position:0% +e3v into a distribution function in beta + + + align:start position:0% +e3v into a distribution function in beta +parallel and beta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perpendicular like this so this is + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular like this so this is + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular like this so this is +looking at particles are streaming along + + align:start position:0% +looking at particles are streaming along + + + align:start position:0% +looking at particles are streaming along +the magnetic well this is looking at the + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic well this is looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic well this is looking at the +component of velocity along the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +component of velocity along the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +component of velocity along the magnetic +field and the component of velocity + + align:start position:0% +field and the component of velocity + + + align:start position:0% +field and the component of velocity +perpendicular to the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the magnetic field +that's because this problem is symmetric + + align:start position:0% +that's because this problem is symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +that's because this problem is symmetric +it doesn't matter how I rotate my axes + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter how I rotate my axes + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter how I rotate my axes +around the magnetic field the velocity + + align:start position:0% +around the magnetic field the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +around the magnetic field the velocity +overall is going to be the same so I + + align:start position:0% +overall is going to be the same so I + + + align:start position:0% +overall is going to be the same so I +don't have to actually with three um + + align:start position:0% +don't have to actually with three um + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to actually with three um +Dimensions here I've just turned it into + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions here I've just turned it into + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions here I've just turned it into +a two dimensional thing and if you do + + align:start position:0% +a two dimensional thing and if you do + + + align:start position:0% +a two dimensional thing and if you do +this integration you'll find that your + + align:start position:0% +this integration you'll find that your + + + align:start position:0% +this integration you'll find that your +betas are different from different + + align:start position:0% +betas are different from different + + + align:start position:0% +betas are different from different +particles right remember your + + align:start position:0% +particles right remember your + + + align:start position:0% +particles right remember your +maxwellian + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian +I just take a one-dimensional slice + + align:start position:0% +I just take a one-dimensional slice + + + align:start position:0% +I just take a one-dimensional slice +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +it has lots of different velocities + + align:start position:0% +it has lots of different velocities + + + align:start position:0% +it has lots of different velocities +available and so that means some + + align:start position:0% +available and so that means some + + + align:start position:0% +available and so that means some +particles are going to be going with a + + align:start position:0% +particles are going to be going with a + + + align:start position:0% +particles are going to be going with a +velocity which changes the side of this + + align:start position:0% +velocity which changes the side of this + + + align:start position:0% +velocity which changes the side of this +to be bigger than one and some part oh + + align:start position:0% +to be bigger than one and some part oh + + + align:start position:0% +to be bigger than one and some part oh +this denominator be bigger than one some + + align:start position:0% +this denominator be bigger than one some + + + align:start position:0% +this denominator be bigger than one some +to make it smaller than one so we can + + align:start position:0% +to make it smaller than one so we can + + + align:start position:0% +to make it smaller than one so we can +see that we're going to have broadening + + align:start position:0% +see that we're going to have broadening + + + align:start position:0% +see that we're going to have broadening +of these Peaks and this is the Doppler + + align:start position:0% +of these Peaks and this is the Doppler + + + align:start position:0% +of these Peaks and this is the Doppler +broadening that we expect so let's just + + align:start position:0% +broadening that we expect so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +broadening that we expect so let's just +draw a single + + align:start position:0% +draw a single + + + align:start position:0% +draw a single +Peak it was a Delta function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at M Omega C doesn't matter which + + align:start position:0% +at M Omega C doesn't matter which + + + align:start position:0% +at M Omega C doesn't matter which +harmonic is for our + + align:start position:0% +harmonic is for our + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic is for our +purposes this Delta function is now + + align:start position:0% +purposes this Delta function is now + + + align:start position:0% +purposes this Delta function is now +going to be broadened down so I think + + align:start position:0% +going to be broadened down so I think + + + align:start position:0% +going to be broadened down so I think +the Delta function was always rather + + align:start position:0% +the Delta function was always rather + + + align:start position:0% +the Delta function was always rather +unscientific un physical and so it's + + align:start position:0% +unscientific un physical and so it's + + + align:start position:0% +unscientific un physical and so it's +going to be broadened out by these + + align:start position:0% +going to be broadened out by these + + + align:start position:0% +going to be broadened out by these +natural broadening processes and there's + + align:start position:0% +natural broadening processes and there's + + + align:start position:0% +natural broadening processes and there's +two of them right there's this top + + align:start position:0% +two of them right there's this top + + + align:start position:0% +two of them right there's this top +process and the bottom process here I'll + + align:start position:0% +process and the bottom process here I'll + + + align:start position:0% +process and the bottom process here I'll +just write them out again down here so + + align:start position:0% +just write them out again down here so + + + align:start position:0% +just write them out again down here so +we have a factor of 1 minus beta s to + + align:start position:0% +we have a factor of 1 minus beta s to + + + align:start position:0% +we have a factor of 1 minus beta s to +the half over + + align:start position:0% +the half over + + + align:start position:0% +the half over +1us beta parallel + + align:start position:0% +1us beta parallel + + + align:start position:0% +1us beta parallel +cosine data so let's start with the + + align:start position:0% +cosine data so let's start with the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine data so let's start with the +numerator the denominator here the term + + align:start position:0% +numerator the denominator here the term + + + align:start position:0% +numerator the denominator here the term +on the bottom for some symmetric + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom for some symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom for some symmetric +maxwellian like distribution function + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian like distribution function + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian like distribution function +what does this term do to this line how + + align:start position:0% +what does this term do to this line how + + + align:start position:0% +what does this term do to this line how +does it broaden + + align:start position:0% +does it broaden + + + align:start position:0% +does it broaden +it is it symmetric + + align:start position:0% +it is it symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +it is it symmetric +asymmetric imagine we're looking at a + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric imagine we're looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric imagine we're looking at a +fixed angle we are we don't have eyes + + align:start position:0% +fixed angle we are we don't have eyes + + + align:start position:0% +fixed angle we are we don't have eyes +all the way around the toax so you can + + align:start position:0% +all the way around the toax so you can + + + align:start position:0% +all the way around the toax so you can +just fix Theta to be some angle pick an + + align:start position:0% +just fix Theta to be some angle pick an + + + align:start position:0% +just fix Theta to be some angle pick an +angle where false Theta isn't zero + + align:start position:0% +angle where false Theta isn't zero + + + align:start position:0% +angle where false Theta isn't zero +otherwise it gets very boring what will + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it gets very boring what will + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it gets very boring what will +this term one over beta par one minus + + align:start position:0% +this term one over beta par one minus + + + align:start position:0% +this term one over beta par one minus +beta parallel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do yeah it'll broaden it symmetrically + + align:start position:0% +do yeah it'll broaden it symmetrically + + + align:start position:0% +do yeah it'll broaden it symmetrically +it broaden it symmetrically right this + + align:start position:0% +it broaden it symmetrically right this + + + align:start position:0% +it broaden it symmetrically right this +is going to look like say I look along + + align:start position:0% +is going to look like say I look along + + + align:start position:0% +is going to look like say I look along +the field line C theta equals one beta + + align:start position:0% +the field line C theta equals one beta + + + align:start position:0% +the field line C theta equals one beta +equals zero this is going to be one plus + + align:start position:0% +equals zero this is going to be one plus + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero this is going to be one plus +or minus the upon C and the V the plus + + align:start position:0% +or minus the upon C and the V the plus + + + align:start position:0% +or minus the upon C and the V the plus +or minus there is saying for every + + align:start position:0% +or minus there is saying for every + + + align:start position:0% +or minus there is saying for every +particle going along the field line + + align:start position:0% +particle going along the field line + + + align:start position:0% +particle going along the field line +towards me there's another particle + + align:start position:0% +towards me there's another particle + + + align:start position:0% +towards me there's another particle +going away the other side and this is + + align:start position:0% +going away the other side and this is + + + align:start position:0% +going away the other side and this is +also going to be very small because the + + align:start position:0% +also going to be very small because the + + + align:start position:0% +also going to be very small because the +particles are not we're not dealing with + + align:start position:0% +particles are not we're not dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +particles are not we're not dealing with +like actually Ultra relativistic + + align:start position:0% +like actually Ultra relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +like actually Ultra relativistic +particles here and so this is going to + + align:start position:0% +particles here and so this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +particles here and so this is going to +look like sort of one plus or minus + + align:start position:0% +look like sort of one plus or minus + + + align:start position:0% +look like sort of one plus or minus +Delta and that means that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +Delta and that means that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Delta and that means that it's going to +broaden this peak + + align:start position:0% +broaden this peak + + + align:start position:0% +broaden this peak +symmetrically what about this term at + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically what about this term at + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically what about this term at +the top here so you can call this the + + align:start position:0% +the top here so you can call this the + + + align:start position:0% +the top here so you can call this the +doler term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what does this turn on the top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do anyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online is it always bigger than one + + align:start position:0% +online is it always bigger than one + + + align:start position:0% +online is it always bigger than one +always less than one sometimes bigger + + align:start position:0% +always less than one sometimes bigger + + + align:start position:0% +always less than one sometimes bigger +than one sometimes less than + + align:start position:0% +than one sometimes less than + + + align:start position:0% +than one sometimes less than +one yes it's always going to be less + + align:start position:0% +one yes it's always going to be less + + + align:start position:0% +one yes it's always going to be less +than one since beta squ is posi so this + + align:start position:0% +than one since beta squ is posi so this + + + align:start position:0% +than one since beta squ is posi so this +is always less than one because as you + + align:start position:0% +is always less than one because as you + + + align:start position:0% +is always less than one because as you +say beta squ is always positive so it + + align:start position:0% +say beta squ is always positive so it + + + align:start position:0% +say beta squ is always positive so it +doesn't care about the sign of V so it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about the sign of V so it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about the sign of V so it's +going to be asymmetric here so this is + + align:start position:0% +going to be asymmetric here so this is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be asymmetric here so this is +the relativistic mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term and that will broaden the peak + + align:start position:0% +term and that will broaden the peak + + + align:start position:0% +term and that will broaden the peak +further it'll only broaden it in One + + align:start position:0% +further it'll only broaden it in One + + + align:start position:0% +further it'll only broaden it in One +Direction like that so your Peaks end up + + align:start position:0% +Direction like that so your Peaks end up + + + align:start position:0% +Direction like that so your Peaks end up +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this if you want to know which of these + + align:start position:0% +this if you want to know which of these + + + align:start position:0% +this if you want to know which of these +two terms is larger then you're asking + + align:start position:0% +two terms is larger then you're asking + + + align:start position:0% +two terms is larger then you're asking +the question when is beta coine beta + + align:start position:0% +the question when is beta coine beta + + + align:start position:0% +the question when is beta coine beta +parallel cosine Theta greater than beta + + align:start position:0% +parallel cosine Theta greater than beta + + + align:start position:0% +parallel cosine Theta greater than beta +squ um that's the case when cosine Theta + + align:start position:0% +squ um that's the case when cosine Theta + + + align:start position:0% +squ um that's the case when cosine Theta +is greater + + align:start position:0% +is greater + + + align:start position:0% +is greater +than upon C the thermal velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +than upon C the thermal velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +than upon C the thermal velocity of the +electrons and that's the case + + align:start position:0% +electrons and that's the case + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and that's the case +for beta less than but almost up to Pi + + align:start position:0% +for beta less than but almost up to Pi + + + align:start position:0% +for beta less than but almost up to Pi +upon two for for almost all + + align:start position:0% +upon two for for almost all + + + align:start position:0% +upon two for for almost all +angles this do term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dominates yes you're right thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +but almost all Theta apart from Theta + + align:start position:0% +but almost all Theta apart from Theta + + + align:start position:0% +but almost all Theta apart from Theta +exactly equal to Pi two the do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term so you'd see mostly symmetric lines + + align:start position:0% +term so you'd see mostly symmetric lines + + + align:start position:0% +term so you'd see mostly symmetric lines +with some small asymmetric shift apart + + align:start position:0% +with some small asymmetric shift apart + + + align:start position:0% +with some small asymmetric shift apart +from if you're exactly Pi upon two which + + align:start position:0% +from if you're exactly Pi upon two which + + + align:start position:0% +from if you're exactly Pi upon two which +is a place you're often at when you're + + align:start position:0% +is a place you're often at when you're + + + align:start position:0% +is a place you're often at when you're +looking inside a toac right this could + + align:start position:0% +looking inside a toac right this could + + + align:start position:0% +looking inside a toac right this could +happen quite a lot in which case you're + + align:start position:0% +happen quite a lot in which case you're + + + align:start position:0% +happen quite a lot in which case you're +going to see a line that is very + + align:start position:0% +going to see a line that is very + + + align:start position:0% +going to see a line that is very +asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric +inde + + align:start position:0% +inde + + + align:start position:0% +inde +okay questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes what is the J in the single that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the thing we're trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calculate Hinson writes it in a sort of + + align:start position:0% +calculate Hinson writes it in a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate Hinson writes it in a sort of +differential form which is nice to + + align:start position:0% +differential form which is nice to + + + align:start position:0% +differential form which is nice to +keeping track of units I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of units I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of units I'm just going to +call it J and you know sometimes there's + + align:start position:0% +call it J and you know sometimes there's + + + align:start position:0% +call it J and you know sometimes there's +some steradians and stuff flying around + + align:start position:0% +some steradians and stuff flying around + + + align:start position:0% +some steradians and stuff flying around +that you have to deal with but roughly + + align:start position:0% +that you have to deal with but roughly + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to deal with but roughly +this corresponds to your to into your + + align:start position:0% +this corresponds to your to into your + + + align:start position:0% +this corresponds to your to into your +this corresponds to your intuition of + + align:start position:0% +this corresponds to your intuition of + + + align:start position:0% +this corresponds to your intuition of +brightness right this is how bright the + + align:start position:0% +brightness right this is how bright the + + + align:start position:0% +brightness right this is how bright the +plasma is with this magnetic field and + + align:start position:0% +plasma is with this magnetic field and + + + align:start position:0% +plasma is with this magnetic field and +this velocity for this single particle + + align:start position:0% +this velocity for this single particle + + + align:start position:0% +this velocity for this single particle +and then of course all of these lines + + align:start position:0% +and then of course all of these lines + + + align:start position:0% +and then of course all of these lines +will be broadened by these terms okay + + align:start position:0% +will be broadened by these terms okay + + + align:start position:0% +will be broadened by these terms okay +yeah a little so the picture with the we + + align:start position:0% +yeah a little so the picture with the we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a little so the picture with the we +do the asymmetric yes right the orange + + align:start position:0% +do the asymmetric yes right the orange + + + align:start position:0% +do the asymmetric yes right the orange +equation on the right is saying right + + align:start position:0% +equation on the right is saying right + + + align:start position:0% +equation on the right is saying right +that slower particles will have + + align:start position:0% +that slower particles will have + + + align:start position:0% +that slower particles will have +a that like less reduced is that I guess + + align:start position:0% +a that like less reduced is that I guess + + + align:start position:0% +a that like less reduced is that I guess +I was just trying to think about the the + + align:start position:0% +I was just trying to think about the the + + + align:start position:0% +I was just trying to think about the the +way that you the the the relativistic + + align:start position:0% +way that you the the the relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +way that you the the the relativistic +mass correction or the yeah well + + align:start position:0% +mass correction or the yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +mass correction or the yeah well +actually these part this is due to fast + + align:start position:0% +actually these part this is due to fast + + + align:start position:0% +actually these part this is due to fast +particles okay yeah they're so fast + + align:start position:0% +particles okay yeah they're so fast + + + align:start position:0% +particles okay yeah they're so fast +they're so heavy their gyro frequency + + align:start position:0% +they're so heavy their gyro frequency + + + align:start position:0% +they're so heavy their gyro frequency +has gone down oh okay yeah yeah good + + align:start position:0% +has gone down oh okay yeah yeah good + + + align:start position:0% +has gone down oh okay yeah yeah good +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah you're right that's may be + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah you're right that's may be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah you're right that's may be +counterintuitive because actually for + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive because actually for + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive because actually for +the doler shift the particles down here + + align:start position:0% +the doler shift the particles down here + + + align:start position:0% +the doler shift the particles down here +are the fast ones oh it's true in both + + align:start position:0% +are the fast ones oh it's true in both + + + align:start position:0% +are the fast ones oh it's true in both +cases yeah it's the fast ones in both + + align:start position:0% +cases yeah it's the fast ones in both + + + align:start position:0% +cases yeah it's the fast ones in both +cases yeah these ones up here the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +passive any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we use this in + + align:start position:0% +so we use this in + + + align:start position:0% +so we use this in +practice by having a very good idea of + + align:start position:0% +practice by having a very good idea of + + + align:start position:0% +practice by having a very good idea of +what the magnetic field profile is + + align:start position:0% +what the magnetic field profile is + + + align:start position:0% +what the magnetic field profile is +inside our plasma and a good example of + + align:start position:0% +inside our plasma and a good example of + + + align:start position:0% +inside our plasma and a good example of +a plasma where we have a very good idea + + align:start position:0% +a plasma where we have a very good idea + + + align:start position:0% +a plasma where we have a very good idea +of magnetic field profile is a TOA or + + align:start position:0% +of magnetic field profile is a TOA or + + + align:start position:0% +of magnetic field profile is a TOA or +maybe something like a stun R something + + align:start position:0% +maybe something like a stun R something + + + align:start position:0% +maybe something like a stun R something +that's very low bait so I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +that's very low bait so I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +that's very low bait so I'll show you +what we do in that + + align:start position:0% +what we do in that + + + align:start position:0% +what we do in that +situation so this tends to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used in magnetic confinement + + align:start position:0% +used in magnetic confinement + + + align:start position:0% +used in magnetic confinement +fusion with beta ha that's the seral + + align:start position:0% +fusion with beta ha that's the seral + + + align:start position:0% +fusion with beta ha that's the seral +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +over the magnetic pressure I don't make + + align:start position:0% +over the magnetic pressure I don't make + + + align:start position:0% +over the magnetic pressure I don't make +the rules is much less than one nothing + + align:start position:0% +the rules is much less than one nothing + + + align:start position:0% +the rules is much less than one nothing +to do with the other data right and this + + align:start position:0% +to do with the other data right and this + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the other data right and this +condition effectively means that no + + align:start position:0% +condition effectively means that no + + + align:start position:0% +condition effectively means that no +matter what your plasma is doing your + + align:start position:0% +matter what your plasma is doing your + + + align:start position:0% +matter what your plasma is doing your +magnetic field is pretty much the same + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is pretty much the same + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is pretty much the same +so you know your magnetic field profile + + align:start position:0% +so you know your magnetic field profile + + + align:start position:0% +so you know your magnetic field profile +and a good example of this would be + + align:start position:0% +and a good example of this would be + + + align:start position:0% +and a good example of this would be +inside something like a + + align:start position:0% +inside something like a + + + align:start position:0% +inside something like a +toac where we have an + + align:start position:0% +toac where we have an + + + align:start position:0% +toac where we have an +axis of symmetry here and I have some + + align:start position:0% +axis of symmetry here and I have some + + + align:start position:0% +axis of symmetry here and I have some +cross-section of my toac + + align:start position:0% +cross-section of my toac + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section of my toac +like this and + + align:start position:0% +like this and + + + align:start position:0% +like this and +maybe the magnetic field in this to map + + align:start position:0% +maybe the magnetic field in this to map + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the magnetic field in this to map +is going to be dropping off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as one upon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r that just comes from amp's law the + + align:start position:0% +r that just comes from amp's law the + + + align:start position:0% +r that just comes from amp's law the +fact that you have current flowing up + + align:start position:0% +fact that you have current flowing up + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you have current flowing up +through the magnets in the middle it can + + align:start position:0% +through the magnets in the middle it can + + + align:start position:0% +through the magnets in the middle it can +hardly be anything other than one upon R + + align:start position:0% +hardly be anything other than one upon R + + + align:start position:0% +hardly be anything other than one upon R +and that's + + align:start position:0% +and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's +true and so the interesting thing here + + align:start position:0% +true and so the interesting thing here + + + align:start position:0% +true and so the interesting thing here +is the different regions of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as have different magnetic fields maybe + + align:start position:0% +as have different magnetic fields maybe + + + align:start position:0% +as have different magnetic fields maybe +some of you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see so we can pull these for + + align:start position:0% +see so we can pull these for + + + align:start position:0% +see so we can pull these for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +R3 + + align:start position:0% +R3 + + + align:start position:0% +R3 +R1 + + align:start position:0% +R1 + + + align:start position:0% +R1 +R2 + + align:start position:0% +R2 + + + align:start position:0% +R2 +sense R1 three different radi here and + + align:start position:0% +sense R1 three different radi here and + + + align:start position:0% +sense R1 three different radi here and +what we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to +observe this + + align:start position:0% +observe this + + + align:start position:0% +observe this +plasma with some microwave antenna some + + align:start position:0% +plasma with some microwave antenna some + + + align:start position:0% +plasma with some microwave antenna some +sort of horn that's going to collect the + + align:start position:0% +sort of horn that's going to collect the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of horn that's going to collect the +electron cyron emission which is in the + + align:start position:0% +electron cyron emission which is in the + + + align:start position:0% +electron cyron emission which is in the +gigahertz range here and that electron + + align:start position:0% +gigahertz range here and that electron + + + align:start position:0% +gigahertz range here and that electron +cyron emission is going to stream out in + + align:start position:0% +cyron emission is going to stream out in + + + align:start position:0% +cyron emission is going to stream out in +every direction but one of the + + align:start position:0% +every direction but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +every direction but one of the +directions it's going to stream out into + + align:start position:0% +directions it's going to stream out into + + + align:start position:0% +directions it's going to stream out into +is our horn so hopefully we can catch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then what we will do with the signal + + align:start position:0% +and then what we will do with the signal + + + align:start position:0% +and then what we will do with the signal +that comes into this is we will split it + + align:start position:0% +that comes into this is we will split it + + + align:start position:0% +that comes into this is we will split it +a load of different times I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +a load of different times I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +a load of different times I'm just going +to draw end times here into n seate + + align:start position:0% +to draw end times here into n seate + + + align:start position:0% +to draw end times here into n seate +channels we'll have a little band pass + + align:start position:0% +channels we'll have a little band pass + + + align:start position:0% +channels we'll have a little band pass +filter on each of these which selects + + align:start position:0% +filter on each of these which selects + + + align:start position:0% +filter on each of these which selects +out for different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequencies this + + align:start position:0% +frequencies this + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies this +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pass and then each of these will go onto + + align:start position:0% +pass and then each of these will go onto + + + align:start position:0% +pass and then each of these will go onto +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detector that will detector will measure + + align:start position:0% +detector that will detector will measure + + + align:start position:0% +detector that will detector will measure +the power as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +the power as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +the power as a function of time +contained within this frequency band + + align:start position:0% +contained within this frequency band + + + align:start position:0% +contained within this frequency band +here and so this is effectively a Time + + align:start position:0% +here and so this is effectively a Time + + + align:start position:0% +here and so this is effectively a Time +resolved spectrometer kind of system + + align:start position:0% +resolved spectrometer kind of system + + + align:start position:0% +resolved spectrometer kind of system +okay why is this helpful it's because as + + align:start position:0% +okay why is this helpful it's because as + + + align:start position:0% +okay why is this helpful it's because as +we said before B of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R is well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +known we think of the intensity uh + + align:start position:0% +known we think of the intensity uh + + + align:start position:0% +known we think of the intensity uh +that's detected on our detector over + + align:start position:0% +that's detected on our detector over + + + align:start position:0% +that's detected on our detector over +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +we're going to have some emission that's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have some emission that's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have some emission that's +coming from + + align:start position:0% +coming from + + + align:start position:0% +coming from +R1 R1 has the highest magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +R1 R1 has the highest magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +R1 R1 has the highest magnetic field +therefore it has the highest frequencies + + align:start position:0% +therefore it has the highest frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it has the highest frequencies +so its first emission is going to be for + + align:start position:0% +so its first emission is going to be for + + + align:start position:0% +so its first emission is going to be for +example at this frequency here which is + + align:start position:0% +example at this frequency here which is + + + align:start position:0% +example at this frequency here which is +Omega one like that this is the + + align:start position:0% +Omega one like that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega one like that this is the +frequency corresponding to position R1 + + align:start position:0% +frequency corresponding to position R1 + + + align:start position:0% +frequency corresponding to position R1 +and it's the first time on got it in the + + align:start position:0% +and it's the first time on got it in the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the first time on got it in the +same way R2 corresponds to the middle of + + align:start position:0% +same way R2 corresponds to the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +same way R2 corresponds to the middle of +the plasma the magnetic field is lower + + align:start position:0% +the plasma the magnetic field is lower + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma the magnetic field is lower +the frequency is + + align:start position:0% +the frequency is + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency is +lower Omega 2 and R3 corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +lower Omega 2 and R3 corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +lower Omega 2 and R3 corresponds to the +lowest magnetic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +field there's no good reason for these + + align:start position:0% +field there's no good reason for these + + + align:start position:0% +field there's no good reason for these +to be the same in general + + align:start position:0% +to be the same in general + + + align:start position:0% +to be the same in general +so buts things around a little bit so + + align:start position:0% +so buts things around a little bit so + + + align:start position:0% +so buts things around a little bit so +it's clear that they don't have to go + + align:start position:0% +it's clear that they don't have to go + + + align:start position:0% +it's clear that they don't have to go +but of course as well as that you're + + align:start position:0% +but of course as well as that you're + + + align:start position:0% +but of course as well as that you're +also going to get the harmonics right + + align:start position:0% +also going to get the harmonics right + + + align:start position:0% +also going to get the harmonics right +you're going to get a harmonic and this + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a harmonic and this + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a harmonic and this +is why I should have drawn these much + + align:start position:0% +is why I should have drawn these much + + + align:start position:0% +is why I should have drawn these much +closer together but it would have made + + align:start position:0% +closer together but it would have made + + + align:start position:0% +closer together but it would have made +it much less clear at 2 + + align:start position:0% +it much less clear at 2 + + + align:start position:0% +it much less clear at 2 +omega3 and + + align:start position:0% +omega3 and + + + align:start position:0% +omega3 and +at 2 Omega 2 and at to Omega one and + + align:start position:0% +at 2 Omega 2 and at to Omega one and + + + align:start position:0% +at 2 Omega 2 and at to Omega one and +then of course at the third harmonic as + + align:start position:0% +then of course at the third harmonic as + + + align:start position:0% +then of course at the third harmonic as +well now you can see oh dear these are + + align:start position:0% +well now you can see oh dear these are + + + align:start position:0% +well now you can see oh dear these are +beginning overlap this is getting a + + align:start position:0% +beginning overlap this is getting a + + + align:start position:0% +beginning overlap this is getting a +little tricky so like maybe I shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +little tricky so like maybe I shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +little tricky so like maybe I shouldn't +have done it like this but they will + + align:start position:0% +have done it like this but they will + + + align:start position:0% +have done it like this but they will +eventually they will overlap right it's + + align:start position:0% +eventually they will overlap right it's + + + align:start position:0% +eventually they will overlap right it's +the high enough harmonics you're going + + align:start position:0% +the high enough harmonics you're going + + + align:start position:0% +the high enough harmonics you're going +to have different harmonics all + + align:start position:0% +to have different harmonics all + + + align:start position:0% +to have different harmonics all +interacting with each other so these are + + align:start position:0% +interacting with each other so these are + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with each other so these are +the the third harmonics up + + align:start position:0% +the the third harmonics up + + + align:start position:0% +the the third harmonics up +here but if you focus just down in this + + align:start position:0% +here but if you focus just down in this + + + align:start position:0% +here but if you focus just down in this +region for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency corresponds to a specific + + align:start position:0% +frequency corresponds to a specific + + + align:start position:0% +frequency corresponds to a specific +magnetic field which corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field which corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field which corresponds to a +specific radial location so if you're + + align:start position:0% +specific radial location so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +specific radial location so if you're +seeing emission at this frequency you + + align:start position:0% +seeing emission at this frequency you + + + align:start position:0% +seeing emission at this frequency you +know that that emission is coming from + + align:start position:0% +know that that emission is coming from + + + align:start position:0% +know that that emission is coming from +this bit of the plasma so this is + + align:start position:0% +this bit of the plasma so this is + + + align:start position:0% +this bit of the plasma so this is +extremely powerful uh because you have + + align:start position:0% +extremely powerful uh because you have + + + align:start position:0% +extremely powerful uh because you have +as well as the spectral resolution and + + align:start position:0% +as well as the spectral resolution and + + + align:start position:0% +as well as the spectral resolution and +time resolution you now have spatial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resolution + + align:start position:0% +resolution + + + align:start position:0% +resolution +okay questions on that yes um yes + + align:start position:0% +okay questions on that yes um yes + + + align:start position:0% +okay questions on that yes um yes +question hi there Professor so the um + + align:start position:0% +question hi there Professor so the um + + + align:start position:0% +question hi there Professor so the um +spatial you can getal resolution because + + align:start position:0% +spatial you can getal resolution because + + + align:start position:0% +spatial you can getal resolution because +of the decreasing R field but is there + + align:start position:0% +of the decreasing R field but is there + + + align:start position:0% +of the decreasing R field but is there +not going to be any overlap with the + + align:start position:0% +not going to be any overlap with the + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be any overlap with the +earlier fre harmonics and those I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +couldn't close + + align:start position:0% +couldn't close + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't close +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +W1 depending on where your toomax sits + + align:start position:0% +W1 depending on where your toomax sits + + + align:start position:0% +W1 depending on where your toomax sits +out here it gives you the gradient in + + align:start position:0% +out here it gives you the gradient in + + + align:start position:0% +out here it gives you the gradient in +magnetic field and that gradient in + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field and that gradient in + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field and that gradient in +magnetic field is going to determine the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is going to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is going to determine the +spread of frequencies that you have that + + align:start position:0% +spread of frequencies that you have that + + + align:start position:0% +spread of frequencies that you have that +you're observing from if your + + align:start position:0% +you're observing from if your + + + align:start position:0% +you're observing from if your +frequencies are closer together because + + align:start position:0% +frequencies are closer together because + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies are closer together because +for example your toac is further out in + + align:start position:0% +for example your toac is further out in + + + align:start position:0% +for example your toac is further out in +the one over R Field it's a large aspect + + align:start position:0% +the one over R Field it's a large aspect + + + align:start position:0% +the one over R Field it's a large aspect +ratio top that if those frequencies are + + align:start position:0% +ratio top that if those frequencies are + + + align:start position:0% +ratio top that if those frequencies are +closer together you'll simply have to + + align:start position:0% +closer together you'll simply have to + + + align:start position:0% +closer together you'll simply have to +have a better spectrometer there of + + align:start position:0% +have a better spectrometer there of + + + align:start position:0% +have a better spectrometer there of +course comes a point where all of + + align:start position:0% +course comes a point where all of + + + align:start position:0% +course comes a point where all of +the broadening that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +the broadening that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the broadening that we talked about +before is going to screw you over a + + align:start position:0% +before is going to screw you over a + + + align:start position:0% +before is going to screw you over a +little bit and so that's going to limit + + align:start position:0% +little bit and so that's going to limit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and so that's going to limit +fundamentally limits the spatial + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally limits the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally limits the spatial +resolution you have but broadly you can + + align:start position:0% +resolution you have but broadly you can + + + align:start position:0% +resolution you have but broadly you can +sort of take the signal signal and maybe + + align:start position:0% +sort of take the signal signal and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +sort of take the signal signal and maybe +deep involve it and say I've got some + + align:start position:0% +deep involve it and say I've got some + + + align:start position:0% +deep involve it and say I've got some +spatial resolution here yeah really your + + align:start position:0% +spatial resolution here yeah really your + + + align:start position:0% +spatial resolution here yeah really your +spatial resolution is also going to be + + align:start position:0% +spatial resolution is also going to be + + + align:start position:0% +spatial resolution is also going to be +limited by the number of these detectors + + align:start position:0% +limited by the number of these detectors + + + align:start position:0% +limited by the number of these detectors +that you can f so like people will do + + align:start position:0% +that you can f so like people will do + + + align:start position:0% +that you can f so like people will do +like a 12 channel system and then + + align:start position:0% +like a 12 channel system and then + + + align:start position:0% +like a 12 channel system and then +they'll effectively be able to resolve + + align:start position:0% +they'll effectively be able to resolve + + + align:start position:0% +they'll effectively be able to resolve +12 different spatial locations across + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the you're you're you're breaking up + + align:start position:0% +the you're you're you're breaking up + + + align:start position:0% +the you're you're you're breaking up +quite badly I don't know if it's your + + align:start position:0% +quite badly I don't know if it's your + + + align:start position:0% +quite badly I don't know if it's your +microphone or what but I can't really + + align:start position:0% +microphone or what but I can't really + + + align:start position:0% +microphone or what but I can't really +hear you very well can you hear me now + + align:start position:0% +hear you very well can you hear me now + + + align:start position:0% +hear you very well can you hear me now +uh slightly better yeah go for it um the + + align:start position:0% +uh slightly better yeah go for it um the + + + align:start position:0% +uh slightly better yeah go for it um the +detectors this these emissions they're + + align:start position:0% +detectors this these emissions they're + + + align:start position:0% +detectors this these emissions they're +they're not happening isotropically are + + align:start position:0% +they're not happening isotropically are + + + align:start position:0% +they're not happening isotropically are +they they're happening are they + + align:start position:0% +they they're happening are they + + + align:start position:0% +they they're happening are they +happening all over the tokom MAAC or + + align:start position:0% +happening all over the tokom MAAC or + + + align:start position:0% +happening all over the tokom MAAC or +they're happening in every direction + + align:start position:0% +they're happening in every direction + + + align:start position:0% +they're happening in every direction +they're not happening isotropically and + + align:start position:0% +they're not happening isotropically and + + + align:start position:0% +they're not happening isotropically and +we haven't derived the pattern that they + + align:start position:0% +we haven't derived the pattern that they + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't derived the pattern that they +make and it's in Hutchinson as well and + + align:start position:0% +make and it's in Hutchinson as well and + + + align:start position:0% +make and it's in Hutchinson as well and +you haven't asked about the polarization + + align:start position:0% +you haven't asked about the polarization + + + align:start position:0% +you haven't asked about the polarization +yet and they've got different + + align:start position:0% +yet and they've got different + + + align:start position:0% +yet and they've got different +polarizations too so it's definitely not + + align:start position:0% +polarizations too so it's definitely not + + + align:start position:0% +polarizations too so it's definitely not +isotropic but you should definitely + + align:start position:0% +isotropic but you should definitely + + + align:start position:0% +isotropic but you should definitely +imagine that these are going out in lots + + align:start position:0% +imagine that these are going out in lots + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that these are going out in lots +of different directions and if you're + + align:start position:0% +of different directions and if you're + + + align:start position:0% +of different directions and if you're +one of these sorts of people who likes + + align:start position:0% +one of these sorts of people who likes + + + align:start position:0% +one of these sorts of people who likes +putting things on the high field side of + + align:start position:0% +putting things on the high field side of + + + align:start position:0% +putting things on the high field side of +your toac then you could also measure + + align:start position:0% +your toac then you could also measure + + + align:start position:0% +your toac then you could also measure +this just as well from that side as well + + align:start position:0% +this just as well from that side as well + + + align:start position:0% +this just as well from that side as well +so you can put the detectors anywhere in + + align:start position:0% +so you can put the detectors anywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +so you can put the detectors anywhere in +the Tok back you can put the detectors + + align:start position:0% +the Tok back you can put the detectors + + + align:start position:0% +the Tok back you can put the detectors +anywhere we tend to yes yes we can you + + align:start position:0% +anywhere we tend to yes yes we can you + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere we tend to yes yes we can you +can put the detectors anywhere obviously + + align:start position:0% +can put the detectors anywhere obviously + + + align:start position:0% +can put the detectors anywhere obviously +this line of sight Works particularly + + align:start position:0% +this line of sight Works particularly + + + align:start position:0% +this line of sight Works particularly +well because you're looking along the + + align:start position:0% +well because you're looking along the + + + align:start position:0% +well because you're looking along the +gradient in magnetic field if you look + + align:start position:0% +gradient in magnetic field if you look + + + align:start position:0% +gradient in magnetic field if you look +to above it's a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +to above it's a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +to above it's a little bit more +complicated but there was a very good + + align:start position:0% +complicated but there was a very good + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but there was a very good +paper just published on tcv uh the toak + + align:start position:0% +paper just published on tcv uh the toak + + + align:start position:0% +paper just published on tcv uh the toak +epfl where they had vertical electron + + align:start position:0% +epfl where they had vertical electron + + + align:start position:0% +epfl where they had vertical electron +cyron emission apparently it helps with + + align:start position:0% +cyron emission apparently it helps with + + + align:start position:0% +cyron emission apparently it helps with +some issues as well so just saying you + + align:start position:0% +some issues as well so just saying you + + + align:start position:0% +some issues as well so just saying you +you can put it anywhere it would + + align:start position:0% +you can put it anywhere it would + + + align:start position:0% +you can put it anywhere it would +definitely make more sense to put it in + + align:start position:0% +definitely make more sense to put it in + + + align:start position:0% +definitely make more sense to put it in +the direction or against the direction + + align:start position:0% +the direction or against the direction + + + align:start position:0% +the direction or against the direction +of the magnet field gradient because you + + align:start position:0% +of the magnet field gradient because you + + + align:start position:0% +of the magnet field gradient because you +have this advantage that all the + + align:start position:0% +have this advantage that all the + + + align:start position:0% +have this advantage that all the +different frequencies then very clearly + + align:start position:0% +different frequencies then very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +different frequencies then very clearly +correspond to different places in the + + align:start position:0% +correspond to different places in the + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to different places in the +plasma mid + + align:start position:0% +plasma mid + + + align:start position:0% +plasma mid +plane uh yes I think so okay do you have + + align:start position:0% +plane uh yes I think so okay do you have + + + align:start position:0% +plane uh yes I think so okay do you have +a question yeah I was wondering for the + + align:start position:0% +a question yeah I was wondering for the + + + align:start position:0% +a question yeah I was wondering for the +higher harmonics you have the intensity + + align:start position:0% +higher harmonics you have the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +higher harmonics you have the intensity +increasing would the intensity of the + + align:start position:0% +increasing would the intensity of the + + + align:start position:0% +increasing would the intensity of the +higher harmonics be + + align:start position:0% +higher harmonics be + + + align:start position:0% +higher harmonics be +larger + + align:start position:0% +larger + + + align:start position:0% +larger +um so I haven't really talked too much + + align:start position:0% +um so I haven't really talked too much + + + align:start position:0% +um so I haven't really talked too much +about what the intens of the harmonics + + align:start position:0% +about what the intens of the harmonics + + + align:start position:0% +about what the intens of the harmonics +is and you you know there are formulas + + align:start position:0% +is and you you know there are formulas + + + align:start position:0% +is and you you know there are formulas +to work it out I think in general they + + align:start position:0% +to work it out I think in general they + + + align:start position:0% +to work it out I think in general they +drop off but we're about to talk about + + align:start position:0% +drop off but we're about to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +drop off but we're about to talk about +opacity effects on these lines and so + + align:start position:0% +opacity effects on these lines and so + + + align:start position:0% +opacity effects on these lines and so +what actually happens is the lower + + align:start position:0% +what actually happens is the lower + + + align:start position:0% +what actually happens is the lower +harmonics are absorbed more and the + + align:start position:0% +harmonics are absorbed more and the + + + align:start position:0% +harmonics are absorbed more and the +higher harmonics aren't and so at least + + align:start position:0% +higher harmonics aren't and so at least + + + align:start position:0% +higher harmonics aren't and so at least +I think Hutchinson has a figure in his + + align:start position:0% +I think Hutchinson has a figure in his + + + align:start position:0% +I think Hutchinson has a figure in his +textbook where like the second harmonics + + align:start position:0% +textbook where like the second harmonics + + + align:start position:0% +textbook where like the second harmonics +are the strongest and the third are + + align:start position:0% +are the strongest and the third are + + + align:start position:0% +are the strongest and the third are +actually stronger than the first and + + align:start position:0% +actually stronger than the first and + + + align:start position:0% +actually stronger than the first and +things like that so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +things like that so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +things like that so it's it's +complicated because there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +complicated because there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated because there's a lot of +factors at play in terms of what the of + + align:start position:0% +factors at play in terms of what the of + + + align:start position:0% +factors at play in terms of what the of +intensity is yeah so here I'm just + + align:start position:0% +intensity is yeah so here I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +intensity is yeah so here I'm just +drawing them as different heights to + + align:start position:0% +drawing them as different heights to + + + align:start position:0% +drawing them as different heights to +show that they don't have to all be the + + align:start position:0% +show that they don't have to all be the + + + align:start position:0% +show that they don't have to all be the +same um but I don't mean anything by the + + align:start position:0% +same um but I don't mean anything by the + + + align:start position:0% +same um but I don't mean anything by the +specific height side shows for anything + + align:start position:0% +specific height side shows for anything + + + align:start position:0% +specific height side shows for anything +yeah sure I'm talking about people tend + + align:start position:0% +yeah sure I'm talking about people tend + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sure I'm talking about people tend +to neglect voal Field Effect on the + + align:start position:0% +to neglect voal Field Effect on the + + + align:start position:0% +to neglect voal Field Effect on the +magne on the total magnetic field yeah + + align:start position:0% +magne on the total magnetic field yeah + + + align:start position:0% +magne on the total magnetic field yeah +so the question is do you neglect the + + align:start position:0% +so the question is do you neglect the + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is do you neglect the +poal field you you you do neglect it of + + align:start position:0% +poal field you you you do neglect it of + + + align:start position:0% +poal field you you you do neglect it of +course you don't really neglect it you + + align:start position:0% +course you don't really neglect it you + + + align:start position:0% +course you don't really neglect it you +would take it into account but in this + + align:start position:0% +would take it into account but in this + + + align:start position:0% +would take it into account but in this +simple sketch here I don't need to put + + align:start position:0% +simple sketch here I don't need to put + + + align:start position:0% +simple sketch here I don't need to put +the plal magnetic field in but you could + + align:start position:0% +the plal magnetic field in but you could + + + align:start position:0% +the plal magnetic field in but you could +imagine that if you did know what the + + align:start position:0% +imagine that if you did know what the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that if you did know what the +plal field was because you've got all + + align:start position:0% +plal field was because you've got all + + + align:start position:0% +plal field was because you've got all +your one for magnetics Diagnostics and + + align:start position:0% +your one for magnetics Diagnostics and + + + align:start position:0% +your one for magnetics Diagnostics and +you can do a magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +you can do a magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +you can do a magnetic field +reconstruction then you know what the + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction then you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction then you know what the +magnetic field is at every point in your + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is at every point in your + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is at every point in your +toat and then you know what the + + align:start position:0% +toat and then you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +toat and then you know what the +frequency is and so then you can bat + + align:start position:0% +frequency is and so then you can bat + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is and so then you can bat +this back out again so is is possible to + + align:start position:0% +this back out again so is is possible to + + + align:start position:0% +this back out again so is is possible to +have plal field and still do this + + align:start position:0% +have plal field and still do this + + + align:start position:0% +have plal field and still do this +technique it's just the sketch I'm + + align:start position:0% +technique it's just the sketch I'm + + + align:start position:0% +technique it's just the sketch I'm +giving you here doesn't include it then + + align:start position:0% +giving you here doesn't include it then + + + align:start position:0% +giving you here doesn't include it then +is it more complicated to get the data + + align:start position:0% +is it more complicated to get the data + + + align:start position:0% +is it more complicated to get the data +because now the magnetic field is not + + align:start position:0% +because now the magnetic field is not + + + align:start position:0% +because now the magnetic field is not +straight around it has some well you're + + align:start position:0% +straight around it has some well you're + + + align:start position:0% +straight around it has some well you're +still going to be even if you've got a + + align:start position:0% +still going to be even if you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +still going to be even if you've got a +twisted magnetic field Line If you're + + align:start position:0% +twisted magnetic field Line If you're + + + align:start position:0% +twisted magnetic field Line If you're +looking from the outside in it's still + + align:start position:0% +looking from the outside in it's still + + + align:start position:0% +looking from the outside in it's still +going to be at 90 degrees it's just that + + align:start position:0% +going to be at 90 degrees it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +going to be at 90 degrees it's just that +it's going to be 90 degrees like that + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be 90 degrees like that + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be 90 degrees like that +not 90 degrees like this because your + + align:start position:0% +not 90 degrees like this because your + + + align:start position:0% +not 90 degrees like this because your +magnetic field might be tilted up or + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field might be tilted up or + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field might be tilted up or +down so it's still 90 degrees if you + + align:start position:0% +down so it's still 90 degrees if you + + + align:start position:0% +down so it's still 90 degrees if you +start looking at another angle not at 90 + + align:start position:0% +start looking at another angle not at 90 + + + align:start position:0% +start looking at another angle not at 90 +degrees then of course you have to think + + align:start position:0% +degrees then of course you have to think + + + align:start position:0% +degrees then of course you have to think +about the geometry a lot more carefully + + align:start position:0% +about the geometry a lot more carefully + + + align:start position:0% +about the geometry a lot more carefully +okay so if you're looking from yeah if + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you're looking from yeah if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you're looking from yeah if +you're looking tangentially right if + + align:start position:0% +you're looking tangentially right if + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking tangentially right if +you're doing tangential viewing of EC + + align:start position:0% +you're doing tangential viewing of EC + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing tangential viewing of EC +electron cyron like trying to look along + + align:start position:0% +electron cyron like trying to look along + + + align:start position:0% +electron cyron like trying to look along +the field lines then the plal field will + + align:start position:0% +the field lines then the plal field will + + + align:start position:0% +the field lines then the plal field will +make a bigger difference here it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +make a bigger difference here it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +make a bigger difference here it doesn't +make a + + align:start position:0% +make a + + + align:start position:0% +make a +difference cool lots of questions okay + + align:start position:0% +difference cool lots of questions okay + + + align:start position:0% +difference cool lots of questions okay +we go uh I'm just a little confused on + + align:start position:0% +we go uh I'm just a little confused on + + + align:start position:0% +we go uh I'm just a little confused on +the spatial resolution so the idea like + + align:start position:0% +the spatial resolution so the idea like + + + align:start position:0% +the spatial resolution so the idea like +we know the field so we can back out + + align:start position:0% +we know the field so we can back out + + + align:start position:0% +we know the field so we can back out +where the emission came from is that yes + + align:start position:0% +where the emission came from is that yes + + + align:start position:0% +where the emission came from is that yes +so but that also relies on us knowing + + align:start position:0% +so but that also relies on us knowing + + + align:start position:0% +so but that also relies on us knowing +the velocity of the electrons to know + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the electrons to know + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the electrons to know +the rest mass or not the rest Mass + + align:start position:0% +the rest mass or not the rest Mass + + + align:start position:0% +the rest mass or not the rest Mass +they're relativistic Mass right what + + align:start position:0% +they're relativistic Mass right what + + + align:start position:0% +they're relativistic Mass right what +you're saying is these Peaks could be + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is these Peaks could be + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is these Peaks could be +sufficiently broadened by these + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently broadened by these + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently broadened by these +mechanisms that they overlap right and + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms that they overlap right and + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms that they overlap right and +then of course like effectively they + + align:start position:0% +then of course like effectively they + + + align:start position:0% +then of course like effectively they +will always overlap because I've just + + align:start position:0% +will always overlap because I've just + + + align:start position:0% +will always overlap because I've just +drawn three spatial locations but + + align:start position:0% +drawn three spatial locations but + + + align:start position:0% +drawn three spatial locations but +there's an infinite number of spatial + + align:start position:0% +there's an infinite number of spatial + + + align:start position:0% +there's an infinite number of spatial +locations and so you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +locations and so you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +locations and so you're absolutely right +that broadening sets a limit on your + + align:start position:0% +that broadening sets a limit on your + + + align:start position:0% +that broadening sets a limit on your +frequeny resolution you effectively + + align:start position:0% +frequeny resolution you effectively + + + align:start position:0% +frequeny resolution you effectively +convolved this your signal with that + + align:start position:0% +convolved this your signal with that + + + align:start position:0% +convolved this your signal with that +asymmetric Peak and because you set a + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric Peak and because you set a + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric Peak and because you set a +limit on the frequency resolution it + + align:start position:0% +limit on the frequency resolution it + + + align:start position:0% +limit on the frequency resolution it +sets a limit on how well you can resolve + + align:start position:0% +sets a limit on how well you can resolve + + + align:start position:0% +sets a limit on how well you can resolve +different magnetic field regions and + + align:start position:0% +different magnetic field regions and + + + align:start position:0% +different magnetic field regions and +because of that it sets a limit on how + + align:start position:0% +because of that it sets a limit on how + + + align:start position:0% +because of that it sets a limit on how +well you can resolve different spatial + + align:start position:0% +well you can resolve different spatial + + + align:start position:0% +well you can resolve different spatial +regions sure but like even just for a + + align:start position:0% +regions sure but like even just for a + + + align:start position:0% +regions sure but like even just for a +single particle so there wouldn't be the + + align:start position:0% +single particle so there wouldn't be the + + + align:start position:0% +single particle so there wouldn't be the +broadening effect like if I gave you a + + align:start position:0% +broadening effect like if I gave you a + + + align:start position:0% +broadening effect like if I gave you a +set of Peaks yes and a magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +set of Peaks yes and a magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +set of Peaks yes and a magnetic field +profile would you be able to figure out + + align:start position:0% +profile would you be able to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +profile would you be able to figure out +where those Peaks came from would you + + align:start position:0% +where those Peaks came from would you + + + align:start position:0% +where those Peaks came from would you +also need to know what energ electron + + align:start position:0% +also need to know what energ electron + + + align:start position:0% +also need to know what energ electron +was like the mass was different to + + align:start position:0% +was like the mass was different to + + + align:start position:0% +was like the mass was different to +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +out um I think these this broadening is + + align:start position:0% +out um I think these this broadening is + + + align:start position:0% +out um I think these this broadening is +very small and so this is not a huge + + align:start position:0% +very small and so this is not a huge + + + align:start position:0% +very small and so this is not a huge +change to your signal um and then it to + + align:start position:0% +change to your signal um and then it to + + + align:start position:0% +change to your signal um and then it to +me it seems like a deconvolution problem + + align:start position:0% +me it seems like a deconvolution problem + + + align:start position:0% +me it seems like a deconvolution problem +okay which like they're hard but not + + align:start position:0% +okay which like they're hard but not + + + align:start position:0% +okay which like they're hard but not +impossible to deconvolve signals + + align:start position:0% +impossible to deconvolve signals + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to deconvolve signals +okay maybe I'm over complicating them I + + align:start position:0% +okay maybe I'm over complicating them I + + + align:start position:0% +okay maybe I'm over complicating them I +I think you I think you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +I think you I think you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +I think you I think you're thinking +about like reasonable complications but + + align:start position:0% +about like reasonable complications but + + + align:start position:0% +about like reasonable complications but +not ones that are the biggest problem + + align:start position:0% +not ones that are the biggest problem + + + align:start position:0% +not ones that are the biggest problem +with this diagnostic okay we're about to + + align:start position:0% +with this diagnostic okay we're about to + + + align:start position:0% +with this diagnostic okay we're about to +go on to the fact that most of these + + align:start position:0% +go on to the fact that most of these + + + align:start position:0% +go on to the fact that most of these +lines are optically thick and so you + + align:start position:0% +lines are optically thick and so you + + + align:start position:0% +lines are optically thick and so you +don't see them anyway okay so yeah but + + align:start position:0% +don't see them anyway okay so yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +don't see them anyway okay so yeah but +okay other questions yeah just what's + + align:start position:0% +okay other questions yeah just what's + + + align:start position:0% +okay other questions yeah just what's +the wave length and frequency of these + + align:start position:0% +the wave length and frequency of these + + + align:start position:0% +the wave length and frequency of these +oh like like what is would be a typical + + align:start position:0% +oh like like what is would be a typical + + + align:start position:0% +oh like like what is would be a typical +frame yeah like is there any of picking + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah like is there any of picking + + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah like is there any of picking +up other it's like 100 gahz or it + + align:start position:0% +up other it's like 100 gahz or it + + + align:start position:0% +up other it's like 100 gahz or it +depends strongly on the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +depends strongly on the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +depends strongly on the magnetic field +so in something like alal C model spark + + align:start position:0% +so in something like alal C model spark + + + align:start position:0% +so in something like alal C model spark +it would be much higher than it is on + + align:start position:0% +it would be much higher than it is on + + + align:start position:0% +it would be much higher than it is on +other devices if you get some other type + + align:start position:0% +other devices if you get some other type + + + align:start position:0% +other devices if you get some other type +of radiation that kind of falls in the + + align:start position:0% +of radiation that kind of falls in the + + + align:start position:0% +of radiation that kind of falls in the +same Spectrum then well we will actually + + align:start position:0% +same Spectrum then well we will actually + + + align:start position:0% +same Spectrum then well we will actually +talk about that yes when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about that yes when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that yes when we talk about +the accessibility condition this + + align:start position:0% +the accessibility condition this + + + align:start position:0% +the accessibility condition this +frequency may be close to other natural + + align:start position:0% +frequency may be close to other natural + + + align:start position:0% +frequency may be close to other natural +frequencies in the plasma and that may + + align:start position:0% +frequencies in the plasma and that may + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies in the plasma and that may +modify what we can observe so good + + align:start position:0% +modify what we can observe so good + + + align:start position:0% +modify what we can observe so good +question yeah okay any other questions + + align:start position:0% +question yeah okay any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah okay any other questions +online or in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +room okay let's keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so because you know the emissivity or + + align:start position:0% +so because you know the emissivity or + + + align:start position:0% +so because you know the emissivity or +you can know the emissivity hopefully + + align:start position:0% +you can know the emissivity hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +you can know the emissivity hopefully +you believe me it is possible to + + align:start position:0% +you believe me it is possible to + + + align:start position:0% +you believe me it is possible to +calculate of algeb theity we can also + + align:start position:0% +calculate of algeb theity we can also + + + align:start position:0% +calculate of algeb theity we can also +calculate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alha that means that you can ask + + align:start position:0% +alha that means that you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +alha that means that you can ask +yourself what is the optical depth of + + align:start position:0% +yourself what is the optical depth of + + + align:start position:0% +yourself what is the optical depth of +one of these waves propagating through + + align:start position:0% +one of these waves propagating through + + + align:start position:0% +one of these waves propagating through +this plasma you can + + align:start position:0% +this plasma you can + + + align:start position:0% +this plasma you can +solve to is equal to Alpha d s and what + + align:start position:0% +solve to is equal to Alpha d s and what + + + align:start position:0% +solve to is equal to Alpha d s and what +you will find if you do that is that for + + align:start position:0% +you will find if you do that is that for + + + align:start position:0% +you will find if you do that is that for +the lowest harmonics Nal 1 Nal + + align:start position:0% +the lowest harmonics Nal 1 Nal + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest harmonics Nal 1 Nal +2 often but not always that to is much + + align:start position:0% +2 often but not always that to is much + + + align:start position:0% +2 often but not always that to is much +greater than one so for these lower + + align:start position:0% +greater than one so for these lower + + + align:start position:0% +greater than one so for these lower +frequency harmonic + + align:start position:0% +frequency harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +frequency harmonic +you are optically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thick now that's bad because you can no + + align:start position:0% +thick now that's bad because you can no + + + align:start position:0% +thick now that's bad because you can no +longer use sort of detailed structure + + align:start position:0% +longer use sort of detailed structure + + + align:start position:0% +longer use sort of detailed structure +inside these in order to work out clever + + align:start position:0% +inside these in order to work out clever + + + align:start position:0% +inside these in order to work out clever +things about your plasma but it's + + align:start position:0% +things about your plasma but it's + + + align:start position:0% +things about your plasma but it's +actually incredibly useful uh because + + align:start position:0% +actually incredibly useful uh because + + + align:start position:0% +actually incredibly useful uh because +what we find in practice is that the + + align:start position:0% +what we find in practice is that the + + + align:start position:0% +what we find in practice is that the +intensity at these different frequencies + + align:start position:0% +intensity at these different frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +intensity at these different frequencies +is now just going to be the black body + + align:start position:0% +is now just going to be the black body + + + align:start position:0% +is now just going to be the black body +intensity right so the + + align:start position:0% +intensity right so the + + + align:start position:0% +intensity right so the +intensity I mu is just equal to ^2 upon + + align:start position:0% +intensity I mu is just equal to ^2 upon + + + align:start position:0% +intensity I mu is just equal to ^2 upon +c^2 time T you'll notice I continuously + + align:start position:0% +c^2 time T you'll notice I continuously + + + align:start position:0% +c^2 time T you'll notice I continuously +switch between Omega and U and I hope + + align:start position:0% +switch between Omega and U and I hope + + + align:start position:0% +switch between Omega and U and I hope +you realize that Omega is just 2 pi new + + align:start position:0% +you realize that Omega is just 2 pi new + + + align:start position:0% +you realize that Omega is just 2 pi new +and I'm not too confused by this Pon + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not too confused by this Pon + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not too confused by this Pon +uses new because most Diagnostics work + + align:start position:0% +uses new because most Diagnostics work + + + align:start position:0% +uses new because most Diagnostics work +in Herz or at least we think about + + align:start position:0% +in Herz or at least we think about + + + align:start position:0% +in Herz or at least we think about +things in Herz when we're digitizing + + align:start position:0% +things in Herz when we're digitizing + + + align:start position:0% +things in Herz when we're digitizing +them rather than r + + align:start position:0% +them rather than r + + + align:start position:0% +them rather than r +Omega but to be honest I think you + + align:start position:0% +Omega but to be honest I think you + + + align:start position:0% +Omega but to be honest I think you +should be comfortable enough just + + align:start position:0% +should be comfortable enough just + + + align:start position:0% +should be comfortable enough just +switching between these un systems okay + + align:start position:0% +switching between these un systems okay + + + align:start position:0% +switching between these un systems okay +so the neat thing about this is that we + + align:start position:0% +so the neat thing about this is that we + + + align:start position:0% +so the neat thing about this is that we +will then have for this region of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spectrum a signal that maybe looks + + align:start position:0% +spectrum a signal that maybe looks + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum a signal that maybe looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this and again this is frequency here + + align:start position:0% +this and again this is frequency here + + + align:start position:0% +this and again this is frequency here +and intensity here and that means that + + align:start position:0% +and intensity here and that means that + + + align:start position:0% +and intensity here and that means that +at each + + align:start position:0% +at each + + + align:start position:0% +at each +frequency what colors that I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use actually I will do like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that this is + + align:start position:0% +that this is + + + align:start position:0% +that this is +just the black Body Curve I've actually + + align:start position:0% +just the black Body Curve I've actually + + + align:start position:0% +just the black Body Curve I've actually +gone and done the full thing not just + + align:start position:0% +gone and done the full thing not just + + + align:start position:0% +gone and done the full thing not just +the there new s uh do I want to say that + + align:start position:0% +the there new s uh do I want to say that + + + align:start position:0% +the there new s uh do I want to say that +I don't want to say that ignore that + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to say that ignore that + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to say that ignore that +that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not right you'll get a spectrum that + + align:start position:0% +not right you'll get a spectrum that + + + align:start position:0% +not right you'll get a spectrum that +looks like this and that means for every + + align:start position:0% +looks like this and that means for every + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this and that means for every +frequency you can measure the intensity + + align:start position:0% +frequency you can measure the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +frequency you can measure the intensity +and so therefore for every frequency you + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore for every frequency you + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore for every frequency you +know the black body temperature that + + align:start position:0% +know the black body temperature that + + + align:start position:0% +know the black body temperature that +corresponds to so we + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to so we + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to so we +have omega this frequency codes for a + + align:start position:0% +have omega this frequency codes for a + + + align:start position:0% +have omega this frequency codes for a +very specific magnetic field which codes + + align:start position:0% +very specific magnetic field which codes + + + align:start position:0% +very specific magnetic field which codes +for a very + + align:start position:0% +for a very + + + align:start position:0% +for a very +specific part of the plasma and this + + align:start position:0% +specific part of the plasma and this + + + align:start position:0% +specific part of the plasma and this +intensity divided by mu^ 2times by c^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +intensity divided by mu^ 2times by c^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +intensity divided by mu^ 2times by c^ 2 +codes for a very specific temperature + + align:start position:0% +codes for a very specific temperature + + + align:start position:0% +codes for a very specific temperature +and so from this we get + + align:start position:0% +and so from this we get + + + align:start position:0% +and so from this we get +out temperature as a function of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radius so we can convert this spectum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into a plot of tempat inside our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +top + + align:start position:0% +top + + + align:start position:0% +top +again we are measuring in this toy + + align:start position:0% +again we are measuring in this toy + + + align:start position:0% +again we are measuring in this toy +example at these three frequen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this we can for example get out the peak + + align:start position:0% +this we can for example get out the peak + + + align:start position:0% +this we can for example get out the peak +temperature profile so this is extremely + + align:start position:0% +temperature profile so this is extremely + + + align:start position:0% +temperature profile so this is extremely +powerful if we look look at just the + + align:start position:0% +powerful if we look look at just the + + + align:start position:0% +powerful if we look look at just the +optically thick lines down at low + + align:start position:0% +optically thick lines down at low + + + align:start position:0% +optically thick lines down at low +frequencies the intensity of those + + align:start position:0% +frequencies the intensity of those + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies the intensity of those +optically thick lines depends only on + + align:start position:0% +optically thick lines depends only on + + + align:start position:0% +optically thick lines depends only on +the plasma temperature and not on any + + align:start position:0% +the plasma temperature and not on any + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma temperature and not on any +other complicated physics because of + + align:start position:0% +other complicated physics because of + + + align:start position:0% +other complicated physics because of +that because we have this very strong + + align:start position:0% +that because we have this very strong + + + align:start position:0% +that because we have this very strong +mapping in frequency magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +mapping in frequency magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +mapping in frequency magnetic field +position we can also take the intensity + + align:start position:0% +position we can also take the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +position we can also take the intensity +map at the temperature and we can get + + align:start position:0% +map at the temperature and we can get + + + align:start position:0% +map at the temperature and we can get +out the temperature as a function of + + align:start position:0% +out the temperature as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +out the temperature as a function of +position so this is why ECE is so + + align:start position:0% +position so this is why ECE is so + + + align:start position:0% +position so this is why ECE is so +incredibly important because of course + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important because of course + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important because of course +as I said before it's also time resolved + + align:start position:0% +as I said before it's also time resolved + + + align:start position:0% +as I said before it's also time resolved +you get temperature as a function of r + + align:start position:0% +you get temperature as a function of r + + + align:start position:0% +you get temperature as a function of r +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +time and in toax because of the + + align:start position:0% +time and in toax because of the + + + align:start position:0% +time and in toax because of the +existence of flux surfaces once you + + align:start position:0% +existence of flux surfaces once you + + + align:start position:0% +existence of flux surfaces once you +measure the temperature sort of along a + + align:start position:0% +measure the temperature sort of along a + + + align:start position:0% +measure the temperature sort of along a +line you also know the temperature along + + align:start position:0% +line you also know the temperature along + + + align:start position:0% +line you also know the temperature along +all the block surfaces so from your + + align:start position:0% +all the block surfaces so from your + + + align:start position:0% +all the block surfaces so from your +magnetic reconstruction you've + + align:start position:0% +magnetic reconstruction you've + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic reconstruction you've +effectively got the temperature + + align:start position:0% +effectively got the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +effectively got the temperature +everywhere inside your + + align:start position:0% +everywhere inside your + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere inside your +plasma okay this is a little bit hard to + + align:start position:0% +plasma okay this is a little bit hard to + + + align:start position:0% +plasma okay this is a little bit hard to +get your head around so I'll pause there + + align:start position:0% +get your head around so I'll pause there + + + align:start position:0% +get your head around so I'll pause there +let you think and ask any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions if this is such a great + + align:start position:0% +questions if this is such a great + + + align:start position:0% +questions if this is such a great +property why why why does Conant scatter + + align:start position:0% +property why why why does Conant scatter + + + align:start position:0% +property why why why does Conant scatter +what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the +issue constant scattering can used many + + align:start position:0% +issue constant scattering can used many + + + align:start position:0% +issue constant scattering can used many +more plasmas than so even the + + align:start position:0% +more plasmas than so even the + + + align:start position:0% +more plasmas than so even the +non-existence of + + align:start position:0% +non-existence of + + + align:start position:0% +non-existence of +tox we would still have Thompson + + align:start position:0% +tox we would still have Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +tox we would still have Thompson +scattering um why does Thompson + + align:start position:0% +scattering um why does Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +scattering um why does Thompson +scattering exist + + align:start position:0% +scattering exist + + + align:start position:0% +scattering exist +um why is to scattering used in toat + + align:start position:0% +um why is to scattering used in toat + + + align:start position:0% +um why is to scattering used in toat +well this requires plasmas of sufficient + + align:start position:0% +well this requires plasmas of sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +well this requires plasmas of sufficient +temperature to make uh high enough + + align:start position:0% +temperature to make uh high enough + + + align:start position:0% +temperature to make uh high enough +frequencies to be detected so it will + + align:start position:0% +frequencies to be detected so it will + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies to be detected so it will +not work in the edge and Edge Thompson + + align:start position:0% +not work in the edge and Edge Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +not work in the edge and Edge Thompson +scattering is a big importantance + + align:start position:0% +scattering is a big importantance + + + align:start position:0% +scattering is a big importantance +talk um this uh Thompson scattering is + + align:start position:0% +talk um this uh Thompson scattering is + + + align:start position:0% +talk um this uh Thompson scattering is +defined long a cord by your laser beam + + align:start position:0% +defined long a cord by your laser beam + + + align:start position:0% +defined long a cord by your laser beam +and so you can get truly local + + align:start position:0% +and so you can get truly local + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can get truly local +measurements of temperature whereas this + + align:start position:0% +measurements of temperature whereas this + + + align:start position:0% +measurements of temperature whereas this +diagnostic is kind of like a little bit + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic is kind of like a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic is kind of like a little bit +more Global and we'll talk in a moment + + align:start position:0% +more Global and we'll talk in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +more Global and we'll talk in a moment +about fluctuations and the fact that + + align:start position:0% +about fluctuations and the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +about fluctuations and the fact that +this default diagnostic is not good to + + align:start position:0% +this default diagnostic is not good to + + + align:start position:0% +this default diagnostic is not good to +seeing small temperature + + align:start position:0% +seeing small temperature + + + align:start position:0% +seeing small temperature +fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations +um feel like that's enough there are + + align:start position:0% +um feel like that's enough there are + + + align:start position:0% +um feel like that's enough there are +probably other good reasons oh we'll + + align:start position:0% +probably other good reasons oh we'll + + + align:start position:0% +probably other good reasons oh we'll +talk about accessibility in the moment + + align:start position:0% +talk about accessibility in the moment + + + align:start position:0% +talk about accessibility in the moment +so the fact that in fact sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +so the fact that in fact sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +so the fact that in fact sometimes it's +very hard to do electron cyron emission + + align:start position:0% +very hard to do electron cyron emission + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to do electron cyron emission +because your waves as opposed to exiting + + align:start position:0% +because your waves as opposed to exiting + + + align:start position:0% +because your waves as opposed to exiting +the plasma and hitting your detector + + align:start position:0% +the plasma and hitting your detector + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma and hitting your detector +here H get cut off and get reflected by + + align:start position:0% +here H get cut off and get reflected by + + + align:start position:0% +here H get cut off and get reflected by +density regions above the critical + + align:start position:0% +density regions above the critical + + + align:start position:0% +density regions above the critical +density inside the plasma so we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +density inside the plasma so we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +density inside the plasma so we'll talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +accessibility yeah I think those are + + align:start position:0% +accessibility yeah I think those are + + + align:start position:0% +accessibility yeah I think those are +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +reasons yeah um do we do anything with + + align:start position:0% +reasons yeah um do we do anything with + + + align:start position:0% +reasons yeah um do we do anything with +the higher + + align:start position:0% +the higher + + + align:start position:0% +the higher +mon I in this course I'm no longer + + align:start position:0% +mon I in this course I'm no longer + + + align:start position:0% +mon I in this course I'm no longer +talking about the higher hars because it + + align:start position:0% +talking about the higher hars because it + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the higher hars because it +gets quite complicated if you go to + + align:start position:0% +gets quite complicated if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +gets quite complicated if you go to +Hutson you can apparently find out + + align:start position:0% +Hutson you can apparently find out + + + align:start position:0% +Hutson you can apparently find out +things about like high energy electrons + + align:start position:0% +things about like high energy electrons + + + align:start position:0% +things about like high energy electrons +in the tail of your distribution from + + align:start position:0% +in the tail of your distribution from + + + align:start position:0% +in the tail of your distribution from +the high harmonics um and in general + + align:start position:0% +the high harmonics um and in general + + + align:start position:0% +the high harmonics um and in general +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +msiv contains lots of information about + + align:start position:0% +msiv contains lots of information about + + + align:start position:0% +msiv contains lots of information about +the distribution function unless you end + + align:start position:0% +the distribution function unless you end + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution function unless you end +up in this optically thick regime and so + + align:start position:0% +up in this optically thick regime and so + + + align:start position:0% +up in this optically thick regime and so +if you look at the shape of the high + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the shape of the high + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the shape of the high +harmonic lines you might be able to say + + align:start position:0% +harmonic lines you might be able to say + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic lines you might be able to say +something clever about the electron + + align:start position:0% +something clever about the electron + + + align:start position:0% +something clever about the electron +distribution function so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +distribution function so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function so if you want to +study like Runway electrons or something + + align:start position:0% +study like Runway electrons or something + + + align:start position:0% +study like Runway electrons or something +like that you can do that but I had to + + align:start position:0% +like that you can do that but I had to + + + align:start position:0% +like that you can do that but I had to +cut something out the course and that's + + align:start position:0% +cut something out the course and that's + + + align:start position:0% +cut something out the course and that's +what I cut out here but yeah go to hson + + align:start position:0% +what I cut out here but yeah go to hson + + + align:start position:0% +what I cut out here but yeah go to hson +if you want yeah other questions + + align:start position:0% +if you want yeah other questions + + + align:start position:0% +if you want yeah other questions +anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online I'm so quiet I can hear the cry + + align:start position:0% +online I'm so quiet I can hear the cry + + + align:start position:0% +online I'm so quiet I can hear the cry +pump + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compressor okay good well actually yeah + + align:start position:0% +compressor okay good well actually yeah + + + align:start position:0% +compressor okay good well actually yeah +the only thing I will say here is that + + align:start position:0% +the only thing I will say here is that + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing I will say here is that +this signal will not of course be nice + + align:start position:0% +this signal will not of course be nice + + + align:start position:0% +this signal will not of course be nice +and smooth it'll be very + + align:start position:0% +and smooth it'll be very + + + align:start position:0% +and smooth it'll be very +noisy and the point is that in general + + align:start position:0% +noisy and the point is that in general + + + align:start position:0% +noisy and the point is that in general +noise + + align:start position:0% +noise + + + align:start position:0% +noise +limits your measurements of Delta te + + align:start position:0% +limits your measurements of Delta te + + + align:start position:0% +limits your measurements of Delta te +over te these are the temperature + + align:start position:0% +over te these are the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +over te these are the temperature +fluctuations and the reason why you + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the reason why you + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the reason why you +might be very interested in measuring + + align:start position:0% +might be very interested in measuring + + + align:start position:0% +might be very interested in measuring +temperature fluctuations is because as + + align:start position:0% +temperature fluctuations is because as + + + align:start position:0% +temperature fluctuations is because as +we discussed I think a little bit ago + + align:start position:0% +we discussed I think a little bit ago + + + align:start position:0% +we discussed I think a little bit ago +with reflectometry if you have + + align:start position:0% +with reflectometry if you have + + + align:start position:0% +with reflectometry if you have +fluctuations in density and temperature + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in density and temperature + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in density and temperature +driven by turbulence that will cause a + + align:start position:0% +driven by turbulence that will cause a + + + align:start position:0% +driven by turbulence that will cause a +normous transport of particles in heat + + align:start position:0% +normous transport of particles in heat + + + align:start position:0% +normous transport of particles in heat +out of your plasma and limit its + + align:start position:0% +out of your plasma and limit its + + + align:start position:0% +out of your plasma and limit its +efficiency as a fusion reactor so a + + align:start position:0% +efficiency as a fusion reactor so a + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency as a fusion reactor so a +ongoing problem is how to measure these + + align:start position:0% +ongoing problem is how to measure these + + + align:start position:0% +ongoing problem is how to measure these +density fluctuations temperature + + align:start position:0% +density fluctuations temperature + + + align:start position:0% +density fluctuations temperature +fluctuations so that we can understand + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations so that we can understand + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations so that we can understand +turbulence better and so one thing we'll + + align:start position:0% +turbulence better and so one thing we'll + + + align:start position:0% +turbulence better and so one thing we'll +now talk about is correlation electron + + align:start position:0% +now talk about is correlation electron + + + align:start position:0% +now talk about is correlation electron +cyal emission and that is a technique + + align:start position:0% +cyal emission and that is a technique + + + align:start position:0% +cyal emission and that is a technique +which is specifically designed to + + align:start position:0% +which is specifically designed to + + + align:start position:0% +which is specifically designed to +measure very small temperature + + align:start position:0% +measure very small temperature + + + align:start position:0% +measure very small temperature +fluctuations in + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in +to is that what I'm going to talk I'm + + align:start position:0% +to is that what I'm going to talk I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to is that what I'm going to talk I'm +going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about +accessibility I'm going to accessibility + + align:start position:0% +accessibility I'm going to accessibility + + + align:start position:0% +accessibility I'm going to accessibility +how that run + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that I'm used to thinking of like + + align:start position:0% +that I'm used to thinking of like + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm used to thinking of like +thermal being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foring + + align:start position:0% +foring + + + align:start position:0% +foring +W obviously there's fluctuations in the + + align:start position:0% +W obviously there's fluctuations in the + + + align:start position:0% +W obviously there's fluctuations in the +temperature which will produce a + + align:start position:0% +temperature which will produce a + + + align:start position:0% +temperature which will produce a +different intensity but there are also + + align:start position:0% +different intensity but there are also + + + align:start position:0% +different intensity but there are also +thermal fluctuations in the number of + + align:start position:0% +thermal fluctuations in the number of + + + align:start position:0% +thermal fluctuations in the number of +photons being produced right sort of + + align:start position:0% +photons being produced right sort of + + + align:start position:0% +photons being produced right sort of +shot noise type thing there's also noise + + align:start position:0% +shot noise type thing there's also noise + + + align:start position:0% +shot noise type thing there's also noise +from the fact your detectors are in a + + align:start position:0% +from the fact your detectors are in a + + + align:start position:0% +from the fact your detectors are in a +noisy environment and they're not + + align:start position:0% +noisy environment and they're not + + + align:start position:0% +noisy environment and they're not +perfect and things like that so yeah + + align:start position:0% +perfect and things like that so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +perfect and things like that so yeah +we'll talk a little bit more about the + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a little bit more about the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a little bit more about the +sources of noise when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +sources of noise when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +sources of noise when we talk about +correlation uh electron cyron emission + + align:start position:0% +correlation uh electron cyron emission + + + align:start position:0% +correlation uh electron cyron emission +which again I thought I was going to do + + align:start position:0% +which again I thought I was going to do + + + align:start position:0% +which again I thought I was going to do +now but turns out I'm excess so we'll + + align:start position:0% +now but turns out I'm excess so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +now but turns out I'm excess so we'll +get back to that but yeah think about + + align:start position:0% +get back to that but yeah think about + + + align:start position:0% +get back to that but yeah think about +just in general whenever we make a + + align:start position:0% +just in general whenever we make a + + + align:start position:0% +just in general whenever we make a +measurement we're going to have some + + align:start position:0% +measurement we're going to have some + + + align:start position:0% +measurement we're going to have some +noise with it in this case um it just is + + align:start position:0% +noise with it in this case um it just is + + + align:start position:0% +noise with it in this case um it just is +very difficult to make these are + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to make these are + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to make these are +textures are very difficult to work with + + align:start position:0% +textures are very difficult to work with + + + align:start position:0% +textures are very difficult to work with +and 100 GHz or so you tend uplo yeah any + + align:start position:0% +and 100 GHz or so you tend uplo yeah any + + + align:start position:0% +and 100 GHz or so you tend uplo yeah any +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so the question of + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so the question of + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so the question of +accessibility can be phrased as the + + align:start position:0% +accessibility can be phrased as the + + + align:start position:0% +accessibility can be phrased as the +question of can the electron cyron + + align:start position:0% +question of can the electron cyron + + + align:start position:0% +question of can the electron cyron +emission + + align:start position:0% +emission + + + align:start position:0% +emission +reach the + + align:start position:0% +reach the + + + align:start position:0% +reach the +detector if it can't we can't detect it + + align:start position:0% +detector if it can't we can't detect it + + + align:start position:0% +detector if it can't we can't detect it +so all of this beautiful technique is + + align:start position:0% +so all of this beautiful technique is + + + align:start position:0% +so all of this beautiful technique is +us now in + + align:start position:0% +us now in + + + align:start position:0% +us now in +general when we're doing something with + + align:start position:0% +general when we're doing something with + + + align:start position:0% +general when we're doing something with +an mcf device we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +an mcf device we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +an mcf device we're going to be +measuring perpendicular to magnetic + + align:start position:0% +measuring perpendicular to magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +measuring perpendicular to magnetic +field and that's just a simple geometric + + align:start position:0% +field and that's just a simple geometric + + + align:start position:0% +field and that's just a simple geometric +constraint that + + align:start position:0% +constraint that + + + align:start position:0% +constraint that +our device whether it's accelerator or + + align:start position:0% +our device whether it's accelerator or + + + align:start position:0% +our device whether it's accelerator or +toac looks like this and therefore you + + align:start position:0% +toac looks like this and therefore you + + + align:start position:0% +toac looks like this and therefore you +tend to have magnets that look like this + + align:start position:0% +tend to have magnets that look like this + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have magnets that look like this +and so the only gaps are to look in this + + align:start position:0% +and so the only gaps are to look in this + + + align:start position:0% +and so the only gaps are to look in this +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +here you of course can design other + + align:start position:0% +here you of course can design other + + + align:start position:0% +here you of course can design other +geometries I'm just using this as an + + align:start position:0% +geometries I'm just using this as an + + + align:start position:0% +geometries I'm just using this as an +example here and because the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +example here and because the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +example here and because the magnetic +field is predominantly theal magnetic + + align:start position:0% +field is predominantly theal magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +field is predominantly theal magnetic +field our angle Theta is equal to Pi + + align:start position:0% +field our angle Theta is equal to Pi + + + align:start position:0% +field our angle Theta is equal to Pi +upon two so what modes are propagating + + align:start position:0% +upon two so what modes are propagating + + + align:start position:0% +upon two so what modes are propagating +what what modes is the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +what what modes is the electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +what what modes is the electromagnetic +radiation the ECE radiation propagating + + align:start position:0% +radiation the ECE radiation propagating + + + align:start position:0% +radiation the ECE radiation propagating +as inside our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plasma we discussed four + + align:start position:0% +plasma we discussed four + + + align:start position:0% +plasma we discussed four +modes X mode and we'll start with the O + + align:start position:0% +modes X mode and we'll start with the O + + + align:start position:0% +modes X mode and we'll start with the O +mode it's much + + align:start position:0% +mode it's much + + + align:start position:0% +mode it's much +easier the othere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so once again we think about + + align:start position:0% +so once again we think about + + + align:start position:0% +so once again we think about +our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plasma there a circular cross-section + + align:start position:0% +plasma there a circular cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +plasma there a circular cross-section +and a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +and a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +and a magnetic +field which falls off as + + align:start position:0% +field which falls off as + + + align:start position:0% +field which falls off as +roughly one upon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R and so what I'm going to plot is a + + align:start position:0% +R and so what I'm going to plot is a + + + align:start position:0% +R and so what I'm going to plot is a +drawing with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the r AIS and the frequency of different + + align:start position:0% +the r AIS and the frequency of different + + + align:start position:0% +the r AIS and the frequency of different +modes within the plasma here and I'll + + align:start position:0% +modes within the plasma here and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +modes within the plasma here and I'll +plot this R axis I have zero this is + + align:start position:0% +plot this R axis I have zero this is + + + align:start position:0% +plot this R axis I have zero this is +going to be R over r0 r0 is the + + align:start position:0% +going to be R over r0 r0 is the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be R over r0 r0 is the +coordinate to the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate to the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate to the +middle of our circular cross-section and + + align:start position:0% +middle of our circular cross-section and + + + align:start position:0% +middle of our circular cross-section and +so this is the center of plasma one here + + align:start position:0% +so this is the center of plasma one here + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the center of plasma one here +that's zero for that two the plasma is + + align:start position:0% +that's zero for that two the plasma is + + + align:start position:0% +that's zero for that two the plasma is +going to have some boundaries here and + + align:start position:0% +going to have some boundaries here and + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some boundaries here and +here very tight aspect ratio talk about + + align:start position:0% +here very tight aspect ratio talk about + + + align:start position:0% +here very tight aspect ratio talk about +it's okay and so for the O mode we know + + align:start position:0% +it's okay and so for the O mode we know + + + align:start position:0% +it's okay and so for the O mode we know +that the dispers relationship is just + + align:start position:0% +that the dispers relationship is just + + + align:start position:0% +that the dispers relationship is just +n^2 = 1 over Omega p^ 2 on Omega s like + + align:start position:0% +n^2 = 1 over Omega p^ 2 on Omega s like + + + align:start position:0% +n^2 = 1 over Omega p^ 2 on Omega s like +that and if we think about a typical + + align:start position:0% +that and if we think about a typical + + + align:start position:0% +that and if we think about a typical +toac we know that the density is going + + align:start position:0% +toac we know that the density is going + + + align:start position:0% +toac we know that the density is going +to be peaked right so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to be peaked right so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to be peaked right so we're going to +assume that we have a toac where we've + + align:start position:0% +assume that we have a toac where we've + + + align:start position:0% +assume that we have a toac where we've +achieved good particle confinement in + + align:start position:0% +achieved good particle confinement in + + + align:start position:0% +achieved good particle confinement in +the core we know the density has to go + + align:start position:0% +the core we know the density has to go + + + align:start position:0% +the core we know the density has to go +to zero at the edge anyway otherwise + + align:start position:0% +to zero at the edge anyway otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +to zero at the edge anyway otherwise +there wouldn't be the end of the plasma + + align:start position:0% +there wouldn't be the end of the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +there wouldn't be the end of the plasma +and so we're going to assume that we've + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to assume that we've + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to assume that we've +got some density + + align:start position:0% +got some density + + + align:start position:0% +got some density +profile that's a little bit like this + + align:start position:0% +profile that's a little bit like this + + + align:start position:0% +profile that's a little bit like this +and that means that at the edges of the + + align:start position:0% +and that means that at the edges of the + + + align:start position:0% +and that means that at the edges of the +plasma the plasma + + align:start position:0% +plasma the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +plasma the plasma +frequency Omega p is + + align:start position:0% +frequency Omega p is + + + align:start position:0% +frequency Omega p is +zero remember the plasma frequency goes + + align:start position:0% +zero remember the plasma frequency goes + + + align:start position:0% +zero remember the plasma frequency goes +as any squ plus a few other + + align:start position:0% +as any squ plus a few other + + + align:start position:0% +as any squ plus a few other +constants and that means in the + + align:start position:0% +constants and that means in the + + + align:start position:0% +constants and that means in the +middle it's going to Peak it's going to + + align:start position:0% +middle it's going to Peak it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +middle it's going to Peak it's going to +be the highest plasma frequency that + + align:start position:0% +be the highest plasma frequency that + + + align:start position:0% +be the highest plasma frequency that +plasma frequency important because waves + + align:start position:0% +plasma frequency important because waves + + + align:start position:0% +plasma frequency important because waves +below the pl plasma frequency are + + align:start position:0% +below the pl plasma frequency are + + + align:start position:0% +below the pl plasma frequency are +evanescent so if you have a wave that's + + align:start position:0% +evanescent so if you have a wave that's + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent so if you have a wave that's +propagating in this region of frequency + + align:start position:0% +propagating in this region of frequency + + + align:start position:0% +propagating in this region of frequency +position space it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +position space it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +position space it's going to be +evanescent it won't propagate it won't + + align:start position:0% +evanescent it won't propagate it won't + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent it won't propagate it won't +reach + + align:start position:0% +reach + + + align:start position:0% +reach +it okay what about the cyron harmonics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well they go as magnetic field so they + + align:start position:0% +well they go as magnetic field so they + + + align:start position:0% +well they go as magnetic field so they +also go as one upon R so this is maybe + + align:start position:0% +also go as one upon R so this is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +also go as one upon R so this is maybe +the first harmonic the second harmonic + + align:start position:0% +the first harmonic the second harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +the first harmonic the second harmonic +the third harmonic + + align:start position:0% +the third harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +the third harmonic +just label these a bit better Omega 2 + + align:start position:0% +just label these a bit better Omega 2 + + + align:start position:0% +just label these a bit better Omega 2 +Omega 3 omega like that so in the + + align:start position:0% +Omega 3 omega like that so in the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega 3 omega like that so in the +picture I've drawn right now if I have a + + align:start position:0% +picture I've drawn right now if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +picture I've drawn right now if I have a +cyclotron + + align:start position:0% +cyclotron + + + align:start position:0% +cyclotron +frequency there here born at this point + + align:start position:0% +frequency there here born at this point + + + align:start position:0% +frequency there here born at this point +near the far edge of the plasma and I + + align:start position:0% +near the far edge of the plasma and I + + + align:start position:0% +near the far edge of the plasma and I +follow the trajectory of that wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outwards I don't pass through the + + align:start position:0% +outwards I don't pass through the + + + align:start position:0% +outwards I don't pass through the +evanescent region this wave is going to + + align:start position:0% +evanescent region this wave is going to + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent region this wave is going to +make it to my detector of course may + + align:start position:0% +make it to my detector of course may + + + align:start position:0% +make it to my detector of course may +also be absorbed as we talked about and + + align:start position:0% +also be absorbed as we talked about and + + + align:start position:0% +also be absorbed as we talked about and +become black body but the general idea + + align:start position:0% +become black body but the general idea + + + align:start position:0% +become black body but the general idea +is that this wave could propagate out + + align:start position:0% +is that this wave could propagate out + + + align:start position:0% +is that this wave could propagate out +without absorption and certainly the + + align:start position:0% +without absorption and certainly the + + + align:start position:0% +without absorption and certainly the +second and third harmonics could all + + align:start position:0% +second and third harmonics could all + + + align:start position:0% +second and third harmonics could all +propagate out but what if my plasma was + + align:start position:0% +propagate out but what if my plasma was + + + align:start position:0% +propagate out but what if my plasma was +a little bit denser than this what if I + + align:start position:0% +a little bit denser than this what if I + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit denser than this what if I +increase the density in the core a + + align:start position:0% +increase the density in the core a + + + align:start position:0% +increase the density in the core a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +more then I could end up in a + + align:start position:0% +more then I could end up in a + + + align:start position:0% +more then I could end up in a +scenario where there is now an + + align:start position:0% +scenario where there is now an + + + align:start position:0% +scenario where there is now an +evanescent region and in fact almost all + + align:start position:0% +evanescent region and in fact almost all + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent region and in fact almost all +of this wave will get refle Ed back to + + align:start position:0% +of this wave will get refle Ed back to + + + align:start position:0% +of this wave will get refle Ed back to +the uh High field side to the r toward + + align:start position:0% +the uh High field side to the r toward + + + align:start position:0% +the uh High field side to the r toward +zero side and only this region will + + align:start position:0% +zero side and only this region will + + + align:start position:0% +zero side and only this region will +propagate so this stuff will + + align:start position:0% +propagate so this stuff will + + + align:start position:0% +propagate so this stuff will +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflected and only this bit and the + + align:start position:0% +reflected and only this bit and the + + + align:start position:0% +reflected and only this bit and the +stuff that's born inside here can't even + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's born inside here can't even + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's born inside here can't even +be born right there's no mode in which + + align:start position:0% +be born right there's no mode in which + + + align:start position:0% +be born right there's no mode in which +for that electromagnetic radiation Beed + + align:start position:0% +for that electromagnetic radiation Beed + + + align:start position:0% +for that electromagnetic radiation Beed +okay so this can still propagate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that means that for a sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +so that means that for a sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that for a sufficiently +high density if I draw my toac + + align:start position:0% +high density if I draw my toac + + + align:start position:0% +high density if I draw my toac +cross-section again there is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region where Omega Capital Omega is less + + align:start position:0% +region where Omega Capital Omega is less + + + align:start position:0% +region where Omega Capital Omega is less +than Omega P + + align:start position:0% +than Omega P + + + align:start position:0% +than Omega P +that's this region here where I will not + + align:start position:0% +that's this region here where I will not + + + align:start position:0% +that's this region here where I will not +get electron cyron emission from so this + + align:start position:0% +get electron cyron emission from so this + + + align:start position:0% +get electron cyron emission from so this +effectively says that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +BLS + + align:start position:0% +BLS + + + align:start position:0% +BLS +ECE and you could imagine the density + + align:start position:0% +ECE and you could imagine the density + + + align:start position:0% +ECE and you could imagine the density +could even get so high it blocks the + + align:start position:0% +could even get so high it blocks the + + + align:start position:0% +could even get so high it blocks the +second harmonic or something like that + + align:start position:0% +second harmonic or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +second harmonic or something like that +so this is a challenge if you're + + align:start position:0% +so this is a challenge if you're + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a challenge if you're +designing a toac and you want to have + + align:start position:0% +designing a toac and you want to have + + + align:start position:0% +designing a toac and you want to have +some magnetic field and some density and + + align:start position:0% +some magnetic field and some density and + + + align:start position:0% +some magnetic field and some density and +obviously those are not free parameters + + align:start position:0% +obviously those are not free parameters + + + align:start position:0% +obviously those are not free parameters +because we have beta limits and things + + align:start position:0% +because we have beta limits and things + + + align:start position:0% +because we have beta limits and things +like that um but if you're designing + + align:start position:0% +like that um but if you're designing + + + align:start position:0% +like that um but if you're designing +some toac you might end up in a + + align:start position:0% +some toac you might end up in a + + + align:start position:0% +some toac you might end up in a +situation where you don't have + + align:start position:0% +situation where you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you don't have +accessibility to this first harmonic and + + align:start position:0% +accessibility to this first harmonic and + + + align:start position:0% +accessibility to this first harmonic and +so you can't use it as a diagnostic like + + align:start position:0% +so you can't use it as a diagnostic like + + + align:start position:0% +so you can't use it as a diagnostic like +you want it + + align:start position:0% +you want it + + + align:start position:0% +you want it +to ask what happens when it's under the + + align:start position:0% +to ask what happens when it's under the + + + align:start position:0% +to ask what happens when it's under the +plasy I don't think it can be emitted + + align:start position:0% +plasy I don't think it can be emitted + + + align:start position:0% +plasy I don't think it can be emitted +there's no mode for it to go + + align:start position:0% +there's no mode for it to go + + + align:start position:0% +there's no mode for it to go +into right we're notal you have you + + align:start position:0% +into right we're notal you have you + + + align:start position:0% +into right we're notal you have you +still have Orting electrons and the get + + align:start position:0% +still have Orting electrons and the get + + + align:start position:0% +still have Orting electrons and the get +destroyed by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so good questions so those online the + + align:start position:0% +so good questions so those online the + + + align:start position:0% +so good questions so those online the +question is what actually happens to the + + align:start position:0% +question is what actually happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +question is what actually happens to the +electric Fields generated by gyrating + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields generated by gyrating + + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields generated by gyrating +particles in like a single particle + + align:start position:0% +particles in like a single particle + + + align:start position:0% +particles in like a single particle +picture in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region what happens if you try and + + align:start position:0% +region what happens if you try and + + + align:start position:0% +region what happens if you try and +launch a wave evanescently well you were + + align:start position:0% +launch a wave evanescently well you were + + + align:start position:0% +launch a wave evanescently well you were +telling me the other day that if you're + + align:start position:0% +telling me the other day that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +telling me the other day that if you're +launching your waves from too far away + + align:start position:0% +launching your waves from too far away + + + align:start position:0% +launching your waves from too far away +from the plasma they evanescently decay + + align:start position:0% +from the plasma they evanescently decay + + + align:start position:0% +from the plasma they evanescently decay +until they couple into the plasma where + + align:start position:0% +until they couple into the plasma where + + + align:start position:0% +until they couple into the plasma where +there is a mode that they can fulfill so + + align:start position:0% +there is a mode that they can fulfill so + + + align:start position:0% +there is a mode that they can fulfill so +what happens to the energy that is lost + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the energy that is lost + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the energy that is lost +so you some of the energy is coupled + + align:start position:0% +so you some of the energy is coupled + + + align:start position:0% +so you some of the energy is coupled +into the plasma what happens to the rest + + align:start position:0% +into the plasma what happens to the rest + + + align:start position:0% +into the plasma what happens to the rest +of the energy from when you do like + + align:start position:0% +of the energy from when you do like + + + align:start position:0% +of the energy from when you do like +lowfield side + + align:start position:0% +lowfield side + + + align:start position:0% +lowfield side +launch is it reflected back into the + + align:start position:0% +launch is it reflected back into the + + + align:start position:0% +launch is it reflected back into the +Anna I think well I think it's you know + + align:start position:0% +Anna I think well I think it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +Anna I think well I think it's you know +l a scrape off player to some extent but + + align:start position:0% +l a scrape off player to some extent but + + + align:start position:0% +l a scrape off player to some extent but +Reflections also well so you're saying + + align:start position:0% +Reflections also well so you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +Reflections also well so you're saying +it's Collision L but maybe this is one + + align:start position:0% +it's Collision L but maybe this is one + + + align:start position:0% +it's Collision L but maybe this is one +of those places where a small + + align:start position:0% +of those places where a small + + + align:start position:0% +of those places where a small +collisionality comes to the rescue and + + align:start position:0% +collisionality comes to the rescue and + + + align:start position:0% +collisionality comes to the rescue and +saves us right so there's there's lots + + align:start position:0% +saves us right so there's there's lots + + + align:start position:0% +saves us right so there's there's lots +of cases where if you're like if it's + + align:start position:0% +of cases where if you're like if it's + + + align:start position:0% +of cases where if you're like if it's +collisionless physics breaks that + + align:start position:0% +collisionless physics breaks that + + + align:start position:0% +collisionless physics breaks that +probably means that something happens + + align:start position:0% +probably means that something happens + + + align:start position:0% +probably means that something happens +such the collisionality becomes high + + align:start position:0% +such the collisionality becomes high + + + align:start position:0% +such the collisionality becomes high +enough to save the day again um L of I + + align:start position:0% +enough to save the day again um L of I + + + align:start position:0% +enough to save the day again um L of I +thinking of specifically back the sheets + + align:start position:0% +thinking of specifically back the sheets + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of specifically back the sheets +actually where you have like you say my + + align:start position:0% +actually where you have like you say my + + + align:start position:0% +actually where you have like you say my +sheet is collisionless and then you + + align:start position:0% +sheet is collisionless and then you + + + align:start position:0% +sheet is collisionless and then you +violate all sorts of fundamental laws of + + align:start position:0% +violate all sorts of fundamental laws of + + + align:start position:0% +violate all sorts of fundamental laws of +physics and then you're like well + + align:start position:0% +physics and then you're like well + + + align:start position:0% +physics and then you're like well +perhaps it's slightly collisional but + + align:start position:0% +perhaps it's slightly collisional but + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps it's slightly collisional but +not enough that I care about it but just + + align:start position:0% +not enough that I care about it but just + + + align:start position:0% +not enough that I care about it but just +enough to say today so I don't know + + align:start position:0% +enough to say today so I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +enough to say today so I don't know +that's a great question um I'll have a + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question um I'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question um I'll have a +think about it I'm probably not going to + + align:start position:0% +think about it I'm probably not going to + + + align:start position:0% +think about it I'm probably not going to +find the solution to it but if anyone + + align:start position:0% +find the solution to it but if anyone + + + align:start position:0% +find the solution to it but if anyone +else does feel free to put on or + + align:start position:0% +else does feel free to put on or + + + align:start position:0% +else does feel free to put on or +something that but radiation does need + + align:start position:0% +something that but radiation does need + + + align:start position:0% +something that but radiation does need +to be admitted or emitted at least right + + align:start position:0% +to be admitted or emitted at least right + + + align:start position:0% +to be admitted or emitted at least right +because it's still a moving + + align:start position:0% +because it's still a moving + + + align:start position:0% +because it's still a moving +charge right so the question is like you + + align:start position:0% +charge right so the question is like you + + + align:start position:0% +charge right so the question is like you +know what does the particle lose energy + + align:start position:0% +know what does the particle lose energy + + + align:start position:0% +know what does the particle lose energy +does it just decide not to emit because + + align:start position:0% +does it just decide not to emit because + + + align:start position:0% +does it just decide not to emit because +it's it's moving yeah I don't know I I + + align:start position:0% +it's it's moving yeah I don't know I I + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's moving yeah I don't know I I +suspect there also some limitations to + + align:start position:0% +suspect there also some limitations to + + + align:start position:0% +suspect there also some limitations to +like the wkb picture that we're using + + align:start position:0% +like the wkb picture that we're using + + + align:start position:0% +like the wkb picture that we're using +here and things like that so I don't + + align:start position:0% +here and things like that so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +here and things like that so I don't +know the answer yeah I have even more + + align:start position:0% +know the answer yeah I have even more + + + align:start position:0% +know the answer yeah I have even more +evil question okay go for it I see + + align:start position:0% +evil question okay go for it I see + + + align:start position:0% +evil question okay go for it I see +influence the process generates the + + align:start position:0% +influence the process generates the + + + align:start position:0% +influence the process generates the +harmonic components oh yeah that would + + align:start position:0% +harmonic components oh yeah that would + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic components oh yeah that would +be good wouldn't it yeah no so guess I + + align:start position:0% +be good wouldn't it yeah no so guess I + + + align:start position:0% +be good wouldn't it yeah no so guess I +don't know the answer to that one e but + + align:start position:0% +don't know the answer to that one e but + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the answer to that one e but +that's a great question yeah + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question yeah +cool look at it from like the way we + + align:start position:0% +cool look at it from like the way we + + + align:start position:0% +cool look at it from like the way we +look last class and like when you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enter + + align:start position:0% +enter + + + align:start position:0% +enter +um the point you never get cellation you + + align:start position:0% +um the point you never get cellation you + + + align:start position:0% +um the point you never get cellation you +still get like energy released bya the + + align:start position:0% +still get like energy released bya the + + + align:start position:0% +still get like energy released bya the +wave but it's not a wave it's just an + + align:start position:0% +wave but it's not a wave it's just an + + + align:start position:0% +wave but it's not a wave it's just an +exponential I don't think you do get + + align:start position:0% +exponential I don't think you do get + + + align:start position:0% +exponential I don't think you do get +energy released by The Wave the point of + + align:start position:0% +energy released by The Wave the point of + + + align:start position:0% +energy released by The Wave the point of +the evanescent wave is that that energy + + align:start position:0% +the evanescent wave is that that energy + + + align:start position:0% +the evanescent wave is that that energy +that you've lost gets reflected back + + align:start position:0% +that you've lost gets reflected back + + + align:start position:0% +that you've lost gets reflected back +it's not absorbed inside the plasma + + align:start position:0% +it's not absorbed inside the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +it's not absorbed inside the plasma +that's for + + align:start position:0% +that's for + + + align:start position:0% +that's for +sure and that's true whether it's a + + align:start position:0% +sure and that's true whether it's a + + + align:start position:0% +sure and that's true whether it's a +plasma or a block of wax with some + + align:start position:0% +plasma or a block of wax with some + + + align:start position:0% +plasma or a block of wax with some +microwaves right so this that's just the + + align:start position:0% +microwaves right so this that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +microwaves right so this that's just the +property of whether the waves can + + align:start position:0% +property of whether the waves can + + + align:start position:0% +property of whether the waves can +propagate or not but I don't think the + + align:start position:0% +propagate or not but I don't think the + + + align:start position:0% +propagate or not but I don't think the +energy gets dissipated in the + + align:start position:0% +energy gets dissipated in the + + + align:start position:0% +energy gets dissipated in the +medium that's what about when you have + + align:start position:0% +medium that's what about when you have + + + align:start position:0% +medium that's what about when you have +yes that's what that's what's spooky + + align:start position:0% +yes that's what that's what's spooky + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's what that's what's spooky +about having a gap that the wave just + + align:start position:0% +about having a gap that the wave just + + + align:start position:0% +about having a gap that the wave just +sort of goes through and then appears + + align:start position:0% +sort of goes through and then appears + + + align:start position:0% +sort of goes through and then appears +out the other side + + align:start position:0% +out the other side + + + align:start position:0% +out the other side +yeah I mean so in this case here you + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean so in this case here you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean so in this case here you +could imagine if you had a small enough + + align:start position:0% +could imagine if you had a small enough + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine if you had a small enough +evanescent region oh that's + + align:start position:0% +evanescent region oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent region oh that's +interesting okay you have a smaller F + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay you have a smaller F + + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay you have a smaller F +region you could have some radiation + + align:start position:0% +region you could have some radiation + + + align:start position:0% +region you could have some radiation +that couples to the other side where + + align:start position:0% +that couples to the other side where + + + align:start position:0% +that couples to the other side where +there's a mode you can propagate into + + align:start position:0% +there's a mode you can propagate into + + + align:start position:0% +there's a mode you can propagate into +similarly if you have uh an evanescent + + align:start position:0% +similarly if you have uh an evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if you have uh an evanescent +length scale which is long enough then + + align:start position:0% +length scale which is long enough then + + + align:start position:0% +length scale which is long enough then +the plasma inside this region could + + align:start position:0% +the plasma inside this region could + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma inside this region could +couple loads outside right and + + align:start position:0% +couple loads outside right and + + + align:start position:0% +couple loads outside right and +evanescently produce + + align:start position:0% +evanescently produce + + + align:start position:0% +evanescently produce +radiation I will say this is much more + + align:start position:0% +radiation I will say this is much more + + + align:start position:0% +radiation I will say this is much more +complicated than what Hudson has in his + + align:start position:0% +complicated than what Hudson has in his + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than what Hudson has in his +notes and I am not a ECE person these + + align:start position:0% +notes and I am not a ECE person these + + + align:start position:0% +notes and I am not a ECE person these +are great + + align:start position:0% +are great + + + align:start position:0% +are great +questions I'm gonna keep going before + + align:start position:0% +questions I'm gonna keep going before + + + align:start position:0% +questions I'm gonna keep going before +someone asks another question I've + + align:start position:0% +someone asks another question I've + + + align:start position:0% +someone asks another question I've +almost run out of tea as well that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how good right let's do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so the X mode has 2 = 1 minus you + + align:start position:0% +X so the X mode has 2 = 1 minus you + + + align:start position:0% +X so the X mode has 2 = 1 minus you +really shouldn't write this down we've + + align:start position:0% +really shouldn't write this down we've + + + align:start position:0% +really shouldn't write this down we've +talked about loads before I just want to + + align:start position:0% +talked about loads before I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +talked about loads before I just want to +write on the board so that we are + + align:start position:0% +write on the board so that we are + + + align:start position:0% +write on the board so that we are +staring at it a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +okay and just to remind you with this + + align:start position:0% +okay and just to remind you with this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and just to remind you with this +symbol o mode example this surface is + + align:start position:0% +symbol o mode example this surface is + + + align:start position:0% +symbol o mode example this surface is +when n equals zero and so this is the + + align:start position:0% +when n equals zero and so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +when n equals zero and so this is the +cut off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the question and it's pretty obvious + + align:start position:0% +so the question and it's pretty obvious + + + align:start position:0% +so the question and it's pretty obvious +that the cut off in this case is when + + align:start position:0% +that the cut off in this case is when + + + align:start position:0% +that the cut off in this case is when +Omega equals Omega p^ s what's much less + + align:start position:0% +Omega equals Omega p^ s what's much less + + + align:start position:0% +Omega equals Omega p^ s what's much less +obvious for the X mode is where the cut + + align:start position:0% +obvious for the X mode is where the cut + + + align:start position:0% +obvious for the X mode is where the cut +offs are right so this is a complicated + + align:start position:0% +offs are right so this is a complicated + + + align:start position:0% +offs are right so this is a complicated +formula we can go and rearrange it and + + align:start position:0% +formula we can go and rearrange it and + + + align:start position:0% +formula we can go and rearrange it and +find out what we get out here and what + + align:start position:0% +find out what we get out here and what + + + align:start position:0% +find out what we get out here and what +we find out is that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have for a wave frequency Omega less + + align:start position:0% +have for a wave frequency Omega less + + + align:start position:0% +have for a wave frequency Omega less +than Omega L and I'll explain that to + + align:start position:0% +than Omega L and I'll explain that to + + + align:start position:0% +than Omega L and I'll explain that to +the left resonance and also for a wave + + align:start position:0% +the left resonance and also for a wave + + + align:start position:0% +the left resonance and also for a wave +frequency that is between What's called + + align:start position:0% +frequency that is between What's called + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that is between What's called +the upper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hybrid and the right resonance as well + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and the right resonance as well + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and the right resonance as well +and I haven't defined any of those I + + align:start position:0% +and I haven't defined any of those I + + + align:start position:0% +and I haven't defined any of those I +will do that in a moment but just to say + + align:start position:0% +will do that in a moment but just to say + + + align:start position:0% +will do that in a moment but just to say +there are now actually two regions in + + align:start position:0% +there are now actually two regions in + + + align:start position:0% +there are now actually two regions in +which we have cut offs previously we + + align:start position:0% +which we have cut offs previously we + + + align:start position:0% +which we have cut offs previously we +just have this region with a cut off for + + align:start position:0% +just have this region with a cut off for + + + align:start position:0% +just have this region with a cut off for +Omega less than Omega P okay so you can + + align:start position:0% +Omega less than Omega P okay so you can + + + align:start position:0% +Omega less than Omega P okay so you can +go to Chen and you can go look up all of + + align:start position:0% +go to Chen and you can go look up all of + + + align:start position:0% +go to Chen and you can go look up all of +these and you find that the upper hybrid + + align:start position:0% +these and you find that the upper hybrid + + + align:start position:0% +these and you find that the upper hybrid +is the combination of well upper hybrid + + align:start position:0% +is the combination of well upper hybrid + + + align:start position:0% +is the combination of well upper hybrid +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squared is equal to the electron gyron + + align:start position:0% +squared is equal to the electron gyron + + + align:start position:0% +squared is equal to the electron gyron +frequency squar plus the plasma + + align:start position:0% +frequency squar plus the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +frequency squar plus the plasma +frequency squar that's why it's called a + + align:start position:0% +frequency squar that's why it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +frequency squar that's why it's called a +hybrid frequency it's like a sum of two + + align:start position:0% +hybrid frequency it's like a sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid frequency it's like a sum of two +other important plasma frequencies and + + align:start position:0% +other important plasma frequencies and + + + align:start position:0% +other important plasma frequencies and +then these left and right cut + + align:start position:0% +then these left and right cut + + + align:start position:0% +then these left and right cut +offs which are right and one go with + + align:start position:0% +offs which are right and one go with + + + align:start position:0% +offs which are right and one go with +left over right meaning there's going to + + align:start position:0% +left over right meaning there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +left over right meaning there's going to +be plus and minus signs and for the left + + align:start position:0% +be plus and minus signs and for the left + + + align:start position:0% +be plus and minus signs and for the left +wave you take the top sign and for the + + align:start position:0% +wave you take the top sign and for the + + + align:start position:0% +wave you take the top sign and for the +right wave you take bottom sign this is + + align:start position:0% +right wave you take bottom sign this is + + + align:start position:0% +right wave you take bottom sign this is +equal to a + + align:start position:0% +equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a +halfus + + align:start position:0% +halfus + + + align:start position:0% +halfus +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +Omega plus Omega 2+ 4 Omega p + + align:start position:0% +Omega plus Omega 2+ 4 Omega p + + + align:start position:0% +Omega plus Omega 2+ 4 Omega p +2 so 1 + + align:start position:0% +2 so 1 + + + align:start position:0% +2 so 1 +half looking at that you think oh solve + + align:start position:0% +half looking at that you think oh solve + + + align:start position:0% +half looking at that you think oh solve +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +okay doesn't necessarily mean very much + + align:start position:0% +okay doesn't necessarily mean very much + + + align:start position:0% +okay doesn't necessarily mean very much +to you at the moment apart from that + + align:start position:0% +to you at the moment apart from that + + + align:start position:0% +to you at the moment apart from that +these I'm just going to move this two + + align:start position:0% +these I'm just going to move this two + + + align:start position:0% +these I'm just going to move this two +down a little bit so it's closer to the + + align:start position:0% +down a little bit so it's closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +down a little bit so it's closer to the +symbol that's actually going to be + + align:start position:0% +symbol that's actually going to be + + + align:start position:0% +symbol that's actually going to be +referring to it's clear that we have a + + align:start position:0% +referring to it's clear that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +referring to it's clear that we have a +complicated set of different cut offs + + align:start position:0% +complicated set of different cut offs + + + align:start position:0% +complicated set of different cut offs +here so what I'm going to do is draw + + align:start position:0% +here so what I'm going to do is draw + + + align:start position:0% +here so what I'm going to do is draw +again this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram R upon + + align:start position:0% +diagram R upon + + + align:start position:0% +diagram R upon +r0 frequency of the mode + + align:start position:0% +r0 frequency of the mode + + + align:start position:0% +r0 frequency of the mode +plasma one Z two and we'll do the edges + + align:start position:0% +plasma one Z two and we'll do the edges + + + align:start position:0% +plasma one Z two and we'll do the edges +of the plasma here and here now it turns + + align:start position:0% +of the plasma here and here now it turns + + + align:start position:0% +of the plasma here and here now it turns +out that the lower cut off here is going + + align:start position:0% +out that the lower cut off here is going + + + align:start position:0% +out that the lower cut off here is going +to look very similar to this uh oh mode + + align:start position:0% +to look very similar to this uh oh mode + + + align:start position:0% +to look very similar to this uh oh mode +cut off and the reason is that if we go + + align:start position:0% +cut off and the reason is that if we go + + + align:start position:0% +cut off and the reason is that if we go +to a region where + + align:start position:0% +to a region where + + + align:start position:0% +to a region where +NE at the edge is equal to zero then + + align:start position:0% +NE at the edge is equal to zero then + + + align:start position:0% +NE at the edge is equal to zero then +Omega p is equal to zero and we have + + align:start position:0% +Omega p is equal to zero and we have + + + align:start position:0% +Omega p is equal to zero and we have +minus gyron frequency plus gyron + + align:start position:0% +minus gyron frequency plus gyron + + + align:start position:0% +minus gyron frequency plus gyron +frequency oh that's + + align:start position:0% +frequency oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +frequency oh that's +okay and then we can also St this a + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we can also St this a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we can also St this a +little bit and go okay it's going to + + align:start position:0% +little bit and go okay it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and go okay it's going to +peak in the + + align:start position:0% +peak in the + + + align:start position:0% +peak in the +center so this is the lower evanescent + + align:start position:0% +center so this is the lower evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +center so this is the lower evanescent +region down here so far so good and + + align:start position:0% +region down here so far so good and + + + align:start position:0% +region down here so far so good and +again we can draw on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same one over R falling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes + + align:start position:0% +modes + + + align:start position:0% +modes +for their cyron + + align:start position:0% +for their cyron + + + align:start position:0% +for their cyron +emission now what's very interesting is + + align:start position:0% +emission now what's very interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +emission now what's very interesting is +when we go and ask ourselves where is + + align:start position:0% +when we go and ask ourselves where is + + + align:start position:0% +when we go and ask ourselves where is +this second region here this is the + + align:start position:0% +this second region here this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this second region here this is the +region bounded by the upper hybrid and + + align:start position:0% +region bounded by the upper hybrid and + + + align:start position:0% +region bounded by the upper hybrid and +Omega R well let's do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +Omega R well let's do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +Omega R well let's do the same thing +let's ask ourselves at the edge of the + + align:start position:0% +let's ask ourselves at the edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +let's ask ourselves at the edge of the +plasma where the density is zero and the + + align:start position:0% +plasma where the density is zero and the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma where the density is zero and the +plasma frequency is zero the frequency + + align:start position:0% +plasma frequency is zero the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +plasma frequency is zero the frequency +of the upper hybrid is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +of the upper hybrid is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the upper hybrid is just going to be +the frequency of the first harmonic + + align:start position:0% +the frequency of the first harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency of the first harmonic +here and actually conveniently the + + align:start position:0% +here and actually conveniently the + + + align:start position:0% +here and actually conveniently the +frequenc of the lower hybrid is also + + align:start position:0% +frequenc of the lower hybrid is also + + + align:start position:0% +frequenc of the lower hybrid is also +going to be the frequency of the lower + + align:start position:0% +going to be the frequency of the lower + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the frequency of the lower +harm and we can play the same game at + + align:start position:0% +harm and we can play the same game at + + + align:start position:0% +harm and we can play the same game at +the other side here and here and if you + + align:start position:0% +the other side here and here and if you + + + align:start position:0% +the other side here and here and if you +stare at these for a little while you'll + + align:start position:0% +stare at these for a little while you'll + + + align:start position:0% +stare at these for a little while you'll +realize that the upper harmonic is + + align:start position:0% +realize that the upper harmonic is + + + align:start position:0% +realize that the upper harmonic is +always slightly higher than sorry the + + align:start position:0% +always slightly higher than sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +always slightly higher than sorry the +upper hybrid is always slightly high + + align:start position:0% +upper hybrid is always slightly high + + + align:start position:0% +upper hybrid is always slightly high +than the first + + align:start position:0% +than the first + + + align:start position:0% +than the first +harmonic and the right hand resonance is + + align:start position:0% +harmonic and the right hand resonance is + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic and the right hand resonance is +even slightly have in that so this + + align:start position:0% +even slightly have in that so this + + + align:start position:0% +even slightly have in that so this +is right hand + + align:start position:0% +is right hand + + + align:start position:0% +is right hand +frequency and this + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this +is the upper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hybrid pause that your right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down it's all based on some excellent + + align:start position:0% +down it's all based on some excellent + + + align:start position:0% +down it's all based on some excellent +notes that Hutson made for 22611 which + + align:start position:0% +notes that Hutson made for 22611 which + + + align:start position:0% +notes that Hutson made for 22611 which +is still floating around students if you + + align:start position:0% +is still floating around students if you + + + align:start position:0% +is still floating around students if you +get a hold of them these are very nice + + align:start position:0% +get a hold of them these are very nice + + + align:start position:0% +get a hold of them these are very nice +diagrams they are in some form in the + + align:start position:0% +diagrams they are in some form in the + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams they are in some form in the +textbook but the ones in his notes are + + align:start position:0% +textbook but the ones in his notes are + + + align:start position:0% +textbook but the ones in his notes are +better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does this + + align:start position:0% +so what does this + + + align:start position:0% +so what does this +mean for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accessibility you need a minimum of the + + align:start position:0% +accessibility you need a minimum of the + + + align:start position:0% +accessibility you need a minimum of the +second yeah if we're going to observe + + align:start position:0% +second yeah if we're going to observe + + + align:start position:0% +second yeah if we're going to observe +from the high field side sorry the low + + align:start position:0% +from the high field side sorry the low + + + align:start position:0% +from the high field side sorry the low +field side out at large R which is where + + align:start position:0% +field side out at large R which is where + + + align:start position:0% +field side out at large R which is where +we tend to put our + + align:start position:0% +we tend to put our + + + align:start position:0% +we tend to put our +detectors there's no way this wave is + + align:start position:0% +detectors there's no way this wave is + + + align:start position:0% +detectors there's no way this wave is +going to get through this evanescent + + align:start position:0% +going to get through this evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +going to get through this evanescent +region evanescent coupling not + + align:start position:0% +region evanescent coupling not + + + align:start position:0% +region evanescent coupling not +withstanding right because if we emit + + align:start position:0% +withstanding right because if we emit + + + align:start position:0% +withstanding right because if we emit +here and it's got to travel in this + + align:start position:0% +here and it's got to travel in this + + + align:start position:0% +here and it's got to travel in this +direction up it's hit the region if we + + align:start position:0% +direction up it's hit the region if we + + + align:start position:0% +direction up it's hit the region if we +emit here it's going up it's hit the + + align:start position:0% +emit here it's going up it's hit the + + + align:start position:0% +emit here it's going up it's hit the +region so we have got a complete cut off + + align:start position:0% +region so we have got a complete cut off + + + align:start position:0% +region so we have got a complete cut off +in the C here and if I left myself + + align:start position:0% +in the C here and if I left myself + + + align:start position:0% +in the C here and if I left myself +slightly more space I would draw that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'll draw it directly underneath this + + align:start position:0% +um I'll draw it directly underneath this + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll draw it directly underneath this +one so now I again have my toac + + align:start position:0% +one so now I again have my toac + + + align:start position:0% +one so now I again have my toac +crosssection like this and I effectively + + align:start position:0% +crosssection like this and I effectively + + + align:start position:0% +crosssection like this and I effectively +have an evanescent + + align:start position:0% +have an evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +have an evanescent +region that looks a little bit like a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +banana right in the middle here this is + + align:start position:0% +banana right in the middle here this is + + + align:start position:0% +banana right in the middle here this is +the upper + + align:start position:0% +the upper + + + align:start position:0% +the upper +hybrid and this is the right hand + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and this is the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and this is the right hand +resonance so if I have any emission + + align:start position:0% +resonance so if I have any emission + + + align:start position:0% +resonance so if I have any emission +anywhere + + align:start position:0% +anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere +at the fundamental that's capital Omega + + align:start position:0% +at the fundamental that's capital Omega + + + align:start position:0% +at the fundamental that's capital Omega +it's going to reflect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back say + + align:start position:0% +back say + + + align:start position:0% +back say +it say what I don't know I thought you + + align:start position:0% +it say what I don't know I thought you + + + align:start position:0% +it say what I don't know I thought you +gonna tell me I should put my detector + + align:start position:0% +gonna tell me I should put my detector + + + align:start position:0% +gonna tell me I should put my detector +on the Highfield side I was going to the + + align:start position:0% +on the Highfield side I was going to the + + + align:start position:0% +on the Highfield side I was going to the +on is is this helpful in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +on is is this helpful in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +on is is this helpful in the sense of +like because you now have no first + + align:start position:0% +like because you now have no first + + + align:start position:0% +like because you now have no first +harmonic psychotron Mission you can like + + align:start position:0% +harmonic psychotron Mission you can like + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic psychotron Mission you can like +very confidently do your black body + + align:start position:0% +very confidently do your black body + + + align:start position:0% +very confidently do your black body +thing well no you can't because it's the + + align:start position:0% +thing well no you can't because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +thing well no you can't because it's the +it's that emission which becomes black + + align:start position:0% +it's that emission which becomes black + + + align:start position:0% +it's that emission which becomes black +body okay that that's blocked out you + + align:start position:0% +body okay that that's blocked out you + + + align:start position:0% +body okay that that's blocked out you +can't see it at all okay basically what + + align:start position:0% +can't see it at all okay basically what + + + align:start position:0% +can't see it at all okay basically what +it's saying is so there is a black body + + align:start position:0% +it's saying is so there is a black body + + + align:start position:0% +it's saying is so there is a black body +Spectrum at some frequency that the + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum at some frequency that the + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum at some frequency that the +plasma should be emitting here at some + + align:start position:0% +plasma should be emitting here at some + + + align:start position:0% +plasma should be emitting here at some +frequency with that black body Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +frequency with that black body Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +frequency with that black body Spectrum +but that frequency gets blocked it + + align:start position:0% +but that frequency gets blocked it + + + align:start position:0% +but that frequency gets blocked it +cannot get through the evanescent region + + align:start position:0% +cannot get through the evanescent region + + + align:start position:0% +cannot get through the evanescent region +so we can't see any of the radiation + + align:start position:0% +so we can't see any of the radiation + + + align:start position:0% +so we can't see any of the radiation +from this side on the font side we can + + align:start position:0% +from this side on the font side we can + + + align:start position:0% +from this side on the font side we can +only see radiation from here so yeah + + align:start position:0% +only see radiation from here so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +only see radiation from here so yeah +High field side sounds like a great idea + + align:start position:0% +High field side sounds like a great idea + + + align:start position:0% +High field side sounds like a great idea +Highfield side is a good idea for for + + align:start position:0% +Highfield side is a good idea for for + + + align:start position:0% +Highfield side is a good idea for for +this yeah exactly now I didn't go into + + align:start position:0% +this yeah exactly now I didn't go into + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah exactly now I didn't go into +this at all and it seems slightly + + align:start position:0% +this at all and it seems slightly + + + align:start position:0% +this at all and it seems slightly +obscure the exact place where crops up + + align:start position:0% +obscure the exact place where crops up + + + align:start position:0% +obscure the exact place where crops up +in Hutchinson but it turns + + align:start position:0% +in Hutchinson but it turns + + + align:start position:0% +in Hutchinson but it turns +out we had this conversation before + + align:start position:0% +out we had this conversation before + + + align:start position:0% +out we had this conversation before +about like whether you have oh mode or X + + align:start position:0% +about like whether you have oh mode or X + + + align:start position:0% +about like whether you have oh mode or X +mode and of course it's not at all clear + + align:start position:0% +mode and of course it's not at all clear + + + align:start position:0% +mode and of course it's not at all clear +to us like which of these two modes the + + align:start position:0% +to us like which of these two modes the + + + align:start position:0% +to us like which of these two modes the +gyrating particle couples into right + + align:start position:0% +gyrating particle couples into right + + + align:start position:0% +gyrating particle couples into right +there there's no reason we haven't done + + align:start position:0% +there there's no reason we haven't done + + + align:start position:0% +there there's no reason we haven't done +nearly enough mathematics to know that + + align:start position:0% +nearly enough mathematics to know that + + + align:start position:0% +nearly enough mathematics to know that +it turns out predominantly + + align:start position:0% +it turns out predominantly + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out predominantly +ECE is in the X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mod by like a factor of 10 + + align:start position:0% +Mod by like a factor of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +Mod by like a factor of 10 +something that's extremely unfortunate + + align:start position:0% +something that's extremely unfortunate + + + align:start position:0% +something that's extremely unfortunate +extremely unfortunate for us and yet we + + align:start position:0% +extremely unfortunate for us and yet we + + + align:start position:0% +extremely unfortunate for us and yet we +Soldier on um so + + align:start position:0% +Soldier on um so + + + align:start position:0% +Soldier on um so +yeah if you have high enough density + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you have high enough density + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you have high enough density +this region of + + align:start position:0% +this region of + + + align:start position:0% +this region of +course could go like that block out with + + align:start position:0% +course could go like that block out with + + + align:start position:0% +course could go like that block out with +second mode as + + align:start position:0% +second mode as + + + align:start position:0% +second mode as +well completely possible + + align:start position:0% +well completely possible + + + align:start position:0% +well completely possible +so it depends an awful lot on the + + align:start position:0% +so it depends an awful lot on the + + + align:start position:0% +so it depends an awful lot on the +density of you're talking about or + + align:start position:0% +density of you're talking about or + + + align:start position:0% +density of you're talking about or +whatever system you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do all right + + align:start position:0% +do all right + + + align:start position:0% +do all right +I wanted to get correlation ECE but I + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to get correlation ECE but I + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to get correlation ECE but I +don't think we're going + + align:start position:0% +don't think we're going + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we're going +to really want to start not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions yeah do we have a general rule + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah do we have a general rule + + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah do we have a general rule +or intuition for the second harmonic + + align:start position:0% +or intuition for the second harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +or intuition for the second harmonic +intensity in terms of like if we can if + + align:start position:0% +intensity in terms of like if we can if + + + align:start position:0% +intensity in terms of like if we can if +we can completely block you know the + + align:start position:0% +we can completely block you know the + + + align:start position:0% +we can completely block you know the +fundamental frequency if we go up to try + + align:start position:0% +fundamental frequency if we go up to try + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental frequency if we go up to try +to detect the second herotic frequency + + align:start position:0% +to detect the second herotic frequency + + + align:start position:0% +to detect the second herotic frequency +would that be possible practically or is + + align:start position:0% +would that be possible practically or is + + + align:start position:0% +would that be possible practically or is +it just kind of too low no no no + + align:start position:0% +it just kind of too low no no no + + + align:start position:0% +it just kind of too low no no no +definitely possible if you look in H's + + align:start position:0% +definitely possible if you look in H's + + + align:start position:0% +definitely possible if you look in H's +book with is example Spectra you will + + align:start position:0% +book with is example Spectra you will + + + align:start position:0% +book with is example Spectra you will +see a Spectra with second harmonics in + + align:start position:0% +see a Spectra with second harmonics in + + + align:start position:0% +see a Spectra with second harmonics in +and they're very clear um the trouble is + + align:start position:0% +and they're very clear um the trouble is + + + align:start position:0% +and they're very clear um the trouble is +they may be optically thick which may be + + align:start position:0% +they may be optically thick which may be + + + align:start position:0% +they may be optically thick which may be +good so that that may be fine like you'd + + align:start position:0% +good so that that may be fine like you'd + + + align:start position:0% +good so that that may be fine like you'd +be happy if they're optically thick + + align:start position:0% +be happy if they're optically thick + + + align:start position:0% +be happy if they're optically thick +because you will see some emission from + + align:start position:0% +because you will see some emission from + + + align:start position:0% +because you will see some emission from +them so it just it's complicated as a + + align:start position:0% +them so it just it's complicated as a + + + align:start position:0% +them so it just it's complicated as a +short answer right so they should be + + align:start position:0% +short answer right so they should be + + + align:start position:0% +short answer right so they should be +detectable but they may have been + + align:start position:0% +detectable but they may have been + + + align:start position:0% +detectable but they may have been +attenuated by the optical thickness um + + align:start position:0% +attenuated by the optical thickness um + + + align:start position:0% +attenuated by the optical thickness um +they may have been blocked off because + + align:start position:0% +they may have been blocked off because + + + align:start position:0% +they may have been blocked off because +our density is too high and so there's + + align:start position:0% +our density is too high and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +our density is too high and so there's +an ecent region so yeah there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +an ecent region so yeah there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +an ecent region so yeah there's lots of +things you need to do the calculations + + align:start position:0% +things you need to do the calculations + + + align:start position:0% +things you need to do the calculations +for your plasma to work out whether + + align:start position:0% +for your plasma to work out whether + + + align:start position:0% +for your plasma to work out whether +you're going to see them on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I think we will leave it oh yeah go + + align:start position:0% +okay I think we will leave it oh yeah go + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think we will leave it oh yeah go +so so I guess is the why why is it that + + align:start position:0% +so so I guess is the why why is it that + + + align:start position:0% +so so I guess is the why why is it that +the upper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hybrid and + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and +um right resonances yeah yeah why why do + + align:start position:0% +um right resonances yeah yeah why why do + + + align:start position:0% +um right resonances yeah yeah why why do +they have to need the cyron frequency + + align:start position:0% +they have to need the cyron frequency + + + align:start position:0% +they have to need the cyron frequency +yeah absolutely no it's a great question + + align:start position:0% +yeah absolutely no it's a great question + + + align:start position:0% +yeah absolutely no it's a great question +it's not it's not completely obvious the + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's not completely obvious the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's not completely obvious the +upper hybrid one imagine when we're at + + align:start position:0% +upper hybrid one imagine when we're at + + + align:start position:0% +upper hybrid one imagine when we're at +the edge of the plasma here so this is + + align:start position:0% +the edge of the plasma here so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the edge of the plasma here so this is +the plasma + + align:start position:0% +the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma +Edge and at this point any at the edge + + align:start position:0% +Edge and at this point any at the edge + + + align:start position:0% +Edge and at this point any at the edge +is equal to zero which means that our + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero which means that our + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero which means that our +plasma frequency at the edge is equal to + + align:start position:0% +plasma frequency at the edge is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +plasma frequency at the edge is equal to +zero okay and so then if you stare at + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and so then if you stare at + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and so then if you stare at +this long enough you get yeah you get + + align:start position:0% +this long enough you get yeah you get + + + align:start position:0% +this long enough you get yeah you get +the idea cool but yeah it did when I + + align:start position:0% +the idea cool but yeah it did when I + + + align:start position:0% +the idea cool but yeah it did when I +first saw this picture I'm like wait + + align:start position:0% +first saw this picture I'm like wait + + + align:start position:0% +first saw this picture I'm like wait +that's too much of a coincidence is it + + align:start position:0% +that's too much of a coincidence is it + + + align:start position:0% +that's too much of a coincidence is it +always like that and the answer is yes + + align:start position:0% +always like that and the answer is yes + + + align:start position:0% +always like that and the answer is yes +it is always like that there's no + + align:start position:0% +it is always like that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +it is always like that there's no +combination of density magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +combination of density magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +combination of density magnetic field +you can come up with where that's not + + align:start position:0% +you can come up with where that's not + + + align:start position:0% +you can come up with where that's not +true which is kind of cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I think we're good for today then + + align:start position:0% +okay I think we're good for today then + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think we're good for today then +um if anyone does have any questions + + align:start position:0% +um if anyone does have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +um if anyone does have any questions +they can come up and ask them see you on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tuesday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UmbsTnQ39a4.txt b/UmbsTnQ39a4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56544511f838ae17a3b015b66e79ada3718b0f9b --- /dev/null +++ b/UmbsTnQ39a4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2059 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think like with the past election you + + align:start position:0% +I think like with the past election you + + + align:start position:0% +I think like with the past election you +know so Donald Trump is obviously one of + + align:start position:0% +know so Donald Trump is obviously one of + + + align:start position:0% +know so Donald Trump is obviously one of +the 1% right so why do you think there's + + align:start position:0% +the 1% right so why do you think there's + + + align:start position:0% +the 1% right so why do you think there's +such different views on whether or not + + align:start position:0% +such different views on whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +such different views on whether or not +he's representative America rather being + + align:start position:0% +he's representative America rather being + + + align:start position:0% +he's representative America rather being +the American dream or being what is the + + align:start position:0% +the American dream or being what is the + + + align:start position:0% +the American dream or being what is the +one thing there's there's no America + + align:start position:0% +one thing there's there's no America + + + align:start position:0% +one thing there's there's no America +there's many splits and some of the + + align:start position:0% +there's many splits and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +there's many splits and some of the +splits are quite sharp + + align:start position:0% +splits are quite sharp + + + align:start position:0% +splits are quite sharp +in fact this country has become + + align:start position:0% +in fact this country has become + + + align:start position:0% +in fact this country has become +polarized in the last 50 years to an + + align:start position:0% +polarized in the last 50 years to an + + + align:start position:0% +polarized in the last 50 years to an +extent that never happened before in + + align:start position:0% +extent that never happened before in + + + align:start position:0% +extent that never happened before in +fact just take a look at the two + + align:start position:0% +fact just take a look at the two + + + align:start position:0% +fact just take a look at the two +political parties up until the 1960s the + + align:start position:0% +political parties up until the 1960s the + + + align:start position:0% +political parties up until the 1960s the +parties weren't all that different you + + align:start position:0% +parties weren't all that different you + + + align:start position:0% +parties weren't all that different you +didn't you couldn't distinguish moderate + + align:start position:0% +didn't you couldn't distinguish moderate + + + align:start position:0% +didn't you couldn't distinguish moderate +Republican from a liberal Democrat + + align:start position:0% +Republican from a liberal Democrat + + + align:start position:0% +Republican from a liberal Democrat +they're more or less alike by now the + + align:start position:0% +they're more or less alike by now the + + + align:start position:0% +they're more or less alike by now the +parties are so differentiated that + + align:start position:0% +parties are so differentiated that + + + align:start position:0% +parties are so differentiated that +literally people don't intermarry across + + align:start position:0% +literally people don't intermarry across + + + align:start position:0% +literally people don't intermarry across +parties I mean it's become literally + + align:start position:0% +parties I mean it's become literally + + + align:start position:0% +parties I mean it's become literally +there's some good studies of it and what + + align:start position:0% +there's some good studies of it and what + + + align:start position:0% +there's some good studies of it and what +actually happened is it's connected with + + align:start position:0% +actually happened is it's connected with + + + align:start position:0% +actually happened is it's connected with +race up until the 1960s the Democrats + + align:start position:0% +race up until the 1960s the Democrats + + + align:start position:0% +race up until the 1960s the Democrats +were kind of a coalition of Southern + + align:start position:0% +were kind of a coalition of Southern + + + align:start position:0% +were kind of a coalition of Southern +Democrats all extreme racists and people + + align:start position:0% +Democrats all extreme racists and people + + + align:start position:0% +Democrats all extreme racists and people +who were very powerful because they + + align:start position:0% +who were very powerful because they + + + align:start position:0% +who were very powerful because they +stayed in office forever since the south + + align:start position:0% +stayed in office forever since the south + + + align:start position:0% +stayed in office forever since the south +was a one-party region take a look at + + align:start position:0% +was a one-party region take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +was a one-party region take a look at +the New York Times this morning as a + + align:start position:0% +the New York Times this morning as a + + + align:start position:0% +the New York Times this morning as a +headline about one-party Alabama + + align:start position:0% +headline about one-party Alabama + + + align:start position:0% +headline about one-party Alabama +everybody's a Republican as if that's + + align:start position:0% +everybody's a Republican as if that's + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's a Republican as if that's +something new that goes back to the + + align:start position:0% +something new that goes back to the + + + align:start position:0% +something new that goes back to the +Civil War except now they call them + + align:start position:0% +Civil War except now they call them + + + align:start position:0% +Civil War except now they call them +Republicans they used to call them + + align:start position:0% +Republicans they used to call them + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans they used to call them +Democrats but the same system basically + + align:start position:0% +Democrats but the same system basically + + + align:start position:0% +Democrats but the same system basically +but the Southern Democrats were + + align:start position:0% +but the Southern Democrats were + + + align:start position:0% +but the Southern Democrats were +extremely powerful because the Senators + + align:start position:0% +extremely powerful because the Senators + + + align:start position:0% +extremely powerful because the Senators +had senior positions you know they'd + + align:start position:0% +had senior positions you know they'd + + + align:start position:0% +had senior positions you know they'd +been there forever there was a big block + + align:start position:0% +been there forever there was a big block + + + align:start position:0% +been there forever there was a big block +they could + + align:start position:0% +they could + + + align:start position:0% +they could +they were had a big effect on + + align:start position:0% +they were had a big effect on + + + align:start position:0% +they were had a big effect on +legislation so if you look at the New + + align:start position:0% +legislation so if you look at the New + + + align:start position:0% +legislation so if you look at the New +Deal legislation there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Deal legislation there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Deal legislation there was a lot of +progress but it was straight racist so + + align:start position:0% +progress but it was straight racist so + + + align:start position:0% +progress but it was straight racist so +Social Security for example the Southern + + align:start position:0% +Social Security for example the Southern + + + align:start position:0% +Social Security for example the Southern +Democrats were willing to permit it to + + align:start position:0% +Democrats were willing to permit it to + + + align:start position:0% +Democrats were willing to permit it to +go through as long as it excluded blacks + + align:start position:0% +go through as long as it excluded blacks + + + align:start position:0% +go through as long as it excluded blacks +and it did so Social Security was + + align:start position:0% +and it did so Social Security was + + + align:start position:0% +and it did so Social Security was +designed to exclude the majority of the + + align:start position:0% +designed to exclude the majority of the + + + align:start position:0% +designed to exclude the majority of the +workforce agricultural and domestic + + align:start position:0% +workforce agricultural and domestic + + + align:start position:0% +workforce agricultural and domestic +workers namely African Americans the GI + + align:start position:0% +workers namely African Americans the GI + + + align:start position:0% +workers namely African Americans the GI +Bill gave you know there was a + + align:start position:0% +Bill gave you know there was a + + + align:start position:0% +Bill gave you know there was a +segregated army so minute didn't go to + + align:start position:0% +segregated army so minute didn't go to + + + align:start position:0% +segregated army so minute didn't go to +blacks and all the way through the the + + align:start position:0% +blacks and all the way through the the + + + align:start position:0% +blacks and all the way through the the +Southern Democrats were willing to + + align:start position:0% +Southern Democrats were willing to + + + align:start position:0% +Southern Democrats were willing to +tolerate reformist measures as long as + + align:start position:0% +tolerate reformist measures as long as + + + align:start position:0% +tolerate reformist measures as long as +it maintained the southern system of + + align:start position:0% +it maintained the southern system of + + + align:start position:0% +it maintained the southern system of +deep racism and their what amounted to + + align:start position:0% +deep racism and their what amounted to + + + align:start position:0% +deep racism and their what amounted to +new kinds of slavery well what happens + + align:start position:0% +new kinds of slavery well what happens + + + align:start position:0% +new kinds of slavery well what happens +in 1960s was the civil rights movement + + align:start position:0% +in 1960s was the civil rights movement + + + align:start position:0% +in 1960s was the civil rights movement +broke through this the Democrats began + + align:start position:0% +broke through this the Democrats began + + + align:start position:0% +broke through this the Democrats began +to pick up civil rights legislation and + + align:start position:0% +to pick up civil rights legislation and + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up civil rights legislation and +the Southern Democrats simply pulled out + + align:start position:0% +the Southern Democrats simply pulled out + + + align:start position:0% +the Southern Democrats simply pulled out +that's Nixon's famous Southern Strategy + + align:start position:0% +that's Nixon's famous Southern Strategy + + + align:start position:0% +that's Nixon's famous Southern Strategy +let's appeal to the south and turn them + + align:start position:0% +let's appeal to the south and turn them + + + align:start position:0% +let's appeal to the south and turn them +into Republicans on straight racist + + align:start position:0% +into Republicans on straight racist + + + align:start position:0% +into Republicans on straight racist +grounds so the party's realigned and a + + align:start position:0% +grounds so the party's realigned and a + + + align:start position:0% +grounds so the party's realigned and a +large part of rural America went along + + align:start position:0% +large part of rural America went along + + + align:start position:0% +large part of rural America went along +with it - that's quite separate from + + align:start position:0% +with it - that's quite separate from + + + align:start position:0% +with it - that's quite separate from +urban America the lines became sharper + + align:start position:0% +urban America the lines became sharper + + + align:start position:0% +urban America the lines became sharper +during the neoliberal years when rural + + align:start position:0% +during the neoliberal years when rural + + + align:start position:0% +during the neoliberal years when rural +America was just smashed rural America + + align:start position:0% +America was just smashed rural America + + + align:start position:0% +America was just smashed rural America +meant working-class industrial America + + align:start position:0% +meant working-class industrial America + + + align:start position:0% +meant working-class industrial America +small towns you know were those + + align:start position:0% +small towns you know were those + + + align:start position:0% +small towns you know were those +industries and so on I was all smashed + + align:start position:0% +industries and so on I was all smashed + + + align:start position:0% +industries and so on I was all smashed +urban America and profits where the 1% + + align:start position:0% +urban America and profits where the 1% + + + align:start position:0% +urban America and profits where the 1% +is that's where we come from the people + + align:start position:0% +is that's where we come from the people + + + align:start position:0% +is that's where we come from the people +with prospered more educated and so + + align:start position:0% +with prospered more educated and so + + + align:start position:0% +with prospered more educated and so +so these splits became extremely sharp + + align:start position:0% +so these splits became extremely sharp + + + align:start position:0% +so these splits became extremely sharp +and you see it and it's increased with + + align:start position:0% +and you see it and it's increased with + + + align:start position:0% +and you see it and it's increased with +new media so the cable television social + + align:start position:0% +new media so the cable television social + + + align:start position:0% +new media so the cable television social +media and so on one of their effects is + + align:start position:0% +media and so on one of their effects is + + + align:start position:0% +media and so on one of their effects is +to intensify the split so the one book + + align:start position:0% +to intensify the split so the one book + + + align:start position:0% +to intensify the split so the one book +one part of America lives in talk radio + + align:start position:0% +one part of America lives in talk radio + + + align:start position:0% +one part of America lives in talk radio +and Fox News I don't know if you listen + + align:start position:0% +and Fox News I don't know if you listen + + + align:start position:0% +and Fox News I don't know if you listen +to talk radio on here but you should I + + align:start position:0% +to talk radio on here but you should I + + + align:start position:0% +to talk radio on here but you should I +often listen to it when I'm driving it's + + align:start position:0% +often listen to it when I'm driving it's + + + align:start position:0% +often listen to it when I'm driving it's +very interesting and it what's + + align:start position:0% +very interesting and it what's + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting and it what's +interesting is not rush limbaugh on + + align:start position:0% +interesting is not rush limbaugh on + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is not rush limbaugh on +those guys and they were predictable but + + align:start position:0% +those guys and they were predictable but + + + align:start position:0% +those guys and they were predictable but +the people who call in or what's + + align:start position:0% +the people who call in or what's + + + align:start position:0% +the people who call in or what's +interesting and that's a slice of boston + + align:start position:0% +interesting and that's a slice of boston + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and that's a slice of boston +we're not talking about Mississippi + + align:start position:0% +we're not talking about Mississippi + + + align:start position:0% +we're not talking about Mississippi +we're talking about Boston it's a slice + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Boston it's a slice + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Boston it's a slice +of Boston which is in some other + + align:start position:0% +of Boston which is in some other + + + align:start position:0% +of Boston which is in some other +universe you know the things they + + align:start position:0% +universe you know the things they + + + align:start position:0% +universe you know the things they +believe the things they hear the things + + align:start position:0% +believe the things they hear the things + + + align:start position:0% +believe the things they hear the things +they read that's why a large I forget + + align:start position:0% +they read that's why a large I forget + + + align:start position:0% +they read that's why a large I forget +the exact number but maybe have some + + align:start position:0% +the exact number but maybe have some + + + align:start position:0% +the exact number but maybe have some +large percentage of Republicans think + + align:start position:0% +large percentage of Republicans think + + + align:start position:0% +large percentage of Republicans think +that Obama's a Muslim and that he wasn't + + align:start position:0% +that Obama's a Muslim and that he wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +that Obama's a Muslim and that he wasn't +born in the United States + + align:start position:0% +born in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +born in the United States +you hear that drummed in your head all + + align:start position:0% +you hear that drummed in your head all + + + align:start position:0% +you hear that drummed in your head all +the time okay and of course the hatred + + align:start position:0% +the time okay and of course the hatred + + + align:start position:0% +the time okay and of course the hatred +of Obama was substantially racist I mean + + align:start position:0% +of Obama was substantially racist I mean + + + align:start position:0% +of Obama was substantially racist I mean +why is the Affordable Care Act called + + align:start position:0% +why is the Affordable Care Act called + + + align:start position:0% +why is the Affordable Care Act called +Obamacare by Democrats by liberal I mean + + align:start position:0% +Obamacare by Democrats by liberal I mean + + + align:start position:0% +Obamacare by Democrats by liberal I mean +was Medicare called Johnson Jerry of + + align:start position:0% +was Medicare called Johnson Jerry of + + + align:start position:0% +was Medicare called Johnson Jerry of +course not we just accept the racism + + align:start position:0% +course not we just accept the racism + + + align:start position:0% +course not we just accept the racism +part of us know so sure it's Obama care + + align:start position:0% +part of us know so sure it's Obama care + + + align:start position:0% +part of us know so sure it's Obama care +this black guy I pushed it through and + + align:start position:0% +this black guy I pushed it through and + + + align:start position:0% +this black guy I pushed it through and +that's Liberal Democrats cool with that + + align:start position:0% +that's Liberal Democrats cool with that + + + align:start position:0% +that's Liberal Democrats cool with that +we don't even think about it but it's + + align:start position:0% +we don't even think about it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +we don't even think about it but it's +because it's all deeply ingrained and + + align:start position:0% +because it's all deeply ingrained and + + + align:start position:0% +because it's all deeply ingrained and +when you get the parts of the culture + + align:start position:0% +when you get the parts of the culture + + + align:start position:0% +when you get the parts of the culture +where that's all they hear no talk radio + + align:start position:0% +where that's all they hear no talk radio + + + align:start position:0% +where that's all they hear no talk radio +rush limbaugh Laura McLaughlin or + + align:start position:0% +rush limbaugh Laura McLaughlin or + + + align:start position:0% +rush limbaugh Laura McLaughlin or +whatever her name is you really have to + + align:start position:0% +whatever her name is you really have to + + + align:start position:0% +whatever her name is you really have to +hear this stuff to believe it so that + + align:start position:0% +hear this stuff to believe it so that + + + align:start position:0% +hear this stuff to believe it so that +and four large parts of rural lower + + align:start position:0% +and four large parts of rural lower + + + align:start position:0% +and four large parts of rural lower +middle-class small businessmen the kind + + align:start position:0% +middle-class small businessmen the kind + + + align:start position:0% +middle-class small businessmen the kind +of people vote for Trump that's what + + align:start position:0% +of people vote for Trump that's what + + + align:start position:0% +of people vote for Trump that's what +they live with and by now with the + + align:start position:0% +they live with and by now with the + + + align:start position:0% +they live with and by now with the +reconstruction of the political parties + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction of the political parties + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction of the political parties +with the Republicans are an interesting + + align:start position:0% +with the Republicans are an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +with the Republicans are an interesting +party they are slavish ly dedicated to + + align:start position:0% +party they are slavish ly dedicated to + + + align:start position:0% +party they are slavish ly dedicated to +the welfare of the super-rich and the + + align:start position:0% +the welfare of the super-rich and the + + + align:start position:0% +the welfare of the super-rich and the +corporation's just take a look their + + align:start position:0% +corporation's just take a look their + + + align:start position:0% +corporation's just take a look their +legislative programs that Paul Ryan is + + align:start position:0% +legislative programs that Paul Ryan is + + + align:start position:0% +legislative programs that Paul Ryan is +the extreme example the most savage + + align:start position:0% +the extreme example the most savage + + + align:start position:0% +the extreme example the most savage +brutal programs you can think of so + + align:start position:0% +brutal programs you can think of so + + + align:start position:0% +brutal programs you can think of so +that's the actual Republican Party but + + align:start position:0% +that's the actual Republican Party but + + + align:start position:0% +that's the actual Republican Party but +their constituency as people are being + + align:start position:0% +their constituency as people are being + + + align:start position:0% +their constituency as people are being +harmed by these programs that's and it's + + align:start position:0% +harmed by these programs that's and it's + + + align:start position:0% +harmed by these programs that's and it's +you know it's it's the kind of paradox + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's the kind of paradox + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's the kind of paradox +that are they Koecher wanted to + + align:start position:0% +that are they Koecher wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +that are they Koecher wanted to +understand and I think she when you read + + align:start position:0% +understand and I think she when you read + + + align:start position:0% +understand and I think she when you read +through what she found you can + + align:start position:0% +through what she found you can + + + align:start position:0% +through what she found you can +understand it I'm an even true of things + + align:start position:0% +understand it I'm an even true of things + + + align:start position:0% +understand it I'm an even true of things +like environmental issues so in the + + align:start position:0% +like environmental issues so in the + + + align:start position:0% +like environmental issues so in the +Bayou area where she was working and + + align:start position:0% +Bayou area where she was working and + + + align:start position:0% +Bayou area where she was working and +living there's a extremely high rate of + + align:start position:0% +living there's a extremely high rate of + + + align:start position:0% +living there's a extremely high rate of +cancer in fact it's called + + align:start position:0% +cancer in fact it's called + + + align:start position:0% +cancer in fact it's called +cancer alley and the reasons for the + + align:start position:0% +cancer alley and the reasons for the + + + align:start position:0% +cancer alley and the reasons for the +petrochemical corporations which is poor + + align:start position:0% +petrochemical corporations which is poor + + + align:start position:0% +petrochemical corporations which is poor +poisonous chemicals into the Bayou and + + align:start position:0% +poisonous chemicals into the Bayou and + + + align:start position:0% +poisonous chemicals into the Bayou and +they just and these are people who live + + align:start position:0% +they just and these are people who live + + + align:start position:0% +they just and these are people who live +in the environment they hunt they fish + + align:start position:0% +in the environment they hunt they fish + + + align:start position:0% +in the environment they hunt they fish +you know quite apart from the fact that + + align:start position:0% +you know quite apart from the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +you know quite apart from the fact that +their children are dying of cancer + + align:start position:0% +their children are dying of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +their children are dying of cancer +these people are environmentalists and + + align:start position:0% +these people are environmentalists and + + + align:start position:0% +these people are environmentalists and +they vote the people they vote for are + + align:start position:0% +they vote the people they vote for are + + + align:start position:0% +they vote the people they vote for are +the ones who want to destroy the EPA and + + align:start position:0% +the ones who want to destroy the EPA and + + + align:start position:0% +the ones who want to destroy the EPA and +when you look into it turns out there's + + align:start position:0% +when you look into it turns out there's + + + align:start position:0% +when you look into it turns out there's +a reason for them what the EPA means + + align:start position:0% +a reason for them what the EPA means + + + align:start position:0% +a reason for them what the EPA means +there's some guy in a suit who comes + + align:start position:0% +there's some guy in a suit who comes + + + align:start position:0% +there's some guy in a suit who comes +from Washington and tells us you can't + + align:start position:0% +from Washington and tells us you can't + + + align:start position:0% +from Washington and tells us you can't +fish here that's the EPA but that guy + + align:start position:0% +fish here that's the EPA but that guy + + + align:start position:0% +fish here that's the EPA but that guy +does nothing about the petrochemical + + align:start position:0% +does nothing about the petrochemical + + + align:start position:0% +does nothing about the petrochemical +plants so why should they be why + + align:start position:0% +plants so why should they be why + + + align:start position:0% +plants so why should they be why +shouldn't they want to get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't they want to get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't they want to get rid of the +that's their lives you know that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's their lives you know that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's their lives you know that's the +kind of lives that these people are + + align:start position:0% +kind of lives that these people are + + + align:start position:0% +kind of lives that these people are +living and when you think it when you + + align:start position:0% +living and when you think it when you + + + align:start position:0% +living and when you think it when you +see it firsthand and even you can see it + + align:start position:0% +see it firsthand and even you can see it + + + align:start position:0% +see it firsthand and even you can see it +right here if you want to you can + + align:start position:0% +right here if you want to you can + + + align:start position:0% +right here if you want to you can +understand the attitudes it's not as + + align:start position:0% +understand the attitudes it's not as + + + align:start position:0% +understand the attitudes it's not as +paradoxical as they sound it's leading + + align:start position:0% +paradoxical as they sound it's leading + + + align:start position:0% +paradoxical as they sound it's leading +to a very strange situation in the + + align:start position:0% +to a very strange situation in the + + + align:start position:0% +to a very strange situation in the +country very dangerous incidentally most + + align:start position:0% +country very dangerous incidentally most + + + align:start position:0% +country very dangerous incidentally most +of the Trump voters were not working + + align:start position:0% +of the Trump voters were not working + + + align:start position:0% +of the Trump voters were not working +class and poor they're mostly kind of + + align:start position:0% +class and poor they're mostly kind of + + + align:start position:0% +class and poor they're mostly kind of +lower middle class are very rich those + + align:start position:0% +lower middle class are very rich those + + + align:start position:0% +lower middle class are very rich those +two groups but they were working people + + align:start position:0% +two groups but they were working people + + + align:start position:0% +two groups but they were working people +who voted for Trump or who voted for + + align:start position:0% +who voted for Trump or who voted for + + + align:start position:0% +who voted for Trump or who voted for +Scott Brown here that's and many of + + align:start position:0% +Scott Brown here that's and many of + + + align:start position:0% +Scott Brown here that's and many of +those people voted for Obama they + + align:start position:0% +those people voted for Obama they + + + align:start position:0% +those people voted for Obama they +believed his rhetoric about hope and + + align:start position:0% +believed his rhetoric about hope and + + + align:start position:0% +believed his rhetoric about hope and +change and when they saw very quickly + + align:start position:0% +change and when they saw very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +change and when they saw very quickly +that the hope and change means money for + + align:start position:0% +that the hope and change means money for + + + align:start position:0% +that the hope and change means money for +bankers and nothing for us + + align:start position:0% +bankers and nothing for us + + + align:start position:0% +bankers and nothing for us +they became deeply disillusioned and so + + align:start position:0% +they became deeply disillusioned and so + + + align:start position:0% +they became deeply disillusioned and so +they're now trusting the word of a con + + align:start position:0% +they're now trusting the word of a con + + + align:start position:0% +they're now trusting the word of a con +man who also says who can change but + + align:start position:0% +man who also says who can change but + + + align:start position:0% +man who also says who can change but +it's not that different from the 2008 + + align:start position:0% +it's not that different from the 2008 + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that different from the 2008 +election in some respects just a + + align:start position:0% +election in some respects just a + + + align:start position:0% +election in some respects just a +different continent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how do you think we could go about + + align:start position:0% +how do you think we could go about + + + align:start position:0% +how do you think we could go about +trying to change the attitudes of like + + align:start position:0% +trying to change the attitudes of like + + + align:start position:0% +trying to change the attitudes of like +what people think that the EPA does or + + align:start position:0% +what people think that the EPA does or + + + align:start position:0% +what people think that the EPA does or +like that that idea of being in a line + + align:start position:0% +like that that idea of being in a line + + + align:start position:0% +like that that idea of being in a line +how do you think we could change that by + + align:start position:0% +how do you think we could change that by + + + align:start position:0% +how do you think we could change that by +interacting with people it's the only + + align:start position:0% +interacting with people it's the only + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with people it's the only +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +that's what organizing and activism our + + align:start position:0% +that's what organizing and activism our + + + align:start position:0% +that's what organizing and activism our +bill if you have to be in touch with the + + align:start position:0% +bill if you have to be in touch with the + + + align:start position:0% +bill if you have to be in touch with the +people who have these beliefs + + align:start position:0% +people who have these beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +people who have these beliefs +sympathetically figure out come to + + align:start position:0% +sympathetically figure out come to + + + align:start position:0% +sympathetically figure out come to +understand why they have the beliefs and + + align:start position:0% +understand why they have the beliefs and + + + align:start position:0% +understand why they have the beliefs and +interactive show them try to lead them + + align:start position:0% +interactive show them try to lead them + + + align:start position:0% +interactive show them try to lead them +to understand that there's another way + + align:start position:0% +to understand that there's another way + + + align:start position:0% +to understand that there's another way +of looking at it that's what education + + align:start position:0% +of looking at it that's what education + + + align:start position:0% +of looking at it that's what education +is about + + align:start position:0% +is about + + + align:start position:0% +is about +that's what organizing cement you can do + + align:start position:0% +that's what organizing cement you can do + + + align:start position:0% +that's what organizing cement you can do +it right in Boston + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's why activists live in + + align:start position:0% +and that's why activists live in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why activists live in +communities work with communities any + + align:start position:0% +communities work with communities any + + + align:start position:0% +communities work with communities any +question the backside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think there's kind of a tendency and a + + align:start position:0% +I think there's kind of a tendency and a + + + align:start position:0% +I think there's kind of a tendency and a +lot of not only in politics but just + + align:start position:0% +lot of not only in politics but just + + + align:start position:0% +lot of not only in politics but just +kind of in fetanyl to not be as willing + + align:start position:0% +kind of in fetanyl to not be as willing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of in fetanyl to not be as willing +to try and understand the point of view + + align:start position:0% +to try and understand the point of view + + + align:start position:0% +to try and understand the point of view +somebody would close with you and I + + align:start position:0% +somebody would close with you and I + + + align:start position:0% +somebody would close with you and I +don't know like speaking our politics + + align:start position:0% +don't know like speaking our politics + + + align:start position:0% +don't know like speaking our politics +specifically that's something that's + + align:start position:0% +specifically that's something that's + + + align:start position:0% +specifically that's something that's +kind of within the last couple of + + align:start position:0% +kind of within the last couple of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of within the last couple of +decades or that has enjoyed historical + + align:start position:0% +decades or that has enjoyed historical + + + align:start position:0% +decades or that has enjoyed historical +precedents and given like kind of + + align:start position:0% +precedents and given like kind of + + + align:start position:0% +precedents and given like kind of +employers they can never seen in media + + align:start position:0% +employers they can never seen in media + + + align:start position:0% +employers they can never seen in media +that's kind of now trickling into you + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of now trickling into you + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of now trickling into you +have you seen any like similar effects + + align:start position:0% +have you seen any like similar effects + + + align:start position:0% +have you seen any like similar effects +and like any maybe historical + + align:start position:0% +and like any maybe historical + + + align:start position:0% +and like any maybe historical +arrangements or prior saying this + + align:start position:0% +arrangements or prior saying this + + + align:start position:0% +arrangements or prior saying this +inability this inability to hear the + + align:start position:0% +inability this inability to hear the + + + align:start position:0% +inability this inability to hear the +other person yet sometimes it takes + + align:start position:0% +other person yet sometimes it takes + + + align:start position:0% +other person yet sometimes it takes +really extreme forms like take Clinton I + + align:start position:0% +really extreme forms like take Clinton I + + + align:start position:0% +really extreme forms like take Clinton I +think maybe the low point of the last + + align:start position:0% +think maybe the low point of the last + + + align:start position:0% +think maybe the low point of the last +election was her mocking of the + + align:start position:0% +election was her mocking of the + + + align:start position:0% +election was her mocking of the +deplorable which had a big effect I mean + + align:start position:0% +deplorable which had a big effect I mean + + + align:start position:0% +deplorable which had a big effect I mean +here's this rich elite you know woman + + align:start position:0% +here's this rich elite you know woman + + + align:start position:0% +here's this rich elite you know woman +who goes talks to Wall Street you know + + align:start position:0% +who goes talks to Wall Street you know + + + align:start position:0% +who goes talks to Wall Street you know +gets huge honoraria talking to Wall + + align:start position:0% +gets huge honoraria talking to Wall + + + align:start position:0% +gets huge honoraria talking to Wall +Street bankers he's calling us + + align:start position:0% +Street bankers he's calling us + + + align:start position:0% +Street bankers he's calling us +deplorable why are we deplorable we're + + align:start position:0% +deplorable why are we deplorable we're + + + align:start position:0% +deplorable why are we deplorable we're +hard-working honest + + align:start position:0% +hard-working honest + + + align:start position:0% +hard-working honest +religious conservative traditional + + align:start position:0% +religious conservative traditional + + + align:start position:0% +religious conservative traditional +people what makes us deplore that that's + + align:start position:0% +people what makes us deplore that that's + + + align:start position:0% +people what makes us deplore that that's +an extreme example of what we see around + + align:start position:0% +an extreme example of what we see around + + + align:start position:0% +an extreme example of what we see around +us all the time this contempt for the SE + + align:start position:0% +us all the time this contempt for the SE + + + align:start position:0% +us all the time this contempt for the SE +Trump voters how can they be so stupid + + align:start position:0% +Trump voters how can they be so stupid + + + align:start position:0% +Trump voters how can they be so stupid +you know how can they be so ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +you know how can they be so ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +you know how can they be so ridiculous +they're not humans and they feel the + + align:start position:0% +they're not humans and they feel the + + + align:start position:0% +they're not humans and they feel the +same way towards the people walking + + align:start position:0% +same way towards the people walking + + + align:start position:0% +same way towards the people walking +around Harvard Square yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +around Harvard Square yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +around Harvard Square yeah that's +extremely and there's plenty of that all + + align:start position:0% +extremely and there's plenty of that all + + + align:start position:0% +extremely and there's plenty of that all +the way back like Benjamin Franklin + + align:start position:0% +the way back like Benjamin Franklin + + + align:start position:0% +the way back like Benjamin Franklin +saying we shouldn't admit Swedes and + + align:start position:0% +saying we shouldn't admit Swedes and + + + align:start position:0% +saying we shouldn't admit Swedes and +Germans not very different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VYOaj9-2CkU.txt b/VYOaj9-2CkU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de30c9f71364c2e8c7384ebd9f905835ded01275 --- /dev/null +++ b/VYOaj9-2CkU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7251 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is something that is uh a crucial + + align:start position:0% +this is something that is uh a crucial + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that is uh a crucial +notion that malus captures in the second + + align:start position:0% +notion that malus captures in the second + + + align:start position:0% +notion that malus captures in the second +half of this this very important work + + align:start position:0% +half of this this very important work + + + align:start position:0% +half of this this very important work +the ESS and + + align:start position:0% +the ESS and + + + align:start position:0% +the ESS and +population so yeah Jennifer brought out + + align:start position:0% +population so yeah Jennifer brought out + + + align:start position:0% +population so yeah Jennifer brought out +the key the key uh directions that melus + + align:start position:0% +the key the key uh directions that melus + + + align:start position:0% +the key the key uh directions that melus +is going in with his discussion + + align:start position:0% +is going in with his discussion + + + align:start position:0% +is going in with his discussion +uh including the sense that he has that + + align:start position:0% +uh including the sense that he has that + + + align:start position:0% +uh including the sense that he has that +well humans are improvable but you know + + align:start position:0% +well humans are improvable but you know + + + align:start position:0% +well humans are improvable but you know +they're not going to become perfect + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to become perfect + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to become perfect +there this idea of perfection is uh just + + align:start position:0% +there this idea of perfection is uh just + + + align:start position:0% +there this idea of perfection is uh just +a inappropriate idea for The Human + + align:start position:0% +a inappropriate idea for The Human + + + align:start position:0% +a inappropriate idea for The Human +Condition given the fact that you know + + align:start position:0% +Condition given the fact that you know + + + align:start position:0% +Condition given the fact that you know +humans are always going to have this + + align:start position:0% +humans are always going to have this + + + align:start position:0% +humans are always going to have this +tendency to uh out uh outp populate + + align:start position:0% +tendency to uh out uh outp populate + + + align:start position:0% +tendency to uh out uh outp populate +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +resources however uh it does lead to + + align:start position:0% +resources however uh it does lead to + + + align:start position:0% +resources however uh it does lead to +some very interesting thinking on + + align:start position:0% +some very interesting thinking on + + + align:start position:0% +some very interesting thinking on +malus's part especially uh I think in + + align:start position:0% +malus's part especially uh I think in + + + align:start position:0% +malus's part especially uh I think in +the the the way in which he treats the + + align:start position:0% +the the the way in which he treats the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the way in which he treats the +mind there's a there's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +mind there's a there's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +mind there's a there's a kind of +complexity coming into his thinking here + + align:start position:0% +complexity coming into his thinking here + + + align:start position:0% +complexity coming into his thinking here +about the mind the human mind the idea + + align:start position:0% +about the mind the human mind the idea + + + align:start position:0% +about the mind the human mind the idea +that the human mind may actually have + + align:start position:0% +that the human mind may actually have + + + align:start position:0% +that the human mind may actually have +different elements in opposition which + + align:start position:0% +different elements in opposition which + + + align:start position:0% +different elements in opposition which +uh Jennifer picked up on you + + align:start position:0% +uh Jennifer picked up on you + + + align:start position:0% +uh Jennifer picked up on you +know perfectly rational people do + + align:start position:0% +know perfectly rational people do + + + align:start position:0% +know perfectly rational people do +perfectly irrational + + align:start position:0% +perfectly irrational + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly irrational +things and uh this means that uh in the + + align:start position:0% +things and uh this means that uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +things and uh this means that uh in the +seat of the intellect in the mind itself + + align:start position:0% +seat of the intellect in the mind itself + + + align:start position:0% +seat of the intellect in the mind itself +there are various U elements that aren't + + align:start position:0% +there are various U elements that aren't + + + align:start position:0% +there are various U elements that aren't +necessarily working + + align:start position:0% +necessarily working + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily working +together so uh I thought it'd be worth + + align:start position:0% +together so uh I thought it'd be worth + + + align:start position:0% +together so uh I thought it'd be worth +uh looking at some of the some of the + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at some of the some of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at some of the some of the +context of the times because you know + + align:start position:0% +context of the times because you know + + + align:start position:0% +context of the times because you know +malus is writing and there's a lot going + + align:start position:0% +malus is writing and there's a lot going + + + align:start position:0% +malus is writing and there's a lot going +on in in in this period right right at + + align:start position:0% +on in in in this period right right at + + + align:start position:0% +on in in in this period right right at +the beginning of the 1900s just at the + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the 1900s just at the + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the 1900s just at the +transition from the 18th to the 19th + + align:start position:0% +transition from the 18th to the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +transition from the 18th to the 19th +century and um like several of the other + + align:start position:0% +century and um like several of the other + + + align:start position:0% +century and um like several of the other +writers um we're looking at uh he is + + align:start position:0% +writers um we're looking at uh he is + + + align:start position:0% +writers um we're looking at uh he is +dealing with this kind of legacy of of + + align:start position:0% +dealing with this kind of legacy of of + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with this kind of legacy of of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Enlightenment the sort of Great era + + align:start position:0% +Enlightenment the sort of Great era + + + align:start position:0% +Enlightenment the sort of Great era +where the rational mind is this U + + align:start position:0% +where the rational mind is this U + + + align:start position:0% +where the rational mind is this U +emerging force of human progress and + + align:start position:0% +emerging force of human progress and + + + align:start position:0% +emerging force of human progress and +Innovation and all sorts of interesting + + align:start position:0% +Innovation and all sorts of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation and all sorts of interesting +possibilities new possibilities so malus + + align:start position:0% +possibilities new possibilities so malus + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities new possibilities so malus +is uh coming in and looking at the + + align:start position:0% +is uh coming in and looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +is uh coming in and looking at the +downsides okay so I thought we could + + align:start position:0% +downsides okay so I thought we could + + + align:start position:0% +downsides okay so I thought we could +have a look U uh as he says uh in in his + + align:start position:0% +have a look U uh as he says uh in in his + + + align:start position:0% +have a look U uh as he says uh in in his +chapter 13 which I asked you to read + + align:start position:0% +chapter 13 which I asked you to read + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 13 which I asked you to read +um uh there is man is + + align:start position:0% +um uh there is man is + + + align:start position:0% +um uh there is man is +basically a compound being a being made + + align:start position:0% +basically a compound being a being made + + + align:start position:0% +basically a compound being a being made +up of different different Waring + + align:start position:0% +up of different different Waring + + + align:start position:0% +up of different different Waring +factions um as he says the Cravings of + + align:start position:0% +factions um as he says the Cravings of + + + align:start position:0% +factions um as he says the Cravings of +hunger the love of liquor the desire + + align:start position:0% +hunger the love of liquor the desire + + + align:start position:0% +hunger the love of liquor the desire +possessing a beautiful woman keep in + + align:start position:0% +possessing a beautiful woman keep in + + + align:start position:0% +possessing a beautiful woman keep in +mind this is a clergyman speaking too so + + align:start position:0% +mind this is a clergyman speaking too so + + + align:start position:0% +mind this is a clergyman speaking too so +mouth is a great mathematician but he's + + align:start position:0% +mouth is a great mathematician but he's + + + align:start position:0% +mouth is a great mathematician but he's +also a a cleric and he's a curate he you + + align:start position:0% +also a a cleric and he's a curate he you + + + align:start position:0% +also a a cleric and he's a curate he you +know he he thinks in terms of the moral + + align:start position:0% +know he he thinks in terms of the moral + + + align:start position:0% +know he he thinks in terms of the moral +nature of Life of human life and and the + + align:start position:0% +nature of Life of human life and and the + + + align:start position:0% +nature of Life of human life and and the +moral uh imperatives upon humans and + + align:start position:0% +moral uh imperatives upon humans and + + + align:start position:0% +moral uh imperatives upon humans and +what they struggle with with the sort of + + align:start position:0% +what they struggle with with the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +what they struggle with with the sort of +uh so he says the Cravings of hunger the + + align:start position:0% +uh so he says the Cravings of hunger the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so he says the Cravings of hunger the +love of liquor the desire possessing a + + align:start position:0% +love of liquor the desire possessing a + + + align:start position:0% +love of liquor the desire possessing a +beautiful woman will urge men to actions + + align:start position:0% +beautiful woman will urge men to actions + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful woman will urge men to actions +of the Fatal consequences of which to + + align:start position:0% +of the Fatal consequences of which to + + + align:start position:0% +of the Fatal consequences of which to +the General in interests of society they + + align:start position:0% +the General in interests of society they + + + align:start position:0% +the General in interests of society they +are perfectly well convinced they know + + align:start position:0% +are perfectly well convinced they know + + + align:start position:0% +are perfectly well convinced they know +that these things + + align:start position:0% +that these things + + + align:start position:0% +that these things +are you can hear the the cleric coming + + align:start position:0% +are you can hear the the cleric coming + + + align:start position:0% +are you can hear the the cleric coming +out here uh even at the very time they + + align:start position:0% +out here uh even at the very time they + + + align:start position:0% +out here uh even at the very time they +commit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them so we don't necessarily follow + + align:start position:0% +them so we don't necessarily follow + + + align:start position:0% +them so we don't necessarily follow +rational Behavior even when we know what + + align:start position:0% +rational Behavior even when we know what + + + align:start position:0% +rational Behavior even when we know what +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +rational this this + + align:start position:0% +rational this this + + + align:start position:0% +rational this this +suggests another force and what is that + + align:start position:0% +suggests another force and what is that + + + align:start position:0% +suggests another force and what is that +Force driving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior well + + align:start position:0% +behavior well + + + align:start position:0% +behavior well +Instinct I mean Instinct comes in in a + + align:start position:0% +Instinct I mean Instinct comes in in a + + + align:start position:0% +Instinct I mean Instinct comes in in a +very big way in this work it's a very + + align:start position:0% +very big way in this work it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +very big way in this work it's a very +powerful force it's something that uh is + + align:start position:0% +powerful force it's something that uh is + + + align:start position:0% +powerful force it's something that uh is +organically part of humans + + align:start position:0% +organically part of humans + + + align:start position:0% +organically part of humans +they can't get rid of it it's there just + + align:start position:0% +they can't get rid of it it's there just + + + align:start position:0% +they can't get rid of it it's there just +as much as the rational uh the rational + + align:start position:0% +as much as the rational uh the rational + + + align:start position:0% +as much as the rational uh the rational +elements of the + + align:start position:0% +elements of the + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the +mind um remove their bodily cravings and + + align:start position:0% +mind um remove their bodily cravings and + + + align:start position:0% +mind um remove their bodily cravings and +they would not hesitate a moment in + + align:start position:0% +they would not hesitate a moment in + + + align:start position:0% +they would not hesitate a moment in +determining against such + + align:start position:0% +determining against such + + + align:start position:0% +determining against such +actions but their own in their own case + + align:start position:0% +actions but their own in their own case + + + align:start position:0% +actions but their own in their own case +and under all circumstances of their + + align:start position:0% +and under all circumstances of their + + + align:start position:0% +and under all circumstances of their +situations with these bodily Cravings + + align:start position:0% +situations with these bodily Cravings + + + align:start position:0% +situations with these bodily Cravings +the decision of the compound being is + + align:start position:0% +the decision of the compound being is + + + align:start position:0% +the decision of the compound being is +different from the conviction of the + + align:start position:0% +different from the conviction of the + + + align:start position:0% +different from the conviction of the +rational being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so is this inconsistent with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Smith in what ways is it consistent and + + align:start position:0% +Smith in what ways is it consistent and + + + align:start position:0% +Smith in what ways is it consistent and +how is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different is is it the rational being + + align:start position:0% +different is is it the rational being + + + align:start position:0% +different is is it the rational being +who is uh in what way is it the rational + + align:start position:0% +who is uh in what way is it the rational + + + align:start position:0% +who is uh in what way is it the rational +being who is participating in helping + + align:start position:0% +being who is participating in helping + + + align:start position:0% +being who is participating in helping +generate uh the economy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us to understand like the concept of + + align:start position:0% +us to understand like the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +us to understand like the concept of +society like the benefits of like giving + + align:start position:0% +society like the benefits of like giving + + + align:start position:0% +society like the benefits of like giving +up your + + align:start position:0% +up your + + + align:start position:0% +up your +own like desires and immediate needs to + + align:start position:0% +own like desires and immediate needs to + + + align:start position:0% +own like desires and immediate needs to +like serve a greater good or greater + + align:start position:0% +like serve a greater good or greater + + + align:start position:0% +like serve a greater good or greater +purpose okay in some sense but what does + + align:start position:0% +purpose okay in some sense but what does + + + align:start position:0% +purpose okay in some sense but what does +what does Smith say it's + + align:start position:0% +what does Smith say it's + + + align:start position:0% +what does Smith say it's +the uh is it is it the rational being or + + align:start position:0% +the uh is it is it the rational being or + + + align:start position:0% +the uh is it is it the rational being or +the self-serving entity being uh who is + + align:start position:0% +the self-serving entity being uh who is + + + align:start position:0% +the self-serving entity being uh who is +involving himself or herself in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +economy it's sort of it's I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +economy it's sort of it's I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +economy it's sort of it's I mean it's +it's a it's a basic process that is uh + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a basic process that is uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a basic process that is uh +serving self-interest combination of + + align:start position:0% +serving self-interest combination of + + + align:start position:0% +serving self-interest combination of +like the self serving processes make the + + align:start position:0% +like the self serving processes make the + + + align:start position:0% +like the self serving processes make the +economy so the economy is not so much + + align:start position:0% +economy so the economy is not so much + + + align:start position:0% +economy so the economy is not so much +the product I mean even though you can + + align:start position:0% +the product I mean even though you can + + + align:start position:0% +the product I mean even though you can +look at it and it seems like a very + + align:start position:0% +look at it and it seems like a very + + + align:start position:0% +look at it and it seems like a very +rational way to you know uh exchange + + align:start position:0% +rational way to you know uh exchange + + + align:start position:0% +rational way to you know uh exchange +goods and things of that sort the that + + align:start position:0% +goods and things of that sort the that + + + align:start position:0% +goods and things of that sort the that +drives it is fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +drives it is fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +drives it is fundamentally +self-preservation + + align:start position:0% +self-preservation + + + align:start position:0% +self-preservation +self-interest and in fact Smith even + + align:start position:0% +self-interest and in fact Smith even + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest and in fact Smith even +says you know people who are rational + + align:start position:0% +says you know people who are rational + + + align:start position:0% +says you know people who are rational +you know people who want to help other + + align:start position:0% +you know people who want to help other + + + align:start position:0% +you know people who want to help other +people and have far less impact than the + + align:start position:0% +people and have far less impact than the + + + align:start position:0% +people and have far less impact than the +people who are actually serving + + align:start position:0% +people who are actually serving + + + align:start position:0% +people who are actually serving +themselves and you know uh sort of um + + align:start position:0% +themselves and you know uh sort of um + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and you know uh sort of um +enlightened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +self-interest so there's a big there's a + + align:start position:0% +self-interest so there's a big there's a + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest so there's a big there's a +you you could say there's a big element + + align:start position:0% +you you could say there's a big element + + + align:start position:0% +you you could say there's a big element +of sort of um um + + align:start position:0% +of sort of um um + + + align:start position:0% +of sort of um um +instinctual nonrational + + align:start position:0% +instinctual nonrational + + + align:start position:0% +instinctual nonrational +motivation in Smith's world as + + align:start position:0% +motivation in Smith's world as + + + align:start position:0% +motivation in Smith's world as +well and that's uh but how are Smith and + + align:start position:0% +well and that's uh but how are Smith and + + + align:start position:0% +well and that's uh but how are Smith and +malus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different do you think Smith agrees with + + align:start position:0% +different do you think Smith agrees with + + + align:start position:0% +different do you think Smith agrees with +uh do you think malus agrees with Smith + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I mean Smith is saying that like + + align:start position:0% +well I mean Smith is saying that like + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean Smith is saying that like +the self- serving instinctual interests + + align:start position:0% +the self- serving instinctual interests + + + align:start position:0% +the self- serving instinctual interests +that people have it's like contributes + + align:start position:0% +that people have it's like contributes + + + align:start position:0% +that people have it's like contributes +towards creating + + align:start position:0% +towards creating + + + align:start position:0% +towards creating +something that works toward the greater + + align:start position:0% +something that works toward the greater + + + align:start position:0% +something that works toward the greater +good like the economy whereas with malus + + align:start position:0% +good like the economy whereas with malus + + + align:start position:0% +good like the economy whereas with malus +he's saying the instinct is what leads + + align:start position:0% +he's saying the instinct is what leads + + + align:start position:0% +he's saying the instinct is what leads +us to do irrational things such as like + + align:start position:0% +us to do irrational things such as like + + + align:start position:0% +us to do irrational things such as like +overpopulating the world so they kind of + + align:start position:0% +overpopulating the world so they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +overpopulating the world so they kind of +take a different perspective on what the + + align:start position:0% +take a different perspective on what the + + + align:start position:0% +take a different perspective on what the +consequences are of like our instinctual + + align:start position:0% +consequences are of like our instinctual + + + align:start position:0% +consequences are of like our instinctual +nature okay there's a there's a + + align:start position:0% +nature okay there's a there's a + + + align:start position:0% +nature okay there's a there's a +different sort of emphasis in the + + align:start position:0% +different sort of emphasis in the + + + align:start position:0% +different sort of emphasis in the +outcomes of of these uh impulses I mean + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of of these uh impulses I mean + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of of these uh impulses I mean +they both uh I mean you can see emerging + + align:start position:0% +they both uh I mean you can see emerging + + + align:start position:0% +they both uh I mean you can see emerging +in these two + + align:start position:0% +in these two + + + align:start position:0% +in these two +thinkers a acknowledgement that you know + + align:start position:0% +thinkers a acknowledgement that you know + + + align:start position:0% +thinkers a acknowledgement that you know +instinctual sources of human motivation + + align:start position:0% +instinctual sources of human motivation + + + align:start position:0% +instinctual sources of human motivation +Behavior are very very deep and they + + align:start position:0% +Behavior are very very deep and they + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior are very very deep and they +don't belong to the rational world + + align:start position:0% +don't belong to the rational world + + + align:start position:0% +don't belong to the rational world +they're not part of they can be + + align:start position:0% +they're not part of they can be + + + align:start position:0% +they're not part of they can be +contemplated and you know the the + + align:start position:0% +contemplated and you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +contemplated and you know the the +rational individual can try to control + + align:start position:0% +rational individual can try to control + + + align:start position:0% +rational individual can try to control +them but as he's saying here uh it's + + align:start position:0% +them but as he's saying here uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +them but as he's saying here uh it's +often of no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consequence and in some ways as I said + + align:start position:0% +consequence and in some ways as I said + + + align:start position:0% +consequence and in some ways as I said +uh this is also the cleric coming out + + align:start position:0% +uh this is also the cleric coming out + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is also the cleric coming out +saying you know this is you know humans + + align:start position:0% +saying you know this is you know humans + + + align:start position:0% +saying you know this is you know humans +don't necessarily always do the right + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily always do the right + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily always do the right +thing they're driven they're driven to + + align:start position:0% +thing they're driven they're driven to + + + align:start position:0% +thing they're driven they're driven to +do things that in their better moments + + align:start position:0% +do things that in their better moments + + + align:start position:0% +do things that in their better moments +they know are + + align:start position:0% +they know are + + + align:start position:0% +they know are +they shouldn't and you know this is a + + align:start position:0% +they shouldn't and you know this is a + + + align:start position:0% +they shouldn't and you know this is a +very common human tale I mean it's not + + align:start position:0% +very common human tale I mean it's not + + + align:start position:0% +very common human tale I mean it's not +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +uh we needed uh malus to discover this + + align:start position:0% +uh we needed uh malus to discover this + + + align:start position:0% +uh we needed uh malus to discover this +but malus puts it into his system this + + align:start position:0% +but malus puts it into his system this + + + align:start position:0% +but malus puts it into his system this +is part of his + + align:start position:0% +is part of his + + + align:start position:0% +is part of his +system okay but uh I wanted to pick up + + align:start position:0% +system okay but uh I wanted to pick up + + + align:start position:0% +system okay but uh I wanted to pick up +on this this notion of the compound + + align:start position:0% +on this this notion of the compound + + + align:start position:0% +on this this notion of the compound +being because what we have in this + + align:start position:0% +being because what we have in this + + + align:start position:0% +being because what we have in this +era is + + align:start position:0% +era is + + + align:start position:0% +era is +uh an emerging sense of you know human + + align:start position:0% +uh an emerging sense of you know human + + + align:start position:0% +uh an emerging sense of you know human +can do things in very irrational + + align:start position:0% +can do things in very irrational + + + align:start position:0% +can do things in very irrational +ways and uh + + align:start position:0% +ways and uh + + + align:start position:0% +ways and uh +the the example that um one of the + + align:start position:0% +the the example that um one of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the example that um one of the +examples that um Mala cites here + + align:start position:0% +examples that um Mala cites here + + + align:start position:0% +examples that um Mala cites here +is the French Revolution which was based + + align:start position:0% +is the French Revolution which was based + + + align:start position:0% +is the French Revolution which was based +on the highest principles the Grand + + align:start position:0% +on the highest principles the Grand + + + align:start position:0% +on the highest principles the Grand +Vision of uh the uh the the emergence of + + align:start position:0% +Vision of uh the uh the the emergence of + + + align:start position:0% +Vision of uh the uh the the emergence of +uh of uh a sort of uh state of the + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh a sort of uh state of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh a sort of uh state of the +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +a state that is you know uh created for + + align:start position:0% +a state that is you know uh created for + + + align:start position:0% +a state that is you know uh created for +the greater good and the greater benefit + + align:start position:0% +the greater good and the greater benefit + + + align:start position:0% +the greater good and the greater benefit +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +humankind and yet it sort of broke down + + align:start position:0% +humankind and yet it sort of broke down + + + align:start position:0% +humankind and yet it sort of broke down +into at at certain stages into that's + + align:start position:0% +into at at certain stages into that's + + + align:start position:0% +into at at certain stages into that's +not to say that the principles were not + + align:start position:0% +not to say that the principles were not + + + align:start position:0% +not to say that the principles were not +themselves great principles but it broke + + align:start position:0% +themselves great principles but it broke + + + align:start position:0% +themselves great principles but it broke +down into this kind of uh chaos of + + align:start position:0% +down into this kind of uh chaos of + + + align:start position:0% +down into this kind of uh chaos of +irrationality uh during the reign of + + align:start position:0% +irrationality uh during the reign of + + + align:start position:0% +irrationality uh during the reign of +teror the very famous episode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so this question of perfectability + + align:start position:0% +um so this question of perfectability + + + align:start position:0% +um so this question of perfectability +I've I've thrown in a couple of times uh + + align:start position:0% +I've I've thrown in a couple of times uh + + + align:start position:0% +I've I've thrown in a couple of times uh +the words of uh you know perfect + + align:start position:0% +the words of uh you know perfect + + + align:start position:0% +the words of uh you know perfect +adaptation perfectability the word + + align:start position:0% +adaptation perfectability the word + + + align:start position:0% +adaptation perfectability the word +perfect comes through here this is part + + align:start position:0% +perfect comes through here this is part + + + align:start position:0% +perfect comes through here this is part +of the uh utopian dream of you know the + + align:start position:0% +of the uh utopian dream of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh utopian dream of you know the +great idealized state where all humans + + align:start position:0% +great idealized state where all humans + + + align:start position:0% +great idealized state where all humans +uh live in a you know in a in a + + align:start position:0% +uh live in a you know in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh live in a you know in a in a +condition similar to El + + align:start position:0% +condition similar to El + + + align:start position:0% +condition similar to El +Dorado in in candid behave rationally + + align:start position:0% +Dorado in in candid behave rationally + + + align:start position:0% +Dorado in in candid behave rationally +and sympathetically to other people and + + align:start position:0% +and sympathetically to other people and + + + align:start position:0% +and sympathetically to other people and +do not uh worry too much about uh + + align:start position:0% +do not uh worry too much about uh + + + align:start position:0% +do not uh worry too much about uh +possession of goods and all those sorts + + align:start position:0% +possession of goods and all those sorts + + + align:start position:0% +possession of goods and all those sorts +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +things all right so U he uses the notion + + align:start position:0% +things all right so U he uses the notion + + + align:start position:0% +things all right so U he uses the notion +of perfectability of a + + align:start position:0% +of perfectability of a + + + align:start position:0% +of perfectability of a +plant and uh it it goes back to you know + + align:start position:0% +plant and uh it it goes back to you know + + + align:start position:0% +plant and uh it it goes back to you know +question of you know + + align:start position:0% +question of you know + + + align:start position:0% +question of you know +how what what does it mean to say a + + align:start position:0% +how what what does it mean to say a + + + align:start position:0% +how what what does it mean to say a +plant can be perfected what is a what + + align:start position:0% +plant can be perfected what is a what + + + align:start position:0% +plant can be perfected what is a what +would a perfect plant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be I mean if you try to imagine what a + + align:start position:0% +be I mean if you try to imagine what a + + + align:start position:0% +be I mean if you try to imagine what a +perfect Rose would be uh it's you know + + align:start position:0% +perfect Rose would be uh it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +perfect Rose would be uh it's you know +uh does that mean it would be really big + + align:start position:0% +uh does that mean it would be really big + + + align:start position:0% +uh does that mean it would be really big +or it have the the the right uh odors or + + align:start position:0% +or it have the the the right uh odors or + + + align:start position:0% +or it have the the the right uh odors or +human + + align:start position:0% +human + + + align:start position:0% +human +be I mean it's it's hard to come up with + + align:start position:0% +be I mean it's it's hard to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +be I mean it's it's hard to come up with +a concept of perfection in the absolute + + align:start position:0% +a concept of perfection in the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +a concept of perfection in the absolute +sense uh when you're thinking of a + + align:start position:0% +sense uh when you're thinking of a + + + align:start position:0% +sense uh when you're thinking of a +biological + + align:start position:0% +biological + + + align:start position:0% +biological +organism you can always almost always + + align:start position:0% +organism you can always almost always + + + align:start position:0% +organism you can always almost always +come up with something wrong and then if + + align:start position:0% +come up with something wrong and then if + + + align:start position:0% +come up with something wrong and then if +you fix that then something else is + + align:start position:0% +you fix that then something else is + + + align:start position:0% +you fix that then something else is +wrong or something yeah something wrong + + align:start position:0% +wrong or something yeah something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +wrong or something yeah something wrong +or something better or something exactly + + align:start position:0% +or something better or something exactly + + + align:start position:0% +or something better or something exactly +and and of course there's a certain + + align:start position:0% +and and of course there's a certain + + + align:start position:0% +and and of course there's a certain +reality that as you increase the size of + + align:start position:0% +reality that as you increase the size of + + + align:start position:0% +reality that as you increase the size of +the you know if you're actually involved + + align:start position:0% +the you know if you're actually involved + + + align:start position:0% +the you know if you're actually involved +in trying to make a perfect + + align:start position:0% +in trying to make a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +in trying to make a perfect +sunflower make the head bigger and + + align:start position:0% +sunflower make the head bigger and + + + align:start position:0% +sunflower make the head bigger and +bigger and bigger but + + align:start position:0% +bigger and bigger but + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and bigger but +eventually because it reaches a point + + align:start position:0% +eventually because it reaches a point + + + align:start position:0% +eventually because it reaches a point +where you know the rest of the plant + + align:start position:0% +where you know the rest of the plant + + + align:start position:0% +where you know the rest of the plant +can't support + + align:start position:0% +can't support + + + align:start position:0% +can't support +it this is that want a huge sunflower + + align:start position:0% +it this is that want a huge sunflower + + + align:start position:0% +it this is that want a huge sunflower +it's just going to be like beautiful and + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to be like beautiful and + + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to be like beautiful and +it's largess and it's going to fall + + align:start position:0% +it's largess and it's going to fall + + + align:start position:0% +it's largess and it's going to fall +over so yeah so there are limits to the + + align:start position:0% +over so yeah so there are limits to the + + + align:start position:0% +over so yeah so there are limits to the +way in which uh beings and and organisms + + align:start position:0% +way in which uh beings and and organisms + + + align:start position:0% +way in which uh beings and and organisms +can actually be + + align:start position:0% +can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +can actually be +improved yes they can be improved but uh + + align:start position:0% +improved yes they can be improved but uh + + + align:start position:0% +improved yes they can be improved but uh +the notion of + + align:start position:0% +the notion of + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of +reaching the perfect stage is you know + + align:start position:0% +reaching the perfect stage is you know + + + align:start position:0% +reaching the perfect stage is you know +it's it just doesn't doesn't make a + + align:start position:0% +it's it just doesn't doesn't make a + + + align:start position:0% +it's it just doesn't doesn't make a +whole lot of sense in + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of sense in + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of sense in +biology and this kind of reasoning and + + align:start position:0% +biology and this kind of reasoning and + + + align:start position:0% +biology and this kind of reasoning and +this kind of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of +thinking is is is also present in + + align:start position:0% +thinking is is is also present in + + + align:start position:0% +thinking is is is also present in +Darwin's thinking you know how perfect + + align:start position:0% +Darwin's thinking you know how perfect + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin's thinking you know how perfect +is a being have to be in in a system in + + align:start position:0% +is a being have to be in in a system in + + + align:start position:0% +is a being have to be in in a system in +an evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +an evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +an evolutionary +system en species of elk went extinct + + align:start position:0% +system en species of elk went extinct + + + align:start position:0% +system en species of elk went extinct +because they were too perfect for their + + align:start position:0% +because they were too perfect for their + + + align:start position:0% +because they were too perfect for their +environment you know they kept through + + align:start position:0% +environment you know they kept through + + + align:start position:0% +environment you know they kept through +series of processes their aners kept + + align:start position:0% +series of processes their aners kept + + + align:start position:0% +series of processes their aners kept +getting bigger and they were they kept + + align:start position:0% +getting bigger and they were they kept + + + align:start position:0% +getting bigger and they were they kept +reproducing because they were more + + align:start position:0% +reproducing because they were more + + + align:start position:0% +reproducing because they were more +attractive and eventually became so more + + align:start position:0% +attractive and eventually became so more + + + align:start position:0% +attractive and eventually became so more +attractive that males could no longer + + align:start position:0% +attractive that males could no longer + + + align:start position:0% +attractive that males could no longer +hold their heads up with the antlers and + + align:start position:0% +hold their heads up with the antlers and + + + align:start position:0% +hold their heads up with the antlers and +the entire species went + + align:start position:0% +the entire species went + + + align:start position:0% +the entire species went +extinct this an example uh we'll get + + align:start position:0% +extinct this an example uh we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +extinct this an example uh we'll get +into a discussion like this when we talk + + align:start position:0% +into a discussion like this when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +into a discussion like this when we talk +about sexual selection in Dar because uh + + align:start position:0% +about sexual selection in Dar because uh + + + align:start position:0% +about sexual selection in Dar because uh +sexual selection is a selection process + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection is a selection process + + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection is a selection process +in the natural world where organ + + align:start position:0% +in the natural world where organ + + + align:start position:0% +in the natural world where organ +U are selected for attributes that + + align:start position:0% +U are selected for attributes that + + + align:start position:0% +U are selected for attributes that +aren't necessarily beneficial to their + + align:start position:0% +aren't necessarily beneficial to their + + + align:start position:0% +aren't necessarily beneficial to their +daily survival but are beneficial to + + align:start position:0% +daily survival but are beneficial to + + + align:start position:0% +daily survival but are beneficial to +their attraction of + + align:start position:0% +their attraction of + + + align:start position:0% +their attraction of +mates and you get a little conflict here + + align:start position:0% +mates and you get a little conflict here + + + align:start position:0% +mates and you get a little conflict here +if if you know attracting a mate means + + align:start position:0% +if if you know attracting a mate means + + + align:start position:0% +if if you know attracting a mate means +that you know your feathers become more + + align:start position:0% +that you know your feathers become more + + + align:start position:0% +that you know your feathers become more +and more brilliant and everything uh of + + align:start position:0% +and more brilliant and everything uh of + + + align:start position:0% +and more brilliant and everything uh of +course the hawk he's you know so this is + + align:start position:0% +course the hawk he's you know so this is + + + align:start position:0% +course the hawk he's you know so this is +a this is a problem uh but yeah how + + align:start position:0% +a this is a problem uh but yeah how + + + align:start position:0% +a this is a problem uh but yeah how +perfect is it being have to + + align:start position:0% +perfect is it being have to + + + align:start position:0% +perfect is it being have to +be uh just a little more perfect than + + align:start position:0% +be uh just a little more perfect than + + + align:start position:0% +be uh just a little more perfect than +everything else uh more perfect is the + + align:start position:0% +everything else uh more perfect is the + + + align:start position:0% +everything else uh more perfect is the +wrong wrong way to uh put it but uh just + + align:start position:0% +wrong wrong way to uh put it but uh just + + + align:start position:0% +wrong wrong way to uh put it but uh just +a little better adapted is enough to to + + align:start position:0% +a little better adapted is enough to to + + + align:start position:0% +a little better adapted is enough to to +assure the survival of the + + align:start position:0% +assure the survival of the + + + align:start position:0% +assure the survival of the +species so the gradations in nature are + + align:start position:0% +species so the gradations in nature are + + + align:start position:0% +species so the gradations in nature are +not toward quote Perfection they're + + align:start position:0% +not toward quote Perfection they're + + + align:start position:0% +not toward quote Perfection they're +toward + + align:start position:0% +toward + + + align:start position:0% +toward +greater uh adapt adaptation in the + + align:start position:0% +greater uh adapt adaptation in the + + + align:start position:0% +greater uh adapt adaptation in the +environment slightly improved over + + align:start position:0% +environment slightly improved over + + + align:start position:0% +environment slightly improved over +competition um and you know you can see + + align:start position:0% +competition um and you know you can see + + + align:start position:0% +competition um and you know you can see +this um this this kind of discussion + + align:start position:0% +this um this this kind of discussion + + + align:start position:0% +this um this this kind of discussion +trying to puzzle out you know what does + + align:start position:0% +trying to puzzle out you know what does + + + align:start position:0% +trying to puzzle out you know what does +it mean to have a a perfect being what + + align:start position:0% +it mean to have a a perfect being what + + + align:start position:0% +it mean to have a a perfect being what +would a perfect being be because uh + + align:start position:0% +would a perfect being be because uh + + + align:start position:0% +would a perfect being be because uh +people like Godwin and conday were you + + align:start position:0% +people like Godwin and conday were you + + + align:start position:0% +people like Godwin and conday were you +know thinking in these sort of utopic + + align:start position:0% +know thinking in these sort of utopic + + + align:start position:0% +know thinking in these sort of utopic +terms and for good reasons they saw the + + align:start position:0% +terms and for good reasons they saw the + + + align:start position:0% +terms and for good reasons they saw the +possibilities of progress and they + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of progress and they + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of progress and they +thought oh progress May indeed + + align:start position:0% +thought oh progress May indeed + + + align:start position:0% +thought oh progress May indeed +unlimited we may arrive at some + + align:start position:0% +unlimited we may arrive at some + + + align:start position:0% +unlimited we may arrive at some +state but + + align:start position:0% +state but + + + align:start position:0% +state but +um you know this this turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +um you know this this turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this this turns out to be +more problematic than in in their + + align:start position:0% +more problematic than in in their + + + align:start position:0% +more problematic than in in their +General discourses uh they really + + align:start position:0% +General discourses uh they really + + + align:start position:0% +General discourses uh they really +recognize later in a term when we read + + align:start position:0% +recognize later in a term when we read + + + align:start position:0% +recognize later in a term when we read +uh The Time Machine we will come up uh + + align:start position:0% +uh The Time Machine we will come up uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh The Time Machine we will come up uh +we'll come to a + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to a +different sort of stage of uh uh a + + align:start position:0% +different sort of stage of uh uh a + + + align:start position:0% +different sort of stage of uh uh a +different kind of + + align:start position:0% +different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of +imagined world of + + align:start position:0% +imagined world of + + + align:start position:0% +imagined world of +perfection and these are sort of it's a + + align:start position:0% +perfection and these are sort of it's a + + + align:start position:0% +perfection and these are sort of it's a +great thought experiment about you know + + align:start position:0% +great thought experiment about you know + + + align:start position:0% +great thought experiment about you know +what does it mean to be evolved to a + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to be evolved to a + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to be evolved to a +state of + + align:start position:0% +state of + + + align:start position:0% +state of +perfection to a state of um sort of + + align:start position:0% +perfection to a state of um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +perfection to a state of um sort of +homeostasis where there's some kind of + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis where there's some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis where there's some kind of +perfect order and it's continually + + align:start position:0% +perfect order and it's continually + + + align:start position:0% +perfect order and it's continually +supported um okay so then he he he says + + align:start position:0% +supported um okay so then he he he says + + + align:start position:0% +supported um okay so then he he he says +in addition he says in a similar manner + + align:start position:0% +in addition he says in a similar manner + + + align:start position:0% +in addition he says in a similar manner +the forcing manure used to bring about + + align:start position:0% +the forcing manure used to bring about + + + align:start position:0% +the forcing manure used to bring about +the French Revolution and to give a + + align:start position:0% +the French Revolution and to give a + + + align:start position:0% +the French Revolution and to give a +greater freedom and energy to the human + + align:start position:0% +greater freedom and energy to the human + + + align:start position:0% +greater freedom and energy to the human +mind has burst a KS of humanity thing + + align:start position:0% +mind has burst a KS of humanity thing + + + align:start position:0% +mind has burst a KS of humanity thing +that holds the flower together uh the + + align:start position:0% +that holds the flower together uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that holds the flower together uh the +restraining Bond of all society and + + align:start position:0% +restraining Bond of all society and + + + align:start position:0% +restraining Bond of all society and +however large the separate petals have + + align:start position:0% +however large the separate petals have + + + align:start position:0% +however large the separate petals have +been have grown however strongly or even + + align:start position:0% +been have grown however strongly or even + + + align:start position:0% +been have grown however strongly or even +beautifully a few of them have been + + align:start position:0% +beautifully a few of them have been + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully a few of them have been +marked the whole is at present a loose + + align:start position:0% +marked the whole is at present a loose + + + align:start position:0% +marked the whole is at present a loose +deform disjointed Mass without + + align:start position:0% +deform disjointed Mass without + + + align:start position:0% +deform disjointed Mass without +Union so uh he's he's he's looking at + + align:start position:0% +Union so uh he's he's he's looking at + + + align:start position:0% +Union so uh he's he's he's looking at +the French Revolution as an example + + align:start position:0% +the French Revolution as an example + + + align:start position:0% +the French Revolution as an example +where you know the the drive for + + align:start position:0% +where you know the the drive for + + + align:start position:0% +where you know the the drive for +Perfection the Improvement of the state + + align:start position:0% +Perfection the Improvement of the state + + + align:start position:0% +Perfection the Improvement of the state +the uh the principles of uh human rights + + align:start position:0% +the uh the principles of uh human rights + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the principles of uh human rights +and uh the goals of human achievement + + align:start position:0% +and uh the goals of human achievement + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the goals of human achievement +were all Noble and + + align:start position:0% +were all Noble and + + + align:start position:0% +were all Noble and +yet somehow it disintegrated into a kind + + align:start position:0% +yet somehow it disintegrated into a kind + + + align:start position:0% +yet somehow it disintegrated into a kind +of a collective uh uh + + align:start position:0% +of a collective uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +of a collective uh uh +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +of a collectively shared and generated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chaos okay so this is a problem and and + + align:start position:0% +chaos okay so this is a problem and and + + + align:start position:0% +chaos okay so this is a problem and and +and it's clear it's clear that you know + + align:start position:0% +and it's clear it's clear that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and it's clear it's clear that you know +he is the French Revolution had a big + + align:start position:0% +he is the French Revolution had a big + + + align:start position:0% +he is the French Revolution had a big +impact on malus's thinking I mean he he + + align:start position:0% +impact on malus's thinking I mean he he + + + align:start position:0% +impact on malus's thinking I mean he he +saw it as a as a as a a warning of you + + align:start position:0% +saw it as a as a as a a warning of you + + + align:start position:0% +saw it as a as a as a a warning of you +know the possibilities uh of disorder + + align:start position:0% +know the possibilities uh of disorder + + + align:start position:0% +know the possibilities uh of disorder +and chaos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there were a lot of there there there + + align:start position:0% +um there were a lot of there there there + + + align:start position:0% +um there were a lot of there there there +was a lot of thinking at this time about + + align:start position:0% +was a lot of thinking at this time about + + + align:start position:0% +was a lot of thinking at this time about +the the mind I mean humans have always + + align:start position:0% +the the mind I mean humans have always + + + align:start position:0% +the the mind I mean humans have always +been fascinated with their own minds you + + align:start position:0% +been fascinated with their own minds you + + + align:start position:0% +been fascinated with their own minds you +know we see it in Hume he's interested + + align:start position:0% +know we see it in Hume he's interested + + + align:start position:0% +know we see it in Hume he's interested +in the rational process uh the use of + + align:start position:0% +in the rational process uh the use of + + + align:start position:0% +in the rational process uh the use of +analogy how the mind works uh the Inner + + align:start position:0% +analogy how the mind works uh the Inner + + + align:start position:0% +analogy how the mind works uh the Inner +Space so to speak and uh there were many + + align:start position:0% +Space so to speak and uh there were many + + + align:start position:0% +Space so to speak and uh there were many +people were interested in U developing + + align:start position:0% +people were interested in U developing + + + align:start position:0% +people were interested in U developing +more precise concepts of how the mind + + align:start position:0% +more precise concepts of how the mind + + + align:start position:0% +more precise concepts of how the mind +worked and we have an early example in + + align:start position:0% +worked and we have an early example in + + + align:start position:0% +worked and we have an early example in +uh this uh important thinker I mean he + + align:start position:0% +uh this uh important thinker I mean he + + + align:start position:0% +uh this uh important thinker I mean he +he was uh someone who was uh a + + align:start position:0% +he was uh someone who was uh a + + + align:start position:0% +he was uh someone who was uh a +uh a promoter and developer of the + + align:start position:0% +uh a promoter and developer of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh a promoter and developer of the +pseudo science of + + align:start position:0% +pseudo science of + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo science of +phenology which was was had as his goal + + align:start position:0% +phenology which was was had as his goal + + + align:start position:0% +phenology which was was had as his goal +to kind of locate functions in the brain + + align:start position:0% +to kind of locate functions in the brain + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of locate functions in the brain +for certain expressions of + + align:start position:0% +for certain expressions of + + + align:start position:0% +for certain expressions of +personality but much as Gaul was a sort + + align:start position:0% +personality but much as Gaul was a sort + + + align:start position:0% +personality but much as Gaul was a sort +of as as they say pseudoscientist or I + + align:start position:0% +of as as they say pseudoscientist or I + + + align:start position:0% +of as as they say pseudoscientist or I +like to say a vernacular scientist + + align:start position:0% +like to say a vernacular scientist + + + align:start position:0% +like to say a vernacular scientist +somebody or actually a a man who was uh + + align:start position:0% +somebody or actually a a man who was uh + + + align:start position:0% +somebody or actually a a man who was uh +exploring many many new + + align:start position:0% +exploring many many new + + + align:start position:0% +exploring many many new +possibilities um these ideas have I mean + + align:start position:0% +possibilities um these ideas have I mean + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities um these ideas have I mean +people still are looking + + align:start position:0% +people still are looking + + + align:start position:0% +people still are looking +in much + + align:start position:0% +in much + + + align:start position:0% +in much +more uh concrete and and successful ways + + align:start position:0% +more uh concrete and and successful ways + + + align:start position:0% +more uh concrete and and successful ways +that brain function today and you know + + align:start position:0% +that brain function today and you know + + + align:start position:0% +that brain function today and you know +the notion that the brain is made up of + + align:start position:0% +the notion that the brain is made up of + + + align:start position:0% +the notion that the brain is made up of +many many different components which + + align:start position:0% +many many different components which + + + align:start position:0% +many many different components which +interact together in various ways is you + + align:start position:0% +interact together in various ways is you + + + align:start position:0% +interact together in various ways is you +know this is this is + + align:start position:0% +know this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +know this is this is +not uh a amazing Theory these days I + + align:start position:0% +not uh a amazing Theory these days I + + + align:start position:0% +not uh a amazing Theory these days I +mean but uh Gul subdivided the brain + + align:start position:0% +mean but uh Gul subdivided the brain + + + align:start position:0% +mean but uh Gul subdivided the brain +into a number of + + align:start position:0% +into a number of + + + align:start position:0% +into a number of +faculties if you go to that website + + align:start position:0% +faculties if you go to that website + + + align:start position:0% +faculties if you go to that website +uh that I've given to you at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +uh that I've given to you at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +uh that I've given to you at the bottom +here there's a whole section on + + align:start position:0% +here there's a whole section on + + + align:start position:0% +here there's a whole section on +phenology a very interesting science in + + align:start position:0% +phenology a very interesting science in + + + align:start position:0% +phenology a very interesting science in +which the brain was argued to be the + + align:start position:0% +which the brain was argued to be the + + + align:start position:0% +which the brain was argued to be the +organ of the + + align:start position:0% +organ of the + + + align:start position:0% +organ of the +mind so you see what's happening here is + + align:start position:0% +mind so you see what's happening here is + + + align:start position:0% +mind so you see what's happening here is +a kind of a uh a concept of the material + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a uh a concept of the material + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a uh a concept of the material +nature of the Mind the mind is not + + align:start position:0% +nature of the Mind the mind is not + + + align:start position:0% +nature of the Mind the mind is not +simply a spiritual entity it's also + + align:start position:0% +simply a spiritual entity it's also + + + align:start position:0% +simply a spiritual entity it's also +based on you + + align:start position:0% +based on you + + + align:start position:0% +based on you +know physical things it's it's + + align:start position:0% +know physical things it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +know physical things it's it's +physical u a second uh tenant was the + + align:start position:0% +physical u a second uh tenant was the + + + align:start position:0% +physical u a second uh tenant was the +mind is composed of a variety of uh + + align:start position:0% +mind is composed of a variety of uh + + + align:start position:0% +mind is composed of a variety of uh +innate faculties that were + + align:start position:0% +innate faculties that were + + + align:start position:0% +innate faculties that were +distinct from each + + align:start position:0% +distinct from each + + + align:start position:0% +distinct from each +other and some of these were emotional + + align:start position:0% +other and some of these were emotional + + + align:start position:0% +other and some of these were emotional +types of thinking so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +types of thinking so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +types of thinking so on and so forth +they had it they had them all localized + + align:start position:0% +they had it they had them all localized + + + align:start position:0% +they had it they had them all localized +in in in many in many examples because + + align:start position:0% +in in in many in many examples because + + + align:start position:0% +in in in many in many examples because +they are distinct each faculty must have + + align:start position:0% +they are distinct each faculty must have + + + align:start position:0% +they are distinct each faculty must have +a separate seat or organ in in the + + align:start position:0% +a separate seat or organ in in the + + + align:start position:0% +a separate seat or organ in in the +brain and the size of these has + + align:start position:0% +brain and the size of these has + + + align:start position:0% +brain and the size of these has +something to do with the amount of power + + align:start position:0% +something to do with the amount of power + + + align:start position:0% +something to do with the amount of power +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +have uh and brain shapes phrenologists + + align:start position:0% +have uh and brain shapes phrenologists + + + align:start position:0% +have uh and brain shapes phrenologists +were very interested in you know taking + + align:start position:0% +were very interested in you know taking + + + align:start position:0% +were very interested in you know taking +the measure of the of the head and you + + align:start position:0% +the measure of the of the head and you + + + align:start position:0% +the measure of the of the head and you +know checking the the various uh + + align:start position:0% +know checking the the various uh + + + align:start position:0% +know checking the the various uh +features of the cranium and so on to try + + align:start position:0% +features of the cranium and so on to try + + + align:start position:0% +features of the cranium and so on to try +to understand something about a person's + + align:start position:0% +to understand something about a person's + + + align:start position:0% +to understand something about a person's +personality uh I mean there's something + + align:start position:0% +personality uh I mean there's something + + + align:start position:0% +personality uh I mean there's something +a little humorous about this whole thing + + align:start position:0% +a little humorous about this whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +a little humorous about this whole thing +in phology and yet it's not it's not + + align:start position:0% +in phology and yet it's not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +in phology and yet it's not it's not +just humorous I mean as I said the we + + align:start position:0% +just humorous I mean as I said the we + + + align:start position:0% +just humorous I mean as I said the we +still we are still looking at the brain + + align:start position:0% +still we are still looking at the brain + + + align:start position:0% +still we are still looking at the brain +much more in much more radical ways now + + align:start position:0% +much more in much more radical ways now + + + align:start position:0% +much more in much more radical ways now +than G was but you see a trend here is + + align:start position:0% +than G was but you see a trend here is + + + align:start position:0% +than G was but you see a trend here is +is uh to try to understand the mind in a + + align:start position:0% +is uh to try to understand the mind in a + + + align:start position:0% +is uh to try to understand the mind in a +more physical + + align:start position:0% +more physical + + + align:start position:0% +more physical +material naturalistic way if you will + + align:start position:0% +material naturalistic way if you will + + + align:start position:0% +material naturalistic way if you will +something people are groping to + + align:start position:0% +something people are groping to + + + align:start position:0% +something people are groping to +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +um okay and then number six uh it it + + align:start position:0% +um okay and then number six uh it it + + + align:start position:0% +um okay and then number six uh it it +sort of goes over the deep end on some + + align:start position:0% +sort of goes over the deep end on some + + + align:start position:0% +sort of goes over the deep end on some +of these as the skull takes its shape + + align:start position:0% +of these as the skull takes its shape + + + align:start position:0% +of these as the skull takes its shape +from the brain the surf of the skull can + + align:start position:0% +from the brain the surf of the skull can + + + align:start position:0% +from the brain the surf of the skull can +be read as an accurate index of + + align:start position:0% +be read as an accurate index of + + + align:start position:0% +be read as an accurate index of +psychological aptitudes and + + align:start position:0% +psychological aptitudes and + + + align:start position:0% +psychological aptitudes and +tendencies U and uh there are lots of + + align:start position:0% +tendencies U and uh there are lots of + + + align:start position:0% +tendencies U and uh there are lots of +very amusing there's a museum uh I gave + + align:start position:0% +very amusing there's a museum uh I gave + + + align:start position:0% +very amusing there's a museum uh I gave +you a website uh for a museum in + + align:start position:0% +you a website uh for a museum in + + + align:start position:0% +you a website uh for a museum in +Minneapolis for forget uh pseudoscience + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis for forget uh pseudoscience + + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis for forget uh pseudoscience +something where they actually have a an + + align:start position:0% +something where they actually have a an + + + align:start position:0% +something where they actually have a an +old uh you know + + align:start position:0% +old uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +old uh you know +phenological uh machine that will test + + align:start position:0% +phenological uh machine that will test + + + align:start position:0% +phenological uh machine that will test +you and give you ratings for all your + + align:start position:0% +you and give you ratings for all your + + + align:start position:0% +you and give you ratings for all your +different personality things stuff like + + align:start position:0% +different personality things stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +different personality things stuff like +that so uh it it obviously took a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that so uh it it obviously took a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that so uh it it obviously took a lot of +time and a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +time and a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +time and a lot of people +were fascinated with this but it also + + align:start position:0% +were fascinated with this but it also + + + align:start position:0% +were fascinated with this but it also +led to some new insights on the Mind + + align:start position:0% +led to some new insights on the Mind + + + align:start position:0% +led to some new insights on the Mind +19th century is a is a great century for + + align:start position:0% +19th century is a is a great century for + + + align:start position:0% +19th century is a is a great century for +the development of new concepts of the + + align:start position:0% +the development of new concepts of the + + + align:start position:0% +the development of new concepts of the +Mind + + align:start position:0% +Mind + + + align:start position:0% +Mind +itself the psych the emergence of + + align:start position:0% +itself the psych the emergence of + + + align:start position:0% +itself the psych the emergence of +psychology and we find it not only in + + align:start position:0% +psychology and we find it not only in + + + align:start position:0% +psychology and we find it not only in +the sciences and in the way in which + + align:start position:0% +the sciences and in the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +the sciences and in the way in which +people began to understand education and + + align:start position:0% +people began to understand education and + + + align:start position:0% +people began to understand education and +things of that sort but we also find it + + align:start position:0% +things of that sort but we also find it + + + align:start position:0% +things of that sort but we also find it +in literature you know the the uh you + + align:start position:0% +in literature you know the the uh you + + + align:start position:0% +in literature you know the the uh you +know the Sherlock Holmes and you know + + align:start position:0% +know the Sherlock Holmes and you know + + + align:start position:0% +know the Sherlock Holmes and you know +some of the the the detective novels and + + align:start position:0% +some of the the the detective novels and + + + align:start position:0% +some of the the the detective novels and +the psychological novel of + + align:start position:0% +the psychological novel of + + + align:start position:0% +the psychological novel of +uh people like Henry James you know + + align:start position:0% +uh people like Henry James you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh people like Henry James you know +people really interested in intermental + + align:start position:0% +people really interested in intermental + + + align:start position:0% +people really interested in intermental +processes and how do people process + + align:start position:0% +processes and how do people process + + + align:start position:0% +processes and how do people process +experience and this is a great Sentry + + align:start position:0% +experience and this is a great Sentry + + + align:start position:0% +experience and this is a great Sentry +for that and Darren himself was + + align:start position:0% +for that and Darren himself was + + + align:start position:0% +for that and Darren himself was +fascinated with this whole area as as as + + align:start position:0% +fascinated with this whole area as as as + + + align:start position:0% +fascinated with this whole area as as as +we'll find when we read sections of his + + align:start position:0% +we'll find when we read sections of his + + + align:start position:0% +we'll find when we read sections of his +Descent of Man the mental + + align:start position:0% +Descent of Man the mental + + + align:start position:0% +Descent of Man the mental +processes so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um um there was work being done in the + + align:start position:0% +um um there was work being done in the + + + align:start position:0% +um um there was work being done in the +1780s galvani um his great experiments + + align:start position:0% +1780s galvani um his great experiments + + + align:start position:0% +1780s galvani um his great experiments +uh leading to the understanding that the + + align:start position:0% +uh leading to the understanding that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh leading to the understanding that the +nervous system + + align:start position:0% +nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +nervous system +itself had you know + + align:start position:0% +itself had you know + + + align:start position:0% +itself had you know +behaved in ways that suggested a sort of + + align:start position:0% +behaved in ways that suggested a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +behaved in ways that suggested a sort of +uh animal Electric + + align:start position:0% +uh animal Electric + + + align:start position:0% +uh animal Electric +System uh and the fact that different + + align:start position:0% +System uh and the fact that different + + + align:start position:0% +System uh and the fact that different +sorts of motions in the body could be + + align:start position:0% +sorts of motions in the body could be + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of motions in the body could be +stimulated simply through the use of + + align:start position:0% +stimulated simply through the use of + + + align:start position:0% +stimulated simply through the use of +electric + + align:start position:0% +electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric +current so galvani's uh experiments were + + align:start position:0% +current so galvani's uh experiments were + + + align:start position:0% +current so galvani's uh experiments were +uh very formidable step forward I mean + + align:start position:0% +uh very formidable step forward I mean + + + align:start position:0% +uh very formidable step forward I mean +in understanding the body as a set of + + align:start position:0% +in understanding the body as a set of + + + align:start position:0% +in understanding the body as a set of +circuits uh again this is this is moving + + align:start position:0% +circuits uh again this is this is moving + + + align:start position:0% +circuits uh again this is this is moving +into in New + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Territory we had Harvey in the in the + + align:start position:0% +Territory we had Harvey in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +Territory we had Harvey in the in the +circulation of the blood so this this + + align:start position:0% +circulation of the blood so this this + + + align:start position:0% +circulation of the blood so this this +this this concept of the mechanization + + align:start position:0% +this this concept of the mechanization + + + align:start position:0% +this this concept of the mechanization +the body is a mechanical entity has been + + align:start position:0% +the body is a mechanical entity has been + + + align:start position:0% +the body is a mechanical entity has been +has been developed and + + align:start position:0% +has been developed and + + + align:start position:0% +has been developed and +again uh these These are sources of + + align:start position:0% +again uh these These are sources of + + + align:start position:0% +again uh these These are sources of +behavior that are located in things that + + align:start position:0% +behavior that are located in things that + + + align:start position:0% +behavior that are located in things that +aren't + + align:start position:0% +aren't + + + align:start position:0% +aren't +necessarily uh + + align:start position:0% +necessarily uh + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily uh +rational they're they're controlled by + + align:start position:0% +rational they're they're controlled by + + + align:start position:0% +rational they're they're controlled by +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +forces uh so uh I think uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +forces uh so uh I think uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +forces uh so uh I think uh one of the +things that we can we can see here and + + align:start position:0% +things that we can we can see here and + + + align:start position:0% +things that we can we can see here and +we see it in malus and this I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +we see it in malus and this I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +we see it in malus and this I'm trying +to provide a little bit of context here + + align:start position:0% +to provide a little bit of context here + + + align:start position:0% +to provide a little bit of context here +is is is is that the instinct is is a a + + align:start position:0% +is is is is that the instinct is is a a + + + align:start position:0% +is is is is that the instinct is is a a +source of + + align:start position:0% +source of + + + align:start position:0% +source of +uh oppositional Behavior if you will or + + align:start position:0% +uh oppositional Behavior if you will or + + + align:start position:0% +uh oppositional Behavior if you will or +behavior non-rational behavior that is + + align:start position:0% +behavior non-rational behavior that is + + + align:start position:0% +behavior non-rational behavior that is +sometimes in opposition to rational + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in opposition to rational + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in opposition to rational +thinking is becoming more and uh more + + align:start position:0% +thinking is becoming more and uh more + + + align:start position:0% +thinking is becoming more and uh more +and more + + align:start position:0% +and more + + + align:start position:0% +and more +prominent + + align:start position:0% +prominent + + + align:start position:0% +prominent +um Mary Shell's Frankenstein this is a + + align:start position:0% +um Mary Shell's Frankenstein this is a + + + align:start position:0% +um Mary Shell's Frankenstein this is a +modern bis carof uh and here they + + align:start position:0% +modern bis carof uh and here they + + + align:start position:0% +modern bis carof uh and here they +emphasize the electric nature and it's + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the electric nature and it's + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the electric nature and it's +not quite that strong in the original + + align:start position:0% +not quite that strong in the original + + + align:start position:0% +not quite that strong in the original +Mary Shelly work and and and the the + + align:start position:0% +Mary Shelly work and and and the the + + + align:start position:0% +Mary Shelly work and and and the the +monster of Frankenstein is actually in + + align:start position:0% +monster of Frankenstein is actually in + + + align:start position:0% +monster of Frankenstein is actually in +some ways a paragon of reason I don't + + align:start position:0% +some ways a paragon of reason I don't + + + align:start position:0% +some ways a paragon of reason I don't +know how many people have read uh + + align:start position:0% +know how many people have read uh + + + align:start position:0% +know how many people have read uh +Frankenstein okay he he has a whole sort + + align:start position:0% +Frankenstein okay he he has a whole sort + + + align:start position:0% +Frankenstein okay he he has a whole sort +of understanding and philosophy of life + + align:start position:0% +of understanding and philosophy of life + + + align:start position:0% +of understanding and philosophy of life +or but the notion of a uh of a being + + align:start position:0% +or but the notion of a uh of a being + + + align:start position:0% +or but the notion of a uh of a being +that is generated through some kind of + + align:start position:0% +that is generated through some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that is generated through some kind of +natural force in a laboratory this is + + align:start position:0% +natural force in a laboratory this is + + + align:start position:0% +natural force in a laboratory this is +a kind of a spectacular idea and this + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a spectacular idea and this + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a spectacular idea and this +idea has always fascinated popular + + align:start position:0% +idea has always fascinated popular + + + align:start position:0% +idea has always fascinated popular +culture I mean we all know the story of + + align:start position:0% +culture I mean we all know the story of + + + align:start position:0% +culture I mean we all know the story of +Frankenstein these were all works that + + align:start position:0% +Frankenstein these were all works that + + + align:start position:0% +Frankenstein these were all works that +uh that reflect on the + + align:start position:0% +uh that reflect on the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that reflect on the +incredible um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +preoccupation of the 19th century with + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation of the 19th century with + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation of the 19th century with +the Mind itself and the brain and the + + align:start position:0% +the Mind itself and the brain and the + + + align:start position:0% +the Mind itself and the brain and the +fact that these two things are and we + + align:start position:0% +fact that these two things are and we + + + align:start position:0% +fact that these two things are and we +can see this kind of spirit of thinking + + align:start position:0% +can see this kind of spirit of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +can see this kind of spirit of thinking +about you know processes like mental + + align:start position:0% +about you know processes like mental + + + align:start position:0% +about you know processes like mental +processes in a physical way as part of + + align:start position:0% +processes in a physical way as part of + + + align:start position:0% +processes in a physical way as part of +the spirit of the 19th century and it it + + align:start position:0% +the spirit of the 19th century and it it + + + align:start position:0% +the spirit of the 19th century and it it +it emerges in in the science and it + + align:start position:0% +it emerges in in the science and it + + + align:start position:0% +it emerges in in the science and it +emerges in the literary works + + align:start position:0% +emerges in the literary works + + + align:start position:0% +emerges in the literary works +uh it's it's in the culture it's it's + + align:start position:0% +uh it's it's in the culture it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's it's in the culture it's it's +something that's emerging there's + + align:start position:0% +something that's emerging there's + + + align:start position:0% +something that's emerging there's +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +a a progressive sense of + + align:start position:0% +a a progressive sense of + + + align:start position:0% +a a progressive sense of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um so then + + align:start position:0% +um so then + + + align:start position:0% +um so then +uh malus says to elicit an etherial + + align:start position:0% +uh malus says to elicit an etherial + + + align:start position:0% +uh malus says to elicit an etherial +Spark from the clot of + + align:start position:0% +Spark from the clot of + + + align:start position:0% +Spark from the clot of +clay so he says God is constantly + + align:start position:0% +clay so he says God is constantly + + + align:start position:0% +clay so he says God is constantly +occupied in forming mind out of + + align:start position:0% +occupied in forming mind out of + + + align:start position:0% +occupied in forming mind out of +manner mind out of + + align:start position:0% +manner mind out of + + + align:start position:0% +manner mind out of +matter what does he mean what's what's + + align:start position:0% +matter what does he mean what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +matter what does he mean what's what's +Malthus getting at here you buy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it and how does this come back to as + + align:start position:0% +it and how does this come back to as + + + align:start position:0% +it and how does this come back to as +a I won't say a justification but a + + align:start position:0% +a I won't say a justification but a + + + align:start position:0% +a I won't say a justification but a +rationalization or an understanding of + + align:start position:0% +rationalization or an understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +rationalization or an understanding of +the first part of his essay in which he + + align:start position:0% +the first part of his essay in which he + + + align:start position:0% +the first part of his essay in which he +said you know forget it the population + + align:start position:0% +said you know forget it the population + + + align:start position:0% +said you know forget it the population +is always going to outstrip uh + + align:start position:0% +is always going to outstrip uh + + + align:start position:0% +is always going to outstrip uh +production and they going to be you know + + align:start position:0% +production and they going to be you know + + + align:start position:0% +production and they going to be you know +all these different uh Corrections are + + align:start position:0% +all these different uh Corrections are + + + align:start position:0% +all these different uh Corrections are +going to take place + + align:start position:0% +going to take place + + + align:start position:0% +going to take place +yeah it's kind of saying that since God + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's kind of saying that since God + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's kind of saying that since God +didn't create a perfect world um the the + + align:start position:0% +didn't create a perfect world um the the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't create a perfect world um the the +intention is sort of that the work that + + align:start position:0% +intention is sort of that the work that + + + align:start position:0% +intention is sort of that the work that +humans have to put in in order to + + align:start position:0% +humans have to put in in order to + + + align:start position:0% +humans have to put in in order to +survive um improves the mind and + + align:start position:0% +survive um improves the mind and + + + align:start position:0% +survive um improves the mind and +develops it so that imperfect world is + + align:start position:0% +develops it so that imperfect world is + + + align:start position:0% +develops it so that imperfect world is +what people have been given by God and + + align:start position:0% +what people have been given by God and + + + align:start position:0% +what people have been given by God and +in order to survive in that world in + + align:start position:0% +in order to survive in that world in + + + align:start position:0% +in order to survive in that world in +order to + + align:start position:0% +order to + + + align:start position:0% +order to +become uh to to exist + + align:start position:0% +become uh to to exist + + + align:start position:0% +become uh to to exist +they have to figure out how to do things + + align:start position:0% +they have to figure out how to do things + + + align:start position:0% +they have to figure out how to do things +they have to + + align:start position:0% +they have to + + + align:start position:0% +they have to +improve and one of the great approaches + + align:start position:0% +improve and one of the great approaches + + + align:start position:0% +improve and one of the great approaches +to improving the world is + + align:start position:0% +to improving the world is + + + align:start position:0% +to improving the world is +through the mental processing of + + align:start position:0% +through the mental processing of + + + align:start position:0% +through the mental processing of +experience humans + + align:start position:0% +experience humans + + + align:start position:0% +experience humans +learn they become better at doing what + + align:start position:0% +learn they become better at doing what + + + align:start position:0% +learn they become better at doing what +they're + + align:start position:0% +they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're +doing and there's a a concept of + + align:start position:0% +doing and there's a a concept of + + + align:start position:0% +doing and there's a a concept of +progress here progress as sort of + + align:start position:0% +progress here progress as sort of + + + align:start position:0% +progress here progress as sort of +delivering a um an improved set of + + align:start position:0% +delivering a um an improved set of + + + align:start position:0% +delivering a um an improved set of +circumstances for + + align:start position:0% +circumstances for + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances for +humans that has resulted + + align:start position:0% +humans that has resulted + + + align:start position:0% +humans that has resulted +from their their their + + align:start position:0% +from their their their + + + align:start position:0% +from their their their +struggles I mean he's trying to say + + align:start position:0% +struggles I mean he's trying to say + + + align:start position:0% +struggles I mean he's trying to say +you're not just a victim of this + + align:start position:0% +you're not just a victim of this + + + align:start position:0% +you're not just a victim of this +population uh + + align:start position:0% +population uh + + + align:start position:0% +population uh +dilemma humans have you know they may + + align:start position:0% +dilemma humans have you know they may + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma humans have you know they may +not be capable of becoming perfect + + align:start position:0% +not be capable of becoming perfect + + + align:start position:0% +not be capable of becoming perfect +entities whatever those are but they can + + align:start position:0% +entities whatever those are but they can + + + align:start position:0% +entities whatever those are but they can +do things for + + align:start position:0% +do things for + + + align:start position:0% +do things for +themselves they have have this uh you + + align:start position:0% +themselves they have have this uh you + + + align:start position:0% +themselves they have have this uh you +know this this uh this human + + align:start position:0% +know this this uh this human + + + align:start position:0% +know this this uh this human +reason and you know they can they can do + + align:start position:0% +reason and you know they can they can do + + + align:start position:0% +reason and you know they can they can do +all sorts of interesting things to uh + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of interesting things to uh + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of interesting things to uh +improve their + + align:start position:0% +improve their + + + align:start position:0% +improve their +conditions and so there is there is in + + align:start position:0% +conditions and so there is there is in + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and so there is there is in +malus at least + + align:start position:0% +malus at least + + + align:start position:0% +malus at least +a moderate sense of progress it's it's + + align:start position:0% +a moderate sense of progress it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +a moderate sense of progress it's it's +it's not as it's not the same optimism + + align:start position:0% +it's not as it's not the same optimism + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as it's not the same optimism +as uh Adam Smith is + + align:start position:0% +as uh Adam Smith is + + + align:start position:0% +as uh Adam Smith is +it I mean who who who who do you find a + + align:start position:0% +it I mean who who who who do you find a + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean who who who who do you find a +more congenial philosopher uh Smith or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +malus I mean what do you what do you + + align:start position:0% +malus I mean what do you what do you + + + align:start position:0% +malus I mean what do you what do you +make of this malthusian I mean is it + + align:start position:0% +make of this malthusian I mean is it + + + align:start position:0% +make of this malthusian I mean is it +first of all do you think is is it uh is + + align:start position:0% +first of all do you think is is it uh is + + + align:start position:0% +first of all do you think is is it uh is +it true + + align:start position:0% +it true + + + align:start position:0% +it true +today are we stuck in a + + align:start position:0% +today are we stuck in a + + + align:start position:0% +today are we stuck in a +malthusian predicament + + align:start position:0% +malthusian predicament + + + align:start position:0% +malthusian predicament +David well the biggest thing for me um + + align:start position:0% +David well the biggest thing for me um + + + align:start position:0% +David well the biggest thing for me um +that I sort of I completely agreed with + + align:start position:0% +that I sort of I completely agreed with + + + align:start position:0% +that I sort of I completely agreed with +was the whole idea that necessity leads + + align:start position:0% +was the whole idea that necessity leads + + + align:start position:0% +was the whole idea that necessity leads +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +invention um and you can see it in + + align:start position:0% +invention um and you can see it in + + + align:start position:0% +invention um and you can see it in +everyday life with + + align:start position:0% +everyday life with + + + align:start position:0% +everyday life with +technology and people trying to fill in + + align:start position:0% +technology and people trying to fill in + + + align:start position:0% +technology and people trying to fill in +needs um with + + align:start position:0% +needs um with + + + align:start position:0% +needs um with +imagination so in some sense that does + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say that we live in a malthusian world + + align:start position:0% +say that we live in a malthusian world + + + align:start position:0% +say that we live in a malthusian world +and that we're just + + align:start position:0% +and that we're just + + + align:start position:0% +and that we're just +constantly + + align:start position:0% +constantly + + + align:start position:0% +constantly +just getting better of by our progress + + align:start position:0% +just getting better of by our progress + + + align:start position:0% +just getting better of by our progress +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +technology + + align:start position:0% +technology + + + align:start position:0% +technology +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah okay so there is a there is a you + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so there is a there is a you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so there is a there is a you +you agree that there there's a kind of a + + align:start position:0% +you agree that there there's a kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +you agree that there there's a kind of a +fundamental truth here that um the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental truth here that um the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental truth here that um the +conflicts and insufficiencies of Life + + align:start position:0% +conflicts and insufficiencies of Life + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts and insufficiencies of Life +Drive and you know the suffering of Life + + align:start position:0% +Drive and you know the suffering of Life + + + align:start position:0% +Drive and you know the suffering of Life +drive us to Innovations VAR sorts I mean + + align:start position:0% +drive us to Innovations VAR sorts I mean + + + align:start position:0% +drive us to Innovations VAR sorts I mean +why else would + + align:start position:0% +why else would + + + align:start position:0% +why else would +people uh why else would + + align:start position:0% +people uh why else would + + + align:start position:0% +people uh why else would +people do this well you could say maybe + + align:start position:0% +people do this well you could say maybe + + + align:start position:0% +people do this well you could say maybe +just on a human curiosity but uh you + + align:start position:0% +just on a human curiosity but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +just on a human curiosity but uh you +know the the kind of progress that is is + + align:start position:0% +know the the kind of progress that is is + + + align:start position:0% +know the the kind of progress that is is +being U uh driven by The Human Condition + + align:start position:0% +being U uh driven by The Human Condition + + + align:start position:0% +being U uh driven by The Human Condition +is is seems much greater than just what + + align:start position:0% +is is seems much greater than just what + + + align:start position:0% +is is seems much greater than just what +would result from + + align:start position:0% +would result from + + + align:start position:0% +would result from +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +curiosity um so yeah there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +curiosity um so yeah there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity um so yeah there's a lot of +necessity here to these uh + + align:start position:0% +necessity here to these uh + + + align:start position:0% +necessity here to these uh +Innovations and they make possible all + + align:start position:0% +Innovations and they make possible all + + + align:start position:0% +Innovations and they make possible all +sorts of things um he uses the metaphor + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things um he uses the metaphor + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things um he uses the metaphor +of a tree in in in in one of the + + align:start position:0% +of a tree in in in in one of the + + + align:start position:0% +of a tree in in in in one of the +chapters I had you read anybody remember + + align:start position:0% +chapters I had you read anybody remember + + + align:start position:0% +chapters I had you read anybody remember +that metaphor where he talks about the + + align:start position:0% +that metaphor where he talks about the + + + align:start position:0% +that metaphor where he talks about the +tree he talks about the leaves and all + + align:start position:0% +tree he talks about the leaves and all + + + align:start position:0% +tree he talks about the leaves and all +the branches and then the trunk and then + + align:start position:0% +the branches and then the trunk and then + + + align:start position:0% +the branches and then the trunk and then +the roots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah he was kind of saying that like a + + align:start position:0% +yeah he was kind of saying that like a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah he was kind of saying that like a +person who wants Lumber really only + + align:start position:0% +person who wants Lumber really only + + + align:start position:0% +person who wants Lumber really only +finds the trunk useful um but that to + + align:start position:0% +finds the trunk useful um but that to + + + align:start position:0% +finds the trunk useful um but that to +some extent the roots and leaves are + + align:start position:0% +some extent the roots and leaves are + + + align:start position:0% +some extent the roots and leaves are +necessary for the rest of the tree to + + align:start position:0% +necessary for the rest of the tree to + + + align:start position:0% +necessary for the rest of the tree to +grow yes so there's always going to be + + align:start position:0% +grow yes so there's always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +grow yes so there's always going to be +some negative aspect or something else + + align:start position:0% +some negative aspect or something else + + + align:start position:0% +some negative aspect or something else +there in order to get the part that you + + align:start position:0% +there in order to get the part that you + + + align:start position:0% +there in order to get the part that you +or and who are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +leaves the excessive Thrills of society + + align:start position:0% +leaves the excessive Thrills of society + + + align:start position:0% +leaves the excessive Thrills of society +what the excessive Frills of society yes + + align:start position:0% +what the excessive Frills of society yes + + + align:start position:0% +what the excessive Frills of society yes +see all the you know the the the the uh + + align:start position:0% +see all the you know the the the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +see all the you know the the the the uh +upper the upper classes + + align:start position:0% +upper the upper classes + + + align:start position:0% +upper the upper classes +the and then the roots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are ler underground lower classes of + + align:start position:0% +are ler underground lower classes of + + + align:start position:0% +are ler underground lower classes of +people and you know his his point is uh + + align:start position:0% +people and you know his his point is uh + + + align:start position:0% +people and you know his his point is uh +what is the point of the tree metaphor I + + align:start position:0% +what is the point of the tree metaphor I + + + align:start position:0% +what is the point of the tree metaphor I +mean in some ways it + + align:start position:0% +mean in some ways it + + + align:start position:0% +mean in some ways it +captures the middle class then well yeah + + align:start position:0% +captures the middle class then well yeah + + + align:start position:0% +captures the middle class then well yeah +he does say you know to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +he does say you know to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +he does say you know to the extent that +we can expand the trunk and you know + + align:start position:0% +we can expand the trunk and you know + + + align:start position:0% +we can expand the trunk and you know +this this we should pursue because uh + + align:start position:0% +this this we should pursue because uh + + + align:start position:0% +this this we should pursue because uh +malus really does have a moral view of + + align:start position:0% +malus really does have a moral view of + + + align:start position:0% +malus really does have a moral view of +the world even though he finds it as a + + align:start position:0% +the world even though he finds it as a + + + align:start position:0% +the world even though he finds it as a +you know a place of conflict and so + + align:start position:0% +you know a place of conflict and so + + + align:start position:0% +you know a place of conflict and so +forth his own view of the world is + + align:start position:0% +forth his own view of the world is + + + align:start position:0% +forth his own view of the world is +deeply + + align:start position:0% +deeply + + + align:start position:0% +deeply +moral he believes in but does he + + align:start position:0% +moral he believes in but does he + + + align:start position:0% +moral he believes in but does he +believed you can ever get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +believed you can ever get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +believed you can ever get rid of the +branches uh the the the leaves or the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +roots you need them all + + align:start position:0% +roots you need them all + + + align:start position:0% +roots you need them all +together they're all all the time and + + align:start position:0% +together they're all all the time and + + + align:start position:0% +together they're all all the time and +you know without the roots uh you know + + align:start position:0% +you know without the roots uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know without the roots uh you know +you wouldn't have the tree and without + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't have the tree and without + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't have the tree and without +the leaves you wouldn't have the tree + + align:start position:0% +the leaves you wouldn't have the tree + + + align:start position:0% +the leaves you wouldn't have the tree +but yeah the idea is to try to expand + + align:start position:0% +but yeah the idea is to try to expand + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah the idea is to try to expand +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +middle so of course there you know later + + align:start position:0% +middle so of course there you know later + + + align:start position:0% +middle so of course there you know later +uh with you know the the poor people and + + align:start position:0% +uh with you know the the poor people and + + + align:start position:0% +uh with you know the the poor people and +you know the fact that uh you know many + + align:start position:0% +you know the fact that uh you know many + + + align:start position:0% +you know the fact that uh you know many +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +suffered uh this is what upset many + + align:start position:0% +suffered uh this is what upset many + + + align:start position:0% +suffered uh this is what upset many +people with malus it seemed that uh + + align:start position:0% +people with malus it seemed that uh + + + align:start position:0% +people with malus it seemed that uh +malus was sort of accepting this kind of + + align:start position:0% +malus was sort of accepting this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +malus was sort of accepting this kind of +U uh condition + + align:start position:0% +U uh condition + + + align:start position:0% +U uh condition +dilemma um as simply a permanent part of + + align:start position:0% +dilemma um as simply a permanent part of + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma um as simply a permanent part of +human + + align:start position:0% +human + + + align:start position:0% +human +existence and that uh and that he was + + align:start position:0% +existence and that uh and that he was + + + align:start position:0% +existence and that uh and that he was +arguing as indeed it can be it can be uh + + align:start position:0% +arguing as indeed it can be it can be uh + + + align:start position:0% +arguing as indeed it can be it can be uh +insisted that this was going to be with + + align:start position:0% +insisted that this was going to be with + + + align:start position:0% +insisted that this was going to be with +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +forever there would always be the masses + + align:start position:0% +forever there would always be the masses + + + align:start position:0% +forever there would always be the masses +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +poor and although malus had a theory of + + align:start position:0% +poor and although malus had a theory of + + + align:start position:0% +poor and although malus had a theory of +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +progress it was matched + + align:start position:0% +progress it was matched + + + align:start position:0% +progress it was matched +by uh a general sense that even with + + align:start position:0% +by uh a general sense that even with + + + align:start position:0% +by uh a general sense that even with +progress population was simply going to + + align:start position:0% +progress population was simply going to + + + align:start position:0% +progress population was simply going to +outstrip the + + align:start position:0% +outstrip the + + + align:start position:0% +outstrip the +possibilities and uh eventually you + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and uh eventually you + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and uh eventually you +would end up back with uh the same set + + align:start position:0% +would end up back with uh the same set + + + align:start position:0% +would end up back with uh the same set +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +problems at a higher level any other + + align:start position:0% +problems at a higher level any other + + + align:start position:0% +problems at a higher level any other +thoughts + + align:start position:0% +thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +malus he uh he does you know + + align:start position:0% +malus he uh he does you know + + + align:start position:0% +malus he uh he does you know +uh hold that uh you know this is this is + + align:start position:0% +uh hold that uh you know this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh hold that uh you know this is this is +all uh all it all works out in some way + + align:start position:0% +all uh all it all works out in some way + + + align:start position:0% +all uh all it all works out in some way +uh so the malthusian system uh malus + + align:start position:0% +uh so the malthusian system uh malus + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the malthusian system uh malus +himself uh as was mentioned + + align:start position:0% +himself uh as was mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +himself uh as was mentioned +earlier sort of accepts the imperfect + + align:start position:0% +earlier sort of accepts the imperfect + + + align:start position:0% +earlier sort of accepts the imperfect +nature of the + + align:start position:0% +nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +nature of the +world as a source of motivation of + + align:start position:0% +world as a source of motivation of + + + align:start position:0% +world as a source of motivation of +humans to better + + align:start position:0% +humans to better + + + align:start position:0% +humans to better +behavior and in some ways this kind + + align:start position:0% +behavior and in some ways this kind + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and in some ways this kind +of uh justifies the world is it + + align:start position:0% +of uh justifies the world is it + + + align:start position:0% +of uh justifies the world is it +not I mean is he uh well let me let me + + align:start position:0% +not I mean is he uh well let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +not I mean is he uh well let me let me +put this another way is is is Mal is + + align:start position:0% +put this another way is is is Mal is + + + align:start position:0% +put this another way is is is Mal is +melus a panglossian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thinker + + align:start position:0% +thinker + + + align:start position:0% +thinker +yeah um I would say no in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +yeah um I would say no in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um I would say no in the sense that +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +doesn't feel he he sees a problem in the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't feel he he sees a problem in the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't feel he he sees a problem in the +world whereas I feel pain gloss would + + align:start position:0% +world whereas I feel pain gloss would + + + align:start position:0% +world whereas I feel pain gloss would +more say this is the best that could + + align:start position:0% +more say this is the best that could + + + align:start position:0% +more say this is the best that could +happen um and then malus says there's + + align:start position:0% +happen um and then malus says there's + + + align:start position:0% +happen um and then malus says there's +there's an imperfection in the world + + align:start position:0% +there's an imperfection in the world + + + align:start position:0% +there's an imperfection in the world +humans aren't + + align:start position:0% +humans aren't + + + align:start position:0% +humans aren't +perfect but that imperfection and + + align:start position:0% +perfect but that imperfection and + + + align:start position:0% +perfect but that imperfection and +variety leads to some mode of + + align:start position:0% +variety leads to some mode of + + + align:start position:0% +variety leads to some mode of +survival that we can all um proceed with + + align:start position:0% +survival that we can all um proceed with + + + align:start position:0% +survival that we can all um proceed with +um pingos pingos I feel would be a lot + + align:start position:0% +um pingos pingos I feel would be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +um pingos pingos I feel would be a lot +more passive in the sense this is the + + align:start position:0% +more passive in the sense this is the + + + align:start position:0% +more passive in the sense this is the +best and we should just leave it at that + + align:start position:0% +best and we should just leave it at that + + + align:start position:0% +best and we should just leave it at that +there's nothing we can do about it he's + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing we can do about it he's + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing we can do about it he's +more more of a + + align:start position:0% +more more of a + + + align:start position:0% +more more of a +fatalist okay that's that's a good point + + align:start position:0% +fatalist okay that's that's a good point + + + align:start position:0% +fatalist okay that's that's a good point +Claire did you um well yeah but + + align:start position:0% +Claire did you um well yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +Claire did you um well yeah but +then as we were looking at when we were + + align:start position:0% +then as we were looking at when we were + + + align:start position:0% +then as we were looking at when we were +reading HDE like he did say that things + + align:start position:0% +reading HDE like he did say that things + + + align:start position:0% +reading HDE like he did say that things +the world was the best of all possible + + align:start position:0% +the world was the best of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +the world was the best of all possible +worlds but then he did acknowledge that + + align:start position:0% +worlds but then he did acknowledge that + + + align:start position:0% +worlds but then he did acknowledge that +there had to be a certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +there had to be a certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +there had to be a certain amount of +suffering and that he was suffering of + + align:start position:0% +suffering and that he was suffering of + + + align:start position:0% +suffering and that he was suffering of +syphilis and all of these things were + + align:start position:0% +syphilis and all of these things were + + + align:start position:0% +syphilis and all of these things were +happening but like something good was + + align:start position:0% +happening but like something good was + + + align:start position:0% +happening but like something good was +coming of it but I think where we have + + align:start position:0% +coming of it but I think where we have + + + align:start position:0% +coming of it but I think where we have +to distinguish between the two ideas + + align:start position:0% +to distinguish between the two ideas + + + align:start position:0% +to distinguish between the two ideas +because from from that point of view + + align:start position:0% +because from from that point of view + + + align:start position:0% +because from from that point of view +like they are similar and then there's + + align:start position:0% +like they are similar and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +like they are similar and then there's +some suffering and there's some bad + + align:start position:0% +some suffering and there's some bad + + + align:start position:0% +some suffering and there's some bad +towards a better cause but + + align:start position:0% +towards a better cause but + + + align:start position:0% +towards a better cause but +then the better cause kind of overrules + + align:start position:0% +then the better cause kind of overrules + + + align:start position:0% +then the better cause kind of overrules +everything in the world of pongos but + + align:start position:0% +everything in the world of pongos but + + + align:start position:0% +everything in the world of pongos but +then in with malthus's perspective like + + align:start position:0% +then in with malthus's perspective like + + + align:start position:0% +then in with malthus's perspective like +there's always going to be some bad and + + align:start position:0% +there's always going to be some bad and + + + align:start position:0% +there's always going to be some bad and +nothing's ever going to be perfect so I + + align:start position:0% +nothing's ever going to be perfect so I + + + align:start position:0% +nothing's ever going to be perfect so I +think they had two very different + + align:start position:0% +think they had two very different + + + align:start position:0% +think they had two very different +definitions of perfect and two different + + align:start position:0% +definitions of perfect and two different + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of perfect and two different +ideas of what that word embodied but + + align:start position:0% +ideas of what that word embodied but + + + align:start position:0% +ideas of what that word embodied but +yeah so there was some similarities + + align:start position:0% +yeah so there was some similarities + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so there was some similarities +but a little bit of difference Chris + + align:start position:0% +but a little bit of difference Chris + + + align:start position:0% +but a little bit of difference Chris +what do you + + align:start position:0% +what do you + + + align:start position:0% +what do you +think is he a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p i' said no + + align:start position:0% +p i' said no + + + align:start position:0% +p i' said no +it seems that he isn't as + + align:start position:0% +it seems that he isn't as + + + align:start position:0% +it seems that he isn't as +optimistic it seems + + align:start position:0% +optimistic it seems + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic it seems +that he he takes a very fatalistic view + + align:start position:0% +that he he takes a very fatalistic view + + + align:start position:0% +that he he takes a very fatalistic view +you you think Mal has a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +you you think Mal has a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +you you think Mal has a sort of a +fatalistic view exactly yeah and in in + + align:start position:0% +fatalistic view exactly yeah and in in + + + align:start position:0% +fatalistic view exactly yeah and in in +what sense in that well we we talked + + align:start position:0% +what sense in that well we we talked + + + align:start position:0% +what sense in that well we we talked +about his uh conceding the the + + align:start position:0% +about his uh conceding the the + + + align:start position:0% +about his uh conceding the the +necessarily the necessary existence + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the necessary existence + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the necessary existence +of poverty MH and so + + align:start position:0% +of poverty MH and so + + + align:start position:0% +of poverty MH and so +so that's one example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I yeah okay yeah I mean certainly there + + align:start position:0% +I yeah okay yeah I mean certainly there + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah okay yeah I mean certainly there +were many people who really found melus + + align:start position:0% +were many people who really found melus + + + align:start position:0% +were many people who really found melus +kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh +tiresome and and and wrong is malus uh + + align:start position:0% +tiresome and and and wrong is malus uh + + + align:start position:0% +tiresome and and and wrong is malus uh +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +malus let me let let me put a question a + + align:start position:0% +malus let me let let me put a question a + + + align:start position:0% +malus let me let let me put a question a +different way is melus less right today + + align:start position:0% +different way is melus less right today + + + align:start position:0% +different way is melus less right today +than he was in his own time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we we're still driven by uh trying + + align:start position:0% +yeah we we're still driven by uh trying + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we we're still driven by uh trying +to get away from Pain rather than going + + align:start position:0% +to get away from Pain rather than going + + + align:start position:0% +to get away from Pain rather than going +towards pleasure so I say that's still + + align:start position:0% +towards pleasure so I say that's still + + + align:start position:0% +towards pleasure so I say that's still +very true especially with technology + + align:start position:0% +very true especially with technology + + + align:start position:0% +very true especially with technology +nowadays it's just so we we can save + + align:start position:0% +nowadays it's just so we we can save + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays it's just so we we can save +some fraction of time and be lazier yeah + + align:start position:0% +some fraction of time and be lazier yeah + + + align:start position:0% +some fraction of time and be lazier yeah +that s I'd say he still definitely right + + align:start position:0% +that s I'd say he still definitely right + + + align:start position:0% +that s I'd say he still definitely right +okay so there's some kind of dynamic + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's some kind of dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's some kind of dynamic +where we're still trying to uh I mean + + align:start position:0% +where we're still trying to uh I mean + + + align:start position:0% +where we're still trying to uh I mean +what are we all doing here at MIT we're + + align:start position:0% +what are we all doing here at MIT we're + + + align:start position:0% +what are we all doing here at MIT we're +you know we're trying to to improve the + + align:start position:0% +you know we're trying to to improve the + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're trying to to improve the +the envelope if you will between humans + + align:start position:0% +the envelope if you will between humans + + + align:start position:0% +the envelope if you will between humans +and the natural world uh whether it's + + align:start position:0% +and the natural world uh whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +and the natural world uh whether it's +developing better sources for storing + + align:start position:0% +developing better sources for storing + + + align:start position:0% +developing better sources for storing +electricity or new materials to uh + + align:start position:0% +electricity or new materials to uh + + + align:start position:0% +electricity or new materials to uh +insulate or + + align:start position:0% +insulate or + + + align:start position:0% +insulate or +to uh conduct currents or whatever I + + align:start position:0% +to uh conduct currents or whatever I + + + align:start position:0% +to uh conduct currents or whatever I +mean all this stuff is in some ways + + align:start position:0% +mean all this stuff is in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +mean all this stuff is in some ways +devoted to improving The Human + + align:start position:0% +devoted to improving The Human + + + align:start position:0% +devoted to improving The Human +Condition I mean sometimes times it + + align:start position:0% +Condition I mean sometimes times it + + + align:start position:0% +Condition I mean sometimes times it +dribbles off into just improving the + + align:start position:0% +dribbles off into just improving the + + + align:start position:0% +dribbles off into just improving the +pleasure of life but you know that's + + align:start position:0% +pleasure of life but you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure of life but you know that's +still part of uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +still part of uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +still part of uh uh the +project but you know this this notion + + align:start position:0% +project but you know this this notion + + + align:start position:0% +project but you know this this notion +that humans are in a kind of an iron + + align:start position:0% +that humans are in a kind of an iron + + + align:start position:0% +that humans are in a kind of an iron +Vice that + + align:start position:0% +Vice that + + + align:start position:0% +Vice that +is caught between their tendency to outp + + align:start position:0% +is caught between their tendency to outp + + + align:start position:0% +is caught between their tendency to outp +populate + + align:start position:0% +populate + + + align:start position:0% +populate +the uh growth of their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resources um that concept is uh I mean + + align:start position:0% +resources um that concept is uh I mean + + + align:start position:0% +resources um that concept is uh I mean +it was very powerful and palpable to to + + align:start position:0% +it was very powerful and palpable to to + + + align:start position:0% +it was very powerful and palpable to to +new to um malus in his + + align:start position:0% +new to um malus in his + + + align:start position:0% +new to um malus in his +time and he looked around he did some + + align:start position:0% +time and he looked around he did some + + + align:start position:0% +time and he looked around he did some +numbers he got some County statistics he + + align:start position:0% +numbers he got some County statistics he + + + align:start position:0% +numbers he got some County statistics he +and voila you saw yes indeed death rates + + align:start position:0% +and voila you saw yes indeed death rates + + + align:start position:0% +and voila you saw yes indeed death rates +and so forth uh you know fluctuate and + + align:start position:0% +and so forth uh you know fluctuate and + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth uh you know fluctuate and +there's kind of a correction that takes + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of a correction that takes + + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of a correction that takes +place through various things that people + + align:start position:0% +place through various things that people + + + align:start position:0% +place through various things that people +do and if you scale that up to large + + align:start position:0% +do and if you scale that up to large + + + align:start position:0% +do and if you scale that up to large +numbers of people they do very large + + align:start position:0% +numbers of people they do very large + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of people they do very large +things like immigrate in the millions + + align:start position:0% +things like immigrate in the millions + + + align:start position:0% +things like immigrate in the millions +and you know go to war and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +and you know go to war and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +and you know go to war and so on and so +forth the rate of change of technology + + align:start position:0% +forth the rate of change of technology + + + align:start position:0% +forth the rate of change of technology +in the last uh in in in the 200 plus + + align:start position:0% +in the last uh in in in the 200 plus + + + align:start position:0% +in the last uh in in in the 200 plus +years since malus's time has been + + align:start position:0% +years since malus's time has been + + + align:start position:0% +years since malus's time has been +profound and yeah we can we can keep up + + align:start position:0% +profound and yeah we can we can keep up + + + align:start position:0% +profound and yeah we can we can keep up +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +populations in in food and so forth what + + align:start position:0% +populations in in food and so forth what + + + align:start position:0% +populations in in food and so forth what +is the limiting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factor what's the great limiting factor + + align:start position:0% +factor what's the great limiting factor + + + align:start position:0% +factor what's the great limiting factor +yeah spatial + + align:start position:0% +yeah spatial + + + align:start position:0% +yeah spatial +constraints yeah space we just you know + + align:start position:0% +constraints yeah space we just you know + + + align:start position:0% +constraints yeah space we just you know +we can probably find resources to keep + + align:start position:0% +we can probably find resources to keep + + + align:start position:0% +we can probably find resources to keep +up with + + align:start position:0% +up with + + + align:start position:0% +up with +populations if we uh yeah and the moon + + align:start position:0% +populations if we uh yeah and the moon + + + align:start position:0% +populations if we uh yeah and the moon +forget the moon we'll fill that up in + + align:start position:0% +forget the moon we'll fill that up in + + + align:start position:0% +forget the moon we'll fill that up in +about uh you know two generations or so + + align:start position:0% +about uh you know two generations or so + + + align:start position:0% +about uh you know two generations or so +you know that that + + align:start position:0% +you know that that + + + align:start position:0% +you know that that +uh you know uh uh I think I think the + + align:start position:0% +uh you know uh uh I think I think the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know uh uh I think I think the +Earth is our best shot and keeping it in + + align:start position:0% +Earth is our best shot and keeping it in + + + align:start position:0% +Earth is our best shot and keeping it in +in livable form and trying to keep the + + align:start position:0% +in livable form and trying to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +in livable form and trying to keep the +population growth down to a dull roar or + + align:start position:0% +population growth down to a dull roar or + + + align:start position:0% +population growth down to a dull roar or +even you know Finding ways of limiting + + align:start position:0% +even you know Finding ways of limiting + + + align:start position:0% +even you know Finding ways of limiting +it and and stabilizing it those are all + + align:start position:0% +it and and stabilizing it those are all + + + align:start position:0% +it and and stabilizing it those are all +Great Hopes I I I think those are + + align:start position:0% +Great Hopes I I I think those are + + + align:start position:0% +Great Hopes I I I think those are +greater things to aim for than merging + + align:start position:0% +greater things to aim for than merging + + + align:start position:0% +greater things to aim for than merging +with computers myself my own sense you + + align:start position:0% +with computers myself my own sense you + + + align:start position:0% +with computers myself my own sense you +know let's work with the Earth and see + + align:start position:0% +know let's work with the Earth and see + + + align:start position:0% +know let's work with the Earth and see +what we can do to make it a uh + + align:start position:0% +what we can do to make it a uh + + + align:start position:0% +what we can do to make it a uh +environment where people can live and + + align:start position:0% +environment where people can live and + + + align:start position:0% +environment where people can live and +and and and survive with without uh undo + + align:start position:0% +and and and survive with without uh undo + + + align:start position:0% +and and and survive with without uh undo +suffering but um we have these + + align:start position:0% +suffering but um we have these + + + align:start position:0% +suffering but um we have these +capabilities they're basically you + + align:start position:0% +capabilities they're basically you + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities they're basically you +know there uh organizing them getting + + align:start position:0% +know there uh organizing them getting + + + align:start position:0% +know there uh organizing them getting +them sorted out uh distribution there + + align:start position:0% +them sorted out uh distribution there + + + align:start position:0% +them sorted out uh distribution there +are lots and lots of problems but + + align:start position:0% +are lots and lots of problems but + + + align:start position:0% +are lots and lots of problems but +uh at least 50 years so anyone who's + + align:start position:0% +uh at least 50 years so anyone who's + + + align:start position:0% +uh at least 50 years so anyone who's +complaining about not being prepared + + align:start position:0% +complaining about not being prepared + + + align:start position:0% +complaining about not being prepared +doesn't know what they're talking about + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know what they're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know what they're talking about +I I tend to agree with you yeah so uh so + + align:start position:0% +I I tend to agree with you yeah so uh so + + + align:start position:0% +I I tend to agree with you yeah so uh so +that's that's the problem it's just you + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the problem it's just you + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the problem it's just you +know the human inability to manage the + + align:start position:0% +know the human inability to manage the + + + align:start position:0% +know the human inability to manage the +resources and the capabilities that they + + align:start position:0% +resources and the capabilities that they + + + align:start position:0% +resources and the capabilities that they +have the the the notion of getting + + align:start position:0% +have the the the notion of getting + + + align:start position:0% +have the the the notion of getting +trapped in and frozen into the + + align:start position:0% +trapped in and frozen into the + + + align:start position:0% +trapped in and frozen into the +malthusian Dilemma is you know that's + + align:start position:0% +malthusian Dilemma is you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +malthusian Dilemma is you know that's +that's that's something that uh doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that's that's something that uh doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's something that uh doesn't +have to be and uh you know a lot of + + align:start position:0% +have to be and uh you know a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +have to be and uh you know a lot of +things exist to to uh to get us out of + + align:start position:0% +things exist to to uh to get us out of + + + align:start position:0% +things exist to to uh to get us out of +those or to help us get out of those + + align:start position:0% +those or to help us get out of those + + + align:start position:0% +those or to help us get out of those +that predicament but you know as as we + + align:start position:0% +that predicament but you know as as we + + + align:start position:0% +that predicament but you know as as we +mentioned there are limits to + + align:start position:0% +mentioned there are limits to + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned there are limits to +space limits to the amount of uh + + align:start position:0% +space limits to the amount of uh + + + align:start position:0% +space limits to the amount of uh +physical space that you can inhabit so + + align:start position:0% +physical space that you can inhabit so + + + align:start position:0% +physical space that you can inhabit so +you know at some + + align:start position:0% +you know at some + + + align:start position:0% +you know at some +point at some point populations have to + + align:start position:0% +point at some point populations have to + + + align:start position:0% +point at some point populations have to +stabilize + + align:start position:0% +stabilize + + + align:start position:0% +stabilize +um or else you know we'll just run out + + align:start position:0% +um or else you know we'll just run out + + + align:start position:0% +um or else you know we'll just run out +of space \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WW3ZJHPwvyg.txt b/WW3ZJHPwvyg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c44b78f52a3fff52faf2d6830279b14ede3b61c --- /dev/null +++ b/WW3ZJHPwvyg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencare at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bunch of x's and a bunch of and a bunch + + align:start position:0% +bunch of x's and a bunch of and a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of x's and a bunch of and a bunch +of y's the Y's were univariate just one + + align:start position:0% +of y's the Y's were univariate just one + + + align:start position:0% +of y's the Y's were univariate just one +real valued random variable and the X's + + align:start position:0% +real valued random variable and the X's + + + align:start position:0% +real valued random variable and the X's +were vectors that described a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +were vectors that described a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +were vectors that described a bunch of +attributes for say each of our + + align:start position:0% +attributes for say each of our + + + align:start position:0% +attributes for say each of our +individuals or each of our observations + + align:start position:0% +individuals or each of our observations + + + align:start position:0% +individuals or each of our observations +let's assume now that we're given + + align:start position:0% +let's assume now that we're given + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume now that we're given +essentially only the X X's this is + + align:start position:0% +essentially only the X X's this is + + + align:start position:0% +essentially only the X X's this is +sometime referred to as unsupervised + + align:start position:0% +sometime referred to as unsupervised + + + align:start position:0% +sometime referred to as unsupervised +learning there's just the X's uh usually + + align:start position:0% +learning there's just the X's uh usually + + + align:start position:0% +learning there's just the X's uh usually +supervision is done by the by the wise + + align:start position:0% +supervision is done by the by the wise + + + align:start position:0% +supervision is done by the by the wise +and so what you're trying to do is to + + align:start position:0% +and so what you're trying to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +and so what you're trying to do is to +make sense of this data you're going to + + align:start position:0% +make sense of this data you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +make sense of this data you're going to +try to understand this data represent + + align:start position:0% +try to understand this data represent + + + align:start position:0% +try to understand this data represent +this data visualize this data try to + + align:start position:0% +this data visualize this data try to + + + align:start position:0% +this data visualize this data try to +understand something right so if I give + + align:start position:0% +understand something right so if I give + + + align:start position:0% +understand something right so if I give +you a d dimensional random vectors and + + align:start position:0% +you a d dimensional random vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +you a d dimensional random vectors and +you're going to have an independent + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have an independent + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have an independent +copies of this uh individual of this + + align:start position:0% +copies of this uh individual of this + + + align:start position:0% +copies of this uh individual of this +random Vector okay so you will see that + + align:start position:0% +random Vector okay so you will see that + + + align:start position:0% +random Vector okay so you will see that +I'm going to have I'm going to very + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have I'm going to very + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have I'm going to very +quickly run into some limitations about + + align:start position:0% +quickly run into some limitations about + + + align:start position:0% +quickly run into some limitations about +what I can actually draw on the board + + align:start position:0% +what I can actually draw on the board + + + align:start position:0% +what I can actually draw on the board +because I'm using bold face here I'm + + align:start position:0% +because I'm using bold face here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm using bold face here I'm +also going to use the Blackboard bold + + align:start position:0% +also going to use the Blackboard bold + + + align:start position:0% +also going to use the Blackboard bold +face so it's going to be a bit difficult + + align:start position:0% +face so it's going to be a bit difficult + + + align:start position:0% +face so it's going to be a bit difficult +so let me let's uh tell me if you're + + align:start position:0% +so let me let's uh tell me if you're + + + align:start position:0% +so let me let's uh tell me if you're +actually a little uh uh uh confused by + + align:start position:0% +actually a little uh uh uh confused by + + + align:start position:0% +actually a little uh uh uh confused by +what is a vector what is a number and + + align:start position:0% +what is a vector what is a number and + + + align:start position:0% +what is a vector what is a number and +what is a matrix but uh we'll get there + + align:start position:0% +what is a matrix but uh we'll get there + + + align:start position:0% +what is a matrix but uh we'll get there +so I have X in our D and that's a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vector and I have + + align:start position:0% +vector and I have + + + align:start position:0% +vector and I have +X1 to xn are IID they're independent + + align:start position:0% +X1 to xn are IID they're independent + + + align:start position:0% +X1 to xn are IID they're independent +copies of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X okay so you can think of those as + + align:start position:0% +X okay so you can think of those as + + + align:start position:0% +X okay so you can think of those as +being the realization of this guys are + + align:start position:0% +being the realization of this guys are + + + align:start position:0% +being the realization of this guys are +going to be a + + align:start position:0% +going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a +cloud of end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points in R to the D and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +points in R to the D and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +points in R to the D and we're going to +think of d as being fairly large and for + + align:start position:0% +think of d as being fairly large and for + + + align:start position:0% +think of d as being fairly large and for +this to start to make sense we're going + + align:start position:0% +this to start to make sense we're going + + + align:start position:0% +this to start to make sense we're going +to think of d as being at least four + + align:start position:0% +to think of d as being at least four + + + align:start position:0% +to think of d as being at least four +okay and and meaning that you're going + + align:start position:0% +okay and and meaning that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and meaning that you're going +to have a hard time visualizing those + + align:start position:0% +to have a hard time visualizing those + + + align:start position:0% +to have a hard time visualizing those +things if it was three or two you would + + align:start position:0% +things if it was three or two you would + + + align:start position:0% +things if it was three or two you would +be able to draw this points and that's + + align:start position:0% +be able to draw this points and that's + + + align:start position:0% +be able to draw this points and that's +pretty much as much sense you're going + + align:start position:0% +pretty much as much sense you're going + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much as much sense you're going +to be making about those guys just + + align:start position:0% +to be making about those guys just + + + align:start position:0% +to be making about those guys just +looking at the cloud Point all right so + + align:start position:0% +looking at the cloud Point all right so + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the cloud Point all right so +uh I'm going to write each of those + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to write each of those + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to write each of those +X's all right so this Vector X as D + + align:start position:0% +X's all right so this Vector X as D + + + align:start position:0% +X's all right so this Vector X as D +coordinate and I'm going to write them + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and I'm going to write them + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and I'm going to write them +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +X1 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XD uh uh and um I'm going to stack them + + align:start position:0% +XD uh uh and um I'm going to stack them + + + align:start position:0% +XD uh uh and um I'm going to stack them +into a matrix okay so once I have those + + align:start position:0% +into a matrix okay so once I have those + + + align:start position:0% +into a matrix okay so once I have those +guys I'm going to have a matrix but here + + align:start position:0% +guys I'm going to have a matrix but here + + + align:start position:0% +guys I'm going to have a matrix but here +I'm going to use the double bar and it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the double bar and it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the double bar and it's +X1 + + align:start position:0% +X1 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 +transpose xn transpose so what it + + align:start position:0% +transpose xn transpose so what it + + + align:start position:0% +transpose xn transpose so what it +means is that the coordinates of this + + align:start position:0% +means is that the coordinates of this + + + align:start position:0% +means is that the coordinates of this +guy of course are X11 here I have uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +guy of course are X11 here I have uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +guy of course are X11 here I have uh I'm +of size d so I have + + align:start position:0% +of size d so I have + + + align:start position:0% +of size d so I have +x1d and here I have xn1 + + align:start position:0% +x1d and here I have xn1 + + + align:start position:0% +x1d and here I have xn1 +X and d and so the i + + align:start position:0% +X and d and so the i + + + align:start position:0% +X and d and so the i +j i row and J column is the Matrix x i j + + align:start position:0% +j i row and J column is the Matrix x i j + + + align:start position:0% +j i row and J column is the Matrix x i j +right is the entry x i to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry okay so each so the rows here are + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay so each so the rows here are + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay so each so the rows here are +the observations and the columns are the + + align:start position:0% +the observations and the columns are the + + + align:start position:0% +the observations and the columns are the +uh Co variates or attributes okay so + + align:start position:0% +uh Co variates or attributes okay so + + + align:start position:0% +uh Co variates or attributes okay so +this is an N byd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix right this is really just some + + align:start position:0% +Matrix right this is really just some + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix right this is really just some +bookkeeping how do we store this data + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping how do we store this data + + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping how do we store this data +somehow and the fact that we use a + + align:start position:0% +somehow and the fact that we use a + + + align:start position:0% +somehow and the fact that we use a +matrix just like for regression is going + + align:start position:0% +matrix just like for regression is going + + + align:start position:0% +matrix just like for regression is going +to be convenient because we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to be convenient because we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to be convenient because we're going to +be able to talk about projections going + + align:start position:0% +be able to talk about projections going + + + align:start position:0% +be able to talk about projections going +to be able to talk about things like + + align:start position:0% +to be able to talk about things like + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to talk about things like +this all right so everything I'm going + + align:start position:0% +this all right so everything I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so everything I'm going +to say now is about variances or + + align:start position:0% +to say now is about variances or + + + align:start position:0% +to say now is about variances or +covariances of those things which means + + align:start position:0% +covariances of those things which means + + + align:start position:0% +covariances of those things which means +that I need two moments okay if the + + align:start position:0% +that I need two moments okay if the + + + align:start position:0% +that I need two moments okay if the +variance does not exist there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +variance does not exist there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +variance does not exist there's nothing +I can say about this problem so I'm + + align:start position:0% +I can say about this problem so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I can say about this problem so I'm +going to assume that the variance exist + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that the variance exist + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that the variance exist +and one way to just put it is to say + + align:start position:0% +and one way to just put it is to say + + + align:start position:0% +and one way to just put it is to say +that the two Norm of those guys is + + align:start position:0% +that the two Norm of those guys is + + + align:start position:0% +that the two Norm of those guys is +finite which is another way to say that + + align:start position:0% +finite which is another way to say that + + + align:start position:0% +finite which is another way to say that +each of them is finite I mean you can + + align:start position:0% +each of them is finite I mean you can + + + align:start position:0% +each of them is finite I mean you can +think of it the way you want all right + + align:start position:0% +think of it the way you want all right + + + align:start position:0% +think of it the way you want all right +so now the mean of X right so I have a + + align:start position:0% +so now the mean of X right so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +so now the mean of X right so I have a +random Vector so I can talk about the + + align:start position:0% +random Vector so I can talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +random Vector so I can talk about the +expectation of X that's a vector that's + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X that's a vector that's + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X that's a vector that's +in Rd and that's just take the + + align:start position:0% +in Rd and that's just take the + + + align:start position:0% +in Rd and that's just take the +expectation entrywise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry X11 sorry X1 + + align:start position:0% +sorry X11 sorry X1 + + + align:start position:0% +sorry X11 sorry X1 +XD okay so I should say it out + + align:start position:0% +XD okay so I should say it out + + + align:start position:0% +XD okay so I should say it out +loud for this the purpose of this class + + align:start position:0% +loud for this the purpose of this class + + + align:start position:0% +loud for this the purpose of this class +I will denote by subscripts the indices + + align:start position:0% +I will denote by subscripts the indices + + + align:start position:0% +I will denote by subscripts the indices +that corresponds to observations and + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to observations and + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to observations and +superscripts uh the uh uh indices that + + align:start position:0% +superscripts uh the uh uh indices that + + + align:start position:0% +superscripts uh the uh uh indices that +correspond to uh coordinates of a + + align:start position:0% +correspond to uh coordinates of a + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to uh coordinates of a +variable and that's I think that's the + + align:start position:0% +variable and that's I think that's the + + + align:start position:0% +variable and that's I think that's the +same uh convention that we took for the + + align:start position:0% +same uh convention that we took for the + + + align:start position:0% +same uh convention that we took for the +uh regression + + align:start position:0% +uh regression + + + align:start position:0% +uh regression +case of course you could use whatever + + align:start position:0% +case of course you could use whatever + + + align:start position:0% +case of course you could use whatever +you want if you want to put commas Etc + + align:start position:0% +you want if you want to put commas Etc + + + align:start position:0% +you want if you want to put commas Etc +it becomes just a bit more complicated + + align:start position:0% +it becomes just a bit more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes just a bit more complicated +all right and so now once I have this so + + align:start position:0% +all right and so now once I have this so + + + align:start position:0% +all right and so now once I have this so +this tells me where my cloud of point is + + align:start position:0% +this tells me where my cloud of point is + + + align:start position:0% +this tells me where my cloud of point is +centered right so if I have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +centered right so if I have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +centered right so if I have a bunch of +points okay so now I have a distribution + + align:start position:0% +points okay so now I have a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +points okay so now I have a distribution +on RD so maybe I should talk about this + + align:start position:0% +on RD so maybe I should talk about this + + + align:start position:0% +on RD so maybe I should talk about this +uh I'll talk about this uh when we talk + + align:start position:0% +uh I'll talk about this uh when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'll talk about this uh when we talk +about the empirical version but if you + + align:start position:0% +about the empirical version but if you + + + align:start position:0% +about the empirical version but if you +think that you have say a + + align:start position:0% +think that you have say a + + + align:start position:0% +think that you have say a +two-dimensional gaussin random variable + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional gaussin random variable + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional gaussin random variable +then you have a center in two Dimension + + align:start position:0% +then you have a center in two Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +then you have a center in two Dimension +which is where the it Peaks basically + + align:start position:0% +which is where the it Peaks basically + + + align:start position:0% +which is where the it Peaks basically +and that's what we're talking about here + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're talking about here + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're talking about here +but the other thing we want to know is + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing we want to know is + + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing we want to know is +how how much does it spread in every + + align:start position:0% +how how much does it spread in every + + + align:start position:0% +how how much does it spread in every +direction right so in every direction of + + align:start position:0% +direction right so in every direction of + + + align:start position:0% +direction right so in every direction of +the two-dimensional thing I can try to + + align:start position:0% +the two-dimensional thing I can try to + + + align:start position:0% +the two-dimensional thing I can try to +understand how much spread I'm getting + + align:start position:0% +understand how much spread I'm getting + + + align:start position:0% +understand how much spread I'm getting +and the way you measure this is by using + + align:start position:0% +and the way you measure this is by using + + + align:start position:0% +and the way you measure this is by using +ciance right so the ciance Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma that's a matrix which is d by D + + align:start position:0% +Sigma that's a matrix which is d by D + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma that's a matrix which is d by D +and it records in the JK entry it + + align:start position:0% +and it records in the JK entry it + + + align:start position:0% +and it records in the JK entry it +records the ciance between the jth + + align:start position:0% +records the ciance between the jth + + + align:start position:0% +records the ciance between the jth +coordinate of X and the K coordinate of + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of X and the K coordinate of + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of X and the K coordinate of +X okay so with entries uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so I have Sigma which is Sigma 1 + + align:start position:0% +um okay so I have Sigma which is Sigma 1 + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so I have Sigma which is Sigma 1 +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +Sigma uh + + align:start position:0% +Sigma uh + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma uh +DD Sigma 1 D Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D1 okay and here I have Sigma JK and + + align:start position:0% +D1 okay and here I have Sigma JK and + + + align:start position:0% +D1 okay and here I have Sigma JK and +sigma + + align:start position:0% +sigma + + + align:start position:0% +sigma +JK is just the co + + align:start position:0% +JK is just the co + + + align:start position:0% +JK is just the co +variance between + + align:start position:0% +variance between + + + align:start position:0% +variance between +x i sorry XJ the J coordinate and the K + + align:start position:0% +x i sorry XJ the J coordinate and the K + + + align:start position:0% +x i sorry XJ the J coordinate and the K +coordinate okay so in particular it's + + align:start position:0% +coordinate okay so in particular it's + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate okay so in particular it's +symmetric because the co variance + + align:start position:0% +symmetric because the co variance + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric because the co variance +between XJ and XK is the same as the co + + align:start position:0% +between XJ and XK is the same as the co + + + align:start position:0% +between XJ and XK is the same as the co +variance between XK and XJ I should not + + align:start position:0% +variance between XK and XJ I should not + + + align:start position:0% +variance between XK and XJ I should not +put those + + align:start position:0% +put those + + + align:start position:0% +put those +parentheses here I do not use them in + + align:start position:0% +parentheses here I do not use them in + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses here I do not use them in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay just the co variance Matrix so + + align:start position:0% +okay just the co variance Matrix so + + + align:start position:0% +okay just the co variance Matrix so +that's just something that records + + align:start position:0% +that's just something that records + + + align:start position:0% +that's just something that records +everything and so what's nice about the + + align:start position:0% +everything and so what's nice about the + + + align:start position:0% +everything and so what's nice about the +cence Matrix is that if I actually give + + align:start position:0% +cence Matrix is that if I actually give + + + align:start position:0% +cence Matrix is that if I actually give +you X as a vector you actually can build + + align:start position:0% +you X as a vector you actually can build + + + align:start position:0% +you X as a vector you actually can build +a matrix just by looking at vectors + + align:start position:0% +a matrix just by looking at vectors + + + align:start position:0% +a matrix just by looking at vectors +times vectors transpose rather than + + align:start position:0% +times vectors transpose rather than + + + align:start position:0% +times vectors transpose rather than +actually thinking about building it + + align:start position:0% +actually thinking about building it + + + align:start position:0% +actually thinking about building it +coordinate by coordinate so for example + + align:start position:0% +coordinate by coordinate so for example + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate by coordinate so for example +if you're used to using Matlab that's + + align:start position:0% +if you're used to using Matlab that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you're used to using Matlab that's +the way you want to build a cence matrix + + align:start position:0% +the way you want to build a cence matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the way you want to build a cence matrix +because matlb is good as at you know + + align:start position:0% +because matlb is good as at you know + + + align:start position:0% +because matlb is good as at you know +manipulating vectors in matrices rather + + align:start position:0% +manipulating vectors in matrices rather + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating vectors in matrices rather +than just entry it by entry by entry + + align:start position:0% +than just entry it by entry by entry + + + align:start position:0% +than just entry it by entry by entry +okay so right so what is the co + + align:start position:0% +okay so right so what is the co + + + align:start position:0% +okay so right so what is the co +variance between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XJ and XK well by definition is the + + align:start position:0% +XJ and XK well by definition is the + + + align:start position:0% +XJ and XK well by definition is the +expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of +XJ + + align:start position:0% +XJ + + + align:start position:0% +XJ +uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and +XK minus the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +XK minus the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +XK minus the expectation of +XJ times the expectation of XK + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's the definition of the co + + align:start position:0% +right that's the definition of the co + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the definition of the co +variance I hope everybody's seen that + + align:start position:0% +variance I hope everybody's seen that + + + align:start position:0% +variance I hope everybody's seen that +and so in particular I can actually see + + align:start position:0% +and so in particular I can actually see + + + align:start position:0% +and so in particular I can actually see +that this thing can be written as Sigma + + align:start position:0% +that this thing can be written as Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing can be written as Sigma +can now be written as the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +can now be written as the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +can now be written as the expectation of +x x + + align:start position:0% +x x + + + align:start position:0% +x x +transpose minus the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus the expectation of +x times the expectation of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose why well let's look at the JK + + align:start position:0% +transpose why well let's look at the JK + + + align:start position:0% +transpose why well let's look at the JK +coefficient of this guy right so here if + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of this guy right so here if + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of this guy right so here if +I look at the JK + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficient I see what well I see that + + align:start position:0% +coefficient I see what well I see that + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient I see what well I see that +it's the + + align:start position:0% +it's the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the +expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of +x x transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +JK which is equal to the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +JK which is equal to the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +JK which is equal to the expectation of +x x transpose + + align:start position:0% +x x transpose + + + align:start position:0% +x x transpose +JK and what what are the entries of XX + + align:start position:0% +JK and what what are the entries of XX + + + align:start position:0% +JK and what what are the entries of XX +transpose well they're of the form x i + + align:start position:0% +transpose well they're of the form x i + + + align:start position:0% +transpose well they're of the form x i +XJ * XK EXA l so this is actually equal + + align:start position:0% +XJ * XK EXA l so this is actually equal + + + align:start position:0% +XJ * XK EXA l so this is actually equal +to the expectation of XJ * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XK and this is actually not the way I + + align:start position:0% +XK and this is actually not the way I + + + align:start position:0% +XK and this is actually not the way I +want to write it I want to write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay is that clear that when I have a + + align:start position:0% +it okay is that clear that when I have a + + + align:start position:0% +it okay is that clear that when I have a +rank one Matrix of this form XX + + align:start position:0% +rank one Matrix of this form XX + + + align:start position:0% +rank one Matrix of this form XX +transpose the entries are of this form + + align:start position:0% +transpose the entries are of this form + + + align:start position:0% +transpose the entries are of this form +right because if I take for example + + align:start position:0% +right because if I take for example + + + align:start position:0% +right because if I take for example +think about x y z and then I multiply by + + align:start position:0% +think about x y z and then I multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +think about x y z and then I multiply by +x y z what I'm getting here is + + align:start position:0% +x y z what I'm getting here is + + + align:start position:0% +x y z what I'm getting here is +X uh maybe I should actually using this + + align:start position:0% +X uh maybe I should actually using this + + + align:start position:0% +X uh maybe I should actually using this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +here X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3 the entries are + + align:start position:0% +here X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3 the entries are + + + align:start position:0% +here X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3 the entries are +X1 X1 X1 X2 X1 + + align:start position:0% +X1 X1 X1 X2 X1 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 X1 X1 X2 X1 +X3 X2 X1 X2 X2 X2 X3 X3 X1 x 3 x 2 X3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X3 okay so indeed this is exactly of the + + align:start position:0% +X3 okay so indeed this is exactly of the + + + align:start position:0% +X3 okay so indeed this is exactly of the +form if you look at J K you get exactly + + align:start position:0% +form if you look at J K you get exactly + + + align:start position:0% +form if you look at J K you get exactly +XJ time XK okay so that's the beauty of + + align:start position:0% +XJ time XK okay so that's the beauty of + + + align:start position:0% +XJ time XK okay so that's the beauty of +those uh matrices so now once I have + + align:start position:0% +those uh matrices so now once I have + + + align:start position:0% +those uh matrices so now once I have +this I can do exactly the same thing + + align:start position:0% +this I can do exactly the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +this I can do exactly the same thing +except that here if I take the JK + + align:start position:0% +except that here if I take the JK + + + align:start position:0% +except that here if I take the JK +entry I will get exactly the same thing + + align:start position:0% +entry I will get exactly the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +entry I will get exactly the same thing +except that it's not going to be the + + align:start position:0% +except that it's not going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +except that it's not going to be the +expectation of the product but the + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the product but the + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the product but the +product of the expectation right so I + + align:start position:0% +product of the expectation right so I + + + align:start position:0% +product of the expectation right so I +get that the JK entry of e of x e of X + + align:start position:0% +get that the JK entry of e of x e of X + + + align:start position:0% +get that the JK entry of e of x e of X +transpose is just the J entry of e of x + + align:start position:0% +transpose is just the J entry of e of x + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is just the J entry of e of x +times the K entry of e of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so if I put those two + + align:start position:0% +X so if I put those two + + + align:start position:0% +X so if I put those two +together it's actually telling me that + + align:start position:0% +together it's actually telling me that + + + align:start position:0% +together it's actually telling me that +if I look at the + + align:start position:0% +if I look at the + + + align:start position:0% +if I look at the +JK entry of Sigma which is I called + + align:start position:0% +JK entry of Sigma which is I called + + + align:start position:0% +JK entry of Sigma which is I called +little Sigma JK then this is actually + + align:start position:0% +little Sigma JK then this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +little Sigma JK then this is actually +equal to what it's equal to the first + + align:start position:0% +equal to what it's equal to the first + + + align:start position:0% +equal to what it's equal to the first +term minus the second term the first + + align:start position:0% +term minus the second term the first + + + align:start position:0% +term minus the second term the first +term is exponential of is expectation of + + align:start position:0% +term is exponential of is expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +term is exponential of is expectation of +XJ XK minus + + align:start position:0% +XJ XK minus + + + align:start position:0% +XJ XK minus +expectation of XJ expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of XJ expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of XJ expectation of +x k which oh by the way I forgot to say + + align:start position:0% +x k which oh by the way I forgot to say + + + align:start position:0% +x k which oh by the way I forgot to say +this is actually equal to the + + align:start position:0% +this is actually equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually equal to the +expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of +XJ times the expectation of XK because + + align:start position:0% +XJ times the expectation of XK because + + + align:start position:0% +XJ times the expectation of XK because +that's just the definition of the + + align:start position:0% +that's just the definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the definition of the +expectation of random Vector so my G and + + align:start position:0% +expectation of random Vector so my G and + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of random Vector so my G and +my K are now inside and that's by + + align:start position:0% +my K are now inside and that's by + + + align:start position:0% +my K are now inside and that's by +definition the co variance between XG + + align:start position:0% +definition the co variance between XG + + + align:start position:0% +definition the co variance between XG +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +XK + + align:start position:0% +XK + + + align:start position:0% +XK +okay so just if you've seen those + + align:start position:0% +okay so just if you've seen those + + + align:start position:0% +okay so just if you've seen those +manipulations between vectors hopefully + + align:start position:0% +manipulations between vectors hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations between vectors hopefully +you're bought out of your mind and if + + align:start position:0% +you're bought out of your mind and if + + + align:start position:0% +you're bought out of your mind and if +you have not then that's something you + + align:start position:0% +you have not then that's something you + + + align:start position:0% +you have not then that's something you +just need to get comfortable with right + + align:start position:0% +just need to get comfortable with right + + + align:start position:0% +just need to get comfortable with right +so one thing that's going to be useful + + align:start position:0% +so one thing that's going to be useful + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing that's going to be useful +is to know very quickly what the What's + + align:start position:0% +is to know very quickly what the What's + + + align:start position:0% +is to know very quickly what the What's +called the outer product of a vector + + align:start position:0% +called the outer product of a vector + + + align:start position:0% +called the outer product of a vector +with itself which is the vector times + + align:start position:0% +with itself which is the vector times + + + align:start position:0% +with itself which is the vector times +the vector transpose what the entries of + + align:start position:0% +the vector transpose what the entries of + + + align:start position:0% +the vector transpose what the entries of +the things are and that's what we've + + align:start position:0% +the things are and that's what we've + + + align:start position:0% +the things are and that's what we've +been using on this on this second uh set + + align:start position:0% +been using on this on this second uh set + + + align:start position:0% +been using on this on this second uh set +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +boards okay so everybody agrees now that + + align:start position:0% +boards okay so everybody agrees now that + + + align:start position:0% +boards okay so everybody agrees now that +we've sort of showed that the ciance + + align:start position:0% +we've sort of showed that the ciance + + + align:start position:0% +we've sort of showed that the ciance +Matrix can be written in this uh Vector + + align:start position:0% +Matrix can be written in this uh Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix can be written in this uh Vector +form so expectation of x x transpose + + align:start position:0% +form so expectation of x x transpose + + + align:start position:0% +form so expectation of x x transpose +minus expectation of X expectation of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose okay just like the ciance can + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay just like the ciance can + + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay just like the ciance can +be written as in two ways right we know + + align:start position:0% +be written as in two ways right we know + + + align:start position:0% +be written as in two ways right we know +that the coari can also be written as + + align:start position:0% +that the coari can also be written as + + + align:start position:0% +that the coari can also be written as +the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of +XJ minus expectation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XJ times XK minus expectation of + + align:start position:0% +XJ times XK minus expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +XJ times XK minus expectation of +XK right that's + + align:start position:0% +XK right that's + + + align:start position:0% +XK right that's +the sometimes this is the original + + align:start position:0% +the sometimes this is the original + + + align:start position:0% +the sometimes this is the original +definition of ciance this is the second + + align:start position:0% +definition of ciance this is the second + + + align:start position:0% +definition of ciance this is the second +definition of convience just like you + + align:start position:0% +definition of convience just like you + + + align:start position:0% +definition of convience just like you +have the variance which is the + + align:start position:0% +have the variance which is the + + + align:start position:0% +have the variance which is the +expectation of the square of xus C of X + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the square of xus C of X + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the square of xus C of X +or the expectation of x square minus the + + align:start position:0% +or the expectation of x square minus the + + + align:start position:0% +or the expectation of x square minus the +expectation of X squ it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X squ it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X squ it's the same thing +for ciance and you can actually say + + align:start position:0% +for ciance and you can actually say + + + align:start position:0% +for ciance and you can actually say +this uh uh per uh um in terms of vectors + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh per uh um in terms of vectors + + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh per uh um in terms of vectors +right so this actually implies that you + + align:start position:0% +right so this actually implies that you + + + align:start position:0% +right so this actually implies that you +can also rewrite Sigma as the + + align:start position:0% +can also rewrite Sigma as the + + + align:start position:0% +can also rewrite Sigma as the +expectation of x minus expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of x minus expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of x minus expectation of +x times the same thing transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and the reason is because if you + + align:start position:0% +right and the reason is because if you + + + align:start position:0% +right and the reason is because if you +just distribute those guys this is just + + align:start position:0% +just distribute those guys this is just + + + align:start position:0% +just distribute those guys this is just +the expectation of well XX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose minus X expectation of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose um minus expectation of + + align:start position:0% +transpose um minus expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +transpose um minus expectation of +x x transpose + + align:start position:0% +x x transpose + + + align:start position:0% +x x transpose +and then I have plus expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +and then I have plus expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +and then I have plus expectation of X +expectation of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose now things could go wrong + + align:start position:0% +transpose now things could go wrong + + + align:start position:0% +transpose now things could go wrong +because the main difference between + + align:start position:0% +because the main difference between + + + align:start position:0% +because the main difference between +matrices uh Slash vectors and numbers is + + align:start position:0% +matrices uh Slash vectors and numbers is + + + align:start position:0% +matrices uh Slash vectors and numbers is +that multiplication does not commute + + align:start position:0% +that multiplication does not commute + + + align:start position:0% +that multiplication does not commute +right so in particular those two things + + align:start position:0% +right so in particular those two things + + + align:start position:0% +right so in particular those two things +are not the same thing and so that's a + + align:start position:0% +are not the same thing and so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +are not the same thing and so that's a +main difference that we have before but + + align:start position:0% +main difference that we have before but + + + align:start position:0% +main difference that we have before but +it actually does not matter for problem + + align:start position:0% +it actually does not matter for problem + + + align:start position:0% +it actually does not matter for problem +is because what's happening is that when + + align:start position:0% +is because what's happening is that when + + + align:start position:0% +is because what's happening is that when +I take the expectation of this guy then + + align:start position:0% +I take the expectation of this guy then + + + align:start position:0% +I take the expectation of this guy then +it's actually the same as the + + align:start position:0% +it's actually the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually the same as the +expectation of this + + align:start position:0% +expectation of this + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of this +guy okay and + + align:start position:0% +guy okay and + + + align:start position:0% +guy okay and +so just because the expectation is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linear so what we have is that Sigma now + + align:start position:0% +linear so what we have is that Sigma now + + + align:start position:0% +linear so what we have is that Sigma now +becomes equal to the + + align:start position:0% +becomes equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +becomes equal to the +expectation of XX + + align:start position:0% +expectation of XX + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of XX +transpose minus the expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus the expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus the expectation of X +expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X +transpose minus expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus expectation of X +expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X +transpose and then I have + + align:start position:0% +transpose and then I have + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and then I have +uh well really what I have is this + + align:start position:0% +uh well really what I have is this + + + align:start position:0% +uh well really what I have is this +guy and then I have plus expectation of + + align:start position:0% +guy and then I have plus expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +guy and then I have plus expectation of +X expectation of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose and uh now those three things + + align:start position:0% +transpose and uh now those three things + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and uh now those three things +are actually equal to each other just + + align:start position:0% +are actually equal to each other just + + + align:start position:0% +are actually equal to each other just +because the expectation of X transpose + + align:start position:0% +because the expectation of X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +because the expectation of X transpose +is the same as the expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the expectation of X +transpose and so what I'm left with is + + align:start position:0% +transpose and so what I'm left with is + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and so what I'm left with is +just the expectation of XX transpose + + align:start position:0% +just the expectation of XX transpose + + + align:start position:0% +just the expectation of XX transpose +minus the expectation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +X expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +X expectation of X +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +okay so same thing that's happening when + + align:start position:0% +okay so same thing that's happening when + + + align:start position:0% +okay so same thing that's happening when +you want to prove that you can write the + + align:start position:0% +you want to prove that you can write the + + + align:start position:0% +you want to prove that you can write the +co variance either this way or that + + align:start position:0% +co variance either this way or that + + + align:start position:0% +co variance either this way or that +way uh the same thing happens for Matrix + + align:start position:0% +way uh the same thing happens for Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +way uh the same thing happens for Matrix +for vectors right or variance Matrix to + + align:start position:0% +for vectors right or variance Matrix to + + + align:start position:0% +for vectors right or variance Matrix to +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +together is there any questions so far + + align:start position:0% +together is there any questions so far + + + align:start position:0% +together is there any questions so far +and if you have some please tell me + + align:start position:0% +and if you have some please tell me + + + align:start position:0% +and if you have some please tell me +because I want to I I don't know to + + align:start position:0% +because I want to I I don't know to + + + align:start position:0% +because I want to I I don't know to +which extent you guys are comfortable + + align:start position:0% +which extent you guys are comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +which extent you guys are comfortable +with this at all or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not okay so let's move + + align:start position:0% +not okay so let's move + + + align:start position:0% +not okay so let's move +on all right + + align:start position:0% +on all right + + + align:start position:0% +on all right +so of course this is what I'm describing + + align:start position:0% +so of course this is what I'm describing + + + align:start position:0% +so of course this is what I'm describing +in terms of the distribution right here + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the distribution right here + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the distribution right here +I took expectations ciences are also + + align:start position:0% +I took expectations ciences are also + + + align:start position:0% +I took expectations ciences are also +expectations so those depend on some + + align:start position:0% +expectations so those depend on some + + + align:start position:0% +expectations so those depend on some +distribution of X right if I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +distribution of X right if I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of X right if I wanted to +compute that I would basically need to + + align:start position:0% +compute that I would basically need to + + + align:start position:0% +compute that I would basically need to +know what the distribution of X is now + + align:start position:0% +know what the distribution of X is now + + + align:start position:0% +know what the distribution of X is now +we're doing statistics so I need to + + align:start position:0% +we're doing statistics so I need to + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing statistics so I need to +basically my question is going to be to + + align:start position:0% +basically my question is going to be to + + + align:start position:0% +basically my question is going to be to +say well how well can I estimate the + + align:start position:0% +say well how well can I estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +say well how well can I estimate the +ciance Matrix itself or some you know + + align:start position:0% +ciance Matrix itself or some you know + + + align:start position:0% +ciance Matrix itself or some you know +properties of this cence Matrix Based on + + align:start position:0% +properties of this cence Matrix Based on + + + align:start position:0% +properties of this cence Matrix Based on +data right so if I want to understand + + align:start position:0% +data right so if I want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +data right so if I want to understand +what my ciance Matrix looks like Based + + align:start position:0% +what my ciance Matrix looks like Based + + + align:start position:0% +what my ciance Matrix looks like Based +on data I'm going to have to basically + + align:start position:0% +on data I'm going to have to basically + + + align:start position:0% +on data I'm going to have to basically +form its empirical counterparts which I + + align:start position:0% +form its empirical counterparts which I + + + align:start position:0% +form its empirical counterparts which I +can do by doing the you know age old + + align:start position:0% +can do by doing the you know age old + + + align:start position:0% +can do by doing the you know age old +statistical trick which is replace your + + align:start position:0% +statistical trick which is replace your + + + align:start position:0% +statistical trick which is replace your +expectation by an average all right so + + align:start position:0% +expectation by an average all right so + + + align:start position:0% +expectation by an average all right so +that's just everything that's on the + + align:start position:0% +that's just everything that's on the + + + align:start position:0% +that's just everything that's on the +board you see expectation just replace + + align:start position:0% +board you see expectation just replace + + + align:start position:0% +board you see expectation just replace +it by an average okay so now I'm going + + align:start position:0% +it by an average okay so now I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +it by an average okay so now I'm going +to be given X1 + + align:start position:0% +to be given X1 + + + align:start position:0% +to be given X1 +xn so I'm going to define the empirical + + align:start position:0% +xn so I'm going to define the empirical + + + align:start position:0% +xn so I'm going to define the empirical +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +mean okay so really the idea is take + + align:start position:0% +mean okay so really the idea is take + + + align:start position:0% +mean okay so really the idea is take +your expectation and replace it by one/ + + align:start position:0% +your expectation and replace it by one/ + + + align:start position:0% +your expectation and replace it by one/ +n sum right and uh so the empirical mean + + align:start position:0% +n sum right and uh so the empirical mean + + + align:start position:0% +n sum right and uh so the empirical mean +is just one/ n sum of the + + align:start position:0% +is just one/ n sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +is just one/ n sum of the +XIs I'm guessing everybody knows how to + + align:start position:0% +XIs I'm guessing everybody knows how to + + + align:start position:0% +XIs I'm guessing everybody knows how to +average vectors it's just the average of + + align:start position:0% +average vectors it's just the average of + + + align:start position:0% +average vectors it's just the average of +the coordinates so I will write this as + + align:start position:0% +the coordinates so I will write this as + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinates so I will write this as +xar uh and the empirical cence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix often called sample cence + + align:start position:0% +Matrix often called sample cence + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix often called sample cence +Matrix hence the notation + + align:start position:0% +Matrix hence the notation + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix hence the notation +s well this is my conv Vari Matrix right + + align:start position:0% +s well this is my conv Vari Matrix right + + + align:start position:0% +s well this is my conv Vari Matrix right +let's just replace the Expectations by + + align:start position:0% +let's just replace the Expectations by + + + align:start position:0% +let's just replace the Expectations by +averages 1 / n sum from I = 1 to + + align:start position:0% +averages 1 / n sum from I = 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +averages 1 / n sum from I = 1 to +n of x i x i + + align:start position:0% +n of x i x i + + + align:start position:0% +n of x i x i +transpose minus this is an expectation + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus this is an expectation + + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus this is an expectation +of XL we replace it by the average which + + align:start position:0% +of XL we replace it by the average which + + + align:start position:0% +of XL we replace it by the average which +I just called xar xar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose okay and that's when I want to + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay and that's when I want to + + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay and that's when I want to +use the uh that's when I want to use the + + align:start position:0% +use the uh that's when I want to use the + + + align:start position:0% +use the uh that's when I want to use the +uh uh notation the second definition but + + align:start position:0% +uh uh notation the second definition but + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh notation the second definition but +I could actually do exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +I could actually do exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +I could actually do exactly the same +thing using this definition here sorry + + align:start position:0% +thing using this definition here sorry + + + align:start position:0% +thing using this definition here sorry +when I uh using this definition right + + align:start position:0% +when I uh using this definition right + + + align:start position:0% +when I uh using this definition right +here so this is actually 1 / n sum from + + align:start position:0% +here so this is actually 1 / n sum from + + + align:start position:0% +here so this is actually 1 / n sum from +IAL 1 to + + align:start position:0% +IAL 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +IAL 1 to +n of uh X + + align:start position:0% +n of uh X + + + align:start position:0% +n of uh X +IUS + + align:start position:0% +IUS + + + align:start position:0% +IUS +xar x i - + + align:start position:0% +xar x i - + + + align:start position:0% +xar x i - +xar + + align:start position:0% +xar + + + align:start position:0% +xar +transpose and those are actually I mean + + align:start position:0% +transpose and those are actually I mean + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and those are actually I mean +in a way it looks like I could Define + + align:start position:0% +in a way it looks like I could Define + + + align:start position:0% +in a way it looks like I could Define +two different estimators but you can + + align:start position:0% +two different estimators but you can + + + align:start position:0% +two different estimators but you can +actually check and I do encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +actually check and I do encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +actually check and I do encourage you to +do this if you're not comfortable making + + align:start position:0% +do this if you're not comfortable making + + + align:start position:0% +do this if you're not comfortable making +those manipulations can actually check + + align:start position:0% +those manipulations can actually check + + + align:start position:0% +those manipulations can actually check +that those two things are actually + + align:start position:0% +that those two things are actually + + + align:start position:0% +that those two things are actually +exactly the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now I'm going to want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm going to want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm going to want to talk about +matrices okay remember we defined this + + align:start position:0% +matrices okay remember we defined this + + + align:start position:0% +matrices okay remember we defined this +big Matrix x with the double bar and the + + align:start position:0% +big Matrix x with the double bar and the + + + align:start position:0% +big Matrix x with the double bar and the +question is can I express both xbar and + + align:start position:0% +question is can I express both xbar and + + + align:start position:0% +question is can I express both xbar and +the sample cience Matrix in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the sample cience Matrix in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the sample cience Matrix in terms of +this big Matrix X because right now it's + + align:start position:0% +this big Matrix X because right now it's + + + align:start position:0% +this big Matrix X because right now it's +still expressed in terms of the vectors + + align:start position:0% +still expressed in terms of the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +still expressed in terms of the vectors +I'm summing those vectors vectors + + align:start position:0% +I'm summing those vectors vectors + + + align:start position:0% +I'm summing those vectors vectors +transpose the question is can I just do + + align:start position:0% +transpose the question is can I just do + + + align:start position:0% +transpose the question is can I just do +that in a very compact way in in a way + + align:start position:0% +that in a very compact way in in a way + + + align:start position:0% +that in a very compact way in in a way +that I can actually remove this sum term + + align:start position:0% +that I can actually remove this sum term + + + align:start position:0% +that I can actually remove this sum term +all right that's the that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +all right that's the that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +all right that's the that's going to be +the goal uh I mean that's not a + + align:start position:0% +the goal uh I mean that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +the goal uh I mean that's not a +notational goal that's really something + + align:start position:0% +notational goal that's really something + + + align:start position:0% +notational goal that's really something +that uh we want uh that's going to be be + + align:start position:0% +that uh we want uh that's going to be be + + + align:start position:0% +that uh we want uh that's going to be be +convenient for us just like it was + + align:start position:0% +convenient for us just like it was + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for us just like it was +convenient to talk about matrices when + + align:start position:0% +convenient to talk about matrices when + + + align:start position:0% +convenient to talk about matrices when +we did linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regression okay + + align:start position:0% +regression okay + + + align:start position:0% +regression okay +xar we just said it's one over n sum + + align:start position:0% +xar we just said it's one over n sum + + + align:start position:0% +xar we just said it's one over n sum +from I = 1 to n of x i right now + + align:start position:0% +from I = 1 to n of x i right now + + + align:start position:0% +from I = 1 to n of x i right now +remember what does this Matrix look like + + align:start position:0% +remember what does this Matrix look like + + + align:start position:0% +remember what does this Matrix look like +we said that X + + align:start position:0% +we said that X + + + align:start position:0% +we said that X +bar uh X is this guy so if I look at X + + align:start position:0% +bar uh X is this guy so if I look at X + + + align:start position:0% +bar uh X is this guy so if I look at X +transpose the rows be The Columns of + + align:start position:0% +transpose the rows be The Columns of + + + align:start position:0% +transpose the rows be The Columns of +this guy + + align:start position:0% +this guy + + + align:start position:0% +this guy +becomes + + align:start position:0% +becomes + + + align:start position:0% +becomes +X1 my first observation X2 my second + + align:start position:0% +X1 my first observation X2 my second + + + align:start position:0% +X1 my first observation X2 my second +observation all the way to xn my my last + + align:start position:0% +observation all the way to xn my my last + + + align:start position:0% +observation all the way to xn my my last +observation right agreed that's what x + + align:start position:0% +observation right agreed that's what x + + + align:start position:0% +observation right agreed that's what x +transpose is so if I want to sum those + + align:start position:0% +transpose is so if I want to sum those + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is so if I want to sum those +guys I can multiply by the all ones + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vector all right so that's what the + + align:start position:0% +Vector all right so that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector all right so that's what the +definition of the old ones Vector + + align:start position:0% +definition of the old ones Vector + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the old ones Vector +is so well it's just a bunch of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ones in r n in this case and so when I + + align:start position:0% +ones in r n in this case and so when I + + + align:start position:0% +ones in r n in this case and so when I +do X transpose one what I get is just + + align:start position:0% +do X transpose one what I get is just + + + align:start position:0% +do X transpose one what I get is just +the sum from I go one to n of DX + + align:start position:0% +the sum from I go one to n of DX + + + align:start position:0% +the sum from I go one to n of DX +I so if I divide by + + align:start position:0% +I so if I divide by + + + align:start position:0% +I so if I divide by +N I get my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +average okay so here I sort of I + + align:start position:0% +average okay so here I sort of I + + + align:start position:0% +average okay so here I sort of I +definitely + + align:start position:0% +definitely + + + align:start position:0% +definitely +removed the sum + + align:start position:0% +removed the sum + + + align:start position:0% +removed the sum +term let's see with the ciance Matrix we + + align:start position:0% +term let's see with the ciance Matrix we + + + align:start position:0% +term let's see with the ciance Matrix we +can do the + + align:start position:0% +can do the + + + align:start position:0% +can do the +same well that's actually a little more + + align:start position:0% +same well that's actually a little more + + + align:start position:0% +same well that's actually a little more +difficult uh to see I guess um but uh uh + + align:start position:0% +difficult uh to see I guess um but uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +difficult uh to see I guess um but uh uh +let's use this definition for s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and one thing that's actually going + + align:start position:0% +okay and one thing that's actually going + + + align:start position:0% +okay and one thing that's actually going +to be so let's see for one second what + + align:start position:0% +to be so let's see for one second what + + + align:start position:0% +to be so let's see for one second what +so it's going to be something that + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to be something that + + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to be something that +involves X multiplying x with itself + + align:start position:0% +involves X multiplying x with itself + + + align:start position:0% +involves X multiplying x with itself +okay and the question is is it going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and the question is is it going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the question is is it going to +be multiplying x with X transpose or X + + align:start position:0% +be multiplying x with X transpose or X + + + align:start position:0% +be multiplying x with X transpose or X +transpose with X to answer this question + + align:start position:0% +transpose with X to answer this question + + + align:start position:0% +transpose with X to answer this question +you can go the easy route which says + + align:start position:0% +you can go the easy route which says + + + align:start position:0% +you can go the easy route which says +well M variance Matrix is of size what + + align:start position:0% +well M variance Matrix is of size what + + + align:start position:0% +well M variance Matrix is of size what +what is the size of s + + align:start position:0% +what is the size of s + + + align:start position:0% +what is the size of s +d by D okay X is of + + align:start position:0% +d by D okay X is of + + + align:start position:0% +d by D okay X is of +size n by D so if I do x times x + + align:start position:0% +size n by D so if I do x times x + + + align:start position:0% +size n by D so if I do x times x +transpose I'm gonna have something which + + align:start position:0% +transpose I'm gonna have something which + + + align:start position:0% +transpose I'm gonna have something which +is of size n byn if I do X transpose X + + align:start position:0% +is of size n byn if I do X transpose X + + + align:start position:0% +is of size n byn if I do X transpose X +I'm going to have something which is d + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have something which is d + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have something which is d +by d That's the easy route there's + + align:start position:0% +by d That's the easy route there's + + + align:start position:0% +by d That's the easy route there's +basically one of the two guys you can + + align:start position:0% +basically one of the two guys you can + + + align:start position:0% +basically one of the two guys you can +actually open the box a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +actually open the box a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +actually open the box a little bit and +see what's going on in there if you do X + + align:start position:0% +see what's going on in there if you do X + + + align:start position:0% +see what's going on in there if you do X +transpose X which we know gives you an a + + align:start position:0% +transpose X which we know gives you an a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose X which we know gives you an a +d by D you see that X is going to have + + align:start position:0% +d by D you see that X is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +d by D you see that X is going to have +vectors that are of the form x i and X + + align:start position:0% +vectors that are of the form x i and X + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that are of the form x i and X +transpose is going to have vectors that + + align:start position:0% +transpose is going to have vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is going to have vectors that +are of the + + align:start position:0% +are of the + + + align:start position:0% +are of the +form XI transpose right and so this is + + align:start position:0% +form XI transpose right and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +form XI transpose right and so this is +actually probably the right way to go so + + align:start position:0% +actually probably the right way to go so + + + align:start position:0% +actually probably the right way to go so +let's look at what x transpose X is + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what x transpose X is + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what x transpose X is +giving + + align:start position:0% +giving + + + align:start position:0% +giving +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +so I claim that it's actually going to + + align:start position:0% +so I claim that it's actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +so I claim that it's actually going to +give us what we want but rather than + + align:start position:0% +give us what we want but rather than + + + align:start position:0% +give us what we want but rather than +actually going there let's uh to to + + align:start position:0% +actually going there let's uh to to + + + align:start position:0% +actually going there let's uh to to +actually I mean we could check it entry + + align:start position:0% +actually I mean we could check it entry + + + align:start position:0% +actually I mean we could check it entry +by entry but there's actually a nice + + align:start position:0% +by entry but there's actually a nice + + + align:start position:0% +by entry but there's actually a nice +thing we can do before we go there let's + + align:start position:0% +thing we can do before we go there let's + + + align:start position:0% +thing we can do before we go there let's +write X transpose as the following some + + align:start position:0% +write X transpose as the following some + + + align:start position:0% +write X transpose as the following some +of uh variables + + align:start position:0% +of uh variables + + + align:start position:0% +of uh variables +X1 and then just a bunch of zeros + + align:start position:0% +X1 and then just a bunch of zeros + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and then just a bunch of zeros +everywhere else so it's still uh d by + + align:start position:0% +everywhere else so it's still uh d by + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere else so it's still uh d by +n so n minus one of the columns are + + align:start position:0% +n so n minus one of the columns are + + + align:start position:0% +n so n minus one of the columns are +equal to zero here then I'm going to put + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero here then I'm going to put + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero here then I'm going to put +a zero and then put + + align:start position:0% +a zero and then put + + + align:start position:0% +a zero and then put +X2 and then just a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +X2 and then just a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and then just a bunch of +zeros right so that's just zero + + align:start position:0% +zeros right so that's just zero + + + align:start position:0% +zeros right so that's just zero +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +plus Z Z all the way to xn + + align:start position:0% +plus Z Z all the way to xn + + + align:start position:0% +plus Z Z all the way to xn +okay everybody agrees with it see what + + align:start position:0% +okay everybody agrees with it see what + + + align:start position:0% +okay everybody agrees with it see what +I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing +here I'm just splitting it into a sum of + + align:start position:0% +here I'm just splitting it into a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm just splitting it into a sum of +matrices that I only have one non zero + + align:start position:0% +matrices that I only have one non zero + + + align:start position:0% +matrices that I only have one non zero +columns that clearly that's true now + + align:start position:0% +columns that clearly that's true now + + + align:start position:0% +columns that clearly that's true now +let's look at the product of this guy + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the product of this guy + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the product of this guy +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +itself so let's call these + + align:start position:0% +itself so let's call these + + + align:start position:0% +itself so let's call these +matrices + + align:start position:0% +matrices + + + align:start position:0% +matrices +M1 + + align:start position:0% +M1 + + + align:start position:0% +M1 +M2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MN so when I do X transpose + + align:start position:0% +MN so when I do X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +MN so when I do X transpose +x what I do is the + + align:start position:0% +x what I do is the + + + align:start position:0% +x what I do is the +sum of the M for IAL 1 to + + align:start position:0% +sum of the M for IAL 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the M for IAL 1 to +n times the + + align:start position:0% +n times the + + + align:start position:0% +n times the +sum of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mi transpose + + align:start position:0% +Mi transpose + + + align:start position:0% +Mi transpose +right now the sum of the Mi transpose is + + align:start position:0% +right now the sum of the Mi transpose is + + + align:start position:0% +right now the sum of the Mi transpose is +just the sum of the each of the Mii is + + align:start position:0% +just the sum of the each of the Mii is + + + align:start position:0% +just the sum of the each of the Mii is +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +Okay so now I just have this product of + + align:start position:0% +Okay so now I just have this product of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so now I just have this product of +two sums so I'm just going to reindex + + align:start position:0% +two sums so I'm just going to reindex + + + align:start position:0% +two sums so I'm just going to reindex +the second one by J so this is sum for I + + align:start position:0% +the second one by J so this is sum for I + + + align:start position:0% +the second one by J so this is sum for I +and equal one to J to n Jal 1 to n of Mi + + align:start position:0% +and equal one to J to n Jal 1 to n of Mi + + + align:start position:0% +and equal one to J to n Jal 1 to n of Mi +I MJ + + align:start position:0% +I MJ + + + align:start position:0% +I MJ +transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and now what we want to notice is + + align:start position:0% +okay and now what we want to notice is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now what we want to notice is +that if + + align:start position:0% +that if + + + align:start position:0% +that if +I is different from J what's happening + + align:start position:0% +I is different from J what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +I is different from J what's happening +well if I is different from J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's look at say M1 time x M2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose so what is the product between + + align:start position:0% +transpose so what is the product between + + + align:start position:0% +transpose so what is the product between +those two matrices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entry you mean duck product is just + + align:start position:0% +entry you mean duck product is just + + + align:start position:0% +entry you mean duck product is just +going to be one a number right so I want + + align:start position:0% +going to be one a number right so I want + + + align:start position:0% +going to be one a number right so I want +this is going to be a matrix it's a + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a matrix it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a matrix it's a +product of two matrices + + align:start position:0% +product of two matrices + + + align:start position:0% +product of two matrices +right this is a matrix yeah times a + + align:start position:0% +right this is a matrix yeah times a + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a matrix yeah times a +matrix so this should be a matrix right + + align:start position:0% +matrix so this should be a matrix right + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so this should be a matrix right +right of size d by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D yeah I should see a lot of like hands + + align:start position:0% +D yeah I should see a lot of like hands + + + align:start position:0% +D yeah I should see a lot of like hands +look like this right because look at + + align:start position:0% +look like this right because look at + + + align:start position:0% +look like this right because look at +this right so let's multiply the first + + align:start position:0% +this right so let's multiply the first + + + align:start position:0% +this right so let's multiply the first +let's look at what's going on in the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what's going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what's going on in the +First Column here I'm multiplying this + + align:start position:0% +First Column here I'm multiplying this + + + align:start position:0% +First Column here I'm multiplying this +column with each of those rows the only + + align:start position:0% +column with each of those rows the only + + + align:start position:0% +column with each of those rows the only +non-zero coefficient is here and it only + + align:start position:0% +non-zero coefficient is here and it only + + + align:start position:0% +non-zero coefficient is here and it only +hits this column of + + align:start position:0% +hits this column of + + + align:start position:0% +hits this column of +zeros so every time this is going to + + align:start position:0% +zeros so every time this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +zeros so every time this is going to +give me zero z0 zero and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +give me zero z0 zero and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +give me zero z0 zero and it's going to +be the same for every single one of them + + align:start position:0% +be the same for every single one of them + + + align:start position:0% +be the same for every single one of them +so this Matrix is just full of + + align:start position:0% +so this Matrix is just full of + + + align:start position:0% +so this Matrix is just full of +zeros right they never hit each other + + align:start position:0% +zeros right they never hit each other + + + align:start position:0% +zeros right they never hit each other +when I do the mult Matrix Matrix + + align:start position:0% +when I do the mult Matrix Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +when I do the mult Matrix Matrix +multiplication there's no every nonzero + + align:start position:0% +multiplication there's no every nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication there's no every nonzero +hits a zero so what it means is and this + + align:start position:0% +hits a zero so what it means is and this + + + align:start position:0% +hits a zero so what it means is and this +of course you can check for every I + + align:start position:0% +of course you can check for every I + + + align:start position:0% +of course you can check for every I +different from J so this means that Mi + + align:start position:0% +different from J so this means that Mi + + + align:start position:0% +different from J so this means that Mi +itimes + + align:start position:0% +itimes + + + align:start position:0% +itimes +MJ + + align:start position:0% +MJ + + + align:start position:0% +MJ +transpose is actually equal to zero when + + align:start position:0% +transpose is actually equal to zero when + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is actually equal to zero when +I is different from + + align:start position:0% +I is different from + + + align:start position:0% +I is different from +J right everybody's okay with this + + align:start position:0% +J right everybody's okay with this + + + align:start position:0% +J right everybody's okay with this +so what that means is that when I do + + align:start position:0% +so what that means is that when I do + + + align:start position:0% +so what that means is that when I do +this double sum really it's a simple sum + + align:start position:0% +this double sum really it's a simple sum + + + align:start position:0% +this double sum really it's a simple sum +there's only just the + + align:start position:0% +there's only just the + + + align:start position:0% +there's only just the +sum from IAL 1 to + + align:start position:0% +sum from IAL 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +sum from IAL 1 to +n of m i Mi I transpose because if this + + align:start position:0% +n of m i Mi I transpose because if this + + + align:start position:0% +n of m i Mi I transpose because if this +is the only terms in this double sum + + align:start position:0% +is the only terms in this double sum + + + align:start position:0% +is the only terms in this double sum +that are not going to be zero when I it + + align:start position:0% +that are not going to be zero when I it + + + align:start position:0% +that are not going to be zero when I it +M1 with M1 + + align:start position:0% +M1 with M1 + + + align:start position:0% +M1 with M1 +itself now let's see what's going on + + align:start position:0% +itself now let's see what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +itself now let's see what's going on +when I do M1 * M1 transpose well now if + + align:start position:0% +when I do M1 * M1 transpose well now if + + + align:start position:0% +when I do M1 * M1 transpose well now if +I do Mi * Mi transpose now this guy + + align:start position:0% +I do Mi * Mi transpose now this guy + + + align:start position:0% +I do Mi * Mi transpose now this guy +becomes X1 it's here and so now I really + + align:start position:0% +becomes X1 it's here and so now I really + + + align:start position:0% +becomes X1 it's here and so now I really +have X1 time X1 transpose so this is + + align:start position:0% +have X1 time X1 transpose so this is + + + align:start position:0% +have X1 time X1 transpose so this is +really just the sum from I = 1 to + + align:start position:0% +really just the sum from I = 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +really just the sum from I = 1 to +n of X1 x i XI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +okay just because Mi Mii transpose is X + + align:start position:0% +okay just because Mi Mii transpose is X + + + align:start position:0% +okay just because Mi Mii transpose is X +ixi transpose there's nothing else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there so that's a good news right this + + align:start position:0% +there so that's a good news right this + + + align:start position:0% +there so that's a good news right this +term here is really + + align:start position:0% +term here is really + + + align:start position:0% +term here is really +just uh is really just x x transpose x + + align:start position:0% +just uh is really just x x transpose x + + + align:start position:0% +just uh is really just x x transpose x +divided by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +um okay I can use that guy again I guess + + align:start position:0% +um okay I can use that guy again I guess + + + align:start position:0% +um okay I can use that guy again I guess +well no let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just okay so let me rewrite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s all right that's the definition we + + align:start position:0% +s all right that's the definition we + + + align:start position:0% +s all right that's the definition we +have and we know that this guy already + + align:start position:0% +have and we know that this guy already + + + align:start position:0% +have and we know that this guy already +is equal to 1 / n x transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X xbar xar transpose we know that xar we + + align:start position:0% +X xbar xar transpose we know that xar we + + + align:start position:0% +X xbar xar transpose we know that xar we +just proved that + + align:start position:0% +just proved that + + + align:start position:0% +just proved that +xar sorry little xar was equal + + align:start position:0% +xar sorry little xar was equal + + + align:start position:0% +xar sorry little xar was equal +to uh 1/ + + align:start position:0% +to uh 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +to uh 1/ +n xar transpose with the times the all + + align:start position:0% +n xar transpose with the times the all + + + align:start position:0% +n xar transpose with the times the all +ones Vector so I'm just going to do that + + align:start position:0% +ones Vector so I'm just going to do that + + + align:start position:0% +ones Vector so I'm just going to do that +so that's just going to be minus I'm + + align:start position:0% +so that's just going to be minus I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just going to be minus I'm +going to pull my two one over n's one + + align:start position:0% +going to pull my two one over n's one + + + align:start position:0% +going to pull my two one over n's one +from this guy one from this guy so I'm + + align:start position:0% +from this guy one from this guy so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +from this guy one from this guy so I'm +going to get one over n s and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to get one over n s and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to get one over n s and then I'm +going to get xbar uh sorry there's no + + align:start position:0% +going to get xbar uh sorry there's no + + + align:start position:0% +going to get xbar uh sorry there's no +xar here it's just X yeah uh X transpose + + align:start position:0% +xar here it's just X yeah uh X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +xar here it's just X yeah uh X transpose +all ones time x transpose all ones + + align:start position:0% +all ones time x transpose all ones + + + align:start position:0% +all ones time x transpose all ones +transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and uh X transpose all ones + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose right the rule if I have a * B + + align:start position:0% +transpose right the rule if I have a * B + + + align:start position:0% +transpose right the rule if I have a * B +transpose it's B transpose time a + + align:start position:0% +transpose it's B transpose time a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose it's B transpose time a +transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's just the rule of + + align:start position:0% +right that's just the rule of + + + align:start position:0% +right that's just the rule of +transposition so this + + align:start position:0% +transposition so this + + + align:start position:0% +transposition so this +is one transposed + + align:start position:0% +is one transposed + + + align:start position:0% +is one transposed +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +transpose and so when I put all these + + align:start position:0% +transpose and so when I put all these + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and so when I put all these +guys together this is actually equal to + + align:start position:0% +guys together this is actually equal to + + + align:start position:0% +guys together this is actually equal to +1/ n x transpose X - 1 n^ 2 Xpose 1 one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +X because X transpose transpose is + + align:start position:0% +X because X transpose transpose is + + + align:start position:0% +X because X transpose transpose is +X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now I can actually I have + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I can actually I have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I can actually I have +something which is of the form X trans + + align:start position:0% +something which is of the form X trans + + + align:start position:0% +something which is of the form X trans +ose X on to the left X transpose to the + + align:start position:0% +ose X on to the left X transpose to the + + + align:start position:0% +ose X on to the left X transpose to the +right X here I have X transposed to the + + align:start position:0% +right X here I have X transposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +right X here I have X transposed to the +left x to the right so I can factor out + + align:start position:0% +left x to the right so I can factor out + + + align:start position:0% +left x to the right so I can factor out +whatever is in there so I can write S as + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in there so I can write S as + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in there so I can write S as +1/ n sorry X + + align:start position:0% +1/ n sorry X + + + align:start position:0% +1/ n sorry X +transpose times 1 / n * the identity of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rd and then I have minus 1/ n one one + + align:start position:0% +Rd and then I have minus 1/ n one one + + + align:start position:0% +Rd and then I have minus 1/ n one one +transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X okay because if you I mean you can + + align:start position:0% +X okay because if you I mean you can + + + align:start position:0% +X okay because if you I mean you can +distribute it back right so here I'm + + align:start position:0% +distribute it back right so here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +distribute it back right so here I'm +going to get what x transpose identity + + align:start position:0% +going to get what x transpose identity + + + align:start position:0% +going to get what x transpose identity +time x the whole thing divided by n + + align:start position:0% +time x the whole thing divided by n + + + align:start position:0% +time x the whole thing divided by n +that's this term and then the second one + + align:start position:0% +that's this term and then the second one + + + align:start position:0% +that's this term and then the second one +is going to be sorry 1 over n^ 2 and + + align:start position:0% +is going to be sorry 1 over n^ 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be sorry 1 over n^ 2 and +then I'm going to get 1 over n + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to get 1 over n + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to get 1 over n +2times uh uh X transpose one one + + align:start position:0% +2times uh uh X transpose one one + + + align:start position:0% +2times uh uh X transpose one one +transpose which is this guy times x and + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is this guy times x and + + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is this guy times x and +that's the right thing okay + + align:start position:0% +that's the right thing okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's the right thing okay +so the way it's written I factored out + + align:start position:0% +so the way it's written I factored out + + + align:start position:0% +so the way it's written I factored out +one of the one over n so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +one of the one over n so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +one of the one over n so I'm just going +to do the same thing as it's on as on + + align:start position:0% +to do the same thing as it's on as on + + + align:start position:0% +to do the same thing as it's on as on +the slide so I'm just factoring out this + + align:start position:0% +the slide so I'm just factoring out this + + + align:start position:0% +the slide so I'm just factoring out this +one/ n here so it's 1/ n times + + align:start position:0% +one/ n here so it's 1/ n times + + + align:start position:0% +one/ n here so it's 1/ n times +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +transpose identity of our D divided by n + + align:start position:0% +transpose identity of our D divided by n + + + align:start position:0% +transpose identity of our D divided by n +minus sorry divided by one this time + + align:start position:0% +minus sorry divided by one this time + + + align:start position:0% +minus sorry divided by one this time +minus one/ n one one + + align:start position:0% +minus one/ n one one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one/ n one one +transpose time x okay so that's just + + align:start position:0% +transpose time x okay so that's just + + + align:start position:0% +transpose time x okay so that's just +what something the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slides what does the Matrix one one + + align:start position:0% +slides what does the Matrix one one + + + align:start position:0% +slides what does the Matrix one one +transpose look + + align:start position:0% +transpose look + + + align:start position:0% +transpose look +like it's just all ones right because + + align:start position:0% +like it's just all ones right because + + + align:start position:0% +like it's just all ones right because +the entries are the products of the L1 + + align:start position:0% +the entries are the products of the L1 + + + align:start position:0% +the entries are the products of the L1 +of the coordinates of the o1 vectors + + align:start position:0% +of the coordinates of the o1 vectors + + + align:start position:0% +of the coordinates of the o1 vectors +with the coordinates of the L1 vectors + + align:start position:0% +with the coordinates of the L1 vectors + + + align:start position:0% +with the coordinates of the L1 vectors +so I only get one so it's a it's a d byd + + align:start position:0% +so I only get one so it's a it's a d byd + + + align:start position:0% +so I only get one so it's a it's a d byd +Matrix with only + + align:start position:0% +Matrix with only + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix with only +ones so this Matrix I can actually write + + align:start position:0% +ones so this Matrix I can actually write + + + align:start position:0% +ones so this Matrix I can actually write +exactly right + + align:start position:0% +exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right +H this Matrix that I called H which is + + align:start position:0% +H this Matrix that I called H which is + + + align:start position:0% +H this Matrix that I called H which is +what's sandwiched in between this + + align:start position:0% +what's sandwiched in between this + + + align:start position:0% +what's sandwiched in between this +transpose in X by definition I said this + + align:start position:0% +transpose in X by definition I said this + + + align:start position:0% +transpose in X by definition I said this +is the definition of h then this thing I + + align:start position:0% +is the definition of h then this thing I + + + align:start position:0% +is the definition of h then this thing I +can write its coordinates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly we know it's identity divided by + + align:start position:0% +exactly we know it's identity divided by + + + align:start position:0% +exactly we know it's identity divided by +n minus sorry I don't know why I keep on + + align:start position:0% +n minus sorry I don't know why I keep on + + + align:start position:0% +n minus sorry I don't know why I keep on +divid by minus 1/ n 1 1 transpose so + + align:start position:0% +divid by minus 1/ n 1 1 transpose so + + + align:start position:0% +divid by minus 1/ n 1 1 transpose so +it's this Matrix with only ones on the + + align:start position:0% +it's this Matrix with only ones on the + + + align:start position:0% +it's this Matrix with only ones on the +diagonals and zeros elsewhere minus a + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and zeros elsewhere minus a + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and zeros elsewhere minus a +matrix that only has one/ n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everywhere okay so the whole + + align:start position:0% +everywhere okay so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere okay so the whole +thing is 1 - one over n on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonals and then minus one over n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay and now I claim that this Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +okay and now I claim that this Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now I claim that this Matrix is +an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +an orthogonal +projector now I'm writing this but this + + align:start position:0% +projector now I'm writing this but this + + + align:start position:0% +projector now I'm writing this but this +completely useless this is just a way + + align:start position:0% +completely useless this is just a way + + + align:start position:0% +completely useless this is just a way +for you to see that it's actually very + + align:start position:0% +for you to see that it's actually very + + + align:start position:0% +for you to see that it's actually very +convenient now to think about this + + align:start position:0% +convenient now to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +convenient now to think about this +problem as being a a a matrix problem + + align:start position:0% +problem as being a a a matrix problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem as being a a a matrix problem +because things are much nicer when you + + align:start position:0% +because things are much nicer when you + + + align:start position:0% +because things are much nicer when you +think about the actual form of your + + align:start position:0% +think about the actual form of your + + + align:start position:0% +think about the actual form of your +matrices right that could tell you here + + align:start position:0% +matrices right that could tell you here + + + align:start position:0% +matrices right that could tell you here +is the Matrix I mean imagine you're + + align:start position:0% +is the Matrix I mean imagine you're + + + align:start position:0% +is the Matrix I mean imagine you're +sitting at a midterm and I say here's + + align:start position:0% +sitting at a midterm and I say here's + + + align:start position:0% +sitting at a midterm and I say here's +the Matrix that has 1 - one/ n on the + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix that has 1 - one/ n on the + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix that has 1 - one/ n on the +diagonals and minus one over on the on + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and minus one over on the on + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and minus one over on the on +the F diagonal prove to me that it's a + + align:start position:0% +the F diagonal prove to me that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the F diagonal prove to me that it's a +projector projector Matrix you're going + + align:start position:0% +projector projector Matrix you're going + + + align:start position:0% +projector projector Matrix you're going +to have to basically take this guy times + + align:start position:0% +to have to basically take this guy times + + + align:start position:0% +to have to basically take this guy times +itself it's going to be really + + align:start position:0% +itself it's going to be really + + + align:start position:0% +itself it's going to be really +complicated right so we know it's + + align:start position:0% +complicated right so we know it's + + + align:start position:0% +complicated right so we know it's +symmetric that's for sure but the fact + + align:start position:0% +symmetric that's for sure but the fact + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric that's for sure but the fact +that it has this particular way of + + align:start position:0% +that it has this particular way of + + + align:start position:0% +that it has this particular way of +writing it is going to make my life + + align:start position:0% +writing it is going to make my life + + + align:start position:0% +writing it is going to make my life +super easy to check this that's the + + align:start position:0% +super easy to check this that's the + + + align:start position:0% +super easy to check this that's the +definition of a projector it has to be + + align:start position:0% +definition of a projector it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a projector it has to be +symmetric and it has to uh Square to + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and it has to uh Square to + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and it has to uh Square to +itself because we just said uh in the in + + align:start position:0% +itself because we just said uh in the in + + + align:start position:0% +itself because we just said uh in the in +the chapter on linear regression that + + align:start position:0% +the chapter on linear regression that + + + align:start position:0% +the chapter on linear regression that +once you project if you apply the + + align:start position:0% +once you project if you apply the + + + align:start position:0% +once you project if you apply the +projection again you're not moving + + align:start position:0% +projection again you're not moving + + + align:start position:0% +projection again you're not moving +because you're already there okay so why + + align:start position:0% +because you're already there okay so why + + + align:start position:0% +because you're already there okay so why +is h^2 equal to + + align:start position:0% +is h^2 equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is h^2 equal to +H well let's just write H Square it's + + align:start position:0% +H well let's just write H Square it's + + + align:start position:0% +H well let's just write H Square it's +the identity - 1 / n 1 one + + align:start position:0% +the identity - 1 / n 1 one + + + align:start position:0% +the identity - 1 / n 1 one +transpose times the identity minus 1 / + + align:start position:0% +transpose times the identity minus 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +transpose times the identity minus 1 / +n one one transpose + + align:start position:0% +n one one transpose + + + align:start position:0% +n one one transpose +right let's just expand this + + align:start position:0% +right let's just expand this + + + align:start position:0% +right let's just expand this +now this is equal to the identity minus + + align:start position:0% +now this is equal to the identity minus + + + align:start position:0% +now this is equal to the identity minus +well the identity Time 1 one transpose + + align:start position:0% +well the identity Time 1 one transpose + + + align:start position:0% +well the identity Time 1 one transpose +it's just the identity so is is one one + + align:start position:0% +it's just the identity so is is one one + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the identity so is is one one +transpose sorry so 1/ n one one + + align:start position:0% +transpose sorry so 1/ n one one + + + align:start position:0% +transpose sorry so 1/ n one one +transpose minus one over n one one + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus one over n one one + + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus one over n one one +transpose and then that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +transpose and then that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and then that's going to be +what makes the deal is that I get this + + align:start position:0% +what makes the deal is that I get this + + + align:start position:0% +what makes the deal is that I get this +one over n squar this time and then I + + align:start position:0% +one over n squar this time and then I + + + align:start position:0% +one over n squar this time and then I +get the product of one over n trans + + align:start position:0% +get the product of one over n trans + + + align:start position:0% +get the product of one over n trans +let's write it completely I get one one + + align:start position:0% +let's write it completely I get one one + + + align:start position:0% +let's write it completely I get one one +transpose times 1 one + + align:start position:0% +transpose times 1 one + + + align:start position:0% +transpose times 1 one +transpose okay + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay + + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay +but this thing + + align:start position:0% +but this thing + + + align:start position:0% +but this thing +here what is + + align:start position:0% +here what is + + + align:start position:0% +here what is +this n right it's the UN product of the + + align:start position:0% +this n right it's the UN product of the + + + align:start position:0% +this n right it's the UN product of the +O one's Vector with the O On's Vector so + + align:start position:0% +O one's Vector with the O On's Vector so + + + align:start position:0% +O one's Vector with the O On's Vector so +I'm just summing n * 1^ 2 which is n so + + align:start position:0% +I'm just summing n * 1^ 2 which is n so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just summing n * 1^ 2 which is n so +this is equal to n so I pull it out + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to n so I pull it out + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to n so I pull it out +cancel one of the ends and I'm back to + + align:start position:0% +cancel one of the ends and I'm back to + + + align:start position:0% +cancel one of the ends and I'm back to +what I had before so I had identity + + align:start position:0% +what I had before so I had identity + + + align:start position:0% +what I had before so I had identity +minus 2 over n one one transpose plus + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 over n one one transpose plus + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 over n one one transpose plus +one over n one one + + align:start position:0% +one over n one one + + + align:start position:0% +one over n one one +transpose which is equal to H Cu uh one + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is equal to H Cu uh one + + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is equal to H Cu uh one +of the one uh over ends cancel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so it's a projection matrix it's + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a projection matrix it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a projection matrix it's +projecting onto some linear space + + align:start position:0% +projecting onto some linear space + + + align:start position:0% +projecting onto some linear space +right it's taking a matrix it's sorry + + align:start position:0% +right it's taking a matrix it's sorry + + + align:start position:0% +right it's taking a matrix it's sorry +it's taking a vector and it's projecting + + align:start position:0% +it's taking a vector and it's projecting + + + align:start position:0% +it's taking a vector and it's projecting +onto a certain space of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors what is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space right so how do you so I'm only + + align:start position:0% +space right so how do you so I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +space right so how do you so I'm only +asking this question the answer to this + + align:start position:0% +asking this question the answer to this + + + align:start position:0% +asking this question the answer to this +question in words right so how would you + + align:start position:0% +question in words right so how would you + + + align:start position:0% +question in words right so how would you +describe the vectors onto which this + + align:start position:0% +describe the vectors onto which this + + + align:start position:0% +describe the vectors onto which this +Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is +projecting well if you want to answer + + align:start position:0% +projecting well if you want to answer + + + align:start position:0% +projecting well if you want to answer +this question the way you would tackle + + align:start position:0% +this question the way you would tackle + + + align:start position:0% +this question the way you would tackle +it is first by saying okay what does a + + align:start position:0% +it is first by saying okay what does a + + + align:start position:0% +it is first by saying okay what does a +vector which is of the + + align:start position:0% +vector which is of the + + + align:start position:0% +vector which is of the +form H times something look like right + + align:start position:0% +form H times something look like right + + + align:start position:0% +form H times something look like right +what can I say about this Vector that's + + align:start position:0% +what can I say about this Vector that's + + + align:start position:0% +what can I say about this Vector that's +going to be definitely giving me + + align:start position:0% +going to be definitely giving me + + + align:start position:0% +going to be definitely giving me +something about the space on which IT + + align:start position:0% +something about the space on which IT + + + align:start position:0% +something about the space on which IT +projects I need to know a little more to + + align:start position:0% +projects I need to know a little more to + + + align:start position:0% +projects I need to know a little more to +know that it projects exactly onto this + + align:start position:0% +know that it projects exactly onto this + + + align:start position:0% +know that it projects exactly onto this +but uh um one way we can do this is just + + align:start position:0% +but uh um one way we can do this is just + + + align:start position:0% +but uh um one way we can do this is just +see how it acts on a vector what does it + + align:start position:0% +see how it acts on a vector what does it + + + align:start position:0% +see how it acts on a vector what does it +do to a vector to apply H right so I + + align:start position:0% +do to a vector to apply H right so I + + + align:start position:0% +do to a vector to apply H right so I +take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V and let's see what taking V and + + align:start position:0% +V and let's see what taking V and + + + align:start position:0% +V and let's see what taking V and +applying H to it looks + + align:start position:0% +applying H to it looks + + + align:start position:0% +applying H to it looks +like well is the identity minus + + align:start position:0% +like well is the identity minus + + + align:start position:0% +like well is the identity minus +something so it takes V and it removes + + align:start position:0% +something so it takes V and it removes + + + align:start position:0% +something so it takes V and it removes +something from V what does it + + align:start position:0% +something from V what does it + + + align:start position:0% +something from V what does it +remove well it's 1/ n * V transposed + + align:start position:0% +remove well it's 1/ n * V transposed + + + align:start position:0% +remove well it's 1/ n * V transposed +one times the Old One's Vector + + align:start position:0% +one times the Old One's Vector + + + align:start position:0% +one times the Old One's Vector +right agreed I just wrote V transpose + + align:start position:0% +right agreed I just wrote V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +right agreed I just wrote V transpose +one instead of one or instead of uh well + + align:start position:0% +one instead of one or instead of uh well + + + align:start position:0% +one instead of one or instead of uh well +one transpose V okay which are the same + + align:start position:0% +one transpose V okay which are the same + + + align:start position:0% +one transpose V okay which are the same +thing what is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing what what what should I call it in + + align:start position:0% +thing what what what should I call it in + + + align:start position:0% +thing what what what should I call it in +mathematic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notation V bar right I should call it V + + align:start position:0% +notation V bar right I should call it V + + + align:start position:0% +notation V bar right I should call it V +because this is exactly the average of + + align:start position:0% +because this is exactly the average of + + + align:start position:0% +because this is exactly the average of +the entries of + + align:start position:0% +the entries of + + + align:start position:0% +the entries of +V great right this is summing the + + align:start position:0% +V great right this is summing the + + + align:start position:0% +V great right this is summing the +entries of v's and this is dividing by + + align:start position:0% +entries of v's and this is dividing by + + + align:start position:0% +entries of v's and this is dividing by +the number of those V's sorry now V is + + align:start position:0% +the number of those V's sorry now V is + + + align:start position:0% +the number of those V's sorry now V is +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +our sorry why do I divide + + align:start position:0% +our sorry why do I divide + + + align:start position:0% +our sorry why do I divide +by um I'm just okay I need to check what + + align:start position:0% +by um I'm just okay I need to check what + + + align:start position:0% +by um I'm just okay I need to check what +my dimensions are now + + align:start position:0% +my dimensions are now + + + align:start position:0% +my dimensions are now +no it's in our d right so why do I + + align:start position:0% +no it's in our d right so why do I + + + align:start position:0% +no it's in our d right so why do I +divide by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n so it's not really V bar it's the sum + + align:start position:0% +n so it's not really V bar it's the sum + + + align:start position:0% +n so it's not really V bar it's the sum +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v's divided by uh right so it's V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah the okay thank you uh so + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah the okay thank you uh so + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah the okay thank you uh so +everywhere I wrote HD that was actually + + align:start position:0% +everywhere I wrote HD that was actually + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere I wrote HD that was actually +hn oh man I wish I had a computer now uh + + align:start position:0% +hn oh man I wish I had a computer now uh + + + align:start position:0% +hn oh man I wish I had a computer now uh +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah because the the yeah right so + + align:start position:0% +so yeah because the the yeah right so + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah because the the yeah right so +the why it's not well why I thought it + + align:start position:0% +the why it's not well why I thought it + + + align:start position:0% +the why it's not well why I thought it +was this because I was thinking about + + align:start position:0% +was this because I was thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +was this because I was thinking about +the outer dimension of X really of X + + align:start position:0% +the outer dimension of X really of X + + + align:start position:0% +the outer dimension of X really of X +transpose which is really the inner + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is really the inner + + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is really the inner +Dimension that mattered to me right so + + align:start position:0% +Dimension that mattered to me right so + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension that mattered to me right so +the thing that I can sandwich between X + + align:start position:0% +the thing that I can sandwich between X + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that I can sandwich between X +transpose in X has to be n byn so this + + align:start position:0% +transpose in X has to be n byn so this + + + align:start position:0% +transpose in X has to be n byn so this +was actually n byn and so that's + + align:start position:0% +was actually n byn and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +was actually n byn and so that's +actually n byn everything is n + + align:start position:0% +actually n byn everything is n + + + align:start position:0% +actually n byn everything is n +byn sorry about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so this is n this is n this is well + + align:start position:0% +that so this is n this is n this is well + + + align:start position:0% +that so this is n this is n this is well +I didn't really tell you what all the + + align:start position:0% +I didn't really tell you what all the + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't really tell you what all the +old one vector was but it's also in our + + align:start position:0% +old one vector was but it's also in our + + + align:start position:0% +old one vector was but it's also in our +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay thank you and + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you and + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you and +and actually I used the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +and actually I used the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +and actually I used the fact that this +was of size n here already + + align:start position:0% +was of size n here already + + + align:start position:0% +was of size n here already +uh okay and so that's indeed V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar so what is this projection doing to + + align:start position:0% +bar so what is this projection doing to + + + align:start position:0% +bar so what is this projection doing to +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vector it's removing its average on each + + align:start position:0% +vector it's removing its average on each + + + align:start position:0% +vector it's removing its average on each +coordinate right and the effect of this + + align:start position:0% +coordinate right and the effect of this + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate right and the effect of this +is that V is a vector what is the + + align:start position:0% +is that V is a vector what is the + + + align:start position:0% +is that V is a vector what is the +average of HB of HV + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so it's zero it's the average of V + + align:start position:0% +right so it's zero it's the average of V + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's zero it's the average of V +which is V bar minus the average of + + align:start position:0% +which is V bar minus the average of + + + align:start position:0% +which is V bar minus the average of +something that only has v bars as entry + + align:start position:0% +something that only has v bars as entry + + + align:start position:0% +something that only has v bars as entry +which is V bar so this thing is actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so let me repeat my question on two + + align:start position:0% +zero so let me repeat my question on two + + + align:start position:0% +zero so let me repeat my question on two +what Subspace does H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +project onto the Subspace of vectors + + align:start position:0% +project onto the Subspace of vectors + + + align:start position:0% +project onto the Subspace of vectors +that have mean + + align:start position:0% +that have mean + + + align:start position:0% +that have mean +zero a vector that has been zero is a + + align:start position:0% +zero a vector that has been zero is a + + + align:start position:0% +zero a vector that has been zero is a +vector so if you want to talk more uh + + align:start position:0% +vector so if you want to talk more uh + + + align:start position:0% +vector so if you want to talk more uh +linear algebra V bar for Vector to have + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra V bar for Vector to have + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra V bar for Vector to have +mean zero it means that V is orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +mean zero it means that V is orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +mean zero it means that V is orthogonal +to the span of of the all ones + + align:start position:0% +to the span of of the all ones + + + align:start position:0% +to the span of of the all ones +Vector that's it IT projects onto the + + align:start position:0% +Vector that's it IT projects onto the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector that's it IT projects onto the +space so in words it projects onto the + + align:start position:0% +space so in words it projects onto the + + + align:start position:0% +space so in words it projects onto the +space of vectors that have zero mean in + + align:start position:0% +space of vectors that have zero mean in + + + align:start position:0% +space of vectors that have zero mean in +linear algebra it says it projects onto + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra it says it projects onto + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra it says it projects onto +the hyper plane which is orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +the hyper plane which is orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +the hyper plane which is orthogonal to +the l1's vector + + align:start position:0% +the l1's vector + + + align:start position:0% +the l1's vector +okay so that's that's uh that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's uh that's +all can you guys still see the the the + + align:start position:0% +all can you guys still see the the the + + + align:start position:0% +all can you guys still see the the the +screen are you good over there okay uh + + align:start position:0% +screen are you good over there okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +screen are you good over there okay uh +all right so now what it means is that + + align:start position:0% +all right so now what it means is that + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now what it means is that +uh uh well I'm doing this word thing + + align:start position:0% +uh uh well I'm doing this word thing + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh well I'm doing this word thing +right I'm taking the inner product so s + + align:start position:0% +right I'm taking the inner product so s + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm taking the inner product so s +is taking X and then it's removing its + + align:start position:0% +is taking X and then it's removing its + + + align:start position:0% +is taking X and then it's removing its +mean of each of the columns of X right + + align:start position:0% +mean of each of the columns of X right + + + align:start position:0% +mean of each of the columns of X right +when I take H * X I'm basically applying + + align:start position:0% +when I take H * X I'm basically applying + + + align:start position:0% +when I take H * X I'm basically applying +this projection which consists in + + align:start position:0% +this projection which consists in + + + align:start position:0% +this projection which consists in +removing the mean of all the X's + + align:start position:0% +removing the mean of all the X's + + + align:start position:0% +removing the mean of all the X's +and then I multiply by H transpose but + + align:start position:0% +and then I multiply by H transpose but + + + align:start position:0% +and then I multiply by H transpose but +what's actually nice is that remember H + + align:start position:0% +what's actually nice is that remember H + + + align:start position:0% +what's actually nice is that remember H +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +projector sorry I'm want to keep that + + align:start position:0% +projector sorry I'm want to keep that + + + align:start position:0% +projector sorry I'm want to keep that +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +means that when I look at X transpose + + align:start position:0% +means that when I look at X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +means that when I look at X transpose +h x it's the same as looking at x + + align:start position:0% +h x it's the same as looking at x + + + align:start position:0% +h x it's the same as looking at x +transpose h s x but since H is equal to + + align:start position:0% +transpose h s x but since H is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +transpose h s x but since H is equal to +H transpose this is actually the same as + + align:start position:0% +H transpose this is actually the same as + + + align:start position:0% +H transpose this is actually the same as +looking at x transpose + + align:start position:0% +looking at x transpose + + + align:start position:0% +looking at x transpose +H transpose HX which is the same as + + align:start position:0% +H transpose HX which is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +H transpose HX which is the same as +looking at + + align:start position:0% +looking at + + + align:start position:0% +looking at +h x + + align:start position:0% +h x + + + align:start position:0% +h x +transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +HX okay so what it's doing it's first + + align:start position:0% +HX okay so what it's doing it's first + + + align:start position:0% +HX okay so what it's doing it's first +applying this projection Matrix H which + + align:start position:0% +applying this projection Matrix H which + + + align:start position:0% +applying this projection Matrix H which +removes the mean of each of your columns + + align:start position:0% +removes the mean of each of your columns + + + align:start position:0% +removes the mean of each of your columns +and then looks at uh uh uh the inner + + align:start position:0% +and then looks at uh uh uh the inner + + + align:start position:0% +and then looks at uh uh uh the inner +products between those guys right each + + align:start position:0% +products between those guys right each + + + align:start position:0% +products between those guys right each +entry of this guy is just the co + + align:start position:0% +entry of this guy is just the co + + + align:start position:0% +entry of this guy is just the co +variance between those Center things + + align:start position:0% +variance between those Center things + + + align:start position:0% +variance between those Center things +that's all it's doing all + + align:start position:0% +that's all it's doing all + + + align:start position:0% +that's all it's doing all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so those are actually going to be the + + align:start position:0% +so those are actually going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +so those are actually going to be the +key statement so everything we've done + + align:start position:0% +key statement so everything we've done + + + align:start position:0% +key statement so everything we've done +so far is really mainly linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +so far is really mainly linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +so far is really mainly linear algebra +right I mean looking at expectations and + + align:start position:0% +right I mean looking at expectations and + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean looking at expectations and +Co variances was just uh we just Ed the + + align:start position:0% +Co variances was just uh we just Ed the + + + align:start position:0% +Co variances was just uh we just Ed the +fact that the expectation was linear we + + align:start position:0% +fact that the expectation was linear we + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the expectation was linear we +didn't do much but now there's a nice + + align:start position:0% +didn't do much but now there's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +didn't do much but now there's a nice +thing that's happening and that's why + + align:start position:0% +thing that's happening and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's happening and that's why +we're going to switch from the language + + align:start position:0% +we're going to switch from the language + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to switch from the language +of linear algebra to more statistical + + align:start position:0% +of linear algebra to more statistical + + + align:start position:0% +of linear algebra to more statistical +because what's happening is that if I + + align:start position:0% +because what's happening is that if I + + + align:start position:0% +because what's happening is that if I +look at this s quadratic form right so + + align:start position:0% +look at this s quadratic form right so + + + align:start position:0% +look at this s quadratic form right so +so I take Sigma so I take a vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U and uh uh I'm going to look at U so + + align:start position:0% +U and uh uh I'm going to look at U so + + + align:start position:0% +U and uh uh I'm going to look at U so +let's say in our D and I'm going to look + + align:start position:0% +let's say in our D and I'm going to look + + + align:start position:0% +let's say in our D and I'm going to look +at U transpose Sigma + + align:start position:0% +at U transpose Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +at U transpose Sigma +U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what is this doing well we know + + align:start position:0% +okay what is this doing well we know + + + align:start position:0% +okay what is this doing well we know +that U transpose Sigma U is equal to + + align:start position:0% +that U transpose Sigma U is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that U transpose Sigma U is equal to +what well Sigma + + align:start position:0% +what well Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +what well Sigma +is the expectation of x x transpose + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation of x x transpose + + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation of x x transpose +minus the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +minus the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +minus the expectation of +X expectation of X transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so I just substitute in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there now U is + + align:start position:0% +there now U is + + + align:start position:0% +there now U is +deterministic so in particular I can + + align:start position:0% +deterministic so in particular I can + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic so in particular I can +push it inside the expectation here + + align:start position:0% +push it inside the expectation here + + + align:start position:0% +push it inside the expectation here +agreed and I can do the same from the + + align:start position:0% +agreed and I can do the same from the + + + align:start position:0% +agreed and I can do the same from the +right so here when I push U transpose + + align:start position:0% +right so here when I push U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +right so here when I push U transpose +here and U here what I'm left with is + + align:start position:0% +here and U here what I'm left with is + + + align:start position:0% +here and U here what I'm left with is +the expectation of U transpose x times x + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of U transpose x times x + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of U transpose x times x +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +U okay and now I can do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +U okay and now I can do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +U okay and now I can do the same thing +for this guy and this tells me that this + + align:start position:0% +for this guy and this tells me that this + + + align:start position:0% +for this guy and this tells me that this +is the expectation of U transpose x + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation of U transpose x + + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation of U transpose x +times the expectation of X transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U of course U transpose X is equal to X + + align:start position:0% +U of course U transpose X is equal to X + + + align:start position:0% +U of course U transpose X is equal to X +transpose U and you uh yeah so what it + + align:start position:0% +transpose U and you uh yeah so what it + + + align:start position:0% +transpose U and you uh yeah so what it +means is that this is actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal to the expectation of U transpose + + align:start position:0% +equal to the expectation of U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the expectation of U transpose +x squared minus the expectation of U + + align:start position:0% +x squared minus the expectation of U + + + align:start position:0% +x squared minus the expectation of U +transpose X the whole thing squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but this is something that should look + + align:start position:0% +but this is something that should look + + + align:start position:0% +but this is something that should look +familiar this is really just the + + align:start position:0% +familiar this is really just the + + + align:start position:0% +familiar this is really just the +variance of this particular random + + align:start position:0% +variance of this particular random + + + align:start position:0% +variance of this particular random +variable which is of the form U + + align:start position:0% +variable which is of the form U + + + align:start position:0% +variable which is of the form U +transpose X right U transpose X is a + + align:start position:0% +transpose X right U transpose X is a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose X right U transpose X is a +number it involves a random Vector so + + align:start position:0% +number it involves a random Vector so + + + align:start position:0% +number it involves a random Vector so +it's a random variable and so it has a + + align:start position:0% +it's a random variable and so it has a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a random variable and so it has a +variance and this variance is exactly + + align:start position:0% +variance and this variance is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +variance and this variance is exactly +given by this + + align:start position:0% +given by this + + + align:start position:0% +given by this +formula so this is just the variance of + + align:start position:0% +formula so this is just the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +formula so this is just the variance of +U transpose + + align:start position:0% +U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +U transpose +X so what we've proved is that if I look + + align:start position:0% +X so what we've proved is that if I look + + + align:start position:0% +X so what we've proved is that if I look +at this guy this is really just the + + align:start position:0% +at this guy this is really just the + + + align:start position:0% +at this guy this is really just the +variance of U transpose X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now I can do the same thing for the + + align:start position:0% +okay now I can do the same thing for the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I can do the same thing for the +sample + + align:start position:0% +sample + + + align:start position:0% +sample +variance so let's do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and as you can see spoiler alert + + align:start position:0% +this and as you can see spoiler alert + + + align:start position:0% +this and as you can see spoiler alert +this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be +the sample variance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so remember + + align:start position:0% +okay so remember + + + align:start position:0% +okay so remember +s is 1 / n sum of x i x i + + align:start position:0% +s is 1 / n sum of x i x i + + + align:start position:0% +s is 1 / n sum of x i x i +transpose minus xar xar + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus xar xar + + + align:start position:0% +transpose minus xar xar +transpose so when I do U transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose so when I do U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose so when I do U transpose +Su what it gives me is 1 / n sum from I + + align:start position:0% +Su what it gives me is 1 / n sum from I + + + align:start position:0% +Su what it gives me is 1 / n sum from I += 1 to n of U transpose x i time x I + + align:start position:0% += 1 to n of U transpose x i time x I + + + align:start position:0% += 1 to n of U transpose x i time x I +transpose U all right so those are two + + align:start position:0% +transpose U all right so those are two + + + align:start position:0% +transpose U all right so those are two +numbers that multiply each other and + + align:start position:0% +numbers that multiply each other and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers that multiply each other and +that happen to be equal to each other + + align:start position:0% +that happen to be equal to each other + + + align:start position:0% +that happen to be equal to each other +minus U transpose + + align:start position:0% +minus U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +minus U transpose +xar xar transpose U which is also the + + align:start position:0% +xar xar transpose U which is also the + + + align:start position:0% +xar xar transpose U which is also the +product of two numbers that happen to be + + align:start position:0% +product of two numbers that happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +product of two numbers that happen to be +equal to each other so I can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other so I can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other so I can rewrite +this with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squares so we're almost there + + align:start position:0% +squares so we're almost there + + + align:start position:0% +squares so we're almost there +all I need to know to check is that this + + align:start position:0% +all I need to know to check is that this + + + align:start position:0% +all I need to know to check is that this +thing is actually the average of those + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually the average of those + + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually the average of those +guys right so U transpose xar what is it + + align:start position:0% +guys right so U transpose xar what is it + + + align:start position:0% +guys right so U transpose xar what is it +it's 1/ n sum from I = 1 to n of U + + align:start position:0% +it's 1/ n sum from I = 1 to n of U + + + align:start position:0% +it's 1/ n sum from I = 1 to n of U +transpose x i so it's really something + + align:start position:0% +transpose x i so it's really something + + + align:start position:0% +transpose x i so it's really something +that I can write as U transpose X + + align:start position:0% +that I can write as U transpose X + + + align:start position:0% +that I can write as U transpose X +bar right that's the average of those + + align:start position:0% +bar right that's the average of those + + + align:start position:0% +bar right that's the average of those +random variables of the form U transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XI + + align:start position:0% +XI + + + align:start position:0% +XI +so what it means is is that U transpose + + align:start position:0% +so what it means is is that U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +so what it means is is that U transpose +Su I can write as 1 / n sum from I = 1 + + align:start position:0% +Su I can write as 1 / n sum from I = 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Su I can write as 1 / n sum from I = 1 +to n of U transpose SI I uh sorry x i + + align:start position:0% +to n of U transpose SI I uh sorry x i + + + align:start position:0% +to n of U transpose SI I uh sorry x i +squar minus U transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X bar + + align:start position:0% +X bar + + + align:start position:0% +X bar +squar which is the empirical + + align:start position:0% +squar which is the empirical + + + align:start position:0% +squar which is the empirical +variance that uh that we need noted by + + align:start position:0% +variance that uh that we need noted by + + + align:start position:0% +variance that uh that we need noted by +small s squared + + align:start position:0% +small s squared + + + align:start position:0% +small s squared +right so that's the empirical variance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of U transpose + + align:start position:0% +of U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +of U transpose +X1 all the way to U transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +xn okay and here same things I use + + align:start position:0% +xn okay and here same things I use + + + align:start position:0% +xn okay and here same things I use +exactly the same thing I just use the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing I just use the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing I just use the +fact that here the only thing I use is + + align:start position:0% +fact that here the only thing I use is + + + align:start position:0% +fact that here the only thing I use is +really the linearity of this guy of one + + align:start position:0% +really the linearity of this guy of one + + + align:start position:0% +really the linearity of this guy of one +over n sum or the linearity of + + align:start position:0% +over n sum or the linearity of + + + align:start position:0% +over n sum or the linearity of +expectation that I can push things in + + align:start position:0% +expectation that I can push things in + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that I can push things in +there okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this one yeah I said it's equal to small + + align:start position:0% +this one yeah I said it's equal to small + + + align:start position:0% +this one yeah I said it's equal to small +s and I want to make a difference + + align:start position:0% +s and I want to make a difference + + + align:start position:0% +s and I want to make a difference +between the big S that I'm using here so + + align:start position:0% +between the big S that I'm using here so + + + align:start position:0% +between the big S that I'm using here so +this is equal to small I don't know I'm + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to small I don't know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to small I don't know I'm +trying to make it look like a + + align:start position:0% +trying to make it look like a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make it look like a +calligraphic s Square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is nice right this conance + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is nice right this conance + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is nice right this conance +Matrix so let's look at capital Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so let's look at capital Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so let's look at capital Sigma +itself right now this conance Matrix we + + align:start position:0% +itself right now this conance Matrix we + + + align:start position:0% +itself right now this conance Matrix we +know that if we read its + + align:start position:0% +know that if we read its + + + align:start position:0% +know that if we read its +entries what we get is the ciance + + align:start position:0% +entries what we get is the ciance + + + align:start position:0% +entries what we get is the ciance +between the coordinates of the X right + + align:start position:0% +between the coordinates of the X right + + + align:start position:0% +between the coordinates of the X right +of the random Vector X and the + + align:start position:0% +of the random Vector X and the + + + align:start position:0% +of the random Vector X and the +coordinates well by definition are + + align:start position:0% +coordinates well by definition are + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates well by definition are +attached to a coordinate system so I + + align:start position:0% +attached to a coordinate system so I + + + align:start position:0% +attached to a coordinate system so I +only know what the co variance of X in + + align:start position:0% +only know what the co variance of X in + + + align:start position:0% +only know what the co variance of X in +of of those two things are or the COI of + + align:start position:0% +of of those two things are or the COI of + + + align:start position:0% +of of those two things are or the COI of +those two things are but what if I want + + align:start position:0% +those two things are but what if I want + + + align:start position:0% +those two things are but what if I want +to find coordinates between linear + + align:start position:0% +to find coordinates between linear + + + align:start position:0% +to find coordinates between linear +combination of the X's uh sorry if I + + align:start position:0% +combination of the X's uh sorry if I + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the X's uh sorry if I +want to find Co variances between linear + + align:start position:0% +want to find Co variances between linear + + + align:start position:0% +want to find Co variances between linear +combination of those x's and that's + + align:start position:0% +combination of those x's and that's + + + align:start position:0% +combination of those x's and that's +exactly what this allows me to do it + + align:start position:0% +exactly what this allows me to do it + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what this allows me to do it +says well if I pre and post multiply by + + align:start position:0% +says well if I pre and post multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +says well if I pre and post multiply by +U this is actually telling me what the + + align:start position:0% +U this is actually telling me what the + + + align:start position:0% +U this is actually telling me what the +variance of X along Direction U + + align:start position:0% +variance of X along Direction U + + + align:start position:0% +variance of X along Direction U +is okay so there's a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +is okay so there's a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so there's a lot of information +in there and it's just really exploiting + + align:start position:0% +in there and it's just really exploiting + + + align:start position:0% +in there and it's just really exploiting +the fact that there's some linear going + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's some linear going + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's some linear going +on in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coari so why variance why is variance + + align:start position:0% +coari so why variance why is variance + + + align:start position:0% +coari so why variance why is variance +interesting for us right why I started + + align:start position:0% +interesting for us right why I started + + + align:start position:0% +interesting for us right why I started +by saying here we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +by saying here we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +by saying here we're going to be +interested in having something to do + + align:start position:0% +interested in having something to do + + + align:start position:0% +interested in having something to do +Dimension reduction we have think of + + align:start position:0% +Dimension reduction we have think of + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension reduction we have think of +your points as being Dimension larger + + align:start position:0% +your points as being Dimension larger + + + align:start position:0% +your points as being Dimension larger +than four and we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +than four and we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +than four and we're going to try to +reduce the dimension so let's just think + + align:start position:0% +reduce the dimension so let's just think + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the dimension so let's just think +for one second what do we want about a + + align:start position:0% +for one second what do we want about a + + + align:start position:0% +for one second what do we want about a +dimension reduction Pro procedure if I + + align:start position:0% +dimension reduction Pro procedure if I + + + align:start position:0% +dimension reduction Pro procedure if I +have all my + + align:start position:0% +have all my + + + align:start position:0% +have all my +points that live in say three dimensions + + align:start position:0% +points that live in say three dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +points that live in say three dimensions +and I have one point here and one point + + align:start position:0% +and I have one point here and one point + + + align:start position:0% +and I have one point here and one point +here and one point here and one point + + align:start position:0% +here and one point here and one point + + + align:start position:0% +here and one point here and one point +here here and one point here and I + + align:start position:0% +here here and one point here and I + + + align:start position:0% +here here and one point here and I +decide to project them onto some plane + + align:start position:0% +decide to project them onto some plane + + + align:start position:0% +decide to project them onto some plane +but I take a plane that's just like this + + align:start position:0% +but I take a plane that's just like this + + + align:start position:0% +but I take a plane that's just like this +what's going to happen is that those + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen is that those + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen is that those +points are all going to project to the + + align:start position:0% +points are all going to project to the + + + align:start position:0% +points are all going to project to the +same point right I'm just going to not + + align:start position:0% +same point right I'm just going to not + + + align:start position:0% +same point right I'm just going to not +see anything however if I take a plane + + align:start position:0% +see anything however if I take a plane + + + align:start position:0% +see anything however if I take a plane +which is like this they're all going to + + align:start position:0% +which is like this they're all going to + + + align:start position:0% +which is like this they're all going to +project into some nice line maybe I can + + align:start position:0% +project into some nice line maybe I can + + + align:start position:0% +project into some nice line maybe I can +even project them onto a line and they + + align:start position:0% +even project them onto a line and they + + + align:start position:0% +even project them onto a line and they +will still be far apart from each other + + align:start position:0% +will still be far apart from each other + + + align:start position:0% +will still be far apart from each other +so that's what you want you want to be + + align:start position:0% +so that's what you want you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what you want you want to be +able to say when I take my points and I + + align:start position:0% +able to say when I take my points and I + + + align:start position:0% +able to say when I take my points and I +say I project them onto lower Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +say I project them onto lower Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +say I project them onto lower Dimensions +I do not want them to collapse into one + + align:start position:0% +I do not want them to collapse into one + + + align:start position:0% +I do not want them to collapse into one +single points I want them to be spread + + align:start position:0% +single points I want them to be spread + + + align:start position:0% +single points I want them to be spread +as possible in the direction on which I + + align:start position:0% +as possible in the direction on which I + + + align:start position:0% +as possible in the direction on which I +project and this is what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +project and this is what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +project and this is what we're going to +try to do and of course measuring spread + + align:start position:0% +try to do and of course measuring spread + + + align:start position:0% +try to do and of course measuring spread +between points can be done in many ways + + align:start position:0% +between points can be done in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +between points can be done in many ways +right I mean you could look at I don't + + align:start position:0% +right I mean you could look at I don't + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean you could look at I don't +know the sum of pairwise distances + + align:start position:0% +know the sum of pairwise distances + + + align:start position:0% +know the sum of pairwise distances +between those guys you could look at I + + align:start position:0% +between those guys you could look at I + + + align:start position:0% +between those guys you could look at I +know some sort of energy you can look at + + align:start position:0% +know some sort of energy you can look at + + + align:start position:0% +know some sort of energy you can look at +many ways to measure spread in a + + align:start position:0% +many ways to measure spread in a + + + align:start position:0% +many ways to measure spread in a +Direction but variance is a good way to + + align:start position:0% +Direction but variance is a good way to + + + align:start position:0% +Direction but variance is a good way to +measure spread between points if you + + align:start position:0% +measure spread between points if you + + + align:start position:0% +measure spread between points if you +have a lot of variances variance between + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of variances variance between + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of variances variance between +your points then chances are they're + + align:start position:0% +your points then chances are they're + + + align:start position:0% +your points then chances are they're +going to be spread now this is not + + align:start position:0% +going to be spread now this is not + + + align:start position:0% +going to be spread now this is not +always the case right if I have a a + + align:start position:0% +always the case right if I have a a + + + align:start position:0% +always the case right if I have a a +direction in which all my points are + + align:start position:0% +direction in which all my points are + + + align:start position:0% +direction in which all my points are +clumped onto one big point and one other + + align:start position:0% +clumped onto one big point and one other + + + align:start position:0% +clumped onto one big point and one other +big point it's going to choose this + + align:start position:0% +big point it's going to choose this + + + align:start position:0% +big point it's going to choose this +because that's a direction that has a + + align:start position:0% +because that's a direction that has a + + + align:start position:0% +because that's a direction that has a +lot of variance but hopefully the + + align:start position:0% +lot of variance but hopefully the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of variance but hopefully the +variance is going to spread things out + + align:start position:0% +variance is going to spread things out + + + align:start position:0% +variance is going to spread things out +nicely so the idea of uh of uh principal + + align:start position:0% +nicely so the idea of uh of uh principal + + + align:start position:0% +nicely so the idea of uh of uh principal +component analysis is going to try to + + align:start position:0% +component analysis is going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +component analysis is going to try to +identify those variances those + + align:start position:0% +identify those variances those + + + align:start position:0% +identify those variances those +directions along which we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +directions along which we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +directions along which we have a lot of +variance re reciprocally we're going to + + align:start position:0% +variance re reciprocally we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +variance re reciprocally we're going to +try to eliminate the directions along + + align:start position:0% +try to eliminate the directions along + + + align:start position:0% +try to eliminate the directions along +which we do not have a lot of variance + + align:start position:0% +which we do not have a lot of variance + + + align:start position:0% +which we do not have a lot of variance +okay and let's see why + + align:start position:0% +okay and let's see why + + + align:start position:0% +okay and let's see why +well if so here's the first claim if you + + align:start position:0% +well if so here's the first claim if you + + + align:start position:0% +well if so here's the first claim if you +transpose Su is equal to + + align:start position:0% +transpose Su is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Su is equal to +zero What's Happening well I know that + + align:start position:0% +zero What's Happening well I know that + + + align:start position:0% +zero What's Happening well I know that +an empirical variance is equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +an empirical variance is equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +an empirical variance is equal to zero +what does it mean for an empirical + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean for an empirical + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean for an empirical +variance to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +variance to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +variance to be equal to +zero so I give you a bunch of points + + align:start position:0% +zero so I give you a bunch of points + + + align:start position:0% +zero so I give you a bunch of points +right so those points are those points + + align:start position:0% +right so those points are those points + + + align:start position:0% +right so those points are those points +you transpose X1 you transpose those are + + align:start position:0% +you transpose X1 you transpose those are + + + align:start position:0% +you transpose X1 you transpose those are +a bunch of numbers what does it mean to + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of numbers what does it mean to + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of numbers what does it mean to +have the empirical variance of those + + align:start position:0% +have the empirical variance of those + + + align:start position:0% +have the empirical variance of those +points being equal to + + align:start position:0% +points being equal to + + + align:start position:0% +points being equal to +zero they're all the same so what it + + align:start position:0% +zero they're all the same so what it + + + align:start position:0% +zero they're all the same so what it +means is that when I have my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points right so can you find a direction + + align:start position:0% +points right so can you find a direction + + + align:start position:0% +points right so can you find a direction +for those points in which they project + + align:start position:0% +for those points in which they project + + + align:start position:0% +for those points in which they project +to all the same + + align:start position:0% +to all the same + + + align:start position:0% +to all the same +point no right there's no such thing for + + align:start position:0% +point no right there's no such thing for + + + align:start position:0% +point no right there's no such thing for +this to happen you have to have your + + align:start position:0% +this to happen you have to have your + + + align:start position:0% +this to happen you have to have your +points which are perfect + + align:start position:0% +points which are perfect + + + align:start position:0% +points which are perfect +aligned and then when you're going to + + align:start position:0% +aligned and then when you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +aligned and then when you're going to +project onto the orthogonal of this guy + + align:start position:0% +project onto the orthogonal of this guy + + + align:start position:0% +project onto the orthogonal of this guy +they're going to all project to the same + + align:start position:0% +they're going to all project to the same + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to all project to the same +point here which means that the + + align:start position:0% +point here which means that the + + + align:start position:0% +point here which means that the +empirical variance is going to be + + align:start position:0% +empirical variance is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +empirical variance is going to be +zero now this is an extreme case this + + align:start position:0% +zero now this is an extreme case this + + + align:start position:0% +zero now this is an extreme case this +will never happen in practice because if + + align:start position:0% +will never happen in practice because if + + + align:start position:0% +will never happen in practice because if +that happens well I mean you can + + align:start position:0% +that happens well I mean you can + + + align:start position:0% +that happens well I mean you can +basically figure that out very quickly + + align:start position:0% +basically figure that out very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +basically figure that out very quickly +so in the same way it's very unlikely + + align:start position:0% +so in the same way it's very unlikely + + + align:start position:0% +so in the same way it's very unlikely +that you're going to have U transpose + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to have U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to have U transpose +Sigma U which is equal to zero which + + align:start position:0% +Sigma U which is equal to zero which + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma U which is equal to zero which +means that essentially all your points + + align:start position:0% +means that essentially all your points + + + align:start position:0% +means that essentially all your points +are ult or let's say all of them are + + align:start position:0% +are ult or let's say all of them are + + + align:start position:0% +are ult or let's say all of them are +orthogonal to U right it's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to U right it's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to U right it's exactly the +same thing it just says that in the + + align:start position:0% +same thing it just says that in the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing it just says that in the +population case there's no probability + + align:start position:0% +population case there's no probability + + + align:start position:0% +population case there's no probability +that your points deviate from this guy + + align:start position:0% +that your points deviate from this guy + + + align:start position:0% +that your points deviate from this guy +here this happens with no zero + + align:start position:0% +here this happens with no zero + + + align:start position:0% +here this happens with no zero +probability okay and that's just because + + align:start position:0% +probability okay and that's just because + + + align:start position:0% +probability okay and that's just because +if you look at the variance of this guy + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the variance of this guy + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the variance of this guy +is going to be + + align:start position:0% +is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be +zero and then that means that there's no + + align:start position:0% +zero and then that means that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then that means that there's no +deviation by the way I'm using the name + + align:start position:0% +deviation by the way I'm using the name + + + align:start position:0% +deviation by the way I'm using the name +projection when I talk about uh U uh + + align:start position:0% +projection when I talk about uh U uh + + + align:start position:0% +projection when I talk about uh U uh +transpose X right so let's just be clear + + align:start position:0% +transpose X right so let's just be clear + + + align:start position:0% +transpose X right so let's just be clear +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +this if + + align:start position:0% +this if + + + align:start position:0% +this if +you so let's say I have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you so let's say I have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you so let's say I have a bunch of +points and U is a vector in this + + align:start position:0% +points and U is a vector in this + + + align:start position:0% +points and U is a vector in this +direction and let's say that U has uh uh + + align:start position:0% +direction and let's say that U has uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +direction and let's say that U has uh uh +so this is zero this is U and let's say + + align:start position:0% +so this is zero this is U and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +so this is zero this is U and let's say +that U is Norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay when I look what is the coordinate + + align:start position:0% +okay when I look what is the coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +okay when I look what is the coordinate +of the projection so what is the length + + align:start position:0% +of the projection so what is the length + + + align:start position:0% +of the projection so what is the length +of this guy here let's call this guy X1 + + align:start position:0% +of this guy here let's call this guy X1 + + + align:start position:0% +of this guy here let's call this guy X1 +what is the length of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy in terms of inner + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +products this is exactly U transpose + + align:start position:0% +products this is exactly U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +products this is exactly U transpose +X1 this length here if this is X2 this + + align:start position:0% +X1 this length here if this is X2 this + + + align:start position:0% +X1 this length here if this is X2 this +is exactly U transpose + + align:start position:0% +is exactly U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly U transpose +X2 okay so those U transpose X measure + + align:start position:0% +X2 okay so those U transpose X measure + + + align:start position:0% +X2 okay so those U transpose X measure +exactly the distance to the origin of + + align:start position:0% +exactly the distance to the origin of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the distance to the origin of +those uh of those uh I mean the + + align:start position:0% +those uh of those uh I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +those uh of those uh I mean the +it's really think of it as being just an + + align:start position:0% +it's really think of it as being just an + + + align:start position:0% +it's really think of it as being just an +xaxis thing you just have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +xaxis thing you just have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +xaxis thing you just have a bunch of +points you have an origin and it's + + align:start position:0% +points you have an origin and it's + + + align:start position:0% +points you have an origin and it's +really just telling you what the + + align:start position:0% +really just telling you what the + + + align:start position:0% +really just telling you what the +coordinate on this axis is going to be + + align:start position:0% +coordinate on this axis is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate on this axis is going to be +right so in particular if the empirical + + align:start position:0% +right so in particular if the empirical + + + align:start position:0% +right so in particular if the empirical +variance is zero it means that all these + + align:start position:0% +variance is zero it means that all these + + + align:start position:0% +variance is zero it means that all these +points project to the same point which + + align:start position:0% +points project to the same point which + + + align:start position:0% +points project to the same point which +means that they have to be orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +means that they have to be orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +means that they have to be orthogonal to +this guy and you can think of it as + + align:start position:0% +this guy and you can think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +this guy and you can think of it as +being also maybe an entire plane that's + + align:start position:0% +being also maybe an entire plane that's + + + align:start position:0% +being also maybe an entire plane that's +orthogonal to this line + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to this line + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to this line +okay so that's why I talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why I talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why I talk about uh +projection because the inner products U + + align:start position:0% +projection because the inner products U + + + align:start position:0% +projection because the inner products U +transpose X is really measuring + + align:start position:0% +transpose X is really measuring + + + align:start position:0% +transpose X is really measuring +the the the coordinate of X When U + + align:start position:0% +the the the coordinate of X When U + + + align:start position:0% +the the the coordinate of X When U +becomes the y axis the x- axis now if U + + align:start position:0% +becomes the y axis the x- axis now if U + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the y axis the x- axis now if U +has does not have Norm one then you just + + align:start position:0% +has does not have Norm one then you just + + + align:start position:0% +has does not have Norm one then you just +have a a change of scale here you just + + align:start position:0% +have a a change of scale here you just + + + align:start position:0% +have a a change of scale here you just +have a change of unit right so this is + + align:start position:0% +have a change of unit right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +have a change of unit right so this is +really U * + + align:start position:0% +really U * + + + align:start position:0% +really U * +X1 uh the coordinate should really be + + align:start position:0% +X1 uh the coordinate should really be + + + align:start position:0% +X1 uh the coordinate should really be +divided by the norm of U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now um uh just in the same way + + align:start position:0% +okay so now um uh just in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now um uh just in the same way +so we're never going to have exactly + + align:start position:0% +so we're never going to have exactly + + + align:start position:0% +so we're never going to have exactly +zero but if we go in the other end if + + align:start position:0% +zero but if we go in the other end if + + + align:start position:0% +zero but if we go in the other end if +you transpose Su is large what does it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean it means that when I look at my + + align:start position:0% +mean it means that when I look at my + + + align:start position:0% +mean it means that when I look at my +points as projected onto the axis + + align:start position:0% +points as projected onto the axis + + + align:start position:0% +points as projected onto the axis +generated by + + align:start position:0% +generated by + + + align:start position:0% +generated by +you they're going to have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you they're going to have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you they're going to have a lot of +variance they're going to be far away + + align:start position:0% +variance they're going to be far away + + + align:start position:0% +variance they're going to be far away +from each other in average right that's + + align:start position:0% +from each other in average right that's + + + align:start position:0% +from each other in average right that's +what large variance means or at least + + align:start position:0% +what large variance means or at least + + + align:start position:0% +what large variance means or at least +large empirical variance means and same + + align:start position:0% +large empirical variance means and same + + + align:start position:0% +large empirical variance means and same +thing for + + align:start position:0% +thing for + + + align:start position:0% +thing for +you so what we're going to try to find + + align:start position:0% +you so what we're going to try to find + + + align:start position:0% +you so what we're going to try to find +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +u that maximizes this if I can find a u + + align:start position:0% +u that maximizes this if I can find a u + + + align:start position:0% +u that maximizes this if I can find a u +that maximizes this so I can look in + + align:start position:0% +that maximizes this so I can look in + + + align:start position:0% +that maximizes this so I can look in +every direction and suddenly I find a + + align:start position:0% +every direction and suddenly I find a + + + align:start position:0% +every direction and suddenly I find a +direction in which the spread is massive + + align:start position:0% +direction in which the spread is massive + + + align:start position:0% +direction in which the spread is massive +then that's a point on which I'm + + align:start position:0% +then that's a point on which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +then that's a point on which I'm +basically the less likely to have my + + align:start position:0% +basically the less likely to have my + + + align:start position:0% +basically the less likely to have my +points project onto each other and + + align:start position:0% +points project onto each other and + + + align:start position:0% +points project onto each other and +Collide right at least I know they're + + align:start position:0% +Collide right at least I know they're + + + align:start position:0% +Collide right at least I know they're +going to Pro project at least onto two + + align:start position:0% +going to Pro project at least onto two + + + align:start position:0% +going to Pro project at least onto two +points so that's basic so the idea now + + align:start position:0% +points so that's basic so the idea now + + + align:start position:0% +points so that's basic so the idea now +is to say okay let's try to maximize + + align:start position:0% +is to say okay let's try to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +is to say okay let's try to maximize +this this spread right so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this this spread right so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this this spread right so we're going to +try to find the maximum overall use of U + + align:start position:0% +try to find the maximum overall use of U + + + align:start position:0% +try to find the maximum overall use of U +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +Su and that's going to be the direction + + align:start position:0% +Su and that's going to be the direction + + + align:start position:0% +Su and that's going to be the direction +that maximizes the empirical variance + + align:start position:0% +that maximizes the empirical variance + + + align:start position:0% +that maximizes the empirical variance +now of course if I write it like that + + align:start position:0% +now of course if I write it like that + + + align:start position:0% +now of course if I write it like that +for all + + align:start position:0% +for all + + + align:start position:0% +for all +use in r d what is the value of this + + align:start position:0% +use in r d what is the value of this + + + align:start position:0% +use in r d what is the value of this +maximum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's Infinity right because I can always + + align:start position:0% +it's Infinity right because I can always + + + align:start position:0% +it's Infinity right because I can always +multiply You by uh 10 and this entire + + align:start position:0% +multiply You by uh 10 and this entire + + + align:start position:0% +multiply You by uh 10 and this entire +thing is going to be multiplied by 100 + + align:start position:0% +thing is going to be multiplied by 100 + + + align:start position:0% +thing is going to be multiplied by 100 +so I'm just going to take you as large + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to take you as large + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to take you as large +as I want and this thing is going to be + + align:start position:0% +as I want and this thing is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +as I want and this thing is going to be +as large as I want and so I need to + + align:start position:0% +as large as I want and so I need to + + + align:start position:0% +as large as I want and so I need to +constrain you and as I said I need to + + align:start position:0% +constrain you and as I said I need to + + + align:start position:0% +constrain you and as I said I need to +have you of size one to talk about + + align:start position:0% +have you of size one to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +have you of size one to talk about +coordinates in the system uh generated + + align:start position:0% +coordinates in the system uh generated + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates in the system uh generated +by you like this so I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +by you like this so I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +by you like this so I'm just going to +constrain you to have Norm ukan Norm + + align:start position:0% +constrain you to have Norm ukan Norm + + + align:start position:0% +constrain you to have Norm ukan Norm +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay so that's going to be my goal + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's going to be my goal + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's going to be my goal +trying to find the largest possible U + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the largest possible U + + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the largest possible U +transpose s or in other words empirical + + align:start position:0% +transpose s or in other words empirical + + + align:start position:0% +transpose s or in other words empirical +variance of the points projected onto + + align:start position:0% +variance of the points projected onto + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the points projected onto +the direction U When U is of Norm one + + align:start position:0% +the direction U When U is of Norm one + + + align:start position:0% +the direction U When U is of Norm one +which justifies to use the word + + align:start position:0% +which justifies to use the word + + + align:start position:0% +which justifies to use the word +direction and because there's no + + align:start position:0% +direction and because there's no + + + align:start position:0% +direction and because there's no +magnitude to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so how am I going to do this right I + + align:start position:0% +so how am I going to do this right I + + + align:start position:0% +so how am I going to do this right I +could just like fold and say let's just + + align:start position:0% +could just like fold and say let's just + + + align:start position:0% +could just like fold and say let's just +optimize this thing like let's just take + + align:start position:0% +optimize this thing like let's just take + + + align:start position:0% +optimize this thing like let's just take +this problem it says maximize a function + + align:start position:0% +this problem it says maximize a function + + + align:start position:0% +this problem it says maximize a function +onto some constraints immediately the + + align:start position:0% +onto some constraints immediately the + + + align:start position:0% +onto some constraints immediately the +constraint is sort of nasty I'm on like + + align:start position:0% +constraint is sort of nasty I'm on like + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is sort of nasty I'm on like +a sphere and I'm trying to move points + + align:start position:0% +a sphere and I'm trying to move points + + + align:start position:0% +a sphere and I'm trying to move points +on the sphere and I'm maximizing this + + align:start position:0% +on the sphere and I'm maximizing this + + + align:start position:0% +on the sphere and I'm maximizing this +thing which actually happens to be + + align:start position:0% +thing which actually happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +thing which actually happens to be +convex and we know we know how to + + align:start position:0% +convex and we know we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +convex and we know we know how to +minimize convex functions but maximize + + align:start position:0% +minimize convex functions but maximize + + + align:start position:0% +minimize convex functions but maximize +them is a different question and so this + + align:start position:0% +them is a different question and so this + + + align:start position:0% +them is a different question and so this +problem might be super hard so I can + + align:start position:0% +problem might be super hard so I can + + + align:start position:0% +problem might be super hard so I can +just like say okay here's what I want to + + align:start position:0% +just like say okay here's what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +just like say okay here's what I want to +do and let me give that to an Optimizer + + align:start position:0% +do and let me give that to an Optimizer + + + align:start position:0% +do and let me give that to an Optimizer +and just hope that the optimizer can + + align:start position:0% +and just hope that the optimizer can + + + align:start position:0% +and just hope that the optimizer can +solve this problem for me that's one + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem for me that's one + + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem for me that's one +thing we can do now as you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +thing we can do now as you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +thing we can do now as you can imagine +PCA is so well spread right principal + + align:start position:0% +PCA is so well spread right principal + + + align:start position:0% +PCA is so well spread right principal +component analysis is something that + + align:start position:0% +component analysis is something that + + + align:start position:0% +component analysis is something that +people do constantly and so that means + + align:start position:0% +people do constantly and so that means + + + align:start position:0% +people do constantly and so that means +that we know how to do this fast so + + align:start position:0% +that we know how to do this fast so + + + align:start position:0% +that we know how to do this fast so +that's one thing the other thing that + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing the other thing that + + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing the other thing that +you should probably question about why + + align:start position:0% +you should probably question about why + + + align:start position:0% +you should probably question about why +if this thing is actually difficult why + + align:start position:0% +if this thing is actually difficult why + + + align:start position:0% +if this thing is actually difficult why +in the world would you even choose the + + align:start position:0% +in the world would you even choose the + + + align:start position:0% +in the world would you even choose the +variance as a measure of spread if + + align:start position:0% +variance as a measure of spread if + + + align:start position:0% +variance as a measure of spread if +there's so many me measures of spread + + align:start position:0% +there's so many me measures of spread + + + align:start position:0% +there's so many me measures of spread +right the variance is one measure of + + align:start position:0% +right the variance is one measure of + + + align:start position:0% +right the variance is one measure of +spread it's not guaranteed that + + align:start position:0% +spread it's not guaranteed that + + + align:start position:0% +spread it's not guaranteed that +everything is going to project nicely + + align:start position:0% +everything is going to project nicely + + + align:start position:0% +everything is going to project nicely +far apart from each other so you know we + + align:start position:0% +far apart from each other so you know we + + + align:start position:0% +far apart from each other so you know we +could choose the variance but we could + + align:start position:0% +could choose the variance but we could + + + align:start position:0% +could choose the variance but we could +choose something else if the variance + + align:start position:0% +choose something else if the variance + + + align:start position:0% +choose something else if the variance +does not help why choose it turns out + + align:start position:0% +does not help why choose it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +does not help why choose it turns out +the variance helps so this is indeed a + + align:start position:0% +the variance helps so this is indeed a + + + align:start position:0% +the variance helps so this is indeed a +non-convex problem I'm maximizing so + + align:start position:0% +non-convex problem I'm maximizing so + + + align:start position:0% +non-convex problem I'm maximizing so +it's actually the same I can make this + + align:start position:0% +it's actually the same I can make this + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually the same I can make this +Con this uh con this this constraint + + align:start position:0% +Con this uh con this this constraint + + + align:start position:0% +Con this uh con this this constraint +convex because I'm maximizing a convex + + align:start position:0% +convex because I'm maximizing a convex + + + align:start position:0% +convex because I'm maximizing a convex +function so it's clear that the maximum + + align:start position:0% +function so it's clear that the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +function so it's clear that the maximum +is going to be attained at the boundary + + align:start position:0% +is going to be attained at the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be attained at the boundary +so I can actually just fill this ball + + align:start position:0% +so I can actually just fill this ball + + + align:start position:0% +so I can actually just fill this ball +into some convex + + align:start position:0% +into some convex + + + align:start position:0% +into some convex +ball however I'm still maximizing so + + align:start position:0% +ball however I'm still maximizing so + + + align:start position:0% +ball however I'm still maximizing so +this is a non-convex problem and this + + align:start position:0% +this is a non-convex problem and this + + + align:start position:0% +this is a non-convex problem and this +turns out could be the fanciest + + align:start position:0% +turns out could be the fanciest + + + align:start position:0% +turns out could be the fanciest +nonconvex problem we know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +nonconvex problem we know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +nonconvex problem we know how to solve +and the reason why we know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why we know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why we know how to solve +it is not because of optimization or + + align:start position:0% +it is not because of optimization or + + + align:start position:0% +it is not because of optimization or +using gradient type things or anything + + align:start position:0% +using gradient type things or anything + + + align:start position:0% +using gradient type things or anything +of the algorithms that I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +of the algorithms that I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +of the algorithms that I mentioned +during uh linear during the maximum + + align:start position:0% +during uh linear during the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +during uh linear during the maximum +likelihood is because of linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is because of linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is because of linear algebra +linear algebra guarantees that we know + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra guarantees that we know + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra guarantees that we know +how to solve this and to understand this + + align:start position:0% +how to solve this and to understand this + + + align:start position:0% +how to solve this and to understand this +uh uh we need to uh go a little deeper + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we need to uh go a little deeper + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we need to uh go a little deeper +in linear algebra and we need to + + align:start position:0% +in linear algebra and we need to + + + align:start position:0% +in linear algebra and we need to +understand uh uh um the concept of of + + align:start position:0% +understand uh uh um the concept of of + + + align:start position:0% +understand uh uh um the concept of of +diagonalization of a matrix so who has + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization of a matrix so who has + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization of a matrix so who has +ever seen + + align:start position:0% +ever seen + + + align:start position:0% +ever seen +the concept of an aan + + align:start position:0% +the concept of an aan + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of an aan +value that's beautiful and if you're not + + align:start position:0% +value that's beautiful and if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +value that's beautiful and if you're not +raising your hand you're just playing + + align:start position:0% +raising your hand you're just playing + + + align:start position:0% +raising your hand you're just playing +Candy Crush right all right so uh okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is great everybody's seen it for + + align:start position:0% +so this is great everybody's seen it for + + + align:start position:0% +so this is great everybody's seen it for +my uh live audience of millions maybe + + align:start position:0% +my uh live audience of millions maybe + + + align:start position:0% +my uh live audience of millions maybe +you have not so I will still go through + + align:start position:0% +you have not so I will still go through + + + align:start position:0% +you have not so I will still go through +it uh all right so uh + + align:start position:0% +it uh all right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +it uh all right so uh +what one of the basic facts and I + + align:start position:0% +what one of the basic facts and I + + + align:start position:0% +what one of the basic facts and I +remember when I learned this in in in uh + + align:start position:0% +remember when I learned this in in in uh + + + align:start position:0% +remember when I learned this in in in uh +I mean when I was an undergrad I learned + + align:start position:0% +I mean when I was an undergrad I learned + + + align:start position:0% +I mean when I was an undergrad I learned +about the spectral decomposition and the + + align:start position:0% +about the spectral decomposition and the + + + align:start position:0% +about the spectral decomposition and the +diagonalization of matrices and for me + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization of matrices and for me + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization of matrices and for me +it was just a structural property of + + align:start position:0% +it was just a structural property of + + + align:start position:0% +it was just a structural property of +matrices but it turns out that it's + + align:start position:0% +matrices but it turns out that it's + + + align:start position:0% +matrices but it turns out that it's +extremely useful and it's useful for + + align:start position:0% +extremely useful and it's useful for + + + align:start position:0% +extremely useful and it's useful for +algorithmic purposes and so what this + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic purposes and so what this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic purposes and so what this +theorem tells you is that if you take a + + align:start position:0% +theorem tells you is that if you take a + + + align:start position:0% +theorem tells you is that if you take a +symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix with well with real entries but + + align:start position:0% +Matrix with well with real entries but + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix with well with real entries but +that's really uh uh does nothing matter + + align:start position:0% +that's really uh uh does nothing matter + + + align:start position:0% +that's really uh uh does nothing matter +so much uh and here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so much uh and here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so much uh and here I'm going to +actually uh so I take a symmetric Matrix + + align:start position:0% +actually uh so I take a symmetric Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh so I take a symmetric Matrix +and actually s and sigma are two such + + align:start position:0% +and actually s and sigma are two such + + + align:start position:0% +and actually s and sigma are two such +symmetric matrices right then there + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrices right then there + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrices right then there +exist p and + + align:start position:0% +exist p and + + + align:start position:0% +exist p and +d uh which are + + align:start position:0% +d uh which are + + + align:start position:0% +d uh which are +both so let's say a d by + + align:start position:0% +both so let's say a d by + + + align:start position:0% +both so let's say a d by +D which are both d by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D such + + align:start position:0% +D such + + + align:start position:0% +D such +that P is orthogonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that means that ppose P is equal to P + + align:start position:0% +that means that ppose P is equal to P + + + align:start position:0% +that means that ppose P is equal to P +ppose is equal to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identity and D is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonal and sigma let's say is equal to + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and sigma let's say is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and sigma let's say is equal to +p d + + align:start position:0% +p d + + + align:start position:0% +p d +ppose okay so it's a diation because + + align:start position:0% +ppose okay so it's a diation because + + + align:start position:0% +ppose okay so it's a diation because +it's finding a nice transformation P has + + align:start position:0% +it's finding a nice transformation P has + + + align:start position:0% +it's finding a nice transformation P has +some nice properties it's really just to + + align:start position:0% +some nice properties it's really just to + + + align:start position:0% +some nice properties it's really just to +change of coordinates uh in which your + + align:start position:0% +change of coordinates uh in which your + + + align:start position:0% +change of coordinates uh in which your +Matrix is diagonal right and the way you + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is diagonal right and the way you + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is diagonal right and the way you +want to see this and I think sort of it + + align:start position:0% +want to see this and I think sort of it + + + align:start position:0% +want to see this and I think sort of it +sort of helps to think about this + + align:start position:0% +sort of helps to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of helps to think about this +problem as being a sigma being a cence + + align:start position:0% +problem as being a sigma being a cence + + + align:start position:0% +problem as being a sigma being a cence +matrix what does a cence matrix tell you + + align:start position:0% +matrix what does a cence matrix tell you + + + align:start position:0% +matrix what does a cence matrix tell you +right think of a multivaried gaon can + + align:start position:0% +right think of a multivaried gaon can + + + align:start position:0% +right think of a multivaried gaon can +everybody visualize the two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +everybody visualize the two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +everybody visualize the two-dimensional +gaussin density right so it's going to + + align:start position:0% +gaussin density right so it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +gaussin density right so it's going to +be some sort of uh bell-shaped curve but + + align:start position:0% +be some sort of uh bell-shaped curve but + + + align:start position:0% +be some sort of uh bell-shaped curve but +it's it might be more elongated in One + + align:start position:0% +it's it might be more elongated in One + + + align:start position:0% +it's it might be more elongated in One +Direction than another and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +Direction than another and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Direction than another and then I'm +going to chop it like that all right so + + align:start position:0% +going to chop it like that all right so + + + align:start position:0% +going to chop it like that all right so +I'm going to chop it off + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to chop it off + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to chop it off +and uh and I'm going to look at uh you + + align:start position:0% +and uh and I'm going to look at uh you + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and I'm going to look at uh you +know how it bleeds all right so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +know how it bleeds all right so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +know how it bleeds all right so I'm just +going to look at where the blood is and + + align:start position:0% +going to look at where the blood is and + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at where the blood is and +what it's going to look at is going to + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to look at is going to + + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to look at is going to +look like some sort of um some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +look like some sort of um some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +look like some sort of um some sort of a +ellipsoid right in high dimension it's + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid right in high dimension it's + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid right in high dimension it's +just going to be you know an olive and + + align:start position:0% +just going to be you know an olive and + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be you know an olive and +then it's just going to be bigger and + + align:start position:0% +then it's just going to be bigger and + + + align:start position:0% +then it's just going to be bigger and +bigger and I chop it off a little lower + + align:start position:0% +bigger and I chop it off a little lower + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and I chop it off a little lower +and I get something a little bigger like + + align:start position:0% +and I get something a little bigger like + + + align:start position:0% +and I get something a little bigger like +this and so it turns out that Sigma is + + align:start position:0% +this and so it turns out that Sigma is + + + align:start position:0% +this and so it turns out that Sigma is +capturing exactly this right The Matrix + + align:start position:0% +capturing exactly this right The Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +capturing exactly this right The Matrix +Sigma so the the the center of your + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so the the the center of your + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so the the the center of your +ciance Matrix of your Gan is going to be + + align:start position:0% +ciance Matrix of your Gan is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +ciance Matrix of your Gan is going to be +this thing and sigma is going to tell + + align:start position:0% +this thing and sigma is going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +this thing and sigma is going to tell +you which directions it's elongated + + align:start position:0% +you which directions it's elongated + + + align:start position:0% +you which directions it's elongated +right and so in particular if you look + + align:start position:0% +right and so in particular if you look + + + align:start position:0% +right and so in particular if you look +if you know an ellipse you know there's + + align:start position:0% +if you know an ellipse you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +if you know an ellipse you know there's +something called principal axis right so + + align:start position:0% +something called principal axis right so + + + align:start position:0% +something called principal axis right so +you can actually Define something that + + align:start position:0% +you can actually Define something that + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually Define something that +looks like this which is this axis the + + align:start position:0% +looks like this which is this axis the + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this which is this axis the +one along which is the most elongated + + align:start position:0% +one along which is the most elongated + + + align:start position:0% +one along which is the most elongated +then the axis along which it's which is + + align:start position:0% +then the axis along which it's which is + + + align:start position:0% +then the axis along which it's which is +orthogonal to it along which it's + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to it along which it's + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to it along which it's +slightly less elongated and you go again + + align:start position:0% +slightly less elongated and you go again + + + align:start position:0% +slightly less elongated and you go again +and again along the uh orthogonal ones + + align:start position:0% +and again along the uh orthogonal ones + + + align:start position:0% +and again along the uh orthogonal ones +it turns out that those things here + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that those things here + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that those things here +is the new coordinate system in which + + align:start position:0% +is the new coordinate system in which + + + align:start position:0% +is the new coordinate system in which +this transformation p and p transpose is + + align:start position:0% +this transformation p and p transpose is + + + align:start position:0% +this transformation p and p transpose is +putting you + + align:start position:0% +putting you + + + align:start position:0% +putting you +into and D has entries on the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +into and D has entries on the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +into and D has entries on the diagonal +which are exactly this length and this + + align:start position:0% +which are exactly this length and this + + + align:start position:0% +which are exactly this length and this +length right so that's just what it's + + align:start position:0% +length right so that's just what it's + + + align:start position:0% +length right so that's just what it's +doing it's just telling you well if you + + align:start position:0% +doing it's just telling you well if you + + + align:start position:0% +doing it's just telling you well if you +think of having this like gaussian or + + align:start position:0% +think of having this like gaussian or + + + align:start position:0% +think of having this like gaussian or +this like high dimensional + + align:start position:0% +this like high dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +this like high dimensional +ellipsoid it's elongated along certain + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid it's elongated along certain + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid it's elongated along certain +directions and these directions are + + align:start position:0% +directions and these directions are + + + align:start position:0% +directions and these directions are +actually maybe not well aligned with + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe not well aligned with + + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe not well aligned with +your original coordinate system which + + align:start position:0% +your original coordinate system which + + + align:start position:0% +your original coordinate system which +might just be the usual one right North + + align:start position:0% +might just be the usual one right North + + + align:start position:0% +might just be the usual one right North +sou and East West maybe I need to turn + + align:start position:0% +sou and East West maybe I need to turn + + + align:start position:0% +sou and East West maybe I need to turn +it and that's exactly what this + + align:start position:0% +it and that's exactly what this + + + align:start position:0% +it and that's exactly what this +orthogonal transformation is doing for + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal transformation is doing for + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal transformation is doing for +you all + + align:start position:0% +you all + + + align:start position:0% +you all +right so in know way this is actually + + align:start position:0% +right so in know way this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +right so in know way this is actually +telling you even more it's telling you + + align:start position:0% +telling you even more it's telling you + + + align:start position:0% +telling you even more it's telling you +that any Matrix that's symmetric you can + + align:start position:0% +that any Matrix that's symmetric you can + + + align:start position:0% +that any Matrix that's symmetric you can +actually turn it + + align:start position:0% +actually turn it + + + align:start position:0% +actually turn it +somewhere now start to dilate things in + + align:start position:0% +somewhere now start to dilate things in + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere now start to dilate things in +the directions that you have and then + + align:start position:0% +the directions that you have and then + + + align:start position:0% +the directions that you have and then +turn it back to what you originally had + + align:start position:0% +turn it back to what you originally had + + + align:start position:0% +turn it back to what you originally had +and that's actually exactly the effect + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually exactly the effect + + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually exactly the effect +of applying a symmetric Matrix to Vector + + align:start position:0% +of applying a symmetric Matrix to Vector + + + align:start position:0% +of applying a symmetric Matrix to Vector +right I it's sort of pretty impressive + + align:start position:0% +right I it's sort of pretty impressive + + + align:start position:0% +right I it's sort of pretty impressive +it says if I take Sigma time V the F any + + align:start position:0% +it says if I take Sigma time V the F any + + + align:start position:0% +it says if I take Sigma time V the F any +Sigma that's of this form what I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +Sigma that's of this form what I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma that's of this form what I'm doing +is that's symmetric what I'm really + + align:start position:0% +is that's symmetric what I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +is that's symmetric what I'm really +doing to V is I'm changing its + + align:start position:0% +doing to V is I'm changing its + + + align:start position:0% +doing to V is I'm changing its +coordinate system so I'm rotating it + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so I'm rotating it + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so I'm rotating it +then I'm changing I'm multiplying its + + align:start position:0% +then I'm changing I'm multiplying its + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm changing I'm multiplying its +coordinates and then I'm rotating it + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and then I'm rotating it + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and then I'm rotating it +back that's all it's doing and that's + + align:start position:0% +back that's all it's doing and that's + + + align:start position:0% +back that's all it's doing and that's +what all symmetric matrices do which + + align:start position:0% +what all symmetric matrices do which + + + align:start position:0% +what all symmetric matrices do which +means that this is doing a lot all right + + align:start position:0% +means that this is doing a lot all right + + + align:start position:0% +means that this is doing a lot all right +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so what do I know so I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +so what do I know so I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +so what do I know so I'm not going to +prove that this is the so-called + + align:start position:0% +prove that this is the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +prove that this is the so-called +spectral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theorem and the diagonal entries of + + align:start position:0% +theorem and the diagonal entries of + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and the diagonal entries of +D is of the form Lambda 1 Lambda 2 + + align:start position:0% +D is of the form Lambda 1 Lambda 2 + + + align:start position:0% +D is of the form Lambda 1 Lambda 2 +Lambda d 0 0 and the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda d 0 0 and the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda d 0 0 and the Lambda +JS are called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +values of + + align:start position:0% +values of + + + align:start position:0% +values of +D now in general those numbers can be + + align:start position:0% +D now in general those numbers can be + + + align:start position:0% +D now in general those numbers can be +positive negative or equal to zero but + + align:start position:0% +positive negative or equal to zero but + + + align:start position:0% +positive negative or equal to zero but +here I know that Sigma and + + align:start position:0% +here I know that Sigma and + + + align:start position:0% +here I know that Sigma and +S are well they're symmetric for + + align:start position:0% +S are well they're symmetric for + + + align:start position:0% +S are well they're symmetric for +sure but they are positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +semi-definite what does it mean it means + + align:start position:0% +semi-definite what does it mean it means + + + align:start position:0% +semi-definite what does it mean it means +that when I take U transpose Sigma U for + + align:start position:0% +that when I take U transpose Sigma U for + + + align:start position:0% +that when I take U transpose Sigma U for +example this number is always non- + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative why is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +true what is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number is it's it's the variance of and + + align:start position:0% +number is it's it's the variance of and + + + align:start position:0% +number is it's it's the variance of and +actually I don't even need to finish + + align:start position:0% +actually I don't even need to finish + + + align:start position:0% +actually I don't even need to finish +this sentence as soon as I say that this + + align:start position:0% +this sentence as soon as I say that this + + + align:start position:0% +this sentence as soon as I say that this +is a variance well it has to be non- + + align:start position:0% +is a variance well it has to be non- + + + align:start position:0% +is a variance well it has to be non- +negative we know that variance is not + + align:start position:0% +negative we know that variance is not + + + align:start position:0% +negative we know that variance is not +negative and so that's also a nice way + + align:start position:0% +negative and so that's also a nice way + + + align:start position:0% +negative and so that's also a nice way +you can use stats is just to say well + + align:start position:0% +you can use stats is just to say well + + + align:start position:0% +you can use stats is just to say well +okay this thing is positive + + align:start position:0% +okay this thing is positive + + + align:start position:0% +okay this thing is positive +semi-definite because it's a CO variance + + align:start position:0% +semi-definite because it's a CO variance + + + align:start position:0% +semi-definite because it's a CO variance +Matrix so I know it's a it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so I know it's a it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so I know it's a it's a it's a +variance okay so I get this now if I had + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so I get this now if I had + + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so I get this now if I had +some negative numbers so the effect of + + align:start position:0% +some negative numbers so the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +some negative numbers so the effect of +that is that when I draw this + + align:start position:0% +that is that when I draw this + + + align:start position:0% +that is that when I draw this +picture those axes are always positive + + align:start position:0% +picture those axes are always positive + + + align:start position:0% +picture those axes are always positive +which is kind of a weird thing to say + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of a weird thing to say + + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of a weird thing to say +but what it means is that when I take a + + align:start position:0% +but what it means is that when I take a + + + align:start position:0% +but what it means is that when I take a +vector v i rotate it and then I stretch + + align:start position:0% +vector v i rotate it and then I stretch + + + align:start position:0% +vector v i rotate it and then I stretch +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +in the directions of the coordinate I + + align:start position:0% +in the directions of the coordinate I + + + align:start position:0% +in the directions of the coordinate I +cannot flip it I can only stretch or + + align:start position:0% +cannot flip it I can only stretch or + + + align:start position:0% +cannot flip it I can only stretch or +Shrink but I cannot flip its sign all + + align:start position:0% +Shrink but I cannot flip its sign all + + + align:start position:0% +Shrink but I cannot flip its sign all +right but in general for any symmetric + + align:start position:0% +right but in general for any symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +right but in general for any symmetric +matrices I could do this but when it's + + align:start position:0% +matrices I could do this but when it's + + + align:start position:0% +matrices I could do this but when it's +positive symmetric definite actually + + align:start position:0% +positive symmetric definite actually + + + align:start position:0% +positive symmetric definite actually +what turns out is that all the Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +JS are non- negative I cannot flip + + align:start position:0% +JS are non- negative I cannot flip + + + align:start position:0% +JS are non- negative I cannot flip +it okay so all the EG values are non- + + align:start position:0% +it okay so all the EG values are non- + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so all the EG values are non- +negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the property of positive semi so + + align:start position:0% +that's the property of positive semi so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the property of positive semi so +when it's symmetric you have Theon + + align:start position:0% +when it's symmetric you have Theon + + + align:start position:0% +when it's symmetric you have Theon +values they can be any number and when + + align:start position:0% +values they can be any number and when + + + align:start position:0% +values they can be any number and when +it's positive semi-definite in + + align:start position:0% +it's positive semi-definite in + + + align:start position:0% +it's positive semi-definite in +particular that's the case of the ciance + + align:start position:0% +particular that's the case of the ciance + + + align:start position:0% +particular that's the case of the ciance +Matrix and the empirical ciance Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and the empirical ciance Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and the empirical ciance Matrix +right because the empirical ciance + + align:start position:0% +right because the empirical ciance + + + align:start position:0% +right because the empirical ciance +Matrix is an empirical variance which + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is an empirical variance which + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is an empirical variance which +itself is non- negative and so I get uh + + align:start position:0% +itself is non- negative and so I get uh + + + align:start position:0% +itself is non- negative and so I get uh +that the values are non + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative all right + + align:start position:0% +negative all right + + + align:start position:0% +negative all right +so principal component analysis is + + align:start position:0% +so principal component analysis is + + + align:start position:0% +so principal component analysis is +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +okay I want to + + align:start position:0% +okay I want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay I want to +find the + + align:start position:0% +find the + + + align:start position:0% +find the +uh Direction v u that maximizes U + + align:start position:0% +uh Direction v u that maximizes U + + + align:start position:0% +uh Direction v u that maximizes U +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +Su all + + align:start position:0% +Su all + + + align:start position:0% +Su all +right I've just introduced in one slide + + align:start position:0% +right I've just introduced in one slide + + + align:start position:0% +right I've just introduced in one slide +something about igen value so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +something about igen value so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +something about igen value so hopefully +they should help all right so what is it + + align:start position:0% +they should help all right so what is it + + + align:start position:0% +they should help all right so what is it +that I'm going to be getting well let's + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to be getting well let's + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to be getting well let's +just see what + + align:start position:0% +just see what + + + align:start position:0% +just see what +happens oh I forgot to mention and I + + align:start position:0% +happens oh I forgot to mention and I + + + align:start position:0% +happens oh I forgot to mention and I +will use this so the Lambda Gs are + + align:start position:0% +will use this so the Lambda Gs are + + + align:start position:0% +will use this so the Lambda Gs are +called igen vector + + align:start position:0% +called igen vector + + + align:start position:0% +called igen vector +and then the Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p as columns + + align:start position:0% +p as columns + + + align:start position:0% +p as columns +V1 to + + align:start position:0% +V1 to + + + align:start position:0% +V1 to +VD okay the fact that it's orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +VD okay the fact that it's orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +VD okay the fact that it's orthogonal +that P transpose p is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +that P transpose p is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +that P transpose p is equal to the +identity means that those guys satisfy + + align:start position:0% +identity means that those guys satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +identity means that those guys satisfy +that VI I transpose VJ is equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +that VI I transpose VJ is equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +that VI I transpose VJ is equal to zero +if I is different from + + align:start position:0% +if I is different from + + + align:start position:0% +if I is different from +J and VI transpose VI is actually equal + + align:start position:0% +J and VI transpose VI is actually equal + + + align:start position:0% +J and VI transpose VI is actually equal +to one right because the entries of p p + + align:start position:0% +to one right because the entries of p p + + + align:start position:0% +to one right because the entries of p p +transpose are exactly going to be of the + + align:start position:0% +transpose are exactly going to be of the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose are exactly going to be of the +form VI transpose VJ okay so those V's + + align:start position:0% +form VI transpose VJ okay so those V's + + + align:start position:0% +form VI transpose VJ okay so those V's +are called igen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors and V1 is attached to Lambda 1 + + align:start position:0% +vectors and V1 is attached to Lambda 1 + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and V1 is attached to Lambda 1 +and V2 is attached to Lambda + + align:start position:0% +and V2 is attached to Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +and V2 is attached to Lambda +2 Okay so let's see what's happening + + align:start position:0% +2 Okay so let's see what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +2 Okay so let's see what's happening +with those things + + align:start position:0% +with those things + + + align:start position:0% +with those things +what happens if I take Sigma so if you + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I take Sigma so if you + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I take Sigma so if you +know igen values you know exactly what's + + align:start position:0% +know igen values you know exactly what's + + + align:start position:0% +know igen values you know exactly what's +going to happen if I look at say + + align:start position:0% +going to happen if I look at say + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen if I look at say +Sigma times V1 well what is Sigma we + + align:start position:0% +Sigma times V1 well what is Sigma we + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma times V1 well what is Sigma we +know that Sigma is p + + align:start position:0% +know that Sigma is p + + + align:start position:0% +know that Sigma is p +d ppose + + align:start position:0% +d ppose + + + align:start position:0% +d ppose +V1 what is ppose times V1 well + + align:start position:0% +V1 what is ppose times V1 well + + + align:start position:0% +V1 what is ppose times V1 well +ppose as rows V1 transpose V2 + + align:start position:0% +ppose as rows V1 transpose V2 + + + align:start position:0% +ppose as rows V1 transpose V2 +transpose all the way to VD trans + + align:start position:0% +transpose all the way to VD trans + + + align:start position:0% +transpose all the way to VD trans +suppose so when I multiply this by + + align:start position:0% +suppose so when I multiply this by + + + align:start position:0% +suppose so when I multiply this by +V1 what I'm left with is the first + + align:start position:0% +V1 what I'm left with is the first + + + align:start position:0% +V1 what I'm left with is the first +coordinate is going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is going to be equal to +one and the second coordinate is going + + align:start position:0% +one and the second coordinate is going + + + align:start position:0% +one and the second coordinate is going +to be equal + + align:start position:0% +to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal +to zero right because they're oral to + + align:start position:0% +to zero right because they're oral to + + + align:start position:0% +to zero right because they're oral to +each other zero all the way to the end + + align:start position:0% +each other zero all the way to the end + + + align:start position:0% +each other zero all the way to the end +so that's when I do p transpose V1 now I + + align:start position:0% +so that's when I do p transpose V1 now I + + + align:start position:0% +so that's when I do p transpose V1 now I +multiply by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D well I'm just multiplying this by this + + align:start position:0% +D well I'm just multiplying this by this + + + align:start position:0% +D well I'm just multiplying this by this +guy by Lambda 1 this guy by Lambda 2 and + + align:start position:0% +guy by Lambda 1 this guy by Lambda 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +guy by Lambda 1 this guy by Lambda 2 and +this guy by Lambda t d so this is really + + align:start position:0% +this guy by Lambda t d so this is really + + + align:start position:0% +this guy by Lambda t d so this is really +just Lambda + + align:start position:0% +just Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +just Lambda +1 and now I need to post + + align:start position:0% +1 and now I need to post + + + align:start position:0% +1 and now I need to post +multiply by um + + align:start position:0% +multiply by um + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by um +P so what is p times this guy well p + + align:start position:0% +P so what is p times this guy well p + + + align:start position:0% +P so what is p times this guy well p +is V1 all the way to + + align:start position:0% +is V1 all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +is V1 all the way to +VD and now I multiply by a vector that + + align:start position:0% +VD and now I multiply by a vector that + + + align:start position:0% +VD and now I multiply by a vector that +only has zeros except Lambda one on the + + align:start position:0% +only has zeros except Lambda one on the + + + align:start position:0% +only has zeros except Lambda one on the +first guy so this is just just Lambda 1 + + align:start position:0% +first guy so this is just just Lambda 1 + + + align:start position:0% +first guy so this is just just Lambda 1 +* + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V1 so what we've proved is that Sigma * + + align:start position:0% +V1 so what we've proved is that Sigma * + + + align:start position:0% +V1 so what we've proved is that Sigma * +V1 is Lambda 1 V1 and that's probably + + align:start position:0% +V1 is Lambda 1 V1 and that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +V1 is Lambda 1 V1 and that's probably +the notion of Ain value you're most + + align:start position:0% +the notion of Ain value you're most + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of Ain value you're most +comfortable with right so just when I + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with right so just when I + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with right so just when I +multiply by V1 I get V1 back multiply by + + align:start position:0% +multiply by V1 I get V1 back multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by V1 I get V1 back multiply by +something which is the igen value so in + + align:start position:0% +something which is the igen value so in + + + align:start position:0% +something which is the igen value so in +particular if I look at V1 transpose + + align:start position:0% +particular if I look at V1 transpose + + + align:start position:0% +particular if I look at V1 transpose +Sigma V1 what do I get well I get Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V1 what do I get well I get Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V1 what do I get well I get Lambda +1 V1 V1 transp V1 transpose V1 which is + + align:start position:0% +1 V1 V1 transp V1 transpose V1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +1 V1 V1 transp V1 transpose V1 which is +one right so this is actually Lambda 1 + + align:start position:0% +one right so this is actually Lambda 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one right so this is actually Lambda 1 +V1 transpose V1 which is Lambda + + align:start position:0% +V1 transpose V1 which is Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +V1 transpose V1 which is Lambda +1 okay and if I do the same with V2 + + align:start position:0% +1 okay and if I do the same with V2 + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay and if I do the same with V2 +clearly I'm going to get V2 transpose + + align:start position:0% +clearly I'm going to get V2 transpose + + + align:start position:0% +clearly I'm going to get V2 transpose +Sigma V2 is equal to Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V2 is equal to Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V2 is equal to Lambda +2 so for each of the VJs I know that if + + align:start position:0% +2 so for each of the VJs I know that if + + + align:start position:0% +2 so for each of the VJs I know that if +I look at the variance along the VJ it's + + align:start position:0% +I look at the variance along the VJ it's + + + align:start position:0% +I look at the variance along the VJ it's +actually exactly given by those igen + + align:start position:0% +actually exactly given by those igen + + + align:start position:0% +actually exactly given by those igen +values + + align:start position:0% +values + + + align:start position:0% +values +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right which proves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this because the variance sorry the + + align:start position:0% +this because the variance sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +this because the variance sorry the +variance along the EG vectors is + + align:start position:0% +variance along the EG vectors is + + + align:start position:0% +variance along the EG vectors is +actually equal to the EG values so since + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to the EG values so since + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to the EG values so since +they're variances they have to be non + + align:start position:0% +they're variances they have to be non + + + align:start position:0% +they're variances they have to be non +negative so now I'm looking for the one + + align:start position:0% +negative so now I'm looking for the one + + + align:start position:0% +negative so now I'm looking for the one +for the One Direction that has the most + + align:start position:0% +for the One Direction that has the most + + + align:start position:0% +for the One Direction that has the most +variance right but that's not only among + + align:start position:0% +variance right but that's not only among + + + align:start position:0% +variance right but that's not only among +the Aon vectors that's also among the + + align:start position:0% +the Aon vectors that's also among the + + + align:start position:0% +the Aon vectors that's also among the +other directions that are in between the + + align:start position:0% +other directions that are in between the + + + align:start position:0% +other directions that are in between the +EG and vectors if I were to look only at + + align:start position:0% +EG and vectors if I were to look only at + + + align:start position:0% +EG and vectors if I were to look only at +the Egon vectors it would just tell me + + align:start position:0% +the Egon vectors it would just tell me + + + align:start position:0% +the Egon vectors it would just tell me +well just pick the Egon Vector VJ that's + + align:start position:0% +well just pick the Egon Vector VJ that's + + + align:start position:0% +well just pick the Egon Vector VJ that's +associated to the largest of the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +associated to the largest of the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +associated to the largest of the Lambda +JS well it turns out that that's also + + align:start position:0% +JS well it turns out that that's also + + + align:start position:0% +JS well it turns out that that's also +true for any Vector that the maximum + + align:start position:0% +true for any Vector that the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +true for any Vector that the maximum +direction is actually One Direction + + align:start position:0% +direction is actually One Direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction is actually One Direction +which is among the Egon vectors and + + align:start position:0% +which is among the Egon vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +which is among the Egon vectors and +among the Egon vectors we know that the + + align:start position:0% +among the Egon vectors we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +among the Egon vectors we know that the +one that's the largest that carries the + + align:start position:0% +one that's the largest that carries the + + + align:start position:0% +one that's the largest that carries the +largest variance is the one that's + + align:start position:0% +largest variance is the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +largest variance is the one that's +associated to the largest igen value all + + align:start position:0% +associated to the largest igen value all + + + align:start position:0% +associated to the largest igen value all +right and so uh this this is what PCA is + + align:start position:0% +right and so uh this this is what PCA is + + + align:start position:0% +right and so uh this this is what PCA is +going to try to do for me so in practice + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do for me so in practice + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do for me so in practice +that's what I mentioned already right + + align:start position:0% +that's what I mentioned already right + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I mentioned already right +we're trying to uh project the point + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to uh project the point + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to uh project the point +Cloud onto a low dimensional space d + + align:start position:0% +Cloud onto a low dimensional space d + + + align:start position:0% +Cloud onto a low dimensional space d +Prime by keeping as much information as + + align:start position:0% +Prime by keeping as much information as + + + align:start position:0% +Prime by keeping as much information as +possible and by as much information I + + align:start position:0% +possible and by as much information I + + + align:start position:0% +possible and by as much information I +mean we do not want points to + + align:start position:0% +mean we do not want points to + + + align:start position:0% +mean we do not want points to +collide and so uh um what PCA is going + + align:start position:0% +collide and so uh um what PCA is going + + + align:start position:0% +collide and so uh um what PCA is going +to do is just going to try to project on + + align:start position:0% +to do is just going to try to project on + + + align:start position:0% +to do is just going to try to project on +two directions so there's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +two directions so there's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +two directions so there's going to be a +u and then there's going to be something + + align:start position:0% +u and then there's going to be something + + + align:start position:0% +u and then there's going to be something +orthogonal to U and then a third one Etc + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to U and then a third one Etc + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to U and then a third one Etc +so that once we project on those we're + + align:start position:0% +so that once we project on those we're + + + align:start position:0% +so that once we project on those we're +keeping as much of the ciance as + + align:start position:0% +keeping as much of the ciance as + + + align:start position:0% +keeping as much of the ciance as +possible okay and in particular uh uh + + align:start position:0% +possible okay and in particular uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +possible okay and in particular uh uh +those directions that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +those directions that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +those directions that we're going to +pick are actually a subsets of the VJs + + align:start position:0% +pick are actually a subsets of the VJs + + + align:start position:0% +pick are actually a subsets of the VJs +that are associated to the largest + + align:start position:0% +that are associated to the largest + + + align:start position:0% +that are associated to the largest +values so uh I'm going to stop here for + + align:start position:0% +values so uh I'm going to stop here for + + + align:start position:0% +values so uh I'm going to stop here for +today we'll finish this on um on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +today we'll finish this on um on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +today we'll finish this on um on Tuesday +but basically the idea is the is just + + align:start position:0% +but basically the idea is the is just + + + align:start position:0% +but basically the idea is the is just +the following uh you're just uh going to + + align:start position:0% +the following uh you're just uh going to + + + align:start position:0% +the following uh you're just uh going to +well let me Skip One More yeah this is + + align:start position:0% +well let me Skip One More yeah this is + + + align:start position:0% +well let me Skip One More yeah this is +the idea you're you're first going to + + align:start position:0% +the idea you're you're first going to + + + align:start position:0% +the idea you're you're first going to +pick the Egen Vector Associated to the + + align:start position:0% +pick the Egen Vector Associated to the + + + align:start position:0% +pick the Egen Vector Associated to the +largest Egen + + align:start position:0% +largest Egen + + + align:start position:0% +largest Egen +value then you're going to pick the + + align:start position:0% +value then you're going to pick the + + + align:start position:0% +value then you're going to pick the +largest the the the direction that's + + align:start position:0% +largest the the the direction that's + + + align:start position:0% +largest the the the direction that's +orthogonal to the leading the the vector + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to the leading the the vector + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to the leading the the vector +that you've picked and that's carrying + + align:start position:0% +that you've picked and that's carrying + + + align:start position:0% +that you've picked and that's carrying +the most variance and that's actually + + align:start position:0% +the most variance and that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +the most variance and that's actually +the second largest the igen vector + + align:start position:0% +the second largest the igen vector + + + align:start position:0% +the second largest the igen vector +Associated to the second largest value + + align:start position:0% +Associated to the second largest value + + + align:start position:0% +Associated to the second largest value +and you're going to go all the way to + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to go all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to go all the way to +the number of them that you actually + + align:start position:0% +the number of them that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +the number of them that you actually +want to pick which is in this case D + + align:start position:0% +want to pick which is in this case D + + + align:start position:0% +want to pick which is in this case D +okay and wherever you choose to chop + + align:start position:0% +okay and wherever you choose to chop + + + align:start position:0% +okay and wherever you choose to chop +this process not going all the way to D + + align:start position:0% +this process not going all the way to D + + + align:start position:0% +this process not going all the way to D +is going to actually give you a lower + + align:start position:0% +is going to actually give you a lower + + + align:start position:0% +is going to actually give you a lower +dimensional representation in the + + align:start position:0% +dimensional representation in the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional representation in the +coordinate system that's given by V1 V2 + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system that's given by V1 V2 + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system that's given by V1 V2 +V3 Etc okay so we'll see that in more + + align:start position:0% +V3 Etc okay so we'll see that in more + + + align:start position:0% +V3 Etc okay so we'll see that in more +details on Tuesday but I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +details on Tuesday but I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +details on Tuesday but I don't want to +get into it now we don't have enough + + align:start position:0% +get into it now we don't have enough + + + align:start position:0% +get into it now we don't have enough +time are there any questions \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XTGU4Vh-t_M.txt b/XTGU4Vh-t_M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61bb061fe8ba2ff3bb886fca9c5c7b2f66e94caf --- /dev/null +++ b/XTGU4Vh-t_M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +Hello. This is Fred from the Publication Team +at MIT OpenCourseWare. + +I would like to show you a course called The +Art of Approximation in Science and Engineering. + +I chose this course because Dr. Sanjoy Mahajan +conducts lively discussions and explains concepts + +clearly. He teaches us problem solving approaches +that either manage or reduce the complexity + +of problems. This course is also a companion +course to 18.098 Street-Fighting Mathematics. + +I enjoyed working with Dr. Mahajan on both +of these courses. + +In the Readings section, you can find a textbook +Dr. Mahajan wrote on approximation methods. + +Using “Proportional Reasoning,†+Dr. Mahajan explains why mountains have a + +maximum height, why all animals jump to the +same height, and how fast people can cycle + +and swim. + +In “Discarding Information,†Dr. +Mahajan analyzes the terminal velocity of + +ions moving in seawater and a raindrop falling +from a cloud. These equations describing fluid + +flow can be daunting, but with special cases +and dimensional analysis, you will learn to + +find approximate solutions using simpler mathematics. + +In the Assignments section, Dr. Mahajan has +selected a variety of interesting problems + +that range from easy to difficult. + +In Homework 4, for example, he asks you to +estimate the downward air speed needed for + +hummingbirds to hover. When you are finished, +you can check your work against the solution. + +Students attend lectures that often contain +intriguing demonstrations. In general, the + +focus of this course is on learning not on +grading. + +You can see in Student Comments how enjoyable +and useful this course is. + +By the way, this course can be downloaded +for use offline. The link and instructions + +are right here. + +You can explore more courses like this one +at ocw.mit.edu, or get email updates from + +OCW by subscribing to our monthly newsletter. +We hope you will help us by making a donation + +at ocw.mit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XZ1QwS1IKgw.txt b/XZ1QwS1IKgw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..354a73afd7f76931cefb134cfdd7cd449fbbc280 --- /dev/null +++ b/XZ1QwS1IKgw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2128 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi welcome back to recitation in lecture + + align:start position:0% +hi welcome back to recitation in lecture + + + align:start position:0% +hi welcome back to recitation in lecture +you've learned about gradients and about + + align:start position:0% +you've learned about gradients and about + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned about gradients and about +directional derivatives so I have a + + align:start position:0% +directional derivatives so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +directional derivatives so I have a +problem here to test your understanding + + align:start position:0% +problem here to test your understanding + + + align:start position:0% +problem here to test your understanding +of those of those objects and and and + + align:start position:0% +of those of those objects and and and + + + align:start position:0% +of those of those objects and and and +you're give you some practice Computing + + align:start position:0% +you're give you some practice Computing + + + align:start position:0% +you're give you some practice Computing +them so I have three functions here um + + align:start position:0% +them so I have three functions here um + + + align:start position:0% +them so I have three functions here um +and for each function I've given you a + + align:start position:0% +and for each function I've given you a + + + align:start position:0% +and for each function I've given you a +point and a Direction so what I'd like + + align:start position:0% +point and a Direction so what I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +point and a Direction so what I'd like +you to do is compute the D the the + + align:start position:0% +you to do is compute the D the the + + + align:start position:0% +you to do is compute the D the the +gradients of the functions then evaluate + + align:start position:0% +gradients of the functions then evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +gradients of the functions then evaluate +their gradients at the point given and + + align:start position:0% +their gradients at the point given and + + + align:start position:0% +their gradients at the point given and +then compute the directional derivative + + align:start position:0% +then compute the directional derivative + + + align:start position:0% +then compute the directional derivative +of the function at the point in the + + align:start position:0% +of the function at the point in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the function at the point in the +direction given in the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +direction given in the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +direction given in the direction of the +vector given so here for example in part + + align:start position:0% +vector given so here for example in part + + + align:start position:0% +vector given so here for example in part +A I've given you the function f ofx y = + + align:start position:0% +A I've given you the function f ofx y = + + + align:start position:0% +A I've given you the function f ofx y = +to x^2 y + x y^2 at the point uh x = -1 + + align:start position:0% +to x^2 y + x y^2 at the point uh x = -1 + + + align:start position:0% +to x^2 y + x y^2 at the point uh x = -1 +Y = 2 and the direction in the direction + + align:start position:0% +Y = 2 and the direction in the direction + + + align:start position:0% +Y = 2 and the direction in the direction +of the vector 34 and then we've got two + + align:start position:0% +of the vector 34 and then we've got two + + + align:start position:0% +of the vector 34 and then we've got two +more examples here G of XYZ is equal to + + align:start position:0% +more examples here G of XYZ is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +more examples here G of XYZ is equal to +the < TK of x^2 + y^2 + z^2 p is the 26 + + align:start position:0% +the < TK of x^2 + y^2 + z^2 p is the 26 + + + align:start position:0% +the < TK of x^2 + y^2 + z^2 p is the 26 +- 3 and V is the direction 111 and our + + align:start position:0% +- 3 and V is the direction 111 and our + + + align:start position:0% +- 3 and V is the direction 111 and our +third example H is a function of four + + align:start position:0% +third example H is a function of four + + + align:start position:0% +third example H is a function of four +variables WX Y and Z it's given by WX + + + align:start position:0% +variables WX Y and Z it's given by WX + + + + align:start position:0% +variables WX Y and Z it's given by WX + +Wy + w z plus XY + XZ + YZ at the point + + align:start position:0% +Wy + w z plus XY + XZ + YZ at the point + + + align:start position:0% +Wy + w z plus XY + XZ + YZ at the point +2 0 -1 -1 in the direction 1 -1 1 - one + + align:start position:0% +2 0 -1 -1 in the direction 1 -1 1 - one + + + align:start position:0% +2 0 -1 -1 in the direction 1 -1 1 - one +so why don't you pause the video take + + align:start position:0% +so why don't you pause the video take + + + align:start position:0% +so why don't you pause the video take +some time to work out these three + + align:start position:0% +some time to work out these three + + + align:start position:0% +some time to work out these three +problems come back and we can work them + + align:start position:0% +problems come back and we can work them + + + align:start position:0% +problems come back and we can work them +out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together I hope you had some luck + + align:start position:0% +together I hope you had some luck + + + align:start position:0% +together I hope you had some luck +working out these problems let's let's + + align:start position:0% +working out these problems let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +working out these problems let's let's +get started on the uh on the first + + align:start position:0% +get started on the uh on the first + + + align:start position:0% +get started on the uh on the first +one so on the first one our + + align:start position:0% +one so on the first one our + + + align:start position:0% +one so on the first one our +function f ofx y is equal to x^2 y + x + + align:start position:0% +function f ofx y is equal to x^2 y + x + + + align:start position:0% +function f ofx y is equal to x^2 y + x +y^ 2 so to compute the gradient I just + + align:start position:0% +y^ 2 so to compute the gradient I just + + + align:start position:0% +y^ 2 so to compute the gradient I just +have to compute the first partials of + + align:start position:0% +have to compute the first partials of + + + align:start position:0% +have to compute the first partials of +our function and then put them into a a + + align:start position:0% +our function and then put them into a a + + + align:start position:0% +our function and then put them into a a +single Vector so that's what the + + align:start position:0% +single Vector so that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +single Vector so that's what the +gradient is so we have that the gradient + + align:start position:0% +gradient is so we have that the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +gradient is so we have that the gradient +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +F at XY is equal to it's the vector and + + align:start position:0% +F at XY is equal to it's the vector and + + + align:start position:0% +F at XY is equal to it's the vector and +its first component is the is the first + + align:start position:0% +its first component is the is the first + + + align:start position:0% +its first component is the is the first +partial of f with respect to X so that's + + align:start position:0% +partial of f with respect to X so that's + + + align:start position:0% +partial of f with respect to X so that's +going to be 2x y + y^ 2 and its second + + align:start position:0% +going to be 2x y + y^ 2 and its second + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 2x y + y^ 2 and its second +component is the partial of f with + + align:start position:0% +component is the partial of f with + + + align:start position:0% +component is the partial of f with +respect to Y so that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y so that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y so that's going to be +X2 Plus + + align:start position:0% +X2 Plus + + + align:start position:0% +X2 Plus +2xy so this is the gradient of our + + align:start position:0% +2xy so this is the gradient of our + + + align:start position:0% +2xy so this is the gradient of our +function f now the question asked you to + + align:start position:0% +function f now the question asked you to + + + align:start position:0% +function f now the question asked you to +compute this gradient at the particular + + align:start position:0% +compute this gradient at the particular + + + align:start position:0% +compute this gradient at the particular +Point + + align:start position:0% +Point + + + align:start position:0% +Point +-12 so we have gradient of F at the + + align:start position:0% +-12 so we have gradient of F at the + + + align:start position:0% +-12 so we have gradient of F at the +point Min + + align:start position:0% +point Min + + + align:start position:0% +point Min +-12 is equal to well we just put in x = + + align:start position:0% +-12 is equal to well we just put in x = + + + align:start position:0% +-12 is equal to well we just put in x = +-1 Y = 2 into this formula so at x = -1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 Y = 2 into this formula so at x = -1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 Y = 2 into this formula so at x = -1 +Y = 2 this is 2 * -1 * 2 + 2^ 2 so + + align:start position:0% +Y = 2 this is 2 * -1 * 2 + 2^ 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +Y = 2 this is 2 * -1 * 2 + 2^ 2 so +that's - 4 + 4 so that's just 0er and + + align:start position:0% +that's - 4 + 4 so that's just 0er and + + + align:start position:0% +that's - 4 + 4 so that's just 0er and +and the second term is - 1^ 2 + 2 * -1 * + + align:start position:0% +and the second term is - 1^ 2 + 2 * -1 * + + + align:start position:0% +and the second term is - 1^ 2 + 2 * -1 * +2 so that's 1 + 4 nope 1 + -4 so that's + + align:start position:0% +2 so that's 1 + 4 nope 1 + -4 so that's + + + align:start position:0% +2 so that's 1 + 4 nope 1 + -4 so that's +-3 all right so this is the this is the + + align:start position:0% +-3 all right so this is the this is the + + + align:start position:0% +-3 all right so this is the this is the +gradient of our function f this is the + + align:start position:0% +gradient of our function f this is the + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of our function f this is the +gradient at the point minus1 2 now we + + align:start position:0% +gradient at the point minus1 2 now we + + + align:start position:0% +gradient at the point minus1 2 now we +are asked for the directional derivative + + align:start position:0% +are asked for the directional derivative + + + align:start position:0% +are asked for the directional derivative +so we are asked for the directional + + align:start position:0% +so we are asked for the directional + + + align:start position:0% +so we are asked for the directional +derivative of + + align:start position:0% +derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of +f in a Direction + + align:start position:0% +f in a Direction + + + align:start position:0% +f in a Direction +so we're given I didn't give you I gave + + align:start position:0% +so we're given I didn't give you I gave + + + align:start position:0% +so we're given I didn't give you I gave +you a vector v but when we take + + align:start position:0% +you a vector v but when we take + + + align:start position:0% +you a vector v but when we take +directional derivatives what we want is + + align:start position:0% +directional derivatives what we want is + + + align:start position:0% +directional derivatives what we want is +a is a unit Vector right so the vector v + + align:start position:0% +a is a unit Vector right so the vector v + + + align:start position:0% +a is a unit Vector right so the vector v +that I gave you was right over here it + + align:start position:0% +that I gave you was right over here it + + + align:start position:0% +that I gave you was right over here it +was this Vector + + align:start position:0% +was this Vector + + + align:start position:0% +was this Vector +34 and so we need to find the unit + + align:start position:0% +34 and so we need to find the unit + + + align:start position:0% +34 and so we need to find the unit +Vector u in the direction of v in order + + align:start position:0% +Vector u in the direction of v in order + + + align:start position:0% +Vector u in the direction of v in order +to apply our our usual formula so + + align:start position:0% +to apply our our usual formula so + + + align:start position:0% +to apply our our usual formula so +U is just V / the length of V so in this + + align:start position:0% +U is just V / the length of V so in this + + + align:start position:0% +U is just V / the length of V so in this +case the vector 34 by the Pagan theem it + + align:start position:0% +case the vector 34 by the Pagan theem it + + + align:start position:0% +case the vector 34 by the Pagan theem it +has length five so this is equal + + align:start position:0% +has length five so this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +has length five so this is equal +to the vector 3 fths comma 4 fths and so + + align:start position:0% +to the vector 3 fths comma 4 fths and so + + + align:start position:0% +to the vector 3 fths comma 4 fths and so +our our directional derivative in the + + align:start position:0% +our our directional derivative in the + + + align:start position:0% +our our directional derivative in the +direction of V which is this this Vector + + align:start position:0% +direction of V which is this this Vector + + + align:start position:0% +direction of V which is this this Vector +U is equal to it's just equal to the + + align:start position:0% +U is equal to it's just equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +U is equal to it's just equal to the +gradient at that point dotted with the + + align:start position:0% +gradient at that point dotted with the + + + align:start position:0% +gradient at that point dotted with the +with the direction Vector so this is + + align:start position:0% +with the direction Vector so this is + + + align:start position:0% +with the direction Vector so this is +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +to gradient of F at that point do U + + align:start position:0% +to gradient of F at that point do U + + + align:start position:0% +to gradient of F at that point do U +which in our case is equal to where + + align:start position:0% +which in our case is equal to where + + + align:start position:0% +which in our case is equal to where +since we're interested at the point P + + align:start position:0% +since we're interested at the point P + + + align:start position:0% +since we're interested at the point P +it's equal to 0 - 3 dot our + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to 0 - 3 dot our + + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to 0 - 3 dot our +Vector U which is + + align:start position:0% +Vector U which is + + + align:start position:0% +Vector U which is +35ths 4 fths and that dotproduct + + align:start position:0% +35ths 4 fths and that dotproduct + + + align:start position:0% +35ths 4 fths and that dotproduct +is -12 fths so in this + + align:start position:0% +is -12 fths so in this + + + align:start position:0% +is -12 fths so in this +direction the function is decreasing at + + align:start position:0% +direction the function is decreasing at + + + align:start position:0% +direction the function is decreasing at +about this rate at the given point all + + align:start position:0% +about this rate at the given point all + + + align:start position:0% +about this rate at the given point all +right that's part a let's go on to Part + + align:start position:0% +right that's part a let's go on to Part + + + align:start position:0% +right that's part a let's go on to Part +B so you know you probably noticed that + + align:start position:0% +B so you know you probably noticed that + + + align:start position:0% +B so you know you probably noticed that +these questions are all fairly similar + + align:start position:0% +these questions are all fairly similar + + + align:start position:0% +these questions are all fairly similar +I'm the only real complication is is + + align:start position:0% +I'm the only real complication is is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm the only real complication is is +that I've been increasing the number of + + align:start position:0% +that I've been increasing the number of + + + align:start position:0% +that I've been increasing the number of +variables but of course you know how to + + align:start position:0% +variables but of course you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +variables but of course you know how to +take a gradient for a function of three + + align:start position:0% +take a gradient for a function of three + + + align:start position:0% +take a gradient for a function of three +variables as well so in this case our + + align:start position:0% +variables as well so in this case our + + + align:start position:0% +variables as well so in this case our +function G of x y z is given by the + + align:start position:0% +function G of x y z is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +function G of x y z is given by the +square root of X2 + y^ 2 + z^ 2 so + + align:start position:0% +square root of X2 + y^ 2 + z^ 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +square root of X2 + y^ 2 + z^ 2 so +uh if you like this is the function that + + align:start position:0% +uh if you like this is the function that + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you like this is the function that +measures the distance of a point from + + align:start position:0% +measures the distance of a point from + + + align:start position:0% +measures the distance of a point from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +origin um and so we're asked first for + + align:start position:0% +origin um and so we're asked first for + + + align:start position:0% +origin um and so we're asked first for +the gradient so the + + align:start position:0% +the gradient so the + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient so the +gradient of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G what do I do well again I just take + + align:start position:0% +G what do I do well again I just take + + + align:start position:0% +G what do I do well again I just take +these partial derivatives so I take the + + align:start position:0% +these partial derivatives so I take the + + + align:start position:0% +these partial derivatives so I take the +partial derivative here this is going to + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative here this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative here this is going to +be a tiny bit messy I'm afraid because I + + align:start position:0% +be a tiny bit messy I'm afraid because I + + + align:start position:0% +be a tiny bit messy I'm afraid because I +take a partial derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +take a partial derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +take a partial derivative of this +expression with respect to X and I've + + align:start position:0% +expression with respect to X and I've + + + align:start position:0% +expression with respect to X and I've +got to apply the chain rule right + + align:start position:0% +got to apply the chain rule right + + + align:start position:0% +got to apply the chain rule right +because this is a a composition of + + align:start position:0% +because this is a a composition of + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a a composition of +functions here so okay so I get what do + + align:start position:0% +functions here so okay so I get what do + + + align:start position:0% +functions here so okay so I get what do +I get I get the derivative of the inside + + align:start position:0% +I get I get the derivative of the inside + + + align:start position:0% +I get I get the derivative of the inside +times the the derivative of the so the + + align:start position:0% +times the the derivative of the so the + + + align:start position:0% +times the the derivative of the so the +outside function is a square root so + + align:start position:0% +outside function is a square root so + + + align:start position:0% +outside function is a square root so +that's to the 1 half power so I get + + align:start position:0% +that's to the 1 half power so I get + + + align:start position:0% +that's to the 1 half power so I get +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +halftimes the thing inside to the minus + + align:start position:0% +halftimes the thing inside to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +halftimes the thing inside to the minus +one2 power so it's over 2 * the < TK of + + align:start position:0% +one2 power so it's over 2 * the < TK of + + + align:start position:0% +one2 power so it's over 2 * the < TK of +x^2 + Y 2 plus c^2 and then I need to + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + Y 2 plus c^2 and then I need to + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + Y 2 plus c^2 and then I need to +multiply by the derivative of the inside + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the derivative of the inside + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the derivative of the inside +which is time 2 x okay so and then the + + align:start position:0% +which is time 2 x okay so and then the + + + align:start position:0% +which is time 2 x okay so and then the +twos cancel and that's X over < TK of X2 + + align:start position:0% +twos cancel and that's X over < TK of X2 + + + align:start position:0% +twos cancel and that's X over < TK of X2 ++ y + z^2 and similarly this is a nice + + align:start position:0% ++ y + z^2 and similarly this is a nice + + + align:start position:0% ++ y + z^2 and similarly this is a nice +symmetric function you know if I changed + + align:start position:0% +symmetric function you know if I changed + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric function you know if I changed +X and Y it's it's the same so so the + + align:start position:0% +X and Y it's it's the same so so the + + + align:start position:0% +X and Y it's it's the same so so the +other partial derivatives look very + + align:start position:0% +other partial derivatives look very + + + align:start position:0% +other partial derivatives look very +similar so they're going to be y over + + align:start position:0% +similar so they're going to be y over + + + align:start position:0% +similar so they're going to be y over +theare < TK of x^2 + y^2 + z^ + + align:start position:0% +theare < TK of x^2 + y^2 + z^ + + + align:start position:0% +theare < TK of x^2 + y^2 + z^ +2 and Z over The Square < TK of x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 and Z over The Square < TK of x^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +2 and Z over The Square < TK of x^2 + +y^2 + + align:start position:0% +y^2 + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +z^2 sorry that's a a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +z^2 sorry that's a a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +z^2 sorry that's a a little bit of a +long formula there but there we have it + + align:start position:0% +long formula there but there we have it + + + align:start position:0% +long formula there but there we have it +that's that's the derivative uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the derivative uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the derivative uh sorry +not the derivative that's the gradient + + align:start position:0% +not the derivative that's the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +not the derivative that's the gradient +the vector of partial + + align:start position:0% +the vector of partial + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of partial +derivatives um so now you are asked also + + align:start position:0% +derivatives um so now you are asked also + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives um so now you are asked also +to compute this gradient at a particular + + align:start position:0% +to compute this gradient at a particular + + + align:start position:0% +to compute this gradient at a particular +point so the point in question I have to + + align:start position:0% +point so the point in question I have to + + + align:start position:0% +point so the point in question I have to +look back over here and the point in + + align:start position:0% +look back over here and the point in + + + align:start position:0% +look back over here and the point in +question was this 26- + + align:start position:0% +question was this 26- + + + align:start position:0% +question was this 26- +3 um so the 26 minus 3 we want to + + align:start position:0% +3 um so the 26 minus 3 we want to + + + align:start position:0% +3 um so the 26 minus 3 we want to +compute the gradient so we just take + + align:start position:0% +compute the gradient so we just take + + + align:start position:0% +compute the gradient so we just take +these numbers back over to our formula + + align:start position:0% +these numbers back over to our formula + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers back over to our formula +over there and we're going to put them + + align:start position:0% +over there and we're going to put them + + + align:start position:0% +over there and we're going to put them +in so we take the gradient of g at 2 + + align:start position:0% +in so we take the gradient of g at 2 + + + align:start position:0% +in so we take the gradient of g at 2 +6us 3 well okay + + align:start position:0% +6us 3 well okay + + + align:start position:0% +6us 3 well okay +so so this square root of x^2 + y s + z^ + + align:start position:0% +so so this square root of x^2 + y s + z^ + + + align:start position:0% +so so this square root of x^2 + y s + z^ +S appears in all terms so let's compute + + align:start position:0% +S appears in all terms so let's compute + + + align:start position:0% +S appears in all terms so let's compute +that first so x^2 is 4 y^2 is 36 and z^2 + + align:start position:0% +that first so x^2 is 4 y^2 is 36 and z^2 + + + align:start position:0% +that first so x^2 is 4 y^2 is 36 and z^2 +is 9 so I add those numbers together I + + align:start position:0% +is 9 so I add those numbers together I + + + align:start position:0% +is 9 so I add those numbers together I +get 49 + + align:start position:0% +get 49 + + + align:start position:0% +get 49 +and then I take a square root of that + + align:start position:0% +and then I take a square root of that + + + align:start position:0% +and then I take a square root of that +and I get seven so uh so these + + align:start position:0% +and I get seven so uh so these + + + align:start position:0% +and I get seven so uh so these +denominators are all going to be seven + + align:start position:0% +denominators are all going to be seven + + + align:start position:0% +denominators are all going to be seven +and then up top I just have X Y and Z so + + align:start position:0% +and then up top I just have X Y and Z so + + + align:start position:0% +and then up top I just have X Y and Z so +okay so this is going to be 2 over 7 + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is going to be 2 over 7 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is going to be 2 over 7 +comma 6 over 7 comma + + align:start position:0% +comma 6 over 7 comma + + + align:start position:0% +comma 6 over 7 comma +-3 over + + align:start position:0% +-3 over + + + align:start position:0% +-3 over +7 right so just what I get by plugging + + align:start position:0% +7 right so just what I get by plugging + + + align:start position:0% +7 right so just what I get by plugging +the values at our Point into into this + + align:start position:0% +the values at our Point into into this + + + align:start position:0% +the values at our Point into into this +formula so this is the gradient at that + + align:start position:0% +formula so this is the gradient at that + + + align:start position:0% +formula so this is the gradient at that +point and now once again I want to + + align:start position:0% +point and now once again I want to + + + align:start position:0% +point and now once again I want to +compute the a a particular directional + + align:start position:0% +compute the a a particular directional + + + align:start position:0% +compute the a a particular directional +derivative of this function so in order + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this function so in order + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this function so in order +to do that I just need the right unit + + align:start position:0% +to do that I just need the right unit + + + align:start position:0% +to do that I just need the right unit +vector and I need to to dot it um so the + + align:start position:0% +vector and I need to to dot it um so the + + + align:start position:0% +vector and I need to to dot it um so the +direction that I asked you was the + + align:start position:0% +direction that I asked you was the + + + align:start position:0% +direction that I asked you was the +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +V with coordinates 11 1 so of course + + align:start position:0% +V with coordinates 11 1 so of course + + + align:start position:0% +V with coordinates 11 1 so of course +again this isn't a unit Vector so we + + align:start position:0% +again this isn't a unit Vector so we + + + align:start position:0% +again this isn't a unit Vector so we +need to divide it by its length to find + + align:start position:0% +need to divide it by its length to find + + + align:start position:0% +need to divide it by its length to find +the unit Vector that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the unit Vector that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the unit Vector that we're going to +use so the length of this Vector is the + + align:start position:0% +use so the length of this Vector is the + + + align:start position:0% +use so the length of this Vector is the +square < TK of 1 2 + 1 + 1 s so that's + + align:start position:0% +square < TK of 1 2 + 1 + 1 s so that's + + + align:start position:0% +square < TK of 1 2 + 1 + 1 s so that's +the square < TK of 3 + + align:start position:0% +the square < TK of 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the square < TK of 3 +so U is equal to well I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +so U is equal to well I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +so U is equal to well I'm just going to +write it as 1 < TK 3 + + align:start position:0% +write it as 1 < TK 3 + + + align:start position:0% +write it as 1 < TK 3 +* the vector + + align:start position:0% +* the vector + + + align:start position:0% +* the vector + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh so the directional + + align:start position:0% +and the uh so the directional + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh so the directional +derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative +D + + align:start position:0% +D + + + align:start position:0% +D +GDs in the direction uat is again it's + + align:start position:0% +GDs in the direction uat is again it's + + + align:start position:0% +GDs in the direction uat is again it's +what I get I dot the gradient with with + + align:start position:0% +what I get I dot the gradient with with + + + align:start position:0% +what I get I dot the gradient with with +this U so it's it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gradient. U which in our case so that 1 + + align:start position:0% +gradient. U which in our case so that 1 + + + align:start position:0% +gradient. U which in our case so that 1 +over the < TK of 3 lives out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +front and now I dot 27th 67th minus 37th + + align:start position:0% +front and now I dot 27th 67th minus 37th + + + align:start position:0% +front and now I dot 27th 67th minus 37th +with 1 one 1 and that's just going to + + align:start position:0% +with 1 one 1 and that's just going to + + + align:start position:0% +with 1 one 1 and that's just going to +give me + + align:start position:0% +give me + + + align:start position:0% +give me +27 + 6 + + align:start position:0% +27 + 6 + + + align:start position:0% +27 + 6 +7 - 3 7 and okay so we can finish off + + align:start position:0% +7 - 3 7 and okay so we can finish off + + + align:start position:0% +7 - 3 7 and okay so we can finish off +the arithmetic there and I think that's + + align:start position:0% +the arithmetic there and I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +the arithmetic there and I think that's +5 over + + align:start position:0% +5 over + + + align:start position:0% +5 over +7un 3 if I didn't make any mistake now + + align:start position:0% +7un 3 if I didn't make any mistake now + + + align:start position:0% +7un 3 if I didn't make any mistake now +the last one very very similar now we + + align:start position:0% +the last one very very similar now we + + + align:start position:0% +the last one very very similar now we +have a function of four + + align:start position:0% +have a function of four + + + align:start position:0% +have a function of four +variables but there's really nothing new + + align:start position:0% +variables but there's really nothing new + + + align:start position:0% +variables but there's really nothing new +there at all so let me + + align:start position:0% +there at all so let me + + + align:start position:0% +there at all so let me +rewrite um so for part C we have H of + + align:start position:0% +rewrite um so for part C we have H of + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite um so for part C we have H of +wxy Z is equal to w x + Wy + w z + XY + + + align:start position:0% +wxy Z is equal to w x + Wy + w z + XY + + + + align:start position:0% +wxy Z is equal to w x + Wy + w z + XY + +x x z + y + + align:start position:0% +x x z + y + + + align:start position:0% +x x z + y +z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the gradient of H I just take the + + align:start position:0% +so the gradient of H I just take the + + + align:start position:0% +so the gradient of H I just take the +four partial derivatives now here W is + + align:start position:0% +four partial derivatives now here W is + + + align:start position:0% +four partial derivatives now here W is +first so I take the the the partial + + align:start position:0% +first so I take the the the partial + + + align:start position:0% +first so I take the the the partial +derivative with respect to W as the + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to W as the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to W as the +first coordinate so that's going to be x + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate so that's going to be x + + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate so that's going to be x ++ y + C and then I take the partial + + align:start position:0% ++ y + C and then I take the partial + + + align:start position:0% ++ y + C and then I take the partial +derivative with respect to X as the + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to X as the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to X as the +second coordinate so that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +second coordinate so that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +second coordinate so that's going to be +W + y + z and similarly the last two are + + align:start position:0% +W + y + z and similarly the last two are + + + align:start position:0% +W + y + z and similarly the last two are +W + x + z and + + align:start position:0% +W + x + z and + + + align:start position:0% +W + x + z and +W + + align:start position:0% +W + + + align:start position:0% +W +plus that's a plus x + + + align:start position:0% +plus that's a plus x + + + + align:start position:0% +plus that's a plus x + +y okay so there those are my uh that's + + align:start position:0% +y okay so there those are my uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +y okay so there those are my uh that's +that's my gradient those are my partial + + align:start position:0% +that's my gradient those are my partial + + + align:start position:0% +that's my gradient those are my partial +derivatives now I asked you again for + + align:start position:0% +derivatives now I asked you again for + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives now I asked you again for +the gradient at a particular point so + + align:start position:0% +the gradient at a particular point so + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient at a particular point so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +grad H at the point 2 0 - 1 -1 so we can + + align:start position:0% +grad H at the point 2 0 - 1 -1 so we can + + + align:start position:0% +grad H at the point 2 0 - 1 -1 so we can +just plug that in here it's 0 + -1 + -1 + + align:start position:0% +just plug that in here it's 0 + -1 + -1 + + + align:start position:0% +just plug that in here it's 0 + -1 + -1 +is -2 here it's 2 + -1 + -1 that's 0 + + align:start position:0% +is -2 here it's 2 + -1 + -1 that's 0 + + + align:start position:0% +is -2 here it's 2 + -1 + -1 that's 0 +here it's 2 + 0 + -1 so that's 1 and + + align:start position:0% +here it's 2 + 0 + -1 so that's 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +here it's 2 + 0 + -1 so that's 1 and +lastly it's 2 + 0 + -1 is one so that's + + align:start position:0% +lastly it's 2 + 0 + -1 is one so that's + + + align:start position:0% +lastly it's 2 + 0 + -1 is one so that's +the gradient of this function H now the + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of this function H now the + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of this function H now the +point uh at at this point P um and now I + + align:start position:0% +point uh at at this point P um and now I + + + align:start position:0% +point uh at at this point P um and now I +gave you again I gave you a vector v so + + align:start position:0% +gave you again I gave you a vector v so + + + align:start position:0% +gave you again I gave you a vector v so +this was the vector 1 - one 1 minus one + + align:start position:0% +this was the vector 1 - one 1 minus one + + + align:start position:0% +this was the vector 1 - one 1 minus one +and I asked you to find the directional + + align:start position:0% +and I asked you to find the directional + + + align:start position:0% +and I asked you to find the directional +derivative at this point in that + + align:start position:0% +derivative at this point in that + + + align:start position:0% +derivative at this point in that +direction again we need a unit Vector + + align:start position:0% +direction again we need a unit Vector + + + align:start position:0% +direction again we need a unit Vector +this isn't a unit Vector so U is equal + + align:start position:0% +this isn't a unit Vector so U is equal + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't a unit Vector so U is equal +to V over the length of V what is the + + align:start position:0% +to V over the length of V what is the + + + align:start position:0% +to V over the length of V what is the +length of v in this case it's over the + + align:start position:0% +length of v in this case it's over the + + + align:start position:0% +length of v in this case it's over the +square root + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of well we Square the coordinates and + + align:start position:0% +of well we Square the coordinates and + + + align:start position:0% +of well we Square the coordinates and +add them so that's 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 that's + + align:start position:0% +add them so that's 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 that's + + + align:start position:0% +add them so that's 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 that's +four square rooted is 2 so that's V over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 and finally I get that + + align:start position:0% +2 and finally I get that + + + align:start position:0% +2 and finally I get that +the that the directional derivative + + align:start position:0% +the that the directional derivative + + + align:start position:0% +the that the directional derivative +dhds in this direction U is what I get + + align:start position:0% +dhds in this direction U is what I get + + + align:start position:0% +dhds in this direction U is what I get +when I when I dot this gradient together + + align:start position:0% +when I when I dot this gradient together + + + align:start position:0% +when I when I dot this gradient together +with the with the direction in which I'm + + align:start position:0% +with the with the direction in which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the direction in which I'm +in which I'm heading so this is + + align:start position:0% +in which I'm heading so this is + + + align:start position:0% +in which I'm heading so this is +-2 0 1 1 the gradient dotted with the + + align:start position:0% +-2 0 1 1 the gradient dotted with the + + + align:start position:0% +-2 0 1 1 the gradient dotted with the +unit Vector of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction which we just computed and so + + align:start position:0% +direction which we just computed and so + + + align:start position:0% +direction which we just computed and so +finally you could expand this out + + align:start position:0% +finally you could expand this out + + + align:start position:0% +finally you could expand this out +yourself I won't write down the final + + align:start position:0% +yourself I won't write down the final + + + align:start position:0% +yourself I won't write down the final +answer but it's just the same just a DOT + + align:start position:0% +answer but it's just the same just a DOT + + + align:start position:0% +answer but it's just the same just a DOT +product right all right so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +product right all right so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +product right all right so hopefully +this has uh gotten you totally + + align:start position:0% +this has uh gotten you totally + + + align:start position:0% +this has uh gotten you totally +comfortable with Computing gradients and + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with Computing gradients and + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with Computing gradients and +with Computing directional derivatives + + align:start position:0% +with Computing directional derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +with Computing directional derivatives +from gradients um so I'll end there \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/X_reyHNRYws.txt b/X_reyHNRYws.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61461ca839d59d8dfb2dd0fdefcd53972b334404 --- /dev/null +++ b/X_reyHNRYws.txt @@ -0,0 +1,688 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this lecture we'll be using + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture we'll be using + + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture we'll be using +analytical models to prevent heart + + align:start position:0% +analytical models to prevent heart + + + align:start position:0% +analytical models to prevent heart +disease the first step is to identify + + align:start position:0% +disease the first step is to identify + + + align:start position:0% +disease the first step is to identify +risk factors or the independent + + align:start position:0% +risk factors or the independent + + + align:start position:0% +risk factors or the independent +variables that we will use in our model + + align:start position:0% +variables that we will use in our model + + + align:start position:0% +variables that we will use in our model +then using data will create a logistic + + align:start position:0% +then using data will create a logistic + + + align:start position:0% +then using data will create a logistic +regression model to predict heart + + align:start position:0% +regression model to predict heart + + + align:start position:0% +regression model to predict heart +disease using more data we'll validate + + align:start position:0% +disease using more data we'll validate + + + align:start position:0% +disease using more data we'll validate +our model to make sure it performs well + + align:start position:0% +our model to make sure it performs well + + + align:start position:0% +our model to make sure it performs well +out-of-sample and on different + + align:start position:0% +out-of-sample and on different + + + align:start position:0% +out-of-sample and on different +populations than the training set + + align:start position:0% +populations than the training set + + + align:start position:0% +populations than the training set +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +lastly we'll discuss how medical + + align:start position:0% +lastly we'll discuss how medical + + + align:start position:0% +lastly we'll discuss how medical +interventions can be defined using the + + align:start position:0% +interventions can be defined using the + + + align:start position:0% +interventions can be defined using the +model we'll be predicting the 10-year + + align:start position:0% +model we'll be predicting the 10-year + + + align:start position:0% +model we'll be predicting the 10-year +risk of coronary heart disease or CH D + + align:start position:0% +risk of coronary heart disease or CH D + + + align:start position:0% +risk of coronary heart disease or CH D +this was a subject of an important 1998 + + align:start position:0% +this was a subject of an important 1998 + + + align:start position:0% +this was a subject of an important 1998 +paper introducing what is known as the + + align:start position:0% +paper introducing what is known as the + + + align:start position:0% +paper introducing what is known as the +Framingham risk score this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +Framingham risk score this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham risk score this is one of the +most influential applications of the + + align:start position:0% +most influential applications of the + + + align:start position:0% +most influential applications of the +Framingham Heart Study data we'll use + + align:start position:0% +Framingham Heart Study data we'll use + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham Heart Study data we'll use +logistic regression to create a similar + + align:start position:0% +logistic regression to create a similar + + + align:start position:0% +logistic regression to create a similar +model CHD is a disease of the blood + + align:start position:0% +model CHD is a disease of the blood + + + align:start position:0% +model CHD is a disease of the blood +vessels supplying the heart this is one + + align:start position:0% +vessels supplying the heart this is one + + + align:start position:0% +vessels supplying the heart this is one +type of heart disease which has been the + + align:start position:0% +type of heart disease which has been the + + + align:start position:0% +type of heart disease which has been the +leading cause of death worldwide since + + align:start position:0% +leading cause of death worldwide since + + + align:start position:0% +leading cause of death worldwide since + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +in 2008 7.3 million people died from CHD + + align:start position:0% +in 2008 7.3 million people died from CHD + + + align:start position:0% +in 2008 7.3 million people died from CHD +even though the number of deaths due to + + align:start position:0% +even though the number of deaths due to + + + align:start position:0% +even though the number of deaths due to +CHD is still very high age adjusted + + align:start position:0% +CHD is still very high age adjusted + + + align:start position:0% +CHD is still very high age adjusted +death rates have actually declined 60% + + align:start position:0% +death rates have actually declined 60% + + + align:start position:0% +death rates have actually declined 60% +since 1950 this is in part due to + + align:start position:0% +since 1950 this is in part due to + + + align:start position:0% +since 1950 this is in part due to +earlier detection and monitoring partly + + align:start position:0% +earlier detection and monitoring partly + + + align:start position:0% +earlier detection and monitoring partly +because of the Framingham Heart Study + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before building a logistic regression + + align:start position:0% +before building a logistic regression + + + align:start position:0% +before building a logistic regression +model we need to identify the + + align:start position:0% +model we need to identify the + + + align:start position:0% +model we need to identify the +independent variables we want to use + + align:start position:0% +independent variables we want to use + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables we want to use +when predicting the risk of a disease we + + align:start position:0% +when predicting the risk of a disease we + + + align:start position:0% +when predicting the risk of a disease we +want to identify what are known as risk + + align:start position:0% +want to identify what are known as risk + + + align:start position:0% +want to identify what are known as risk +factors these are the variables that + + align:start position:0% +factors these are the variables that + + + align:start position:0% +factors these are the variables that +increase the chances of developing a + + align:start position:0% +increase the chances of developing a + + + align:start position:0% +increase the chances of developing a +disease + + align:start position:0% +disease + + + align:start position:0% +disease +the term risk factors was actually + + align:start position:0% +the term risk factors was actually + + + align:start position:0% +the term risk factors was actually +coined by William Connell and Roy Dawber + + align:start position:0% +coined by William Connell and Roy Dawber + + + align:start position:0% +coined by William Connell and Roy Dawber +from the Framingham Heart Study + + align:start position:0% +from the Framingham Heart Study + + + align:start position:0% +from the Framingham Heart Study +identifying these risk factors is the + + align:start position:0% +identifying these risk factors is the + + + align:start position:0% +identifying these risk factors is the +key to successful prediction of CHD + + align:start position:0% +key to successful prediction of CHD + + + align:start position:0% +key to successful prediction of CHD +in this lecture we'll focus on the risk + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture we'll focus on the risk + + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture we'll focus on the risk +factors that they collected data for in + + align:start position:0% +factors that they collected data for in + + + align:start position:0% +factors that they collected data for in +the original data collection for the + + align:start position:0% +the original data collection for the + + + align:start position:0% +the original data collection for the +Framingham Heart Study we'll be using an + + align:start position:0% +Framingham Heart Study we'll be using an + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham Heart Study we'll be using an +anonymized version of the original data + + align:start position:0% +anonymized version of the original data + + + align:start position:0% +anonymized version of the original data +that was collected this data set + + align:start position:0% +that was collected this data set + + + align:start position:0% +that was collected this data set +includes several demographic risk + + align:start position:0% +includes several demographic risk + + + align:start position:0% +includes several demographic risk +factors the sex of the patient male or + + align:start position:0% +factors the sex of the patient male or + + + align:start position:0% +factors the sex of the patient male or +female the age of the patient in years + + align:start position:0% +female the age of the patient in years + + + align:start position:0% +female the age of the patient in years +the education level coded as either one + + align:start position:0% +the education level coded as either one + + + align:start position:0% +the education level coded as either one +for some high school two for a high + + align:start position:0% +for some high school two for a high + + + align:start position:0% +for some high school two for a high +school diploma or GED three for some + + align:start position:0% +school diploma or GED three for some + + + align:start position:0% +school diploma or GED three for some +college or vocational school and four + + align:start position:0% +college or vocational school and four + + + align:start position:0% +college or vocational school and four +for a college degree the data set also + + align:start position:0% +for a college degree the data set also + + + align:start position:0% +for a college degree the data set also +includes behavioral risk factors + + align:start position:0% +includes behavioral risk factors + + + align:start position:0% +includes behavioral risk factors +associated with smoking whether or not + + align:start position:0% +associated with smoking whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +associated with smoking whether or not +the patient is a current smoker and the + + align:start position:0% +the patient is a current smoker and the + + + align:start position:0% +the patient is a current smoker and the +number of cigarettes that the person + + align:start position:0% +number of cigarettes that the person + + + align:start position:0% +number of cigarettes that the person +smoked on average in one day while it is + + align:start position:0% +smoked on average in one day while it is + + + align:start position:0% +smoked on average in one day while it is +now widely known that smoking increases + + align:start position:0% +now widely known that smoking increases + + + align:start position:0% +now widely known that smoking increases +the risk of heart disease + + align:start position:0% +the risk of heart disease + + + align:start position:0% +the risk of heart disease +the idea of smoking being bad for you + + align:start position:0% +the idea of smoking being bad for you + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of smoking being bad for you +was a novel idea in the 1940s medical + + align:start position:0% +was a novel idea in the 1940s medical + + + align:start position:0% +was a novel idea in the 1940s medical +history risk factors were also included + + align:start position:0% +history risk factors were also included + + + align:start position:0% +history risk factors were also included +these were whether or not the patient + + align:start position:0% +these were whether or not the patient + + + align:start position:0% +these were whether or not the patient +was on blood-pressure medication whether + + align:start position:0% +was on blood-pressure medication whether + + + align:start position:0% +was on blood-pressure medication whether +or not the patient had previously had a + + align:start position:0% +or not the patient had previously had a + + + align:start position:0% +or not the patient had previously had a +stroke whether or not the patient was + + align:start position:0% +stroke whether or not the patient was + + + align:start position:0% +stroke whether or not the patient was +hypertensive and whether or not the + + align:start position:0% +hypertensive and whether or not the + + + align:start position:0% +hypertensive and whether or not the +patient had diabetes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lastly the data set includes risk + + align:start position:0% +lastly the data set includes risk + + + align:start position:0% +lastly the data set includes risk +factors from the first physical + + align:start position:0% +factors from the first physical + + + align:start position:0% +factors from the first physical +examination of the patient the total + + align:start position:0% +examination of the patient the total + + + align:start position:0% +examination of the patient the total +cholesterol level systolic blood + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol level systolic blood + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol level systolic blood +pressure diastolic blood pressure body + + align:start position:0% +pressure diastolic blood pressure body + + + align:start position:0% +pressure diastolic blood pressure body +mass index or BMI heart rate and blood + + align:start position:0% +mass index or BMI heart rate and blood + + + align:start position:0% +mass index or BMI heart rate and blood +glucose level of the patient were + + align:start position:0% +glucose level of the patient were + + + align:start position:0% +glucose level of the patient were +measured in the next video we'll use + + align:start position:0% +measured in the next video we'll use + + + align:start position:0% +measured in the next video we'll use +these risk factors to see if we can + + align:start position:0% +these risk factors to see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +these risk factors to see if we can +predict the 10-year risk of CHD \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Xwd4ABlO0Dc.txt b/Xwd4ABlO0Dc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bac7800b41ff2b755c6ca4ce4a2cfd98e3b587bd --- /dev/null +++ b/Xwd4ABlO0Dc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1155 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we are defining a random variable is a + + align:start position:0% +we are defining a random variable is a + + + align:start position:0% +we are defining a random variable is a +real-valued function on the sample space + + align:start position:0% +real-valued function on the sample space + + + align:start position:0% +real-valued function on the sample space +so this is a good occasion to make sure + + align:start position:0% +so this is a good occasion to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a good occasion to make sure +that we understand what the function is + + align:start position:0% +that we understand what the function is + + + align:start position:0% +that we understand what the function is +to define a function we start with two + + align:start position:0% +to define a function we start with two + + + align:start position:0% +to define a function we start with two +sets one set call it a is the domain of + + align:start position:0% +sets one set call it a is the domain of + + + align:start position:0% +sets one set call it a is the domain of +the function and we have our second set + + align:start position:0% +the function and we have our second set + + + align:start position:0% +the function and we have our second set +then a function is a rule that for any + + align:start position:0% +then a function is a rule that for any + + + align:start position:0% +then a function is a rule that for any +element of a Associates an element of B + + align:start position:0% +element of a Associates an element of B + + + align:start position:0% +element of a Associates an element of B +and we use a notation of this kind to + + align:start position:0% +and we use a notation of this kind to + + + align:start position:0% +and we use a notation of this kind to +indicate that we are dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +indicate that we are dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +indicate that we are dealing with a +function f that map's elements of a into + + align:start position:0% +function f that map's elements of a into + + + align:start position:0% +function f that map's elements of a into +elements of B now two elements of a may + + align:start position:0% +elements of B now two elements of a may + + + align:start position:0% +elements of B now two elements of a may +be mapped to the same element of B this + + align:start position:0% +be mapped to the same element of B this + + + align:start position:0% +be mapped to the same element of B this +is allowed what is important however is + + align:start position:0% +is allowed what is important however is + + + align:start position:0% +is allowed what is important however is +that every element of a is mapped to + + align:start position:0% +that every element of a is mapped to + + + align:start position:0% +that every element of a is mapped to +exactly one element of B not more but it + + align:start position:0% +exactly one element of B not more but it + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one element of B not more but it +is also possible that we have some + + align:start position:0% +is also possible that we have some + + + align:start position:0% +is also possible that we have some +elements of B that do not correspond to + + align:start position:0% +elements of B that do not correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +elements of B that do not correspond to +any of the elements of a now I said that + + align:start position:0% +any of the elements of a now I said that + + + align:start position:0% +any of the elements of a now I said that +a function is a rule that assigns points + + align:start position:0% +a function is a rule that assigns points + + + align:start position:0% +a function is a rule that assigns points +of a to points in B but what exactly do + + align:start position:0% +of a to points in B but what exactly do + + + align:start position:0% +of a to points in B but what exactly do +we mean by a rule if we want to be more + + align:start position:0% +we mean by a rule if we want to be more + + + align:start position:0% +we mean by a rule if we want to be more +precise a function would be defined as + + align:start position:0% +precise a function would be defined as + + + align:start position:0% +precise a function would be defined as +follows it would be defined as a set of + + align:start position:0% +follows it would be defined as a set of + + + align:start position:0% +follows it would be defined as a set of +pairs of values it would be a set of + + align:start position:0% +pairs of values it would be a set of + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of values it would be a set of +pairs of the form X Y such that X is + + align:start position:0% +pairs of the form X Y such that X is + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of the form X Y such that X is +always an element of a Y is always an + + align:start position:0% +always an element of a Y is always an + + + align:start position:0% +always an element of a Y is always an +element of B and also most important + + align:start position:0% +element of B and also most important + + + align:start position:0% +element of B and also most important +each X in a appears in exactly one pair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this would be a formal definition of + + align:start position:0% +so this would be a formal definition of + + + align:start position:0% +so this would be a formal definition of +what the function is it is a collection + + align:start position:0% +what the function is it is a collection + + + align:start position:0% +what the function is it is a collection +of ordered pairs of this kind as a + + align:start position:0% +of ordered pairs of this kind as a + + + align:start position:0% +of ordered pairs of this kind as a +concrete example let us start with the + + align:start position:0% +concrete example let us start with the + + + align:start position:0% +concrete example let us start with the +set consisting of these elements here + + align:start position:0% +set consisting of these elements here + + + align:start position:0% +set consisting of these elements here +and let B be the set of real numbers and + + align:start position:0% +and let B be the set of real numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +and let B be the set of real numbers and +consider the function that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +consider the function that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +consider the function that corresponds +to what we usually call the square so + + align:start position:0% +to what we usually call the square so + + + align:start position:0% +to what we usually call the square so +it's a function that squares its + + align:start position:0% +it's a function that squares its + + + align:start position:0% +it's a function that squares its +argument then this function would be + + align:start position:0% +argument then this function would be + + + align:start position:0% +argument then this function would be +represented by the following collection + + align:start position:0% +represented by the following collection + + + align:start position:0% +represented by the following collection +of pairs so this is the value of X and + + align:start position:0% +of pairs so this is the value of X and + + + align:start position:0% +of pairs so this is the value of X and +this is the corresponding value of y any + + align:start position:0% +this is the corresponding value of y any + + + align:start position:0% +this is the corresponding value of y any +particular X shows up just once in this + + align:start position:0% +particular X shows up just once in this + + + align:start position:0% +particular X shows up just once in this +collection of pairs but a certain why + + align:start position:0% +collection of pairs but a certain why + + + align:start position:0% +collection of pairs but a certain why +for example y equal to 1 shows up twice + + align:start position:0% +for example y equal to 1 shows up twice + + + align:start position:0% +for example y equal to 1 shows up twice +because minus 1 and plus 1 both map to + + align:start position:0% +because minus 1 and plus 1 both map to + + + align:start position:0% +because minus 1 and plus 1 both map to +the same element of B now this is a + + align:start position:0% +the same element of B now this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the same element of B now this is a +representation in terms of of ordered + + align:start position:0% +representation in terms of of ordered + + + align:start position:0% +representation in terms of of ordered +pairs but we could also think of the + + align:start position:0% +pairs but we could also think of the + + + align:start position:0% +pairs but we could also think of the +function as being described by a table + + align:start position:0% +function as being described by a table + + + align:start position:0% +function as being described by a table +we could for instance put this + + align:start position:0% +we could for instance put this + + + align:start position:0% +we could for instance put this +information here in a form of a table of + + align:start position:0% +information here in a form of a table of + + + align:start position:0% +information here in a form of a table of +this kind and say that this table + + align:start position:0% +this kind and say that this table + + + align:start position:0% +this kind and say that this table +describes the function for any element X + + align:start position:0% +describes the function for any element X + + + align:start position:0% +describes the function for any element X +it tells us what the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +it tells us what the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +it tells us what the corresponding +element Y is however when the set a is + + align:start position:0% +element Y is however when the set a is + + + align:start position:0% +element Y is however when the set a is +an infinite set it is not clear what we + + align:start position:0% +an infinite set it is not clear what we + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite set it is not clear what we +might mean by saying a table an infinite + + align:start position:0% +might mean by saying a table an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +might mean by saying a table an infinite +table whereas this definition in terms + + align:start position:0% +table whereas this definition in terms + + + align:start position:0% +table whereas this definition in terms +of ordered pairs still applies for + + align:start position:0% +of ordered pairs still applies for + + + align:start position:0% +of ordered pairs still applies for +example if you are interested in the + + align:start position:0% +example if you are interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +example if you are interested in the +function which is again the square + + align:start position:0% +function which is again the square + + + align:start position:0% +function which is again the square +function from the real numbers the way + + align:start position:0% +function from the real numbers the way + + + align:start position:0% +function from the real numbers the way +you would specify that function + + align:start position:0% +you would specify that function + + + align:start position:0% +you would specify that function +abstractly would be as follows + + align:start position:0% +abstractly would be as follows + + + align:start position:0% +abstractly would be as follows +you could write it's the set of all + + align:start position:0% +you could write it's the set of all + + + align:start position:0% +you could write it's the set of all +pairs of this form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that X is a real number and now + + align:start position:0% +such that X is a real number and now + + + align:start position:0% +such that X is a real number and now +such pairs of course belong to the + + align:start position:0% +such pairs of course belong to the + + + align:start position:0% +such pairs of course belong to the +two-dimensional plane because it's a + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional plane because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional plane because it's a +pair of numbers so this set here can be + + align:start position:0% +pair of numbers so this set here can be + + + align:start position:0% +pair of numbers so this set here can be +viewed as a formal definition or + + align:start position:0% +viewed as a formal definition or + + + align:start position:0% +viewed as a formal definition or +specification of the squaring function + + align:start position:0% +specification of the squaring function + + + align:start position:0% +specification of the squaring function +now what this set is is something that + + align:start position:0% +now what this set is is something that + + + align:start position:0% +now what this set is is something that +we can actually plot if we go on the + + align:start position:0% +we can actually plot if we go on the + + + align:start position:0% +we can actually plot if we go on the +two-dimensional plane the points of this + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional plane the points of this + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional plane the points of this +form are exactly the points that belong + + align:start position:0% +form are exactly the points that belong + + + align:start position:0% +form are exactly the points that belong +to the graph of the square function so + + align:start position:0% +to the graph of the square function so + + + align:start position:0% +to the graph of the square function so +this abstract definition really all that + + align:start position:0% +this abstract definition really all that + + + align:start position:0% +this abstract definition really all that +it says is that a function is the same + + align:start position:0% +it says is that a function is the same + + + align:start position:0% +it says is that a function is the same +thing as the plot of that function but + + align:start position:0% +thing as the plot of that function but + + + align:start position:0% +thing as the plot of that function but +it's important here to make a + + align:start position:0% +it's important here to make a + + + align:start position:0% +it's important here to make a +distinction the function is the entire + + align:start position:0% +distinction the function is the entire + + + align:start position:0% +distinction the function is the entire +plot so this set here is the function f + + align:start position:0% +plot so this set here is the function f + + + align:start position:0% +plot so this set here is the function f +whereas if I tell you a specific number + + align:start position:0% +whereas if I tell you a specific number + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if I tell you a specific number +X the corresponding value here would be + + align:start position:0% +X the corresponding value here would be + + + align:start position:0% +X the corresponding value here would be +f of X so here X is a number and f of X + + align:start position:0% +f of X so here X is a number and f of X + + + align:start position:0% +f of X so here X is a number and f of X +is also a number and those two values X + + align:start position:0% +is also a number and those two values X + + + align:start position:0% +is also a number and those two values X +and f of X define this particular point + + align:start position:0% +and f of X define this particular point + + + align:start position:0% +and f of X define this particular point +on this plot but the function itself is + + align:start position:0% +on this plot but the function itself is + + + align:start position:0% +on this plot but the function itself is +the entire plot let us also take this + + align:start position:0% +the entire plot let us also take this + + + align:start position:0% +the entire plot let us also take this +occasion to talk a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +occasion to talk a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +occasion to talk a little bit about the +notation and the proper way of talking + + align:start position:0% +notation and the proper way of talking + + + align:start position:0% +notation and the proper way of talking +about functions here is the most common + + align:start position:0% +about functions here is the most common + + + align:start position:0% +about functions here is the most common +way that one would describe a function + + align:start position:0% +way that one would describe a function + + + align:start position:0% +way that one would describe a function +and this is an appropriate way we have + + align:start position:0% +and this is an appropriate way we have + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an appropriate way we have +described the domain we've described the + + align:start position:0% +described the domain we've described the + + + align:start position:0% +described the domain we've described the +set on which the function takes values + + align:start position:0% +set on which the function takes values + + + align:start position:0% +set on which the function takes values +and I'm telling you for any X in that + + align:start position:0% +and I'm telling you for any X in that + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm telling you for any X in that +set what the value of the function is on + + align:start position:0% +set what the value of the function is on + + + align:start position:0% +set what the value of the function is on +the other hand sometimes people use a + + align:start position:0% +the other hand sometimes people use a + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand sometimes people use a +more loose language such as for example + + align:start position:0% +more loose language such as for example + + + align:start position:0% +more loose language such as for example +they would say the function X square + + align:start position:0% +they would say the function X square + + + align:start position:0% +they would say the function X square +what does that mean well what this means + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean well what this means + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean well what this means +is exactly this statement now let us + + align:start position:0% +is exactly this statement now let us + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly this statement now let us +consider this function the function f + + align:start position:0% +consider this function the function f + + + align:start position:0% +consider this function the function f +again from the reals to the reals that's + + align:start position:0% +again from the reals to the reals that's + + + align:start position:0% +again from the reals to the reals that's +defined by f of Z equals to Z squared is + + align:start position:0% +defined by f of Z equals to Z squared is + + + align:start position:0% +defined by f of Z equals to Z squared is +this a different function + + align:start position:0% +this a different function + + + align:start position:0% +this a different function +or is the same function it's actually + + align:start position:0% +or is the same function it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +or is the same function it's actually +the same function because these two + + align:start position:0% +the same function because these two + + + align:start position:0% +the same function because these two +involve the same sets and they produce + + align:start position:0% +involve the same sets and they produce + + + align:start position:0% +involve the same sets and they produce +their outputs the values of F using + + align:start position:0% +their outputs the values of F using + + + align:start position:0% +their outputs the values of F using +exactly the same rule they take an + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same rule they take an + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same rule they take an +argument in the de square that argument + + align:start position:0% +argument in the de square that argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument in the de square that argument +now if you were to use informal notation + + align:start position:0% +now if you were to use informal notation + + + align:start position:0% +now if you were to use informal notation +you would be referring to that second + + align:start position:0% +you would be referring to that second + + + align:start position:0% +you would be referring to that second +function as the function Z squared and + + align:start position:0% +function as the function Z squared and + + + align:start position:0% +function as the function Z squared and +now if you use informal language it's + + align:start position:0% +now if you use informal language it's + + + align:start position:0% +now if you use informal language it's +less clear that the function x square + + align:start position:0% +less clear that the function x square + + + align:start position:0% +less clear that the function x square +and the function Z square are one at the + + align:start position:0% +and the function Z square are one at the + + + align:start position:0% +and the function Z square are one at the +same thing whereas with this terminology + + align:start position:0% +same thing whereas with this terminology + + + align:start position:0% +same thing whereas with this terminology +here it would be pretty clear that we're + + align:start position:0% +here it would be pretty clear that we're + + + align:start position:0% +here it would be pretty clear that we're +talking about the same function finally + + align:start position:0% +talking about the same function finally + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the same function finally +suppose that we have already defined the + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we have already defined the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we have already defined the +function how should we refer to it in + + align:start position:0% +function how should we refer to it in + + + align:start position:0% +function how should we refer to it in +general should we call it the function f + + align:start position:0% +general should we call it the function f + + + align:start position:0% +general should we call it the function f +or should we say the function f of X + + align:start position:0% +or should we say the function f of X + + + align:start position:0% +or should we say the function f of X +well when X is a number f of X is also a + + align:start position:0% +well when X is a number f of X is also a + + + align:start position:0% +well when X is a number f of X is also a +number so f of X is not really a + + align:start position:0% +number so f of X is not really a + + + align:start position:0% +number so f of X is not really a +function the appropriate language is + + align:start position:0% +function the appropriate language is + + + align:start position:0% +function the appropriate language is +this one we talk about the function f + + align:start position:0% +this one we talk about the function f + + + align:start position:0% +this one we talk about the function f +although quite often people will abuse + + align:start position:0% +although quite often people will abuse + + + align:start position:0% +although quite often people will abuse +language and they will use this + + align:start position:0% +language and they will use this + + + align:start position:0% +language and they will use this +terminology but it's important to keep + + align:start position:0% +terminology but it's important to keep + + + align:start position:0% +terminology but it's important to keep +in mind what we really mean the idea is + + align:start position:0% +in mind what we really mean the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +in mind what we really mean the idea is +that we need to think of a function as + + align:start position:0% +that we need to think of a function as + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to think of a function as +some kind of box or even a computer + + align:start position:0% +some kind of box or even a computer + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of box or even a computer +program if you wish that takes inputs + + align:start position:0% +program if you wish that takes inputs + + + align:start position:0% +program if you wish that takes inputs +and produces outputs and there's a + + align:start position:0% +and produces outputs and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and produces outputs and there's a +distinction between F which is the box + + align:start position:0% +distinction between F which is the box + + + align:start position:0% +distinction between F which is the box +from the value F of X that the function + + align:start position:0% +from the value F of X that the function + + + align:start position:0% +from the value F of X that the function +takes if we feed it with a specific + + align:start position:0% +takes if we feed it with a specific + + + align:start position:0% +takes if we feed it with a specific +argument \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YOcLv_Ta7G0.txt b/YOcLv_Ta7G0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f59e160baad3239cc33ead47624ccec572efa293 --- /dev/null +++ b/YOcLv_Ta7G0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12691 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open coreware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open coreware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open coreware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu when last we + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu when last we + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu when last we +met um I think so you have to remind me + + align:start position:0% +met um I think so you have to remind me + + + align:start position:0% +met um I think so you have to remind me +of this I I I put the uh the bits on the + + align:start position:0% +of this I I I put the uh the bits on the + + + align:start position:0% +of this I I I put the uh the bits on the +handout that I didn't have from last + + align:start position:0% +handout that I didn't have from last + + + align:start position:0% +handout that I didn't have from last +time but we talked about if you look at + + align:start position:0% +time but we talked about if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +time but we talked about if you look at +the handout we talked about what I'm + + align:start position:0% +the handout we talked about what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the handout we talked about what I'm +calling the psychopathological theory of + + align:start position:0% +calling the psychopathological theory of + + + align:start position:0% +calling the psychopathological theory of +love and the chemical theory of + + align:start position:0% +love and the chemical theory of + + + align:start position:0% +love and the chemical theory of +Attraction right I seem to recall that + + align:start position:0% +Attraction right I seem to recall that + + + align:start position:0% +Attraction right I seem to recall that +we finished up last time talking about + + align:start position:0% +we finished up last time talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we finished up last time talking about +the shaky + + align:start position:0% +the shaky + + + align:start position:0% +the shaky +Bridge so that allows me to start + + align:start position:0% +Bridge so that allows me to start + + + align:start position:0% +Bridge so that allows me to start +today talking about social exchange + + align:start position:0% +today talking about social exchange + + + align:start position:0% +today talking about social exchange +theory + + align:start position:0% +theory + + + align:start position:0% +theory +um and uh so we're actually sort of I I + + align:start position:0% +um and uh so we're actually sort of I I + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh so we're actually sort of I I +put the other stuff on there cuz I felt + + align:start position:0% +put the other stuff on there cuz I felt + + + align:start position:0% +put the other stuff on there cuz I felt +bad about not having it on there last + + align:start position:0% +bad about not having it on there last + + + align:start position:0% +bad about not having it on there last +time um but so we we'll we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +time um but so we we'll we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +time um but so we we'll we'll we'll +start sort of in the top middle of page + + align:start position:0% +start sort of in the top middle of page + + + align:start position:0% +start sort of in the top middle of page +two um and the the question here + + align:start position:0% +two um and the the question here + + + align:start position:0% +two um and the the question here +continues to be how do we explain why a + + align:start position:0% +continues to be how do we explain why a + + + align:start position:0% +continues to be how do we explain why a +particular relationship happens The + + align:start position:0% +particular relationship happens The + + + align:start position:0% +particular relationship happens The +evolutionary theory is good for saying + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary theory is good for saying + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary theory is good for saying +something about broad forces but now we + + align:start position:0% +something about broad forces but now we + + + align:start position:0% +something about broad forces but now we +want to know something about um why + + align:start position:0% +want to know something about um why + + + align:start position:0% +want to know something about um why +specific relationships happen and do not + + align:start position:0% +specific relationships happen and do not + + + align:start position:0% +specific relationships happen and do not +happen um and I can think of no better + + align:start position:0% +happen um and I can think of no better + + + align:start position:0% +happen um and I can think of no better +place to begin than with me as a High + + align:start position:0% +place to begin than with me as a High + + + align:start position:0% +place to begin than with me as a High +School + + align:start position:0% +School + + + align:start position:0% +School +freshman um now the reason that I'm + + align:start position:0% +freshman um now the reason that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +freshman um now the reason that I'm +explaining this as me as a High School + + align:start position:0% +explaining this as me as a High School + + + align:start position:0% +explaining this as me as a High School +freshman is I made the I made up this + + align:start position:0% +freshman is I made the I made up this + + + align:start position:0% +freshman is I made the I made up this +example a few years ago to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +example a few years ago to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +example a few years ago to illustrate +the point that I wanted to make and I I + + align:start position:0% +the point that I wanted to make and I I + + + align:start position:0% +the point that I wanted to make and I I +I ran through this elaborate scenario + + align:start position:0% +I ran through this elaborate scenario + + + align:start position:0% +I ran through this elaborate scenario +about uh a High School freshman stuff + + align:start position:0% +about uh a High School freshman stuff + + + align:start position:0% +about uh a High School freshman stuff +like that and and and then I gave the + + align:start position:0% +like that and and and then I gave the + + + align:start position:0% +like that and and and then I gave the +the the your predecessors a choice did + + align:start position:0% +the the your predecessors a choice did + + + align:start position:0% +the the your predecessors a choice did +he do a or did he do B somebody raised + + align:start position:0% +he do a or did he do B somebody raised + + + align:start position:0% +he do a or did he do B somebody raised +their hand he said B I said no that's + + align:start position:0% +their hand he said B I said no that's + + + align:start position:0% +their hand he said B I said no that's +the wrong answer and at that point I + + align:start position:0% +the wrong answer and at that point I + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong answer and at that point I +realized I'd been giving autobiography + + align:start position:0% +realized I'd been giving autobiography + + + align:start position:0% +realized I'd been giving autobiography +so I thought I might as well just go + + align:start position:0% +so I thought I might as well just go + + + align:start position:0% +so I thought I might as well just go +with the straight + + align:start position:0% +with the straight + + + align:start position:0% +with the straight +autobiography um which is all right you + + align:start position:0% +autobiography um which is all right you + + + align:start position:0% +autobiography um which is all right you +got to imagine this High School freshman + + align:start position:0% +got to imagine this High School freshman + + + align:start position:0% +got to imagine this High School freshman +who you can imagine was well kind of + + align:start position:0% +who you can imagine was well kind of + + + align:start position:0% +who you can imagine was well kind of +short and nerdy um + + align:start position:0% +short and nerdy um + + + align:start position:0% +short and nerdy um +and um but but good in English so oh I I + + align:start position:0% +and um but but good in English so oh I I + + + align:start position:0% +and um but but good in English so oh I I +I'm just noticing as as as the gentleman + + align:start position:0% +I'm just noticing as as as the gentleman + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just noticing as as as the gentleman +in the white shirt over there moves + + align:start position:0% +in the white shirt over there moves + + + align:start position:0% +in the white shirt over there moves +things around uh if Google has these how + + align:start position:0% +things around uh if Google has these how + + + align:start position:0% +things around uh if Google has these how +to use your brain things what what + + align:start position:0% +to use your brain things what what + + + align:start position:0% +to use your brain things what what +what's the actual title on it how to + + align:start position:0% +what's the actual title on it how to + + + align:start position:0% +what's the actual title on it how to +care for your big wonderful High + + align:start position:0% +care for your big wonderful High + + + align:start position:0% +care for your big wonderful High +performing brain yes how to care for + + align:start position:0% +performing brain yes how to care for + + + align:start position:0% +performing brain yes how to care for +your big wonderful High performing brain + + align:start position:0% +your big wonderful High performing brain + + + align:start position:0% +your big wonderful High performing brain +um if you find one of those around + + align:start position:0% +um if you find one of those around + + + align:start position:0% +um if you find one of those around +campus oh half the people have them I + + align:start position:0% +campus oh half the people have them I + + + align:start position:0% +campus oh half the people have them I +realize you all want to go work for + + align:start position:0% +realize you all want to go work for + + + align:start position:0% +realize you all want to go work for +Google but an entertaining act might be + + align:start position:0% +Google but an entertaining act might be + + + align:start position:0% +Google but an entertaining act might be +to see how many of uh the little + + align:start position:0% +to see how many of uh the little + + + align:start position:0% +to see how many of uh the little +factoids and stuff you think are + + align:start position:0% +factoids and stuff you think are + + + align:start position:0% +factoids and stuff you think are +directly contradicted or directly + + align:start position:0% +directly contradicted or directly + + + align:start position:0% +directly contradicted or directly +contradict the contents of this course + + align:start position:0% +contradict the contents of this course + + + align:start position:0% +contradict the contents of this course +um there are a variety of of of oddities + + align:start position:0% +um there are a variety of of of oddities + + + align:start position:0% +um there are a variety of of of oddities +on on that that uh um but it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +on on that that uh um but it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +on on that that uh um but it's it's it's +not bad and and you should send your + + align:start position:0% +not bad and and you should send your + + + align:start position:0% +not bad and and you should send your +resume to Google and become rich and + + align:start position:0% +resume to Google and become rich and + + + align:start position:0% +resume to Google and become rich and +famous um rather than just being a nerdy + + align:start position:0% +famous um rather than just being a nerdy + + + align:start position:0% +famous um rather than just being a nerdy +High School freshman um who was good in + + align:start position:0% +High School freshman um who was good in + + + align:start position:0% +High School freshman um who was good in +English so I was in in in sophomore + + align:start position:0% +English so I was in in in sophomore + + + align:start position:0% +English so I was in in in sophomore +honors English great in sophomore honors + + align:start position:0% +honors English great in sophomore honors + + + align:start position:0% +honors English great in sophomore honors +English was um at least through the fog + + align:start position:0% +English was um at least through the fog + + + align:start position:0% +English was um at least through the fog +of memory a uh a very beautiful very + + align:start position:0% +of memory a uh a very beautiful very + + + align:start position:0% +of memory a uh a very beautiful very +brilliant uh + + align:start position:0% +brilliant uh + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant uh +cheerleader + + align:start position:0% +cheerleader + + + align:start position:0% +cheerleader +um and uh uh woman person um and if we + + align:start position:0% +um and uh uh woman person um and if we + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh uh woman person um and if we +return to the Psychopathology of of uh + + align:start position:0% +return to the Psychopathology of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +return to the Psychopathology of of uh +theory of Love um I I I I I was pretty + + align:start position:0% +theory of Love um I I I I I was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +theory of Love um I I I I I was pretty +infatuated with her + + align:start position:0% +infatuated with her + + + align:start position:0% +infatuated with her +um the question is the Pick A or B + + align:start position:0% +um the question is the Pick A or B + + + align:start position:0% +um the question is the Pick A or B +question is um a I uh you know let her + + align:start position:0% +question is um a I uh you know let her + + + align:start position:0% +question is um a I uh you know let her +know that that that that this + + align:start position:0% +know that that that that this + + + align:start position:0% +know that that that that this +infatuation was sort of sitting next to + + align:start position:0% +infatuation was sort of sitting next to + + + align:start position:0% +infatuation was sort of sitting next to +her in class whenever possible um and uh + + align:start position:0% +her in class whenever possible um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +her in class whenever possible um and uh +and and and we uh uh you know had a + + align:start position:0% +and and and we uh uh you know had a + + + align:start position:0% +and and and we uh uh you know had a +perfectly nice High School relationship + + align:start position:0% +perfectly nice High School relationship + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly nice High School relationship +or B she managed to graduate from high + + align:start position:0% +or B she managed to graduate from high + + + align:start position:0% +or B she managed to graduate from high +school com presumably completely unaware + + align:start position:0% +school com presumably completely unaware + + + align:start position:0% +school com presumably completely unaware +uh that um that I had been deeply + + align:start position:0% +uh that um that I had been deeply + + + align:start position:0% +uh that um that I had been deeply +infatuated with her uh how many people + + align:start position:0% +infatuated with her uh how many people + + + align:start position:0% +infatuated with her uh how many people +vote for + + align:start position:0% +vote for + + + align:start position:0% +vote for +a how many people vote for + + align:start position:0% +a how many people vote for + + + align:start position:0% +a how many people vote for +B uh s why isn't John Cary voting you + + align:start position:0% +B uh s why isn't John Cary voting you + + + align:start position:0% +B uh s why isn't John Cary voting you +would think of all people he ought to be + + align:start position:0% +would think of all people he ought to be + + + align:start position:0% +would think of all people he ought to be +voting wouldn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +but he does have excellent hair + + align:start position:0% +but he does have excellent hair + + + align:start position:0% +but he does have excellent hair +um all right all right so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look John stop grinning at me we can't + + align:start position:0% +look John stop grinning at me we can't + + + align:start position:0% +look John stop grinning at me we can't +all marry billionaires um in any + + align:start position:0% +all marry billionaires um in any + + + align:start position:0% +all marry billionaires um in any +Cas all right so the intuition the + + align:start position:0% +Cas all right so the intuition the + + + align:start position:0% +Cas all right so the intuition the +intuition of the vast cruel bulk of you + + align:start position:0% +intuition of the vast cruel bulk of you + + + align:start position:0% +intuition of the vast cruel bulk of you +is correct um I I I I I suspect in her + + align:start position:0% +is correct um I I I I I suspect in her + + + align:start position:0% +is correct um I I I I I suspect in her +life I kept sort of turning up like a + + align:start position:0% +life I kept sort of turning up like a + + + align:start position:0% +life I kept sort of turning up like a +bad Penny um I was continuously around + + align:start position:0% +bad Penny um I was continuously around + + + align:start position:0% +bad Penny um I was continuously around +um but but there was no relationship + + align:start position:0% +um but but there was no relationship + + + align:start position:0% +um but but there was no relationship +there why why not what was my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem we won't ask for vast DET yeah + + align:start position:0% +problem we won't ask for vast DET yeah + + + align:start position:0% +problem we won't ask for vast DET yeah +all right we'll ask for some details + + align:start position:0% +all right we'll ask for some details + + + align:start position:0% +all right we'll ask for some details +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +fear uh fear yeah fear Works um but it + + align:start position:0% +fear uh fear yeah fear Works um but it + + + align:start position:0% +fear uh fear yeah fear Works um but it +didn't bother wait the last example we + + align:start position:0% +didn't bother wait the last example we + + + align:start position:0% +didn't bother wait the last example we +had Romeo there you know he was + + align:start position:0% +had Romeo there you know he was + + + align:start position:0% +had Romeo there you know he was +presumably scared out of his little wits + + align:start position:0% +presumably scared out of his little wits + + + align:start position:0% +presumably scared out of his little wits +more or less yeah if she might not want + + align:start position:0% +more or less yeah if she might not want + + + align:start position:0% +more or less yeah if she might not want +to be around you anymore at least you + + align:start position:0% +to be around you anymore at least you + + + align:start position:0% +to be around you anymore at least you +can like look at her from afar oh that's + + align:start position:0% +can like look at her from afar oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +can like look at her from afar oh that's +sound I like that that yeah that that + + align:start position:0% +sound I like that that yeah that that + + + align:start position:0% +sound I like that that yeah that that +sounds good so there there so but but no + + align:start position:0% +sounds good so there there so but but no + + + align:start position:0% +sounds good so there there so but but no +okay I I self-confidence I I think I + + align:start position:0% +okay I I self-confidence I I think I + + + align:start position:0% +okay I I self-confidence I I think I +won't pursue this further because I may + + align:start position:0% +won't pursue this further because I may + + + align:start position:0% +won't pursue this further because I may +learn way more than I want to know about + + align:start position:0% +learn way more than I want to know about + + + align:start position:0% +learn way more than I want to know about +exactly why um I should have been + + align:start position:0% +exactly why um I should have been + + + align:start position:0% +exactly why um I should have been +fearful low self-confidence and and and + + align:start position:0% +fearful low self-confidence and and and + + + align:start position:0% +fearful low self-confidence and and and +otherwise um but the fact the fact is I + + align:start position:0% +otherwise um but the fact the fact is I + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise um but the fact the fact is I +I I I didn't uh um I I didn't do nothing + + align:start position:0% +I I I didn't uh um I I didn't do nothing + + + align:start position:0% +I I I didn't uh um I I didn't do nothing +um and the other fact that occurs to me + + align:start position:0% +um and the other fact that occurs to me + + + align:start position:0% +um and the other fact that occurs to me +is that it would be entirely possible by + + align:start position:0% +is that it would be entirely possible by + + + align:start position:0% +is that it would be entirely possible by +this point that that her son or daughter + + align:start position:0% +this point that that her son or daughter + + + align:start position:0% +this point that that her son or daughter +could be a student here um yeah there's + + align:start position:0% +could be a student here um yeah there's + + + align:start position:0% +could be a student here um yeah there's +I heard a good deep intake of breath + + align:start position:0% +I heard a good deep intake of breath + + + align:start position:0% +I heard a good deep intake of breath +there there's a scary thought um but um + + align:start position:0% +there there's a scary thought um but um + + + align:start position:0% +there there's a scary thought um but um +all right so the intuition is clear um + + align:start position:0% +all right so the intuition is clear um + + + align:start position:0% +all right so the intuition is clear um +now suppose let's flip the example + + align:start position:0% +now suppose let's flip the example + + + align:start position:0% +now suppose let's flip the example +around and and uh ask uh + + align:start position:0% +around and and uh ask uh + + + align:start position:0% +around and and uh ask uh +suppose that uh the this uh you know + + align:start position:0% +suppose that uh the this uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that uh the this uh you know +know gorgeous and Brilliant um uh High + + align:start position:0% +know gorgeous and Brilliant um uh High + + + align:start position:0% +know gorgeous and Brilliant um uh High +School sophomore was um attracted to + + align:start position:0% +School sophomore was um attracted to + + + align:start position:0% +School sophomore was um attracted to +some nerdy little uh High School + + align:start position:0% +some nerdy little uh High School + + + align:start position:0% +some nerdy little uh High School +freshman or something like that um would + + align:start position:0% +freshman or something like that um would + + + align:start position:0% +freshman or something like that um would +she uh do anything about + + align:start position:0% +she uh do anything about + + + align:start position:0% +she uh do anything about +that one way or the + + align:start position:0% +that one way or the + + + align:start position:0% +that one way or the +other let's do the a orb vote here how + + align:start position:0% +other let's do the a orb vote here how + + + align:start position:0% +other let's do the a orb vote here how +how many how many vote that um uh that + + align:start position:0% +how many how many vote that um uh that + + + align:start position:0% +how many how many vote that um uh that +the that that that she would say you + + align:start position:0% +the that that that she would say you + + + align:start position:0% +the that that that she would say you +know U say let's go out together and + + align:start position:0% +know U say let's go out together and + + + align:start position:0% +know U say let's go out together and +that you know his you know hair would + + align:start position:0% +that you know his you know hair would + + + align:start position:0% +that you know his you know hair would +curl or something um the uh how many + + align:start position:0% +curl or something um the uh how many + + + align:start position:0% +curl or something um the uh how many +vote Yes she would do that how many vote + + align:start position:0% +vote Yes she would do that how many vote + + + align:start position:0% +vote Yes she would do that how many vote +no okay well a little little more + + align:start position:0% +no okay well a little little more + + + align:start position:0% +no okay well a little little more +divided there's more chance that maybe + + align:start position:0% +divided there's more chance that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +divided there's more chance that maybe +she would say something but the majority + + align:start position:0% +she would say something but the majority + + + align:start position:0% +she would say something but the majority +goes with the no or the I'm not voting + + align:start position:0% +goes with the no or the I'm not voting + + + align:start position:0% +goes with the no or the I'm not voting +on this I just I voted once today + + align:start position:0% +on this I just I voted once today + + + align:start position:0% +on this I just I voted once today +already maybe I voted twice but anyway + + align:start position:0% +already maybe I voted twice but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +already maybe I voted twice but anyway +um why why the why is would be okay but + + align:start position:0% +um why why the why is would be okay but + + + align:start position:0% +um why why the why is would be okay but +what why not what what's what's wrong + + align:start position:0% +what why not what what's what's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +what why not what what's what's wrong +here that uh um economics + + align:start position:0% +here that uh um economics + + + align:start position:0% +here that uh um economics +economics oh I could I should have no I + + align:start position:0% +economics oh I could I should have no I + + + align:start position:0% +economics oh I could I should have no I +I either we're sitting here reading the + + align:start position:0% +I either we're sitting here reading the + + + align:start position:0% +I either we're sitting here reading the +handout or or he's on to where's + + align:start position:0% +handout or or he's on to where's + + + align:start position:0% +handout or or he's on to where's +economics man yeah no what what her uh + + align:start position:0% +economics man yeah no what what her uh + + + align:start position:0% +economics man yeah no what what her uh +her kind of value to other people go + + align:start position:0% +her kind of value to other people go + + + align:start position:0% +her kind of value to other people go +down she went + + align:start position:0% +down she went + + + align:start position:0% +down she went +oh we don't have to make this quite so + + align:start position:0% +oh we don't have to make this quite so + + + align:start position:0% +oh we don't have to make this quite so +specific do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we though I I should add that um I mean + + align:start position:0% +we though I I should add that um I mean + + + align:start position:0% +we though I I should add that um I mean +this would be of course deeply pathetic + + align:start position:0% +this would be of course deeply pathetic + + + align:start position:0% +this would be of course deeply pathetic +if if if since high school I had been a + + align:start position:0% +if if if since high school I had been a + + + align:start position:0% +if if if since high school I had been a +a a a broken and pathetic um you know + + align:start position:0% +a a a broken and pathetic um you know + + + align:start position:0% +a a a broken and pathetic um you know +person who'd never formed a meaningful + + align:start position:0% +person who'd never formed a meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +person who'd never formed a meaningful +relationship with another person and I + + align:start position:0% +relationship with another person and I + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with another person and I +was still waiting for her um but when I + + align:start position:0% +was still waiting for her um but when I + + + align:start position:0% +was still waiting for her um but when I +did finally get engaged to somebody my + + align:start position:0% +did finally get engaged to somebody my + + + align:start position:0% +did finally get engaged to somebody my +my dear sister's first reaction was sort + + align:start position:0% +my dear sister's first reaction was sort + + + align:start position:0% +my dear sister's first reaction was sort +of like that which was how did you ever + + align:start position:0% +of like that which was how did you ever + + + align:start position:0% +of like that which was how did you ever +get somebody so attractive to go with + + align:start position:0% +get somebody so attractive to go with + + + align:start position:0% +get somebody so attractive to go with +you and my mother's my mother's first + + align:start position:0% +you and my mother's my mother's first + + + align:start position:0% +you and my mother's my mother's first +reaction we were going to be engaged for + + align:start position:0% +reaction we were going to be engaged for + + + align:start position:0% +reaction we were going to be engaged for +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +years um because my my my and and + + align:start position:0% +years um because my my my and and + + + align:start position:0% +years um because my my my and and +because we'd been reading up on the + + align:start position:0% +because we'd been reading up on the + + + align:start position:0% +because we'd been reading up on the +early this was you know a long time ago + + align:start position:0% +early this was you know a long time ago + + + align:start position:0% +early this was you know a long time ago +before evolutionary psych was big but we + + align:start position:0% +before evolutionary psych was big but we + + + align:start position:0% +before evolutionary psych was big but we +were ahead of the curve and we knew that + + align:start position:0% +were ahead of the curve and we knew that + + + align:start position:0% +were ahead of the curve and we knew that +that she had to be a couple of years + + align:start position:0% +that she had to be a couple of years + + + align:start position:0% +that she had to be a couple of years +younger than me because she needed to be + + align:start position:0% +younger than me because she needed to be + + + align:start position:0% +younger than me because she needed to be +evolutionarily fit um anyway she was 2 + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily fit um anyway she was 2 + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily fit um anyway she was 2 +years younger than me I was already up + + align:start position:0% +years younger than me I was already up + + + align:start position:0% +years younger than me I was already up +here in grad school she was still at + + align:start position:0% +here in grad school she was still at + + + align:start position:0% +here in grad school she was still at +Princeton as an undergrad so we would + + align:start position:0% +Princeton as an undergrad so we would + + + align:start position:0% +Princeton as an undergrad so we would +get married 2 years later when she + + align:start position:0% +get married 2 years later when she + + + align:start position:0% +get married 2 years later when she +graduated um my mother's first + + align:start position:0% +graduated um my mother's first + + + align:start position:0% +graduated um my mother's first +Declaration on this subject was that if + + align:start position:0% +Declaration on this subject was that if + + + align:start position:0% +Declaration on this subject was that if +anything happened to the relationship in + + align:start position:0% +anything happened to the relationship in + + + align:start position:0% +anything happened to the relationship in +the intervening two years she was + + align:start position:0% +the intervening two years she was + + + align:start position:0% +the intervening two years she was +keeping um Julie my my wife and getting + + align:start position:0% +keeping um Julie my my wife and getting + + + align:start position:0% +keeping um Julie my my wife and getting +rid of me so the uh so you may be on to + + align:start position:0% +rid of me so the uh so you may be on to + + + align:start position:0% +rid of me so the uh so you may be on to +something there um yes uh in high school + + align:start position:0% +something there um yes uh in high school + + + align:start position:0% +something there um yes uh in high school +women generally didn't ask guys out okay + + align:start position:0% +women generally didn't ask guys out okay + + + align:start position:0% +women generally didn't ask guys out okay +so there there's a Poss I could have + + align:start position:0% +so there there's a Poss I could have + + + align:start position:0% +so there there's a Poss I could have +flipped this around and and and changed + + align:start position:0% +flipped this around and and and changed + + + align:start position:0% +flipped this around and and and changed +the genders here but there's there's a + + align:start position:0% +the genders here but there's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the genders here but there's there's a +possibility of a sort of a social Norm + + align:start position:0% +possibility of a sort of a social Norm + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of a sort of a social Norm +that the women don't ask men um but I I + + align:start position:0% +that the women don't ask men um but I I + + + align:start position:0% +that the women don't ask men um but I I +I'm I will assert that uh there would + + align:start position:0% +I'm I will assert that uh there would + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I will assert that uh there would +have been a certain amount of discomfort + + align:start position:0% +have been a certain amount of discomfort + + + align:start position:0% +have been a certain amount of discomfort +if it had been uh gorgeous brilliant + + align:start position:0% +if it had been uh gorgeous brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +if it had been uh gorgeous brilliant +male cheerleader um and and uh hey don't + + align:start position:0% +male cheerleader um and and uh hey don't + + + align:start position:0% +male cheerleader um and and uh hey don't +knock it my sister-in-law married one of + + align:start position:0% +knock it my sister-in-law married one of + + + align:start position:0% +knock it my sister-in-law married one of +those um you University of Michigan you + + align:start position:0% +those um you University of Michigan you + + + align:start position:0% +those um you University of Michigan you +know the gorgeous male cheerleaders are + + align:start position:0% +know the gorgeous male cheerleaders are + + + align:start position:0% +know the gorgeous male cheerleaders are +are are right there um but anyway um the + + align:start position:0% +are are right there um but anyway um the + + + align:start position:0% +are are right there um but anyway um the +uh I don't know how is the MIT male + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know how is the MIT male + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know how is the MIT male +cheerleading squad a big + + align:start position:0% +cheerleading squad a big + + + align:start position:0% +cheerleading squad a big +thing no okay uh + + align:start position:0% +thing no okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +thing no okay uh +anyway um I I I think that there would + + align:start position:0% +anyway um I I I think that there would + + + align:start position:0% +anyway um I I I think that there would +be a certain ambivalence about this + + align:start position:0% +be a certain ambivalence about this + + + align:start position:0% +be a certain ambivalence about this +relationship even if even if we switched + + align:start position:0% +relationship even if even if we switched + + + align:start position:0% +relationship even if even if we switched +the the genders on it any any other + + align:start position:0% +the the genders on it any any other + + + align:start position:0% +the the genders on it any any other +uh any other comments on this + + align:start position:0% +uh any other comments on this + + + align:start position:0% +uh any other comments on this +well let me + + align:start position:0% +well let me + + + align:start position:0% +well let me +assert that this whoops let me assert + + align:start position:0% +assert that this whoops let me assert + + + align:start position:0% +assert that this whoops let me assert +that I want to look at my notes um that + + align:start position:0% +that I want to look at my notes um that + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to look at my notes um that +this sort of relationship feels + + align:start position:0% +this sort of relationship feels + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of relationship feels +uncomfortable um because we have a a a + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable um because we have a a a + + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable um because we have a a a +very deeply seated desire for + + align:start position:0% +very deeply seated desire for + + + align:start position:0% +very deeply seated desire for +relationships to be + + align:start position:0% +relationships to be + + + align:start position:0% +relationships to be +reciprocal um and it's not just that so + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal um and it's not just that so + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal um and it's not just that so +so one might uh account for my failure + + align:start position:0% +so one might uh account for my failure + + + align:start position:0% +so one might uh account for my failure +if you want to account for my failure to + + align:start position:0% +if you want to account for my failure to + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to account for my failure to +ask this this this this young woman out + + align:start position:0% +ask this this this this young woman out + + + align:start position:0% +ask this this this this young woman out +in sort of economic terms you could + + align:start position:0% +in sort of economic terms you could + + + align:start position:0% +in sort of economic terms you could +imagine that what I did was I sort of + + align:start position:0% +imagine that what I did was I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that what I did was I sort of +looked in my romance wallet and I said I + + align:start position:0% +looked in my romance wallet and I said I + + + align:start position:0% +looked in my romance wallet and I said I +don't have enough to afford this + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough to afford this + + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough to afford this +relationship not in strictly economic + + align:start position:0% +relationship not in strictly economic + + + align:start position:0% +relationship not in strictly economic +terms but I don't have enough uh status + + align:start position:0% +terms but I don't have enough uh status + + + align:start position:0% +terms but I don't have enough uh status +for this I'm a freshman she's a + + align:start position:0% +for this I'm a freshman she's a + + + align:start position:0% +for this I'm a freshman she's a +sophomore made a big difference at that + + align:start position:0% +sophomore made a big difference at that + + + align:start position:0% +sophomore made a big difference at that +point right you know she's this I'm this + + align:start position:0% +point right you know she's this I'm this + + + align:start position:0% +point right you know she's this I'm this +she's this I'm this you know this isn't + + align:start position:0% +she's this I'm this you know this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +she's this I'm this you know this isn't +going to work um but it also doesn't + + align:start position:0% +going to work um but it also doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +going to work um but it also doesn't +work like this um if you've got if + + align:start position:0% +work like this um if you've got if + + + align:start position:0% +work like this um if you've got if +you've got too + + align:start position:0% +you've got too + + + align:start position:0% +you've got too +much in the bank in a sense there's a a + + align:start position:0% +much in the bank in a sense there's a a + + + align:start position:0% +much in the bank in a sense there's a a +discomfort that has to do with + + align:start position:0% +discomfort that has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +discomfort that has to do with +unbalanced um unbalanced relationships + + align:start position:0% +unbalanced um unbalanced relationships + + + align:start position:0% +unbalanced um unbalanced relationships +and there seems to be a very deeply + + align:start position:0% +and there seems to be a very deeply + + + align:start position:0% +and there seems to be a very deeply +seated notion that relationships need to + + align:start position:0% +seated notion that relationships need to + + + align:start position:0% +seated notion that relationships need to +be appropriately reciprocal now this + + align:start position:0% +be appropriately reciprocal now this + + + align:start position:0% +be appropriately reciprocal now this +isn't just about romance um if I open + + align:start position:0% +isn't just about romance um if I open + + + align:start position:0% +isn't just about romance um if I open +the door for you you + + align:start position:0% +the door for you you + + + align:start position:0% +the door for you you +say thank you now that that that's a + + align:start position:0% +say thank you now that that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +say thank you now that that that's a +very simple sort of thing but it it it's + + align:start position:0% +very simple sort of thing but it it it's + + + align:start position:0% +very simple sort of thing but it it it's +it suggests that you feel a need to + + align:start position:0% +it suggests that you feel a need to + + + align:start position:0% +it suggests that you feel a need to +reciprocate for whatever + + align:start position:0% +reciprocate for whatever + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocate for whatever +um for whatever act um might come your + + align:start position:0% +um for whatever act um might come your + + + align:start position:0% +um for whatever act um might come your +way um if I ask somebody out to dinner + + align:start position:0% +way um if I ask somebody out to dinner + + + align:start position:0% +way um if I ask somebody out to dinner +uh in in in the subculture with with in + + align:start position:0% +uh in in in the subculture with with in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in in the subculture with with in +which I live the reflexive response is + + align:start position:0% +which I live the reflexive response is + + + align:start position:0% +which I live the reflexive response is +if I invite somebody over to my house + + align:start position:0% +if I invite somebody over to my house + + + align:start position:0% +if I invite somebody over to my house +for dinner their reflexive response is + + align:start position:0% +for dinner their reflexive response is + + + align:start position:0% +for dinner their reflexive response is +to say what can I bring not because they + + align:start position:0% +to say what can I bring not because they + + + align:start position:0% +to say what can I bring not because they +have some notion that you know uh the + + align:start position:0% +have some notion that you know uh the + + + align:start position:0% +have some notion that you know uh the +lter is bare at home and if they don't + + align:start position:0% +lter is bare at home and if they don't + + + align:start position:0% +lter is bare at home and if they don't +bring something there's no dinner right + + align:start position:0% +bring something there's no dinner right + + + align:start position:0% +bring something there's no dinner right +but that there's a notion that needs to + + align:start position:0% +but that there's a notion that needs to + + + align:start position:0% +but that there's a notion that needs to +be reciprocal uh quite typically my + + align:start position:0% +be reciprocal uh quite typically my + + + align:start position:0% +be reciprocal uh quite typically my +response would be oh you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +response would be oh you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +response would be oh you don't need to +be to bring anything and quite typically + + align:start position:0% +be to bring anything and quite typically + + + align:start position:0% +be to bring anything and quite typically +nevertheless whoever's coming over would + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless whoever's coming over would + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless whoever's coming over would +bring something anyway + + align:start position:0% +bring something anyway + + + align:start position:0% +bring something anyway +right that this now you get into + + align:start position:0% +right that this now you get into + + + align:start position:0% +right that this now you get into +interesting problems the the the the + + align:start position:0% +interesting problems the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problems the the the the +exact nature of what is and is not appro + + align:start position:0% +exact nature of what is and is not appro + + + align:start position:0% +exact nature of what is and is not appro +reciprocally appropriate um seems to + + align:start position:0% +reciprocally appropriate um seems to + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocally appropriate um seems to +have a strong cultural overlay I this + + align:start position:0% +have a strong cultural overlay I this + + + align:start position:0% +have a strong cultural overlay I this +was brought home to + + align:start position:0% +was brought home to + + + align:start position:0% +was brought home to +me um by by a tale my parents told me + + align:start position:0% +me um by by a tale my parents told me + + + align:start position:0% +me um by by a tale my parents told me +which was uh few years ago new neighbors + + align:start position:0% +which was uh few years ago new neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +which was uh few years ago new neighbors +moved in and so my parents being nice + + align:start position:0% +moved in and so my parents being nice + + + align:start position:0% +moved in and so my parents being nice +people brought them over as sort of a + + align:start position:0% +people brought them over as sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +people brought them over as sort of a +welcome to the neighborhood gift I don't + + align:start position:0% +welcome to the neighborhood gift I don't + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to the neighborhood gift I don't +know what it was but they brought over a + + align:start position:0% +know what it was but they brought over a + + + align:start position:0% +know what it was but they brought over a +little gift that's nice but the people + + align:start position:0% +little gift that's nice but the people + + + align:start position:0% +little gift that's nice but the people +who moved in were Japanese the Japanese + + align:start position:0% +who moved in were Japanese the Japanese + + + align:start position:0% +who moved in were Japanese the Japanese +cultural expectation was if you get a + + align:start position:0% +cultural expectation was if you get a + + + align:start position:0% +cultural expectation was if you get a +gift you have to give a gift so they + + align:start position:0% +gift you have to give a gift so they + + + align:start position:0% +gift you have to give a gift so they +gave my parents a gift like the next + + align:start position:0% +gave my parents a gift like the next + + + align:start position:0% +gave my parents a gift like the next +day but the expectation my parents + + align:start position:0% +day but the expectation my parents + + + align:start position:0% +day but the expectation my parents +expectation wasn't that they'd get a + + align:start position:0% +expectation wasn't that they'd get a + + + align:start position:0% +expectation wasn't that they'd get a +gift so if they got a gift they there's + + align:start position:0% +gift so if they got a gift they there's + + + align:start position:0% +gift so if they got a gift they there's +now a reciprocal demand + + align:start position:0% +now a reciprocal demand + + + align:start position:0% +now a reciprocal demand +here so they gave the neighbors another + + align:start position:0% +here so they gave the neighbors another + + + align:start position:0% +here so they gave the neighbors another +gift + + align:start position:0% +gift + + + align:start position:0% +gift +and to at least by by the time you get + + align:start position:0% +and to at least by by the time you get + + + align:start position:0% +and to at least by by the time you get +my mother's rendition of this it sounded + + align:start position:0% +my mother's rendition of this it sounded + + + align:start position:0% +my mother's rendition of this it sounded +like the end of this was sort of + + align:start position:0% +like the end of this was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +like the end of this was sort of +medieval warfare with CJ you know + + align:start position:0% +medieval warfare with CJ you know + + + align:start position:0% +medieval warfare with CJ you know +lobbing gifts over the fence stop it + + align:start position:0% +lobbing gifts over the fence stop it + + + align:start position:0% +lobbing gifts over the fence stop it +already um but + + align:start position:0% +already um but + + + align:start position:0% +already um but +the all of these examples point out that + + align:start position:0% +the all of these examples point out that + + + align:start position:0% +the all of these examples point out that +there's a deep-seated notion that + + align:start position:0% +there's a deep-seated notion that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a deep-seated notion that +relationships we don't like onesided + + align:start position:0% +relationships we don't like onesided + + + align:start position:0% +relationships we don't like onesided +relationships we like relationships that + + align:start position:0% +relationships we like relationships that + + + align:start position:0% +relationships we like relationships that +um that are reciprocal in in some + + align:start position:0% +um that are reciprocal in in some + + + align:start position:0% +um that are reciprocal in in some +fashion and the reciprocation needs to + + align:start position:0% +fashion and the reciprocation needs to + + + align:start position:0% +fashion and the reciprocation needs to +match the original act if I invite you + + align:start position:0% +match the original act if I invite you + + + align:start position:0% +match the original act if I invite you +to dinner and you throw yourself on your + + align:start position:0% +to dinner and you throw yourself on your + + + align:start position:0% +to dinner and you throw yourself on your +face and swear Eternal falty to me you + + align:start position:0% +face and swear Eternal falty to me you + + + align:start position:0% +face and swear Eternal falty to me you +know that's reciprocal but that's odd + + align:start position:0% +know that's reciprocal but that's odd + + + align:start position:0% +know that's reciprocal but that's odd +right that that that's out of proportion + + align:start position:0% +right that that that's out of proportion + + + align:start position:0% +right that that that's out of proportion +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and wouldn't be right the effort to make + + align:start position:0% +and wouldn't be right the effort to make + + + align:start position:0% +and wouldn't be right the effort to make +this these sort of intuitions into + + align:start position:0% +this these sort of intuitions into + + + align:start position:0% +this these sort of intuitions into +something more than intuition into a + + align:start position:0% +something more than intuition into a + + + align:start position:0% +something more than intuition into a +systematic Theory one of the efforts is + + align:start position:0% +systematic Theory one of the efforts is + + + align:start position:0% +systematic Theory one of the efforts is +known as social exchange theory um it is + + align:start position:0% +known as social exchange theory um it is + + + align:start position:0% +known as social exchange theory um it is +an effort to talk about relationships + + align:start position:0% +an effort to talk about relationships + + + align:start position:0% +an effort to talk about relationships +social relationships in terms that + + align:start position:0% +social relationships in terms that + + + align:start position:0% +social relationships in terms that +borrow from Common Sense economic terms + + align:start position:0% +borrow from Common Sense economic terms + + + align:start position:0% +borrow from Common Sense economic terms +um where the goal is one of the goals is + + align:start position:0% +um where the goal is one of the goals is + + + align:start position:0% +um where the goal is one of the goals is +to maximize your profits there are um + + align:start position:0% +to maximize your profits there are um + + + align:start position:0% +to maximize your profits there are um +benefits there's in there's the income + + align:start position:0% +benefits there's in there's the income + + + align:start position:0% +benefits there's in there's the income +side there's the cost side and your + + align:start position:0% +side there's the cost side and your + + + align:start position:0% +side there's the cost side and your +profits are going to be something like + + align:start position:0% +profits are going to be something like + + + align:start position:0% +profits are going to be something like +the subtra raction of the costs from um + + align:start position:0% +the subtra raction of the costs from um + + + align:start position:0% +the subtra raction of the costs from um +the benefits now um cost and benefits in + + align:start position:0% +the benefits now um cost and benefits in + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits now um cost and benefits in +social exchange are not going to be in + + align:start position:0% +social exchange are not going to be in + + + align:start position:0% +social exchange are not going to be in +strictly monetary terms by any stretch + + align:start position:0% +strictly monetary terms by any stretch + + + align:start position:0% +strictly monetary terms by any stretch +of the imagination benefits in social + + align:start position:0% +of the imagination benefits in social + + + align:start position:0% +of the imagination benefits in social +exchange can be tangible like + + align:start position:0% +exchange can be tangible like + + + align:start position:0% +exchange can be tangible like +dinner they can be + + align:start position:0% +dinner they can be + + + align:start position:0% +dinner they can be +intangible + + align:start position:0% +intangible + + + align:start position:0% +intangible +like uh you know a compliment of some + + align:start position:0% +like uh you know a compliment of some + + + align:start position:0% +like uh you know a compliment of some +variety that's a lovely yellow T-shirt + + align:start position:0% +variety that's a lovely yellow T-shirt + + + align:start position:0% +variety that's a lovely yellow T-shirt +with some cool description on it right + + align:start position:0% +with some cool description on it right + + + align:start position:0% +with some cool description on it right +I've just I've just you know added to + + align:start position:0% +I've just I've just you know added to + + + align:start position:0% +I've just I've just you know added to +the plus side of his Ledger of course + + align:start position:0% +the plus side of his Ledger of course + + + align:start position:0% +the plus side of his Ledger of course +I've also added to the minus side CU + + align:start position:0% +I've also added to the minus side CU + + + align:start position:0% +I've also added to the minus side CU +I've directed attention to him and I + + align:start position:0% +I've directed attention to him and I + + + align:start position:0% +I've directed attention to him and I +embarrassed you know everybody's looking + + align:start position:0% +embarrassed you know everybody's looking + + + align:start position:0% +embarrassed you know everybody's looking +at no right good getting anything back + + align:start position:0% +at no right good getting anything back + + + align:start position:0% +at no right good getting anything back +I'm not getting anything back no + + align:start position:0% +I'm not getting anything back no + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not getting anything back no +reciprocation here at + + align:start position:0% +reciprocation here at + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocation here at +all the uh I just got something back oh + + align:start position:0% +all the uh I just got something back oh + + + align:start position:0% +all the uh I just got something back oh +sort of well anyway um the uh uh and and + + align:start position:0% +sort of well anyway um the uh uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of well anyway um the uh uh and and +they can be internal the the benefits + + align:start position:0% +they can be internal the the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +they can be internal the the benefits +could be internal like a feeling of self + + align:start position:0% +could be internal like a feeling of self + + + align:start position:0% +could be internal like a feeling of self +worth um you know some some some boost + + align:start position:0% +worth um you know some some some boost + + + align:start position:0% +worth um you know some some some boost +in morale something like that all these + + align:start position:0% +in morale something like that all these + + + align:start position:0% +in morale something like that all these +would sort of be things on the plus side + + align:start position:0% +would sort of be things on the plus side + + + align:start position:0% +would sort of be things on the plus side +and quite different than than just + + align:start position:0% +and quite different than than just + + + align:start position:0% +and quite different than than just +straight economic transaction and the + + align:start position:0% +straight economic transaction and the + + + align:start position:0% +straight economic transaction and the +same on the on the minus side um you + + align:start position:0% +same on the on the minus side um you + + + align:start position:0% +same on the on the minus side um you +could have a physical minus if you know + + align:start position:0% +could have a physical minus if you know + + + align:start position:0% +could have a physical minus if you know +somebody smacks you or something like + + align:start position:0% +somebody smacks you or something like + + + align:start position:0% +somebody smacks you or something like +that um a uh a a a intangible minus uh + + align:start position:0% +that um a uh a a a intangible minus uh + + + align:start position:0% +that um a uh a a a intangible minus uh +you know if I I won't pick somebody out + + align:start position:0% +you know if I I won't pick somebody out + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I I won't pick somebody out +because that would be rude but you know + + align:start position:0% +because that would be rude but you know + + + align:start position:0% +because that would be rude but you know +oh you did you get enough sleep last + + align:start position:0% +oh you did you get enough sleep last + + + align:start position:0% +oh you did you get enough sleep last +night or something something like that + + align:start position:0% +night or something something like that + + + align:start position:0% +night or something something like that +you know it sort of suggests that you + + align:start position:0% +you know it sort of suggests that you + + + align:start position:0% +you know it sort of suggests that you +kind of don't look so good and you think + + align:start position:0% +kind of don't look so good and you think + + + align:start position:0% +kind of don't look so good and you think +I did get a lot of sleep last night + + align:start position:0% +I did get a lot of sleep last night + + + align:start position:0% +I did get a lot of sleep last night +maybe I just don't look so good you know + + align:start position:0% +maybe I just don't look so good you know + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I just don't look so good you know +and then and it could be internal um you + + align:start position:0% +and then and it could be internal um you + + + align:start position:0% +and then and it could be internal um you +know a feeling of diminished selfworth + + align:start position:0% +know a feeling of diminished selfworth + + + align:start position:0% +know a feeling of diminished selfworth +or something like that and then you've + + align:start position:0% +or something like that and then you've + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that and then you've +got your + + align:start position:0% +got your + + + align:start position:0% +got your +profits that are are the difference + + align:start position:0% +profits that are are the difference + + + align:start position:0% +profits that are are the difference +between those um there is a necessary at + + align:start position:0% +between those um there is a necessary at + + + align:start position:0% +between those um there is a necessary at +least at this stage of any sort of model + + align:start position:0% +least at this stage of any sort of model + + + align:start position:0% +least at this stage of any sort of model +development there's a necessary + + align:start position:0% +development there's a necessary + + + align:start position:0% +development there's a necessary +imprecision here um dinner minus two + + align:start position:0% +imprecision here um dinner minus two + + + align:start position:0% +imprecision here um dinner minus two +insults equals what oh no no it's clear + + align:start position:0% +insults equals what oh no no it's clear + + + align:start position:0% +insults equals what oh no no it's clear +that you know dinner at least a decent + + align:start position:0% +that you know dinner at least a decent + + + align:start position:0% +that you know dinner at least a decent +dinner is on the plus side the insults + + align:start position:0% +dinner is on the plus side the insults + + + align:start position:0% +dinner is on the plus side the insults +are on the minus side but you can't do + + align:start position:0% +are on the minus side but you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +are on the minus side but you can't do +the calculation the way you would do a + + align:start position:0% +the calculation the way you would do a + + + align:start position:0% +the calculation the way you would do a +profit loss statement in in economics so + + align:start position:0% +profit loss statement in in economics so + + + align:start position:0% +profit loss statement in in economics so +it suffice it to say that in its present + + align:start position:0% +it suffice it to say that in its present + + + align:start position:0% +it suffice it to say that in its present +State the model is qualitative more than + + align:start position:0% +State the model is qualitative more than + + + align:start position:0% +State the model is qualitative more than +than quantitative but rather like + + align:start position:0% +than quantitative but rather like + + + align:start position:0% +than quantitative but rather like +evolutionary sitech the promise is or + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary sitech the promise is or + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary sitech the promise is or +the hope would be that you could move in + + align:start position:0% +the hope would be that you could move in + + + align:start position:0% +the hope would be that you could move in +a more quantitative um + + align:start position:0% +a more quantitative um + + + align:start position:0% +a more quantitative um +quantitative direction do people + + align:start position:0% +quantitative direction do people + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative direction do people +actually do any sort of math of this + + align:start position:0% +actually do any sort of math of this + + + align:start position:0% +actually do any sort of math of this +sort well you can get some intuition + + align:start position:0% +sort well you can get some intuition + + + align:start position:0% +sort well you can get some intuition +about that perhaps by asking yourself + + align:start position:0% +about that perhaps by asking yourself + + + align:start position:0% +about that perhaps by asking yourself +about some sort of a scenario um + + align:start position:0% +about some sort of a scenario um + + + align:start position:0% +about some sort of a scenario um +like you go to the polls today you're in + + align:start position:0% +like you go to the polls today you're in + + + align:start position:0% +like you go to the polls today you're in +line and you + + align:start position:0% +line and you + + + align:start position:0% +line and you +see this guy who you think you saw + + align:start position:0% +see this guy who you think you saw + + + align:start position:0% +see this guy who you think you saw +voting earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +voting earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +voting earlier in the +day when you voted the first time + + align:start position:0% +day when you voted the first time + + + align:start position:0% +day when you voted the first time +um you think so what do you what do you + + align:start position:0% +um you think so what do you what do you + + + align:start position:0% +um you think so what do you what do you +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +now you could challenge him or not + + align:start position:0% +now you could challenge him or not + + + align:start position:0% +now you could challenge him or not +challenge him or something like that and + + align:start position:0% +challenge him or something like that and + + + align:start position:0% +challenge him or something like that and +and ask yourself what would determine + + align:start position:0% +and ask yourself what would determine + + + align:start position:0% +and ask yourself what would determine +that decision you'd sort of run down a + + align:start position:0% +that decision you'd sort of run down a + + + align:start position:0% +that decision you'd sort of run down a +mental checklist if if I challenge him I + + align:start position:0% +mental checklist if if I challenge him I + + + align:start position:0% +mental checklist if if I challenge him I +might uh get a sort of a tangible + + align:start position:0% +might uh get a sort of a tangible + + + align:start position:0% +might uh get a sort of a tangible +benefit of of preserving the Democratic + + align:start position:0% +benefit of of preserving the Democratic + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of of preserving the Democratic +process in some fashion I get an + + align:start position:0% +process in some fashion I get an + + + align:start position:0% +process in some fashion I get an +intangible set of compliments from + + align:start position:0% +intangible set of compliments from + + + align:start position:0% +intangible set of compliments from +people all around me about my my bold + + align:start position:0% +people all around me about my my bold + + + align:start position:0% +people all around me about my my bold +stand for for Ballad integrity and and + + align:start position:0% +stand for for Ballad integrity and and + + + align:start position:0% +stand for for Ballad integrity and and +and i' get this great feeling of + + align:start position:0% +and i' get this great feeling of + + + align:start position:0% +and i' get this great feeling of +self-worth on the other hand um I might + + align:start position:0% +self-worth on the other hand um I might + + + align:start position:0% +self-worth on the other hand um I might +be wrong he might punch me um and my + + align:start position:0% +be wrong he might punch me um and my + + + align:start position:0% +be wrong he might punch me um and my +neighbors in line might simply deride me + + align:start position:0% +neighbors in line might simply deride me + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors in line might simply deride me +for being a stupid busy body and getting + + align:start position:0% +for being a stupid busy body and getting + + + align:start position:0% +for being a stupid busy body and getting +in the way of of and and and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +in the way of of and and and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +in the way of of and and and it doesn't +really matter what your answer is the + + align:start position:0% +really matter what your answer is the + + + align:start position:0% +really matter what your answer is the +the the the point is that this sort of + + align:start position:0% +the the the point is that this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the the the point is that this sort of +cost benefit analysis has the feeling of + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit analysis has the feeling of + + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit analysis has the feeling of +the sort of thing that we do um not + + align:start position:0% +the sort of thing that we do um not + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of thing that we do um not +explicitly not on a piece of paper with + + align:start position:0% +explicitly not on a piece of paper with + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly not on a piece of paper with +a checklist but the sort of thing that + + align:start position:0% +a checklist but the sort of thing that + + + align:start position:0% +a checklist but the sort of thing that +we do um quite + + align:start position:0% +we do um quite + + + align:start position:0% +we do um quite +automatically + + align:start position:0% +automatically + + + align:start position:0% +automatically +um the notion that you want to maximize + + align:start position:0% +um the notion that you want to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +um the notion that you want to maximize +your profits is only one of the core + + align:start position:0% +your profits is only one of the core + + + align:start position:0% +your profits is only one of the core +tenants of um uh of social exchange + + align:start position:0% +tenants of um uh of social exchange + + + align:start position:0% +tenants of um uh of social exchange +theory you know that because the handout + + align:start position:0% +theory you know that because the handout + + + align:start position:0% +theory you know that because the handout +I think lists three of them + + align:start position:0% +I think lists three of them + + + align:start position:0% +I think lists three of them +um one of them is to maximize your + + align:start position:0% +um one of them is to maximize your + + + align:start position:0% +um one of them is to maximize your +profits oh there it is it says three + + align:start position:0% +profits oh there it is it says three + + + align:start position:0% +profits oh there it is it says three +tenants of social exchange theory + + align:start position:0% +tenants of social exchange theory + + + align:start position:0% +tenants of social exchange theory +maximize your profits the second one is + + align:start position:0% +maximize your profits the second one is + + + align:start position:0% +maximize your profits the second one is +the notion that the profits for both + + align:start position:0% +the notion that the profits for both + + + align:start position:0% +the notion that the profits for both +sides in an exchange should be roughly + + align:start position:0% +sides in an exchange should be roughly + + + align:start position:0% +sides in an exchange should be roughly +equal that's the embodiment of this + + align:start position:0% +equal that's the embodiment of this + + + align:start position:0% +equal that's the embodiment of this +notion of + + align:start position:0% +notion of + + + align:start position:0% +notion of +reciprocity that we don't like + + align:start position:0% +reciprocity that we don't like + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocity that we don't like +relationships where you maximize your + + align:start position:0% +relationships where you maximize your + + + align:start position:0% +relationships where you maximize your +pro your your your profits by exploiting + + align:start position:0% +pro your your your profits by exploiting + + + align:start position:0% +pro your your your profits by exploiting +the other part of the uh the the other + + align:start position:0% +the other part of the uh the the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other part of the uh the the other +party to the relationship and the third + + align:start position:0% +party to the relationship and the third + + + align:start position:0% +party to the relationship and the third +one that we haven't talked about yet um + + align:start position:0% +one that we haven't talked about yet um + + + align:start position:0% +one that we haven't talked about yet um +is that a for a relationship to last + + align:start position:0% +is that a for a relationship to last + + + align:start position:0% +is that a for a relationship to last +it's got to be better than the perceived + + align:start position:0% +it's got to be better than the perceived + + + align:start position:0% +it's got to be better than the perceived +Alternatives so it's not enough merely + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives so it's not enough merely + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives so it's not enough merely +for the the the plus or minus of that + + align:start position:0% +for the the the plus or minus of that + + + align:start position:0% +for the the the plus or minus of that +checklist is not itself adequate you + + align:start position:0% +checklist is not itself adequate you + + + align:start position:0% +checklist is not itself adequate you +need to know well I mean you can think + + align:start position:0% +need to know well I mean you can think + + + align:start position:0% +need to know well I mean you can think +about this in in in boring uh economic + + align:start position:0% +about this in in in boring uh economic + + + align:start position:0% +about this in in in boring uh economic +terms you got a pile of money in in uh + + align:start position:0% +terms you got a pile of money in in uh + + + align:start position:0% +terms you got a pile of money in in uh +in in this account it's making 1% so + + align:start position:0% +in in this account it's making 1% so + + + align:start position:0% +in in this account it's making 1% so +you're making money right but you see + + align:start position:0% +you're making money right but you see + + + align:start position:0% +you're making money right but you see +that there's this other opportunity over + + align:start position:0% +that there's this other opportunity over + + + align:start position:0% +that there's this other opportunity over +here to make + + align:start position:0% +here to make + + + align:start position:0% +here to make +5% well what are you going to do with + + align:start position:0% +5% well what are you going to do with + + + align:start position:0% +5% well what are you going to do with +your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +money you're going to move it over oh + + align:start position:0% +money you're going to move it over oh + + + align:start position:0% +money you're going to move it over oh +look at that not only did I get a + + align:start position:0% +look at that not only did I get a + + + align:start position:0% +look at that not only did I get a +sweatshirt out of the deal I got a + + align:start position:0% +sweatshirt out of the deal I got a + + + align:start position:0% +sweatshirt out of the deal I got a +nickel and a cute little pink thing he + + align:start position:0% +nickel and a cute little pink thing he + + + align:start position:0% +nickel and a cute little pink thing he +left the coin he flipped this is a great + + align:start position:0% +left the coin he flipped this is a great + + + align:start position:0% +left the coin he flipped this is a great +day the uh anyway um so the same logic + + align:start position:0% +day the uh anyway um so the same logic + + + align:start position:0% +day the uh anyway um so the same logic +applies in social exchange the Theory to + + align:start position:0% +applies in social exchange the Theory to + + + align:start position:0% +applies in social exchange the Theory to +um to to to relationships so you're in a + + align:start position:0% +um to to to relationships so you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +um to to to relationships so you're in a +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +relationship um that that that that's + + align:start position:0% +relationship um that that that that's + + + align:start position:0% +relationship um that that that that's +getting you a net profit right in in in + + align:start position:0% +getting you a net profit right in in in + + + align:start position:0% +getting you a net profit right in in in +in the sort of checks and balances + + align:start position:0% +in the sort of checks and balances + + + align:start position:0% +in the sort of checks and balances +you're with a perfectly nice person you + + align:start position:0% +you're with a perfectly nice person you + + + align:start position:0% +you're with a perfectly nice person you +see this other person and you say I + + align:start position:0% +see this other person and you say I + + + align:start position:0% +see this other person and you say I +could get 5% on my relationship over + + align:start position:0% +could get 5% on my relationship over + + + align:start position:0% +could get 5% on my relationship over +here what do you do now we'll come back + + align:start position:0% +here what do you do now we'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +here what do you do now we'll come back +later in the lecture to the to the + + align:start position:0% +later in the lecture to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +later in the lecture to the to the +possible problematical nature of that + + align:start position:0% +possible problematical nature of that + + + align:start position:0% +possible problematical nature of that +tenant ofal exchange theory but the + + align:start position:0% +tenant ofal exchange theory but the + + + align:start position:0% +tenant ofal exchange theory but the +important point for now is it's not just + + align:start position:0% +important point for now is it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +important point for now is it's not just +that you want to be running positive not + + align:start position:0% +that you want to be running positive not + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to be running positive not +negative you want to be running as + + align:start position:0% +negative you want to be running as + + + align:start position:0% +negative you want to be running as +positively as possible and you're + + align:start position:0% +positively as possible and you're + + + align:start position:0% +positively as possible and you're +looking at your alternatives to see how + + align:start position:0% +looking at your alternatives to see how + + + align:start position:0% +looking at your alternatives to see how +you can do that now this sounds + + align:start position:0% +you can do that now this sounds + + + align:start position:0% +you can do that now this sounds +particularly by the time we start + + align:start position:0% +particularly by the time we start + + + align:start position:0% +particularly by the time we start +talking about you know moving your + + align:start position:0% +talking about you know moving your + + + align:start position:0% +talking about you know moving your +investment from one person to the next + + align:start position:0% +investment from one person to the next + + + align:start position:0% +investment from one person to the next +person terribly crass is there any + + align:start position:0% +person terribly crass is there any + + + align:start position:0% +person terribly crass is there any +evidence that people use this sort of + + align:start position:0% +evidence that people use this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that people use this sort of +Quasi EC economic um calculation in uh + + align:start position:0% +Quasi EC economic um calculation in uh + + + align:start position:0% +Quasi EC economic um calculation in uh +in Romance in making romantic + + align:start position:0% +in Romance in making romantic + + + align:start position:0% +in Romance in making romantic +attachments um with uh with other people + + align:start position:0% +attachments um with uh with other people + + + align:start position:0% +attachments um with uh with other people +there have been a number of + + align:start position:0% +there have been a number of + + + align:start position:0% +there have been a number of +experiments that have endeavored to look + + align:start position:0% +experiments that have endeavored to look + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that have endeavored to look +for evidence for social exchange theory + + align:start position:0% +for evidence for social exchange theory + + + align:start position:0% +for evidence for social exchange theory +principles um in the settings of of uh + + align:start position:0% +principles um in the settings of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +principles um in the settings of of uh +romantic type relationships and I want + + align:start position:0% +romantic type relationships and I want + + + align:start position:0% +romantic type relationships and I want +to tell you about a few of them um + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about a few of them um + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about a few of them um +that's that's why you've got um and I I + + align:start position:0% +that's that's why you've got um and I I + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's why you've got um and I I +I've got all these cute little boxes on + + align:start position:0% +I've got all these cute little boxes on + + + align:start position:0% +I've got all these cute little boxes on +the handout that allow you to plot out + + align:start position:0% +the handout that allow you to plot out + + + align:start position:0% +the handout that allow you to plot out +the results and the the predictions and + + align:start position:0% +the results and the the predictions and + + + align:start position:0% +the results and the the predictions and +the results of it so let me tell you + + align:start position:0% +the results of it so let me tell you + + + align:start position:0% +the results of it so let me tell you +about one of the uh earlier great + + align:start position:0% +about one of the uh earlier great + + + align:start position:0% +about one of the uh earlier great +efforts that's uh down on the handout is + + align:start position:0% +efforts that's uh down on the handout is + + + align:start position:0% +efforts that's uh down on the handout is +the great computer match dance here's uh + + align:start position:0% +the great computer match dance here's uh + + + align:start position:0% +the great computer match dance here's uh +here's the way it works back in the 60s + + align:start position:0% +here's the way it works back in the 60s + + + align:start position:0% +here's the way it works back in the 60s +in the early days of computers um the + + align:start position:0% +in the early days of computers um the + + + align:start position:0% +in the early days of computers um the +signs go up on campus for + + align:start position:0% +signs go up on campus for + + + align:start position:0% +signs go up on campus for +uh a a big dance um but the thing is + + align:start position:0% +uh a a big dance um but the thing is + + + align:start position:0% +uh a a big dance um but the thing is +you're not supposed to invite anybody + + align:start position:0% +you're not supposed to invite anybody + + + align:start position:0% +you're not supposed to invite anybody +you know you're not supposed to take + + align:start position:0% +you know you're not supposed to take + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're not supposed to take +your date to this dance what you're + + align:start position:0% +your date to this dance what you're + + + align:start position:0% +your date to this dance what you're +going to do is you're going to come fill + + align:start position:0% +going to do is you're going to come fill + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is you're going to come fill +out this big + + align:start position:0% +out this big + + + align:start position:0% +out this big +form collecting buckets of information + + align:start position:0% +form collecting buckets of information + + + align:start position:0% +form collecting buckets of information +on you your your your your like your GPA + + align:start position:0% +on you your your your your like your GPA + + + align:start position:0% +on you your your your your like your GPA +your your height your weight um family + + align:start position:0% +your your height your weight um family + + + align:start position:0% +your your height your weight um family +income all sorts of stuff and the people + + align:start position:0% +income all sorts of stuff and the people + + + align:start position:0% +income all sorts of stuff and the people +on the other side of the table when + + align:start position:0% +on the other side of the table when + + + align:start position:0% +on the other side of the table when +you're doing this are looking at you and + + align:start position:0% +you're doing this are looking at you and + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing this are looking at you and +rating your um uh your + + align:start position:0% +rating your um uh your + + + align:start position:0% +rating your um uh your +attractiveness on a scale from like 1 to + + align:start position:0% +attractiveness on a scale from like 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +attractiveness on a scale from like 1 to +10 or something like that and then all + + align:start position:0% +10 or something like that and then all + + + align:start position:0% +10 or something like that and then all +this goes into a good 1960s style + + align:start position:0% +this goes into a good 1960s style + + + align:start position:0% +this goes into a good 1960s style +computer so it's a big computer with + + align:start position:0% +computer so it's a big computer with + + + align:start position:0% +computer so it's a big computer with +lots of lights that flash on it and out + + align:start position:0% +lots of lights that flash on it and out + + + align:start position:0% +lots of lights that flash on it and out +the other end is going to come out the + + align:start position:0% +the other end is going to come out the + + + align:start position:0% +the other end is going to come out the +person you are matched with to go to the + + align:start position:0% +person you are matched with to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +person you are matched with to go to the +dance right okay you got the basic setup + + align:start position:0% +dance right okay you got the basic setup + + + align:start position:0% +dance right okay you got the basic setup +here so we've + + align:start position:0% +here so we've + + + align:start position:0% +here so we've +got we've got the male he can be rated + + align:start position:0% +got we've got the male he can be rated + + + align:start position:0% +got we've got the male he can be rated +on some + + align:start position:0% +on some + + + align:start position:0% +on some +scale you've got the whoops you've got + + align:start position:0% +scale you've got the whoops you've got + + + align:start position:0% +scale you've got the whoops you've got +the female she can be rated on a similar + + align:start position:0% +the female she can be rated on a similar + + + align:start position:0% +the female she can be rated on a similar +scale and um and the the the the story + + align:start position:0% +scale and um and the the the the story + + + align:start position:0% +scale and um and the the the the story +here is that we've matched you + + align:start position:0% +here is that we've matched you + + + align:start position:0% +here is that we've matched you +up with the perfect person for you um in + + align:start position:0% +up with the perfect person for you um in + + + align:start position:0% +up with the perfect person for you um in +in in some fashion or other actually I + + align:start position:0% +in in some fashion or other actually I + + + align:start position:0% +in in some fashion or other actually I +don't think they told you that this was + + align:start position:0% +don't think they told you that this was + + + align:start position:0% +don't think they told you that this was +the way it was going to be done it is + + align:start position:0% +the way it was going to be done it is + + + align:start position:0% +the way it was going to be done it is +some complicated algorithm the fact is + + align:start position:0% +some complicated algorithm the fact is + + + align:start position:0% +some complicated algorithm the fact is +the complicated Al algorithm was to flip + + align:start position:0% +the complicated Al algorithm was to flip + + + align:start position:0% +the complicated Al algorithm was to flip +coins um before the the the the the the + + align:start position:0% +coins um before the the the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +coins um before the the the the the the +pairings were completely + + align:start position:0% +pairings were completely + + + align:start position:0% +pairings were completely +random so the data on any Dimension that + + align:start position:0% +random so the data on any Dimension that + + + align:start position:0% +random so the data on any Dimension that +you looked for were designed that um + + align:start position:0% +you looked for were designed that um + + + align:start position:0% +you looked for were designed that um +male and + + align:start position:0% +male and + + + align:start position:0% +male and +female um ratings would be + + align:start position:0% +female um ratings would be + + + align:start position:0% +female um ratings would be +uncorrelated okay now you have the + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated okay now you have the + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated okay now you have the +dance and the question is this being the + + align:start position:0% +dance and the question is this being the + + + align:start position:0% +dance and the question is this being the +60s the issue of males asking females + + align:start position:0% +60s the issue of males asking females + + + align:start position:0% +60s the issue of males asking females +rather than the other way around is much + + align:start position:0% +rather than the other way around is much + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the other way around is much +more straightforward societal Norm the + + align:start position:0% +more straightforward societal Norm the + + + align:start position:0% +more straightforward societal Norm the +question that they asked was which males + + align:start position:0% +question that they asked was which males + + + align:start position:0% +question that they asked was which males +asked which females out again for a a uh + + align:start position:0% +asked which females out again for a a uh + + + align:start position:0% +asked which females out again for a a uh +for another date what's the social + + align:start position:0% +for another date what's the social + + + align:start position:0% +for another date what's the social +exchange prediction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here the social that that's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand yeah on on yes so in the middle in + + align:start position:0% +hand yeah on on yes so in the middle in + + + align:start position:0% +hand yeah on on yes so in the middle in +this Sense on on the on on the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +this Sense on on the on on the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +this Sense on on the on on the diagonal +of of sort of unit slope that people + + align:start position:0% +of of sort of unit slope that people + + + align:start position:0% +of of sort of unit slope that people +should sort themselves in + + align:start position:0% +should sort themselves in + + + align:start position:0% +should sort themselves in +um uh in in some fashion to produce + + align:start position:0% +um uh in in some fashion to produce + + + align:start position:0% +um uh in in some fashion to produce +essentially reciprocal balanced + + align:start position:0% +essentially reciprocal balanced + + + align:start position:0% +essentially reciprocal balanced +relationships so um this situation you + + align:start position:0% +relationships so um this situation you + + + align:start position:0% +relationships so um this situation you +know this quadrant is uh the me not + + align:start position:0% +know this quadrant is uh the me not + + + align:start position:0% +know this quadrant is uh the me not +asking her out in high school uh + + align:start position:0% +asking her out in high school uh + + + align:start position:0% +asking her out in high school uh +neighborhood and this is the um uh you + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood and this is the um uh you + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood and this is the um uh you +know reverse her not asking me out + + align:start position:0% +know reverse her not asking me out + + + align:start position:0% +know reverse her not asking me out +hypothetical relationship um but these + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical relationship um but these + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical relationship um but these +are the Matched relationships that ought + + align:start position:0% +are the Matched relationships that ought + + + align:start position:0% +are the Matched relationships that ought +to work um in fact this experiment is a + + align:start position:0% +to work um in fact this experiment is a + + + align:start position:0% +to work um in fact this experiment is a +bomb it doesn't work out the way social + + align:start position:0% +bomb it doesn't work out the way social + + + align:start position:0% +bomb it doesn't work out the way social +exchange theory predicted turns out so + + align:start position:0% +exchange theory predicted turns out so + + + align:start position:0% +exchange theory predicted turns out so +that you you look at the correlational + + align:start position:0% +that you you look at the correlational + + + align:start position:0% +that you you look at the correlational +data for all sorts of variables and it + + align:start position:0% +data for all sorts of variables and it + + + align:start position:0% +data for all sorts of variables and it +turns out that the only variable that + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the only variable that + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the only variable that +makes any difference is ratings of + + align:start position:0% +makes any difference is ratings of + + + align:start position:0% +makes any difference is ratings of +female attractiveness + + align:start position:0% +female attractiveness + + + align:start position:0% +female attractiveness +and the data look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this basically females who are rated as + + align:start position:0% +this basically females who are rated as + + + align:start position:0% +this basically females who are rated as +as more attractive got asked out what's + + align:start position:0% +as more attractive got asked out what's + + + align:start position:0% +as more attractive got asked out what's +going on + + align:start position:0% +going on + + + align:start position:0% +going on +here so the the answer is the experiment + + align:start position:0% +here so the the answer is the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +here so the the answer is the experiment +was a methodologic there's a there's a + + align:start position:0% +was a methodologic there's a there's a + + + align:start position:0% +was a methodologic there's a there's a +there's a fatal methodological flaw here + + align:start position:0% +there's a fatal methodological flaw here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a fatal methodological flaw here +there are two possibilities one is that + + align:start position:0% +there are two possibilities one is that + + + align:start position:0% +there are two possibilities one is that +social exchange the the is is wrong um + + align:start position:0% +social exchange the the is is wrong um + + + align:start position:0% +social exchange the the is is wrong um +but that would be if if if I thought + + align:start position:0% +but that would be if if if I thought + + + align:start position:0% +but that would be if if if I thought +that were the case then why would I + + align:start position:0% +that were the case then why would I + + + align:start position:0% +that were the case then why would I +bother to lecture about it um at least + + align:start position:0% +bother to lecture about it um at least + + + align:start position:0% +bother to lecture about it um at least +in this sort of detail the other + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of detail the other + + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of detail the other +possibility is the experiment um had a + + align:start position:0% +possibility is the experiment um had a + + + align:start position:0% +possibility is the experiment um had a +methodological flaw so what's the + + align:start position:0% +methodological flaw so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +methodological flaw so what's the +problem why didn't why didn't this uh + + align:start position:0% +problem why didn't why didn't this uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem why didn't why didn't this uh +why didn't this work out oh out in the + + align:start position:0% +why didn't this work out oh out in the + + + align:start position:0% +why didn't this work out oh out in the +cheap seats next to John Cary there + + align:start position:0% +cheap seats next to John Cary there + + + align:start position:0% +cheap seats next to John Cary there +people thought that they were well + + align:start position:0% +people thought that they were well + + + align:start position:0% +people thought that they were well +matched that end up being issue this + + align:start position:0% +matched that end up being issue this + + + align:start position:0% +matched that end up being issue this +that's good usually I get half a dozen + + align:start position:0% +that's good usually I get half a dozen + + + align:start position:0% +that's good usually I get half a dozen +Bizarro ideas before somebody hits on + + align:start position:0% +Bizarro ideas before somebody hits on + + + align:start position:0% +Bizarro ideas before somebody hits on +the right idea but good for you you got + + align:start position:0% +the right idea but good for you you got + + + align:start position:0% +the right idea but good for you you got +the right idea first um the problem is + + align:start position:0% +the right idea first um the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +the right idea first um the problem is +with the cover story it's not people + + align:start position:0% +with the cover story it's not people + + + align:start position:0% +with the cover story it's not people +specifically who are the problem it's + + align:start position:0% +specifically who are the problem it's + + + align:start position:0% +specifically who are the problem it's +guys um the + + align:start position:0% +guys um the + + + align:start position:0% +guys um the +guys thought so so you got to imagine a + + align:start position:0% +guys thought so so you got to imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +guys thought so so you got to imagine a +a guy here right so if if if this if + + align:start position:0% +a guy here right so if if if this if + + + align:start position:0% +a guy here right so if if if this if +this is uh if this is the scale from uh + + align:start position:0% +this is uh if this is the scale from uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh if this is the scale from uh +of of of attractiveness so you know + + align:start position:0% +of of of attractiveness so you know + + + align:start position:0% +of of of attractiveness so you know +here's ugly guy um ugly ugly guy has + + align:start position:0% +here's ugly guy um ugly ugly guy has + + + align:start position:0% +here's ugly guy um ugly ugly guy has +thought all along that he was you know + + align:start position:0% +thought all along that he was you know + + + align:start position:0% +thought all along that he was you know +you know I've got I've got a warm heart + + align:start position:0% +you know I've got I've got a warm heart + + + align:start position:0% +you know I've got I've got a warm heart +but you know I'm I'm ugly + + align:start position:0% +but you know I'm I'm ugly + + + align:start position:0% +but you know I'm I'm ugly +um and then you know the the this this + + align:start position:0% +um and then you know the the this this + + + align:start position:0% +um and then you know the the this this +Hightech + + align:start position:0% +Hightech + + + align:start position:0% +Hightech +computer spits out your perfect match + + align:start position:0% +computer spits out your perfect match + + + align:start position:0% +computer spits out your perfect match +and she's + + align:start position:0% +and she's + + + align:start position:0% +and she's +gorgeous it's it's the it's the uh um + + align:start position:0% +gorgeous it's it's the it's the uh um + + + align:start position:0% +gorgeous it's it's the it's the uh um +economics of romance equivalent to you + + align:start position:0% +economics of romance equivalent to you + + + align:start position:0% +economics of romance equivalent to you +know looking in the wallet and + + align:start position:0% +know looking in the wallet and + + + align:start position:0% +know looking in the wallet and +discovering you got a whole bunch of 20s + + align:start position:0% +discovering you got a whole bunch of 20s + + + align:start position:0% +discovering you got a whole bunch of 20s +you didn't know were there you're just + + align:start position:0% +you didn't know were there you're just + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't know were there you're just +and and so the everybody decided they + + align:start position:0% +and and so the everybody decided they + + + align:start position:0% +and and so the everybody decided they +were um well matched and and this had + + align:start position:0% +were um well matched and and this had + + + align:start position:0% +were um well matched and and this had +its biggest effect on uh you know on on + + align:start position:0% +its biggest effect on uh you know on on + + + align:start position:0% +its biggest effect on uh you know on on +the guys who had previously um you know + + align:start position:0% +the guys who had previously um you know + + + align:start position:0% +the guys who had previously um you know +thought that they didn't have that much + + align:start position:0% +thought that they didn't have that much + + + align:start position:0% +thought that they didn't have that much +in the bank and they well I guess I can + + align:start position:0% +in the bank and they well I guess I can + + + align:start position:0% +in the bank and they well I guess I can +afford this and and so they all asked + + align:start position:0% +afford this and and so they all asked + + + align:start position:0% +afford this and and so they all asked +out the what we don't know by the way is + + align:start position:0% +out the what we don't know by the way is + + + align:start position:0% +out the what we don't know by the way is +um which of these relationships end or + + align:start position:0% +um which of these relationships end or + + + align:start position:0% +um which of these relationships end or +which of these phone calls actually + + align:start position:0% +which of these phone calls actually + + + align:start position:0% +which of these phone calls actually +ended up in a date Andor relationship + + align:start position:0% +ended up in a date Andor relationship + + + align:start position:0% +ended up in a date Andor relationship +that the the um uh social exchange + + align:start position:0% +that the the um uh social exchange + + + align:start position:0% +that the the um uh social exchange +prediction again would have to be that + + align:start position:0% +prediction again would have to be that + + + align:start position:0% +prediction again would have to be that +only these would have survived um but we + + align:start position:0% +only these would have survived um but we + + + align:start position:0% +only these would have survived um but we +we we can come back to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +we we can come back to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +we we can come back to that in a minute +anyway the experiments AB bust because + + align:start position:0% +anyway the experiments AB bust because + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the experiments AB bust because +the um uh the cover story gives people + + align:start position:0% +the um uh the cover story gives people + + + align:start position:0% +the um uh the cover story gives people +the wrong idea this makes an interesting + + align:start position:0% +the wrong idea this makes an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong idea this makes an interesting +point about the um these valuations + + align:start position:0% +point about the um these valuations + + + align:start position:0% +point about the um these valuations +they're based on uh your perception of + + align:start position:0% +they're based on uh your perception of + + + align:start position:0% +they're based on uh your perception of +the in in relationship space they're + + align:start position:0% +the in in relationship space they're + + + align:start position:0% +the in in relationship space they're +based on your perception of the other + + align:start position:0% +based on your perception of the other + + + align:start position:0% +based on your perception of the other +and your perception of + + align:start position:0% +and your perception of + + + align:start position:0% +and your perception of +yourself so if you + + align:start position:0% +yourself so if you + + + align:start position:0% +yourself so if you +are um you know + + align:start position:0% +are um you know + + + align:start position:0% +are um you know +well we have we have + + align:start position:0% +well we have we have + + + align:start position:0% +well we have we have +met males for instance who consider + + align:start position:0% +met males for instance who consider + + + align:start position:0% +met males for instance who consider +themselves to be God's gift to women um + + align:start position:0% +themselves to be God's gift to women um + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to be God's gift to women um +against the evidence um you know there + + align:start position:0% +against the evidence um you know there + + + align:start position:0% +against the evidence um you know there +are people who are going if if you have + + align:start position:0% +are people who are going if if you have + + + align:start position:0% +are people who are going if if you have +a systematic misperception of your own + + align:start position:0% +a systematic misperception of your own + + + align:start position:0% +a systematic misperception of your own +value you're going to end up uh in in + + align:start position:0% +value you're going to end up uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +value you're going to end up uh in in +the wrong in in the non-social exchange + + align:start position:0% +the wrong in in the non-social exchange + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong in in the non-social exchange +part of this space + + align:start position:0% +part of this space + + + align:start position:0% +part of this space +um and then the question becomes whether + + align:start position:0% +um and then the question becomes whether + + + align:start position:0% +um and then the question becomes whether +or not that relationship whether or not + + align:start position:0% +or not that relationship whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +or not that relationship whether or not +it's a self-correcting system if you + + align:start position:0% +it's a self-correcting system if you + + + align:start position:0% +it's a self-correcting system if you +think that you are um you know a 10 on + + align:start position:0% +think that you are um you know a 10 on + + + align:start position:0% +think that you are um you know a 10 on +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +scale and you keep asking people who are + + align:start position:0% +scale and you keep asking people who are + + + align:start position:0% +scale and you keep asking people who are +uh by your assessment also tends on + + align:start position:0% +uh by your assessment also tends on + + + align:start position:0% +uh by your assessment also tends on +every scale and they keep saying no to + + align:start position:0% +every scale and they keep saying no to + + + align:start position:0% +every scale and they keep saying no to +you does that eventually cause you to + + align:start position:0% +you does that eventually cause you to + + + align:start position:0% +you does that eventually cause you to +come up with a more realistic assessment + + align:start position:0% +come up with a more realistic assessment + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a more realistic assessment +of um of who you might actually be in + + align:start position:0% +of um of who you might actually be in + + + align:start position:0% +of um of who you might actually be in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +Marketplace um well we haven't got any + + align:start position:0% +Marketplace um well we haven't got any + + + align:start position:0% +Marketplace um well we haven't got any +evidence that this works at all yet + + align:start position:0% +evidence that this works at all yet + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that this works at all yet +let's go find ourselves an experiment uh + + align:start position:0% +let's go find ourselves an experiment uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's go find ourselves an experiment uh +that doesn't have this fatal flaw in it + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have this fatal flaw in it + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have this fatal flaw in it +that's uh did I give this a clever name + + align:start position:0% +that's uh did I give this a clever name + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh did I give this a clever name +of some sort no it just says let's try + + align:start position:0% +of some sort no it just says let's try + + + align:start position:0% +of some sort no it just says let's try +again so here's this uh kaisler and uh + + align:start position:0% +again so here's this uh kaisler and uh + + + align:start position:0% +again so here's this uh kaisler and uh +Barrel + + align:start position:0% +Barrel + + + align:start position:0% +Barrel +experiment that works as follows um you + + align:start position:0% +experiment that works as follows um you + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that works as follows um you +go into a um a psych lab to do what you + + align:start position:0% +go into a um a psych lab to do what you + + + align:start position:0% +go into a um a psych lab to do what you +think is some sort of a cognitive + + align:start position:0% +think is some sort of a cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +think is some sort of a cognitive +experiment um the details of the task + + align:start position:0% +experiment um the details of the task + + + align:start position:0% +experiment um the details of the task +don't matter you're you're you're doing + + align:start position:0% +don't matter you're you're you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +don't matter you're you're you're doing +this task broken into two halves and at + + align:start position:0% +this task broken into two halves and at + + + align:start position:0% +this task broken into two halves and at +the end you're a guy um and and at the + + align:start position:0% +the end you're a guy um and and at the + + + align:start position:0% +the end you're a guy um and and at the +end of the + + align:start position:0% +end of the + + + align:start position:0% +end of the +um first half you're going to take a + + align:start position:0% +um first half you're going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +um first half you're going to take a +break and you're given some feedback + + align:start position:0% +break and you're given some feedback + + + align:start position:0% +break and you're given some feedback +about how you're doing the feedback is + + align:start position:0% +about how you're doing the feedback is + + + align:start position:0% +about how you're doing the feedback is +either of the form wow you did really + + align:start position:0% +either of the form wow you did really + + + align:start position:0% +either of the form wow you did really +well on that well most people don't get + + align:start position:0% +well on that well most people don't get + + + align:start position:0% +well on that well most people don't get +scores that are that good you're really + + align:start position:0% +scores that are that good you're really + + + align:start position:0% +scores that are that good you're really +good at this sort of thing so that's a + + align:start position:0% +good at this sort of thing so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +good at this sort of thing so that's a +uh you know good self-esteem boosting + + align:start position:0% +uh you know good self-esteem boosting + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know good self-esteem boosting +kind of bit of feedback or you're given + + align:start position:0% +kind of bit of feedback or you're given + + + align:start position:0% +kind of bit of feedback or you're given +feedback of the form did you get enough + + align:start position:0% +feedback of the form did you get enough + + + align:start position:0% +feedback of the form did you get enough +sleep last night you know most most + + align:start position:0% +sleep last night you know most most + + + align:start position:0% +sleep last night you know most most +people I think they did use the get + + align:start position:0% +people I think they did use the get + + + align:start position:0% +people I think they did use the get +enough sleep thing but uh you know most + + align:start position:0% +enough sleep thing but uh you know most + + + align:start position:0% +enough sleep thing but uh you know most +people get a higher score on well never + + align:start position:0% +people get a higher score on well never + + + align:start position:0% +people get a higher score on well never +mind it's it's okay let's take take a + + align:start position:0% +mind it's it's okay let's take take a + + + align:start position:0% +mind it's it's okay let's take take a +break and so + + align:start position:0% +break and so + + + align:start position:0% +break and so +you're so so you've gotten the bad + + align:start position:0% +you're so so you've gotten the bad + + + align:start position:0% +you're so so you've gotten the bad +information now needless to say this is + + align:start position:0% +information now needless to say this is + + + align:start position:0% +information now needless to say this is +a setup what information you get is + + align:start position:0% +a setup what information you get is + + + align:start position:0% +a setup what information you get is +uncorrelated with your score so you know + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated with your score so you know + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated with your score so you know +you may have done brilliantly you may + + align:start position:0% +you may have done brilliantly you may + + + align:start position:0% +you may have done brilliantly you may +have done badly you have no idea how + + align:start position:0% +have done badly you have no idea how + + + align:start position:0% +have done badly you have no idea how +people do on this task in in general and + + align:start position:0% +people do on this task in in general and + + + align:start position:0% +people do on this task in in general and +and the experimenter has flipped a coin + + align:start position:0% +and the experimenter has flipped a coin + + + align:start position:0% +and the experimenter has flipped a coin +and arbitrarily assigned you to the high + + align:start position:0% +and arbitrarily assigned you to the high + + + align:start position:0% +and arbitrarily assigned you to the high +self-esteem or low self-esteem group + + align:start position:0% +self-esteem or low self-esteem group + + + align:start position:0% +self-esteem or low self-esteem group +that's the manipulation of of of the + + align:start position:0% +that's the manipulation of of of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the manipulation of of of the +male this is the guy now you go down to + + align:start position:0% +male this is the guy now you go down to + + + align:start position:0% +male this is the guy now you go down to +um uh we're going to go have a snack you + + align:start position:0% +um uh we're going to go have a snack you + + + align:start position:0% +um uh we're going to go have a snack you +and the experiment are go off to the + + align:start position:0% +and the experiment are go off to the + + + align:start position:0% +and the experiment are go off to the +cafeteria to have a uh a snack um and uh + + align:start position:0% +cafeteria to have a uh a snack um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +cafeteria to have a uh a snack um and uh +you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to +uh um see you get get some food you sit + + align:start position:0% +uh um see you get get some food you sit + + + align:start position:0% +uh um see you get get some food you sit +down at the table and a female friend of + + align:start position:0% +down at the table and a female friend of + + + align:start position:0% +down at the table and a female friend of +the experimenter comes and says hi can I + + align:start position:0% +the experimenter comes and says hi can I + + + align:start position:0% +the experimenter comes and says hi can I +sit down with you and the experimenter + + align:start position:0% +sit down with you and the experimenter + + + align:start position:0% +sit down with you and the experimenter +says hi + + align:start position:0% +says hi + + + align:start position:0% +says hi +sure and um so the female person comes + + align:start position:0% +sure and um so the female person comes + + + align:start position:0% +sure and um so the female person comes +in two + + align:start position:0% +in two + + + align:start position:0% +in two +flavors um as you might guess from this + + align:start position:0% +flavors um as you might guess from this + + + align:start position:0% +flavors um as you might guess from this +2 by two thing she there's only one + + align:start position:0% +2 by two thing she there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +2 by two thing she there's only one +female here but the manipulation here is + + align:start position:0% +female here but the manipulation here is + + + align:start position:0% +female here but the manipulation here is +she's either looking good or she's + + align:start position:0% +she's either looking good or she's + + + align:start position:0% +she's either looking good or she's +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +she's yeah she she's I I I don't think + + align:start position:0% +she's yeah she she's I I I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +she's yeah she she's I I I don't think +I've ever seen pictures of this so I + + align:start position:0% +I've ever seen pictures of this so I + + + align:start position:0% +I've ever seen pictures of this so I +don't quite know what the description + + align:start position:0% +don't quite know what the description + + + align:start position:0% +don't quite know what the description +you know how they did this but the idea + + align:start position:0% +you know how they did this but the idea + + + align:start position:0% +you know how they did this but the idea +is that that that she's uh arranged + + align:start position:0% +is that that that she's uh arranged + + + align:start position:0% +is that that that she's uh arranged +herself to look attractive or or uh + + align:start position:0% +herself to look attractive or or uh + + + align:start position:0% +herself to look attractive or or uh +comparatively + + align:start position:0% +comparatively + + + align:start position:0% +comparatively +unattractive okay same person so you + + align:start position:0% +unattractive okay same person so you + + + align:start position:0% +unattractive okay same person so you +know no no personality variables + + align:start position:0% +know no no personality variables + + + align:start position:0% +know no no personality variables +changing and and a fairly tight script + + align:start position:0% +changing and and a fairly tight script + + + align:start position:0% +changing and and a fairly tight script +and at this point the experimenter says + + align:start position:0% +and at this point the experimenter says + + + align:start position:0% +and at this point the experimenter says +oh I need to go rinse a few things out + + align:start position:0% +oh I need to go rinse a few things out + + + align:start position:0% +oh I need to go rinse a few things out +um I'll be right back you two talk and + + align:start position:0% +um I'll be right back you two talk and + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll be right back you two talk and +so this woman also an experimenter is + + align:start position:0% +so this woman also an experimenter is + + + align:start position:0% +so this woman also an experimenter is +sitting there and the data for this + + align:start position:0% +sitting there and the data for this + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there and the data for this +experiment are um any + + align:start position:0% +experiment are um any + + + align:start position:0% +experiment are um any +indications of romantic interest on on + + align:start position:0% +indications of romantic interest on on + + + align:start position:0% +indications of romantic interest on on +the part of the um the guy you know does + + align:start position:0% +the part of the um the guy you know does + + + align:start position:0% +the part of the um the guy you know does +he ask for her phone number would be a + + align:start position:0% +he ask for her phone number would be a + + + align:start position:0% +he ask for her phone number would be a +sort of a transparent kind of thing but + + align:start position:0% +sort of a transparent kind of thing but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a transparent kind of thing but +there's a long checklist of of of things + + align:start position:0% +there's a long checklist of of of things + + + align:start position:0% +there's a long checklist of of of things +that he might do or say that would + + align:start position:0% +that he might do or say that would + + + align:start position:0% +that he might do or say that would +indicate some sort of interest and + + align:start position:0% +indicate some sort of interest and + + + align:start position:0% +indicate some sort of interest and +you're just making little check + + align:start position:0% +you're just making little check + + + align:start position:0% +you're just making little check +marks so um presumably ly subtly not + + align:start position:0% +marks so um presumably ly subtly not + + + align:start position:0% +marks so um presumably ly subtly not +sitting there with a you can I have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you all right + + align:start position:0% +you all right + + + align:start position:0% +you all right +so the uh + + align:start position:0% +so the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so the uh +um the the the the trivial social + + align:start position:0% +um the the the the trivial social + + + align:start position:0% +um the the the the trivial social +exchange prediction is he's looking good + + align:start position:0% +exchange prediction is he's looking good + + + align:start position:0% +exchange prediction is he's looking good +sorry he's feeling good she's looking + + align:start position:0% +sorry he's feeling good she's looking + + + align:start position:0% +sorry he's feeling good she's looking +good it must be love kind of thing and + + align:start position:0% +good it must be love kind of thing and + + + align:start position:0% +good it must be love kind of thing and +this is where most of you this this this + + align:start position:0% +this is where most of you this this this + + + align:start position:0% +this is where most of you this this this +is the cell that gets the highest number + + align:start position:0% +is the cell that gets the highest number + + + align:start position:0% +is the cell that gets the highest number +of indications of Interest the question + + align:start position:0% +of indications of Interest the question + + + align:start position:0% +of indications of Interest the question +is where's the second highest set of of + + align:start position:0% +is where's the second highest set of of + + + align:start position:0% +is where's the second highest set of of +uh uh marks in this experiment and the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh marks in this experiment and the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh marks in this experiment and the +answer is down + + align:start position:0% +answer is down + + + align:start position:0% +answer is down +here she's looking bad he's feeling bad + + align:start position:0% +here she's looking bad he's feeling bad + + + align:start position:0% +here she's looking bad he's feeling bad +it must be a + + align:start position:0% +it must be a + + + align:start position:0% +it must be a +match um and these two and these two lag + + align:start position:0% +match um and these two and these two lag + + + align:start position:0% +match um and these two and these two lag +behind I don't I don't know if if which + + align:start position:0% +behind I don't I don't know if if which + + + align:start position:0% +behind I don't I don't know if if which +which one is three and which one is for + + align:start position:0% +which one is three and which one is for + + + align:start position:0% +which one is three and which one is for +um actually but but but the important + + align:start position:0% +um actually but but but the important + + + align:start position:0% +um actually but but but the important +point is that um there are more + + align:start position:0% +point is that um there are more + + + align:start position:0% +point is that um there are more +indications of Interest here as would be + + align:start position:0% +indications of Interest here as would be + + + align:start position:0% +indications of Interest here as would be +predicted by a um social exchange theory + + align:start position:0% +predicted by a um social exchange theory + + + align:start position:0% +predicted by a um social exchange theory +that's looking for matching um and and + + align:start position:0% +that's looking for matching um and and + + + align:start position:0% +that's looking for matching um and and +uh uh you know this this is the case + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you know this this is the case + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you know this this is the case +where you looked in your wallet and you + + align:start position:0% +where you looked in your wallet and you + + + align:start position:0% +where you looked in your wallet and you +discovered um that you actually had a + + align:start position:0% +discovered um that you actually had a + + + align:start position:0% +discovered um that you actually had a +couple less 20s than you thought + + align:start position:0% +couple less 20s than you thought + + + align:start position:0% +couple less 20s than you thought +but you still want to buy + + align:start position:0% +but you still want to buy + + + align:start position:0% +but you still want to buy +something and well I guess doesn't this + + align:start position:0% +something and well I guess doesn't this + + + align:start position:0% +something and well I guess doesn't this +sound + + align:start position:0% +sound + + + align:start position:0% +sound +terrible the um well all right it not + + align:start position:0% +terrible the um well all right it not + + + align:start position:0% +terrible the um well all right it not +only sounds terrible it sounds a little + + align:start position:0% +only sounds terrible it sounds a little + + + align:start position:0% +only sounds terrible it sounds a little +on the artificial side um is there any + + align:start position:0% +on the artificial side um is there any + + + align:start position:0% +on the artificial side um is there any +evidence that this happens in um a more + + align:start position:0% +evidence that this happens in um a more + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that this happens in um a more +realistic setting and um the the effort + + align:start position:0% +realistic setting and um the the effort + + + align:start position:0% +realistic setting and um the the effort +to figure that out is is was + + align:start position:0% +to figure that out is is was + + + align:start position:0% +to figure that out is is was +done uh with with the realistic setting + + align:start position:0% +done uh with with the realistic setting + + + align:start position:0% +done uh with with the realistic setting +of large introductory psychology classes + + align:start position:0% +of large introductory psychology classes + + + align:start position:0% +of large introductory psychology classes +um so I I large intro site class I think + + align:start position:0% +um so I I large intro site class I think + + + align:start position:0% +um so I I large intro site class I think +maybe Minnesota or Ohio State some place + + align:start position:0% +maybe Minnesota or Ohio State some place + + + align:start position:0% +maybe Minnesota or Ohio State some place +where they had a huge intro class um and + + align:start position:0% +where they had a huge intro class um and + + + align:start position:0% +where they had a huge intro class um and +what they did was they uh largely + + align:start position:0% +what they did was they uh largely + + + align:start position:0% +what they did was they uh largely +freshman class they looked + + align:start position:0% +freshman class they looked + + + align:start position:0% +freshman class they looked +for who formed + + align:start position:0% +for who formed + + + align:start position:0% +for who formed +relationships so let's go and it's it's + + align:start position:0% +relationships so let's go and it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +relationships so let's go and it's it's +like the computer match dance thing but + + align:start position:0% +like the computer match dance thing but + + + align:start position:0% +like the computer match dance thing but +we'll take the relationship ships first + + align:start position:0% +we'll take the relationship ships first + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take the relationship ships first +and work backwards from that so they got + + align:start position:0% +and work backwards from that so they got + + + align:start position:0% +and work backwards from that so they got +like 213 I think couples out of these + + align:start position:0% +like 213 I think couples out of these + + + align:start position:0% +like 213 I think couples out of these +out of + + align:start position:0% +out of + + + align:start position:0% +out of +intsy um and um they did the same + + align:start position:0% +intsy um and um they did the same + + + align:start position:0% +intsy um and um they did the same +business rated them on attractiveness + + align:start position:0% +business rated them on attractiveness + + + align:start position:0% +business rated them on attractiveness +rated them on um uh on on on everything + + align:start position:0% +rated them on um uh on on on everything + + + align:start position:0% +rated them on um uh on on on everything +under the sun SAT scores uh religion all + + align:start position:0% +under the sun SAT scores uh religion all + + + align:start position:0% +under the sun SAT scores uh religion all +sorts of stuff um and and scatter plot + + align:start position:0% +sorts of stuff um and and scatter plot + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of stuff um and and scatter plot +the data what you find is that uh the + + align:start position:0% +the data what you find is that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the data what you find is that uh the +these freshman uh uh + + align:start position:0% +these freshman uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +these freshman uh uh +pairings were not highly correlated they + + align:start position:0% +pairings were not highly correlated they + + + align:start position:0% +pairings were not highly correlated they +weren't random like if you randomized uh + + align:start position:0% +weren't random like if you randomized uh + + + align:start position:0% +weren't random like if you randomized uh +in in the computer match thing there + + align:start position:0% +in in the computer match thing there + + + align:start position:0% +in in the computer match thing there +there are um there + + align:start position:0% +there are um there + + + align:start position:0% +there are um there +are factors that + + align:start position:0% +are factors that + + + align:start position:0% +are factors that +were um that did correlate um but they + + align:start position:0% +were um that did correlate um but they + + + align:start position:0% +were um that did correlate um but they +weren't particularly striking but now + + align:start position:0% +weren't particularly striking but now + + + align:start position:0% +weren't particularly striking but now +let's ask so we we've got some cloud of + + align:start position:0% +let's ask so we we've got some cloud of + + + align:start position:0% +let's ask so we we've got some cloud of +data points again with perhaps some + + align:start position:0% +data points again with perhaps some + + + align:start position:0% +data points again with perhaps some +positive correlation to it let's come + + align:start position:0% +positive correlation to it let's come + + + align:start position:0% +positive correlation to it let's come +back two years + + align:start position:0% +back two years + + + align:start position:0% +back two years +later um and ask who's still + + align:start position:0% +later um and ask who's still + + + align:start position:0% +later um and ask who's still +together and what you find two years + + align:start position:0% +together and what you find two years + + + align:start position:0% +together and what you find two years +later I don't remember how many were + + align:start position:0% +later I don't remember how many were + + + align:start position:0% +later I don't remember how many were +still together but of the ones who were + + align:start position:0% +still together but of the ones who were + + + align:start position:0% +still together but of the ones who were +still together now essentially all of + + align:start position:0% +still together now essentially all of + + + align:start position:0% +still together now essentially all of +the variables + + align:start position:0% +the variables + + + align:start position:0% +the variables +correlated so you could pick anything + + align:start position:0% +correlated so you could pick anything + + + align:start position:0% +correlated so you could pick anything +you liked SAT + + align:start position:0% +you liked SAT + + + align:start position:0% +you liked SAT +scores uh + + align:start position:0% +scores uh + + + align:start position:0% +scores uh +religion uh looks socioeconomic status + + align:start position:0% +religion uh looks socioeconomic status + + + align:start position:0% +religion uh looks socioeconomic status +and now it's not that it all lay on the + + align:start position:0% +and now it's not that it all lay on the + + + align:start position:0% +and now it's not that it all lay on the +line of unit slope it's not that somehow + + align:start position:0% +line of unit slope it's not that somehow + + + align:start position:0% +line of unit slope it's not that somehow +you know you went to State University of + + align:start position:0% +you know you went to State University of + + + align:start position:0% +you know you went to State University of +Minnesota or something like that and you + + align:start position:0% +Minnesota or something like that and you + + + align:start position:0% +Minnesota or something like that and you +found the one person who had um exactly + + align:start position:0% +found the one person who had um exactly + + + align:start position:0% +found the one person who had um exactly +the same SAT scores as you um and and + + align:start position:0% +the same SAT scores as you um and and + + + align:start position:0% +the same SAT scores as you um and and +and and their parents made exactly the + + align:start position:0% +and and their parents made exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +and and their parents made exactly the +same amount of money and and and you + + align:start position:0% +same amount of money and and and you + + + align:start position:0% +same amount of money and and and you +were exactly the same height and and and + + align:start position:0% +were exactly the same height and and and + + + align:start position:0% +were exactly the same height and and and +and all the it's amazing no no yeah what + + align:start position:0% +and all the it's amazing no no yeah what + + + align:start position:0% +and all the it's amazing no no yeah what +what you've got is it's still a big + + align:start position:0% +what you've got is it's still a big + + + align:start position:0% +what you've got is it's still a big +cloud of data points but now + + align:start position:0% +cloud of data points but now + + + align:start position:0% +cloud of data points but now +all the variables are positively + + align:start position:0% +all the variables are positively + + + align:start position:0% +all the variables are positively +correlated that the um well what's the + + align:start position:0% +correlated that the um well what's the + + + align:start position:0% +correlated that the um well what's the +cliche here that were I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +cliche here that were I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +cliche here that were I'll give you a +hint bird of thank you birds of a + + align:start position:0% +hint bird of thank you birds of a + + + align:start position:0% +hint bird of thank you birds of a +feather flock together would be the sort + + align:start position:0% +feather flock together would be the sort + + + align:start position:0% +feather flock together would be the sort +of punchline of this experiment that + + align:start position:0% +of punchline of this experiment that + + + align:start position:0% +of punchline of this experiment that +after there may have been a degree of of + + align:start position:0% +after there may have been a degree of of + + + align:start position:0% +after there may have been a degree of of +noise in the initial assortment but the + + align:start position:0% +noise in the initial assortment but the + + + align:start position:0% +noise in the initial assortment but the +relationships that lasted were the + + align:start position:0% +relationships that lasted were the + + + align:start position:0% +relationships that lasted were the +relationships where um + + align:start position:0% +relationships where um + + + align:start position:0% +relationships where um +uh uh where the birds of a feather were + + align:start position:0% +uh uh where the birds of a feather were + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh where the birds of a feather were +flocking together and that hand is going + + align:start position:0% +flocking together and that hand is going + + + align:start position:0% +flocking together and that hand is going +to say + + align:start position:0% +to say + + + align:start position:0% +to say +but thank you next thing on the uh + + align:start position:0% +but thank you next thing on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +but thank you next thing on the uh +handout says the other cliche + + align:start position:0% +handout says the other cliche + + + align:start position:0% +handout says the other cliche +is um opposites ATT trct now the thing + + align:start position:0% +is um opposites ATT trct now the thing + + + align:start position:0% +is um opposites ATT trct now the thing +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +cliches is that cliches don't get to be + + align:start position:0% +cliches is that cliches don't get to be + + + align:start position:0% +cliches is that cliches don't get to be +cliché unless there is an element of + + align:start position:0% +cliché unless there is an element of + + + align:start position:0% +cliché unless there is an element of +Truth in there somewhere the element of + + align:start position:0% +Truth in there somewhere the element of + + + align:start position:0% +Truth in there somewhere the element of +social exchange theory truth in + + align:start position:0% +social exchange theory truth in + + + align:start position:0% +social exchange theory truth in +Opposites Attract is that Opposites + + align:start position:0% +Opposites Attract is that Opposites + + + align:start position:0% +Opposites Attract is that Opposites +Attract when they increase each other's + + align:start position:0% +Attract when they increase each other's + + + align:start position:0% +Attract when they increase each other's +profits so the sense in which Opposites + + align:start position:0% +profits so the sense in which Opposites + + + align:start position:0% +profits so the sense in which Opposites +Attract is she talks he listens from the + + align:start position:0% +Attract is she talks he listens from the + + + align:start position:0% +Attract is she talks he listens from the +outside it may look like my goodness he + + align:start position:0% +outside it may look like my goodness he + + + align:start position:0% +outside it may look like my goodness he +talks all the time or she talks all the + + align:start position:0% +talks all the time or she talks all the + + + align:start position:0% +talks all the time or she talks all the +time um you and and and she never says a + + align:start position:0% +time um you and and and she never says a + + + align:start position:0% +time um you and and and she never says a +word how can they how can they live + + align:start position:0% +word how can they how can they live + + + align:start position:0% +word how can they how can they live +together well the answer is it's a great + + align:start position:0% +together well the answer is it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +together well the answer is it's a great +deal easier probably to live together + + align:start position:0% +deal easier probably to live together + + + align:start position:0% +deal easier probably to live together +that way then if they both talk all the + + align:start position:0% +that way then if they both talk all the + + + align:start position:0% +that way then if they both talk all the +time you know those two birds of a + + align:start position:0% +time you know those two birds of a + + + align:start position:0% +time you know those two birds of a +feather are are going to you know Drive + + align:start position:0% +feather are are going to you know Drive + + + align:start position:0% +feather are are going to you know Drive +each other sort of nuts um and you know + + align:start position:0% +each other sort of nuts um and you know + + + align:start position:0% +each other sort of nuts um and you know +uh he's a great cook she's a great eater + + align:start position:0% +uh he's a great cook she's a great eater + + + align:start position:0% +uh he's a great cook she's a great eater +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +or or or or or you know at least a a a + + align:start position:0% +or or or or or you know at least a a a + + + align:start position:0% +or or or or or you know at least a a a +an appreciative audience or something + + align:start position:0% +an appreciative audience or something + + + align:start position:0% +an appreciative audience or something +like that that is the sense in which + + align:start position:0% +like that that is the sense in which + + + align:start position:0% +like that that is the sense in which +Opposites Attract there's no particular + + align:start position:0% +Opposites Attract there's no particular + + + align:start position:0% +Opposites Attract there's no particular +evidence that Opposites Attract in the + + align:start position:0% +evidence that Opposites Attract in the + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that Opposites Attract in the +uh well I you can ask yourself about uh + + align:start position:0% +uh well I you can ask yourself about uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh well I you can ask yourself about uh +sort of roommate issues um where there's + + align:start position:0% +sort of roommate issues um where there's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of roommate issues um where there's +a certain amount of random assortment of + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of random assortment of + + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of random assortment of +of of people or at least I gather here + + align:start position:0% +of of people or at least I gather here + + + align:start position:0% +of of people or at least I gather here +you sort of pick your roommate on the + + align:start position:0% +you sort of pick your roommate on the + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of pick your roommate on the +basis of of sketchy information when you + + align:start position:0% +basis of of sketchy information when you + + + align:start position:0% +basis of of sketchy information when you +arrive is that that the current + + align:start position:0% +arrive is that that the current + + + align:start position:0% +arrive is that that the current +scheme yeah so it's it's it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +scheme yeah so it's it's it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +scheme yeah so it's it's it's a it's a +sort of a courtship on the basis of of + + align:start position:0% +sort of a courtship on the basis of of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a courtship on the basis of of +limited information anyway when you + + align:start position:0% +limited information anyway when you + + + align:start position:0% +limited information anyway when you +discover that even though you were + + align:start position:0% +discover that even though you were + + + align:start position:0% +discover that even though you were +correlated on a bunch of variables it + + align:start position:0% +correlated on a bunch of variables it + + + align:start position:0% +correlated on a bunch of variables it +turns out that there are a few variables + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there are a few variables + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there are a few variables +that really matter like um person a is a + + align:start position:0% +that really matter like um person a is a + + + align:start position:0% +that really matter like um person a is a +slob person B is a neatness freak that + + align:start position:0% +slob person B is a neatness freak that + + + align:start position:0% +slob person B is a neatness freak that +ain't an opposite attract kind of + + align:start position:0% +ain't an opposite attract kind of + + + align:start position:0% +ain't an opposite attract kind of +situation in that there's a couple of + + align:start position:0% +situation in that there's a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +situation in that there's a couple of +heads shaking around here saying I know + + align:start position:0% +heads shaking around here saying I know + + + align:start position:0% +heads shaking around here saying I know +that um + + align:start position:0% +that um + + + align:start position:0% +that um +or or or or in our lab she wants it to + + align:start position:0% +or or or or in our lab she wants it to + + + align:start position:0% +or or or or in our lab she wants it to +be 80° I want it to be about + + align:start position:0% +be 80° I want it to be about + + + align:start position:0% +be 80° I want it to be about +50° that ain't opposites ATT trct but + + align:start position:0% +50° that ain't opposites ATT trct but + + + align:start position:0% +50° that ain't opposites ATT trct but +there we have it this is is also a not + + align:start position:0% +there we have it this is is also a not + + + align:start position:0% +there we have it this is is also a not +reciprocal um asymmetrical relationship + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal um asymmetrical relationship + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal um asymmetrical relationship +where I'm the boss so I get to play with + + align:start position:0% +where I'm the boss so I get to play with + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm the boss so I get to play with +the thermostat first unless Kristen gets + + align:start position:0% +the thermostat first unless Kristen gets + + + align:start position:0% +the thermostat first unless Kristen gets +in first in which case it's tropical + + align:start position:0% +in first in which case it's tropical + + + align:start position:0% +in first in which case it's tropical +season in the + + align:start position:0% +season in the + + + align:start position:0% +season in the +lab it's uh we tough it anyway the + + align:start position:0% +lab it's uh we tough it anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +lab it's uh we tough it anyway the +problem is she's got numbers on her side + + align:start position:0% +problem is she's got numbers on her side + + + align:start position:0% +problem is she's got numbers on her side +the other people in the lab seem to like + + align:start position:0% +the other people in the lab seem to like + + + align:start position:0% +the other people in the lab seem to like +it hot I don't understand them um anyway + + align:start position:0% +it hot I don't understand them um anyway + + + align:start position:0% +it hot I don't understand them um anyway +they Opposites + + align:start position:0% +they Opposites + + + align:start position:0% +they Opposites +Attract in in uh in these sort of + + align:start position:0% +Attract in in uh in these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Attract in in uh in these sort of +romantic relationships + + align:start position:0% +romantic relationships + + + align:start position:0% +romantic relationships +um when they increase each other's um uh + + align:start position:0% +um when they increase each other's um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um when they increase each other's um uh +profits that's a + + align:start position:0% +profits that's a + + + align:start position:0% +profits that's a +useful + + align:start position:0% +useful + + + align:start position:0% +useful +um I don't know complication to keep in + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know complication to keep in + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know complication to keep in +mind it's not just a matter of you know + + align:start position:0% +mind it's not just a matter of you know + + + align:start position:0% +mind it's not just a matter of you know +we all rate each other on all these + + align:start position:0% +we all rate each other on all these + + + align:start position:0% +we all rate each other on all these +scales and then pick the closest thing + + align:start position:0% +scales and then pick the closest thing + + + align:start position:0% +scales and then pick the closest thing +to exactly us that's not what's going on + + align:start position:0% +to exactly us that's not what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +to exactly us that's not what's going on +what you're doing that that's going to + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing that that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing that that's going to +end up being um one factor but there's + + align:start position:0% +end up being um one factor but there's + + + align:start position:0% +end up being um one factor but there's +ALS there's more General factor of what + + align:start position:0% +ALS there's more General factor of what + + + align:start position:0% +ALS there's more General factor of what +you're looking for are um relationships + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for are um relationships + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for are um relationships +that are profitable and roughly equally + + align:start position:0% +that are profitable and roughly equally + + + align:start position:0% +that are profitable and roughly equally +profitable for both sides in the um uh + + align:start position:0% +profitable for both sides in the um uh + + + align:start position:0% +profitable for both sides in the um uh +in in the + + align:start position:0% +in in the + + + align:start position:0% +in in the +relationship the um well okay + + align:start position:0% +relationship the um well okay + + + align:start position:0% +relationship the um well okay +so let's uh I I I I think I couched the + + align:start position:0% +so let's uh I I I I think I couched the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's uh I I I I think I couched the +next well actually here let's see I + + align:start position:0% +next well actually here let's see I + + + align:start position:0% +next well actually here let's see I +think I couched the next bits as um the + + align:start position:0% +think I couched the next bits as um the + + + align:start position:0% +think I couched the next bits as um the +problem set the yeah the social exchange + + align:start position:0% +problem set the yeah the social exchange + + + align:start position:0% +problem set the yeah the social exchange +problem set let let's turn to that after + + align:start position:0% +problem set let let's turn to that after + + + align:start position:0% +problem set let let's turn to that after +taking a uh a brief break + + align:start position:0% +taking a uh a brief break + + + align:start position:0% +taking a uh a brief break +here the + + align:start position:0% +here the + + + align:start position:0% +here the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh so we're not really on the S this + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're not really on the S this + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're not really on the S this +anymore what chapter are we in right now + + align:start position:0% +anymore what chapter are we in right now + + + align:start position:0% +anymore what chapter are we in right now +it says I think does it say 10 or 11 + + align:start position:0% +it says I think does it say 10 or 11 + + + align:start position:0% +it says I think does it say 10 or 11 +social + + align:start position:0% +social + + + align:start position:0% +social +psych this is the syab this is the + + align:start position:0% +psych this is the syab this is the + + + align:start position:0% +psych this is the syab this is the +syllabus gender there um well this is a + + align:start position:0% +syllabus gender there um well this is a + + + align:start position:0% +syllabus gender there um well this is a +case where where + + align:start position:0% +case where where + + + align:start position:0% +case where where +out of the very large set of things in + + align:start position:0% +out of the very large set of things in + + + align:start position:0% +out of the very large set of things in +social psychology I've ended up + + align:start position:0% +social psychology I've ended up + + + align:start position:0% +social psychology I've ended up +selecting um a p sort of a love and + + align:start position:0% +selecting um a p sort of a love and + + + align:start position:0% +selecting um a p sort of a love and +romance path through these topics you + + align:start position:0% +romance path through these topics you + + + align:start position:0% +romance path through these topics you +will for instance I think find social + + align:start position:0% +will for instance I think find social + + + align:start position:0% +will for instance I think find social +exchange theory in there uh you will + + align:start position:0% +exchange theory in there uh you will + + + align:start position:0% +exchange theory in there uh you will +find the the topics are there I'm just + + align:start position:0% +find the the topics are there I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +find the the topics are there I'm just +using is this is this in the book I + + align:start position:0% +using is this is this in the book I + + + align:start position:0% +using is this is this in the book I +don't think so maybe it's I I can't + + align:start position:0% +don't think so maybe it's I I can't + + + align:start position:0% +don't think so maybe it's I I can't +remember you know it's the problem is + + align:start position:0% +remember you know it's the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +remember you know it's the problem is +every time I find something cool then + + align:start position:0% +every time I find something cool then + + + align:start position:0% +every time I find something cool then +the the you know Gman or now reeberg + + align:start position:0% +the the you know Gman or now reeberg + + + align:start position:0% +the the you know Gman or now reeberg +finds something cool and you know what + + align:start position:0% +finds something cool and you know what + + + align:start position:0% +finds something cool and you know what +you going to do um I have a question + + align:start position:0% +you going to do um I have a question + + + align:start position:0% +you going to do um I have a question +about the paper yeah okay so on your + + align:start position:0% +about the paper yeah okay so on your + + + align:start position:0% +about the paper yeah okay so on your +note like on today's notes you said that + + align:start position:0% +note like on today's notes you said that + + + align:start position:0% +note like on today's notes you said that +the there's no AR about it but what + + align:start position:0% +the there's no AR about it but what + + + align:start position:0% +the there's no AR about it but what +about the + + align:start position:0% +about the + + + align:start position:0% +about the +AR oh sure sure sure sure absolutely yes + + align:start position:0% +AR oh sure sure sure sure absolutely yes + + + align:start position:0% +AR oh sure sure sure sure absolutely yes +I they're not a nice systematic set the + + align:start position:0% +I they're not a nice systematic set the + + + align:start position:0% +I they're not a nice systematic set the +problem is that originally my scheme was + + align:start position:0% +problem is that originally my scheme was + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that originally my scheme was +that you could use you you could write + + align:start position:0% +that you could use you you could write + + + align:start position:0% +that you could use you you could write +these three different types of papers + + align:start position:0% +these three different types of papers + + + align:start position:0% +these three different types of papers +crossed with these three different + + align:start position:0% +crossed with these three different + + + align:start position:0% +crossed with these three different +chapter ranges yeah and so the original + + align:start position:0% +chapter ranges yeah and so the original + + + align:start position:0% +chapter ranges yeah and so the original +notion was you could do one of these + + align:start position:0% +notion was you could do one of these + + + align:start position:0% +notion was you could do one of these +things where you were going to read one + + align:start position:0% +things where you were going to read one + + + align:start position:0% +things where you were going to read one +of the papers in the uh in the folders + + align:start position:0% +of the papers in the uh in the folders + + + align:start position:0% +of the papers in the uh in the folders +you could do that for the the the uh the + + align:start position:0% +you could do that for the the the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you could do that for the the the uh the +sort of science writing CH paper and you + + align:start position:0% +sort of science writing CH paper and you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of science writing CH paper and you +could do that either for paper 1 two or + + align:start position:0% +could do that either for paper 1 two or + + + align:start position:0% +could do that either for paper 1 two or +three and my my ta said that's wacko + + align:start position:0% +three and my my ta said that's wacko + + + align:start position:0% +three and my my ta said that's wacko +we'll never figure out how to grade + + align:start position:0% +we'll never figure out how to grade + + + align:start position:0% +we'll never figure out how to grade +these things so we ended up constraining + + align:start position:0% +these things so we ended up constraining + + + align:start position:0% +these things so we ended up constraining +it and so then I stopped doing the the + + align:start position:0% +it and so then I stopped doing the the + + + align:start position:0% +it and so then I stopped doing the the +the but I thought I'm not going to just + + align:start position:0% +the but I thought I'm not going to just + + + align:start position:0% +the but I thought I'm not going to just +throw out the cool stuff I anyway yeah + + align:start position:0% +throw out the cool stuff I anyway yeah + + + align:start position:0% +throw out the cool stuff I anyway yeah +don't worry about it if you like + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about it if you like + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about it if you like +something on the website use it you + + align:start position:0% +something on the website use it you + + + align:start position:0% +something on the website use it you +don't have to find something on the + + align:start position:0% +don't have to find something on the + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to find something on the +website I have another question it's a + + align:start position:0% +website I have another question it's a + + + align:start position:0% +website I have another question it's a +little confusing but said that sleep in + + align:start position:0% +little confusing but said that sleep in + + + align:start position:0% +little confusing but said that sleep in +dreams is chapter 16 but um it seems + + align:start position:0% +dreams is chapter 16 but um it seems + + + align:start position:0% +dreams is chapter 16 but um it seems +that chapter 16 was more about + + align:start position:0% +that chapter 16 was more about + + + align:start position:0% +that chapter 16 was more about +like Freud I think no I I better say a + + align:start position:0% +like Freud I think no I I better say a + + + align:start position:0% +like Freud I think no I I better say a +word about the the syllabus and and the + + align:start position:0% +word about the the syllabus and and the + + + align:start position:0% +word about the the syllabus and and the +uh and and the uh I I'll say that in one + + align:start position:0% +uh and and the uh I I'll say that in one + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and the uh I I'll say that in one +second here and last um yeah yeah no + + align:start position:0% +second here and last um yeah yeah no + + + align:start position:0% +second here and last um yeah yeah no +we're we're going to we're going to come + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to we're going to come + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to we're going to come +back at 3:30 if you want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +back at 3:30 if you want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +back at 3:30 if you want to talk about +more things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you could I don't know do you have test + + align:start position:0% +you could I don't know do you have test + + + align:start position:0% +you could I don't know do you have test +averages standard + + align:start position:0% +averages standard + + + align:start position:0% +averages standard +deviation you want to know the you want + + align:start position:0% +deviation you want to know the you want + + + align:start position:0% +deviation you want to know the you want +to know that answer for your recitation + + align:start position:0% +to know that answer for your recitation + + + align:start position:0% +to know that answer for your recitation +not across recitation what what's your + + align:start position:0% +not across recitation what what's your + + + align:start position:0% +not across recitation what what's your +score it was + + align:start position:0% +score it was + + + align:start position:0% +score it was +uh7 170 so that's high 80s High 80% + + align:start position:0% +uh7 170 so that's high 80s High 80% + + + align:start position:0% +uh7 170 so that's high 80s High 80% +you're fine you're you're again it + + align:start position:0% +you're fine you're you're again it + + + align:start position:0% +you're fine you're you're again it +depends on your recitation but you're um + + align:start position:0% +depends on your recitation but you're um + + + align:start position:0% +depends on your recitation but you're um +at or above average in in in any of the + + align:start position:0% +at or above average in in in any of the + + + align:start position:0% +at or above average in in in any of the +recitations I think so + + align:start position:0% +recitations I think so + + + align:start position:0% +recitations I think so +I guess with the a + + align:start position:0% +I guess with the a + + + align:start position:0% +I guess with the a +right it's recitation specific um you + + align:start position:0% +right it's recitation specific um you + + + align:start position:0% +right it's recitation specific um you +know that sounds to me like you know if + + align:start position:0% +know that sounds to me like you know if + + + align:start position:0% +know that sounds to me like you know if +all of your other scores are like that + + align:start position:0% +all of your other scores are like that + + + align:start position:0% +all of your other scores are like that +you'll be on the ab border + + align:start position:0% +you'll be on the ab border + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be on the ab border +somewhere + + align:start position:0% +somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere +um let me say a quick word I got a + + align:start position:0% +um let me say a quick word I got a + + + align:start position:0% +um let me say a quick word I got a +couple of questions about the syllabus + + align:start position:0% +couple of questions about the syllabus + + + align:start position:0% +couple of questions about the syllabus +let me say a quick word about this + + align:start position:0% +let me say a quick word about this + + + align:start position:0% +let me say a quick word about this +um the the chapters the chapters that + + align:start position:0% +um the the chapters the chapters that + + + align:start position:0% +um the the chapters the chapters that +are assigned at the moment for instance + + align:start position:0% +are assigned at the moment for instance + + + align:start position:0% +are assigned at the moment for instance +are the chapters on social psychology uh + + align:start position:0% +are the chapters on social psychology uh + + + align:start position:0% +are the chapters on social psychology uh +like any topic here huge area I'm taking + + align:start position:0% +like any topic here huge area I'm taking + + + align:start position:0% +like any topic here huge area I'm taking +a sort of a love and romance cut through + + align:start position:0% +a sort of a love and romance cut through + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of a love and romance cut through +it so I think for instance you'll find + + align:start position:0% +it so I think for instance you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +it so I think for instance you'll find +stuff about um social exchange theory in + + align:start position:0% +stuff about um social exchange theory in + + + align:start position:0% +stuff about um social exchange theory in +the book but not particularly in this uh + + align:start position:0% +the book but not particularly in this uh + + + align:start position:0% +the book but not particularly in this uh +heavily romant not not necessarily in + + align:start position:0% +heavily romant not not necessarily in + + + align:start position:0% +heavily romant not not necessarily in +this sort of straight you know love and + + align:start position:0% +this sort of straight you know love and + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of straight you know love and +romance uh track I'm assigning + + align:start position:0% +romance uh track I'm assigning + + + align:start position:0% +romance uh track I'm assigning +chapters that are + + align:start position:0% +chapters that are + + + align:start position:0% +chapters that are +um it'll it'll be less OB vious that the + + align:start position:0% +um it'll it'll be less OB vious that the + + + align:start position:0% +um it'll it'll be less OB vious that the +book and I are are Marching In lock step + + align:start position:0% +book and I are are Marching In lock step + + + align:start position:0% +book and I are are Marching In lock step +than it might have been say for the + + align:start position:0% +than it might have been say for the + + + align:start position:0% +than it might have been say for the +memory chapter or something uh so for + + align:start position:0% +memory chapter or something uh so for + + + align:start position:0% +memory chapter or something uh so for +I'll I somebody pointed out that the + + align:start position:0% +I'll I somebody pointed out that the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll I somebody pointed out that the +sleeping dreams lecture has associated + + align:start position:0% +sleeping dreams lecture has associated + + + align:start position:0% +sleeping dreams lecture has associated +with it a chapter that's uh that seems + + align:start position:0% +with it a chapter that's uh that seems + + + align:start position:0% +with it a chapter that's uh that seems +to be like about mental illness well + + align:start position:0% +to be like about mental illness well + + + align:start position:0% +to be like about mental illness well +that's because sleep in dreams going to + + align:start position:0% +that's because sleep in dreams going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's because sleep in dreams going to +be connected with Freudian + + align:start position:0% +be connected with Freudian + + + align:start position:0% +be connected with Freudian +interpretation of Dreams it's all part + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of Dreams it's all part + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of Dreams it's all part +of talking about um uh Freud and + + align:start position:0% +of talking about um uh Freud and + + + align:start position:0% +of talking about um uh Freud and +psychoanalysis so that's the that that's + + align:start position:0% +psychoanalysis so that's the that that's + + + align:start position:0% +psychoanalysis so that's the that that's +the most relevant chapter at the moment + + align:start position:0% +the most relevant chapter at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +the most relevant chapter at the moment +but you shouldn't think it'll be less + + align:start position:0% +but you shouldn't think it'll be less + + + align:start position:0% +but you shouldn't think it'll be less +true for this half of the course than + + align:start position:0% +true for this half of the course than + + + align:start position:0% +true for this half of the course than +for the first half of the course that + + align:start position:0% +for the first half of the course that + + + align:start position:0% +for the first half of the course that +there's a an absolute clear match + + align:start position:0% +there's a an absolute clear match + + + align:start position:0% +there's a an absolute clear match +between the set of topics in lecture one + + align:start position:0% +between the set of topics in lecture one + + + align:start position:0% +between the set of topics in lecture one +day and the set of topics in in the + + align:start position:0% +day and the set of topics in in the + + + align:start position:0% +day and the set of topics in in the +accompanying chapter they will talk to + + align:start position:0% +accompanying chapter they will talk to + + + align:start position:0% +accompanying chapter they will talk to +each other but they will not match up + + align:start position:0% +each other but they will not match up + + + align:start position:0% +each other but they will not match up +quite as as uh as as tightly as they + + align:start position:0% +quite as as uh as as tightly as they + + + align:start position:0% +quite as as uh as as tightly as they +might have earlier in the course um all + + align:start position:0% +might have earlier in the course um all + + + align:start position:0% +might have earlier in the course um all +right so let me let's do a few social + + align:start position:0% +right so let me let's do a few social + + + align:start position:0% +right so let me let's do a few social +exchange sort of problems um one of + + align:start position:0% +exchange sort of problems um one of + + + align:start position:0% +exchange sort of problems um one of +these is the problem of bad + + align:start position:0% +these is the problem of bad + + + align:start position:0% +these is the problem of bad +relationships one of the Mysteries on + + align:start position:0% +relationships one of the Mysteries on + + + align:start position:0% +relationships one of the Mysteries on +the face of it is why would somebody + + align:start position:0% +the face of it is why would somebody + + + align:start position:0% +the face of it is why would somebody +stay in a + + align:start position:0% +stay in a + + + align:start position:0% +stay in a +relationship that's um that's running a + + align:start position:0% +relationship that's um that's running a + + + align:start position:0% +relationship that's um that's running a +deficit uh perhaps the clearest example + + align:start position:0% +deficit uh perhaps the clearest example + + + align:start position:0% +deficit uh perhaps the clearest example +of this is why would a woman stay in an + + align:start position:0% +of this is why would a woman stay in an + + + align:start position:0% +of this is why would a woman stay in an +abusive relationship I pick a woman + + align:start position:0% +abusive relationship I pick a woman + + + align:start position:0% +abusive relationship I pick a woman +because while there are males who are + + align:start position:0% +because while there are males who are + + + align:start position:0% +because while there are males who are +abused in in uh in heterosexual + + align:start position:0% +abused in in uh in heterosexual + + + align:start position:0% +abused in in uh in heterosexual +relations and other males who are abused + + align:start position:0% +relations and other males who are abused + + + align:start position:0% +relations and other males who are abused +in homosexual ual relations the bulk of + + align:start position:0% +in homosexual ual relations the bulk of + + + align:start position:0% +in homosexual ual relations the bulk of +abused uh Partners in relationships are + + align:start position:0% +abused uh Partners in relationships are + + + align:start position:0% +abused uh Partners in relationships are +women um but so why would anybody stay + + align:start position:0% +women um but so why would anybody stay + + + align:start position:0% +women um but so why would anybody stay +in abusive relationship why would a + + align:start position:0% +in abusive relationship why would a + + + align:start position:0% +in abusive relationship why would a +woman stay in an abusive relationship + + align:start position:0% +woman stay in an abusive relationship + + + align:start position:0% +woman stay in an abusive relationship +that's where this third tenant of social + + align:start position:0% +that's where this third tenant of social + + + align:start position:0% +that's where this third tenant of social +exchange theory comes in the social + + align:start position:0% +exchange theory comes in the social + + + align:start position:0% +exchange theory comes in the social +exchange answer to the question is you + + align:start position:0% +exchange answer to the question is you + + + align:start position:0% +exchange answer to the question is you +would stay in a bad relationship if you + + align:start position:0% +would stay in a bad relationship if you + + + align:start position:0% +would stay in a bad relationship if you +couldn't see a better + + align:start position:0% +couldn't see a better + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't see a better +alternative um and so you know if you + + align:start position:0% +alternative um and so you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +alternative um and so you know if you +imagine a hypothetical situ situation of + + align:start position:0% +imagine a hypothetical situ situation of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a hypothetical situ situation of +somebody in an abusive relationship um + + align:start position:0% +somebody in an abusive relationship um + + + align:start position:0% +somebody in an abusive relationship um +maybe she's got a couple of kids and and + + align:start position:0% +maybe she's got a couple of kids and and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe she's got a couple of kids and and +um while she was raising these kids + + align:start position:0% +um while she was raising these kids + + + align:start position:0% +um while she was raising these kids +she's not working so what's she going to + + align:start position:0% +she's not working so what's she going to + + + align:start position:0% +she's not working so what's she going to +do you know if she + + align:start position:0% +do you know if she + + + align:start position:0% +do you know if she +leaves what what's she going to do with + + align:start position:0% +leaves what what's she going to do with + + + align:start position:0% +leaves what what's she going to do with +the kids where she how's she going to + + align:start position:0% +the kids where she how's she going to + + + align:start position:0% +the kids where she how's she going to +feed herself Etc um part of the logic of + + align:start position:0% +feed herself Etc um part of the logic of + + + align:start position:0% +feed herself Etc um part of the logic of +things like uh shelters for Abused Women + + align:start position:0% +things like uh shelters for Abused Women + + + align:start position:0% +things like uh shelters for Abused Women +is a logic of giving an + + align:start position:0% +is a logic of giving an + + + align:start position:0% +is a logic of giving an +alternative that looks better than the + + align:start position:0% +alternative that looks better than the + + + align:start position:0% +alternative that looks better than the +state you're in now there's nobody + + align:start position:0% +state you're in now there's nobody + + + align:start position:0% +state you're in now there's nobody +saying that uh you know living in a in a + + align:start position:0% +saying that uh you know living in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +saying that uh you know living in a in a +a shelter for uh for Abused Women is is + + align:start position:0% +a shelter for uh for Abused Women is is + + + align:start position:0% +a shelter for uh for Abused Women is is +a relationship that's running a great + + align:start position:0% +a relationship that's running a great + + + align:start position:0% +a relationship that's running a great +big positive score but if it's running + + align:start position:0% +big positive score but if it's running + + + align:start position:0% +big positive score but if it's running +less of a negative than the the + + align:start position:0% +less of a negative than the the + + + align:start position:0% +less of a negative than the the +relationship that you're in you might + + align:start position:0% +relationship that you're in you might + + + align:start position:0% +relationship that you're in you might +get out of the um the abusive um the + + align:start position:0% +get out of the um the abusive um the + + + align:start position:0% +get out of the um the abusive um the +abusive relationship + + align:start position:0% +abusive relationship + + + align:start position:0% +abusive relationship +so that's that's part of what drives + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's part of what drives + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's part of what drives +this notion that it's important not just + + align:start position:0% +this notion that it's important not just + + + align:start position:0% +this notion that it's important not just +what the sign of your profit loss + + align:start position:0% +what the sign of your profit loss + + + align:start position:0% +what the sign of your profit loss +statement is but um what the + + align:start position:0% +statement is but um what the + + + align:start position:0% +statement is but um what the +Alternatives that you perceive are now + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives that you perceive are now + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives that you perceive are now +and and and the you perceive part is + + align:start position:0% +and and and the you perceive part is + + + align:start position:0% +and and and the you perceive part is +important here too because um we all + + align:start position:0% +important here too because um we all + + + align:start position:0% +important here too because um we all +know people who are in relationships + + align:start position:0% +know people who are in relationships + + + align:start position:0% +know people who are in relationships +where you from the outside look at this + + align:start position:0% +where you from the outside look at this + + + align:start position:0% +where you from the outside look at this +relationship and you think you know + + align:start position:0% +relationship and you think you know + + + align:start position:0% +relationship and you think you know +that's not a good relationship what wh + + align:start position:0% +that's not a good relationship what wh + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a good relationship what wh +why why is he in that why is she in that + + align:start position:0% +why why is he in that why is she in that + + + align:start position:0% +why why is he in that why is she in that +um but if they + + align:start position:0% +um but if they + + + align:start position:0% +um but if they +see it as the best current possibility + + align:start position:0% +see it as the best current possibility + + + align:start position:0% +see it as the best current possibility +that relationship in social exchange + + align:start position:0% +that relationship in social exchange + + + align:start position:0% +that relationship in social exchange +theory will be uh will be relatively + + align:start position:0% +theory will be uh will be relatively + + + align:start position:0% +theory will be uh will be relatively +stable um now these next two are sort of + + align:start position:0% +stable um now these next two are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +stable um now these next two are sort of +related to each other who has power in a + + align:start position:0% +related to each other who has power in a + + + align:start position:0% +related to each other who has power in a +relationship and and and uh who works + + align:start position:0% +relationship and and and uh who works + + + align:start position:0% +relationship and and and uh who works +harder in a relationship in a sense + + align:start position:0% +harder in a relationship in a sense + + + align:start position:0% +harder in a relationship in a sense +there're sort of reciprocals of each + + align:start position:0% +there're sort of reciprocals of each + + + align:start position:0% +there're sort of reciprocals of each +other who works harder is the person + + align:start position:0% +other who works harder is the person + + + align:start position:0% +other who works harder is the person +with less power um let's let's do this + + align:start position:0% +with less power um let's let's do this + + + align:start position:0% +with less power um let's let's do this +through a sort of a cartoon uh uh s + + align:start position:0% +through a sort of a cartoon uh uh s + + + align:start position:0% +through a sort of a cartoon uh uh s +another sort of cliche relationship out + + align:start position:0% +another sort of cliche relationship out + + + align:start position:0% +another sort of cliche relationship out +there um young beautiful woman um and + + align:start position:0% +there um young beautiful woman um and + + + align:start position:0% +there um young beautiful woman um and +old less than beautiful + + align:start position:0% +old less than beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +old less than beautiful +guy um what's the other part of the + + align:start position:0% +guy um what's the other part of the + + + align:start position:0% +guy um what's the other part of the +description of the + + align:start position:0% +description of the + + + align:start position:0% +description of the +guy Rich + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why we need a hand + + align:start position:0% +why we need a hand + + + align:start position:0% +why we need a hand +here what + + align:start position:0% +here what + + + align:start position:0% +here what +well nobody's got a clue yeah yeah he's + + align:start position:0% +well nobody's got a clue yeah yeah he's + + + align:start position:0% +well nobody's got a clue yeah yeah he's +all all right all + + align:start position:0% +all all right all + + + align:start position:0% +all all right all +right um that gives him a way in which + + align:start position:0% +right um that gives him a way in which + + + align:start position:0% +right um that gives him a way in which +he doesn't have to work all the time + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't have to work all the time + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't have to work all the time +that's well he's there's this perception + + align:start position:0% +that's well he's there's this perception + + + align:start position:0% +that's well he's there's this perception +that she's got more she she's bringing + + align:start position:0% +that she's got more she she's bringing + + + align:start position:0% +that she's got more she she's bringing +more to the relationship than he is + + align:start position:0% +more to the relationship than he is + + + align:start position:0% +more to the relationship than he is +right so she in a sense has power if she + + align:start position:0% +right so she in a sense has power if she + + + align:start position:0% +right so she in a sense has power if she +looks around and looks what are my + + align:start position:0% +looks around and looks what are my + + + align:start position:0% +looks around and looks what are my +Alternatives you know here I am uh in uh + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives you know here I am uh in uh + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives you know here I am uh in uh +beautiful all right so I'm hanging out + + align:start position:0% +beautiful all right so I'm hanging out + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful all right so I'm hanging out +here GE I ought to be able if I look at + + align:start position:0% +here GE I ought to be able if I look at + + + align:start position:0% +here GE I ought to be able if I look at +my alternatives to + + align:start position:0% +my alternatives to + + + align:start position:0% +my alternatives to +move here so I have a certain power to + + align:start position:0% +move here so I have a certain power to + + + align:start position:0% +move here so I have a certain power to +uh to to move if I if I'm this young + + align:start position:0% +uh to to move if I if I'm this young + + + align:start position:0% +uh to to move if I if I'm this young +beautiful female person hypothetically + + align:start position:0% +beautiful female person hypothetically + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful female person hypothetically +and um what he's got to do the reason + + align:start position:0% +and um what he's got to do the reason + + + align:start position:0% +and um what he's got to do the reason +he's got to work hard is to prevent that + + align:start position:0% +he's got to work hard is to prevent that + + + align:start position:0% +he's got to work hard is to prevent that +movement well how do you prevent that + + align:start position:0% +movement well how do you prevent that + + + align:start position:0% +movement well how do you prevent that +movement one way to do it is is to uh + + align:start position:0% +movement one way to do it is is to uh + + + align:start position:0% +movement one way to do it is is to uh +increase or or well actually I suppose + + align:start position:0% +increase or or well actually I suppose + + + align:start position:0% +increase or or well actually I suppose +not to prevent that movement it's to + + align:start position:0% +not to prevent that movement it's to + + + align:start position:0% +not to prevent that movement it's to +make that movement within the within the + + align:start position:0% +make that movement within the within the + + + align:start position:0% +make that movement within the within the +relationship that you're in now so if um + + align:start position:0% +relationship that you're in now so if um + + + align:start position:0% +relationship that you're in now so if um +if she's giving uh if she's a 10 and + + align:start position:0% +if she's giving uh if she's a 10 and + + + align:start position:0% +if she's giving uh if she's a 10 and +he's a one or two or something he's got + + align:start position:0% +he's a one or two or something he's got + + + align:start position:0% +he's a one or two or something he's got +to make himself into a 10 how does he + + align:start position:0% +to make himself into a 10 how does he + + + align:start position:0% +to make himself into a 10 how does he +make himself into a 10 he can't make + + align:start position:0% +make himself into a 10 he can't make + + + align:start position:0% +make himself into a 10 he can't make +himself young he can't make himself + + align:start position:0% +himself young he can't make himself + + + align:start position:0% +himself young he can't make himself +beautiful what he's got to do is you + + align:start position:0% +beautiful what he's got to do is you + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful what he's got to do is you +know in the cliche version shower her + + align:start position:0% +know in the cliche version shower her + + + align:start position:0% +know in the cliche version shower her +with diamonds and and and and and and uh + + align:start position:0% +with diamonds and and and and and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +with diamonds and and and and and and uh +Furs or something like that increasing + + align:start position:0% +Furs or something like that increasing + + + align:start position:0% +Furs or something like that increasing +um you know the the benefits that she's + + align:start position:0% +um you know the the benefits that she's + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the the benefits that she's +getting in this relationship so that + + align:start position:0% +getting in this relationship so that + + + align:start position:0% +getting in this relationship so that +other relationships don't look more + + align:start position:0% +other relationships don't look more + + + align:start position:0% +other relationships don't look more +attractive so the basic notion is that + + align:start position:0% +attractive so the basic notion is that + + + align:start position:0% +attractive so the basic notion is that +if you're bringing less apparent stuff + + align:start position:0% +if you're bringing less apparent stuff + + + align:start position:0% +if you're bringing less apparent stuff +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +relationship your partner is sitting + + align:start position:0% +relationship your partner is sitting + + + align:start position:0% +relationship your partner is sitting +there saying I could do better at least + + align:start position:0% +there saying I could do better at least + + + align:start position:0% +there saying I could do better at least +hypothetically and you're sitting there + + align:start position:0% +hypothetically and you're sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetically and you're sitting there +saying if I don't want him her to go + + align:start position:0% +saying if I don't want him her to go + + + align:start position:0% +saying if I don't want him her to go +elsewhere I've I've got to I've got to + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere I've I've got to I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere I've I've got to I've got to +do I've got to be more loving or I've + + align:start position:0% +do I've got to be more loving or I've + + + align:start position:0% +do I've got to be more loving or I've +got to be you know cook better or I've + + align:start position:0% +got to be you know cook better or I've + + + align:start position:0% +got to be you know cook better or I've +I've I've I've got to do something here + + align:start position:0% +I've I've I've got to do something here + + + align:start position:0% +I've I've I've got to do something here +so I'm the one who's got to work hard + + align:start position:0% +so I'm the one who's got to work hard + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm the one who's got to work hard +and and and uh and and the the other is + + align:start position:0% +and and and uh and and the the other is + + + align:start position:0% +and and and uh and and the the other is +the one with the um the other is the one + + align:start position:0% +the one with the um the other is the one + + + align:start position:0% +the one with the um the other is the one +with the the power there now um + + align:start position:0% +with the the power there now um + + + align:start position:0% +with the the power there now um +are romantic relationships really just + + align:start position:0% +are romantic relationships really just + + + align:start position:0% +are romantic relationships really just +this crass economic kind of thing sounds + + align:start position:0% +this crass economic kind of thing sounds + + + align:start position:0% +this crass economic kind of thing sounds +pretty Grim well there are important + + align:start position:0% +pretty Grim well there are important + + + align:start position:0% +pretty Grim well there are important +differen + + align:start position:0% +differen + + + align:start position:0% +differen +between economic exchange and social + + align:start position:0% +between economic exchange and social + + + align:start position:0% +between economic exchange and social +exchange one of them we've already + + align:start position:0% +exchange one of them we've already + + + align:start position:0% +exchange one of them we've already +pointed to which is the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +pointed to which is the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +pointed to which is the fact that the +economic costs and benefits are + + align:start position:0% +economic costs and benefits are + + + align:start position:0% +economic costs and benefits are +typically much more + + align:start position:0% +typically much more + + + align:start position:0% +typically much more +calculable than the um the social ones + + align:start position:0% +calculable than the um the social ones + + + align:start position:0% +calculable than the um the social ones +that's the dinner minus two insults + + align:start position:0% +that's the dinner minus two insults + + + align:start position:0% +that's the dinner minus two insults +problem um the other one that I point + + align:start position:0% +problem um the other one that I point + + + align:start position:0% +problem um the other one that I point +out here is that the rules of + + align:start position:0% +out here is that the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +out here is that the rules of +negotiation what's permissible as negoti + + align:start position:0% +negotiation what's permissible as negoti + + + align:start position:0% +negotiation what's permissible as negoti +ation in economic exchange um is + + align:start position:0% +ation in economic exchange um is + + + align:start position:0% +ation in economic exchange um is +considered + + align:start position:0% +considered + + + align:start position:0% +considered +desperately + + align:start position:0% +desperately + + + align:start position:0% +desperately +goh you know not done in Social + + align:start position:0% +goh you know not done in Social + + + align:start position:0% +goh you know not done in Social +relations right so look you know you + + align:start position:0% +relations right so look you know you + + + align:start position:0% +relations right so look you know you +just wouldn't have a + + align:start position:0% +just wouldn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +just wouldn't have a +conversation that says you know you can + + align:start position:0% +conversation that says you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +conversation that says you know you can +come up to my room later if you take me + + align:start position:0% +come up to my room later if you take me + + + align:start position:0% +come up to my room later if you take me +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +dinner okay what kind of dinner do you + + align:start position:0% +dinner okay what kind of dinner do you + + + align:start position:0% +dinner okay what kind of dinner do you +want well you got to take me to a + + align:start position:0% +want well you got to take me to a + + + align:start position:0% +want well you got to take me to a +fourstar + + align:start position:0% +fourstar + + + align:start position:0% +fourstar +restaurant no way we'll go to Burger + + align:start position:0% +restaurant no way we'll go to Burger + + + align:start position:0% +restaurant no way we'll go to Burger +King you know uh no uh uhuh no no how + + align:start position:0% +King you know uh no uh uhuh no no how + + + align:start position:0% +King you know uh no uh uhuh no no how +how about uh three stars three stars go + + align:start position:0% +how about uh three stars three stars go + + + align:start position:0% +how about uh three stars three stars go +for three all right how about how about + + align:start position:0% +for three all right how about how about + + + align:start position:0% +for three all right how about how about +the two star tie place down the street + + align:start position:0% +the two star tie place down the street + + + align:start position:0% +the two star tie place down the street +um okay it's a deal but you can only + + align:start position:0% +um okay it's a deal but you can only + + + align:start position:0% +um okay it's a deal but you can only +come up for 20 minutes you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know I it doesn't doesn't sound like + + align:start position:0% +know I it doesn't doesn't sound like + + + align:start position:0% +know I it doesn't doesn't sound like +that sort of haggling in strictly + + align:start position:0% +that sort of haggling in strictly + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of haggling in strictly +economic terms is not not + + align:start position:0% +economic terms is not not + + + align:start position:0% +economic terms is not not +uh is is not sort of considered + + align:start position:0% +uh is is not sort of considered + + + align:start position:0% +uh is is not sort of considered +mainstream romance + + align:start position:0% +mainstream romance + + + align:start position:0% +mainstream romance +mostly um it's also not really + + align:start position:0% +mostly um it's also not really + + + align:start position:0% +mostly um it's also not really +mainstream uh uh US economic um haggling + + align:start position:0% +mainstream uh uh US economic um haggling + + + align:start position:0% +mainstream uh uh US economic um haggling +these days either you don't you know if + + align:start position:0% +these days either you don't you know if + + + align:start position:0% +these days either you don't you know if +you go to Target and want to argue about + + align:start position:0% +you go to Target and want to argue about + + + align:start position:0% +you go to Target and want to argue about +the the the the the price of a toaster + + align:start position:0% +the the the the the price of a toaster + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the the price of a toaster +oven or something they're not actually + + align:start position:0% +oven or something they're not actually + + + align:start position:0% +oven or something they're not actually +going to be that interested um but in + + align:start position:0% +going to be that interested um but in + + + align:start position:0% +going to be that interested um but in +those places in in the economic sphere + + align:start position:0% +those places in in the economic sphere + + + align:start position:0% +those places in in the economic sphere +where haggling is still + + align:start position:0% +where haggling is still + + + align:start position:0% +where haggling is still +permissible a talented um uh a talented + + align:start position:0% +permissible a talented um uh a talented + + + align:start position:0% +permissible a talented um uh a talented +Haggler a talented negotiator will work + + align:start position:0% +Haggler a talented negotiator will work + + + align:start position:0% +Haggler a talented negotiator will work +hard to be your friend why because the + + align:start position:0% +hard to be your friend why because the + + + align:start position:0% +hard to be your friend why because the +the the clearest example that I know of + + align:start position:0% +the the clearest example that I know of + + + align:start position:0% +the the clearest example that I know of +in American economic life is car + + align:start position:0% +in American economic life is car + + + align:start position:0% +in American economic life is car +dealerships go to a car dealership you + + align:start position:0% +dealerships go to a car dealership you + + + align:start position:0% +dealerships go to a car dealership you +will do this one of these days go to a + + align:start position:0% +will do this one of these days go to a + + + align:start position:0% +will do this one of these days go to a +car dealership the guy who comes out + + align:start position:0% +car dealership the guy who comes out + + + align:start position:0% +car dealership the guy who comes out +typically a guy who comes out to sell + + align:start position:0% +typically a guy who comes out to sell + + + align:start position:0% +typically a guy who comes out to sell +you a car is going to be your best buddy + + align:start position:0% +you a car is going to be your best buddy + + + align:start position:0% +you a car is going to be your best buddy +almost interest almost + + align:start position:0% +almost interest almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost interest almost +instantaneously very nice friendly guy + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously very nice friendly guy + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously very nice friendly guy +why well maybe he's a very nice friendly + + align:start position:0% +why well maybe he's a very nice friendly + + + align:start position:0% +why well maybe he's a very nice friendly +guy we shouldn't disparage that + + align:start position:0% +guy we shouldn't disparage that + + + align:start position:0% +guy we shouldn't disparage that +possibility but the other reason is that + + align:start position:0% +possibility but the other reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +possibility but the other reason is that +if you behave to him as though you are + + align:start position:0% +if you behave to him as though you are + + + align:start position:0% +if you behave to him as though you are +in a social exchange while he knows + + align:start position:0% +in a social exchange while he knows + + + align:start position:0% +in a social exchange while he knows +perfectly well that what you are doing + + align:start position:0% +perfectly well that what you are doing + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly well that what you are doing +is an economic exchange he's going to + + align:start position:0% +is an economic exchange he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +is an economic exchange he's going to +make money because you are dis abled you + + align:start position:0% +make money because you are dis abled you + + + align:start position:0% +make money because you are dis abled you +cannot argue with your friend about + + align:start position:0% +cannot argue with your friend about + + + align:start position:0% +cannot argue with your friend about +money in the way you can argue with + + align:start position:0% +money in the way you can argue with + + + align:start position:0% +money in the way you can argue with +somebody in a strictly + + align:start position:0% +somebody in a strictly + + + align:start position:0% +somebody in a strictly +economic um in a strictly economic + + align:start position:0% +economic um in a strictly economic + + + align:start position:0% +economic um in a strictly economic +Marketplace so he's going to be your + + align:start position:0% +Marketplace so he's going to be your + + + align:start position:0% +Marketplace so he's going to be your +friend you're going to come to a nice + + align:start position:0% +friend you're going to come to a nice + + + align:start position:0% +friend you're going to come to a nice +friendly agreement and then it turns out + + align:start position:0% +friendly agreement and then it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +friendly agreement and then it turns out +that after you have made this deal + + align:start position:0% +that after you have made this deal + + + align:start position:0% +that after you have made this deal +that's not enough you shake hands on + + align:start position:0% +that's not enough you shake hands on + + + align:start position:0% +that's not enough you shake hands on +that that's not quite enough because + + align:start position:0% +that that's not quite enough because + + + align:start position:0% +that that's not quite enough because +then he's got to go talk to his manager + + align:start position:0% +then he's got to go talk to his manager + + + align:start position:0% +then he's got to go talk to his manager +about it he's such a good friend of + + align:start position:0% +about it he's such a good friend of + + + align:start position:0% +about it he's such a good friend of +yours that he may have gone a little too + + align:start position:0% +yours that he may have gone a little too + + + align:start position:0% +yours that he may have gone a little too +far he worries so he's got to go talk to + + align:start position:0% +far he worries so he's got to go talk to + + + align:start position:0% +far he worries so he's got to go talk to +the manager and the manager is not your + + align:start position:0% +the manager and the manager is not your + + + align:start position:0% +the manager and the manager is not your +friend so he's got to go and talk to the + + align:start position:0% +friend so he's got to go and talk to the + + + align:start position:0% +friend so he's got to go and talk to the +but but he's your friend so he'll go and + + align:start position:0% +but but he's your friend so he'll go and + + + align:start position:0% +but but he's your friend so he'll go and +fight it out with the manager he goes + + align:start position:0% +fight it out with the manager he goes + + + align:start position:0% +fight it out with the manager he goes +you're never invited to this discussion + + align:start position:0% +you're never invited to this discussion + + + align:start position:0% +you're never invited to this discussion +by the way he goes back to talk to um + + align:start position:0% +by the way he goes back to talk to um + + + align:start position:0% +by the way he goes back to talk to um +the bad manager and I think what they + + align:start position:0% +the bad manager and I think what they + + + align:start position:0% +the bad manager and I think what they +actually do is they chort a little bit + + align:start position:0% +actually do is they chort a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +actually do is they chort a little bit +about uh you know their kids and and and + + align:start position:0% +about uh you know their kids and and and + + + align:start position:0% +about uh you know their kids and and and +and and the Red Sox and stuff like that + + align:start position:0% +and and the Red Sox and stuff like that + + + align:start position:0% +and and the Red Sox and stuff like that +and then your friend comes back with a + + align:start position:0% +and then your friend comes back with a + + + align:start position:0% +and then your friend comes back with a +sad face and says my mean nasty evil + + align:start position:0% +sad face and says my mean nasty evil + + + align:start position:0% +sad face and says my mean nasty evil +manager not in quite those terms won't + + align:start position:0% +manager not in quite those terms won't + + + align:start position:0% +manager not in quite those terms won't +go for it we can't we can't we just + + align:start position:0% +go for it we can't we can't we just + + + align:start position:0% +go for it we can't we can't we just +can't do this you know you you we we you + + align:start position:0% +can't do this you know you you we we you + + + align:start position:0% +can't do this you know you you we we you +and I we could do this with just an + + align:start position:0% +and I we could do this with just an + + + align:start position:0% +and I we could do this with just an +extra say 500 bucks of your money um and + + align:start position:0% +extra say 500 bucks of your money um and + + + align:start position:0% +extra say 500 bucks of your money um and +because we're friends you put up the 500 + + align:start position:0% +because we're friends you put up the 500 + + + align:start position:0% +because we're friends you put up the 500 +bucks and this uh I I I I think uh that + + align:start position:0% +bucks and this uh I I I I think uh that + + + align:start position:0% +bucks and this uh I I I I think uh that +I I don't know this but I think that car + + align:start position:0% +I I don't know this but I think that car + + + align:start position:0% +I I don't know this but I think that car +dealers are explicitly in they they know + + align:start position:0% +dealers are explicitly in they they know + + + align:start position:0% +dealers are explicitly in they they know +about social psychology they're + + align:start position:0% +about social psychology they're + + + align:start position:0% +about social psychology they're +explicitly instructed that this is + + align:start position:0% +explicitly instructed that this is + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly instructed that this is +useful way to to negotiate um that by + + align:start position:0% +useful way to to negotiate um that by + + + align:start position:0% +useful way to to negotiate um that by +being your friend by moving the + + align:start position:0% +being your friend by moving the + + + align:start position:0% +being your friend by moving the +discussion from an economic exchange to + + align:start position:0% +discussion from an economic exchange to + + + align:start position:0% +discussion from an economic exchange to +a social exchange because of the + + align:start position:0% +a social exchange because of the + + + align:start position:0% +a social exchange because of the +differences in those sorts of + + align:start position:0% +differences in those sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +differences in those sorts of +interactions that can be exploited in a + + align:start position:0% +interactions that can be exploited in a + + + align:start position:0% +interactions that can be exploited in a +way that um that makes you money uh + + align:start position:0% +way that um that makes you money uh + + + align:start position:0% +way that um that makes you money uh +makes money for the for the the car + + align:start position:0% +makes money for the for the the car + + + align:start position:0% +makes money for the for the the car +dealer uh the the the uh the most uh + + align:start position:0% +dealer uh the the the uh the most uh + + + align:start position:0% +dealer uh the the the uh the most uh +beautiful example of this in my own + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of this in my own + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of this in my own +personal experience was not at a car + + align:start position:0% +personal experience was not at a car + + + align:start position:0% +personal experience was not at a car +dealership but was in uh the the city of + + align:start position:0% +dealership but was in uh the the city of + + + align:start position:0% +dealership but was in uh the the city of +maresh in Morocco um where you know + + align:start position:0% +maresh in Morocco um where you know + + + align:start position:0% +maresh in Morocco um where you know +everything is negotiable you know the + + align:start position:0% +everything is negotiable you know the + + + align:start position:0% +everything is negotiable you know the +the cup of water is the price is + + align:start position:0% +the cup of water is the price is + + + align:start position:0% +the cup of water is the price is +negotiable but anyway a lot of haggling + + align:start position:0% +negotiable but anyway a lot of haggling + + + align:start position:0% +negotiable but anyway a lot of haggling +there and um so I was there for a + + align:start position:0% +there and um so I was there for a + + + align:start position:0% +there and um so I was there for a +conference and and and and we get to we + + align:start position:0% +conference and and and and we get to we + + + align:start position:0% +conference and and and and we get to we +were taken off as a group for a tour of + + align:start position:0% +were taken off as a group for a tour of + + + align:start position:0% +were taken off as a group for a tour of +the uh the Old Market which is great you + + align:start position:0% +the uh the Old Market which is great you + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the Old Market which is great you +should all go there sometime he went to + + align:start position:0% +should all go there sometime he went to + + + align:start position:0% +should all go there sometime he went to +the to the to a rug merchant um this was + + align:start position:0% +the to the to a rug merchant um this was + + + align:start position:0% +the to the to a rug merchant um this was +early in my career I didn't have no + + align:start position:0% +early in my career I didn't have no + + + align:start position:0% +early in my career I didn't have no +money um so I'm not buying any rugs + + align:start position:0% +money um so I'm not buying any rugs + + + align:start position:0% +money um so I'm not buying any rugs +because to buy rugs it's good to have + + align:start position:0% +because to buy rugs it's good to have + + + align:start position:0% +because to buy rugs it's good to have +money um so I'm sitting there drinking + + align:start position:0% +money um so I'm sitting there drinking + + + align:start position:0% +money um so I'm sitting there drinking +buckets of of mint tea which is what you + + align:start position:0% +buckets of of mint tea which is what you + + + align:start position:0% +buckets of of mint tea which is what you +get in Morocco um while other people are + + align:start position:0% +get in Morocco um while other people are + + + align:start position:0% +get in Morocco um while other people are +negotiating for rugs it's kind of fun to + + align:start position:0% +negotiating for rugs it's kind of fun to + + + align:start position:0% +negotiating for rugs it's kind of fun to +watch but at some point some guy decides + + align:start position:0% +watch but at some point some guy decides + + + align:start position:0% +watch but at some point some guy decides +that he's going to sell me a + + align:start position:0% +that he's going to sell me a + + + align:start position:0% +that he's going to sell me a +rug and he take he's going to show me + + align:start position:0% +rug and he take he's going to show me + + + align:start position:0% +rug and he take he's going to show me +the special rugs out + + align:start position:0% +the special rugs out + + + align:start position:0% +the special rugs out +back okay so we're going out back we're + + align:start position:0% +back okay so we're going out back we're + + + align:start position:0% +back okay so we're going out back we're +up the back stairs and he asks me are + + align:start position:0% +up the back stairs and he asks me are + + + align:start position:0% +up the back stairs and he asks me are +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +Jewish yeah well you know my mother + + align:start position:0% +Jewish yeah well you know my mother + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish yeah well you know my mother +brought me up to be honest yes I'm + + align:start position:0% +brought me up to be honest yes I'm + + + align:start position:0% +brought me up to be honest yes I'm +Jewish the next thing you know we're + + align:start position:0% +Jewish the next thing you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish the next thing you know we're +hugging and kissing cuz he's Jewish too + + align:start position:0% +hugging and kissing cuz he's Jewish too + + + align:start position:0% +hugging and kissing cuz he's Jewish too +last week I think he was a Methodist + + align:start position:0% +last week I think he was a Methodist + + + align:start position:0% +last week I think he was a Methodist +but in any case so by but so now now now + + align:start position:0% +but in any case so by but so now now now + + + align:start position:0% +but in any case so by but so now now now +we're friends of course not friends I + + align:start position:0% +we're friends of course not friends I + + + align:start position:0% +we're friends of course not friends I +mean we're practically blood relations + + align:start position:0% +mean we're practically blood relations + + + align:start position:0% +mean we're practically blood relations +he shows me only rugs we uh woven I I by + + align:start position:0% +he shows me only rugs we uh woven I I by + + + align:start position:0% +he shows me only rugs we uh woven I I by +Jewish virgins the uh how how do you + + align:start position:0% +Jewish virgins the uh how how do you + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish virgins the uh how how do you +know this is the case well they've got + + align:start position:0% +know this is the case well they've got + + + align:start position:0% +know this is the case well they've got +the six-pointed star on them as he + + align:start position:0% +the six-pointed star on them as he + + + align:start position:0% +the six-pointed star on them as he +points out well it turns out that every + + align:start position:0% +points out well it turns out that every + + + align:start position:0% +points out well it turns out that every +rug in Morocco seems to have six-pointed + + align:start position:0% +rug in Morocco seems to have six-pointed + + + align:start position:0% +rug in Morocco seems to have six-pointed +stars on it but never mind plus the guy + + align:start position:0% +stars on it but never mind plus the guy + + + align:start position:0% +stars on it but never mind plus the guy +has also taken his intro pych class and + + align:start position:0% +has also taken his intro pych class and + + + align:start position:0% +has also taken his intro pych class and +he knows about Force Choice + + align:start position:0% +he knows about Force Choice + + + align:start position:0% +he knows about Force Choice +psychophysics rather than saying do you + + align:start position:0% +psychophysics rather than saying do you + + + align:start position:0% +psychophysics rather than saying do you +like this rug what he's doing is holding + + align:start position:0% +like this rug what he's doing is holding + + + align:start position:0% +like this rug what he's doing is holding +up two rugs and saying which one do you + + align:start position:0% +up two rugs and saying which one do you + + + align:start position:0% +up two rugs and saying which one do you +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +better so you got to give an answer + + align:start position:0% +better so you got to give an answer + + + align:start position:0% +better so you got to give an answer +right I like that one better okay it + + align:start position:0% +right I like that one better okay it + + + align:start position:0% +right I like that one better okay it +goes in the stack by the time we're + + align:start position:0% +goes in the stack by the time we're + + + align:start position:0% +goes in the stack by the time we're +playing this game a little while we not + + align:start position:0% +playing this game a little while we not + + + align:start position:0% +playing this game a little while we not +only does he have the theory that I'm + + align:start position:0% +only does he have the theory that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +only does he have the theory that I'm +buying a rug I'm buying a stack of rugs + + align:start position:0% +buying a rug I'm buying a stack of rugs + + + align:start position:0% +buying a rug I'm buying a stack of rugs +well I still don't have any money the uh + + align:start position:0% +well I still don't have any money the uh + + + align:start position:0% +well I still don't have any money the uh +and and and so I remember what it said + + align:start position:0% +and and and so I remember what it said + + + align:start position:0% +and and and so I remember what it said +in the guide book in the guide book it + + align:start position:0% +in the guide book in the guide book it + + + align:start position:0% +in the guide book in the guide book it +said that if you're at the state store + + align:start position:0% +said that if you're at the state store + + + align:start position:0% +said that if you're at the state store +if you're you you go to the state store + + align:start position:0% +if you're you you go to the state store + + + align:start position:0% +if you're you you go to the state store +because at the state store they only + + align:start position:0% +because at the state store they only + + + align:start position:0% +because at the state store they only +mark up by 50% and so you should + + align:start position:0% +mark up by 50% and so you should + + + align:start position:0% +mark up by 50% and so you should +negotiate the price you're looking for + + align:start position:0% +negotiate the price you're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +negotiate the price you're looking for +is to negotiate down by about 50% and + + align:start position:0% +is to negotiate down by about 50% and + + + align:start position:0% +is to negotiate down by about 50% and +and then everybody will be happy so I + + align:start position:0% +and then everybody will be happy so I + + + align:start position:0% +and then everybody will be happy so I +remember this and we're in the state rug + + align:start position:0% +remember this and we're in the state rug + + + align:start position:0% +remember this and we're in the state rug +store I know what I'm going to do I'll + + align:start position:0% +store I know what I'm going to do I'll + + + align:start position:0% +store I know what I'm going to do I'll +offer this guy 10% of his asking price + + align:start position:0% +offer this guy 10% of his asking price + + + align:start position:0% +offer this guy 10% of his asking price +he'll be so offended that he throws me + + align:start position:0% +he'll be so offended that he throws me + + + align:start position:0% +he'll be so offended that he throws me +out all right so I offer him 10% and he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accepts now you want to re you want to + + align:start position:0% +accepts now you want to re you want to + + + align:start position:0% +accepts now you want to re you want to +violate both the borders of Social and + + align:start position:0% +violate both the borders of Social and + + + align:start position:0% +violate both the borders of Social and +economic exchange backing off your own + + align:start position:0% +economic exchange backing off your own + + + align:start position:0% +economic exchange backing off your own +offer is really really rude and at that + + align:start position:0% +offer is really really rude and at that + + + align:start position:0% +offer is really really rude and at that +point he threw me out um which is too + + align:start position:0% +point he threw me out um which is too + + + align:start position:0% +point he threw me out um which is too +bad I probably should have just maxed + + align:start position:0% +bad I probably should have just maxed + + + align:start position:0% +bad I probably should have just maxed +out the credit card because I think I + + align:start position:0% +out the credit card because I think I + + + align:start position:0% +out the credit card because I think I +probably had a pretty good deal at that + + align:start position:0% +probably had a pretty good deal at that + + + align:start position:0% +probably had a pretty good deal at that +point but in any case it was another + + align:start position:0% +point but in any case it was another + + + align:start position:0% +point but in any case it was another +beautiful example of trying to use the + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of trying to use the + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of trying to use the +rules of social + + align:start position:0% +rules of social + + + align:start position:0% +rules of social +exchange um not not to mention a half a + + align:start position:0% +exchange um not not to mention a half a + + + align:start position:0% +exchange um not not to mention a half a +dozen other bits of Applied psychology + + align:start position:0% +dozen other bits of Applied psychology + + + align:start position:0% +dozen other bits of Applied psychology +to make uh to to close an economic deal + + align:start position:0% +to make uh to to close an economic deal + + + align:start position:0% +to make uh to to close an economic deal +um and I think all my friends who came + + align:start position:0% +um and I think all my friends who came + + + align:start position:0% +um and I think all my friends who came +back saying I got him down to only 50% + + align:start position:0% +back saying I got him down to only 50% + + + align:start position:0% +back saying I got him down to only 50% +of the price probably made a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +of the price probably made a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +of the price probably made a bunch of +people really really happy um so the um + + align:start position:0% +people really really happy um so the um + + + align:start position:0% +people really really happy um so the um +the last thing I want to mention + + align:start position:0% +the last thing I want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +the last thing I want to mention +here is uh is one last problem in social + + align:start position:0% +here is uh is one last problem in social + + + align:start position:0% +here is uh is one last problem in social +exchange that's the problem of vastly + + align:start position:0% +exchange that's the problem of vastly + + + align:start position:0% +exchange that's the problem of vastly +unequal and and and inevitably unequal + + align:start position:0% +unequal and and and inevitably unequal + + + align:start position:0% +unequal and and and inevitably unequal +relationship there are relationships out + + align:start position:0% +relationship there are relationships out + + + align:start position:0% +relationship there are relationships out +there that are simply not going to be + + align:start position:0% +there that are simply not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +there that are simply not going to be +reciprocal um one of the clear examples + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal um one of the clear examples + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal um one of the clear examples +um are parent child + + align:start position:0% +um are parent child + + + align:start position:0% +um are parent child +relationships right even if you think in + + align:start position:0% +relationships right even if you think in + + + align:start position:0% +relationships right even if you think in +strict economic terms how much money + + align:start position:0% +strict economic terms how much money + + + align:start position:0% +strict economic terms how much money +have your parents put into + + align:start position:0% +have your parents put into + + + align:start position:0% +have your parents put into +you how much money have you put into + + align:start position:0% +you how much money have you put into + + + align:start position:0% +you how much money have you put into +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +parents I mean it and it doesn't get any + + align:start position:0% +parents I mean it and it doesn't get any + + + align:start position:0% +parents I mean it and it doesn't get any +better by the time you're my age right I + + align:start position:0% +better by the time you're my age right I + + + align:start position:0% +better by the time you're my age right I +mean it's it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +mean it's it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's it's it's an +inevitably uh it's inevitably a + + align:start position:0% +inevitably uh it's inevitably a + + + align:start position:0% +inevitably uh it's inevitably a +relationship that is is going to be + + align:start position:0% +relationship that is is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +relationship that is is going to be +unequal and that produces as you may + + align:start position:0% +unequal and that produces as you may + + + align:start position:0% +unequal and that produces as you may +have noticed at various stages in your + + align:start position:0% +have noticed at various stages in your + + + align:start position:0% +have noticed at various stages in your +life a sense of discomfort about that + + align:start position:0% +life a sense of discomfort about that + + + align:start position:0% +life a sense of discomfort about that +inequality how do you deal with it there + + align:start position:0% +inequality how do you deal with it there + + + align:start position:0% +inequality how do you deal with it there +are lots of ways to deal with it and and + + align:start position:0% +are lots of ways to deal with it and and + + + align:start position:0% +are lots of ways to deal with it and and +social exchange theory is not capable of + + align:start position:0% +social exchange theory is not capable of + + + align:start position:0% +social exchange theory is not capable of +predicting which you know which one to + + align:start position:0% +predicting which you know which one to + + + align:start position:0% +predicting which you know which one to +choose at this point but you know for + + align:start position:0% +choose at this point but you know for + + + align:start position:0% +choose at this point but you know for +example a very typical early adolescent + + align:start position:0% +example a very typical early adolescent + + + align:start position:0% +example a very typical early adolescent +one is the assertion to one's parents + + align:start position:0% +one is the assertion to one's parents + + + align:start position:0% +one is the assertion to one's parents +you never did nothing for me right no + + align:start position:0% +you never did nothing for me right no + + + align:start position:0% +you never did nothing for me right no +rational uh you know 13-year-old really + + align:start position:0% +rational uh you know 13-year-old really + + + align:start position:0% +rational uh you know 13-year-old really +uh you know if if you if you ask you + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if if you if you ask you + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if if you if you ask you +know you really know yeah in the midst + + align:start position:0% +know you really know yeah in the midst + + + align:start position:0% +know you really know yeah in the midst +of some fight you never did nothing for + + align:start position:0% +of some fight you never did nothing for + + + align:start position:0% +of some fight you never did nothing for +me okay where did the food come + + align:start position:0% +me okay where did the food come + + + align:start position:0% +me okay where did the food come +from well yeah you did that but it's + + align:start position:0% +from well yeah you did that but it's + + + align:start position:0% +from well yeah you did that but it's +it's not a it's not a logical statement + + align:start position:0% +it's not a it's not a logical statement + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a it's not a logical statement +but it's a statement that attempts to + + align:start position:0% +but it's a statement that attempts to + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a statement that attempts to +balance the accounts in some fashion + + align:start position:0% +balance the accounts in some fashion + + + align:start position:0% +balance the accounts in some fashion +it's a way of dealing with this feeling + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of dealing with this feeling + + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of dealing with this feeling +that the relation ship is is uh is + + align:start position:0% +that the relation ship is is uh is + + + align:start position:0% +that the relation ship is is uh is +unequal um there + + align:start position:0% +unequal um there + + + align:start position:0% +unequal um there +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +are the the the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parental how many how many of you have + + align:start position:0% +parental how many how many of you have + + + align:start position:0% +parental how many how many of you have +heard at some point the line from your + + align:start position:0% +heard at some point the line from your + + + align:start position:0% +heard at some point the line from your +your your parents one day you should + + align:start position:0% +your your parents one day you should + + + align:start position:0% +your your parents one day you should +have a child like you or words to that + + align:start position:0% +have a child like you or words to that + + + align:start position:0% +have a child like you or words to that +effect well that that that's that's + + align:start position:0% +effect well that that that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +effect well that that that's that's +that's another sense in which this can + + align:start position:0% +that's another sense in which this can + + + align:start position:0% +that's another sense in which this can +be balanced the no the parental notion + + align:start position:0% +be balanced the no the parental notion + + + align:start position:0% +be balanced the no the parental notion +that um the accounts will be balanced + + align:start position:0% +that um the accounts will be balanced + + + align:start position:0% +that um the accounts will be balanced +when your children do unto you as you + + align:start position:0% +when your children do unto you as you + + + align:start position:0% +when your children do unto you as you +have done to uh to your par and guess + + align:start position:0% +have done to uh to your par and guess + + + align:start position:0% +have done to uh to your par and guess +what your parents are right um and and + + align:start position:0% +what your parents are right um and and + + + align:start position:0% +what your parents are right um and and +and oh how many can can can you remember + + align:start position:0% +and oh how many can can can you remember + + + align:start position:0% +and oh how many can can can you remember +thinking at some point that um you're + + align:start position:0% +thinking at some point that um you're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking at some point that um you're +never should you ever have children + + align:start position:0% +never should you ever have children + + + align:start position:0% +never should you ever have children +you're never going to say anything as + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to say anything as + + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to say anything as +stupid to your own children at oh well + + align:start position:0% +stupid to your own children at oh well + + + align:start position:0% +stupid to your own children at oh well +one perfectly lovely concrete example + + align:start position:0% +one perfectly lovely concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +one perfectly lovely concrete example +why do I have to do do this the an the + + align:start position:0% +why do I have to do do this the an the + + + align:start position:0% +why do I have to do do this the an the +parental answer to which + + align:start position:0% +parental answer to which + + + align:start position:0% +parental answer to which +is because I said so have you heard the + + align:start position:0% +is because I said so have you heard the + + + align:start position:0% +is because I said so have you heard the +little voice in your in your head + + align:start position:0% +little voice in your in your head + + + align:start position:0% +little voice in your in your head +promising that you will never say + + align:start position:0% +promising that you will never say + + + align:start position:0% +promising that you will never say +anything that lame to your own + + align:start position:0% +anything that lame to your own + + + align:start position:0% +anything that lame to your own +kids guess + + align:start position:0% +kids guess + + + align:start position:0% +kids guess +what it's it's it's very Grim uh it it + + align:start position:0% +what it's it's it's very Grim uh it it + + + align:start position:0% +what it's it's it's very Grim uh it it +you know and and and you can just sit + + align:start position:0% +you know and and and you can just sit + + + align:start position:0% +you know and and and you can just sit +there listening to yourself as you say + + align:start position:0% +there listening to yourself as you say + + + align:start position:0% +there listening to yourself as you say +it you say oh God I said I'd never do + + align:start position:0% +it you say oh God I said I'd never do + + + align:start position:0% +it you say oh God I said I'd never do +that all right but there's an beyond + + align:start position:0% +that all right but there's an beyond + + + align:start position:0% +that all right but there's an beyond +that realm what do you do about these + + align:start position:0% +that realm what do you do about these + + + align:start position:0% +that realm what do you do about these +unequal relationships last thought + + align:start position:0% +unequal relationships last thought + + + align:start position:0% +unequal relationships last thought +there's an interesting thought that + + align:start position:0% +there's an interesting thought that + + + align:start position:0% +there's an interesting thought that +comes out of Roger Brown's book uh + + align:start position:0% +comes out of Roger Brown's book uh + + + align:start position:0% +comes out of Roger Brown's book uh +social psychology a beautifully written + + align:start position:0% +social psychology a beautifully written + + + align:start position:0% +social psychology a beautifully written +uh textbook on social psychology um he + + align:start position:0% +uh textbook on social psychology um he + + + align:start position:0% +uh textbook on social psychology um he +talks about the central Exchange in + + align:start position:0% +talks about the central Exchange in + + + align:start position:0% +talks about the central Exchange in +social exchange the argument is that not + + align:start position:0% +social exchange the argument is that not + + + align:start position:0% +social exchange the argument is that not +all of the relationship not not not all + + align:start position:0% +all of the relationship not not not all + + + align:start position:0% +all of the relationship not not not all +of the interactions need to be between + + align:start position:0% +of the interactions need to be between + + + align:start position:0% +of the interactions need to be between +you and another and the person with whom + + align:start position:0% +you and another and the person with whom + + + align:start position:0% +you and another and the person with whom +you are having a relationship at this + + align:start position:0% +you are having a relationship at this + + + align:start position:0% +you are having a relationship at this +particular moment there can be a bank in + + align:start position:0% +particular moment there can be a bank in + + + align:start position:0% +particular moment there can be a bank in +there um the experim here's the + + align:start position:0% +there um the experim here's the + + + align:start position:0% +there um the experim here's the +experimental evidence last or a bit of + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence last or a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence last or a bit of +experimental evidence last little 2 by + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence last little 2 by + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence last little 2 by +two on there um and and my my new free + + align:start position:0% +two on there um and and my my new free + + + align:start position:0% +two on there um and and my my new free +nickel will do just fine uh it's it's + + align:start position:0% +nickel will do just fine uh it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +nickel will do just fine uh it's it's +becoming a slightly archaic example + + align:start position:0% +becoming a slightly archaic example + + + align:start position:0% +becoming a slightly archaic example +because most people don't use phone + + align:start position:0% +because most people don't use phone + + + align:start position:0% +because most people don't use phone +boots anymore but you you still know + + align:start position:0% +boots anymore but you you still know + + + align:start position:0% +boots anymore but you you still know +what a phone booth is right you go into + + align:start position:0% +what a phone booth is right you go into + + + align:start position:0% +what a phone booth is right you go into +a phone booth the first thing you do + + align:start position:0% +a phone booth the first thing you do + + + align:start position:0% +a phone booth the first thing you do +before going and and dialing the number + + align:start position:0% +before going and and dialing the number + + + align:start position:0% +before going and and dialing the number +or anything is to check what you quarter + + align:start position:0% +or anything is to check what you quarter + + + align:start position:0% +or anything is to check what you quarter +not if you have a quarter is there a + + align:start position:0% +not if you have a quarter is there a + + + align:start position:0% +not if you have a quarter is there a +quarter in the in the change slot right + + align:start position:0% +quarter in the in the change slot right + + + align:start position:0% +quarter in the in the change slot right +everybody goes and checks that little + + align:start position:0% +everybody goes and checks that little + + + align:start position:0% +everybody goes and checks that little +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +slot oh I've just changed her life check + + align:start position:0% +slot oh I've just changed her life check + + + align:start position:0% +slot oh I've just changed her life check +next time sometimes there's a quarter + + align:start position:0% +next time sometimes there's a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +next time sometimes there's a quarter +there it's really good anyway what these + + align:start position:0% +there it's really good anyway what these + + + align:start position:0% +there it's really good anyway what these +guys did all right we can use this 2 by + + align:start position:0% +guys did all right we can use this 2 by + + + align:start position:0% +guys did all right we can use this 2 by +two here um what uh what this experiment + + align:start position:0% +two here um what uh what this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +two here um what uh what this experiment +did was to to + + align:start position:0% +did was to to + + + align:start position:0% +did was to to +to um Spike uh phone boots + + align:start position:0% +to um Spike uh phone boots + + + align:start position:0% +to um Spike uh phone boots +they put quarters in the phone booth and + + align:start position:0% +they put quarters in the phone booth and + + + align:start position:0% +they put quarters in the phone booth and +so you go into the phone booth and some + + align:start position:0% +so you go into the phone booth and some + + + align:start position:0% +so you go into the phone booth and some +people got a + + align:start position:0% +people got a + + + align:start position:0% +people got a +coin and some people didn't get a + + align:start position:0% +coin and some people didn't get a + + + align:start position:0% +coin and some people didn't get a +coin that's + + align:start position:0% +coin that's + + + align:start position:0% +coin that's +so this is not a big change in your life + + align:start position:0% +so this is not a big change in your life + + + align:start position:0% +so this is not a big change in your life +but is an unreciprocated good right + + align:start position:0% +but is an unreciprocated good right + + + align:start position:0% +but is an unreciprocated good right +you're getting this good but you can't + + align:start position:0% +you're getting this good but you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting this good but you can't +say I got to go do something for the guy + + align:start position:0% +say I got to go do something for the guy + + + align:start position:0% +say I got to go do something for the guy +who gave me a quarter can't can't work + + align:start position:0% +who gave me a quarter can't can't work + + + align:start position:0% +who gave me a quarter can't can't work +so here's what happens next next you + + align:start position:0% +so here's what happens next next you + + + align:start position:0% +so here's what happens next next you +come out of the phone booth having made + + align:start position:0% +come out of the phone booth having made + + + align:start position:0% +come out of the phone booth having made +your phone call and as you're walking + + align:start position:0% +your phone call and as you're walking + + + align:start position:0% +your phone call and as you're walking +out a woman comes by and she trips and + + align:start position:0% +out a woman comes by and she trips and + + + align:start position:0% +out a woman comes by and she trips and +her stuff goes all over the place the + + align:start position:0% +her stuff goes all over the place the + + + align:start position:0% +her stuff goes all over the place the +question is do you help her Oh Long Way + + align:start position:0% +question is do you help her Oh Long Way + + + align:start position:0% +question is do you help her Oh Long Way +to the floor um and the data are from + + align:start position:0% +to the floor um and the data are from + + + align:start position:0% +to the floor um and the data are from +this particular experiment um so uh it's + + align:start position:0% +this particular experiment um so uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +this particular experiment um so uh it's +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +help + + align:start position:0% +help + + + align:start position:0% +help +and no + + align:start position:0% +and no + + + align:start position:0% +and no +help of the people who got a coin in + + align:start position:0% +help of the people who got a coin in + + + align:start position:0% +help of the people who got a coin in +this particular study 14 + + align:start position:0% +this particular study 14 + + + align:start position:0% +this particular study 14 +helped one + + align:start position:0% +helped one + + + align:start position:0% +helped one +didn't um of the people who didn't get a + + align:start position:0% +didn't um of the people who didn't get a + + + align:start position:0% +didn't um of the people who didn't get a +coin so this is the bulk of the + + align:start position:0% +coin so this is the bulk of the + + + align:start position:0% +coin so this is the bulk of the +population as a + + align:start position:0% +population as a + + + align:start position:0% +population as a +whole two people helped and 24 didn't I + + align:start position:0% +whole two people helped and 24 didn't I + + + align:start position:0% +whole two people helped and 24 didn't I +don't know why + + align:start position:0% +don't know why + + + align:start position:0% +don't know why +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +so now that's very interesting that + + align:start position:0% +so now that's very interesting that + + + align:start position:0% +so now that's very interesting that +suggests that just getting that coin + + align:start position:0% +suggests that just getting that coin + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that just getting that coin +produced a at what what brown would see + + align:start position:0% +produced a at what what brown would see + + + align:start position:0% +produced a at what what brown would see +as a as a recipro as as as a an effort + + align:start position:0% +as a as a recipro as as as a an effort + + + align:start position:0% +as a as a recipro as as as a an effort +to reciprocate to the world more + + align:start position:0% +to reciprocate to the world more + + + align:start position:0% +to reciprocate to the world more +generally now that's a big effect does + + align:start position:0% +generally now that's a big effect does + + + align:start position:0% +generally now that's a big effect does +this mean that um that we could make the + + align:start position:0% +this mean that um that we could make the + + + align:start position:0% +this mean that um that we could make the +world a better place by mailing + + align:start position:0% +world a better place by mailing + + + align:start position:0% +world a better place by mailing +everybody a + + align:start position:0% +everybody a + + + align:start position:0% +everybody a +quarter doesn't sound right now the + + align:start position:0% +quarter doesn't sound right now the + + + align:start position:0% +quarter doesn't sound right now the +experimental evidence that it's not + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence that it's not +right comes from another version of this + + align:start position:0% +right comes from another version of this + + + align:start position:0% +right comes from another version of this +experiment you're at home somebody rings + + align:start position:0% +experiment you're at home somebody rings + + + align:start position:0% +experiment you're at home somebody rings +the doorbell and gives you uh and and + + align:start position:0% +the doorbell and gives you uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +the doorbell and gives you uh and and +says I'm new in town I'm setting up a + + align:start position:0% +says I'm new in town I'm setting up a + + + align:start position:0% +says I'm new in town I'm setting up a +new company it's going to we're going to + + align:start position:0% +new company it's going to we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +new company it's going to we're going to +sell paper um I wanted you to have this + + align:start position:0% +sell paper um I wanted you to have this + + + align:start position:0% +sell paper um I wanted you to have this +uh this stationary just you know it's + + align:start position:0% +uh this stationary just you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh this stationary just you know it's +nice stationary thanks bye shortly + + align:start position:0% +nice stationary thanks bye shortly + + + align:start position:0% +nice stationary thanks bye shortly +thereafter you get a phone call somebody + + align:start position:0% +thereafter you get a phone call somebody + + + align:start position:0% +thereafter you get a phone call somebody +on the phone says you know is so and so + + align:start position:0% +on the phone says you know is so and so + + + align:start position:0% +on the phone says you know is so and so +there no you got the wrong number oh no + + align:start position:0% +there no you got the wrong number oh no + + + align:start position:0% +there no you got the wrong number oh no +I'm in a phone booth I got I don't have + + align:start position:0% +I'm in a phone booth I got I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in a phone booth I got I don't have +any more money could you please call + + align:start position:0% +any more money could you please call + + + align:start position:0% +any more money could you please call +Fred and tell them I'll be home late or + + align:start position:0% +Fred and tell them I'll be home late or + + + align:start position:0% +Fred and tell them I'll be home late or +something like I don't remember what the + + align:start position:0% +something like I don't remember what the + + + align:start position:0% +something like I don't remember what the +exact story is but it's a request to do + + align:start position:0% +exact story is but it's a request to do + + + align:start position:0% +exact story is but it's a request to do +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +favor if you uh if you just got the + + align:start position:0% +favor if you uh if you just got the + + + align:start position:0% +favor if you uh if you just got the +phone call no paper involved only 12% of + + align:start position:0% +phone call no paper involved only 12% of + + + align:start position:0% +phone call no paper involved only 12% of +people were willing to do this + + align:start position:0% +people were willing to do this + + + align:start position:0% +people were willing to do this +favor if you got the paper and you got a + + align:start position:0% +favor if you got the paper and you got a + + + align:start position:0% +favor if you got the paper and you got a +phone call five minutes + + align:start position:0% +phone call five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +phone call five minutes +later 80% of people + + align:start position:0% +later 80% of people + + + align:start position:0% +later 80% of people +complied but if you got the paper and + + align:start position:0% +complied but if you got the paper and + + + align:start position:0% +complied but if you got the paper and +were called 20 minutes later it had + + align:start position:0% +were called 20 minutes later it had + + + align:start position:0% +were called 20 minutes later it had +dropped back down to + + align:start position:0% +dropped back down to + + + align:start position:0% +dropped back down to +12 so it produced a little bump of Good + + align:start position:0% +12 so it produced a little bump of Good + + + align:start position:0% +12 so it produced a little bump of Good +Feeling now does this now what we don't + + align:start position:0% +Feeling now does this now what we don't + + + align:start position:0% +Feeling now does this now what we don't +know because you can't really do the + + align:start position:0% +know because you can't really do the + + + align:start position:0% +know because you can't really do the +experiment is whether this means that + + align:start position:0% +experiment is whether this means that + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is whether this means that +the central exchange idea is Trivial and + + align:start position:0% +the central exchange idea is Trivial and + + + align:start position:0% +the central exchange idea is Trivial and +is a very short-lived teeny phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +is a very short-lived teeny phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +is a very short-lived teeny phenomenon +or if you live a life where much bigger + + align:start position:0% +or if you live a life where much bigger + + + align:start position:0% +or if you live a life where much bigger +good things happen to you or for that + + align:start position:0% +good things happen to you or for that + + + align:start position:0% +good things happen to you or for that +matter bad things do you end up with a + + align:start position:0% +matter bad things do you end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +matter bad things do you end up with a +an account at the central exchange if + + align:start position:0% +an account at the central exchange if + + + align:start position:0% +an account at the central exchange if +life is good in general do you feel a + + align:start position:0% +life is good in general do you feel a + + + align:start position:0% +life is good in general do you feel a +central exchange obligation to be good + + align:start position:0% +central exchange obligation to be good + + + align:start position:0% +central exchange obligation to be good +to others if life is bad in general do + + align:start position:0% +to others if life is bad in general do + + + align:start position:0% +to others if life is bad in general do +you feel a need to you know trip people + + align:start position:0% +you feel a need to you know trip people + + + align:start position:0% +you feel a need to you know trip people +and watch the folders + + align:start position:0% +and watch the folders + + + align:start position:0% +and watch the folders +fly \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YzUx6j3Qv4I.txt b/YzUx6j3Qv4I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dcae8c199f1e373580ce9dd9bf81d865253db3c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/YzUx6j3Qv4I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I'm pulling together this teaching team + + align:start position:0% +I'm pulling together this teaching team + + + align:start position:0% +I'm pulling together this teaching team +I kind of felt like Nick Fury from the + + align:start position:0% +I kind of felt like Nick Fury from the + + + align:start position:0% +I kind of felt like Nick Fury from the +Avengers tapping into you know all these + + align:start position:0% +Avengers tapping into you know all these + + + align:start position:0% +Avengers tapping into you know all these +people that I came across I there as a + + align:start position:0% +people that I came across I there as a + + + align:start position:0% +people that I came across I there as a +student or working with who you know + + align:start position:0% +student or working with who you know + + + align:start position:0% +student or working with who you know +video production the that was something + + align:start position:0% +video production the that was something + + + align:start position:0% +video production the that was something +that we covered in the class like it's + + align:start position:0% +that we covered in the class like it's + + + align:start position:0% +that we covered in the class like it's +not a solo effort and I think teaching + + align:start position:0% +not a solo effort and I think teaching + + + align:start position:0% +not a solo effort and I think teaching +that your production very much is not a + + align:start position:0% +that your production very much is not a + + + align:start position:0% +that your production very much is not a +solo effort so Chris and I had been + + align:start position:0% +solo effort so Chris and I had been + + + align:start position:0% +solo effort so Chris and I had been +talking about this for several years I + + align:start position:0% +talking about this for several years I + + + align:start position:0% +talking about this for several years I +feel like just going through your class + + align:start position:0% +feel like just going through your class + + + align:start position:0% +feel like just going through your class +and then talking about the program and + + align:start position:0% +and then talking about the program and + + + align:start position:0% +and then talking about the program and +the videos that we make we've just been + + align:start position:0% +the videos that we make we've just been + + + align:start position:0% +the videos that we make we've just been +tossing around ideas and George and I + + align:start position:0% +tossing around ideas and George and I + + + align:start position:0% +tossing around ideas and George and I +have worked together extensively she + + align:start position:0% +have worked together extensively she + + + align:start position:0% +have worked together extensively she +said with a heavy side on science out + + align:start position:0% +said with a heavy side on science out + + + align:start position:0% +said with a heavy side on science out +loud and Josh and I met at a conference + + align:start position:0% +loud and Josh and I met at a conference + + + align:start position:0% +loud and Josh and I met at a conference +um purely by accident yeah um and I knew + + align:start position:0% +um purely by accident yeah um and I knew + + + align:start position:0% +um purely by accident yeah um and I knew +you guys were doing awesome animation + + align:start position:0% +you guys were doing awesome animation + + + align:start position:0% +you guys were doing awesome animation +work and that was something that I + + align:start position:0% +work and that was something that I + + + align:start position:0% +work and that was something that I +didn't really feel like much expertise + + align:start position:0% +didn't really feel like much expertise + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really feel like much expertise +on just like storyboarding in general + + align:start position:0% +on just like storyboarding in general + + + align:start position:0% +on just like storyboarding in general +which which is really important for + + align:start position:0% +which which is really important for + + + align:start position:0% +which which is really important for +students and for everyone really and + + align:start position:0% +students and for everyone really and + + + align:start position:0% +students and for everyone really and +then we had a couple other just because + + align:start position:0% +then we had a couple other just because + + + align:start position:0% +then we had a couple other just because +you're in there so it was really um so + + align:start position:0% +you're in there so it was really um so + + + align:start position:0% +you're in there so it was really um so +teaching teaching something that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +teaching teaching something that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +teaching teaching something that doesn't +have an objective answer like you know + + align:start position:0% +have an objective answer like you know + + + align:start position:0% +have an objective answer like you know +in physics there's a right answer to a + + align:start position:0% +in physics there's a right answer to a + + + align:start position:0% +in physics there's a right answer to a +problem set for instance in meteor + + align:start position:0% +problem set for instance in meteor + + + align:start position:0% +problem set for instance in meteor +production or creative writing or or + + align:start position:0% +production or creative writing or or + + + align:start position:0% +production or creative writing or or +anything like this that you can't just + + align:start position:0% +anything like this that you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +anything like this that you can't just +be like well this is what makes a good + + align:start position:0% +be like well this is what makes a good + + + align:start position:0% +be like well this is what makes a good +answer necessarily i feel like something + + align:start position:0% +answer necessarily i feel like something + + + align:start position:0% +answer necessarily i feel like something +that helps solidify our helps you come + + align:start position:0% +that helps solidify our helps you come + + + align:start position:0% +that helps solidify our helps you come +to a good feedback mechanism for + + align:start position:0% +to a good feedback mechanism for + + + align:start position:0% +to a good feedback mechanism for +students is to have people who are good + + align:start position:0% +students is to have people who are good + + + align:start position:0% +students is to have people who are good +practitioners of of whatever media + + align:start position:0% +practitioners of of whatever media + + + align:start position:0% +practitioners of of whatever media +you're making so you know if you're + + align:start position:0% +you're making so you know if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're making so you know if you're +teaching creative writing hopefully + + align:start position:0% +teaching creative writing hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +teaching creative writing hopefully +you'd be a pretty good creative writer + + align:start position:0% +you'd be a pretty good creative writer + + + align:start position:0% +you'd be a pretty good creative writer +if you're teaching media production or + + align:start position:0% +if you're teaching media production or + + + align:start position:0% +if you're teaching media production or +storyboarding hopefully you're a good + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding hopefully you're a good + + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding hopefully you're a good +animator story border hopefully you're a + + align:start position:0% +animator story border hopefully you're a + + + align:start position:0% +animator story border hopefully you're a +decent host not all right tolerable + + align:start position:0% +decent host not all right tolerable + + + align:start position:0% +decent host not all right tolerable +haha so that was why I from the + + align:start position:0% +haha so that was why I from the + + + align:start position:0% +haha so that was why I from the +beginning I felt like it had to be a + + align:start position:0% +beginning I felt like it had to be a + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I felt like it had to be a +team team effort to teach this class I + + align:start position:0% +team team effort to teach this class I + + + align:start position:0% +team team effort to teach this class I +really like you had a skeleton outline + + align:start position:0% +really like you had a skeleton outline + + + align:start position:0% +really like you had a skeleton outline +for the course and then you filled in + + align:start position:0% +for the course and then you filled in + + + align:start position:0% +for the course and then you filled in +the parts that you were going to the + + align:start position:0% +the parts that you were going to the + + + align:start position:0% +the parts that you were going to the +learning objectives for the parts that + + align:start position:0% +learning objectives for the parts that + + + align:start position:0% +learning objectives for the parts that +you were going to do and then each of us + + align:start position:0% +you were going to do and then each of us + + + align:start position:0% +you were going to do and then each of us +filled in our parts and then we all + + align:start position:0% +filled in our parts and then we all + + + align:start position:0% +filled in our parts and then we all +commented on the other people's parts + + align:start position:0% +commented on the other people's parts + + + align:start position:0% +commented on the other people's parts +which was a good way to do it it's + + align:start position:0% +which was a good way to do it it's + + + align:start position:0% +which was a good way to do it it's +tricky because it's not like a linear + + align:start position:0% +tricky because it's not like a linear + + + align:start position:0% +tricky because it's not like a linear +sort of knowledge comprehension format + + align:start position:0% +sort of knowledge comprehension format + + + align:start position:0% +sort of knowledge comprehension format +where like first you learn scripting and + + align:start position:0% +where like first you learn scripting and + + + align:start position:0% +where like first you learn scripting and +then you can learn storyboarding and + + align:start position:0% +then you can learn storyboarding and + + + align:start position:0% +then you can learn storyboarding and +then you can learn hosting that's + + align:start position:0% +then you can learn hosting that's + + + align:start position:0% +then you can learn hosting that's +actually how we first approached it and + + align:start position:0% +actually how we first approached it and + + + align:start position:0% +actually how we first approached it and +it got really hairy because there was so + + align:start position:0% +it got really hairy because there was so + + + align:start position:0% +it got really hairy because there was so +much overlap why did we approach it that + + align:start position:0% +much overlap why did we approach it that + + + align:start position:0% +much overlap why did we approach it that +way we wanted to get hairy and well + + align:start position:0% +way we wanted to get hairy and well + + + align:start position:0% +way we wanted to get hairy and well +because I think Chris initially you want + + align:start position:0% +because I think Chris initially you want + + + align:start position:0% +because I think Chris initially you want +to yeah what did you what did you do + + align:start position:0% +to yeah what did you what did you do + + + align:start position:0% +to yeah what did you what did you do +yeah there was a lot of coordination + + align:start position:0% +yeah there was a lot of coordination + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there was a lot of coordination +that we and Josh tonight especially I + + align:start position:0% +that we and Josh tonight especially I + + + align:start position:0% +that we and Josh tonight especially I +think we felt the need to coordinate + + align:start position:0% +think we felt the need to coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +think we felt the need to coordinate +because there are things that are + + align:start position:0% +because there are things that are + + + align:start position:0% +because there are things that are +similar when you're thinking about kind + + align:start position:0% +similar when you're thinking about kind + + + align:start position:0% +similar when you're thinking about kind +of telling a story in animation and in + + align:start position:0% +of telling a story in animation and in + + + align:start position:0% +of telling a story in animation and in +live action but there are also things + + align:start position:0% +live action but there are also things + + + align:start position:0% +live action but there are also things +that that are different and we wanted to + + align:start position:0% +that that are different and we wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +that that are different and we wanted to +make sure that we weren't overlapping + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we weren't overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we weren't overlapping +each other that we were kind of + + align:start position:0% +each other that we were kind of + + + align:start position:0% +each other that we were kind of +complementary and not and not repetitive + + align:start position:0% +complementary and not and not repetitive + + + align:start position:0% +complementary and not and not repetitive +or contradictory so I think we ended up + + align:start position:0% +or contradictory so I think we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +or contradictory so I think we ended up +kind of restructuring a little bit the + + align:start position:0% +kind of restructuring a little bit the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of restructuring a little bit the +first few courses sessions of the course + + align:start position:0% +first few courses sessions of the course + + + align:start position:0% +first few courses sessions of the course +I remember but it was interesting + + align:start position:0% +I remember but it was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +I remember but it was interesting +because in terms of like the big picture + + align:start position:0% +because in terms of like the big picture + + + align:start position:0% +because in terms of like the big picture +learning objectives I worked with Jamie + + align:start position:0% +learning objectives I worked with Jamie + + + align:start position:0% +learning objectives I worked with Jamie +a lot the other course instructor and + + align:start position:0% +a lot the other course instructor and + + + align:start position:0% +a lot the other course instructor and +she has never done video production I + + align:start position:0% +she has never done video production I + + + align:start position:0% +she has never done video production I +she wasn't familiar with the content but + + align:start position:0% +she wasn't familiar with the content but + + + align:start position:0% +she wasn't familiar with the content but +she's more familiar with just + + align:start position:0% +she's more familiar with just + + + align:start position:0% +she's more familiar with just +instructional design in general so she + + align:start position:0% +instructional design in general so she + + + align:start position:0% +instructional design in general so she +would ask me all these questions that I + + align:start position:0% +would ask me all these questions that I + + + align:start position:0% +would ask me all these questions that I +wouldn't necessarily think to to ask or + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't necessarily think to to ask or + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't necessarily think to to ask or +answer like at the end of the day what + + align:start position:0% +answer like at the end of the day what + + + align:start position:0% +answer like at the end of the day what +are the skills that you want people to + + align:start position:0% +are the skills that you want people to + + + align:start position:0% +are the skills that you want people to +have and then what are the sort of + + align:start position:0% +have and then what are the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have and then what are the sort of +learning objectives that you want them + + align:start position:0% +learning objectives that you want them + + + align:start position:0% +learning objectives that you want them +to aspire to and those are two very + + align:start position:0% +to aspire to and those are two very + + + align:start position:0% +to aspire to and those are two very +different things right is like I don't + + align:start position:0% +different things right is like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +different things right is like I don't +really care if they were you know + + align:start position:0% +really care if they were you know + + + align:start position:0% +really care if they were you know +masters at final cut by the + + align:start position:0% +masters at final cut by the + + + align:start position:0% +masters at final cut by the +because that it doesn't really matter + + align:start position:0% +because that it doesn't really matter + + + align:start position:0% +because that it doesn't really matter +the objective is can you articulate a + + align:start position:0% +the objective is can you articulate a + + + align:start position:0% +the objective is can you articulate a +clear story but she and i would meet to + + align:start position:0% +clear story but she and i would meet to + + + align:start position:0% +clear story but she and i would meet to +sort of figure out what is the big + + align:start position:0% +sort of figure out what is the big + + + align:start position:0% +sort of figure out what is the big +picture learning objectives that we want + + align:start position:0% +picture learning objectives that we want + + + align:start position:0% +picture learning objectives that we want +and then it was a matter of how can we + + align:start position:0% +and then it was a matter of how can we + + + align:start position:0% +and then it was a matter of how can we +take all these details and all these + + align:start position:0% +take all these details and all these + + + align:start position:0% +take all these details and all these +very important plastic elements and pick + + align:start position:0% +very important plastic elements and pick + + + align:start position:0% +very important plastic elements and pick +out the most relevant ones to match to + + align:start position:0% +out the most relevant ones to match to + + + align:start position:0% +out the most relevant ones to match to +the objectives \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZYW2AeDE6wU.txt b/ZYW2AeDE6wU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dcf6b620104f721f1a73bd071fd3704cc350c52a --- /dev/null +++ b/ZYW2AeDE6wU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3315 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Well, welcome back to +computational systems biology. + +We're back here today talking +about genome assembly. + +How many people have ever +assembled a genome before? + +In your spare time? + +Anybody done any +genome assembly here? + +One person? + +I think genome assembly +is a fascinating topic. + +And as you know, it's at the +bedrock of all modern biology. + +We rely upon genome references +for almost everything in terms + +of studying evolution, looking +at the structure of genes, + +regulation of genes, +differences between individuals. + +So it's really a very +fundamental concept. + +And we're going to talk today +about two different ways + +of assembling genomes. + +And I think one of the takeaway +messages from today's lecture + +is going to be that +genome assembly is more + +of an art, in some +sense, than a science. + +And one has to always +be a little bit + +suspicious of a +genome assembly given + +what you're about +to learn today. + +And, of course, genome assembly +is becoming even more complex + +because it used to be that +assembling the human genome + +was the big task scientifically +in front of the community. + +But now there are billions +of genomes waiting + +to be sequenced-- all the +individuals in the world + +and to try and interpret them. + +And now you can get +your genome sequence + +for between $5,000 and $10,000. + +How many people here are tempted +to get their genome sequenced? + +OK, I see about five +hands-- six hands. + +Great. + +So let's look at the science +behind genome assembly. + +The basic concept +is that we're going + +to collect some sequence +reads from the genome. + +And we're going to +assemble them know + +what are called contigs +for contiguous segments. + +And these represent +uninterrupted portions + +of the genome that are +completely covered by + +reads that we believe +are contiguous. + +These contigs then will be +paired together in scaffolds. + +And scaffolds are like contigs +except that there are missing + +parts between the +contigs in a scaffold. + +We don't know what +those parts are. + +But we're able to actually +glue them together + +by using read pairs that allow +us to jump over the missing + +parts because we have read +both ends of a molecule. + +But we don't know +what's in the middle. + +And then oftentimes we had +physical mapping technologies + +where we actually can go back +and assign location scaffolds + +to physical locations +on chromosomes + +by using PCR sequences +like sequence tag sites + +that physically locate +a particular sequence + +identity to a physical location +on a particular chromosome. + +And that provides us +with a total genome map. + +So today we're +going to be talking + +about how to go from a +hard drive full sequence + +reads all the way down +to a set of scaffolds + +that include assembled contigs. + +And the way to think +about this once again + +is that we start with +conceptually a single copy + +of the genome. + +We amplify this. + +And in order to sequence it +on contemporary instruments, + +we have to fragment it. + +Now for those of you who were +in last Friday's recitation, + +you heard Heng Li talking about +the idea that sequence reads + +are getting longer. + +In fact, sequence +reads up to 10 to 15 + +kilobases are now possible. + +And sequence reads +even longer than that + +are going to be possible, +which will greatly + +simplify the assembly process. + +But for now we're talking +about the challenge + +of assembling short reads-- +say 100 base pair reads off + +of contemporary +sequencing instruments. + +So we take the fragmented +reads and the notion + +is that we know +that they're going + +to align up like a puzzle. + +And all we have +to do is line the + +reads up to recover the read +sequence at the bottom-- + +the original genome sequence. + +And I should add that many of +the illustrations in today's + +lecture are from Ben Lagmi. + +He was kind enough to allow me +to use them for today's talk. + +So the goal is to come up with +that red sequence at the bottom + +from the original set +of reads but, of course, + +the read set that +we're talking about + +is perhaps 200 million +reads or even a billion + +reads as we'll see. + +And so it's quite a tough task +to put pieces together given + +that we really don't know +where they came from. + +And we don't know +where they align + +because we don't have +the red part to guide us. + +Now today we're +going to be talking + +about what's called +de novo assembly. + +That means starting +from scratch. + +You hand me your set of reads +for your favorite organism. + +And we're going to +assemble it today. + +That's different +than what's called + +reference-guided +assembly because, + +for example, if you're going +to re-sequence me or you, + +there is a reference +human genome. + +And it would be a simple matter +to take the reads from you or I + +and map them back onto +the reference genome + +as a guide to trying to +reassemble our genomes. + +However, as you can +tell, if there's + +a large structural variation +between the reference + +genome and our genomes, +that process can fail. + +So we're going to be talking +today about de novo assembly. + +And in the process +of de novo assembly, + +oftentimes we talk +about coverage, + +which is on average how +many sequencing bases do + +we have for every +base of the genome. + +Here we have for this +little illustrative example + +coverage of about 7x. + +Now, at the origin of +the Human Genome Project, + +some calculations were done +about how much coverage + +was required to cover +the human genome. + +And we talked last time +about library complexity. + +This is a slightly +different idea, + +which is we want to estimate +the probability the base is + +uncovered. + +So if we have the genome size +as G and the number of reads + +as N and L is the +length of a read, + +then N times L is the total +number bases that we have. + +And that divided by the +genome is the average coverage + +of a base. + +And probably the probability +that a base is not covered + +is the probability +we're going to observe + +zero reads to that base, +which is e to the minus + +lambda, roughly speaking, if +we use a Poisson approximation. + +And therefore, the number of +uncovered bases it will have + +is going to be roughly G +times e to the minus lambda. + +The next calculations can +be thought intuitively + +as the following way, which is +if we have N reads, if there's + +going to be a gap +after a read, there + +has to be an uncovered +base after it. + +And so the number of gaps we're +going to have in our assembly + +is roughly N times e +to the minus lambda. + +So this is a back of +the envelop calculation. + +And now if we take some of +our 1,000 genomes data, which + +we previously used and asked how +well this approximation works, + +we see something like +this where the x-axis is + +the total number of reads and +the genome coverage in bases + +is shown on the y-axis. + +And these are all different +sequencing experiments. + +So you can see there the +roughly green outline, + +which follows the approximately +what we saw before + +in this Lander-Waterman rule. + +Could somebody tell +me what they think + +is going on with the red lines +that actually don't match up + +with that green line? + +Anybody have any +ideas about why we + +need more reads out +of those libraries + +to get better coverage? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: There is +probably some bias + +when you're amplifying them? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +there's probably + +skew in the original libraries +we talked about last time. + +In fact, we talked +about last time + +why the Poisson was not +a great approximation + +for looking at libraries. + +And in fact, we might +want to fit something + +like a negative binomial +in this particular case. + +So we've got our read set. + +And we can also +talk about coverage + +at a particular base, which is +different than average coverage + +just to be clear that there are +two different kinds of coverage + +that one can think about. + +Here we see coverage +at T of level six. + +And the other thing that +we need to be cognizant of + +is that there are two +reasons that we might-- + +two common reasons why +we might actually see + +reads that overlap but don't +agree at all positions. + +The obvious reason +is that there's + +an error in one of the reads. + +We get quality +scores and so forth. + +And that can help us +decide which is the truth. + +But the other possibility +is that as you know, + +you have one of each +of your chromosomes + +from mom one from your dad. + +And there could be +allelic differences + +between these chromosomes. + +So when we're doing +assembly, oftentimes we'll + +find that these +allelic differences are + +going to pop up in terms of +non-concordance of our reads. + +And we'll have to +ultimately decide + +if we want to make a single +diploid approximation + +of a human genome or +we want to attempt + +to assemble a diploid genome. + +And if we're going to +do a diploid genome, + +then we have to be +quite careful and use + +somewhat different +assembly techniques. + +But the common reference +genome is haploid. + +It's only considering +one chromosomal sequence. + +Is that clear to everybody? + +OK, great. + +So we're going to talk about two +general approaches to assembly + +today. + +We're going to talk about +overlap layout consensus + +assemblers as exemplified +by a string graph assembler. + +And we're also going to +talk about De Bruijn graph + +assemblers today. + +Now, overlap +consensus assemblers + +were the first ones that +were used in the Human Genome + +Project because reads +were longer back then. + +However, as the number +of reads has increased, + +those assemblers are +more difficult to utilize + +in part because of the need to +find overlaps between reads, + +as we'll see in a moment. + +Whereas to De Bruijn +graph assemblers + +are somewhat more efficient. + +But they lose certain +kinds of information. + +So let's begin with these +overlap layout consensus + +assemblers. + +And we're going to talk about +three steps to build contigs + +and the scaffolding +step can be thought + +of a similar between either +the overlap layout consensus + +assemblers or De Bruijn +graph-based assemblers. + +So we're going to first +build an overlap graph. + +What's an overlap graph? + +The essential idea +is that when we + +take our collection +of reads, we look + +for overlaps between +the suffix of one read + +and the prefix of another read. + +And if we think of +all of our reads, + +we want to build a graph that +describes all of such overlaps. + +And just to be +clear, I'm not going + +to be talking today about +the reverse complement + +of these reads. + +Actual assemblers have +to represent that. + +But it just duplicates +all the nodes at edges. + +So we're going to +try and keep things + +uncluttered by-- that's OK. + +Thank you. + +We're going to try and +keep things uncluttered + +by not considering those today. + +Now, one of the +challenges is how + +to construct those overlaps. + +And we're going to be +talking about graphs a lot. + +So I thought it was worthwhile +just to review terminology. + +We're going to represent overlap +graphs as directed graphs, + +which consists of a +set of vertices, which + +are the objects represented by +the circles in the edges, which + +are the lines and a directed +edge goes from one vertex + +to another. + +And there's also an +equivalent representation + +in notational form on the lower +part of the right of the slide + +as well as a graphical +representation. + +We're going to be using the +graphical representations + +of these directed graphs today. + +So the overlap graph is +simply a representation + +of the overlap between reads. + +And we pick a minimum +length of overlap at times. + +But for the next few +slides, I'm simply + +going to represent each +node as an individual read. + +And the edges will be +annotated with the amount + +of overlap between the reads. + +So if I hand you a set of +reads, all we need to do + +is to compute this +overlap graph. + +We'll talk about how +to do that in a moment. + +And you'll see graphically +then what comes out + +of the process of computing +the overlap graph. + +Now, it's possible +that overlap graphs + +are cyclic because there +are circular chromosomes. + +And as we'll see, it's also +possible to get a cyclic graph + +out of a linear chromosome +if in fact there + +are repetitive structures +in the chromosome that + +cause a graph to +cycle back on itself. + +So how to find overlaps +in efficient time + +is a key problem. + +And that's one of the reasons +that people have shied away + +from using these +types of assemblers + +is because the cost +of computing overlaps + +has been thought to be N-squared +where N is the number reads + +because you have to compare +all the reads to one another. + +However, a really +clever algorithm + +was devised that +used the technology + +we talked about last time. + +You recall the idea of the FM +index and Burroughs-Wheeler + +transforms allowed us to index +a genome and then to look up + +reads in time proportional +to the length of the read. + +So here's the essential idea. + +What we're going to do is we're +going to take all of the reads + +that we collect. + +And we're going to index them. + +And we can do that +roughly at N log N time. + +And after we've indexed +all of the reads, + +then we can use that same +index to find overlaps very, + +very efficiently. + +And you can conceptualize this +as simply looking at a read + +that you have in your hand and +looking it up in the index. + +And you'll find all the +places that the suffix + +or prefix of that read batches. + +And you can trace back till you +find all the places it matches + +where they hit an end of a read. + +And those all correspond +to edges in the graph. + +And it turns out that +this is so clever + +that it eliminates +redundant edges. + +So, for example, if +I have reads that + +look like this where I have +read one overlaps with read + +two which overlaps +with read three. + +And read one and read +three also overlap. + +An unreduced graph would have +a representation like this. + +But it turns out +that we don't have + +to do that because we can +simply reduce our graph to this + +because we know that +read one and read three. + +Actually, this is +the graph that we + +would have that +would be unreduced. + +We can reduce the graph to +eliminate this transitive edge + +and simply represent +it in this fashion. + +So when we use these +indices, we eliminate + +these transitive edges +as we'll see momentarily. + +So here's an example graph. + +The sequence is +shown on the bottom. + +The read lengths are +of length seven bases. + +And we're going to consider all +overlaps a minimum size three. + +And the edge label +is the actual length + +of the overlap +between the reads. + +And you can see +that at the outset + +that these overlap graphs +are not necessarily simple. + +That tracing a path +of the graph that + +represents the original +string is not completely + +and totally straightforward. + +So we need to come up with a +way to articulate our metrics + +for how to trace a path to the +graph to reconstruct a genome. + +And that comes to the +question of layout, + +which is how do we formulate +the problem of tracing + +a path through an overlap graph? + +So we'll first start with +the idea of the shortest + +common superstring. + +The shortest common +superstring of a string S + +is the shortest string that +contains all the strings in S + +as substrings for a particular +length of substring. + +So, for example, +if we didn't have + +the constraint of +shortest, then just + +finding a string that contains +all the substrings is easy. + +You just put them all together. + +But if we want the +shortest, then we + +need to be more thoughtful +in terms of the way + +that we compute this +shortest common substring. + +And here is an example of +the shortest common substring + +for the substrings that I +have shown you up there. + +So one way to think about +the assembly problem + +is that we're trying to compute +the shortest common substring + +of all the reads that we have. + +And that will be the most +efficient representation + +of those reads in +a linear sequence. + +Now, we can describe +this problem + +in terms of an overlap graph. + +And if you think +about the way that we + +would solve this in overlap +graph, in the shortest strings, + +we want the maximum +amount of overlap. + +So we want to trace a path +through the overlap graph that + +gives us the largest +amount of overlap, + +which gives us the +shortest string. + +Right? + +So if we simply +negate the overlaps, + +we want to minimize the +total cost of the graph. + +Now, it turns out +that this problem + +is known to be a very hard +computational problem. + +It's in the class of +something called NP-hard + +because it's known as the +traveling salesman problem. + +And when you think +about the fact + +that we're going to have +hundreds of millions of reads, + +this is not really +going to be tractable. + +If we got rid of the +weights, and we simply + +wanted to find a path +through the graph, + +that's called the +Hamiltonian Path problem. + +That's also NP-complete. + +So the shortest common +substring is a way + +to think about assembling. + +But we can't really +necessarily optimize metrics + +because it's going +to be intractable. + +So think about ways of doing +this that are greedier. + +So here's an example of how +we would compute the shortest + +common substring starting +with the first string. + +And each step along the +way, is a concatenation + +of strings or a +collapsing of strings that + +works towards building the +shortest common substring. + +And we get the input string +and the output string. + +So we could articulate +our assembly problem + +as a greedy SCS algorithm +to try and put all the + +reads together to come +up with a superstring. + +And let me just describe to you +this will give us an intuition + +into what goes wrong with +assembly in a moment. + +But we do know there are +some bounds on this-- + +that if we actually did +the greedy algorithm, then + +the assembly that we got would +be only two and a half times + +longer than the true +shortest common substring. + +That isn't really very +much comfort to us. + +So we're going to have to +come up with different, more + +heuristic ways of approaching +the assembly problem. + +Here is another example. + +Now, this is the one +that I want to show you + +where we start with +a string at the top + +where we're going to be looking +for minimum overlaps of three + +and these are reads of six long. + +And when we do this +greedy algorithm, + +we come up with a +string, which is shorter + +than the original beginning +string we started with. + +Can somebody see +what happened here? + +Why are we missing part +of the original string? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: The reads +were short enough. + +And they repeated enough +that we never found out + +that it was of the length +that it actually was. + +And so we just kind of +[INAUDIBLE] did it [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So the point +was that the reads were + +too short to be able to +unambiguously identify + +the number of repeats +of long that we + +had in the original sequence. + +That's absolutely correct. + +So we're not able to +disambiguate what was going on. + +And perhaps if we went +back to our graph formalism + +we could solve this +problem, right? + +Because here we have our +graph and the overlaps + +are written in on the +edges of the number + +bases that each one of +these reads overlaps. + +And all we need to do is +to trace through this graph + +to find the original string. + +So here is one +tracing, which gives + +a total overlap of 39, which +actually faithfully reproduces + +the original string, right? + +However, that's not +the best tracing. + +A better tracing through this +graph or path through the graph + +would be this, which +gives us more overlap + +and gives us a shorter string. + +But as we know, even +though it's better + +according to this metric, +it isn't really optimum + +because it gives us +the wrong answer. + +It's better but wrong. + +So we're going to have to take +into account other things when + +we do our assembly and +our tracing of this graph + +to be able to come up with +the best possible assembly. + +So if we increase +the read length + +as was pointed out to +span appropriately, + +we will be able to reconstruct +the original sequence. + +And the point of this +example is that we + +need to consider this when +we're thinking about recovering + +repeat structures in genomes. + +So if we don't have +long enough reads, + +in this case reads +of length 8, we're + +not going to go to recover +the original repeat structure. + +And if we look at this, +repeats are really + +the bane of assemblers +in some sense. + +And as you know, roughly +50% of the human genome + +is repetitive content. + +So we need to be very, very +careful in terms of the way + +that we utilize reads to +be able to recover the best + +approximation of +our genome sequence. + +So here's another +example where we + +look at l is minimum +over length and k + +is the length of the reads. + +And you can see the +sequence that we're + +trying to recover-- It +was the best of times + +it was the worst of +times and the output + +from our greedy SCS assembler. + +And as you can see, +we need to get up + +to a read length of +13 characters for us + +to be able to properly assemble +that original sentence. + +So the essential message +here is that unless you + +have reads that are long +enough to span repeats, + +you're not going +to go to recover + +the original sequence exactly. + +And this can be also thought +of in the following example. + +Imagine you have repeats +that are tandem repeats out + +at the end of a sequence. + +And we're using the +English language + +here because it's easier +to see than if I put up + +a bunch of genomic sequence. + +But, of course, the +principles are the same. + +You can see that +unless we have reads + +that actually are anchored +and unique sequence + +and span out towards +a repetitive sequence, + +we can't really tell +how many times the word + +bells is repeated. + +Another possibility +is that we can + +actually coming from both sides. + +And if we can anchor our reads +and unique sequence on both + +the left and the right side +of a repetitive element, + +then we can figure out how many +copies of something like bells + +is present. + +But in the absence of that, +we really can't do it. + +In fact, we wind up with a +structure looks like this. + +We wind up with-- there +it is-- a structure where + +we have-- let's +just say that there + +are four different +stretches of genome + +in disparate parts +of chromosomes + +and we repeat sequence +in the middle. + +The blue parts of +the chromosomes + +are unique sequence. + +And the red parts are +repetitive sequences. + +What will happen is that if +the reads aren't long enough, + +we'll be able to find out in +each one of the four locations + +that we've gone from unique +sequence to repeat sequence. + +And then we will get +lost in the middle + +of this identical +repeated sequence. + +And then on the +right-hand side we'll + +once again transition back +from repeated sequence + +to unique sequence. + +But we won't know how to put +things together in the middle. + +Right? + +We won't be able +to figure out what + +the path is through these +repetitive elements. + +So that's the essential point +I'd like to make about repeats. + +And we can now turn to +the question of layout + +and how to process an overlap +graph towards making contigs. + +This is the actual layout graph. + +When we think about +that sentence up there. + +And we say the minimum over +that length is four characters. + +And we have seven-character +reads out of the sequence. + +You can see it's a +pretty messy graph. + +If we clean up the graph by +removing the redundant edges, + +the edges like +this that span over + +reads and are implied +by other reads, + +we can remove edges that +are transitive over one + +reads or two reads. + +Now, my presentation +is going to talk + +about how to remove these edges. + +However, as I said +at the outset, + +if you use the algorithm +by Simpson et al., + +you actually don't generate +these transitive edges + +in the first place. + +But assuming that you +didn't use an algorithm + +and you did generate +them, you want + +to get rid of these +transitive edges like so. + +And it starts getting +somewhat simpler + +as you begin +simplifying the graph, + +removing these transitive edges. + +And then we can remove +edges that skip two nodes. + +So here's what happens after +you remove the single transitive + +edges in this graph. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: So it seems that the +transitive and verbal edges + +gave us a little bit more +information about the genome. + +Do we lose some useful +ordering principles by-- + +PROFESSOR: They provide +redundant information. + +They don't really provide +any additional information. + +It's the same linear sequence +that's implied by those edges. + +Any other questions? + +So we can then remove +edges that span two nodes. + +And we get an even +simpler graph like this. + +Now this is beginning to look +more tractable because we + +can look at this and we +can output contigs that + +correspond to linear +portions of the graph, which + +should be linear sequence. + +And when we do that what we +wind up with are two contigs. + +And there's just a bit of +problem in the middle, which + +is that we're unable to +resolve the bit in the middle + +and as a consequence, +we know that that + +is the number of terms that +are in that original sentence + +because we didn't +have a read long + +enough to be able +to resolve that. + +The other problem +that we can have + +in doing this kind of +layout is that when + +there are portions of +the genome that occur + +or sequences in the genome that +occur multiple times, when we + +actually do this +layout, we may find + +that the portions +of the genome that + +occur in two disparate locations +line up with one another. + +And it may be that as you +exit the portion that's + +shared you get a +mismatched base. + +So that mismatch +could be because you + +have disparate parts of +the genome that actually + +have very similar sequence. + +Or it could be +that you had a read + +error at the end of your read. + +And it's difficult to tell the +two apart except by the amount + +of coverage that you have. + +We'll talk about +how to prune graphs + +like this in a few moments. + +But in any event, assuming +that we have pruned the graph, + +we have done our overlap. + +We've done our layout. + +We've found our paths to +the graph for our contigs. + +And then what we find +is that for each contig, + +we have many reads. + +And we're going to +take those reads. + +And we're going to look at them. + +And as you recall, +we could either + +have errors causing +disagreement among the reads. + +We could have allelic +differences between mom and dad + +causing those errors, well, not +really errors-- differences. + +And then we can take +a consensus to come up + +with what the haploid genome is. + +So that's the essential idea +of a overlap layout consensus + +assembler. + +We compute the overlap graph. + +During the layout phase we +actually simplify the graph. + +And we find pass through it. + +And during the consensus +phase, we take our reads, + +and we build a consensus +sequence of the genome. + +And as I said, this graph +building can be slow. + +Although, we'll +talk about how slow + +it is here in just a moment. + +And the challenge is that +modern sequencing data sets + +are hundreds of +millions of reads. + +So let's talk about a +contemporary overlap-based + +assembler-- something called +the stream graph assembler, + +which is done over at +the Sanger in the UK. + +And there are three separate +steps it goes through. + +The first step is it +tries to correct reads. + +And the way it does +this is it actually + +looks at all the +k-mers that occur in + +reads-- it tries to find +sequences that are very, very + +rare and find sequences +that are nearby + +in sequence base +that aren't as rare. + +And it can correct bases that it +believes are sequencing errors. + +The next step is +assembly once it + +has taken all these +reads and corrected them. + +It indexes all the +reads as I suggested + +earlier using an FM index. + +And then it can find the overlap +from that FM index directly. + +And part of the assembly +process is throwing away + +duplicate reads +and throwing away + +reads that have +low quality scores. + +So that's the filtering step. + +It then has the set of +contigs that it has generated. + +And it does something +quite interesting + +to find the scaffolds is that +it takes the contigs it's + +assembled in terms +of linear sequence. + +And it completely re-indexes +them once again using + +an FM index. + +And then it takes all the +reads that you started with. + +And it maps them back +onto the contigs. + +And by mapping the paired +reads back on to the contigs, + +it can actually figure +out what contigs + +should be formed into scaffolds +where there are holes that + +are breached by +these longer reads. + +So it's using the FM indexed +both for correction to find out + +nearby k-mers for +assembly to find overlaps + +and for scaffolding to +put things together. + +And it does its indexing +three different times. + +And just to give you an +idea of how long it takes + +for a human-sized +genome, it's actually + +quite expensive in +terms of CPU time. + +It takes many days +have elapsed time + +to assemble an entire +human genome right now. + +And it's thousands of +CPU hours to actually put + +a genome together +starting from scratch. + +OK, so that's the essential idea +of an overlap-based assembler. + +Are there any questions at all +about overlap-based assemblers? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: So in the +case of an error , + +it's obvious how +you would call that. + +But in an allelic difference, +hypothetically, there + +would be 50% of the reads would +have one and 50% of the reads + +would have another. + +PROFESSOR: That's correct. + +AUDIENCE: So in that case +does it assemble-- do you + +just bias towards whichever +ones weren't easily amplified? + +Or do you assemble +two sequences? + +PROFESSOR: Most assemblers +produce a single sequence. + +And I don't know how SGA decides +between the different alleles + +because I don't recall what +the paper said they did. + +But they have to +essentially flip + +a coin to come up with +a haploid sequence. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: You said there was +three different times that you + +index. + +What are the three? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +the question was + +I said there are three +different they indexed. + +They indexed at the +outset to find errors. + +They indexed the second time +to do the overlap computation. + +And they indexed the +third time to realign + +all the original reads to the +contigs they have to figure out + +which contigs to put +together into scaffolds. + +Right? + +But they have this essential +foundational platform, + +which is the FM index. + +And so they use that +over and over again + +to be able to do the assembly. + +These are all great questions. + +All right, any other questions +about overlap-based assemblers. + +And you can see that if you +think about how much coverage + +they get out of an assembler +like this, it's actually, + +we'll compare all the +assemblers at the very end. + +But if you look at the +number of bases of autosomes + +and the X chromosome +covered by an assembly, + +you can consider +that as a function + +of the minimum alignment +length to a referenced genome. + +And as the minimum +alignment length goes up, + +that means you have to match +longer and longer portions + +of the reference genome for +your assembly contig to count. + +You can see that the number +of bases dropped somewhat. + +In here they're +showing that they + +do better than another +assembler called SOAPdenovo. + +But they do get a +fairly good coverage. + +On the other hand, +they don't get coverage + +anywhere near as good as +Lander-Waterman might suggest + +because the coverage +should suggest + +that the probability +of uncovered base using + +Lander-Waterman would be roughly +e to the minus 40th-- something + +like that. + +And e to the minus 40th is like +4 times 10 to the minus 18. + +So they're not +anywhere near what + +we would think the +Lander-Waterman bound would + +be for assembly. + +So we've talked about these +overlap-based assemblers. + +Now I'm going to turn to +De Bruijn graph assemblers. + +How many people have heard +of De Bruijn graphs before? + +Anybody? + +One person? + +So before we talk about De +Bruijn graphs themselves, + +let's just talk terminology. + +So when I'm using +terms we're all + +on the same page where we were +talking about k-mers where + +the word mer is from +the Greek "part." + +And we talk about 4-mers +of an original sequence + +as a sequence that's +four bases long. + +And we can think about +all of the 3-mers + +of an original sequence. + +So we talk a lot about k-mers. + +And a k minus 1-mer is a +substring of length k minus 1 + +obviously from a k-mer. + +So if we think about the +collection of reads-- + +here these are our +super-simple economy sequencers + +producing reads of only +length three, which + +is pretty desperate. + +But at any rate we'll go +with that for the time being. + +And we think about +each one of these reads + +as having a left k minus 1-mer +and a right k minus 1-mer. + +We split them into +two halves that way. + +And we're going to build a +graph that is as follows. + +We're going to take all of the +k minus 1-mers-- in this case + +the 2-mers. + +And for each read, +we're going to draw + +an edge between its left +2-mer and its right 2-mer. + +OK, once again, for +each read, these sort + +of anemic, +three-base-pair reads, + +we're going to draw an +edge between its left 2-mer + +and its right 2-mer. + +And they overlap in one base. + +So all of the graphs that are +De Bruijn graphs, the edges + +represent an +overlap of one base. + +OK? + +So if you look at the +graph at the bottom, + +that represents the +overlaps present + +in the original sequence. + +You note that we have +AA as one of the 2-mers. + +And its left half and right half +obviously overlap by one base. + +The triple-A read has +AA as its left read + +and AA as a right read-- +thay overlap at one base. + +And that's why we have that +circular edge from A to itself. + +And the next edge +from AA to AB comes + +from the next +read-- the AAB read. + +So each edge then represents +an overlap of one base. + +And therefore, each +edge represents + +a unique k-mer sequence. + +So the way to think +about this graph + +is it that all of the edges +represent the original reads. + +And we have represented the +k minus 1 words as the nodes. + +OK? + +So we can take this graph +then and generalize this idea. + +And if we look at +how the graph changes + +as we add more +structure, here you + +see that we've added an extra b. + +And we get another edge in the +graph back to the same node. + +So when we're +building these graphs, + +if possible, we reuse a +node that already exists. + +Now the way to think +about coming back + +to the original sequence +is finding a path + +through this graph and emitting +sequence as we trace the path. + +And we would like +to have a path that + +traverses all of the nodes. + +And so we have some +definitions here, + +which is that a node is +balanced if its indegree equals + +it's outdegree. + +And you can see that not all +the nodes are balanced down + +the graph of the lower, +right-hand corner. + +And it's connected +if all the components + +or nodes can be reached. + +And a Eulerian walk visit +each edge exactly once, + +which is what we would like to +actually take a De Bruijn graph + +and emit a genome sequence. + +Now, not all graphs +have these walks. + +And graphs do our Eulerian. + +And we won't distinguish +different types + +of these graphs. + +And if a graph has two +semi-balanced nodes + +and all the rest of +the nodes are balanced, + +then it will have +a walk through it. + +So if we think about +our original graph, + +there are two arguments +for it having such a walk. + +The first argument is +that we show the walk. + +And the second is that we +have two semi-balanced nodes + +and the rest of the +nodes are balanced. + +So the reason that +we care about this + +is that we want to study +cases where this goes wrong. + +So to build a De Bruijn +graph of a genome, + +we're going to take our +original sequence reads. + +And we're going to take +all the k-mers that + +occur in those reads. + +And we're going to add +edges to a De Bruijn graph + +based upon those k-mers. + +So if we have a read like +this, and we consider + +a k-mer in the read, +we're going to add an edge + +in the graph between +the left k minus 1-mer + +and the right k minus 1-mer. + +And we'll do that for every +single k-mer in the read. + +Now note what this does is +it destroys some information. + +It destroys information +about the ordering + +of certain of the k-mers in this +read just destroying their read + +contiguity in order to make +some simplifying assumptions + +to represent the +sequence ordering + +of these k minus +1-mers in the graph. + +So we build the +graph in this way + +and if I were to build +the graph like this, + +what is the minimum +sequence overlap for two + +reads to actually share an +edge in the resulting graph? + +Can anybody see how +long the sequence + +must be in the +second read for it + +to actually overlap at +edge with the first read? + +Well, if this second read +also has a k-mer, right? + +It's going to produce another +structure just like this one + +if these two do overlap. + +And thus the edge produced +by this read and the edge + +by this read will +overlap like this. + +And thus all of the nodes that +came from this part of read one + +will feed into this graph. + +And then all the +nodes to come out + +of this k-mer from the +purple read will come out + +of it like so, right? + +And thus when we're +tracing the graph, + +the idea is that the +graph will be connected. + +And we'll be able to +come between these reads + +and reconstruct +the sequence that + +was suggested by the overlap. + +The thing, however, you should +note in this-- yes, question? + +AUDIENCE: So you're +picking two k minus 1 + +reads there-- are those +from different reads? + +Or from the white read? + +PROFESSOR: No, it's +from the white read. + +These are the 2k minus 1-mers +that came out of this read. + +So they actually overlap. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, +but then you were + +talking about how the one +was purple in that case. + +PROFESSOR: Right, well, this +is the same sequence let's say. + +This is the same, exact +sequence down here. + +So if it's the same, +exact sequence, + +it will have the +same k minus 1-mers. + +And when we build the graph +if a node already exists, + +we reuse it. + +And thus if we +reuse the nodes that + +were created when we +built the graph nodes + +and edges for the white read, +then when the purple read comes + +along, we're going to +put another edge here + +between these two k minus 1-mers +because they are contained here + +as well. + +So these are identical +sequences to this + +because these two reads overlap. + +And this part is the same +sequence as that part. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, so why do +you need k minus 1-mers + +if you have overlapped k? + +PROFESSOR: Because +the way we're finding + +these overlaps is +through the graph. + +And we're not indexing +things of size k, right? + +We're indexing things +of size k minus 1. + +In each edge represents +a sequence of length k + +because we know this +sequence and this sequence + +are overlapped by one base. + +So when we find an edge that's +the same between the white + +and the purple read, +we know that they're + +overlapping by k bases. + +Is that making sense to you? + +AUDIENCE: No. + +PROFESSOR: No, OK, so +let's try it again. + +AUDIENCE: You can keep going. + +PROFESSOR: No, it's OK. + +Let's just start with the purple +read to start for a moment + +because I think if +you have a question, + +other people may +have a question. + +So we have this sequence, which +is this sequence right here, + +right? + +And then we have +this sequence, which + +is the sequence right here. + +They overlap by one base. + +And so we put an edge between +them like this in the graph. + +OK? + +AUDIENCE: Don't they overlap +by more than one base? + +They can only contain +one base from each k-mer. + +PROFESSOR: I'm sorry. + +That's what I meant. + +Yeah. + +And then the same thing +is true down here. + +And so we will find this k minus +1-mer and this k minus 1-mer. + +And then they overlap. + +For genome assembly, we +record the forward and reverse + +complement reads in twin nodes. + +And we're not going to +show those because it just + +complicates our +graphs without really + +adding any illustrative power. + +And we always choose k to +be odd so that a node can't + +be its own reversed complement. + +And here is the graph growing +if we think about k equals 5. + +So we have reads of length five. + +And we are adding +sequences to the graph. + +And you note that +the graph is acyclic + +until we get to the +repeated sequence. + +And we get to the second long +the sequence comes back around + +begins a looping back on itself. + +And if we consider the last +part of this De Bruijn graph + +construction, then we wind +up with the finished graph + +on the right-hand side. + +And you can see the +multiplicity of the edges + +correspond to the +number of times + +the long is repeated +in this graph. + +So once again, repeats are +causing the circular structure, + +which only could be resolved if +we had sufficiently long reads, + +which we don't have in +this particular case. + +However, if we consider +perfect sequencing + +we always have a +path to the graph. + +And the reason is +that the leftmost part + +of the genome, so to speak, +is going to be semi-balanced. + +And the rightmost part is +going to be semi-balanced. + +And all the parts in between +are going to be balanced. + +So the k minus 1-mer on the +very left end is semi-balanced + +and the k minus 1-mer on +the right is semi-balanced. + +And all the nodes in +between are balanced. + +Now, this does not allow +for errors of course. + +And we talk about following +this Eulerian walk + +to find the original sequence. + +But the question we can ask +ourselves is whether or not + +this walk always +really corresponds + +to the original genome sequence. + +It turns out I can show +you this example, which + +is we have this graph +for this sequence. + +And there are two different +walks through this graph. + +And the two different +walks produced + +two different sequences. + +And they depend +upon which way you + +start walking from the node AB. + +So once again, here we +have seen that even when + +we have a path to the graph, +the path may not be unique. + +It may not be able to +generate the original sequence + +that we started with. + +So the other problem +we can have when + +we are building a graph like +this is that gaps in coverage + +can create holes in the graph. + +So if we omit +certain of our reads, + +we'll come up with a graph +that is broken into two parts. + +And this corresponds +to the idea that we're + +going to create two different +contigs that are contiguous + +sequence but will be unable +to fill in the middle part. + +OK? + +So we also can have differences +in coverage of a graph + +when we have extra reads +at particular locations + +in the genome. + +And that causes the degrees on +the individual nodes to vary + +and causes us to not be able +to rely upon the indegree + +and outdegree as an +absolute metric for how + +to trace a path +through the graph. + +And the other thing is that +if you have differences + +between the chromosomes, +which we talked about + +last time in our overlap +layout consensus assembler, + +it also can cause +graphs to split apart + +and to have subgraphs +that correspond + +to one allele versus the +other allele, which is present + +perhaps in the main graph. + +All right, so it's +actually the case + +that these graphs are attractive +for a very important reason, + +which is there extraordinarily +efficient to build. + +That is in order to +build a graph like this, + +you need to take each one +of these k minus 1-mers + +and actually find the node, +which you can do by hashing + +and then put the +edges into the graph. + +And so you find that you need +to put in an edge and two nodes + +for each k-mer. + +And if you have a hash map that +encoded these nodes and edges, + +it's constant time work. + +So you wind up +with a graph which + +costs order of the +number of reads to build. + +So it's a linear time +graph construction problem. + +Recall that our last +overlap construction, + +we thought we could +get down to N log N. + +And here is an example of +sub-setting part of the lambda + +phage genome using a De +Bruijn graph assembler. + +And you can see that +roughly the time required + +to assemble parts +of the genome is + +linear in the amount of genome +sequence that you give it. + +So these assemblers were +favored early on in the days + +of short-read assembly in part +because they were so efficient. + +And typically in +some of the projects, + +you have very high coverage. + +And so you wind up with +graphs that actually + +have a huge number of +edges between nodes. + +And this can be +summarised in terms + +of a graph that simply +annotates the edges + +with the number of instances. + +And so you have a weighted graph +on the right-hand side, which + +is easier in some sense to +trace because we can now + +begin to eliminate low-coverage +edges as potential anomalies. + +But the essential idea is to +trace these graphs to produce + +the ultimate genome sequence. + +And in order to +do so, we may need + +to do some error correction. + +So we talked earlier about the +idea that if we have an error, + +we're going to actually produce +a portion of the graph that + +hangs off into outer space. + +And we can cut these +dead-end tips of the graph + +off if they are low coverage +because they presumably + +correspond to errors. + +If we get an error in +the middle of a read, + +we can wind up with a so-called +bubble in the graph, which + +once again is low coverage. + +And we can get rid of these +bubbles in a similar fashion. + +And it's also possible to get +chimeric edges of the graph. + +And those can be caused +by errors as well. + +And we can clip those edges. + +So there are different +kinds of error correction + +we can do in the graph. + +These are all quite heuristic. + +Each assembler has its +own set of heuristics + +for how to deal +with graph anomalies + +and how to eliminate edges in +the graph to permit assembly. + +But these are getting +rid of dead-end tips + +and popping bubbles and +getting rid of chimeric edges + +are important things to +consider for any assembler. + +So the limitations +of these graphs + +are the idea that +we're immediately + +splitting these reads into this +k-mer representation, which + +is destroying information. + +And in order to +overcome this, one + +of the things that people have +done in these De Bruijn graph + +assemblers is to take +the original reads + +and to map them back +on to the graph. + +So when you're +attempting to trace + +the path through the +graph, what you do + +is you take the original reads. + +You thread them +through the graph. + +And you know that +the original read + +represents contiguous +genome sequence. + +So it provides you with +a path through the graph + +that you know is good. + +People have been +doing this in part + +because they didn't want to +go to the full overlap graph + +implementation +because of the cost. + +But I think that these overlap +graph implementations now + +are sufficiently sophisticated +that I personally + +would use them instead of a +De Bruijn graph assembler. + +And so the trade off +really centers around + +speed and space versus accuracy. + +So we can look at some +example assemblers + +and look at their performance. + +But before I do that and +we leave De Bruijn graphs, + +are there any other questions +about De Bruijin graph + +assemblers? + +AUDIENCE: I have one. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, question. + +AUDIENCE: How long +is k typically? + +PROFESSOR: We're going +to talk about that. + +The k typically is somewhere +around 60-- something + +like that-- Somewhere +in that neighborhood. + +It's actually-- it +has to be odd, right? + +So 61, 57-- something like that. + +Good question. + +Any other questions about +De Bruijin graph assemblers? + +So once again returning +to over our architecture, + +we have these reads. + +We need to produce contigs. + +In the case of +overlap graphs, we're + +going to trace the +overlap graphs. + +In the case of De +Bruijn graphs, we're + +going to trace the +De Bruijn graph. + +For scaffolding, we can use +the read pairs to put scaffolds + +back together again. + +And here is some comparison +of the performance + +of these various assemblers. + +So the first assembler-- +SGA-- is an overlap layout + +consensus-style assembler. + +Velvet/Abyss and SOAPdenovo +are all De Bruijn, + +graph-based assemblers. + +So these are all +contemporary assemblers + +that people use for +assembling genomes. + +An important metric +for assemblers + +is something called N50, +which is the size of a contig + +or scaffold where at that length +or larger 50% of the bases + +are present in scaffolds +of that length. + +So, for example, for SGA, they +say that scaffold N50 size + +is 26.3 kilobases, which +means that in scaffolds + +of length 26.3 +kilobases or larger, + +half of the bases +of the assembly lie. + +So the larger the N50 is, +the larger the scaffolds + +are that cover things. + +And you want larger and +larger scaffolds or contigs + +so that you have fewer +gaps in your assembly. + +So the N50 number is a +principle comparison metric + +when one is thinking +about assemblers. + +So in this particular case, +for SGA the overlap metric + +was that the reads had to +overlap by at least 75 bases + +or more. + +And these were +100-base pair reads. + +You can see the +details on the read + +data on the bottom line there. + +So as long as the reads +overlap by 75 bases, + +they were put +together in the graph. + +And the De Bruijn +graph assemblers + +each had their own +optimum number for k. + +And the way that you tune +these parameters is you + +run the assembler on +a range of k values. + +And you see which k value +produced the assembly + +with the highest N50. + +And you pick that k. + +Can anybody think +of a reason why + +it is that although +these are all + +roughly in the same ballpark, +different assemblers might have + +different k values given that +the underlying technology is + +quite similar? + +Any guesses about +what is going on here? + +Well, we know that the +differences in the assemblers + +really are rooted in the +way that they are processing + +the graphs and the way that +they are simplifying them. + +And therefore, +one has to imagine + +that the differences lie in the +post-processing of the graph + +once it's built and that +certain assemblers like larger k + +values. + +Whereas other ones can +tolerate smaller k values. + +And you can see if we look +at the running statistics + +for these, that the +performance of SGA + +if you look at the +reference bases covered + +by contigs greater +than one kilobase + +is roughly comparable to +all the other assemblers. + +But its mismatch +performance is much better. + +That is the other assemblers +are producing-- well, + +I take it back except +for SOAPdenovo. + +But it does quite a +good job at correcting + +reads in coming up with +the correct sequence. + +The last lines however tell the +story about running time, which + +is that the overlap +consensus assembler is taking + +41 hours of CPU time for +C. elegans genome assembly. + +Whereas the other assemblers, +the De Bruijn assembler + +are running much faster. + +So the thing that I +wanted to emphasize today + +was that once you have +the final graph whether it + +be an overlap graph +or a De Bruijn graph, + +which represents possible +ways of putting back together + +again the jigsaw +puzzle, it still + +is an art to be able to +build an assembler that + +uses appropriate heuristics +to trace the graph + +to come up with a +genome sequence. + +And I think another +lesson is that repeats + +are very problematic. + +With short reads, we really +cannot resolve repeats exactly. + +As a consequence, when we think +about any reference genome + +that we're dealing +with, if we consider + +the size of the reads that were +used to assemble that genome, + +then we need to +be mindful of what + +that tells us about +whether or not + +the repeat structure that +we're observing in the genome + +is really an accurate +rendition of what's + +going on in the genome itself. + +And finally, I think +that we've talked today + +about the problem of +assembling genomes + +from a set of reads +that represent + +a uniform, single individual +albeit with possibilities + +of differences of +alleles between mom + +and dad in a diploid organism. + +However, environmental +sequencing + +where one takes up sea +water or other samples + +and sequences all +the organisms in it + +and then attempts to assemble +those organisms de novo + +admits the +possibility that there + +are many different genomes +that you're considering. + +And that, of course, +creates a whole new set + +of research problems, +which I think + +are unsolved in part +because of the read links + +that we're currently +dealing with. + +Are there any final +questions about assembly? + +OK, great. + +Well, we will see +you then on Thursday + +where we will talk about +ChIP-seq and IDR analysis. + +Until then, have +a great Wednesday. + +Thank you very much. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Ycy0Dy-B1c.txt b/_Ycy0Dy-B1c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4aa4b8e3315390c65d593c55a0fef560d674bb57 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Ycy0Dy-B1c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so payments part two we're gonna chat a + + align:start position:0% +so payments part two we're gonna chat a + + + align:start position:0% +so payments part two we're gonna chat a +little bit about the overview today + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the overview today + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the overview today +readings of course as we always do and + + align:start position:0% +readings of course as we always do and + + + align:start position:0% +readings of course as we always do and +then what was yesterday does anybody + + align:start position:0% +then what was yesterday does anybody + + + align:start position:0% +then what was yesterday does anybody +want to tell me what yesterday was + + align:start position:0% +want to tell me what yesterday was + + + align:start position:0% +want to tell me what yesterday was +Kelly 10th anniversary of Bitcoin the + + align:start position:0% +Kelly 10th anniversary of Bitcoin the + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly 10th anniversary of Bitcoin the +wave a what else was yesterday + + align:start position:0% +wave a what else was yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +wave a what else was yesterday +there was hope Halloween no it is not my + + align:start position:0% +there was hope Halloween no it is not my + + + align:start position:0% +there was hope Halloween no it is not my +birthday again + + align:start position:0% +birthday again + + + align:start position:0% +birthday again +stop that Tom so we're gonna chat a + + align:start position:0% +stop that Tom so we're gonna chat a + + + align:start position:0% +stop that Tom so we're gonna chat a +little bit we're gonna have some fun + + align:start position:0% +little bit we're gonna have some fun + + + align:start position:0% +little bit we're gonna have some fun +about a happy anniversary or a birthday + + align:start position:0% +about a happy anniversary or a birthday + + + align:start position:0% +about a happy anniversary or a birthday +would you call it a birthday or + + align:start position:0% +would you call it a birthday or + + + align:start position:0% +would you call it a birthday or +anniversary anniversary okay birthday + + align:start position:0% +anniversary anniversary okay birthday + + + align:start position:0% +anniversary anniversary okay birthday +all right there's no established + + align:start position:0% +all right there's no established + + + align:start position:0% +all right there's no established +vocabulary the birthday Cuba why is the + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary the birthday Cuba why is the + + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary the birthday Cuba why is the +birthday come in January did you get + + align:start position:0% +birthday come in January did you get + + + align:start position:0% +birthday come in January did you get +that birth also connotes death did I + + align:start position:0% +that birth also connotes death did I + + + align:start position:0% +that birth also connotes death did I +have that and so Raheem is saying she + + align:start position:0% +have that and so Raheem is saying she + + + align:start position:0% +have that and so Raheem is saying she +would go with that of ursery but we have + + align:start position:0% +would go with that of ursery but we have + + + align:start position:0% +would go with that of ursery but we have +birth over here we're gonna chat a + + align:start position:0% +birth over here we're gonna chat a + + + align:start position:0% +birth over here we're gonna chat a +little bit about that and try the + + align:start position:0% +little bit about that and try the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about that and try the +existential then we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +existential then we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +existential then we're going to talk +about payment systems and sort of some + + align:start position:0% +about payment systems and sort of some + + + align:start position:0% +about payment systems and sort of some +of the pain points and we'll have a + + align:start position:0% +of the pain points and we'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +of the pain points and we'll have a +lively discussion what do you think the + + align:start position:0% +lively discussion what do you think the + + + align:start position:0% +lively discussion what do you think the +pain points are in the payment system I + + align:start position:0% +pain points are in the payment system I + + + align:start position:0% +pain points are in the payment system I +I of course will have listed some but + + align:start position:0% +I of course will have listed some but + + + align:start position:0% +I of course will have listed some but +your your inputs the most important + + align:start position:0% +your your inputs the most important + + + align:start position:0% +your your inputs the most important +how does blockchain fit into this + + align:start position:0% +how does blockchain fit into this + + + align:start position:0% +how does blockchain fit into this +payment system and why so far haven't + + align:start position:0% +payment system and why so far haven't + + + align:start position:0% +payment system and why so far haven't +there been any really economy-wide or + + align:start position:0% +there been any really economy-wide or + + + align:start position:0% +there been any really economy-wide or +system-wide adoptions yet so one might + + align:start position:0% +system-wide adoptions yet so one might + + + align:start position:0% +system-wide adoptions yet so one might +even say what are the pain points of + + align:start position:0% +even say what are the pain points of + + + align:start position:0% +even say what are the pain points of +blockchain technology that there has not + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology that there has not + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology that there has not +yet been some of those adoptions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean we're gonna chat a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're gonna chat a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're gonna chat a little bit +about some payment blockchain payment + + align:start position:0% +about some payment blockchain payment + + + align:start position:0% +about some payment blockchain payment +companies and there are not many + + align:start position:0% +companies and there are not many + + + align:start position:0% +companies and there are not many +I mean there are many white papers but + + align:start position:0% +I mean there are many white papers but + + + align:start position:0% +I mean there are many white papers but +they're not many that have actually + + align:start position:0% +they're not many that have actually + + + align:start position:0% +they're not many that have actually +taken off and then wrap it up so the + + align:start position:0% +taken off and then wrap it up so the + + + align:start position:0% +taken off and then wrap it up so the +study questions which which we're going + + align:start position:0% +study questions which which we're going + + + align:start position:0% +study questions which which we're going +to sort of dig into rather than right + + align:start position:0% +to sort of dig into rather than right + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of dig into rather than right +now but just you know what lessons can + + align:start position:0% +now but just you know what lessons can + + + align:start position:0% +now but just you know what lessons can +be taken so far might layer to help us + + align:start position:0% +be taken so far might layer to help us + + + align:start position:0% +be taken so far might layer to help us +we're gonna come back to these when we + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come back to these when we + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come back to these when we +sort of dig into the pain points what + + align:start position:0% +sort of dig into the pain points what + + + align:start position:0% +sort of dig into the pain points what +are the opportunities in cross border + + align:start position:0% +are the opportunities in cross border + + + align:start position:0% +are the opportunities in cross border +and so forth and the trade-offs of using + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and the trade-offs of using + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and the trade-offs of using +permission versus permissionless systems + + align:start position:0% +permission versus permissionless systems + + + align:start position:0% +permission versus permissionless systems +so happy anniversary + + align:start position:0% +so happy anniversary + + + align:start position:0% +so happy anniversary +happy birthday for some ten years ago + + align:start position:0% +happy birthday for some ten years ago + + + align:start position:0% +happy birthday for some ten years ago +it's remarkable actually some people say + + align:start position:0% +it's remarkable actually some people say + + + align:start position:0% +it's remarkable actually some people say +it was November first because I think + + align:start position:0% +it was November first because I think + + + align:start position:0% +it was November first because I think +when I'd actually got on the website it + + align:start position:0% +when I'd actually got on the website it + + + align:start position:0% +when I'd actually got on the website it +was November first in parts of the world + + align:start position:0% +was November first in parts of the world + + + align:start position:0% +was November first in parts of the world +so so what what what do we know about + + align:start position:0% +so so what what what do we know about + + + align:start position:0% +so so what what what do we know about +the 10th anniversary I just some fun + + align:start position:0% +the 10th anniversary I just some fun + + + align:start position:0% +the 10th anniversary I just some fun +statistics this has all happened in ten + + align:start position:0% +statistics this has all happened in ten + + + align:start position:0% +statistics this has all happened in ten +years so the prices are around sixty + + align:start position:0% +years so the prices are around sixty + + + align:start position:0% +years so the prices are around sixty +three hundred dollars a Bitcoin nothing + + align:start position:0% +three hundred dollars a Bitcoin nothing + + + align:start position:0% +three hundred dollars a Bitcoin nothing +satoshi nakamoto and it's a hundred and + + align:start position:0% +satoshi nakamoto and it's a hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +satoshi nakamoto and it's a hundred and +ten billion dollars in size we might not + + align:start position:0% +ten billion dollars in size we might not + + + align:start position:0% +ten billion dollars in size we might not +all know each other in ten years but + + align:start position:0% +all know each other in ten years but + + + align:start position:0% +all know each other in ten years but +right down for yourself when a piece of + + align:start position:0% +right down for yourself when a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +right down for yourself when a piece of +paper this a real exercise I'm asking to + + align:start position:0% +paper this a real exercise I'm asking to + + + align:start position:0% +paper this a real exercise I'm asking to +do for yourself write down for yourself + + align:start position:0% +do for yourself write down for yourself + + + align:start position:0% +do for yourself write down for yourself +and put this piece of paper somewhere or + + align:start position:0% +and put this piece of paper somewhere or + + + align:start position:0% +and put this piece of paper somewhere or +put it on your laptop you can put it + + align:start position:0% +put it on your laptop you can put it + + + align:start position:0% +put it on your laptop you can put it +down where do you think the price of + + align:start position:0% +down where do you think the price of + + + align:start position:0% +down where do you think the price of +Bitcoin will be ten years from today on + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin will be ten years from today on + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin will be ten years from today on +the twentieth anniversary and remember + + align:start position:0% +the twentieth anniversary and remember + + + align:start position:0% +the twentieth anniversary and remember +this course in ten years and look back + + align:start position:0% +this course in ten years and look back + + + align:start position:0% +this course in ten years and look back +and laugh at yourself right just you + + align:start position:0% +and laugh at yourself right just you + + + align:start position:0% +and laugh at yourself right just you +know we won't all know each other maybe + + align:start position:0% +know we won't all know each other maybe + + + align:start position:0% +know we won't all know each other maybe +there'll be a group chat but what set + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a group chat but what set + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a group chat but what set +holy you don't want to guess where it is + + align:start position:0% +holy you don't want to guess where it is + + + align:start position:0% +holy you don't want to guess where it is +you don't need to share it with me + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to share it with me + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to share it with me +no no but write down and think about it + + align:start position:0% +no no but write down and think about it + + + align:start position:0% +no no but write down and think about it +you know where do you think this will be + + align:start position:0% +you know where do you think this will be + + + align:start position:0% +you know where do you think this will be +in ten years this is a hard question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I outfit do you want to share your + + align:start position:0% +well I outfit do you want to share your + + + align:start position:0% +well I outfit do you want to share your +number with the class well how many + + align:start position:0% +number with the class well how many + + + align:start position:0% +number with the class well how many +people think will be lower in 10 years + + align:start position:0% +people think will be lower in 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +people think will be lower in 10 years +okay I'd say it's about 3035 percent how + + align:start position:0% +okay I'd say it's about 3035 percent how + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'd say it's about 3035 percent how +many higher yeah that's 60 65 percent + + align:start position:0% +many higher yeah that's 60 65 percent + + + align:start position:0% +many higher yeah that's 60 65 percent +baleen you get to a lean split right I + + align:start position:0% +baleen you get to a lean split right I + + + align:start position:0% +baleen you get to a lean split right I +think that would be lower might change + + align:start position:0% +think that would be lower might change + + + align:start position:0% +think that would be lower might change +so dramatically it might be I'm thinking + + align:start position:0% +so dramatically it might be I'm thinking + + + align:start position:0% +so dramatically it might be I'm thinking +in college it might have evolved into + + align:start position:0% +in college it might have evolved into + + + align:start position:0% +in college it might have evolved into +something else + + align:start position:0% +something else + + + align:start position:0% +something else +who was on that I think you raised a + + align:start position:0% +who was on that I think you raised a + + + align:start position:0% +who was on that I think you raised a +really good question if you're writing + + align:start position:0% +really good question if you're writing + + + align:start position:0% +really good question if you're writing +something down you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +something down you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +something down you can write down the +market cap rather than the price you + + align:start position:0% +market cap rather than the price you + + + align:start position:0% +market cap rather than the price you +could say I mean in a leads case you + + align:start position:0% +could say I mean in a leads case you + + + align:start position:0% +could say I mean in a leads case you +would still say 0 for both but you might + + align:start position:0% +would still say 0 for both but you might + + + align:start position:0% +would still say 0 for both but you might +say that of course because it depends on + + align:start position:0% +say that of course because it depends on + + + align:start position:0% +say that of course because it depends on +how many coins there are how many shares + + align:start position:0% +how many coins there are how many shares + + + align:start position:0% +how many coins there are how many shares +there are does anybody want to take the + + align:start position:0% +there are does anybody want to take the + + + align:start position:0% +there are does anybody want to take the +other side from this the other elite it + + align:start position:0% +other side from this the other elite it + + + align:start position:0% +other side from this the other elite it +will have zeros in the price Hyuga do we + + align:start position:0% +will have zeros in the price Hyuga do we + + + align:start position:0% +will have zeros in the price Hyuga do we +actually know how many Bitcoin there + + align:start position:0% +actually know how many Bitcoin there + + + align:start position:0% +actually know how many Bitcoin there +will be in 10 years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hugo says hugo says you do because it's + + align:start position:0% +Hugo says hugo says you do because it's + + + align:start position:0% +Hugo says hugo says you do because it's +written into code remember your first + + align:start position:0% +written into code remember your first + + + align:start position:0% +written into code remember your first +name I think about flow right thinking + + align:start position:0% +name I think about flow right thinking + + + align:start position:0% +name I think about flow right thinking +about the ticklin that's actually being + + align:start position:0% +about the ticklin that's actually being + + + align:start position:0% +about the ticklin that's actually being +traded or contacted if there's a + + align:start position:0% +traded or contacted if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +traded or contacted if there's a +restricted market cap it's similar to + + align:start position:0% +restricted market cap it's similar to + + + align:start position:0% +restricted market cap it's similar to +looking at big up stocks trading in + + align:start position:0% +looking at big up stocks trading in + + + align:start position:0% +looking at big up stocks trading in +China + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I agree with those there's what + + align:start position:0% +well I agree with those there's what + + + align:start position:0% +well I agree with those there's what +other reason we might not know they + + align:start position:0% +other reason we might not know they + + + align:start position:0% +other reason we might not know they +could stop mining that's if it really + + align:start position:0% +could stop mining that's if it really + + + align:start position:0% +could stop mining that's if it really +just dwindles out nobody wants to expend + + align:start position:0% +just dwindles out nobody wants to expend + + + align:start position:0% +just dwindles out nobody wants to expend +but there's what's one other reason why + + align:start position:0% +but there's what's one other reason why + + + align:start position:0% +but there's what's one other reason why +it could be a different number then do a + + align:start position:0% +it could be a different number then do a + + + align:start position:0% +it could be a different number then do a +fork right there could be a consensus + + align:start position:0% +fork right there could be a consensus + + + align:start position:0% +fork right there could be a consensus +amongst 51% of the parties or than on + + align:start position:0% +amongst 51% of the parties or than on + + + align:start position:0% +amongst 51% of the parties or than on +this node to change the what I'll call + + align:start position:0% +this node to change the what I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +this node to change the what I'll call +monetary policy we've seen that twice in + + align:start position:0% +monetary policy we've seen that twice in + + + align:start position:0% +monetary policy we've seen that twice in +a theorem the theorem was having a + + align:start position:0% +a theorem the theorem was having a + + + align:start position:0% +a theorem the theorem was having a +certain mining or block reward they cut + + align:start position:0% +certain mining or block reward they cut + + + align:start position:0% +certain mining or block reward they cut +it in half once or they cut it from five + + align:start position:0% +it in half once or they cut it from five + + + align:start position:0% +it in half once or they cut it from five +to three and I think now they're going + + align:start position:0% +to three and I think now they're going + + + align:start position:0% +to three and I think now they're going +from three to two it was not in the + + align:start position:0% +from three to two it was not in the + + + align:start position:0% +from three to two it was not in the +original ethereal so there could be a + + align:start position:0% +original ethereal so there could be a + + + align:start position:0% +original ethereal so there could be a +consensus it's not it's not written + + align:start position:0% +consensus it's not it's not written + + + align:start position:0% +consensus it's not it's not written +about a lot but it could be either + + align:start position:0% +about a lot but it could be either + + + align:start position:0% +about a lot but it could be either +what's called a fork or it could be so + + align:start position:0% +what's called a fork or it could be so + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a fork or it could be so +almost unanimous that everybody went for + + align:start position:0% +almost unanimous that everybody went for + + + align:start position:0% +almost unanimous that everybody went for +a change in the monetary policy all + + align:start position:0% +a change in the monetary policy all + + + align:start position:0% +a change in the monetary policy all +right so that's that's just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +right so that's that's just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's that's just a little bit +of fun some other quick numbers and + + align:start position:0% +of fun some other quick numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +of fun some other quick numbers and +facts there's seventeen point three + + align:start position:0% +facts there's seventeen point three + + + align:start position:0% +facts there's seventeen point three +million coins right now and in this so + + align:start position:0% +million coins right now and in this so + + + align:start position:0% +million coins right now and in this so +seventeen million coins have been mined + + align:start position:0% +seventeen million coins have been mined + + + align:start position:0% +seventeen million coins have been mined +so far five hundred and fifty thousand + + align:start position:0% +so far five hundred and fifty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +so far five hundred and fifty thousand +blocks roughly 189 gigs transactions per + + align:start position:0% +blocks roughly 189 gigs transactions per + + + align:start position:0% +blocks roughly 189 gigs transactions per +day quarter of a million transactions + + align:start position:0% +day quarter of a million transactions + + + align:start position:0% +day quarter of a million transactions +and then if I've got my decimals right + + align:start position:0% +and then if I've got my decimals right + + + align:start position:0% +and then if I've got my decimals right +the hash rate is 10 to the 18th times 50 + + align:start position:0% +the hash rate is 10 to the 18th times 50 + + + align:start position:0% +the hash rate is 10 to the 18th times 50 +that's seven trillion times harder than + + align:start position:0% +that's seven trillion times harder than + + + align:start position:0% +that's seven trillion times harder than +when it was in 2009 there's seven + + align:start position:0% +when it was in 2009 there's seven + + + align:start position:0% +when it was in 2009 there's seven +trillion more computational power in + + align:start position:0% +trillion more computational power in + + + align:start position:0% +trillion more computational power in +Bitcoin now than there was nine or ten + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin now than there was nine or ten + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin now than there was nine or ten +years ago it takes about a third of 1% + + align:start position:0% +years ago it takes about a third of 1% + + + align:start position:0% +years ago it takes about a third of 1% +of the world's electricity and there + + align:start position:0% +of the world's electricity and there + + + align:start position:0% +of the world's electricity and there +were some nice comments overnight in the + + align:start position:0% +were some nice comments overnight in the + + + align:start position:0% +were some nice comments overnight in the +in the discussion for this class about + + align:start position:0% +in the discussion for this class about + + + align:start position:0% +in the discussion for this class about +whether that's a good thing or not maybe + + align:start position:0% +whether that's a good thing or not maybe + + + align:start position:0% +whether that's a good thing or not maybe +it's not a good thing but + + align:start position:0% +it's not a good thing but + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a good thing but +so that's that's Bitcoin anniversary a + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's Bitcoin anniversary a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's Bitcoin anniversary a +couple other things unique addresses + + align:start position:0% +couple other things unique addresses + + + align:start position:0% +couple other things unique addresses +there's a little bit over 500,000 unique + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit over 500,000 unique + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit over 500,000 unique +addresses Bitcoin addresses so if + + align:start position:0% +addresses Bitcoin addresses so if + + + align:start position:0% +addresses Bitcoin addresses so if +there's tens of millions of people that + + align:start position:0% +there's tens of millions of people that + + + align:start position:0% +there's tens of millions of people that +have Bitcoin and only half a million + + align:start position:0% +have Bitcoin and only half a million + + + align:start position:0% +have Bitcoin and only half a million +Bitcoin addresses what does it mean + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses what does it mean + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses what does it mean +about the probably 20 or 30 million + + align:start position:0% +about the probably 20 or 30 million + + + align:start position:0% +about the probably 20 or 30 million +people that believe they own Bitcoin but + + align:start position:0% +people that believe they own Bitcoin but + + + align:start position:0% +people that believe they own Bitcoin but +don't have a Bitcoin address where do + + align:start position:0% +don't have a Bitcoin address where do + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a Bitcoin address where do +they own it anyone in exchange or in + + align:start position:0% +they own it anyone in exchange or in + + + align:start position:0% +they own it anyone in exchange or in +some custodial in essence relying on + + align:start position:0% +some custodial in essence relying on + + + align:start position:0% +some custodial in essence relying on +somebody else if there's a half a + + align:start position:0% +somebody else if there's a half a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else if there's a half a +million unique addresses but it's + + align:start position:0% +million unique addresses but it's + + + align:start position:0% +million unique addresses but it's +thought there's twenty to thirty million + + align:start position:0% +thought there's twenty to thirty million + + + align:start position:0% +thought there's twenty to thirty million +accounts ten thousand nodes the bit + + align:start position:0% +accounts ten thousand nodes the bit + + + align:start position:0% +accounts ten thousand nodes the bit +nodes is a website where you can see + + align:start position:0% +nodes is a website where you can see + + + align:start position:0% +nodes is a website where you can see +where the nodes are and its + + align:start position:0% +where the nodes are and its + + + align:start position:0% +where the nodes are and its +concentration of where the actual nodes + + align:start position:0% +concentration of where the actual nodes + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of where the actual nodes +are so pretty spread around there's not + + align:start position:0% +are so pretty spread around there's not + + + align:start position:0% +are so pretty spread around there's not +any alpha and Ethiopia yet in fact I + + align:start position:0% +any alpha and Ethiopia yet in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +any alpha and Ethiopia yet in fact I +don't see what's that do you see two in + + align:start position:0% +don't see what's that do you see two in + + + align:start position:0% +don't see what's that do you see two in +Kenya anybody from Greenland no and of + + align:start position:0% +Kenya anybody from Greenland no and of + + + align:start position:0% +Kenya anybody from Greenland no and of +course it spurred this whole thing we've + + align:start position:0% +course it spurred this whole thing we've + + + align:start position:0% +course it spurred this whole thing we've +seen this map before but but initial + + align:start position:0% +seen this map before but but initial + + + align:start position:0% +seen this map before but but initial +coin offerings twenty eight billion + + align:start position:0% +coin offerings twenty eight billion + + + align:start position:0% +coin offerings twenty eight billion +dollars roughly raised again we don't + + align:start position:0% +dollars roughly raised again we don't + + + align:start position:0% +dollars roughly raised again we don't +know if the numbers are right but this + + align:start position:0% +know if the numbers are right but this + + + align:start position:0% +know if the numbers are right but this +is what this ten-year anniversary or ten + + align:start position:0% +is what this ten-year anniversary or ten + + + align:start position:0% +is what this ten-year anniversary or ten +ten years since it all started this + + align:start position:0% +ten years since it all started this + + + align:start position:0% +ten years since it all started this +means there's a lot of capital chasing + + align:start position:0% +means there's a lot of capital chasing + + + align:start position:0% +means there's a lot of capital chasing +this field right now does anybody want + + align:start position:0% +this field right now does anybody want + + + align:start position:0% +this field right now does anybody want +to write down whether they think icos + + align:start position:0% +to write down whether they think icos + + + align:start position:0% +to write down whether they think icos +are still gonna be around in ten years + + align:start position:0% +are still gonna be around in ten years + + + align:start position:0% +are still gonna be around in ten years +how many people think ice in initial + + align:start position:0% +how many people think ice in initial + + + align:start position:0% +how many people think ice in initial +coin offerings will be around about half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so the other oh I know where Elena's + + align:start position:0% +and so the other oh I know where Elena's + + + align:start position:0% +and so the other oh I know where Elena's +but where you're the rest of you I don't + + align:start position:0% +but where you're the rest of you I don't + + + align:start position:0% +but where you're the rest of you I don't +actually know I think they're gonna slow + + align:start position:0% +actually know I think they're gonna slow + + + align:start position:0% +actually know I think they're gonna slow +down I think in 2019 and 2020 they'll + + align:start position:0% +down I think in 2019 and 2020 they'll + + + align:start position:0% +down I think in 2019 and 2020 they'll +slow down because so many will have + + align:start position:0% +slow down because so many will have + + + align:start position:0% +slow down because so many will have +failed they'll be more the market will + + align:start position:0% +failed they'll be more the market will + + + align:start position:0% +failed they'll be more the market will +sort of address and say well we're not + + align:start position:0% +sort of address and say well we're not + + + align:start position:0% +sort of address and say well we're not +going to invest in + + align:start position:0% +going to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +going to invest in +unless there's a much better business + + align:start position:0% +unless there's a much better business + + + align:start position:0% +unless there's a much better business +model and so it's spurred this is just a + + align:start position:0% +model and so it's spurred this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +model and so it's spurred this is just a +bucket of other coins there's sixteen + + align:start position:0% +bucket of other coins there's sixteen + + + align:start position:0% +bucket of other coins there's sixteen +hundred off coins probably fifteen + + align:start position:0% +hundred off coins probably fifteen + + + align:start position:0% +hundred off coins probably fifteen +hundred plus of them will fail or maybe + + align:start position:0% +hundred plus of them will fail or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +hundred plus of them will fail or maybe +all sixteen hundred but fifteen hundred + + align:start position:0% +all sixteen hundred but fifteen hundred + + + align:start position:0% +all sixteen hundred but fifteen hundred +plus will probably fail I might be done + + align:start position:0% +plus will probably fail I might be done + + + align:start position:0% +plus will probably fail I might be done +with oh yeah crypto finance we're we're + + align:start position:0% +with oh yeah crypto finance we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +with oh yeah crypto finance we're we're +actually there's not as much volatility + + align:start position:0% +actually there's not as much volatility + + + align:start position:0% +actually there's not as much volatility +as there once was we're slowly getting a + + align:start position:0% +as there once was we're slowly getting a + + + align:start position:0% +as there once was we're slowly getting a +more stable coin it doesn't mean it will + + align:start position:0% +more stable coin it doesn't mean it will + + + align:start position:0% +more stable coin it doesn't mean it will +stay this way but to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +stay this way but to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +stay this way but to the extent that +Bitcoin stabilizes in pricing and + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin stabilizes in pricing and + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin stabilizes in pricing and +stabilize this for a long period there + + align:start position:0% +stabilize this for a long period there + + + align:start position:0% +stabilize this for a long period there +might be a little bit more use of it but + + align:start position:0% +might be a little bit more use of it but + + + align:start position:0% +might be a little bit more use of it but +I wouldn't read six months does not make + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't read six months does not make + + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't read six months does not make +enough history to say that there's + + align:start position:0% +enough history to say that there's + + + align:start position:0% +enough history to say that there's +really volatilities out of this thing + + align:start position:0% +really volatilities out of this thing + + + align:start position:0% +really volatilities out of this thing +all right so let's go back to payment + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's go back to payment + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's go back to payment +systems so then I'm going to ask what + + align:start position:0% +systems so then I'm going to ask what + + + align:start position:0% +systems so then I'm going to ask what +are the pain points I mean maybe just + + align:start position:0% +are the pain points I mean maybe just + + + align:start position:0% +are the pain points I mean maybe just +putting up the chart tells you where the + + align:start position:0% +putting up the chart tells you where the + + + align:start position:0% +putting up the chart tells you where the +pain points are but this was the chart + + align:start position:0% +pain points are but this was the chart + + + align:start position:0% +pain points are but this was the chart +we we talked about Tuesday as to what + + align:start position:0% +we we talked about Tuesday as to what + + + align:start position:0% +we we talked about Tuesday as to what +some of the challenges are and anybody + + align:start position:0% +some of the challenges are and anybody + + + align:start position:0% +some of the challenges are and anybody +want to give me some thoughts on this + + align:start position:0% +want to give me some thoughts on this + + + align:start position:0% +want to give me some thoughts on this +this was a consumer on one end and a + + align:start position:0% +this was a consumer on one end and a + + + align:start position:0% +this was a consumer on one end and a +consumer and the other end it happens to + + align:start position:0% +consumer and the other end it happens to + + + align:start position:0% +consumer and the other end it happens to +be a US model but it's not that + + align:start position:0% +be a US model but it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +be a US model but it's not that +different in most countries but what + + align:start position:0% +different in most countries but what + + + align:start position:0% +different in most countries but what +what pain points could block J and help + + align:start position:0% +what pain points could block J and help + + + align:start position:0% +what pain points could block J and help +address in this complex system so pain + + align:start position:0% +address in this complex system so pain + + + align:start position:0% +address in this complex system so pain +points anybody want to give me + + align:start position:0% +points anybody want to give me + + + align:start position:0% +points anybody want to give me +Brodus multiple intermediaries with + + align:start position:0% +Brodus multiple intermediaries with + + + align:start position:0% +Brodus multiple intermediaries with +parallel ledgers what else usual suspect + + align:start position:0% +parallel ledgers what else usual suspect + + + align:start position:0% +parallel ledgers what else usual suspect +World Bank estimates it's between a half + + align:start position:0% +World Bank estimates it's between a half + + + align:start position:0% +World Bank estimates it's between a half +a percent of 1% of world GDP which would + + align:start position:0% +a percent of 1% of world GDP which would + + + align:start position:0% +a percent of 1% of world GDP which would +be I guess about 400 to 800 billion + + align:start position:0% +be I guess about 400 to 800 billion + + + align:start position:0% +be I guess about 400 to 800 billion +dollars a year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +execution so what do you mean when you + + align:start position:0% +execution so what do you mean when you + + + align:start position:0% +execution so what do you mean when you +say speed of execution and payments + + align:start position:0% +say speed of execution and payments + + + align:start position:0% +say speed of execution and payments +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +final settlement + + align:start position:0% +final settlement + + + align:start position:0% +final settlement +sometimes it's authorization clearing + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's authorization clearing + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's authorization clearing +settlement but final settlement often + + align:start position:0% +settlement but final settlement often + + + align:start position:0% +settlement but final settlement often +doesn't occur for a couple of days but I + + align:start position:0% +doesn't occur for a couple of days but I + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't occur for a couple of days but I +would like for the customer perspective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just oozing so so it's a really + + align:start position:0% +just oozing so so it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +just oozing so so it's a really +interesting there's a bifurcated market + + align:start position:0% +interesting there's a bifurcated market + + + align:start position:0% +interesting there's a bifurcated market +from the customers perspective there's + + align:start position:0% +from the customers perspective there's + + + align:start position:0% +from the customers perspective there's +great speed of settlement for the + + align:start position:0% +great speed of settlement for the + + + align:start position:0% +great speed of settlement for the +merchants side the merchants might not + + align:start position:0% +merchants side the merchants might not + + + align:start position:0% +merchants side the merchants might not +have that is what you're highlighting + + align:start position:0% +have that is what you're highlighting + + + align:start position:0% +have that is what you're highlighting +sorry so financial inclusion so we had + + align:start position:0% +sorry so financial inclusion so we had + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so financial inclusion so we had +cost financial inclusion latency at + + align:start position:0% +cost financial inclusion latency at + + + align:start position:0% +cost financial inclusion latency at +least for the merchants side lots of + + align:start position:0% +least for the merchants side lots of + + + align:start position:0% +least for the merchants side lots of +intermediaries as Broder said there's a + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries as Broder said there's a + + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries as Broder said there's a +lot of Ledger's that are multiple + + align:start position:0% +lot of Ledger's that are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +lot of Ledger's that are multiple +Ledger's that might have some + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's that might have some + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's that might have some +reconciliation and and cost to them sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +real-time FX settlement what do you what + + align:start position:0% +real-time FX settlement what do you what + + + align:start position:0% +real-time FX settlement what do you what +do you mean so I think I I'm with you + + align:start position:0% +do you mean so I think I I'm with you + + + align:start position:0% +do you mean so I think I I'm with you +it's basically cross-border moving + + align:start position:0% +it's basically cross-border moving + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically cross-border moving +jumping from one currency one fiat + + align:start position:0% +jumping from one currency one fiat + + + align:start position:0% +jumping from one currency one fiat +currency to another which happens to be + + align:start position:0% +currency to another which happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +currency to another which happens to be +technically jumping from one ledger + + align:start position:0% +technically jumping from one ledger + + + align:start position:0% +technically jumping from one ledger +system the US dollar ledger system did + + align:start position:0% +system the US dollar ledger system did + + + align:start position:0% +system the US dollar ledger system did +you say ruble ruble do they have + + align:start position:0% +you say ruble ruble do they have + + + align:start position:0% +you say ruble ruble do they have +Ledger's there yeah they have letters + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's there yeah they have letters + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's there yeah they have letters +there the the you know as a background + + align:start position:0% +there the the you know as a background + + + align:start position:0% +there the the you know as a background +story I I used to attend the Financial + + align:start position:0% +story I I used to attend the Financial + + + align:start position:0% +story I I used to attend the Financial +Stability Board meetings in Switzerland + + align:start position:0% +Stability Board meetings in Switzerland + + + align:start position:0% +Stability Board meetings in Switzerland +from time to time and when Russia was + + align:start position:0% +from time to time and when Russia was + + + align:start position:0% +from time to time and when Russia was +going to have the next g20 meeting I + + align:start position:0% +going to have the next g20 meeting I + + + align:start position:0% +going to have the next g20 meeting I +think it's not next + + align:start position:0% +think it's not next + + + align:start position:0% +think it's not next +gonna be an Argentine but that was the + + align:start position:0% +gonna be an Argentine but that was the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be an Argentine but that was the +year is going to be in Russia the deputy + + align:start position:0% +year is going to be in Russia the deputy + + + align:start position:0% +year is going to be in Russia the deputy +governor of the central bank wanted to + + align:start position:0% +governor of the central bank wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +governor of the central bank wanted to +have a dive into issues that were in my + + align:start position:0% +have a dive into issues that were in my + + + align:start position:0% +have a dive into issues that were in my +my area the derivative space so I got to + + align:start position:0% +my area the derivative space so I got to + + + align:start position:0% +my area the derivative space so I got to +know other some of something about they + + align:start position:0% +know other some of something about they + + + align:start position:0% +know other some of something about they +do have Ledger's is what I just want to + + align:start position:0% +do have Ledger's is what I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +do have Ledger's is what I just want to +say I did know this but so what are some + + align:start position:0% +say I did know this but so what are some + + + align:start position:0% +say I did know this but so what are some +of the things I heard from you cost + + align:start position:0% +of the things I heard from you cost + + + align:start position:0% +of the things I heard from you cost +delayed settlement especially for the + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement especially for the + + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement especially for the +merchant side I didn't hear anybody talk + + align:start position:0% +merchant side I didn't hear anybody talk + + + align:start position:0% +merchant side I didn't hear anybody talk +about chargebacks so is anybody want to + + align:start position:0% +about chargebacks so is anybody want to + + + align:start position:0% +about chargebacks so is anybody want to +tell me about why merchants are not + + align:start position:0% +tell me about why merchants are not + + + align:start position:0% +tell me about why merchants are not +happy but what's called chargebacks or + + align:start position:0% +happy but what's called chargebacks or + + + align:start position:0% +happy but what's called chargebacks or +is this something more a u.s. thing + + align:start position:0% +is this something more a u.s. thing + + + align:start position:0% +is this something more a u.s. thing +brownish multiplicative we did is cost + + align:start position:0% +brownish multiplicative we did is cost + + + align:start position:0% +brownish multiplicative we did is cost +two and three-quarters percent in the US + + align:start position:0% +two and three-quarters percent in the US + + + align:start position:0% +two and three-quarters percent in the US +when it's crossed the credit card rails + + align:start position:0% +when it's crossed the credit card rails + + + align:start position:0% +when it's crossed the credit card rails +but one of the features is chargebacks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +were robbed so merchants merchants don't + + align:start position:0% +were robbed so merchants merchants don't + + + align:start position:0% +were robbed so merchants merchants don't +really have finality Jack charge backs a + + align:start position:0% +really have finality Jack charge backs a + + + align:start position:0% +really have finality Jack charge backs a +recourse for things that weren't + + align:start position:0% +recourse for things that weren't + + + align:start position:0% +recourse for things that weren't +actually spent so that doesn't this kind + + align:start position:0% +actually spent so that doesn't this kind + + + align:start position:0% +actually spent so that doesn't this kind +of affect consumers might not be as + + align:start position:0% +of affect consumers might not be as + + + align:start position:0% +of affect consumers might not be as +willing to enter transaction remember + + align:start position:0% +willing to enter transaction remember + + + align:start position:0% +willing to enter transaction remember +your first name yeah Dan so Dan and Jack + + align:start position:0% +your first name yeah Dan so Dan and Jack + + + align:start position:0% +your first name yeah Dan so Dan and Jack +really have the two sides of this from + + align:start position:0% +really have the two sides of this from + + + align:start position:0% +really have the two sides of this from +the consumer I'm sorry Jack's the + + align:start position:0% +the consumer I'm sorry Jack's the + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer I'm sorry Jack's the +consumer side and Dan's the merchant + + align:start position:0% +consumer side and Dan's the merchant + + + align:start position:0% +consumer side and Dan's the merchant +side from the merchants they want + + align:start position:0% +side from the merchants they want + + + align:start position:0% +side from the merchants they want +finality of settlement they want I sold + + align:start position:0% +finality of settlement they want I sold + + + align:start position:0% +finality of settlement they want I sold +you a good I was working on the campaign + + align:start position:0% +you a good I was working on the campaign + + + align:start position:0% +you a good I was working on the campaign +we weren't selling a good but we got a + + align:start position:0% +we weren't selling a good but we got a + + + align:start position:0% +we weren't selling a good but we got a +donation and we wanted to know that 2700 + + align:start position:0% +donation and we wanted to know that 2700 + + + align:start position:0% +donation and we wanted to know that 2700 +was there where I sell a good a cup of + + align:start position:0% +was there where I sell a good a cup of + + + align:start position:0% +was there where I sell a good a cup of +coffee and it's done but from Jack's + + align:start position:0% +coffee and it's done but from Jack's + + + align:start position:0% +coffee and it's done but from Jack's +perspective well I might not have gotten + + align:start position:0% +perspective well I might not have gotten + + + align:start position:0% +perspective well I might not have gotten +the good or service I'm in a disputed + + align:start position:0% +the good or service I'm in a disputed + + + align:start position:0% +the good or service I'm in a disputed +you say that I am a monthly subscriber + + align:start position:0% +you say that I am a monthly subscriber + + + align:start position:0% +you say that I am a monthly subscriber +to the New York Times + + align:start position:0% +to the New York Times + + + align:start position:0% +to the New York Times +not a monthly subscriber to the New York + + align:start position:0% +not a monthly subscriber to the New York + + + align:start position:0% +not a monthly subscriber to the New York +Times I don't want to pay the $15 a + + align:start position:0% +Times I don't want to pay the $15 a + + + align:start position:0% +Times I don't want to pay the $15 a +month because I'm not getting the New + + align:start position:0% +month because I'm not getting the New + + + align:start position:0% +month because I'm not getting the New +York Times and there's two called a + + align:start position:0% +York Times and there's two called a + + + align:start position:0% +York Times and there's two called a +chargeback + + align:start position:0% +chargeback + + + align:start position:0% +chargeback +and so it's really consumers and + + align:start position:0% +and so it's really consumers and + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's really consumers and +merchants are a little bit on the + + align:start position:0% +merchants are a little bit on the + + + align:start position:0% +merchants are a little bit on the +different side but in the u.s. that's + + align:start position:0% +different side but in the u.s. that's + + + align:start position:0% +different side but in the u.s. that's +part of that two and three-quarters + + align:start position:0% +part of that two and three-quarters + + + align:start position:0% +part of that two and three-quarters +percent but merchants were probably in + + align:start position:0% +percent but merchants were probably in + + + align:start position:0% +percent but merchants were probably in +the u.s. at least say I'd rather not be + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. at least say I'd rather not be + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. at least say I'd rather not be +there and then it's whether customers + + align:start position:0% +there and then it's whether customers + + + align:start position:0% +there and then it's whether customers +are gonna push back fraud + + align:start position:0% +are gonna push back fraud + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna push back fraud +of course privacy I didn't hear anybody + + align:start position:0% +of course privacy I didn't hear anybody + + + align:start position:0% +of course privacy I didn't hear anybody +say but the current payment rails + + align:start position:0% +say but the current payment rails + + + align:start position:0% +say but the current payment rails +actually and the modern computer age + + align:start position:0% +actually and the modern computer age + + + align:start position:0% +actually and the modern computer age +gives everybody along the chain a lot of + + align:start position:0% +gives everybody along the chain a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +gives everybody along the chain a lot of +information about all of us though many + + align:start position:0% +information about all of us though many + + + align:start position:0% +information about all of us though many +of us don't mind it I still want to use + + align:start position:0% +of us don't mind it I still want to use + + + align:start position:0% +of us don't mind it I still want to use +my Visa card I want to use my bank + + align:start position:0% +my Visa card I want to use my bank + + + align:start position:0% +my Visa card I want to use my bank +account but know that we are all giving + + align:start position:0% +account but know that we are all giving + + + align:start position:0% +account but know that we are all giving +up a little bit of our personal identity + + align:start position:0% +up a little bit of our personal identity + + + align:start position:0% +up a little bit of our personal identity +because they know how we spend and based + + align:start position:0% +because they know how we spend and based + + + align:start position:0% +because they know how we spend and based +on those spending patterns they can know + + align:start position:0% +on those spending patterns they can know + + + align:start position:0% +on those spending patterns they can know +whether we like guns or not we don't + + align:start position:0% +whether we like guns or not we don't + + + align:start position:0% +whether we like guns or not we don't +like gods and in the political space + + align:start position:0% +like gods and in the political space + + + align:start position:0% +like gods and in the political space +there's people sort of look at those + + align:start position:0% +there's people sort of look at those + + + align:start position:0% +there's people sort of look at those +things or or how you live your life in + + align:start position:0% +things or or how you live your life in + + + align:start position:0% +things or or how you live your life in +in many ways and in good ways too + + align:start position:0% +in many ways and in good ways too + + + align:start position:0% +in many ways and in good ways too +because it means they can market to us + + align:start position:0% +because it means they can market to us + + + align:start position:0% +because it means they can market to us +what we want to what books we want to + + align:start position:0% +what we want to what books we want to + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to what books we want to +read and what what wines we want to + + align:start position:0% +read and what what wines we want to + + + align:start position:0% +read and what what wines we want to +drink but it's privacy as well Financial + + align:start position:0% +drink but it's privacy as well Financial + + + align:start position:0% +drink but it's privacy as well Financial +Inclusion was mentioned Raheem pinpoint + + align:start position:0% +Inclusion was mentioned Raheem pinpoint + + + align:start position:0% +Inclusion was mentioned Raheem pinpoint +so I good I agree with you cyber attacks + + align:start position:0% +so I good I agree with you cyber attacks + + + align:start position:0% +so I good I agree with you cyber attacks +and so forth so these with all these + + align:start position:0% +and so forth so these with all these + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth so these with all these +pain points the question is will + + align:start position:0% +pain points the question is will + + + align:start position:0% +pain points the question is will +blockchain help address some of these or + + align:start position:0% +blockchain help address some of these or + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain help address some of these or +all of these so then we go back to + + align:start position:0% +all of these so then we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +all of these so then we go back to +benefits of blockchain what are the two + + align:start position:0% +benefits of blockchain what are the two + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of blockchain what are the two +big benefits that you keep hearing me + + align:start position:0% +big benefits that you keep hearing me + + + align:start position:0% +big benefits that you keep hearing me +spout about from whether it's from + + align:start position:0% +spout about from whether it's from + + + align:start position:0% +spout about from whether it's from +Christian Catalina's paper or just Kelly + + align:start position:0% +Christian Catalina's paper or just Kelly + + + align:start position:0% +Christian Catalina's paper or just Kelly +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +verification cost and networking costs + + align:start position:0% +verification cost and networking costs + + + align:start position:0% +verification cost and networking costs +we're not going to go back through this + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to go back through this + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to go back through this +but it sort of can lowering the + + align:start position:0% +but it sort of can lowering the + + + align:start position:0% +but it sort of can lowering the +verification cost address basically some + + align:start position:0% +verification cost address basically some + + + align:start position:0% +verification cost address basically some +of these pain points including this + + align:start position:0% +of these pain points including this + + + align:start position:0% +of these pain points including this +cybersecurity one and where does that + + align:start position:0% +cybersecurity one and where does that + + + align:start position:0% +cybersecurity one and where does that +fit together.we you're ahead of me no no + + align:start position:0% +fit together.we you're ahead of me no no + + + align:start position:0% +fit together.we you're ahead of me no no +it's good it's good in fact I'm gonna go + + align:start position:0% +it's good it's good in fact I'm gonna go + + + align:start position:0% +it's good it's good in fact I'm gonna go +challenges which problems are gonna add + + align:start position:0% +challenges which problems are gonna add + + + align:start position:0% +challenges which problems are gonna add +scalability + + align:start position:0% +scalability + + + align:start position:0% +scalability +scalability what other problems I bro - + + align:start position:0% +scalability what other problems I bro - + + + align:start position:0% +scalability what other problems I bro - +ever heard from over here high + + align:start position:0% +ever heard from over here high + + + align:start position:0% +ever heard from over here high +transaction cost 1 lakh J so it's slow + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost 1 lakh J so it's slow + + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost 1 lakh J so it's slow +so scalability slow it might be high + + align:start position:0% +so scalability slow it might be high + + + align:start position:0% +so scalability slow it might be high +transaction cost alexis operability so + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost alexis operability so + + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost alexis operability so +it's all our friends Stephanie + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's this trade-off it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so it's this trade-off it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so it's this trade-off it's a little bit +like what Jack was saying about charge + + align:start position:0% +like what Jack was saying about charge + + + align:start position:0% +like what Jack was saying about charge +backs from the customer side there might + + align:start position:0% +backs from the customer side there might + + + align:start position:0% +backs from the customer side there might +be an actual error it's a different type + + align:start position:0% +be an actual error it's a different type + + + align:start position:0% +be an actual error it's a different type +of error but an error and I want to be + + align:start position:0% +of error but an error and I want to be + + + align:start position:0% +of error but an error and I want to be +able to say I'm not taking the New York + + align:start position:0% +able to say I'm not taking the New York + + + align:start position:0% +able to say I'm not taking the New York +Times any longer I'm sorry to the New + + align:start position:0% +Times any longer I'm sorry to the New + + + align:start position:0% +Times any longer I'm sorry to the New +York Times I'm just picking but you're + + align:start position:0% +York Times I'm just picking but you're + + + align:start position:0% +York Times I'm just picking but you're +saying there could be true air + + align:start position:0% +saying there could be true air + + + align:start position:0% +saying there could be true air +shamone did you finales finale opens up + + align:start position:0% +shamone did you finales finale opens up + + + align:start position:0% +shamone did you finales finale opens up +a lot of exposure so the current level + + align:start position:0% +a lot of exposure so the current level + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of exposure so the current level +for that we see probably go up a lot if + + align:start position:0% +for that we see probably go up a lot if + + + align:start position:0% +for that we see probably go up a lot if +someone could you know get the system + + align:start position:0% +someone could you know get the system + + + align:start position:0% +someone could you know get the system +get their cash out at the same time + + align:start position:0% +get their cash out at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +get their cash out at the same time +right very hard to + + align:start position:0% +right very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +right very hard to +Siobhan's racing maybe we don't have we + + align:start position:0% +Siobhan's racing maybe we don't have we + + + align:start position:0% +Siobhan's racing maybe we don't have we +have maybe we have delayed settlement + + align:start position:0% +have maybe we have delayed settlement + + + align:start position:0% +have maybe we have delayed settlement +maybe we don't have immediate finality + + align:start position:0% +maybe we don't have immediate finality + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we don't have immediate finality +because there's a market feature we kind + + align:start position:0% +because there's a market feature we kind + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a market feature we kind +of want some delayed settlement to + + align:start position:0% +of want some delayed settlement to + + + align:start position:0% +of want some delayed settlement to +protect against fraud to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +protect against fraud to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +protect against fraud to make sure that +there's not error as this stephanie says + + align:start position:0% +there's not error as this stephanie says + + + align:start position:0% +there's not error as this stephanie says +maybe there's a delay for business + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's a delay for business + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's a delay for business +reasons but Kelly you know anybody want + + align:start position:0% +reasons but Kelly you know anybody want + + + align:start position:0% +reasons but Kelly you know anybody want +to take the other side I want somebody + + align:start position:0% +to take the other side I want somebody + + + align:start position:0% +to take the other side I want somebody +to take the other side this alein I mean + + align:start position:0% +to take the other side this alein I mean + + + align:start position:0% +to take the other side this alein I mean +I think that basically that says let's + + align:start position:0% +I think that basically that says let's + + + align:start position:0% +I think that basically that says let's +have a inferior system on there because + + align:start position:0% +have a inferior system on there because + + + align:start position:0% +have a inferior system on there because +it's good and it's like yeah I mean I + + align:start position:0% +it's good and it's like yeah I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +it's good and it's like yeah I mean I +think to some extent you do want + + align:start position:0% +think to some extent you do want + + + align:start position:0% +think to some extent you do want +benefits to kind of having a delay + + align:start position:0% +benefits to kind of having a delay + + + align:start position:0% +benefits to kind of having a delay +settlement but there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +settlement but there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +settlement but there are a lot of +benefits on having finality so why not + + align:start position:0% +benefits on having finality so why not + + + align:start position:0% +benefits on having finality so why not +have both you know you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +have both you know you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +have both you know you don't need to +just kind of have any fear so it's kind + + align:start position:0% +just kind of have any fear so it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of have any fear so it's kind +of system out there and say okay this is + + align:start position:0% +of system out there and say okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +of system out there and say okay this is +a statment you can also bring another + + align:start position:0% +a statment you can also bring another + + + align:start position:0% +a statment you can also bring another +you know another social right decided + + align:start position:0% +you know another social right decided + + + align:start position:0% +you know another social right decided +that actually offers finality for people + + align:start position:0% +that actually offers finality for people + + + align:start position:0% +that actually offers finality for people +who remember zlín works at the digital + + align:start position:0% +who remember zlín works at the digital + + + align:start position:0% +who remember zlín works at the digital +currency initiative used to work in + + align:start position:0% +currency initiative used to work in + + + align:start position:0% +currency initiative used to work in +payments he's admitting me might have a + + align:start position:0% +payments he's admitting me might have a + + + align:start position:0% +payments he's admitting me might have a +little bit of a bias but he's saying + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a bias but he's saying + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a bias but he's saying +fine you want some delayed settlement + + align:start position:0% +fine you want some delayed settlement + + + align:start position:0% +fine you want some delayed settlement +but shouldn't we have an alternative + + align:start position:0% +but shouldn't we have an alternative + + + align:start position:0% +but shouldn't we have an alternative +because not every market will want + + align:start position:0% +because not every market will want + + + align:start position:0% +because not every market will want +delayed settlement in the case of even + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement in the case of even + + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement in the case of even +for example there's a little bit of more + + align:start position:0% +for example there's a little bit of more + + + align:start position:0% +for example there's a little bit of more +elaborate overlap with the arrangement + + align:start position:0% +elaborate overlap with the arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate overlap with the arrangement +of the blockchain that decision between + + align:start position:0% +of the blockchain that decision between + + + align:start position:0% +of the blockchain that decision between +going from supposedly that cosa for so + + align:start position:0% +going from supposedly that cosa for so + + + align:start position:0% +going from supposedly that cosa for so +handling a centralized arrangement is + + align:start position:0% +handling a centralized arrangement is + + + align:start position:0% +handling a centralized arrangement is +much easier than a blockchain physically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the government recreation on the + + align:start position:0% +is the government recreation on the + + + align:start position:0% +is the government recreation on the +entry and so given the speed of the + + align:start position:0% +entry and so given the speed of the + + + align:start position:0% +entry and so given the speed of the +transactions especially at the corporate + + align:start position:0% +transactions especially at the corporate + + + align:start position:0% +transactions especially at the corporate +level where the value of the + + align:start position:0% +level where the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +level where the value of the +transactions are much higher there's a + + align:start position:0% +transactions are much higher there's a + + + align:start position:0% +transactions are much higher there's a +bit of an opportunity cost rate out + + align:start position:0% +bit of an opportunity cost rate out + + + align:start position:0% +bit of an opportunity cost rate out +there so we're gonna chat about that in + + align:start position:0% +there so we're gonna chat about that in + + + align:start position:0% +there so we're gonna chat about that in +a minute about the liquidity in + + align:start position:0% +a minute about the liquidity in + + + align:start position:0% +a minute about the liquidity in +particularly using a cryptocurrency as a + + align:start position:0% +particularly using a cryptocurrency as a + + + align:start position:0% +particularly using a cryptocurrency as a +bridge between two fiat currencies but + + align:start position:0% +bridge between two fiat currencies but + + + align:start position:0% +bridge between two fiat currencies but +it has to somewhat to do with the + + align:start position:0% +it has to somewhat to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +it has to somewhat to do with the +volatility of crypto currencies but I + + align:start position:0% +volatility of crypto currencies but I + + + align:start position:0% +volatility of crypto currencies but I +would say to this point about I'm coming + + align:start position:0% +would say to this point about I'm coming + + + align:start position:0% +would say to this point about I'm coming +back to a lean versus Dan or a shamone + + align:start position:0% +back to a lean versus Dan or a shamone + + + align:start position:0% +back to a lean versus Dan or a shamone +really I'm sorry different debate I + + align:start position:0% +really I'm sorry different debate I + + + align:start position:0% +really I'm sorry different debate I +think that this new technology is coming + + align:start position:0% +think that this new technology is coming + + + align:start position:0% +think that this new technology is coming +along at a time where we can shorten + + align:start position:0% +along at a time where we can shorten + + + align:start position:0% +along at a time where we can shorten +settlement and a lot of the delayed + + align:start position:0% +settlement and a lot of the delayed + + + align:start position:0% +settlement and a lot of the delayed +settlement in payments in the in Wall + + align:start position:0% +settlement in payments in the in Wall + + + align:start position:0% +settlement in payments in the in Wall +Street in securities we used to have + + align:start position:0% +Street in securities we used to have + + + align:start position:0% +Street in securities we used to have +that you would do equity trades + + align:start position:0% +that you would do equity trades + + + align:start position:0% +that you would do equity trades +transaction day plus five days before + + align:start position:0% +transaction day plus five days before + + + align:start position:0% +transaction day plus five days before +any of us before I was born - long time + + align:start position:0% +any of us before I was born - long time + + + align:start position:0% +any of us before I was born - long time +ago then I went to transaction day plus + + align:start position:0% +ago then I went to transaction day plus + + + align:start position:0% +ago then I went to transaction day plus +three and in Europe they went to + + align:start position:0% +three and in Europe they went to + + + align:start position:0% +three and in Europe they went to +transaction plus two days two days for + + align:start position:0% +transaction plus two days two days for + + + align:start position:0% +transaction plus two days two days for +settlement of securities trades + + align:start position:0% +settlement of securities trades + + + align:start position:0% +settlement of securities trades +somewhere ten or fifteen years ago and + + align:start position:0% +somewhere ten or fifteen years ago and + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere ten or fifteen years ago and +the u.s. caught up the US was behind and + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. caught up the US was behind and + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. caught up the US was behind and +just went to transaction plus two days + + align:start position:0% +just went to transaction plus two days + + + align:start position:0% +just went to transaction plus two days +but I think technology could be t plus + + align:start position:0% +but I think technology could be t plus + + + align:start position:0% +but I think technology could be t plus +zero in securities and in payments you + + align:start position:0% +zero in securities and in payments you + + + align:start position:0% +zero in securities and in payments you +could go to real-time payments the US + + align:start position:0% +could go to real-time payments the US + + + align:start position:0% +could go to real-time payments the US +Federal Reserve had a big process where + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve had a big process where + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve had a big process where +they got public comment and they and and + + align:start position:0% +they got public comment and they and and + + + align:start position:0% +they got public comment and they and and +they're moving towards what's called + + align:start position:0% +they're moving towards what's called + + + align:start position:0% +they're moving towards what's called +real-time payments by 2020 now maybe it + + align:start position:0% +real-time payments by 2020 now maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +real-time payments by 2020 now maybe it +will be adopted in 2021 because will + + align:start position:0% +will be adopted in 2021 because will + + + align:start position:0% +will be adopted in 2021 because will +take longer to roll out but I think that + + align:start position:0% +take longer to roll out but I think that + + + align:start position:0% +take longer to roll out but I think that +technology to + + align:start position:0% +technology to + + + align:start position:0% +technology to +it does provide that it will be more + + align:start position:0% +it does provide that it will be more + + + align:start position:0% +it does provide that it will be more +options and in some cases the markets + + align:start position:0% +options and in some cases the markets + + + align:start position:0% +options and in some cases the markets +will stay with delayed settlement + + align:start position:0% +will stay with delayed settlement + + + align:start position:0% +will stay with delayed settlement +because it's just history + + align:start position:0% +because it's just history + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just history +it's just legacy and other times it will + + align:start position:0% +it's just legacy and other times it will + + + align:start position:0% +it's just legacy and other times it will +stay with delayed settlement because + + align:start position:0% +stay with delayed settlement because + + + align:start position:0% +stay with delayed settlement because +they actually preferred I think in the + + align:start position:0% +they actually preferred I think in the + + + align:start position:0% +they actually preferred I think in the +securities world some people actually + + align:start position:0% +securities world some people actually + + + align:start position:0% +securities world some people actually +prefer delayed settlement we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +prefer delayed settlement we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +prefer delayed settlement we'll talk +about this in a few lectures but they'd + + align:start position:0% +about this in a few lectures but they'd + + + align:start position:0% +about this in a few lectures but they'd +prefer it because it allows shorting of + + align:start position:0% +prefer it because it allows shorting of + + + align:start position:0% +prefer it because it allows shorting of +securities when you actually borrow + + align:start position:0% +securities when you actually borrow + + + align:start position:0% +securities when you actually borrow +somebody else's security and sell it you + + align:start position:0% +somebody else's security and sell it you + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else's security and sell it you +usually sell it before you borrow it and + + align:start position:0% +usually sell it before you borrow it and + + + align:start position:0% +usually sell it before you borrow it and +so the shorting the the whole parts of + + align:start position:0% +so the shorting the the whole parts of + + + align:start position:0% +so the shorting the the whole parts of +our capital markets that are built + + align:start position:0% +our capital markets that are built + + + align:start position:0% +our capital markets that are built +around delayed settlement because you + + align:start position:0% +around delayed settlement because you + + + align:start position:0% +around delayed settlement because you +usually sell borrow and settle rather + + align:start position:0% +usually sell borrow and settle rather + + + align:start position:0% +usually sell borrow and settle rather +than bars sell and settle and trace that + + align:start position:0% +than bars sell and settle and trace that + + + align:start position:0% +than bars sell and settle and trace that +back when you then have securities + + align:start position:0% +back when you then have securities + + + align:start position:0% +back when you then have securities +lending on a t0 and short on t0 know + + align:start position:0% +lending on a t0 and short on t0 know + + + align:start position:0% +lending on a t0 and short on t0 know +exactly what's borrowed I think that it + + align:start position:0% +exactly what's borrowed I think that it + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what's borrowed I think that it +is technically feasible to move stock + + align:start position:0% +is technically feasible to move stock + + + align:start position:0% +is technically feasible to move stock +borrow to went to a blockchain I'm + + align:start position:0% +borrow to went to a blockchain I'm + + + align:start position:0% +borrow to went to a blockchain I'm +agreeing with that but the question is + + align:start position:0% +agreeing with that but the question is + + + align:start position:0% +agreeing with that but the question is +whether the economics of that market + + align:start position:0% +whether the economics of that market + + + align:start position:0% +whether the economics of that market +whether the market participants want to + + align:start position:0% +whether the market participants want to + + + align:start position:0% +whether the market participants want to +actually arrange the borrow before they + + align:start position:0% +actually arrange the borrow before they + + + align:start position:0% +actually arrange the borrow before they +sell because currently they sell before + + align:start position:0% +sell because currently they sell before + + + align:start position:0% +sell because currently they sell before +they arrange the borrow well when it's t + + align:start position:0% +they arrange the borrow well when it's t + + + align:start position:0% +they arrange the borrow well when it's t +plus 2 depending upon I'm sorry I'm + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 depending upon I'm sorry I'm + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 depending upon I'm sorry I'm +speaking finance here but maybe you'll + + align:start position:0% +speaking finance here but maybe you'll + + + align:start position:0% +speaking finance here but maybe you'll +help me I used to be in the training or + + align:start position:0% +help me I used to be in the training or + + + align:start position:0% +help me I used to be in the training or +someone shorted something so they + + align:start position:0% +someone shorted something so they + + + align:start position:0% +someone shorted something so they +couldn't short no no it might be that + + align:start position:0% +couldn't short no no it might be that + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't short no no it might be that +I'm the I'm the old seasoned dog that + + align:start position:0% +I'm the I'm the old seasoned dog that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm the I'm the old seasoned dog that +was now that you're saying they're + + align:start position:0% +was now that you're saying they're + + + align:start position:0% +was now that you're saying they're +tighter but I wanted to short something + + align:start position:0% +tighter but I wanted to short something + + + align:start position:0% +tighter but I wanted to short something +they would call me and then I have to + + align:start position:0% +they would call me and then I have to + + + align:start position:0% +they would call me and then I have to +call the market maker get a borrow in a + + align:start position:0% +call the market maker get a borrow in a + + + align:start position:0% +call the market maker get a borrow in a +reference number they would carve off + + align:start position:0% +reference number they would carve off + + + align:start position:0% +reference number they would carve off +that amount + + align:start position:0% +that amount + + + align:start position:0% +that amount +they wanted to borrow so it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to borrow so it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to borrow so it wasn't +available for anyone else then they sold + + align:start position:0% +available for anyone else then they sold + + + align:start position:0% +available for anyone else then they sold +it so so so the market may already be + + align:start position:0% +it so so so the market may already be + + + align:start position:0% +it so so so the market may already be +moving towards it 2008 with no naked + + align:start position:0% +moving towards it 2008 with no naked + + + align:start position:0% +moving towards it 2008 with no naked +short-selling and so then you had to get + + align:start position:0% +short-selling and so then you had to get + + + align:start position:0% +short-selling and so then you had to get +them locate on t0 on the same exact day + + align:start position:0% +them locate on t0 on the same exact day + + + align:start position:0% +them locate on t0 on the same exact day +that you borrowed + + align:start position:0% +that you borrowed + + + align:start position:0% +that you borrowed +we didn't actually need to borrow the + + align:start position:0% +we didn't actually need to borrow the + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't actually need to borrow the +stocks until t3 you just have to have + + align:start position:0% +stocks until t3 you just have to have + + + align:start position:0% +stocks until t3 you just have to have +the locate but I guess my question was + + align:start position:0% +the locate but I guess my question was + + + align:start position:0% +the locate but I guess my question was +if you moved that securities lending + + align:start position:0% +if you moved that securities lending + + + align:start position:0% +if you moved that securities lending +transaction to a block gain you can + + align:start position:0% +transaction to a block gain you can + + + align:start position:0% +transaction to a block gain you can +immediately borrow it and be able to + + align:start position:0% +immediately borrow it and be able to + + + align:start position:0% +immediately borrow it and be able to +trace that and then when it came to so + + align:start position:0% +trace that and then when it came to so + + + align:start position:0% +trace that and then when it came to so +for those of you that are not as close + + align:start position:0% +for those of you that are not as close + + + align:start position:0% +for those of you that are not as close +to the world of finance in stock loan + + align:start position:0% +to the world of finance in stock loan + + + align:start position:0% +to the world of finance in stock loan +and stock borrow the point of the + + align:start position:0% +and stock borrow the point of the + + + align:start position:0% +and stock borrow the point of the +discussion is that markets have evolved + + align:start position:0% +discussion is that markets have evolved + + + align:start position:0% +discussion is that markets have evolved +built upon delayed settlement and the + + align:start position:0% +built upon delayed settlement and the + + + align:start position:0% +built upon delayed settlement and the +delayed settlement may well have been + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement may well have been + + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement may well have been +because they all evolved from paper not + + align:start position:0% +because they all evolved from paper not + + + align:start position:0% +because they all evolved from paper not +computer days so we had authorization + + align:start position:0% +computer days so we had authorization + + + align:start position:0% +computer days so we had authorization +clearing settling in the payment world + + align:start position:0% +clearing settling in the payment world + + + align:start position:0% +clearing settling in the payment world +but in stock borrow you have to actually + + align:start position:0% +but in stock borrow you have to actually + + + align:start position:0% +but in stock borrow you have to actually +locate a security to sell it sounds like + + align:start position:0% +locate a security to sell it sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +locate a security to sell it sounds like +there's some market evolution post 2008 + + align:start position:0% +there's some market evolution post 2008 + + + align:start position:0% +there's some market evolution post 2008 +that you actually add to it and identify + + align:start position:0% +that you actually add to it and identify + + + align:start position:0% +that you actually add to it and identify +or though you didn't have to borrow my + + align:start position:0% +or though you didn't have to borrow my + + + align:start position:0% +or though you didn't have to borrow my +point is is that all of this can be put + + align:start position:0% +point is is that all of this can be put + + + align:start position:0% +point is is that all of this can be put +on a blockchain but there's also + + align:start position:0% +on a blockchain but there's also + + + align:start position:0% +on a blockchain but there's also +economic market realities as to whether + + align:start position:0% +economic market realities as to whether + + + align:start position:0% +economic market realities as to whether +somebody wants to and I think let's see + + align:start position:0% +somebody wants to and I think let's see + + + align:start position:0% +somebody wants to and I think let's see +if you're Dan you don't want chargebacks + + align:start position:0% +if you're Dan you don't want chargebacks + + + align:start position:0% +if you're Dan you don't want chargebacks +but Jack still wants them and in the + + align:start position:0% +but Jack still wants them and in the + + + align:start position:0% +but Jack still wants them and in the +delayed settlement + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement + + + align:start position:0% +delayed settlement +shamone wants to keep his delayed + + align:start position:0% +shamone wants to keep his delayed + + + align:start position:0% +shamone wants to keep his delayed +settlement and allene wants to go the + + align:start position:0% +settlement and allene wants to go the + + + align:start position:0% +settlement and allene wants to go the +other way and I suspect that in some + + align:start position:0% +other way and I suspect that in some + + + align:start position:0% +other way and I suspect that in some +markets let's go with Dan or a lien or + + align:start position:0% +markets let's go with Dan or a lien or + + + align:start position:0% +markets let's go with Dan or a lien or +together that finality will be important + + align:start position:0% +together that finality will be important + + + align:start position:0% +together that finality will be important +and what blockchain allows it allows for + + align:start position:0% +and what blockchain allows it allows for + + + align:start position:0% +and what blockchain allows it allows for +the economics of finality to be a fair + + align:start position:0% +the economics of finality to be a fair + + + align:start position:0% +the economics of finality to be a fair +debate in a sense a level where as in + + align:start position:0% +debate in a sense a level where as in + + + align:start position:0% +debate in a sense a level where as in +the past you couldn't even have the + + align:start position:0% +the past you couldn't even have the + + + align:start position:0% +the past you couldn't even have the +debate because it was so a paper + + align:start position:0% +debate because it was so a paper + + + align:start position:0% +debate because it was so a paper +intensive + + align:start position:0% +intensive + + + align:start position:0% +intensive +that's where so blockchain changes that + + align:start position:0% +that's where so blockchain changes that + + + align:start position:0% +that's where so blockchain changes that +economics let me go back a slide to say + + align:start position:0% +economics let me go back a slide to say + + + align:start position:0% +economics let me go back a slide to say +why maybe maybe + + align:start position:0% +why maybe maybe + + + align:start position:0% +why maybe maybe +why is blockchain what's what what are + + align:start position:0% +why is blockchain what's what what are + + + align:start position:0% +why is blockchain what's what what are +the possible suitability of payments to + + align:start position:0% +the possible suitability of payments to + + + align:start position:0% +the possible suitability of payments to +the blockchain technology world and and + + align:start position:0% +the blockchain technology world and and + + + align:start position:0% +the blockchain technology world and and +these were some that I threw up payment + + align:start position:0% +these were some that I threw up payment + + + align:start position:0% +these were some that I threw up payment +systems use Ledger's geez alright that's + + align:start position:0% +systems use Ledger's geez alright that's + + + align:start position:0% +systems use Ledger's geez alright that's +the sweet spot they used Ledger's in + + align:start position:0% +the sweet spot they used Ledger's in + + + align:start position:0% +the sweet spot they used Ledger's in +fact that's what it's a Toshi Nakamoto + + align:start position:0% +fact that's what it's a Toshi Nakamoto + + + align:start position:0% +fact that's what it's a Toshi Nakamoto +started this whole thing line multiple + + align:start position:0% +started this whole thing line multiple + + + align:start position:0% +started this whole thing line multiple +parties certainly want to read and in a + + align:start position:0% +parties certainly want to read and in a + + + align:start position:0% +parties certainly want to read and in a +lot of circumstances multiple parties + + align:start position:0% +lot of circumstances multiple parties + + + align:start position:0% +lot of circumstances multiple parties +want to write to the ledger like + + align:start position:0% +want to write to the ledger like + + + align:start position:0% +want to write to the ledger like +actually record to the ledger so it's + + align:start position:0% +actually record to the ledger so it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually record to the ledger so it's +kind of right in the middle of this you + + align:start position:0% +kind of right in the middle of this you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of right in the middle of this you +might be able to lower verification cost + + align:start position:0% +might be able to lower verification cost + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to lower verification cost +but more importantly verification costs + + align:start position:0% +but more importantly verification costs + + + align:start position:0% +but more importantly verification costs +are really critical to the economics of + + align:start position:0% +are really critical to the economics of + + + align:start position:0% +are really critical to the economics of +payment that you you were you have the + + align:start position:0% +payment that you you were you have the + + + align:start position:0% +payment that you you were you have the +money that you say you have or the value + + align:start position:0% +money that you say you have or the value + + + align:start position:0% +money that you say you have or the value +you're sending it to this account not + + align:start position:0% +you're sending it to this account not + + + align:start position:0% +you're sending it to this account not +that account so in a sense I look at + + align:start position:0% +that account so in a sense I look at + + + align:start position:0% +that account so in a sense I look at +this and I go this feels like fertile + + align:start position:0% +this and I go this feels like fertile + + + align:start position:0% +this and I go this feels like fertile +ground fertile ground that hasn't yet + + align:start position:0% +ground fertile ground that hasn't yet + + + align:start position:0% +ground fertile ground that hasn't yet +been plowed because ten years ten year + + align:start position:0% +been plowed because ten years ten year + + + align:start position:0% +been plowed because ten years ten year +anniversary or birthday it's we're still + + align:start position:0% +anniversary or birthday it's we're still + + + align:start position:0% +anniversary or birthday it's we're still +not there but any other thoughts I mean + + align:start position:0% +not there but any other thoughts I mean + + + align:start position:0% +not there but any other thoughts I mean +micro payments is another but a lien + + align:start position:0% +micro payments is another but a lien + + + align:start position:0% +micro payments is another but a lien +you're the expert the one thing that I + + align:start position:0% +you're the expert the one thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +you're the expert the one thing that I +think it's exciting through some of the + + align:start position:0% +think it's exciting through some of the + + + align:start position:0% +think it's exciting through some of the +folks up in the design myself is that I + + align:start position:0% +folks up in the design myself is that I + + + align:start position:0% +folks up in the design myself is that I +daddy can attach codes to these + + align:start position:0% +daddy can attach codes to these + + + align:start position:0% +daddy can attach codes to these +movements of value so you can start + + align:start position:0% +movements of value so you can start + + + align:start position:0% +movements of value so you can start +program these these chunks of money you + + align:start position:0% +program these these chunks of money you + + + align:start position:0% +program these these chunks of money you +saying attach code to identify the it's + + align:start position:0% +saying attach code to identify the it's + + + align:start position:0% +saying attach code to identify the it's +Kelly's payment or it's James's payment + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's payment or it's James's payment + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's payment or it's James's payment +in the form of smart contracts of + + align:start position:0% +in the form of smart contracts of + + + align:start position:0% +in the form of smart contracts of +complexity that traditional payments of + + align:start position:0% +complexity that traditional payments of + + + align:start position:0% +complexity that traditional payments of +the Visa MasterCard right they don't + + align:start position:0% +the Visa MasterCard right they don't + + + align:start position:0% +the Visa MasterCard right they don't +have right so you get a whole new layer + + align:start position:0% +have right so you get a whole new layer + + + align:start position:0% +have right so you get a whole new layer +for like over a word + + align:start position:0% +for like over a word + + + align:start position:0% +for like over a word +possibilities where do you start adding + + align:start position:0% +possibilities where do you start adding + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities where do you start adding +locating well okay I'm gonna you know + + align:start position:0% +locating well okay I'm gonna you know + + + align:start position:0% +locating well okay I'm gonna you know +I'm gonna give you something if it's if + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna give you something if it's if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna give you something if it's if +it's sunny outside okay we can make that + + align:start position:0% +it's sunny outside okay we can make that + + + align:start position:0% +it's sunny outside okay we can make that +happen we didn't have a room you need + + align:start position:0% +happen we didn't have a room you need + + + align:start position:0% +happen we didn't have a room you need +some constant I mean with the Beezus and + + align:start position:0% +some constant I mean with the Beezus and + + + align:start position:0% +some constant I mean with the Beezus and +whatnot but I mean it was the trust + + align:start position:0% +whatnot but I mean it was the trust + + + align:start position:0% +whatnot but I mean it was the trust +issue which is from the other as well + + align:start position:0% +issue which is from the other as well + + + align:start position:0% +issue which is from the other as well +yeah I don't know so assuming I was here + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't know so assuming I was here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't know so assuming I was here +so the onus is on you on the + + align:start position:0% +so the onus is on you on the + + + align:start position:0% +so the onus is on you on the +technologies that build this make sure + + align:start position:0% +technologies that build this make sure + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that build this make sure +that you don't lose functionality that + + align:start position:0% +that you don't lose functionality that + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't lose functionality that +you have energy is our world because + + align:start position:0% +you have energy is our world because + + + align:start position:0% +you have energy is our world because +otherwise nobody would use this this + + align:start position:0% +otherwise nobody would use this this + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise nobody would use this this +whole new way of dick payments so it's + + align:start position:0% +whole new way of dick payments so it's + + + align:start position:0% +whole new way of dick payments so it's +assumed that we maintain parity of what + + align:start position:0% +assumed that we maintain parity of what + + + align:start position:0% +assumed that we maintain parity of what +the technology offers and then add + + align:start position:0% +the technology offers and then add + + + align:start position:0% +the technology offers and then add +additional functionality I'm gonna say + + align:start position:0% +additional functionality I'm gonna say + + + align:start position:0% +additional functionality I'm gonna say +I'm pretty relaxed about the open + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty relaxed about the open + + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty relaxed about the open +laptops I get less relaxed about people + + align:start position:0% +laptops I get less relaxed about people + + + align:start position:0% +laptops I get less relaxed about people +texting door in class and and I know + + align:start position:0% +texting door in class and and I know + + + align:start position:0% +texting door in class and and I know +that we're all multitaskers but I've + + align:start position:0% +that we're all multitaskers but I've + + + align:start position:0% +that we're all multitaskers but I've +just I'm like the most relaxed you can + + align:start position:0% +just I'm like the most relaxed you can + + + align:start position:0% +just I'm like the most relaxed you can +imagine but I'm starting to get a little + + align:start position:0% +imagine but I'm starting to get a little + + + align:start position:0% +imagine but I'm starting to get a little +in my edge here allows for smart + + align:start position:0% +in my edge here allows for smart + + + align:start position:0% +in my edge here allows for smart +contracts and it's obviously a much more + + align:start position:0% +contracts and it's obviously a much more + + + align:start position:0% +contracts and it's obviously a much more +brute force so some of you talking about + + align:start position:0% +brute force so some of you talking about + + + align:start position:0% +brute force so some of you talking about +like attachment code to the payments are + + align:start position:0% +like attachment code to the payments are + + + align:start position:0% +like attachment code to the payments are +automated I think I'm like I set up an + + align:start position:0% +automated I think I'm like I set up an + + + align:start position:0% +automated I think I'm like I set up an +automatic payment of my cable bill every + + align:start position:0% +automatic payment of my cable bill every + + + align:start position:0% +automatic payment of my cable bill every +month and so it's like as soon as that + + align:start position:0% +month and so it's like as soon as that + + + align:start position:0% +month and so it's like as soon as that +the payment comes to me i pre authorized + + align:start position:0% +the payment comes to me i pre authorized + + + align:start position:0% +the payment comes to me i pre authorized +it to go through it so why can't you in + + align:start position:0% +it to go through it so why can't you in + + + align:start position:0% +it to go through it so why can't you in +a non blockchain setting establish + + align:start position:0% +a non blockchain setting establish + + + align:start position:0% +a non blockchain setting establish +basically a smart contractor that's got + + align:start position:0% +basically a smart contractor that's got + + + align:start position:0% +basically a smart contractor that's got +some more a conditional of conditional + + align:start position:0% +some more a conditional of conditional + + + align:start position:0% +some more a conditional of conditional +payment so do you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +payment so do you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +payment so do you have to have a +blockchain to have a smart contract + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +usage that after this blockchain base + + align:start position:0% +usage that after this blockchain base + + + align:start position:0% +usage that after this blockchain base +let's say company for lack of a better + + align:start position:0% +let's say company for lack of a better + + + align:start position:0% +let's say company for lack of a better +word who wants to pay their employees + + align:start position:0% +word who wants to pay their employees + + + align:start position:0% +word who wants to pay their employees +and I said look you join me here now + + align:start position:0% +and I said look you join me here now + + + align:start position:0% +and I said look you join me here now +we'll make a smart contract that + + align:start position:0% +we'll make a smart contract that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll make a smart contract that +basically is going to pay you for your + + align:start position:0% +basically is going to pay you for your + + + align:start position:0% +basically is going to pay you for your +services for the next three years pip + + align:start position:0% +services for the next three years pip + + + align:start position:0% +services for the next three years pip +that's it there's no additional that's + + align:start position:0% +that's it there's no additional that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's it there's no additional that's +such a such frequency right and we sign + + align:start position:0% +such a such frequency right and we sign + + + align:start position:0% +such a such frequency right and we sign +a contract now and that's it you're + + align:start position:0% +a contract now and that's it you're + + + align:start position:0% +a contract now and that's it you're +gonna get paid right and then you start + + align:start position:0% +gonna get paid right and then you start + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get paid right and then you start +working and you know you actually have a + + align:start position:0% +working and you know you actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +working and you know you actually have a +very insured way that I will get paid + + align:start position:0% +very insured way that I will get paid + + + align:start position:0% +very insured way that I will get paid +and nobody can stop it right today you + + align:start position:0% +and nobody can stop it right today you + + + align:start position:0% +and nobody can stop it right today you +don't have that right there are many + + align:start position:0% +don't have that right there are many + + + align:start position:0% +don't have that right there are many +things that could happen you know + + align:start position:0% +things that could happen you know + + + align:start position:0% +things that could happen you know +management happens you know whatever + + align:start position:0% +management happens you know whatever + + + align:start position:0% +management happens you know whatever +happens I can find a way to kind of get + + align:start position:0% +happens I can find a way to kind of get + + + align:start position:0% +happens I can find a way to kind of get +around all that right that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +around all that right that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +around all that right that's kind of +useful to better make sure that hey I'm + + align:start position:0% +useful to better make sure that hey I'm + + + align:start position:0% +useful to better make sure that hey I'm +gonna get that's useful like if I am + + align:start position:0% +gonna get that's useful like if I am + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get that's useful like if I am +your employer I have to put that three + + align:start position:0% +your employer I have to put that three + + + align:start position:0% +your employer I have to put that three +years worth of salary into a lockbox and + + align:start position:0% +years worth of salary into a lockbox and + + + align:start position:0% +years worth of salary into a lockbox and +I can't I'm not saying look then all of + + align:start position:0% +I can't I'm not saying look then all of + + + align:start position:0% +I can't I'm not saying look then all of +this is limitation it's not like you + + align:start position:0% +this is limitation it's not like you + + + align:start position:0% +this is limitation it's not like you +suddenly have free money it's all good + + align:start position:0% +suddenly have free money it's all good + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly have free money it's all good +for everyone right but they're useful + + align:start position:0% +for everyone right but they're useful + + + align:start position:0% +for everyone right but they're useful +things that show up usable things that + + align:start position:0% +things that show up usable things that + + + align:start position:0% +things that show up usable things that +we never thought about so I'm thinking + + align:start position:0% +we never thought about so I'm thinking + + + align:start position:0% +we never thought about so I'm thinking +I'm saying that there are lot of + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that there are lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that there are lot of +possibilities any I don't know the right + + align:start position:0% +possibilities any I don't know the right + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities any I don't know the right +use case for it and I don't know it's + + align:start position:0% +use case for it and I don't know it's + + + align:start position:0% +use case for it and I don't know it's +just an example that I was like that's + + align:start position:0% +just an example that I was like that's + + + align:start position:0% +just an example that I was like that's +pretty black with users but you know + + align:start position:0% +pretty black with users but you know + + + align:start position:0% +pretty black with users but you know +you're right I mean there are many + + align:start position:0% +you're right I mean there are many + + + align:start position:0% +you're right I mean there are many +implications but just the very fact that + + align:start position:0% +implications but just the very fact that + + + align:start position:0% +implications but just the very fact that +you have a whole new area to explore to + + align:start position:0% +you have a whole new area to explore to + + + align:start position:0% +you have a whole new area to explore to +me that's exciting like we've seen what + + align:start position:0% +me that's exciting like we've seen what + + + align:start position:0% +me that's exciting like we've seen what +the system does we've seen it right you + + align:start position:0% +the system does we've seen it right you + + + align:start position:0% +the system does we've seen it right you +know what I we banked ninety percent of + + align:start position:0% +know what I we banked ninety percent of + + + align:start position:0% +know what I we banked ninety percent of +the people if you're in the 10 percent + + align:start position:0% +the people if you're in the 10 percent + + + align:start position:0% +the people if you're in the 10 percent +it's kinda sake bus or the ninth it's + + align:start position:0% +it's kinda sake bus or the ninth it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's kinda sake bus or the ninth it's +kind of works right you know you just + + align:start position:0% +kind of works right you know you just + + + align:start position:0% +kind of works right you know you just +have tea plants - it's awesome right but + + align:start position:0% +have tea plants - it's awesome right but + + + align:start position:0% +have tea plants - it's awesome right but +like we've hit the ceiling of what we + + align:start position:0% +like we've hit the ceiling of what we + + + align:start position:0% +like we've hit the ceiling of what we +can do with this system maybe there's an + + align:start position:0% +can do with this system maybe there's an + + + align:start position:0% +can do with this system maybe there's an +additional approach because we need it a + + align:start position:0% +additional approach because we need it a + + + align:start position:0% +additional approach because we need it a +little bit more maximalism in the room + + align:start position:0% +little bit more maximalism in the room + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more maximalism in the room +I'm sorry James + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do we really need blockchain to do a lot + + align:start position:0% +do we really need blockchain to do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +do we really need blockchain to do a lot +of the stuff for smart contracts + + align:start position:0% +of the stuff for smart contracts + + + align:start position:0% +of the stuff for smart contracts +promised to do I mean I set up my in the + + align:start position:0% +promised to do I mean I set up my in the + + + align:start position:0% +promised to do I mean I set up my in the +UK obsessive cleric debit that happens + + align:start position:0% +UK obsessive cleric debit that happens + + + align:start position:0% +UK obsessive cleric debit that happens +that just disappears on my account at a + + align:start position:0% +that just disappears on my account at a + + + align:start position:0% +that just disappears on my account at a +certain time period doesn't involve + + align:start position:0% +certain time period doesn't involve + + + align:start position:0% +certain time period doesn't involve +chain I can see some benefits of Brock + + align:start position:0% +chain I can see some benefits of Brock + + + align:start position:0% +chain I can see some benefits of Brock +shows but again a lot of the smart + + align:start position:0% +shows but again a lot of the smart + + + align:start position:0% +shows but again a lot of the smart +contracts + + align:start position:0% +contracts + + + align:start position:0% +contracts +can we not already use existing system + + align:start position:0% +can we not already use existing system + + + align:start position:0% +can we not already use existing system +make those system better yep and this + + align:start position:0% +make those system better yep and this + + + align:start position:0% +make those system better yep and this +goes back to the whole payment system + + align:start position:0% +goes back to the whole payment system + + + align:start position:0% +goes back to the whole payment system +there are a lot of players in the fee + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of players in the fee + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of players in the fee +hasn't been invented that hasn't been + + align:start position:0% +hasn't been invented that hasn't been + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't been invented that hasn't been +innovating for the last 20 years will be + + align:start position:0% +innovating for the last 20 years will be + + + align:start position:0% +innovating for the last 20 years will be +read but can they not make the existing + + align:start position:0% +read but can they not make the existing + + + align:start position:0% +read but can they not make the existing +system so much better without the use of + + align:start position:0% +system so much better without the use of + + + align:start position:0% +system so much better without the use of +option so the question is is do you + + align:start position:0% +option so the question is is do you + + + align:start position:0% +option so the question is is do you +really need blockchain or is it just + + align:start position:0% +really need blockchain or is it just + + + align:start position:0% +really need blockchain or is it just +gonna be a catalyst for sort of the + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a catalyst for sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a catalyst for sort of the +legacy systems to kind of do what they + + align:start position:0% +legacy systems to kind of do what they + + + align:start position:0% +legacy systems to kind of do what they +otherwise technologically could have + + align:start position:0% +otherwise technologically could have + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise technologically could have +done but it's a kind of sharp kick in + + align:start position:0% +done but it's a kind of sharp kick in + + + align:start position:0% +done but it's a kind of sharp kick in +the in and the backside to kind of do do + + align:start position:0% +the in and the backside to kind of do do + + + align:start position:0% +the in and the backside to kind of do do +a little bit better right that's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit better right that's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit better right that's +something that we debate a lot of our + + align:start position:0% +something that we debate a lot of our + + + align:start position:0% +something that we debate a lot of our +pen and it actually is as we sit now + + align:start position:0% +pen and it actually is as we sit now + + + align:start position:0% +pen and it actually is as we sit now +it's absolutely possible that this would + + align:start position:0% +it's absolutely possible that this would + + + align:start position:0% +it's absolutely possible that this would +be the way right so one example that + + align:start position:0% +be the way right so one example that + + + align:start position:0% +be the way right so one example that +shows up frequently is Victoria soba + + align:start position:0% +shows up frequently is Victoria soba + + + align:start position:0% +shows up frequently is Victoria soba +Turin for those of you who don't know + + align:start position:0% +Turin for those of you who don't know + + + align:start position:0% +Turin for those of you who don't know +it's a win we just share video online + + align:start position:0% +it's a win we just share video online + + + align:start position:0% +it's a win we just share video online +and nobody you know it has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and nobody you know it has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and nobody you know it has a lot of +problems with it but it catalyzed and + + align:start position:0% +problems with it but it catalyzed and + + + align:start position:0% +problems with it but it catalyzed and +changed the entire you know distribution + + align:start position:0% +changed the entire you know distribution + + + align:start position:0% +changed the entire you know distribution +of media right it was you know it has a + + align:start position:0% +of media right it was you know it has a + + + align:start position:0% +of media right it was you know it has a +lot of promise who didn't work out the + + align:start position:0% +lot of promise who didn't work out the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of promise who didn't work out the +way folks are they would but it's still + + align:start position:0% +way folks are they would but it's still + + + align:start position:0% +way folks are they would but it's still +kind of change the whole industry and + + align:start position:0% +kind of change the whole industry and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of change the whole industry and +it's absolutely possible that launches + + align:start position:0% +it's absolutely possible that launches + + + align:start position:0% +it's absolutely possible that launches +will do will take that out it's unclear + + align:start position:0% +will do will take that out it's unclear + + + align:start position:0% +will do will take that out it's unclear +now so blockchain could be just a + + align:start position:0% +now so blockchain could be just a + + + align:start position:0% +now so blockchain could be just a +catalyst like BitTorrent was and then + + align:start position:0% +catalyst like BitTorrent was and then + + + align:start position:0% +catalyst like BitTorrent was and then +all of a sudden at the end of the day we + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden at the end of the day we + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden at the end of the day we +got Apple what do they call it Apple + + align:start position:0% +got Apple what do they call it Apple + + + align:start position:0% +got Apple what do they call it Apple +store thank you but zon were you trying + + align:start position:0% +store thank you but zon were you trying + + + align:start position:0% +store thank you but zon were you trying +to I've already seen that happening like + + align:start position:0% +to I've already seen that happening like + + + align:start position:0% +to I've already seen that happening like +I was looking at the Swift recently and + + align:start position:0% +I was looking at the Swift recently and + + + align:start position:0% +I was looking at the Swift recently and +I think after a block trade in the past + + align:start position:0% +I think after a block trade in the past + + + align:start position:0% +I think after a block trade in the past +few years they launched the Global + + align:start position:0% +few years they launched the Global + + + align:start position:0% +few years they launched the Global +Payments innovation initiative which + + align:start position:0% +Payments innovation initiative which + + + align:start position:0% +Payments innovation initiative which +seems like all right we've recognized + + align:start position:0% +seems like all right we've recognized + + + align:start position:0% +seems like all right we've recognized +that our infrastructure is legacy and we + + align:start position:0% +that our infrastructure is legacy and we + + + align:start position:0% +that our infrastructure is legacy and we +need to do something to kind of keep + + align:start position:0% +need to do something to kind of keep + + + align:start position:0% +need to do something to kind of keep +current and they've spent and invested a + + align:start position:0% +current and they've spent and invested a + + + align:start position:0% +current and they've spent and invested a +ton of money in like unifying standards + + align:start position:0% +ton of money in like unifying standards + + + align:start position:0% +ton of money in like unifying standards +across the messaging platform and making + + align:start position:0% +across the messaging platform and making + + + align:start position:0% +across the messaging platform and making +it much easier to use so not a box chain + + align:start position:0% +it much easier to use so not a box chain + + + align:start position:0% +it much easier to use so not a box chain +solution but has certainly been right so + + align:start position:0% +solution but has certainly been right so + + + align:start position:0% +solution but has certainly been right so +it's been a catalyst for Swift ripple + + align:start position:0% +it's been a catalyst for Swift ripple + + + align:start position:0% +it's been a catalyst for Swift ripple +has been a catalyst for Swift that we're + + align:start position:0% +has been a catalyst for Swift that we're + + + align:start position:0% +has been a catalyst for Swift that we're +going to talk about in a minute but + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about in a minute but + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about in a minute but +others have been as well but I still + + align:start position:0% +others have been as well but I still + + + align:start position:0% +others have been as well but I still +would challenge the group and it's sort + + align:start position:0% +would challenge the group and it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +would challenge the group and it's sort +of what we're all trying to do here or + + align:start position:0% +of what we're all trying to do here or + + + align:start position:0% +of what we're all trying to do here or +there's still opportunities that an + + align:start position:0% +there's still opportunities that an + + + align:start position:0% +there's still opportunities that an +append-only log that you're you're + + align:start position:0% +append-only log that you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +append-only log that you're you're +you're appending you're adding + + align:start position:0% +you're appending you're adding + + + align:start position:0% +you're appending you're adding +information to the the registry or the + + align:start position:0% +information to the the registry or the + + + align:start position:0% +information to the the registry or the +ledger + + align:start position:0% +ledger + + + align:start position:0% +ledger +you're not deleting it well this is + + align:start position:0% +you're not deleting it well this is + + + align:start position:0% +you're not deleting it well this is +gonna be good and you need a consensus + + align:start position:0% +gonna be good and you need a consensus + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be good and you need a consensus +of multiple parties writing to the + + align:start position:0% +of multiple parties writing to the + + + align:start position:0% +of multiple parties writing to the +ledger a special guest many people might + + align:start position:0% +ledger a special guest many people might + + + align:start position:0% +ledger a special guest many people might +now as pre as significant other husband + + align:start position:0% +now as pre as significant other husband + + + align:start position:0% +now as pre as significant other husband +I think he's not here he's here as a + + align:start position:0% +I think he's not here he's here as a + + + align:start position:0% +I think he's not here he's here as a +payment no but you are payment you are + + align:start position:0% +payment no but you are payment you are + + + align:start position:0% +payment no but you are payment you are +doing to introduce so your master card + + align:start position:0% +doing to introduce so your master card + + + align:start position:0% +doing to introduce so your master card +payments and give us your your thoughts + + align:start position:0% +payments and give us your your thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +payments and give us your your thoughts +on this so from the blockchain and see + + align:start position:0% +on this so from the blockchain and see + + + align:start position:0% +on this so from the blockchain and see +for a few reasons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it does using the systems we have for + + align:start position:0% +it does using the systems we have for + + + align:start position:0% +it does using the systems we have for +transaction you can always secure + + align:start position:0% +transaction you can always secure + + + align:start position:0% +transaction you can always secure +transactions in systems we have today + + align:start position:0% +transactions in systems we have today + + + align:start position:0% +transactions in systems we have today +using exists and the other that is + + align:start position:0% +using exists and the other that is + + + align:start position:0% +using exists and the other that is +everything a big accomplished through + + align:start position:0% +everything a big accomplished through + + + align:start position:0% +everything a big accomplished through +the systems we have today + + align:start position:0% +the systems we have today + + + align:start position:0% +the systems we have today +they just don't choose to do it because + + align:start position:0% +they just don't choose to do it because + + + align:start position:0% +they just don't choose to do it because +it's expensive and it will be expensive + + align:start position:0% +it's expensive and it will be expensive + + + align:start position:0% +it's expensive and it will be expensive +than you scale blockchain to the + + align:start position:0% +than you scale blockchain to the + + + align:start position:0% +than you scale blockchain to the +millions of people and in other + + align:start position:0% +millions of people and in other + + + align:start position:0% +millions of people and in other +industries if you have it will become + + align:start position:0% +industries if you have it will become + + + align:start position:0% +industries if you have it will become +and severe as well the so the two main + + align:start position:0% +and severe as well the so the two main + + + align:start position:0% +and severe as well the so the two main +things that are important in payment + + align:start position:0% +things that are important in payment + + + align:start position:0% +things that are important in payment +systems are acceptance and scale simple + + align:start position:0% +systems are acceptance and scale simple + + + align:start position:0% +systems are acceptance and scale simple +if you achieve the acceptance and scares + + align:start position:0% +if you achieve the acceptance and scares + + + align:start position:0% +if you achieve the acceptance and scares +to Bakhtin sure that work in everybody's + + align:start position:0% +to Bakhtin sure that work in everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +to Bakhtin sure that work in everybody's +museum blockage means in the content it + + align:start position:0% +museum blockage means in the content it + + + align:start position:0% +museum blockage means in the content it +was a lotta work the problem is it's + + align:start position:0% +was a lotta work the problem is it's + + + align:start position:0% +was a lotta work the problem is it's +taken at 40 years to achieve acceptance + + align:start position:0% +taken at 40 years to achieve acceptance + + + align:start position:0% +taken at 40 years to achieve acceptance +and scale with reason that are the + + align:start position:0% +and scale with reason that are the + + + align:start position:0% +and scale with reason that are the +acquires the issuer's in this whole + + align:start position:0% +acquires the issuer's in this whole + + + align:start position:0% +acquires the issuer's in this whole +ecosystem it's taken a long time and + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem it's taken a long time and + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem it's taken a long time and +it's working and if you want to replace + + align:start position:0% +it's working and if you want to replace + + + align:start position:0% +it's working and if you want to replace +that with this new system and achieve + + align:start position:0% +that with this new system and achieve + + + align:start position:0% +that with this new system and achieve +the same level of acceptance and scale + + align:start position:0% +the same level of acceptance and scale + + + align:start position:0% +the same level of acceptance and scale +think about how people can I've heard + + align:start position:0% +think about how people can I've heard + + + align:start position:0% +think about how people can I've heard +that it's almost impossible and you get + + align:start position:0% +that it's almost impossible and you get + + + align:start position:0% +that it's almost impossible and you get +amount of dollars you have to spend on + + align:start position:0% +amount of dollars you have to spend on + + + align:start position:0% +amount of dollars you have to spend on +that why I see if a few people want to + + align:start position:0% +that why I see if a few people want to + + + align:start position:0% +that why I see if a few people want to +take the Hugo you're gonna take the + + align:start position:0% +take the Hugo you're gonna take the + + + align:start position:0% +take the Hugo you're gonna take the +other side and then we're gonna move on + + align:start position:0% +other side and then we're gonna move on + + + align:start position:0% +other side and then we're gonna move on +but I just I want to hear the other side + + align:start position:0% +but I just I want to hear the other side + + + align:start position:0% +but I just I want to hear the other side +because and and I thank you for being + + align:start position:0% +because and and I thank you for being + + + align:start position:0% +because and and I thank you for being +willing to just speak up cuz it's really + + align:start position:0% +willing to just speak up cuz it's really + + + align:start position:0% +willing to just speak up cuz it's really +helpful and and I don't know you roll it + + align:start position:0% +helpful and and I don't know you roll it + + + align:start position:0% +helpful and and I don't know you roll it +master a chord but it's just what's that + + align:start position:0% +master a chord but it's just what's that + + + align:start position:0% +master a chord but it's just what's that +product management but you're speaking + + align:start position:0% +product management but you're speaking + + + align:start position:0% +product management but you're speaking +for yourself personally or MasterCard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cuz MasterCard actually fought a patent + + align:start position:0% +cuz MasterCard actually fought a patent + + + align:start position:0% +cuz MasterCard actually fought a patent +with the US Patent Office for crypto + + align:start position:0% +with the US Patent Office for crypto + + + align:start position:0% +with the US Patent Office for crypto +fractional banking yeah and and Bank of + + align:start position:0% +fractional banking yeah and and Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +fractional banking yeah and and Bank of +America has 43 patents in the crypto + + align:start position:0% +America has 43 patents in the crypto + + + align:start position:0% +America has 43 patents in the crypto +space and visas fought for patents in + + align:start position:0% +space and visas fought for patents in + + + align:start position:0% +space and visas fought for patents in +the book so you have visa Bank of + + align:start position:0% +the book so you have visa Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +the book so you have visa Bank of +America MasterCard and others filing for + + align:start position:0% +America MasterCard and others filing for + + + align:start position:0% +America MasterCard and others filing for +patents on blockchain fractional banking + + align:start position:0% +patents on blockchain fractional banking + + + align:start position:0% +patents on blockchain fractional banking +payments and so forth so it's sort of an + + align:start position:0% +payments and so forth so it's sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +payments and so forth so it's sort of an +interesting side well we'll get this + + align:start position:0% +interesting side well we'll get this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting side well we'll get this +established professor Lessig this is all + + align:start position:0% +established professor Lessig this is all + + + align:start position:0% +established professor Lessig this is all +true as a description these transactions + + align:start position:0% +true as a description these transactions + + + align:start position:0% +true as a description these transactions +outside about the developed world then + + align:start position:0% +outside about the developed world then + + + align:start position:0% +outside about the developed world then +the coefficients on these variables + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients on these variables + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients on these variables +changes significantly so if you have no + + align:start position:0% +changes significantly so if you have no + + + align:start position:0% +changes significantly so if you have no +reliable legal infrastructure to a world + + align:start position:0% +reliable legal infrastructure to a world + + + align:start position:0% +reliable legal infrastructure to a world +where you have a very reliable + + align:start position:0% +where you have a very reliable + + + align:start position:0% +where you have a very reliable +infrastructure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what Larry is shared with us is well + + align:start position:0% +what Larry is shared with us is well + + + align:start position:0% +what Larry is shared with us is well +there's a lot of different countries 180 + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of different countries 180 + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of different countries 180 +there's one point seven billion people + + align:start position:0% +there's one point seven billion people + + + align:start position:0% +there's one point seven billion people +still not banked in the world half of + + align:start position:0% +still not banked in the world half of + + + align:start position:0% +still not banked in the world half of +sub-saharan Africa for instance so you + + align:start position:0% +sub-saharan Africa for instance so you + + + align:start position:0% +sub-saharan Africa for instance so you +know there's still a challenge there I'm + + align:start position:0% +know there's still a challenge there I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know there's still a challenge there I'm +sorry Hugo we go I was gonna say + + align:start position:0% +sorry Hugo we go I was gonna say + + + align:start position:0% +sorry Hugo we go I was gonna say +something similar like I appreciated but + + align:start position:0% +something similar like I appreciated but + + + align:start position:0% +something similar like I appreciated but +it sounds like fix it like we've spent + + align:start position:0% +it sounds like fix it like we've spent + + + align:start position:0% +it sounds like fix it like we've spent +so much money building the system so you + + align:start position:0% +so much money building the system so you + + + align:start position:0% +so much money building the system so you +know it works now the like let's let's + + align:start position:0% +know it works now the like let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +know it works now the like let's let's +not look at what technological + + align:start position:0% +not look at what technological + + + align:start position:0% +not look at what technological +innovation what I meant was it's not + + align:start position:0% +innovation what I meant was it's not + + + align:start position:0% +innovation what I meant was it's not +it's not broken don't fix it + + align:start position:0% +it's not broken don't fix it + + + align:start position:0% +it's not broken don't fix it +we have achieved so much in the payments + + align:start position:0% +we have achieved so much in the payments + + + align:start position:0% +we have achieved so much in the payments +world over the past 40 years improvement + + align:start position:0% +world over the past 40 years improvement + + + align:start position:0% +world over the past 40 years improvement +while maintaining the goodness of + + align:start position:0% +while maintaining the goodness of + + + align:start position:0% +while maintaining the goodness of +infrastructure exists today instead of + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure exists today instead of + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure exists today instead of +Bob Janice it's a written replace + + align:start position:0% +Bob Janice it's a written replace + + + align:start position:0% +Bob Janice it's a written replace +shuffle thing which which doesn't solve + + align:start position:0% +shuffle thing which which doesn't solve + + + align:start position:0% +shuffle thing which which doesn't solve +a purpose sure I yeah I don't think that + + align:start position:0% +a purpose sure I yeah I don't think that + + + align:start position:0% +a purpose sure I yeah I don't think that +blockchain is the like one-stop shop for + + align:start position:0% +blockchain is the like one-stop shop for + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain is the like one-stop shop for +everything like I'm more I'm like the + + align:start position:0% +everything like I'm more I'm like the + + + align:start position:0% +everything like I'm more I'm like the +Maximus Ivor I think like sure if you + + align:start position:0% +Maximus Ivor I think like sure if you + + + align:start position:0% +Maximus Ivor I think like sure if you +have like a global currency where you + + align:start position:0% +have like a global currency where you + + + align:start position:0% +have like a global currency where you +can go anywhere and use it and it's you + + align:start position:0% +can go anywhere and use it and it's you + + + align:start position:0% +can go anywhere and use it and it's you +know it's self sovereign and you do all + + align:start position:0% +know it's self sovereign and you do all + + + align:start position:0% +know it's self sovereign and you do all +that that would be great + + align:start position:0% +that that would be great + + + align:start position:0% +that that would be great +I know you like MasterCard and Visa I + + align:start position:0% +I know you like MasterCard and Visa I + + + align:start position:0% +I know you like MasterCard and Visa I +have a an interest in saying like well + + align:start position:0% +have a an interest in saying like well + + + align:start position:0% +have a an interest in saying like well +we expend so much money like you can use + + align:start position:0% +we expend so much money like you can use + + + align:start position:0% +we expend so much money like you can use +mastercard visa most places in the world + + align:start position:0% +mastercard visa most places in the world + + + align:start position:0% +mastercard visa most places in the world +but like what happens if you go into + + align:start position:0% +but like what happens if you go into + + + align:start position:0% +but like what happens if you go into +like middle oh I don't know some village + + align:start position:0% +like middle oh I don't know some village + + + align:start position:0% +like middle oh I don't know some village +in India or sub-saharan Africa or + + align:start position:0% +in India or sub-saharan Africa or + + + align:start position:0% +in India or sub-saharan Africa or +wherever and they don't take a credit + + align:start position:0% +wherever and they don't take a credit + + + align:start position:0% +wherever and they don't take a credit +card but they have a cell phone with a + + align:start position:0% +card but they have a cell phone with a + + + align:start position:0% +card but they have a cell phone with a +Bitcoin wallet like I can still transact + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin wallet like I can still transact + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin wallet like I can still transact +there and right + + align:start position:0% +there and right + + + align:start position:0% +there and right +no I but then they have to go through + + align:start position:0% +no I but then they have to go through + + + align:start position:0% +no I but then they have to go through +the process of changing that all right + + align:start position:0% +the process of changing that all right + + + align:start position:0% +the process of changing that all right +so let's let's take British in them + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's take British in them + + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's take British in them +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +could be a solution as well so we have + + align:start position:0% +could be a solution as well so we have + + + align:start position:0% +could be a solution as well so we have +one two in the readings of the last + + align:start position:0% +one two in the readings of the last + + + align:start position:0% +one two in the readings of the last +process when I was a United Community + + align:start position:0% +process when I was a United Community + + + align:start position:0% +process when I was a United Community +Interest in India a new entity called a + + align:start position:0% +Interest in India a new entity called a + + + align:start position:0% +Interest in India a new entity called a +payment pact which is making no frills + + align:start position:0% +payment pact which is making no frills + + + align:start position:0% +payment pact which is making no frills +no service end of fact to promote + + align:start position:0% +no service end of fact to promote + + + align:start position:0% +no service end of fact to promote +Financial Inclusion and based on that + + align:start position:0% +Financial Inclusion and based on that + + + align:start position:0% +Financial Inclusion and based on that +just using identification number and + + align:start position:0% +just using identification number and + + + align:start position:0% +just using identification number and +just a mobile device you can make any + + align:start position:0% +just a mobile device you can make any + + + align:start position:0% +just a mobile device you can make any +sort of payments of any denomination it + + align:start position:0% +sort of payments of any denomination it + + + align:start position:0% +sort of payments of any denomination it +can be like like very very low local + + align:start position:0% +can be like like very very low local + + + align:start position:0% +can be like like very very low local +currency as well and you can do all of + + align:start position:0% +currency as well and you can do all of + + + align:start position:0% +currency as well and you can do all of +that at real-time basis without any of + + align:start position:0% +that at real-time basis without any of + + + align:start position:0% +that at real-time basis without any of +these intermediaries and those are low + + align:start position:0% +these intermediaries and those are low + + + align:start position:0% +these intermediaries and those are low +cost transactions without leveraging on + + align:start position:0% +cost transactions without leveraging on + + + align:start position:0% +cost transactions without leveraging on +the box which is like more than it's + + align:start position:0% +the box which is like more than it's + + + align:start position:0% +the box which is like more than it's +like not the 95% coverage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +India has really been the cutting edge + + align:start position:0% +India has really been the cutting edge + + + align:start position:0% +India has really been the cutting edge +in the last say two to three years + + align:start position:0% +in the last say two to three years + + + align:start position:0% +in the last say two to three years +partly because they could leapfrog some + + align:start position:0% +partly because they could leapfrog some + + + align:start position:0% +partly because they could leapfrog some +of the card rails there was not broad + + align:start position:0% +of the card rails there was not broad + + + align:start position:0% +of the card rails there was not broad +adoption or access as Sri has talked + + align:start position:0% +adoption or access as Sri has talked + + + align:start position:0% +adoption or access as Sri has talked +about in India for credit cards and so + + align:start position:0% +about in India for credit cards and so + + + align:start position:0% +about in India for credit cards and so +similar to what we saw in Kenya and we + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we saw in Kenya and we + + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we saw in Kenya and we +talked about on Tuesday and in China + + align:start position:0% +talked about on Tuesday and in China + + + align:start position:0% +talked about on Tuesday and in China +where where companies private sector + + align:start position:0% +where where companies private sector + + + align:start position:0% +where where companies private sector +leapfrogged and India it was more if I + + align:start position:0% +leapfrogged and India it was more if I + + + align:start position:0% +leapfrogged and India it was more if I +believe it was the government sector + + align:start position:0% +believe it was the government sector + + + align:start position:0% +believe it was the government sector +rather than the private sector said we + + align:start position:0% +rather than the private sector said we + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the private sector said we +want to bring a great many of the + + align:start position:0% +want to bring a great many of the + + + align:start position:0% +want to bring a great many of the +population into a system so they created + + align:start position:0% +population into a system so they created + + + align:start position:0% +population into a system so they created +an ID unique ID system I can't remember + + align:start position:0% +an ID unique ID system I can't remember + + + align:start position:0% +an ID unique ID system I can't remember +the name of each of these that's the car + + align:start position:0% +the name of each of these that's the car + + + align:start position:0% +the name of each of these that's the car +that's the card they created a + + align:start position:0% +that's the card they created a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the card they created a +payments.i MSP system which is not 270 + + align:start position:0% +payments.i MSP system which is not 270 + + + align:start position:0% +payments.i MSP system which is not 270 +basis points but probably is measured + + align:start position:0% +basis points but probably is measured + + + align:start position:0% +basis points but probably is measured +and single to low double-digit basis + + align:start position:0% +and single to low double-digit basis + + + align:start position:0% +and single to low double-digit basis +points your your actual pay + + align:start position:0% +points your your actual pay + + + align:start position:0% +points your your actual pay +everybody in India the their your your + + align:start position:0% +everybody in India the their your your + + + align:start position:0% +everybody in India the their your your +employment goes into this and there's + + align:start position:0% +employment goes into this and there's + + + align:start position:0% +employment goes into this and there's +biometrics as well to the ID system now + + align:start position:0% +biometrics as well to the ID system now + + + align:start position:0% +biometrics as well to the ID system now +there might be cyber security risks that + + align:start position:0% +there might be cyber security risks that + + + align:start position:0% +there might be cyber security risks that +this is all then and since somewhat + + align:start position:0% +this is all then and since somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +this is all then and since somewhat +centralized but India sort of + + align:start position:0% +centralized but India sort of + + + align:start position:0% +centralized but India sort of +leapfrogged it's kind of interesting but + + align:start position:0% +leapfrogged it's kind of interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +leapfrogged it's kind of interesting but +we've had a lively debate is finality + + align:start position:0% +we've had a lively debate is finality + + + align:start position:0% +we've had a lively debate is finality +something we won or not as chargeback + + align:start position:0% +something we won or not as chargeback + + + align:start position:0% +something we won or not as chargeback +something we want or not can you do this + + align:start position:0% +something we want or not can you do this + + + align:start position:0% +something we want or not can you do this +all without blockchain or is blockchain + + align:start position:0% +all without blockchain or is blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +all without blockchain or is blockchain +something that's needed and of course + + align:start position:0% +something that's needed and of course + + + align:start position:0% +something that's needed and of course +the question even if blockchain is + + align:start position:0% +the question even if blockchain is + + + align:start position:0% +the question even if blockchain is +really kind of neat and good will it + + align:start position:0% +really kind of neat and good will it + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of neat and good will it +just get the incumbents to move move a + + align:start position:0% +just get the incumbents to move move a + + + align:start position:0% +just get the incumbents to move move a +little bit more into innovation and + + align:start position:0% +little bit more into innovation and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more into innovation and +lowering their cost you want to close + + align:start position:0% +lowering their cost you want to close + + + align:start position:0% +lowering their cost you want to close +this one out it's an interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +this one out it's an interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +this one out it's an interesting thing +you know if it's censorship resisted - + + align:start position:0% +you know if it's censorship resisted - + + + align:start position:0% +you know if it's censorship resisted - +you must extend me credit and you can't + + align:start position:0% +you must extend me credit and you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you must extend me credit and you can't +decide on whether I get credit based on + + align:start position:0% +decide on whether I get credit based on + + + align:start position:0% +decide on whether I get credit based on +my race or religion or ethnicity and and + + align:start position:0% +my race or religion or ethnicity and and + + + align:start position:0% +my race or religion or ethnicity and and +so forth that's probably something a + + align:start position:0% +so forth that's probably something a + + + align:start position:0% +so forth that's probably something a +broad group of people would say that's + + align:start position:0% +broad group of people would say that's + + + align:start position:0% +broad group of people would say that's +pretty good + + align:start position:0% +pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good +but if it's censorship resistant to + + align:start position:0% +but if it's censorship resistant to + + + align:start position:0% +but if it's censorship resistant to +being like you can drug traffic Society + + align:start position:0% +being like you can drug traffic Society + + + align:start position:0% +being like you can drug traffic Society +might say well that's not we won so it's + + align:start position:0% +might say well that's not we won so it's + + + align:start position:0% +might say well that's not we won so it's +an interesting set of you know when the + + align:start position:0% +an interesting set of you know when the + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting set of you know when the +technology allows you to be censorship + + align:start position:0% +technology allows you to be censorship + + + align:start position:0% +technology allows you to be censorship +resistant but society says well there's + + align:start position:0% +resistant but society says well there's + + + align:start position:0% +resistant but society says well there's +still some social cohesion about drug + + align:start position:0% +still some social cohesion about drug + + + align:start position:0% +still some social cohesion about drug +trafficking or child labor or you know + + align:start position:0% +trafficking or child labor or you know + + + align:start position:0% +trafficking or child labor or you know +so and I'm using the ones that are you + + align:start position:0% +so and I'm using the ones that are you + + + align:start position:0% +so and I'm using the ones that are you +know easy to hold on to so it's a little + + align:start position:0% +know easy to hold on to so it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +know easy to hold on to so it's a little +interesting debate yes I think so + + align:start position:0% +interesting debate yes I think so + + + align:start position:0% +interesting debate yes I think so +when we were speaking about the develop + + align:start position:0% +when we were speaking about the develop + + + align:start position:0% +when we were speaking about the develop +the underdeveloped in developing part of + + align:start position:0% +the underdeveloped in developing part of + + + align:start position:0% +the underdeveloped in developing part of +part of the economy and payments and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I think one thing that we have in + + align:start position:0% +and I think one thing that we have in + + + align:start position:0% +and I think one thing that we have in +address is the last mile which is + + align:start position:0% +address is the last mile which is + + + align:start position:0% +address is the last mile which is +liquidity and so even if blockchain + + align:start position:0% +liquidity and so even if blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity and so even if blockchain +addresses let's say the accountability + + align:start position:0% +addresses let's say the accountability + + + align:start position:0% +addresses let's say the accountability +of the transfer what it doesn't address + + align:start position:0% +of the transfer what it doesn't address + + + align:start position:0% +of the transfer what it doesn't address +is the actual liquidity and utilization + + align:start position:0% +is the actual liquidity and utilization + + + align:start position:0% +is the actual liquidity and utilization +in the last mile on the ground which is + + align:start position:0% +in the last mile on the ground which is + + + align:start position:0% +in the last mile on the ground which is +very essential to a developing economy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of IVA so Aviva are you saying last mile + + align:start position:0% +of IVA so Aviva are you saying last mile + + + align:start position:0% +of IVA so Aviva are you saying last mile +like that that somebody could actually + + align:start position:0% +like that that somebody could actually + + + align:start position:0% +like that that somebody could actually +use this cryptocurrency in a store to + + align:start position:0% +use this cryptocurrency in a store to + + + align:start position:0% +use this cryptocurrency in a store to +buy their grains or their goods for the + + align:start position:0% +buy their grains or their goods for the + + + align:start position:0% +buy their grains or their goods for the +week to keep their family yes adoption + + align:start position:0% +week to keep their family yes adoption + + + align:start position:0% +week to keep their family yes adoption +and scalability right Fiat money and + + align:start position:0% +and scalability right Fiat money and + + + align:start position:0% +and scalability right Fiat money and +before we had paper money we had coins + + align:start position:0% +before we had paper money we had coins + + + align:start position:0% +before we had paper money we had coins +and everything money is a social + + align:start position:0% +and everything money is a social + + + align:start position:0% +and everything money is a social +construct we've talked about that and + + align:start position:0% +construct we've talked about that and + + + align:start position:0% +construct we've talked about that and +beyond its advantages that it's used for + + align:start position:0% +beyond its advantages that it's used for + + + align:start position:0% +beyond its advantages that it's used for +taxes and it's good for all debts public + + align:start position:0% +taxes and it's good for all debts public + + + align:start position:0% +taxes and it's good for all debts public +and private in most countries it really + + align:start position:0% +and private in most countries it really + + + align:start position:0% +and private in most countries it really +is exactly what a vivos AG that society + + align:start position:0% +is exactly what a vivos AG that society + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly what a vivos AG that society +at large says I will use this as a unit + + align:start position:0% +at large says I will use this as a unit + + + align:start position:0% +at large says I will use this as a unit +of the count that whether it's my + + align:start position:0% +of the count that whether it's my + + + align:start position:0% +of the count that whether it's my +employment or the or the milled goods + + align:start position:0% +employment or the or the milled goods + + + align:start position:0% +employment or the or the milled goods +I'm a buying to feed my family it's this + + align:start position:0% +I'm a buying to feed my family it's this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a buying to feed my family it's this +unit of account that over hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +unit of account that over hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +unit of account that over hundreds of +years people adopt until they don't I + + align:start position:0% +years people adopt until they don't I + + + align:start position:0% +years people adopt until they don't I +don't know how long in Venezuela though + + align:start position:0% +don't know how long in Venezuela though + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how long in Venezuela though +I keep using their currency as a as a + + align:start position:0% +I keep using their currency as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +I keep using their currency as a as a +unit of account so sometimes there's + + align:start position:0% +unit of account so sometimes there's + + + align:start position:0% +unit of account so sometimes there's +last-mile problems even with fiat + + align:start position:0% +last-mile problems even with fiat + + + align:start position:0% +last-mile problems even with fiat +currency but I I not only hear you I + + align:start position:0% +currency but I I not only hear you I + + + align:start position:0% +currency but I I not only hear you I +share your your thoughts you know that + + align:start position:0% +share your your thoughts you know that + + + align:start position:0% +share your your thoughts you know that +where where's the the adoption in the + + align:start position:0% +where where's the the adoption in the + + + align:start position:0% +where where's the the adoption in the +last mile if you well said + + align:start position:0% +last mile if you well said + + + align:start position:0% +last mile if you well said +so just what are some of it we talked + + align:start position:0% +so just what are some of it we talked + + + align:start position:0% +so just what are some of it we talked +about the challenges what are some + + align:start position:0% +about the challenges what are some + + + align:start position:0% +about the challenges what are some +companies well there's in crypto and I + + align:start position:0% +companies well there's in crypto and I + + + align:start position:0% +companies well there's in crypto and I +just I'm listing two or three but if you + + align:start position:0% +just I'm listing two or three but if you + + + align:start position:0% +just I'm listing two or three but if you +wanted to talk about others I just + + align:start position:0% +wanted to talk about others I just + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to talk about others I just +listed encrypt oh there's startups + + align:start position:0% +listed encrypt oh there's startups + + + align:start position:0% +listed encrypt oh there's startups +bitpay + + align:start position:0% +bitpay + + + align:start position:0% +bitpay +is one of the most popular ones where is + + align:start position:0% +is one of the most popular ones where is + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the most popular ones where is +basically saying to merchants + + align:start position:0% +basically saying to merchants + + + align:start position:0% +basically saying to merchants +if you want to take Bitcoin will + + align:start position:0% +if you want to take Bitcoin will + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to take Bitcoin will +invert your Bitcoin for you to Fiat and + + align:start position:0% +invert your Bitcoin for you to Fiat and + + + align:start position:0% +invert your Bitcoin for you to Fiat and +that's in essence what they're doing so + + align:start position:0% +that's in essence what they're doing so + + + align:start position:0% +that's in essence what they're doing so +I'm going to take it back to the Hillary + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take it back to the Hillary + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take it back to the Hillary +campaign we had some donors that wanted + + align:start position:0% +campaign we had some donors that wanted + + + align:start position:0% +campaign we had some donors that wanted +to give us Bitcoin we're a merchant in a + + align:start position:0% +to give us Bitcoin we're a merchant in a + + + align:start position:0% +to give us Bitcoin we're a merchant in a +sense but we also wanted to elect a + + align:start position:0% +sense but we also wanted to elect a + + + align:start position:0% +sense but we also wanted to elect a +president and those donors might want to + + align:start position:0% +president and those donors might want to + + + align:start position:0% +president and those donors might want to +give this Bitcoin so one of my + + align:start position:0% +give this Bitcoin so one of my + + + align:start position:0% +give this Bitcoin so one of my +colleagues had to investigate could we + + align:start position:0% +colleagues had to investigate could we + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues had to investigate could we +take Bitcoin and and what did it mean + + align:start position:0% +take Bitcoin and and what did it mean + + + align:start position:0% +take Bitcoin and and what did it mean +under federal election law and things + + align:start position:0% +under federal election law and things + + + align:start position:0% +under federal election law and things +like that and that we looked at whether + + align:start position:0% +like that and that we looked at whether + + + align:start position:0% +like that and that we looked at whether +to hire bid pay or somebody like that to + + align:start position:0% +to hire bid pay or somebody like that to + + + align:start position:0% +to hire bid pay or somebody like that to +work we chose not to because we didn't + + align:start position:0% +work we chose not to because we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +work we chose not to because we didn't +think there was enough donors who really + + align:start position:0% +think there was enough donors who really + + + align:start position:0% +think there was enough donors who really +wanted to give us enough Bitcoin and we + + align:start position:0% +wanted to give us enough Bitcoin and we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to give us enough Bitcoin and we +didn't think we would freshen up + + align:start position:0% +didn't think we would freshen up + + + align:start position:0% +didn't think we would freshen up +Hillary's image because we were going to + + align:start position:0% +Hillary's image because we were going to + + + align:start position:0% +Hillary's image because we were going to +announce she's the Bitcoin candidate or + + align:start position:0% +announce she's the Bitcoin candidate or + + + align:start position:0% +announce she's the Bitcoin candidate or +something Tom did we miss it is this + + align:start position:0% +something Tom did we miss it is this + + + align:start position:0% +something Tom did we miss it is this +good cut awareness concen with that okay + + align:start position:0% +good cut awareness concen with that okay + + + align:start position:0% +good cut awareness concen with that okay +I'm gonna be apologizing until my grave + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna be apologizing until my grave + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna be apologizing until my grave +for that election but this is this is it + + align:start position:0% +for that election but this is this is it + + + align:start position:0% +for that election but this is this is it +right but it's a real story one of my + + align:start position:0% +right but it's a real story one of my + + + align:start position:0% +right but it's a real story one of my +colleagues investigated it I'm not + + align:start position:0% +colleagues investigated it I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues investigated it I'm not +trying to throw him under the bus or + + align:start position:0% +trying to throw him under the bus or + + + align:start position:0% +trying to throw him under the bus or +anything but it was just like oh my gosh + + align:start position:0% +anything but it was just like oh my gosh + + + align:start position:0% +anything but it was just like oh my gosh +amount of time we would add spend with + + align:start position:0% +amount of time we would add spend with + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time we would add spend with +Perkins cuy the law firm and what we + + align:start position:0% +Perkins cuy the law firm and what we + + + align:start position:0% +Perkins cuy the law firm and what we +would have to pay to kind of think this + + align:start position:0% +would have to pay to kind of think this + + + align:start position:0% +would have to pay to kind of think this +through and we can only take $2,700 so + + align:start position:0% +through and we can only take $2,700 so + + + align:start position:0% +through and we can only take $2,700 so +you know you'd have to every day would + + align:start position:0% +you know you'd have to every day would + + + align:start position:0% +you know you'd have to every day would +be a different number a Bitcoin it could + + align:start position:0% +be a different number a Bitcoin it could + + + align:start position:0% +be a different number a Bitcoin it could +not be more than $2,700 because there + + align:start position:0% +not be more than $2,700 because there + + + align:start position:0% +not be more than $2,700 because there +was no way that we were going to break + + align:start position:0% +was no way that we were going to break + + + align:start position:0% +was no way that we were going to break +the election laws so ultimately we sort + + align:start position:0% +the election laws so ultimately we sort + + + align:start position:0% +the election laws so ultimately we sort +of it the project went away and the + + align:start position:0% +of it the project went away and the + + + align:start position:0% +of it the project went away and the +reason I share that story is for a lot + + align:start position:0% +reason I share that story is for a lot + + + align:start position:0% +reason I share that story is for a lot +of merchants right now maybe as Aviva + + align:start position:0% +of merchants right now maybe as Aviva + + + align:start position:0% +of merchants right now maybe as Aviva +said in the last mile the merchants are + + align:start position:0% +said in the last mile the merchants are + + + align:start position:0% +said in the last mile the merchants are +saying I'm not sure I need to do this + + align:start position:0% +saying I'm not sure I need to do this + + + align:start position:0% +saying I'm not sure I need to do this +but there's a way to do it if you + + align:start position:0% +but there's a way to do it if you + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a way to do it if you +anybody in this room starts a company + + align:start position:0% +anybody in this room starts a company + + + align:start position:0% +anybody in this room starts a company +you said I want to take crypto there are + + align:start position:0% +you said I want to take crypto there are + + + align:start position:0% +you said I want to take crypto there are +companies out there that will provide + + align:start position:0% +companies out there that will provide + + + align:start position:0% +companies out there that will provide +you that interface and their fees does + + align:start position:0% +you that interface and their fees does + + + align:start position:0% +you that interface and their fees does +anybody know bit pays fees it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +anybody know bit pays fees it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know bit pays fees it wasn't +part of the readings but other than a + + align:start position:0% +part of the readings but other than a + + + align:start position:0% +part of the readings but other than a +lien all right allene + + align:start position:0% +lien all right allene + + + align:start position:0% +lien all right allene +1% + + align:start position:0% +1% + + + align:start position:0% +1% +so if you are a merchant Starbucks the + + align:start position:0% +so if you are a merchant Starbucks the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you are a merchant Starbucks the +Hillary campaign if your merchant and + + align:start position:0% +Hillary campaign if your merchant and + + + align:start position:0% +Hillary campaign if your merchant and +you say I want to have less than 2.7 + + align:start position:0% +you say I want to have less than 2.7 + + + align:start position:0% +you say I want to have less than 2.7 +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +I can have 1% fees I want finality and I + + align:start position:0% +I can have 1% fees I want finality and I + + + align:start position:0% +I can have 1% fees I want finality and I +don't want chargebacks depending upon + + align:start position:0% +don't want chargebacks depending upon + + + align:start position:0% +don't want chargebacks depending upon +which side of this you're on they're + + align:start position:0% +which side of this you're on they're + + + align:start position:0% +which side of this you're on they're +trying to just do it as a lower cost + + align:start position:0% +trying to just do it as a lower cost + + + align:start position:0% +trying to just do it as a lower cost +solution 1% Priya not winning the + + align:start position:0% +solution 1% Priya not winning the + + + align:start position:0% +solution 1% Priya not winning the +election assets donations interest story + + align:start position:0% +election assets donations interest story + + + align:start position:0% +election assets donations interest story +really happen one of the exchanges doing + + align:start position:0% +really happen one of the exchanges doing + + + align:start position:0% +really happen one of the exchanges doing +this service converting to digital + + align:start position:0% +this service converting to digital + + + align:start position:0% +this service converting to digital +donations into fiat currency and it + + align:start position:0% +donations into fiat currency and it + + + align:start position:0% +donations into fiat currency and it +crashed because the volume was just so + + align:start position:0% +crashed because the volume was just so + + + align:start position:0% +crashed because the volume was just so +much they could not and whether whether + + align:start position:0% +much they could not and whether whether + + + align:start position:0% +much they could not and whether whether +it's a large foundation or a political + + align:start position:0% +it's a large foundation or a political + + + align:start position:0% +it's a large foundation or a political +campaign there's also a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +campaign there's also a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +campaign there's also a little bit of +reputational risk because you want to + + align:start position:0% +reputational risk because you want to + + + align:start position:0% +reputational risk because you want to +make sure that the the funds are not + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the the funds are not + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the the funds are not +illicit funds I mean it just so there's + + align:start position:0% +illicit funds I mean it just so there's + + + align:start position:0% +illicit funds I mean it just so there's +a little bit of a reputational risk that + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a reputational risk that + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a reputational risk that +may be a Starbucks wouldn't have when + + align:start position:0% +may be a Starbucks wouldn't have when + + + align:start position:0% +may be a Starbucks wouldn't have when +you're just buying a cup of coffee I'm a + + align:start position:0% +you're just buying a cup of coffee I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +you're just buying a cup of coffee I'm a +knight I'm not never run a Starbucks but + + align:start position:0% +knight I'm not never run a Starbucks but + + + align:start position:0% +knight I'm not never run a Starbucks but +so so the crypto exchange is and bitpay + + align:start position:0% +so so the crypto exchange is and bitpay + + + align:start position:0% +so so the crypto exchange is and bitpay +sort of provide a lot of services II + + align:start position:0% +sort of provide a lot of services II + + + align:start position:0% +sort of provide a lot of services II +walnut companies provide services Shawn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how does it manage volatility so they + + align:start position:0% +how does it manage volatility so they + + + align:start position:0% +how does it manage volatility so they +are they arranged basically with a + + align:start position:0% +are they arranged basically with a + + + align:start position:0% +are they arranged basically with a +number of crypto exchanges I once knew + + align:start position:0% +number of crypto exchanges I once knew + + + align:start position:0% +number of crypto exchanges I once knew +but I don't know whether they have + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know whether they have + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know whether they have +arrangements with 3 or 5 + + align:start position:0% +arrangements with 3 or 5 + + + align:start position:0% +arrangements with 3 or 5 +whatever and they're basically our + + align:start position:0% +whatever and they're basically our + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and they're basically our +pricing right at the so they have serve + + align:start position:0% +pricing right at the so they have serve + + + align:start position:0% +pricing right at the so they have serve +close to real-time pricing so I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +close to real-time pricing so I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +close to real-time pricing so I'm gonna +buy a cup of coffee the way the + + align:start position:0% +buy a cup of coffee the way the + + + align:start position:0% +buy a cup of coffee the way the +technology works and let's say it's + + align:start position:0% +technology works and let's say it's + + + align:start position:0% +technology works and let's say it's +what's a Starbucks a cup of coffee + + align:start position:0% +what's a Starbucks a cup of coffee + + + align:start position:0% +what's a Starbucks a cup of coffee +that's five dollars it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +that's five dollars it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that's five dollars it's pretty +expensive isn't it what's your a cup of + + align:start position:0% +expensive isn't it what's your a cup of + + + align:start position:0% +expensive isn't it what's your a cup of +coffee + + align:start position:0% +coffee + + + align:start position:0% +coffee +225 all right + + align:start position:0% +225 all right + + + align:start position:0% +225 all right +but in real time the app the bitpay app + + align:start position:0% +but in real time the app the bitpay app + + + align:start position:0% +but in real time the app the bitpay app +is computing what that is and they feel + + align:start position:0% +is computing what that is and they feel + + + align:start position:0% +is computing what that is and they feel +that that within the seconds for them to + + align:start position:0% +that that within the seconds for them to + + + align:start position:0% +that that within the seconds for them to +convert out they take some they take + + align:start position:0% +convert out they take some they take + + + align:start position:0% +convert out they take some they take +volatility risk is it possible that they + + align:start position:0% +volatility risk is it possible that they + + + align:start position:0% +volatility risk is it possible that they +in some transactions earn the volatility + + align:start position:0% +in some transactions earn the volatility + + + align:start position:0% +in some transactions earn the volatility +eats up the whole 1% yes but but they + + align:start position:0% +eats up the whole 1% yes but but they + + + align:start position:0% +eats up the whole 1% yes but but they +basically they have that in their + + align:start position:0% +basically they have that in their + + + align:start position:0% +basically they have that in their +pricing model and then move basically + + align:start position:0% +pricing model and then move basically + + + align:start position:0% +pricing model and then move basically +Priya's Bitcoin to dollars and the + + align:start position:0% +Priya's Bitcoin to dollars and the + + + align:start position:0% +Priya's Bitcoin to dollars and the +dollars goes to store books and they + + align:start position:0% +dollars goes to store books and they + + + align:start position:0% +dollars goes to store books and they +guarantee Starbucks you know 225 minus + + align:start position:0% +guarantee Starbucks you know 225 minus + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee Starbucks you know 225 minus +1% then there's their startups actually + + align:start position:0% +1% then there's their startups actually + + + align:start position:0% +1% then there's their startups actually +getting in but most of these at least + + align:start position:0% +getting in but most of these at least + + + align:start position:0% +getting in but most of these at least +the second third and fourth or kind of + + align:start position:0% +the second third and fourth or kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the second third and fourth or kind of +institutional services now there might + + align:start position:0% +institutional services now there might + + + align:start position:0% +institutional services now there might +be retail services that I'm not quorum + + align:start position:0% +be retail services that I'm not quorum + + + align:start position:0% +be retail services that I'm not quorum +was started by JP Morgan I think it + + align:start position:0% +was started by JP Morgan I think it + + + align:start position:0% +was started by JP Morgan I think it +might even still be owned by JP Morgan + + align:start position:0% +might even still be owned by JP Morgan + + + align:start position:0% +might even still be owned by JP Morgan +who's going to be spun out but are three + + align:start position:0% +who's going to be spun out but are three + + + align:start position:0% +who's going to be spun out but are three +ripple these are really institutional + + align:start position:0% +ripple these are really institutional + + + align:start position:0% +ripple these are really institutional +most b2b or financial firm two financial + + align:start position:0% +most b2b or financial firm two financial + + + align:start position:0% +most b2b or financial firm two financial +firm right now there's I couldn't find a + + align:start position:0% +firm right now there's I couldn't find a + + + align:start position:0% +firm right now there's I couldn't find a +really good startup and the retail space + + align:start position:0% +really good startup and the retail space + + + align:start position:0% +really good startup and the retail space +but two weeks from today + + align:start position:0% +but two weeks from today + + + align:start position:0% +but two weeks from today +you're gonna have Jeff Sprecher and + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have Jeff Sprecher and + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have Jeff Sprecher and +Kelly here and you can shrim are you + + align:start position:0% +Kelly here and you can shrim are you + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly here and you can shrim are you +gonna be back on November 15th no but + + align:start position:0% +gonna be back on November 15th no but + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be back on November 15th no but +you'll be able to challenge well what's + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to challenge well what's + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to challenge well what's +what can what they're gonna have a + + align:start position:0% +what can what they're gonna have a + + + align:start position:0% +what can what they're gonna have a +retail payment system in their Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +retail payment system in their Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +retail payment system in their Bitcoin +so be Internet + + align:start position:0% +so be Internet + + + align:start position:0% +so be Internet +one retail payment solution is if + + align:start position:0% +one retail payment solution is if + + + align:start position:0% +one retail payment solution is if +anybody walks over to building 14 + + align:start position:0% +anybody walks over to building 14 + + + align:start position:0% +anybody walks over to building 14 +there's a vending machine in the media + + align:start position:0% +there's a vending machine in the media + + + align:start position:0% +there's a vending machine in the media +lab right now that takes Bitcoin thank + + align:start position:0% +lab right now that takes Bitcoin thank + + + align:start position:0% +lab right now that takes Bitcoin thank +you a mighty thank you the digital + + align:start position:0% +you a mighty thank you the digital + + + align:start position:0% +you a mighty thank you the digital +currency initiative Thank You Allie but + + align:start position:0% +currency initiative Thank You Allie but + + + align:start position:0% +currency initiative Thank You Allie but +there is literally you you if you want + + align:start position:0% +there is literally you you if you want + + + align:start position:0% +there is literally you you if you want +to describe it you put a QR code up yes + + align:start position:0% +to describe it you put a QR code up yes + + + align:start position:0% +to describe it you put a QR code up yes +absolutely so anyone who wants to do it + + align:start position:0% +absolutely so anyone who wants to do it + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely so anyone who wants to do it +we can we can walk over there and look + + align:start position:0% +we can we can walk over there and look + + + align:start position:0% +we can we can walk over there and look +at it it has clothes change swaps so we + + align:start position:0% +at it it has clothes change swaps so we + + + align:start position:0% +at it it has clothes change swaps so we +can transact real time between three + + align:start position:0% +can transact real time between three + + + align:start position:0% +can transact real time between three +different currencies Bitcoin litecoin + + align:start position:0% +different currencies Bitcoin litecoin + + + align:start position:0% +different currencies Bitcoin litecoin +and a stable coin and there's a vending + + align:start position:0% +and a stable coin and there's a vending + + + align:start position:0% +and a stable coin and there's a vending +machine sitting in the media lab you put + + align:start position:0% +machine sitting in the media lab you put + + + align:start position:0% +machine sitting in the media lab you put +a QR code up if I remember can we + + align:start position:0% +a QR code up if I remember can we + + + align:start position:0% +a QR code up if I remember can we +publish Android and iOS and you + + align:start position:0% +publish Android and iOS and you + + + align:start position:0% +publish Android and iOS and you +basically you know can your home node or + + align:start position:0% +basically you know can your home node or + + + align:start position:0% +basically you know can your home node or +your computer you allow your phone to + + align:start position:0% +your computer you allow your phone to + + + align:start position:0% +your computer you allow your phone to +control your computer and then you can + + align:start position:0% +control your computer and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +control your computer and then you can +send money from your home to your + + align:start position:0% +send money from your home to your + + + align:start position:0% +send money from your home to your +valuation real-time but in that case the + + align:start position:0% +valuation real-time but in that case the + + + align:start position:0% +valuation real-time but in that case the +vending machine receives the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +vending machine receives the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +vending machine receives the Bitcoin +will you actually know as well that + + align:start position:0% +will you actually know as well that + + + align:start position:0% +will you actually know as well that +converts the Bitcoin into impulses that + + align:start position:0% +converts the Bitcoin into impulses that + + + align:start position:0% +converts the Bitcoin into impulses that +trick the machine to say these are + + align:start position:0% +trick the machine to say these are + + + align:start position:0% +trick the machine to say these are +points so the vending machine actually + + align:start position:0% +points so the vending machine actually + + + align:start position:0% +points so the vending machine actually +gets you know yeah yeah there we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +check it out over in a meaty lab it was + + align:start position:0% +check it out over in a meaty lab it was + + + align:start position:0% +check it out over in a meaty lab it was +rolled out for media lab members week + + align:start position:0% +rolled out for media lab members week + + + align:start position:0% +rolled out for media lab members week +actually two weeks ago so and and then + + align:start position:0% +actually two weeks ago so and and then + + + align:start position:0% +actually two weeks ago so and and then +there's incumbents isis startup backed i + + align:start position:0% +there's incumbents isis startup backed i + + + align:start position:0% +there's incumbents isis startup backed i +do put mastercard on there shreem i do + + align:start position:0% +do put mastercard on there shreem i do + + + align:start position:0% +do put mastercard on there shreem i do +like you know but but you will it's + + align:start position:0% +like you know but but you will it's + + + align:start position:0% +like you know but but you will it's +remarkable how many patents are being + + align:start position:0% +remarkable how many patents are being + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable how many patents are being +filed hundreds of patent or being filed + + align:start position:0% +filed hundreds of patent or being filed + + + align:start position:0% +filed hundreds of patent or being filed +but they're almost all by the incumbents + + align:start position:0% +but they're almost all by the incumbents + + + align:start position:0% +but they're almost all by the incumbents +now is that because they want to block + + align:start position:0% +now is that because they want to block + + + align:start position:0% +now is that because they want to block +others from getting in are they trying + + align:start position:0% +others from getting in are they trying + + + align:start position:0% +others from getting in are they trying +to create barriers to entry or are they + + align:start position:0% +to create barriers to entry or are they + + + align:start position:0% +to create barriers to entry or are they +doing it because they see real prospect + + align:start position:0% +doing it because they see real prospect + + + align:start position:0% +doing it because they see real prospect +and opportunity and they want to pursue + + align:start position:0% +and opportunity and they want to pursue + + + align:start position:0% +and opportunity and they want to pursue +it it's probably a bit of both Larry + + align:start position:0% +it it's probably a bit of both Larry + + + align:start position:0% +it it's probably a bit of both Larry +you're shaking your + + align:start position:0% +you're shaking your + + + align:start position:0% +you're shaking your +it's all it's all barrier state you + + align:start position:0% +it's all it's all barrier state you + + + align:start position:0% +it's all it's all barrier state you +don't think it's any no it's all there + + align:start position:0% +don't think it's any no it's all there + + + align:start position:0% +don't think it's any no it's all there +is to entry and many arguments like this + + align:start position:0% +is to entry and many arguments like this + + + align:start position:0% +is to entry and many arguments like this +our systems great and guess what the + + align:start position:0% +our systems great and guess what the + + + align:start position:0% +our systems great and guess what the +legal costs of pursuing your systems and + + align:start position:0% +legal costs of pursuing your systems and + + + align:start position:0% +legal costs of pursuing your systems and +we'll get some patents along the way + + align:start position:0% +we'll get some patents along the way + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get some patents along the way +no those parties are the legal costs + + align:start position:0% +no those parties are the legal costs + + + align:start position:0% +no those parties are the legal costs +yeah the threat that the patent + + align:start position:0% +yeah the threat that the patent + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the threat that the patent +litigation is enough to stop any so if + + align:start position:0% +litigation is enough to stop any so if + + + align:start position:0% +litigation is enough to stop any so if +you're a if you're a venture capitalist + + align:start position:0% +you're a if you're a venture capitalist + + + align:start position:0% +you're a if you're a venture capitalist +and they walk in like a night before + + align:start position:0% +and they walk in like a night before + + + align:start position:0% +and they walk in like a night before +your announcements you're dead yeah well + + align:start position:0% +your announcements you're dead yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +your announcements you're dead yeah well +bag of America has 43 so in the + + align:start position:0% +bag of America has 43 so in the + + + align:start position:0% +bag of America has 43 so in the +blockchain space I read so is it a sign + + align:start position:0% +blockchain space I read so is it a sign + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain space I read so is it a sign +that there's something really real here + + align:start position:0% +that there's something really real here + + + align:start position:0% +that there's something really real here +that this startups might have something + + align:start position:0% +that this startups might have something + + + align:start position:0% +that this startups might have something +you know to be figured out + + align:start position:0% +you know to be figured out + + + align:start position:0% +you know to be figured out +visa started a business-to-business + + align:start position:0% +visa started a business-to-business + + + align:start position:0% +visa started a business-to-business +payment connect in 2016 they've even + + align:start position:0% +payment connect in 2016 they've even + + + align:start position:0% +payment connect in 2016 they've even +announced visas even announced it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +announced visas even announced it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +announced visas even announced it hasn't +had a lot of adoption they're not sure I + + align:start position:0% +had a lot of adoption they're not sure I + + + align:start position:0% +had a lot of adoption they're not sure I +think it's more permission than + + align:start position:0% +think it's more permission than + + + align:start position:0% +think it's more permission than +permissionless by the way but this is + + align:start position:0% +permissionless by the way but this is + + + align:start position:0% +permissionless by the way but this is +kind of now is anybody in their own + + align:start position:0% +kind of now is anybody in their own + + + align:start position:0% +kind of now is anybody in their own +readings maybe a lien I mean I'm not + + align:start position:0% +readings maybe a lien I mean I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +readings maybe a lien I mean I'm not +trying to be exhaustive but there's not + + align:start position:0% +trying to be exhaustive but there's not + + + align:start position:0% +trying to be exhaustive but there's not +a lot of because of some of these issues + + align:start position:0% +a lot of because of some of these issues + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of because of some of these issues +back here these these are real + + align:start position:0% +back here these these are real + + + align:start position:0% +back here these these are real +challenges but I would say these are + + align:start position:0% +challenges but I would say these are + + + align:start position:0% +challenges but I would say these are +real possibilities to Kelly and then + + align:start position:0% +real possibilities to Kelly and then + + + align:start position:0% +real possibilities to Kelly and then +alene we want to answer the stripe and + + align:start position:0% +alene we want to answer the stripe and + + + align:start position:0% +alene we want to answer the stripe and +just background stripe is a payment + + align:start position:0% +just background stripe is a payment + + + align:start position:0% +just background stripe is a payment +system provider so they're not either + + align:start position:0% +system provider so they're not either + + + align:start position:0% +system provider so they're not either +they're not extending credit like a Visa + + align:start position:0% +they're not extending credit like a Visa + + + align:start position:0% +they're not extending credit like a Visa +or MasterCard or they're not a network + + align:start position:0% +or MasterCard or they're not a network + + + align:start position:0% +or MasterCard or they're not a network +like Visa and MasterCard + + align:start position:0% +like Visa and MasterCard + + + align:start position:0% +like Visa and MasterCard +who actually they don't provide the + + align:start position:0% +who actually they don't provide the + + + align:start position:0% +who actually they don't provide the +credit the banks do but they are a + + align:start position:0% +credit the banks do but they are a + + + align:start position:0% +credit the banks do but they are a +payment system provider that merchants + + align:start position:0% +payment system provider that merchants + + + align:start position:0% +payment system provider that merchants +would hire stripe to interface with + + align:start position:0% +would hire stripe to interface with + + + align:start position:0% +would hire stripe to interface with +mastercard discover American Express in + + align:start position:0% +mastercard discover American Express in + + + align:start position:0% +mastercard discover American Express in +others but why did stripe decide not to + + align:start position:0% +others but why did stripe decide not to + + + align:start position:0% +others but why did stripe decide not to +continue on this partly they didn't see + + align:start position:0% +continue on this partly they didn't see + + + align:start position:0% +continue on this partly they didn't see +a lot of adoption that's what I took + + align:start position:0% +a lot of adoption that's what I took + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of adoption that's what I took +battalion you were gonna it's a great + + align:start position:0% +battalion you were gonna it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +battalion you were gonna it's a great +starting point and the rule that I think + + align:start position:0% +starting point and the rule that I think + + + align:start position:0% +starting point and the rule that I think +at some point three months ago I have + + align:start position:0% +at some point three months ago I have + + + align:start position:0% +at some point three months ago I have +was in the cryptocurrency space most not + + align:start position:0% +was in the cryptocurrency space most not + + + align:start position:0% +was in the cryptocurrency space most not +speculation money or not like I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +speculation money or not like I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +speculation money or not like I'm gonna +buy low sell high it's coming from + + align:start position:0% +buy low sell high it's coming from + + + align:start position:0% +buy low sell high it's coming from +either exchanges or miners so yes so + + align:start position:0% +either exchanges or miners so yes so + + + align:start position:0% +either exchanges or miners so yes so +that's where the money is made if you + + align:start position:0% +that's where the money is made if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the money is made if you +don't speculate you're either a miner + + align:start position:0% +don't speculate you're either a miner + + + align:start position:0% +don't speculate you're either a miner +and you make money or an exchanger make + + align:start position:0% +and you make money or an exchanger make + + + align:start position:0% +and you make money or an exchanger make +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +the miner that I think would be + + align:start position:0% +the miner that I think would be + + + align:start position:0% +the miner that I think would be +interesting I think I would put bit man + + align:start position:0% +interesting I think I would put bit man + + + align:start position:0% +interesting I think I would put bit man +over there because I dig it man bit me + + align:start position:0% +over there because I dig it man bit me + + + align:start position:0% +over there because I dig it man bit me +so--but mainly for those who don't know + + align:start position:0% +so--but mainly for those who don't know + + + align:start position:0% +so--but mainly for those who don't know +is going through an ICO an initial sorry + + align:start position:0% +is going through an ICO an initial sorry + + + align:start position:0% +is going through an ICO an initial sorry +I peel initial they you know they they + + align:start position:0% +I peel initial they you know they they + + + align:start position:0% +I peel initial they you know they they +have a lot of money they're very hefty + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of money they're very hefty + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of money they're very hefty +rate they want to start producing AI + + align:start position:0% +rate they want to start producing AI + + + align:start position:0% +rate they want to start producing AI +chips chips right so they're very good + + align:start position:0% +chips chips right so they're very good + + + align:start position:0% +chips chips right so they're very good +at producing chips and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +at producing chips and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +at producing chips and they're going to +one of those they've invested a circles + + align:start position:0% +one of those they've invested a circles + + + align:start position:0% +one of those they've invested a circles +about their exchange so they're like + + align:start position:0% +about their exchange so they're like + + + align:start position:0% +about their exchange so they're like +they have a lot of money they're trying + + align:start position:0% +they have a lot of money they're trying + + + align:start position:0% +they have a lot of money they're trying +to kind of place it towards other + + align:start position:0% +to kind of place it towards other + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of place it towards other +companies so yeah so exchanges of the + + align:start position:0% +companies so yeah so exchanges of the + + + align:start position:0% +companies so yeah so exchanges of the +finance or a lot of exchange that big + + align:start position:0% +finance or a lot of exchange that big + + + align:start position:0% +finance or a lot of exchange that big +one and the other ones are so I want to + + align:start position:0% +one and the other ones are so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +one and the other ones are so I want to +talk a little bit about cross-border we + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about cross-border we + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about cross-border we +went to x' day we put up a complex chart + + align:start position:0% +went to x' day we put up a complex chart + + + align:start position:0% +went to x' day we put up a complex chart +I don't need to go through that again + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to go through that again + + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to go through that again +but we all know and there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +but we all know and there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +but we all know and there's a lot of +people here that probably send money + + align:start position:0% +people here that probably send money + + + align:start position:0% +people here that probably send money +back when you're moving something over + + align:start position:0% +back when you're moving something over + + + align:start position:0% +back when you're moving something over +seas you're moving from one fiat to + + align:start position:0% +seas you're moving from one fiat to + + + align:start position:0% +seas you're moving from one fiat to +another fiat currency it takes some time + + align:start position:0% +another fiat currency it takes some time + + + align:start position:0% +another fiat currency it takes some time +and the banking system over centuries is + + align:start position:0% +and the banking system over centuries is + + + align:start position:0% +and the banking system over centuries is +formed a way to do that to move from one + + align:start position:0% +formed a way to do that to move from one + + + align:start position:0% +formed a way to do that to move from one +money to another whereas we say one + + align:start position:0% +money to another whereas we say one + + + align:start position:0% +money to another whereas we say one +ledger system to another ledger system + + align:start position:0% +ledger system to another ledger system + + + align:start position:0% +ledger system to another ledger system +through correspondent banking + + align:start position:0% +through correspondent banking + + + align:start position:0% +through correspondent banking +and correspondent banking is is a + + align:start position:0% +and correspondent banking is is a + + + align:start position:0% +and correspondent banking is is a +reasonably concentrated business one + + align:start position:0% +reasonably concentrated business one + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably concentrated business one +student sent in the group chat last + + align:start position:0% +student sent in the group chat last + + + align:start position:0% +student sent in the group chat last +night that there's only really ten banks + + align:start position:0% +night that there's only really ten banks + + + align:start position:0% +night that there's only really ten banks +in this field I don't know if that's + + align:start position:0% +in this field I don't know if that's + + + align:start position:0% +in this field I don't know if that's +accurate by the way but it is a very + + align:start position:0% +accurate by the way but it is a very + + + align:start position:0% +accurate by the way but it is a very +concentrated business because they're + + align:start position:0% +concentrated business because they're + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated business because they're +large international banks whether it's + + align:start position:0% +large international banks whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +large international banks whether it's +ten or twenty it's you know and they can + + align:start position:0% +ten or twenty it's you know and they can + + + align:start position:0% +ten or twenty it's you know and they can +charge a little excess because they have + + align:start position:0% +charge a little excess because they have + + + align:start position:0% +charge a little excess because they have +to have correspondence they have to have + + align:start position:0% +to have correspondence they have to have + + + align:start position:0% +to have correspondence they have to have +relationships with all the local banks + + align:start position:0% +relationships with all the local banks + + + align:start position:0% +relationships with all the local banks +and they're taking some credit risk the + + align:start position:0% +and they're taking some credit risk the + + + align:start position:0% +and they're taking some credit risk the +correspondent Bank standing in between + + align:start position:0% +correspondent Bank standing in between + + + align:start position:0% +correspondent Bank standing in between +some credit risk of the local banks on + + align:start position:0% +some credit risk of the local banks on + + + align:start position:0% +some credit risk of the local banks on +both sides in the US and so forth and in + + align:start position:0% +both sides in the US and so forth and in + + + align:start position:0% +both sides in the US and so forth and in +let's say Mexico if it's between the US + + align:start position:0% +let's say Mexico if it's between the US + + + align:start position:0% +let's say Mexico if it's between the US +and Mexico + + align:start position:0% +and Mexico + + + align:start position:0% +and Mexico +so one idea that's been around it's it's + + align:start position:0% +so one idea that's been around it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +so one idea that's been around it's it's +widely associated with ripple but it's + + align:start position:0% +widely associated with ripple but it's + + + align:start position:0% +widely associated with ripple but it's +not only associated with ripple is this + + align:start position:0% +not only associated with ripple is this + + + align:start position:0% +not only associated with ripple is this +simple chart what if I move Fiat to + + align:start position:0% +simple chart what if I move Fiat to + + + align:start position:0% +simple chart what if I move Fiat to +crypto and crypto to fiat this caught a + + align:start position:0% +crypto and crypto to fiat this caught a + + + align:start position:0% +crypto and crypto to fiat this caught a +bridge crypto or bridge currency I can + + align:start position:0% +bridge crypto or bridge currency I can + + + align:start position:0% +bridge crypto or bridge currency I can +sort of say I can go from US dollars to + + align:start position:0% +sort of say I can go from US dollars to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of say I can go from US dollars to +Bitcoin or XOR P you you fill in the + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin or XOR P you you fill in the + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin or XOR P you you fill in the +middle and then move over to the other + + align:start position:0% +middle and then move over to the other + + + align:start position:0% +middle and then move over to the other +Fiat Mexican peso in my example and + + align:start position:0% +Fiat Mexican peso in my example and + + + align:start position:0% +Fiat Mexican peso in my example and +might that take some cost out of the + + align:start position:0% +might that take some cost out of the + + + align:start position:0% +might that take some cost out of the +system we have Shawn's issue earlier of + + align:start position:0% +system we have Shawn's issue earlier of + + + align:start position:0% +system we have Shawn's issue earlier of +volatility if the crypto is fluctuating + + align:start position:0% +volatility if the crypto is fluctuating + + + align:start position:0% +volatility if the crypto is fluctuating +a lot that that causes some issues if + + align:start position:0% +a lot that that causes some issues if + + + align:start position:0% +a lot that that causes some issues if +there's a lot of cost or friction + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of cost or friction + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of cost or friction +because now you're doing two currency + + align:start position:0% +because now you're doing two currency + + + align:start position:0% +because now you're doing two currency +exchanges not one I'm calling crypto a + + align:start position:0% +exchanges not one I'm calling crypto a + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges not one I'm calling crypto a +currency for this purpose I know that + + align:start position:0% +currency for this purpose I know that + + + align:start position:0% +currency for this purpose I know that +crypto is not technically a currency but + + align:start position:0% +crypto is not technically a currency but + + + align:start position:0% +crypto is not technically a currency but +but for this moment let me just call it + + align:start position:0% +but for this moment let me just call it + + + align:start position:0% +but for this moment let me just call it +you have two currency exchanges and thus + + align:start position:0% +you have two currency exchanges and thus + + + align:start position:0% +you have two currency exchanges and thus +you have two bid-ask spreads to pay just + + align:start position:0% +you have two bid-ask spreads to pay just + + + align:start position:0% +you have two bid-ask spreads to pay just +the market makers you need to pay the + + align:start position:0% +the market makers you need to pay the + + + align:start position:0% +the market makers you need to pay the +bid-ask spreads twice and you have some + + align:start position:0% +bid-ask spreads twice and you have some + + + align:start position:0% +bid-ask spreads twice and you have some +volatility if the middle crypto is + + align:start position:0% +volatility if the middle crypto is + + + align:start position:0% +volatility if the middle crypto is +moving around but this simple diagram is + + align:start position:0% +moving around but this simple diagram is + + + align:start position:0% +moving around but this simple diagram is +a big part of what ripple is trying to + + align:start position:0% +a big part of what ripple is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +a big part of what ripple is trying to +create + + align:start position:0% +create + + + align:start position:0% +create +with ex rapid right ex ex current is a + + align:start position:0% +with ex rapid right ex ex current is a + + + align:start position:0% +with ex rapid right ex ex current is a +messaging app of ripples and it's + + align:start position:0% +messaging app of ripples and it's + + + align:start position:0% +messaging app of ripples and it's +competing with Swift and and it's has + + align:start position:0% +competing with Swift and and it's has + + + align:start position:0% +competing with Swift and and it's has +some reasonable adoption a lot of banks + + align:start position:0% +some reasonable adoption a lot of banks + + + align:start position:0% +some reasonable adoption a lot of banks +are starting to use it but don't confuse + + align:start position:0% +are starting to use it but don't confuse + + + align:start position:0% +are starting to use it but don't confuse +that with another product which is an + + align:start position:0% +that with another product which is an + + + align:start position:0% +that with another product which is an +interesting product that kind of does + + align:start position:0% +interesting product that kind of does + + + align:start position:0% +interesting product that kind of does +this that goes Fiat to crypto cryptid a + + align:start position:0% +this that goes Fiat to crypto cryptid a + + + align:start position:0% +this that goes Fiat to crypto cryptid a +Fiat so what problem what pain points + + align:start position:0% +Fiat so what problem what pain points + + + align:start position:0% +Fiat so what problem what pain points +would this be solving if it worked in in + + align:start position:0% +would this be solving if it worked in in + + + align:start position:0% +would this be solving if it worked in in +the cross-border anybody want to remind + + align:start position:0% +the cross-border anybody want to remind + + + align:start position:0% +the cross-border anybody want to remind +the class what the right so it might I'm + + align:start position:0% +the class what the right so it might I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the class what the right so it might I'm +going to say it might lower the + + align:start position:0% +going to say it might lower the + + + align:start position:0% +going to say it might lower the +intermediary because you still have on + + align:start position:0% +intermediary because you still have on + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary because you still have on +the two feet outsides to a bag a local + + align:start position:0% +the two feet outsides to a bag a local + + + align:start position:0% +the two feet outsides to a bag a local +bank in a bank and to do the crosses you + + align:start position:0% +bank in a bank and to do the crosses you + + + align:start position:0% +bank in a bank and to do the crosses you +need some market making function which + + align:start position:0% +need some market making function which + + + align:start position:0% +need some market making function which +in ripples case they try to build into + + align:start position:0% +in ripples case they try to build into + + + align:start position:0% +in ripples case they try to build into +the application and they have market + + align:start position:0% +the application and they have market + + + align:start position:0% +the application and they have market +makers to provide liquidity there was a + + align:start position:0% +makers to provide liquidity there was a + + + align:start position:0% +makers to provide liquidity there was a +question somebody mentioned liquidity + + align:start position:0% +question somebody mentioned liquidity + + + align:start position:0% +question somebody mentioned liquidity +some liquidity but it might lower the + + align:start position:0% +some liquidity but it might lower the + + + align:start position:0% +some liquidity but it might lower the +numbers of intermediaries what else + + align:start position:0% +numbers of intermediaries what else + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of intermediaries what else +might it do between or you can this is + + align:start position:0% +might it do between or you can this is + + + align:start position:0% +might it do between or you can this is +basically a way that you can shorten the + + align:start position:0% +basically a way that you can shorten the + + + align:start position:0% +basically a way that you can shorten the +settlement times this can be done + + align:start position:0% +settlement times this can be done + + + align:start position:0% +settlement times this can be done +literally in seconds I'm not saying that + + align:start position:0% +literally in seconds I'm not saying that + + + align:start position:0% +literally in seconds I'm not saying that +you wouldn't pay a little extra for it + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't pay a little extra for it + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't pay a little extra for it +but this can be done very quickly if you + + align:start position:0% +but this can be done very quickly if you + + + align:start position:0% +but this can be done very quickly if you +have arrangements so some can 10 and + + align:start position:0% +have arrangements so some can 10 and + + + align:start position:0% +have arrangements so some can 10 and +I've spoken to them at conferences and + + align:start position:0% +I've spoken to them at conferences and + + + align:start position:0% +I've spoken to them at conferences and +so forth that big corporate Treasuries + + align:start position:0% +so forth that big corporate Treasuries + + + align:start position:0% +so forth that big corporate Treasuries +are gonna try to do this that the + + align:start position:0% +are gonna try to do this that the + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna try to do this that the +Treasury function of Apple and others + + align:start position:0% +Treasury function of Apple and others + + + align:start position:0% +Treasury function of Apple and others +might take this up the big banks say + + align:start position:0% +might take this up the big banks say + + + align:start position:0% +might take this up the big banks say +that's ridiculous the big banks say no + + align:start position:0% +that's ridiculous the big banks say no + + + align:start position:0% +that's ridiculous the big banks say no +we can provide real time cross-border + + align:start position:0% +we can provide real time cross-border + + + align:start position:0% +we can provide real time cross-border +cash + + align:start position:0% +cash + + + align:start position:0% +cash +movement between dollar and URL and + + align:start position:0% +movement between dollar and URL and + + + align:start position:0% +movement between dollar and URL and +dollar and yen and you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +dollar and yen and you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +dollar and yen and you don't need to +interpose something in the middle so the + + align:start position:0% +interpose something in the middle so the + + + align:start position:0% +interpose something in the middle so the +question is will it need a lot of + + align:start position:0% +question is will it need a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +question is will it need a lot of +liquidity basically you used a different + + align:start position:0% +liquidity basically you used a different + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity basically you used a different +word maybe but reserves but somebody who + + align:start position:0% +word maybe but reserves but somebody who + + + align:start position:0% +word maybe but reserves but somebody who +can make markets of in size and crypto + + align:start position:0% +can make markets of in size and crypto + + + align:start position:0% +can make markets of in size and crypto +versus Fiat and crypto versa I think the + + align:start position:0% +versus Fiat and crypto versa I think the + + + align:start position:0% +versus Fiat and crypto versa I think the +answer is yes in terms of the only the + + align:start position:0% +answer is yes in terms of the only the + + + align:start position:0% +answer is yes in terms of the only the +only the only probably token right now + + align:start position:0% +only the only probably token right now + + + align:start position:0% +only the only probably token right now +that has enough liquidity in it to do + + align:start position:0% +that has enough liquidity in it to do + + + align:start position:0% +that has enough liquidity in it to do +this in size is probably Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +this in size is probably Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +this in size is probably Bitcoin +even though ripple is promoting this and + + align:start position:0% +even though ripple is promoting this and + + + align:start position:0% +even though ripple is promoting this and +it's a it's sort of a interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's sort of a interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's sort of a interesting +technology they have a software X rapid + + align:start position:0% +technology they have a software X rapid + + + align:start position:0% +technology they have a software X rapid +that you can do this right now they're + + align:start position:0% +that you can do this right now they're + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do this right now they're +promoting on x RP but is there enough + + align:start position:0% +promoting on x RP but is there enough + + + align:start position:0% +promoting on x RP but is there enough +liquidity could you move more than a + + align:start position:0% +liquidity could you move more than a + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity could you move more than a +million dollars probably not you + + align:start position:0% +million dollars probably not you + + + align:start position:0% +million dollars probably not you +probably couldn't move a hundred million + + align:start position:0% +probably couldn't move a hundred million + + + align:start position:0% +probably couldn't move a hundred million +dollar payment without moving the market + + align:start position:0% +dollar payment without moving the market + + + align:start position:0% +dollar payment without moving the market +a lot finance it's good from a finance + + align:start position:0% +a lot finance it's good from a finance + + + align:start position:0% +a lot finance it's good from a finance +professor you don't care about the value + + align:start position:0% +professor you don't care about the value + + + align:start position:0% +professor you don't care about the value +of x RP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so whatever those pictures are won't be + + align:start position:0% +so whatever those pictures are won't be + + + align:start position:0% +so whatever those pictures are won't be +able to go underneath them and if your + + align:start position:0% +able to go underneath them and if your + + + align:start position:0% +able to go underneath them and if your +Apple Treasury business case if your + + align:start position:0% +Apple Treasury business case if your + + + align:start position:0% +Apple Treasury business case if your +Apple and you're banking with JPMorgan + + align:start position:0% +Apple and you're banking with JPMorgan + + + align:start position:0% +Apple and you're banking with JPMorgan +Chase I mean they're probably holding + + align:start position:0% +Chase I mean they're probably holding + + + align:start position:0% +Chase I mean they're probably holding +you you know the you know this I mean + + align:start position:0% +you you know the you know this I mean + + + align:start position:0% +you you know the you know this I mean +like major currencies the spread is that + + align:start position:0% +like major currencies the spread is that + + + align:start position:0% +like major currencies the spread is that +can be a purpose of 1/100 of a cent + + align:start position:0% +can be a purpose of 1/100 of a cent + + + align:start position:0% +can be a purpose of 1/100 of a cent +basically it's very tiring + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so the proponents and then we'll come + + align:start position:0% +so so the proponents and then we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +so so the proponents and then we'll come +back the proponents of this say yeah JP + + align:start position:0% +back the proponents of this say yeah JP + + + align:start position:0% +back the proponents of this say yeah JP +Morgan might solve Apple's needs between + + align:start position:0% +Morgan might solve Apple's needs between + + + align:start position:0% +Morgan might solve Apple's needs between +dollar-euro but are they really doing it + + align:start position:0% +dollar-euro but are they really doing it + + + align:start position:0% +dollar-euro but are they really doing it +between you know kind of dollar peso or + + align:start position:0% +between you know kind of dollar peso or + + + align:start position:0% +between you know kind of dollar peso or +dollar Kenyan well that's gonna be by + + align:start position:0% +dollar Kenyan well that's gonna be by + + + align:start position:0% +dollar Kenyan well that's gonna be by +construction right Samoan saying there's + + align:start position:0% +construction right Samoan saying there's + + + align:start position:0% +construction right Samoan saying there's +there's may be a cost and friction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think the proponents of this would + + align:start position:0% +I think the proponents of this would + + + align:start position:0% +I think the proponents of this would +also say there's a friction in time that + + align:start position:0% +also say there's a friction in time that + + + align:start position:0% +also say there's a friction in time that +moving from dollars to pay so remind me + + align:start position:0% +moving from dollars to pay so remind me + + + align:start position:0% +moving from dollars to pay so remind me +your first name all these quotes that + + align:start position:0% +your first name all these quotes that + + + align:start position:0% +your first name all these quotes that +anyone saying early extremely tight but + + align:start position:0% +anyone saying early extremely tight but + + + align:start position:0% +anyone saying early extremely tight but +they're still probably weekends for + + align:start position:0% +they're still probably weekends for + + + align:start position:0% +they're still probably weekends for +example weekends they're just not quoted + + align:start position:0% +example weekends they're just not quoted + + + align:start position:0% +example weekends they're just not quoted +at all so like if there's a major event + + align:start position:0% +at all so like if there's a major event + + + align:start position:0% +at all so like if there's a major event +that's happening over a weekend that's + + align:start position:0% +that's happening over a weekend that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's happening over a weekend that's +gonna change the value of your ass or + + align:start position:0% +gonna change the value of your ass or + + + align:start position:0% +gonna change the value of your ass or +your currency then you can't trade until + + align:start position:0% +your currency then you can't trade until + + + align:start position:0% +your currency then you can't trade until +Monday or Sunday with something out and + + align:start position:0% +Monday or Sunday with something out and + + + align:start position:0% +Monday or Sunday with something out and +so there's still like these 36 hour time + + align:start position:0% +so there's still like these 36 hour time + + + align:start position:0% +so there's still like these 36 hour time +period that is completely so the the + + align:start position:0% +period that is completely so the the + + + align:start position:0% +period that is completely so the the +worldwide currency markets are depending + + align:start position:0% +worldwide currency markets are depending + + + align:start position:0% +worldwide currency markets are depending +upon banks and banks do actually have + + align:start position:0% +upon banks and banks do actually have + + + align:start position:0% +upon banks and banks do actually have +holidays I know it's sometimes hard to + + align:start position:0% +holidays I know it's sometimes hard to + + + align:start position:0% +holidays I know it's sometimes hard to +believe but and so there's a question of + + align:start position:0% +believe but and so there's a question of + + + align:start position:0% +believe but and so there's a question of +so there's question of friction with + + align:start position:0% +so there's question of friction with + + + align:start position:0% +so there's question of friction with +Sherman would say if it's even if it + + align:start position:0% +Sherman would say if it's even if it + + + align:start position:0% +Sherman would say if it's even if it +cost you half a percent it better get + + align:start position:0% +cost you half a percent it better get + + + align:start position:0% +cost you half a percent it better get +inside of that there's a question of + + align:start position:0% +inside of that there's a question of + + + align:start position:0% +inside of that there's a question of +settlement delay this could be faster + + align:start position:0% +settlement delay this could be faster + + + align:start position:0% +settlement delay this could be faster +but you're saying they could change that + + align:start position:0% +but you're saying they could change that + + + align:start position:0% +but you're saying they could change that +JPMorgan can change that and then + + align:start position:0% +JPMorgan can change that and then + + + align:start position:0% +JPMorgan can change that and then +there's weekends do you have a 160 some + + align:start position:0% +there's weekends do you have a 160 some + + + align:start position:0% +there's weekends do you have a 160 some +hour week I'm gonna go to Alexis and + + align:start position:0% +hour week I'm gonna go to Alexis and + + + align:start position:0% +hour week I'm gonna go to Alexis and +back here just thinking later because + + align:start position:0% +back here just thinking later because + + + align:start position:0% +back here just thinking later because +this system the end of the day like it + + align:start position:0% +this system the end of the day like it + + + align:start position:0% +this system the end of the day like it +depends on the to epochs trades on the + + align:start position:0% +depends on the to epochs trades on the + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the to epochs trades on the +to Fiat like even if we concentrate and + + align:start position:0% +to Fiat like even if we concentrate and + + + align:start position:0% +to Fiat like even if we concentrate and +then Sunday like the rate is going to + + align:start position:0% +then Sunday like the rate is going to + + + align:start position:0% +then Sunday like the rate is going to +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +the as firm based on the like I don't + + align:start position:0% +the as firm based on the like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the as firm based on the like I don't +know the assumption of like what the + + align:start position:0% +know the assumption of like what the + + + align:start position:0% +know the assumption of like what the +rate is going to be tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +rate is going to be tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +rate is going to be tomorrow +like it's gonna adjust nobody should + + align:start position:0% +like it's gonna adjust nobody should + + + align:start position:0% +like it's gonna adjust nobody should +address right because as yes as it has + + align:start position:0% +address right because as yes as it has + + + align:start position:0% +address right because as yes as it has +been raised before like just please so + + align:start position:0% +been raised before like just please so + + + align:start position:0% +been raised before like just please so +like even if it's possible like doesn't + + align:start position:0% +like even if it's possible like doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +like even if it's possible like doesn't +this system add more risk in terms of + + align:start position:0% +this system add more risk in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +this system add more risk in terms of +like two different risk yeah and just a + + align:start position:0% +like two different risk yeah and just a + + + align:start position:0% +like two different risk yeah and just a +good there will always be the underlying + + align:start position:0% +good there will always be the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +good there will always be the underlying +risk of yet always like try something I + + align:start position:0% +risk of yet always like try something I + + + align:start position:0% +risk of yet always like try something I +hold your question because I want to see + + align:start position:0% +hold your question because I want to see + + + align:start position:0% +hold your question because I want to see +if the other yours comes in I got it + + align:start position:0% +if the other yours comes in I got it + + + align:start position:0% +if the other yours comes in I got it +it's the risk I was just gonna bring up + + align:start position:0% +it's the risk I was just gonna bring up + + + align:start position:0% +it's the risk I was just gonna bring up +the accessibility for you know non first + + align:start position:0% +the accessibility for you know non first + + + align:start position:0% +the accessibility for you know non first +world countries or unbanked countries + + align:start position:0% +world countries or unbanked countries + + + align:start position:0% +world countries or unbanked countries +and I would be less concerned about + + align:start position:0% +and I would be less concerned about + + + align:start position:0% +and I would be less concerned about +moving over you know moving like a yard + + align:start position:0% +moving over you know moving like a yard + + + align:start position:0% +moving over you know moving like a yard +like more concerned about like okay well + + align:start position:0% +like more concerned about like okay well + + + align:start position:0% +like more concerned about like okay well +maybe I do you want to translate for the + + align:start position:0% +maybe I do you want to translate for the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I do you want to translate for the +room what a yard is III Goldman Sachs + + align:start position:0% +room what a yard is III Goldman Sachs + + + align:start position:0% +room what a yard is III Goldman Sachs +days I knew what a yard is but some of + + align:start position:0% +days I knew what a yard is but some of + + + align:start position:0% +days I knew what a yard is but some of +the non bankers billion dollars now you + + align:start position:0% +the non bankers billion dollars now you + + + align:start position:0% +the non bankers billion dollars now you +can work on what trading floor did you + + align:start position:0% +can work on what trading floor did you + + + align:start position:0% +can work on what trading floor did you +work on now you can work on city + + align:start position:0% +work on now you can work on city + + + align:start position:0% +work on now you can work on city +it's a yard is a billion dollar + + align:start position:0% +it's a yard is a billion dollar + + + align:start position:0% +it's a yard is a billion dollar +something called mice axis floor too but + + align:start position:0% +something called mice axis floor too but + + + align:start position:0% +something called mice axis floor too but +I think it's if you want like if you + + align:start position:0% +I think it's if you want like if you + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's if you want like if you +wanted to transact maybe like under $100 + + align:start position:0% +wanted to transact maybe like under $100 + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to transact maybe like under $100 +from you know dollars you know whatever + + align:start position:0% +from you know dollars you know whatever + + + align:start position:0% +from you know dollars you know whatever +no large Bank is gonna gonna open an + + align:start position:0% +no large Bank is gonna gonna open an + + + align:start position:0% +no large Bank is gonna gonna open an +account and do that for you you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +account and do that for you you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +account and do that for you you're gonna +have to do that like a commercial bank + + align:start position:0% +have to do that like a commercial bank + + + align:start position:0% +have to do that like a commercial bank +if you have access to it there's a + + align:start position:0% +if you have access to it there's a + + + align:start position:0% +if you have access to it there's a +really wide spread there so if we give + + align:start position:0% +really wide spread there so if we give + + + align:start position:0% +really wide spread there so if we give +you this through an app through a stable + + align:start position:0% +you this through an app through a stable + + + align:start position:0% +you this through an app through a stable +point or ripple or whatever you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +point or ripple or whatever you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +point or ripple or whatever you're gonna +be able to do it for cheaper if you're + + align:start position:0% +be able to do it for cheaper if you're + + + align:start position:0% +be able to do it for cheaper if you're +making like micro transactions I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +making like micro transactions I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +making like micro transactions I'm gonna +react and then try to bring it all + + align:start position:0% +react and then try to bring it all + + + align:start position:0% +react and then try to bring it all +together and summarize it's the last + + align:start position:0% +together and summarize it's the last + + + align:start position:0% +together and summarize it's the last +slide so Alexis point about risk I agree + + align:start position:0% +slide so Alexis point about risk I agree + + + align:start position:0% +slide so Alexis point about risk I agree +I think that all of these points are + + align:start position:0% +I think that all of these points are + + + align:start position:0% +I think that all of these points are +valid that there is additional cost + + align:start position:0% +valid that there is additional cost + + + align:start position:0% +valid that there is additional cost +there's two hops in this example and + + align:start position:0% +there's two hops in this example and + + + align:start position:0% +there's two hops in this example and +there's additional risk + + align:start position:0% +there's additional risk + + + align:start position:0% +there's additional risk +so the real business case question is + + align:start position:0% +so the real business case question is + + + align:start position:0% +so the real business case question is +is there enough value added on the other + + align:start position:0% +is there enough value added on the other + + + align:start position:0% +is there enough value added on the other +side are you shortening settlement + + align:start position:0% +side are you shortening settlement + + + align:start position:0% +side are you shortening settlement +cycles can you do it on the weekends + + align:start position:0% +cycles can you do it on the weekends + + + align:start position:0% +cycles can you do it on the weekends +when you're otherwise couldn't do it + + align:start position:0% +when you're otherwise couldn't do it + + + align:start position:0% +when you're otherwise couldn't do it +could you move small dollar amounts + + align:start position:0% +could you move small dollar amounts + + + align:start position:0% +could you move small dollar amounts +maybe retail because Western Union still + + align:start position:0% +maybe retail because Western Union still + + + align:start position:0% +maybe retail because Western Union still +charges something like 8 to 10 percent + + align:start position:0% +charges something like 8 to 10 percent + + + align:start position:0% +charges something like 8 to 10 percent +to do cross-border remittances so you + + align:start position:0% +to do cross-border remittances so you + + + align:start position:0% +to do cross-border remittances so you +send some money to the Philippines and + + align:start position:0% +send some money to the Philippines and + + + align:start position:0% +send some money to the Philippines and +do it only for a couple of hundred + + align:start position:0% +do it only for a couple of hundred + + + align:start position:0% +do it only for a couple of hundred +dollars and you're you're probably + + align:start position:0% +dollars and you're you're probably + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and you're you're probably +spending 10% could somebody build inside + + align:start position:0% +spending 10% could somebody build inside + + + align:start position:0% +spending 10% could somebody build inside +of those types of no $200 movement 10 + + align:start position:0% +of those types of no $200 movement 10 + + + align:start position:0% +of those types of no $200 movement 10 +percents $20 you still have to bring + + align:start position:0% +percents $20 you still have to bring + + + align:start position:0% +percents $20 you still have to bring +transaction costs down fixed transaction + + align:start position:0% +transaction costs down fixed transaction + + + align:start position:0% +transaction costs down fixed transaction +cost out but if you can bring the fixed + + align:start position:0% +cost out but if you can bring the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +cost out but if you can bring the fixed +transaction cost down and and and deal + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost down and and and deal + + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost down and and and deal +with have enough liquidity it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +with have enough liquidity it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +with have enough liquidity it's kind of +a I wouldn't count this out I'm one who + + align:start position:0% +a I wouldn't count this out I'm one who + + + align:start position:0% +a I wouldn't count this out I'm one who +sort of doubts it will be in the heart + + align:start position:0% +sort of doubts it will be in the heart + + + align:start position:0% +sort of doubts it will be in the heart +of Treasury function that Apple will be + + align:start position:0% +of Treasury function that Apple will be + + + align:start position:0% +of Treasury function that Apple will be +using it between dollar and URL but I + + align:start position:0% +using it between dollar and URL but I + + + align:start position:0% +using it between dollar and URL but I +want to say that this the wide spectrum + + align:start position:0% +want to say that this the wide spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +want to say that this the wide spectrum +it's just an interesting 10 crypto B of + + align:start position:0% +it's just an interesting 10 crypto B of + + + align:start position:0% +it's just an interesting 10 crypto B of +bridge currency and might it be in + + align:start position:0% +bridge currency and might it be in + + + align:start position:0% +bridge currency and might it be in +stable in the world of stable value I + + align:start position:0% +stable in the world of stable value I + + + align:start position:0% +stable in the world of stable value I +hope I mean this was a good discussion + + align:start position:0% +hope I mean this was a good discussion + + + align:start position:0% +hope I mean this was a good discussion +because this is what the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +because this is what the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +because this is what the rest of the +semester is about we're gonna take use + + align:start position:0% +semester is about we're gonna take use + + + align:start position:0% +semester is about we're gonna take use +case by use case and really debate and + + align:start position:0% +case by use case and really debate and + + + align:start position:0% +case by use case and really debate and +through it the learning objective is for + + align:start position:0% +through it the learning objective is for + + + align:start position:0% +through it the learning objective is for +all of us to leave with a little + + align:start position:0% +all of us to leave with a little + + + align:start position:0% +all of us to leave with a little +critical reasoning skills about when + + align:start position:0% +critical reasoning skills about when + + + align:start position:0% +critical reasoning skills about when +does an append-only log with consensus + + align:start position:0% +does an append-only log with consensus + + + align:start position:0% +does an append-only log with consensus +amongst multiple parties and maybe a + + align:start position:0% +amongst multiple parties and maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +amongst multiple parties and maybe a +native token make sense that's usually + + align:start position:0% +native token make sense that's usually + + + align:start position:0% +native token make sense that's usually +called blockchain but a lien doesn't let + + align:start position:0% +called blockchain but a lien doesn't let + + + align:start position:0% +called blockchain but a lien doesn't let +me call it blockchain technology anymore + + align:start position:0% +me call it blockchain technology anymore + + + align:start position:0% +me call it blockchain technology anymore +next Tuesday is election day so I'm + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday is election day so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday is election day so I'm +gonna make my pitch if you're a US + + align:start position:0% +gonna make my pitch if you're a US + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make my pitch if you're a US +citizen please vote if you're not I'm + + align:start position:0% +citizen please vote if you're not I'm + + + align:start position:0% +citizen please vote if you're not I'm +not going to ask you to vote but please + + align:start position:0% +not going to ask you to vote but please + + + align:start position:0% +not going to ask you to vote but please +vote you know participate in our + + align:start position:0% +vote you know participate in our + + + align:start position:0% +vote you know participate in our +incredible thing called democracy but + + align:start position:0% +incredible thing called democracy but + + + align:start position:0% +incredible thing called democracy but +we're going to talk about central bank + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about central bank + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about central bank +digital currencies and so I think we're + + align:start position:0% +digital currencies and so I think we're + + + align:start position:0% +digital currencies and so I think we're +doing this over two sessions as well so + + align:start position:0% +doing this over two sessions as well so + + + align:start position:0% +doing this over two sessions as well so +next Tuesday is gonna be a lot about + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday is gonna be a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday is gonna be a lot about +central banking and so forth so thank + + align:start position:0% +central banking and so forth so thank + + + align:start position:0% +central banking and so forth so thank +you happy anniversary good coin + + align:start position:0% +you happy anniversary good coin + + + align:start position:0% +you happy anniversary good coin +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_ax_ViGCxLI.txt b/_ax_ViGCxLI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a56b9415d37a8e359528f2bf6116a89a0cdba364 --- /dev/null +++ b/_ax_ViGCxLI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay I'm going to uh uh talk + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay I'm going to uh uh talk + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay I'm going to uh uh talk +about um 3j + + align:start position:0% +about um 3j + + + align:start position:0% +about um 3j +6j and vigner eard Theorem this uh is a + + align:start position:0% +6j and vigner eard Theorem this uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +6j and vigner eard Theorem this uh is a +topic that I I've I've always not liked + + align:start position:0% +topic that I I've I've always not liked + + + align:start position:0% +topic that I I've I've always not liked +using 3js and 6js because I felt that + + align:start position:0% +using 3js and 6js because I felt that + + + align:start position:0% +using 3js and 6js because I felt that +for most of the problems that I wanted + + align:start position:0% +for most of the problems that I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +for most of the problems that I wanted +to work on I could derive all of the + + align:start position:0% +to work on I could derive all of the + + + align:start position:0% +to work on I could derive all of the +angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum +Transformations uh using raising and + + align:start position:0% +Transformations uh using raising and + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations uh using raising and +lowering operators and orthogonality and + + align:start position:0% +lowering operators and orthogonality and + + + align:start position:0% +lowering operators and orthogonality and +doing some very elaborate algebra + + align:start position:0% +doing some very elaborate algebra + + + align:start position:0% +doing some very elaborate algebra +and for some reason I thought that that + + align:start position:0% +and for some reason I thought that that + + + align:start position:0% +and for some reason I thought that that +was virtuous and wonderful and I didn't + + align:start position:0% +was virtuous and wonderful and I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +was virtuous and wonderful and I didn't +want to have to refer to these + + align:start position:0% +want to have to refer to these + + + align:start position:0% +want to have to refer to these +Transformations they are very convenient + + align:start position:0% +Transformations they are very convenient + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations they are very convenient +especially now that you can ask + + align:start position:0% +especially now that you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +especially now that you can ask +computers to do almost everything that I + + align:start position:0% +computers to do almost everything that I + + + align:start position:0% +computers to do almost everything that I +once did by hand and uh + + align:start position:0% +once did by hand and uh + + + align:start position:0% +once did by hand and uh +so let's talk about uh Transformations + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about uh Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about uh Transformations +between base assets and what are you + + align:start position:0% +between base assets and what are you + + + align:start position:0% +between base assets and what are you +going to do with these Transformations + + align:start position:0% +going to do with these Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +going to do with these Transformations +between base ass + + align:start position:0% +between base ass + + + align:start position:0% +between base ass +sets so as a as an example I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +sets so as a as an example I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +sets so as a as an example I'm going to +use one problem that I I I've used many + + align:start position:0% +use one problem that I I I've used many + + + align:start position:0% +use one problem that I I I've used many +many times before and that's uh the spin + + align:start position:0% +many times before and that's uh the spin + + + align:start position:0% +many times before and that's uh the spin +orbit and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zamon hamiltonians for + + align:start position:0% +zamon hamiltonians for + + + align:start position:0% +zamon hamiltonians for +atoms and for atoms we always are we + + align:start position:0% +atoms and for atoms we always are we + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and for atoms we always are we +encounter two different basis sets we we + + align:start position:0% +encounter two different basis sets we we + + + align:start position:0% +encounter two different basis sets we we +encounter the coupled basis set and the + + align:start position:0% +encounter the coupled basis set and the + + + align:start position:0% +encounter the coupled basis set and the +uncoupled basis set + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled basis set + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled basis set +and uh uh so the coupled basis set is L + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh so the coupled basis set is L + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh so the coupled basis set is L +SJ + + align:start position:0% +SJ + + + align:start position:0% +SJ +MJ and the uncoupled is L ml s + + align:start position:0% +MJ and the uncoupled is L ml s + + + align:start position:0% +MJ and the uncoupled is L ml s +Ms and these two basis sets have labels + + align:start position:0% +Ms and these two basis sets have labels + + + align:start position:0% +Ms and these two basis sets have labels +here this corresponds to an Ain value of + + align:start position:0% +here this corresponds to an Ain value of + + + align:start position:0% +here this corresponds to an Ain value of +l s of s squ of J squ of JZ and uh so + + align:start position:0% +l s of s squ of J squ of JZ and uh so + + + align:start position:0% +l s of s squ of J squ of JZ and uh so +these are the quantum numbers we use to + + align:start position:0% +these are the quantum numbers we use to + + + align:start position:0% +these are the quantum numbers we use to +specify the basis functions one of the + + align:start position:0% +specify the basis functions one of the + + + align:start position:0% +specify the basis functions one of the +useful useful things about this is that + + align:start position:0% +useful useful things about this is that + + + align:start position:0% +useful useful things about this is that +whenever an operator is applied to one + + align:start position:0% +whenever an operator is applied to one + + + align:start position:0% +whenever an operator is applied to one +of these + + align:start position:0% +of these + + + align:start position:0% +of these +things uh if it's the if it's for this + + align:start position:0% +things uh if it's the if it's for this + + + align:start position:0% +things uh if it's the if it's for this +one if it's l s s + + align:start position:0% +one if it's l s s + + + align:start position:0% +one if it's l s s +squ j + + align:start position:0% +squ j + + + align:start position:0% +squ j +s or + + align:start position:0% +s or + + + align:start position:0% +s or +JZ we know what + + align:start position:0% +JZ we know what + + + align:start position:0% +JZ we know what +happens you even if it's j plus minus we + + align:start position:0% +happens you even if it's j plus minus we + + + align:start position:0% +happens you even if it's j plus minus we +know what + + align:start position:0% +know what + + + align:start position:0% +know what +happens and so uh when we have operators + + align:start position:0% +happens and so uh when we have operators + + + align:start position:0% +happens and so uh when we have operators +like this we think well I probably ought + + align:start position:0% +like this we think well I probably ought + + + align:start position:0% +like this we think well I probably ought +to use this basis + + align:start position:0% +to use this basis + + + align:start position:0% +to use this basis +Set uh and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Set uh and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Set uh and uh uh +similarly uh we have a set of operators + + align:start position:0% +similarly uh we have a set of operators + + + align:start position:0% +similarly uh we have a set of operators +for this basis set that are that that + + align:start position:0% +for this basis set that are that that + + + align:start position:0% +for this basis set that are that that +we're comfortable with but suppose I + + align:start position:0% +we're comfortable with but suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +we're comfortable with but suppose I +were to ask you well what does uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +were to ask you well what does uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +were to ask you well what does uh uh uh +j+ do to this and you say I don't know I + + align:start position:0% +j+ do to this and you say I don't know I + + + align:start position:0% +j+ do to this and you say I don't know I +have to do something I have to do some + + align:start position:0% +have to do something I have to do some + + + align:start position:0% +have to do something I have to do some +work and uh + + align:start position:0% +work and uh + + + align:start position:0% +work and uh +so um and what does uh what does l+ so I + + align:start position:0% +so um and what does uh what does l+ so I + + + align:start position:0% +so um and what does uh what does l+ so I +guess I I wrote no I didn't what does l+ + + align:start position:0% +guess I I wrote no I didn't what does l+ + + + align:start position:0% +guess I I wrote no I didn't what does l+ +do to this again all right so let's now + + align:start position:0% +do to this again all right so let's now + + + align:start position:0% +do to this again all right so let's now +look at a semi-real problem and and + + align:start position:0% +look at a semi-real problem and and + + + align:start position:0% +look at a semi-real problem and and +discover the need for Transformations + + align:start position:0% +discover the need for Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +discover the need for Transformations +between these two basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sets + + align:start position:0% +sets + + + align:start position:0% +sets +so uh let's look at my favorite + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's look at my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's look at my favorite +hamiltonian the spin orbit hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the spin orbit hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the spin orbit hamiltonian +and let's just use a simple the + + align:start position:0% +and let's just use a simple the + + + align:start position:0% +and let's just use a simple the +simplified form of the spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +simplified form of the spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +simplified form of the spin orbit +hamiltonian there are people out there + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian there are people out there + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian there are people out there +looking in the window wondering what + + align:start position:0% +looking in the window wondering what + + + align:start position:0% +looking in the window wondering what +kind of a crazy person this is but uh + + align:start position:0% +kind of a crazy person this is but uh + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a crazy person this is but uh +they left so the spin orbit hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +they left so the spin orbit hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +they left so the spin orbit hamiltonian +in the simplified form the one that + + align:start position:0% +in the simplified form the one that + + + align:start position:0% +in the simplified form the one that +operates within a a particular value of + + align:start position:0% +operates within a a particular value of + + + align:start position:0% +operates within a a particular value of +l and a particular value of s which is a + + align:start position:0% +l and a particular value of s which is a + + + align:start position:0% +l and a particular value of s which is a +red reduced form but it's useful and + + align:start position:0% +red reduced form but it's useful and + + + align:start position:0% +red reduced form but it's useful and +even with that reduced form one gets + + align:start position:0% +even with that reduced form one gets + + + align:start position:0% +even with that reduced form one gets +into trouble so we have a constant which + + align:start position:0% +into trouble so we have a constant which + + + align:start position:0% +into trouble so we have a constant which +is Zeta n + + align:start position:0% +is Zeta n + + + align:start position:0% +is Zeta n +LS the different value of the constant + + align:start position:0% +LS the different value of the constant + + + align:start position:0% +LS the different value of the constant +well n is just the label of what is the + + align:start position:0% +well n is just the label of what is the + + + align:start position:0% +well n is just the label of what is the +electronic configuration and we get a + + align:start position:0% +electronic configuration and we get a + + + align:start position:0% +electronic configuration and we get a +different value of this constant for + + align:start position:0% +different value of this constant for + + + align:start position:0% +different value of this constant for +each value com combination of L ands and + + align:start position:0% +each value com combination of L ands and + + + align:start position:0% +each value com combination of L ands and +so and the action all comes from this + + align:start position:0% +so and the action all comes from this + + + align:start position:0% +so and the action all comes from this +L.S operator and we can write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that as LZ s + + align:start position:0% +that as LZ s + + + align:start position:0% +that as LZ s +c plus 12 L + S minus plus l- + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s+ okay no big deal uh uh and we can we + + align:start position:0% +s+ okay no big deal uh uh and we can we + + + align:start position:0% +s+ okay no big deal uh uh and we can we +can write the uh hamiltonian the uh spin + + align:start position:0% +can write the uh hamiltonian the uh spin + + + align:start position:0% +can write the uh hamiltonian the uh spin +orbit operator like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this where do I WR those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +commutators oh yes okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +know that the + + align:start position:0% +know that the + + + align:start position:0% +know that the +hamiltonian the spin orbit hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the spin orbit hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the spin orbit hamiltonian +commutes with + + align:start position:0% +commutes with + + + align:start position:0% +commutes with +J2 we know this because well we know + + align:start position:0% +J2 we know this because well we know + + + align:start position:0% +J2 we know this because well we know +this for several reasons one + + align:start position:0% +this for several reasons one + + + align:start position:0% +this for several reasons one +is L is a vector with respect to j s is + + align:start position:0% +is L is a vector with respect to j s is + + + align:start position:0% +is L is a vector with respect to j s is +a vector with respect to J dotproduct of + + align:start position:0% +a vector with respect to J dotproduct of + + + align:start position:0% +a vector with respect to J dotproduct of +two vectors with respect to J is a + + align:start position:0% +two vectors with respect to J is a + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors with respect to J is a +scalar so we know that uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +scalar so we know that uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +scalar so we know that uh uh the +uh this thing is scalar with respect to + + align:start position:0% +uh this thing is scalar with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +uh this thing is scalar with respect to +S squ it's going to + + align:start position:0% +S squ it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +S squ it's going to +commute another property of + + align:start position:0% +commute another property of + + + align:start position:0% +commute another property of +scalars is it's going to prute commute + + align:start position:0% +scalars is it's going to prute commute + + + align:start position:0% +scalars is it's going to prute commute +with JZ as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this thing + + align:start position:0% +this thing + + + align:start position:0% +this thing +though uh if we ask well what is it what + + align:start position:0% +though uh if we ask well what is it what + + + align:start position:0% +though uh if we ask well what is it what +is this with respect + + align:start position:0% +is this with respect + + + align:start position:0% +is this with respect +to uh L + + align:start position:0% +to uh L + + + align:start position:0% +to uh L +S uh or what that spin or with + + align:start position:0% +S uh or what that spin or with + + + align:start position:0% +S uh or what that spin or with +hamiltonian is not a scalar with respect + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian is not a scalar with respect + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian is not a scalar with respect +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +L because this is a vector with respect + + align:start position:0% +L because this is a vector with respect + + + align:start position:0% +L because this is a vector with respect +to L and this is a scalar with respect + + align:start position:0% +to L and this is a scalar with respect + + + align:start position:0% +to L and this is a scalar with respect +to L and so this is a vector so uh we + + align:start position:0% +to L and so this is a vector so uh we + + + align:start position:0% +to L and so this is a vector so uh we +can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +write this is not zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and all of the components all of the + + align:start position:0% +and and all of the components all of the + + + align:start position:0% +and and all of the components all of the +components of J here all the component + + align:start position:0% +components of J here all the component + + + align:start position:0% +components of J here all the component +so it's telling you that the coupled + + align:start position:0% +so it's telling you that the coupled + + + align:start position:0% +so it's telling you that the coupled +basis is a good basis for dealing with + + align:start position:0% +basis is a good basis for dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +basis is a good basis for dealing with +spin orbit because you're guaranteed to + + align:start position:0% +spin orbit because you're guaranteed to + + + align:start position:0% +spin orbit because you're guaranteed to +get diagonal matrix elements the coupled + + align:start position:0% +get diagonal matrix elements the coupled + + + align:start position:0% +get diagonal matrix elements the coupled +basis is uh probably a bad idea for + + align:start position:0% +basis is uh probably a bad idea for + + + align:start position:0% +basis is uh probably a bad idea for +dealing with a spin or a hamiltonian so + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a spin or a hamiltonian so + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a spin or a hamiltonian so +uh so if it's a good idea then there + + align:start position:0% +uh so if it's a good idea then there + + + align:start position:0% +uh so if it's a good idea then there +ought to be a way of rewriting the spin + + align:start position:0% +ought to be a way of rewriting the spin + + + align:start position:0% +ought to be a way of rewriting the spin +orbit hamiltonian so that we see + + align:start position:0% +orbit hamiltonian so that we see + + + align:start position:0% +orbit hamiltonian so that we see +immediately that we get diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +immediately that we get diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +immediately that we get diagonal matrix +elements in the coupled bases and this + + align:start position:0% +elements in the coupled bases and this + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the coupled bases and this +is a trick that is used almost always + + align:start position:0% +is a trick that is used almost always + + + align:start position:0% +is a trick that is used almost always +when you have two angular momenta couped + + align:start position:0% +when you have two angular momenta couped + + + align:start position:0% +when you have two angular momenta couped +to make a + + align:start position:0% +to make a + + + align:start position:0% +to make a +third the coupled basis is always a good + + align:start position:0% +third the coupled basis is always a good + + + align:start position:0% +third the coupled basis is always a good +basis and most operators that you're + + align:start position:0% +basis and most operators that you're + + + align:start position:0% +basis and most operators that you're +going to encounter are DOT products + + align:start position:0% +going to encounter are DOT products + + + align:start position:0% +going to encounter are DOT products +between two angular momenta and so you + + align:start position:0% +between two angular momenta and so you + + + align:start position:0% +between two angular momenta and so you +always want to choose a basis set that + + align:start position:0% +always want to choose a basis set that + + + align:start position:0% +always want to choose a basis set that +makes that dot product really trivial + + align:start position:0% +makes that dot product really trivial + + + align:start position:0% +makes that dot product really trivial +and this is the way it's done so we have + + align:start position:0% +and this is the way it's done so we have + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the way it's done so we have +L is equal to J uh J is equal to l plus + + align:start position:0% +L is equal to J uh J is equal to l plus + + + align:start position:0% +L is equal to J uh J is equal to l plus +s these are now not SC numbers but + + align:start position:0% +s these are now not SC numbers but + + + align:start position:0% +s these are now not SC numbers but +operators and so j s is l^2 + S2 + 2 l. + + align:start position:0% +operators and so j s is l^2 + S2 + 2 l. + + + align:start position:0% +operators and so j s is l^2 + S2 + 2 l. +s and so we can always arrange this as + + align:start position:0% +s and so we can always arrange this as + + + align:start position:0% +s and so we can always arrange this as +l. s is equal to + + align:start position:0% +l. s is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +l. s is equal to +12 uh j^ + + align:start position:0% +12 uh j^ + + + align:start position:0% +12 uh j^ +2us l^2 - + + align:start position:0% +2us l^2 - + + + align:start position:0% +2us l^2 - +s^2 so here is an operator that we'd + + align:start position:0% +s^2 so here is an operator that we'd + + + align:start position:0% +s^2 so here is an operator that we'd +like to look at the M determine the + + align:start position:0% +like to look at the M determine the + + + align:start position:0% +like to look at the M determine the +Matrix elements of in some bases set and + + align:start position:0% +Matrix elements of in some bases set and + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix elements of in some bases set and +here are three operators and these are + + align:start position:0% +here are three operators and these are + + + align:start position:0% +here are three operators and these are +three operators which are diagonal in + + align:start position:0% +three operators which are diagonal in + + + align:start position:0% +three operators which are diagonal in +the coupled bases and not in the + + align:start position:0% +the coupled bases and not in the + + + align:start position:0% +the coupled bases and not in the +uncoupled bases we have trouble with + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled bases we have trouble with + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled bases we have trouble with +this in the uncoupled bases these two + + align:start position:0% +this in the uncoupled bases these two + + + align:start position:0% +this in the uncoupled bases these two +are just fine but this is not fine so uh + + align:start position:0% +are just fine but this is not fine so uh + + + align:start position:0% +are just fine but this is not fine so uh +we can EV evaluate Matrix element of the + + align:start position:0% +we can EV evaluate Matrix element of the + + + align:start position:0% +we can EV evaluate Matrix element of the +spin orbit hamiltonian in the coupled + + align:start position:0% +spin orbit hamiltonian in the coupled + + + align:start position:0% +spin orbit hamiltonian in the coupled +basis by taking this trick and we get + + align:start position:0% +basis by taking this trick and we get + + + align:start position:0% +basis by taking this trick and we get +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +lsj + + align:start position:0% +lsj + + + align:start position:0% +lsj +MJ + + align:start position:0% +MJ + + + align:start position:0% +MJ +spin + + align:start position:0% +spin + + + align:start position:0% +spin +orbit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lsj + + align:start position:0% +lsj + + + align:start position:0% +lsj +MJ is going to be equal to Zeta / + + align:start position:0% +MJ is going to be equal to Zeta / + + + align:start position:0% +MJ is going to be equal to Zeta / +2 time JJ + + + align:start position:0% +2 time JJ + + + + align:start position:0% +2 time JJ + +1us LL + + + align:start position:0% +1us LL + + + + align:start position:0% +1us LL + +1 - SS + + + align:start position:0% +1 - SS + + + + align:start position:0% +1 - SS + +1 and we could put a little things up + + align:start position:0% +1 and we could put a little things up + + + align:start position:0% +1 and we could put a little things up +here and then we'd have four chronic or + + align:start position:0% +here and then we'd have four chronic or + + + align:start position:0% +here and then we'd have four chronic or +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +this this is exclusively a diagonal + + align:start position:0% +this this is exclusively a diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +this this is exclusively a diagonal +matrix element and it you write it in + + align:start position:0% +matrix element and it you write it in + + + align:start position:0% +matrix element and it you write it in +terms of really trivial stuff and and + + align:start position:0% +terms of really trivial stuff and and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of really trivial stuff and and +you think + + align:start position:0% +you think + + + align:start position:0% +you think +well am I just lucky is this a trick + + align:start position:0% +well am I just lucky is this a trick + + + align:start position:0% +well am I just lucky is this a trick +that somebody you know has to be really + + align:start position:0% +that somebody you know has to be really + + + align:start position:0% +that somebody you know has to be really +clever to pull out of their back pocket + + align:start position:0% +clever to pull out of their back pocket + + + align:start position:0% +clever to pull out of their back pocket +or is it a trick that whenever you have + + align:start position:0% +or is it a trick that whenever you have + + + align:start position:0% +or is it a trick that whenever you have +a DOT product between two angular + + align:start position:0% +a DOT product between two angular + + + align:start position:0% +a DOT product between two angular +momenta it's always possible to choose a + + align:start position:0% +momenta it's always possible to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +momenta it's always possible to choose a +basis set that makes evaluation of those + + align:start position:0% +basis set that makes evaluation of those + + + align:start position:0% +basis set that makes evaluation of those +Matrix elements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trivial and that's that's the answer + + align:start position:0% +trivial and that's that's the answer + + + align:start position:0% +trivial and that's that's the answer +however sometimes you have a problem + + align:start position:0% +however sometimes you have a problem + + + align:start position:0% +however sometimes you have a problem +because you have another operator that + + align:start position:0% +because you have another operator that + + + align:start position:0% +because you have another operator that +you have to deal with like the zamon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hamiltonian the zamon hamiltonian is the + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the zamon hamiltonian is the + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the zamon hamiltonian is the +bore + + align:start position:0% +bore + + + align:start position:0% +bore +Magneton time LZ Plus for chemists it's + + align:start position:0% +Magneton time LZ Plus for chemists it's + + + align:start position:0% +Magneton time LZ Plus for chemists it's +two for physicists it's not quite two + + align:start position:0% +two for physicists it's not quite two + + + align:start position:0% +two for physicists it's not quite two +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +bz so here's an operator I should also + + align:start position:0% +bz so here's an operator I should also + + + align:start position:0% +bz so here's an operator I should also +mention the hamiltonian is always a + + align:start position:0% +mention the hamiltonian is always a + + + align:start position:0% +mention the hamiltonian is always a +scaler uh the hamiltonian for uh in the + + align:start position:0% +scaler uh the hamiltonian for uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +scaler uh the hamiltonian for uh in the +presence of a field is never a + + align:start position:0% +presence of a field is never a + + + align:start position:0% +presence of a field is never a +scaler okay so here we have operators + + align:start position:0% +scaler okay so here we have operators + + + align:start position:0% +scaler okay so here we have operators +and you look at this and you say well + + align:start position:0% +and you look at this and you say well + + + align:start position:0% +and you look at this and you say well +I'm going to use the uncoupled bases set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well but you want to use the coupled + + align:start position:0% +well but you want to use the coupled + + + align:start position:0% +well but you want to use the coupled +bases set for spin + + align:start position:0% +bases set for spin + + + align:start position:0% +bases set for spin +orbit why what what happened if I tried + + align:start position:0% +orbit why what what happened if I tried + + + align:start position:0% +orbit why what what happened if I tried +to use the coupled basis set for + + align:start position:0% +to use the coupled basis set for + + + align:start position:0% +to use the coupled basis set for +zamon well you don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what you don't know what + + align:start position:0% +what you don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +what you don't know what +LZ or any component of L does to this + + align:start position:0% +LZ or any component of L does to this + + + align:start position:0% +LZ or any component of L does to this +thing so + + align:start position:0% +thing so + + + align:start position:0% +thing so +so one solution is this is to say well I + + align:start position:0% +so one solution is this is to say well I + + + align:start position:0% +so one solution is this is to say well I +guess I can't use the coupled bases + + align:start position:0% +guess I can't use the coupled bases + + + align:start position:0% +guess I can't use the coupled bases +set well if you use the uncoupled basis + + align:start position:0% +set well if you use the uncoupled basis + + + align:start position:0% +set well if you use the uncoupled basis +set then spin orbit is massively off + + align:start position:0% +set then spin orbit is massively off + + + align:start position:0% +set then spin orbit is massively off +diagonal but all the Matrix elements are + + align:start position:0% +diagonal but all the Matrix elements are + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal but all the Matrix elements are +trivial and you could live that way but + + align:start position:0% +trivial and you could live that way but + + + align:start position:0% +trivial and you could live that way but +you know when you have a matrix which is + + align:start position:0% +you know when you have a matrix which is + + + align:start position:0% +you know when you have a matrix which is +exclusively diagonal and there's one + + align:start position:0% +exclusively diagonal and there's one + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively diagonal and there's one +other thing that you need or two other + + align:start position:0% +other thing that you need or two other + + + align:start position:0% +other thing that you need or two other +things that you need that are you know + + align:start position:0% +things that you need that are you know + + + align:start position:0% +things that you need that are you know +and you could even say Well it + + align:start position:0% +and you could even say Well it + + + align:start position:0% +and you could even say Well it +LZ is equal to JZ minus + + align:start position:0% +LZ is equal to JZ minus + + + align:start position:0% +LZ is equal to JZ minus +SZ and so really and you know what Jay-Z + + align:start position:0% +SZ and so really and you know what Jay-Z + + + align:start position:0% +SZ and so really and you know what Jay-Z +does in the coupled bases so there's + + align:start position:0% +does in the coupled bases so there's + + + align:start position:0% +does in the coupled bases so there's +really only one thing you don't need + + align:start position:0% +really only one thing you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +really only one thing you don't need +that you need to know about so you need + + align:start position:0% +that you need to know about so you need + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to know about so you need +to know LZ on this or SZ on this and and + + align:start position:0% +to know LZ on this or SZ on this and and + + + align:start position:0% +to know LZ on this or SZ on this and and +so what do you do well one way to solve + + align:start position:0% +so what do you do well one way to solve + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you do well one way to solve +this is to say I'm going to write a + + align:start position:0% +this is to say I'm going to write a + + + align:start position:0% +this is to say I'm going to write a +transformation between the coupled and + + align:start position:0% +transformation between the coupled and + + + align:start position:0% +transformation between the coupled and +uncoupled bases set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's do that + + align:start position:0% +so let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do that +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um here's a coupled basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and to write a transformation + + align:start position:0% +function and to write a transformation + + + align:start position:0% +function and to write a transformation +between basis sets you use completeness + + align:start position:0% +between basis sets you use completeness + + + align:start position:0% +between basis sets you use completeness +and so uh you want to end up with uh um + + align:start position:0% +and so uh you want to end up with uh um + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh you want to end up with uh um +L MLS MS + + align:start position:0% +L MLS MS + + + align:start position:0% +L MLS MS +and so to do that you you have L ml + + align:start position:0% +and so to do that you you have L ml + + + align:start position:0% +and so to do that you you have L ml +Ms this is completeness we have to sum + + align:start position:0% +Ms this is completeness we have to sum + + + align:start position:0% +Ms this is completeness we have to sum +over something and this is the original + + align:start position:0% +over something and this is the original + + + align:start position:0% +over something and this is the original +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +L SJ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MJ okay I don't need two bars so this is + + align:start position:0% +MJ okay I don't need two bars so this is + + + align:start position:0% +MJ okay I don't need two bars so this is +completeness and this is a + + align:start position:0% +completeness and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +completeness and this is a +transformation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficient this is something we + + align:start position:0% +coefficient this is something we + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient this is something we +want okay and now in doing this + + align:start position:0% +want okay and now in doing this + + + align:start position:0% +want okay and now in doing this +transformation we uh we we have L and S + + align:start position:0% +transformation we uh we we have L and S + + + align:start position:0% +transformation we uh we we have L and S +L and S but we we've lost + + align:start position:0% +L and S but we we've lost + + + align:start position:0% +L and S but we we've lost +J and we haven't lost M subj because we + + align:start position:0% +J and we haven't lost M subj because we + + + align:start position:0% +J and we haven't lost M subj because we +have M sub l and m Subs which are which + + align:start position:0% +have M sub l and m Subs which are which + + + align:start position:0% +have M sub l and m Subs which are which +are the same thing as m m subj so we're + + align:start position:0% +are the same thing as m m subj so we're + + + align:start position:0% +are the same thing as m m subj so we're +going to do a transformation the trades + + align:start position:0% +going to do a transformation the trades + + + align:start position:0% +going to do a transformation the trades +M subj for either M sub l or M + + align:start position:0% +M subj for either M sub l or M + + + align:start position:0% +M subj for either M sub l or M +subs and so we're going to do a sum over + + align:start position:0% +subs and so we're going to do a sum over + + + align:start position:0% +subs and so we're going to do a sum over +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're going to do a sum here + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to do a sum here + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to do a sum here +uh which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh is a sum over let's say M + + align:start position:0% +uh is a sum over let's say M + + + align:start position:0% +uh is a sum over let's say M +subs and it goes from minus s to plus + + align:start position:0% +subs and it goes from minus s to plus + + + align:start position:0% +subs and it goes from minus s to plus +s and we can uh we can rewrite M sub L + + align:start position:0% +s and we can uh we can rewrite M sub L + + + align:start position:0% +s and we can uh we can rewrite M sub L +as M subj minus M subs and so we're just + + align:start position:0% +as M subj minus M subs and so we're just + + + align:start position:0% +as M subj minus M subs and so we're just +doing the sum and this would be in the + + align:start position:0% +doing the sum and this would be in the + + + align:start position:0% +doing the sum and this would be in the +the case that L is greater than or equal + + align:start position:0% +the case that L is greater than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +the case that L is greater than or equal +to S if s is greater than L well then we + + align:start position:0% +to S if s is greater than L well then we + + + align:start position:0% +to S if s is greater than L well then we +would sum over M sub L from minus L to + + align:start position:0% +would sum over M sub L from minus L to + + + align:start position:0% +would sum over M sub L from minus L to +plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +l so we can formally write a + + align:start position:0% +l so we can formally write a + + + align:start position:0% +l so we can formally write a +transformation either in the forward + + align:start position:0% +transformation either in the forward + + + align:start position:0% +transformation either in the forward +Direction going from + + align:start position:0% +Direction going from + + + align:start position:0% +Direction going from +coupled + + align:start position:0% +coupled + + + align:start position:0% +coupled +to uh coupled to uncoupled or from + + align:start position:0% +to uh coupled to uncoupled or from + + + align:start position:0% +to uh coupled to uncoupled or from +uncoupled to coupled + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled to coupled + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled to coupled +now these are angular momenta we Define + + align:start position:0% +now these are angular momenta we Define + + + align:start position:0% +now these are angular momenta we Define +angular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momenta that was not a that was that was + + align:start position:0% +momenta that was not a that was that was + + + align:start position:0% +momenta that was not a that was that was +an involuntary rather than a voluntary + + align:start position:0% +an involuntary rather than a voluntary + + + align:start position:0% +an involuntary rather than a voluntary +remark okay so we have angular momenta + + align:start position:0% +remark okay so we have angular momenta + + + align:start position:0% +remark okay so we have angular momenta +that are defined by iar Sum over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K Epsilon i j + + align:start position:0% +K Epsilon i j + + + align:start position:0% +K Epsilon i j +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +uh a k this is the general definition of + + align:start position:0% +uh a k this is the general definition of + + + align:start position:0% +uh a k this is the general definition of +angular + + align:start position:0% +angular + + + align:start position:0% +angular +momentum it doesn't tell you anything + + align:start position:0% +momentum it doesn't tell you anything + + + align:start position:0% +momentum it doesn't tell you anything +about what kind of angular momentum it + + align:start position:0% +about what kind of angular momentum it + + + align:start position:0% +about what kind of angular momentum it +says this is what kind of properties + + align:start position:0% +says this is what kind of properties + + + align:start position:0% +says this is what kind of properties +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +have and so it suggests that if you + + align:start position:0% +have and so it suggests that if you + + + align:start position:0% +have and so it suggests that if you +looked at the formalism of angular + + align:start position:0% +looked at the formalism of angular + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the formalism of angular +momenta and did something you would be + + align:start position:0% +momenta and did something you would be + + + align:start position:0% +momenta and did something you would be +able to derive + + align:start position:0% +able to derive + + + align:start position:0% +able to derive +General uh transformations of this form + + align:start position:0% +General uh transformations of this form + + + align:start position:0% +General uh transformations of this form +that these coefficients ought to be + + align:start position:0% +that these coefficients ought to be + + + align:start position:0% +that these coefficients ought to be +tabul because they don't care whether + + align:start position:0% +tabul because they don't care whether + + + align:start position:0% +tabul because they don't care whether +it's L and S and J or p q and R and so + + align:start position:0% +it's L and S and J or p q and R and so + + + align:start position:0% +it's L and S and J or p q and R and so +it it it should be possible to find such + + align:start position:0% +it it it should be possible to find such + + + align:start position:0% +it it it should be possible to find such +things and they're called 3j + + align:start position:0% +things and they're called 3j + + + align:start position:0% +things and they're called 3j +coefficients and they're various forms + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and they're various forms + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and they're various forms +they're called kch Gordon coefficients + + align:start position:0% +they're called kch Gordon coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +they're called kch Gordon coefficients +they're called vigner Coe no they're not + + align:start position:0% +they're called vigner Coe no they're not + + + align:start position:0% +they're called vigner Coe no they're not +uh they're called Vector coupling + + align:start position:0% +uh they're called Vector coupling + + + align:start position:0% +uh they're called Vector coupling +coefficients and uh uh but the 3j is the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and uh uh but the 3j is the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and uh uh but the 3j is the +one that most people prefer because they + + align:start position:0% +one that most people prefer because they + + + align:start position:0% +one that most people prefer because they +have some very convenient symmetry + + align:start position:0% +have some very convenient symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +have some very convenient symmetry +properties so suppose we have uh three + + align:start position:0% +properties so suppose we have uh three + + + align:start position:0% +properties so suppose we have uh three +angular + + align:start position:0% +angular + + + align:start position:0% +angular +momenta uh and so I'm going to I'm going + + align:start position:0% +momenta uh and so I'm going to I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +momenta uh and so I'm going to I'm going +to switch to a general notation rather + + align:start position:0% +to switch to a general notation rather + + + align:start position:0% +to switch to a general notation rather +than LSN M LS J and so we have uh an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uncoupled + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled +basis and we want J1 J2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +j3 and we want minus M3 is defined as uh + + align:start position:0% +j3 and we want minus M3 is defined as uh + + + align:start position:0% +j3 and we want minus M3 is defined as uh +M1 plus M2 so this is a transformation + + align:start position:0% +M1 plus M2 so this is a transformation + + + align:start position:0% +M1 plus M2 so this is a transformation +coefficient and we'd like to know what + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and we'd like to know what + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and we'd like to know what +it is and what it is is this minus1 to + + align:start position:0% +it is and what it is is this minus1 to + + + align:start position:0% +it is and what it is is this minus1 to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +j1- J2 - + + align:start position:0% +j1- J2 - + + + align:start position:0% +j1- J2 - +M3 2 j3 + a + + align:start position:0% +M3 2 j3 + a + + + align:start position:0% +M3 2 j3 + a +half square + + align:start position:0% +half square + + + align:start position:0% +half square +root time this magical thing J1 J2 + + align:start position:0% +root time this magical thing J1 J2 + + + align:start position:0% +root time this magical thing J1 J2 +j3 M1 + + align:start position:0% +j3 M1 + + + align:start position:0% +j3 M1 +M2 and M3 I don't have room to write it + + align:start position:0% +M2 and M3 I don't have room to write it + + + align:start position:0% +M2 and M3 I don't have room to write it +here so I'll do M3 is minus + + align:start position:0% +here so I'll do M3 is minus + + + align:start position:0% +here so I'll do M3 is minus +M1 minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M2 + + align:start position:0% +M2 + + + align:start position:0% +M2 +so a 3j coefficient is 3 + + align:start position:0% +so a 3j coefficient is 3 + + + align:start position:0% +so a 3j coefficient is 3 +JS 3 M's curl ordinary large + + align:start position:0% +JS 3 M's curl ordinary large + + + align:start position:0% +JS 3 M's curl ordinary large +parentheses these are + + align:start position:0% +parentheses these are + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses these are +tabulated okay + + align:start position:0% +tabulated okay + + + align:start position:0% +tabulated okay +so if you uh one of the Symmetry + + align:start position:0% +so if you uh one of the Symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +so if you uh one of the Symmetry +properties is if you make cyclic + + align:start position:0% +properties is if you make cyclic + + + align:start position:0% +properties is if you make cyclic +permutations I'm doing doing this from + + align:start position:0% +permutations I'm doing doing this from + + + align:start position:0% +permutations I'm doing doing this from +memory because I I can never uh if you + + align:start position:0% +memory because I I can never uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +memory because I I can never uh if you +do cyclic per permutations of the + + align:start position:0% +do cyclic per permutations of the + + + align:start position:0% +do cyclic per permutations of the +rows uh then uh they're equal if you do + + align:start position:0% +rows uh then uh they're equal if you do + + + align:start position:0% +rows uh then uh they're equal if you do +anticyclic + + align:start position:0% +anticyclic + + + align:start position:0% +anticyclic +columns if you do anticyclic + + align:start position:0% +columns if you do anticyclic + + + align:start position:0% +columns if you do anticyclic +permutations of the columns you have to + + align:start position:0% +permutations of the columns you have to + + + align:start position:0% +permutations of the columns you have to +multiply by a factor and I'm pretty sure + + align:start position:0% +multiply by a factor and I'm pretty sure + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by a factor and I'm pretty sure +that factor is - one the J1 + J2 plus + + align:start position:0% +that factor is - one the J1 + J2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +that factor is - one the J1 + J2 plus +j3 I don't remember uh so then there are + + align:start position:0% +j3 I don't remember uh so then there are + + + align:start position:0% +j3 I don't remember uh so then there are +other things when do you know that these + + align:start position:0% +other things when do you know that these + + + align:start position:0% +other things when do you know that these +things are zero and other factors but + + align:start position:0% +things are zero and other factors but + + + align:start position:0% +things are zero and other factors but +the there's a fantastic symmetry these + + align:start position:0% +the there's a fantastic symmetry these + + + align:start position:0% +the there's a fantastic symmetry these +Vector coupling coefficients is or the + + align:start position:0% +Vector coupling coefficients is or the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector coupling coefficients is or the +Transformations you need can be written + + align:start position:0% +Transformations you need can be written + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations you need can be written +in terms of these which can be tabulated + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these which can be tabulated + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these which can be tabulated +and the tables can be small because + + align:start position:0% +and the tables can be small because + + + align:start position:0% +and the tables can be small because +there's so so much symmetry among these + + align:start position:0% +there's so so much symmetry among these + + + align:start position:0% +there's so so much symmetry among these +things so these are 3j coefficients + + align:start position:0% +things so these are 3j coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +things so these are 3j coefficients +they're used always for going between a + + align:start position:0% +they're used always for going between a + + + align:start position:0% +they're used always for going between a +a coupled and an uncoupled basis set + + align:start position:0% +a coupled and an uncoupled basis set + + + align:start position:0% +a coupled and an uncoupled basis set +it's the most common thing you will ever + + align:start position:0% +it's the most common thing you will ever + + + align:start position:0% +it's the most common thing you will ever +do in uh dealing with angular + + align:start position:0% +do in uh dealing with angular + + + align:start position:0% +do in uh dealing with angular +momenta and so it's useful to practice + + align:start position:0% +momenta and so it's useful to practice + + + align:start position:0% +momenta and so it's useful to practice +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3js okay but today we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +3js okay but today we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +3js okay but today we're going to talk +about 6js also because the jux toos of + + align:start position:0% +about 6js also because the jux toos of + + + align:start position:0% +about 6js also because the jux toos of +the two is really quite wonderful and uh + + align:start position:0% +the two is really quite wonderful and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the two is really quite wonderful and uh +if you if you accept 3js it's not a big + + align:start position:0% +if you if you accept 3js it's not a big + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you accept 3js it's not a big +step to go to accepting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +6js okay so threejs are used when you + + align:start position:0% +6js okay so threejs are used when you + + + align:start position:0% +6js okay so threejs are used when you +have two angular momenta coupling to + + align:start position:0% +have two angular momenta coupling to + + + align:start position:0% +have two angular momenta coupling to +make a + + align:start position:0% +make a + + + align:start position:0% +make a +third if you have three angular momenta + + align:start position:0% +third if you have three angular momenta + + + align:start position:0% +third if you have three angular momenta +coupling to make a fourth well then you + + align:start position:0% +coupling to make a fourth well then you + + + align:start position:0% +coupling to make a fourth well then you +can do it in three different ways so + + align:start position:0% +can do it in three different ways so + + + align:start position:0% +can do it in three different ways so +suppose uh um for for hyperfine atoms or + + align:start position:0% +suppose uh um for for hyperfine atoms or + + + align:start position:0% +suppose uh um for for hyperfine atoms or +for ridberg States we're it's going to + + align:start position:0% +for ridberg States we're it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +for ridberg States we're it's going to +be easy to come up with more than three + + align:start position:0% +be easy to come up with more than three + + + align:start position:0% +be easy to come up with more than three +total angular momenta and so let's look + + align:start position:0% +total angular momenta and so let's look + + + align:start position:0% +total angular momenta and so let's look +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hyperfine for hyperfine you have a + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine for hyperfine you have a + + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine for hyperfine you have a +nuclear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spin I so for a given + + align:start position:0% +spin I so for a given + + + align:start position:0% +spin I so for a given +isotopomer you know the nuclear spin you + + align:start position:0% +isotopomer you know the nuclear spin you + + + align:start position:0% +isotopomer you know the nuclear spin you +find it in many tables I prefer to use a + + align:start position:0% +find it in many tables I prefer to use a + + + align:start position:0% +find it in many tables I prefer to use a +little table in towns and shallow uh + + align:start position:0% +little table in towns and shallow uh + + + align:start position:0% +little table in towns and shallow uh +because it just has everything you need + + align:start position:0% +because it just has everything you need + + + align:start position:0% +because it just has everything you need +and it has many other good things too + + align:start position:0% +and it has many other good things too + + + align:start position:0% +and it has many other good things too +and then you you want the total angular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momentum and that's always called f when + + align:start position:0% +momentum and that's always called f when + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and that's always called f when +you have nuclear spin if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +you have nuclear spin if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +you have nuclear spin if you don't have +nuclear spin it's called J and so you + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin it's called J and so you + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin it's called J and so you +can get F by + + align:start position:0% +can get F by + + + align:start position:0% +can get F by +coupling + + align:start position:0% +coupling + + + align:start position:0% +coupling +J with I + + align:start position:0% +J with I + + + align:start position:0% +J with I +that's one path so + + align:start position:0% +that's one path so + + + align:start position:0% +that's one path so +J is l+ + + align:start position:0% +J is l+ + + + align:start position:0% +J is l+ +s for + + align:start position:0% +s for + + + align:start position:0% +s for +atoms and another path would be let's + + align:start position:0% +atoms and another path would be let's + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and another path would be let's +define + + align:start position:0% +define + + + align:start position:0% +define +G as s + I in other words we're going to + + align:start position:0% +G as s + I in other words we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +G as s + I in other words we're going to +couple the two spins + + align:start position:0% +couple the two spins + + + align:start position:0% +couple the two spins +together and then F would be equal to + + align:start position:0% +together and then F would be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +together and then F would be equal to +uh G + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L so and there's a third path you could + + align:start position:0% +L so and there's a third path you could + + + align:start position:0% +L so and there's a third path you could +couple the nuclear spin to L nobody ever + + align:start position:0% +couple the nuclear spin to L nobody ever + + + align:start position:0% +couple the nuclear spin to L nobody ever +does that because these two are the two + + align:start position:0% +does that because these two are the two + + + align:start position:0% +does that because these two are the two +possible cases that you might + + align:start position:0% +possible cases that you might + + + align:start position:0% +possible cases that you might +encounter and + + align:start position:0% +encounter and + + + align:start position:0% +encounter and +so we have we have different + + align:start position:0% +so we have we have different + + + align:start position:0% +so we have we have different +intermediate angular momenta we have J + + align:start position:0% +intermediate angular momenta we have J + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate angular momenta we have J +and G and something else that will go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unmentioned and so we might want to + + align:start position:0% +unmentioned and so we might want to + + + align:start position:0% +unmentioned and so we might want to +transform between + + align:start position:0% +transform between + + + align:start position:0% +transform between +two basis + + align:start position:0% +two basis + + + align:start position:0% +two basis +sets where we we have the the the same + + align:start position:0% +sets where we we have the the the same + + + align:start position:0% +sets where we we have the the the same +values of uh l s i and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +values of uh l s i and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +values of uh l s i and uh uh +F but different intermediate angular J + + align:start position:0% +F but different intermediate angular J + + + align:start position:0% +F but different intermediate angular J +J or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G so we'd like to be able to transform + + align:start position:0% +G so we'd like to be able to transform + + + align:start position:0% +G so we'd like to be able to transform +between these two Bas sets so they're + + align:start position:0% +between these two Bas sets so they're + + + align:start position:0% +between these two Bas sets so they're +they're all massively coupled basis sets + + align:start position:0% +they're all massively coupled basis sets + + + align:start position:0% +they're all massively coupled basis sets +the only thing that has a projection + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that has a projection + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that has a projection +quantum number is is + + align:start position:0% +quantum number is is + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number is is +f and so what how would you do + + align:start position:0% +f and so what how would you do + + + align:start position:0% +f and so what how would you do +this well there's the easy + + align:start position:0% +this well there's the easy + + + align:start position:0% +this well there's the easy +way and the hard way but since you don't + + align:start position:0% +way and the hard way but since you don't + + + align:start position:0% +way and the hard way but since you don't +know know about 6js yet I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +know know about 6js yet I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +know know about 6js yet I'm going to +tell you about the hard way and then you + + align:start position:0% +tell you about the hard way and then you + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about the hard way and then you +will really like the easy way because + + align:start position:0% +will really like the easy way because + + + align:start position:0% +will really like the easy way because +6js enable you to do this but okay but + + align:start position:0% +6js enable you to do this but okay but + + + align:start position:0% +6js enable you to do this but okay but +why would you care I mean + + align:start position:0% +why would you care I mean + + + align:start position:0% +why would you care I mean +suppose um we discover that there's a + + align:start position:0% +suppose um we discover that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +suppose um we discover that there's a +term in the uh uh hyperfine hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +term in the uh uh hyperfine hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +term in the uh uh hyperfine hamiltonian +that involves the dotproduct of of I + + align:start position:0% +that involves the dotproduct of of I + + + align:start position:0% +that involves the dotproduct of of I +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +uh if we Define + + align:start position:0% +uh if we Define + + + align:start position:0% +uh if we Define +G + + align:start position:0% +G + + + align:start position:0% +G +as I + S well then G ^2 is equal to i^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +as I + S well then G ^2 is equal to i^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +as I + S well then G ^2 is equal to i^ 2 ++ S2 + 2 I do + + align:start position:0% ++ S2 + 2 I do + + + align:start position:0% ++ S2 + 2 I do +s and so if we want to know I do + + align:start position:0% +s and so if we want to know I do + + + align:start position:0% +s and so if we want to know I do +s we just replace it by G ^2 - i^ 2 - s + + align:start position:0% +s we just replace it by G ^2 - i^ 2 - s + + + align:start position:0% +s we just replace it by G ^2 - i^ 2 - s +squ and so we're going to clearly want a + + align:start position:0% +squ and so we're going to clearly want a + + + align:start position:0% +squ and so we're going to clearly want a +a basis set that that expresses + + align:start position:0% +a basis set that that expresses + + + align:start position:0% +a basis set that that expresses +explicitly g i and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S well that's too damn bad because most + + align:start position:0% +S well that's too damn bad because most + + + align:start position:0% +S well that's too damn bad because most +atoms also have spin orbit which are + + align:start position:0% +atoms also have spin orbit which are + + + align:start position:0% +atoms also have spin orbit which are +L.S and that would not be + + align:start position:0% +L.S and that would not be + + + align:start position:0% +L.S and that would not be +compatible with uh the basis set that + + align:start position:0% +compatible with uh the basis set that + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with uh the basis set that +would be natural for + + align:start position:0% +would be natural for + + + align:start position:0% +would be natural for +this and so uh you have to make it a + + align:start position:0% +this and so uh you have to make it a + + + align:start position:0% +this and so uh you have to make it a +Sophie's Choice which one are you going + + align:start position:0% +Sophie's Choice which one are you going + + + align:start position:0% +Sophie's Choice which one are you going +to do a lot of work on and usually you + + align:start position:0% +to do a lot of work on and usually you + + + align:start position:0% +to do a lot of work on and usually you +use the the uh basis set where this one + + align:start position:0% +use the the uh basis set where this one + + + align:start position:0% +use the the uh basis set where this one +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +diagonal because spin orbit it's always + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because spin orbit it's always + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because spin orbit it's always +big and spin orbit defines the general + + align:start position:0% +big and spin orbit defines the general + + + align:start position:0% +big and spin orbit defines the general +pattern but if L is zero there's no spin + + align:start position:0% +pattern but if L is zero there's no spin + + + align:start position:0% +pattern but if L is zero there's no spin +orbit so you do + + align:start position:0% +orbit so you do + + + align:start position:0% +orbit so you do +this and so for all s States the + + align:start position:0% +this and so for all s States the + + + align:start position:0% +this and so for all s States the +hyperfine uh for for all states where L + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine uh for for all states where L + + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine uh for for all states where L +is zero in other words s States the + + align:start position:0% +is zero in other words s States the + + + align:start position:0% +is zero in other words s States the +hyperfine will be defined by + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine will be defined by + + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine will be defined by +this uh um operator and so you know and + + align:start position:0% +this uh um operator and so you know and + + + align:start position:0% +this uh um operator and so you know and +this you're going to use that particular + + align:start position:0% +this you're going to use that particular + + + align:start position:0% +this you're going to use that particular +coupled + + align:start position:0% +coupled + + + align:start position:0% +coupled +basis often you'd like to think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well why make a big deal about it why + + align:start position:0% +well why make a big deal about it why + + + align:start position:0% +well why make a big deal about it why +not just you know take take what's given + + align:start position:0% +not just you know take take what's given + + + align:start position:0% +not just you know take take what's given +to you on a silver platter and use the + + align:start position:0% +to you on a silver platter and use the + + + align:start position:0% +to you on a silver platter and use the +nice Bas set for it and then uh do + + align:start position:0% +nice Bas set for it and then uh do + + + align:start position:0% +nice Bas set for it and then uh do +something that makes it possible to + + align:start position:0% +something that makes it possible to + + + align:start position:0% +something that makes it possible to +evaluate other thing without doing a lot + + align:start position:0% +evaluate other thing without doing a lot + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate other thing without doing a lot +of work using some kind of basis at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation okay what how much time + + align:start position:0% +transformation okay what how much time + + + align:start position:0% +transformation okay what how much time +do I + + align:start position:0% +do I + + + align:start position:0% +do I +have I really want to talk about ridberg + + align:start position:0% +have I really want to talk about ridberg + + + align:start position:0% +have I really want to talk about ridberg +States but I think uh I better not + + align:start position:0% +States but I think uh I better not + + + align:start position:0% +States but I think uh I better not +so basically I'm looking for cases where + + align:start position:0% +so basically I'm looking for cases where + + + align:start position:0% +so basically I'm looking for cases where +there are a lot of angular momenta and + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of angular momenta and + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of angular momenta and +maybe I'll talk about the redberg states + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll talk about the redberg states + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll talk about the redberg states +after I I I I uh + + align:start position:0% +after I I I I uh + + + align:start position:0% +after I I I I uh +turn the um the crank a little bit I + + align:start position:0% +turn the um the crank a little bit I + + + align:start position:0% +turn the um the crank a little bit I +mean whenever you have to couple three + + align:start position:0% +mean whenever you have to couple three + + + align:start position:0% +mean whenever you have to couple three +angular momenta to make a fourth you're + + align:start position:0% +angular momenta to make a fourth you're + + + align:start position:0% +angular momenta to make a fourth you're +going to have this choice of which + + align:start position:0% +going to have this choice of which + + + align:start position:0% +going to have this choice of which +intermediate angular momentum are you + + align:start position:0% +intermediate angular momentum are you + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate angular momentum are you +going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use and uh + + align:start position:0% +use and uh + + + align:start position:0% +use and uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so you can do it the hard way using 3j + + align:start position:0% +so you can do it the hard way using 3j + + + align:start position:0% +so you can do it the hard way using 3j +coefficients but what you have to do + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but what you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but what you have to do +it's really awful because I mean suppose + + align:start position:0% +it's really awful because I mean suppose + + + align:start position:0% +it's really awful because I mean suppose +now I'm going to talk in the in terms of + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to talk in the in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to talk in the in terms of +this formal rather than explicit picture + + align:start position:0% +this formal rather than explicit picture + + + align:start position:0% +this formal rather than explicit picture +so we have J1 J2 + + align:start position:0% +so we have J1 J2 + + + align:start position:0% +so we have J1 J2 +j3 + + align:start position:0% +j3 + + + align:start position:0% +j3 +J12 J + + align:start position:0% +J12 J + + + align:start position:0% +J12 J +MJ so that's one of the possible coupled + + align:start position:0% +MJ so that's one of the possible coupled + + + align:start position:0% +MJ so that's one of the possible coupled +basis sets and suppose we want to go + + align:start position:0% +basis sets and suppose we want to go + + + align:start position:0% +basis sets and suppose we want to go +from this to one which express which is + + align:start position:0% +from this to one which express which is + + + align:start position:0% +from this to one which express which is +expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of +j13 what do we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do well the first thing you do is you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uncouple uh + + align:start position:0% +uncouple uh + + + align:start position:0% +uncouple uh +j3 + + align:start position:0% +j3 + + + align:start position:0% +j3 +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +J12 you always start with uh the uh um + + align:start position:0% +J12 you always start with uh the uh um + + + align:start position:0% +J12 you always start with uh the uh um +the total angular + + align:start position:0% +the total angular + + + align:start position:0% +the total angular +momentum the biggest one and you + + align:start position:0% +momentum the biggest one and you + + + align:start position:0% +momentum the biggest one and you +uncouple the the the secondary thing + + align:start position:0% +uncouple the the the secondary thing + + + align:start position:0% +uncouple the the the secondary thing +from it and that's the same thing as + + align:start position:0% +from it and that's the same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +from it and that's the same thing as +killing + + align:start position:0% +killing + + + align:start position:0% +killing +J okay and so you have J1 J2 + + align:start position:0% +J okay and so you have J1 J2 + + + align:start position:0% +J okay and so you have J1 J2 +j3 and now you've uncoupled j3 from uh + + align:start position:0% +j3 and now you've uncoupled j3 from uh + + + align:start position:0% +j3 and now you've uncoupled j3 from uh +J12 so we we have + + align:start position:0% +J12 so we we have + + + align:start position:0% +J12 so we we have +J12 + + align:start position:0% +J12 + + + align:start position:0% +J12 +M12 uh and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and +M12 is so we you see we we got rid of we + + align:start position:0% +M12 is so we you see we we got rid of we + + + align:start position:0% +M12 is so we you see we we got rid of we +got rid of + + align:start position:0% +got rid of + + + align:start position:0% +got rid of +J and replace it by M12 now + + align:start position:0% +J and replace it by M12 now + + + align:start position:0% +J and replace it by M12 now +M12 is given by uh this conservation so + + align:start position:0% +M12 is given by uh this conservation so + + + align:start position:0% +M12 is given by uh this conservation so +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +m uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J oh I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forgot okay + + align:start position:0% +forgot okay + + + align:start position:0% +forgot okay +so we uncoupled j3 from J12 so here we + + align:start position:0% +so we uncoupled j3 from J12 so here we + + + align:start position:0% +so we uncoupled j3 from J12 so here we +have an uncoupled j3 and here we have an + + align:start position:0% +have an uncoupled j3 and here we have an + + + align:start position:0% +have an uncoupled j3 and here we have an +uncoupled uh J12 we've lost big J and we + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled uh J12 we've lost big J and we + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled uh J12 we've lost big J and we +still have M + + align:start position:0% +still have M + + + align:start position:0% +still have M +subj uh but as a as a as a constraint + + align:start position:0% +subj uh but as a as a as a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +subj uh but as a as a as a constraint +but the M12 plus M3 is MJ and so we did + + align:start position:0% +but the M12 plus M3 is MJ and so we did + + + align:start position:0% +but the M12 plus M3 is MJ and so we did +one step now we have to do another + + align:start position:0% +one step now we have to do another + + + align:start position:0% +one step now we have to do another +step because in order to get from + + align:start position:0% +step because in order to get from + + + align:start position:0% +step because in order to get from +J12 to j13 for example you have to + + align:start position:0% +J12 to j13 for example you have to + + + align:start position:0% +J12 to j13 for example you have to +completely uncouple and then recouple so + + align:start position:0% +completely uncouple and then recouple so + + + align:start position:0% +completely uncouple and then recouple so +now we have to what do we got left well + + align:start position:0% +now we have to what do we got left well + + + align:start position:0% +now we have to what do we got left well +uh we uh we still have J12 we have to + + align:start position:0% +uh we uh we still have J12 we have to + + + align:start position:0% +uh we uh we still have J12 we have to +kill + + align:start position:0% +kill + + + align:start position:0% +kill +it and so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uncouple + + align:start position:0% +uncouple + + + align:start position:0% +uncouple +J1 + + align:start position:0% +J1 + + + align:start position:0% +J1 +from uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J12 or uncouple J1 from J2 and so now we + + align:start position:0% +J12 or uncouple J1 from J2 and so now we + + + align:start position:0% +J12 or uncouple J1 from J2 and so now we +have J1 + + align:start position:0% +have J1 + + + align:start position:0% +have J1 +M1 + + align:start position:0% +M1 + + + align:start position:0% +M1 +J2 + + align:start position:0% +J2 + + + align:start position:0% +J2 +M2 + + align:start position:0% +M2 + + + align:start position:0% +M2 +j3 + + align:start position:0% +j3 + + + align:start position:0% +j3 +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +M3 there's constraints but I'm just not + + align:start position:0% +M3 there's constraints but I'm just not + + + align:start position:0% +M3 there's constraints but I'm just not +going to write them in so we've UNC + + align:start position:0% +going to write them in so we've UNC + + + align:start position:0% +going to write them in so we've UNC +fully + + align:start position:0% +fully + + + align:start position:0% +fully +uncoupled and + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled and + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled and +then we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recouple we want to form + + align:start position:0% +recouple we want to form + + + align:start position:0% +recouple we want to form +uh we we had a J12 we want to form j13 + + align:start position:0% +uh we we had a J12 we want to form j13 + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we had a J12 we want to form j13 +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +j13 so we have to couple J1 with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +j3 and + + align:start position:0% +j3 and + + + align:start position:0% +j3 and +uh so we get J1 + + align:start position:0% +uh so we get J1 + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we get J1 +J2 + + align:start position:0% +J2 + + + align:start position:0% +J2 +M2 + + align:start position:0% +M2 + + + align:start position:0% +M2 +j3 uh + + align:start position:0% +j3 uh + + + align:start position:0% +j3 uh +so when we couple to make j13 we lose M1 + + align:start position:0% +so when we couple to make j13 we lose M1 + + + align:start position:0% +so when we couple to make j13 we lose M1 +and we lose M3 and we + + align:start position:0% +and we lose M3 and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we lose M3 and we +get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh j13 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M13 and then the last step is we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recouple + + align:start position:0% +recouple + + + align:start position:0% +recouple +j13 + + align:start position:0% +j13 + + + align:start position:0% +j13 +uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and +J 2 to make + + align:start position:0% +J 2 to make + + + align:start position:0% +J 2 to make +J and so each of these steps involves a + + align:start position:0% +J and so each of these steps involves a + + + align:start position:0% +J and so each of these steps involves a +3j coefficient and a sum you can do it + + align:start position:0% +3j coefficient and a sum you can do it + + + align:start position:0% +3j coefficient and a sum you can do it +you you know it's not a big deal you + + align:start position:0% +you you know it's not a big deal you + + + align:start position:0% +you you know it's not a big deal you +could tell your computer to do + + align:start position:0% +could tell your computer to do + + + align:start position:0% +could tell your computer to do +it you don't have to do it on a piece of + + align:start position:0% +it you don't have to do it on a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +it you don't have to do it on a piece of +paper anymore you can you know all of + + align:start position:0% +paper anymore you can you know all of + + + align:start position:0% +paper anymore you can you know all of +this stuff all the 3js are in the + + align:start position:0% +this stuff all the 3js are in the + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff all the 3js are in the +computer and you just write this thing + + align:start position:0% +computer and you just write this thing + + + align:start position:0% +computer and you just write this thing +correctly but the more steps the more + + align:start position:0% +correctly but the more steps the more + + + align:start position:0% +correctly but the more steps the more +chance of an error this especially if + + align:start position:0% +chance of an error this especially if + + + align:start position:0% +chance of an error this especially if +you scatter brain like + + align:start position:0% +you scatter brain like + + + align:start position:0% +you scatter brain like +me so + + align:start position:0% +me so + + + align:start position:0% +me so +um it turns out there is a shortcut and + + align:start position:0% +um it turns out there is a shortcut and + + + align:start position:0% +um it turns out there is a shortcut and +that shortcut is called 6j + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficients and you can imagine once + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and you can imagine once + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and you can imagine once +you get the idea of 6j that they're + + align:start position:0% +you get the idea of 6j that they're + + + align:start position:0% +you get the idea of 6j that they're +going to be 9j and 12j too but we're not + + align:start position:0% +going to be 9j and 12j too but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 9j and 12j too but we're not +going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about +them so 6js are created for the expr + + align:start position:0% +them so 6js are created for the expr + + + align:start position:0% +them so 6js are created for the expr +purpose of recoupling going directly + + align:start position:0% +purpose of recoupling going directly + + + align:start position:0% +purpose of recoupling going directly +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +uh this + + align:start position:0% +uh this + + + align:start position:0% +uh this +spis to the end point so so what + + align:start position:0% +spis to the end point so so what + + + align:start position:0% +spis to the end point so so what +you if you want to go directly + + align:start position:0% +you if you want to go directly + + + align:start position:0% +you if you want to go directly +from a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so suppose we have J1 J2 j3 3 + + align:start position:0% +uh so suppose we have J1 J2 j3 3 + + + align:start position:0% +uh so suppose we have J1 J2 j3 3 +J12 J + + align:start position:0% +J12 J + + + align:start position:0% +J12 J +MJ then you want to go to J1 J2 + + align:start position:0% +MJ then you want to go to J1 J2 + + + align:start position:0% +MJ then you want to go to J1 J2 +j3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +j13 J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MJ you could do this by these four steps + + align:start position:0% +MJ you could do this by these four steps + + + align:start position:0% +MJ you could do this by these four steps +or you could simply say that the + + align:start position:0% +or you could simply say that the + + + align:start position:0% +or you could simply say that the +transformation coefficients + + align:start position:0% +transformation coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +transformation coefficients +between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the two basis sets J1 J2 + + align:start position:0% +the two basis sets J1 J2 + + + align:start position:0% +the two basis sets J1 J2 +j3 J 1 2 J + + align:start position:0% +j3 J 1 2 J + + + align:start position:0% +j3 J 1 2 J +M this thing the thing you want if you + + align:start position:0% +M this thing the thing you want if you + + + align:start position:0% +M this thing the thing you want if you +wrote this out in the form of a uh + + align:start position:0% +wrote this out in the form of a uh + + + align:start position:0% +wrote this out in the form of a uh +completeness expression then the the + + align:start position:0% +completeness expression then the the + + + align:start position:0% +completeness expression then the the +coefficient you would want is this and + + align:start position:0% +coefficient you would want is this and + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient you would want is this and +that coefficient has the + + align:start position:0% +that coefficient has the + + + align:start position:0% +that coefficient has the +value Min -1 to the J1 plus + + align:start position:0% +value Min -1 to the J1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +value Min -1 to the J1 plus +J2 plus + + align:start position:0% +J2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +J2 plus +j3 plus J all of the things that are + + align:start position:0% +j3 plus J all of the things that are + + + align:start position:0% +j3 plus J all of the things that are +being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conserved times the square root of 2 J12 + + align:start position:0% +conserved times the square root of 2 J12 + + + align:start position:0% +conserved times the square root of 2 J12 ++ 1 * 2 + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 * 2 + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 * 2 +j13 + 1 square root the two things that + + align:start position:0% +j13 + 1 square root the two things that + + + align:start position:0% +j13 + 1 square root the two things that +are being + + align:start position:0% +are being + + + align:start position:0% +are being +exchanged and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +exchanged and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged and then we have the +6j which is J1 + + align:start position:0% +6j which is J1 + + + align:start position:0% +6j which is J1 +J2 + + align:start position:0% +J2 + + + align:start position:0% +J2 +j3 J the four things that are being + + align:start position:0% +j3 J the four things that are being + + + align:start position:0% +j3 J the four things that are being +preserved + + align:start position:0% +preserved + + + align:start position:0% +preserved +J12 + + align:start position:0% +J12 + + + align:start position:0% +J12 +j13 the two things that are being + + align:start position:0% +j13 the two things that are being + + + align:start position:0% +j13 the two things that are being +switched you know it's hard to remake to + + align:start position:0% +switched you know it's hard to remake to + + + align:start position:0% +switched you know it's hard to remake to +hold six things in mind at once and to + + align:start position:0% +hold six things in mind at once and to + + + align:start position:0% +hold six things in mind at once and to +manipulate the symbols but if you just + + align:start position:0% +manipulate the symbols but if you just + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate the symbols but if you just +realize 1 2 3 4 this is these are the + + align:start position:0% +realize 1 2 3 4 this is these are the + + + align:start position:0% +realize 1 2 3 4 this is these are the +things these three things are coupled to + + align:start position:0% +things these three things are coupled to + + + align:start position:0% +things these three things are coupled to +make that and all of these are conserved + + align:start position:0% +make that and all of these are conserved + + + align:start position:0% +make that and all of these are conserved +and the whole purpose is to exchange J12 + + align:start position:0% +and the whole purpose is to exchange J12 + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole purpose is to exchange J12 +for j13 well that's it so these things + + align:start position:0% +for j13 well that's it so these things + + + align:start position:0% +for j13 well that's it so these things +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +tabulated and so you could use + + align:start position:0% +tabulated and so you could use + + + align:start position:0% +tabulated and so you could use +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +uncoupling to recoupling steps and use a + + align:start position:0% +uncoupling to recoupling steps and use a + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupling to recoupling steps and use a +pro a transformation that involves four + + align:start position:0% +pro a transformation that involves four + + + align:start position:0% +pro a transformation that involves four +sums over products of four + + align:start position:0% +sums over products of four + + + align:start position:0% +sums over products of four +3js + + align:start position:0% +3js + + + align:start position:0% +3js +writing a computer program that's + + align:start position:0% +writing a computer program that's + + + align:start position:0% +writing a computer program that's +trivial however you can write it as a + + align:start position:0% +trivial however you can write it as a + + + align:start position:0% +trivial however you can write it as a +simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +6j what what is the physical meaning the + + align:start position:0% +6j what what is the physical meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +6j what what is the physical meaning the +very first part the the minus one to the + + align:start position:0% +very first part the the minus one to the + + + align:start position:0% +very first part the the minus one to the +sum of JS there's some meaning whether + + align:start position:0% +sum of JS there's some meaning whether + + + align:start position:0% +sum of JS there's some meaning whether +the sum of the JS is even or + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the JS is even or + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the JS is even or +odd yeah well the if the sum of all of + + align:start position:0% +odd yeah well the if the sum of all of + + + align:start position:0% +odd yeah well the if the sum of all of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +things uh is + + align:start position:0% +things uh is + + + align:start position:0% +things uh is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +if it's even you get them you get okay I + + align:start position:0% +if it's even you get them you get okay I + + + align:start position:0% +if it's even you get them you get okay I +mean in order to get from this thing + + align:start position:0% +mean in order to get from this thing + + + align:start position:0% +mean in order to get from this thing +which is not symmetric to the to this + + align:start position:0% +which is not symmetric to the to this + + + align:start position:0% +which is not symmetric to the to this +thing which has a lot of symmetry you + + align:start position:0% +thing which has a lot of symmetry you + + + align:start position:0% +thing which has a lot of symmetry you +have to take out some + + align:start position:0% +have to take out some + + + align:start position:0% +have to take out some +factors so that's all this is for this + + align:start position:0% +factors so that's all this is for this + + + align:start position:0% +factors so that's all this is for this +is to be able to + + align:start position:0% +is to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +is to be able to +construct uh the most compact and + + align:start position:0% +construct uh the most compact and + + + align:start position:0% +construct uh the most compact and +symmetric + + align:start position:0% +symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric +table okay + + align:start position:0% +table okay + + + align:start position:0% +table okay +I I see that I I guess I just don't + + align:start position:0% +I I see that I I guess I just don't + + + align:start position:0% +I I see that I I guess I just don't +understand what could possibly + + align:start position:0% +understand what could possibly + + + align:start position:0% +understand what could possibly +the sum of the individual J components + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the individual J components + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the individual J components +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +J whether it's even or odd what could + + align:start position:0% +J whether it's even or odd what could + + + align:start position:0% +J whether it's even or odd what could +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +mean um well + + align:start position:0% +mean um well + + + align:start position:0% +mean um well +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +if I just suppose all the angular + + align:start position:0% +if I just suppose all the angular + + + align:start position:0% +if I just suppose all the angular +momenta are integers + + align:start position:0% +momenta are integers + + + align:start position:0% +momenta are integers +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um that uh I think you can probably show + + align:start position:0% +um that uh I think you can probably show + + + align:start position:0% +um that uh I think you can probably show +that this thing is always going to be + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is always going to be +even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe not + + align:start position:0% +maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not +uh you know if one of them is half + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if one of them is half + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if one of them is half +integer then then big J is half + + align:start position:0% +integer then then big J is half + + + align:start position:0% +integer then then big J is half +integer and so you've got a combination + + align:start position:0% +integer and so you've got a combination + + + align:start position:0% +integer and so you've got a combination +of two things I I I just don't know for + + align:start position:0% +of two things I I I just don't know for + + + align:start position:0% +of two things I I I just don't know for +sure it's just I I don't think it has + + align:start position:0% +sure it's just I I don't think it has + + + align:start position:0% +sure it's just I I don't think it has +any particular physic physical + + align:start position:0% +any particular physic physical + + + align:start position:0% +any particular physic physical +significance it's just a way of getting + + align:start position:0% +significance it's just a way of getting + + + align:start position:0% +significance it's just a way of getting +to an object which has fantastic + + align:start position:0% +to an object which has fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +to an object which has fantastic +symmetry properties now here I have to + + align:start position:0% +symmetry properties now here I have to + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry properties now here I have to +admit that I am at a loss + + align:start position:0% +admit that I am at a loss + + + align:start position:0% +admit that I am at a loss +because in um Edmunds which is the + + align:start position:0% +because in um Edmunds which is the + + + align:start position:0% +because in um Edmunds which is the +standard source of wisdom about angular + + align:start position:0% +standard source of wisdom about angular + + + align:start position:0% +standard source of wisdom about angular +momentum it tells me something which I + + align:start position:0% +momentum it tells me something which I + + + align:start position:0% +momentum it tells me something which I +don't understand the Symmetry properties + + align:start position:0% +don't understand the Symmetry properties + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand the Symmetry properties +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +can make symmetric or anti-symmetric + + align:start position:0% +can make symmetric or anti-symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +can make symmetric or anti-symmetric +permutations of + + align:start position:0% +permutations of + + + align:start position:0% +permutations of +columns no + + align:start position:0% +columns no + + + align:start position:0% +columns no +change well how many of them are there + + align:start position:0% +change well how many of them are there + + + align:start position:0% +change well how many of them are there +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +six you can + + align:start position:0% +six you can + + + align:start position:0% +six you can +take uh the top and bottom members of a + + align:start position:0% +take uh the top and bottom members of a + + + align:start position:0% +take uh the top and bottom members of a +given column and you can flip two at a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time according to Edmunds there's four + + align:start position:0% +time according to Edmunds there's four + + + align:start position:0% +time according to Edmunds there's four +of them four ways you can do that but I + + align:start position:0% +of them four ways you can do that but I + + + align:start position:0% +of them four ways you can do that but I +can count three there are supposedly 24 + + align:start position:0% +can count three there are supposedly 24 + + + align:start position:0% +can count three there are supposedly 24 +permutations that give the same value I + + align:start position:0% +permutations that give the same value I + + + align:start position:0% +permutations that give the same value I +can get 18 so there's something that I + + align:start position:0% +can get 18 so there's something that I + + + align:start position:0% +can get 18 so there's something that I +don't understand and I haven't checked + + align:start position:0% +don't understand and I haven't checked + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand and I haven't checked +Edmunds against Brink and satchler or + + align:start position:0% +Edmunds against Brink and satchler or + + + align:start position:0% +Edmunds against Brink and satchler or +any of the other standard sources uh I + + align:start position:0% +any of the other standard sources uh I + + + align:start position:0% +any of the other standard sources uh I +suspect the number 24 is right and he + + align:start position:0% +suspect the number 24 is right and he + + + align:start position:0% +suspect the number 24 is right and he +tells you to use a regular tetrahedron + + align:start position:0% +tells you to use a regular tetrahedron + + + align:start position:0% +tells you to use a regular tetrahedron +in order to figure out how many + + align:start position:0% +in order to figure out how many + + + align:start position:0% +in order to figure out how many +permutations there + + align:start position:0% +permutations there + + + align:start position:0% +permutations there +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +um and the number of symmetry operations + + align:start position:0% +um and the number of symmetry operations + + + align:start position:0% +um and the number of symmetry operations +in the TD group is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +24 but some of them don't seem to be + + align:start position:0% +24 but some of them don't seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +24 but some of them don't seem to be +appropriate for the anyway so that's a + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for the anyway so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for the anyway so that's a +little thing okay so + + align:start position:0% +little thing okay so + + + align:start position:0% +little thing okay so +um I don't have time to talk about + + align:start position:0% +um I don't have time to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't have time to talk about +ridberg States because I really want to + + align:start position:0% +ridberg States because I really want to + + + align:start position:0% +ridberg States because I really want to +talk about The Vig art + + align:start position:0% +talk about The Vig art + + + align:start position:0% +talk about The Vig art +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +so it's really great you can do the two + + align:start position:0% +so it's really great you can do the two + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really great you can do the two +sorts of things that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things that you're going to +want to do I'll get to you in a second + + align:start position:0% +want to do I'll get to you in a second + + + align:start position:0% +want to do I'll get to you in a second +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +uncouple uh using 3js or you can + + align:start position:0% +uncouple uh using 3js or you can + + + align:start position:0% +uncouple uh using 3js or you can +recouple using 6js yes uh + + align:start position:0% +recouple using 6js yes uh + + + align:start position:0% +recouple using 6js yes uh +this notation of six things down here + + align:start position:0% +this notation of six things down here + + + align:start position:0% +this notation of six things down here +does that represent a different function + + align:start position:0% +does that represent a different function + + + align:start position:0% +does that represent a different function +from the one up + + align:start position:0% +from the one up + + + align:start position:0% +from the one up +there well this you mean up here this is + + align:start position:0% +there well this you mean up here this is + + + align:start position:0% +there well this you mean up here this is +a 3j and it it has both magnitudes and + + align:start position:0% +a 3j and it it has both magnitudes and + + + align:start position:0% +a 3j and it it has both magnitudes and +projections + + align:start position:0% +projections + + + align:start position:0% +projections +well yeah but if I wanted to know what + + align:start position:0% +well yeah but if I wanted to know what + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah but if I wanted to know what +is the value of that thing then there's + + align:start position:0% +is the value of that thing then there's + + + align:start position:0% +is the value of that thing then there's +some uh function for deriving it that's + + align:start position:0% +some uh function for deriving it that's + + + align:start position:0% +some uh function for deriving it that's +correct is that the same as the one down + + align:start position:0% +correct is that the same as the one down + + + align:start position:0% +correct is that the same as the one down +there definitely not okay it's a + + align:start position:0% +there definitely not okay it's a + + + align:start position:0% +there definitely not okay it's a +completely different procedure so one of + + align:start position:0% +completely different procedure so one of + + + align:start position:0% +completely different procedure so one of +them is denoted by curly brackets and + + align:start position:0% +them is denoted by curly brackets and + + + align:start position:0% +them is denoted by curly brackets and +one of them is denoted that's right okay + + align:start position:0% +one of them is denoted that's right okay + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is denoted that's right okay +and when you get to nine JS you have + + align:start position:0% +and when you get to nine JS you have + + + align:start position:0% +and when you get to nine JS you have +three rows of three and curly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brackets okay so now we we want to uh + + align:start position:0% +brackets okay so now we we want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +brackets okay so now we we want to uh +well what is this good + + align:start position:0% +well what is this good + + + align:start position:0% +well what is this good +for well it's good for making evaluating + + align:start position:0% +for well it's good for making evaluating + + + align:start position:0% +for well it's good for making evaluating +Matrix elements I mean you have a basis + + align:start position:0% +Matrix elements I mean you have a basis + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix elements I mean you have a basis +set you don't want to admire the basis + + align:start position:0% +set you don't want to admire the basis + + + align:start position:0% +set you don't want to admire the basis +set you want to use it to do something + + align:start position:0% +set you want to use it to do something + + + align:start position:0% +set you want to use it to do something +and the thing you want to do is always + + align:start position:0% +and the thing you want to do is always + + + align:start position:0% +and the thing you want to do is always +evaluate Matrix elements of The + + align:start position:0% +evaluate Matrix elements of The + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate Matrix elements of The +Operators you're going to + + align:start position:0% +Operators you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Operators you're going to +encounter \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/a9Uz7tXETq4.txt b/a9Uz7tXETq4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebaadf96f200eecf1df882fd93ca46604b1087da --- /dev/null +++ b/a9Uz7tXETq4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8435 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right let's get started we have + + align:start position:0% +all right let's get started we have + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's get started we have +three weeks left in the class and we'll + + align:start position:0% +three weeks left in the class and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +three weeks left in the class and we'll +be doing for the next three weeks is + + align:start position:0% +be doing for the next three weeks is + + + align:start position:0% +be doing for the next three weeks is +really a series of applications of what + + align:start position:0% +really a series of applications of what + + + align:start position:0% +really a series of applications of what +we've learned so far to sort of help you + + align:start position:0% +we've learned so far to sort of help you + + + align:start position:0% +we've learned so far to sort of help you +understand how we add some richness to + + align:start position:0% +understand how we add some richness to + + + align:start position:0% +understand how we add some richness to +what we've learned and sort of take it + + align:start position:0% +what we've learned and sort of take it + + + align:start position:0% +what we've learned and sort of take it +to some more real-world applications so + + align:start position:0% +to some more real-world applications so + + + align:start position:0% +to some more real-world applications so +we're going to start that today by + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start that today by + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start that today by +talking about something we've really + + align:start position:0% +talking about something we've really + + + align:start position:0% +talking about something we've really +ignored in the course so far which is + + align:start position:0% +ignored in the course so far which is + + + align:start position:0% +ignored in the course so far which is +uncertainty and how uncertainty affects + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and how uncertainty affects + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and how uncertainty affects +your decision-making so we've done so + + align:start position:0% +your decision-making so we've done so + + + align:start position:0% +your decision-making so we've done so +far in this class is we've sort of said + + align:start position:0% +far in this class is we've sort of said + + + align:start position:0% +far in this class is we've sort of said +look we've assumed whatever you make + + align:start position:0% +look we've assumed whatever you make + + + align:start position:0% +look we've assumed whatever you make +decisions you make them with full + + align:start position:0% +decisions you make them with full + + + align:start position:0% +decisions you make them with full +knowledge and full certainty but many + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and full certainty but many + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and full certainty but many +many decisions in life are made under + + align:start position:0% +many decisions in life are made under + + + align:start position:0% +many decisions in life are made under +conditions of uncertainty okay so + + align:start position:0% +conditions of uncertainty okay so + + + align:start position:0% +conditions of uncertainty okay so +consider your decision to study for the + + align:start position:0% +consider your decision to study for the + + + align:start position:0% +consider your decision to study for the +final in this class in our model so far + + align:start position:0% +final in this class in our model so far + + + align:start position:0% +final in this class in our model so far +you would you could optimize your + + align:start position:0% +you would you could optimize your + + + align:start position:0% +you would you could optimize your +studying across different units of the + + align:start position:0% +studying across different units of the + + + align:start position:0% +studying across different units of the +class so our models so far you'd know on + + align:start position:0% +class so our models so far you'd know on + + + align:start position:0% +class so our models so far you'd know on +the final which unit would be + + align:start position:0% +the final which unit would be + + + align:start position:0% +the final which unit would be +represented with what proportion you'd + + align:start position:0% +represented with what proportion you'd + + + align:start position:0% +represented with what proportion you'd +optimize your studying appropriately but + + align:start position:0% +optimize your studying appropriately but + + + align:start position:0% +optimize your studying appropriately but +of course you don't know that you face + + align:start position:0% +of course you don't know that you face + + + align:start position:0% +of course you don't know that you face +uncertainty about what will be covered + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty about what will be covered + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty about what will be covered +in the final and what proportion you + + align:start position:0% +in the final and what proportion you + + + align:start position:0% +in the final and what proportion you +know the whole course is you're + + align:start position:0% +know the whole course is you're + + + align:start position:0% +know the whole course is you're +responsible the whole class but + + align:start position:0% +responsible the whole class but + + + align:start position:0% +responsible the whole class but +obviously allocate your time you're + + align:start position:0% +obviously allocate your time you're + + + align:start position:0% +obviously allocate your time you're +uncertain about how to allocate your + + align:start position:0% +uncertain about how to allocate your + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain about how to allocate your +time across the different subjects on + + align:start position:0% +time across the different subjects on + + + align:start position:0% +time across the different subjects on +the test so how do you make that + + align:start position:0% +the test so how do you make that + + + align:start position:0% +the test so how do you make that +decision nothing we need to bring our + + align:start position:0% +decision nothing we need to bring our + + + align:start position:0% +decision nothing we need to bring our +tools to bear on thinking about these + + align:start position:0% +tools to bear on thinking about these + + + align:start position:0% +tools to bear on thinking about these +kinds of unseen making under uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +kinds of unseen making under uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of unseen making under uncertainty +situations and this isn't just about the + + align:start position:0% +situations and this isn't just about the + + + align:start position:0% +situations and this isn't just about the +test you know + + align:start position:0% +test you know + + + align:start position:0% +test you know +I decide whether to bring my umbrella + + align:start position:0% +I decide whether to bring my umbrella + + + align:start position:0% +I decide whether to bring my umbrella +today okay if I bring my Braille is a + + align:start position:0% +today okay if I bring my Braille is a + + + align:start position:0% +today okay if I bring my Braille is a +chance I'm going to lose it but I want + + align:start position:0% +chance I'm going to lose it but I want + + + align:start position:0% +chance I'm going to lose it but I want +to get wet I think about whether it's + + align:start position:0% +to get wet I think about whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +to get wet I think about whether it's +gonna rain it all depends on how certain + + align:start position:0% +gonna rain it all depends on how certain + + + align:start position:0% +gonna rain it all depends on how certain +I am it's gonna rain etc there's + + align:start position:0% +I am it's gonna rain etc there's + + + align:start position:0% +I am it's gonna rain etc there's +decisions about you know whether to bet + + align:start position:0% +decisions about you know whether to bet + + + align:start position:0% +decisions about you know whether to bet +in a sporting event that's decision + + align:start position:0% +in a sporting event that's decision + + + align:start position:0% +in a sporting event that's decision +uncertainty and that's all the fun stuff + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and that's all the fun stuff + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and that's all the fun stuff +in your life we need to the anxiety + + align:start position:0% +in your life we need to the anxiety + + + align:start position:0% +in your life we need to the anxiety +ridden adult life you've got things like + + align:start position:0% +ridden adult life you've got things like + + + align:start position:0% +ridden adult life you've got things like +whether to buy seven-year mortgage or a + + align:start position:0% +whether to buy seven-year mortgage or a + + + align:start position:0% +whether to buy seven-year mortgage or a +30-year mortgage whether buy health + + align:start position:0% +30-year mortgage whether buy health + + + align:start position:0% +30-year mortgage whether buy health +insurance what school to put your kids + + align:start position:0% +insurance what school to put your kids + + + align:start position:0% +insurance what school to put your kids +in all these things involve a huge + + align:start position:0% +in all these things involve a huge + + + align:start position:0% +in all these things involve a huge +amount of uncertainty and we have not + + align:start position:0% +amount of uncertainty and we have not + + + align:start position:0% +amount of uncertainty and we have not +yet developed the tools to deal with + + align:start position:0% +yet developed the tools to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +yet developed the tools to deal with +this what's really cool is that + + align:start position:0% +this what's really cool is that + + + align:start position:0% +this what's really cool is that +economics + + align:start position:0% +economics + + + align:start position:0% +economics +as a very useful tool to think about + + align:start position:0% +as a very useful tool to think about + + + align:start position:0% +as a very useful tool to think about +exactly these kinds of situations that + + align:start position:0% +exactly these kinds of situations that + + + align:start position:0% +exactly these kinds of situations that +much like the other tools who developed + + align:start position:0% +much like the other tools who developed + + + align:start position:0% +much like the other tools who developed +this semester is pretty easy once you + + align:start position:0% +this semester is pretty easy once you + + + align:start position:0% +this semester is pretty easy once you +understand it but it's a huge amount of + + align:start position:0% +understand it but it's a huge amount of + + + align:start position:0% +understand it but it's a huge amount of +power for explaining the world and + + align:start position:0% +power for explaining the world and + + + align:start position:0% +power for explaining the world and +that's the tool of expected utility + + align:start position:0% +that's the tool of expected utility + + + align:start position:0% +that's the tool of expected utility +theory and that's what we'll focus on + + align:start position:0% +theory and that's what we'll focus on + + + align:start position:0% +theory and that's what we'll focus on +today that's what learned today the tool + + align:start position:0% +today that's what learned today the tool + + + align:start position:0% +today that's what learned today the tool +of expected utility theory ok now I'm + + align:start position:0% +of expected utility theory ok now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of expected utility theory ok now I'm +going to ask you a question as always I + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you a question as always I + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you a question as always I +don't want you to try to outsmart me I + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to try to outsmart me I + + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to try to outsmart me I +just want a quick gut reaction ok I'm + + align:start position:0% +just want a quick gut reaction ok I'm + + + align:start position:0% +just want a quick gut reaction ok I'm +going to offer you a bet not really but + + align:start position:0% +going to offer you a bet not really but + + + align:start position:0% +going to offer you a bet not really but +imagine I was I'm gonna flip a coin + + align:start position:0% +imagine I was I'm gonna flip a coin + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I was I'm gonna flip a coin +heads you get $125 tails you give me + + align:start position:0% +heads you get $125 tails you give me + + + align:start position:0% +heads you get $125 tails you give me +$100 so you win 125 lose 100 how many of + + align:start position:0% +$100 so you win 125 lose 100 how many of + + + align:start position:0% +$100 so you win 125 lose 100 how many of +you take that bet ok so yeah you're + + align:start position:0% +you take that bet ok so yeah you're + + + align:start position:0% +you take that bet ok so yeah you're +slightly more aggressive class than + + align:start position:0% +slightly more aggressive class than + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more aggressive class than +usual about 40% of you taking the bet + + align:start position:0% +usual about 40% of you taking the bet + + + align:start position:0% +usual about 40% of you taking the bet +usually get more about 20-25 percent + + align:start position:0% +usually get more about 20-25 percent + + + align:start position:0% +usually get more about 20-25 percent +okay now um ya know it's a one-time bet + + align:start position:0% +okay now um ya know it's a one-time bet + + + align:start position:0% +okay now um ya know it's a one-time bet +ok so basically um now how do we think + + align:start position:0% +ok so basically um now how do we think + + + align:start position:0% +ok so basically um now how do we think +about this well it's a good idea or not + + align:start position:0% +about this well it's a good idea or not + + + align:start position:0% +about this well it's a good idea or not +now those who raised her hand probably + + align:start position:0% +now those who raised her hand probably + + + align:start position:0% +now those who raised her hand probably +quickly did the math and did in your + + align:start position:0% +quickly did the math and did in your + + + align:start position:0% +quickly did the math and did in your +head what we call an expected value + + align:start position:0% +head what we call an expected value + + + align:start position:0% +head what we call an expected value +expected value calculation what's the + + align:start position:0% +expected value calculation what's the + + + align:start position:0% +expected value calculation what's the +expected value of any gamble the + + align:start position:0% +expected value of any gamble the + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of any gamble the +expected value of any gamble is the + + align:start position:0% +expected value of any gamble is the + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of any gamble is the +probability that you win times what you + + align:start position:0% +probability that you win times what you + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you win times what you +win plus the probability that you lose + + align:start position:0% +win plus the probability that you lose + + + align:start position:0% +win plus the probability that you lose +times what you lose so you did that + + align:start position:0% +times what you lose so you did that + + + align:start position:0% +times what you lose so you did that +calculation your head you said as long + + align:start position:0% +calculation your head you said as long + + + align:start position:0% +calculation your head you said as long +as he's not cheating using a fair coin + + align:start position:0% +as he's not cheating using a fair coin + + + align:start position:0% +as he's not cheating using a fair coin +there's a 0.5 times 125 plus 0.5 times + + align:start position:0% +there's a 0.5 times 125 plus 0.5 times + + + align:start position:0% +there's a 0.5 times 125 plus 0.5 times +minus 100 okay + + align:start position:0% +minus 100 okay + + + align:start position:0% +minus 100 okay +and that is an expected value of 1250 so + + align:start position:0% +and that is an expected value of 1250 so + + + align:start position:0% +and that is an expected value of 1250 so +those who raise your hand probably did + + align:start position:0% +those who raise your hand probably did + + + align:start position:0% +those who raise your hand probably did +that calculation quickly in your head + + align:start position:0% +that calculation quickly in your head + + + align:start position:0% +that calculation quickly in your head +and say yeah this is a positive expected + + align:start position:0% +and say yeah this is a positive expected + + + align:start position:0% +and say yeah this is a positive expected +value this is what we call in economics + + align:start position:0% +value this is what we call in economics + + + align:start position:0% +value this is what we call in economics +a more than fair bet more than fair a + + align:start position:0% +a more than fair bet more than fair a + + + align:start position:0% +a more than fair bet more than fair a +fair bet is one with an expected value + + align:start position:0% +fair bet is one with an expected value + + + align:start position:0% +fair bet is one with an expected value +of zero so a fair + + align:start position:0% +of zero so a fair + + + align:start position:0% +of zero so a fair +is one that expected values zero so a + + align:start position:0% +is one that expected values zero so a + + + align:start position:0% +is one that expected values zero so a +bet with a positive expected value is + + align:start position:0% +bet with a positive expected value is + + + align:start position:0% +bet with a positive expected value is +more than fair and you and your head + + align:start position:0% +more than fair and you and your head + + + align:start position:0% +more than fair and you and your head +said I did that through it so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +said I did that through it so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +said I did that through it so it's it's +more than fair and that's why some of + + align:start position:0% +more than fair and that's why some of + + + align:start position:0% +more than fair and that's why some of +you raised your hands but many of you + + align:start position:0% +you raised your hands but many of you + + + align:start position:0% +you raised your hands but many of you +didn't and that doesn't mean you were + + align:start position:0% +didn't and that doesn't mean you were + + + align:start position:0% +didn't and that doesn't mean you were +wrong + + align:start position:0% +wrong + + + align:start position:0% +wrong +it just means this is not the right way + + align:start position:0% +it just means this is not the right way + + + align:start position:0% +it just means this is not the right way +to think about it okay + + align:start position:0% +to think about it okay + + + align:start position:0% +to think about it okay +the right way to think about it is that + + align:start position:0% +the right way to think about it is that + + + align:start position:0% +the right way to think about it is that +what you care about is not dollars will + + align:start position:0% +what you care about is not dollars will + + + align:start position:0% +what you care about is not dollars will +you care about utility dollars are + + align:start position:0% +you care about utility dollars are + + + align:start position:0% +you care about utility dollars are +meaningless when you care about as a + + align:start position:0% +meaningless when you care about as a + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless when you care about as a +consumers your utility and X and so we + + align:start position:0% +consumers your utility and X and so we + + + align:start position:0% +consumers your utility and X and so we +don't want to think about expected value + + align:start position:0% +don't want to think about expected value + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to think about expected value +we want to think about expected utility + + align:start position:0% +we want to think about expected utility + + + align:start position:0% +we want to think about expected utility +now what is expected utility it's the + + align:start position:0% +now what is expected utility it's the + + + align:start position:0% +now what is expected utility it's the +same kind of formula as this but with + + align:start position:0% +same kind of formula as this but with + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of formula as this but with +one change expected utility is the + + align:start position:0% +one change expected utility is the + + + align:start position:0% +one change expected utility is the +probability that you win times your + + align:start position:0% +probability that you win times your + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you win times your +utility if you win plus the probability + + align:start position:0% +utility if you win plus the probability + + + align:start position:0% +utility if you win plus the probability +that you lose times your utility if you + + align:start position:0% +that you lose times your utility if you + + + align:start position:0% +that you lose times your utility if you +lose and that is somewhat different than + + align:start position:0% +lose and that is somewhat different than + + + align:start position:0% +lose and that is somewhat different than +expected value and the reason is big as + + align:start position:0% +expected value and the reason is big as + + + align:start position:0% +expected value and the reason is big as +utility is not a linear weighting of + + align:start position:0% +utility is not a linear weighting of + + + align:start position:0% +utility is not a linear weighting of +dollars utilities a concave weighting of + + align:start position:0% +dollars utilities a concave weighting of + + + align:start position:0% +dollars utilities a concave weighting of +dollars okay as such because utils a + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay as such because utils a + + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay as such because utils a +concave weighting of dollars it exhibits + + align:start position:0% +concave weighting of dollars it exhibits + + + align:start position:0% +concave weighting of dollars it exhibits +diminishing marginal Reyes de missioning + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal Reyes de missioning + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal Reyes de missioning +marginal utility or diminishing marginal + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility or diminishing marginal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility or diminishing marginal +rate of substitution diminishing margin + + align:start position:0% +rate of substitution diminishing margin + + + align:start position:0% +rate of substitution diminishing margin +rate substitution as we talked about ad + + align:start position:0% +rate substitution as we talked about ad + + + align:start position:0% +rate substitution as we talked about ad +nauseam in consumer theory okay that + + align:start position:0% +nauseam in consumer theory okay that + + + align:start position:0% +nauseam in consumer theory okay that +means that the next dollar is worth less + + align:start position:0% +means that the next dollar is worth less + + + align:start position:0% +means that the next dollar is worth less +to you than the previous dollar okay the + + align:start position:0% +to you than the previous dollar okay the + + + align:start position:0% +to you than the previous dollar okay the +next dollars with dis ting of + + align:start position:0% +next dollars with dis ting of + + + align:start position:0% +next dollars with dis ting of +diminishing utility the next slice of + + align:start position:0% +diminishing utility the next slice of + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing utility the next slice of +pizza is worth less than the previous + + align:start position:0% +pizza is worth less than the previous + + + align:start position:0% +pizza is worth less than the previous +ice of pizza' likewise the next dollars + + align:start position:0% +ice of pizza' likewise the next dollars + + + align:start position:0% +ice of pizza' likewise the next dollars +worth less to you than the previous + + align:start position:0% +worth less to you than the previous + + + align:start position:0% +worth less to you than the previous +dollar as a result losing a dollar makes + + align:start position:0% +dollar as a result losing a dollar makes + + + align:start position:0% +dollar as a result losing a dollar makes +you sadder than winning a dollar makes + + align:start position:0% +you sadder than winning a dollar makes + + + align:start position:0% +you sadder than winning a dollar makes +you happy there's a non-linearity that + + align:start position:0% +you happy there's a non-linearity that + + + align:start position:0% +you happy there's a non-linearity that +comes from diminishing marginal + + align:start position:0% +comes from diminishing marginal + + + align:start position:0% +comes from diminishing marginal +diminishing marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal rate of +substitution so for example let's think + + align:start position:0% +substitution so for example let's think + + + align:start position:0% +substitution so for example let's think +about our typical utility function that + + align:start position:0% +about our typical utility function that + + + align:start position:0% +about our typical utility function that +we used previously to consumer theory + + align:start position:0% +we used previously to consumer theory + + + align:start position:0% +we used previously to consumer theory +utility equals the square root of + + align:start position:0% +utility equals the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +utility equals the square root of +consumption unless + + align:start position:0% +consumption unless + + + align:start position:0% +consumption unless +say you consumed all your income as we + + align:start position:0% +say you consumed all your income as we + + + align:start position:0% +say you consumed all your income as we +always did we've talked about saving the + + align:start position:0% +always did we've talked about saving the + + + align:start position:0% +always did we've talked about saving the +last couple lectures + + align:start position:0% +last couple lectures + + + align:start position:0% +last couple lectures +let's put savings aside again and just + + align:start position:0% +let's put savings aside again and just + + + align:start position:0% +let's put savings aside again and just +sue people consume all their income okay + + align:start position:0% +sue people consume all their income okay + + + align:start position:0% +sue people consume all their income okay +and so utilities a square root of + + align:start position:0% +and so utilities a square root of + + + align:start position:0% +and so utilities a square root of +consumption okay and let's say you start + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay and let's say you start + + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay and let's say you start +your initial consumption c0 is a hundred + + align:start position:0% +your initial consumption c0 is a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +your initial consumption c0 is a hundred +you start with $100 of consumption okay + + align:start position:0% +you start with $100 of consumption okay + + + align:start position:0% +you start with $100 of consumption okay +okay you see zero is one hundred so your + + align:start position:0% +okay you see zero is one hundred so your + + + align:start position:0% +okay you see zero is one hundred so your +initial utility you zero is 10 now I + + align:start position:0% +initial utility you zero is 10 now I + + + align:start position:0% +initial utility you zero is 10 now I +give you I offer you this bet what's the + + align:start position:0% +give you I offer you this bet what's the + + + align:start position:0% +give you I offer you this bet what's the +expect you chill in this bet will they + + align:start position:0% +expect you chill in this bet will they + + + align:start position:0% +expect you chill in this bet will they +expect utility in this bed is the + + align:start position:0% +expect utility in this bed is the + + + align:start position:0% +expect utility in this bed is the +probability win zero point five times + + align:start position:0% +probability win zero point five times + + + align:start position:0% +probability win zero point five times +utility if you win will you chill in a + + align:start position:0% +utility if you win will you chill in a + + + align:start position:0% +utility if you win will you chill in a +few ways the square root of your + + align:start position:0% +few ways the square root of your + + + align:start position:0% +few ways the square root of your +consumption if you win what is your + + align:start position:0% +consumption if you win what is your + + + align:start position:0% +consumption if you win what is your +consumption if you win if you win the + + align:start position:0% +consumption if you win if you win the + + + align:start position:0% +consumption if you win if you win the +bet what's your consumption so raise + + align:start position:0% +bet what's your consumption so raise + + + align:start position:0% +bet what's your consumption so raise +their hand tell me starting with a + + align:start position:0% +their hand tell me starting with a + + + align:start position:0% +their hand tell me starting with a +hundred and I made this bet with you + + align:start position:0% +hundred and I made this bet with you + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and I made this bet with you +yeah 225 you started with 100 you won + + align:start position:0% +yeah 225 you started with 100 you won + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 225 you started with 100 you won +125 if you lose the bet what do you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you have if you lose the bet + + align:start position:0% +what do you have if you lose the bet + + + align:start position:0% +what do you have if you lose the bet +zero okay so your expected utility is + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so your expected utility is + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so your expected utility is +0.5 times this utility of what you get + + align:start position:0% +0.5 times this utility of what you get + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 times this utility of what you get +if you win test plus 0.5 times utility + + align:start position:0% +if you win test plus 0.5 times utility + + + align:start position:0% +if you win test plus 0.5 times utility +what if you lose now if you do that math + + align:start position:0% +what if you lose now if you do that math + + + align:start position:0% +what if you lose now if you do that math +you will find that that is 7.5 your + + align:start position:0% +you will find that that is 7.5 your + + + align:start position:0% +you will find that that is 7.5 your +expected utility of this bet is 7.5 + + align:start position:0% +expected utility of this bet is 7.5 + + + align:start position:0% +expected utility of this bet is 7.5 +which is less than your initial utility + + align:start position:0% +which is less than your initial utility + + + align:start position:0% +which is less than your initial utility +so you should not take the bet which is + + align:start position:0% +so you should not take the bet which is + + + align:start position:0% +so you should not take the bet which is +through the mechanism psychology why + + align:start position:0% +through the mechanism psychology why + + + align:start position:0% +through the mechanism psychology why +many of you didn't okay you should not + + align:start position:0% +many of you didn't okay you should not + + + align:start position:0% +many of you didn't okay you should not +take the bet okay and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +take the bet okay and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +take the bet okay and the reason is +because you are what we call risk and + + align:start position:0% +because you are what we call risk and + + + align:start position:0% +because you are what we call risk and +humans are what we call risk-averse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we that risk is inherently negative + + align:start position:0% +that we that risk is inherently negative + + + align:start position:0% +that we that risk is inherently negative +value to us that add a certain dollar + + align:start position:0% +value to us that add a certain dollar + + + align:start position:0% +value to us that add a certain dollar +worth much more to us than an uncertain + + align:start position:0% +worth much more to us than an uncertain + + + align:start position:0% +worth much more to us than an uncertain +dollar just like a dollar today is worth + + align:start position:0% +dollar just like a dollar today is worth + + + align:start position:0% +dollar just like a dollar today is worth +more than a dollar tomorrow a certain + + align:start position:0% +more than a dollar tomorrow a certain + + + align:start position:0% +more than a dollar tomorrow a certain +dollar is worth much more than an + + align:start position:0% +dollar is worth much more than an + + + align:start position:0% +dollar is worth much more than an +uncertain dollar to see why the best way + + align:start position:0% +uncertain dollar to see why the best way + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain dollar to see why the best way +this intuition here is graphical so + + align:start position:0% +this intuition here is graphical so + + + align:start position:0% +this intuition here is graphical so +let's go to figure twenty - one and just + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure twenty - one and just + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure twenty - one and just +sort of slowly walk through this it's a + + align:start position:0% +sort of slowly walk through this it's a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of slowly walk through this it's a +little confusing graph on the x-axis is + + align:start position:0% +little confusing graph on the x-axis is + + + align:start position:0% +little confusing graph on the x-axis is +your wealth your total consumption or + + align:start position:0% +your wealth your total consumption or + + + align:start position:0% +your wealth your total consumption or +money you have you consume everything + + align:start position:0% +money you have you consume everything + + + align:start position:0% +money you have you consume everything +you have so its wealth or alternatively + + align:start position:0% +you have so its wealth or alternatively + + + align:start position:0% +you have so its wealth or alternatively +consumption on the y-axis in Figure + + align:start position:0% +consumption on the y-axis in Figure + + + align:start position:0% +consumption on the y-axis in Figure +twenty - one is your utility it's the + + align:start position:0% +twenty - one is your utility it's the + + + align:start position:0% +twenty - one is your utility it's the +graph of how much you consume against + + align:start position:0% +graph of how much you consume against + + + align:start position:0% +graph of how much you consume against +your utility and as you can see this is + + align:start position:0% +your utility and as you can see this is + + + align:start position:0% +your utility and as you can see this is +a concave graph it is it's exhibiting + + align:start position:0% +a concave graph it is it's exhibiting + + + align:start position:0% +a concave graph it is it's exhibiting +diminishing marginal utility okay each + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal utility okay each + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal utility okay each +dollar each dollar of wealth adds + + align:start position:0% +dollar each dollar of wealth adds + + + align:start position:0% +dollar each dollar of wealth adds +utility but less and less over time just + + align:start position:0% +utility but less and less over time just + + + align:start position:0% +utility but less and less over time just +like he slice of pizza makes you happier + + align:start position:0% +like he slice of pizza makes you happier + + + align:start position:0% +like he slice of pizza makes you happier +but less and less over time okay you get + + align:start position:0% +but less and less over time okay you get + + + align:start position:0% +but less and less over time okay you get +that so the shape of this curve is true + + align:start position:0% +that so the shape of this curve is true + + + align:start position:0% +that so the shape of this curve is true +for any utility function that features + + align:start position:0% +for any utility function that features + + + align:start position:0% +for any utility function that features +diminishing marginal that's pretty much + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal that's pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal that's pretty much +any of utility function we haven't used + + align:start position:0% +any of utility function we haven't used + + + align:start position:0% +any of utility function we haven't used +this semester except we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +this semester except we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +this semester except we're trying to +trick you okay + + align:start position:0% +trick you okay + + + align:start position:0% +trick you okay +has diminishing margin utility so as a + + align:start position:0% +has diminishing margin utility so as a + + + align:start position:0% +has diminishing margin utility so as a +result it has this shape okay + + align:start position:0% +result it has this shape okay + + + align:start position:0% +result it has this shape okay +now whether utility function of this + + align:start position:0% +now whether utility function of this + + + align:start position:0% +now whether utility function of this +shape let's evaluate the gamble I just + + align:start position:0% +shape let's evaluate the gamble I just + + + align:start position:0% +shape let's evaluate the gamble I just +gave you + + align:start position:0% +gave you + + + align:start position:0% +gave you +you start with wealth of a hundred so + + align:start position:0% +you start with wealth of a hundred so + + + align:start position:0% +you start with wealth of a hundred so +you see in the x-axis the hundred point + + align:start position:0% +you see in the x-axis the hundred point + + + align:start position:0% +you see in the x-axis the hundred point +that corresponds to utility of ten right + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to utility of ten right + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to utility of ten right +so you can trace up that hundred to + + align:start position:0% +so you can trace up that hundred to + + + align:start position:0% +so you can trace up that hundred to +utility curve and then you go over to + + align:start position:0% +utility curve and then you go over to + + + align:start position:0% +utility curve and then you go over to +the y-axis so that's corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +the y-axis so that's corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +the y-axis so that's corresponds to +utility of ten okay now think about what + + align:start position:0% +utility of ten okay now think about what + + + align:start position:0% +utility of ten okay now think about what +the gamble does what the gamble does is + + align:start position:0% +the gamble does what the gamble does is + + + align:start position:0% +the gamble does what the gamble does is +say look there's two possible outcomes + + align:start position:0% +say look there's two possible outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +say look there's two possible outcomes +with 50% chance each one is wealth of + + align:start position:0% +with 50% chance each one is wealth of + + + align:start position:0% +with 50% chance each one is wealth of +225 that is the point all the way to the + + align:start position:0% +225 that is the point all the way to the + + + align:start position:0% +225 that is the point all the way to the +right that leaves utility of 15 the + + align:start position:0% +right that leaves utility of 15 the + + + align:start position:0% +right that leaves utility of 15 the +others wealth of 0 that's the point all + + align:start position:0% +others wealth of 0 that's the point all + + + align:start position:0% +others wealth of 0 that's the point all +the way to the left that lose utility of + + align:start position:0% +the way to the left that lose utility of + + + align:start position:0% +the way to the left that lose utility of +0 what is the average of those two well + + align:start position:0% +0 what is the average of those two well + + + align:start position:0% +0 what is the average of those two well +it's just a linear combination all right + + align:start position:0% +it's just a linear combination all right + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a linear combination all right +it's a 50% chance of each so the average + + align:start position:0% +it's a 50% chance of each so the average + + + align:start position:0% +it's a 50% chance of each so the average +of those two + + align:start position:0% +of those two + + + align:start position:0% +of those two +is a wealth of 112 point five but an + + align:start position:0% +is a wealth of 112 point five but an + + + align:start position:0% +is a wealth of 112 point five but an +expected utility of seven point five so + + align:start position:0% +expected utility of seven point five so + + + align:start position:0% +expected utility of seven point five so +you take you draw a cord between those + + align:start position:0% +you take you draw a cord between those + + + align:start position:0% +you take you draw a cord between those +two points between the zero point and + + align:start position:0% +two points between the zero point and + + + align:start position:0% +two points between the zero point and +point B you find the midpoint of that + + align:start position:0% +point B you find the midpoint of that + + + align:start position:0% +point B you find the midpoint of that +cord that's well one to twelve point + + align:start position:0% +cord that's well one to twelve point + + + align:start position:0% +cord that's well one to twelve point +five but then you trace that over to + + align:start position:0% +five but then you trace that over to + + + align:start position:0% +five but then you trace that over to +utility function and you see the + + align:start position:0% +utility function and you see the + + + align:start position:0% +utility function and you see the +expected utility is only seven point + + align:start position:0% +expected utility is only seven point + + + align:start position:0% +expected utility is only seven point +five and that's because link it's we're + + align:start position:0% +five and that's because link it's we're + + + align:start position:0% +five and that's because link it's we're +not using a linear combination we're + + align:start position:0% +not using a linear combination we're + + + align:start position:0% +not using a linear combination we're +using a non linear combination anomaly + + align:start position:0% +using a non linear combination anomaly + + + align:start position:0% +using a non linear combination anomaly +or concave combination which means that + + align:start position:0% +or concave combination which means that + + + align:start position:0% +or concave combination which means that +moving up in terms of wealth makes you + + align:start position:0% +moving up in terms of wealth makes you + + + align:start position:0% +moving up in terms of wealth makes you +less happy than moving down in terms of + + align:start position:0% +less happy than moving down in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +less happy than moving down in terms of +wealth makes you sad and you're really + + align:start position:0% +wealth makes you sad and you're really + + + align:start position:0% +wealth makes you sad and you're really +sad at zero so it's going from 100 down + + align:start position:0% +sad at zero so it's going from 100 down + + + align:start position:0% +sad at zero so it's going from 100 down +to zero makes you way sadder they go + + align:start position:0% +to zero makes you way sadder they go + + + align:start position:0% +to zero makes you way sadder they go +from 100 up to two to 25 makes you + + align:start position:0% +from 100 up to two to 25 makes you + + + align:start position:0% +from 100 up to two to 25 makes you +happier and that's all because + + align:start position:0% +happier and that's all because + + + align:start position:0% +happier and that's all because +diminishing marginal 'ti of income so + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal 'ti of income so + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal 'ti of income so +it's natural that this gamble would make + + align:start position:0% +it's natural that this gamble would make + + + align:start position:0% +it's natural that this gamble would make +you worse off even though it's more than + + align:start position:0% +you worse off even though it's more than + + + align:start position:0% +you worse off even though it's more than +fair because yeah you're somewhat happy + + align:start position:0% +fair because yeah you're somewhat happy + + + align:start position:0% +fair because yeah you're somewhat happy +if you win if you win utility goes up + + align:start position:0% +if you win if you win utility goes up + + + align:start position:0% +if you win if you win utility goes up +from ten to fifteen that's great but if + + align:start position:0% +from ten to fifteen that's great but if + + + align:start position:0% +from ten to fifteen that's great but if +you lose utility goes down from ten to + + align:start position:0% +you lose utility goes down from ten to + + + align:start position:0% +you lose utility goes down from ten to +zero that's really bad so you don't want + + align:start position:0% +zero that's really bad so you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's really bad so you don't want +to take this risk okay which is why + + align:start position:0% +to take this risk okay which is why + + + align:start position:0% +to take this risk okay which is why +although you may not realize that many + + align:start position:0% +although you may not realize that many + + + align:start position:0% +although you may not realize that many +of you wouldn't want to take that that + + align:start position:0% +of you wouldn't want to take that that + + + align:start position:0% +of you wouldn't want to take that that +gamble so using this graph again it's + + align:start position:0% +gamble so using this graph again it's + + + align:start position:0% +gamble so using this graph again it's +asked okay there questions about that + + align:start position:0% +asked okay there questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +asked okay there questions about that +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well um you Vance you it's the same the + + align:start position:0% +well um you Vance you it's the same the + + + align:start position:0% +well um you Vance you it's the same the +question are the same it just depends on + + align:start position:0% +question are the same it just depends on + + + align:start position:0% +question are the same it just depends on +the probabilities if the probabilities + + align:start position:0% +the probabilities if the probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +the probabilities if the probabilities +are four point five each then those two + + align:start position:0% +are four point five each then those two + + + align:start position:0% +are four point five each then those two +answers to questions are exactly the + + align:start position:0% +answers to questions are exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +answers to questions are exactly the +same because point five each would be + + align:start position:0% +same because point five each would be + + + align:start position:0% +same because point five each would be +gaining that weighing loss is the same + + align:start position:0% +gaining that weighing loss is the same + + + align:start position:0% +gaining that weighing loss is the same +as on that positive but if the problem + + align:start position:0% +as on that positive but if the problem + + + align:start position:0% +as on that positive but if the problem +is on point five you want to use this + + align:start position:0% +is on point five you want to use this + + + align:start position:0% +is on point five you want to use this +equation so you basically want to say is + + align:start position:0% +equation so you basically want to say is + + + align:start position:0% +equation so you basically want to say is +the weighted it's about the weighted + + align:start position:0% +the weighted it's about the weighted + + + align:start position:0% +the weighted it's about the weighted +average change in utility essentially + + align:start position:0% +average change in utility essentially + + + align:start position:0% +average change in utility essentially +where the weights are these + + align:start position:0% +where the weights are these + + + align:start position:0% +where the weights are these +probabilities yeah I'm gonna come to + + align:start position:0% +probabilities yeah I'm gonna come to + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities yeah I'm gonna come to +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +we're gonna come back to gamma we talked + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come back to gamma we talked + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come back to gamma we talked +all about the lottery at the end okay so + + align:start position:0% +all about the lottery at the end okay so + + + align:start position:0% +all about the lottery at the end okay so +um okay but two people understand the + + align:start position:0% +um okay but two people understand the + + + align:start position:0% +um okay but two people understand the +basic of this graph okay so using this + + align:start position:0% +basic of this graph okay so using this + + + align:start position:0% +basic of this graph okay so using this +graph tell me the following how much + + align:start position:0% +graph tell me the following how much + + + align:start position:0% +graph tell me the following how much +answer the following um it's a following + + align:start position:0% +answer the following um it's a following + + + align:start position:0% +answer the following um it's a following +question okay um how much let's say is a + + align:start position:0% +question okay um how much let's say is a + + + align:start position:0% +question okay um how much let's say is a +hard question so you can get this let's + + align:start position:0% +hard question so you can get this let's + + + align:start position:0% +hard question so you can get this let's +say that I said you know what class I'm + + align:start position:0% +say that I said you know what class I'm + + + align:start position:0% +say that I said you know what class I'm +gonna force you to take this gamble I'm + + align:start position:0% +gonna force you to take this gamble I'm + + + align:start position:0% +gonna force you to take this gamble I'm +gonna come in here and I'm going to tell + + align:start position:0% +gonna come in here and I'm going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +gonna come in here and I'm going to tell +you I'm locking the door you're not + + align:start position:0% +you I'm locking the door you're not + + + align:start position:0% +you I'm locking the door you're not +leaving without taking this gamble + + align:start position:0% +leaving without taking this gamble + + + align:start position:0% +leaving without taking this gamble +unless you pay me not to force you son + + align:start position:0% +unless you pay me not to force you son + + + align:start position:0% +unless you pay me not to force you son +off you're more than fair bet would you + + align:start position:0% +off you're more than fair bet would you + + + align:start position:0% +off you're more than fair bet would you +be willing to pay me to get out of that + + align:start position:0% +be willing to pay me to get out of that + + + align:start position:0% +be willing to pay me to get out of that +bed and how much would you be willing to + + align:start position:0% +bed and how much would you be willing to + + + align:start position:0% +bed and how much would you be willing to +pay me yeah two and a half dollars + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well okay that's yeah okay you're you're + + align:start position:0% +well okay that's yeah okay you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +well okay that's yeah okay you're you're +thinking about sort of right but you're + + align:start position:0% +thinking about sort of right but you're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about sort of right but you're +still thinking in a linear world not a + + align:start position:0% +still thinking in a linear world not a + + + align:start position:0% +still thinking in a linear world not a +non-linear world look at the grass okay + + align:start position:0% +non-linear world look at the grass okay + + + align:start position:0% +non-linear world look at the grass okay +yeah 75 cents why so your answer in the + + align:start position:0% +yeah 75 cents why so your answer in the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 75 cents why so your answer in the +front was exactly right in a linear + + align:start position:0% +front was exactly right in a linear + + + align:start position:0% +front was exactly right in a linear +world but in a nonlinear world you've + + align:start position:0% +world but in a nonlinear world you've + + + align:start position:0% +world but in a nonlinear world you've +got to count further for the curvature + + align:start position:0% +got to count further for the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +got to count further for the curvature +so the way think about it is right now + + align:start position:0% +so the way think about it is right now + + + align:start position:0% +so the way think about it is right now +your utility from that bet if I force + + align:start position:0% +your utility from that bet if I force + + + align:start position:0% +your utility from that bet if I force +you to take it it leaves you in Chile of + + align:start position:0% +you to take it it leaves you in Chile of + + + align:start position:0% +you to take it it leaves you in Chile of +fifty six dollars and twenty five cents + + align:start position:0% +fifty six dollars and twenty five cents + + + align:start position:0% +fifty six dollars and twenty five cents +okay you can see that just go backwards + + align:start position:0% +okay you can see that just go backwards + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can see that just go backwards +from the seven point five utility down + + align:start position:0% +from the seven point five utility down + + + align:start position:0% +from the seven point five utility down +to what level of wealth that's + + align:start position:0% +to what level of wealth that's + + + align:start position:0% +to what level of wealth that's +equivalent what that means is you would + + align:start position:0% +equivalent what that means is you would + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent what that means is you would +rather pay me forty three dollars and + + align:start position:0% +rather pay me forty three dollars and + + + align:start position:0% +rather pay me forty three dollars and +seventy four cents then take that bet + + align:start position:0% +seventy four cents then take that bet + + + align:start position:0% +seventy four cents then take that bet +they don't how crazy that is for one + + align:start position:0% +they don't how crazy that is for one + + + align:start position:0% +they don't how crazy that is for one +second I'm offering you a bet that is + + align:start position:0% +second I'm offering you a bet that is + + + align:start position:0% +second I'm offering you a bet that is +more than fair and you will pay me + + align:start position:0% +more than fair and you will pay me + + + align:start position:0% +more than fair and you will pay me +almost half of your entire wealth to + + align:start position:0% +almost half of your entire wealth to + + + align:start position:0% +almost half of your entire wealth to +avoid taking that bet and that's only + + align:start position:0% +avoid taking that bet and that's only + + + align:start position:0% +avoid taking that bet and that's only +with our standard utility function we + + align:start position:0% +with our standard utility function we + + + align:start position:0% +with our standard utility function we +always used that's risk aversion and the + + align:start position:0% +always used that's risk aversion and the + + + align:start position:0% +always used that's risk aversion and the +reason is because zero sucks so badly + + align:start position:0% +reason is because zero sucks so badly + + + align:start position:0% +reason is because zero sucks so badly +okay the reason is because you're so sad + + align:start position:0% +okay the reason is because you're so sad + + + align:start position:0% +okay the reason is because you're so sad +going to zero that you really don't want + + align:start position:0% +going to zero that you really don't want + + + align:start position:0% +going to zero that you really don't want +to be in that situation and so you will + + align:start position:0% +to be in that situation and so you will + + + align:start position:0% +to be in that situation and so you will +actually pay me 4375 to avoid a more + + align:start position:0% +actually pay me 4375 to avoid a more + + + align:start position:0% +actually pay me 4375 to avoid a more +than fair bet that's what's crazy okay + + align:start position:0% +than fair bet that's what's crazy okay + + + align:start position:0% +than fair bet that's what's crazy okay +so another way to see this let me ask + + align:start position:0% +so another way to see this let me ask + + + align:start position:0% +so another way to see this let me ask +you another question + + align:start position:0% +you another question + + + align:start position:0% +you another question +how large let's have for you the same + + align:start position:0% +how large let's have for you the same + + + align:start position:0% +how large let's have for you the same +bet flip a coin tails you lose 100 heads + + align:start position:0% +bet flip a coin tails you lose 100 heads + + + align:start position:0% +bet flip a coin tails you lose 100 heads +you win X how large would X have to be + + align:start position:0% +you win X how large would X have to be + + + align:start position:0% +you win X how large would X have to be +for you to take the bet tails you lose + + align:start position:0% +for you to take the bet tails you lose + + + align:start position:0% +for you to take the bet tails you lose +100 head you Winx yeah 300 why because + + align:start position:0% +100 head you Winx yeah 300 why because + + + align:start position:0% +100 head you Winx yeah 300 why because +then your expected utility is 10 right + + align:start position:0% +then your expected utility is 10 right + + + align:start position:0% +then your expected utility is 10 right +exactly if it's 300 that I'm doing the + + align:start position:0% +exactly if it's 300 that I'm doing the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly if it's 300 that I'm doing the +square root of 400 which is 20 and the + + align:start position:0% +square root of 400 which is 20 and the + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 400 which is 20 and the +square root of 0 you average those and + + align:start position:0% +square root of 0 you average those and + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 0 you average those and +you're going to get expect + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get expect + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get expect +sylheti of ten so for you to take that + + align:start position:0% +sylheti of ten so for you to take that + + + align:start position:0% +sylheti of ten so for you to take that +bet I would have to say tails you lose + + align:start position:0% +bet I would have to say tails you lose + + + align:start position:0% +bet I would have to say tails you lose +100 head you in 300 I need to give you + + align:start position:0% +100 head you in 300 I need to give you + + + align:start position:0% +100 head you in 300 I need to give you +like a monstrously more than fair pay + + align:start position:0% +like a monstrously more than fair pay + + + align:start position:0% +like a monstrously more than fair pay +and that is due to the principle of risk + + align:start position:0% +and that is due to the principle of risk + + + align:start position:0% +and that is due to the principle of risk +aversion that basically because of + + align:start position:0% +aversion that basically because of + + + align:start position:0% +aversion that basically because of +diminishing marginal 'ti risk aversion + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal 'ti risk aversion + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal 'ti risk aversion +is something like made up it's not some + + align:start position:0% +is something like made up it's not some + + + align:start position:0% +is something like made up it's not some +crazy concept it just falls naturally ab + + align:start position:0% +crazy concept it just falls naturally ab + + + align:start position:0% +crazy concept it just falls naturally ab +diminishing marginal 'ti because making + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal 'ti because making + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing marginal 'ti because making +you sad because losing because moving + + align:start position:0% +you sad because losing because moving + + + align:start position:0% +you sad because losing because moving +down makes you sad on the moving up + + align:start position:0% +down makes you sad on the moving up + + + align:start position:0% +down makes you sad on the moving up +makes you happier ok any question about + + align:start position:0% +makes you happier ok any question about + + + align:start position:0% +makes you happier ok any question about +that yeah ok stop there let's go to the + + align:start position:0% +that yeah ok stop there let's go to the + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah ok stop there let's go to the +next section you guys are way ahead of + + align:start position:0% +next section you guys are way ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +next section you guys are way ahead of +me as always let's go let's talk about a + + align:start position:0% +me as always let's go let's talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +me as always let's go let's talk about a +couple extensions let's talk about a + + align:start position:0% +couple extensions let's talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +couple extensions let's talk about a +couple extensions first extension change + + align:start position:0% +couple extensions first extension change + + + align:start position:0% +couple extensions first extension change +utility function ok suppose your utility + + align:start position:0% +utility function ok suppose your utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility function ok suppose your utility +function was of the form u equals 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +function was of the form u equals 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +function was of the form u equals 0.1 +times C now I've chose this particular + + align:start position:0% +times C now I've chose this particular + + + align:start position:0% +times C now I've chose this particular +form because the initial conditions are + + align:start position:0% +form because the initial conditions are + + + align:start position:0% +form because the initial conditions are +the same with C 0 of a hundred you zero + + align:start position:0% +the same with C 0 of a hundred you zero + + + align:start position:0% +the same with C 0 of a hundred you zero +still 10 so I'm starting from the same + + align:start position:0% +still 10 so I'm starting from the same + + + align:start position:0% +still 10 so I'm starting from the same +point as I was before but now would you + + align:start position:0% +point as I was before but now would you + + + align:start position:0% +point as I was before but now would you +take the bed and why if that's utility + + align:start position:0% +take the bed and why if that's utility + + + align:start position:0% +take the bed and why if that's utility +function would you take the bet and why + + align:start position:0% +function would you take the bet and why + + + align:start position:0% +function would you take the bet and why +just do the math do the math what's your + + align:start position:0% +just do the math do the math what's your + + + align:start position:0% +just do the math do the math what's your +expected utility that bad your expected + + align:start position:0% +expected utility that bad your expected + + + align:start position:0% +expected utility that bad your expected +utility is 0.5 times your utility of 225 + + align:start position:0% +utility is 0.5 times your utility of 225 + + + align:start position:0% +utility is 0.5 times your utility of 225 +so it's time to 0.1 times 225 plus 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +so it's time to 0.1 times 225 plus 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +so it's time to 0.1 times 225 plus 0.5 +times your utility of of zero so it's + + align:start position:0% +times your utility of of zero so it's + + + align:start position:0% +times your utility of of zero so it's +zero point one times zero okay and if + + align:start position:0% +zero point one times zero okay and if + + + align:start position:0% +zero point one times zero okay and if +you write that out and solve it you get + + align:start position:0% +you write that out and solve it you get + + + align:start position:0% +you write that out and solve it you get +eleven point two five which is greater + + align:start position:0% +eleven point two five which is greater + + + align:start position:0% +eleven point two five which is greater +than ten so you would take the bet does + + align:start position:0% +than ten so you would take the bet does + + + align:start position:0% +than ten so you would take the bet does +anyone a question about the math I just + + align:start position:0% +anyone a question about the math I just + + + align:start position:0% +anyone a question about the math I just +didn't expect utility evaluation so you + + align:start position:0% +didn't expect utility evaluation so you + + + align:start position:0% +didn't expect utility evaluation so you +would take the bet what's the difference + + align:start position:0% +would take the bet what's the difference + + + align:start position:0% +would take the bet what's the difference +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +take the bet here yeah yeah let me get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your linear chili function what you care + + align:start position:0% +your linear chili function what you care + + + align:start position:0% +your linear chili function what you care +about is expected value so you can see + + align:start position:0% +about is expected value so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +about is expected value so you can see +that do I have that yeah in Figure 22 + + align:start position:0% +that do I have that yeah in Figure 22 + + + align:start position:0% +that do I have that yeah in Figure 22 +this is the case we call risk neutrality + + align:start position:0% +this is the case we call risk neutrality + + + align:start position:0% +this is the case we call risk neutrality +with the linear utility function your + + align:start position:0% +with the linear utility function your + + + align:start position:0% +with the linear utility function your +risk neutral because illusion your + + align:start position:0% +risk neutral because illusion your + + + align:start position:0% +risk neutral because illusion your +linear utility function does not have + + align:start position:0% +linear utility function does not have + + + align:start position:0% +linear utility function does not have +what does not have diminishing marginal + + align:start position:0% +what does not have diminishing marginal + + + align:start position:0% +what does not have diminishing marginal +T as a result you're you're just you + + align:start position:0% +T as a result you're you're just you + + + align:start position:0% +T as a result you're you're just you +just care about expected value + + align:start position:0% +just care about expected value + + + align:start position:0% +just care about expected value +okay there's there's no nursing expected + + align:start position:0% +okay there's there's no nursing expected + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's there's no nursing expected +value expect utility it's all just now + + align:start position:0% +value expect utility it's all just now + + + align:start position:0% +value expect utility it's all just now +the numbers a little bit different cuz + + align:start position:0% +the numbers a little bit different cuz + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers a little bit different cuz +the functional form but it gives the + + align:start position:0% +the functional form but it gives the + + + align:start position:0% +the functional form but it gives the +same outcome you'll always take a more + + align:start position:0% +same outcome you'll always take a more + + + align:start position:0% +same outcome you'll always take a more +than fair bet and you reject a less than + + align:start position:0% +than fair bet and you reject a less than + + + align:start position:0% +than fair bet and you reject a less than +fair bet so as people become move from + + align:start position:0% +fair bet so as people become move from + + + align:start position:0% +fair bet so as people become move from +risk averse to risk neutral or as + + align:start position:0% +risk averse to risk neutral or as + + + align:start position:0% +risk averse to risk neutral or as +utility features less and less + + align:start position:0% +utility features less and less + + + align:start position:0% +utility features less and less +diminishing margin utility there'll be + + align:start position:0% +diminishing margin utility there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing margin utility there'll be +more and more willing sick camels but it + + align:start position:0% +more and more willing sick camels but it + + + align:start position:0% +more and more willing sick camels but it +doesn't have to stop there we can go + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to stop there we can go + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to stop there we can go +further imagine that it wrote utility of + + align:start position:0% +further imagine that it wrote utility of + + + align:start position:0% +further imagine that it wrote utility of +the form utility was on the form C + + align:start position:0% +the form utility was on the form C + + + align:start position:0% +the form utility was on the form C +squared over a thousand a weird utility + + align:start position:0% +squared over a thousand a weird utility + + + align:start position:0% +squared over a thousand a weird utility +function but once again created so that + + align:start position:0% +function but once again created so that + + + align:start position:0% +function but once again created so that +if C 0 equals 100 u 0 equals 10 now + + align:start position:0% +if C 0 equals 100 u 0 equals 10 now + + + align:start position:0% +if C 0 equals 100 u 0 equals 10 now +let's do the expected value calculation + + align:start position:0% +let's do the expected value calculation + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the expected value calculation +well if you take the gamble + + align:start position:0% +well if you take the gamble + + + align:start position:0% +well if you take the gamble +there's a 0.5 probability that you win + + align:start position:0% +there's a 0.5 probability that you win + + + align:start position:0% +there's a 0.5 probability that you win +so then you would have utility B would + + align:start position:0% +so then you would have utility B would + + + align:start position:0% +so then you would have utility B would +be 225 squared over 1,000 and the 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +be 225 squared over 1,000 and the 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +be 225 squared over 1,000 and the 0.5 +probability that you lose so you just + + align:start position:0% +probability that you lose so you just + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you lose so you just +get 0 okay and they expect utility in + + align:start position:0% +get 0 okay and they expect utility in + + + align:start position:0% +get 0 okay and they expect utility in +that case is twenty five point three the + + align:start position:0% +that case is twenty five point three the + + + align:start position:0% +that case is twenty five point three the +expected utility equals twenty five + + align:start position:0% +expected utility equals twenty five + + + align:start position:0% +expected utility equals twenty five +point three which is way bigger than ten + + align:start position:0% +point three which is way bigger than ten + + + align:start position:0% +point three which is way bigger than ten +so you take this gamble why because now + + align:start position:0% +so you take this gamble why because now + + + align:start position:0% +so you take this gamble why because now +your risk-loving because what does this + + align:start position:0% +your risk-loving because what does this + + + align:start position:0% +your risk-loving because what does this +say about diminishing marginal income + + align:start position:0% +say about diminishing marginal income + + + align:start position:0% +say about diminishing marginal income +this actually says you have increasing + + align:start position:0% +this actually says you have increasing + + + align:start position:0% +this actually says you have increasing +margin utility of consumption it's + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of consumption it's + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of consumption it's +really function like this says to the + + align:start position:0% +really function like this says to the + + + align:start position:0% +really function like this says to the +next slice of pizza makes you even + + align:start position:0% +next slice of pizza makes you even + + + align:start position:0% +next slice of pizza makes you even +happier than the previous slice of pizza + + align:start position:0% +happier than the previous slice of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +happier than the previous slice of pizza +so looking figure 20-3 this is the + + align:start position:0% +so looking figure 20-3 this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so looking figure 20-3 this is the +risk-loving case where you actually have + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving case where you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving case where you actually have +increasing large utility of consumption + + align:start position:0% +increasing large utility of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +increasing large utility of consumption +okay we don't really talk about the + + align:start position:0% +okay we don't really talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay we don't really talk about the +skids because soar doesn't make sense + + align:start position:0% +skids because soar doesn't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +skids because soar doesn't make sense +but just to understand how this works + + align:start position:0% +but just to understand how this works + + + align:start position:0% +but just to understand how this works +okay same calculations before you start + + align:start position:0% +okay same calculations before you start + + + align:start position:0% +okay same calculations before you start +at a point like a if you win you go to B + + align:start position:0% +at a point like a if you win you go to B + + + align:start position:0% +at a point like a if you win you go to B +if you lose you go to zero + + align:start position:0% +if you lose you go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +if you lose you go to zero +well this shape utility function going + + align:start position:0% +well this shape utility function going + + + align:start position:0% +well this shape utility function going +to be makes you way happier than going + + align:start position:0% +to be makes you way happier than going + + + align:start position:0% +to be makes you way happier than going +to zero makes you sad so you love the + + align:start position:0% +to zero makes you sad so you love the + + + align:start position:0% +to zero makes you sad so you love the +gamble okay + + align:start position:0% +gamble okay + + + align:start position:0% +gamble okay +in fact you with this utility function + + align:start position:0% +in fact you with this utility function + + + align:start position:0% +in fact you with this utility function +you would take an unfair bet okay + + align:start position:0% +you would take an unfair bet okay + + + align:start position:0% +you would take an unfair bet okay +so for example imagine I change the + + align:start position:0% +so for example imagine I change the + + + align:start position:0% +so for example imagine I change the +gamble to one where it's win a hundred + + align:start position:0% +gamble to one where it's win a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +gamble to one where it's win a hundred +look I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +look I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +look I'm sorry +win 75 lose a hundred so I changed the + + align:start position:0% +win 75 lose a hundred so I changed the + + + align:start position:0% +win 75 lose a hundred so I changed the +gamble now win 75 lose 100 I made an + + align:start position:0% +gamble now win 75 lose 100 I made an + + + align:start position:0% +gamble now win 75 lose 100 I made an +unfair bet the expected value is + + align:start position:0% +unfair bet the expected value is + + + align:start position:0% +unfair bet the expected value is +negative okay + + align:start position:0% +negative okay + + + align:start position:0% +negative okay +well this person will still take that + + align:start position:0% +well this person will still take that + + + align:start position:0% +well this person will still take that +bet if you do the math if they win 75 V + + align:start position:0% +bet if you do the math if they win 75 V + + + align:start position:0% +bet if you do the math if they win 75 V +at 175 you do just replace this with 175 + + align:start position:0% +at 175 you do just replace this with 175 + + + align:start position:0% +at 175 you do just replace this with 175 +and you do the math okay you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +and you do the math okay you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and you do the math okay you're gonna +find that the expect utility in that + + align:start position:0% +find that the expect utility in that + + + align:start position:0% +find that the expect utility in that +case is fifteen point three which is + + align:start position:0% +case is fifteen point three which is + + + align:start position:0% +case is fifteen point three which is +greater than ten so even an unfair bet + + align:start position:0% +greater than ten so even an unfair bet + + + align:start position:0% +greater than ten so even an unfair bet +lose a hundred win 75 will still leave + + align:start position:0% +lose a hundred win 75 will still leave + + + align:start position:0% +lose a hundred win 75 will still leave +these risks loving people better off + + align:start position:0% +these risks loving people better off + + + align:start position:0% +these risks loving people better off +than if they hadn't taken a bet yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh that's okay great I'm gonna come to + + align:start position:0% +oh that's okay great I'm gonna come to + + + align:start position:0% +oh that's okay great I'm gonna come to +that next that's in these examples but + + align:start position:0% +that next that's in these examples but + + + align:start position:0% +that next that's in these examples but +you've called me on an important + + align:start position:0% +you've called me on an important + + + align:start position:0% +you've called me on an important +assumption I'm making okay these + + align:start position:0% +assumption I'm making okay these + + + align:start position:0% +assumption I'm making okay these +examples I have let's make sure we + + align:start position:0% +examples I have let's make sure we + + + align:start position:0% +examples I have let's make sure we +understand risk neutral wrist loving + + align:start position:0% +understand risk neutral wrist loving + + + align:start position:0% +understand risk neutral wrist loving +people understand that okay so now let's + + align:start position:0% +people understand that okay so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +people understand that okay so now let's +um now you actually have raised another + + align:start position:0% +um now you actually have raised another + + + align:start position:0% +um now you actually have raised another +issue let me ask a new question once + + align:start position:0% +issue let me ask a new question once + + + align:start position:0% +issue let me ask a new question once +again forget everything you've learned + + align:start position:0% +again forget everything you've learned + + + align:start position:0% +again forget everything you've learned +gut instincts here's the bet I'm + + align:start position:0% +gut instincts here's the bet I'm + + + align:start position:0% +gut instincts here's the bet I'm +offering you flip a coin heads you win + + align:start position:0% +offering you flip a coin heads you win + + + align:start position:0% +offering you flip a coin heads you win +twelve fifty taels you lose ten dollars + + align:start position:0% +twelve fifty taels you lose ten dollars + + + align:start position:0% +twelve fifty taels you lose ten dollars +who takes that bet raise your hands to + + align:start position:0% +who takes that bet raise your hands to + + + align:start position:0% +who takes that bet raise your hands to +take that bet okay that's backwards more + + align:start position:0% +take that bet okay that's backwards more + + + align:start position:0% +take that bet okay that's backwards more +of you should take that bet not less of + + align:start position:0% +of you should take that bet not less of + + + align:start position:0% +of you should take that bet not less of +you okay and why is that it's because of + + align:start position:0% +you okay and why is that it's because of + + + align:start position:0% +you okay and why is that it's because of +exactly what you just pointed out it's + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you just pointed out it's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you just pointed out it's +because basically if you think about + + align:start position:0% +because basically if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +because basically if you think about +that um think about that bet think about + + align:start position:0% +that um think about that bet think about + + + align:start position:0% +that um think about that bet think about +let's go back to our old utility + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to our old utility + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to our old utility +function u equals square root of C okay + + align:start position:0% +function u equals square root of C okay + + + align:start position:0% +function u equals square root of C okay +let's think about that bet so it's + + align:start position:0% +let's think about that bet so it's + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about that bet so it's +what's expect utility it's zero point + + align:start position:0% +what's expect utility it's zero point + + + align:start position:0% +what's expect utility it's zero point +five times you win 1250 so it's square + + align:start position:0% +five times you win 1250 so it's square + + + align:start position:0% +five times you win 1250 so it's square +root of one twelve point five plus zero + + align:start position:0% +root of one twelve point five plus zero + + + align:start position:0% +root of one twelve point five plus zero +point five times you lose ten square + + align:start position:0% +point five times you lose ten square + + + align:start position:0% +point five times you lose ten square +root of 90 and that expected utility + + align:start position:0% +root of 90 and that expected utility + + + align:start position:0% +root of 90 and that expected utility +okay is ten point five which is greater + + align:start position:0% +okay is ten point five which is greater + + + align:start position:0% +okay is ten point five which is greater +than ten so you shouldn't take that bad + + align:start position:0% +than ten so you shouldn't take that bad + + + align:start position:0% +than ten so you shouldn't take that bad +what changed + + align:start position:0% +what changed + + + align:start position:0% +what changed +you're still risk-averse this the guy + + align:start position:0% +you're still risk-averse this the guy + + + align:start position:0% +you're still risk-averse this the guy +who would have paid me forty-four bucks + + align:start position:0% +who would have paid me forty-four bucks + + + align:start position:0% +who would have paid me forty-four bucks +to avoid the other bet is now happy to + + align:start position:0% +to avoid the other bet is now happy to + + + align:start position:0% +to avoid the other bet is now happy to +take this bet same person what changed + + align:start position:0% +take this bet same person what changed + + + align:start position:0% +take this bet same person what changed +what changed Yeah right and why does a + + align:start position:0% +what changed Yeah right and why does a + + + align:start position:0% +what changed Yeah right and why does a +smaller portion of the income change + + align:start position:0% +smaller portion of the income change + + + align:start position:0% +smaller portion of the income change +things here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly because ultimately + + align:start position:0% +exactly because ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +exactly because ultimately +infinitesimally it's a linear curve so + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimally it's a linear curve so + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimally it's a linear curve so +if you go back to figure 21 at any given + + align:start position:0% +if you go back to figure 21 at any given + + + align:start position:0% +if you go back to figure 21 at any given +for any given epsilon change from point + + align:start position:0% +for any given epsilon change from point + + + align:start position:0% +for any given epsilon change from point +A it's linear so essentially as you get + + align:start position:0% +A it's linear so essentially as you get + + + align:start position:0% +A it's linear so essentially as you get +smoked as Gamble's get smaller and + + align:start position:0% +smoked as Gamble's get smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +smoked as Gamble's get smaller and +smaller relevant you become more and + + align:start position:0% +smaller relevant you become more and + + + align:start position:0% +smaller relevant you become more and +more risk neutral because because yeah + + align:start position:0% +more risk neutral because because yeah + + + align:start position:0% +more risk neutral because because yeah +you're a bit sadder than happier but + + align:start position:0% +you're a bit sadder than happier but + + + align:start position:0% +you're a bit sadder than happier but +just a bit and remember is linear you + + align:start position:0% +just a bit and remember is linear you + + + align:start position:0% +just a bit and remember is linear you +just take that so if I did a pen if I + + align:start position:0% +just take that so if I did a pen if I + + + align:start position:0% +just take that so if I did a pen if I +did twelve and a half cents versus ten + + align:start position:0% +did twelve and a half cents versus ten + + + align:start position:0% +did twelve and a half cents versus ten +cents then unless you were crazy risk + + align:start position:0% +cents then unless you were crazy risk + + + align:start position:0% +cents then unless you were crazy risk +averse you should take that bet because + + align:start position:0% +averse you should take that bet because + + + align:start position:0% +averse you should take that bet because +essentially you only care at that point + + align:start position:0% +essentially you only care at that point + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you only care at that point +it's so tiny relative to your wealth you + + align:start position:0% +it's so tiny relative to your wealth you + + + align:start position:0% +it's so tiny relative to your wealth you +might as well use expected value okay so + + align:start position:0% +might as well use expected value okay so + + + align:start position:0% +might as well use expected value okay so +as Gamble's become smaller relative to + + align:start position:0% +as Gamble's become smaller relative to + + + align:start position:0% +as Gamble's become smaller relative to +your income utility function becomes + + align:start position:0% +your income utility function becomes + + + align:start position:0% +your income utility function becomes +locally flatter + + align:start position:0% +locally flatter + + + align:start position:0% +locally flatter +okay utility function locally flatter + + align:start position:0% +okay utility function locally flatter + + + align:start position:0% +okay utility function locally flatter +and as a result you become more and more + + align:start position:0% +and as a result you become more and more + + + align:start position:0% +and as a result you become more and more +risk neutral okay question about that + + align:start position:0% +risk neutral okay question about that + + + align:start position:0% +risk neutral okay question about that +last point why did so many of you still + + align:start position:0% +last point why did so many of you still + + + align:start position:0% +last point why did so many of you still +not take that bet well the answer is + + align:start position:0% +not take that bet well the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +not take that bet well the answer is +that even the model we've taught so far + + align:start position:0% +that even the model we've taught so far + + + align:start position:0% +that even the model we've taught so far +misses an important psychological + + align:start position:0% +misses an important psychological + + + align:start position:0% +misses an important psychological +phenomenon so now I'm stepping out of + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon so now I'm stepping out of + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon so now I'm stepping out of +standard micro into the neural + + align:start position:0% +standard micro into the neural + + + align:start position:0% +standard micro into the neural +behavioral economics unfortunately due + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics unfortunately due + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics unfortunately due +to time semester I'm not going to my + + align:start position:0% +to time semester I'm not going to my + + + align:start position:0% +to time semester I'm not going to my +lecture on behavioral economics but you + + align:start position:0% +lecture on behavioral economics but you + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on behavioral economics but you +guys want to learn I'll talk a little + + align:start position:0% +guys want to learn I'll talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +guys want to learn I'll talk a little +bit out in the next few lectures I'll + + align:start position:0% +bit out in the next few lectures I'll + + + align:start position:0% +bit out in the next few lectures I'll +sprinkle it in but of course 11:13 is a + + align:start position:0% +sprinkle it in but of course 11:13 is a + + + align:start position:0% +sprinkle it in but of course 11:13 is a +fascinating course we offer here about + + align:start position:0% +fascinating course we offer here about + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating course we offer here about +how you build psychology and think about + + align:start position:0% +how you build psychology and think about + + + align:start position:0% +how you build psychology and think about +economics and here's one example why is + + align:start position:0% +economics and here's one example why is + + + align:start position:0% +economics and here's one example why is +it that even with this gamble even if + + align:start position:0% +it that even with this gamble even if + + + align:start position:0% +it that even with this gamble even if +I'd done the twelve and a half $0.10 + + align:start position:0% +I'd done the twelve and a half $0.10 + + + align:start position:0% +I'd done the twelve and a half $0.10 +gamble a bunch you still wouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +gamble a bunch you still wouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +gamble a bunch you still wouldn't have +taken it why is that + + align:start position:0% +taken it why is that + + + align:start position:0% +taken it why is that +that's because humans not only feature + + align:start position:0% +that's because humans not only feature + + + align:start position:0% +that's because humans not only feature +risk aversion humans also feature loss + + align:start position:0% +risk aversion humans also feature loss + + + align:start position:0% +risk aversion humans also feature loss +aversion which is we have an irrational + + align:start position:0% +aversion which is we have an irrational + + + align:start position:0% +aversion which is we have an irrational +behavioral bias that losing by self + + align:start position:0% +behavioral bias that losing by self + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral bias that losing by self +makes us sad relative to winning taking + + align:start position:0% +makes us sad relative to winning taking + + + align:start position:0% +makes us sad relative to winning taking +away something we have makes us sadder + + align:start position:0% +away something we have makes us sadder + + + align:start position:0% +away something we have makes us sadder +than getting something new so here's a + + align:start position:0% +than getting something new so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +than getting something new so here's a +standard experiment that's run + + align:start position:0% +standard experiment that's run + + + align:start position:0% +standard experiment that's run +they take they make they get they get a + + align:start position:0% +they take they make they get they get a + + + align:start position:0% +they take they make they get they get a +bunch of like five-dollar mugs mugs + + align:start position:0% +bunch of like five-dollar mugs mugs + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of like five-dollar mugs mugs +worth about $5 they take people and + + align:start position:0% +worth about $5 they take people and + + + align:start position:0% +worth about $5 they take people and +randomly half of the people they ask how + + align:start position:0% +randomly half of the people they ask how + + + align:start position:0% +randomly half of the people they ask how +much would you pay for this mug and half + + align:start position:0% +much would you pay for this mug and half + + + align:start position:0% +much would you pay for this mug and half +people they give them the mug and say + + align:start position:0% +people they give them the mug and say + + + align:start position:0% +people they give them the mug and say +how much would you sell your mug for + + align:start position:0% +how much would you sell your mug for + + + align:start position:0% +how much would you sell your mug for +okay half people they say here's a mug + + align:start position:0% +okay half people they say here's a mug + + + align:start position:0% +okay half people they say here's a mug +how much did you pay for it how people + + align:start position:0% +how much did you pay for it how people + + + align:start position:0% +how much did you pay for it how people +say here's a mug it's yours but I want + + align:start position:0% +say here's a mug it's yours but I want + + + align:start position:0% +say here's a mug it's yours but I want +to buy back how much we sell to me for + + align:start position:0% +to buy back how much we sell to me for + + + align:start position:0% +to buy back how much we sell to me for +the average person will pay $3 but the + + align:start position:0% +the average person will pay $3 but the + + + align:start position:0% +the average person will pay $3 but the +average person wants $7 to sell it back + + align:start position:0% +average person wants $7 to sell it back + + + align:start position:0% +average person wants $7 to sell it back +that makes no sense + + align:start position:0% +that makes no sense + + + align:start position:0% +that makes no sense +either way it's a much trivial it's just + + align:start position:0% +either way it's a much trivial it's just + + + align:start position:0% +either way it's a much trivial it's just +a mug it's trivial to your wealth it's + + align:start position:0% +a mug it's trivial to your wealth it's + + + align:start position:0% +a mug it's trivial to your wealth it's +just a mug it doesn't really matter but + + align:start position:0% +just a mug it doesn't really matter but + + + align:start position:0% +just a mug it doesn't really matter but +once people have it they feel like no + + align:start position:0% +once people have it they feel like no + + + align:start position:0% +once people have it they feel like no +that's already mine I don't want to sell + + align:start position:0% +that's already mine I don't want to sell + + + align:start position:0% +that's already mine I don't want to sell +it that's loss aversion people are + + align:start position:0% +it that's loss aversion people are + + + align:start position:0% +it that's loss aversion people are +biased by their starting points okay + + align:start position:0% +biased by their starting points okay + + + align:start position:0% +biased by their starting points okay +you're very starting point dictates you + + align:start position:0% +you're very starting point dictates you + + + align:start position:0% +you're very starting point dictates you +will let's take a gamble which is not + + align:start position:0% +will let's take a gamble which is not + + + align:start position:0% +will let's take a gamble which is not +true in a standard economic model but + + align:start position:0% +true in a standard economic model but + + + align:start position:0% +true in a standard economic model but +it's true in all laboratory experiments + + align:start position:0% +it's true in all laboratory experiments + + + align:start position:0% +it's true in all laboratory experiments +of psychology so not only so the reason + + align:start position:0% +of psychology so not only so the reason + + + align:start position:0% +of psychology so not only so the reason +people like Gamble's are not only + + align:start position:0% +people like Gamble's are not only + + + align:start position:0% +people like Gamble's are not only +because they're risk averse but even + + align:start position:0% +because they're risk averse but even + + + align:start position:0% +because they're risk averse but even +more their loss averse so for example + + align:start position:0% +more their loss averse so for example + + + align:start position:0% +more their loss averse so for example +this great economic studies which show + + align:start position:0% +this great economic studies which show + + + align:start position:0% +this great economic studies which show +that there's a massive bias against + + align:start position:0% +that there's a massive bias against + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a massive bias against +selling your house for anything under + + align:start position:0% +selling your house for anything under + + + align:start position:0% +selling your house for anything under +the price you paid for it the people + + align:start position:0% +the price you paid for it the people + + + align:start position:0% +the price you paid for it the people +sort of they're very sort of linear in + + align:start position:0% +sort of they're very sort of linear in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of they're very sort of linear in +the real sell house above the price you + + align:start position:0% +the real sell house above the price you + + + align:start position:0% +the real sell house above the price you +pay for it but there's this huge notch + + align:start position:0% +pay for it but there's this huge notch + + + align:start position:0% +pay for it but there's this huge notch +at the price you pay for it they simply + + align:start position:0% +at the price you pay for it they simply + + + align:start position:0% +at the price you pay for it they simply +don't want to sell less they paid for it + + align:start position:0% +don't want to sell less they paid for it + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to sell less they paid for it +and that's just loss aversion idea okay + + align:start position:0% +and that's just loss aversion idea okay + + + align:start position:0% +and that's just loss aversion idea okay +this comes up in many of their context + + align:start position:0% +this comes up in many of their context + + + align:start position:0% +this comes up in many of their context +so that's so there's two reasons why + + align:start position:0% +so that's so there's two reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +so that's so there's two reasons why +people are risk averse the people won't + + align:start position:0% +people are risk averse the people won't + + + align:start position:0% +people are risk averse the people won't +take Gamble's the standard reason and + + align:start position:0% +take Gamble's the standard reason and + + + align:start position:0% +take Gamble's the standard reason and +this sort of extra psychological bias + + align:start position:0% +this sort of extra psychological bias + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of extra psychological bias +now this raises this leaves us natural + + align:start position:0% +now this raises this leaves us natural + + + align:start position:0% +now this raises this leaves us natural +is the next section I want to go to + + align:start position:0% +is the next section I want to go to + + + align:start position:0% +is the next section I want to go to +which is to talk about applications of + + align:start position:0% +which is to talk about applications of + + + align:start position:0% +which is to talk about applications of +this theory and why it's important and + + align:start position:0% +this theory and why it's important and + + + align:start position:0% +this theory and why it's important and +the first application I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +the first application I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +the first application I want to talk +about is insurance insurance is big + + align:start position:0% +about is insurance insurance is big + + + align:start position:0% +about is insurance insurance is big +business in America individuals in + + align:start position:0% +business in America individuals in + + + align:start position:0% +business in America individuals in +America + + align:start position:0% +America + + + align:start position:0% +America +individuals for that in the government + + align:start position:0% +individuals for that in the government + + + align:start position:0% +individuals for that in the government +just people spend 1.5 trillion dollars a + + align:start position:0% +just people spend 1.5 trillion dollars a + + + align:start position:0% +just people spend 1.5 trillion dollars a +year on insurance products almost 10% of + + align:start position:0% +year on insurance products almost 10% of + + + align:start position:0% +year on insurance products almost 10% of +GDP pesetas our entire economy it's + + align:start position:0% +GDP pesetas our entire economy it's + + + align:start position:0% +GDP pesetas our entire economy it's +people buying insurance health insurance + + align:start position:0% +people buying insurance health insurance + + + align:start position:0% +people buying insurance health insurance +is the biggest life insurance casualty + + align:start position:0% +is the biggest life insurance casualty + + + align:start position:0% +is the biggest life insurance casualty +and property insurance auto insurance + + align:start position:0% +and property insurance auto insurance + + + align:start position:0% +and property insurance auto insurance +etc add it all up it's almost 1/10 of + + align:start position:0% +etc add it all up it's almost 1/10 of + + + align:start position:0% +etc add it all up it's almost 1/10 of +our entire economy ok why because + + align:start position:0% +our entire economy ok why because + + + align:start position:0% +our entire economy ok why because +they're risk-averse and also loss of her + + align:start position:0% +they're risk-averse and also loss of her + + + align:start position:0% +they're risk-averse and also loss of her +so I want to put loss aversion aside and + + align:start position:0% +so I want to put loss aversion aside and + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to put loss aversion aside and +just use the standard framework that + + align:start position:0% +just use the standard framework that + + + align:start position:0% +just use the standard framework that +just strengthens the argument but it's + + align:start position:0% +just strengthens the argument but it's + + + align:start position:0% +just strengthens the argument but it's +because they're risk-averse so let's + + align:start position:0% +because they're risk-averse so let's + + + align:start position:0% +because they're risk-averse so let's +let's do the math ok imagine you're a + + align:start position:0% +let's do the math ok imagine you're a + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the math ok imagine you're a +single 25 year old male I just I'm only + + align:start position:0% +single 25 year old male I just I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +single 25 year old male I just I'm only +being gender biased here because there's + + align:start position:0% +being gender biased here because there's + + + align:start position:0% +being gender biased here because there's +no risk of pregnancy ok so you're single + + align:start position:0% +no risk of pregnancy ok so you're single + + + align:start position:0% +no risk of pregnancy ok so you're single +25 year old male in perfect health so + + align:start position:0% +25 year old male in perfect health so + + + align:start position:0% +25 year old male in perfect health so +the only risk you face health-wise is + + align:start position:0% +the only risk you face health-wise is + + + align:start position:0% +the only risk you face health-wise is +getting hit by a car ok that's basically + + align:start position:0% +getting hit by a car ok that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +getting hit by a car ok that's basically +a risk otherwise you're basically not + + align:start position:0% +a risk otherwise you're basically not + + + align:start position:0% +a risk otherwise you're basically not +gonna go to the doctor okay um so + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to the doctor okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to the doctor okay um so +essentially um let's say your income is + + align:start position:0% +essentially um let's say your income is + + + align:start position:0% +essentially um let's say your income is +$40,000 that's your income and let's say + + align:start position:0% +$40,000 that's your income and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +$40,000 that's your income and let's say +that there's a 1% its Cambridge there's + + align:start position:0% +that there's a 1% its Cambridge there's + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a 1% its Cambridge there's +a non-trivial chance you get hit by a + + align:start position:0% +a non-trivial chance you get hit by a + + + align:start position:0% +a non-trivial chance you get hit by a +car okay let's say there's a 1% chance + + align:start position:0% +car okay let's say there's a 1% chance + + + align:start position:0% +car okay let's say there's a 1% chance +probably 0.01 you'll get hit by a car + + align:start position:0% +probably 0.01 you'll get hit by a car + + + align:start position:0% +probably 0.01 you'll get hit by a car +every year and if you do you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +every year and if you do you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +every year and if you do you're gonna +face $30,000 in medical bills + + align:start position:0% +face $30,000 in medical bills + + + align:start position:0% +face $30,000 in medical bills +okay so you have a $40,000 income + + align:start position:0% +okay so you have a $40,000 income + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you have a $40,000 income +there's a 1% chance you get hit by a car + + align:start position:0% +there's a 1% chance you get hit by a car + + + align:start position:0% +there's a 1% chance you get hit by a car +and if you do you'll face $30,000 in + + align:start position:0% +and if you do you'll face $30,000 in + + + align:start position:0% +and if you do you'll face $30,000 in +medical bills and let's assume for the + + align:start position:0% +medical bills and let's assume for the + + + align:start position:0% +medical bills and let's assume for the +minute you'll still get to work your + + align:start position:0% +minute you'll still get to work your + + + align:start position:0% +minute you'll still get to work your +income I'll always be there you're just + + align:start position:0% +income I'll always be there you're just + + + align:start position:0% +income I'll always be there you're just +gonna have to face a bunch of medical + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to face a bunch of medical + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to face a bunch of medical +bills there's a step addition about + + align:start position:0% +bills there's a step addition about + + + align:start position:0% +bills there's a step addition about +whether you my have to miss your job + + align:start position:0% +whether you my have to miss your job + + + align:start position:0% +whether you my have to miss your job +that makes us even worse but let's + + align:start position:0% +that makes us even worse but let's + + + align:start position:0% +that makes us even worse but let's +ignore that you can you have to go to + + align:start position:0% +ignore that you can you have to go to + + + align:start position:0% +ignore that you can you have to go to +your job just gonna have to take a week + + align:start position:0% +your job just gonna have to take a week + + + align:start position:0% +your job just gonna have to take a week +and get patched up and $30,000 is + + align:start position:0% +and get patched up and $30,000 is + + + align:start position:0% +and get patched up and $30,000 is +nothing by the way for a hospital bill + + align:start position:0% +nothing by the way for a hospital bill + + + align:start position:0% +nothing by the way for a hospital bill +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +a typical for example heart attack + + align:start position:0% +a typical for example heart attack + + + align:start position:0% +a typical for example heart attack +hospital bill is well over a hundred + + align:start position:0% +hospital bill is well over a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +hospital bill is well over a hundred +thousand dollars okay it's thirty + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars okay it's thirty + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars okay it's thirty +thousand dollars pretty modest yeah well + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars pretty modest yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars pretty modest yeah well +let's let's ignore that for a second + + align:start position:0% +let's let's ignore that for a second + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's ignore that for a second +right now we're talking about why you + + align:start position:0% +right now we're talking about why you + + + align:start position:0% +right now we're talking about why you +want insurance overall well later get + + align:start position:0% +want insurance overall well later get + + + align:start position:0% +want insurance overall well later get +into who you know we can discuss later + + align:start position:0% +into who you know we can discuss later + + + align:start position:0% +into who you know we can discuss later +who's who should own that insurance who + + align:start position:0% +who's who should own that insurance who + + + align:start position:0% +who's who should own that insurance who +should bear the risk right now it's just + + align:start position:0% +should bear the risk right now it's just + + + align:start position:0% +should bear the risk right now it's just +simply why you'd want insurance + + align:start position:0% +simply why you'd want insurance + + + align:start position:0% +simply why you'd want insurance +okay so the expected cost the expected + + align:start position:0% +okay so the expected cost the expected + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the expected cost the expected +cost of getting hit by a car + + align:start position:0% +cost of getting hit by a car + + + align:start position:0% +cost of getting hit by a car +the expected value or expected cost + + align:start position:0% +the expected value or expected cost + + + align:start position:0% +the expected value or expected cost +because it's negative is minus 300 so + + align:start position:0% +because it's negative is minus 300 so + + + align:start position:0% +because it's negative is minus 300 so +every years you have a $300 expected + + align:start position:0% +every years you have a $300 expected + + + align:start position:0% +every years you have a $300 expected +cost of getting hit by a car and let's + + align:start position:0% +cost of getting hit by a car and let's + + + align:start position:0% +cost of getting hit by a car and let's +say your utility function is U equals + + align:start position:0% +say your utility function is U equals + + + align:start position:0% +say your utility function is U equals +square root of C and let's assume + + align:start position:0% +square root of C and let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +square root of C and let's assume +there's no savings you consume all your + + align:start position:0% +there's no savings you consume all your + + + align:start position:0% +there's no savings you consume all your +income okay how much will this person be + + align:start position:0% +income okay how much will this person be + + + align:start position:0% +income okay how much will this person be +willing to pay for insurance well we can + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay for insurance well we can + + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay for insurance well we can +solve that by asking at what insurance + + align:start position:0% +solve that by asking at what insurance + + + align:start position:0% +solve that by asking at what insurance +price would they be better off being + + align:start position:0% +price would they be better off being + + + align:start position:0% +price would they be better off being +insured versus uninsured + + align:start position:0% +insured versus uninsured + + + align:start position:0% +insured versus uninsured +well let's so let's just do the math + + align:start position:0% +well let's so let's just do the math + + + align:start position:0% +well let's so let's just do the math +okay if they're uninsured uninsured + + align:start position:0% +okay if they're uninsured uninsured + + + align:start position:0% +okay if they're uninsured uninsured +what's gonna happen to them well what's + + align:start position:0% +what's gonna happen to them well what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's gonna happen to them well what's +their expect utility well is it there's + + align:start position:0% +their expect utility well is it there's + + + align:start position:0% +their expect utility well is it there's +a zero point one chance that they are + + align:start position:0% +a zero point one chance that they are + + + align:start position:0% +a zero point one chance that they are +going to get hit and so their net income + + align:start position:0% +going to get hit and so their net income + + + align:start position:0% +going to get hit and so their net income +will drop from forty thousand to ten + + align:start position:0% +will drop from forty thousand to ten + + + align:start position:0% +will drop from forty thousand to ten +thousand because that's to pay thirty + + align:start position:0% +thousand because that's to pay thirty + + + align:start position:0% +thousand because that's to pay thirty +thousand dollars of medical bills so + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars of medical bills so + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars of medical bills so +0.1% chance they're in net income be ten + + align:start position:0% +0.1% chance they're in net income be ten + + + align:start position:0% +0.1% chance they're in net income be ten +thousand dollars and there's a 99% + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars and there's a 99% + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars and there's a 99% +chance that their net income that their + + align:start position:0% +chance that their net income that their + + + align:start position:0% +chance that their net income that their +net income will be forty thousand + + align:start position:0% +net income will be forty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +net income will be forty thousand +dollars okay + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay + + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay +that's utility without insurance okay + + align:start position:0% +that's utility without insurance okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's utility without insurance okay +add that up and you get one hundred + + align:start position:0% +add that up and you get one hundred + + + align:start position:0% +add that up and you get one hundred +ninety-nine so their expected utility + + align:start position:0% +ninety-nine so their expected utility + + + align:start position:0% +ninety-nine so their expected utility +without insurance is 199 that's expected + + align:start position:0% +without insurance is 199 that's expected + + + align:start position:0% +without insurance is 199 that's expected +utility expected utility with no + + align:start position:0% +utility expected utility with no + + + align:start position:0% +utility expected utility with no +insurance now let's do they expect + + align:start position:0% +insurance now let's do they expect + + + align:start position:0% +insurance now let's do they expect +utility with insurance but with + + align:start position:0% +utility with insurance but with + + + align:start position:0% +utility with insurance but with +insurance with an uncertain price let's + + align:start position:0% +insurance with an uncertain price let's + + + align:start position:0% +insurance with an uncertain price let's +call the price X okay what's the utility + + align:start position:0% +call the price X okay what's the utility + + + align:start position:0% +call the price X okay what's the utility +with insurance well with insurance + + align:start position:0% +with insurance well with insurance + + + align:start position:0% +with insurance well with insurance +there's a 0.1% chance that they get hit + + align:start position:0% +there's a 0.1% chance that they get hit + + + align:start position:0% +there's a 0.1% chance that they get hit +zero point oh one I'm sorry it should be + + align:start position:0% +zero point oh one I'm sorry it should be + + + align:start position:0% +zero point oh one I'm sorry it should be +no one my bad wow I can't believe you + + align:start position:0% +no one my bad wow I can't believe you + + + align:start position:0% +no one my bad wow I can't believe you +guys missed that you guys a little tired + + align:start position:0% +guys missed that you guys a little tired + + + align:start position:0% +guys missed that you guys a little tired +today 0.01 0.01 percent Shi + + align:start position:0% +today 0.01 0.01 percent Shi + + + align:start position:0% +today 0.01 0.01 percent Shi +that I get hit now if I get hit with + + align:start position:0% +that I get hit now if I get hit with + + + align:start position:0% +that I get hit now if I get hit with +insurance I don't have to pay my medical + + align:start position:0% +insurance I don't have to pay my medical + + + align:start position:0% +insurance I don't have to pay my medical +bill but I do have to pay my insurance + + align:start position:0% +bill but I do have to pay my insurance + + + align:start position:0% +bill but I do have to pay my insurance +premium so what I have is I have 40,000 + + align:start position:0% +premium so what I have is I have 40,000 + + + align:start position:0% +premium so what I have is I have 40,000 +minus X which is my insurance premium I + + align:start position:0% +minus X which is my insurance premium I + + + align:start position:0% +minus X which is my insurance premium I +was at an insurance premium every year + + align:start position:0% +was at an insurance premium every year + + + align:start position:0% +was at an insurance premium every year +no matter what if I don't get hit then I + + align:start position:0% +no matter what if I don't get hit then I + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what if I don't get hit then I +get my 40,000 but I also have to pay my + + align:start position:0% +get my 40,000 but I also have to pay my + + + align:start position:0% +get my 40,000 but I also have to pay my +insurance premium so basically at these + + align:start position:0% +insurance premium so basically at these + + + align:start position:0% +insurance premium so basically at these +things the same so my expect utility is + + align:start position:0% +things the same so my expect utility is + + + align:start position:0% +things the same so my expect utility is +square root of 40,000 minus X that's my + + align:start position:0% +square root of 40,000 minus X that's my + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 40,000 minus X that's my +expected utility so how do I solve for + + align:start position:0% +expected utility so how do I solve for + + + align:start position:0% +expected utility so how do I solve for +the optimal X well I ask at what X am I + + align:start position:0% +the optimal X well I ask at what X am I + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal X well I ask at what X am I +better off than being uninsured so I set + + align:start position:0% +better off than being uninsured so I set + + + align:start position:0% +better off than being uninsured so I set +this equal to 199 I ask at what X would + + align:start position:0% +this equal to 199 I ask at what X would + + + align:start position:0% +this equal to 199 I ask at what X would +I be better off to being uninsured and + + align:start position:0% +I be better off to being uninsured and + + + align:start position:0% +I be better off to being uninsured and +if you solve that you get that the X + + align:start position:0% +if you solve that you get that the X + + + align:start position:0% +if you solve that you get that the X +star the point at which you would rather + + align:start position:0% +star the point at which you would rather + + + align:start position:0% +star the point at which you would rather +be ensured that uninsured is a premium + + align:start position:0% +be ensured that uninsured is a premium + + + align:start position:0% +be ensured that uninsured is a premium +of $399 so you will pay you would rather + + align:start position:0% +of $399 so you will pay you would rather + + + align:start position:0% +of $399 so you will pay you would rather +have insurance at a cost of 399 then you + + align:start position:0% +have insurance at a cost of 399 then you + + + align:start position:0% +have insurance at a cost of 399 then you +would go uninsured okay clear on that + + align:start position:0% +would go uninsured okay clear on that + + + align:start position:0% +would go uninsured okay clear on that +you'd rather pay a premium of 399 then + + align:start position:0% +you'd rather pay a premium of 399 then + + + align:start position:0% +you'd rather pay a premium of 399 then +you would go uninsured now think about + + align:start position:0% +you would go uninsured now think about + + + align:start position:0% +you would go uninsured now think about +what that means + + align:start position:0% +what that means + + + align:start position:0% +what that means +remember the expected cost of this AXA + + align:start position:0% +remember the expected cost of this AXA + + + align:start position:0% +remember the expected cost of this AXA +was only $300 that means that you have a + + align:start position:0% +was only $300 that means that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +was only $300 that means that you have a +99 dollar risk premium you are willing + + align:start position:0% +99 dollar risk premium you are willing + + + align:start position:0% +99 dollar risk premium you are willing +to pay $99 to avoid bearing this risk + + align:start position:0% +to pay $99 to avoid bearing this risk + + + align:start position:0% +to pay $99 to avoid bearing this risk +that is what you're willing to pay + + align:start position:0% +that is what you're willing to pay + + + align:start position:0% +that is what you're willing to pay +before you're willing to pay me 4375 to + + align:start position:0% +before you're willing to pay me 4375 to + + + align:start position:0% +before you're willing to pay me 4375 to +get out of that gamble that was your + + align:start position:0% +get out of that gamble that was your + + + align:start position:0% +get out of that gamble that was your +risk premium it's how much you'll pay to + + align:start position:0% +risk premium it's how much you'll pay to + + + align:start position:0% +risk premium it's how much you'll pay to +get out of taking a gamble + + align:start position:0% +get out of taking a gamble + + + align:start position:0% +get out of taking a gamble +now before I was offering your gamble + + align:start position:0% +now before I was offering your gamble + + + align:start position:0% +now before I was offering your gamble +but here's the thing being uninsured is + + align:start position:0% +but here's the thing being uninsured is + + + align:start position:0% +but here's the thing being uninsured is +a gamble being uninsured is like taking + + align:start position:0% +a gamble being uninsured is like taking + + + align:start position:0% +a gamble being uninsured is like taking +the gamble so the example I before I + + align:start position:0% +the gamble so the example I before I + + + align:start position:0% +the gamble so the example I before I +locked you in the room and if you have + + align:start position:0% +locked you in the room and if you have + + + align:start position:0% +locked you in the room and if you have +to pay + + align:start position:0% +to pay + + + align:start position:0% +to pay +if you want to avoid the bet that's + + align:start position:0% +if you want to avoid the bet that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to avoid the bet that's +insurance you are locked in this life + + align:start position:0% +insurance you are locked in this life + + + align:start position:0% +insurance you are locked in this life +you're locked into being in Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +you're locked into being in Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +you're locked into being in Cambridge +you're dealing with the 1% risk getting + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with the 1% risk getting + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with the 1% risk getting +hit by a car always so question is how + + align:start position:0% +hit by a car always so question is how + + + align:start position:0% +hit by a car always so question is how +much will you pay to avoid the least + + align:start position:0% +much will you pay to avoid the least + + + align:start position:0% +much will you pay to avoid the least +financial cost forget the trauma the + + align:start position:0% +financial cost forget the trauma the + + + align:start position:0% +financial cost forget the trauma the +financial cost of being hit by that car + + align:start position:0% +financial cost of being hit by that car + + + align:start position:0% +financial cost of being hit by that car +and the answer is you'll pay $99.00 + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is you'll pay $99.00 + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is you'll pay $99.00 +above the expected Cooke damage it will + + align:start position:0% +above the expected Cooke damage it will + + + align:start position:0% +above the expected Cooke damage it will +do and that is why insurance is big + + align:start position:0% +do and that is why insurance is big + + + align:start position:0% +do and that is why insurance is big +business because people will pay to + + align:start position:0% +business because people will pay to + + + align:start position:0% +business because people will pay to +avoid being put in risky situations okay + + align:start position:0% +avoid being put in risky situations okay + + + align:start position:0% +avoid being put in risky situations okay +so insurance is a very profit like right + + align:start position:0% +so insurance is a very profit like right + + + align:start position:0% +so insurance is a very profit like right +now in fact of course the insurance + + align:start position:0% +now in fact of course the insurance + + + align:start position:0% +now in fact of course the insurance +industry is like any other industry the + + align:start position:0% +industry is like any other industry the + + + align:start position:0% +industry is like any other industry the +supply side and competition and whether + + align:start position:0% +supply side and competition and whether + + + align:start position:0% +supply side and competition and whether +that'll lead to profits and stuff like + + align:start position:0% +that'll lead to profits and stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +that'll lead to profits and stuff like +that it depends on the whole supply side + + align:start position:0% +that it depends on the whole supply side + + + align:start position:0% +that it depends on the whole supply side +that's just the demand side but the + + align:start position:0% +that's just the demand side but the + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the demand side but the +point is that there's gonna be huge + + align:start position:0% +point is that there's gonna be huge + + + align:start position:0% +point is that there's gonna be huge +demand for insurance and people be + + align:start position:0% +demand for insurance and people be + + + align:start position:0% +demand for insurance and people be +willing to pay much more than the + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay much more than the + + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay much more than the +insurer it costs the insurance companies + + align:start position:0% +insurer it costs the insurance companies + + + align:start position:0% +insurer it costs the insurance companies +they're simply expect to pay $300 a year + + align:start position:0% +they're simply expect to pay $300 a year + + + align:start position:0% +they're simply expect to pay $300 a year +and they're getting almost $4 year in + + align:start position:0% +and they're getting almost $4 year in + + + align:start position:0% +and they're getting almost $4 year in +premium so the insurance company makes + + align:start position:0% +premium so the insurance company makes + + + align:start position:0% +premium so the insurance company makes +that money okay and basically that's why + + align:start position:0% +that money okay and basically that's why + + + align:start position:0% +that money okay and basically that's why +insurance is big business now here's a + + align:start position:0% +insurance is big business now here's a + + + align:start position:0% +insurance is big business now here's a +couple things I'd like you to show + + align:start position:0% +couple things I'd like you to show + + + align:start position:0% +couple things I'd like you to show +yourself enough you know when you're in + + align:start position:0% +yourself enough you know when you're in + + + align:start position:0% +yourself enough you know when you're in +your copious spare time okay first of + + align:start position:0% +your copious spare time okay first of + + + align:start position:0% +your copious spare time okay first of +all this risk premium should be bigger + + align:start position:0% +all this risk premium should be bigger + + + align:start position:0% +all this risk premium should be bigger +as the loss gets bigger why because + + align:start position:0% +as the loss gets bigger why because + + + align:start position:0% +as the loss gets bigger why because +you're moving away from that linear part + + align:start position:0% +you're moving away from that linear part + + + align:start position:0% +you're moving away from that linear part +towards the nonlinear part utility + + align:start position:0% +towards the nonlinear part utility + + + align:start position:0% +towards the nonlinear part utility +function similarly this where screaming + + align:start position:0% +function similarly this where screaming + + + align:start position:0% +function similarly this where screaming +should fall as your income is higher why + + align:start position:0% +should fall as your income is higher why + + + align:start position:0% +should fall as your income is higher why +because once again that makes you more + + align:start position:0% +because once again that makes you more + + + align:start position:0% +because once again that makes you more +towards the linear part the bottom line + + align:start position:0% +towards the linear part the bottom line + + + align:start position:0% +towards the linear part the bottom line +is the bigger the risk is relative to + + align:start position:0% +is the bigger the risk is relative to + + + align:start position:0% +is the bigger the risk is relative to +your income the more risk-averse you + + align:start position:0% +your income the more risk-averse you + + + align:start position:0% +your income the more risk-averse you +become the more you move from that + + align:start position:0% +become the more you move from that + + + align:start position:0% +become the more you move from that +linear part of the curve on to the + + align:start position:0% +linear part of the curve on to the + + + align:start position:0% +linear part of the curve on to the +nonlinear part of the curve okay so + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear part of the curve okay so + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear part of the curve okay so +that's the key thing bigger risks well + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing bigger risks well + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing bigger risks well +what matters is risk relative to your + + align:start position:0% +what matters is risk relative to your + + + align:start position:0% +what matters is risk relative to your +income that's going to determine your + + align:start position:0% +income that's going to determine your + + + align:start position:0% +income that's going to determine your +value your value your Willis pay for + + align:start position:0% +value your value your Willis pay for + + + align:start position:0% +value your value your Willis pay for +insurance so for example let's think of + + align:start position:0% +insurance so for example let's think of + + + align:start position:0% +insurance so for example let's think of +your decision to go buy consumer + + align:start position:0% +your decision to go buy consumer + + + align:start position:0% +your decision to go buy consumer +electronics and the warranty and they + + align:start position:0% +electronics and the warranty and they + + + align:start position:0% +electronics and the warranty and they +always offer your warranty now those + + align:start position:0% +always offer your warranty now those + + + align:start position:0% +always offer your warranty now those +warranties are expected value negative + + align:start position:0% +warranties are expected value negative + + + align:start position:0% +warranties are expected value negative +okay if you take the odds of + + align:start position:0% +okay if you take the odds of + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you take the odds of +your machine breaking you're gonna buy a + + align:start position:0% +your machine breaking you're gonna buy a + + + align:start position:0% +your machine breaking you're gonna buy a +new stereo as people buy stereos anymore + + align:start position:0% +new stereo as people buy stereos anymore + + + align:start position:0% +new stereo as people buy stereos anymore +you're gonna buy a car stereo okay + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna buy a car stereo okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna buy a car stereo okay +people still buy those you might a car + + align:start position:0% +people still buy those you might a car + + + align:start position:0% +people still buy those you might a car +stereo okay you take the odds of that + + align:start position:0% +stereo okay you take the odds of that + + + align:start position:0% +stereo okay you take the odds of that +breaking times the cost it would take to + + align:start position:0% +breaking times the cost it would take to + + + align:start position:0% +breaking times the cost it would take to +fix it + + align:start position:0% +fix it + + + align:start position:0% +fix it +those multiplied are less than what + + align:start position:0% +those multiplied are less than what + + + align:start position:0% +those multiplied are less than what +they'll charge you for the insurance + + align:start position:0% +they'll charge you for the insurance + + + align:start position:0% +they'll charge you for the insurance +premium it's a bad bet but it's + + align:start position:0% +premium it's a bad bet but it's + + + align:start position:0% +premium it's a bad bet but it's +insurance and so the question should you + + align:start position:0% +insurance and so the question should you + + + align:start position:0% +insurance and so the question should you +take that well that depends on how + + align:start position:0% +take that well that depends on how + + + align:start position:0% +take that well that depends on how +wealthy you are + + align:start position:0% +wealthy you are + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy you are +I should never take that because my car + + align:start position:0% +I should never take that because my car + + + align:start position:0% +I should never take that because my car +radio cost is tiny relevant come so when + + align:start position:0% +radio cost is tiny relevant come so when + + + align:start position:0% +radio cost is tiny relevant come so when +as low-income might decide that's a + + align:start position:0% +as low-income might decide that's a + + + align:start position:0% +as low-income might decide that's a +large gamble Relf to my income I don't + + align:start position:0% +large gamble Relf to my income I don't + + + align:start position:0% +large gamble Relf to my income I don't +want to take that someone to buy the + + align:start position:0% +want to take that someone to buy the + + + align:start position:0% +want to take that someone to buy the +insurance offered by the manufacturer + + align:start position:0% +insurance offered by the manufacturer + + + align:start position:0% +insurance offered by the manufacturer +okay so once again it's all about the + + align:start position:0% +okay so once again it's all about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so once again it's all about the +size of the risk relative relative to + + align:start position:0% +size of the risk relative relative to + + + align:start position:0% +size of the risk relative relative to +your income yeah well that's a separate + + align:start position:0% +your income yeah well that's a separate + + + align:start position:0% +your income yeah well that's a separate +issue we'll talk about that later that's + + align:start position:0% +issue we'll talk about that later that's + + + align:start position:0% +issue we'll talk about that later that's +called moral hazard you might + + align:start position:0% +called moral hazard you might + + + align:start position:0% +called moral hazard you might +it's just what you're saying is there's + + align:start position:0% +it's just what you're saying is there's + + + align:start position:0% +it's just what you're saying is there's +heterogeneity and you know that you're + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and you know that you're + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and you know that you're +that you're actually that for you it is + + align:start position:0% +that you're actually that for you it is + + + align:start position:0% +that you're actually that for you it is +a fair bet because you're a clumsy well + + align:start position:0% +a fair bet because you're a clumsy well + + + align:start position:0% +a fair bet because you're a clumsy well +then you should definitely take it this + + align:start position:0% +then you should definitely take it this + + + align:start position:0% +then you should definitely take it this +is saying risk aversion works favor take + + align:start position:0% +is saying risk aversion works favor take + + + align:start position:0% +is saying risk aversion works favor take +it clumsiness further works in favor of + + align:start position:0% +it clumsiness further works in favor of + + + align:start position:0% +it clumsiness further works in favor of +you taking it and we'll talk about that + + align:start position:0% +you taking it and we'll talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +you taking it and we'll talk about that +name in a lecture tune we talked about + + align:start position:0% +name in a lecture tune we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +name in a lecture tune we talked about +government provision of insurance okay + + align:start position:0% +government provision of insurance okay + + + align:start position:0% +government provision of insurance okay +so that's so that's sort of the first + + align:start position:0% +so that's so that's sort of the first + + + align:start position:0% +so that's so that's sort of the first +application which is thinking about + + align:start position:0% +application which is thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +application which is thinking about +insurance and why it's such big business + + align:start position:0% +insurance and why it's such big business + + + align:start position:0% +insurance and why it's such big business +in America and it is it is huge business + + align:start position:0% +in America and it is it is huge business + + + align:start position:0% +in America and it is it is huge business +in America okay the second application + + align:start position:0% +in America okay the second application + + + align:start position:0% +in America okay the second application +is thinking about our friend the lottery + + align:start position:0% +is thinking about our friend the lottery + + + align:start position:0% +is thinking about our friend the lottery +big news lately we taught there's a huge + + align:start position:0% +big news lately we taught there's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +big news lately we taught there's a huge +couple of huge lottery payouts so let's + + align:start position:0% +couple of huge lottery payouts so let's + + + align:start position:0% +couple of huge lottery payouts so let's +talk about actually let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +talk about actually let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about actually let's talk about the +lottery + + align:start position:0% +lottery + + + align:start position:0% +lottery +now the lottery is a total ripoff okay + + align:start position:0% +now the lottery is a total ripoff okay + + + align:start position:0% +now the lottery is a total ripoff okay +the expected value of a lottery purchase + + align:start position:0% +the expected value of a lottery purchase + + + align:start position:0% +the expected value of a lottery purchase +is 50% so every dollar you spend on the + + align:start position:0% +is 50% so every dollar you spend on the + + + align:start position:0% +is 50% so every dollar you spend on the +lottery overall lottery options for + + align:start position:0% +lottery overall lottery options for + + + align:start position:0% +lottery overall lottery options for +every dollar you spend the expected + + align:start position:0% +every dollar you spend the expected + + + align:start position:0% +every dollar you spend the expected +payout is $0.50 is a much much less than + + align:start position:0% +payout is $0.50 is a much much less than + + + align:start position:0% +payout is $0.50 is a much much less than +fair bet okay + + align:start position:0% +fair bet okay + + + align:start position:0% +fair bet okay +and yet lotteries are wildly popular + + align:start position:0% +and yet lotteries are wildly popular + + + align:start position:0% +and yet lotteries are wildly popular +actually the beginnings of this country + + align:start position:0% +actually the beginnings of this country + + + align:start position:0% +actually the beginnings of this country +the US were financed by a lottery much + + align:start position:0% +the US were financed by a lottery much + + + align:start position:0% +the US were financed by a lottery much +the money we read government raised + + align:start position:0% +the money we read government raised + + + align:start position:0% +the money we read government raised +initially to set up America + + align:start position:0% +initially to set up America + + + align:start position:0% +initially to set up America +came from a lottery and state lotteries + + align:start position:0% +came from a lottery and state lotteries + + + align:start position:0% +came from a lottery and state lotteries +are a huge source of public financing + + align:start position:0% +are a huge source of public financing + + + align:start position:0% +are a huge source of public financing +right now across America okay now why do + + align:start position:0% +right now across America okay now why do + + + align:start position:0% +right now across America okay now why do +people play lotteries well there's + + align:start position:0% +people play lotteries well there's + + + align:start position:0% +people play lotteries well there's +basically four theories for why people + + align:start position:0% +basically four theories for why people + + + align:start position:0% +basically four theories for why people +play lotteries the first is that people + + align:start position:0% +play lotteries the first is that people + + + align:start position:0% +play lotteries the first is that people +are risk loving in fact that we're wrong + + align:start position:0% +are risk loving in fact that we're wrong + + + align:start position:0% +are risk loving in fact that we're wrong +people are risk loving and that's why + + align:start position:0% +people are risk loving and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +people are risk loving and that's why +they play lotteries how do we know that + + align:start position:0% +they play lotteries how do we know that + + + align:start position:0% +they play lotteries how do we know that +there is wrong having that theories on + + align:start position:0% +there is wrong having that theories on + + + align:start position:0% +there is wrong having that theories on +its base wrong the people are risk + + align:start position:0% +its base wrong the people are risk + + + align:start position:0% +its base wrong the people are risk +loving yeah well that's that's that's + + align:start position:0% +loving yeah well that's that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +loving yeah well that's that's that's +one way we might know but how do we know + + align:start position:0% +one way we might know but how do we know + + + align:start position:0% +one way we might know but how do we know +more more globally you guys just be a + + align:start position:0% +more more globally you guys just be a + + + align:start position:0% +more more globally you guys just be a +weird bunch how do we know more globally + + align:start position:0% +weird bunch how do we know more globally + + + align:start position:0% +weird bunch how do we know more globally +yeah that's absolutely theoretically + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's absolutely theoretically + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's absolutely theoretically +bestir ROC in the real world what piece + + align:start position:0% +bestir ROC in the real world what piece + + + align:start position:0% +bestir ROC in the real world what piece +of evidence came immediately point to + + align:start position:0% +of evidence came immediately point to + + + align:start position:0% +of evidence came immediately point to +that I recently pointed out they could + + align:start position:0% +that I recently pointed out they could + + + align:start position:0% +that I recently pointed out they could +show uses wrong yeah you know my shirts + + align:start position:0% +show uses wrong yeah you know my shirts + + + align:start position:0% +show uses wrong yeah you know my shirts +if there is love and why they buy an + + align:start position:0% +if there is love and why they buy an + + + align:start position:0% +if there is love and why they buy an +insurance so clearly people aren't + + align:start position:0% +insurance so clearly people aren't + + + align:start position:0% +insurance so clearly people aren't +risk-loving moon spent 10 percent of GDP + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving moon spent 10 percent of GDP + + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving moon spent 10 percent of GDP +on insurance so that fear is clearly + + align:start position:0% +on insurance so that fear is clearly + + + align:start position:0% +on insurance so that fear is clearly +wrong okay that's 31 now the second + + align:start position:0% +wrong okay that's 31 now the second + + + align:start position:0% +wrong okay that's 31 now the second +theory is a somewhat subtler version of + + align:start position:0% +theory is a somewhat subtler version of + + + align:start position:0% +theory is a somewhat subtler version of +this theory which is quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +this theory which is quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this theory which is quite interesting +which is that people are both risk + + align:start position:0% +which is that people are both risk + + + align:start position:0% +which is that people are both risk +averse and risk loving so that risk + + align:start position:0% +averse and risk loving so that risk + + + align:start position:0% +averse and risk loving so that risk +aversion varies risk tolerance let's + + align:start position:0% +aversion varies risk tolerance let's + + + align:start position:0% +aversion varies risk tolerance let's +call it varies and then in particular + + align:start position:0% +call it varies and then in particular + + + align:start position:0% +call it varies and then in particular +people are risk averse over small + + align:start position:0% +people are risk averse over small + + + align:start position:0% +people are risk averse over small +Gamble's but risk-loving over big + + align:start position:0% +Gamble's but risk-loving over big + + + align:start position:0% +Gamble's but risk-loving over big +Gamble's so let's look at figure 20-4 + + align:start position:0% +Gamble's so let's look at figure 20-4 + + + align:start position:0% +Gamble's so let's look at figure 20-4 +this is an example of what we call + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of what we call + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of what we call +friedman savage preferences you need to + + align:start position:0% +friedman savage preferences you need to + + + align:start position:0% +friedman savage preferences you need to +know that but they had this idea that + + align:start position:0% +know that but they had this idea that + + + align:start position:0% +know that but they had this idea that +maybe people are locally risk-averse but + + align:start position:0% +maybe people are locally risk-averse but + + + align:start position:0% +maybe people are locally risk-averse but +globally risk-loving let's see what this + + align:start position:0% +globally risk-loving let's see what this + + + align:start position:0% +globally risk-loving let's see what this +let's give it a little explain this okay + + align:start position:0% +let's give it a little explain this okay + + + align:start position:0% +let's give it a little explain this okay +this is sort of complicated so imagine + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of complicated so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of complicated so imagine +that I'm gonna offer you a 50/50 gamble + + align:start position:0% +that I'm gonna offer you a 50/50 gamble + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm gonna offer you a 50/50 gamble +between W 1 and W 3 so a gamble leaves + + align:start position:0% +between W 1 and W 3 so a gamble leaves + + + align:start position:0% +between W 1 and W 3 so a gamble leaves +you at W 1 and Ghibellines W a 50% + + align:start position:0% +you at W 1 and Ghibellines W a 50% + + + align:start position:0% +you at W 1 and Ghibellines W a 50% +chance okay well if we look between W 1 + + align:start position:0% +chance okay well if we look between W 1 + + + align:start position:0% +chance okay well if we look between W 1 +and W + + align:start position:0% +and W + + + align:start position:0% +and W +we're on the concave part of utility + + align:start position:0% +we're on the concave part of utility + + + align:start position:0% +we're on the concave part of utility +function and as a result I will not take + + align:start position:0% +function and as a result I will not take + + + align:start position:0% +function and as a result I will not take +that gamble that gamble easy a point B + + align:start position:0% +that gamble that gamble easy a point B + + + align:start position:0% +that gamble that gamble easy a point B +which is below B star okay so so + + align:start position:0% +which is below B star okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +which is below B star okay so so +basically I will not take that gamble + + align:start position:0% +basically I will not take that gamble + + + align:start position:0% +basically I will not take that gamble +that leaves me worse off than just + + align:start position:0% +that leaves me worse off than just + + + align:start position:0% +that leaves me worse off than just +having W 1 plus W 3 over to a certainty + + align:start position:0% +having W 1 plus W 3 over to a certainty + + + align:start position:0% +having W 1 plus W 3 over to a certainty +this is just if you hold your hand if + + align:start position:0% +this is just if you hold your hand if + + + align:start position:0% +this is just if you hold your hand if +you hold your hands with W 1 W 3 that's + + align:start position:0% +you hold your hands with W 1 W 3 that's + + + align:start position:0% +you hold your hands with W 1 W 3 that's +just the graph we saw before you won't + + align:start position:0% +just the graph we saw before you won't + + + align:start position:0% +just the graph we saw before you won't +take that bet but now let's say once you + + align:start position:0% +take that bet but now let's say once you + + + align:start position:0% +take that bet but now let's say once you +get above W 3 once you're rich enough + + align:start position:0% +get above W 3 once you're rich enough + + + align:start position:0% +get above W 3 once you're rich enough +you're risk-loving + + align:start position:0% +you're risk-loving + + + align:start position:0% +you're risk-loving +so let's say people are risk averse at + + align:start position:0% +so let's say people are risk averse at + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say people are risk averse at +first but then get risk-loving + + align:start position:0% +first but then get risk-loving + + + align:start position:0% +first but then get risk-loving +so if you started at if you said you + + align:start position:0% +so if you started at if you said you + + + align:start position:0% +so if you started at if you said you +were starting at W 3 plus W 5 over 2 I + + align:start position:0% +were starting at W 3 plus W 5 over 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +were starting at W 3 plus W 5 over 2 I +don't for you a gamble between W 3 and W + + align:start position:0% +don't for you a gamble between W 3 and W + + + align:start position:0% +don't for you a gamble between W 3 and W +5 then you might you're risk-loving in + + align:start position:0% +5 then you might you're risk-loving in + + + align:start position:0% +5 then you might you're risk-loving in +that range and you take it so once you + + align:start position:0% +that range and you take it so once you + + + align:start position:0% +that range and you take it so once you +get rich enough you start to get + + align:start position:0% +get rich enough you start to get + + + align:start position:0% +get rich enough you start to get +risk-loving + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving + + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving +so I talked about for getting richer and + + align:start position:0% +so I talked about for getting richer and + + + align:start position:0% +so I talked about for getting richer and +getting more and more risk neutral as + + align:start position:0% +getting more and more risk neutral as + + + align:start position:0% +getting more and more risk neutral as +you get richer what if it goes the other + + align:start position:0% +you get richer what if it goes the other + + + align:start position:0% +you get richer what if it goes the other +way once you actually at risk loving + + align:start position:0% +way once you actually at risk loving + + + align:start position:0% +way once you actually at risk loving +when you get richer well then if you + + align:start position:0% +when you get richer well then if you + + + align:start position:0% +when you get richer well then if you +think about the whole Mega Millions + + align:start position:0% +think about the whole Mega Millions + + + align:start position:0% +think about the whole Mega Millions +thing you could see that over the whole + + align:start position:0% +thing you could see that over the whole + + + align:start position:0% +thing you could see that over the whole +distribution from W 1 to W 5 people + + align:start position:0% +distribution from W 1 to W 5 people + + + align:start position:0% +distribution from W 1 to W 5 people +might want to take that risk that you + + align:start position:0% +might want to take that risk that you + + + align:start position:0% +might want to take that risk that you +could actually be risk-loving over an + + align:start position:0% +could actually be risk-loving over an + + + align:start position:0% +could actually be risk-loving over an +entire over these Gamble's over these + + align:start position:0% +entire over these Gamble's over these + + + align:start position:0% +entire over these Gamble's over these +giant Gamble's and that could sway + + align:start position:0% +giant Gamble's and that could sway + + + align:start position:0% +giant Gamble's and that could sway +people played mate play Mega Millions + + align:start position:0% +people played mate play Mega Millions + + + align:start position:0% +people played mate play Mega Millions +then over the giant Gamble's there + + align:start position:0% +then over the giant Gamble's there + + + align:start position:0% +then over the giant Gamble's there +risk-loving + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving + + + align:start position:0% +risk-loving +even if over more moderate Gamble's + + align:start position:0% +even if over more moderate Gamble's + + + align:start position:0% +even if over more moderate Gamble's +they're risk averse you don't insure + + align:start position:0% +they're risk averse you don't insure + + + align:start position:0% +they're risk averse you don't insure +yourself for a billion dollars you + + align:start position:0% +yourself for a billion dollars you + + + align:start position:0% +yourself for a billion dollars you +insure yourself for a few thousand + + align:start position:0% +insure yourself for a few thousand + + + align:start position:0% +insure yourself for a few thousand +dollars yeah it's basically about it's + + align:start position:0% +dollars yeah it's basically about it's + + + align:start position:0% +dollars yeah it's basically about it's +it's about expect utility calculations + + align:start position:0% +it's about expect utility calculations + + + align:start position:0% +it's about expect utility calculations +they yes it's true for mega money's you + + align:start position:0% +they yes it's true for mega money's you + + + align:start position:0% +they yes it's true for mega money's you +put in $2 the chance of winning 1.6 + + align:start position:0% +put in $2 the chance of winning 1.6 + + + align:start position:0% +put in $2 the chance of winning 1.6 +billion but your probability is way way + + align:start position:0% +billion but your probability is way way + + + align:start position:0% +billion but your probability is way way +lower than 2 and 1.6 billion so it's + + align:start position:0% +lower than 2 and 1.6 billion so it's + + + align:start position:0% +lower than 2 and 1.6 billion so it's +still unfair okay so the Friedman savage + + align:start position:0% +still unfair okay so the Friedman savage + + + align:start position:0% +still unfair okay so the Friedman savage +hypothesis is the origin of the name + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is the origin of the name + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is the origin of the name +once again this hypothesis is that + + align:start position:0% +once again this hypothesis is that + + + align:start position:0% +once again this hypothesis is that +what's happening is that people are + + align:start position:0% +what's happening is that people are + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening is that people are +first risk averse but then risk-loving + + align:start position:0% +first risk averse but then risk-loving + + + align:start position:0% +first risk averse but then risk-loving +well how could we test and actually + + align:start position:0% +well how could we test and actually + + + align:start position:0% +well how could we test and actually +disprove this theory yeah + + align:start position:0% +disprove this theory yeah + + + align:start position:0% +disprove this theory yeah +yeah if this is true people would love + + align:start position:0% +yeah if this is true people would love + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if this is true people would love +Mega Millions but hate $10 scratch offs + + align:start position:0% +Mega Millions but hate $10 scratch offs + + + align:start position:0% +Mega Millions but hate $10 scratch offs +in fact the vast majority of lottery + + align:start position:0% +in fact the vast majority of lottery + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the vast majority of lottery +playing is not Mega Millions it's $10 + + align:start position:0% +playing is not Mega Millions it's $10 + + + align:start position:0% +playing is not Mega Millions it's $10 +scratch off most money spent on + + align:start position:0% +scratch off most money spent on + + + align:start position:0% +scratch off most money spent on +lotteries are ten and $20 Gamble's will + + align:start position:0% +lotteries are ten and $20 Gamble's will + + + align:start position:0% +lotteries are ten and $20 Gamble's will +you bet $1 to win 10 or 20 that you + + align:start position:0% +you bet $1 to win 10 or 20 that you + + + align:start position:0% +you bet $1 to win 10 or 20 that you +should be risk-averse over that our best + + align:start position:0% +should be risk-averse over that our best + + + align:start position:0% +should be risk-averse over that our best +risk neutral you shouldn't be risk + + align:start position:0% +risk neutral you shouldn't be risk + + + align:start position:0% +risk neutral you shouldn't be risk +loving over those tiny Gamble's and yet + + align:start position:0% +loving over those tiny Gamble's and yet + + + align:start position:0% +loving over those tiny Gamble's and yet +that's most of what lottery players do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lost $1 you spent and that dollar that I + + align:start position:0% +lost $1 you spent and that dollar that I + + + align:start position:0% +lost $1 you spent and that dollar that I +still offered you a gamble spend 1 win + + align:start position:0% +still offered you a gamble spend 1 win + + + align:start position:0% +still offered you a gamble spend 1 win +10 with a point oh five probability well + + align:start position:0% +10 with a point oh five probability well + + + align:start position:0% +10 with a point oh five probability well +the loss aversion loss versus sort of + + align:start position:0% +the loss aversion loss versus sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the loss aversion loss versus sort of +hard to think about gambling lost + + align:start position:0% +hard to think about gambling lost + + + align:start position:0% +hard to think about gambling lost +versions what about losing but the + + align:start position:0% +versions what about losing but the + + + align:start position:0% +versions what about losing but the +regulars you can see you shouldn't do + + align:start position:0% +regulars you can see you shouldn't do + + + align:start position:0% +regulars you can see you shouldn't do +that unless you're risk-loving but even + + align:start position:0% +that unless you're risk-loving but even + + + align:start position:0% +that unless you're risk-loving but even +this theory would say you're not locally + + align:start position:0% +this theory would say you're not locally + + + align:start position:0% +this theory would say you're not locally +risk loving so this theory is out which + + align:start position:0% +risk loving so this theory is out which + + + align:start position:0% +risk loving so this theory is out which +leaves us with two more theories the + + align:start position:0% +leaves us with two more theories the + + + align:start position:0% +leaves us with two more theories the +first theory is that this is + + align:start position:0% +first theory is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +first theory is that this is +entertainment that in people's utility + + align:start position:0% +entertainment that in people's utility + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment that in people's utility +function is not just consumption but the + + align:start position:0% +function is not just consumption but the + + + align:start position:0% +function is not just consumption but the +thrill of finding out if they want okay + + align:start position:0% +thrill of finding out if they want okay + + + align:start position:0% +thrill of finding out if they want okay +my wife against my better judgment when + + align:start position:0% +my wife against my better judgment when + + + align:start position:0% +my wife against my better judgment when +I bought a Mega Millions ticket okay and + + align:start position:0% +I bought a Mega Millions ticket okay and + + + align:start position:0% +I bought a Mega Millions ticket okay and +she got utility out of waiting for that + + align:start position:0% +she got utility out of waiting for that + + + align:start position:0% +she got utility out of waiting for that +number to come up and it was pretty + + align:start position:0% +number to come up and it was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +number to come up and it was pretty +cheap utility cost of two bucks so in + + align:start position:0% +cheap utility cost of two bucks so in + + + align:start position:0% +cheap utility cost of two bucks so in +that sense maybe you play the lottery a + + align:start position:0% +that sense maybe you play the lottery a + + + align:start position:0% +that sense maybe you play the lottery a +lot for entertainment that's one theory + + align:start position:0% +lot for entertainment that's one theory + + + align:start position:0% +lot for entertainment that's one theory +unfortunately the other theory is + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the other theory is + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the other theory is +ignorant that basically you know the + + align:start position:0% +ignorant that basically you know the + + + align:start position:0% +ignorant that basically you know the +saying is the lotteries attacks on the + + align:start position:0% +saying is the lotteries attacks on the + + + align:start position:0% +saying is the lotteries attacks on the +stupid okay that basically just don't + + align:start position:0% +stupid okay that basically just don't + + + align:start position:0% +stupid okay that basically just don't +understand what a bad deal this is and + + align:start position:0% +understand what a bad deal this is and + + + align:start position:0% +understand what a bad deal this is and +the problem is we don't know which of + + align:start position:0% +the problem is we don't know which of + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is we don't know which of +these theories is right and they have + + align:start position:0% +these theories is right and they have + + + align:start position:0% +these theories is right and they have +very different implications for + + align:start position:0% +very different implications for + + + align:start position:0% +very different implications for +government policy okay if this theory is + + align:start position:0% +government policy okay if this theory is + + + align:start position:0% +government policy okay if this theory is +right and game theory is right then the + + align:start position:0% +right and game theory is right then the + + + align:start position:0% +right and game theory is right then the +government should support lotteries + + align:start position:0% +government should support lotteries + + + align:start position:0% +government should support lotteries +where essentially the government is + + align:start position:0% +where essentially the government is + + + align:start position:0% +where essentially the government is +essentially getting paid for providing + + align:start position:0% +essentially getting paid for providing + + + align:start position:0% +essentially getting paid for providing +entertainment + + align:start position:0% +entertainment + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment +it's what the lawyers often call the + + align:start position:0% +it's what the lawyers often call the + + + align:start position:0% +it's what the lawyers often call the +violence + + align:start position:0% +violence + + + align:start position:0% +violence +very tax that I am basically given the + + align:start position:0% +very tax that I am basically given the + + + align:start position:0% +very tax that I am basically given the +government money could run our schools + + align:start position:0% +government money could run our schools + + + align:start position:0% +government money could run our schools +and return her the government giving me + + align:start position:0% +and return her the government giving me + + + align:start position:0% +and return her the government giving me +the entertainment value of seeing + + align:start position:0% +the entertainment value of seeing + + + align:start position:0% +the entertainment value of seeing +whether my scratch-off one that's great + + align:start position:0% +whether my scratch-off one that's great + + + align:start position:0% +whether my scratch-off one that's great +that's welfare improving under this + + align:start position:0% +that's welfare improving under this + + + align:start position:0% +that's welfare improving under this +theory okay we should be discouraging + + align:start position:0% +theory okay we should be discouraging + + + align:start position:0% +theory okay we should be discouraging +lotteries they're all we're doing is + + align:start position:0% +lotteries they're all we're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +lotteries they're all we're doing is +taking a bunch of ignorant people + + align:start position:0% +taking a bunch of ignorant people + + + align:start position:0% +taking a bunch of ignorant people +getting the waste their money yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's exactly this that wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly this that wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly this that wouldn't +explain why I paid the $20 scratch-off + + align:start position:0% +explain why I paid the $20 scratch-off + + + align:start position:0% +explain why I paid the $20 scratch-off +that's an absolute lie ahead even if I + + align:start position:0% +that's an absolute lie ahead even if I + + + align:start position:0% +that's an absolute lie ahead even if I +was starving and play the Mega Millions + + align:start position:0% +was starving and play the Mega Millions + + + align:start position:0% +was starving and play the Mega Millions +and that's the Freedman savage + + align:start position:0% +and that's the Freedman savage + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the Freedman savage +hypothesis absolutely but that can't + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis absolutely but that can't + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis absolutely but that can't +explain why in fact in some low-income + + align:start position:0% +explain why in fact in some low-income + + + align:start position:0% +explain why in fact in some low-income +communities among some low income groups + + align:start position:0% +communities among some low income groups + + + align:start position:0% +communities among some low income groups +they'll spend as much as 20 percent of + + align:start position:0% +they'll spend as much as 20 percent of + + + align:start position:0% +they'll spend as much as 20 percent of +their income every year on the lottery a + + align:start position:0% +their income every year on the lottery a + + + align:start position:0% +their income every year on the lottery a +net okay they're losing huge amounts of + + align:start position:0% +net okay they're losing huge amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +net okay they're losing huge amounts of +money on scratch-off tickets so the + + align:start position:0% +money on scratch-off tickets so the + + + align:start position:0% +money on scratch-off tickets so the +question is is that a rational decision + + align:start position:0% +question is is that a rational decision + + + align:start position:0% +question is is that a rational decision +because they find it entertaining or + + align:start position:0% +because they find it entertaining or + + + align:start position:0% +because they find it entertaining or +near a solution because they just don't + + align:start position:0% +near a solution because they just don't + + + align:start position:0% +near a solution because they just don't +understand what's going on and + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on and + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on and +unfortunately we know the answer but we + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we know the answer but we + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we know the answer but we +do know it's very important it's + + align:start position:0% +do know it's very important it's + + + align:start position:0% +do know it's very important it's +important because there's big bucks and + + align:start position:0% +important because there's big bucks and + + + align:start position:0% +important because there's big bucks and +many in many low-income communities it's + + align:start position:0% +many in many low-income communities it's + + + align:start position:0% +many in many low-income communities it's +a huge source of expenditure so I can't + + align:start position:0% +a huge source of expenditure so I can't + + + align:start position:0% +a huge source of expenditure so I can't +give in the internet and just say it's + + align:start position:0% +give in the internet and just say it's + + + align:start position:0% +give in the internet and just say it's +an important question I hope someday you + + align:start position:0% +an important question I hope someday you + + + align:start position:0% +an important question I hope someday you +know someone will figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +know someone will figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +know someone will figure out how to +think about this because it's got very + + align:start position:0% +think about this because it's got very + + + align:start position:0% +think about this because it's got very +important implications so let me stop + + align:start position:0% +important implications so let me stop + + + align:start position:0% +important implications so let me stop +there that's I want to say about + + align:start position:0% +there that's I want to say about + + + align:start position:0% +there that's I want to say about +uncertainty and we'll come back and do + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and we'll come back and do + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty and we'll come back and do +another topic on on Wednesday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/aeXp1zC6Hls.txt b/aeXp1zC6Hls.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8576b307a6b26d51f8f9403255b56ff8511c2d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/aeXp1zC6Hls.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2151 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or to view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Now, to start out +today we're going to finish up + +what we did last time. + +Which has to do with +partial fractions. + +I told you how to do partial +fractions in several special + +cases and everybody was trying +to figure out what the general + +picture was. + +But I'd like to lay that out. + +I'll still only do it +for an example. + +But it will be somehow a bigger +example so that you can + +see what the general +pattern is. + +Partial fractions, remember, +is a method for breaking up + +so-called rational functions. + +Which are ratios +of polynomials. + +And it shows you that you can +always integrate them. + +That's really the theme here. + +And this is what's reassuring +is that it always works. + +That's really the bottom line. + +And that's good because there +are a lot of integrals that + +don't have formulas +and these do. + +It always works. + +But, maybe with lots of help. + +So maybe slowly. + +Now, there's a little bit of +bad news, and I have to be + +totally honest and tell you +what all the bad news is. + +Along with the good news. + +The first step, which maybe I +should be calling Step 0, I + +had a Step 1, 2 and 3 last +time, is long division. + +That's the step where you take +your polynomial divided by + +your other polynomial, +and you find the + +quotient plus some remainder. + +And you do that by +long division. + +And the quotient is easy to take +the antiderivative of up + +because it's just +a polynomial. + +And the key extra property here +is that the degree of the + +numerator now over here, this +remainder, is strictly less + +than the degree of +the denominator. + +So that you can do +the next step. + +Now, the next step which I +called Step 1 last time, + +that's great imagination, it's +right after Step 0, Step 1 was + +to factor the denominator. + +And I'm going to illustrate +by example what + +the setup is here. + +I don't know maybe, +we'll do this. + +Some polynomial here, +maybe cube this one. + +So here I've factored +the denominator. + +That's what I called +Step 1 last time. + +Now, here's the first +piece of bad news. + +In reality, if somebody gave you +a multiplied out degree, + +whatever polynomial here, +you would be very hard + +pressed to factor it. + +A lot of them are extremely +difficult to factor. + +And so that's something you +would have to give to a + +machine to do. + +And it's just basically +a hard problem. + +So obviously, we're only going +to give you ones that you can + +do by hand. + +So very low degree examples. + +And that's just the way it is. + +So this is really a hard step +in disguise, in real life. + +Anyway, we're just going +to take it as given. + +And we have this numerator, +which is of degree less than + +the denominator. + +So let's count up what +its degree has to be. + +This is 4 + 2 + 6. + +So this is degree 4 + 2 + 6. + +I added that up because this is +degree 4, this is degree 2 + +and (x ^2) ^3 is +the 6th power. + +So all together it's +this, which is 12. + +And so this thing is +of degree <= 11. + +All the way up to degree 11, +that's the possibilities for + +the numerator here. + +Now, the extra information that +I want to impart right + +now, is just this setup. + +Which I called Step +2 last time. + +And the setup is this. + +Now, it's going to take +us a while to do this. + +We have this factor here. + +We have another factor. + +We have another term, +with the square. + +We have another term +with the cube. + +We have another term with +the fourth power. + +So this is what's going to +happen whenever you have + +linear factors. + +You'll have a collection +of terms like this. + +So you have four constants +to take care of. + +Now, with a quadratic in the +denominator, you need a linear + +function in the numerator. + +So that's, if you like, B0 +x + C0 divided by this + +quadratic term here. + +And what I didn't show you last +time was how you deal + +with higher powers of +quadratic terms. + +So when you have a quadratic +term, what's going to happen + +is you're going to take that +first factor here. + +Just the way you did +in this case. + +But then you're going to have to +do the same thing with the + +next power. + +Now notice, just as in the case +of this top row, I have + +just a constant here. + +And even though I increased the +degree of the denominator + +I'm not increasing +the numerator. + +It's staying just a constant. + +It's not linear up here. + +It's better than that. + +It's just a constant. + +And here it stayed a constant. + +And here I stayed a constant. + +Similarly here, even though I'm +increasing the degree of + +the denominator, I'm leaving the +numerator, the form of the + +numerator, alone. + +It's just a linear factor +and a linear factor. + +So that's the key +to this pattern. + +I don't have quite as jazzy +a song on mine. + +So this is so long that it runs +off the blackboard here. + +So let's continue +it on the next. + +We've got this B2 x + C2 +- sorry, B3 x + C3 + +/ (x ^2 + 4) ^3. + +I guess I have room +for it over here. + +I'm going to talk about +this in just a second. + +Alright, so here's +the pattern. + +Now, let me just do a count +of the number of + +unknowns we have here. + +The number of unknowns that we +have here is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, + +7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. + +That 12 is no coincidence. + +That's the degree of +the polynomial. + +And it's the number of unknowns +that we have. And + +it's the number of degrees +of freedom in a + +polynomial of degree 11. + +If you have all these free +coefficients here, you have + +the coefficient x^ 0, x ^ 1, +all the way up to x^ 11. + +And 0 through 11 is 12 different +coefficients. + +And so this is a very +complicated system of + +equations for unknowns. + +This is twelve equations +for twelve unknowns. + +So I'll get rid of this +for a second. + +So we have twelve equations, +twelve unknowns. + +So that's the other bad news. + +Machines handle this very well, +but human beings have a + +little trouble with 12. + +Now, the cover-up method works +very neatly and picks + +out this term here. + +But that's it. + +So it reduces it +to an 11 by 11. + +You'll be able to evaluate +this in no time. + +But that's it. + +That's the only simplification +of your previous method. + +We don't have a method +for this. + +So I'm just showing what the +whole method looks like but + +really you'd have to have a +machine to implement this once + +it gets to be any size at all. + +Yeah, question. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's one big +equation, but it's a + +polynomial equation. + +So there's an equation, there's +this function r ( x) = + +a11 x^2 11 + a10 x^ 10... and +these things are known. + +This is a known expression +here. + +And then when you cross-multiply +on the other + +side, what you have is, well, +it's a1 times, if you cancel + +this denominator with that, +you're going to get (x + 2) ^3 + +( x ^2 + 2x + 3)( x^2 + 4)^3 ++ the term for a2, etc. + +It's a monster equation. + +And then to separate it out into +separate equations, you + +take the coefficient on x^ 11th, +x ^ 10, ... all the way + +down to x^ 0. + +And all told, that means there +are a total of 12 equations. + +11 through 0 is 12 equations. + +Yeah, another question. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Should I write +down rest of this? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Should you write +down all this stuff? + +Well, that's a good question. + +So you notice I didn't +write it down. + +Why didn't I write it down? + +Because it's incredibly long. + +In fact, you probably, +so how many pages of + +writing would this take? + +This is about a page +of writing. + +So just think of your machine, +how much time you want to + +spend on this. + +So the answer is that you +have to be realistic. + +You're a human being, +not a machine. + +And so there's certain things +that you can write down and + +other things you should +attempt to write down. + +So do not do this at home. + +So that's the first down-side +to this method. + +It gets more and more +complicated as time goes on. + +The second down-side, I want to +point out to you, is what's + +happening with the pieces. + +So the pieces still need +to be integrated. + +We simplified this problem, but +we didn't get rid of it. + +We still have the problem of +integrating the pieces. + +Now, some of the pieces +are very easy. + +This top row here, the +antiderivatives of these, you + +can just write down. + +By advanced guessing. + +I'm going to skip +over to the most + +complicated one over here. + +For one second here. + +And what is it that you'd have +to deal with for that one. + +You'd have to deal with, for +example, so e.g., for example, + +I need to deal with +the this guy. + +I've got to get this +antiderivative here. + +Now, this one you're supposed +to be able to know. + +So this is why I'm +mentioning this. + +Because this kind of ingredient +is something you + +already covered. + +And what is it? + +Well, you do this one by +advanced guessing, although + +you it as the method +of substitution. + +You realize that it's going to +be of the form (x^2 + 4) ^ - + +2, roughly speaking. + +And now we're going +to fix that. + +Because if you differentiate it +you get 2x (-2), that's - 4 + +(x)(x) times this. + +There's an x in the +numerator here. + +So it's - 1/4 of that +will fix the factor. + +And here's the answer +for that one. + +So that's one you can do. + +The second piece is this guy. + +This is the other piece. + +Now, this was the piece +that came from B3. + +This is the one that +came from B3. + +And this is the one that's +coming from C3. + +This is coming from C3. + +We still need to get +this one out there. + +So C3 times that will be the +correct answer, once we've + +found these numbers. + +So how do we do this? + +How's this one integrated? + +STUDENT: Trig substitution? + +PROFESSOR: Trig substitution. + +So the trig substitution +here is x = 2 tan u. + +Or 2 tan theta. + +And when you do that, there +are a couple of + +simplifications. + +Well, I wouldn't call this +a simplification. + +This is just the differentiation +formula. dx = + +2 sec^2 u du. + +And then you have to plug in, +and you're using the fact that + +when you plug in the tan^2, +4 tan ^2 + 4, + +you'll get a sec ^2. + +So altogether, this thing +is, 2 sec^2 u du. + +And then there's a (4 sec^2 +u) ^3, in the denominator. + +So that's what happens when +you change variables here. + +And now look, this +keeps on going. + +This is not the end +of the problem. + +Because what does that +simplify to? + +That is, let's see, it's +2/64, the integral + +of sec^6 and sec^2. + +That's the same as cos^4. + +And now, you did a trig +substitution but you still + +have a trig integral. + +The trig integral now, there's +a method for this. + +The method for this is when it's +an even power, you have + +to use the double +angle formula. + +So that's this guy here. + +And you're still not done. + +You have to square +this thing out. + +And then you'll still +get a cos^2 2u. + +And it keeps on going. + +So this thing goes on +for a long time. + +But I'm not even going to finish +this, but I just want + +to show you. + +The point is, we're not showing +you how to do any + +complicated problem. + +We're just showing you all +the little ingredients. + +And you have to string them +together a long, long, long + +process to get to the +final answer of + +one of these questions. + +So it always works, +but maybe slowly. + +By the way, there's +even another + +horrible thing that happens. + +Which is, if you +handle this guy + +here, what's the technique. + +This is another technique that +you learned, supposedly within + +the last few days. + +Completing the square. + +So this, it turns out, you have +to rewrite it this way. + +And then the evaluation is going +to be expressed in terms + +of, I'm going to jump +to the end. + +It's going to turn out to be +expressed in terms of this. + +That's what will eventually +show up in the formula. + +And not only that, but if you +deal with ones involving x as + +well, you'll also need to deal +with something like ln of this + +denominator here. + +So all of these things +will be involved. + +So now, the last message that +I have for you is just this. + +This thing is very +complicated. + +We're certainly never going +to ask you to do it. + +But you should just be aware +that this level of complexity, + +we are absolutely stuck +with in this problem. + +And the reason why we're stuck +with it is that this is what + +the formulas look +like in the end. + +If the answers look like this, +the formulas have to be this + +complicated. + +If you differentiate this, you +get your polynomial, your + +ratio of polynomials. + +If you differentiate this, you +get some ratio of polynomials. + +These are the things that +come up when you take + +antiderivatives of those +rational functions. + +So we're just stuck +with these guys. + +And so don't let it get +to you too much. + +I mean, it's not so bad. + +In fact, there are computer +programs that will do this for + +you anytime you want. + +And you just have to be not +intimidated by them. + +They're like other functions. + +OK, that's it for the general +comments on partial fractions. + +Now we're going to change + +subjects to our last technique. + +This is one more technical +thing to get you + +familiar with functions. + +And this technique is called +integration by parts. + +Please, just because its name +sort of sounds like partial + +fractions, don't think +it's the same thing. + +It's totally different. + +It's not the same. + +So this one is called +integration by parts. + +Now, unlike the previous case, +where I couldn't actually + +justify to you that the linear +algebra always works. + +I claimed it worked, but I +wasn't able to prove it. + +That's a complicated theorem +which I'm not able to do in + +this class. + +Here I can explain to you +what's going on with + +integration by parts. + +It's just the fundamental +theorem of calculus, if you + +like, coupled with the +product formula. + +Sort of unwound and +read in reverse. + +And here's how that works. + +If you take the product of +two functions and you + +differentiate them, then we +know that the product rule + +says that this is u' v + uv'. + +And now I'm just going +to rearrange in + +the following way. + +I'm going to solve for uv'. + +That is, this term here. + +So what is this term? + +It's this other term, (uv)'. + +Minus the other piece. + +So I just rewrote +this equation. + +And now I'm going +to integrate it. + +So here's the formula. + +The integral of the left-hand +side is equal to the integral + +of the right-hand side. + +Well when I integrate a +derivative, of I get back the + +function itself. + +That's the fundamental +theorem. + +So this it. + +Sorry, I missed the dx, +which is important. + +I apologize. + +Let's put that in there. + +So this is the integration +by parts formula. + +I'm going to write it one more +time with the limits stuck in. + +It's also written this +way, when you + +have a definite integral. + +Just the same formula, +written twice. + +Alright, now I'm going +to show you how it + +works on a few examples. + +And I have to give you a flavor +for how it works. + +But it'll grow as we get more +and more experience. + +The first example that I'm +going to take is one that + +looks intractable on +the face of it. + +Which is the integral +of ln x dx. + +Now, it looks like there's +sort of nothing + +we can do with this. + +And we don't know what +the solution is. + +However, I claim that if we fit +it into this form, we can + +figure out what the integral +is relatively easily. + +By some little magic of +cancellation it happens. + +The idea is the following. + +If I consider this function to +be u, then what's going to + +appear on the other side in +the integrated form is the + +function u', which is -- so, +if you like, u = ln x. + +So u' = 1 / x. + +Now, 1 / x is a more manageable +function than ln x. + +What we're using is that when we +differentiate the function, + +it's getting nicer. + +It's getting more tractable +for us. + +In order for this to fit into +this pattern, however, I need + +a function v. So what in +the world am I going to + +put here for v? + +The answer is, well, dx is +almost the right answer. + +The answer turns out to be x. + +And the reason is that +that makes v' = 1. + +It makes v' = 1. + +So that means that this is +u, but it's also uv'. + +Which was what I had on +the left-hand side. + +So it's both u and uv'. + +So this is the setup. + +And now all I'm going +to do is read off + +what the formula says. + +What it says is, this is +equal to u v. So u is + +this and v is that. + +So it's x ln x, minus, so that +again, this is uv. Except in + +the other order, vu. + +And then I'm integrating, and +what do I have to integrate? u + +' v. So look up there. u' v with +a minus sign here. u' = 1 + +/ x, and v = x. + +So it's 1 / x, that's u'. + +And here is x, that's v, dx. + +Now, that one is easy +to integrate. + +Because (1/x) x = 1. + +And the integral of 1 dx +is x + c, if you like. + +So the antiderivative +of 1 is x. + +And so here's our answer. + +Our answer is that this +is x ln x - x + c. + +I'm going to do two +more slightly + +more complicated examples. + +And then really, the main thing +is to get yourself used + +to this method. + +And there's no one way +of doing that. + +Just practice makes perfect. + +And so we'll just do a +few more examples. + +And illustrate them. + +The second example that I'm +going to use is the integral + +of (ln x) ^2 dx. + +And this is just slightly +more recalcitrant. + +Namely, I'm going to +let u be (ln x)^2. + +And again, v = to x. + +So that matches up here. + +That is, v' = 1. + +So this is u v'. + +So this thing is u v'. + +And then we'll just +see what happens. + +Now, the game that we get is +that when I differentiate the + +logarithm squared, I'm going to +to get something simpler. + +It's not going to win us the +whole battle, but it will get + +us started. + +So here we get u'. + +And that's 2 ln x ( 1 / x). + +Applying the chain rule. + +And so the formula is that this +is x (ln x)^2, minus the + +integral of, well it's u' v, +right, that's what I have to + +put over here. + +So u' = 2 ln x ( 1 +/ x), and v = x. + +And so now, you notice +something interesting + +happening here. + +So let me just demarcate +this a little bit. + +And let you see what it is +that I'm doing here. + +So notice, this is the +same integral. + +So here we have x (ln x) ^2. + +We've already solve that part. + +But now know notice that the +1 / x and the x cancel. + +So we're back to the +previous case. + +We didn't win all the way, but +actually we reduced ourselves + +to this integral. + +To the integral of ln x, +which we already know. + +So here, I can copy that down. + +That's - 2 (x ln x - x), and +then I have to throw in a + +constant, c. + +And that's the end of +the problem here. + +That's it. + +So this piece, I got +from Example 1. + +Now, this illustrates a +principle which is a little + +bit more complicated than +just the one of + +integration by parts. + +Which is a sort of a general +principle which I'll call my + +Example 3, which is +something which is + +called a reduction formula. + +A reduction formula is a case +where we apply some rule and + +we figure out one of these +integrals in terms of + +something else. + +Which is a little bit simpler. + +And eventually we'll get down to +the end, but it may take us + +n steps from the beginning. + +So the example is +l(n x^ n) dx. . + +And the claim is that if I do +what I did in Example 2, to + +this case, I'll get a simpler +one which will + +involve the n - 1st power. + +And that way I can get +all the way back down + +to the final answer. + +So here's what happens. + +We take u as ln x^ n. + +This is the same discussion +as before, v = x. + +And then u' is n l(n +x) ^ n - 1( 1 / x). + +And v' is 1. + +And so the setup is similar. + +We have here x ( ln x)^ +n minus the integral. + +And there's n times, it turns +out to be (ln x)^ n - 1. + +And then there's a 1 / x +and an x, which cancel. + +So I'm going to explain this +also abstractly a little bit + +just to show you what's +happening here. + +If you use the notation Fn (x) +is the integral of (ln x)^n + +dx, and we're going to forget +the constant here. + +Then the relationship that we +have here is that Fn (x) = n + +ln, I'm sorry, x (ln x)^ n. + +That's the first +term over here. + +Minus n times the +preceding one. + +This one here. + +And the idea is that eventually +we can get down. + +If we start with the nth one, +we have a formula that + +includes, so the reduction is +to the n - 1st. Then we can + +reduce to the n - +2nd, and so on. + +Until we reduce to the +1, the first 1. + +And then in fact we can even +go down to the 0th one. + +So this is the idea of +a reduction formula. + +And let me illustrate it exactly +in the context of + +Examples 1 and 2. + +So the first step would be to +evaluate the first one. + +Which is, if you like, +(ln x)^ 0 dx. + +That's very easy, that's x. + +And then F1 ( x) = +x ln x - F0 (x). + +Now, that's applying +this rule. + +So let me just put +it in a box here. + +This is the method +of induction. + +Here's the rule. + +And I'm applying it for n = 1. + +I plugged in n = 1 here. + +So here, I have x ln x +^ 1 - 1 ( F0 ( x). + +And that's what I put right +here, on the right-hand side. + +And that's going to generate +for me the formula that I + +want, which is x ln x - x. + +That's the answer to this +problem over here. + +This was Example 1. + +Notice I dropped the constants +because I can add + +them in at the end. + +So I'll put in parentheses +here, (+ c). + +That's what would happen at +the end of the problem. + +The next step, so that was +Example 1, and now Example 2 + +works more or less +the same way. + +I'm just summarizing +what I did on that + +blackboard right up here. + +The same thing, but in much +more compact notation. + +If I take F2 ( x), that's going +to be equal to x (ln + +x)^2 - 2 F1 ( x). + +Again, this is box for n = 2. + +And if I plug it in, what I'm +getting here is x (ln x) ^2 - + +twice this stuff here. + +Which is right here. +x ln x - x. + +If you like, + c. + +So I'll leave the c off. + +So this is how reduction +formulas work in general. + +I'm going to give you +one more example + +of a reduction formula. + +So I guess we have to +call this Example 4. + +Let's be fancy, let's +make it the sine. + +No no, no, let's be +fancier still. + +Let's make it e^ x. + +So this would also work for +cosine x and sine x. + +The same sort of thing. + +And I should mention that on +your homework, you have to do + +it for cosine of x. + +I decided to change my mind +on the spur of the moment. + +I'm not going to do it for +cosine because you have to + +work it out on your homework +for cosine. + +In a later homework you'll +even do this case. + +So it's fine. + +You need the practice. + +OK, so how am I going +to do it this time. + +This is again, a reduction +formula. + +And the trick here is to pick +u to be this function here. + +And the reason is +the following. + +So it's very important to pick +which function is the u and + +which function is the v. That's +the only decision you + +have to make if you're going to +apply integration by parts. + +When I pick this function as +the u, the advantage that I + +have is that u' is simpler. + +How is it simpler? + +It's simpler because it's +one degree down. + +So that's making progress +for us. + +On the other hand, this function +here is going to be + +what I'll use for v. And if I +differentiated that, if I did + +it the other way around and I +differentiated that, I would + +just get the same level +of complexity. + +Differentiating e^x just +gives you back e ^ x. + +So that's boring. + +It doesn't make any progress +in this process. + +And so I'm going to instead +let v = e ^ x and, + +sorry this is v '. + +Make it v ' = e ^ x. + +And then v = e ^x. + +At least it isn't any +worse when I went + +backwards like that. + +So now, I have u and v ', and +now I get (x ^ n)( e ^ x). + +This again is u, and this is v. +So it happens that v = t v + +' so it's a little +confusing here. + +But this is the one +we're calling v '. + +And here's v. And now minus the +integral and I have here + +nx ^ n - 1. + +And I have here e ^ x. + +So this is u ' and +this is v dx. + +So this recurrence is +a new recurrence. + +And let me summarize it here. + +It's saying that Gn ( x) should +be the integral of (x ^ + +n)( e ^ x) dx. + +Again, I'm dropping the c. + +And then the reduction formula +is that Gn (x) = this + +expression here, (x ^ n)( +e ^ x) - n Gn - 1 (x). + +So here's our reduction +formula. + +And to illustrate this, if I +take G0 (x), if you think + +about it for a second that's +just, there's nothing here. + +The antiderivative of e ^ x, +that's going to be e ^ x, that + +getting started at the +real basement here. + +Again, as always, 0 is +my favorite number. + +Not 1. + +I always start with the easiest +one, if possible. + +And now G1, applying this +formula, is going to be equal + +to x e ^ x - G0 ( x). + +Which is just right, because +n is 1 and n - 1 is 0. + +And so that's just +x e ^ x - e^ x. + +So this is a very, very +fancy way of saying + +the following fact. + +I'll put it over on +this other board. + +Which is that the integral of +x e^ x dx = x e^ x - x + c. + +Yeah, question. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: The question +is, why is this true. + +Why is this statement true. + +Why is G 0 = e^ x. + +I did that in my head. + +What I did was, I first wrote +down the formula for G0. + +Which was G0 is equal to the +integral of e^ x dx. + +Because there's an x to +the 0 power in there, + +which is just 1. + +And then I know the +antiderivative of e ^ x. + +It's e ^x. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: How do you know when +this method will work? + +The answer is only +by experience. + +You must get practice +doing this. + +If you look in your textbook, +you'll see hints + +as to what to do. + +The other hint that I want to +say is that if you find that + +you have one factor in your +expression which when you + +differentiate it, +it gets easier. + +And when you antidifferentiate +the other half, it doesn't get + +any worse, then that's +when this method + +has a chance of helping. + +And there is there's +no general thing. + +The thing is, though, if you +it with x^ n (e^ x), x ^ n + +cosine x, especially on +sine x, those are + +examples where it works. + +This power of the ln. + +I'll give you er one +more example here. + +So this was G1 ( x), right. + +I'll give you one more +example in a second. + +Yeah. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Thank you. + +There's a mistake here. + +That's bad. + +I was thinking in the +back of my head of + +the following formula. + +Which is another one which +we've just done. + +So these are the types of +formulas that you can get out + +of integration by parts. + +There's also another way of +getting these, which I'm not + +going to say anything about. + +Which is called advance +guessing. + +You guess in advance what the +form is, you differentiate it + +and you check. + +That does work too, with +many of these cases. + +I want to give you +an illustration. + +Just because you these formulas +are somewhat dry. + +So I want to give you just +at least one application. + +We're almost done with the +idea of these formulas. + +And we're going to get back now +to being able to handle + +lots more integrals than +we could before. + +And what's satisfying is that +now we can get numbers out + +instead of being stuck and +hamstrung with only a few + +techniques. + +Now we have all of the +techniques of integration that + +anybody has. + +And so we can do pretty much +anything we want that's + +possible to do. + +So here's, if you like, an +application that illustrates + +how integration by parts +can be helpful. + +And we're going to find the +volume of an exponential wine + +glass here. + +Again, don't try this +at home, but. + +So let's see. + +It's going to be this +beautiful guy here. + +I think. + +OK, so what's it going to be. + +This graph is going +to be y = e^ x. + +Then we're going to rotate +it around the y axis. + +And this level here is +the height y = 1. + +And the top, let's +say, is y = e. + +So that the horizontal here, +coming down, is x = 1. + +Now, there are two ways to +set up this problem. + +And so there are two methods. + +And this is also a good review +because, of course, we did + +this in the last unit. + +The two methods are horizontal +and vertical slices. + +Those are the two ways +we can do this. + +Now, if we do it with, so +let's start out with the + +horizontal ones. + +That's this shape here. + +And we're going like that. + +And the horizontal slices mean +that this little bit here is a + +thickness dy. + +And then we're going to +wrap that around. + +So this is going to +become a disk. + +This is the method of disks. + +And what's this distance here? + +Well, this place is x. + +And so the disk has +area pi x ^2. + +And we're going to add up the +thickness of the disks and + +we're going to integrate +from 1 to e. + +So here's our volume. + +And now we have one last little +item of business before + +we can evaluate this integral. + +And that is that we need to know +the relationship here on + +the curve, that y = e ^ x. + +So that means x = ln y. + +And in order to evaluate this +integral, we have to evaluate + +x correctly as a +function of y. + +So that's the integral +from 1 to e of (ln + +y)^2, times pi, dy. + +So now you see that this +is an integral that we + +did calculate already. + +And in fact, it's sitting +right here. + +Except with the variable x +instead of the variable y. + +So the answer, which +we already had, is + +this F2 ( y) here. + +So maybe I'll write +it that way. + +So this is F2 (y) +between 1 and e. + +And now let's figure +out what it is. + +It's written over there. + +It's y (ln y) ^2 - +2(y ln y - y). + +The whole thing evaluated +at 1e. + +And that is, if I plug +in e here, I get e. + +Except there's a factor +of pi there, sorry. + +Missed the pi factor. + +So there's an e here. + +And then I subtract off, well, +at 1 this is e - e. + +So it cancels. + +There's nothing left. + +And then at 1, I get ln 1 is 0, +ln 1 is 0, there's only one + +term left, which is 2. + +So it's - 2. + +That's the answer. + +Now we get to compare that with +what happens if we do it + +the other way. + +So what's the vertical? + +So by vertical slicing, +we get shells. + +And that starts, that's +in the x variable. + +It starts at 0 and ends +at 1 and it's dx. + +And what are the shells? + +Well, the shells are, if I can +draw the picture again, they + +start, the top value is e. + +And the bottom value +is, I need a little + +bit of room for this. + +The bottom value is y. + +And then we have 2 pi x is +the circumference, as we + +sweep it around dx. + +So here's our new volume. + +Expressed in this +different way. + +So now I'm going to plug +in what this is. + +It's the integral from +0 to 1 of e - e ^ x. + +That's the formula for y. + +2 pi x dx. + +And what you see is that you get +the integral from 0 to 1 + +of 2 pi e x dx. + +That's easy, right? + +That's just 2 pi e ( 1/2). + +This one is just the +area of a triangle. + +If I factor out the 2 pi e. + +And then the other piece +is the integral + +of 2 pi x e^ x dx. + +From 0 to 1. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Are you asking me +whether I need an x ^2 here? + +I just evaluated the integral. + +I just did it geometrically. + +I said, this is the area +of a triangle. + +I didn't antidifferentiate and +evaluate it, I just told you + +the number. + +Because it's a definite +integral. + +So now, this one here, I can +read off from right up here. + +Above it, this is G1. + +So this is equal to, let's +check it out here. + +So this is pi e, right, - 2 pi +G1 ( x), evaluated at 0 and 1. + +So let's make sure that +it's the same + +as what we had before. + +It's pi e - 2 pi times +here's g1. + +So it's x e ^ x - e^ x. + +So at x = 1, that cancels. + +But at the bottom +end, it's e^ 0. + +So it's - 1 here. + +Is that right? + +Yep. + +So it's pi e - 2. + +It's the same. + +Question. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: From here to here, +is that the question? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: So the step here is +just the distributive law. + +This is e 2 pi x, that's +this term. + +And the other terms, the +minus sign is outside. + +The 2 pi I factored out. + +And the x and the e ^x stayed +inside the integral sign. + +Thank you. + +The correction is that +there was a missing + +minus sign, last time. + +When I integrated from +0 to 1 x e^ x dx, I + +had a x e^ x - e^x. + +Evaluated at 0 and 1. + +And that's equal to + 1. + +I was missing this minus sign. + +The place where it came in was +in this wineglass example. + +We had the integral of +2 pi x e - e ^x dx. + +And that was 2 pi e integral of +x dx, from 0 to 1, - 2 pi, + +integral from 0 to +1 of x e^x dx. + +And then I worked this +out and it was pi e. + +And then this one was - 2 pi, +and what I wrote down was - 1. + +But there should have been an +extra minus sign there. + +So it's this. + +The final answer was +correct, but this + +minus sign was missing. + +Right there. + +So just, right there. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/axV4oIluQwY.txt b/axV4oIluQwY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa2021f28191720a9c86e37fd9917a38a18f2c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/axV4oIluQwY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class on cities and climate action or + + align:start position:0% +class on cities and climate action or + + + align:start position:0% +class on cities and climate action or +this is really kind of an exploration or + + align:start position:0% +this is really kind of an exploration or + + + align:start position:0% +this is really kind of an exploration or +maybe a rational perhaps but why you + + align:start position:0% +maybe a rational perhaps but why you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a rational perhaps but why you +should take this class MIT + + align:start position:0% +should take this class MIT + + + align:start position:0% +should take this class MIT +11.165 for undergraduates oral 11.477 + + align:start position:0% +11.165 for undergraduates oral 11.477 + + + align:start position:0% +11.165 for undergraduates oral 11.477 +for graduate students this video + + align:start position:0% +for graduate students this video + + + align:start position:0% +for graduate students this video +lectures really I'm going to use this as + + align:start position:0% +lectures really I'm going to use this as + + + align:start position:0% +lectures really I'm going to use this as +an example of all the future video + + align:start position:0% +an example of all the future video + + + align:start position:0% +an example of all the future video +lectures that are to come so for example + + align:start position:0% +lectures that are to come so for example + + + align:start position:0% +lectures that are to come so for example +I'm not going to go over this slide this + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go over this slide this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go over this slide this +slide has all the readings that are in + + align:start position:0% +slide has all the readings that are in + + + align:start position:0% +slide has all the readings that are in +the syllabus for today I'll generally + + align:start position:0% +the syllabus for today I'll generally + + + align:start position:0% +the syllabus for today I'll generally +start my lectures with a slide like this + + align:start position:0% +start my lectures with a slide like this + + + align:start position:0% +start my lectures with a slide like this +but I won't go into it because first all + + align:start position:0% +but I won't go into it because first all + + + align:start position:0% +but I won't go into it because first all +these things are on the syllabus second + + align:start position:0% +these things are on the syllabus second + + + align:start position:0% +these things are on the syllabus second +for all the students taking this class + + align:start position:0% +for all the students taking this class + + + align:start position:0% +for all the students taking this class +at MIT you'll have the PDF slides + + align:start position:0% +at MIT you'll have the PDF slides + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT you'll have the PDF slides +available on the canvas site so you can + + align:start position:0% +available on the canvas site so you can + + + align:start position:0% +available on the canvas site so you can +go to PDF slides and click on the links + + align:start position:0% +go to PDF slides and click on the links + + + align:start position:0% +go to PDF slides and click on the links +you don't need to go click on the links + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to go click on the links + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to go click on the links +for the ones in the syllabus because you + + align:start position:0% +for the ones in the syllabus because you + + + align:start position:0% +for the ones in the syllabus because you +already have the syllabus but if I bring + + align:start position:0% +already have the syllabus but if I bring + + + align:start position:0% +already have the syllabus but if I bring +in other reports or articles or sources + + align:start position:0% +in other reports or articles or sources + + + align:start position:0% +in other reports or articles or sources +or papers I'll put those references into + + align:start position:0% +or papers I'll put those references into + + + align:start position:0% +or papers I'll put those references into +the slides and so if you want to follow + + align:start position:0% +the slides and so if you want to follow + + + align:start position:0% +the slides and so if you want to follow +up on other topics just go to the slide + + align:start position:0% +up on other topics just go to the slide + + + align:start position:0% +up on other topics just go to the slide +and click on the link in the PDF + + align:start position:0% +and click on the link in the PDF + + + align:start position:0% +and click on the link in the PDF +so why are we watching this short video + + align:start position:0% +so why are we watching this short video + + + align:start position:0% +so why are we watching this short video +today I'm going to use these short + + align:start position:0% +today I'm going to use these short + + + align:start position:0% +today I'm going to use these short +videos class to comment on or synthesize + + align:start position:0% +videos class to comment on or synthesize + + + align:start position:0% +videos class to comment on or synthesize +but not recap the readings so you do + + align:start position:0% +but not recap the readings so you do + + + align:start position:0% +but not recap the readings so you do +have to do the readings but the point of + + align:start position:0% +have to do the readings but the point of + + + align:start position:0% +have to do the readings but the point of +watching the video lecture is to really + + align:start position:0% +watching the video lecture is to really + + + align:start position:0% +watching the video lecture is to really +set up our discussion or + + align:start position:0% +set up our discussion or + + + align:start position:0% +set up our discussion or +to demonstrate something I want to + + align:start position:0% +to demonstrate something I want to + + + align:start position:0% +to demonstrate something I want to +highlight or explore quite often my + + align:start position:0% +highlight or explore quite often my + + + align:start position:0% +highlight or explore quite often my +lecture that I really like doing a deep + + align:start position:0% +lecture that I really like doing a deep + + + align:start position:0% +lecture that I really like doing a deep +dive in a particular aspect of the + + align:start position:0% +dive in a particular aspect of the + + + align:start position:0% +dive in a particular aspect of the +readings but that might not be + + align:start position:0% +readings but that might not be + + + align:start position:0% +readings but that might not be +necessarily what we want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +necessarily what we want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily what we want to talk about +together in class so I'll highlight + + align:start position:0% +together in class so I'll highlight + + + align:start position:0% +together in class so I'll highlight +things or explore things that I want to + + align:start position:0% +things or explore things that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +things or explore things that I want to +focus on we can discuss it more in class + + align:start position:0% +focus on we can discuss it more in class + + + align:start position:0% +focus on we can discuss it more in class +and then for the student leaders of the + + align:start position:0% +and then for the student leaders of the + + + align:start position:0% +and then for the student leaders of the +discussions you can highlight something + + align:start position:0% +discussions you can highlight something + + + align:start position:0% +discussions you can highlight something +you want to explore or highlight and we + + align:start position:0% +you want to explore or highlight and we + + + align:start position:0% +you want to explore or highlight and we +can talk about it in class + + align:start position:0% +can talk about it in class + + + align:start position:0% +can talk about it in class +what I'm hoping this is going to allow + + align:start position:0% +what I'm hoping this is going to allow + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm hoping this is going to allow +us to do is to allow you to watch or + + align:start position:0% +us to do is to allow you to watch or + + + align:start position:0% +us to do is to allow you to watch or +re-watch these videos on your own time + + align:start position:0% +re-watch these videos on your own time + + + align:start position:0% +re-watch these videos on your own time +or at your own pace + + align:start position:0% +or at your own pace + + + align:start position:0% +or at your own pace +and hopefully what's going to allow us + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully what's going to allow us + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully what's going to allow us +to do is to flip the classroom and + + align:start position:0% +to do is to flip the classroom and + + + align:start position:0% +to do is to flip the classroom and +enable us to have richer longer + + align:start position:0% +enable us to have richer longer + + + align:start position:0% +enable us to have richer longer +discussions + + align:start position:0% +discussions + + + align:start position:0% +discussions +we have about three hours of class time + + align:start position:0% +we have about three hours of class time + + + align:start position:0% +we have about three hours of class time +together given the number of people in + + align:start position:0% +together given the number of people in + + + align:start position:0% +together given the number of people in +the room today I'm hoping we can use all + + align:start position:0% +the room today I'm hoping we can use all + + + align:start position:0% +the room today I'm hoping we can use all +three hours so everyone can feel like + + align:start position:0% +three hours so everyone can feel like + + + align:start position:0% +three hours so everyone can feel like +they're getting something out of the + + align:start position:0% +they're getting something out of the + + + align:start position:0% +they're getting something out of the +discussions and the fun thing is + + align:start position:0% +discussions and the fun thing is + + + align:start position:0% +discussions and the fun thing is +sometimes those discussions go to + + align:start position:0% +sometimes those discussions go to + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes those discussions go to +different places than we expect or that + + align:start position:0% +different places than we expect or that + + + align:start position:0% +different places than we expect or that +I expect + + align:start position:0% +I expect + + + align:start position:0% +I expect +and ultimately the reason why I'm making + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately the reason why I'm making + + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately the reason why I'm making +these short videos is that these videos + + align:start position:0% +these short videos is that these videos + + + align:start position:0% +these short videos is that these videos +are going to perform the basis of a new + + align:start position:0% +are going to perform the basis of a new + + + align:start position:0% +are going to perform the basis of a new +digital course on cities and climate + + align:start position:0% +digital course on cities and climate + + + align:start position:0% +digital course on cities and climate +action ultimately I hope to make these + + align:start position:0% +action ultimately I hope to make these + + + align:start position:0% +action ultimately I hope to make these +videos available to faculty or students + + align:start position:0% +videos available to faculty or students + + + align:start position:0% +videos available to faculty or students +in other departments and other schools I + + align:start position:0% +in other departments and other schools I + + + align:start position:0% +in other departments and other schools I +would argue that actually as urban + + align:start position:0% +would argue that actually as urban + + + align:start position:0% +would argue that actually as urban +planners we need to get involved in + + align:start position:0% +planners we need to get involved in + + + align:start position:0% +planners we need to get involved in +climate change but also at the same time + + align:start position:0% +climate change but also at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +climate change but also at the same time +we may not have the faculty or staff or + + align:start position:0% +we may not have the faculty or staff or + + + align:start position:0% +we may not have the faculty or staff or +student bandwidth to take a new course + + align:start position:0% +student bandwidth to take a new course + + + align:start position:0% +student bandwidth to take a new course +or offer new class so I'm hoping these + + align:start position:0% +or offer new class so I'm hoping these + + + align:start position:0% +or offer new class so I'm hoping these +video courses will enable people to do + + align:start position:0% +video courses will enable people to do + + + align:start position:0% +video courses will enable people to do +that at the same time I think that a lot + + align:start position:0% +that at the same time I think that a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that at the same time I think that a lot +of other disciplines like engineering + + align:start position:0% +of other disciplines like engineering + + + align:start position:0% +of other disciplines like engineering +and policy could benefit from focusing + + align:start position:0% +and policy could benefit from focusing + + + align:start position:0% +and policy could benefit from focusing +on cities because cities I'll argue to + + align:start position:0% +on cities because cities I'll argue to + + + align:start position:0% +on cities because cities I'll argue to +this next few slides are a key scale or + + align:start position:0% +this next few slides are a key scale or + + + align:start position:0% +this next few slides are a key scale or +jurisdiction at which we can have a lot + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction at which we can have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction at which we can have a lot +of opportunities to take climate action + + align:start position:0% +of opportunities to take climate action + + + align:start position:0% +of opportunities to take climate action +so uh one reading I just want to focus + + align:start position:0% +so uh one reading I just want to focus + + + align:start position:0% +so uh one reading I just want to focus +on just to demonstrate I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +on just to demonstrate I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +on just to demonstrate I'm going to +delve deeper into certain readings I + + align:start position:0% +delve deeper into certain readings I + + + align:start position:0% +delve deeper into certain readings I +want to introduce the textbook for this + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce the textbook for this + + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce the textbook for this +class it's a book by Dave McKay he was a + + align:start position:0% +class it's a book by Dave McKay he was a + + + align:start position:0% +class it's a book by Dave McKay he was a +British physicist uh I think he was a + + align:start position:0% +British physicist uh I think he was a + + + align:start position:0% +British physicist uh I think he was a +royal astronomer a royal physicist at + + align:start position:0% +royal astronomer a royal physicist at + + + align:start position:0% +royal astronomer a royal physicist at +some point in the UK he wrote this book + + align:start position:0% +some point in the UK he wrote this book + + + align:start position:0% +some point in the UK he wrote this book +in 2009 and unfortunately he passed away + + align:start position:0% +in 2009 and unfortunately he passed away + + + align:start position:0% +in 2009 and unfortunately he passed away +at a relatively young age in 2016. but + + align:start position:0% +at a relatively young age in 2016. but + + + align:start position:0% +at a relatively young age in 2016. but +this book is actually a fairly good + + align:start position:0% +this book is actually a fairly good + + + align:start position:0% +this book is actually a fairly good +Legacy it was wildly popular then it's + + align:start position:0% +Legacy it was wildly popular then it's + + + align:start position:0% +Legacy it was wildly popular then it's +still fairly popular now even 13 or 14 + + align:start position:0% +still fairly popular now even 13 or 14 + + + align:start position:0% +still fairly popular now even 13 or 14 +years later + + align:start position:0% +years later + + + align:start position:0% +years later +it's popular for a lot of reasons it's + + align:start position:0% +it's popular for a lot of reasons it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's popular for a lot of reasons it's +accessible David Makai made this book + + align:start position:0% +accessible David Makai made this book + + + align:start position:0% +accessible David Makai made this book +free actually he put us a PDF on the web + + align:start position:0% +free actually he put us a PDF on the web + + + align:start position:0% +free actually he put us a PDF on the web +it's actually fairly funny a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it's actually fairly funny a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually fairly funny a lot of +students find this book quite + + align:start position:0% +students find this book quite + + + align:start position:0% +students find this book quite +entertaining uh the evaluations for the + + align:start position:0% +entertaining uh the evaluations for the + + + align:start position:0% +entertaining uh the evaluations for the +course always highlight this textbook + + align:start position:0% +course always highlight this textbook + + + align:start position:0% +course always highlight this textbook +students really enjoy reading this + + align:start position:0% +students really enjoy reading this + + + align:start position:0% +students really enjoy reading this +textbook so I hope you do too + + align:start position:0% +textbook so I hope you do too + + + align:start position:0% +textbook so I hope you do too +it actually uses a fairly simple but + + align:start position:0% +it actually uses a fairly simple but + + + align:start position:0% +it actually uses a fairly simple but +powerful back of the envelope reasoning + + align:start position:0% +powerful back of the envelope reasoning + + + align:start position:0% +powerful back of the envelope reasoning +uh Dave Mackay almost always starts a + + align:start position:0% +uh Dave Mackay almost always starts a + + + align:start position:0% +uh Dave Mackay almost always starts a +fairly basic physical principles looks + + align:start position:0% +fairly basic physical principles looks + + + align:start position:0% +fairly basic physical principles looks +at empirical data and uses uh simple + + align:start position:0% +at empirical data and uses uh simple + + + align:start position:0% +at empirical data and uses uh simple +reasoning or calculations or Graphics to + + align:start position:0% +reasoning or calculations or Graphics to + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning or calculations or Graphics to +enable people to understand the key + + align:start position:0% +enable people to understand the key + + + align:start position:0% +enable people to understand the key +issues it involved + + align:start position:0% +issues it involved + + + align:start position:0% +issues it involved +in the first chapter did Makai makes a + + align:start position:0% +in the first chapter did Makai makes a + + + align:start position:0% +in the first chapter did Makai makes a +point that there's no economics in this + + align:start position:0% +point that there's no economics in this + + + align:start position:0% +point that there's no economics in this +book and we can talk about whether or + + align:start position:0% +book and we can talk about whether or + + + align:start position:0% +book and we can talk about whether or +not that's good or bad one thing that + + align:start position:0% +not that's good or bad one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +not that's good or bad one thing that +has wildly changed since 2009 is the + + align:start position:0% +has wildly changed since 2009 is the + + + align:start position:0% +has wildly changed since 2009 is the +cost of renewable energies and + + align:start position:0% +cost of renewable energies and + + + align:start position:0% +cost of renewable energies and +Technologies or Renewable Energy + + align:start position:0% +Technologies or Renewable Energy + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies or Renewable Energy +Technologies have all declined since + + align:start position:0% +Technologies have all declined since + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies have all declined since +2009 that's become a huge Advantage for + + align:start position:0% +2009 that's become a huge Advantage for + + + align:start position:0% +2009 that's become a huge Advantage for +renewable energy over fossil fuel + + align:start position:0% +renewable energy over fossil fuel + + + align:start position:0% +renewable energy over fossil fuel +energies uh and that's why the energy + + align:start position:0% +energies uh and that's why the energy + + + align:start position:0% +energies uh and that's why the energy +transition is going to happen more and + + align:start position:0% +transition is going to happen more and + + + align:start position:0% +transition is going to happen more and +more rapidly in our lifetimes so we can + + align:start position:0% +more rapidly in our lifetimes so we can + + + align:start position:0% +more rapidly in our lifetimes so we can +discuss whether it's good or bad this + + align:start position:0% +discuss whether it's good or bad this + + + align:start position:0% +discuss whether it's good or bad this +textbook has no economics it simply + + align:start position:0% +textbook has no economics it simply + + + align:start position:0% +textbook has no economics it simply +focuses on the technological issues + + align:start position:0% +focuses on the technological issues + + + align:start position:0% +focuses on the technological issues +involved rather than the economic issues + + align:start position:0% +involved rather than the economic issues + + + align:start position:0% +involved rather than the economic issues +similarly it really doesn't focus on the + + align:start position:0% +similarly it really doesn't focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +similarly it really doesn't focus on the +political or policy aspects of some of + + align:start position:0% +political or policy aspects of some of + + + align:start position:0% +political or policy aspects of some of +these Technologies this is perhaps + + align:start position:0% +these Technologies this is perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +these Technologies this is perhaps +before well climate change has always + + align:start position:0% +before well climate change has always + + + align:start position:0% +before well climate change has always +been fairly polarized in the US in a way + + align:start position:0% +been fairly polarized in the US in a way + + + align:start position:0% +been fairly polarized in the US in a way +that's not polarized in other countries + + align:start position:0% +that's not polarized in other countries + + + align:start position:0% +that's not polarized in other countries +but you know David Makai makes an effort + + align:start position:0% +but you know David Makai makes an effort + + + align:start position:0% +but you know David Makai makes an effort +in this book basically not to focus the + + align:start position:0% +in this book basically not to focus the + + + align:start position:0% +in this book basically not to focus the +Politics as much as on the physical or + + align:start position:0% +Politics as much as on the physical or + + + align:start position:0% +Politics as much as on the physical or +technological solutions We need he sort + + align:start position:0% +technological solutions We need he sort + + + align:start position:0% +technological solutions We need he sort +of assumes that that will help drive the + + align:start position:0% +of assumes that that will help drive the + + + align:start position:0% +of assumes that that will help drive the +conversation or help Drive the policy + + align:start position:0% +conversation or help Drive the policy + + + align:start position:0% +conversation or help Drive the policy +changes needed obviously we haven't had + + align:start position:0% +changes needed obviously we haven't had + + + align:start position:0% +changes needed obviously we haven't had +the policy changes we needed in the U.S + + align:start position:0% +the policy changes we needed in the U.S + + + align:start position:0% +the policy changes we needed in the U.S +and you know Europe is slightly ahead + + align:start position:0% +and you know Europe is slightly ahead + + + align:start position:0% +and you know Europe is slightly ahead +but perhaps has not been moved as + + align:start position:0% +but perhaps has not been moved as + + + align:start position:0% +but perhaps has not been moved as +quickly as we've logged into also so we + + align:start position:0% +quickly as we've logged into also so we + + + align:start position:0% +quickly as we've logged into also so we +can discuss in this class but not we + + align:start position:0% +can discuss in this class but not we + + + align:start position:0% +can discuss in this class but not we +think the kind of lack of emphasis on + + align:start position:0% +think the kind of lack of emphasis on + + + align:start position:0% +think the kind of lack of emphasis on +politics and policy is also appropriate + + align:start position:0% +politics and policy is also appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +politics and policy is also appropriate +but let me show you some of the + + align:start position:0% +but let me show you some of the + + + align:start position:0% +but let me show you some of the +strengths of the book and I'll use one + + align:start position:0% +strengths of the book and I'll use one + + + align:start position:0% +strengths of the book and I'll use one +example I really like I really let me + + align:start position:0% +example I really like I really let me + + + align:start position:0% +example I really like I really let me +before I do that I'll just show you that + + align:start position:0% +before I do that I'll just show you that + + + align:start position:0% +before I do that I'll just show you that +you know because it's accessible because + + align:start position:0% +you know because it's accessible because + + + align:start position:0% +you know because it's accessible because +he made the PDF free and download the + + align:start position:0% +he made the PDF free and download the + + + align:start position:0% +he made the PDF free and download the +PDF for free on the website shows you + + align:start position:0% +PDF for free on the website shows you + + + align:start position:0% +PDF for free on the website shows you +where to buy it in paper but you know + + align:start position:0% +where to buy it in paper but you know + + + align:start position:0% +where to buy it in paper but you know +this is actually a volunteer thing that + + align:start position:0% +this is actually a volunteer thing that + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually a volunteer thing that +somebody read the book liked it and + + align:start position:0% +somebody read the book liked it and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody read the book liked it and +asked them because the content was free + + align:start position:0% +asked them because the content was free + + + align:start position:0% +asked them because the content was free +made a separate web page for every + + align:start position:0% +made a separate web page for every + + + align:start position:0% +made a separate web page for every +single chapter so you can access this + + align:start position:0% +single chapter so you can access this + + + align:start position:0% +single chapter so you can access this +book through the PDF on download you can + + align:start position:0% +book through the PDF on download you can + + + align:start position:0% +book through the PDF on download you can +buy a hard copy I'll show you a hard + + align:start position:0% +buy a hard copy I'll show you a hard + + + align:start position:0% +buy a hard copy I'll show you a hard +copy in class today or you can simply + + align:start position:0% +copy in class today or you can simply + + + align:start position:0% +copy in class today or you can simply +look at the web pages or you can do some + + align:start position:0% +look at the web pages or you can do some + + + align:start position:0% +look at the web pages or you can do some +combination all three to access the book + + align:start position:0% +combination all three to access the book + + + align:start position:0% +combination all three to access the book +that's why it's quite accessible and + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's quite accessible and + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's quite accessible and +it's been translated into it looks like + + align:start position:0% +it's been translated into it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it's been translated into it looks like +10 or 12 other languages + + align:start position:0% +10 or 12 other languages + + + align:start position:0% +10 or 12 other languages +to show you a one aspect of book I + + align:start position:0% +to show you a one aspect of book I + + + align:start position:0% +to show you a one aspect of book I +really like I like the use of graphics + + align:start position:0% +really like I like the use of graphics + + + align:start position:0% +really like I like the use of graphics +and all of Dave MacKay's work you can + + align:start position:0% +and all of Dave MacKay's work you can + + + align:start position:0% +and all of Dave MacKay's work you can +see the very simple graph on the + + align:start position:0% +see the very simple graph on the + + + align:start position:0% +see the very simple graph on the +vertical axis is carbon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis is carbon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis is carbon dioxide +concentration in the atmosphere and the + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the atmosphere and the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the atmosphere and the +horizontal axis is time going all the + + align:start position:0% +horizontal axis is time going all the + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal axis is time going all the +way back to like about a thousand A.D he + + align:start position:0% +way back to like about a thousand A.D he + + + align:start position:0% +way back to like about a thousand A.D he +focuses on this little section which is + + align:start position:0% +focuses on this little section which is + + + align:start position:0% +focuses on this little section which is +between sixteen hundred and two thousand + + align:start position:0% +between sixteen hundred and two thousand + + + align:start position:0% +between sixteen hundred and two thousand +and this podcast commentary caption here + + align:start position:0% +and this podcast commentary caption here + + + align:start position:0% +and this podcast commentary caption here +is I think something new may have + + align:start position:0% +is I think something new may have + + + align:start position:0% +is I think something new may have +happened between 1800 and 2000 a b he + + align:start position:0% +happened between 1800 and 2000 a b he + + + align:start position:0% +happened between 1800 and 2000 a b he +marks the year 1769 which is when James + + align:start position:0% +marks the year 1769 which is when James + + + align:start position:0% +marks the year 1769 which is when James +Watt added the steam engine that's the + + align:start position:0% +Watt added the steam engine that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Watt added the steam engine that's the +beginning of the in-depth revolution in + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the in-depth revolution in + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the in-depth revolution in +the UK and you could say you can see in + + align:start position:0% +the UK and you could say you can see in + + + align:start position:0% +the UK and you could say you can see in +the UK in countries like France Germany + + align:start position:0% +the UK in countries like France Germany + + + align:start position:0% +the UK in countries like France Germany +and the US the Industrial Revolution + + align:start position:0% +and the US the Industrial Revolution + + + align:start position:0% +and the US the Industrial Revolution +begins and carbon dioxide concentrations + + align:start position:0% +begins and carbon dioxide concentrations + + + align:start position:0% +begins and carbon dioxide concentrations +goes straight up almost experientially + + align:start position:0% +goes straight up almost experientially + + + align:start position:0% +goes straight up almost experientially +if you look at this graph it's only 2 + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this graph it's only 2 + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this graph it's only 2 +000 I think in 2020 we're about 415 or + + align:start position:0% +000 I think in 2020 we're about 415 or + + + align:start position:0% +000 I think in 2020 we're about 415 or +420 parts per in the atmosphere so we've + + align:start position:0% +420 parts per in the atmosphere so we've + + + align:start position:0% +420 parts per in the atmosphere so we've +fully exceeded this growth has continued + + align:start position:0% +fully exceeded this growth has continued + + + align:start position:0% +fully exceeded this growth has continued +unabated the last 22 years + + align:start position:0% +unabated the last 22 years + + + align:start position:0% +unabated the last 22 years +but if you look at how he examines the + + align:start position:0% +but if you look at how he examines the + + + align:start position:0% +but if you look at how he examines the +issues what I really like in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +issues what I really like in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +issues what I really like in a lot of +his work and because this textbook is + + align:start position:0% +his work and because this textbook is + + + align:start position:0% +his work and because this textbook is +that he uses Graphics to kind of + + align:start position:0% +that he uses Graphics to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that he uses Graphics to kind of +illustrate different issues for example + + align:start position:0% +illustrate different issues for example + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate different issues for example +he takes World greenhouse gas missions + + align:start position:0% +he takes World greenhouse gas missions + + + align:start position:0% +he takes World greenhouse gas missions +uh in his numbers from 2000 about 34 + + align:start position:0% +uh in his numbers from 2000 about 34 + + + align:start position:0% +uh in his numbers from 2000 about 34 +gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year and + + align:start position:0% +gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year and + + + align:start position:0% +gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year and +basically says that's the total area of + + align:start position:0% +basically says that's the total area of + + + align:start position:0% +basically says that's the total area of +greenhouse gas missions and a few + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas missions and a few + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas missions and a few +compare that to the population two + + align:start position:0% +compare that to the population two + + + align:start position:0% +compare that to the population two +thousand six billion people or seven + + align:start position:0% +thousand six billion people or seven + + + align:start position:0% +thousand six billion people or seven +point something now or almost 8 billion + + align:start position:0% +point something now or almost 8 billion + + + align:start position:0% +point something now or almost 8 billion +people on the planet that basically + + align:start position:0% +people on the planet that basically + + + align:start position:0% +people on the planet that basically +averages to about five tons of CO2 + + align:start position:0% +averages to about five tons of CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +averages to about five tons of CO2 +equivalent per year per person so you + + align:start position:0% +equivalent per year per person so you + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent per year per person so you +multiply this axis on this axis and you + + align:start position:0% +multiply this axis on this axis and you + + + align:start position:0% +multiply this axis on this axis and you +get this result resulting area of 34 + + align:start position:0% +get this result resulting area of 34 + + + align:start position:0% +get this result resulting area of 34 +gigatons of the CO2 equivalent per year + + align:start position:0% +gigatons of the CO2 equivalent per year + + + align:start position:0% +gigatons of the CO2 equivalent per year +but you know we can also look at some of + + align:start position:0% +but you know we can also look at some of + + + align:start position:0% +but you know we can also look at some of +the numbers and they've been updated our + + align:start position:0% +the numbers and they've been updated our + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers and they've been updated our +world and data is a pretty useful + + align:start position:0% +world and data is a pretty useful + + + align:start position:0% +world and data is a pretty useful +website for looking at different sources + + align:start position:0% +website for looking at different sources + + + align:start position:0% +website for looking at different sources +of data these are slightly different + + align:start position:0% +of data these are slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +of data these are slightly different +definition of an annual CO2 emissions + + align:start position:0% +definition of an annual CO2 emissions + + + align:start position:0% +definition of an annual CO2 emissions +they exclude land use change and so in + + align:start position:0% +they exclude land use change and so in + + + align:start position:0% +they exclude land use change and so in +2000 they have about 25 billion tons of + + align:start position:0% +2000 they have about 25 billion tons of + + + align:start position:0% +2000 they have about 25 billion tons of +CO2 equivalent well you can see what + + align:start position:0% +CO2 equivalent well you can see what + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 equivalent well you can see what +happens is basically it has gone + + align:start position:0% +happens is basically it has gone + + + align:start position:0% +happens is basically it has gone +straight up + + align:start position:0% +straight up + + + align:start position:0% +straight up +over the last 22 years it's still this + + align:start position:0% +over the last 22 years it's still this + + + align:start position:0% +over the last 22 years it's still this +slight dip from covet so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +slight dip from covet so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +slight dip from covet so if you look at +their definition in data that's 25 + + align:start position:0% +their definition in data that's 25 + + + align:start position:0% +their definition in data that's 25 +billion tons in 2000 30 almost 37 + + align:start position:0% +billion tons in 2000 30 almost 37 + + + align:start position:0% +billion tons in 2000 30 almost 37 +billion times in 2019 until it's + + align:start position:0% +billion times in 2019 until it's + + + align:start position:0% +billion times in 2019 until it's +slightly declines of covet and what + + align:start position:0% +slightly declines of covet and what + + + align:start position:0% +slightly declines of covet and what +we're hoping after covid is that as our + + align:start position:0% +we're hoping after covid is that as our + + + align:start position:0% +we're hoping after covid is that as our +energy transition continues we are + + align:start position:0% +energy transition continues we are + + + align:start position:0% +energy transition continues we are +bouncing up back to the same upper + + align:start position:0% +bouncing up back to the same upper + + + align:start position:0% +bouncing up back to the same upper +trajectory which is going to result in + + align:start position:0% +trajectory which is going to result in + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory which is going to result in +more climate change + + align:start position:0% +more climate change + + + align:start position:0% +more climate change +at the same time you can use the + + align:start position:0% +at the same time you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time you can use the +original Graphics you can kind of drill + + align:start position:0% +original Graphics you can kind of drill + + + align:start position:0% +original Graphics you can kind of drill +down into the data a little bit as David + + align:start position:0% +down into the data a little bit as David + + + align:start position:0% +down into the data a little bit as David +Makai does and shows that these areas of + + align:start position:0% +Makai does and shows that these areas of + + + align:start position:0% +Makai does and shows that these areas of +greenhouse gas nations are quite + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas nations are quite + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas nations are quite +different even though the total area of + + align:start position:0% +different even though the total area of + + + align:start position:0% +different even though the total area of +greenhouse gas emissions is what counts + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas emissions is what counts + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas emissions is what counts +if you average over let's say different + + align:start position:0% +if you average over let's say different + + + align:start position:0% +if you average over let's say different +populations of people in different + + align:start position:0% +populations of people in different + + + align:start position:0% +populations of people in different +regions you can see that you know even + + align:start position:0% +regions you can see that you know even + + + align:start position:0% +regions you can see that you know even +if the total area of Asia might be + + align:start position:0% +if the total area of Asia might be + + + align:start position:0% +if the total area of Asia might be +slightly larger than North America + + align:start position:0% +slightly larger than North America + + + align:start position:0% +slightly larger than North America +there's many fewer people in North + + align:start position:0% +there's many fewer people in North + + + align:start position:0% +there's many fewer people in North +America who are emitting much more + + align:start position:0% +America who are emitting much more + + + align:start position:0% +America who are emitting much more +greenhouse gas emissions per person and + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas emissions per person and + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas emissions per person and +this is starting to highlight some + + align:start position:0% +this is starting to highlight some + + + align:start position:0% +this is starting to highlight some +issues perhaps of equity across + + align:start position:0% +issues perhaps of equity across + + + align:start position:0% +issues perhaps of equity across +different regions of the world if you + + align:start position:0% +different regions of the world if you + + + align:start position:0% +different regions of the world if you +look at by a country most the people in + + align:start position:0% +look at by a country most the people in + + + align:start position:0% +look at by a country most the people in +North America are Americans who are all + + align:start position:0% +North America are Americans who are all + + + align:start position:0% +North America are Americans who are all +in 2000 looks like emitting about 24 + + align:start position:0% +in 2000 looks like emitting about 24 + + + align:start position:0% +in 2000 looks like emitting about 24 +tons per person per year even though + + align:start position:0% +tons per person per year even though + + + align:start position:0% +tons per person per year even though +China has a larger population of nearly + + align:start position:0% +China has a larger population of nearly + + + align:start position:0% +China has a larger population of nearly +a billion people those people on average + + align:start position:0% +a billion people those people on average + + + align:start position:0% +a billion people those people on average +are only moving on four tons per person + + align:start position:0% +are only moving on four tons per person + + + align:start position:0% +are only moving on four tons per person +per year so in 2000 by this measure here + + align:start position:0% +per year so in 2000 by this measure here + + + align:start position:0% +per year so in 2000 by this measure here +it looks like the average American is + + align:start position:0% +it looks like the average American is + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like the average American is +emitting about six times the average + + align:start position:0% +emitting about six times the average + + + align:start position:0% +emitting about six times the average +Chinese person having said that the + + align:start position:0% +Chinese person having said that the + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese person having said that the +average Chinese person is still + + align:start position:0% +average Chinese person is still + + + align:start position:0% +average Chinese person is still +admitting twice as much as the average + + align:start position:0% +admitting twice as much as the average + + + align:start position:0% +admitting twice as much as the average +Indian person here and so the area of + + align:start position:0% +Indian person here and so the area of + + + align:start position:0% +Indian person here and so the area of +Beyonce gas missions from India is + + align:start position:0% +Beyonce gas missions from India is + + + align:start position:0% +Beyonce gas missions from India is +consequently roughly less than half of + + align:start position:0% +consequently roughly less than half of + + + align:start position:0% +consequently roughly less than half of +what it is from China + + align:start position:0% +what it is from China + + + align:start position:0% +what it is from China +if we're to update this for 2019 you can + + align:start position:0% +if we're to update this for 2019 you can + + + align:start position:0% +if we're to update this for 2019 you can +see that's changed in this graphic China + + align:start position:0% +see that's changed in this graphic China + + + align:start position:0% +see that's changed in this graphic China +as completely the largest Greenhouse + + align:start position:0% +as completely the largest Greenhouse + + + align:start position:0% +as completely the largest Greenhouse +submitter in the world these area even + + align:start position:0% +submitter in the world these area even + + + align:start position:0% +submitter in the world these area even +submitting twice as much as the average + + align:start position:0% +submitting twice as much as the average + + + align:start position:0% +submitting twice as much as the average +Chinese person you can also see some + + align:start position:0% +Chinese person you can also see some + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese person you can also see some +changes over time you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +changes over time you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +changes over time you can see that the +US is now admitting it looks like around + + align:start position:0% +US is now admitting it looks like around + + + align:start position:0% +US is now admitting it looks like around +15 Tons per person per year it might be + + align:start position:0% +15 Tons per person per year it might be + + + align:start position:0% +15 Tons per person per year it might be +slightly different measures but be + + align:start position:0% +slightly different measures but be + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different measures but be +honest gas emissions have declined in + + align:start position:0% +honest gas emissions have declined in + + + align:start position:0% +honest gas emissions have declined in +the U.S they've gone up in China and now + + align:start position:0% +the U.S they've gone up in China and now + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S they've gone up in China and now +China is above the world average of a + + align:start position:0% +China is above the world average of a + + + align:start position:0% +China is above the world average of a +4.4 tons per year per capita and if you + + align:start position:0% +4.4 tons per year per capita and if you + + + align:start position:0% +4.4 tons per year per capita and if you +look at India India is still well below + + align:start position:0% +look at India India is still well below + + + align:start position:0% +look at India India is still well below +average sub-Saharan Africa is even + + align:start position:0% +average sub-Saharan Africa is even + + + align:start position:0% +average sub-Saharan Africa is even +smaller and so what we're trying to do + + align:start position:0% +smaller and so what we're trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and so what we're trying to do +is look at how this might translate into + + align:start position:0% +is look at how this might translate into + + + align:start position:0% +is look at how this might translate into +National policy or at least what we + + align:start position:0% +National policy or at least what we + + + align:start position:0% +National policy or at least what we +think the responsibility of different + + align:start position:0% +think the responsibility of different + + + align:start position:0% +think the responsibility of different +countries are to deal with climate + + align:start position:0% +countries are to deal with climate + + + align:start position:0% +countries are to deal with climate +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +if you look at historical greenhouse gas + + align:start position:0% +if you look at historical greenhouse gas + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at historical greenhouse gas +missions if you average all the + + align:start position:0% +missions if you average all the + + + align:start position:0% +missions if you average all the +greenhouse gas emissions over the last + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas emissions over the last + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas emissions over the last +120 years you see the United States is + + align:start position:0% +120 years you see the United States is + + + align:start position:0% +120 years you see the United States is +clearly responsible for the largest area + + align:start position:0% +clearly responsible for the largest area + + + align:start position:0% +clearly responsible for the largest area +of greenhouse gas stations per person + + align:start position:0% +of greenhouse gas stations per person + + + align:start position:0% +of greenhouse gas stations per person +per year over that time period + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you looked at large total historical or + + align:start position:0% +you looked at large total historical or + + + align:start position:0% +you looked at large total historical or +cumulative greenhouse gas emissions + + align:start position:0% +cumulative greenhouse gas emissions + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative greenhouse gas emissions +again the U.S Philly unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +again the U.S Philly unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +again the U.S Philly unfortunately +number one here double that of China and + + align:start position:0% +number one here double that of China and + + + align:start position:0% +number one here double that of China and +uh looks like triple that of Russia + + align:start position:0% +uh looks like triple that of Russia + + + align:start position:0% +uh looks like triple that of Russia +having said that uh you know this will + + align:start position:0% +having said that uh you know this will + + + align:start position:0% +having said that uh you know this will +change over time as annual missions + + align:start position:0% +change over time as annual missions + + + align:start position:0% +change over time as annual missions +change but we're basically seeing here's + + align:start position:0% +change but we're basically seeing here's + + + align:start position:0% +change but we're basically seeing here's +the U.S is the largest uh has the + + align:start position:0% +the U.S is the largest uh has the + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S is the largest uh has the +largest responsibility for portal + + align:start position:0% +largest responsibility for portal + + + align:start position:0% +largest responsibility for portal +historical grass gas emissions over the + + align:start position:0% +historical grass gas emissions over the + + + align:start position:0% +historical grass gas emissions over the +last 170 years + + align:start position:0% +last 170 years + + + align:start position:0% +last 170 years +and what are we doing in this kind of + + align:start position:0% +and what are we doing in this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and what are we doing in this kind of +reading I'm only digging down into this + + align:start position:0% +reading I'm only digging down into this + + + align:start position:0% +reading I'm only digging down into this +particular issue because I want to + + align:start position:0% +particular issue because I want to + + + align:start position:0% +particular issue because I want to +highlight what I want to try to do in + + align:start position:0% +highlight what I want to try to do in + + + align:start position:0% +highlight what I want to try to do in +this class which is first develop your + + align:start position:0% +this class which is first develop your + + + align:start position:0% +this class which is first develop your +basic numerical literacy in this case + + align:start position:0% +basic numerical literacy in this case + + + align:start position:0% +basic numerical literacy in this case +we're looking at greenhouse gas + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at greenhouse gas + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at greenhouse gas +emissions per capita over time + + align:start position:0% +emissions per capita over time + + + align:start position:0% +emissions per capita over time +I want to try to understand broad issues + + align:start position:0% +I want to try to understand broad issues + + + align:start position:0% +I want to try to understand broad issues +like Equity or climate action which + + align:start position:0% +like Equity or climate action which + + + align:start position:0% +like Equity or climate action which +countries are responsible climate action + + align:start position:0% +countries are responsible climate action + + + align:start position:0% +countries are responsible climate action +by taking specific deep Dives so it + + align:start position:0% +by taking specific deep Dives so it + + + align:start position:0% +by taking specific deep Dives so it +looks a little bit at different data + + align:start position:0% +looks a little bit at different data + + + align:start position:0% +looks a little bit at different data +sources and different Trends over time + + align:start position:0% +sources and different Trends over time + + + align:start position:0% +sources and different Trends over time +or different ways to analyze the data + + align:start position:0% +or different ways to analyze the data + + + align:start position:0% +or different ways to analyze the data +and you know ultimately we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +and you know ultimately we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and you know ultimately we're trying to +do is build a moral case for climate + + align:start position:0% +do is build a moral case for climate + + + align:start position:0% +do is build a moral case for climate +action I take a U.S focus in this class + + align:start position:0% +action I take a U.S focus in this class + + + align:start position:0% +action I take a U.S focus in this class +because the US is the largest historical + + align:start position:0% +because the US is the largest historical + + + align:start position:0% +because the US is the largest historical +emitter of greenhouse gas emissions and + + align:start position:0% +emitter of greenhouse gas emissions and + + + align:start position:0% +emitter of greenhouse gas emissions and +still on a per capita basis one of the + + align:start position:0% +still on a per capita basis one of the + + + align:start position:0% +still on a per capita basis one of the +highest emissions uh in many countries + + align:start position:0% +highest emissions uh in many countries + + + align:start position:0% +highest emissions uh in many countries +in the world so I would argue that + + align:start position:0% +in the world so I would argue that + + + align:start position:0% +in the world so I would argue that +actually leads to a moral case or moral + + align:start position:0% +actually leads to a moral case or moral + + + align:start position:0% +actually leads to a moral case or moral +responsibility for us to take more + + align:start position:0% +responsibility for us to take more + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility for us to take more +climate action than other countries if + + align:start position:0% +climate action than other countries if + + + align:start position:0% +climate action than other countries if +you look at companies like India or + + align:start position:0% +you look at companies like India or + + + align:start position:0% +you look at companies like India or +regions like sub-Saharan Africa they are + + align:start position:0% +regions like sub-Saharan Africa they are + + + align:start position:0% +regions like sub-Saharan Africa they are +well below the global average for them + + align:start position:0% +well below the global average for them + + + align:start position:0% +well below the global average for them +to develop or to even achieve a standard + + align:start position:0% +to develop or to even achieve a standard + + + align:start position:0% +to develop or to even achieve a standard +living like our own they really have + + align:start position:0% +living like our own they really have + + + align:start position:0% +living like our own they really have +nowhere to go but up in terms of their + + align:start position:0% +nowhere to go but up in terms of their + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere to go but up in terms of their +gas gas stations honestly if you want to + + align:start position:0% +gas gas stations honestly if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +gas gas stations honestly if you want to +achieve decarbonization the Us and other + + align:start position:0% +achieve decarbonization the Us and other + + + align:start position:0% +achieve decarbonization the Us and other +rich countries have nowhere to go but + + align:start position:0% +rich countries have nowhere to go but + + + align:start position:0% +rich countries have nowhere to go but +down and that is the Crux of our energy + + align:start position:0% +down and that is the Crux of our energy + + + align:start position:0% +down and that is the Crux of our energy +transition challenge going forward + + align:start position:0% +transition challenge going forward + + + align:start position:0% +transition challenge going forward +and so let's talk about why we can focus + + align:start position:0% +and so let's talk about why we can focus + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's talk about why we can focus +on cities uh quite often MIT this is a + + align:start position:0% +on cities uh quite often MIT this is a + + + align:start position:0% +on cities uh quite often MIT this is a +courtesy of my terrible terrible + + align:start position:0% +courtesy of my terrible terrible + + + align:start position:0% +courtesy of my terrible terrible +PowerPoint skills but if you what we + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint skills but if you what we + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint skills but if you what we +talk about MIT quite often is technology + + align:start position:0% +talk about MIT quite often is technology + + + align:start position:0% +talk about MIT quite often is technology +policy and markets uh we talk about + + align:start position:0% +policy and markets uh we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +policy and markets uh we talk about +developing new technologies through our + + align:start position:0% +developing new technologies through our + + + align:start position:0% +developing new technologies through our +science and engineering research we talk + + align:start position:0% +science and engineering research we talk + + + align:start position:0% +science and engineering research we talk +about trying to pass new policies to + + align:start position:0% +about trying to pass new policies to + + + align:start position:0% +about trying to pass new policies to +advocacy or also based on our social + + align:start position:0% +advocacy or also based on our social + + + align:start position:0% +advocacy or also based on our social +science research and we often talk about + + align:start position:0% +science research and we often talk about + + + align:start position:0% +science research and we often talk about +developing new markets for Technologies + + align:start position:0% +developing new markets for Technologies + + + align:start position:0% +developing new markets for Technologies +uh through let's say + + align:start position:0% +uh through let's say + + + align:start position:0% +uh through let's say +commercialization or innovation or + + align:start position:0% +commercialization or innovation or + + + align:start position:0% +commercialization or innovation or +creating new technologies but I would + + align:start position:0% +creating new technologies but I would + + + align:start position:0% +creating new technologies but I would +argue too that cities have a role at the + + align:start position:0% +argue too that cities have a role at the + + + align:start position:0% +argue too that cities have a role at the +intersection of all these and as a scale + + align:start position:0% +intersection of all these and as a scale + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of all these and as a scale +is this is a underappreciated scale or + + align:start position:0% +is this is a underappreciated scale or + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a underappreciated scale or +an opportunity for us to try to affect + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity for us to try to affect + + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity for us to try to affect +all three of these areas we know that + + align:start position:0% +all three of these areas we know that + + + align:start position:0% +all three of these areas we know that +Technologies can be developed for + + align:start position:0% +Technologies can be developed for + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies can be developed for +certain situations or certain + + align:start position:0% +certain situations or certain + + + align:start position:0% +certain situations or certain +combinations of problems differences are + + align:start position:0% +combinations of problems differences are + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of problems differences are +going to have different adaptation and + + align:start position:0% +going to have different adaptation and + + + align:start position:0% +going to have different adaptation and +mitigation needs that need to be met by + + align:start position:0% +mitigation needs that need to be met by + + + align:start position:0% +mitigation needs that need to be met by +technology cities are large enough to + + align:start position:0% +technology cities are large enough to + + + align:start position:0% +technology cities are large enough to +pass their own policies that can help + + align:start position:0% +pass their own policies that can help + + + align:start position:0% +pass their own policies that can help +shape the adoption of technology and how + + align:start position:0% +shape the adoption of technology and how + + + align:start position:0% +shape the adoption of technology and how +the markets develop in that particular + + align:start position:0% +the markets develop in that particular + + + align:start position:0% +the markets develop in that particular +region and cities are large enough + + align:start position:0% +region and cities are large enough + + + align:start position:0% +region and cities are large enough +themselves to constitute a market for + + align:start position:0% +themselves to constitute a market for + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to constitute a market for +new technologies cities are responsible + + align:start position:0% +new technologies cities are responsible + + + align:start position:0% +new technologies cities are responsible +for most of the GDP in the world + + align:start position:0% +for most of the GDP in the world + + + align:start position:0% +for most of the GDP in the world +and so we have the ability at the local + + align:start position:0% +and so we have the ability at the local + + + align:start position:0% +and so we have the ability at the local +level to shape technology and policy + + align:start position:0% +level to shape technology and policy + + + align:start position:0% +level to shape technology and policy +also so the intersection of Technology + + align:start position:0% +also so the intersection of Technology + + + align:start position:0% +also so the intersection of Technology +policy markets this Venn diagram I'd + + align:start position:0% +policy markets this Venn diagram I'd + + + align:start position:0% +policy markets this Venn diagram I'd +argue too that cities are a key venue + + align:start position:0% +argue too that cities are a key venue + + + align:start position:0% +argue too that cities are a key venue +for climate action + + align:start position:0% +for climate action + + + align:start position:0% +for climate action +if another reason quite simply why we + + align:start position:0% +if another reason quite simply why we + + + align:start position:0% +if another reason quite simply why we +should look at cities is that's where + + align:start position:0% +should look at cities is that's where + + + align:start position:0% +should look at cities is that's where +all the people are this is the graph of + + align:start position:0% +all the people are this is the graph of + + + align:start position:0% +all the people are this is the graph of +the percentage of urban rural population + + align:start position:0% +the percentage of urban rural population + + + align:start position:0% +the percentage of urban rural population +as a proportion of the total population + + align:start position:0% +as a proportion of the total population + + + align:start position:0% +as a proportion of the total population +of the UN World organization prospects + + align:start position:0% +of the UN World organization prospects + + + align:start position:0% +of the UN World organization prospects +you can see then every region in the + + align:start position:0% +you can see then every region in the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see then every region in the +world uh if the blue is the rural + + align:start position:0% +world uh if the blue is the rural + + + align:start position:0% +world uh if the blue is the rural +population and red is the urban + + align:start position:0% +population and red is the urban + + + align:start position:0% +population and red is the urban +population every region in the world + + align:start position:0% +population every region in the world + + + align:start position:0% +population every region in the world +Africa Asia and Europe uh Europe is + + align:start position:0% +Africa Asia and Europe uh Europe is + + + align:start position:0% +Africa Asia and Europe uh Europe is +already quite urbanized at 75 now but it + + align:start position:0% +already quite urbanized at 75 now but it + + + align:start position:0% +already quite urbanized at 75 now but it +will become even more organized by 2050 + + align:start position:0% +will become even more organized by 2050 + + + align:start position:0% +will become even more organized by 2050 +which is our mid-century Target for deep + + align:start position:0% +which is our mid-century Target for deep + + + align:start position:0% +which is our mid-century Target for deep +urbanization Asia is right at 50 half + + align:start position:0% +urbanization Asia is right at 50 half + + + align:start position:0% +urbanization Asia is right at 50 half +and half between urban rural population + + align:start position:0% +and half between urban rural population + + + align:start position:0% +and half between urban rural population +but will come even more urban over the + + align:start position:0% +but will come even more urban over the + + + align:start position:0% +but will come even more urban over the +next 20 years they'll be mostly + + align:start position:0% +next 20 years they'll be mostly + + + align:start position:0% +next 20 years they'll be mostly +urbanization happening in Southeast Asia + + align:start position:0% +urbanization happening in Southeast Asia + + + align:start position:0% +urbanization happening in Southeast Asia +or India and Africa is our 42 urbanized + + align:start position:0% +or India and Africa is our 42 urbanized + + + align:start position:0% +or India and Africa is our 42 urbanized +but by 2050 it's going to be about 60 + + align:start position:0% +but by 2050 it's going to be about 60 + + + align:start position:0% +but by 2050 it's going to be about 60 +urbanized that's mostly urbanization + + align:start position:0% +urbanized that's mostly urbanization + + + align:start position:0% +urbanized that's mostly urbanization +that's going to occur in sub-Saharan + + align:start position:0% +that's going to occur in sub-Saharan + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to occur in sub-Saharan +Africa + + align:start position:0% +Africa + + + align:start position:0% +Africa +if you look at the Latin American + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the Latin American + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the Latin American +Caribbean already amazingly urbanized at + + align:start position:0% +Caribbean already amazingly urbanized at + + + align:start position:0% +Caribbean already amazingly urbanized at +81 North America and 82 but both regions + + align:start position:0% +81 North America and 82 but both regions + + + align:start position:0% +81 North America and 82 but both regions +will be probably pushing 85 or 90 + + align:start position:0% +will be probably pushing 85 or 90 + + + align:start position:0% +will be probably pushing 85 or 90 +urbanized by 2050 and Oceania which is + + align:start position:0% +urbanized by 2050 and Oceania which is + + + align:start position:0% +urbanized by 2050 and Oceania which is +Australian New Zealand + + align:start position:0% +Australian New Zealand + + + align:start position:0% +Australian New Zealand +um and the Pacific Islands will probably + + align:start position:0% +um and the Pacific Islands will probably + + + align:start position:0% +um and the Pacific Islands will probably +stay roughly as urbanized as it is which + + align:start position:0% +stay roughly as urbanized as it is which + + + align:start position:0% +stay roughly as urbanized as it is which +is already 68 percent + + align:start position:0% +is already 68 percent + + + align:start position:0% +is already 68 percent +so the argument for focusing on cities + + align:start position:0% +so the argument for focusing on cities + + + align:start position:0% +so the argument for focusing on cities +is simply that's where all the people + + align:start position:0% +is simply that's where all the people + + + align:start position:0% +is simply that's where all the people +are that's where all the economic + + align:start position:0% +are that's where all the economic + + + align:start position:0% +are that's where all the economic +activity is that's what we should focus + + align:start position:0% +activity is that's what we should focus + + + align:start position:0% +activity is that's what we should focus +on to try to reduce our consumption + + align:start position:0% +on to try to reduce our consumption + + + align:start position:0% +on to try to reduce our consumption +we're going to focus on U.S cities in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on U.S cities in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on U.S cities in +this class partly simply because we're + + align:start position:0% +this class partly simply because we're + + + align:start position:0% +this class partly simply because we're +teaching an American institution also + + align:start position:0% +teaching an American institution also + + + align:start position:0% +teaching an American institution also +we've had recent climate developments + + align:start position:0% +we've had recent climate developments + + + align:start position:0% +we've had recent climate developments +which are quite exciting to me here's an + + align:start position:0% +which are quite exciting to me here's an + + + align:start position:0% +which are quite exciting to me here's an +article by Miriam wasser after WBUR just + + align:start position:0% +article by Miriam wasser after WBUR just + + + align:start position:0% +article by Miriam wasser after WBUR just +simply saying what we need to know of + + align:start position:0% +simply saying what we need to know of + + + align:start position:0% +simply saying what we need to know of +the new Massachusetts climate law that's + + align:start position:0% +the new Massachusetts climate law that's + + + align:start position:0% +the new Massachusetts climate law that's +going to affect our state energy policy + + align:start position:0% +going to affect our state energy policy + + + align:start position:0% +going to affect our state energy policy +quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit +this is a blog post from Amy Turner at + + align:start position:0% +this is a blog post from Amy Turner at + + + align:start position:0% +this is a blog post from Amy Turner at +Columbia University focusing on how + + align:start position:0% +Columbia University focusing on how + + + align:start position:0% +Columbia University focusing on how +cities will be affected by the inflation + + align:start position:0% +cities will be affected by the inflation + + + align:start position:0% +cities will be affected by the inflation +reduction act which is our first major + + align:start position:0% +reduction act which is our first major + + + align:start position:0% +reduction act which is our first major +piece of climate legislation ever passed + + align:start position:0% +piece of climate legislation ever passed + + + align:start position:0% +piece of climate legislation ever passed +by climate by Congress ever since + + align:start position:0% +by climate by Congress ever since + + + align:start position:0% +by climate by Congress ever since +Congress learned about climate change + + align:start position:0% +Congress learned about climate change + + + align:start position:0% +Congress learned about climate change +and the problem for the first time 30 + + align:start position:0% +and the problem for the first time 30 + + + align:start position:0% +and the problem for the first time 30 +years ago + + align:start position:0% +years ago + + + align:start position:0% +years ago +and so I welcome insights and + + align:start position:0% +and so I welcome insights and + + + align:start position:0% +and so I welcome insights and +compressors with other countries I've + + align:start position:0% +compressors with other countries I've + + + align:start position:0% +compressors with other countries I've +done work a number of other countries on + + align:start position:0% +done work a number of other countries on + + + align:start position:0% +done work a number of other countries on +energy and energy transition but we're + + align:start position:0% +energy and energy transition but we're + + + align:start position:0% +energy and energy transition but we're +going to focus mostly with us on U.S + + align:start position:0% +going to focus mostly with us on U.S + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus mostly with us on U.S +cities simply because we have the moral + + align:start position:0% +cities simply because we have the moral + + + align:start position:0% +cities simply because we have the moral +responsibility to take climate action + + align:start position:0% +responsibility to take climate action + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility to take climate action +and also because they're studying in a + + align:start position:0% +and also because they're studying in a + + + align:start position:0% +and also because they're studying in a +U.S institution but again I welcome your + + align:start position:0% +U.S institution but again I welcome your + + + align:start position:0% +U.S institution but again I welcome your +insights and comparisons with other + + align:start position:0% +insights and comparisons with other + + + align:start position:0% +insights and comparisons with other +countries I'll try to bring in + + align:start position:0% +countries I'll try to bring in + + + align:start position:0% +countries I'll try to bring in +comparisons with other places I've + + align:start position:0% +comparisons with other places I've + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons with other places I've +worked for other regions as appropriate + + align:start position:0% +worked for other regions as appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +worked for other regions as appropriate +to try to illustrate some of these + + align:start position:0% +to try to illustrate some of these + + + align:start position:0% +to try to illustrate some of these +energy and climate issues and how they + + align:start position:0% +energy and climate issues and how they + + + align:start position:0% +energy and climate issues and how they +work in other cities around the world + + align:start position:0% +work in other cities around the world + + + align:start position:0% +work in other cities around the world +and I also want to highlight that + + align:start position:0% +and I also want to highlight that + + + align:start position:0% +and I also want to highlight that +there's nothing in this class really + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing in this class really + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing in this class really +should be off limits and I just want to + + align:start position:0% +should be off limits and I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +should be off limits and I just want to +emphasize that you know different people + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that you know different people + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that you know different people +will get different value from different + + align:start position:0% +will get different value from different + + + align:start position:0% +will get different value from different +readings + + align:start position:0% +readings + + + align:start position:0% +readings +for some people Bill Gates was a + + align:start position:0% +for some people Bill Gates was a + + + align:start position:0% +for some people Bill Gates was a +ruthless monopolist the 90s a successful + + align:start position:0% +ruthless monopolist the 90s a successful + + + align:start position:0% +ruthless monopolist the 90s a successful +philanthropist and the odds and the + + align:start position:0% +philanthropist and the odds and the + + + align:start position:0% +philanthropist and the odds and the +let's say early teens of the century and + + align:start position:0% +let's say early teens of the century and + + + align:start position:0% +let's say early teens of the century and +you might have heard most recently he + + align:start position:0% +you might have heard most recently he + + + align:start position:0% +you might have heard most recently he +had a terrible terrible divorce and + + align:start position:0% +had a terrible terrible divorce and + + + align:start position:0% +had a terrible terrible divorce and +maybe his reputation is only damaged by + + align:start position:0% +maybe his reputation is only damaged by + + + align:start position:0% +maybe his reputation is only damaged by +that but he's also known as somebody + + align:start position:0% +that but he's also known as somebody + + + align:start position:0% +that but he's also known as somebody +who's worked on child mortality and + + align:start position:0% +who's worked on child mortality and + + + align:start position:0% +who's worked on child mortality and +disease and climate change and pandemics + + align:start position:0% +disease and climate change and pandemics + + + align:start position:0% +disease and climate change and pandemics +so if you wrote an article in 2018 about + + align:start position:0% +so if you wrote an article in 2018 about + + + align:start position:0% +so if you wrote an article in 2018 about +climate change and the 75 problem + + align:start position:0% +climate change and the 75 problem + + + align:start position:0% +climate change and the 75 problem +arguing that we need new technologies in + + align:start position:0% +arguing that we need new technologies in + + + align:start position:0% +arguing that we need new technologies in +Innovation to solve large parts of + + align:start position:0% +Innovation to solve large parts of + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation to solve large parts of +climate change that we don't already + + align:start position:0% +climate change that we don't already + + + align:start position:0% +climate change that we don't already +know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +know how to solve +at the same time uh we had this article + + align:start position:0% +at the same time uh we had this article + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time uh we had this article +by nakila Jefferson and Leah Stokes + + align:start position:0% +by nakila Jefferson and Leah Stokes + + + align:start position:0% +by nakila Jefferson and Leah Stokes +people are graduates from dust at MIT + + align:start position:0% +people are graduates from dust at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +people are graduates from dust at MIT +and his title our race is fossil fuel + + align:start position:0% +and his title our race is fossil fuel + + + align:start position:0% +and his title our race is fossil fuel +energy system and I actually think it + + align:start position:0% +energy system and I actually think it + + + align:start position:0% +energy system and I actually think it +gives a number of good arguments why + + align:start position:0% +gives a number of good arguments why + + + align:start position:0% +gives a number of good arguments why +these fossil fuel Energy System + + align:start position:0% +these fossil fuel Energy System + + + align:start position:0% +these fossil fuel Energy System +disproportionately affects black + + align:start position:0% +disproportionately affects black + + + align:start position:0% +disproportionately affects black +Americans This is an article that was + + align:start position:0% +Americans This is an article that was + + + align:start position:0% +Americans This is an article that was +written in July 2020 right the height of + + align:start position:0% +written in July 2020 right the height of + + + align:start position:0% +written in July 2020 right the height of +the black lives matter protests and it + + align:start position:0% +the black lives matter protests and it + + + align:start position:0% +the black lives matter protests and it +highlighted basically how the Energy + + align:start position:0% +highlighted basically how the Energy + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted basically how the Energy +System affects different groups + + align:start position:0% +System affects different groups + + + align:start position:0% +System affects different groups +especially black Americans differently + + align:start position:0% +especially black Americans differently + + + align:start position:0% +especially black Americans differently +having said that people have very + + align:start position:0% +having said that people have very + + + align:start position:0% +having said that people have very +different reactions to this article I + + align:start position:0% +different reactions to this article I + + + align:start position:0% +different reactions to this article I +had one student who came from the fossil + + align:start position:0% +had one student who came from the fossil + + + align:start position:0% +had one student who came from the fossil +fuel industry and she was quite offended + + align:start position:0% +fuel industry and she was quite offended + + + align:start position:0% +fuel industry and she was quite offended +by our this article that she called our + + align:start position:0% +by our this article that she called our + + + align:start position:0% +by our this article that she called our +racist fossil fuel industry which wasn't + + align:start position:0% +racist fossil fuel industry which wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +racist fossil fuel industry which wasn't +actually the title of the article but + + align:start position:0% +actually the title of the article but + + + align:start position:0% +actually the title of the article but +just shows you how this label of + + align:start position:0% +just shows you how this label of + + + align:start position:0% +just shows you how this label of +labeling the energy system as racist she + + align:start position:0% +labeling the energy system as racist she + + + align:start position:0% +labeling the energy system as racist she +took quite personally and so I want to + + align:start position:0% +took quite personally and so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +took quite personally and so I want to +emphasize that you know you could look + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that you know you could look + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that you know you could look +at both these articles by Bill Gates or + + align:start position:0% +at both these articles by Bill Gates or + + + align:start position:0% +at both these articles by Bill Gates or +Jefferson Stokes and you could have + + align:start position:0% +Jefferson Stokes and you could have + + + align:start position:0% +Jefferson Stokes and you could have +different reactions to them but what I + + align:start position:0% +different reactions to them but what I + + + align:start position:0% +different reactions to them but what I +want us to do is try to read lots of + + align:start position:0% +want us to do is try to read lots of + + + align:start position:0% +want us to do is try to read lots of +different viewpoints and engage with + + align:start position:0% +different viewpoints and engage with + + + align:start position:0% +different viewpoints and engage with +them and think through what we agree + + align:start position:0% +them and think through what we agree + + + align:start position:0% +them and think through what we agree +with what we don't agree with I use that + + align:start position:0% +with what we don't agree with I use that + + + align:start position:0% +with what we don't agree with I use that +to shape our viewpoints and this is just + + align:start position:0% +to shape our viewpoints and this is just + + + align:start position:0% +to shape our viewpoints and this is just +emphasize that you know the point of + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that you know the point of + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that you know the point of +your education is develop your own + + align:start position:0% +your education is develop your own + + + align:start position:0% +your education is develop your own +critically recent viewpoint but to + + align:start position:0% +critically recent viewpoint but to + + + align:start position:0% +critically recent viewpoint but to +develop your own critically recent + + align:start position:0% +develop your own critically recent + + + align:start position:0% +develop your own critically recent +Viewpoint you have to engage with + + align:start position:0% +Viewpoint you have to engage with + + + align:start position:0% +Viewpoint you have to engage with +evidence to engage with other people's + + align:start position:0% +evidence to engage with other people's + + + align:start position:0% +evidence to engage with other people's +viewpoints and you have to engage with + + align:start position:0% +viewpoints and you have to engage with + + + align:start position:0% +viewpoints and you have to engage with +other people so we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +other people so we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +other people so we're going to try to +have nothing to be off limits in this + + align:start position:0% +have nothing to be off limits in this + + + align:start position:0% +have nothing to be off limits in this +class even as we try to engage things uh + + align:start position:0% +class even as we try to engage things uh + + + align:start position:0% +class even as we try to engage things uh +rationally and uh respectfully uh + + align:start position:0% +rationally and uh respectfully uh + + + align:start position:0% +rationally and uh respectfully uh +respectful other people's viewpoints I + + align:start position:0% +respectful other people's viewpoints I + + + align:start position:0% +respectful other people's viewpoints I +want us to try to keep on working on + + align:start position:0% +want us to try to keep on working on + + + align:start position:0% +want us to try to keep on working on +developing our own critical reasoning + + align:start position:0% +developing our own critical reasoning + + + align:start position:0% +developing our own critical reasoning +and trying to contrast to compare how + + align:start position:0% +and trying to contrast to compare how + + + align:start position:0% +and trying to contrast to compare how +other people see some of the same issues + + align:start position:0% +other people see some of the same issues + + + align:start position:0% +other people see some of the same issues +even if we don't agree with them + + align:start position:0% +even if we don't agree with them + + + align:start position:0% +even if we don't agree with them +and so in our Cloud I want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +and so in our Cloud I want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +and so in our Cloud I want to emphasize +that we're going to learn question and + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to learn question and + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to learn question and +reason together + + align:start position:0% +reason together + + + align:start position:0% +reason together +finally I wrote this article this uh + + align:start position:0% +finally I wrote this article this uh + + + align:start position:0% +finally I wrote this article this uh +summer with number of colleagues around + + align:start position:0% +summer with number of colleagues around + + + align:start position:0% +summer with number of colleagues around +the planning display including Chris + + align:start position:0% +the planning display including Chris + + + align:start position:0% +the planning display including Chris +egress who's here at MIT the article is + + align:start position:0% +egress who's here at MIT the article is + + + align:start position:0% +egress who's here at MIT the article is +titled planning the bills environment + + align:start position:0% +titled planning the bills environment + + + align:start position:0% +titled planning the bills environment +and land use towards deep + + align:start position:0% +and land use towards deep + + + align:start position:0% +and land use towards deep +decarbonization of the United States and + + align:start position:0% +decarbonization of the United States and + + + align:start position:0% +decarbonization of the United States and +I wrote this article with my colleagues + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this article with my colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this article with my colleagues +because we argue that you know deep + + align:start position:0% +because we argue that you know deep + + + align:start position:0% +because we argue that you know deep +decarbonization is basically our Net + + align:start position:0% +decarbonization is basically our Net + + + align:start position:0% +decarbonization is basically our Net +Zero goal for 2015. at the same time we + + align:start position:0% +Zero goal for 2015. at the same time we + + + align:start position:0% +Zero goal for 2015. at the same time we +don't think that this wide understanding + + align:start position:0% +don't think that this wide understanding + + + align:start position:0% +don't think that this wide understanding +of what we need to do in the built + + align:start position:0% +of what we need to do in the built + + + align:start position:0% +of what we need to do in the built +environment land use and this is to say + + align:start position:0% +environment land use and this is to say + + + align:start position:0% +environment land use and this is to say +two things that the built environment + + align:start position:0% +two things that the built environment + + + align:start position:0% +two things that the built environment +land use are going to be critical to + + align:start position:0% +land use are going to be critical to + + + align:start position:0% +land use are going to be critical to +realizing our energy transition goals + + align:start position:0% +realizing our energy transition goals + + + align:start position:0% +realizing our energy transition goals +and the same time if we don't address + + align:start position:0% +and the same time if we don't address + + + align:start position:0% +and the same time if we don't address +the built environment and land use we + + align:start position:0% +the built environment and land use we + + + align:start position:0% +the built environment and land use we +may not reach those goals and we think + + align:start position:0% +may not reach those goals and we think + + + align:start position:0% +may not reach those goals and we think +that decarbonization has implications + + align:start position:0% +that decarbonization has implications + + + align:start position:0% +that decarbonization has implications +for cities and planning in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +for cities and planning in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +for cities and planning in terms of the +scale of how we plan cities + + align:start position:0% +scale of how we plan cities + + + align:start position:0% +scale of how we plan cities +the scope of what planners look at the + + align:start position:0% +the scope of what planners look at the + + + align:start position:0% +the scope of what planners look at the +speed with which planning occurs we need + + align:start position:0% +speed with which planning occurs we need + + + align:start position:0% +speed with which planning occurs we need +to achieve a decarbonization goal which + + align:start position:0% +to achieve a decarbonization goal which + + + align:start position:0% +to achieve a decarbonization goal which +is basically changing our entire Energy + + align:start position:0% +is basically changing our entire Energy + + + align:start position:0% +is basically changing our entire Energy +System 28 years from now that's going to + + align:start position:0% +System 28 years from now that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +System 28 years from now that's going to +require planners to operate much faster + + align:start position:0% +require planners to operate much faster + + + align:start position:0% +require planners to operate much faster +we need to make sure that we remain + + align:start position:0% +we need to make sure that we remain + + + align:start position:0% +we need to make sure that we remain +relevant if planners don't focus on + + align:start position:0% +relevant if planners don't focus on + + + align:start position:0% +relevant if planners don't focus on +mitigating gas emissions we will be left + + align:start position:0% +mitigating gas emissions we will be left + + + align:start position:0% +mitigating gas emissions we will be left +out of larger climate discussions + + align:start position:0% +out of larger climate discussions + + + align:start position:0% +out of larger climate discussions +happening in other disciplines or in + + align:start position:0% +happening in other disciplines or in + + + align:start position:0% +happening in other disciplines or in +government which is much more focused on + + align:start position:0% +government which is much more focused on + + + align:start position:0% +government which is much more focused on +mitigation than adaptation but planners + + align:start position:0% +mitigation than adaptation but planners + + + align:start position:0% +mitigation than adaptation but planners +have traditionally focus on adaptation + + align:start position:0% +have traditionally focus on adaptation + + + align:start position:0% +have traditionally focus on adaptation +and finally there's an open question of + + align:start position:0% +and finally there's an open question of + + + align:start position:0% +and finally there's an open question of +what the role of land use and built + + align:start position:0% +what the role of land use and built + + + align:start position:0% +what the role of land use and built +environment planning is we know there's + + align:start position:0% +environment planning is we know there's + + + align:start position:0% +environment planning is we know there's +lots of different ways that we can + + align:start position:0% +lots of different ways that we can + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different ways that we can +affect speed carbonization this is what + + align:start position:0% +affect speed carbonization this is what + + + align:start position:0% +affect speed carbonization this is what +this article I'm used having said that + + align:start position:0% +this article I'm used having said that + + + align:start position:0% +this article I'm used having said that +that means planners have to + + align:start position:0% +that means planners have to + + + align:start position:0% +that means planners have to +reconceptualize our role in planning + + align:start position:0% +reconceptualize our role in planning + + + align:start position:0% +reconceptualize our role in planning +cities and cities in an energy system so + + align:start position:0% +cities and cities in an energy system so + + + align:start position:0% +cities and cities in an energy system so +I hope you enjoyed this lecture I hope + + align:start position:0% +I hope you enjoyed this lecture I hope + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you enjoyed this lecture I hope +you take this class or I hope you watch + + align:start position:0% +you take this class or I hope you watch + + + align:start position:0% +you take this class or I hope you watch +the subsequent videos on why cities are + + align:start position:0% +the subsequent videos on why cities are + + + align:start position:0% +the subsequent videos on why cities are +a key venue for future climate action \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c9XosfcouiM.txt b/c9XosfcouiM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e135a046065ea3b19a2b278023cd32880bcb8a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/c9XosfcouiM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay ready for + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay ready for + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay ready for +today's uh discussion which I am quite + + align:start position:0% +today's uh discussion which I am quite + + + align:start position:0% +today's uh discussion which I am quite +sort of happy about I hadn't really seen + + align:start position:0% +sort of happy about I hadn't really seen + + + align:start position:0% +sort of happy about I hadn't really seen +this coming but I realized that first we + + align:start position:0% +this coming but I realized that first we + + + align:start position:0% +this coming but I realized that first we +haven't said anything about how do you + + align:start position:0% +haven't said anything about how do you + + + align:start position:0% +haven't said anything about how do you +estimate the error in a + + align:start position:0% +estimate the error in a + + + align:start position:0% +estimate the error in a +problem because we're often taking a + + align:start position:0% +problem because we're often taking a + + + align:start position:0% +problem because we're often taking a +continuous problem coming from uh from + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem coming from uh from + + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem coming from uh from +uh differential equation typically and + + align:start position:0% +uh differential equation typically and + + + align:start position:0% +uh differential equation typically and +discretizing it and we want to know and + + align:start position:0% +discretizing it and we want to know and + + + align:start position:0% +discretizing it and we want to know and +solving it solving the discrete problem + + align:start position:0% +solving it solving the discrete problem + + + align:start position:0% +solving it solving the discrete problem +we want some idea it's not just some + + align:start position:0% +we want some idea it's not just some + + + align:start position:0% +we want some idea it's not just some +math question of course because uh in + + align:start position:0% +math question of course because uh in + + + align:start position:0% +math question of course because uh in +you know in engineering + + align:start position:0% +you know in engineering + + + align:start position:0% +you know in engineering +design or or + + align:start position:0% +design or or + + + align:start position:0% +design or or +analysis an idea of what the error is is + + align:start position:0% +analysis an idea of what the error is is + + + align:start position:0% +analysis an idea of what the error is is +critical and secondly it gives us an + + align:start position:0% +critical and secondly it gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +critical and secondly it gives us an +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +of where we can improve it you know if + + align:start position:0% +of where we can improve it you know if + + + align:start position:0% +of where we can improve it you know if +we see where what's controlling the + + align:start position:0% +we see where what's controlling the + + + align:start position:0% +we see where what's controlling the +error then we know what what's going + + align:start position:0% +error then we know what what's going + + + align:start position:0% +error then we know what what's going +on and I was so I'm speaking now + + align:start position:0% +on and I was so I'm speaking now + + + align:start position:0% +on and I was so I'm speaking now +about steady state + + align:start position:0% +about steady state + + + align:start position:0% +about steady state +problems I'm not we we just discussed + + align:start position:0% +problems I'm not we we just discussed + + + align:start position:0% +problems I'm not we we just discussed +error for initial value problems and we + + align:start position:0% +error for initial value problems and we + + + align:start position:0% +error for initial value problems and we +realized there that the error depended + + align:start position:0% +realized there that the error depended + + + align:start position:0% +realized there that the error depended +on is usually finite differences so the + + align:start position:0% +on is usually finite differences so the + + + align:start position:0% +on is usually finite differences so the +error we knew we could figure out + + align:start position:0% +error we knew we could figure out + + + align:start position:0% +error we knew we could figure out +locally from the finite difference that + + align:start position:0% +locally from the finite difference that + + + align:start position:0% +locally from the finite difference that +we chose you know we chose second order + + align:start position:0% +we chose you know we chose second order + + + align:start position:0% +we chose you know we chose second order +accurate differences frequently but we + + align:start position:0% +accurate differences frequently but we + + + align:start position:0% +accurate differences frequently but we +could have moved up to Fourth and then + + align:start position:0% +could have moved up to Fourth and then + + + align:start position:0% +could have moved up to Fourth and then +the other ingredient you need is + + align:start position:0% +the other ingredient you need is + + + align:start position:0% +the other ingredient you need is +stability to know that those local + + align:start position:0% +stability to know that those local + + + align:start position:0% +stability to know that those local +errors don't + + align:start position:0% +errors don't + + + align:start position:0% +errors don't +explode as time goes forward okay so + + align:start position:0% +explode as time goes forward okay so + + + align:start position:0% +explode as time goes forward okay so +that we we had something to say about + + align:start position:0% +that we we had something to say about + + + align:start position:0% +that we we had something to say about +error and accuracy at that time about + + align:start position:0% +error and accuracy at that time about + + + align:start position:0% +error and accuracy at that time about +that topic and now I'm realizing that + + align:start position:0% +that topic and now I'm realizing that + + + align:start position:0% +that topic and now I'm realizing that +many of our other topics fall in this + + align:start position:0% +many of our other topics fall in this + + + align:start position:0% +many of our other topics fall in this +category and I've put three of the + + align:start position:0% +category and I've put three of the + + + align:start position:0% +category and I've put three of the +topics here in the idea of sort of where + + align:start position:0% +topics here in the idea of sort of where + + + align:start position:0% +topics here in the idea of sort of where +the underlying uh discretization + + align:start position:0% +the underlying uh discretization + + + align:start position:0% +the underlying uh discretization +is a projection is somehow a projection + + align:start position:0% +is a projection is somehow a projection + + + align:start position:0% +is a projection is somehow a projection +between the true solution + + align:start position:0% +between the true solution + + + align:start position:0% +between the true solution +and the discrete computed solution + + align:start position:0% +and the discrete computed solution + + + align:start position:0% +and the discrete computed solution +somehow the discrete computed solution + + align:start position:0% +somehow the discrete computed solution + + + align:start position:0% +somehow the discrete computed solution +is in some family of some finite + + align:start position:0% +is in some family of some finite + + + align:start position:0% +is in some family of some finite +dimensional family where we can compute + + align:start position:0% +dimensional family where we can compute + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional family where we can compute +and we're projecting into that family + + align:start position:0% +and we're projecting into that family + + + align:start position:0% +and we're projecting into that family +and here are three examples so you'll + + align:start position:0% +and here are three examples so you'll + + + align:start position:0% +and here are three examples so you'll +see that actually what I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +see that actually what I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +see that actually what I'm talking about +is Central to the + + align:start position:0% +is Central to the + + + align:start position:0% +is Central to the +whole semester + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well finite elements actually appeared + + align:start position:0% +well finite elements actually appeared + + + align:start position:0% +well finite elements actually appeared +in more in + + align:start position:0% +in more in + + + align:start position:0% +in more in +18085 so I'll have to recap a little bit + + align:start position:0% +18085 so I'll have to recap a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +18085 so I'll have to recap a little bit +there but they would be the natural tool + + align:start position:0% +there but they would be the natural tool + + + align:start position:0% +there but they would be the natural tool +for solving that list of continuous + + align:start position:0% +for solving that list of continuous + + + align:start position:0% +for solving that list of continuous +problems from calculus variations that I + + align:start position:0% +problems from calculus variations that I + + + align:start position:0% +problems from calculus variations that I +talked about last time minimizing some + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time minimizing some + + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time minimizing some +energy where the energy is typically an + + align:start position:0% +energy where the energy is typically an + + + align:start position:0% +energy where the energy is typically an +integral uh and we're in the continuous + + align:start position:0% +integral uh and we're in the continuous + + + align:start position:0% +integral uh and we're in the continuous +case and and what's the finite element + + align:start position:0% +case and and what's the finite element + + + align:start position:0% +case and and what's the finite element +central idea it is choose these guys + + align:start position:0% +central idea it is choose these guys + + + align:start position:0% +central idea it is choose these guys +choose some basis + + align:start position:0% +choose some basis + + + align:start position:0% +choose some basis +functions and uh look at their + + align:start position:0% +functions and uh look at their + + + align:start position:0% +functions and uh look at their +combinations maybe choose and basis + + align:start position:0% +combinations maybe choose and basis + + + align:start position:0% +combinations maybe choose and basis +functions I guess I better get a chalk + + align:start position:0% +functions I guess I better get a chalk + + + align:start position:0% +functions I guess I better get a chalk +or it's going to be a short + + align:start position:0% +or it's going to be a short + + + align:start position:0% +or it's going to be a short +lecture okay so so this is we have a + + align:start position:0% +lecture okay so so this is we have a + + + align:start position:0% +lecture okay so so this is we have a +continuous problem continuous OD + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem continuous OD + + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem continuous OD +ordinary differential equation or + + align:start position:0% +ordinary differential equation or + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary differential equation or +partial differential + + align:start position:0% +partial differential + + + align:start position:0% +partial differential +equation with boundary conditions as + + align:start position:0% +equation with boundary conditions as + + + align:start position:0% +equation with boundary conditions as +always that we want to make discreet and + + align:start position:0% +always that we want to make discreet and + + + align:start position:0% +always that we want to make discreet and +the point is I am not making it discreet + + align:start position:0% +the point is I am not making it discreet + + + align:start position:0% +the point is I am not making it discreet +by finite + + align:start position:0% +by finite + + + align:start position:0% +by finite +differences this is a the different rout + + align:start position:0% +differences this is a the different rout + + + align:start position:0% +differences this is a the different rout +from finite differences and and in Lassa + + align:start position:0% +from finite differences and and in Lassa + + + align:start position:0% +from finite differences and and in Lassa +equation and and these and many many + + align:start position:0% +equation and and these and many many + + + align:start position:0% +equation and and these and many many +problems this is the preferred route + + align:start position:0% +problems this is the preferred route + + + align:start position:0% +problems this is the preferred route +and it's finite elements are a + + align:start position:0% +and it's finite elements are a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's finite elements are a +particular choice of these guys the the + + align:start position:0% +particular choice of these guys the the + + + align:start position:0% +particular choice of these guys the the +gurin + + align:start position:0% +gurin + + + align:start position:0% +gurin +idea so I'll use his name for the + + align:start position:0% +idea so I'll use his name for the + + + align:start position:0% +idea so I'll use his name for the +overall idea is choose + + align:start position:0% +overall idea is choose + + + align:start position:0% +overall idea is choose +these and look for the best combination + + align:start position:0% +these and look for the best combination + + + align:start position:0% +these and look for the best combination +and we have to say what does best mean + + align:start position:0% +and we have to say what does best mean + + + align:start position:0% +and we have to say what does best mean +well best is going to mean in our + + align:start position:0% +well best is going to mean in our + + + align:start position:0% +well best is going to mean in our +minimization problems it will be the + + align:start position:0% +minimization problems it will be the + + + align:start position:0% +minimization problems it will be the +combination that gives the min + + align:start position:0% +combination that gives the min + + + align:start position:0% +combination that gives the min +the combination of these + + align:start position:0% +the combination of these + + + align:start position:0% +the combination of these +n trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions now the exact solution is not + + align:start position:0% +functions now the exact solution is not + + + align:start position:0% +functions now the exact solution is not +going to be in that little n dimensional + + align:start position:0% +going to be in that little n dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in that little n dimensional +space those those functions for finite + + align:start position:0% +space those those functions for finite + + + align:start position:0% +space those those functions for finite +elements might be peie wise + + align:start position:0% +elements might be peie wise + + + align:start position:0% +elements might be peie wise +linear or if you want to upgrade it they + + align:start position:0% +linear or if you want to upgrade it they + + + align:start position:0% +linear or if you want to upgrade it they +might be piecewise parabas piecewise + + align:start position:0% +might be piecewise parabas piecewise + + + align:start position:0% +might be piecewise parabas piecewise +cubics whatever that was the brilliant + + align:start position:0% +cubics whatever that was the brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +cubics whatever that was the brilliant +finite element idea to choose + + align:start position:0% +finite element idea to choose + + + align:start position:0% +finite element idea to choose +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +functions and then you could take n + + align:start position:0% +functions and then you could take n + + + align:start position:0% +functions and then you could take n +quite + + align:start position:0% +quite + + + align:start position:0% +quite +large but you're still not getting the + + align:start position:0% +large but you're still not getting the + + + align:start position:0% +large but you're still not getting the +exact solution of course and it's to + + align:start position:0% +exact solution of course and it's to + + + align:start position:0% +exact solution of course and it's to +estimate how far off you are but then + + align:start position:0% +estimate how far off you are but then + + + align:start position:0% +estimate how far off you are but then +also in multi- Grid what what was the + + align:start position:0% +also in multi- Grid what what was the + + + align:start position:0% +also in multi- Grid what what was the +idea in multi-grid we started with a + + align:start position:0% +idea in multi-grid we started with a + + + align:start position:0% +idea in multi-grid we started with a +system at level H we started with some + + align:start position:0% +system at level H we started with some + + + align:start position:0% +system at level H we started with some +problem a = + + align:start position:0% +problem a = + + + align:start position:0% +problem a = +FH which was a big system system we if + + align:start position:0% +FH which was a big system system we if + + + align:start position:0% +FH which was a big system system we if +we did if we did ordinary jacobe or gaus + + align:start position:0% +we did if we did ordinary jacobe or gaus + + + align:start position:0% +we did if we did ordinary jacobe or gaus +sidel that was too slow the multi grid + + align:start position:0% +sidel that was too slow the multi grid + + + align:start position:0% +sidel that was too slow the multi grid +idea was Project there's that magic word + + align:start position:0% +idea was Project there's that magic word + + + align:start position:0% +idea was Project there's that magic word +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +onto a coar + + align:start position:0% +onto a coar + + + align:start position:0% +onto a coar +grid where the problem is + + align:start position:0% +grid where the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +grid where the problem is +smaller here we started with a + + align:start position:0% +smaller here we started with a + + + align:start position:0% +smaller here we started with a +continuous problem and we got it down to + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem and we got it down to + + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem and we got it down to +size n here we start with a discrete + + align:start position:0% +size n here we start with a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +size n here we start with a discrete +problem and we cut its size in half or + + align:start position:0% +problem and we cut its size in half or + + + align:start position:0% +problem and we cut its size in half or +or in quarter or in eigh again so we're + + align:start position:0% +or in quarter or in eigh again so we're + + + align:start position:0% +or in quarter or in eigh again so we're +always projection is producing a smaller + + align:start position:0% +always projection is producing a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +always projection is producing a smaller +problem and the question is what are you + + align:start position:0% +problem and the question is what are you + + + align:start position:0% +problem and the question is what are you +what are you losing and actually + + align:start position:0% +what are you losing and actually + + + align:start position:0% +what are you losing and actually +conjugate + + align:start position:0% +conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate +gradients there we you could they the + + align:start position:0% +gradients there we you could they the + + + align:start position:0% +gradients there we you could they the +spaces you remember these spaces the + + align:start position:0% +spaces you remember these spaces the + + + align:start position:0% +spaces you remember these spaces the +spaces span the combinations of of b a a + + align:start position:0% +spaces span the combinations of of b a a + + + align:start position:0% +spaces span the combinations of of b a a +2 B and so on that that was the + + align:start position:0% +2 B and so on that that was the + + + align:start position:0% +2 B and so on that that was the +computation + + align:start position:0% +computation + + + align:start position:0% +computation +convenient space of Subspace to project + + align:start position:0% +convenient space of Subspace to project + + + align:start position:0% +convenient space of Subspace to project +onto and uh so + + align:start position:0% +onto and uh so + + + align:start position:0% +onto and uh so +so you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know +we uh we've got important examples now + + align:start position:0% +we uh we've got important examples now + + + align:start position:0% +we uh we've got important examples now +what I realize this is I I'm pleased + + align:start position:0% +what I realize this is I I'm pleased + + + align:start position:0% +what I realize this is I I'm pleased +about this + + align:start position:0% +about this + + + align:start position:0% +about this +that they all + + align:start position:0% +that they all + + + align:start position:0% +that they all +fit so so here's my problem what's the + + align:start position:0% +fit so so here's my problem what's the + + + align:start position:0% +fit so so here's my problem what's the +error so I'm going to use ustar for the + + align:start position:0% +error so I'm going to use ustar for the + + + align:start position:0% +error so I'm going to use ustar for the +correct answer this is the real this is + + align:start position:0% +correct answer this is the real this is + + + align:start position:0% +correct answer this is the real this is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +truth and I'm going to use ustar capital + + align:start position:0% +truth and I'm going to use ustar capital + + + align:start position:0% +truth and I'm going to use ustar capital +ustar for the + + align:start position:0% +ustar for the + + + align:start position:0% +ustar for the +approximate the one that we get by any + + align:start position:0% +approximate the one that we get by any + + + align:start position:0% +approximate the one that we get by any +of those key ideas in numerical + + align:start position:0% +of those key ideas in numerical + + + align:start position:0% +of those key ideas in numerical +analysis and I'm trying to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +analysis and I'm trying to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and I'm trying to estimate the +difference okay and I just put up here + + align:start position:0% +difference okay and I just put up here + + + align:start position:0% +difference okay and I just put up here +that I'm dealing with positive definite + + align:start position:0% +that I'm dealing with positive definite + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm dealing with positive definite +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +in fact the Matrix K that the symmetric + + align:start position:0% +in fact the Matrix K that the symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the Matrix K that the symmetric +positive definite problem that you have + + align:start position:0% +positive definite problem that you have + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite problem that you have +often has this a transpose CA form or in + + align:start position:0% +often has this a transpose CA form or in + + + align:start position:0% +often has this a transpose CA form or in +the continuous case it might be K might + + align:start position:0% +the continuous case it might be K might + + + align:start position:0% +the continuous case it might be K might +stand for the the a transpose might be + + align:start position:0% +stand for the the a transpose might be + + + align:start position:0% +stand for the the a transpose might be +minus the derivative the C might be c a + + align:start position:0% +minus the derivative the C might be c a + + + align:start position:0% +minus the derivative the C might be c a +variable or constant of physical + + align:start position:0% +variable or constant of physical + + + align:start position:0% +variable or constant of physical +coefficient a would be D by + + align:start position:0% +coefficient a would be D by + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient a would be D by +DX that would be the k thing if I apply + + align:start position:0% +DX that would be the k thing if I apply + + + align:start position:0% +DX that would be the k thing if I apply +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +to U the equation I want to get is Ku U + + align:start position:0% +to U the equation I want to get is Ku U + + + align:start position:0% +to U the equation I want to get is Ku U +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +F that's the that's the strong + + align:start position:0% +F that's the that's the strong + + + align:start position:0% +F that's the that's the strong +form strong form will be KU equal F but + + align:start position:0% +form strong form will be KU equal F but + + + align:start position:0% +form strong form will be KU equal F but +the whole point of last lecture and this + + align:start position:0% +the whole point of last lecture and this + + + align:start position:0% +the whole point of last lecture and this +one is that we don't get to the strong + + align:start position:0% +one is that we don't get to the strong + + + align:start position:0% +one is that we don't get to the strong +form this projection starts with a + + align:start position:0% +form this projection starts with a + + + align:start position:0% +form this projection starts with a +minimum problem and gets gets to a weak + + align:start position:0% +minimum problem and gets gets to a weak + + + align:start position:0% +minimum problem and gets gets to a weak +form and and and it's it's the minimum + + align:start position:0% +form and and and it's it's the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +form and and and it's it's the minimum +problem or the weak form that we want to + + align:start position:0% +problem or the weak form that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +problem or the weak form that we want to +think about not the strong okay now up + + align:start position:0% +think about not the strong okay now up + + + align:start position:0% +think about not the strong okay now up +there I + + align:start position:0% +there I + + + align:start position:0% +there I +wrote a an identity just uh if you just + + align:start position:0% +wrote a an identity just uh if you just + + + align:start position:0% +wrote a an identity just uh if you just +multiply these that right hand side out + + align:start position:0% +multiply these that right hand side out + + + align:start position:0% +multiply these that right hand side out +I believe it comes out + + align:start position:0% +I believe it comes out + + + align:start position:0% +I believe it comes out +right and it's + + align:start position:0% +right and it's + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's +very valuable for our purposes here okay + + align:start position:0% +very valuable for our purposes here okay + + + align:start position:0% +very valuable for our purposes here okay +so what's on the left side this is the + + align:start position:0% +so what's on the left side this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so what's on the left side this is the +quantity that we're minimizing we're + + align:start position:0% +quantity that we're minimizing we're + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that we're minimizing we're +minimizing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +and by just + + align:start position:0% +and by just + + + align:start position:0% +and by just +manipulation we wrote it this + + align:start position:0% +manipulation we wrote it this + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation we wrote it this +way so now I can identify what ustar is + + align:start position:0% +way so now I can identify what ustar is + + + align:start position:0% +way so now I can identify what ustar is +so I'm going to minimize this over all U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this certainly looks like a discrete + + align:start position:0% +this certainly looks like a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +this certainly looks like a discrete +problem right + + align:start position:0% +problem right + + + align:start position:0% +problem right +so so think of U as a vector f as a + + align:start position:0% +so so think of U as a vector f as a + + + align:start position:0% +so so think of U as a vector f as a +vector k as a positive definite + + align:start position:0% +vector k as a positive definite + + + align:start position:0% +vector k as a positive definite +symmetric Matrix just think about that + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix just think about that + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix just think about that +but I want it to apply very much to the + + align:start position:0% +but I want it to apply very much to the + + + align:start position:0% +but I want it to apply very much to the +to the continuous case too to + + align:start position:0% +to the continuous case too to + + + align:start position:0% +to the continuous case too to +differential equations but here's the + + align:start position:0% +differential equations but here's the + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations but here's the +point then what's the winner + + align:start position:0% +point then what's the winner + + + align:start position:0% +point then what's the winner +you can't immediately see well maybe you + + align:start position:0% +you can't immediately see well maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +you can't immediately see well maybe you +can somehow see that the derivative when + + align:start position:0% +can somehow see that the derivative when + + + align:start position:0% +can somehow see that the derivative when +I set the derivative of this thing to + + align:start position:0% +I set the derivative of this thing to + + + align:start position:0% +I set the derivative of this thing to +zero I get that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation you can kind of believe it even + + align:start position:0% +equation you can kind of believe it even + + + align:start position:0% +equation you can kind of believe it even +if it's vectors and matricies but here + + align:start position:0% +if it's vectors and matricies but here + + + align:start position:0% +if it's vectors and matricies but here +you can see right away that what how do + + align:start position:0% +you can see right away that what how do + + + align:start position:0% +you can see right away that what how do +I make this small this is a constant + + align:start position:0% +I make this small this is a constant + + + align:start position:0% +I make this small this is a constant +here that's just a constant so doesn't + + align:start position:0% +here that's just a constant so doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +here that's just a constant so doesn't +depend on you + + align:start position:0% +depend on you + + + align:start position:0% +depend on you +so what choice of you makes that term + + align:start position:0% +so what choice of you makes that term + + + align:start position:0% +so what choice of you makes that term +small well of course it's the choice of + + align:start position:0% +small well of course it's the choice of + + + align:start position:0% +small well of course it's the choice of +you is the one that makes this thing + + align:start position:0% +you is the one that makes this thing + + + align:start position:0% +you is the one that makes this thing +zero because that's a positive definite + + align:start position:0% +zero because that's a positive definite + + + align:start position:0% +zero because that's a positive definite +Matrix no way it's going to get + + align:start position:0% +Matrix no way it's going to get + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix no way it's going to get +anything's going to get Negative here + + align:start position:0% +anything's going to get Negative here + + + align:start position:0% +anything's going to get Negative here +this is a something transpose k + + align:start position:0% +this is a something transpose k + + + align:start position:0% +this is a something transpose k +something you remember what positive + + align:start position:0% +something you remember what positive + + + align:start position:0% +something you remember what positive +definite means it means + + align:start position:0% +definite means it means + + + align:start position:0% +definite means it means +that X transpose + + align:start position:0% +that X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +that X transpose +KX for every Vector X is never negative + + align:start position:0% +KX for every Vector X is never negative + + + align:start position:0% +KX for every Vector X is never negative +so the best we could do would be to + + align:start position:0% +so the best we could do would be to + + + align:start position:0% +so the best we could do would be to +bring this to zero and of course to + + align:start position:0% +bring this to zero and of course to + + + align:start position:0% +bring this to zero and of course to +bring it to zero is to bring the X to + + align:start position:0% +bring it to zero is to bring the X to + + + align:start position:0% +bring it to zero is to bring the X to +Zero this to bring this thing to zero so + + align:start position:0% +Zero this to bring this thing to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +Zero this to bring this thing to zero so +it's this thing should be zero so you + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing should be zero so you + + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing should be zero so you +minus K inverse F should be zero and of + + align:start position:0% +minus K inverse F should be zero and of + + + align:start position:0% +minus K inverse F should be zero and of +course that leads us back to the same + + align:start position:0% +course that leads us back to the same + + + align:start position:0% +course that leads us back to the same +conclusion that we reached from this the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that we reached from this the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that we reached from this the +strong form okay good so that's a an + + align:start position:0% +strong form okay good so that's a an + + + align:start position:0% +strong form okay good so that's a an +identity but now I want to use this + + align:start position:0% +identity but now I want to use this + + + align:start position:0% +identity but now I want to use this +identity to answer the question about + + align:start position:0% +identity to answer the question about + + + align:start position:0% +identity to answer the question about +what if I minimize only on a + + align:start position:0% +what if I minimize only on a + + + align:start position:0% +what if I minimize only on a +Subspace that's the problem for today so + + align:start position:0% +Subspace that's the problem for today so + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace that's the problem for today so +now so that's the question maybe I write + + align:start position:0% +now so that's the question maybe I write + + + align:start position:0% +now so that's the question maybe I write +it on on this fresh board now I minimize + + align:start position:0% +it on on this fresh board now I minimize + + + align:start position:0% +it on on this fresh board now I minimize +only over some Subspace now can I can I + + align:start position:0% +only over some Subspace now can I can I + + + align:start position:0% +only over some Subspace now can I can I +use capital u for the for the uh I use + + align:start position:0% +use capital u for the for the uh I use + + + align:start position:0% +use capital u for the for the uh I use +little U for in + + align:start position:0% +little U for in + + + align:start position:0% +little U for in +here allowing it to be any vector and I + + align:start position:0% +here allowing it to be any vector and I + + + align:start position:0% +here allowing it to be any vector and I +found the winner and let me give the + + align:start position:0% +found the winner and let me give the + + + align:start position:0% +found the winner and let me give the +winner a + + align:start position:0% +winner a + + + align:start position:0% +winner a +name you + + align:start position:0% +name you + + + align:start position:0% +name you +star it's it's a real headache in in uh + + align:start position:0% +star it's it's a real headache in in uh + + + align:start position:0% +star it's it's a real headache in in uh +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +subject of what of the just the notation + + align:start position:0% +subject of what of the just the notation + + + align:start position:0% +subject of what of the just the notation +what should we call the winner so + + align:start position:0% +what should we call the winner so + + + align:start position:0% +what should we call the winner so +sometimes I called it you hat in that + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I called it you hat in that + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I called it you hat in that +was a familiar notation in estimation + + align:start position:0% +was a familiar notation in estimation + + + align:start position:0% +was a familiar notation in estimation +Theory lease squares today I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Theory lease squares today I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Theory lease squares today I'm going to +call it + + align:start position:0% +call it + + + align:start position:0% +call it +ustar so it's uar is the winner small + + align:start position:0% +ustar so it's uar is the winner small + + + align:start position:0% +ustar so it's uar is the winner small +ustar uh I mean this let me take time + + align:start position:0% +ustar uh I mean this let me take time + + + align:start position:0% +ustar uh I mean this let me take time +out one minute Timeout on a board that + + align:start position:0% +out one minute Timeout on a board that + + + align:start position:0% +out one minute Timeout on a board that +I'm going to that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to that +that I mean optimization is about the + + align:start position:0% +that I mean optimization is about the + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean optimization is about the +problem of minimizing some function f + + align:start position:0% +problem of minimizing some function f + + + align:start position:0% +problem of minimizing some function f +ofx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm just going to take one minute on the + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to take one minute on the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to take one minute on the +problems of an + + align:start position:0% +problems of an + + + align:start position:0% +problems of an +author what do you call the winning + + align:start position:0% +author what do you call the winning + + + align:start position:0% +author what do you call the winning +function winning vector or the winning X + + align:start position:0% +function winning vector or the winning X + + + align:start position:0% +function winning vector or the winning X +I mean it could be just a scalar we + + align:start position:0% +I mean it could be just a scalar we + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it could be just a scalar we +could be doing just + + align:start position:0% +could be doing just + + + align:start position:0% +could be doing just +calculus what do I call the x that gives + + align:start position:0% +calculus what do I call the x that gives + + + align:start position:0% +calculus what do I call the x that gives +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +minimum you may have a favorite you + + align:start position:0% +minimum you may have a favorite you + + + align:start position:0% +minimum you may have a favorite you +can't call it X right I mean because + + align:start position:0% +can't call it X right I mean because + + + align:start position:0% +can't call it X right I mean because +that's just confusing it with the + + align:start position:0% +that's just confusing it with the + + + align:start position:0% +that's just confusing it with the +variable X so I'm saying well could call + + align:start position:0% +variable X so I'm saying well could call + + + align:start position:0% +variable X so I'm saying well could call +it X hat you could call it X star you + + align:start position:0% +it X hat you could call it X star you + + + align:start position:0% +it X hat you could call it X star you +could call it capital + + align:start position:0% +could call it capital + + + align:start position:0% +could call it capital +x uh sometimes the the + + align:start position:0% +x uh sometimes the the + + + align:start position:0% +x uh sometimes the the +the you so I'll just write a few of + + align:start position:0% +the you so I'll just write a few of + + + align:start position:0% +the you so I'll just write a few of +those down xstar would be a possibility + + align:start position:0% +those down xstar would be a possibility + + + align:start position:0% +those down xstar would be a possibility +X hat would be a possibility X minim + + align:start position:0% +X hat would be a possibility X minim + + + align:start position:0% +X hat would be a possibility X minim +minimizing would be a possibility I I'm + + align:start position:0% +minimizing would be a possibility I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing would be a possibility I I'm +doing this just because I want to write + + align:start position:0% +doing this just because I want to write + + + align:start position:0% +doing this just because I want to write +down the thing that you often see which + + align:start position:0% +down the thing that you often see which + + + align:start position:0% +down the thing that you often see which +is uh ARG + + align:start position:0% +is uh ARG + + + align:start position:0% +is uh ARG +Min of F + + align:start position:0% +Min of F + + + align:start position:0% +Min of F +ofx and I write that down just so that + + align:start position:0% +ofx and I write that down just so that + + + align:start position:0% +ofx and I write that down just so that +when if you ever see it you know what + + align:start position:0% +when if you ever see it you know what + + + align:start position:0% +when if you ever see it you know what +the heck it it means it has the same + + align:start position:0% +the heck it it means it has the same + + + align:start position:0% +the heck it it means it has the same +meaning as any of + + align:start position:0% +meaning as any of + + + align:start position:0% +meaning as any of +these I am not a big fan of + + align:start position:0% +these I am not a big fan of + + + align:start position:0% +these I am not a big fan of +that but of course it what does this + + align:start position:0% +that but of course it what does this + + + align:start position:0% +that but of course it what does this +mean it means the + + align:start position:0% +mean it means the + + + align:start position:0% +mean it means the +argument that gives the minimum of f ofx + + align:start position:0% +argument that gives the minimum of f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +argument that gives the minimum of f ofx +right argument is is a fancy word for + + align:start position:0% +right argument is is a fancy word for + + + align:start position:0% +right argument is is a fancy word for +the variable in the + + align:start position:0% +the variable in the + + + align:start position:0% +the variable in the +function so this is the argument that + + align:start position:0% +function so this is the argument that + + + align:start position:0% +function so this is the argument that +gives the minimum of F ofx and that's + + align:start position:0% +gives the minimum of F ofx and that's + + + align:start position:0% +gives the minimum of F ofx and that's +what we're looking for to name but uh + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking for to name but uh + + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking for to name but uh +I'm sure not happy about writing that + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure not happy about writing that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure not happy about writing that +name down so I'm not going here it goes + + align:start position:0% +name down so I'm not going here it goes + + + align:start position:0% +name down so I'm not going here it goes +disappear but uh uh that's but you'll + + align:start position:0% +disappear but uh uh that's but you'll + + + align:start position:0% +disappear but uh uh that's but you'll +see it and uh now you know what it means + + align:start position:0% +see it and uh now you know what it means + + + align:start position:0% +see it and uh now you know what it means +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay so now here this is now the Central + + align:start position:0% +okay so now here this is now the Central + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now here this is now the Central +Central issue + + align:start position:0% +Central issue + + + align:start position:0% +Central issue +here I want to minimize over some I want + + align:start position:0% +here I want to minimize over some I want + + + align:start position:0% +here I want to minimize over some I want +to minimize my same guy 12 U transpose + + align:start position:0% +to minimize my same guy 12 U transpose + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize my same guy 12 U transpose +KU uus U transpose F or which is exactly + + align:start position:0% +KU uus U transpose F or which is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +KU uus U transpose F or which is exactly +the same that that same right hand + + align:start position:0% +the same that that same right hand + + + align:start position:0% +the same that that same right hand +side because the two are equal I want to + + align:start position:0% +side because the two are equal I want to + + + align:start position:0% +side because the two are equal I want to +minimize over some Capital use not all + + align:start position:0% +minimize over some Capital use not all + + + align:start position:0% +minimize over some Capital use not all +use if I minimize overall use then I get + + align:start position:0% +use if I minimize overall use then I get + + + align:start position:0% +use if I minimize overall use then I get +the the exact answer but the idea of all + + align:start position:0% +the the exact answer but the idea of all + + + align:start position:0% +the the exact answer but the idea of all +these numerical methods is minimize over + + align:start position:0% +these numerical methods is minimize over + + + align:start position:0% +these numerical methods is minimize over +some finite dimensional smaller + + align:start position:0% +some finite dimensional smaller + + + align:start position:0% +some finite dimensional smaller +dimensional Subspace of trial functions + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Subspace of trial functions + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Subspace of trial functions +I don't know uh I'll say minimize over + + align:start position:0% +I don't know uh I'll say minimize over + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know uh I'll say minimize over +you in in the in the trial + + align:start position:0% +you in in the in the trial + + + align:start position:0% +you in in the in the trial +space just to write it out in words + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so so now well now I guess my + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so so now well now I guess my + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so so now well now I guess my +name for the winner in the trial space + + align:start position:0% +name for the winner in the trial space + + + align:start position:0% +name for the winner in the trial space +is going to be ustar so the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be ustar so the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be ustar so the +winner in the in the trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space the is will be is U star so that's + + align:start position:0% +space the is will be is U star so that's + + + align:start position:0% +space the is will be is U star so that's +my finite element solution my conjugate + + align:start position:0% +my finite element solution my conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +my finite element solution my conjugate +gradient solution my multi-grid solution + + align:start position:0% +gradient solution my multi-grid solution + + + align:start position:0% +gradient solution my multi-grid solution +all these Pro all these problems + + align:start position:0% +all these Pro all these problems + + + align:start position:0% +all these Pro all these problems +are reducing to a to a smaller trial + + align:start position:0% +are reducing to a to a smaller trial + + + align:start position:0% +are reducing to a to a smaller trial +space and picking the winner there + + align:start position:0% +space and picking the winner there + + + align:start position:0% +space and picking the winner there +Computing the winner there and then the + + align:start position:0% +Computing the winner there and then the + + + align:start position:0% +Computing the winner there and then the +question of today is how far apart are + + align:start position:0% +question of today is how far apart are + + + align:start position:0% +question of today is how far apart are +the two okay so and now there's this + + align:start position:0% +the two okay so and now there's this + + + align:start position:0% +the two okay so and now there's this +little formula gives us a good + + align:start position:0% +little formula gives us a good + + + align:start position:0% +little formula gives us a good +idea this little formula gives us a + + align:start position:0% +idea this little formula gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +idea this little formula gives us a +handle on that so so now the the the the + + align:start position:0% +handle on that so so now the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +handle on that so so now the the the the +point is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay so now can I look at this + + align:start position:0% +so okay so now can I look at this + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so now can I look at this +formula maybe maybe I'll copy the + + align:start position:0% +formula maybe maybe I'll copy the + + + align:start position:0% +formula maybe maybe I'll copy the +formula here this is the the minimum + + align:start position:0% +formula here this is the the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +formula here this is the the minimum +over all these trial guys of 1/2 or but + + align:start position:0% +over all these trial guys of 1/2 or but + + + align:start position:0% +over all these trial guys of 1/2 or but +I'm going to write it that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write it that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write it that +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +12 U that's my trial guy minus K inverse + + align:start position:0% +12 U that's my trial guy minus K inverse + + + align:start position:0% +12 U that's my trial guy minus K inverse +F that's my ustar now can am I okay to + + align:start position:0% +F that's my ustar now can am I okay to + + + align:start position:0% +F that's my ustar now can am I okay to +give that name to K inverse F yeah I + + align:start position:0% +give that name to K inverse F yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +give that name to K inverse F yeah I +already gave it I guess U Stars K + + align:start position:0% +already gave it I guess U Stars K + + + align:start position:0% +already gave it I guess U Stars K +inverse F so that's cool short shorter + + align:start position:0% +inverse F so that's cool short shorter + + + align:start position:0% +inverse F so that's cool short shorter +and better + + align:start position:0% +and better + + + align:start position:0% +and better +K oh + + align:start position:0% +K oh + + + align:start position:0% +K oh +transpose U minus U + + align:start position:0% +transpose U minus U + + + align:start position:0% +transpose U minus U +star plus a constant so I I can forget + + align:start position:0% +star plus a constant so I I can forget + + + align:start position:0% +star plus a constant so I I can forget +that I can forget this constant part + + align:start position:0% +that I can forget this constant part + + + align:start position:0% +that I can forget this constant part +that's not that's not uh important to + + align:start position:0% +that's not that's not uh important to + + + align:start position:0% +that's not that's not uh important to +us so + + align:start position:0% +us so + + + align:start position:0% +us so +this simple identity then has expressed + + align:start position:0% +this simple identity then has expressed + + + align:start position:0% +this simple identity then has expressed +our key + + align:start position:0% +our key + + + align:start position:0% +our key +discretization approach here as + + align:start position:0% +discretization approach here as + + + align:start position:0% +discretization approach here as +finding the + + align:start position:0% +finding the + + + align:start position:0% +finding the +U and we're going to call it ustar + + align:start position:0% +U and we're going to call it ustar + + + align:start position:0% +U and we're going to call it ustar +that's nearest to ustar that's the the + + align:start position:0% +that's nearest to ustar that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +that's nearest to ustar that's the the +great fact that makes the whole uh + + align:start position:0% +great fact that makes the whole uh + + + align:start position:0% +great fact that makes the whole uh +subject Pleasant okay so the winner + + align:start position:0% +subject Pleasant okay so the winner + + + align:start position:0% +subject Pleasant okay so the winner +ustar is then by this since I'm + + align:start position:0% +ustar is then by this since I'm + + + align:start position:0% +ustar is then by this since I'm +minimizing that expression it's + + align:start position:0% +minimizing that expression it's + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing that expression it's +certainly the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nearest in the K + + align:start position:0% +nearest in the K + + + align:start position:0% +nearest in the K +Norm is the + + align:start position:0% +Norm is the + + + align:start position:0% +Norm is the +nearest weighted by K somehow that K is + + align:start position:0% +nearest weighted by K somehow that K is + + + align:start position:0% +nearest weighted by K somehow that K is +important that that that's that K is + + align:start position:0% +important that that that's that K is + + + align:start position:0% +important that that that's that K is +reflecting the problem we're solving + + align:start position:0% +reflecting the problem we're solving + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting the problem we're solving +that K is is the is an is the energy or + + align:start position:0% +that K is is the is an is the energy or + + + align:start position:0% +that K is is the is an is the energy or +whatever + + align:start position:0% +whatever + + + align:start position:0% +whatever +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +ustar okay that's the great conclusion + + align:start position:0% +ustar okay that's the great conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +ustar okay that's the great conclusion +this is the you could say that's the + + align:start position:0% +this is the you could say that's the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the you could say that's the +fundamental theorem of of this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +fundamental theorem of of this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental theorem of of this uh uh +projection uh error estimate + + align:start position:0% +projection uh error estimate + + + align:start position:0% +projection uh error estimate +stuff so do you see that we got to that + + align:start position:0% +stuff so do you see that we got to that + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so do you see that we got to that +the the thing that minimizes makes this + + align:start position:0% +the the thing that minimizes makes this + + + align:start position:0% +the the thing that minimizes makes this +as small as we can so near + + align:start position:0% +as small as we can so near + + + align:start position:0% +as small as we can so near +nearest is simply a translation of what + + align:start position:0% +nearest is simply a translation of what + + + align:start position:0% +nearest is simply a translation of what +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +says pick the capital u that's closest + + align:start position:0% +says pick the capital u that's closest + + + align:start position:0% +says pick the capital u that's closest +to U star okay now how does that + + align:start position:0% +to U star okay now how does that + + + align:start position:0% +to U star okay now how does that +help that helps because I want to + + align:start position:0% +help that helps because I want to + + + align:start position:0% +help that helps because I want to +estimate the difference so so now if I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +estimate the + + align:start position:0% +estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +estimate the +difference of + + align:start position:0% +difference of + + + align:start position:0% +difference of +ustar minus + + align:start position:0% +ustar minus + + + align:start position:0% +ustar minus +ustar one the simple way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is so I'm trying to get a handle on how + + align:start position:0% +is so I'm trying to get a handle on how + + + align:start position:0% +is so I'm trying to get a handle on how +different those are how different is the + + align:start position:0% +different those are how different is the + + + align:start position:0% +different those are how different is the +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +um so let me take in this case of say + + align:start position:0% +um so let me take in this case of say + + + align:start position:0% +um so let me take in this case of say +the ples equation or the + + align:start position:0% +the ples equation or the + + + align:start position:0% +the ples equation or the +1D uh case again I'm speaking steady + + align:start position:0% +1D uh case again I'm speaking steady + + + align:start position:0% +1D uh case again I'm speaking steady +state boundary value problem so ustar is + + align:start position:0% +state boundary value problem so ustar is + + + align:start position:0% +state boundary value problem so ustar is +the best combination of these trial + + align:start position:0% +the best combination of these trial + + + align:start position:0% +the best combination of these trial +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +capital u and little uar is the exact + + align:start position:0% +capital u and little uar is the exact + + + align:start position:0% +capital u and little uar is the exact +solution well let me draw a + + align:start position:0% +solution well let me draw a + + + align:start position:0% +solution well let me draw a +picture so so suppose I'm in 1D 0 to + + align:start position:0% +picture so so suppose I'm in 1D 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +picture so so suppose I'm in 1D 0 to +one okay yeah let me let me pick the + + align:start position:0% +one okay yeah let me let me pick the + + + align:start position:0% +one okay yeah let me let me pick the +that model problem again so so minus the + + align:start position:0% +that model problem again so so minus the + + + align:start position:0% +that model problem again so so minus the +derivative of C du U + + align:start position:0% +derivative of C du U + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of C du U +DX IS F ofx + + align:start position:0% +DX IS F ofx + + + align:start position:0% +DX IS F ofx +with with boundary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conditions okay and I I guess if I'm + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay and I I guess if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay and I I guess if I'm +consistent now I should write ustar + + align:start position:0% +consistent now I should write ustar + + + align:start position:0% +consistent now I should write ustar +because it's the winning solution and + + align:start position:0% +because it's the winning solution and + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the winning solution and +suppose the boundary conditions are zero + + align:start position:0% +suppose the boundary conditions are zero + + + align:start position:0% +suppose the boundary conditions are zero +at both ends and and it does something + + align:start position:0% +at both ends and and it does something + + + align:start position:0% +at both ends and and it does something +okay so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ustar + + align:start position:0% +ustar + + + align:start position:0% +ustar +okay so that's the continuous case which + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the continuous case which + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the continuous case which +I'm drawing a picture + + align:start position:0% +I'm drawing a picture + + + align:start position:0% +I'm drawing a picture +to to show to represent what the + + align:start position:0% +to to show to represent what the + + + align:start position:0% +to to show to represent what the +solution might look like okay now what + + align:start position:0% +solution might look like okay now what + + + align:start position:0% +solution might look like okay now what +about this finite element + + align:start position:0% +about this finite element + + + align:start position:0% +about this finite element +stuff suppose the + + align:start position:0% +stuff suppose the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff suppose the +FIS are linear + + align:start position:0% +FIS are linear + + + align:start position:0% +FIS are linear +pieces I'm I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +pieces I'm I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +pieces I'm I'm going to do +linear finite element + + align:start position:0% +linear finite element + + + align:start position:0% +linear finite element +method then any + + align:start position:0% +method then any + + + align:start position:0% +method then any +combination of these linear guys it's + + align:start position:0% +combination of these linear guys it's + + + align:start position:0% +combination of these linear guys it's +going to be piecewise linear there's + + align:start position:0% +going to be piecewise linear there's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be piecewise linear there's +going to be a mesh you know this set up + + align:start position:0% +going to be a mesh you know this set up + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a mesh you know this set up +you know that it might look like that + + align:start position:0% +you know that it might look like that + + + align:start position:0% +you know that it might look like that +and it have a value there might have a + + align:start position:0% +and it have a value there might have a + + + align:start position:0% +and it have a value there might have a +value there might have a value there + + align:start position:0% +value there might have a value there + + + align:start position:0% +value there might have a value there +there there and there + + align:start position:0% +there there and there + + + align:start position:0% +there there and there +okay and this I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay and this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this I'm +this would let's suppose this is the + + align:start position:0% +this would let's suppose this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this would let's suppose this is the +winning doesn't look like a winner to + + align:start position:0% +winning doesn't look like a winner to + + + align:start position:0% +winning doesn't look like a winner to +me because it's you know like you think + + align:start position:0% +me because it's you know like you think + + + align:start position:0% +me because it's you know like you think +it could probably do better but but + + align:start position:0% +it could probably do better but but + + + align:start position:0% +it could probably do better but but +Capital UST star but remember that we're + + align:start position:0% +Capital UST star but remember that we're + + + align:start position:0% +Capital UST star but remember that we're +measuring what's the K Norm stuff what + + align:start position:0% +measuring what's the K Norm stuff what + + + align:start position:0% +measuring what's the K Norm stuff what +I'm measuring the difference between + + align:start position:0% +I'm measuring the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +I'm measuring the difference between +these two not + + align:start position:0% +these two not + + + align:start position:0% +these two not +pointwise which would be of course + + align:start position:0% +pointwise which would be of course + + + align:start position:0% +pointwise which would be of course +Pleasant to say okay the distance is + + align:start position:0% +Pleasant to say okay the distance is + + + align:start position:0% +Pleasant to say okay the distance is +just you know maybe the maximum distance + + align:start position:0% +just you know maybe the maximum distance + + + align:start position:0% +just you know maybe the maximum distance +or the or the + + align:start position:0% +or the or the + + + align:start position:0% +or the or the +mean square error that would be quite + + align:start position:0% +mean square error that would be quite + + + align:start position:0% +mean square error that would be quite +pleasant but + + align:start position:0% +pleasant but + + + align:start position:0% +pleasant but +here the measure of distance involves + + align:start position:0% +here the measure of distance involves + + + align:start position:0% +here the measure of distance involves +this K which comes from the which comes + + align:start position:0% +this K which comes from the which comes + + + align:start position:0% +this K which comes from the which comes +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +problem so so by distance here I mean + + align:start position:0% +problem so so by distance here I mean + + + align:start position:0% +problem so so by distance here I mean +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +distance between ustar and ustar in this + + align:start position:0% +distance between ustar and ustar in this + + + align:start position:0% +distance between ustar and ustar in this +can I write it with a capital K + + align:start position:0% +can I write it with a capital K + + + align:start position:0% +can I write it with a capital K +there to indicate that that's the K Norm + + align:start position:0% +there to indicate that that's the K Norm + + + align:start position:0% +there to indicate that that's the K Norm +that's the that's the norm in which this + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the norm in which this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the norm in which this +is small as small as can be made and + + align:start position:0% +is small as small as can be made and + + + align:start position:0% +is small as small as can be made and +what is the K Norm for this particular + + align:start position:0% +what is the K Norm for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +what is the K Norm for this particular +problem well it's the + + align:start position:0% +problem well it's the + + + align:start position:0% +problem well it's the +integral and involves the + + align:start position:0% +integral and involves the + + + align:start position:0% +integral and involves the +C and it involves the + + align:start position:0% +C and it involves the + + + align:start position:0% +C and it involves the +uar prime minus the uar prime s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DX integrated from 0 to 1 I just picking + + align:start position:0% +DX integrated from 0 to 1 I just picking + + + align:start position:0% +DX integrated from 0 to 1 I just picking +this example problem so that you get + + align:start position:0% +this example problem so that you get + + + align:start position:0% +this example problem so that you get +some idea of how it is how we're + + align:start position:0% +some idea of how it is how we're + + + align:start position:0% +some idea of how it is how we're +measuring the error it's the natural + + align:start position:0% +measuring the error it's the natural + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the error it's the natural +measure for the error it's the energy + + align:start position:0% +measure for the error it's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +measure for the error it's the energy +measure we're me measuring error in + + align:start position:0% +measure we're me measuring error in + + + align:start position:0% +measure we're me measuring error in +energy this is an energy + + align:start position:0% +energy this is an energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy this is an energy +expression this this thing you know + + align:start position:0% +expression this this thing you know + + + align:start position:0% +expression this this thing you know +represents some some kind of elastic bar + + align:start position:0% +represents some some kind of elastic bar + + + align:start position:0% +represents some some kind of elastic bar +or something which is so we're measuring + + align:start position:0% +or something which is so we're measuring + + + align:start position:0% +or something which is so we're measuring +the internal energy here and notice in + + align:start position:0% +the internal energy here and notice in + + + align:start position:0% +the internal energy here and notice in +particular maybe the most important + + align:start position:0% +particular maybe the most important + + + align:start position:0% +particular maybe the most important +point is not the C of X which is just + + align:start position:0% +point is not the C of X which is just + + + align:start position:0% +point is not the C of X which is just +like kind along for the ride but the but + + align:start position:0% +like kind along for the ride but the but + + + align:start position:0% +like kind along for the ride but the but +the fact that we're measuring the our + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we're measuring the our + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we're measuring the our +measure of the error is in the + + align:start position:0% +measure of the error is in the + + + align:start position:0% +measure of the error is in the +derivative we're measuring error in + + align:start position:0% +derivative we're measuring error in + + + align:start position:0% +derivative we're measuring error in +slopes because those are the Str + + align:start position:0% +slopes because those are the Str + + + align:start position:0% +slopes because those are the Str +stresses in the in the bar and that's + + align:start position:0% +stresses in the in the bar and that's + + + align:start position:0% +stresses in the in the bar and that's +where energy comes from + + align:start position:0% +where energy comes from + + + align:start position:0% +where energy comes from +internal strain + + align:start position:0% +internal strain + + + align:start position:0% +internal strain +energy okay so in other + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so in other + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so in other +words I'm I have this function ustar + + align:start position:0% +words I'm I have this function ustar + + + align:start position:0% +words I'm I have this function ustar +uar this curved + + align:start position:0% +uar this curved + + + align:start position:0% +uar this curved +guy and I have this + + align:start position:0% +guy and I have this + + + align:start position:0% +guy and I have this +function which I'm thinking to be the + + align:start position:0% +function which I'm thinking to be the + + + align:start position:0% +function which I'm thinking to be the +winner and again it's the winner in the + + align:start position:0% +winner and again it's the winner in the + + + align:start position:0% +winner and again it's the winner in the +sense that it minimizes this this is the + + align:start position:0% +sense that it minimizes this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +sense that it minimizes this this is the +minimum this is the + + align:start position:0% +minimum this is the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum this is the +expression that we have some handle on + + align:start position:0% +expression that we have some handle on + + + align:start position:0% +expression that we have some handle on +because we know that + + align:start position:0% +because we know that + + + align:start position:0% +because we know that +ustar Capital uar will make that as + + align:start position:0% +ustar Capital uar will make that as + + + align:start position:0% +ustar Capital uar will make that as +small as it can + + align:start position:0% +small as it can + + + align:start position:0% +small as it can +it does not make small the pointwise + + align:start position:0% +it does not make small the pointwise + + + align:start position:0% +it does not make small the pointwise +error finite elements you know it might + + align:start position:0% +error finite elements you know it might + + + align:start position:0% +error finite elements you know it might +try it might + + align:start position:0% +try it might + + + align:start position:0% +try it might +accidentally we hope it does of course + + align:start position:0% +accidentally we hope it does of course + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally we hope it does of course +get pointwise error right but what it is + + align:start position:0% +get pointwise error right but what it is + + + align:start position:0% +get pointwise error right but what it is +constructed to get right is energy error + + align:start position:0% +constructed to get right is energy error + + + align:start position:0% +constructed to get right is energy error +make that small okay so now the question + + align:start position:0% +make that small okay so now the question + + + align:start position:0% +make that small okay so now the question +is how do we estimate the difference + + align:start position:0% +is how do we estimate the difference + + + align:start position:0% +is how do we estimate the difference +okay so now here's this key Point how do + + align:start position:0% +okay so now here's this key Point how do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now here's this key Point how do +we estimate the difference and so again + + align:start position:0% +we estimate the difference and so again + + + align:start position:0% +we estimate the difference and so again +we're looking at the error by the way I + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the error by the way I + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the error by the way I +should + + align:start position:0% +should + + + align:start position:0% +should +have uh maybe I + + align:start position:0% +have uh maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +have uh maybe I +did uh put a square there that was the + + align:start position:0% +did uh put a square there that was the + + + align:start position:0% +did uh put a square there that was the +norm squared but of course minimizing + + align:start position:0% +norm squared but of course minimizing + + + align:start position:0% +norm squared but of course minimizing +the norm you you realize well I don't + + align:start position:0% +the norm you you realize well I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the norm you you realize well I don't +want a big square root sign it's just + + align:start position:0% +want a big square root sign it's just + + + align:start position:0% +want a big square root sign it's just +clumsy so I'm looking at the square + + align:start position:0% +clumsy so I'm looking at the square + + + align:start position:0% +clumsy so I'm looking at the square +there okay so now how do you estimate + + align:start position:0% +there okay so now how do you estimate + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so now how do you estimate +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +thing how do you estimate the thing + + align:start position:0% +thing how do you estimate the thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing how do you estimate the thing +knowing + + align:start position:0% +knowing + + + align:start position:0% +knowing +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +this piecewise linear that came out of + + align:start position:0% +this piecewise linear that came out of + + + align:start position:0% +this piecewise linear that came out of +some finite element + + align:start position:0% +some finite element + + + align:start position:0% +some finite element +calculation or some giant code is best + + align:start position:0% +calculation or some giant code is best + + + align:start position:0% +calculation or some giant code is best +possible well here's the idea look + + align:start position:0% +possible well here's the idea look + + + align:start position:0% +possible well here's the idea look +at a convenient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +candidate that that's uh that that that + + align:start position:0% +candidate that that's uh that that that + + + align:start position:0% +candidate that that's uh that that that +might not be the winner + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me let me put because this was as as + + align:start position:0% +let me let me put because this was as as + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me put because this was as as +small as possible this is less than or + + align:start position:0% +small as possible this is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +small as possible this is less than or +equal to uh U minus + + align:start position:0% +equal to uh U minus + + + align:start position:0% +equal to uh U minus +uar in always in the correct measure for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +trial function + + align:start position:0% +trial function + + + align:start position:0% +trial function +you that's this just says what we've + + align:start position:0% +you that's this just says what we've + + + align:start position:0% +you that's this just says what we've +been what I've said now through ways + + align:start position:0% +been what I've said now through ways + + + align:start position:0% +been what I've said now through ways +that you Stars the best in the korm now + + align:start position:0% +that you Stars the best in the korm now + + + align:start position:0% +that you Stars the best in the korm now +so all I to get some bound on this I I + + align:start position:0% +so all I to get some bound on this I I + + + align:start position:0% +so all I to get some bound on this I I +try I can take any U I can take any U + + align:start position:0% +try I can take any U I can take any U + + + align:start position:0% +try I can take any U I can take any U +and estimate its difference from ustar + + align:start position:0% +and estimate its difference from ustar + + + align:start position:0% +and estimate its difference from ustar +and that will give me a Bound in other + + align:start position:0% +and that will give me a Bound in other + + + align:start position:0% +and that will give me a Bound in other +words I don't know what this particular + + align:start position:0% +words I don't know what this particular + + + align:start position:0% +words I don't know what this particular +guy happened to + + align:start position:0% +guy happened to + + + align:start position:0% +guy happened to +be but I could but I know it's better + + align:start position:0% +be but I could but I know it's better + + + align:start position:0% +be but I could but I know it's better +let me just jump to the key idea I know + + align:start position:0% +let me just jump to the key idea I know + + + align:start position:0% +let me just jump to the key idea I know +that that one is better than the one and + + align:start position:0% +that that one is better than the one and + + + align:start position:0% +that that one is better than the one and +if I had a different color maybe this + + align:start position:0% +if I had a different color maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +if I had a different color maybe this +maybe this + + align:start position:0% +maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this +uh thing has got another color + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well okay here's another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +color I know it's better than for + + align:start position:0% +color I know it's better than for + + + align:start position:0% +color I know it's better than for +example I'm just going to pick one + + align:start position:0% +example I'm just going to pick one + + + align:start position:0% +example I'm just going to pick one +function that I one P wise linear trial + + align:start position:0% +function that I one P wise linear trial + + + align:start position:0% +function that I one P wise linear trial +function that's quite convenient pick + + align:start position:0% +function that's quite convenient pick + + + align:start position:0% +function that's quite convenient pick +the one that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpolates the exact + + align:start position:0% +interpolates the exact + + + align:start position:0% +interpolates the exact +one okay now for some + + align:start position:0% +one okay now for some + + + align:start position:0% +one okay now for some +reason known only to finite elements + + align:start position:0% +reason known only to finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +reason known only to finite elements +that wasn't the finite element winner + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't the finite element winner + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't the finite element winner +that wasn't ustar that was another U for + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't ustar that was another U for + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't ustar that was another U for +example so like I'll put it in blue here + + align:start position:0% +example so like I'll put it in blue here + + + align:start position:0% +example so like I'll put it in blue here +for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take U to be the function that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpolates ustar little ustar the + + align:start position:0% +interpolates ustar little ustar the + + + align:start position:0% +interpolates ustar little ustar the +function that I've drawn here that that + + align:start position:0% +function that I've drawn here that that + + + align:start position:0% +function that I've drawn here that that +gets since we're our question is how + + align:start position:0% +gets since we're our question is how + + + align:start position:0% +gets since we're our question is how +close can we get + + align:start position:0% +close can we get + + + align:start position:0% +close can we get +to the curve guy by pie wise linear well + + align:start position:0% +to the curve guy by pie wise linear well + + + align:start position:0% +to the curve guy by pie wise linear well +one choice is how close does the + + align:start position:0% +one choice is how close does the + + + align:start position:0% +one choice is how close does the +interpolate come it it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +interpolate come it it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +interpolate come it it doesn't +necessarily come the closest probably + + align:start position:0% +necessarily come the closest probably + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily come the closest probably +not but it it's in the right ballpark so + + align:start position:0% +not but it it's in the right ballpark so + + + align:start position:0% +not but it it's in the right ballpark so +now I just ask the question and let me + + align:start position:0% +now I just ask the question and let me + + + align:start position:0% +now I just ask the question and let me +draw it again uh draw the same picture + + align:start position:0% +draw it again uh draw the same picture + + + align:start position:0% +draw it again uh draw the same picture +again I have a + + align:start position:0% +again I have a + + + align:start position:0% +again I have a +function and I interpolate it + + align:start position:0% +function and I interpolate it + + + align:start position:0% +function and I interpolate it +by piecewise linear + + align:start position:0% +by piecewise linear + + + align:start position:0% +by piecewise linear +guys so piecewise linear function + + align:start position:0% +guys so piecewise linear function + + + align:start position:0% +guys so piecewise linear function +there and + + align:start position:0% +there and + + + align:start position:0% +there and +so this is a comparison between + + align:start position:0% +so this is a comparison between + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a comparison between +ustar and ustar and it's + + align:start position:0% +ustar and ustar and it's + + + align:start position:0% +ustar and ustar and it's +interpolate which is my candidate U that + + align:start position:0% +interpolate which is my candidate U that + + + align:start position:0% +interpolate which is my candidate U that +I'm recommending as a + + align:start position:0% +I'm recommending as a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm recommending as a +trial uh and now it's a pure + + align:start position:0% +trial uh and now it's a pure + + + align:start position:0% +trial uh and now it's a pure +approximation question you see we don't + + align:start position:0% +approximation question you see we don't + + + align:start position:0% +approximation question you see we don't +we no longer have to know all about + + align:start position:0% +we no longer have to know all about + + + align:start position:0% +we no longer have to know all about +finite elements we don't have to know + + align:start position:0% +finite elements we don't have to know + + + align:start position:0% +finite elements we don't have to know +anything about finite elements we're + + align:start position:0% +anything about finite elements we're + + + align:start position:0% +anything about finite elements we're +just asking the question + + align:start position:0% +just asking the question + + + align:start position:0% +just asking the question +if you give me a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and and you compare it with the + + align:start position:0% +function and and you compare it with the + + + align:start position:0% +function and and you compare it with the +piecewise linear interpolate how far + + align:start position:0% +piecewise linear interpolate how far + + + align:start position:0% +piecewise linear interpolate how far +apart are they how far apart and and do + + align:start position:0% +apart are they how far apart and and do + + + align:start position:0% +apart are they how far apart and and do +you know what and let me call + + align:start position:0% +you know what and let me call + + + align:start position:0% +you know what and let me call +the the uh step size + + align:start position:0% +the the uh step size + + + align:start position:0% +the the uh step size +H so and of course could be une equal + + align:start position:0% +H so and of course could be une equal + + + align:start position:0% +H so and of course could be une equal +steps could be unstructured mesh + + align:start position:0% +steps could be unstructured mesh + + + align:start position:0% +steps could be unstructured mesh +everything works here but + + align:start position:0% +everything works here but + + + align:start position:0% +everything works here but +now we come just to a just a basic sort + + align:start position:0% +now we come just to a just a basic sort + + + align:start position:0% +now we come just to a just a basic sort +of understanding of of calculus H how + + align:start position:0% +of understanding of of calculus H how + + + align:start position:0% +of understanding of of calculus H how +close does a curve come from a the + + align:start position:0% +close does a curve come from a the + + + align:start position:0% +close does a curve come from a the +chord really that's what it's come down + + align:start position:0% +chord really that's what it's come down + + + align:start position:0% +chord really that's what it's come down +to how close is a curv function from a + + align:start position:0% +to how close is a curv function from a + + + align:start position:0% +to how close is a curv function from a +chord I could even blow that up so here + + align:start position:0% +chord I could even blow that up so here + + + align:start position:0% +chord I could even blow that up so here +I have some curve going up and compare + + align:start position:0% +I have some curve going up and compare + + + align:start position:0% +I have some curve going up and compare +that with the chord + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and how far and this distance here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H anybody + + align:start position:0% +H anybody + + + align:start position:0% +H anybody +know so I'm going to I'm just looking + + align:start position:0% +know so I'm going to I'm just looking + + + align:start position:0% +know so I'm going to I'm just looking +for something + + align:start position:0% +for something + + + align:start position:0% +for something +like is the difference of order H is it + + align:start position:0% +like is the difference of order H is it + + + align:start position:0% +like is the difference of order H is it +of order H squar is it of order e to the + + align:start position:0% +of order H squar is it of order e to the + + + align:start position:0% +of order H squar is it of order e to the +H what what's the what's the distance + + align:start position:0% +H what what's the what's the distance + + + align:start position:0% +H what what's the what's the distance +between the two + + align:start position:0% +between the two + + + align:start position:0% +between the two +if I take a little p and you could + + align:start position:0% +if I take a little p and you could + + + align:start position:0% +if I take a little p and you could +imagine it's a parabola because I'm + + align:start position:0% +imagine it's a parabola because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +imagine it's a parabola because I'm +focusing down on just a little piece I + + align:start position:0% +focusing down on just a little piece I + + + align:start position:0% +focusing down on just a little piece I +take a little Parabola a little H piece + + align:start position:0% +take a little Parabola a little H piece + + + align:start position:0% +take a little Parabola a little H piece +of it and I compare it with a + + align:start position:0% +of it and I compare it with a + + + align:start position:0% +of it and I compare it with a +chord what's the distance between the + + align:start position:0% +chord what's the distance between the + + + align:start position:0% +chord what's the distance between the +two that that distance + + align:start position:0% +two that that distance + + + align:start position:0% +two that that distance +there well your eye probably tells you + + align:start position:0% +there well your eye probably tells you + + + align:start position:0% +there well your eye probably tells you +that it's smaller than H right because H + + align:start position:0% +that it's smaller than H right because H + + + align:start position:0% +that it's smaller than H right because H +was this big and I'm only looking this + + align:start position:0% +was this big and I'm only looking this + + + align:start position:0% +was this big and I'm only looking this +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +vertically so so this + + align:start position:0% +vertically so so this + + + align:start position:0% +vertically so so this +distance that distance there maximum + + align:start position:0% +distance that distance there maximum + + + align:start position:0% +distance that distance there maximum +distance is of order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H2 but that's not the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question the question is what's how far + + align:start position:0% +question the question is what's how far + + + align:start position:0% +question the question is what's how far +apart are these how far apart are these + + align:start position:0% +apart are these how far apart are these + + + align:start position:0% +apart are these how far apart are these +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +measure in this in how far apart are the + + align:start position:0% +measure in this in how far apart are the + + + align:start position:0% +measure in this in how far apart are the +slopes because the K Norm is dealing + + align:start position:0% +slopes because the K Norm is dealing + + + align:start position:0% +slopes because the K Norm is dealing +with the slopes and not the not not the + + align:start position:0% +with the slopes and not the not not the + + + align:start position:0% +with the slopes and not the not not the +function itself so so more important + + align:start position:0% +function itself so so more important + + + align:start position:0% +function itself so so more important +than the distance is the error in + + align:start position:0% +than the distance is the error in + + + align:start position:0% +than the distance is the error in +slope and would you want to guess what + + align:start position:0% +slope and would you want to guess what + + + align:start position:0% +slope and would you want to guess what +that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like what you what's your guess on that + + align:start position:0% +like what you what's your guess on that + + + align:start position:0% +like what you what's your guess on that +the error and the slope now the slopes + + align:start position:0% +the error and the slope now the slopes + + + align:start position:0% +the error and the slope now the slopes +are not going to be as good it as the + + align:start position:0% +are not going to be as good it as the + + + align:start position:0% +are not going to be as good it as the +function as always slopes are one + + align:start position:0% +function as always slopes are one + + + align:start position:0% +function as always slopes are one +derivative higher you lose something you + + align:start position:0% +derivative higher you lose something you + + + align:start position:0% +derivative higher you lose something you +get order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H so that's + + align:start position:0% +H so that's + + + align:start position:0% +H so that's +the that's the + + align:start position:0% +the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the that's the +error uh let's see I hope I'm right here + + align:start position:0% +error uh let's see I hope I'm right here + + + align:start position:0% +error uh let's see I hope I'm right here +yeah I think I think that's right the + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think I think that's right the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think I think that's right the +error in + + align:start position:0% +error in + + + align:start position:0% +error in +slope I'm I was speaking + + align:start position:0% +slope I'm I was speaking + + + align:start position:0% +slope I'm I was speaking +pointwise and then I've got to integrate + + align:start position:0% +pointwise and then I've got to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +pointwise and then I've got to integrate +it over a whole interval here a unit + + align:start position:0% +it over a whole interval here a unit + + + align:start position:0% +it over a whole interval here a unit +interval so + + align:start position:0% +interval so + + + align:start position:0% +interval so +so I I'll still get well if I Square it + + align:start position:0% +so I I'll still get well if I Square it + + + align:start position:0% +so I I'll still get well if I Square it +of course I'm going to get H squar and + + align:start position:0% +of course I'm going to get H squar and + + + align:start position:0% +of course I'm going to get H squar and +then if I integrate it I still have H + + align:start position:0% +then if I integrate it I still have H + + + align:start position:0% +then if I integrate it I still have H +squar and then when I take the square + + align:start position:0% +squar and then when I take the square + + + align:start position:0% +squar and then when I take the square +root I have H so H is the right quantity + + align:start position:0% +root I have H so H is the right quantity + + + align:start position:0% +root I have H so H is the right quantity +so our answer is estimate if I can put + + align:start position:0% +so our answer is estimate if I can put + + + align:start position:0% +so our answer is estimate if I can put +down here what our conclusion was from + + align:start position:0% +down here what our conclusion was from + + + align:start position:0% +down here what our conclusion was from +this method by taking capital u to to be + + align:start position:0% +this method by taking capital u to to be + + + align:start position:0% +this method by taking capital u to to be +this convenient not the only choice but + + align:start position:0% +this convenient not the only choice but + + + align:start position:0% +this convenient not the only choice but +a convenient choice just to get an idea + + align:start position:0% +a convenient choice just to get an idea + + + align:start position:0% +a convenient choice just to get an idea +of what the error might be and then the + + align:start position:0% +of what the error might be and then the + + + align:start position:0% +of what the error might be and then the +error from the actual ustar has got to + + align:start position:0% +error from the actual ustar has got to + + + align:start position:0% +error from the actual ustar has got to +be better our estimate + + align:start position:0% +be better our estimate + + + align:start position:0% +be better our estimate +is order of + + align:start position:0% +is order of + + + align:start position:0% +is order of +H for this particular application this + + align:start position:0% +H for this particular application this + + + align:start position:0% +H for this particular application this +particular application that's the error + + align:start position:0% +particular application that's the error + + + align:start position:0% +particular application that's the error +in the energy Norm in the in the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +in the energy Norm in the in the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the energy Norm in the in the uh uh +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +slopes and then we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +would so the theory of finite elements + + align:start position:0% +would so the theory of finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +would so the theory of finite elements +would go ahead to try to show that the + + align:start position:0% +would go ahead to try to show that the + + + align:start position:0% +would go ahead to try to show that the +error in + + align:start position:0% +error in + + + align:start position:0% +error in +the distance between them in the + + align:start position:0% +the distance between them in the + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between them in the +displacement you could say is h + + align:start position:0% +displacement you could say is h + + + align:start position:0% +displacement you could say is h +s but that's not so easy and I won't be + + align:start position:0% +s but that's not so easy and I won't be + + + align:start position:0% +s but that's not so easy and I won't be +able to do it here why is it not easy to + + align:start position:0% +able to do it here why is it not easy to + + + align:start position:0% +able to do it here why is it not easy to +say that the error in the displacement + + align:start position:0% +say that the error in the displacement + + + align:start position:0% +say that the error in the displacement +is of order H squ it's certainly true + + align:start position:0% +is of order H squ it's certainly true + + + align:start position:0% +is of order H squ it's certainly true +for this + + align:start position:0% +for this + + + align:start position:0% +for this +interpolate I no question that the + + align:start position:0% +interpolate I no question that the + + + align:start position:0% +interpolate I no question that the +interpolate is is you could easily see + + align:start position:0% +interpolate is is you could easily see + + + align:start position:0% +interpolate is is you could easily see +as h^2 order h^2 away from the function + + align:start position:0% +as h^2 order h^2 away from the function + + + align:start position:0% +as h^2 order h^2 away from the function +but the point is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that Capital ustar did not was not the + + align:start position:0% +that Capital ustar did not was not the + + + align:start position:0% +that Capital ustar did not was not the +best + + align:start position:0% +best + + + align:start position:0% +best +in staying near the function it was only + + align:start position:0% +in staying near the function it was only + + + align:start position:0% +in staying near the function it was only +the best in staying near the slope so I + + align:start position:0% +the best in staying near the slope so I + + + align:start position:0% +the best in staying near the slope so I +don't have + + align:start position:0% +don't have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have +this uh crutch to lean on here this is + + align:start position:0% +this uh crutch to lean on here this is + + + align:start position:0% +this uh crutch to lean on here this is +this is in the korm and not in mean not + + align:start position:0% +this is in the korm and not in mean not + + + align:start position:0% +this is in the korm and not in mean not +in the mean Square Norm it's a it's in a + + align:start position:0% +in the mean Square Norm it's a it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +in the mean Square Norm it's a it's in a +Norm that's that's that deals with slope + + align:start position:0% +Norm that's that's that deals with slope + + + align:start position:0% +Norm that's that's that deals with slope +but not with uh just plain displacement + + align:start position:0% +but not with uh just plain displacement + + + align:start position:0% +but not with uh just plain displacement +distance okay maybe + + align:start position:0% +distance okay maybe + + + align:start position:0% +distance okay maybe +that's made the point and this is the + + align:start position:0% +that's made the point and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that's made the point and this is the +part of finite element Theory to just to + + align:start position:0% +part of finite element Theory to just to + + + align:start position:0% +part of finite element Theory to just to +to do that okay uh if I could take a + + align:start position:0% +to do that okay uh if I could take a + + + align:start position:0% +to do that okay uh if I could take a +minute about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notation + + align:start position:0% +notation + + + align:start position:0% +notation +because uh the notation that I've used + + align:start position:0% +because uh the notation that I've used + + + align:start position:0% +because uh the notation that I've used +here of a + + align:start position:0% +here of a + + + align:start position:0% +here of a +k is really a matrix + + align:start position:0% +k is really a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +k is really a matrix +notation it's not true you don't truly + + align:start position:0% +notation it's not true you don't truly + + + align:start position:0% +notation it's not true you don't truly +see it in finite element papers for me + + align:start position:0% +see it in finite element papers for me + + + align:start position:0% +see it in finite element papers for me +it's clear right I mean that identity + + align:start position:0% +it's clear right I mean that identity + + + align:start position:0% +it's clear right I mean that identity +was quite clear from vectors and + + align:start position:0% +was quite clear from vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +was quite clear from vectors and +matrices but with finite elements I'm + + align:start position:0% +matrices but with finite elements I'm + + + align:start position:0% +matrices but with finite elements I'm +really in the I'm really dealing with + + align:start position:0% +really in the I'm really dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +really in the I'm really dealing with +functions so it's not fair to use Matrix + + align:start position:0% +functions so it's not fair to use Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +functions so it's not fair to use Matrix +notation when you + + align:start position:0% +notation when you + + + align:start position:0% +notation when you +know when it's integrals and derivatives + + align:start position:0% +know when it's integrals and derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +know when it's integrals and derivatives +and and functions that are involved here + + align:start position:0% +and and functions that are involved here + + + align:start position:0% +and and functions that are involved here +it's you know these are function + + align:start position:0% +it's you know these are function + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know these are function +and the actual solution is a function so + + align:start position:0% +and the actual solution is a function so + + + align:start position:0% +and the actual solution is a function so +all I want to do + + align:start position:0% +all I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +all I want to do +is mention the notation + + align:start position:0% +is mention the notation + + + align:start position:0% +is mention the notation +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um that I you now see in say in + + align:start position:0% +um that I you now see in say in + + + align:start position:0% +um that I you now see in say in +16920 the the engineering course that + + align:start position:0% +16920 the the engineering course that + + + align:start position:0% +16920 the the engineering course that +would be uh you know some quite related + + align:start position:0% +would be uh you know some quite related + + + align:start position:0% +would be uh you know some quite related +to this one of uh finite elements andur + + align:start position:0% +to this one of uh finite elements andur + + + align:start position:0% +to this one of uh finite elements andur +and sorts of stuff that we'll touch in + + align:start position:0% +and sorts of stuff that we'll touch in + + + align:start position:0% +and sorts of stuff that we'll touch in +the remaining weeks how would they write + + align:start position:0% +the remaining weeks how would they write + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining weeks how would they write +the minimization + + align:start position:0% +the minimization + + + align:start position:0% +the minimization +problem so they would minimize over you + + align:start position:0% +problem so they would minimize over you + + + align:start position:0% +problem so they would minimize over you +the original problem now not not yet the + + align:start position:0% +the original problem now not not yet the + + + align:start position:0% +the original problem now not not yet the +not going back to the original problem + + align:start position:0% +not going back to the original problem + + + align:start position:0% +not going back to the original problem +and just saying wait a minute we didn't + + align:start position:0% +and just saying wait a minute we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +and just saying wait a minute we didn't +really have a good notation for it + + align:start position:0% +really have a good notation for it + + + align:start position:0% +really have a good notation for it +my what the thing I'm looking for is a + + align:start position:0% +my what the thing I'm looking for is a + + + align:start position:0% +my what the thing I'm looking for is a +not it's it's like this this is the kind + + align:start position:0% +not it's it's like this this is the kind + + + align:start position:0% +not it's it's like this this is the kind +of thing that I want c c of X U Prime s + + align:start position:0% +of thing that I want c c of X U Prime s + + + align:start position:0% +of thing that I want c c of X U Prime s +DX well or it might also have a A first + + align:start position:0% +DX well or it might also have a A first + + + align:start position:0% +DX well or it might also have a A first +order term a d ofx u^2 of X it could + + align:start position:0% +order term a d ofx u^2 of X it could + + + align:start position:0% +order term a d ofx u^2 of X it could +have that it could have second + + align:start position:0% +have that it could have second + + + align:start position:0% +have that it could have second +derivatives it could be in two + + align:start position:0% +derivatives it could be in two + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives it could be in two +variables you know in for the plus we we + + align:start position:0% +variables you know in for the plus we we + + + align:start position:0% +variables you know in for the plus we we +had a minimum of DX + + align:start position:0% +had a minimum of DX + + + align:start position:0% +had a minimum of DX +2 and duy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 DX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dy well and we had the linear term too + + align:start position:0% +Dy well and we had the linear term too + + + align:start position:0% +Dy well and we had the linear term too +I've just written the the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +I've just written the the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +I've just written the the sort of the +leftand side the the quadratic term and + + align:start position:0% +leftand side the the quadratic term and + + + align:start position:0% +leftand side the the quadratic term and +what all I want to say is that everybody + + align:start position:0% +what all I want to say is that everybody + + + align:start position:0% +what all I want to say is that everybody +well not everybody but a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +well not everybody but a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +well not everybody but a lot of people +now would ex would use the notation a of + + align:start position:0% +now would ex would use the notation a of + + + align:start position:0% +now would ex would use the notation a of +uu for the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +uu for the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +uu for the quadratic +term so that a of uu in a engineering + + align:start position:0% +term so that a of uu in a engineering + + + align:start position:0% +term so that a of uu in a engineering +paper represents the internal strain + + align:start position:0% +paper represents the internal strain + + + align:start position:0% +paper represents the internal strain +energy whether it's this whether it's + + align:start position:0% +energy whether it's this whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +energy whether it's this whether it's +this combination it's it somehow it + + align:start position:0% +this combination it's it somehow it + + + align:start position:0% +this combination it's it somehow it +suggests to us it's + + align:start position:0% +suggests to us it's + + + align:start position:0% +suggests to us it's +quadratic and then there's a linear term + + align:start position:0% +quadratic and then there's a linear term + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic and then there's a linear term +and that's often + + align:start position:0% +and that's often + + + align:start position:0% +and that's often +written L of you + + align:start position:0% +written L of you + + + align:start position:0% +written L of you +so I better put down what L of you + + align:start position:0% +so I better put down what L of you + + + align:start position:0% +so I better put down what L of you +typically is this L of U might be the + + align:start position:0% +typically is this L of U might be the + + + align:start position:0% +typically is this L of U might be the +integral of f ofx u ofx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DX that would be the linear term you you + + align:start position:0% +DX that would be the linear term you you + + + align:start position:0% +DX that would be the linear term you you +see that all I'm oh and and should I I + + align:start position:0% +see that all I'm oh and and should I I + + + align:start position:0% +see that all I'm oh and and should I I +think I should I'd be happier to have + + align:start position:0% +think I should I'd be happier to have + + + align:start position:0% +think I should I'd be happier to have +the one half + + align:start position:0% +the one half + + + align:start position:0% +the one half +there so that really it's a just a match + + align:start position:0% +there so that really it's a just a match + + + align:start position:0% +there so that really it's a just a match +with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but somehow it's a little cooler by you + + align:start position:0% +but somehow it's a little cooler by you + + + align:start position:0% +but somehow it's a little cooler by you +know it sort of isn't quite this looks + + align:start position:0% +know it sort of isn't quite this looks + + + align:start position:0% +know it sort of isn't quite this looks +so much like vectors and matrices that + + align:start position:0% +so much like vectors and matrices that + + + align:start position:0% +so much like vectors and matrices that +that and that is kind of neutral okay so + + align:start position:0% +that and that is kind of neutral okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that and that is kind of neutral okay so +I'm just speaking about notation here + + align:start position:0% +I'm just speaking about notation here + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just speaking about notation here +and I could have mentioned this last + + align:start position:0% +and I could have mentioned this last + + + align:start position:0% +and I could have mentioned this last +time when I was SP speaking about all + + align:start position:0% +time when I was SP speaking about all + + + align:start position:0% +time when I was SP speaking about all +these examples from cicus of variations + + align:start position:0% +these examples from cicus of variations + + + align:start position:0% +these examples from cicus of variations +okay so that's the minimum problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you if you give me that notation for + + align:start position:0% +if you if you give me that notation for + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you give me that notation for +the minimum problem what's the weak + + align:start position:0% +the minimum problem what's the weak + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum problem what's the weak +form in this notation so I'm introducing + + align:start position:0% +form in this notation so I'm introducing + + + align:start position:0% +form in this notation so I'm introducing +this just because you see it elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +this just because you see it elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +this just because you see it elsewhere +so you + + align:start position:0% +so you + + + align:start position:0% +so you +better it's exactly what we're doing all + + align:start position:0% +better it's exactly what we're doing all + + + align:start position:0% +better it's exactly what we're doing all +the time so I just want you to recognize + + align:start position:0% +the time so I just want you to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +the time so I just want you to recognize +it okay so how do we get the weak + + align:start position:0% +it okay so how do we get the weak + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so how do we get the weak +form can I recap how you get the weak + + align:start position:0% +form can I recap how you get the weak + + + align:start position:0% +form can I recap how you get the weak +form if you is the winner + + align:start position:0% +form if you is the winner + + + align:start position:0% +form if you is the winner +right I'll just think of U as the + + align:start position:0% +right I'll just think of U as the + + + align:start position:0% +right I'll just think of U as the +winner then if I move it by V move it a + + align:start position:0% +winner then if I move it by V move it a + + + align:start position:0% +winner then if I move it by V move it a +little then this expression should go up + + align:start position:0% +little then this expression should go up + + + align:start position:0% +little then this expression should go up +so what happens if I move it by V so I'm + + align:start position:0% +so what happens if I move it by V so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens if I move it by V so I'm +going to compare the two I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +going to compare the two I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to compare the two I'm going to +compare that with 12 a of U + V you know + + align:start position:0% +compare that with 12 a of U + V you know + + + align:start position:0% +compare that with 12 a of U + V you know +up a little minus L of U + V and the + + align:start position:0% +up a little minus L of U + V and the + + + align:start position:0% +up a little minus L of U + V and the +point is that this guy should be + + align:start position:0% +point is that this guy should be + + + align:start position:0% +point is that this guy should be +I'm I'll erase men and put in less or + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'll erase men and put in less or + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'll erase men and put in less or +equal to I I'm just + + align:start position:0% +equal to I I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +equal to I I'm just +re recapping in a new that this should + + align:start position:0% +re recapping in a new that this should + + + align:start position:0% +re recapping in a new that this should +be less or equal to this one for all V + + align:start position:0% +be less or equal to this one for all V + + + align:start position:0% +be less or equal to this one for all V +you you see it's the weak + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff you is the winner I'm now using U + + align:start position:0% +stuff you is the winner I'm now using U + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you is the winner I'm now using U +and not + + align:start position:0% +and not + + + align:start position:0% +and not +ustar and I'm using V for the Delta U + + align:start position:0% +ustar and I'm using V for the Delta U + + + align:start position:0% +ustar and I'm using V for the Delta U +for the movement away from the winner + + align:start position:0% +for the movement away from the winner + + + align:start position:0% +for the movement away from the winner +which raises the energy okay + + align:start position:0% +which raises the energy okay + + + align:start position:0% +which raises the energy okay +now what do I plan to do I plan to + + align:start position:0% +now what do I plan to do I plan to + + + align:start position:0% +now what do I plan to do I plan to +cancel common terms + + align:start position:0% +cancel common terms + + + align:start position:0% +cancel common terms +here and see what's going on and and + + align:start position:0% +here and see what's going on and and + + + align:start position:0% +here and see what's going on and and +find that first variation that's that's + + align:start position:0% +find that first variation that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +find that first variation that's that's +just what I did last time I'm just doing + + align:start position:0% +just what I did last time I'm just doing + + + align:start position:0% +just what I did last time I'm just doing +it in this new notation so so what's the + + align:start position:0% +it in this new notation so so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +it in this new notation so so what's the +point this L of you is is linear so L of + + align:start position:0% +point this L of you is is linear so L of + + + align:start position:0% +point this L of you is is linear so L of +U + V is the same as L of U and L of + + align:start position:0% +U + V is the same as L of U and L of + + + align:start position:0% +U + V is the same as L of U and L of +V right if I put in U + V there it + + align:start position:0% +V right if I put in U + V there it + + + align:start position:0% +V right if I put in U + V there it +splits into two integrals and here they + + align:start position:0% +splits into two integrals and here they + + + align:start position:0% +splits into two integrals and here they +are so when I + + align:start position:0% +are so when I + + + align:start position:0% +are so when I +subtract these guys + + align:start position:0% +subtract these guys + + + align:start position:0% +subtract these guys +go now what about this one well just as + + align:start position:0% +go now what about this one well just as + + + align:start position:0% +go now what about this one well just as +last time when I put in u+ V here and + + align:start position:0% +last time when I put in u+ V here and + + + align:start position:0% +last time when I put in u+ V here and +expand everything now I have something + + align:start position:0% +expand everything now I have something + + + align:start position:0% +expand everything now I have something +squared so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +squared so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +squared so I'm going to +get this this business here is going to + + align:start position:0% +get this this business here is going to + + + align:start position:0% +get this this business here is going to +be 1 12 I'll get something from the U + + align:start position:0% +be 1 12 I'll get something from the U + + + align:start position:0% +be 1 12 I'll get something from the U +alone and then I'll get two something + + align:start position:0% +alone and then I'll get two something + + + align:start position:0% +alone and then I'll get two something +time canceling the 1/2 from the u and v + + align:start position:0% +time canceling the 1/2 from the u and v + + + align:start position:0% +time canceling the 1/2 from the u and v +that's the cross term and then I'll get + + align:start position:0% +that's the cross term and then I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +that's the cross term and then I'll get +something from the V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alone is that I um + + align:start position:0% +alone is that I um + + + align:start position:0% +alone is that I um +I'm dodging a couple of bullets here to + + align:start position:0% +I'm dodging a couple of bullets here to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm dodging a couple of bullets here to +to make just going to the main point + + align:start position:0% +to make just going to the main point + + + align:start position:0% +to make just going to the main point +okay so main point is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so main point is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so main point is I'm going to +subtract I'm going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +subtract I'm going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +subtract I'm going to look at the +differences so the zero order terms are + + align:start position:0% +differences so the zero order terms are + + + align:start position:0% +differences so the zero order terms are +all gone and it's this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantity that has to be greater or equal + + align:start position:0% +quantity that has to be greater or equal + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that has to be greater or equal +zero right is that I was left with that + + align:start position:0% +zero right is that I was left with that + + + align:start position:0% +zero right is that I was left with that +greater equal zero side for all V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and what does it where do I oh you + + align:start position:0% +okay and what does it where do I oh you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what does it where do I oh you +you don't let me leave minus L of V + + align:start position:0% +you don't let me leave minus L of V + + + align:start position:0% +you don't let me leave minus L of V +there I need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +him okay so that's the thing that has to + + align:start position:0% +him okay so that's the thing that has to + + + align:start position:0% +him okay so that's the thing that has to +be greater or equal Z now we're just + + align:start position:0% +be greater or equal Z now we're just + + + align:start position:0% +be greater or equal Z now we're just +going to repeat the the same uh + + align:start position:0% +going to repeat the the same uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to repeat the the same uh +discussion as that we had last time with + + align:start position:0% +discussion as that we had last time with + + + align:start position:0% +discussion as that we had last time with +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +letters if this is going to be greater + + align:start position:0% +letters if this is going to be greater + + + align:start position:0% +letters if this is going to be greater +or equal zero for all + + align:start position:0% +or equal zero for all + + + align:start position:0% +or equal zero for all +V then I'm going to think of small + + align:start position:0% +V then I'm going to think of small + + + align:start position:0% +V then I'm going to think of small +V's in which case this term is going to + + align:start position:0% +V's in which case this term is going to + + + align:start position:0% +V's in which case this term is going to +be smaller than the others and won't + + align:start position:0% +be smaller than the others and won't + + + align:start position:0% +be smaller than the others and won't +help so what has to happen what what + + align:start position:0% +help so what has to happen what what + + + align:start position:0% +help so what has to happen what what +what has to happen for this to be + + align:start position:0% +what has to happen for this to be + + + align:start position:0% +what has to happen for this to be +greater or equal zero for all the you + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal zero for all the you + + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal zero for all the you +know like we're taking the derivative in + + align:start position:0% +know like we're taking the derivative in + + + align:start position:0% +know like we're taking the derivative in +the direction of V we're moving in the + + align:start position:0% +the direction of V we're moving in the + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of V we're moving in the +direction of V and this is the first + + align:start position:0% +direction of V and this is the first + + + align:start position:0% +direction of V and this is the first +order term that's the first variation + + align:start position:0% +order term that's the first variation + + + align:start position:0% +order term that's the first variation +that's what has to be zero for all + + align:start position:0% +that's what has to be zero for all + + + align:start position:0% +that's what has to be zero for all +V I I'm I I guess I can bring it over + + align:start position:0% +V I I'm I I guess I can bring it over + + + align:start position:0% +V I I'm I I guess I can bring it over +here if your eye will follow + + align:start position:0% +here if your eye will follow + + + align:start position:0% +here if your eye will follow +it I have a of + + align:start position:0% +it I have a of + + + align:start position:0% +it I have a of +UV plus minus L of u l of V rather + + align:start position:0% +UV plus minus L of u l of V rather + + + align:start position:0% +UV plus minus L of u l of V rather +that's the sort of first order term and + + align:start position:0% +that's the sort of first order term and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the sort of first order term and +then the second order + + align:start position:0% +then the second order + + + align:start position:0% +then the second order +term has to be greater or equal Z all V + + align:start position:0% +term has to be greater or equal Z all V + + + align:start position:0% +term has to be greater or equal Z all V +and the question + + align:start position:0% +and the question + + + align:start position:0% +and the question +is so what what do we get out of that + + align:start position:0% +is so what what do we get out of that + + + align:start position:0% +is so what what do we get out of that +well what I'm saying is this stuff had + + align:start position:0% +well what I'm saying is this stuff had + + + align:start position:0% +well what I'm saying is this stuff had +has to be + + align:start position:0% +has to be + + + align:start position:0% +has to be +zero because V could have either sign so + + align:start position:0% +zero because V could have either sign so + + + align:start position:0% +zero because V could have either sign so +if this was positive or negative I can + + align:start position:0% +if this was positive or negative I can + + + align:start position:0% +if this was positive or negative I can +choose the v i could switch sign if I + + align:start position:0% +choose the v i could switch sign if I + + + align:start position:0% +choose the v i could switch sign if I +want to make it POS make it negative and + + align:start position:0% +want to make it POS make it negative and + + + align:start position:0% +want to make it POS make it negative and +and so it can't it has to be zero so a + + align:start position:0% +and so it can't it has to be zero so a + + + align:start position:0% +and so it can't it has to be zero so a +of UV has to equal L of + + align:start position:0% +of UV has to equal L of + + + align:start position:0% +of UV has to equal L of +v and that's the weak + + align:start position:0% +v and that's the weak + + + align:start position:0% +v and that's the weak +form that's the weak form that's the + + align:start position:0% +form that's the weak form that's the + + + align:start position:0% +form that's the weak form that's the +form integral of c u Prime V Prime DX + + align:start position:0% +form integral of c u Prime V Prime DX + + + align:start position:0% +form integral of c u Prime V Prime DX +equals integral of FV + + align:start position:0% +equals integral of FV + + + align:start position:0% +equals integral of FV +DX that's the L of v and this is the a + + align:start position:0% +DX that's the L of v and this is the a + + + align:start position:0% +DX that's the L of v and this is the a +of u and v so this is what you see in + + align:start position:0% +of u and v so this is what you see in + + + align:start position:0% +of u and v so this is what you see in +engineering papers when they're + + align:start position:0% +engineering papers when they're + + + align:start position:0% +engineering papers when they're +launching into the finite element method + + align:start position:0% +launching into the finite element method + + + align:start position:0% +launching into the finite element method +and they're planning to look a little + + align:start position:0% +and they're planning to look a little + + + align:start position:0% +and they're planning to look a little +you know to to get get some notation + + align:start position:0% +you know to to get get some notation + + + align:start position:0% +you know to to get get some notation +that's a very familiar notation and then + + align:start position:0% +that's a very familiar notation and then + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very familiar notation and then +final point + + align:start position:0% +final point + + + align:start position:0% +final point +is what about this + + align:start position:0% +is what about this + + + align:start position:0% +is what about this +term so now we know this is + + align:start position:0% +term so now we know this is + + + align:start position:0% +term so now we know this is +zero this is this is the weak form of + + align:start position:0% +zero this is this is the weak form of + + + align:start position:0% +zero this is this is the weak form of +the equation find U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that this holds for all V that's the + + align:start position:0% +so that this holds for all V that's the + + + align:start position:0% +so that this holds for all V that's the +weak form of the + + align:start position:0% +weak form of the + + + align:start position:0% +weak form of the +equation and that's the form oh yeah I + + align:start position:0% +equation and that's the form oh yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +equation and that's the form oh yeah I +better not rush by it this is the form + + align:start position:0% +better not rush by it this is the form + + + align:start position:0% +better not rush by it this is the form +in which you plug in you this is this is + + align:start position:0% +in which you plug in you this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +in which you plug in you this is this is +the form finite elements come from the + + align:start position:0% +the form finite elements come from the + + + align:start position:0% +the form finite elements come from the +finite element method comes + + align:start position:0% +finite element method comes + + + align:start position:0% +finite element method comes +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +taking it doesn't solve this equation + + align:start position:0% +taking it doesn't solve this equation + + + align:start position:0% +taking it doesn't solve this equation +exactly this is a differential equation + + align:start position:0% +exactly this is a differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this is a differential equation +com in here it's our it's our Oiler the + + align:start position:0% +com in here it's our it's our Oiler the + + + align:start position:0% +com in here it's our it's our Oiler the +gr + + align:start position:0% +gr + + + align:start position:0% +gr +equation uh it comes + + align:start position:0% +equation uh it comes + + + align:start position:0% +equation uh it comes +from the finite element method says okay + + align:start position:0% +from the finite element method says okay + + + align:start position:0% +from the finite element method says okay +take the trial + + align:start position:0% +take the trial + + + align:start position:0% +take the trial +functions and get it right for for those + + align:start position:0% +functions and get it right for for those + + + align:start position:0% +functions and get it right for for those +guys so that gives us our n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations where where this is the a + + align:start position:0% +equations where where this is the a + + + align:start position:0% +equations where where this is the a +continuous problem yeah yeah so so this + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem yeah yeah so so this + + + align:start position:0% +continuous problem yeah yeah so so this +is what just lead you the weak form is + + align:start position:0% +is what just lead you the weak form is + + + align:start position:0% +is what just lead you the weak form is +what leads you naturally to finite + + align:start position:0% +what leads you naturally to finite + + + align:start position:0% +what leads you naturally to finite +elements you you take this and you only + + align:start position:0% +elements you you take this and you only + + + align:start position:0% +elements you you take this and you only +make it true on a finite dimensional uh + + align:start position:0% +make it true on a finite dimensional uh + + + align:start position:0% +make it true on a finite dimensional uh +space okay and final comment is what + + align:start position:0% +space okay and final comment is what + + + align:start position:0% +space okay and final comment is what +about this guy well the whole point is + + align:start position:0% +about this guy well the whole point is + + + align:start position:0% +about this guy well the whole point is +that we assume positive definite we + + align:start position:0% +that we assume positive definite we + + + align:start position:0% +that we assume positive definite we +assumed stability we made our life easy + + align:start position:0% +assumed stability we made our life easy + + + align:start position:0% +assumed stability we made our life easy +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +guaranteeing by the fact that this is + + align:start position:0% +guaranteeing by the fact that this is + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteeing by the fact that this is +always greater or equal zero this is all + + align:start position:0% +always greater or equal zero this is all + + + align:start position:0% +always greater or equal zero this is all +I know I don't even have have to think + + align:start position:0% +I know I don't even have have to think + + + align:start position:0% +I know I don't even have have to think +about this one + + align:start position:0% +about this one + + + align:start position:0% +about this one +okay cuz if u and v are the same this is + + align:start position:0% +okay cuz if u and v are the same this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay cuz if u and v are the same this is +a square and that material coefficient + + align:start position:0% +a square and that material coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +a square and that material coefficient +that better be not negative right okay + + align:start position:0% +that better be not negative right okay + + + align:start position:0% +that better be not negative right okay +so that was thank you for your patience + + align:start position:0% +so that was thank you for your patience + + + align:start position:0% +so that was thank you for your patience +to listen to the see this notation for + + align:start position:0% +to listen to the see this notation for + + + align:start position:0% +to listen to the see this notation for +the same thing that we did last time for + + align:start position:0% +the same thing that we did last time for + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing that we did last time for +the weak form and you see how it pays + + align:start position:0% +the weak form and you see how it pays + + + align:start position:0% +the weak form and you see how it pays +off immediately to give us the give us + + align:start position:0% +off immediately to give us the give us + + + align:start position:0% +off immediately to give us the give us +the that + + align:start position:0% +the that + + + align:start position:0% +the that +elet okay good so uh the project ones + + align:start position:0% +elet okay good so uh the project ones + + + align:start position:0% +elet okay good so uh the project ones +are all there and there just two or + + align:start position:0% +are all there and there just two or + + + align:start position:0% +are all there and there just two or +three left here and I hope you have a + + align:start position:0% +three left here and I hope you have a + + + align:start position:0% +three left here and I hope you have a +super weekend and do give a thought to + + align:start position:0% +super weekend and do give a thought to + + + align:start position:0% +super weekend and do give a thought to +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +two uh so I've got + + align:start position:0% +two uh so I've got + + + align:start position:0% +two uh so I've got +well yeah good \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cG6QrqS4ruQ.txt b/cG6QrqS4ruQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efe47c75a9181a406a8ea34ec8315f745919d1fc --- /dev/null +++ b/cG6QrqS4ruQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the balance is arguably the most used + + align:start position:0% +the balance is arguably the most used + + + align:start position:0% +the balance is arguably the most used +piece of equipment in a chemistry + + align:start position:0% +piece of equipment in a chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +piece of equipment in a chemistry +laboratory however only proper technique + + align:start position:0% +laboratory however only proper technique + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory however only proper technique +care and maintenance will allow accurate + + align:start position:0% +care and maintenance will allow accurate + + + align:start position:0% +care and maintenance will allow accurate +measurements and will keep the balance + + align:start position:0% +measurements and will keep the balance + + + align:start position:0% +measurements and will keep the balance +functioning correctly a balance is used + + align:start position:0% +functioning correctly a balance is used + + + align:start position:0% +functioning correctly a balance is used +to determine the mass of a solid or + + align:start position:0% +to determine the mass of a solid or + + + align:start position:0% +to determine the mass of a solid or +liquid you should remember that mass is + + align:start position:0% +liquid you should remember that mass is + + + align:start position:0% +liquid you should remember that mass is +defined as a measure of the amount of + + align:start position:0% +defined as a measure of the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +defined as a measure of the amount of +matter regardless of location and that + + align:start position:0% +matter regardless of location and that + + + align:start position:0% +matter regardless of location and that +weight is defined as the force resulting + + align:start position:0% +weight is defined as the force resulting + + + align:start position:0% +weight is defined as the force resulting +from Gravity which varies from place to + + align:start position:0% +from Gravity which varies from place to + + + align:start position:0% +from Gravity which varies from place to +place depending on the distance from the + + align:start position:0% +place depending on the distance from the + + + align:start position:0% +place depending on the distance from the +center of the Earth because weight is + + align:start position:0% +center of the Earth because weight is + + + align:start position:0% +center of the Earth because weight is +directly proportional to Mass on any + + align:start position:0% +directly proportional to Mass on any + + + align:start position:0% +directly proportional to Mass on any +location on Earth we will use these + + align:start position:0% +location on Earth we will use these + + + align:start position:0% +location on Earth we will use these +terms + + align:start position:0% +terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms +interchangeably if you decide to do some + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably if you decide to do some + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably if you decide to do some +space travel however take care to + + align:start position:0% +space travel however take care to + + + align:start position:0% +space travel however take care to +remember the differences four major + + align:start position:0% +remember the differences four major + + + align:start position:0% +remember the differences four major +types of balances are commonly used the + + align:start position:0% +types of balances are commonly used the + + + align:start position:0% +types of balances are commonly used the +triple beam balance the top loading + + align:start position:0% +triple beam balance the top loading + + + align:start position:0% +triple beam balance the top loading +balance the analytical balance and the + + align:start position:0% +balance the analytical balance and the + + + align:start position:0% +balance the analytical balance and the +microanalytical balance the difference + + align:start position:0% +microanalytical balance the difference + + + align:start position:0% +microanalytical balance the difference +between these balances is the amount of + + align:start position:0% +between these balances is the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +between these balances is the amount of +precision they afford the triple beam + + align:start position:0% +precision they afford the triple beam + + + align:start position:0% +precision they afford the triple beam +balance is precise to 10 mg the to + + align:start position:0% +balance is precise to 10 mg the to + + + align:start position:0% +balance is precise to 10 mg the to +loading to 1 MGR the analytical to + + align:start position:0% +loading to 1 MGR the analytical to + + + align:start position:0% +loading to 1 MGR the analytical to +1/10th of a millgram and the + + align:start position:0% +1/10th of a millgram and the + + + align:start position:0% +1/10th of a millgram and the +microanalytical to 1,000th of a millgram + + align:start position:0% +microanalytical to 1,000th of a millgram + + + align:start position:0% +microanalytical to 1,000th of a millgram +Precision comes at a cost however as + + align:start position:0% +Precision comes at a cost however as + + + align:start position:0% +Precision comes at a cost however as +Precision increases so does the + + align:start position:0% +Precision increases so does the + + + align:start position:0% +Precision increases so does the +susceptive ability of the balance to + + align:start position:0% +susceptive ability of the balance to + + + align:start position:0% +susceptive ability of the balance to +environmental conditions as well as + + align:start position:0% +environmental conditions as well as + + + align:start position:0% +environmental conditions as well as +Balance cost therefore you should choose + + align:start position:0% +Balance cost therefore you should choose + + + align:start position:0% +Balance cost therefore you should choose +a balance that is only as precise as + + align:start position:0% +a balance that is only as precise as + + + align:start position:0% +a balance that is only as precise as +necessary the two balances that you will + + align:start position:0% +necessary the two balances that you will + + + align:start position:0% +necessary the two balances that you will +most commonly encounter include the topl + + align:start position:0% +most commonly encounter include the topl + + + align:start position:0% +most commonly encounter include the topl +loading balance and the analytical + + align:start position:0% +loading balance and the analytical + + + align:start position:0% +loading balance and the analytical +balance the toploading balance is + + align:start position:0% +balance the toploading balance is + + + align:start position:0% +balance the toploading balance is +typically used for rough measurements or + + align:start position:0% +typically used for rough measurements or + + + align:start position:0% +typically used for rough measurements or +for weighing chemicals that will be used + + align:start position:0% +for weighing chemicals that will be used + + + align:start position:0% +for weighing chemicals that will be used +in excess the analytical balance is used + + align:start position:0% +in excess the analytical balance is used + + + align:start position:0% +in excess the analytical balance is used +when precise measurements are desired + + align:start position:0% +when precise measurements are desired + + + align:start position:0% +when precise measurements are desired +this video will focus on the use care + + align:start position:0% +this video will focus on the use care + + + align:start position:0% +this video will focus on the use care +and maintenance of an analytical balance + + align:start position:0% +and maintenance of an analytical balance + + + align:start position:0% +and maintenance of an analytical balance +the topics discussed can be extrapolated + + align:start position:0% +the topics discussed can be extrapolated + + + align:start position:0% +the topics discussed can be extrapolated +to the topl Loading balance as well to + + align:start position:0% +to the topl Loading balance as well to + + + align:start position:0% +to the topl Loading balance as well to +weigh an object on an analytical balance + + align:start position:0% +weigh an object on an analytical balance + + + align:start position:0% +weigh an object on an analytical balance +turn the balance on if it is not on + + align:start position:0% +turn the balance on if it is not on + + + align:start position:0% +turn the balance on if it is not on +already and allow it to warm up for 30 + + align:start position:0% +already and allow it to warm up for 30 + + + align:start position:0% +already and allow it to warm up for 30 +minutes inspect the balance and make + + align:start position:0% +minutes inspect the balance and make + + + align:start position:0% +minutes inspect the balance and make +sure that it is clean if necessary clean + + align:start position:0% +sure that it is clean if necessary clean + + + align:start position:0% +sure that it is clean if necessary clean +off the balance pan with a soft painters + + align:start position:0% +off the balance pan with a soft painters + + + align:start position:0% +off the balance pan with a soft painters +brush make sure the doors are closed and + + align:start position:0% +brush make sure the doors are closed and + + + align:start position:0% +brush make sure the doors are closed and +press the control bar to tear the + + align:start position:0% +press the control bar to tear the + + + align:start position:0% +press the control bar to tear the +balance a reading of 0.0 mg with no + + align:start position:0% +balance a reading of 0.0 mg with no + + + align:start position:0% +balance a reading of 0.0 mg with no +other display should appear if the + + align:start position:0% +other display should appear if the + + + align:start position:0% +other display should appear if the +balance is stable gently place the + + align:start position:0% +balance is stable gently place the + + + align:start position:0% +balance is stable gently place the +object to be weighed in the center of + + align:start position:0% +object to be weighed in the center of + + + align:start position:0% +object to be weighed in the center of +the balance pan close the doors and + + align:start position:0% +the balance pan close the doors and + + + align:start position:0% +the balance pan close the doors and +record the weight that is indicated on + + align:start position:0% +record the weight that is indicated on + + + align:start position:0% +record the weight that is indicated on +the display after the numbers have + + align:start position:0% +the display after the numbers have + + + align:start position:0% +the display after the numbers have +ceased to fluctuate remove the object + + align:start position:0% +ceased to fluctuate remove the object + + + align:start position:0% +ceased to fluctuate remove the object +from the balance pan and repeat the + + align:start position:0% +from the balance pan and repeat the + + + align:start position:0% +from the balance pan and repeat the +process two more times to ensure + + align:start position:0% +process two more times to ensure + + + align:start position:0% +process two more times to ensure +Precision finally average the three + + align:start position:0% +Precision finally average the three + + + align:start position:0% +Precision finally average the three +readings to determine the weight of the + + align:start position:0% +readings to determine the weight of the + + + align:start position:0% +readings to determine the weight of the +object when weighing a chemical care + + align:start position:0% +object when weighing a chemical care + + + align:start position:0% +object when weighing a chemical care +must be taken to never allow the + + align:start position:0% +must be taken to never allow the + + + align:start position:0% +must be taken to never allow the +chemical to touch the balance pan + + align:start position:0% +chemical to touch the balance pan + + + align:start position:0% +chemical to touch the balance pan +instead weigh the chemical in an + + align:start position:0% +instead weigh the chemical in an + + + align:start position:0% +instead weigh the chemical in an +appropriate container if possible weigh + + align:start position:0% +appropriate container if possible weigh + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate container if possible weigh +the chemical directly into the + + align:start position:0% +the chemical directly into the + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical directly into the +destination vessel this action + + align:start position:0% +destination vessel this action + + + align:start position:0% +destination vessel this action +eliminates a transfer step and the + + align:start position:0% +eliminates a transfer step and the + + + align:start position:0% +eliminates a transfer step and the +potential loss of material if using the + + align:start position:0% +potential loss of material if using the + + + align:start position:0% +potential loss of material if using the +destination vessel is not possible + + align:start position:0% +destination vessel is not possible + + + align:start position:0% +destination vessel is not possible +choose the smallest way booat or piece + + align:start position:0% +choose the smallest way booat or piece + + + align:start position:0% +choose the smallest way booat or piece +of way paper that will effectively hold + + align:start position:0% +of way paper that will effectively hold + + + align:start position:0% +of way paper that will effectively hold +the desired amount of chemical the + + align:start position:0% +the desired amount of chemical the + + + align:start position:0% +the desired amount of chemical the +heavier the container the less accurate + + align:start position:0% +heavier the container the less accurate + + + align:start position:0% +heavier the container the less accurate +the measurement because just a small + + align:start position:0% +the measurement because just a small + + + align:start position:0% +the measurement because just a small +weight difference will exist between + + align:start position:0% +weight difference will exist between + + + align:start position:0% +weight difference will exist between +relatively large numbers in addition the + + align:start position:0% +relatively large numbers in addition the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively large numbers in addition the +more surface area the more places for + + align:start position:0% +more surface area the more places for + + + align:start position:0% +more surface area the more places for +chemicals to stick to instead of being + + align:start position:0% +chemicals to stick to instead of being + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals to stick to instead of being +transferred to the destination vessel + + align:start position:0% +transferred to the destination vessel + + + align:start position:0% +transferred to the destination vessel +place the weighing container on the + + align:start position:0% +place the weighing container on the + + + align:start position:0% +place the weighing container on the +balance pan close the doors and tear the + + align:start position:0% +balance pan close the doors and tear the + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan close the doors and tear the +balance if you are using we paper first + + align:start position:0% +balance if you are using we paper first + + + align:start position:0% +balance if you are using we paper first +crease the paper along the diagonal to + + align:start position:0% +crease the paper along the diagonal to + + + align:start position:0% +crease the paper along the diagonal to +facilitate the transfer of chemicals + + align:start position:0% +facilitate the transfer of chemicals + + + align:start position:0% +facilitate the transfer of chemicals +remove the weighing vessel from the + + align:start position:0% +remove the weighing vessel from the + + + align:start position:0% +remove the weighing vessel from the +balance and load an estimated amount of + + align:start position:0% +balance and load an estimated amount of + + + align:start position:0% +balance and load an estimated amount of +chemical onto it with a spatula place + + align:start position:0% +chemical onto it with a spatula place + + + align:start position:0% +chemical onto it with a spatula place +the loaded weighing vessel back on the + + align:start position:0% +the loaded weighing vessel back on the + + + align:start position:0% +the loaded weighing vessel back on the +balance pan and close the doors to + + align:start position:0% +balance pan and close the doors to + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan and close the doors to +obtain a reading if the weight is too + + align:start position:0% +obtain a reading if the weight is too + + + align:start position:0% +obtain a reading if the weight is too +high take the wave vessel off the + + align:start position:0% +high take the wave vessel off the + + + align:start position:0% +high take the wave vessel off the +balance pan and transfer the excess + + align:start position:0% +balance pan and transfer the excess + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan and transfer the excess +chemical into an appropriate waste + + align:start position:0% +chemical into an appropriate waste + + + align:start position:0% +chemical into an appropriate waste +container never back into the original + + align:start position:0% +container never back into the original + + + align:start position:0% +container never back into the original +reagent bottle if the weight is too low + + align:start position:0% +reagent bottle if the weight is too low + + + align:start position:0% +reagent bottle if the weight is too low +introduce more chemical to the Whey + + align:start position:0% +introduce more chemical to the Whey + + + align:start position:0% +introduce more chemical to the Whey +container remove the Whey vessel from + + align:start position:0% +container remove the Whey vessel from + + + align:start position:0% +container remove the Whey vessel from +the balance pan every time additional + + align:start position:0% +the balance pan every time additional + + + align:start position:0% +the balance pan every time additional +chemical is introduced finally transfer + + align:start position:0% +chemical is introduced finally transfer + + + align:start position:0% +chemical is introduced finally transfer +the chemical from the W paper or W boo + + align:start position:0% +the chemical from the W paper or W boo + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical from the W paper or W boo +into the appropriate reaction vessel + + align:start position:0% +into the appropriate reaction vessel + + + align:start position:0% +into the appropriate reaction vessel +rewa the paper or boat to determine the + + align:start position:0% +rewa the paper or boat to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +rewa the paper or boat to determine the +exact amount of chemical that was + + align:start position:0% +exact amount of chemical that was + + + align:start position:0% +exact amount of chemical that was +transferred after finishing with the + + align:start position:0% +transferred after finishing with the + + + align:start position:0% +transferred after finishing with the +balance use a soft brush to clean up any + + align:start position:0% +balance use a soft brush to clean up any + + + align:start position:0% +balance use a soft brush to clean up any +solids from the balance pan and wipe up + + align:start position:0% +solids from the balance pan and wipe up + + + align:start position:0% +solids from the balance pan and wipe up +any liquids close the doors to prevent + + align:start position:0% +any liquids close the doors to prevent + + + align:start position:0% +any liquids close the doors to prevent +dust and dirt from entering the balance + + align:start position:0% +dust and dirt from entering the balance + + + align:start position:0% +dust and dirt from entering the balance +clean the surrounding area and remove + + align:start position:0% +clean the surrounding area and remove + + + align:start position:0% +clean the surrounding area and remove +all items that you brought there leave + + align:start position:0% +all items that you brought there leave + + + align:start position:0% +all items that you brought there leave +the balance and area surrounding it in + + align:start position:0% +the balance and area surrounding it in + + + align:start position:0% +the balance and area surrounding it in +better shape than when you found it the + + align:start position:0% +better shape than when you found it the + + + align:start position:0% +better shape than when you found it the +accuracy of your measurements depends on + + align:start position:0% +accuracy of your measurements depends on + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy of your measurements depends on +both good technique and environmental + + align:start position:0% +both good technique and environmental + + + align:start position:0% +both good technique and environmental +factors this video will highlight the + + align:start position:0% +factors this video will highlight the + + + align:start position:0% +factors this video will highlight the +most important of these guidelines keep + + align:start position:0% +most important of these guidelines keep + + + align:start position:0% +most important of these guidelines keep +the Balan doors closed at all times to + + align:start position:0% +the Balan doors closed at all times to + + + align:start position:0% +the Balan doors closed at all times to +prevent air currents from causing the + + align:start position:0% +prevent air currents from causing the + + + align:start position:0% +prevent air currents from causing the +balance pan to bounce slightly never + + align:start position:0% +balance pan to bounce slightly never + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan to bounce slightly never +lean or lay a hand on the balance table + + align:start position:0% +lean or lay a hand on the balance table + + + align:start position:0% +lean or lay a hand on the balance table +to prevent unstable measurements wear + + align:start position:0% +to prevent unstable measurements wear + + + align:start position:0% +to prevent unstable measurements wear +gloves to prevent oil from depositing on + + align:start position:0% +gloves to prevent oil from depositing on + + + align:start position:0% +gloves to prevent oil from depositing on +the glassware which falsely increases + + align:start position:0% +the glassware which falsely increases + + + align:start position:0% +the glassware which falsely increases +the mass weigh a chemical directly into + + align:start position:0% +the mass weigh a chemical directly into + + + align:start position:0% +the mass weigh a chemical directly into +the reaction vessel if that is not + + align:start position:0% +the reaction vessel if that is not + + + align:start position:0% +the reaction vessel if that is not +possible use the smallest whe booat or + + align:start position:0% +possible use the smallest whe booat or + + + align:start position:0% +possible use the smallest whe booat or +whe paper that will hold your desired + + align:start position:0% +whe paper that will hold your desired + + + align:start position:0% +whe paper that will hold your desired +amount of chemical + + align:start position:0% +amount of chemical + + + align:start position:0% +amount of chemical +ensure that the outside of the wave + + align:start position:0% +ensure that the outside of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +ensure that the outside of the wave +vessel is completely dry before placing + + align:start position:0% +vessel is completely dry before placing + + + align:start position:0% +vessel is completely dry before placing +it on the balance pan and be sure to + + align:start position:0% +it on the balance pan and be sure to + + + align:start position:0% +it on the balance pan and be sure to +place the object on the center of the + + align:start position:0% +place the object on the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +place the object on the center of the +balance pan allow moist chemicals to dry + + align:start position:0% +balance pan allow moist chemicals to dry + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan allow moist chemicals to dry +completely to avoid elevated readings + + align:start position:0% +completely to avoid elevated readings + + + align:start position:0% +completely to avoid elevated readings +and avoid breathing on an object which + + align:start position:0% +and avoid breathing on an object which + + + align:start position:0% +and avoid breathing on an object which +condenses moisture on it and falsely + + align:start position:0% +condenses moisture on it and falsely + + + align:start position:0% +condenses moisture on it and falsely +increases its mass weigh Ultra dry + + align:start position:0% +increases its mass weigh Ultra dry + + + align:start position:0% +increases its mass weigh Ultra dry +objects or ones immediately removed from + + align:start position:0% +objects or ones immediately removed from + + + align:start position:0% +objects or ones immediately removed from +a desicator at identical time intervals + + align:start position:0% +a desicator at identical time intervals + + + align:start position:0% +a desicator at identical time intervals +because they absorb moisture and gain + + align:start position:0% +because they absorb moisture and gain + + + align:start position:0% +because they absorb moisture and gain +weight the longer they sit in the + + align:start position:0% +weight the longer they sit in the + + + align:start position:0% +weight the longer they sit in the +atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere +finally allow hot or cold objects to + + align:start position:0% +finally allow hot or cold objects to + + + align:start position:0% +finally allow hot or cold objects to +reach room temperature before weighing a + + align:start position:0% +reach room temperature before weighing a + + + align:start position:0% +reach room temperature before weighing a +hot object should be cooled in a + + align:start position:0% +hot object should be cooled in a + + + align:start position:0% +hot object should be cooled in a +desiccator to prevent the pickup of + + align:start position:0% +desiccator to prevent the pickup of + + + align:start position:0% +desiccator to prevent the pickup of +moisture hot or cold objects create a + + align:start position:0% +moisture hot or cold objects create a + + + align:start position:0% +moisture hot or cold objects create a +convection current in the air around the + + align:start position:0% +convection current in the air around the + + + align:start position:0% +convection current in the air around the +balance pan Which reduces the air + + align:start position:0% +balance pan Which reduces the air + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan Which reduces the air +pressure on the balance pan and results + + align:start position:0% +pressure on the balance pan and results + + + align:start position:0% +pressure on the balance pan and results +in an unstable reading the accuracy of a + + align:start position:0% +in an unstable reading the accuracy of a + + + align:start position:0% +in an unstable reading the accuracy of a +measurement is only as good as the + + align:start position:0% +measurement is only as good as the + + + align:start position:0% +measurement is only as good as the +instrument that is used to keep your + + align:start position:0% +instrument that is used to keep your + + + align:start position:0% +instrument that is used to keep your +balance functioning correctly the + + align:start position:0% +balance functioning correctly the + + + align:start position:0% +balance functioning correctly the +following precautions should be taken + + align:start position:0% +following precautions should be taken + + + align:start position:0% +following precautions should be taken +never weigh chemicals directly on the + + align:start position:0% +never weigh chemicals directly on the + + + align:start position:0% +never weigh chemicals directly on the +balance pan never add chemicals to the + + align:start position:0% +balance pan never add chemicals to the + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan never add chemicals to the +weighing vessel while it is on the + + align:start position:0% +weighing vessel while it is on the + + + align:start position:0% +weighing vessel while it is on the +balance pan never pour a chemical + + align:start position:0% +balance pan never pour a chemical + + + align:start position:0% +balance pan never pour a chemical +directly out of a reagent bottle and + + align:start position:0% +directly out of a reagent bottle and + + + align:start position:0% +directly out of a reagent bottle and +into the wave vessel use a spatula + + align:start position:0% +into the wave vessel use a spatula + + + align:start position:0% +into the wave vessel use a spatula +instead pay attention to the maximum + + align:start position:0% +instead pay attention to the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +instead pay attention to the maximum +weight Allowed by a particular balance + + align:start position:0% +weight Allowed by a particular balance + + + align:start position:0% +weight Allowed by a particular balance +and do not overload it when using a + + align:start position:0% +and do not overload it when using a + + + align:start position:0% +and do not overload it when using a +balance be aware of the warning signs + + align:start position:0% +balance be aware of the warning signs + + + align:start position:0% +balance be aware of the warning signs +which indicate that the balance is + + align:start position:0% +which indicate that the balance is + + + align:start position:0% +which indicate that the balance is +malfunctioning after recording the + + align:start position:0% +malfunctioning after recording the + + + align:start position:0% +malfunctioning after recording the +weight of a chemical remove it from the + + align:start position:0% +weight of a chemical remove it from the + + + align:start position:0% +weight of a chemical remove it from the +balance Pan the numbers on the display + + align:start position:0% +balance Pan the numbers on the display + + + align:start position:0% +balance Pan the numbers on the display +should again read 0.0 0 mg if the + + align:start position:0% +should again read 0.0 0 mg if the + + + align:start position:0% +should again read 0.0 0 mg if the +displayed value is 0.3 mg or greater + + align:start position:0% +displayed value is 0.3 mg or greater + + + align:start position:0% +displayed value is 0.3 mg or greater +then the zero level was significantly + + align:start position:0% +then the zero level was significantly + + + align:start position:0% +then the zero level was significantly +shifted during the weighing process and + + align:start position:0% +shifted during the weighing process and + + + align:start position:0% +shifted during the weighing process and +the chemical must be reweighed check the + + align:start position:0% +the chemical must be reweighed check the + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical must be reweighed check the +amount of drift that is occurring drift + + align:start position:0% +amount of drift that is occurring drift + + + align:start position:0% +amount of drift that is occurring drift +is characterized by weight readings that + + align:start position:0% +is characterized by weight readings that + + + align:start position:0% +is characterized by weight readings that +do not stabilize or by unstable readings + + align:start position:0% +do not stabilize or by unstable readings + + + align:start position:0% +do not stabilize or by unstable readings +with no weight applied all analytical + + align:start position:0% +with no weight applied all analytical + + + align:start position:0% +with no weight applied all analytical +balances show some degree of fluctuation + + align:start position:0% +balances show some degree of fluctuation + + + align:start position:0% +balances show some degree of fluctuation +on their display and Care should be + + align:start position:0% +on their display and Care should be + + + align:start position:0% +on their display and Care should be +taken to keep this stripped at a minimum + + align:start position:0% +taken to keep this stripped at a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +taken to keep this stripped at a minimum +if you notice a change in the amount of + + align:start position:0% +if you notice a change in the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +if you notice a change in the amount of +instability on a particular balance then + + align:start position:0% +instability on a particular balance then + + + align:start position:0% +instability on a particular balance then +it is malfunctioning drift is affected + + align:start position:0% +it is malfunctioning drift is affected + + + align:start position:0% +it is malfunctioning drift is affected +by two environmental factors temperature + + align:start position:0% +by two environmental factors temperature + + + align:start position:0% +by two environmental factors temperature +and static electricity it can be + + align:start position:0% +and static electricity it can be + + + align:start position:0% +and static electricity it can be +minimized through their manipulation the + + align:start position:0% +minimized through their manipulation the + + + align:start position:0% +minimized through their manipulation the +temperature of the room and the internal + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the room and the internal + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the room and the internal +temperature of the balance should be + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the balance should be + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the balance should be +kept constant within 2° C static + + align:start position:0% +kept constant within 2° C static + + + align:start position:0% +kept constant within 2° C static +electricity can be minimized by avoiding + + align:start position:0% +electricity can be minimized by avoiding + + + align:start position:0% +electricity can be minimized by avoiding +the use of plastic containers and by + + align:start position:0% +the use of plastic containers and by + + + align:start position:0% +the use of plastic containers and by +maintaining the humidity above + + align:start position:0% +maintaining the humidity above + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining the humidity above +40% if you notice excessive drift the + + align:start position:0% +40% if you notice excessive drift the + + + align:start position:0% +40% if you notice excessive drift the +following situations may be occurring + + align:start position:0% +following situations may be occurring + + + align:start position:0% +following situations may be occurring +the balance may be exposed to a draft + + align:start position:0% +the balance may be exposed to a draft + + + align:start position:0% +the balance may be exposed to a draft +close the doors the sample may be moist + + align:start position:0% +close the doors the sample may be moist + + + align:start position:0% +close the doors the sample may be moist +and undergoing evaporation on the + + align:start position:0% +and undergoing evaporation on the + + + align:start position:0% +and undergoing evaporation on the +balance Pan the sample might be ultra + + align:start position:0% +balance Pan the sample might be ultra + + + align:start position:0% +balance Pan the sample might be ultra +dry and absorbing moisture on the + + align:start position:0% +dry and absorbing moisture on the + + + align:start position:0% +dry and absorbing moisture on the +balance Pan the sample may not be at + + align:start position:0% +balance Pan the sample may not be at + + + align:start position:0% +balance Pan the sample may not be at +ambient temperature which causes it to + + align:start position:0% +ambient temperature which causes it to + + + align:start position:0% +ambient temperature which causes it to +produce convection currents the sample + + align:start position:0% +produce convection currents the sample + + + align:start position:0% +produce convection currents the sample +may be + + align:start position:0% +may be + + + align:start position:0% +may be +electrostatic if you notice drift while + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic if you notice drift while + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic if you notice drift while +weighing a sample the most accurate + + align:start position:0% +weighing a sample the most accurate + + + align:start position:0% +weighing a sample the most accurate +reading is the first number that + + align:start position:0% +reading is the first number that + + + align:start position:0% +reading is the first number that +appeared and was maintained for 2 + + align:start position:0% +appeared and was maintained for 2 + + + align:start position:0% +appeared and was maintained for 2 +seconds so far we've discussed the use + + align:start position:0% +seconds so far we've discussed the use + + + align:start position:0% +seconds so far we've discussed the use +of a balance for weighing solids however + + align:start position:0% +of a balance for weighing solids however + + + align:start position:0% +of a balance for weighing solids however +a balance may also be used to weigh + + align:start position:0% +a balance may also be used to weigh + + + align:start position:0% +a balance may also be used to weigh +liquid samples generally it is easier + + align:start position:0% +liquid samples generally it is easier + + + align:start position:0% +liquid samples generally it is easier +and more accurate to determine the + + align:start position:0% +and more accurate to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +and more accurate to determine the +volume of a liquid by using Precision + + align:start position:0% +volume of a liquid by using Precision + + + align:start position:0% +volume of a liquid by using Precision +volumetric glassware such as a buet + + align:start position:0% +volumetric glassware such as a buet + + + align:start position:0% +volumetric glassware such as a buet +glass pipet syringe or automatic pipet + + align:start position:0% +glass pipet syringe or automatic pipet + + + align:start position:0% +glass pipet syringe or automatic pipet +and then use the liquid's density to + + align:start position:0% +and then use the liquid's density to + + + align:start position:0% +and then use the liquid's density to +calculate its mass however directly + + align:start position:0% +calculate its mass however directly + + + align:start position:0% +calculate its mass however directly +measuring the weight of a liquid is + + align:start position:0% +measuring the weight of a liquid is + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the weight of a liquid is +preferred in some situations such as + + align:start position:0% +preferred in some situations such as + + + align:start position:0% +preferred in some situations such as +when working with a viscous liquid + + align:start position:0% +when working with a viscous liquid + + + align:start position:0% +when working with a viscous liquid +as a final note when weighing a volatile + + align:start position:0% +as a final note when weighing a volatile + + + align:start position:0% +as a final note when weighing a volatile +liquid or one that evaporates readily + + align:start position:0% +liquid or one that evaporates readily + + + align:start position:0% +liquid or one that evaporates readily +use a weighing bottle with a lid + + align:start position:0% +use a weighing bottle with a lid + + + align:start position:0% +use a weighing bottle with a lid +although using a balance is a relatively + + align:start position:0% +although using a balance is a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +although using a balance is a relatively +simple task accurate measurements can + + align:start position:0% +simple task accurate measurements can + + + align:start position:0% +simple task accurate measurements can +only be ensured through good technique + + align:start position:0% +only be ensured through good technique + + + align:start position:0% +only be ensured through good technique +exceptional care must be taken to + + align:start position:0% +exceptional care must be taken to + + + align:start position:0% +exceptional care must be taken to +maintain a clean environment which helps + + align:start position:0% +maintain a clean environment which helps + + + align:start position:0% +maintain a clean environment which helps +to keep the balance functioning properly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cOUTpqlX-Xs.txt b/cOUTpqlX-Xs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b26b89fb5958256ec7e64adc3fa24d67bb37de0 --- /dev/null +++ b/cOUTpqlX-Xs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hey we're back today we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +hey we're back today we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +hey we're back today we're going to do a +singular value decomposition + + align:start position:0% +singular value decomposition + + + align:start position:0% +singular value decomposition +question the problem is really simple to + + align:start position:0% +question the problem is really simple to + + + align:start position:0% +question the problem is really simple to +State find the singular value + + align:start position:0% +State find the singular value + + + align:start position:0% +State find the singular value +decomposition of this Matrix C = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +5517 uh hit pause try it yourself I'll + + align:start position:0% +5517 uh hit pause try it yourself I'll + + + align:start position:0% +5517 uh hit pause try it yourself I'll +be back in a minute and we can do it + + align:start position:0% +be back in a minute and we can do it + + + align:start position:0% +be back in a minute and we can do it +together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right we're back now let's do it + + align:start position:0% +all right we're back now let's do it + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're back now let's do it +together now I know Professor Strang has + + align:start position:0% +together now I know Professor Strang has + + + align:start position:0% +together now I know Professor Strang has +done a couple of these in lecture but um + + align:start position:0% +done a couple of these in lecture but um + + + align:start position:0% +done a couple of these in lecture but um +as he pointed out there it's really easy + + align:start position:0% +as he pointed out there it's really easy + + + align:start position:0% +as he pointed out there it's really easy +to make a mistake so you can never do + + align:start position:0% +to make a mistake so you can never do + + + align:start position:0% +to make a mistake so you can never do +enough uh examples of finding the + + align:start position:0% +enough uh examples of finding the + + + align:start position:0% +enough uh examples of finding the +SVD so + + align:start position:0% +SVD so + + + align:start position:0% +SVD so +what does the SVD look like what do we + + align:start position:0% +what does the SVD look like what do we + + + align:start position:0% +what does the SVD look like what do we +want to end up with well we want a de + + align:start position:0% +want to end up with well we want a de + + + align:start position:0% +want to end up with well we want a de +composition c equal + + align:start position:0% +composition c equal + + + align:start position:0% +composition c equal +U Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +U Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +U Sigma V +transpose okay u and v are going to be + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay u and v are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +transpose okay u and v are going to be +orthogonal matrices that is their + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices that is their + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices that is their +columns are orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +columns are orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +columns are orthonormal +sets Sigma is going to be a diagonal + + align:start position:0% +sets Sigma is going to be a diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +sets Sigma is going to be a diagonal +matrix with non- negative + + align:start position:0% +matrix with non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +matrix with non- negative +entries okay good so now how do we find + + align:start position:0% +entries okay good so now how do we find + + + align:start position:0% +entries okay good so now how do we find +this decomposition well we need two + + align:start position:0% +this decomposition well we need two + + + align:start position:0% +this decomposition well we need two +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +okay one is C transpose C is equal + + align:start position:0% +okay one is C transpose C is equal + + + align:start position:0% +okay one is C transpose C is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +V Sigma + + align:start position:0% +V Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +V Sigma +transpose Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma V +transpose and you get this just by + + align:start position:0% +transpose and you get this just by + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and you get this just by +plugging in cpose C here and noticing + + align:start position:0% +plugging in cpose C here and noticing + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in cpose C here and noticing +that U transpose U is 1 + + align:start position:0% +that U transpose U is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +that U transpose U is 1 +Since U is an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +Since U is an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +Since U is an orthogonal +Matrix okay and the second equation is + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay and the second equation is + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay and the second equation is +just noticing that V transpose this V + + align:start position:0% +just noticing that V transpose this V + + + align:start position:0% +just noticing that V transpose this V +inverse and moving it to the other side + + align:start position:0% +inverse and moving it to the other side + + + align:start position:0% +inverse and moving it to the other side +of the equation which is + + align:start position:0% +of the equation which is + + + align:start position:0% +of the equation which is +CV equals U + + align:start position:0% +CV equals U + + + align:start position:0% +CV equals U +Sigma okay so these are the two + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay so these are the two + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay so these are the two +equations we need to use to find V Sigma + + align:start position:0% +equations we need to use to find V Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +equations we need to use to find V Sigma +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +U okay so let's start with the first + + align:start position:0% +U okay so let's start with the first + + + align:start position:0% +U okay so let's start with the first +one let's let's compute C transpose C + + align:start position:0% +one let's let's compute C transpose C + + + align:start position:0% +one let's let's compute C transpose C +so C transpose C what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that if you compute we'll get a + + align:start position:0% +that if you compute we'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +that if you compute we'll get a +26 um and 18 and + + align:start position:0% +26 um and 18 and + + + align:start position:0% +26 um and 18 and +18 and + + align:start position:0% +18 and + + + align:start position:0% +18 and +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +74 great + + align:start position:0% +74 great + + + align:start position:0% +74 great +now what you notice about this equation + + align:start position:0% +now what you notice about this equation + + + align:start position:0% +now what you notice about this equation +is this is just a diagonalization of + + align:start position:0% +is this is just a diagonalization of + + + align:start position:0% +is this is just a diagonalization of +cpose C so we need to find the igen + + align:start position:0% +cpose C so we need to find the igen + + + align:start position:0% +cpose C so we need to find the igen +values those will be the entries of + + align:start position:0% +values those will be the entries of + + + align:start position:0% +values those will be the entries of +Sigma transpose Sigma and the igen + + align:start position:0% +Sigma transpose Sigma and the igen + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma transpose Sigma and the igen +vectors which will be The Columns of of + + align:start position:0% +vectors which will be The Columns of of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors which will be The Columns of of +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +v okay + + align:start position:0% +v okay + + + align:start position:0% +v okay +good so how do we find those well we + + align:start position:0% +good so how do we find those well we + + + align:start position:0% +good so how do we find those well we +look at the determinant of cpose C minus + + align:start position:0% +look at the determinant of cpose C minus + + + align:start position:0% +look at the determinant of cpose C minus +Lambda time the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda time the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda time the +identity which is the + + align:start position:0% +identity which is the + + + align:start position:0% +identity which is the +determinant of + + align:start position:0% +determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of +um 26 - Lambda 18 18 and + + align:start position:0% +um 26 - Lambda 18 18 and + + + align:start position:0% +um 26 - Lambda 18 18 and +74 okay 74 minus Lambda thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +good okay and what is that polinomial + + align:start position:0% +good okay and what is that polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +good okay and what is that polinomial +well we get a Lambda + + align:start position:0% +well we get a Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +well we get a Lambda +squared note that 26 + 74 is 100 so + + align:start position:0% +squared note that 26 + 74 is 100 so + + + align:start position:0% +squared note that 26 + 74 is 100 so +minus 100 Lambda and I'll let you do 26 + + align:start position:0% +minus 100 Lambda and I'll let you do 26 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 100 Lambda and I'll let you do 26 +* 74 - 18 2 on your own but you'll see + + align:start position:0% +* 74 - 18 2 on your own but you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +* 74 - 18 2 on your own but you'll see +you get + + align:start position:0% +you get + + + align:start position:0% +you get +1,600 okay and this uh this easily + + align:start position:0% +1,600 okay and this uh this easily + + + align:start position:0% +1,600 okay and this uh this easily +factors is Lambda minus 20 * Lambda - + + align:start position:0% +factors is Lambda minus 20 * Lambda - + + + align:start position:0% +factors is Lambda minus 20 * Lambda - +80 good so the igen values are 20 and + + align:start position:0% +80 good so the igen values are 20 and + + + align:start position:0% +80 good so the igen values are 20 and +80 okay now what are the IG vectors well + + align:start position:0% +80 okay now what are the IG vectors well + + + align:start position:0% +80 okay now what are the IG vectors well +you take cpose C minus 20 * the + + align:start position:0% +you take cpose C minus 20 * the + + + align:start position:0% +you take cpose C minus 20 * the +identity and you get + + align:start position:0% +identity and you get + + + align:start position:0% +identity and you get +um 6 + + align:start position:0% +um 6 + + + align:start position:0% +um 6 +18 18 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +54 to find the igen vector with igen + + align:start position:0% +54 to find the igen vector with igen + + + align:start position:0% +54 to find the igen vector with igen +value 20 we need to find a vector in the + + align:start position:0% +value 20 we need to find a vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +value 20 we need to find a vector in the +null space of this Matrix note that the + + align:start position:0% +null space of this Matrix note that the + + + align:start position:0% +null space of this Matrix note that the +second our the second column is three + + align:start position:0% +second our the second column is three + + + align:start position:0% +second our the second column is three +times the First Column so our first + + align:start position:0% +times the First Column so our first + + + align:start position:0% +times the First Column so our first +Vector V1 we can just take that to be + + align:start position:0% +Vector V1 we can just take that to be + + + align:start position:0% +Vector V1 we can just take that to be +well we could take it to be uh + + align:start position:0% +well we could take it to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +well we could take it to be uh +-3 1 but we' like it to be a unit Vector + + align:start position:0% +-3 1 but we' like it to be a unit Vector + + + align:start position:0% +-3 1 but we' like it to be a unit Vector +right because the remember that The + + align:start position:0% +right because the remember that The + + + align:start position:0% +right because the remember that The +Columns of V should be unit vectors + + align:start position:0% +Columns of V should be unit vectors + + + align:start position:0% +Columns of V should be unit vectors +because they're orthonormal so 3^2 + 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +because they're orthonormal so 3^2 + 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +because they're orthonormal so 3^2 + 1 2 +is 10 uh we have to divide by the s < TK + + align:start position:0% +is 10 uh we have to divide by the s < TK + + + align:start position:0% +is 10 uh we have to divide by the s < TK +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 okay similarly we do c transpose C + + align:start position:0% +10 okay similarly we do c transpose C + + + align:start position:0% +10 okay similarly we do c transpose C +minus uh 80 * the + + align:start position:0% +minus uh 80 * the + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh 80 * the +identity will get + + align:start position:0% +identity will get + + + align:start position:0% +identity will get +um what do we get we get - + + align:start position:0% +um what do we get we get - + + + align:start position:0% +um what do we get we get - +54 18 + + align:start position:0% +54 18 + + + align:start position:0% +54 18 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and6 and similarly we can fig find that + + align:start position:0% +and6 and similarly we can fig find that + + + align:start position:0% +and6 and similarly we can fig find that +V2 will be + + align:start position:0% +V2 will be + + + align:start position:0% +V2 will be +1 over < TK 10 3 over theun + + align:start position:0% +1 over < TK 10 3 over theun + + + align:start position:0% +1 over < TK 10 3 over theun +10 great okay so what information do we + + align:start position:0% +10 great okay so what information do we + + + align:start position:0% +10 great okay so what information do we +have now we have our V Matrix which is + + align:start position:0% +have now we have our V Matrix which is + + + align:start position:0% +have now we have our V Matrix which is +just made up of these two columns and we + + align:start position:0% +just made up of these two columns and we + + + align:start position:0% +just made up of these two columns and we +actually have our Sigma Matrix too right + + align:start position:0% +actually have our Sigma Matrix too right + + + align:start position:0% +actually have our Sigma Matrix too right +because the squares of the of the + + align:start position:0% +because the squares of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +because the squares of the of the +diagonal entries of Sigma are 20 and + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries of Sigma are 20 and + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries of Sigma are 20 and +80 good so let's write those down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +write down what we have so we have + + align:start position:0% +write down what we have so we have + + + align:start position:0% +write down what we have so we have +V is just equal to I just add uh these + + align:start position:0% +V is just equal to I just add uh these + + + align:start position:0% +V is just equal to I just add uh these +vectors and make them The Columns of my + + align:start position:0% +vectors and make them The Columns of my + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and make them The Columns of my +Matrix > 10 1/ squ of + + align:start position:0% +Matrix > 10 1/ squ of + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix > 10 1/ squ of +10 uh 1 + + align:start position:0% +10 uh 1 + + + align:start position:0% +10 uh 1 +overun 10 3 over of + + align:start position:0% +overun 10 3 over of + + + align:start position:0% +overun 10 3 over of +10 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sigma is is just the square roots of 20 + + align:start position:0% +sigma is is just the square roots of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +sigma is is just the square roots of 20 +and 80 which is just uh 2 < TK 5 and 4un + + align:start position:0% +and 80 which is just uh 2 < TK 5 and 4un + + + align:start position:0% +and 80 which is just uh 2 < TK 5 and 4un +5 along the + + align:start position:0% +5 along the + + + align:start position:0% +5 along the +diagonal okay squeezing it in here I + + align:start position:0% +diagonal okay squeezing it in here I + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal okay squeezing it in here I +hope you all can see these + + align:start position:0% +hope you all can see these + + + align:start position:0% +hope you all can see these +two good so so so these are two of my of + + align:start position:0% +two good so so so these are two of my of + + + align:start position:0% +two good so so so these are two of my of +the three parts of my singular value + + align:start position:0% +the three parts of my singular value + + + align:start position:0% +the three parts of my singular value +decomposition I uh the last thing I need + + align:start position:0% +decomposition I uh the last thing I need + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition I uh the last thing I need +to find is U and for that I need to use + + align:start position:0% +to find is U and for that I need to use + + + align:start position:0% +to find is U and for that I need to use +this second equation right here so I + + align:start position:0% +this second equation right here so I + + + align:start position:0% +this second equation right here so I +need to multiply C * + + align:start position:0% +need to multiply C * + + + align:start position:0% +need to multiply C * +V okay so C is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +55-17 Let's uh multiply it by + + align:start position:0% +55-17 Let's uh multiply it by + + + align:start position:0% +55-17 Let's uh multiply it by +V 1/ < TK + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 3 over 10 what do we + + align:start position:0% +10 3 over 10 what do we + + + align:start position:0% +10 3 over 10 what do we +get well I'll let you + + align:start position:0% +get well I'll let you + + + align:start position:0% +get well I'll let you +work out the the details but it's um + + align:start position:0% +work out the the details but it's um + + + align:start position:0% +work out the the details but it's um +it's it's not hard here you you get -10 + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not hard here you you get -10 + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not hard here you you get -10 +overun 10 which is + + align:start position:0% +overun 10 which is + + + align:start position:0% +overun 10 which is +just < TK of 10 + + align:start position:0% +just < TK of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +just < TK of 10 +here then I just get uh a + + align:start position:0% +here then I just get uh a + + + align:start position:0% +here then I just get uh a +um I just get uh 2 < TK + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 okay and then uh I get um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um one is um 2un 10 and + + align:start position:0% +um one is um 2un 10 and + + + align:start position:0% +um one is um 2un 10 and +um wait sorry + + align:start position:0% +um wait sorry + + + align:start position:0% +um wait sorry +uh and um I think I made a an error here + + align:start position:0% +uh and um I think I made a an error here + + + align:start position:0% +uh and um I think I made a an error here +let me give me a second to uh look + + align:start position:0% +let me give me a second to uh look + + + align:start position:0% +let me give me a second to uh look +through my computation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again 21 entry should be uh yes thank + + align:start position:0% +again 21 entry should be uh yes thank + + + align:start position:0% +again 21 entry should be uh yes thank +you uh the 21 entry should be the square + + align:start position:0% +you uh the 21 entry should be the square + + + align:start position:0% +you uh the 21 entry should be the square +of 10 good yes that that's what I was + + align:start position:0% +of 10 good yes that that's what I was + + + align:start position:0% +of 10 good yes that that's what I was +hoping yes because we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +right + 15 is 20 over squ oh yes sorry I + + align:start position:0% +right + 15 is 20 over squ oh yes sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +right + 15 is 20 over squ oh yes sorry I +I did it in + + align:start position:0% +I did it in + + + align:start position:0% +I did it in +the wrong order right so um your your + + align:start position:0% +the wrong order right so um your your + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong order right so um your your +recitation instructor should know how to + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor should know how to + + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor should know how to +multiply m mates great yes thank you uh + + align:start position:0% +multiply m mates great yes thank you uh + + + align:start position:0% +multiply m mates great yes thank you uh +you multiply this first then this then + + align:start position:0% +you multiply this first then this then + + + align:start position:0% +you multiply this first then this then +this and then this and if you do it + + align:start position:0% +this and then this and if you do it + + + align:start position:0% +this and then this and if you do it +correctly um you will get this this + + align:start position:0% +correctly um you will get this this + + + align:start position:0% +correctly um you will get this this +Matrix here good great so now um this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix here good great so now um this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix here good great so now um this +I'd like this to be my U Matrix but it's + + align:start position:0% +I'd like this to be my U Matrix but it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like this to be my U Matrix but it's +actually U * + + align:start position:0% +actually U * + + + align:start position:0% +actually U * +Sigma so I need to make these entries + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so I need to make these entries + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so I need to make these entries +unit length Okay so I get uh + + align:start position:0% +unit length Okay so I get uh + + + align:start position:0% +unit length Okay so I get uh +- 1 over < tk2 1 over < + + align:start position:0% +- 1 over < tk2 1 over < + + + align:start position:0% +- 1 over < tk2 1 over < +tk2 um 1 over < tk2 1/ < + + align:start position:0% +tk2 um 1 over < tk2 1/ < + + + align:start position:0% +tk2 um 1 over < tk2 1/ < +tk2 times uh my Sigma Matrix here which + + align:start position:0% +tk2 times uh my Sigma Matrix here which + + + align:start position:0% +tk2 times uh my Sigma Matrix here which +is remember 2 < TK 5 4un 5 and those it + + align:start position:0% +is remember 2 < TK 5 4un 5 and those it + + + align:start position:0% +is remember 2 < TK 5 4un 5 and those it +these constants are just what I needed + + align:start position:0% +these constants are just what I needed + + + align:start position:0% +these constants are just what I needed +to divide these columns by in order to + + align:start position:0% +to divide these columns by in order to + + + align:start position:0% +to divide these columns by in order to +make them unit vectors good so now + + align:start position:0% +make them unit vectors good so now + + + align:start position:0% +make them unit vectors good so now +here's here's my u u + + align:start position:0% +here's here's my u u + + + align:start position:0% +here's here's my u u +Matrix 1 / 2 1 + + align:start position:0% +Matrix 1 / 2 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix 1 / 2 1 +over 2 1 2 1 /un 2 good so now I have + + align:start position:0% +over 2 1 2 1 /un 2 good so now I have + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 1 2 1 /un 2 good so now I have +all three + + align:start position:0% +all three + + + align:start position:0% +all three +matrices u v and sigma and despite some + + align:start position:0% +matrices u v and sigma and despite some + + + align:start position:0% +matrices u v and sigma and despite some +uh little errors here and there I think + + align:start position:0% +uh little errors here and there I think + + + align:start position:0% +uh little errors here and there I think +this is actually right you should go + + align:start position:0% +this is actually right you should go + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually right you should go +check it yourself because if you're at + + align:start position:0% +check it yourself because if you're at + + + align:start position:0% +check it yourself because if you're at +all like me youve screwed up several + + align:start position:0% +all like me youve screwed up several + + + align:start position:0% +all like me youve screwed up several +times by now + + align:start position:0% +times by now + + + align:start position:0% +times by now +but anyway this is this is a good ill + + align:start position:0% +but anyway this is this is a good ill + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway this is this is a good ill +illustration of how to find the singular + + align:start position:0% +illustration of how to find the singular + + + align:start position:0% +illustration of how to find the singular +value decomposition recall that you're + + align:start position:0% +value decomposition recall that you're + + + align:start position:0% +value decomposition recall that you're +looking for U Sigma V transpose where u + + align:start position:0% +looking for U Sigma V transpose where u + + + align:start position:0% +looking for U Sigma V transpose where u +and v are orthogonal matrices and sigma + + align:start position:0% +and v are orthogonal matrices and sigma + + + align:start position:0% +and v are orthogonal matrices and sigma +is diagonal with non- negative + + align:start position:0% +is diagonal with non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +is diagonal with non- negative +entries and you find it using these two + + align:start position:0% +entries and you find it using these two + + + align:start position:0% +entries and you find it using these two +equations you compute C transpose C + + align:start position:0% +equations you compute C transpose C + + + align:start position:0% +equations you compute C transpose C +that's V Sigma transpose Sigma time V + + align:start position:0% +that's V Sigma transpose Sigma time V + + + align:start position:0% +that's V Sigma transpose Sigma time V +transpose and you you Al have CV is U + + align:start position:0% +transpose and you you Al have CV is U + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and you you Al have CV is U +Sigma okay I hope this was a helpful + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay I hope this was a helpful + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay I hope this was a helpful +illustration \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/d5e_YJGXXFU.txt b/d5e_YJGXXFU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aef03cec88119d4cf4ad4299248f234a9e194b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/d5e_YJGXXFU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12283 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +good afternoon everyone + + align:start position:0% +good afternoon everyone + + + align:start position:0% +good afternoon everyone +so today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to talk about +storage allocation this is a + + align:start position:0% +storage allocation this is a + + + align:start position:0% +storage allocation this is a +continuation from last lecture where we + + align:start position:0% +continuation from last lecture where we + + + align:start position:0% +continuation from last lecture where we +talked about serial storage allocation + + align:start position:0% +talked about serial storage allocation + + + align:start position:0% +talked about serial storage allocation +so they will also talk a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +so they will also talk a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +so they will also talk a little bit more +about serial allocation but then I'll + + align:start position:0% +about serial allocation but then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +about serial allocation but then I'll +talk more about parallel allocation and + + align:start position:0% +talk more about parallel allocation and + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about parallel allocation and +also garbage collection so I want to + + align:start position:0% +also garbage collection so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +also garbage collection so I want to +just do a review of some memory + + align:start position:0% +just do a review of some memory + + + align:start position:0% +just do a review of some memory +allocation primitives so recall that you + + align:start position:0% +allocation primitives so recall that you + + + align:start position:0% +allocation primitives so recall that you +can use malloc to allocate memory from + + align:start position:0% +can use malloc to allocate memory from + + + align:start position:0% +can use malloc to allocate memory from +the heap and if you call malloc with a + + align:start position:0% +the heap and if you call malloc with a + + + align:start position:0% +the heap and if you call malloc with a +size of s it's going to allocate and + + align:start position:0% +size of s it's going to allocate and + + + align:start position:0% +size of s it's going to allocate and +return a pointer to a block of memory + + align:start position:0% +return a pointer to a block of memory + + + align:start position:0% +return a pointer to a block of memory +containing at least s bytes so you might + + align:start position:0% +containing at least s bytes so you might + + + align:start position:0% +containing at least s bytes so you might +actually get more more than s bytes even + + align:start position:0% +actually get more more than s bytes even + + + align:start position:0% +actually get more more than s bytes even +though you asked for a spice but it's + + align:start position:0% +though you asked for a spice but it's + + + align:start position:0% +though you asked for a spice but it's +guaranteed to give you at least s bytes + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed to give you at least s bytes + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed to give you at least s bytes +the return value is a void star but good + + align:start position:0% +the return value is a void star but good + + + align:start position:0% +the return value is a void star but good +programming practice is to typecast this + + align:start position:0% +programming practice is to typecast this + + + align:start position:0% +programming practice is to typecast this +pointer to whatever type you're using + + align:start position:0% +pointer to whatever type you're using + + + align:start position:0% +pointer to whatever type you're using +this memory for when you receive this + + align:start position:0% +this memory for when you receive this + + + align:start position:0% +this memory for when you receive this +from the malloc call there's also + + align:start position:0% +from the malloc call there's also + + + align:start position:0% +from the malloc call there's also +aligned allocation so you can do a line + + align:start position:0% +aligned allocation so you can do a line + + + align:start position:0% +aligned allocation so you can do a line +to a location with memo line which takes + + align:start position:0% +to a location with memo line which takes + + + align:start position:0% +to a location with memo line which takes +two arguments this a size a as well as a + + align:start position:0% +two arguments this a size a as well as a + + + align:start position:0% +two arguments this a size a as well as a +size s and a has to be an exact power of + + align:start position:0% +size s and a has to be an exact power of + + + align:start position:0% +size s and a has to be an exact power of +two and it's going to allocate and + + align:start position:0% +two and it's going to allocate and + + + align:start position:0% +two and it's going to allocate and +return a pointer to a block of memory + + align:start position:0% +return a pointer to a block of memory + + + align:start position:0% +return a pointer to a block of memory +again containing at least s bytes but + + align:start position:0% +again containing at least s bytes but + + + align:start position:0% +again containing at least s bytes but +this time this memory is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this time this memory is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this time this memory is going to be +aligned to a multiple of a so the + + align:start position:0% +aligned to a multiple of a so the + + + align:start position:0% +aligned to a multiple of a so the +address is going to be a multiple of a + + align:start position:0% +address is going to be a multiple of a + + + align:start position:0% +address is going to be a multiple of a +where this memory block starts so does + + align:start position:0% +where this memory block starts so does + + + align:start position:0% +where this memory block starts so does +anyone know why we might want to do an + + align:start position:0% +anyone know why we might want to do an + + + align:start position:0% +anyone know why we might want to do an +aligned memory allocation yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so one reason is that you can align + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one reason is that you can align + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one reason is that you can align +memories so that they're aligned to cash + + align:start position:0% +memories so that they're aligned to cash + + + align:start position:0% +memories so that they're aligned to cash +lines so that when you access an object + + align:start position:0% +lines so that when you access an object + + + align:start position:0% +lines so that when you access an object +that fits within a cash line it's not + + align:start position:0% +that fits within a cash line it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that fits within a cash line it's not +going to cross to cash lines and you + + align:start position:0% +going to cross to cash lines and you + + + align:start position:0% +going to cross to cash lines and you +only get one cash access instead of two + + align:start position:0% +only get one cash access instead of two + + + align:start position:0% +only get one cash access instead of two +so one reason is that you want to align + + align:start position:0% +so one reason is that you want to align + + + align:start position:0% +so one reason is that you want to align +the memory to cash lines to reduce a + + align:start position:0% +the memory to cash lines to reduce a + + + align:start position:0% +the memory to cash lines to reduce a +number of cache misses you get another + + align:start position:0% +number of cache misses you get another + + + align:start position:0% +number of cache misses you get another +reason is that the vectorization + + align:start position:0% +reason is that the vectorization + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that the vectorization +operators also require you to have + + align:start position:0% +operators also require you to have + + + align:start position:0% +operators also require you to have +memory addresses that are aligned to + + align:start position:0% +memory addresses that are aligned to + + + align:start position:0% +memory addresses that are aligned to +some power of two so if you align your + + align:start position:0% +some power of two so if you align your + + + align:start position:0% +some power of two so if you align your +memory allocation with mammal line then + + align:start position:0% +memory allocation with mammal line then + + + align:start position:0% +memory allocation with mammal line then +that's also good for the vector units we + + align:start position:0% +that's also good for the vector units we + + + align:start position:0% +that's also good for the vector units we +also talked about deallocations you can + + align:start position:0% +also talked about deallocations you can + + + align:start position:0% +also talked about deallocations you can +free memory back to the heap with the + + align:start position:0% +free memory back to the heap with the + + + align:start position:0% +free memory back to the heap with the +free function so if you pass it a + + align:start position:0% +free function so if you pass it a + + + align:start position:0% +free function so if you pass it a +pointer P to some block of memory it's + + align:start position:0% +pointer P to some block of memory it's + + + align:start position:0% +pointer P to some block of memory it's +going to deallocate this block and + + align:start position:0% +going to deallocate this block and + + + align:start position:0% +going to deallocate this block and +return it to the storage allocator and + + align:start position:0% +return it to the storage allocator and + + + align:start position:0% +return it to the storage allocator and +we also talked about some anonomys + + align:start position:0% +we also talked about some anonomys + + + align:start position:0% +we also talked about some anonomys +anomalies of freeing so what is it + + align:start position:0% +anomalies of freeing so what is it + + + align:start position:0% +anomalies of freeing so what is it +called when you fail to free some memory + + align:start position:0% +called when you fail to free some memory + + + align:start position:0% +called when you fail to free some memory +that you allocated yes + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated yes + + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated yes +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yeah so if you fail to free something + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you fail to free something + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you fail to free something +that you allocated that's called a + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated that's called a + + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated that's called a +memory leak and this can cause your + + align:start position:0% +memory leak and this can cause your + + + align:start position:0% +memory leak and this can cause your +program to use more and more memory and + + align:start position:0% +program to use more and more memory and + + + align:start position:0% +program to use more and more memory and +eventually your programs gonna use up + + align:start position:0% +eventually your programs gonna use up + + + align:start position:0% +eventually your programs gonna use up +all the memory on your machine and it's + + align:start position:0% +all the memory on your machine and it's + + + align:start position:0% +all the memory on your machine and it's +going to crash we also talked about + + align:start position:0% +going to crash we also talked about + + + align:start position:0% +going to crash we also talked about +freeing something more than once does + + align:start position:0% +freeing something more than once does + + + align:start position:0% +freeing something more than once does +anyone remember what that's called + + align:start position:0% +anyone remember what that's called + + + align:start position:0% +anyone remember what that's called +yeah yeah so that's called double + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so that's called double + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so that's called double +freeing double freeing is when you free + + align:start position:0% +freeing double freeing is when you free + + + align:start position:0% +freeing double freeing is when you free +something more than once and the + + align:start position:0% +something more than once and the + + + align:start position:0% +something more than once and the +behavior is going to be undefined you'll + + align:start position:0% +behavior is going to be undefined you'll + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is going to be undefined you'll +you might get a seg fault or immediately + + align:start position:0% +you might get a seg fault or immediately + + + align:start position:0% +you might get a seg fault or immediately +or you'll free something that was + + align:start position:0% +or you'll free something that was + + + align:start position:0% +or you'll free something that was +allocated for some other purpose and + + align:start position:0% +allocated for some other purpose and + + + align:start position:0% +allocated for some other purpose and +then later down the road your programs + + align:start position:0% +then later down the road your programs + + + align:start position:0% +then later down the road your programs +going to have some unexpected behavior + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +I also want to talk about a map so a map + + align:start position:0% +I also want to talk about a map so a map + + + align:start position:0% +I also want to talk about a map so a map +is a system call and usually a map is + + align:start position:0% +is a system call and usually a map is + + + align:start position:0% +is a system call and usually a map is +used to treat some file on disk as part + + align:start position:0% +used to treat some file on disk as part + + + align:start position:0% +used to treat some file on disk as part +of memory so that when you write to that + + align:start position:0% +of memory so that when you write to that + + + align:start position:0% +of memory so that when you write to that +memory region it also backs it up on + + align:start position:0% +memory region it also backs it up on + + + align:start position:0% +memory region it also backs it up on +disk in this context here I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +disk in this context here I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +disk in this context here I'm actually +using M map to allocate virtual memory + + align:start position:0% +using M map to allocate virtual memory + + + align:start position:0% +using M map to allocate virtual memory +without having any backing file so M map + + align:start position:0% +without having any backing file so M map + + + align:start position:0% +without having any backing file so M map +has a whole bunch of parameters here the + + align:start position:0% +has a whole bunch of parameters here the + + + align:start position:0% +has a whole bunch of parameters here the +second to the last parameter indicates + + align:start position:0% +second to the last parameter indicates + + + align:start position:0% +second to the last parameter indicates +the file I want to map in a bypass at a + + align:start position:0% +the file I want to map in a bypass at a + + + align:start position:0% +the file I want to map in a bypass at a +negative one that means there's no + + align:start position:0% +negative one that means there's no + + + align:start position:0% +negative one that means there's no +backing fall so I'm just using this to + + align:start position:0% +backing fall so I'm just using this to + + + align:start position:0% +backing fall so I'm just using this to +allocate some virtual memory the first + + align:start position:0% +allocate some virtual memory the first + + + align:start position:0% +allocate some virtual memory the first +argument is where I want to allocate it + + align:start position:0% +argument is where I want to allocate it + + + align:start position:0% +argument is where I want to allocate it +and zero means that I don't care the + + align:start position:0% +and zero means that I don't care the + + + align:start position:0% +and zero means that I don't care the +size in terms of number of bytes has how + + align:start position:0% +size in terms of number of bytes has how + + + align:start position:0% +size in terms of number of bytes has how +much memory I want to allocate then + + align:start position:0% +much memory I want to allocate then + + + align:start position:0% +much memory I want to allocate then +there's also permission so here it says + + align:start position:0% +there's also permission so here it says + + + align:start position:0% +there's also permission so here it says +I can read and write this memory region + + align:start position:0% +I can read and write this memory region + + + align:start position:0% +I can read and write this memory region +map private means that this memory + + align:start position:0% +map private means that this memory + + + align:start position:0% +map private means that this memory +region is private to the process that's + + align:start position:0% +region is private to the process that's + + + align:start position:0% +region is private to the process that's +allocating it and then map nan means + + align:start position:0% +allocating it and then map nan means + + + align:start position:0% +allocating it and then map nan means +that there's no name associated with + + align:start position:0% +that there's no name associated with + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no name associated with +this memory region and then as I said + + align:start position:0% +this memory region and then as I said + + + align:start position:0% +this memory region and then as I said +negative one means that there's no + + align:start position:0% +negative one means that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +negative one means that there's no +backing file and the last parameter is + + align:start position:0% +backing file and the last parameter is + + + align:start position:0% +backing file and the last parameter is +just 0 if there's no backing file + + align:start position:0% +just 0 if there's no backing file + + + align:start position:0% +just 0 if there's no backing file +normally it would be an offset into the + + align:start position:0% +normally it would be an offset into the + + + align:start position:0% +normally it would be an offset into the +file that you're trying to map but here + + align:start position:0% +file that you're trying to map but here + + + align:start position:0% +file that you're trying to map but here +there's no backing file and what M map + + align:start position:0% +there's no backing file and what M map + + + align:start position:0% +there's no backing file and what M map +does is it finds a contiguous unused + + align:start position:0% +does is it finds a contiguous unused + + + align:start position:0% +does is it finds a contiguous unused +region in the address + + align:start position:0% +region in the address + + + align:start position:0% +region in the address +face of the application that's large + + align:start position:0% +face of the application that's large + + + align:start position:0% +face of the application that's large +enough to hold size bytes and then it + + align:start position:0% +enough to hold size bytes and then it + + + align:start position:0% +enough to hold size bytes and then it +updates the page table so that it now + + align:start position:0% +updates the page table so that it now + + + align:start position:0% +updates the page table so that it now +contains an entry for this for the pages + + align:start position:0% +contains an entry for this for the pages + + + align:start position:0% +contains an entry for this for the pages +that you allocated and then it creates a + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated and then it creates a + + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated and then it creates a +necessary virtual memory management + + align:start position:0% +necessary virtual memory management + + + align:start position:0% +necessary virtual memory management +structures within the operating system + + align:start position:0% +structures within the operating system + + + align:start position:0% +structures within the operating system +to make it so that users accesses to + + align:start position:0% +to make it so that users accesses to + + + align:start position:0% +to make it so that users accesses to +this area are legal and accesses won't + + align:start position:0% +this area are legal and accesses won't + + + align:start position:0% +this area are legal and accesses won't +result in a seg fault if you try to + + align:start position:0% +result in a seg fault if you try to + + + align:start position:0% +result in a seg fault if you try to +access some region of memory without + + align:start position:0% +access some region of memory without + + + align:start position:0% +access some region of memory without +using without having to OS set these + + align:start position:0% +using without having to OS set these + + + align:start position:0% +using without having to OS set these +parameters that you might get a sect + + align:start position:0% +parameters that you might get a sect + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that you might get a sect +fault because the program might not have + + align:start position:0% +fault because the program might not have + + + align:start position:0% +fault because the program might not have +permission to access our area but add + + align:start position:0% +permission to access our area but add + + + align:start position:0% +permission to access our area but add +map is gonna make sure that that user + + align:start position:0% +map is gonna make sure that that user + + + align:start position:0% +map is gonna make sure that that user +can access this area of virtual memory + + align:start position:0% +can access this area of virtual memory + + + align:start position:0% +can access this area of virtual memory +and a map is a system call whereas + + align:start position:0% +and a map is a system call whereas + + + align:start position:0% +and a map is a system call whereas +malloc which we talked about last time + + align:start position:0% +malloc which we talked about last time + + + align:start position:0% +malloc which we talked about last time +is a library call so these are two + + align:start position:0% +is a library call so these are two + + + align:start position:0% +is a library call so these are two +different things and malloc actually + + align:start position:0% +different things and malloc actually + + + align:start position:0% +different things and malloc actually +uses a map under the hood to get more + + align:start position:0% +uses a map under the hood to get more + + + align:start position:0% +uses a map under the hood to get more +memory from the operating system so + + align:start position:0% +memory from the operating system so + + + align:start position:0% +memory from the operating system so +let's look at some properties of a map + + align:start position:0% +let's look at some properties of a map + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at some properties of a map +so a map is lazy so when you request a + + align:start position:0% +so a map is lazy so when you request a + + + align:start position:0% +so a map is lazy so when you request a +certain amount of memory it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of memory it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of memory it doesn't +immediately allocate physical memory for + + align:start position:0% +immediately allocate physical memory for + + + align:start position:0% +immediately allocate physical memory for +the requested allocation instead it just + + align:start position:0% +the requested allocation instead it just + + + align:start position:0% +the requested allocation instead it just +populates the page table with entries + + align:start position:0% +populates the page table with entries + + + align:start position:0% +populates the page table with entries +pointing to a special zero page and then + + align:start position:0% +pointing to a special zero page and then + + + align:start position:0% +pointing to a special zero page and then +it marks these pages as read-only and + + align:start position:0% +it marks these pages as read-only and + + + align:start position:0% +it marks these pages as read-only and +then the first time you write to such a + + align:start position:0% +then the first time you write to such a + + + align:start position:0% +then the first time you write to such a +page it will cause a page fault and at + + align:start position:0% +page it will cause a page fault and at + + + align:start position:0% +page it will cause a page fault and at +that point the OS is going to modify the + + align:start position:0% +that point the OS is going to modify the + + + align:start position:0% +that point the OS is going to modify the +page table get the appropriate physical + + align:start position:0% +page table get the appropriate physical + + + align:start position:0% +page table get the appropriate physical +memory and store the mapping from the + + align:start position:0% +memory and store the mapping from the + + + align:start position:0% +memory and store the mapping from the +virtual address space to physical + + align:start position:0% +virtual address space to physical + + + align:start position:0% +virtual address space to physical +address space for the particular page + + align:start position:0% +address space for the particular page + + + align:start position:0% +address space for the particular page +that you touch and then it will restart + + align:start position:0% +that you touch and then it will restart + + + align:start position:0% +that you touch and then it will restart +the instruction so that it can continue + + align:start position:0% +the instruction so that it can continue + + + align:start position:0% +the instruction so that it can continue +to execute you can turns out that you + + align:start position:0% +to execute you can turns out that you + + + align:start position:0% +to execute you can turns out that you +can actually add map a terabyte of + + align:start position:0% +can actually add map a terabyte of + + + align:start position:0% +can actually add map a terabyte of +virtual memory even on a machine with + + align:start position:0% +virtual memory even on a machine with + + + align:start position:0% +virtual memory even on a machine with +just a gigabyte of DRAM because when you + + align:start position:0% +just a gigabyte of DRAM because when you + + + align:start position:0% +just a gigabyte of DRAM because when you +call em map it doesn't actually allocate + + align:start position:0% +call em map it doesn't actually allocate + + + align:start position:0% +call em map it doesn't actually allocate +the physical memory but then you should + + align:start position:0% +the physical memory but then you should + + + align:start position:0% +the physical memory but then you should +be careful because a process might die + + align:start position:0% +be careful because a process might die + + + align:start position:0% +be careful because a process might die +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +running out of physical memory well + + align:start position:0% +running out of physical memory well + + + align:start position:0% +running out of physical memory well +after you call em map because ab map is + + align:start position:0% +after you call em map because ab map is + + + align:start position:0% +after you call em map because ab map is +going to allocate this physical memory + + align:start position:0% +going to allocate this physical memory + + + align:start position:0% +going to allocate this physical memory +whenever you first touch it and this + + align:start position:0% +whenever you first touch it and this + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you first touch it and this +could be much later than when you + + align:start position:0% +could be much later than when you + + + align:start position:0% +could be much later than when you +actually made the call to M map so any + + align:start position:0% +actually made the call to M map so any + + + align:start position:0% +actually made the call to M map so any +questions so far okay so so what's the + + align:start position:0% +questions so far okay so so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +questions so far okay so so what's the +difference between malloc and a map so + + align:start position:0% +difference between malloc and a map so + + + align:start position:0% +difference between malloc and a map so +as I said malloc is a library call and + + align:start position:0% +as I said malloc is a library call and + + + align:start position:0% +as I said malloc is a library call and +it's part of malloc and free are part of + + align:start position:0% +it's part of malloc and free are part of + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of malloc and free are part of +the memory allocation interface of the + + align:start position:0% +the memory allocation interface of the + + + align:start position:0% +the memory allocation interface of the +heap management code in the C library + + align:start position:0% +heap management code in the C library + + + align:start position:0% +heap management code in the C library +and the heap management code uses the + + align:start position:0% +and the heap management code uses the + + + align:start position:0% +and the heap management code uses the +available system facilities including + + align:start position:0% +available system facilities including + + + align:start position:0% +available system facilities including +the M map function to get a virtual + + align:start position:0% +the M map function to get a virtual + + + align:start position:0% +the M map function to get a virtual +address space from the operating system + + align:start position:0% +address space from the operating system + + + align:start position:0% +address space from the operating system +and then the heat management code is + + align:start position:0% +and then the heat management code is + + + align:start position:0% +and then the heat management code is +going within malloc is going to attempt + + align:start position:0% +going within malloc is going to attempt + + + align:start position:0% +going within malloc is going to attempt +to satisfy user requests for heap + + align:start position:0% +to satisfy user requests for heap + + + align:start position:0% +to satisfy user requests for heap +storage by reusing the memory that it + + align:start position:0% +storage by reusing the memory that it + + + align:start position:0% +storage by reusing the memory that it +got from the OS as much as possible + + align:start position:0% +got from the OS as much as possible + + + align:start position:0% +got from the OS as much as possible +until it can't do that anymore and then + + align:start position:0% +until it can't do that anymore and then + + + align:start position:0% +until it can't do that anymore and then +it will go and call MF to get more + + align:start position:0% +it will go and call MF to get more + + + align:start position:0% +it will go and call MF to get more +memory from the operating system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the malloc implementation invokes at + + align:start position:0% +so the malloc implementation invokes at + + + align:start position:0% +so the malloc implementation invokes at +map and other system calls to expand the + + align:start position:0% +map and other system calls to expand the + + + align:start position:0% +map and other system calls to expand the +size of the users heap storage and the + + align:start position:0% +size of the users heap storage and the + + + align:start position:0% +size of the users heap storage and the +responsibility of malloc is to reuse the + + align:start position:0% +responsibility of malloc is to reuse the + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility of malloc is to reuse the +memory such that your fragmentation is + + align:start position:0% +memory such that your fragmentation is + + + align:start position:0% +memory such that your fragmentation is +reduced and you have good temporal + + align:start position:0% +reduced and you have good temporal + + + align:start position:0% +reduced and you have good temporal +locality where as the responsibility of + + align:start position:0% +locality where as the responsibility of + + + align:start position:0% +locality where as the responsibility of +M math is actually getting this memory + + align:start position:0% +M math is actually getting this memory + + + align:start position:0% +M math is actually getting this memory +from the operating system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so any questions on the differences + + align:start position:0% +so any questions on the differences + + + align:start position:0% +so any questions on the differences +between malloc and M map so one question + + align:start position:0% +between malloc and M map so one question + + + align:start position:0% +between malloc and M map so one question +is why don't we just call em map all the + + align:start position:0% +is why don't we just call em map all the + + + align:start position:0% +is why don't we just call em map all the +time instead of just instead of using + + align:start position:0% +time instead of just instead of using + + + align:start position:0% +time instead of just instead of using +malloc why don't we just directly call m + + align:start position:0% +malloc why don't we just directly call m + + + align:start position:0% +malloc why don't we just directly call m +map + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what answer is that you might have free + + align:start position:0% +what answer is that you might have free + + + align:start position:0% +what answer is that you might have free +storage from before that you you would + + align:start position:0% +storage from before that you you would + + + align:start position:0% +storage from before that you you would +want to reuse and it turns out that map + + align:start position:0% +want to reuse and it turns out that map + + + align:start position:0% +want to reuse and it turns out that map +is relatively heavy weight so it works + + align:start position:0% +is relatively heavy weight so it works + + + align:start position:0% +is relatively heavy weight so it works +on a perp on a page granularity so if + + align:start position:0% +on a perp on a page granularity so if + + + align:start position:0% +on a perp on a page granularity so if +you want to do a small allocation it's + + align:start position:0% +you want to do a small allocation it's + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do a small allocation it's +quite wasteful to allocate an entire + + align:start position:0% +quite wasteful to allocate an entire + + + align:start position:0% +quite wasteful to allocate an entire +page for that allocation and not reuse + + align:start position:0% +page for that allocation and not reuse + + + align:start position:0% +page for that allocation and not reuse +it you'll get very bad external + + align:start position:0% +it you'll get very bad external + + + align:start position:0% +it you'll get very bad external +fragmentation and when you call MF has + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation and when you call MF has + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation and when you call MF has +to go through all of the overhead of the + + align:start position:0% +to go through all of the overhead of the + + + align:start position:0% +to go through all of the overhead of the +security of the OS and updating the page + + align:start position:0% +security of the OS and updating the page + + + align:start position:0% +security of the OS and updating the page +table and so on whereas if you use + + align:start position:0% +table and so on whereas if you use + + + align:start position:0% +table and so on whereas if you use +malloc it's actually pretty fast for + + align:start position:0% +malloc it's actually pretty fast for + + + align:start position:0% +malloc it's actually pretty fast for +most allocations and especially if you + + align:start position:0% +most allocations and especially if you + + + align:start position:0% +most allocations and especially if you +have temporal locality where you + + align:start position:0% +have temporal locality where you + + + align:start position:0% +have temporal locality where you +allocate something that you just + + align:start position:0% +allocate something that you just + + + align:start position:0% +allocate something that you just +recently freed so your program would be + + align:start position:0% +recently freed so your program would be + + + align:start position:0% +recently freed so your program would be +pretty slow if you used a map all the + + align:start position:0% +pretty slow if you used a map all the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty slow if you used a map all the +time even for small allocations for big + + align:start position:0% +time even for small allocations for big + + + align:start position:0% +time even for small allocations for big +allocations it's fine but for small + + align:start position:0% +allocations it's fine but for small + + + align:start position:0% +allocations it's fine but for small +allocations you should use malloc any + + align:start position:0% +allocations you should use malloc any + + + align:start position:0% +allocations you should use malloc any +questions on M map versus malloc okay so + + align:start position:0% +questions on M map versus malloc okay so + + + align:start position:0% +questions on M map versus malloc okay so +I just want to do a little bit of review + + align:start position:0% +I just want to do a little bit of review + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to do a little bit of review +on how address translation works so some + + align:start position:0% +on how address translation works so some + + + align:start position:0% +on how address translation works so some +of you might have seen this before in + + align:start position:0% +of you might have seen this before in + + + align:start position:0% +of you might have seen this before in +your computer architecture course so how + + align:start position:0% +your computer architecture course so how + + + align:start position:0% +your computer architecture course so how +it works is when you access a memory + + align:start position:0% +it works is when you access a memory + + + align:start position:0% +it works is when you access a memory +location you access it via the virtual + + align:start position:0% +location you access it via the virtual + + + align:start position:0% +location you access it via the virtual +address and the virtual address can be + + align:start position:0% +address and the virtual address can be + + + align:start position:0% +address and the virtual address can be +divided in the two parts where the lower + + align:start position:0% +divided in the two parts where the lower + + + align:start position:0% +divided in the two parts where the lower +order bits store the offset in the + + align:start position:0% +order bits store the offset in the + + + align:start position:0% +order bits store the offset in the +higher order bits store the virtual page + + align:start position:0% +higher order bits store the virtual page + + + align:start position:0% +higher order bits store the virtual page +number and in order to get the physical + + align:start position:0% +number and in order to get the physical + + + align:start position:0% +number and in order to get the physical +address associate with this virtual + + align:start position:0% +address associate with this virtual + + + align:start position:0% +address associate with this virtual +address the hardware is going to look up + + align:start position:0% +address the hardware is going to look up + + + align:start position:0% +address the hardware is going to look up +this virtual page number in what's + + align:start position:0% +this virtual page number in what's + + + align:start position:0% +this virtual page number in what's +called the page table and then if it + + align:start position:0% +called the page table and then if it + + + align:start position:0% +called the page table and then if it +finds the corresponding entry for the + + align:start position:0% +finds the corresponding entry for the + + + align:start position:0% +finds the corresponding entry for the +virtual page number in the page table + + align:start position:0% +virtual page number in the page table + + + align:start position:0% +virtual page number in the page table +that will tell us the physical frame + + align:start position:0% +that will tell us the physical frame + + + align:start position:0% +that will tell us the physical frame +number and then the physical frame + + align:start position:0% +number and then the physical frame + + + align:start position:0% +number and then the physical frame +number corresponds to where this + + align:start position:0% +number corresponds to where this + + + align:start position:0% +number corresponds to where this +physical memory is is in DRAM + + align:start position:0% +physical memory is is in DRAM + + + align:start position:0% +physical memory is is in DRAM +so you can just take the frame number + + align:start position:0% +so you can just take the frame number + + + align:start position:0% +so you can just take the frame number +and then use the same offset as before + + align:start position:0% +and then use the same offset as before + + + align:start position:0% +and then use the same offset as before +to get the appropriate offset into the + + align:start position:0% +to get the appropriate offset into the + + + align:start position:0% +to get the appropriate offset into the +physical memory frame so if the if the + + align:start position:0% +physical memory frame so if the if the + + + align:start position:0% +physical memory frame so if the if the +virtual page that you're looking for + + align:start position:0% +virtual page that you're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +virtual page that you're looking for +doesn't reside in physical memory then a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't reside in physical memory then a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't reside in physical memory then a +page fault is going to occur and when a + + align:start position:0% +page fault is going to occur and when a + + + align:start position:0% +page fault is going to occur and when a +page fault occurs either the operating + + align:start position:0% +page fault occurs either the operating + + + align:start position:0% +page fault occurs either the operating +system will see that the process + + align:start position:0% +system will see that the process + + + align:start position:0% +system will see that the process +actually has permissions to look at that + + align:start position:0% +actually has permissions to look at that + + + align:start position:0% +actually has permissions to look at that +memory region and it will set the + + align:start position:0% +memory region and it will set the + + + align:start position:0% +memory region and it will set the +permissions and place the entry into the + + align:start position:0% +permissions and place the entry into the + + + align:start position:0% +permissions and place the entry into the +page table so that you can get the + + align:start position:0% +page table so that you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +page table so that you can get the +appropriate physical address but + + align:start position:0% +appropriate physical address but + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate physical address but +otherwise the operating system might see + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the operating system might see + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the operating system might see +that this process actually can't access + + align:start position:0% +that this process actually can't access + + + align:start position:0% +that this process actually can't access +that region of memory and then you'll + + align:start position:0% +that region of memory and then you'll + + + align:start position:0% +that region of memory and then you'll +get a segmentation fault it turns out + + align:start position:0% +get a segmentation fault it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +get a segmentation fault it turns out +that the page table search also called a + + align:start position:0% +that the page table search also called a + + + align:start position:0% +that the page table search also called a +page walk is pretty expensive and that's + + align:start position:0% +page walk is pretty expensive and that's + + + align:start position:0% +page walk is pretty expensive and that's +why we have the translation lookaside + + align:start position:0% +why we have the translation lookaside + + + align:start position:0% +why we have the translation lookaside +buffer or TLB which is essentially a + + align:start position:0% +buffer or TLB which is essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +buffer or TLB which is essentially a +cache for the page table so the hardware + + align:start position:0% +cache for the page table so the hardware + + + align:start position:0% +cache for the page table so the hardware +uses a TLB to cache the recent page + + align:start position:0% +uses a TLB to cache the recent page + + + align:start position:0% +uses a TLB to cache the recent page +table lookups into this TLB so that + + align:start position:0% +table lookups into this TLB so that + + + align:start position:0% +table lookups into this TLB so that +later on when you access the same page + + align:start position:0% +later on when you access the same page + + + align:start position:0% +later on when you access the same page +it doesn't have to go all the way to the + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have to go all the way to the + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have to go all the way to the +page table to find the physical address + + align:start position:0% +page table to find the physical address + + + align:start position:0% +page table to find the physical address +it can first look in the TLB to see if + + align:start position:0% +it can first look in the TLB to see if + + + align:start position:0% +it can first look in the TLB to see if +it's been recently accessed so why would + + align:start position:0% +it's been recently accessed so why would + + + align:start position:0% +it's been recently accessed so why would +you expect it to see something that's it + + align:start position:0% +you expect it to see something that's it + + + align:start position:0% +you expect it to see something that's it +recently has accessed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's one property of a program that + + align:start position:0% +so what's one property of a program that + + + align:start position:0% +so what's one property of a program that +will make it so that you get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +will make it so that you get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +will make it so that you get a lot of +TLB hits yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yeah so so that's correct so the page + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so that's correct so the page + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so that's correct so the page +table stores pages which are typically + + align:start position:0% +table stores pages which are typically + + + align:start position:0% +table stores pages which are typically +four kilobytes nowadays are also huge + + align:start position:0% +four kilobytes nowadays are also huge + + + align:start position:0% +four kilobytes nowadays are also huge +pages which can be a couple megabytes + + align:start position:0% +pages which can be a couple megabytes + + + align:start position:0% +pages which can be a couple megabytes +and most of the access and accesses in + + align:start position:0% +and most of the access and accesses in + + + align:start position:0% +and most of the access and accesses in +your program are going to be near each + + align:start position:0% +your program are going to be near each + + + align:start position:0% +your program are going to be near each +other so they're likely going to reside + + align:start position:0% +other so they're likely going to reside + + + align:start position:0% +other so they're likely going to reside +on the same page for accesses that have + + align:start position:0% +on the same page for accesses that have + + + align:start position:0% +on the same page for accesses that have +been done close together in time so + + align:start position:0% +been done close together in time so + + + align:start position:0% +been done close together in time so +therefore you'll expect it that many of + + align:start position:0% +therefore you'll expect it that many of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you'll expect it that many of +your recent accesses are going to be + + align:start position:0% +your recent accesses are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +your recent accesses are going to be +stored in the TLB if your program has + + align:start position:0% +stored in the TLB if your program has + + + align:start position:0% +stored in the TLB if your program has +locality either spatial or temporal + + align:start position:0% +locality either spatial or temporal + + + align:start position:0% +locality either spatial or temporal +locality or both so how this + + align:start position:0% +locality or both so how this + + + align:start position:0% +locality or both so how this +architecture works is that the processor + + align:start position:0% +architecture works is that the processor + + + align:start position:0% +architecture works is that the processor +is first going to check whether the + + align:start position:0% +is first going to check whether the + + + align:start position:0% +is first going to check whether the +virtual address you're looking for is in + + align:start position:0% +virtual address you're looking for is in + + + align:start position:0% +virtual address you're looking for is in +TLB if it's not it's going to go to the + + align:start position:0% +TLB if it's not it's going to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +TLB if it's not it's going to go to the +page table and look it up and then if it + + align:start position:0% +page table and look it up and then if it + + + align:start position:0% +page table and look it up and then if it +finds it there then it's going to store + + align:start position:0% +finds it there then it's going to store + + + align:start position:0% +finds it there then it's going to store +that entry into the TLB and then next is + + align:start position:0% +that entry into the TLB and then next is + + + align:start position:0% +that entry into the TLB and then next is +gonna go get this physical address that + + align:start position:0% +gonna go get this physical address that + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go get this physical address that +it that it found from the TLB and look + + align:start position:0% +it that it found from the TLB and look + + + align:start position:0% +it that it found from the TLB and look +it up into the CPU cache it finds it + + align:start position:0% +it up into the CPU cache it finds it + + + align:start position:0% +it up into the CPU cache it finds it +there it gets it if it doesn't then it + + align:start position:0% +there it gets it if it doesn't then it + + + align:start position:0% +there it gets it if it doesn't then it +goes to DRAM to satisfy the request most + + align:start position:0% +goes to DRAM to satisfy the request most + + + align:start position:0% +goes to DRAM to satisfy the request most +modern machines actually have an + + align:start position:0% +modern machines actually have an + + + align:start position:0% +modern machines actually have an +optimization that allow you to do TLB + + align:start position:0% +optimization that allow you to do TLB + + + align:start position:0% +optimization that allow you to do TLB +access in parallel with the l1 cache + + align:start position:0% +access in parallel with the l1 cache + + + align:start position:0% +access in parallel with the l1 cache +access so the l1 cache actually uses + + align:start position:0% +access so the l1 cache actually uses + + + align:start position:0% +access so the l1 cache actually uses +virtual addresses instead of physical + + align:start position:0% +virtual addresses instead of physical + + + align:start position:0% +virtual addresses instead of physical +addresses and this reduces the latency + + align:start position:0% +addresses and this reduces the latency + + + align:start position:0% +addresses and this reduces the latency +of a memory axis so that's a brief + + align:start position:0% +of a memory axis so that's a brief + + + align:start position:0% +of a memory axis so that's a brief +review of address translation alright so + + align:start position:0% +review of address translation alright so + + + align:start position:0% +review of address translation alright so +let's talk about stacks so when you + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about stacks so when you + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about stacks so when you +execute a serial C and C++ program + + align:start position:0% +execute a serial C and C++ program + + + align:start position:0% +execute a serial C and C++ program +you're using a stack to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +you're using a stack to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +you're using a stack to keep track of +the function calls and local variables + + align:start position:0% +the function calls and local variables + + + align:start position:0% +the function calls and local variables +that you have to save so here let's say + + align:start position:0% +that you have to save so here let's say + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to save so here let's say +we have this invocation tree where a + + align:start position:0% +we have this invocation tree where a + + + align:start position:0% +we have this invocation tree where a +function a calls function B which then + + align:start position:0% +function a calls function B which then + + + align:start position:0% +function a calls function B which then +returns and then a calls function c + + align:start position:0% +returns and then a calls function c + + + align:start position:0% +returns and then a calls function c +which calls D returns calls e returns + + align:start position:0% +which calls D returns calls e returns + + + align:start position:0% +which calls D returns calls e returns +and their returns again here are the + + align:start position:0% +and their returns again here are the + + + align:start position:0% +and their returns again here are the +different views of the stack at + + align:start position:0% +different views of the stack at + + + align:start position:0% +different views of the stack at +different points of the execution so + + align:start position:0% +different points of the execution so + + + align:start position:0% +different points of the execution so +initially when we call a we + + align:start position:0% +initially when we call a we + + + align:start position:0% +initially when we call a we +have a stack frame for a and then when + + align:start position:0% +have a stack frame for a and then when + + + align:start position:0% +have a stack frame for a and then when +we when a calls B we're going to place a + + align:start position:0% +we when a calls B we're going to place a + + + align:start position:0% +we when a calls B we're going to place a +stack frame for B right below the stack + + align:start position:0% +stack frame for B right below the stack + + + align:start position:0% +stack frame for B right below the stack +frame of a so these are going to be + + align:start position:0% +frame of a so these are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +frame of a so these are going to be +linearly ordered when we're done with B + + align:start position:0% +linearly ordered when we're done with B + + + align:start position:0% +linearly ordered when we're done with B +then this part of the stack is no longer + + align:start position:0% +then this part of the stack is no longer + + + align:start position:0% +then this part of the stack is no longer +going to be used apart for B and then + + align:start position:0% +going to be used apart for B and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to be used apart for B and then +when it calls C it's going to allocate a + + align:start position:0% +when it calls C it's going to allocate a + + + align:start position:0% +when it calls C it's going to allocate a +stack frame below a on the stack and + + align:start position:0% +stack frame below a on the stack and + + + align:start position:0% +stack frame below a on the stack and +this space is actually going to be the + + align:start position:0% +this space is actually going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +this space is actually going to be the +same space as what B was using before + + align:start position:0% +same space as what B was using before + + + align:start position:0% +same space as what B was using before +but this is fine because we're already + + align:start position:0% +but this is fine because we're already + + + align:start position:0% +but this is fine because we're already +done with the call to B then when C + + align:start position:0% +done with the call to B then when C + + + align:start position:0% +done with the call to B then when C +calls D we're gonna create a stack frame + + align:start position:0% +calls D we're gonna create a stack frame + + + align:start position:0% +calls D we're gonna create a stack frame +for D right below C when it returns + + align:start position:0% +for D right below C when it returns + + + align:start position:0% +for D right below C when it returns +we're not going to use that space + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to use that space + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to use that space +anymore so then we can reuse it for the + + align:start position:0% +anymore so then we can reuse it for the + + + align:start position:0% +anymore so then we can reuse it for the +stack frame when we call E and + + align:start position:0% +stack frame when we call E and + + + align:start position:0% +stack frame when we call E and +eventually all of these will pop back up + + align:start position:0% +eventually all of these will pop back up + + + align:start position:0% +eventually all of these will pop back up +and all of these views here's share the + + align:start position:0% +and all of these views here's share the + + + align:start position:0% +and all of these views here's share the +same view of the stack frame for a and + + align:start position:0% +same view of the stack frame for a and + + + align:start position:0% +same view of the stack frame for a and +then for C D and E they all stare share + + align:start position:0% +then for C D and E they all stare share + + + align:start position:0% +then for C D and E they all stare share +the same view of the stack for C so this + + align:start position:0% +the same view of the stack for C so this + + + align:start position:0% +the same view of the stack for C so this +is how a traditional linear stack works + + align:start position:0% +is how a traditional linear stack works + + + align:start position:0% +is how a traditional linear stack works +when you call a serial Cu or C++ program + + align:start position:0% +when you call a serial Cu or C++ program + + + align:start position:0% +when you call a serial Cu or C++ program +and you can view this as a serial walk + + align:start position:0% +and you can view this as a serial walk + + + align:start position:0% +and you can view this as a serial walk +over the invocation tree there's one + + align:start position:0% +over the invocation tree there's one + + + align:start position:0% +over the invocation tree there's one +rule for pointers with traditional + + align:start position:0% +rule for pointers with traditional + + + align:start position:0% +rule for pointers with traditional +linear stacks is that a parent can pass + + align:start position:0% +linear stacks is that a parent can pass + + + align:start position:0% +linear stacks is that a parent can pass +pointers to its stack variables down to + + align:start position:0% +pointers to its stack variables down to + + + align:start position:0% +pointers to its stack variables down to +his children but not the other way + + align:start position:0% +his children but not the other way + + + align:start position:0% +his children but not the other way +around a child can't pass a pointer to + + align:start position:0% +around a child can't pass a pointer to + + + align:start position:0% +around a child can't pass a pointer to +some local variable back to its parents + + align:start position:0% +some local variable back to its parents + + + align:start position:0% +some local variable back to its parents +so if you do that you'll get a bug in + + align:start position:0% +so if you do that you'll get a bug in + + + align:start position:0% +so if you do that you'll get a bug in +your program how many of you have tried + + align:start position:0% +your program how many of you have tried + + + align:start position:0% +your program how many of you have tried +doing that before yeah so lot of you + + align:start position:0% +doing that before yeah so lot of you + + + align:start position:0% +doing that before yeah so lot of you +right so let's see why that causes a + + align:start position:0% +right so let's see why that causes a + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's see why that causes a +problem so if I'm calling if I call B + + align:start position:0% +problem so if I'm calling if I call B + + + align:start position:0% +problem so if I'm calling if I call B +and I pass a pointer to some local + + align:start position:0% +and I pass a pointer to some local + + + align:start position:0% +and I pass a pointer to some local +variable in B stack to a and then now + + align:start position:0% +variable in B stack to a and then now + + + align:start position:0% +variable in B stack to a and then now +when a call see it's gonna overwrite + + align:start position:0% +when a call see it's gonna overwrite + + + align:start position:0% +when a call see it's gonna overwrite +this space that B was using and if B's + + align:start position:0% +this space that B was using and if B's + + + align:start position:0% +this space that B was using and if B's +local variable was stored in this space + + align:start position:0% +local variable was stored in this space + + + align:start position:0% +local variable was stored in this space +that C has now overwritten then you're + + align:start position:0% +that C has now overwritten then you're + + + align:start position:0% +that C has now overwritten then you're +just gonna see garbage and + + align:start position:0% +just gonna see garbage and + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna see garbage and +when you try to access that you're not + + align:start position:0% +when you try to access that you're not + + + align:start position:0% +when you try to access that you're not +gonna get the correct value so you can + + align:start position:0% +gonna get the correct value so you can + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get the correct value so you can +pass a pointer to a local variable down + + align:start position:0% +pass a pointer to a local variable down + + + align:start position:0% +pass a pointer to a local variable down +to any of these descendant function + + align:start position:0% +to any of these descendant function + + + align:start position:0% +to any of these descendant function +calls because they all see the same view + + align:start position:0% +calls because they all see the same view + + + align:start position:0% +calls because they all see the same view +of a stack and that's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +of a stack and that's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +of a stack and that's not going to be +overwritten + + align:start position:0% +overwritten + + + align:start position:0% +overwritten +while these descendant function calls + + align:start position:0% +while these descendant function calls + + + align:start position:0% +while these descendant function calls +are proceeding but if you pass pass it + + align:start position:0% +are proceeding but if you pass pass it + + + align:start position:0% +are proceeding but if you pass pass it +the other way then potentially the + + align:start position:0% +the other way then potentially the + + + align:start position:0% +the other way then potentially the +variable that you had a pointer to is + + align:start position:0% +variable that you had a pointer to is + + + align:start position:0% +variable that you had a pointer to is +going to be overwritten so here's one + + align:start position:0% +going to be overwritten so here's one + + + align:start position:0% +going to be overwritten so here's one +question if you want to pass memory from + + align:start position:0% +question if you want to pass memory from + + + align:start position:0% +question if you want to pass memory from +a child back to the parent where would + + align:start position:0% +a child back to the parent where would + + + align:start position:0% +a child back to the parent where would +you allocate it so you can allocate it + + align:start position:0% +you allocate it so you can allocate it + + + align:start position:0% +you allocate it so you can allocate it +on the parent what's another option yes + + align:start position:0% +on the parent what's another option yes + + + align:start position:0% +on the parent what's another option yes +another way to do this is to allocate it + + align:start position:0% +another way to do this is to allocate it + + + align:start position:0% +another way to do this is to allocate it +on the heap if you allocate on the heap + + align:start position:0% +on the heap if you allocate on the heap + + + align:start position:0% +on the heap if you allocate on the heap +even after you return from the function + + align:start position:0% +even after you return from the function + + + align:start position:0% +even after you return from the function +called that memory is going to persist + + align:start position:0% +called that memory is going to persist + + + align:start position:0% +called that memory is going to persist +you can also allocate it in the parents + + align:start position:0% +you can also allocate it in the parents + + + align:start position:0% +you can also allocate it in the parents +stack if you want + + align:start position:0% +stack if you want + + + align:start position:0% +stack if you want +in fact some programs are written that + + align:start position:0% +in fact some programs are written that + + + align:start position:0% +in fact some programs are written that +way and one of the reasons why many C + + align:start position:0% +way and one of the reasons why many C + + + align:start position:0% +way and one of the reasons why many C +functions require you to pass in memory + + align:start position:0% +functions require you to pass in memory + + + align:start position:0% +functions require you to pass in memory +to the function where it's going to + + align:start position:0% +to the function where it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +to the function where it's going to +store the return value is to try to + + align:start position:0% +store the return value is to try to + + + align:start position:0% +store the return value is to try to +avoid an expensive heap allocation in + + align:start position:0% +avoid an expensive heap allocation in + + + align:start position:0% +avoid an expensive heap allocation in +the child because if the parent + + align:start position:0% +the child because if the parent + + + align:start position:0% +the child because if the parent +allocates this space to store the result + + align:start position:0% +allocates this space to store the result + + + align:start position:0% +allocates this space to store the result +that child can just put whatever it + + align:start position:0% +that child can just put whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +that child can just put whatever it +wants to compute in that space and the + + align:start position:0% +wants to compute in that space and the + + + align:start position:0% +wants to compute in that space and the +parent will see it C so then the + + align:start position:0% +parent will see it C so then the + + + align:start position:0% +parent will see it C so then the +responsibility is up to the parent to + + align:start position:0% +responsibility is up to the parent to + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility is up to the parent to +figure out whether it wants to allocate + + align:start position:0% +figure out whether it wants to allocate + + + align:start position:0% +figure out whether it wants to allocate +the memory on the stack or on the heap + + align:start position:0% +the memory on the stack or on the heap + + + align:start position:0% +the memory on the stack or on the heap +so this is one of the reasons why you'll + + align:start position:0% +so this is one of the reasons why you'll + + + align:start position:0% +so this is one of the reasons why you'll +see many C functions where one of the + + align:start position:0% +see many C functions where one of the + + + align:start position:0% +see many C functions where one of the +arguments is a memory location where the + + align:start position:0% +arguments is a memory location where the + + + align:start position:0% +arguments is a memory location where the +result should be stored + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that was the serial case what + + align:start position:0% +okay so that was the serial case what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that was the serial case what +happens in parallel so in parallel we + + align:start position:0% +happens in parallel so in parallel we + + + align:start position:0% +happens in parallel so in parallel we +have what's called a cactus stack where + + align:start position:0% +have what's called a cactus stack where + + + align:start position:0% +have what's called a cactus stack where +we can support multiple views of the + + align:start position:0% +we can support multiple views of the + + + align:start position:0% +we can support multiple views of the +stack in parallel so let's say we have a + + align:start position:0% +stack in parallel so let's say we have a + + + align:start position:0% +stack in parallel so let's say we have a +program where it calls function a and + + align:start position:0% +program where it calls function a and + + + align:start position:0% +program where it calls function a and +then a spawns B and C so B and C are + + align:start position:0% +then a spawns B and C so B and C are + + + align:start position:0% +then a spawns B and C so B and C are +going to be running potentially in + + align:start position:0% +going to be running potentially in + + + align:start position:0% +going to be running potentially in +parallel and this C spawns D and E which + + align:start position:0% +parallel and this C spawns D and E which + + + align:start position:0% +parallel and this C spawns D and E which +can potentially be running in parallel + + align:start position:0% +can potentially be running in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +can potentially be running in parallel +so for this program we could have + + align:start position:0% +so for this program we could have + + + align:start position:0% +so for this program we could have +functions B D and E all executing in + + align:start position:0% +functions B D and E all executing in + + + align:start position:0% +functions B D and E all executing in +parallel in a cactus stack is going to + + align:start position:0% +parallel in a cactus stack is going to + + + align:start position:0% +parallel in a cactus stack is going to +allow us to have all these functions see + + align:start position:0% +allow us to have all these functions see + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to have all these functions see +the same view of the stack as they would + + align:start position:0% +the same view of the stack as they would + + + align:start position:0% +the same view of the stack as they would +have if if this program were executed + + align:start position:0% +have if if this program were executed + + + align:start position:0% +have if if this program were executed +serially and the silk runtime system + + align:start position:0% +serially and the silk runtime system + + + align:start position:0% +serially and the silk runtime system +supports the cactus stack to make it + + align:start position:0% +supports the cactus stack to make it + + + align:start position:0% +supports the cactus stack to make it +easy for writing parallel programs + + align:start position:0% +easy for writing parallel programs + + + align:start position:0% +easy for writing parallel programs +because now when you're writing programs + + align:start position:0% +because now when you're writing programs + + + align:start position:0% +because now when you're writing programs +you just have to obey the same rules for + + align:start position:0% +you just have to obey the same rules for + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to obey the same rules for +programming in serial C and C++ with + + align:start position:0% +programming in serial C and C++ with + + + align:start position:0% +programming in serial C and C++ with +regards to the stack and then you'll + + align:start position:0% +regards to the stack and then you'll + + + align:start position:0% +regards to the stack and then you'll +still get the intended behavior and it + + align:start position:0% +still get the intended behavior and it + + + align:start position:0% +still get the intended behavior and it +turns out that there's no copying of the + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there's no copying of the + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there's no copying of the +stacks here so all of these different + + align:start position:0% +stacks here so all of these different + + + align:start position:0% +stacks here so all of these different +views are seeing the same virtual memory + + align:start position:0% +views are seeing the same virtual memory + + + align:start position:0% +views are seeing the same virtual memory +addresses for a but now there is an + + align:start position:0% +addresses for a but now there is an + + + align:start position:0% +addresses for a but now there is an +issue of how how do we implement this + + align:start position:0% +issue of how how do we implement this + + + align:start position:0% +issue of how how do we implement this +cactus stack because in this serial case + + align:start position:0% +cactus stack because in this serial case + + + align:start position:0% +cactus stack because in this serial case +we could have these later stacks + + align:start position:0% +we could have these later stacks + + + align:start position:0% +we could have these later stacks +overriding the earlier stacks but in + + align:start position:0% +overriding the earlier stacks but in + + + align:start position:0% +overriding the earlier stacks but in +parallel how can we do this + + align:start position:0% +parallel how can we do this + + + align:start position:0% +parallel how can we do this +so as anyone have any simple ideas on + + align:start position:0% +so as anyone have any simple ideas on + + + align:start position:0% +so as anyone have any simple ideas on +how we can implement a cactus stack yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you could just have each child's like + + align:start position:0% +you could just have each child's like + + + align:start position:0% +you could just have each child's like +stacked start + + align:start position:0% +stacked start + + + align:start position:0% +stacked start +separate stack we're just pepper exes + + align:start position:0% +separate stack we're just pepper exes + + + align:start position:0% +separate stack we're just pepper exes +yeah so so one way to do this is to have + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so one way to do this is to have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so one way to do this is to have +each thread use a different stack and + + align:start position:0% +each thread use a different stack and + + + align:start position:0% +each thread use a different stack and +then store pointers to the different + + align:start position:0% +then store pointers to the different + + + align:start position:0% +then store pointers to the different +stack frames across the different stacks + + align:start position:0% +stack frames across the different stacks + + + align:start position:0% +stack frames across the different stacks +there's actually another way to do this + + align:start position:0% +there's actually another way to do this + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually another way to do this +which is easier okay yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +put them all in the same stack + + align:start position:0% +put them all in the same stack + + + align:start position:0% +put them all in the same stack +separated by that + + align:start position:0% +separated by that + + + align:start position:0% +separated by that +yeah so if the stacks all have a maximum + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if the stacks all have a maximum + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if the stacks all have a maximum +depth and you could just allocate a + + align:start position:0% +depth and you could just allocate a + + + align:start position:0% +depth and you could just allocate a +whole bunch of stacks which are + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of stacks which are + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of stacks which are +separated by this maximum depth there's + + align:start position:0% +separated by this maximum depth there's + + + align:start position:0% +separated by this maximum depth there's +actually another way to do this which is + + align:start position:0% +actually another way to do this which is + + + align:start position:0% +actually another way to do this which is +to not use the stack so yes way to do it + + align:start position:0% +to not use the stack so yes way to do it + + + align:start position:0% +to not use the stack so yes way to do it +the easiest way to do it is just to + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to do it is just to + + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to do it is just to +allocate it off the heap so instead of + + align:start position:0% +allocate it off the heap so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +allocate it off the heap so instead of +allocating the the frames on the stack + + align:start position:0% +allocating the the frames on the stack + + + align:start position:0% +allocating the the frames on the stack +you just do a heap allocation for each + + align:start position:0% +you just do a heap allocation for each + + + align:start position:0% +you just do a heap allocation for each +of these stack frames and then each of + + align:start position:0% +of these stack frames and then each of + + + align:start position:0% +of these stack frames and then each of +these stack frames has a pointer to the + + align:start position:0% +these stack frames has a pointer to the + + + align:start position:0% +these stack frames has a pointer to the +parent stack frame so whenever you do a + + align:start position:0% +parent stack frame so whenever you do a + + + align:start position:0% +parent stack frame so whenever you do a +function call you're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +function call you're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +function call you're going to do a +memory allocation from the heap to get a + + align:start position:0% +memory allocation from the heap to get a + + + align:start position:0% +memory allocation from the heap to get a +new stack frame and then when you finish + + align:start position:0% +new stack frame and then when you finish + + + align:start position:0% +new stack frame and then when you finish +a function you're gonna pop something + + align:start position:0% +a function you're gonna pop something + + + align:start position:0% +a function you're gonna pop something +off of this stack and free it back to + + align:start position:0% +off of this stack and free it back to + + + align:start position:0% +off of this stack and free it back to +the heap in fact a lot of early systems + + align:start position:0% +the heap in fact a lot of early systems + + + align:start position:0% +the heap in fact a lot of early systems +for parallel programming use this + + align:start position:0% +for parallel programming use this + + + align:start position:0% +for parallel programming use this +strategy of heap based + + align:start position:0% +strategy of heap based + + + align:start position:0% +strategy of heap based +cactus stacks turns out that you can + + align:start position:0% +cactus stacks turns out that you can + + + align:start position:0% +cactus stacks turns out that you can +actually minimize the performance impact + + align:start position:0% +actually minimize the performance impact + + + align:start position:0% +actually minimize the performance impact +using this strategy if you optimize the + + align:start position:0% +using this strategy if you optimize the + + + align:start position:0% +using this strategy if you optimize the +code enough but there is actually a + + align:start position:0% +code enough but there is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +code enough but there is actually a +bigger problem with using a heat based + + align:start position:0% +bigger problem with using a heat based + + + align:start position:0% +bigger problem with using a heat based +cactus stack which doesn't have to do + + align:start position:0% +cactus stack which doesn't have to do + + + align:start position:0% +cactus stack which doesn't have to do +with performance does anybody have any + + align:start position:0% +with performance does anybody have any + + + align:start position:0% +with performance does anybody have any +guesses of what this potential issue is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so let's assume that we can do + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so let's assume that we can do + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so let's assume that we can do +parallel heap allocation and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +parallel heap allocation and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +parallel heap allocation and we'll talk +about that so assuming that we can do + + align:start position:0% +about that so assuming that we can do + + + align:start position:0% +about that so assuming that we can do +that correctly what's the issue with + + align:start position:0% +that correctly what's the issue with + + + align:start position:0% +that correctly what's the issue with +this approach + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um so let's assume that you can get + + align:start position:0% +um so let's assume that you can get + + + align:start position:0% +um so let's assume that you can get +whatever stack frames you need from the + + align:start position:0% +whatever stack frames you need from the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever stack frames you need from the +heap so you don't actually need to put + + align:start position:0% +heap so you don't actually need to put + + + align:start position:0% +heap so you don't actually need to put +an upper bound on this yeah yeah so we + + align:start position:0% +an upper bound on this yeah yeah so we + + + align:start position:0% +an upper bound on this yeah yeah so we +don't know the maximum depth well let's + + align:start position:0% +don't know the maximum depth well let's + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the maximum depth well let's +say we can we can make that work so you + + align:start position:0% +say we can we can make that work so you + + + align:start position:0% +say we can we can make that work so you +don't actually need to know the maximum + + align:start position:0% +don't actually need to know the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually need to know the maximum +depth if you're allocating off the heap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any other guesses so let's say we could + + align:start position:0% +any other guesses so let's say we could + + + align:start position:0% +any other guesses so let's say we could +get that to work as well so what happens + + align:start position:0% +get that to work as well so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +get that to work as well so what happens +if I try to run some program using this + + align:start position:0% +if I try to run some program using this + + + align:start position:0% +if I try to run some program using this +heap based character stack with + + align:start position:0% +heap based character stack with + + + align:start position:0% +heap based character stack with +something that's using the regular stack + + align:start position:0% +something that's using the regular stack + + + align:start position:0% +something that's using the regular stack +so let's say I have some old legacy code + + align:start position:0% +so let's say I have some old legacy code + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say I have some old legacy code +that was already compiled using the + + align:start position:0% +that was already compiled using the + + + align:start position:0% +that was already compiled using the +traditional linear stack so there's a + + align:start position:0% +traditional linear stack so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +traditional linear stack so there's a +problem with interoperability here + + align:start position:0% +problem with interoperability here + + + align:start position:0% +problem with interoperability here +because the traditional code is assuming + + align:start position:0% +because the traditional code is assuming + + + align:start position:0% +because the traditional code is assuming +that when you make a function call the + + align:start position:0% +that when you make a function call the + + + align:start position:0% +that when you make a function call the +stack frame for the function call is + + align:start position:0% +stack frame for the function call is + + + align:start position:0% +stack frame for the function call is +going to appear right after the stack + + align:start position:0% +going to appear right after the stack + + + align:start position:0% +going to appear right after the stack +frame for the particular Kali function + + align:start position:0% +frame for the particular Kali function + + + align:start position:0% +frame for the particular Kali function +so if you try to mix code that uses the + + align:start position:0% +so if you try to mix code that uses the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you try to mix code that uses the +traditional stack as well as this + + align:start position:0% +traditional stack as well as this + + + align:start position:0% +traditional stack as well as this +heat-based cactus stack approach then + + align:start position:0% +heat-based cactus stack approach then + + + align:start position:0% +heat-based cactus stack approach then +it's not going to work well together one + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to work well together one + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to work well together one +approach is that you can just recompile + + align:start position:0% +approach is that you can just recompile + + + align:start position:0% +approach is that you can just recompile +all your code to use this heap based + + align:start position:0% +all your code to use this heap based + + + align:start position:0% +all your code to use this heap based +character stack even if you could do + + align:start position:0% +character stack even if you could do + + + align:start position:0% +character stack even if you could do +that even if all the source codes were + + align:start position:0% +that even if all the source codes were + + + align:start position:0% +that even if all the source codes were +available there are some legacy programs + + align:start position:0% +available there are some legacy programs + + + align:start position:0% +available there are some legacy programs +that actually in the source code they do + + align:start position:0% +that actually in the source code they do + + + align:start position:0% +that actually in the source code they do +some manipulations with the stack + + align:start position:0% +some manipulations with the stack + + + align:start position:0% +some manipulations with the stack +because they assume that you're using + + align:start position:0% +because they assume that you're using + + + align:start position:0% +because they assume that you're using +the traditional stack and those programs + + align:start position:0% +the traditional stack and those programs + + + align:start position:0% +the traditional stack and those programs +would no longer work if you're using a + + align:start position:0% +would no longer work if you're using a + + + align:start position:0% +would no longer work if you're using a +heap based cactus stack so the problem + + align:start position:0% +heap based cactus stack so the problem + + + align:start position:0% +heap based cactus stack so the problem +is interoperability with legacy code + + align:start position:0% +is interoperability with legacy code + + + align:start position:0% +is interoperability with legacy code +turns out that you can fix this using an + + align:start position:0% +turns out that you can fix this using an + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that you can fix this using an +approach called thread-local memory + + align:start position:0% +approach called thread-local memory + + + align:start position:0% +approach called thread-local memory +mapping so one of the students mentioned + + align:start position:0% +mapping so one of the students mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +mapping so one of the students mentioned +memory mapping but that requires changes + + align:start position:0% +memory mapping but that requires changes + + + align:start position:0% +memory mapping but that requires changes +to the operating system so it's not + + align:start position:0% +to the operating system so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +to the operating system so it's not +general-purpose but the heat based + + align:start position:0% +general-purpose but the heat based + + + align:start position:0% +general-purpose but the heat based +cactus stack turns out to be very simple + + align:start position:0% +cactus stack turns out to be very simple + + + align:start position:0% +cactus stack turns out to be very simple +and we can prove nice balance about it + + align:start position:0% +and we can prove nice balance about it + + + align:start position:0% +and we can prove nice balance about it +so besides the interoperability issue + + align:start position:0% +so besides the interoperability issue + + + align:start position:0% +so besides the interoperability issue +heat-based cactus stacks are pretty good + + align:start position:0% +heat-based cactus stacks are pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +heat-based cactus stacks are pretty good +in practice as well as in theory so we + + align:start position:0% +in practice as well as in theory so we + + + align:start position:0% +in practice as well as in theory so we +can actually prove a space-bound + + align:start position:0% +can actually prove a space-bound + + + align:start position:0% +can actually prove a space-bound +of a silk program that uses the cactus + + align:start position:0% +of a silk program that uses the cactus + + + align:start position:0% +of a silk program that uses the cactus +heat based cactus stack so let's say s1 + + align:start position:0% +heat based cactus stack so let's say s1 + + + align:start position:0% +heat based cactus stack so let's say s1 +is the stack space required by a serial + + align:start position:0% +is the stack space required by a serial + + + align:start position:0% +is the stack space required by a serial +execution of a soap program then the + + align:start position:0% +execution of a soap program then the + + + align:start position:0% +execution of a soap program then the +stack space of a pea worker execution + + align:start position:0% +stack space of a pea worker execution + + + align:start position:0% +stack space of a pea worker execution +using a heat based cactus stack it's + + align:start position:0% +using a heat based cactus stack it's + + + align:start position:0% +using a heat based cactus stack it's +going to be upper bounded by P times s1 + + align:start position:0% +going to be upper bounded by P times s1 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be upper bounded by P times s1 +so SP is the space for a P work of + + align:start position:0% +so SP is the space for a P work of + + + align:start position:0% +so SP is the space for a P work of +execution and that's less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +execution and that's less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +execution and that's less than or equal +to P times s1 to understand how this + + align:start position:0% +to P times s1 to understand how this + + + align:start position:0% +to P times s1 to understand how this +works we need to understand a little bit + + align:start position:0% +works we need to understand a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +works we need to understand a little bit +about how the soap works dealing + + align:start position:0% +about how the soap works dealing + + + align:start position:0% +about how the soap works dealing +algorithm works so in the silk + + align:start position:0% +algorithm works so in the silk + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm works so in the silk +work-stealing algorithm whenever you + + align:start position:0% +work-stealing algorithm whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +work-stealing algorithm whenever you +spawn something a work or that spawns a + + align:start position:0% +spawn something a work or that spawns a + + + align:start position:0% +spawn something a work or that spawns a +new task is going to work on the task + + align:start position:0% +new task is going to work on the task + + + align:start position:0% +new task is going to work on the task +that it spawned so therefore for any + + align:start position:0% +that it spawned so therefore for any + + + align:start position:0% +that it spawned so therefore for any +leaf in the invocation tree that + + align:start position:0% +leaf in the invocation tree that + + + align:start position:0% +leaf in the invocation tree that +currently exists there's always going to + + align:start position:0% +currently exists there's always going to + + + align:start position:0% +currently exists there's always going to +be a worker working on it there's not + + align:start position:0% +be a worker working on it there's not + + + align:start position:0% +be a worker working on it there's not +gonna be any leaves in the tree where + + align:start position:0% +gonna be any leaves in the tree where + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be any leaves in the tree where +there's no worker working on it because + + align:start position:0% +there's no worker working on it because + + + align:start position:0% +there's no worker working on it because +when a work responds a task it creates a + + align:start position:0% +when a work responds a task it creates a + + + align:start position:0% +when a work responds a task it creates a +new leaf but then it works immediately + + align:start position:0% +new leaf but then it works immediately + + + align:start position:0% +new leaf but then it works immediately +on that leaf so here we have a we have a + + align:start position:0% +on that leaf so here we have a we have a + + + align:start position:0% +on that leaf so here we have a we have a +invocation tree and for all of the + + align:start position:0% +invocation tree and for all of the + + + align:start position:0% +invocation tree and for all of the +leaves we have a processor working on it + + align:start position:0% +leaves we have a processor working on it + + + align:start position:0% +leaves we have a processor working on it +and with this busy leaves property we + + align:start position:0% +and with this busy leaves property we + + + align:start position:0% +and with this busy leaves property we +can we can easily show this space-bound + + align:start position:0% +can we can easily show this space-bound + + + align:start position:0% +can we can easily show this space-bound +so for each one of these processors the + + align:start position:0% +so for each one of these processors the + + + align:start position:0% +so for each one of these processors the +maximum stack spaces using is going to + + align:start position:0% +maximum stack spaces using is going to + + + align:start position:0% +maximum stack spaces using is going to +be upper bounded by s 1 because that's + + align:start position:0% +be upper bounded by s 1 because that's + + + align:start position:0% +be upper bounded by s 1 because that's +maximum stack space across a serial + + align:start position:0% +maximum stack space across a serial + + + align:start position:0% +maximum stack space across a serial +execution that excuse the whole program + + align:start position:0% +execution that excuse the whole program + + + align:start position:0% +execution that excuse the whole program +and then since we have P of these leaves + + align:start position:0% +and then since we have P of these leaves + + + align:start position:0% +and then since we have P of these leaves +we just multiply s 1 by P and that gives + + align:start position:0% +we just multiply s 1 by P and that gives + + + align:start position:0% +we just multiply s 1 by P and that gives +us an upper bound on the overall + + align:start position:0% +us an upper bound on the overall + + + align:start position:0% +us an upper bound on the overall +space used by Appy worker execution this + + align:start position:0% +space used by Appy worker execution this + + + align:start position:0% +space used by Appy worker execution this +can be a loose upper bound because we're + + align:start position:0% +can be a loose upper bound because we're + + + align:start position:0% +can be a loose upper bound because we're +double counting here there's some part + + align:start position:0% +double counting here there's some part + + + align:start position:0% +double counting here there's some part +of this memory that we're counting more + + align:start position:0% +of this memory that we're counting more + + + align:start position:0% +of this memory that we're counting more +than once because they're shared among + + align:start position:0% +than once because they're shared among + + + align:start position:0% +than once because they're shared among +the different processors but that's why + + align:start position:0% +the different processors but that's why + + + align:start position:0% +the different processors but that's why +we have the less than or equal to here + + align:start position:0% +we have the less than or equal to here + + + align:start position:0% +we have the less than or equal to here +so it's upper bounded by P times s1 so + + align:start position:0% +so it's upper bounded by P times s1 so + + + align:start position:0% +so it's upper bounded by P times s1 so +this is one of the nice things about + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the nice things about + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the nice things about +using a heap base cactus stack is that + + align:start position:0% +using a heap base cactus stack is that + + + align:start position:0% +using a heap base cactus stack is that +you get this good space bound any + + align:start position:0% +you get this good space bound any + + + align:start position:0% +you get this good space bound any +questions on on the space bound here so + + align:start position:0% +questions on on the space bound here so + + + align:start position:0% +questions on on the space bound here so +let's try to apply this theorem to a + + align:start position:0% +let's try to apply this theorem to a + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to apply this theorem to a +real example so this is the dividing + + align:start position:0% +real example so this is the dividing + + + align:start position:0% +real example so this is the dividing +conquer matrix multiplication code that + + align:start position:0% +conquer matrix multiplication code that + + + align:start position:0% +conquer matrix multiplication code that +we saw in a previous lecture so this is + + align:start position:0% +we saw in a previous lecture so this is + + + align:start position:0% +we saw in a previous lecture so this is +in this code we're making eight + + align:start position:0% +in this code we're making eight + + + align:start position:0% +in this code we're making eight +recursive calls the divide-and-conquer + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls the divide-and-conquer + + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls the divide-and-conquer +function each of size and over two and + + align:start position:0% +function each of size and over two and + + + align:start position:0% +function each of size and over two and +before we make any of these calls were + + align:start position:0% +before we make any of these calls were + + + align:start position:0% +before we make any of these calls were +doing a malloc to get some temporary + + align:start position:0% +doing a malloc to get some temporary + + + align:start position:0% +doing a malloc to get some temporary +space and this is of size order N + + align:start position:0% +space and this is of size order N + + + align:start position:0% +space and this is of size order N +squared and then we free this temporary + + align:start position:0% +squared and then we free this temporary + + + align:start position:0% +squared and then we free this temporary +space at the end and notice here that + + align:start position:0% +space at the end and notice here that + + + align:start position:0% +space at the end and notice here that +the allocations of the temporary matrix + + align:start position:0% +the allocations of the temporary matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the allocations of the temporary matrix +obey a stack discipline so we're + + align:start position:0% +obey a stack discipline so we're + + + align:start position:0% +obey a stack discipline so we're +allocating stuff before we make + + align:start position:0% +allocating stuff before we make + + + align:start position:0% +allocating stuff before we make +recursive calls and we're freeing it + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls and we're freeing it + + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls and we're freeing it +after or right before we return from the + + align:start position:0% +after or right before we return from the + + + align:start position:0% +after or right before we return from the +function so all the stack all the + + align:start position:0% +function so all the stack all the + + + align:start position:0% +function so all the stack all the +allocations are nested and they follow a + + align:start position:0% +allocations are nested and they follow a + + + align:start position:0% +allocations are nested and they follow a +stack discipline and it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +stack discipline and it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +stack discipline and it turns out that +even if you're allocating off the heap + + align:start position:0% +even if you're allocating off the heap + + + align:start position:0% +even if you're allocating off the heap +if you follow a stack discipline you can + + align:start position:0% +if you follow a stack discipline you can + + + align:start position:0% +if you follow a stack discipline you can +still use the space bound from the + + align:start position:0% +still use the space bound from the + + + align:start position:0% +still use the space bound from the +previous slide to to upper bound the P + + align:start position:0% +previous slide to to upper bound the P + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide to to upper bound the P +worker space okay so let's try to + + align:start position:0% +worker space okay so let's try to + + + align:start position:0% +worker space okay so let's try to +analyze the the space of this code here + + align:start position:0% +analyze the the space of this code here + + + align:start position:0% +analyze the the space of this code here +so first let's look at what the work and + + align:start position:0% +so first let's look at what the work and + + + align:start position:0% +so first let's look at what the work and +span are so this is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +span are so this is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +span are so this is just going to be +review what's the work of this dividing + + align:start position:0% +review what's the work of this dividing + + + align:start position:0% +review what's the work of this dividing +conquer matrix multiply so it's n cubed + + align:start position:0% +conquer matrix multiply so it's n cubed + + + align:start position:0% +conquer matrix multiply so it's n cubed +so it's n cubed because we have eight + + align:start position:0% +so it's n cubed because we have eight + + + align:start position:0% +so it's n cubed because we have eight +subproblems of size and over two and + + align:start position:0% +subproblems of size and over two and + + + align:start position:0% +subproblems of size and over two and +then we have to do linear work to add + + align:start position:0% +then we have to do linear work to add + + + align:start position:0% +then we have to do linear work to add +together the matrices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so our recurrence is going to be t1 of n + + align:start position:0% +so our recurrence is going to be t1 of n + + + align:start position:0% +so our recurrence is going to be t1 of n +is equal to eight times t1 event over 2 + + align:start position:0% +is equal to eight times t1 event over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to eight times t1 event over 2 +plus order N squared and that solves two + + align:start position:0% +plus order N squared and that solves two + + + align:start position:0% +plus order N squared and that solves two +order n cubed if you just pull out your + + align:start position:0% +order n cubed if you just pull out your + + + align:start position:0% +order n cubed if you just pull out your +master theorem card what about the span + + align:start position:0% +master theorem card what about the span + + + align:start position:0% +master theorem card what about the span +so what's the recurrence here yeah so + + align:start position:0% +so what's the recurrence here yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the recurrence here yeah so +the span T infinity of n is equal to T + + align:start position:0% +the span T infinity of n is equal to T + + + align:start position:0% +the span T infinity of n is equal to T +infinity of n over 2 plus a span of the + + align:start position:0% +infinity of n over 2 plus a span of the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity of n over 2 plus a span of the +addition and what's the span of the + + align:start position:0% +addition and what's the span of the + + + align:start position:0% +addition and what's the span of the +addition no let's assume that we have a + + align:start position:0% +addition no let's assume that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +addition no let's assume that we have a +parallel we have nested soak for loops + + align:start position:0% +parallel we have nested soak for loops + + + align:start position:0% +parallel we have nested soak for loops +right so then the span of that is just + + align:start position:0% +right so then the span of that is just + + + align:start position:0% +right so then the span of that is just +going to be log n since the span of ones + + align:start position:0% +going to be log n since the span of ones + + + align:start position:0% +going to be log n since the span of ones +soak for loop is log N and when you nest + + align:start position:0% +soak for loop is log N and when you nest + + + align:start position:0% +soak for loop is log N and when you nest +them you just add together the span so + + align:start position:0% +them you just add together the span so + + + align:start position:0% +them you just add together the span so +it's gonna be T infinity of n is equal + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be T infinity of n is equal + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be T infinity of n is equal +to T infinity of n over 2 plus order log + + align:start position:0% +to T infinity of n over 2 plus order log + + + align:start position:0% +to T infinity of n over 2 plus order log +N and what does that solve to yeah so + + align:start position:0% +N and what does that solve to yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +N and what does that solve to yeah so +it's gonna solve to order log squared n + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna solve to order log squared n + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna solve to order log squared n +again you can pull out your master + + align:start position:0% +again you can pull out your master + + + align:start position:0% +again you can pull out your master +theorem card in look at one of the three + + align:start position:0% +theorem card in look at one of the three + + + align:start position:0% +theorem card in look at one of the three +cases okay so now let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +cases okay so now let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +cases okay so now let's look at the +space what's going to be the recurrence + + align:start position:0% +space what's going to be the recurrence + + + align:start position:0% +space what's going to be the recurrence +for the space yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the only only place we're generating new + + align:start position:0% +the only only place we're generating new + + + align:start position:0% +the only only place we're generating new +space is when we call this malloc here + + align:start position:0% +space is when we call this malloc here + + + align:start position:0% +space is when we call this malloc here +so they're all seeing the same original + + align:start position:0% +so they're all seeing the same original + + + align:start position:0% +so they're all seeing the same original +matrix so what would the recurrence be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the N squared term is right do we + + align:start position:0% +so the N squared term is right do we + + + align:start position:0% +so the N squared term is right do we +actually need eight subproblems of size + + align:start position:0% +actually need eight subproblems of size + + + align:start position:0% +actually need eight subproblems of size +n over two what happens after we finish + + align:start position:0% +n over two what happens after we finish + + + align:start position:0% +n over two what happens after we finish +one of these subproblems are we still + + align:start position:0% +one of these subproblems are we still + + + align:start position:0% +one of these subproblems are we still +gonna use the space for it right so you + + align:start position:0% +gonna use the space for it right so you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna use the space for it right so you +can actually reuse the memory because + + align:start position:0% +can actually reuse the memory because + + + align:start position:0% +can actually reuse the memory because +you free the memory you allocate it + + align:start position:0% +you free the memory you allocate it + + + align:start position:0% +you free the memory you allocate it +after each one of these recursive calls + + align:start position:0% +after each one of these recursive calls + + + align:start position:0% +after each one of these recursive calls +so therefore the recurrence is just + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the recurrence is just + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the recurrence is just +gonna be s of n over 2 plus theta of N + + align:start position:0% +gonna be s of n over 2 plus theta of N + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be s of n over 2 plus theta of N +squared and what does that solve 2n + + align:start position:0% +squared and what does that solve 2n + + + align:start position:0% +squared and what does that solve 2n +squared right + + align:start position:0% +squared right + + + align:start position:0% +squared right +so here the N squared term actually + + align:start position:0% +so here the N squared term actually + + + align:start position:0% +so here the N squared term actually +dominates you have a decreasing + + align:start position:0% +dominates you have a decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +dominates you have a decreasing +geometric series so it's dominated at + + align:start position:0% +geometric series so it's dominated at + + + align:start position:0% +geometric series so it's dominated at +the root and you get theta of n squared + + align:start position:0% +the root and you get theta of n squared + + + align:start position:0% +the root and you get theta of n squared +and therefore by using the busy leaves + + align:start position:0% +and therefore by using the busy leaves + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore by using the busy leaves +property and the theorem for the space + + align:start position:0% +property and the theorem for the space + + + align:start position:0% +property and the theorem for the space +bound this tells us that on P processors + + align:start position:0% +bound this tells us that on P processors + + + align:start position:0% +bound this tells us that on P processors +the space is going to be bounded by P + + align:start position:0% +the space is going to be bounded by P + + + align:start position:0% +the space is going to be bounded by P +times N squared and this is actually + + align:start position:0% +times N squared and this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +times N squared and this is actually +pretty good since we are we have a bound + + align:start position:0% +pretty good since we are we have a bound + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good since we are we have a bound +on this it turns out that we can + + align:start position:0% +on this it turns out that we can + + + align:start position:0% +on this it turns out that we can +actually prove a stronger bound for this + + align:start position:0% +actually prove a stronger bound for this + + + align:start position:0% +actually prove a stronger bound for this +particular example and I'll walk you + + align:start position:0% +particular example and I'll walk you + + + align:start position:0% +particular example and I'll walk you +through how we can prove this stronger + + align:start position:0% +through how we can prove this stronger + + + align:start position:0% +through how we can prove this stronger +bound here so order P times N squared is + + align:start position:0% +bound here so order P times N squared is + + + align:start position:0% +bound here so order P times N squared is +already pretty good but we can actually + + align:start position:0% +already pretty good but we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +already pretty good but we can actually +do better if we look internally at how + + align:start position:0% +do better if we look internally at how + + + align:start position:0% +do better if we look internally at how +this algorithm is structured so on each + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm is structured so on each + + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm is structured so on each +level of recursion we're branching eight + + align:start position:0% +level of recursion we're branching eight + + + align:start position:0% +level of recursion we're branching eight +ways and most of the space is going to + + align:start position:0% +ways and most of the space is going to + + + align:start position:0% +ways and most of the space is going to +be used near the top of this recursion + + align:start position:0% +be used near the top of this recursion + + + align:start position:0% +be used near the top of this recursion +tree so if I branch as much as possible + + align:start position:0% +tree so if I branch as much as possible + + + align:start position:0% +tree so if I branch as much as possible +near the top of my recursion tree then + + align:start position:0% +near the top of my recursion tree then + + + align:start position:0% +near the top of my recursion tree then +that's going to give me my worst case + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give me my worst case + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give me my worst case +space bound because the space is + + align:start position:0% +space bound because the space is + + + align:start position:0% +space bound because the space is +decreasing geometrically as I go down + + align:start position:0% +decreasing geometrically as I go down + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing geometrically as I go down +the tree so I'm going to branch eight + + align:start position:0% +the tree so I'm going to branch eight + + + align:start position:0% +the tree so I'm going to branch eight +ways until I get to some level K in the + + align:start position:0% +ways until I get to some level K in the + + + align:start position:0% +ways until I get to some level K in the +recursion tree where I have P nodes and + + align:start position:0% +recursion tree where I have P nodes and + + + align:start position:0% +recursion tree where I have P nodes and +at that point I'm not gonna branch + + align:start position:0% +at that point I'm not gonna branch + + + align:start position:0% +at that point I'm not gonna branch +anymore anymore because I've already + + align:start position:0% +anymore anymore because I've already + + + align:start position:0% +anymore anymore because I've already +used up all P nodes and that's the + + align:start position:0% +used up all P nodes and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +used up all P nodes and that's the +number of workers I have so let's say I + + align:start position:0% +number of workers I have so let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +number of workers I have so let's say I +have this level K here where I have P + + align:start position:0% +have this level K here where I have P + + + align:start position:0% +have this level K here where I have P +nodes so so what what would be the value + + align:start position:0% +nodes so so what what would be the value + + + align:start position:0% +nodes so so what what would be the value +of K here so if I branch eight ways how + + align:start position:0% +of K here so if I branch eight ways how + + + align:start position:0% +of K here so if I branch eight ways how +many levels do I have to go until I get + + align:start position:0% +many levels do I have to go until I get + + + align:start position:0% +many levels do I have to go until I get +to P nodes yes yes log base 8 of P so we + + align:start position:0% +to P nodes yes yes log base 8 of P so we + + + align:start position:0% +to P nodes yes yes log base 8 of P so we +have 8 to the K equal P because we're + + align:start position:0% +have 8 to the K equal P because we're + + + align:start position:0% +have 8 to the K equal P because we're +branching K ways and then using some + + align:start position:0% +branching K ways and then using some + + + align:start position:0% +branching K ways and then using some +algebra you can get it so that K is + + align:start position:0% +algebra you can get it so that K is + + + align:start position:0% +algebra you can get it so that K is +equal to log base 8 of P which is equal + + align:start position:0% +equal to log base 8 of P which is equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to log base 8 of P which is equal +to log base 2 of P divided by 3 and then + + align:start position:0% +to log base 2 of P divided by 3 and then + + + align:start position:0% +to log base 2 of P divided by 3 and then +at this level K downwards it's going to + + align:start position:0% +at this level K downwards it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +at this level K downwards it's going to +decrease geometrically so the space is + + align:start position:0% +decrease geometrically so the space is + + + align:start position:0% +decrease geometrically so the space is +going to be dominating at this level K + + align:start position:0% +going to be dominating at this level K + + + align:start position:0% +going to be dominating at this level K +so the space decreases geometrically as + + align:start position:0% +so the space decreases geometrically as + + + align:start position:0% +so the space decreases geometrically as +you go down from level K and also as you + + align:start position:0% +you go down from level K and also as you + + + align:start position:0% +you go down from level K and also as you +go up from level K so therefore we can + + align:start position:0% +go up from level K so therefore we can + + + align:start position:0% +go up from level K so therefore we can +just look at what the space is at this + + align:start position:0% +just look at what the space is at this + + + align:start position:0% +just look at what the space is at this +level K here so the space is going to be + + align:start position:0% +level K here so the space is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +level K here so the space is going to be +P times the size of each one of these + + align:start position:0% +P times the size of each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +P times the size of each one of these +notes squared and the size of each one + + align:start position:0% +notes squared and the size of each one + + + align:start position:0% +notes squared and the size of each one +of these nodes is going to be n over 2 + + align:start position:0% +of these nodes is going to be n over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +of these nodes is going to be n over 2 +to the log base 2 of P over 3 and then + + align:start position:0% +to the log base 2 of P over 3 and then + + + align:start position:0% +to the log base 2 of P over 3 and then +we square that because we're using N + + align:start position:0% +we square that because we're using N + + + align:start position:0% +we square that because we're using N +squared temporary space so if you solve + + align:start position:0% +squared temporary space so if you solve + + + align:start position:0% +squared temporary space so if you solve +that that gives you P to the one-third + + align:start position:0% +that that gives you P to the one-third + + + align:start position:0% +that that gives you P to the one-third +times N squared which is better than the + + align:start position:0% +times N squared which is better than the + + + align:start position:0% +times N squared which is better than the +upper bound we saw earlier of order P + + align:start position:0% +upper bound we saw earlier of order P + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound we saw earlier of order P +times N squared so you can work out the + + align:start position:0% +times N squared so you can work out the + + + align:start position:0% +times N squared so you can work out the +details for this example not all the + + align:start position:0% +details for this example not all the + + + align:start position:0% +details for this example not all the +details are shown on this slide you need + + align:start position:0% +details are shown on this slide you need + + + align:start position:0% +details are shown on this slide you need +to show that the level K here actually + + align:start position:0% +to show that the level K here actually + + + align:start position:0% +to show that the level K here actually +dominates all the other levels in the + + align:start position:0% +dominates all the other levels in the + + + align:start position:0% +dominates all the other levels in the +recursion tree but in general if you + + align:start position:0% +recursion tree but in general if you + + + align:start position:0% +recursion tree but in general if you +know what the structure of the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +know what the structure of the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +know what the structure of the algorithm +is you can potentially prove a stronger + + align:start position:0% +is you can potentially prove a stronger + + + align:start position:0% +is you can potentially prove a stronger +space-bound than just applying the + + align:start position:0% +space-bound than just applying the + + + align:start position:0% +space-bound than just applying the +general theorem we showed on the + + align:start position:0% +general theorem we showed on the + + + align:start position:0% +general theorem we showed on the +previous slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so any any questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so as I said before the problem + + align:start position:0% +okay so as I said before the problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay so as I said before the problem +with heap base linkage is that parallel + + align:start position:0% +with heap base linkage is that parallel + + + align:start position:0% +with heap base linkage is that parallel +functions fail to interoperate with + + align:start position:0% +functions fail to interoperate with + + + align:start position:0% +functions fail to interoperate with +legacy and third party serial binaries + + align:start position:0% +legacy and third party serial binaries + + + align:start position:0% +legacy and third party serial binaries +yes was there a question yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boss + + align:start position:0% +boss + + + align:start position:0% +boss +you don't actually know that but this + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually know that but this + + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually know that but this +turns out to be the worst case so if it + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be the worst case so if it + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be the worst case so if it +branches any other way the space is just + + align:start position:0% +branches any other way the space is just + + + align:start position:0% +branches any other way the space is just +going to be lower so you have to argue + + align:start position:0% +going to be lower so you have to argue + + + align:start position:0% +going to be lower so you have to argue +that this is going to be the worst case + + align:start position:0% +that this is going to be the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +that this is going to be the worst case +and it's going to be intuitively it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be intuitively it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be intuitively it's +the worst case because you're using most + + align:start position:0% +the worst case because you're using most + + + align:start position:0% +the worst case because you're using most +of the memory near the root of the + + align:start position:0% +of the memory near the root of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the memory near the root of the +recursion tree so if you can get all the + + align:start position:0% +recursion tree so if you can get all the + + + align:start position:0% +recursion tree so if you can get all the +alpide notes as close as possible to the + + align:start position:0% +alpide notes as close as possible to the + + + align:start position:0% +alpide notes as close as possible to the +root that's going to make your space as + + align:start position:0% +root that's going to make your space as + + + align:start position:0% +root that's going to make your space as +high as possible it's a good question so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parallel functions fail to interoperate + + align:start position:0% +parallel functions fail to interoperate + + + align:start position:0% +parallel functions fail to interoperate +with legacy and third party serial + + align:start position:0% +with legacy and third party serial + + + align:start position:0% +with legacy and third party serial +binaries even if you can recompile all + + align:start position:0% +binaries even if you can recompile all + + + align:start position:0% +binaries even if you can recompile all +of this code which isn't always + + align:start position:0% +of this code which isn't always + + + align:start position:0% +of this code which isn't always +necessarily the case you can still have + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the case you can still have + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the case you can still have +issue is if the legacy code is taking + + align:start position:0% +issue is if the legacy code is taking + + + align:start position:0% +issue is if the legacy code is taking +advantage of the traditional in your + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the traditional in your + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the traditional in your +stack inside the source code so our + + align:start position:0% +stack inside the source code so our + + + align:start position:0% +stack inside the source code so our +implementation of silk uses a less space + + align:start position:0% +implementation of silk uses a less space + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of silk uses a less space +efficient strategy that is interoperable + + align:start position:0% +efficient strategy that is interoperable + + + align:start position:0% +efficient strategy that is interoperable +with legacy code and it uses a pool of + + align:start position:0% +with legacy code and it uses a pool of + + + align:start position:0% +with legacy code and it uses a pool of +linear stacks instead of a heap based + + align:start position:0% +linear stacks instead of a heap based + + + align:start position:0% +linear stacks instead of a heap based +strategy so we're gonna maintain a pool + + align:start position:0% +strategy so we're gonna maintain a pool + + + align:start position:0% +strategy so we're gonna maintain a pool +of linear stacks lying around there's + + align:start position:0% +of linear stacks lying around there's + + + align:start position:0% +of linear stacks lying around there's +gonna be more than P stacks lying around + + align:start position:0% +gonna be more than P stacks lying around + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be more than P stacks lying around +and whenever I work or tries to steal + + align:start position:0% +and whenever I work or tries to steal + + + align:start position:0% +and whenever I work or tries to steal +something it's going to try to acquire + + align:start position:0% +something it's going to try to acquire + + + align:start position:0% +something it's going to try to acquire +one of these tasks from this pool of + + align:start position:0% +one of these tasks from this pool of + + + align:start position:0% +one of these tasks from this pool of +linear tasks and when it's done it will + + align:start position:0% +linear tasks and when it's done it will + + + align:start position:0% +linear tasks and when it's done it will +return it back but when it finds that + + align:start position:0% +return it back but when it finds that + + + align:start position:0% +return it back but when it finds that +there's no more linear sex in this pool + + align:start position:0% +there's no more linear sex in this pool + + + align:start position:0% +there's no more linear sex in this pool +then it's not gonna steal any more so + + align:start position:0% +then it's not gonna steal any more so + + + align:start position:0% +then it's not gonna steal any more so +this is still going to preserve the + + align:start position:0% +this is still going to preserve the + + + align:start position:0% +this is still going to preserve the +space bound as long as the number of + + align:start position:0% +space bound as long as the number of + + + align:start position:0% +space bound as long as the number of +stacks is a constant times the number of + + align:start position:0% +stacks is a constant times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +stacks is a constant times the number of +processors but it will affect the time + + align:start position:0% +processors but it will affect the time + + + align:start position:0% +processors but it will affect the time +bounds of the work-stealing algorithm + + align:start position:0% +bounds of the work-stealing algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +bounds of the work-stealing algorithm +because now when a workers idle it might + + align:start position:0% +because now when a workers idle it might + + + align:start position:0% +because now when a workers idle it might +not necessarily have the chance to steal + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily have the chance to steal + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily have the chance to steal +if they're no more stacks lying around + + align:start position:0% +if they're no more stacks lying around + + + align:start position:0% +if they're no more stacks lying around +this strategy doesn't require any + + align:start position:0% +this strategy doesn't require any + + + align:start position:0% +this strategy doesn't require any +changes to the operating system there is + + align:start position:0% +changes to the operating system there is + + + align:start position:0% +changes to the operating system there is +a way where you can preserve the space + + align:start position:0% +a way where you can preserve the space + + + align:start position:0% +a way where you can preserve the space +and the time balance using thread-local + + align:start position:0% +and the time balance using thread-local + + + align:start position:0% +and the time balance using thread-local +memory mapping but this does require + + align:start position:0% +memory mapping but this does require + + + align:start position:0% +memory mapping but this does require +changes to the operating system so our + + align:start position:0% +changes to the operating system so our + + + align:start position:0% +changes to the operating system so our +implementation of silk uses a pool of + + align:start position:0% +implementation of silk uses a pool of + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of silk uses a pool of +linear stacks and is based on the intel + + align:start position:0% +linear stacks and is based on the intel + + + align:start position:0% +linear stacks and is based on the intel +implementation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so we talked about stacks + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we talked about stacks + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we talked about stacks +and that we just reduced a problem to + + align:start position:0% +and that we just reduced a problem to + + + align:start position:0% +and that we just reduced a problem to +heap allocation so now we have to talk + + align:start position:0% +heap allocation so now we have to talk + + + align:start position:0% +heap allocation so now we have to talk +about heaps so let's review some basic + + align:start position:0% +about heaps so let's review some basic + + + align:start position:0% +about heaps so let's review some basic +properties of heap storage allocators so + + align:start position:0% +properties of heap storage allocators so + + + align:start position:0% +properties of heap storage allocators so +here's a definition the allocator speed + + align:start position:0% +here's a definition the allocator speed + + + align:start position:0% +here's a definition the allocator speed +is a number of allocations and + + align:start position:0% +is a number of allocations and + + + align:start position:0% +is a number of allocations and +deallocations per second that the + + align:start position:0% +deallocations per second that the + + + align:start position:0% +deallocations per second that the +allocator can sustain and here's a + + align:start position:0% +allocator can sustain and here's a + + + align:start position:0% +allocator can sustain and here's a +question is it more important to + + align:start position:0% +question is it more important to + + + align:start position:0% +question is it more important to +maximize the allocator speed for large + + align:start position:0% +maximize the allocator speed for large + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the allocator speed for large +blocks or small blocks yeah + + align:start position:0% +blocks or small blocks yeah + + + align:start position:0% +blocks or small blocks yeah +so small blocks here's another question + + align:start position:0% +so small blocks here's another question + + + align:start position:0% +so small blocks here's another question +why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes sir you're gonna be doing a lot of + + align:start position:0% +yes sir you're gonna be doing a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +yes sir you're gonna be doing a lot of +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes one answer is that you're gonna be + + align:start position:0% +yes one answer is that you're gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +yes one answer is that you're gonna be +doing a lot more allocations and + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot more allocations and + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot more allocations and +deallocations of small blocks than large + + align:start position:0% +deallocations of small blocks than large + + + align:start position:0% +deallocations of small blocks than large +blocks there's actually a more + + align:start position:0% +blocks there's actually a more + + + align:start position:0% +blocks there's actually a more +fundamental reason why it's more + + align:start position:0% +fundamental reason why it's more + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental reason why it's more +important to optimize for small blocks + + align:start position:0% +important to optimize for small blocks + + + align:start position:0% +important to optimize for small blocks +it's anybody yeah so that's another + + align:start position:0% +it's anybody yeah so that's another + + + align:start position:0% +it's anybody yeah so that's another +reason for small blocks it's more likely + + align:start position:0% +reason for small blocks it's more likely + + + align:start position:0% +reason for small blocks it's more likely +that it will lead to fragmentation if + + align:start position:0% +that it will lead to fragmentation if + + + align:start position:0% +that it will lead to fragmentation if +you don't optimize for small blocks + + align:start position:0% +you don't optimize for small blocks + + + align:start position:0% +you don't optimize for small blocks +what's another reason yes anyway so like + + align:start position:0% +what's another reason yes anyway so like + + + align:start position:0% +what's another reason yes anyway so like +the overhead is growing anymore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the reason the main reason is that + + align:start position:0% +so the reason the main reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +so the reason the main reason is that +when you're allocating a large when + + align:start position:0% +when you're allocating a large when + + + align:start position:0% +when you're allocating a large when +you're allocating a block a user program + + align:start position:0% +you're allocating a block a user program + + + align:start position:0% +you're allocating a block a user program +is typically going to write to all the + + align:start position:0% +is typically going to write to all the + + + align:start position:0% +is typically going to write to all the +bytes in the block and therefore for a + + align:start position:0% +bytes in the block and therefore for a + + + align:start position:0% +bytes in the block and therefore for a +large block it takes so much time to + + align:start position:0% +large block it takes so much time to + + + align:start position:0% +large block it takes so much time to +write that the allocator time has little + + align:start position:0% +write that the allocator time has little + + + align:start position:0% +write that the allocator time has little +effect on the overall running time + + align:start position:0% +effect on the overall running time + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the overall running time +whereas if a program allocates many + + align:start position:0% +whereas if a program allocates many + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if a program allocates many +small blocks the amount of work useful + + align:start position:0% +small blocks the amount of work useful + + + align:start position:0% +small blocks the amount of work useful +work is actually doing on the block is + + align:start position:0% +work is actually doing on the block is + + + align:start position:0% +work is actually doing on the block is +going to be it can be comparable to the + + align:start position:0% +going to be it can be comparable to the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be it can be comparable to the +overhead for the allocation and + + align:start position:0% +overhead for the allocation and + + + align:start position:0% +overhead for the allocation and +therefore all the allocation overhead + + align:start position:0% +therefore all the allocation overhead + + + align:start position:0% +therefore all the allocation overhead +can add up to a significant amount for + + align:start position:0% +can add up to a significant amount for + + + align:start position:0% +can add up to a significant amount for +small blocks so essentially for large + + align:start position:0% +small blocks so essentially for large + + + align:start position:0% +small blocks so essentially for large +blocks you can amortize away the + + align:start position:0% +blocks you can amortize away the + + + align:start position:0% +blocks you can amortize away the +overheads for storage allocation whereas + + align:start position:0% +overheads for storage allocation whereas + + + align:start position:0% +overheads for storage allocation whereas +for small blocks it's harder to do that + + align:start position:0% +for small blocks it's harder to do that + + + align:start position:0% +for small blocks it's harder to do that +therefore it's important to optimize for + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's important to optimize for + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's important to optimize for +small blocks here's another definition + + align:start position:0% +small blocks here's another definition + + + align:start position:0% +small blocks here's another definition +so the user footprint is the maximum + + align:start position:0% +so the user footprint is the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +so the user footprint is the maximum +over time of the number U of bytes in + + align:start position:0% +over time of the number U of bytes in + + + align:start position:0% +over time of the number U of bytes in +use by the user program and these are + + align:start position:0% +use by the user program and these are + + + align:start position:0% +use by the user program and these are +the bytes that are allocated and not + + align:start position:0% +the bytes that are allocated and not + + + align:start position:0% +the bytes that are allocated and not +freed and this is measuring the peak + + align:start position:0% +freed and this is measuring the peak + + + align:start position:0% +freed and this is measuring the peak +memory usage it's not necessarily equal + + align:start position:0% +memory usage it's not necessarily equal + + + align:start position:0% +memory usage it's not necessarily equal +to the sum of the sizes that you have + + align:start position:0% +to the sum of the sizes that you have + + + align:start position:0% +to the sum of the sizes that you have +allocated so far because you might have + + align:start position:0% +allocated so far because you might have + + + align:start position:0% +allocated so far because you might have +reused some of that so the user + + align:start position:0% +reused some of that so the user + + + align:start position:0% +reused some of that so the user +footprint is the peak memory usage in + + align:start position:0% +footprint is the peak memory usage in + + + align:start position:0% +footprint is the peak memory usage in +number of bytes + + align:start position:0% +number of bytes + + + align:start position:0% +number of bytes +and the allocator footprint is a maximum + + align:start position:0% +and the allocator footprint is a maximum + + + align:start position:0% +and the allocator footprint is a maximum +over time of the number of bytes that + + align:start position:0% +over time of the number of bytes that + + + align:start position:0% +over time of the number of bytes that +the memory provided to the allocator by + + align:start position:0% +the memory provided to the allocator by + + + align:start position:0% +the memory provided to the allocator by +the operating system and the reason why + + align:start position:0% +the operating system and the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +the operating system and the reason why +the allocator footprint could be larger + + align:start position:0% +the allocator footprint could be larger + + + align:start position:0% +the allocator footprint could be larger +than the user footprint is that when you + + align:start position:0% +than the user footprint is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +than the user footprint is that when you +ask the OS for a saw memory it could + + align:start position:0% +ask the OS for a saw memory it could + + + align:start position:0% +ask the OS for a saw memory it could +give you more than what you asked for + + align:start position:0% +give you more than what you asked for + + + align:start position:0% +give you more than what you asked for +and similarly if you ask malloc for some + + align:start position:0% +and similarly if you ask malloc for some + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly if you ask malloc for some +amount of memory you can also give you + + align:start position:0% +amount of memory you can also give you + + + align:start position:0% +amount of memory you can also give you +more than what you asked for and the + + align:start position:0% +more than what you asked for and the + + + align:start position:0% +more than what you asked for and the +fragmentation is defined to be a divided + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation is defined to be a divided + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation is defined to be a divided +by you and a program with low + + align:start position:0% +by you and a program with low + + + align:start position:0% +by you and a program with low +fragmentation will keep this ratio as + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation will keep this ratio as + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation will keep this ratio as +low as possible so to keep the allocated + + align:start position:0% +low as possible so to keep the allocated + + + align:start position:0% +low as possible so to keep the allocated +footprint as close as possible to the + + align:start position:0% +footprint as close as possible to the + + + align:start position:0% +footprint as close as possible to the +user footprint and in the best case this + + align:start position:0% +user footprint and in the best case this + + + align:start position:0% +user footprint and in the best case this +ratio is going to be once you're using + + align:start position:0% +ratio is going to be once you're using + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is going to be once you're using +all of the memory that the operating + + align:start position:0% +all of the memory that the operating + + + align:start position:0% +all of the memory that the operating +system allocated one remark is that the + + align:start position:0% +system allocated one remark is that the + + + align:start position:0% +system allocated one remark is that the +alligator footprint a usually grows + + align:start position:0% +alligator footprint a usually grows + + + align:start position:0% +alligator footprint a usually grows +monotonically for many alligators so it + + align:start position:0% +monotonically for many alligators so it + + + align:start position:0% +monotonically for many alligators so it +turns out that many alligators do Maps + + align:start position:0% +turns out that many alligators do Maps + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that many alligators do Maps +to get more memory but they don't always + + align:start position:0% +to get more memory but they don't always + + + align:start position:0% +to get more memory but they don't always +free this memory back to the OS and you + + align:start position:0% +free this memory back to the OS and you + + + align:start position:0% +free this memory back to the OS and you +can't actually free memory using + + align:start position:0% +can't actually free memory using + + + align:start position:0% +can't actually free memory using +something called M on map which is the + + align:start position:0% +something called M on map which is the + + + align:start position:0% +something called M on map which is the +opposite of a map to give memory back to + + align:start position:0% +opposite of a map to give memory back to + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of a map to give memory back to +the OS but this turns out to be pretty + + align:start position:0% +the OS but this turns out to be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the OS but this turns out to be pretty +expensive in modern operating systems + + align:start position:0% +expensive in modern operating systems + + + align:start position:0% +expensive in modern operating systems +their implementation is not very + + align:start position:0% +their implementation is not very + + + align:start position:0% +their implementation is not very +efficient so many alligators don't use + + align:start position:0% +efficient so many alligators don't use + + + align:start position:0% +efficient so many alligators don't use +unmapped you can also use something + + align:start position:0% +unmapped you can also use something + + + align:start position:0% +unmapped you can also use something +called M advised and what M advised tel + + align:start position:0% +called M advised and what M advised tel + + + align:start position:0% +called M advised and what M advised tel +does is it tells the operating system + + align:start position:0% +does is it tells the operating system + + + align:start position:0% +does is it tells the operating system +that you're not going to be using this + + align:start position:0% +that you're not going to be using this + + + align:start position:0% +that you're not going to be using this +page anymore but to keep it around in + + align:start position:0% +page anymore but to keep it around in + + + align:start position:0% +page anymore but to keep it around in +virtual memory so this has less overhead + + align:start position:0% +virtual memory so this has less overhead + + + align:start position:0% +virtual memory so this has less overhead +because it doesn't have to clear this + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't have to clear this + + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't have to clear this +entry from the page table it just has to + + align:start position:0% +entry from the page table it just has to + + + align:start position:0% +entry from the page table it just has to +mark that the program isn't using this + + align:start position:0% +mark that the program isn't using this + + + align:start position:0% +mark that the program isn't using this +page anymore so some alligators use m + + align:start position:0% +page anymore so some alligators use m + + + align:start position:0% +page anymore so some alligators use m +advice with the option don't need to + + align:start position:0% +advice with the option don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +advice with the option don't need to +free memory but but a is usually still + + align:start position:0% +free memory but but a is usually still + + + align:start position:0% +free memory but but a is usually still +growing monotonically over time because + + align:start position:0% +growing monotonically over time because + + + align:start position:0% +growing monotonically over time because +alligators don't necessarily free all + + align:start position:0% +alligators don't necessarily free all + + + align:start position:0% +alligators don't necessarily free all +the things back to the OS that they + + align:start position:0% +the things back to the OS that they + + + align:start position:0% +the things back to the OS that they +allocated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's a theorem that we proved in last + + align:start position:0% +here's a theorem that we proved in last + + + align:start position:0% +here's a theorem that we proved in last +week's lecture which says that the + + align:start position:0% +week's lecture which says that the + + + align:start position:0% +week's lecture which says that the +fragmentation for been free list is + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation for been free list is + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation for been free list is +order log base two of you or just order + + align:start position:0% +order log base two of you or just order + + + align:start position:0% +order log base two of you or just order +log U and the reason for this is that + + align:start position:0% +log U and the reason for this is that + + + align:start position:0% +log U and the reason for this is that +you can have log base two of you bins + + align:start position:0% +you can have log base two of you bins + + + align:start position:0% +you can have log base two of you bins +and for each bin it can basically + + align:start position:0% +and for each bin it can basically + + + align:start position:0% +and for each bin it can basically +contain you bytes of storage so overall + + align:start position:0% +contain you bytes of storage so overall + + + align:start position:0% +contain you bytes of storage so overall +you can you use overall you could have + + align:start position:0% +you can you use overall you could have + + + align:start position:0% +you can you use overall you could have +allocated u times log u storage and only + + align:start position:0% +allocated u times log u storage and only + + + align:start position:0% +allocated u times log u storage and only +be using U of those bytes so therefore + + align:start position:0% +be using U of those bytes so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +be using U of those bytes so therefore +the fragmentation is order log u another + + align:start position:0% +the fragmentation is order log u another + + + align:start position:0% +the fragmentation is order log u another +thing to note is that modern 64-bit + + align:start position:0% +thing to note is that modern 64-bit + + + align:start position:0% +thing to note is that modern 64-bit +processors only provide about 2 to 48 + + align:start position:0% +processors only provide about 2 to 48 + + + align:start position:0% +processors only provide about 2 to 48 +bytes of virtual address space so this + + align:start position:0% +bytes of virtual address space so this + + + align:start position:0% +bytes of virtual address space so this +is sort of news because you would + + align:start position:0% +is sort of news because you would + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of news because you would +probably expect that for a 64-bit + + align:start position:0% +probably expect that for a 64-bit + + + align:start position:0% +probably expect that for a 64-bit +processor you have to the 64 bytes of + + align:start position:0% +processor you have to the 64 bytes of + + + align:start position:0% +processor you have to the 64 bytes of +virtual address space but that turns out + + align:start position:0% +virtual address space but that turns out + + + align:start position:0% +virtual address space but that turns out +not to be the case so they only support + + align:start position:0% +not to be the case so they only support + + + align:start position:0% +not to be the case so they only support +to the 48 bytes and that turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +to the 48 bytes and that turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +to the 48 bytes and that turns out to be +enough for all the programs that you + + align:start position:0% +enough for all the programs that you + + + align:start position:0% +enough for all the programs that you +would want to write and that's also + + align:start position:0% +would want to write and that's also + + + align:start position:0% +would want to write and that's also +going to be much more than the physical + + align:start position:0% +going to be much more than the physical + + + align:start position:0% +going to be much more than the physical +memory you would have on a machine so + + align:start position:0% +memory you would have on a machine so + + + align:start position:0% +memory you would have on a machine so +nowadays you can get a big server with a + + align:start position:0% +nowadays you can get a big server with a + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays you can get a big server with a +terabyte of memory or two xl bytes of + + align:start position:0% +terabyte of memory or two xl bytes of + + + align:start position:0% +terabyte of memory or two xl bytes of +physical memory which is still much + + align:start position:0% +physical memory which is still much + + + align:start position:0% +physical memory which is still much +lower than the number of bytes in the + + align:start position:0% +lower than the number of bytes in the + + + align:start position:0% +lower than the number of bytes in the +virtual address space any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so here are some more definitions + + align:start position:0% +okay so here are some more definitions + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here are some more definitions +so the space overhead of an alligator is + + align:start position:0% +so the space overhead of an alligator is + + + align:start position:0% +so the space overhead of an alligator is +a space used for bookkeeping so you + + align:start position:0% +a space used for bookkeeping so you + + + align:start position:0% +a space used for bookkeeping so you +could store perhaps you could store + + align:start position:0% +could store perhaps you could store + + + align:start position:0% +could store perhaps you could store +headers with the blocks that you + + align:start position:0% +headers with the blocks that you + + + align:start position:0% +headers with the blocks that you +allocate to keep track of the size and + + align:start position:0% +allocate to keep track of the size and + + + align:start position:0% +allocate to keep track of the size and +other information and that would + + align:start position:0% +other information and that would + + + align:start position:0% +other information and that would +contribute to the space overhead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +internal fragmentation is a waste due to + + align:start position:0% +internal fragmentation is a waste due to + + + align:start position:0% +internal fragmentation is a waste due to +allocating larger blocks in the user + + align:start position:0% +allocating larger blocks in the user + + + align:start position:0% +allocating larger blocks in the user +requests so you can get internal + + align:start position:0% +requests so you can get internal + + + align:start position:0% +requests so you can get internal +fragmentation if when you call malloc + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation if when you call malloc + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation if when you call malloc +you get back a block that's actually + + align:start position:0% +you get back a block that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +you get back a block that's actually +larger than what the user requested we + + align:start position:0% +larger than what the user requested we + + + align:start position:0% +larger than what the user requested we +saw in the bin free list algorithm we're + + align:start position:0% +saw in the bin free list algorithm we're + + + align:start position:0% +saw in the bin free list algorithm we're +rounding up to the nearest power of + + align:start position:0% +rounding up to the nearest power of + + + align:start position:0% +rounding up to the nearest power of +two's if you allocate 9 bytes you'll + + align:start position:0% +two's if you allocate 9 bytes you'll + + + align:start position:0% +two's if you allocate 9 bytes you'll +actually get back 16 bytes in our bin + + align:start position:0% +actually get back 16 bytes in our bin + + + align:start position:0% +actually get back 16 bytes in our bin +free list algorithm from last lecture so + + align:start position:0% +free list algorithm from last lecture so + + + align:start position:0% +free list algorithm from last lecture so +that contributes the internal + + align:start position:0% +that contributes the internal + + + align:start position:0% +that contributes the internal +fragmentation it turns out that not all + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation it turns out that not all + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation it turns out that not all +bin free list implementations use powers + + align:start position:0% +bin free list implementations use powers + + + align:start position:0% +bin free list implementations use powers +of two so some of them use other powers + + align:start position:0% +of two so some of them use other powers + + + align:start position:0% +of two so some of them use other powers +that are smaller than two than two in + + align:start position:0% +that are smaller than two than two in + + + align:start position:0% +that are smaller than two than two in +order to reduce the internal + + align:start position:0% +order to reduce the internal + + + align:start position:0% +order to reduce the internal +fragmentation then there's external + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation then there's external + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation then there's external +fragmentation which is the waste due to + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation which is the waste due to + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation which is the waste due to +the inability to use storage because + + align:start position:0% +the inability to use storage because + + + align:start position:0% +the inability to use storage because +it's not contiguous so for example if I + + align:start position:0% +it's not contiguous so for example if I + + + align:start position:0% +it's not contiguous so for example if I +allocated a whole bunch of 1 byte things + + align:start position:0% +allocated a whole bunch of 1 byte things + + + align:start position:0% +allocated a whole bunch of 1 byte things +consecutively in memory then I freed + + align:start position:0% +consecutively in memory then I freed + + + align:start position:0% +consecutively in memory then I freed +every other byte and then now I want to + + align:start position:0% +every other byte and then now I want to + + + align:start position:0% +every other byte and then now I want to +allocate a 2 byte thing I don't actually + + align:start position:0% +allocate a 2 byte thing I don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +allocate a 2 byte thing I don't actually +have a contiguous memory to satisfy that + + align:start position:0% +have a contiguous memory to satisfy that + + + align:start position:0% +have a contiguous memory to satisfy that +request because all of my free memory + + align:start position:0% +request because all of my free memory + + + align:start position:0% +request because all of my free memory +all of my free bytes are in one byte + + align:start position:0% +all of my free bytes are in one byte + + + align:start position:0% +all of my free bytes are in one byte +chunks and they're not next to each + + align:start position:0% +chunks and they're not next to each + + + align:start position:0% +chunks and they're not next to each +other so this is one example of how + + align:start position:0% +other so this is one example of how + + + align:start position:0% +other so this is one example of how +external fragmentation can happen after + + align:start position:0% +external fragmentation can happen after + + + align:start position:0% +external fragmentation can happen after +you allocate stuff and free stuff then + + align:start position:0% +you allocate stuff and free stuff then + + + align:start position:0% +you allocate stuff and free stuff then +there's blow-up and this is for a + + align:start position:0% +there's blow-up and this is for a + + + align:start position:0% +there's blow-up and this is for a +parallel alligator the additional space + + align:start position:0% +parallel alligator the additional space + + + align:start position:0% +parallel alligator the additional space +beyond what a serial alligator would + + align:start position:0% +beyond what a serial alligator would + + + align:start position:0% +beyond what a serial alligator would +require so if a serial alligator + + align:start position:0% +require so if a serial alligator + + + align:start position:0% +require so if a serial alligator +requires a space and a parallel + + align:start position:0% +requires a space and a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +requires a space and a parallel +alligator requires tea space then it's + + align:start position:0% +alligator requires tea space then it's + + + align:start position:0% +alligator requires tea space then it's +just going to be T over asked us to blow + + align:start position:0% +just going to be T over asked us to blow + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be T over asked us to blow +up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now let's look at some parallel + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's look at some parallel + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's look at some parallel +heap allocation strategies so the first + + align:start position:0% +heap allocation strategies so the first + + + align:start position:0% +heap allocation strategies so the first +strategy is to use a global heap and + + align:start position:0% +strategy is to use a global heap and + + + align:start position:0% +strategy is to use a global heap and +this is how the default see allocator + + align:start position:0% +this is how the default see allocator + + + align:start position:0% +this is how the default see allocator +works see if you just use a default see + + align:start position:0% +works see if you just use a default see + + + align:start position:0% +works see if you just use a default see +allocator out of the box this is how + + align:start position:0% +allocator out of the box this is how + + + align:start position:0% +allocator out of the box this is how +it's implemented it uses a global heap + + align:start position:0% +it's implemented it uses a global heap + + + align:start position:0% +it's implemented it uses a global heap +where all the accesses to this global + + align:start position:0% +where all the accesses to this global + + + align:start position:0% +where all the accesses to this global +heap are protected by mutex you can also + + align:start position:0% +heap are protected by mutex you can also + + + align:start position:0% +heap are protected by mutex you can also +use long lock free synchronization + + align:start position:0% +use long lock free synchronization + + + align:start position:0% +use long lock free synchronization +primitives to implement this will + + align:start position:0% +primitives to implement this will + + + align:start position:0% +primitives to implement this will +actually talk about some of these + + align:start position:0% +actually talk about some of these + + + align:start position:0% +actually talk about some of these +synchronization primitives later on in + + align:start position:0% +synchronization primitives later on in + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization primitives later on in +the semester and this is done to + + align:start position:0% +the semester and this is done to + + + align:start position:0% +the semester and this is done to +preserve atomicity because you can have + + align:start position:0% +preserve atomicity because you can have + + + align:start position:0% +preserve atomicity because you can have +multiple threads trying to access the + + align:start position:0% +multiple threads trying to access the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple threads trying to access the +global heap at the same time and you + + align:start position:0% +global heap at the same time and you + + + align:start position:0% +global heap at the same time and you +need to ensure that races are handled + + align:start position:0% +need to ensure that races are handled + + + align:start position:0% +need to ensure that races are handled +correctly so what's to blow up for this + + align:start position:0% +correctly so what's to blow up for this + + + align:start position:0% +correctly so what's to blow up for this +strategy how much more space am I using + + align:start position:0% +strategy how much more space am I using + + + align:start position:0% +strategy how much more space am I using +than just a serial alligator yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so the blow up is one because I'm + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the blow up is one because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the blow up is one because I'm +not actually using any more space than + + align:start position:0% +not actually using any more space than + + + align:start position:0% +not actually using any more space than +the serial alligator since I'm just + + align:start position:0% +the serial alligator since I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +the serial alligator since I'm just +maintaining one global heap and + + align:start position:0% +maintaining one global heap and + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining one global heap and +everybody is going to that heap to do + + align:start position:0% +everybody is going to that heap to do + + + align:start position:0% +everybody is going to that heap to do +allocations and deallocations but what + + align:start position:0% +allocations and deallocations but what + + + align:start position:0% +allocations and deallocations but what +what's a potential issue with this + + align:start position:0% +what's a potential issue with this + + + align:start position:0% +what's a potential issue with this +approach yeah yeah so you're gonna take + + align:start position:0% +approach yeah yeah so you're gonna take + + + align:start position:0% +approach yeah yeah so you're gonna take +a performance hit for the for trying to + + align:start position:0% +a performance hit for the for trying to + + + align:start position:0% +a performance hit for the for trying to +acquire this lock so basically every + + align:start position:0% +acquire this lock so basically every + + + align:start position:0% +acquire this lock so basically every +time you do a allocation or D allocation + + align:start position:0% +time you do a allocation or D allocation + + + align:start position:0% +time you do a allocation or D allocation +you have to acquire this lock and this + + align:start position:0% +you have to acquire this lock and this + + + align:start position:0% +you have to acquire this lock and this +is pretty slow and it gets slower as you + + align:start position:0% +is pretty slow and it gets slower as you + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty slow and it gets slower as you +increase the number of processors + + align:start position:0% +increase the number of processors + + + align:start position:0% +increase the number of processors +roughly speaking acquiring a lock the + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking acquiring a lock the + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking acquiring a lock the +perform is a similar to an l2 cache axis + + align:start position:0% +perform is a similar to an l2 cache axis + + + align:start position:0% +perform is a similar to an l2 cache axis +and if you just run a serial allocator + + align:start position:0% +and if you just run a serial allocator + + + align:start position:0% +and if you just run a serial allocator +many of your requests are going to be + + align:start position:0% +many of your requests are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +many of your requests are going to be +satisfied just by going into the l1 + + align:start position:0% +satisfied just by going into the l1 + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied just by going into the l1 +cache because you're gonna be allocating + + align:start position:0% +cache because you're gonna be allocating + + + align:start position:0% +cache because you're gonna be allocating +things that you recently freed and those + + align:start position:0% +things that you recently freed and those + + + align:start position:0% +things that you recently freed and those +things are gonna be residing in l1 cache + + align:start position:0% +things are gonna be residing in l1 cache + + + align:start position:0% +things are gonna be residing in l1 cache +but here before you even get started you + + align:start position:0% +but here before you even get started you + + + align:start position:0% +but here before you even get started you +have to grab a lock and you have to pay + + align:start position:0% +have to grab a lock and you have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +have to grab a lock and you have to pay +a performance hit similar to an l2 cache + + align:start position:0% +a performance hit similar to an l2 cache + + + align:start position:0% +a performance hit similar to an l2 cache +access so that's bad and it gets worse + + align:start position:0% +access so that's bad and it gets worse + + + align:start position:0% +access so that's bad and it gets worse +as you increase the number of processors + + align:start position:0% +as you increase the number of processors + + + align:start position:0% +as you increase the number of processors +so the contention increases as you + + align:start position:0% +so the contention increases as you + + + align:start position:0% +so the contention increases as you +increase the number of threads and then + + align:start position:0% +increase the number of threads and then + + + align:start position:0% +increase the number of threads and then +you can't you're not going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +you can't you're not going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +you can't you're not going to be able to +get good scalability so ideally that as + + align:start position:0% +get good scalability so ideally that as + + + align:start position:0% +get good scalability so ideally that as +a number of threads or processor grows + + align:start position:0% +a number of threads or processor grows + + + align:start position:0% +a number of threads or processor grows +the time to perform an allocation or D + + align:start position:0% +the time to perform an allocation or D + + + align:start position:0% +the time to perform an allocation or D +allocation should an increase but in + + align:start position:0% +allocation should an increase but in + + + align:start position:0% +allocation should an increase but in +fact it does and the most common reason + + align:start position:0% +fact it does and the most common reason + + + align:start position:0% +fact it does and the most common reason +for loss of scalability is law + + align:start position:0% +for loss of scalability is law + + + align:start position:0% +for loss of scalability is law +contention so here all the processors + + align:start position:0% +contention so here all the processors + + + align:start position:0% +contention so here all the processors +are trying to acquire the same lock + + align:start position:0% +are trying to acquire the same lock + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to acquire the same lock +which is the same memory address and and + + align:start position:0% +which is the same memory address and and + + + align:start position:0% +which is the same memory address and and +if you recall from the caching lecture + + align:start position:0% +if you recall from the caching lecture + + + align:start position:0% +if you recall from the caching lecture +or the multi-core programming lecture + + align:start position:0% +or the multi-core programming lecture + + + align:start position:0% +or the multi-core programming lecture +every time you acquire a memory location + + align:start position:0% +every time you acquire a memory location + + + align:start position:0% +every time you acquire a memory location +you have to bring that cache line into + + align:start position:0% +you have to bring that cache line into + + + align:start position:0% +you have to bring that cache line into +your own cash and then invalidate the + + align:start position:0% +your own cash and then invalidate the + + + align:start position:0% +your own cash and then invalidate the +same cache line in other processors + + align:start position:0% +same cache line in other processors + + + align:start position:0% +same cache line in other processors +caches so if all the processor doing + + align:start position:0% +caches so if all the processor doing + + + align:start position:0% +caches so if all the processor doing +this cash line is gonna be bouncing + + align:start position:0% +this cash line is gonna be bouncing + + + align:start position:0% +this cash line is gonna be bouncing +around among all the processors caches + + align:start position:0% +around among all the processors caches + + + align:start position:0% +around among all the processors caches +and this could lead to very bad + + align:start position:0% +and this could lead to very bad + + + align:start position:0% +and this could lead to very bad +performance so here's a question is lock + + align:start position:0% +performance so here's a question is lock + + + align:start position:0% +performance so here's a question is lock +contention more of a problem for large + + align:start position:0% +contention more of a problem for large + + + align:start position:0% +contention more of a problem for large +blocks or small blocks yes so here's + + align:start position:0% +blocks or small blocks yes so here's + + + align:start position:0% +blocks or small blocks yes so here's +another question why yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so one of the reasons is that when + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one of the reasons is that when + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one of the reasons is that when +you're doing small allocations that + + align:start position:0% +you're doing small allocations that + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing small allocations that +means that your request rate is going to + + align:start position:0% +means that your request rate is going to + + + align:start position:0% +means that your request rate is going to +be pretty high and your your processors + + align:start position:0% +be pretty high and your your processors + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty high and your your processors +are going to be spending a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +are going to be spending a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be spending a lot of time +acquiring this lock and this can + + align:start position:0% +acquiring this lock and this can + + + align:start position:0% +acquiring this lock and this can +exacerbate the lock contention and + + align:start position:0% +exacerbate the lock contention and + + + align:start position:0% +exacerbate the lock contention and +another reason is that when you allocate + + align:start position:0% +another reason is that when you allocate + + + align:start position:0% +another reason is that when you allocate +a large block you're doing a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +a large block you're doing a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +a large block you're doing a lot of work +because you have to write most of most + + align:start position:0% +because you have to write most of most + + + align:start position:0% +because you have to write most of most +of the time you're gonna write to all + + align:start position:0% +of the time you're gonna write to all + + + align:start position:0% +of the time you're gonna write to all +the bytes in that large block and + + align:start position:0% +the bytes in that large block and + + + align:start position:0% +the bytes in that large block and +therefore you can amortize the overheads + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can amortize the overheads + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can amortize the overheads +of the storage allocator across all the + + align:start position:0% +of the storage allocator across all the + + + align:start position:0% +of the storage allocator across all the +work that you're doing worse for small + + align:start position:0% +work that you're doing worse for small + + + align:start position:0% +work that you're doing worse for small +blocks in addition to increasing this + + align:start position:0% +blocks in addition to increasing this + + + align:start position:0% +blocks in addition to increasing this +rate of memory requests it's also + + align:start position:0% +rate of memory requests it's also + + + align:start position:0% +rate of memory requests it's also +there's much less work to amortize the + + align:start position:0% +there's much less work to amortize the + + + align:start position:0% +there's much less work to amortize the +overheads across so any questions okay + + align:start position:0% +overheads across so any questions okay + + + align:start position:0% +overheads across so any questions okay +good all right so here's another + + align:start position:0% +good all right so here's another + + + align:start position:0% +good all right so here's another +strategy which is to use local heap so + + align:start position:0% +strategy which is to use local heap so + + + align:start position:0% +strategy which is to use local heap so +each thread is going to maintain its own + + align:start position:0% +each thread is going to maintain its own + + + align:start position:0% +each thread is going to maintain its own +heap and it's going to allocate out of + + align:start position:0% +heap and it's going to allocate out of + + + align:start position:0% +heap and it's going to allocate out of +its own heap and there's no locking + + align:start position:0% +its own heap and there's no locking + + + align:start position:0% +its own heap and there's no locking +that's necessary so when you allocate + + align:start position:0% +that's necessary so when you allocate + + + align:start position:0% +that's necessary so when you allocate +something you get it from your own heap + + align:start position:0% +something you get it from your own heap + + + align:start position:0% +something you get it from your own heap +and when you free something you put it + + align:start position:0% +and when you free something you put it + + + align:start position:0% +and when you free something you put it +back into your own heap so there's no + + align:start position:0% +back into your own heap so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +back into your own heap so there's no +synchronization required so that's a + + align:start position:0% +synchronization required so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization required so that's a +good thing it's very fast + + align:start position:0% +good thing it's very fast + + + align:start position:0% +good thing it's very fast +what's a potential issue with this + + align:start position:0% +what's a potential issue with this + + + align:start position:0% +what's a potential issue with this +approach + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah so this approach you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah so this approach you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah so this approach you're gonna +be using a lot of extra space so first + + align:start position:0% +be using a lot of extra space so first + + + align:start position:0% +be using a lot of extra space so first +first of all because you have to + + align:start position:0% +first of all because you have to + + + align:start position:0% +first of all because you have to +maintain multiple heaps and what's one + + align:start position:0% +maintain multiple heaps and what's one + + + align:start position:0% +maintain multiple heaps and what's one +phenomenon that you might see if you're + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that you might see if you're + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that you might see if you're +executing a program with this local heap + + align:start position:0% +executing a program with this local heap + + + align:start position:0% +executing a program with this local heap +approach so it's a space could the space + + align:start position:0% +approach so it's a space could the space + + + align:start position:0% +approach so it's a space could the space +potentially keep growing over time yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so you could actually have an + + align:start position:0% +so so you could actually have an + + + align:start position:0% +so so you could actually have an +unbounded blow-up because if you do all + + align:start position:0% +unbounded blow-up because if you do all + + + align:start position:0% +unbounded blow-up because if you do all +of the allocations in one heap and you + + align:start position:0% +of the allocations in one heap and you + + + align:start position:0% +of the allocations in one heap and you +free everything in another heap then + + align:start position:0% +free everything in another heap then + + + align:start position:0% +free everything in another heap then +whenever the first heap does an + + align:start position:0% +whenever the first heap does an + + + align:start position:0% +whenever the first heap does an +allocation there's actually free space + + align:start position:0% +allocation there's actually free space + + + align:start position:0% +allocation there's actually free space +sitting around in another heap but it's + + align:start position:0% +sitting around in another heap but it's + + + align:start position:0% +sitting around in another heap but it's +just gonna grab more memory from the + + align:start position:0% +just gonna grab more memory from the + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna grab more memory from the +operating system so your blow-up can be + + align:start position:0% +operating system so your blow-up can be + + + align:start position:0% +operating system so your blow-up can be +unbounded and this phenomenon is what's + + align:start position:0% +unbounded and this phenomenon is what's + + + align:start position:0% +unbounded and this phenomenon is what's +called memory drift so blocks allocated + + align:start position:0% +called memory drift so blocks allocated + + + align:start position:0% +called memory drift so blocks allocated +by one thread are freed by another + + align:start position:0% +by one thread are freed by another + + + align:start position:0% +by one thread are freed by another +thread and if you've run your program + + align:start position:0% +thread and if you've run your program + + + align:start position:0% +thread and if you've run your program +for long enough your memory consumption + + align:start position:0% +for long enough your memory consumption + + + align:start position:0% +for long enough your memory consumption +can keep increasing and this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +can keep increasing and this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +can keep increasing and this is sort of +like a memory leak so you might see that + + align:start position:0% +like a memory leak so you might see that + + + align:start position:0% +like a memory leak so you might see that +if you have a memory drift problem your + + align:start position:0% +if you have a memory drift problem your + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a memory drift problem your +program running on multiple processors + + align:start position:0% +program running on multiple processors + + + align:start position:0% +program running on multiple processors +could run out of memory eventually worse + + align:start position:0% +could run out of memory eventually worse + + + align:start position:0% +could run out of memory eventually worse +if you just run it on the single core it + + align:start position:0% +if you just run it on the single core it + + + align:start position:0% +if you just run it on the single core it +won't run out of memory and here it's + + align:start position:0% +won't run out of memory and here it's + + + align:start position:0% +won't run out of memory and here it's +because the allocator isn't smart enough + + align:start position:0% +because the allocator isn't smart enough + + + align:start position:0% +because the allocator isn't smart enough +to reuse things in other heaps so what's + + align:start position:0% +to reuse things in other heaps so what's + + + align:start position:0% +to reuse things in other heaps so what's +another strategy you can use to try to + + align:start position:0% +another strategy you can use to try to + + + align:start position:0% +another strategy you can use to try to +fix this yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry your question because if you keep + + align:start position:0% +sorry your question because if you keep + + + align:start position:0% +sorry your question because if you keep +allocating from one thread if you do all + + align:start position:0% +allocating from one thread if you do all + + + align:start position:0% +allocating from one thread if you do all +of your allocations in one thread and do + + align:start position:0% +of your allocations in one thread and do + + + align:start position:0% +of your allocations in one thread and do +all your D allocations on another thread + + align:start position:0% +all your D allocations on another thread + + + align:start position:0% +all your D allocations on another thread +every time you allocate from the first + + align:start position:0% +every time you allocate from the first + + + align:start position:0% +every time you allocate from the first +thread there's actually memory sitting + + align:start position:0% +thread there's actually memory sitting + + + align:start position:0% +thread there's actually memory sitting +around in the system but the first + + align:start position:0% +around in the system but the first + + + align:start position:0% +around in the system but the first +thread isn't going to see it because it + + align:start position:0% +thread isn't going to see it because it + + + align:start position:0% +thread isn't going to see it because it +only sees its own heap and it's just + + align:start position:0% +only sees its own heap and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +only sees its own heap and it's just +gonna keep grabbing more memory from the + + align:start position:0% +gonna keep grabbing more memory from the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna keep grabbing more memory from the +OS and then the second thread actually + + align:start position:0% +OS and then the second thread actually + + + align:start position:0% +OS and then the second thread actually +has this extra memory sitting around but + + align:start position:0% +has this extra memory sitting around but + + + align:start position:0% +has this extra memory sitting around but +it's not using it because it's only + + align:start position:0% +it's not using it because it's only + + + align:start position:0% +it's not using it because it's only +doing the freeze it's not doing allocate + + align:start position:0% +doing the freeze it's not doing allocate + + + align:start position:0% +doing the freeze it's not doing allocate +and if we recall the definition of a + + align:start position:0% +and if we recall the definition of a + + + align:start position:0% +and if we recall the definition of a +blow up is how much more space you're + + align:start position:0% +blow up is how much more space you're + + + align:start position:0% +blow up is how much more space you're +using compared to a serial execution of + + align:start position:0% +using compared to a serial execution of + + + align:start position:0% +using compared to a serial execution of +the program if you executed this program + + align:start position:0% +the program if you executed this program + + + align:start position:0% +the program if you executed this program +on a single core a single you you would + + align:start position:0% +on a single core a single you you would + + + align:start position:0% +on a single core a single you you would +only have a single heap that does the + + align:start position:0% +only have a single heap that does the + + + align:start position:0% +only have a single heap that does the +allocations and freeze so you're not + + align:start position:0% +allocations and freeze so you're not + + + align:start position:0% +allocations and freeze so you're not +gonna your memory isn't gonna blow up + + align:start position:0% +gonna your memory isn't gonna blow up + + + align:start position:0% +gonna your memory isn't gonna blow up +it's just gonna be constant over time + + align:start position:0% +it's just gonna be constant over time + + + align:start position:0% +it's just gonna be constant over time +whereas if you use two threads to + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you use two threads to + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you use two threads to +execute this the memory could just keep + + align:start position:0% +execute this the memory could just keep + + + align:start position:0% +execute this the memory could just keep +growing over time yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so it just so if you remember the bin + + align:start position:0% +so so it just so if you remember the bin + + + align:start position:0% +so so it just so if you remember the bin +free list approach lets us say let's say + + align:start position:0% +free list approach lets us say let's say + + + align:start position:0% +free list approach lets us say let's say +we're using that then all you have to do + + align:start position:0% +we're using that then all you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +we're using that then all you have to do +is set some pointers in your bin free + + align:start position:0% +is set some pointers in your bin free + + + align:start position:0% +is set some pointers in your bin free +list data structure as well as the block + + align:start position:0% +list data structure as well as the block + + + align:start position:0% +list data structure as well as the block +that you're freeing so that it appears + + align:start position:0% +that you're freeing so that it appears + + + align:start position:0% +that you're freeing so that it appears +in one of the linked lists so you can do + + align:start position:0% +in one of the linked lists so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +in one of the linked lists so you can do +that even if some other processor + + align:start position:0% +that even if some other processor + + + align:start position:0% +that even if some other processor +allocated that block okay so what what's + + align:start position:0% +allocated that block okay so what what's + + + align:start position:0% +allocated that block okay so what what's +another strategy that can avoid this + + align:start position:0% +another strategy that can avoid this + + + align:start position:0% +another strategy that can avoid this +issue of memory drift yes yes oh that's + + align:start position:0% +issue of memory drift yes yes oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +issue of memory drift yes yes oh that's +a good idea you could peer it out + + align:start position:0% +a good idea you could peer it out + + + align:start position:0% +a good idea you could peer it out +periodically rebalance the memory what's + + align:start position:0% +periodically rebalance the memory what's + + + align:start position:0% +periodically rebalance the memory what's +a simpler approach to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry could you repeat that yeah so you + + align:start position:0% +sorry could you repeat that yeah so you + + + align:start position:0% +sorry could you repeat that yeah so you +could have all the processors know all + + align:start position:0% +could have all the processors know all + + + align:start position:0% +could have all the processors know all +the free memory and then every time to + + align:start position:0% +the free memory and then every time to + + + align:start position:0% +the free memory and then every time to +grab something it looks and all the + + align:start position:0% +grab something it looks and all the + + + align:start position:0% +grab something it looks and all the +other heaps that does require a lot of + + align:start position:0% +other heaps that does require a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +other heaps that does require a lot of +synchronization overhead might not + + align:start position:0% +synchronization overhead might not + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization overhead might not +perform that well what's an easier way + + align:start position:0% +perform that well what's an easier way + + + align:start position:0% +perform that well what's an easier way +to solve this problem yes restructure + + align:start position:0% +to solve this problem yes restructure + + + align:start position:0% +to solve this problem yes restructure +your program so that the same thread + + align:start position:0% +your program so that the same thread + + + align:start position:0% +your program so that the same thread +does the allocations and freeze for the + + align:start position:0% +does the allocations and freeze for the + + + align:start position:0% +does the allocations and freeze for the +same memory block but what if you didn't + + align:start position:0% +same memory block but what if you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +same memory block but what if you didn't +want to restructure your program how can + + align:start position:0% +want to restructure your program how can + + + align:start position:0% +want to restructure your program how can +you change the allocator so we want the + + align:start position:0% +you change the allocator so we want the + + + align:start position:0% +you change the allocator so we want the +behavior that you said but we don't want + + align:start position:0% +behavior that you said but we don't want + + + align:start position:0% +behavior that you said but we don't want +to change our program program yes yeah + + align:start position:0% +to change our program program yes yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to change our program program yes yeah +so you could have a single free list but + + align:start position:0% +so you could have a single free list but + + + align:start position:0% +so you could have a single free list but +that gets back to the first strategy of + + align:start position:0% +that gets back to the first strategy of + + + align:start position:0% +that gets back to the first strategy of +having a global heap and and then you + + align:start position:0% +having a global heap and and then you + + + align:start position:0% +having a global heap and and then you +have high synchronization overheads yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seriously free back to the the threat + + align:start position:0% +seriously free back to the the threat + + + align:start position:0% +seriously free back to the the threat +that allocated it yeah so that that's + + align:start position:0% +that allocated it yeah so that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that allocated it yeah so that that's +exactly right so here each object when + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so here each object when + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so here each object when +you allocate it it's labeled with an + + align:start position:0% +you allocate it it's labeled with an + + + align:start position:0% +you allocate it it's labeled with an +owner and then whenever you free it you + + align:start position:0% +owner and then whenever you free it you + + + align:start position:0% +owner and then whenever you free it you +return it back to the owner so the + + align:start position:0% +return it back to the owner so the + + + align:start position:0% +return it back to the owner so the +objects that are allocated will + + align:start position:0% +objects that are allocated will + + + align:start position:0% +objects that are allocated will +eventually go back to the owners heap if + + align:start position:0% +eventually go back to the owners heap if + + + align:start position:0% +eventually go back to the owners heap if +they're not in use and they're not gonna + + align:start position:0% +they're not in use and they're not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +they're not in use and they're not gonna +be free lying around in somebody else's + + align:start position:0% +be free lying around in somebody else's + + + align:start position:0% +be free lying around in somebody else's +heap that the energy of this approach is + + align:start position:0% +heap that the energy of this approach is + + + align:start position:0% +heap that the energy of this approach is +that you get fast allocation and freeing + + align:start position:0% +that you get fast allocation and freeing + + + align:start position:0% +that you get fast allocation and freeing +of local objects local objects are + + align:start position:0% +of local objects local objects are + + + align:start position:0% +of local objects local objects are +objects that you allocated however free + + align:start position:0% +objects that you allocated however free + + + align:start position:0% +objects that you allocated however free +remote objects require some + + align:start position:0% +remote objects require some + + + align:start position:0% +remote objects require some +synchronization because you have to + + align:start position:0% +synchronization because you have to + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization because you have to +coordinate with the other threats heap + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with the other threats heap + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with the other threats heap +that you're sending the memory object + + align:start position:0% +that you're sending the memory object + + + align:start position:0% +that you're sending the memory object +back to but this synchronization isn't + + align:start position:0% +back to but this synchronization isn't + + + align:start position:0% +back to but this synchronization isn't +as bad as having a global heap since you + + align:start position:0% +as bad as having a global heap since you + + + align:start position:0% +as bad as having a global heap since you +only have to talk to one other thread in + + align:start position:0% +only have to talk to one other thread in + + + align:start position:0% +only have to talk to one other thread in +this case you can also bound the blow-up + + align:start position:0% +this case you can also bound the blow-up + + + align:start position:0% +this case you can also bound the blow-up +by P so the reason why the blow-up is + + align:start position:0% +by P so the reason why the blow-up is + + + align:start position:0% +by P so the reason why the blow-up is +upper bounded by P is that lets say the + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by P is that lets say the + + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by P is that lets say the +serial allocator uses at most X memory + + align:start position:0% +serial allocator uses at most X memory + + + align:start position:0% +serial allocator uses at most X memory +in this case each of the heels can use + + align:start position:0% +in this case each of the heels can use + + + align:start position:0% +in this case each of the heels can use +that most X memory because that's how + + align:start position:0% +that most X memory because that's how + + + align:start position:0% +that most X memory because that's how +much the serial program would have used + + align:start position:0% +much the serial program would have used + + + align:start position:0% +much the serial program would have used +and you have P of these heaps so overall + + align:start position:0% +and you have P of these heaps so overall + + + align:start position:0% +and you have P of these heaps so overall +you're using P times X memory and + + align:start position:0% +you're using P times X memory and + + + align:start position:0% +you're using P times X memory and +therefore the ratio is upper bounded by + + align:start position:0% +therefore the ratio is upper bounded by + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the ratio is upper bounded by +P yes + + align:start position:0% +P yes + + + align:start position:0% +P yes +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so when you free an object it goes if + + align:start position:0% +so so when you free an object it goes if + + + align:start position:0% +so so when you free an object it goes if +you allocate it that object it goes back + + align:start position:0% +you allocate it that object it goes back + + + align:start position:0% +you allocate it that object it goes back +to your own sheep if your heap is empty + + align:start position:0% +to your own sheep if your heap is empty + + + align:start position:0% +to your own sheep if your heap is empty +it's it's actually gonna get more memory + + align:start position:0% +it's it's actually gonna get more memory + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's actually gonna get more memory +from the operating system it's not going + + align:start position:0% +from the operating system it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +from the operating system it's not going +to take something from another threads + + align:start position:0% +to take something from another threads + + + align:start position:0% +to take something from another threads +heap but the maximum amount of memory + + align:start position:0% +heap but the maximum amount of memory + + + align:start position:0% +heap but the maximum amount of memory +that you're gonna allocate is going to + + align:start position:0% +that you're gonna allocate is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that you're gonna allocate is going to +be upper bounded by X because the + + align:start position:0% +be upper bounded by X because the + + + align:start position:0% +be upper bounded by X because the +sequential program cereal program took + + align:start position:0% +sequential program cereal program took + + + align:start position:0% +sequential program cereal program took +that much yeah so the upper bound for + + align:start position:0% +that much yeah so the upper bound for + + + align:start position:0% +that much yeah so the upper bound for +the blow-up is P another advantage of + + align:start position:0% +the blow-up is P another advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +the blow-up is P another advantage of +this approach is that it's resilience + + align:start position:0% +this approach is that it's resilience + + + align:start position:0% +this approach is that it's resilience +it has resilience to false sharing so + + align:start position:0% +it has resilience to false sharing so + + + align:start position:0% +it has resilience to false sharing so +let me just talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +let me just talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +let me just talk a little bit about +false sharing so true sharing is when + + align:start position:0% +false sharing so true sharing is when + + + align:start position:0% +false sharing so true sharing is when +two processors they're trying to access + + align:start position:0% +two processors they're trying to access + + + align:start position:0% +two processors they're trying to access +the same memory location and false + + align:start position:0% +the same memory location and false + + + align:start position:0% +the same memory location and false +sharing is when multiple processors are + + align:start position:0% +sharing is when multiple processors are + + + align:start position:0% +sharing is when multiple processors are +accessing different memory locations but + + align:start position:0% +accessing different memory locations but + + + align:start position:0% +accessing different memory locations but +those locations happen to be on the same + + align:start position:0% +those locations happen to be on the same + + + align:start position:0% +those locations happen to be on the same +cache line so here's an example let's + + align:start position:0% +cache line so here's an example let's + + + align:start position:0% +cache line so here's an example let's +say we have two variables x and y and + + align:start position:0% +say we have two variables x and y and + + + align:start position:0% +say we have two variables x and y and +the compiler happens to place x and y on + + align:start position:0% +the compiler happens to place x and y on + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler happens to place x and y on +the same cache line now when the first + + align:start position:0% +the same cache line now when the first + + + align:start position:0% +the same cache line now when the first +processor writes to X it's gonna bring + + align:start position:0% +processor writes to X it's gonna bring + + + align:start position:0% +processor writes to X it's gonna bring +this cache line into its cache when the + + align:start position:0% +this cache line into its cache when the + + + align:start position:0% +this cache line into its cache when the +other processor writes to Y since it's + + align:start position:0% +other processor writes to Y since it's + + + align:start position:0% +other processor writes to Y since it's +on the same cache line it's gonna bring + + align:start position:0% +on the same cache line it's gonna bring + + + align:start position:0% +on the same cache line it's gonna bring +this cache line two y's cache and then + + align:start position:0% +this cache line two y's cache and then + + + align:start position:0% +this cache line two y's cache and then +now the first processor writes X is + + align:start position:0% +now the first processor writes X is + + + align:start position:0% +now the first processor writes X is +gonna bring this cache line back to the + + align:start position:0% +gonna bring this cache line back to the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna bring this cache line back to the +first processors cache and then you can + + align:start position:0% +first processors cache and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +first processors cache and then you can +keep you can see this phenomenon keep + + align:start position:0% +keep you can see this phenomenon keep + + + align:start position:0% +keep you can see this phenomenon keep +happening so here even though the + + align:start position:0% +happening so here even though the + + + align:start position:0% +happening so here even though the +processors are writing to different + + align:start position:0% +processors are writing to different + + + align:start position:0% +processors are writing to different +memory locations because they happen to + + align:start position:0% +memory locations because they happen to + + + align:start position:0% +memory locations because they happen to +be on the same cache line the cache line + + align:start position:0% +be on the same cache line the cache line + + + align:start position:0% +be on the same cache line the cache line +is going to be bouncing back and forth + + align:start position:0% +is going to be bouncing back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be bouncing back and forth +on the machine between the different + + align:start position:0% +on the machine between the different + + + align:start position:0% +on the machine between the different +processors caches and this problem gets + + align:start position:0% +processors caches and this problem gets + + + align:start position:0% +processors caches and this problem gets +worse if more processors are accessing + + align:start position:0% +worse if more processors are accessing + + + align:start position:0% +worse if more processors are accessing +this cache line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and this this can be quite hard to + + align:start position:0% +so and this this can be quite hard to + + + align:start position:0% +so and this this can be quite hard to +debug because if you're using just + + align:start position:0% +debug because if you're using just + + + align:start position:0% +debug because if you're using just +variables on the stack you don't + + align:start position:0% +variables on the stack you don't + + + align:start position:0% +variables on the stack you don't +actually know necessarily where the + + align:start position:0% +actually know necessarily where the + + + align:start position:0% +actually know necessarily where the +compiler is going to place these memory + + align:start position:0% +compiler is going to place these memory + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is going to place these memory +locations so the compiler could just + + align:start position:0% +locations so the compiler could just + + + align:start position:0% +locations so the compiler could just +happen to play at place X&Y in the same + + align:start position:0% +happen to play at place X&Y in the same + + + align:start position:0% +happen to play at place X&Y in the same +cache block and then you'll get this + + align:start position:0% +cache block and then you'll get this + + + align:start position:0% +cache block and then you'll get this +performance head even though it seems + + align:start position:0% +performance head even though it seems + + + align:start position:0% +performance head even though it seems +like you're accessing different memory + + align:start position:0% +like you're accessing different memory + + + align:start position:0% +like you're accessing different memory +locations if you're using the heap for + + align:start position:0% +locations if you're using the heap for + + + align:start position:0% +locations if you're using the heap for +memory allocation you have more + + align:start position:0% +memory allocation you have more + + + align:start position:0% +memory allocation you have more +knowledge because if you allocate a huge + + align:start position:0% +knowledge because if you allocate a huge + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge because if you allocate a huge +block you know that all the memory + + align:start position:0% +block you know that all the memory + + + align:start position:0% +block you know that all the memory +locations are contiguous in physical + + align:start position:0% +locations are contiguous in physical + + + align:start position:0% +locations are contiguous in physical +memory so you can just space your you + + align:start position:0% +memory so you can just space your you + + + align:start position:0% +memory so you can just space your you +can space the accesses far enough apart + + align:start position:0% +can space the accesses far enough apart + + + align:start position:0% +can space the accesses far enough apart +so that different processes aren't going + + align:start position:0% +so that different processes aren't going + + + align:start position:0% +so that different processes aren't going +to touch the same cache line a more + + align:start position:0% +to touch the same cache line a more + + + align:start position:0% +to touch the same cache line a more +general approach is that you you can + + align:start position:0% +general approach is that you you can + + + align:start position:0% +general approach is that you you can +actually pad the object so first you can + + align:start position:0% +actually pad the object so first you can + + + align:start position:0% +actually pad the object so first you can +align the object on a cache line + + align:start position:0% +align the object on a cache line + + + align:start position:0% +align the object on a cache line +boundary and then you Pat out the + + align:start position:0% +boundary and then you Pat out the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary and then you Pat out the +remaining memory locations of the object + + align:start position:0% +remaining memory locations of the object + + + align:start position:0% +remaining memory locations of the object +so that it fills up the entire cache + + align:start position:0% +so that it fills up the entire cache + + + align:start position:0% +so that it fills up the entire cache +line and now there's only one thing on + + align:start position:0% +line and now there's only one thing on + + + align:start position:0% +line and now there's only one thing on +that cache line but this does lead to a + + align:start position:0% +that cache line but this does lead to a + + + align:start position:0% +that cache line but this does lead to a +waste of space because you have this + + align:start position:0% +waste of space because you have this + + + align:start position:0% +waste of space because you have this +wasted padding here so program can + + align:start position:0% +wasted padding here so program can + + + align:start position:0% +wasted padding here so program can +induce fall sharing by having different + + align:start position:0% +induce fall sharing by having different + + + align:start position:0% +induce fall sharing by having different +threads process nearby objects both on + + align:start position:0% +threads process nearby objects both on + + + align:start position:0% +threads process nearby objects both on +the stack and on the heap and then an + + align:start position:0% +the stack and on the heap and then an + + + align:start position:0% +the stack and on the heap and then an +alligator can also induce fall sharing + + align:start position:0% +alligator can also induce fall sharing + + + align:start position:0% +alligator can also induce fall sharing +in two ways so it can actively induce + + align:start position:0% +in two ways so it can actively induce + + + align:start position:0% +in two ways so it can actively induce +fall sharing and this is when the + + align:start position:0% +fall sharing and this is when the + + + align:start position:0% +fall sharing and this is when the +allocator satisfies memory requests from + + align:start position:0% +allocator satisfies memory requests from + + + align:start position:0% +allocator satisfies memory requests from +different threads using the same cache + + align:start position:0% +different threads using the same cache + + + align:start position:0% +different threads using the same cache +block and it can also do this passively + + align:start position:0% +block and it can also do this passively + + + align:start position:0% +block and it can also do this passively +and this is when the program passes + + align:start position:0% +and this is when the program passes + + + align:start position:0% +and this is when the program passes +objects lying around and the same cache + + align:start position:0% +objects lying around and the same cache + + + align:start position:0% +objects lying around and the same cache +lines two different threads and then the + + align:start position:0% +lines two different threads and then the + + + align:start position:0% +lines two different threads and then the +allocator uses the object storage after + + align:start position:0% +allocator uses the object storage after + + + align:start position:0% +allocator uses the object storage after +the objects are free to satisfy requests + + align:start position:0% +the objects are free to satisfy requests + + + align:start position:0% +the objects are free to satisfy requests +from those different threads and the + + align:start position:0% +from those different threads and the + + + align:start position:0% +from those different threads and the +local the local ownership approach tends + + align:start position:0% +local the local ownership approach tends + + + align:start position:0% +local the local ownership approach tends +to reduce fall sharing because the + + align:start position:0% +to reduce fall sharing because the + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce fall sharing because the +thread that allocates an object is + + align:start position:0% +thread that allocates an object is + + + align:start position:0% +thread that allocates an object is +eventually going to get it back you're + + align:start position:0% +eventually going to get it back you're + + + align:start position:0% +eventually going to get it back you're +not going to have have it so that an + + align:start position:0% +not going to have have it so that an + + + align:start position:0% +not going to have have it so that an +object is permanently split among + + align:start position:0% +object is permanently split among + + + align:start position:0% +object is permanently split among +multiple processes processors heaps so + + align:start position:0% +multiple processes processors heaps so + + + align:start position:0% +multiple processes processors heaps so +even if you + + align:start position:0% +even if you + + + align:start position:0% +even if you +faul sharing in local ownership it's + + align:start position:0% +faul sharing in local ownership it's + + + align:start position:0% +faul sharing in local ownership it's +usually temporary eventually it's going + + align:start position:0% +usually temporary eventually it's going + + + align:start position:0% +usually temporary eventually it's going +the object is gonna go back to the heap + + align:start position:0% +the object is gonna go back to the heap + + + align:start position:0% +the object is gonna go back to the heap +that it was allocated from and a default + + align:start position:0% +that it was allocated from and a default + + + align:start position:0% +that it was allocated from and a default +sharing is gonna go away yes I mean you + + align:start position:0% +sharing is gonna go away yes I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +sharing is gonna go away yes I mean you +can implement it in various ways I mean + + align:start position:0% +can implement it in various ways I mean + + + align:start position:0% +can implement it in various ways I mean +you can have each one of them do have a + + align:start position:0% +you can have each one of them do have a + + + align:start position:0% +you can have each one of them do have a +bin free list allocator so there's no + + align:start position:0% +bin free list allocator so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +bin free list allocator so there's no +restriction on where they have to appear + + align:start position:0% +restriction on where they have to appear + + + align:start position:0% +restriction on where they have to appear +in physical memory there are many + + align:start position:0% +in physical memory there are many + + + align:start position:0% +in physical memory there are many +different ways where you can you can + + align:start position:0% +different ways where you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +different ways where you can you can +basically plug in any serial allocator + + align:start position:0% +basically plug in any serial allocator + + + align:start position:0% +basically plug in any serial allocator +for the local heap so let's go back to + + align:start position:0% +for the local heap so let's go back to + + + align:start position:0% +for the local heap so let's go back to +parallel heap allocation so I talked + + align:start position:0% +parallel heap allocation so I talked + + + align:start position:0% +parallel heap allocation so I talked +about three approaches already here's a + + align:start position:0% +about three approaches already here's a + + + align:start position:0% +about three approaches already here's a +fourth approach this is called the hoard + + align:start position:0% +fourth approach this is called the hoard + + + align:start position:0% +fourth approach this is called the hoard +allocator and this was actually a pretty + + align:start position:0% +allocator and this was actually a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +allocator and this was actually a pretty +good allocator when it was introduced + + align:start position:0% +good allocator when it was introduced + + + align:start position:0% +good allocator when it was introduced +almost two decades ago and it's inspired + + align:start position:0% +almost two decades ago and it's inspired + + + align:start position:0% +almost two decades ago and it's inspired +a lot of further research on how to + + align:start position:0% +a lot of further research on how to + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of further research on how to +improve parallel memory allocations so + + align:start position:0% +improve parallel memory allocations so + + + align:start position:0% +improve parallel memory allocations so +let me talk about how this works so in + + align:start position:0% +let me talk about how this works so in + + + align:start position:0% +let me talk about how this works so in +the hoard allocator we're gonna have P + + align:start position:0% +the hoard allocator we're gonna have P + + + align:start position:0% +the hoard allocator we're gonna have P +local heaps but we're also going to have + + align:start position:0% +local heaps but we're also going to have + + + align:start position:0% +local heaps but we're also going to have +a global heap the memory is going to be + + align:start position:0% +a global heap the memory is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +a global heap the memory is going to be +organized into large super blocks of + + align:start position:0% +organized into large super blocks of + + + align:start position:0% +organized into large super blocks of +size s and s is usually a multiple of + + align:start position:0% +size s and s is usually a multiple of + + + align:start position:0% +size s and s is usually a multiple of +the page size so this is the granularity + + align:start position:0% +the page size so this is the granularity + + + align:start position:0% +the page size so this is the granularity +at which objects are going to be moved + + align:start position:0% +at which objects are going to be moved + + + align:start position:0% +at which objects are going to be moved +around in the allocator and then you can + + align:start position:0% +around in the allocator and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +around in the allocator and then you can +move super blocks between the local + + align:start position:0% +move super blocks between the local + + + align:start position:0% +move super blocks between the local +heaps and the global heaps so when a + + align:start position:0% +heaps and the global heaps so when a + + + align:start position:0% +heaps and the global heaps so when a +local heat becomes has has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +local heat becomes has has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +local heat becomes has has a lot of +super blocks that are not being fully + + align:start position:0% +super blocks that are not being fully + + + align:start position:0% +super blocks that are not being fully +used then you can move it to the global + + align:start position:0% +used then you can move it to the global + + + align:start position:0% +used then you can move it to the global +heap and then when a local heap doesn't + + align:start position:0% +heap and then when a local heap doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +heap and then when a local heap doesn't +have enough memory you can go to the + + align:start position:0% +have enough memory you can go to the + + + align:start position:0% +have enough memory you can go to the +global heap to get more memory and then + + align:start position:0% +global heap to get more memory and then + + + align:start position:0% +global heap to get more memory and then +when the global heap doesn't have any + + align:start position:0% +when the global heap doesn't have any + + + align:start position:0% +when the global heap doesn't have any +more memory then it gets more memory + + align:start position:0% +more memory then it gets more memory + + + align:start position:0% +more memory then it gets more memory +from the operating system just so this + + align:start position:0% +from the operating system just so this + + + align:start position:0% +from the operating system just so this +is sort of a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +is sort of a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of a combination of the +approaches that we saw before that the + + align:start position:0% +approaches that we saw before that the + + + align:start position:0% +approaches that we saw before that the +ages are that this is a pretty fast + + align:start position:0% +ages are that this is a pretty fast + + + align:start position:0% +ages are that this is a pretty fast +allocator it's also scalable as you add + + align:start position:0% +allocator it's also scalable as you add + + + align:start position:0% +allocator it's also scalable as you add +more processors to performance + + align:start position:0% +more processors to performance + + + align:start position:0% +more processors to performance +improves you can also bound the blow up + + align:start position:0% +improves you can also bound the blow up + + + align:start position:0% +improves you can also bound the blow up +and it also has resilience to fall + + align:start position:0% +and it also has resilience to fall + + + align:start position:0% +and it also has resilience to fall +sharing because it's using local heaps + + align:start position:0% +sharing because it's using local heaps + + + align:start position:0% +sharing because it's using local heaps +so let's look at how an allocation using + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at how an allocation using + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at how an allocation using +the Horde allocator works plushies + + align:start position:0% +the Horde allocator works plushies + + + align:start position:0% +the Horde allocator works plushies +assume without loss of generality that + + align:start position:0% +assume without loss of generality that + + + align:start position:0% +assume without loss of generality that +all the blocks are the same size so we + + align:start position:0% +all the blocks are the same size so we + + + align:start position:0% +all the blocks are the same size so we +have fixed size allocation so let's say + + align:start position:0% +have fixed size allocation so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +have fixed size allocation so let's say +we call malloc in our program and let's + + align:start position:0% +we call malloc in our program and let's + + + align:start position:0% +we call malloc in our program and let's +say thread I calls the malloc so what + + align:start position:0% +say thread I calls the malloc so what + + + align:start position:0% +say thread I calls the malloc so what +we're gonna do is we're going to check + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do is we're going to check + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do is we're going to check +if there's a free object in heap I that + + align:start position:0% +if there's a free object in heap I that + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a free object in heap I that +can satisfy this request and if so we're + + align:start position:0% +can satisfy this request and if so we're + + + align:start position:0% +can satisfy this request and if so we're +going to get an object from the fullest + + align:start position:0% +going to get an object from the fullest + + + align:start position:0% +going to get an object from the fullest +non-full super block in eyes heap anyone + + align:start position:0% +non-full super block in eyes heap anyone + + + align:start position:0% +non-full super block in eyes heap anyone +know why we want to get the object from + + align:start position:0% +know why we want to get the object from + + + align:start position:0% +know why we want to get the object from +the fullest non-full super block yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so when a super block needs to be + + align:start position:0% +right so when a super block needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +right so when a super block needs to be +moved as as dense as possible and more + + align:start position:0% +moved as as dense as possible and more + + + align:start position:0% +moved as as dense as possible and more +importantly this is to reduce external + + align:start position:0% +importantly this is to reduce external + + + align:start position:0% +importantly this is to reduce external +fragmentation because as we saw in the + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation because as we saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation because as we saw in the +last lecture if you ask you the + + align:start position:0% +last lecture if you ask you the + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture if you ask you the +distribution of allocated memory objects + + align:start position:0% +distribution of allocated memory objects + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of allocated memory objects +just few pages or in this case as few + + align:start position:0% +just few pages or in this case as few + + + align:start position:0% +just few pages or in this case as few +super blocks as possible that reduces + + align:start position:0% +super blocks as possible that reduces + + + align:start position:0% +super blocks as possible that reduces +your external fragmentation okay so if + + align:start position:0% +your external fragmentation okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +your external fragmentation okay so if +it finds it in its own heap then it's + + align:start position:0% +it finds it in its own heap then it's + + + align:start position:0% +it finds it in its own heap then it's +gonna allocate an object from there + + align:start position:0% +gonna allocate an object from there + + + align:start position:0% +gonna allocate an object from there +otherwise it's going to check the global + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's going to check the global + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's going to check the global +heap and if there's something in the + + align:start position:0% +heap and if there's something in the + + + align:start position:0% +heap and if there's something in the +global heap or so here says it if the + + align:start position:0% +global heap or so here says it if the + + + align:start position:0% +global heap or so here says it if the +global heat is empty then it's gonna get + + align:start position:0% +global heat is empty then it's gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +global heat is empty then it's gonna get +a new super block from the OS otherwise + + align:start position:0% +a new super block from the OS otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +a new super block from the OS otherwise +we can get a super block from the global + + align:start position:0% +we can get a super block from the global + + + align:start position:0% +we can get a super block from the global +heap and then use that one and then + + align:start position:0% +heap and then use that one and then + + + align:start position:0% +heap and then use that one and then +finally we set the set the owner of the + + align:start position:0% +finally we set the set the owner of the + + + align:start position:0% +finally we set the set the owner of the +block we got either from the OS or from + + align:start position:0% +block we got either from the OS or from + + + align:start position:0% +block we got either from the OS or from +the global heap to I and then we return + + align:start position:0% +the global heap to I and then we return + + + align:start position:0% +the global heap to I and then we return +that free object to the program so this + + align:start position:0% +that free object to the program so this + + + align:start position:0% +that free object to the program so this +is how a malloc works using the Horde + + align:start position:0% +is how a malloc works using the Horde + + + align:start position:0% +is how a malloc works using the Horde +alligator and now let's look at 4 D + + align:start position:0% +alligator and now let's look at 4 D + + + align:start position:0% +alligator and now let's look at 4 D +allocation select like use of I beta in + + align:start position:0% +allocation select like use of I beta in + + + align:start position:0% +allocation select like use of I beta in +you storage in heap I this is the heap + + align:start position:0% +you storage in heap I this is the heap + + + align:start position:0% +you storage in heap I this is the heap +for thread I and let a sub I be the + + align:start position:0% +for thread I and let a sub I be the + + + align:start position:0% +for thread I and let a sub I be the +storage owned by heap I the Horde + + align:start position:0% +storage owned by heap I the Horde + + + align:start position:0% +storage owned by heap I the Horde +allocator maintains the following + + align:start position:0% +allocator maintains the following + + + align:start position:0% +allocator maintains the following +invariant for all heaps I and the + + align:start position:0% +invariant for all heaps I and the + + + align:start position:0% +invariant for all heaps I and the +invariant is as follows so u sub I is + + align:start position:0% +invariant is as follows so u sub I is + + + align:start position:0% +invariant is as follows so u sub I is +always going to be greater than or equal + + align:start position:0% +always going to be greater than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +always going to be greater than or equal +to the min of a sub I minus 2 times s + + align:start position:0% +to the min of a sub I minus 2 times s + + + align:start position:0% +to the min of a sub I minus 2 times s +recall s is the super block size and a + + align:start position:0% +recall s is the super block size and a + + + align:start position:0% +recall s is the super block size and a +sub I over 2 so how it implements this + + align:start position:0% +sub I over 2 so how it implements this + + + align:start position:0% +sub I over 2 so how it implements this +is as false when we call free of X let's + + align:start position:0% +is as false when we call free of X let's + + + align:start position:0% +is as false when we call free of X let's +say X is owned by thread I then we're + + align:start position:0% +say X is owned by thread I then we're + + + align:start position:0% +say X is owned by thread I then we're +gonna put X back into heap I and then + + align:start position:0% +gonna put X back into heap I and then + + + align:start position:0% +gonna put X back into heap I and then +we're gonna check if the in u storage in + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna check if the in u storage in + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna check if the in u storage in +heap I u sub I is less than the min of a + + align:start position:0% +heap I u sub I is less than the min of a + + + align:start position:0% +heap I u sub I is less than the min of a +sub I minus 2 s and a sub I over 2 and + + align:start position:0% +sub I minus 2 s and a sub I over 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +sub I minus 2 s and a sub I over 2 and +what this condition says if it's true it + + align:start position:0% +what this condition says if it's true it + + + align:start position:0% +what this condition says if it's true it +means that your heap is + + align:start position:0% +means that your heap is + + + align:start position:0% +means that your heap is +last at most half utilized because if + + align:start position:0% +last at most half utilized because if + + + align:start position:0% +last at most half utilized because if +it's smaller than this it has to be + + align:start position:0% +it's smaller than this it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +it's smaller than this it has to be +smaller than a sub I over to that means + + align:start position:0% +smaller than a sub I over to that means + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than a sub I over to that means +there's twice as much allocated than + + align:start position:0% +there's twice as much allocated than + + + align:start position:0% +there's twice as much allocated than +used in the local he buy and therefore + + align:start position:0% +used in the local he buy and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +used in the local he buy and therefore +there must be some super block that's at + + align:start position:0% +there must be some super block that's at + + + align:start position:0% +there must be some super block that's at +least half empty and you move that super + + align:start position:0% +least half empty and you move that super + + + align:start position:0% +least half empty and you move that super +block or one of those super blocks to + + align:start position:0% +block or one of those super blocks to + + + align:start position:0% +block or one of those super blocks to +the global heap so any questions on how + + align:start position:0% +the global heap so any questions on how + + + align:start position:0% +the global heap so any questions on how +the allocation and de-allocation works + + align:start position:0% +the allocation and de-allocation works + + + align:start position:0% +the allocation and de-allocation works +so and since we're maintaining this + + align:start position:0% +so and since we're maintaining this + + + align:start position:0% +so and since we're maintaining this +invariant it's gonna allow us to prove + + align:start position:0% +invariant it's gonna allow us to prove + + + align:start position:0% +invariant it's gonna allow us to prove +about and on the blow up and I'll show + + align:start position:0% +about and on the blow up and I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +about and on the blow up and I'll show +you that on the next slide but before I + + align:start position:0% +you that on the next slide but before I + + + align:start position:0% +you that on the next slide but before I +go on are there any questions okay so + + align:start position:0% +go on are there any questions okay so + + + align:start position:0% +go on are there any questions okay so +let's look at how we can bound the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at how we can bound the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at how we can bound the +blow-up of the Horde allocator so + + align:start position:0% +blow-up of the Horde allocator so + + + align:start position:0% +blow-up of the Horde allocator so +there's actually allowed me that we're + + align:start position:0% +there's actually allowed me that we're + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually allowed me that we're +gonna use and not prove dilemma is that + + align:start position:0% +gonna use and not prove dilemma is that + + + align:start position:0% +gonna use and not prove dilemma is that +the maximum storage allocated in the + + align:start position:0% +the maximum storage allocated in the + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum storage allocated in the +global heap is at most a maximum storage + + align:start position:0% +global heap is at most a maximum storage + + + align:start position:0% +global heap is at most a maximum storage +allocated in the local heaps so we just + + align:start position:0% +allocated in the local heaps so we just + + + align:start position:0% +allocated in the local heaps so we just +need to analyze how much stores is is + + align:start position:0% +need to analyze how much stores is is + + + align:start position:0% +need to analyze how much stores is is +allocated in the local heaps because the + + align:start position:0% +allocated in the local heaps because the + + + align:start position:0% +allocated in the local heaps because the +total amount of storage is gonna be at + + align:start position:0% +total amount of storage is gonna be at + + + align:start position:0% +total amount of storage is gonna be at +most twice as much in the since the + + align:start position:0% +most twice as much in the since the + + + align:start position:0% +most twice as much in the since the +global heap storage is dominated by the + + align:start position:0% +global heap storage is dominated by the + + + align:start position:0% +global heap storage is dominated by the +local heap storage so you can prove this + + align:start position:0% +local heap storage so you can prove this + + + align:start position:0% +local heap storage so you can prove this +lemma by case analysis and there's the + + align:start position:0% +lemma by case analysis and there's the + + + align:start position:0% +lemma by case analysis and there's the +the Horde paper that's available on + + align:start position:0% +the Horde paper that's available on + + + align:start position:0% +the Horde paper that's available on +learning modules and you're free to look + + align:start position:0% +learning modules and you're free to look + + + align:start position:0% +learning modules and you're free to look +at that if you want to look at how this + + align:start position:0% +at that if you want to look at how this + + + align:start position:0% +at that if you want to look at how this +is proved but here I'm just gonna use + + align:start position:0% +is proved but here I'm just gonna use + + + align:start position:0% +is proved but here I'm just gonna use +this lemma to prove this theorem which + + align:start position:0% +this lemma to prove this theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +this lemma to prove this theorem which +says that let u be the user footprint + + align:start position:0% +says that let u be the user footprint + + + align:start position:0% +says that let u be the user footprint +for a program and let a be the hoards + + align:start position:0% +for a program and let a be the hoards + + + align:start position:0% +for a program and let a be the hoards +alligator footprint we have that a is + + align:start position:0% +alligator footprint we have that a is + + + align:start position:0% +alligator footprint we have that a is +upper bounded by order u plus SP and + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by order u plus SP and + + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by order u plus SP and +therefore a divided by U which is a + + align:start position:0% +therefore a divided by U which is a + + + align:start position:0% +therefore a divided by U which is a +blow-up is going to be one plus order SP + + align:start position:0% +blow-up is going to be one plus order SP + + + align:start position:0% +blow-up is going to be one plus order SP +divided by u okay so let's see how this + + align:start position:0% +divided by u okay so let's see how this + + + align:start position:0% +divided by u okay so let's see how this +proof works so we're just gonna analyze + + align:start position:0% +proof works so we're just gonna analyze + + + align:start position:0% +proof works so we're just gonna analyze +the storage in the local heaps now + + align:start position:0% +the storage in the local heaps now + + + align:start position:0% +the storage in the local heaps now +recall that we're always satisfying this + + align:start position:0% +recall that we're always satisfying this + + + align:start position:0% +recall that we're always satisfying this +invariant here where u sub I is greater + + align:start position:0% +invariant here where u sub I is greater + + + align:start position:0% +invariant here where u sub I is greater +than the men of a sub I minus 2s and a + + align:start position:0% +than the men of a sub I minus 2s and a + + + align:start position:0% +than the men of a sub I minus 2s and a +sub I of the two so the first term says + + align:start position:0% +sub I of the two so the first term says + + + align:start position:0% +sub I of the two so the first term says +that we can have two s unutilized + + align:start position:0% +that we can have two s unutilized + + + align:start position:0% +that we can have two s unutilized +storage per heap so it's basically + + align:start position:0% +storage per heap so it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +storage per heap so it's basically +giving two + + align:start position:0% +giving two + + + align:start position:0% +giving two +superblocks for free to each heap and + + align:start position:0% +superblocks for free to each heap and + + + align:start position:0% +superblocks for free to each heap and +they don't have to use it they can + + align:start position:0% +they don't have to use it they can + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have to use it they can +basically use that as much as they want + + align:start position:0% +basically use that as much as they want + + + align:start position:0% +basically use that as much as they want +and therefore the total amount of + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the total amount of + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the total amount of +storage contributed by the first term is + + align:start position:0% +storage contributed by the first term is + + + align:start position:0% +storage contributed by the first term is +going to be order SP because each + + align:start position:0% +going to be order SP because each + + + align:start position:0% +going to be order SP because each +processor has to s up to two as + + align:start position:0% +processor has to s up to two as + + + align:start position:0% +processor has to s up to two as +unutilized storage so that's where the + + align:start position:0% +unutilized storage so that's where the + + + align:start position:0% +unutilized storage so that's where the +second term comes from here and the the + + align:start position:0% +second term comes from here and the the + + + align:start position:0% +second term comes from here and the the +the second term a sub I over to this + + align:start position:0% +the second term a sub I over to this + + + align:start position:0% +the second term a sub I over to this +this will give us the first term order u + + align:start position:0% +this will give us the first term order u + + + align:start position:0% +this will give us the first term order u +so this says that the allocated storage + + align:start position:0% +so this says that the allocated storage + + + align:start position:0% +so this says that the allocated storage +is that most twice the use storage for + + align:start position:0% +is that most twice the use storage for + + + align:start position:0% +is that most twice the use storage for +it and then if you if you sum up across + + align:start position:0% +it and then if you if you sum up across + + + align:start position:0% +it and then if you if you sum up across +all the processors then there's a total + + align:start position:0% +all the processors then there's a total + + + align:start position:0% +all the processors then there's a total +of order use storage that's allocated + + align:start position:0% +of order use storage that's allocated + + + align:start position:0% +of order use storage that's allocated +because the allocated storage can be at + + align:start position:0% +because the allocated storage can be at + + + align:start position:0% +because the allocated storage can be at +most twice the use storage okay so + + align:start position:0% +most twice the use storage okay so + + + align:start position:0% +most twice the use storage okay so +that's the proof of the blow up for + + align:start position:0% +that's the proof of the blow up for + + + align:start position:0% +that's the proof of the blow up for +Horde and this is pretty good it's one + + align:start position:0% +Horde and this is pretty good it's one + + + align:start position:0% +Horde and this is pretty good it's one +plus some lower lower order term okay so + + align:start position:0% +plus some lower lower order term okay so + + + align:start position:0% +plus some lower lower order term okay so +nowadays are some other allocators that + + align:start position:0% +nowadays are some other allocators that + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays are some other allocators that +people use so je malloc is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +people use so je malloc is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +people use so je malloc is a pretty +popular one as a few differences was + + align:start position:0% +popular one as a few differences was + + + align:start position:0% +popular one as a few differences was +with Horde it has a separate global lock + + align:start position:0% +with Horde it has a separate global lock + + + align:start position:0% +with Horde it has a separate global lock +for each different allocation size + + align:start position:0% +for each different allocation size + + + align:start position:0% +for each different allocation size +allocates the object with the smallest + + align:start position:0% +allocates the object with the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +allocates the object with the smallest +address among all the objects of the + + align:start position:0% +address among all the objects of the + + + align:start position:0% +address among all the objects of the +requested size and it releases empty + + align:start position:0% +requested size and it releases empty + + + align:start position:0% +requested size and it releases empty +pages using em advice which we talked + + align:start position:0% +pages using em advice which we talked + + + align:start position:0% +pages using em advice which we talked +about I talked about earlier and it's + + align:start position:0% +about I talked about earlier and it's + + + align:start position:0% +about I talked about earlier and it's +pretty popular because it has good + + align:start position:0% +pretty popular because it has good + + + align:start position:0% +pretty popular because it has good +performance and it's pretty robust to + + align:start position:0% +performance and it's pretty robust to + + + align:start position:0% +performance and it's pretty robust to +different allocation traces there's also + + align:start position:0% +different allocation traces there's also + + + align:start position:0% +different allocation traces there's also +another one called super malloc which is + + align:start position:0% +another one called super malloc which is + + + align:start position:0% +another one called super malloc which is +an up-and-coming contender and it was + + align:start position:0% +an up-and-coming contender and it was + + + align:start position:0% +an up-and-coming contender and it was +developed by Bradley Kussmaul here are + + align:start position:0% +developed by Bradley Kussmaul here are + + + align:start position:0% +developed by Bradley Kussmaul here are +some allocator speeds for the alligators + + align:start position:0% +some allocator speeds for the alligators + + + align:start position:0% +some allocator speeds for the alligators +that we looked at for our pit particular + + align:start position:0% +that we looked at for our pit particular + + + align:start position:0% +that we looked at for our pit particular +benchmark and for this particular + + align:start position:0% +benchmark and for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +benchmark and for this particular +benchmark we can see that super malloc + + align:start position:0% +benchmark we can see that super malloc + + + align:start position:0% +benchmark we can see that super malloc +actually does really well it's more than + + align:start position:0% +actually does really well it's more than + + + align:start position:0% +actually does really well it's more than +three times faster than J email luck and + + align:start position:0% +three times faster than J email luck and + + + align:start position:0% +three times faster than J email luck and +J malloc is more than twice as fast as + + align:start position:0% +J malloc is more than twice as fast as + + + align:start position:0% +J malloc is more than twice as fast as +Horde and then the default allocator + + align:start position:0% +Horde and then the default allocator + + + align:start position:0% +Horde and then the default allocator +which uses a global heap is pretty slow + + align:start position:0% +which uses a global heap is pretty slow + + + align:start position:0% +which uses a global heap is pretty slow +because I can't get + + align:start position:0% +because I can't get + + + align:start position:0% +because I can't get +Goodspeed up and all these experiments + + align:start position:0% +Goodspeed up and all these experiments + + + align:start position:0% +Goodspeed up and all these experiments +aren't 32 threads I also have the lines + + align:start position:0% +aren't 32 threads I also have the lines + + + align:start position:0% +aren't 32 threads I also have the lines +of code so we see that super Malek + + align:start position:0% +of code so we see that super Malek + + + align:start position:0% +of code so we see that super Malek +actually has very few lines of code + + align:start position:0% +actually has very few lines of code + + + align:start position:0% +actually has very few lines of code +compared to the other allocators so it's + + align:start position:0% +compared to the other allocators so it's + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the other allocators so it's +relatively simple okay so I also have + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple okay so I also have + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple okay so I also have +some slides in garbage collection but + + align:start position:0% +some slides in garbage collection but + + + align:start position:0% +some slides in garbage collection but +since we're out of time I'll just put + + align:start position:0% +since we're out of time I'll just put + + + align:start position:0% +since we're out of time I'll just put +these slides online and you can read + + align:start position:0% +these slides online and you can read + + + align:start position:0% +these slides online and you can read +them \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dNHqd6nGr5o.txt b/dNHqd6nGr5o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..743f6a7456d88410fccdc65b86e54e966adbc8a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/dNHqd6nGr5o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10091 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so today we're going to start + + align:start position:0% +okay so today we're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +okay so today we're going to start +topic we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +topic we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +topic we're going to be talking about +the propagation of signals in in + + align:start position:0% +the propagation of signals in in + + + align:start position:0% +the propagation of signals in in +dendrites and axons so so the the model + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and axons so so the the model + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and axons so so the the model +that we've considered so far is just a + + align:start position:0% +that we've considered so far is just a + + + align:start position:0% +that we've considered so far is just a +soma right we we basically had a kind of + + align:start position:0% +soma right we we basically had a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +soma right we we basically had a kind of +a spherical shell of insulator that + + align:start position:0% +a spherical shell of insulator that + + + align:start position:0% +a spherical shell of insulator that +we've been that we've been modeling then + + align:start position:0% +we've been that we've been modeling then + + + align:start position:0% +we've been that we've been modeling then +has different kinds of ion channels in + + align:start position:0% +has different kinds of ion channels in + + + align:start position:0% +has different kinds of ion channels in +it that allow the cell to do things like + + align:start position:0% +it that allow the cell to do things like + + + align:start position:0% +it that allow the cell to do things like +generate an action potential so the the + + align:start position:0% +generate an action potential so the the + + + align:start position:0% +generate an action potential so the the +reason that we've been doing that is + + align:start position:0% +reason that we've been doing that is + + + align:start position:0% +reason that we've been doing that is +because in most vertebrates the soma is + + align:start position:0% +because in most vertebrates the soma is + + + align:start position:0% +because in most vertebrates the soma is +the site in the neuron at which the + + align:start position:0% +the site in the neuron at which the + + + align:start position:0% +the site in the neuron at which the +decision to make an action potential is + + align:start position:0% +decision to make an action potential is + + + align:start position:0% +decision to make an action potential is +made so all kinds of inputs come in and + + align:start position:0% +made so all kinds of inputs come in and + + + align:start position:0% +made so all kinds of inputs come in and +then the soma integrates those inputs + + align:start position:0% +then the soma integrates those inputs + + + align:start position:0% +then the soma integrates those inputs +accumulates charge reaches some spiking + + align:start position:0% +accumulates charge reaches some spiking + + + align:start position:0% +accumulates charge reaches some spiking +threshold and then generates an action + + align:start position:0% +threshold and then generates an action + + + align:start position:0% +threshold and then generates an action +potential and so that's where the + + align:start position:0% +potential and so that's where the + + + align:start position:0% +potential and so that's where the +decision is about whether a neuron is + + align:start position:0% +decision is about whether a neuron is + + + align:start position:0% +decision is about whether a neuron is +going to spike or not now in real + + align:start position:0% +going to spike or not now in real + + + align:start position:0% +going to spike or not now in real +neurons relatively few of the inputs + + align:start position:0% +neurons relatively few of the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +neurons relatively few of the inputs +actually come on to the soma most of the + + align:start position:0% +actually come on to the soma most of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually come on to the soma most of the +synaptic inputs most of the inputs + + align:start position:0% +synaptic inputs most of the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic inputs most of the inputs +arrive on to the dendrites which are + + align:start position:0% +arrive on to the dendrites which are + + + align:start position:0% +arrive on to the dendrites which are +these branching cylinders of cell + + align:start position:0% +these branching cylinders of cell + + + align:start position:0% +these branching cylinders of cell +membrane and most of the synapses + + align:start position:0% +membrane and most of the synapses + + + align:start position:0% +membrane and most of the synapses +actually form onto the dendrite you know + + align:start position:0% +actually form onto the dendrite you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually form onto the dendrite you know +at some distance from the soma there are + + align:start position:0% +at some distance from the soma there are + + + align:start position:0% +at some distance from the soma there are +synapses that form onto the soma but the + + align:start position:0% +synapses that form onto the soma but the + + + align:start position:0% +synapses that form onto the soma but the +vast majority of synapses form onto + + align:start position:0% +vast majority of synapses form onto + + + align:start position:0% +vast majority of synapses form onto +these onto these dendrites and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +these onto these dendrites and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +these onto these dendrites and sometimes +those synapses can be as far away as one + + align:start position:0% +those synapses can be as far away as one + + + align:start position:0% +those synapses can be as far away as one +to two millimeters for very large + + align:start position:0% +to two millimeters for very large + + + align:start position:0% +to two millimeters for very large +neurons in cortex so there's a + + align:start position:0% +neurons in cortex so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in cortex so there's a +population of neurons in deep layer five + + align:start position:0% +population of neurons in deep layer five + + + align:start position:0% +population of neurons in deep layer five +you some of you may have heard about + + align:start position:0% +you some of you may have heard about + + + align:start position:0% +you some of you may have heard about +that have dendrites that reach all the + + align:start position:0% +that have dendrites that reach all the + + + align:start position:0% +that have dendrites that reach all the +way up into layer one and and those + + align:start position:0% +way up into layer one and and those + + + align:start position:0% +way up into layer one and and those +cells can be those dendrites can be as + + align:start position:0% +cells can be those dendrites can be as + + + align:start position:0% +cells can be those dendrites can be as +long as a couple of millimeters okay so + + align:start position:0% +long as a couple of millimeters okay so + + + align:start position:0% +long as a couple of millimeters okay so +we we really have to think about what + + align:start position:0% +we we really have to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +we we really have to think about what +this means how signals get from out here + + align:start position:0% +this means how signals get from out here + + + align:start position:0% +this means how signals get from out here +in the dendrite down to the soma and + + align:start position:0% +in the dendrite down to the soma and + + + align:start position:0% +in the dendrite down to the soma and +that's what we're going to what we're + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're going to what we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're going to what we're +going to talk about today so the most + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about today so the most + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about today so the most +important thing that we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +important thing that we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +important thing that we're going to do +is to simplify this by the way this is a + + align:start position:0% +is to simplify this by the way this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is to simplify this by the way this is a +anybody know what kind of cell this is + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what kind of cell this is + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know what kind of cell this is +good it's a Purkinje cell and it was one + + align:start position:0% +good it's a Purkinje cell and it was one + + + align:start position:0% +good it's a Purkinje cell and it was one +of the this is one of the cells that + + align:start position:0% +of the this is one of the cells that + + + align:start position:0% +of the this is one of the cells that +rimoni qahal drew back in the late 1800s + + align:start position:0% +rimoni qahal drew back in the late 1800s + + + align:start position:0% +rimoni qahal drew back in the late 1800s +okay so the first most important thing + + align:start position:0% +okay so the first most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the first most important thing +we're going to do is to simplify this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is to simplify this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is to simplify this +very complex dendritic arborization and + + align:start position:0% +very complex dendritic arborization and + + + align:start position:0% +very complex dendritic arborization and +we're going to basically think of it as + + align:start position:0% +we're going to basically think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to basically think of it as +a single cylinder okay now + + align:start position:0% +a single cylinder okay now + + + align:start position:0% +a single cylinder okay now +mathematically there are reasons why + + align:start position:0% +mathematically there are reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically there are reasons why +this is not actually unreasonable there + + align:start position:0% +this is not actually unreasonable there + + + align:start position:0% +this is not actually unreasonable there +are you can write down if you analyze + + align:start position:0% +are you can write down if you analyze + + + align:start position:0% +are you can write down if you analyze +the structure of dendritic trees there's + + align:start position:0% +the structure of dendritic trees there's + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of dendritic trees there's +something about the way the ratio of the + + align:start position:0% +something about the way the ratio of the + + + align:start position:0% +something about the way the ratio of the +of the diameters of the different + + align:start position:0% +of the diameters of the different + + + align:start position:0% +of the diameters of the different +dendrites as they converge to form + + align:start position:0% +dendrites as they converge to form + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites as they converge to form +thicker branches as you get closer and + + align:start position:0% +thicker branches as you get closer and + + + align:start position:0% +thicker branches as you get closer and +close to closer to the soma that + + align:start position:0% +close to closer to the soma that + + + align:start position:0% +close to closer to the soma that +mathematically makes this not a bad + + align:start position:0% +mathematically makes this not a bad + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically makes this not a bad +approximation for for an extended + + align:start position:0% +approximation for for an extended + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for for an extended +dendritic Arbor like this so we're going + + align:start position:0% +dendritic Arbor like this so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +dendritic Arbor like this so we're going +to think about the problem of having a + + align:start position:0% +to think about the problem of having a + + + align:start position:0% +to think about the problem of having a +synapse out here on this cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +synapse out here on this cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +synapse out here on this cylindrical +approximation to a dendrite and we're + + align:start position:0% +approximation to a dendrite and we're + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to a dendrite and we're +going to imagine that we're measuring + + align:start position:0% +going to imagine that we're measuring + + + align:start position:0% +going to imagine that we're measuring +the voltage down here at the soma or at + + align:start position:0% +the voltage down here at the soma or at + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage down here at the soma or at +different positions along the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +different positions along the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +different positions along the dendrite +and we're going to ask how does a + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to ask how does a + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to ask how does a +synaptic input out here on this cylinder + + align:start position:0% +synaptic input out here on this cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic input out here on this cylinder +affect the membrane potential in that in + + align:start position:0% +affect the membrane potential in that in + + + align:start position:0% +affect the membrane potential in that in +the dendrite and down here at the soma + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite and down here at the soma + + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite and down here at the soma +okay all right and the the the basic + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and the the the basic + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and the the the basic +conceptual picture that you should have + + align:start position:0% +conceptual picture that you should have + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual picture that you should have +is that is that those signals propagate + + align:start position:0% +is that is that those signals propagate + + + align:start position:0% +is that is that those signals propagate +some distance down the soma but + + align:start position:0% +some distance down the soma but + + + align:start position:0% +some distance down the soma but +gradually leak out all right and there's + + align:start position:0% +gradually leak out all right and there's + + + align:start position:0% +gradually leak out all right and there's +a very simple kind of intuitive picture + + align:start position:0% +a very simple kind of intuitive picture + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple kind of intuitive picture +which is that the dendrite is kind of + + align:start position:0% +which is that the dendrite is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +which is that the dendrite is kind of +you can think of you can think of this + + align:start position:0% +you can think of you can think of this + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of you can think of this +as a leaky pipe or a leaky hose so + + align:start position:0% +as a leaky pipe or a leaky hose so + + + align:start position:0% +as a leaky pipe or a leaky hose so +imagine you took a piece of garden hose + + align:start position:0% +imagine you took a piece of garden hose + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you took a piece of garden hose +okay and you poked holes in the side of + + align:start position:0% +okay and you poked holes in the side of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you poked holes in the side of +it or you know at so that they're kind + + align:start position:0% +it or you know at so that they're kind + + + align:start position:0% +it or you know at so that they're kind +of close together and when you when you + + align:start position:0% +of close together and when you when you + + + align:start position:0% +of close together and when you when you +hook this up to the water faucet you + + align:start position:0% +hook this up to the water faucet you + + + align:start position:0% +hook this up to the water faucet you +turn the water on that some of that + + align:start position:0% +turn the water on that some of that + + + align:start position:0% +turn the water on that some of that +water flows down the hose but some of it + + align:start position:0% +water flows down the hose but some of it + + + align:start position:0% +water flows down the hose but some of it +also leaks + + align:start position:0% +also leaks + + + align:start position:0% +also leaks +out the through the holes that you + + align:start position:0% +out the through the holes that you + + + align:start position:0% +out the through the holes that you +drilled okay you can see that eventually + + align:start position:0% +drilled okay you can see that eventually + + + align:start position:0% +drilled okay you can see that eventually +the waters all going to leak out through + + align:start position:0% +the waters all going to leak out through + + + align:start position:0% +the waters all going to leak out through +the sides and it's not going to go all + + align:start position:0% +the sides and it's not going to go all + + + align:start position:0% +the sides and it's not going to go all +the way down to the other end to get to + + align:start position:0% +the way down to the other end to get to + + + align:start position:0% +the way down to the other end to get to +your hydrangeas or whatever it is that + + align:start position:0% +your hydrangeas or whatever it is that + + + align:start position:0% +your hydrangeas or whatever it is that +you're watering okay and so you can see + + align:start position:0% +you're watering okay and so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you're watering okay and so you can see +that that signal isn't going to get very + + align:start position:0% +that that signal isn't going to get very + + + align:start position:0% +that that signal isn't going to get very +far if the if the holes if the holes you + + align:start position:0% +far if the if the holes if the holes you + + + align:start position:0% +far if the if the holes if the holes you +drilled are big enough okay and the + + align:start position:0% +drilled are big enough okay and the + + + align:start position:0% +drilled are big enough okay and the +general kind of analogy here is that + + align:start position:0% +general kind of analogy here is that + + + align:start position:0% +general kind of analogy here is that +current is like the flow of the water + + align:start position:0% +current is like the flow of the water + + + align:start position:0% +current is like the flow of the water +current electrical current here is like + + align:start position:0% +current electrical current here is like + + + align:start position:0% +current electrical current here is like +water current flowing down the pipe and + + align:start position:0% +water current flowing down the pipe and + + + align:start position:0% +water current flowing down the pipe and +voltage is like pressure right so the + + align:start position:0% +voltage is like pressure right so the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is like pressure right so the +higher the pressure here the higher the + + align:start position:0% +higher the pressure here the higher the + + + align:start position:0% +higher the pressure here the higher the +current flow you'll get and we're going + + align:start position:0% +current flow you'll get and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +current flow you'll get and we're going +to develop an electrical circuit model + + align:start position:0% +to develop an electrical circuit model + + + align:start position:0% +to develop an electrical circuit model +for for a dendrite like this that's + + align:start position:0% +for for a dendrite like this that's + + + align:start position:0% +for for a dendrite like this that's +going to look kind of like a set of + + align:start position:0% +going to look kind of like a set of + + + align:start position:0% +going to look kind of like a set of +resistors going down the axis of the + + align:start position:0% +resistors going down the axis of the + + + align:start position:0% +resistors going down the axis of the +dendrite and a set of resistors that go + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and a set of resistors that go + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and a set of resistors that go +across the membrane and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +across the membrane and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +across the membrane and you can see that +each little piece of membrane here a + + align:start position:0% +each little piece of membrane here a + + + align:start position:0% +each little piece of membrane here a +little piece of the dendrite is going to + + align:start position:0% +little piece of the dendrite is going to + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of the dendrite is going to +look like a resistor a resistor divider + + align:start position:0% +look like a resistor a resistor divider + + + align:start position:0% +look like a resistor a resistor divider +where you have a resistor along the axis + + align:start position:0% +where you have a resistor along the axis + + + align:start position:0% +where you have a resistor along the axis +along the axial direction and a + + align:start position:0% +along the axial direction and a + + + align:start position:0% +along the axial direction and a +resistance across the membrane and as + + align:start position:0% +resistance across the membrane and as + + + align:start position:0% +resistance across the membrane and as +you make a longer and longer piece of + + align:start position:0% +you make a longer and longer piece of + + + align:start position:0% +you make a longer and longer piece of +dendrite that voltage you're going to + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that voltage you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that voltage you're going to +get additional voltage dividers each + + align:start position:0% +get additional voltage dividers each + + + align:start position:0% +get additional voltage dividers each +voltage divider sort of divides the + + align:start position:0% +voltage divider sort of divides the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage divider sort of divides the +voltage by some constant factor okay and + + align:start position:0% +voltage by some constant factor okay and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage by some constant factor okay and +as you stack those things up the voltage + + align:start position:0% +as you stack those things up the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +as you stack those things up the voltage +drops by some constant factor per unit + + align:start position:0% +drops by some constant factor per unit + + + align:start position:0% +drops by some constant factor per unit +length of the dendrite and so you can + + align:start position:0% +length of the dendrite and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +length of the dendrite and so you can +see anybody want to just take a guess of + + align:start position:0% +see anybody want to just take a guess of + + + align:start position:0% +see anybody want to just take a guess of +what kind of functional form that that + + align:start position:0% +what kind of functional form that that + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of functional form that that +would give you if you divide the voltage + + align:start position:0% +would give you if you divide the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +would give you if you divide the voltage +by some constant factor each unit length + + align:start position:0% +by some constant factor each unit length + + + align:start position:0% +by some constant factor each unit length +of the dendrite exponential that's right + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite exponential that's right + + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite exponential that's right +okay and that's where this exponential + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's where this exponential + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's where this exponential +fall-off comes from okay all right so so + + align:start position:0% +fall-off comes from okay all right so so + + + align:start position:0% +fall-off comes from okay all right so so +today we're going to do the following + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to do the following + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to do the following +things and we're going to basically draw + + align:start position:0% +things and we're going to basically draw + + + align:start position:0% +things and we're going to basically draw +a circuit diagram and an electrical + + align:start position:0% +a circuit diagram and an electrical + + + align:start position:0% +a circuit diagram and an electrical +equivalent circuit of a piece of + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit of a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit of a piece of +dendrite and I would like you to be able + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and I would like you to be able + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and I would like you to be able +to make that drawing if you're asked to + + align:start position:0% +to make that drawing if you're asked to + + + align:start position:0% +to make that drawing if you're asked to +we're going to be able to plot the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be able to plot the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be able to plot the +voltage in a piece of dendrite as a + + align:start position:0% +voltage in a piece of dendrite as a + + + align:start position:0% +voltage in a piece of dendrite as a +function of distance for the case of a + + align:start position:0% +function of distance for the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +function of distance for the case of a +dendrite that has leaky walls and for + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that has leaky walls and for + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that has leaky walls and for +the case of a dendrite that has non + + align:start position:0% +the case of a dendrite that has non + + + align:start position:0% +the case of a dendrite that has non +leaky walls all right and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +leaky walls all right and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +leaky walls all right and we're going to +describe the concept of a length + + align:start position:0% +describe the concept of a length + + + align:start position:0% +describe the concept of a length +constant which I'll tell you right now + + align:start position:0% +constant which I'll tell you right now + + + align:start position:0% +constant which I'll tell you right now +is just the one over the distance at + + align:start position:0% +is just the one over the distance at + + + align:start position:0% +is just the one over the distance at +which the voltage falls by 1 over E as a + + align:start position:0% +which the voltage falls by 1 over E as a + + + align:start position:0% +which the voltage falls by 1 over E as a +function of you know as a function of + + align:start position:0% +function of you know as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of you know as a function of +length so it's some length over which + + align:start position:0% +length so it's some length over which + + + align:start position:0% +length so it's some length over which +the voltage falls by some amount 1 over + + align:start position:0% +the voltage falls by some amount 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage falls by some amount 1 over +E I we're gonna go over how that length + + align:start position:0% +E I we're gonna go over how that length + + + align:start position:0% +E I we're gonna go over how that length +constant depends on the radius of the + + align:start position:0% +constant depends on the radius of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant depends on the radius of the +dendrite it's a it's a function of the + + align:start position:0% +dendrite it's a it's a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite it's a it's a function of the +size and also we're going to describe + + align:start position:0% +size and also we're going to describe + + + align:start position:0% +size and also we're going to describe +the concept of an electric tonic length + + align:start position:0% +the concept of an electric tonic length + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of an electric tonic length +and then finally we're going to go to + + align:start position:0% +and then finally we're going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally we're going to go to +some sort of extreme simplifications + + align:start position:0% +some sort of extreme simplifications + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of extreme simplifications +even beyond taking that very complex + + align:start position:0% +even beyond taking that very complex + + + align:start position:0% +even beyond taking that very complex +dendrite simplifying it as a cylinder + + align:start position:0% +dendrite simplifying it as a cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite simplifying it as a cylinder +we're going to go to an even simpler + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go to an even simpler + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go to an even simpler +case where we can just treat the cell as + + align:start position:0% +case where we can just treat the cell as + + + align:start position:0% +case where we can just treat the cell as +a soma connected to a resistor connected + + align:start position:0% +a soma connected to a resistor connected + + + align:start position:0% +a soma connected to a resistor connected +by a resistor to a separate compartment + + align:start position:0% +by a resistor to a separate compartment + + + align:start position:0% +by a resistor to a separate compartment +okay and that's sort of the most extreme + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's sort of the most extreme + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's sort of the most extreme +simplification of a dendrite but in fact + + align:start position:0% +simplification of a dendrite but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +simplification of a dendrite but in fact +it's an extremely powerful one from + + align:start position:0% +it's an extremely powerful one from + + + align:start position:0% +it's an extremely powerful one from +which you can get a lot of intuition + + align:start position:0% +which you can get a lot of intuition + + + align:start position:0% +which you can get a lot of intuition +about how signals are integrated in + + align:start position:0% +about how signals are integrated in + + + align:start position:0% +about how signals are integrated in +dendrites okay alright so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +dendrites okay alright so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites okay alright so we're going to +analyze a piece of dendrite using a + + align:start position:0% +analyze a piece of dendrite using a + + + align:start position:0% +analyze a piece of dendrite using a +technique called finite element analysis + + align:start position:0% +technique called finite element analysis + + + align:start position:0% +technique called finite element analysis +we're going to imagine we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to imagine we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to imagine we're going to +approximate our piece of dendrite as a + + align:start position:0% +approximate our piece of dendrite as a + + + align:start position:0% +approximate our piece of dendrite as a +cylinder of constant radius a and an + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of constant radius a and an + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of constant radius a and an +axial dimension that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +axial dimension that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +axial dimension that we're going to +label X we're going to break up this + + align:start position:0% +label X we're going to break up this + + + align:start position:0% +label X we're going to break up this +cylinder into little slices so imagine + + align:start position:0% +cylinder into little slices so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder into little slices so imagine +we just took a little knife and we cut + + align:start position:0% +we just took a little knife and we cut + + + align:start position:0% +we just took a little knife and we cut +little slices of this dendrite and we're + + align:start position:0% +little slices of this dendrite and we're + + + align:start position:0% +little slices of this dendrite and we're +and they're going to be very small + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to be very small + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to be very small +slices and we're going to model each one + + align:start position:0% +slices and we're going to model each one + + + align:start position:0% +slices and we're going to model each one +of those slices with a separate little + + align:start position:0% +of those slices with a separate little + + + align:start position:0% +of those slices with a separate little +circuit and then we're going to connect + + align:start position:0% +circuit and then we're going to connect + + + align:start position:0% +circuit and then we're going to connect +them together and we're going to let the + + align:start position:0% +them together and we're going to let the + + + align:start position:0% +them together and we're going to let the +length of that slice be Delta X and then + + align:start position:0% +length of that slice be Delta X and then + + + align:start position:0% +length of that slice be Delta X and then +eventually we're going to let Delta X go + + align:start position:0% +eventually we're going to let Delta X go + + + align:start position:0% +eventually we're going to let Delta X go +to 0 + + align:start position:0% +to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 +get some differential equations that + + align:start position:0% +get some differential equations that + + + align:start position:0% +get some differential equations that +describe that relationship between the + + align:start position:0% +describe that relationship between the + + + align:start position:0% +describe that relationship between the +voltage and the current in this piece of + + align:start position:0% +voltage and the current in this piece of + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and the current in this piece of +dendrite okay so let's start with a + + align:start position:0% +dendrite okay so let's start with a + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite okay so let's start with a +model for the inside of this cylinder so + + align:start position:0% +model for the inside of this cylinder so + + + align:start position:0% +model for the inside of this cylinder so +remember in a Cell we had the inside of + + align:start position:0% +remember in a Cell we had the inside of + + + align:start position:0% +remember in a Cell we had the inside of +the cell modeled by a wire okay in a + + align:start position:0% +the cell modeled by a wire okay in a + + + align:start position:0% +the cell modeled by a wire okay in a +dendrite we have we can't just use a + + align:start position:0% +dendrite we have we can't just use a + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite we have we can't just use a +wire and the reason is that current is + + align:start position:0% +wire and the reason is that current is + + + align:start position:0% +wire and the reason is that current is +going to flow along the inside of the + + align:start position:0% +going to flow along the inside of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to flow along the inside of the +dendrite it's going to flow and it's + + align:start position:0% +dendrite it's going to flow and it's + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite it's going to flow and it's +going to experience voltage drops right + + align:start position:0% +going to experience voltage drops right + + + align:start position:0% +going to experience voltage drops right +so we have to actually model the the + + align:start position:0% +so we have to actually model the the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to actually model the the +resistance of the inside of the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the inside of the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the inside of the dendrite +and we're going to we're going to model + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to we're going to model + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to we're going to model +it with the resistance between each one + + align:start position:0% +it with the resistance between each one + + + align:start position:0% +it with the resistance between each one +of those slices with a resistor value + + align:start position:0% +of those slices with a resistor value + + + align:start position:0% +of those slices with a resistor value +little R okay we're going to model the + + align:start position:0% +little R okay we're going to model the + + + align:start position:0% +little R okay we're going to model the +outside of the axon or the dendrite as a + + align:start position:0% +outside of the axon or the dendrite as a + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the axon or the dendrite as a +wire and the reason we're gonna put + + align:start position:0% +wire and the reason we're gonna put + + + align:start position:0% +wire and the reason we're gonna put +resistors inside and just a wire outside + + align:start position:0% +resistors inside and just a wire outside + + + align:start position:0% +resistors inside and just a wire outside +is because the resistance remember the + + align:start position:0% +is because the resistance remember the + + + align:start position:0% +is because the resistance remember the +axon or dendrite is very small in the + + align:start position:0% +axon or dendrite is very small in the + + + align:start position:0% +axon or dendrite is very small in the +brain dendrites might be about two + + align:start position:0% +brain dendrites might be about two + + + align:start position:0% +brain dendrites might be about two +microns across so the current is + + align:start position:0% +microns across so the current is + + + align:start position:0% +microns across so the current is +constrained to a very small space when + + align:start position:0% +constrained to a very small space when + + + align:start position:0% +constrained to a very small space when +currents then flow outside they're + + align:start position:0% +currents then flow outside they're + + + align:start position:0% +currents then flow outside they're +flowing in a much larger volume and so + + align:start position:0% +flowing in a much larger volume and so + + + align:start position:0% +flowing in a much larger volume and so +the effective resistance is much smaller + + align:start position:0% +the effective resistance is much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +the effective resistance is much smaller +and we're going to essentially ignore + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to essentially ignore + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to essentially ignore +that resistance and treat the outside as + + align:start position:0% +that resistance and treat the outside as + + + align:start position:0% +that resistance and treat the outside as +just a wire okay all right now we have + + align:start position:0% +just a wire okay all right now we have + + + align:start position:0% +just a wire okay all right now we have +to we have to model the the membrane + + align:start position:0% +to we have to model the the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +to we have to model the the membrane +okay anybody want to take a guess how + + align:start position:0% +okay anybody want to take a guess how + + + align:start position:0% +okay anybody want to take a guess how +we're going to model the membrane what's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to model the membrane what's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to model the membrane what's +that I heard two correct answers + + align:start position:0% +that I heard two correct answers + + + align:start position:0% +that I heard two correct answers +what did you say Jasmin capacitor and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excellent oops I wasn't quite there + + align:start position:0% +excellent oops I wasn't quite there + + + align:start position:0% +excellent oops I wasn't quite there +let's let's put that up okay good so + + align:start position:0% +let's let's put that up okay good so + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's put that up okay good so +we're gonna have a capacitance we're + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have a capacitance we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have a capacitance we're +going to imagine that this membrane + + align:start position:0% +going to imagine that this membrane + + + align:start position:0% +going to imagine that this membrane +might have a an ion selective ion + + align:start position:0% +might have a an ion selective ion + + + align:start position:0% +might have a an ion selective ion +channel with some conductance G sub L + + align:start position:0% +channel with some conductance G sub L + + + align:start position:0% +channel with some conductance G sub L +and a equilibrium or a reversal + + align:start position:0% +and a equilibrium or a reversal + + + align:start position:0% +and a equilibrium or a reversal +potential ISA bail okay now coming back + + align:start position:0% +potential ISA bail okay now coming back + + + align:start position:0% +potential ISA bail okay now coming back +to these terms here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to these terms here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to these terms here we're going to +model we're going to write down the + + align:start position:0% +model we're going to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +model we're going to write down the +voltage in each one of our little slices + + align:start position:0% +voltage in each one of our little slices + + + align:start position:0% +voltage in each one of our little slices +of the dendrite okay so let's do that + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite okay so let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite okay so let's do that +the let's just pick one of them as be + + align:start position:0% +the let's just pick one of them as be + + + align:start position:0% +the let's just pick one of them as be +the voltage at position X and time T the + + align:start position:0% +the voltage at position X and time T the + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage at position X and time T the +the voltage in the next slice over is + + align:start position:0% +the voltage in the next slice over is + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage in the next slice over is +going to be V at X plus Delta X of T + + align:start position:0% +going to be V at X plus Delta X of T + + + align:start position:0% +going to be V at X plus Delta X of T +okay and the voltage in this slice over + + align:start position:0% +okay and the voltage in this slice over + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the voltage in this slice over +here is V of X minus Delta X and T okay + + align:start position:0% +here is V of X minus Delta X and T okay + + + align:start position:0% +here is V of X minus Delta X and T okay +so now we can also write down the + + align:start position:0% +so now we can also write down the + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can also write down the +current that goes axially through that + + align:start position:0% +current that goes axially through that + + + align:start position:0% +current that goes axially through that +piece of that slice of our dendrite + + align:start position:0% +piece of that slice of our dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +piece of that slice of our dendrite +we're going to call that I of I of X and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to call that I of I of X and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to call that I of I of X and +T and we can write down also the current + + align:start position:0% +T and we can write down also the current + + + align:start position:0% +T and we can write down also the current +in every other time in every other slice + + align:start position:0% +in every other time in every other slice + + + align:start position:0% +in every other time in every other slice +of the dendrite I have X minus Delta X + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite I have X minus Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite I have X minus Delta X +in T okay alright and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +in T okay alright and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +in T okay alright and we're going to +model this this piece of membrane in + + align:start position:0% +model this this piece of membrane in + + + align:start position:0% +model this this piece of membrane in +each one of those slices as well okay + + align:start position:0% +each one of those slices as well okay + + + align:start position:0% +each one of those slices as well okay +all right any questions about that + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions about that +that's the basic set up that's the basic + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic set up that's the basic + + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic set up that's the basic +finite element model of a dendrite okay + + align:start position:0% +finite element model of a dendrite okay + + + align:start position:0% +finite element model of a dendrite okay +no questions all right now where we also + + align:start position:0% +no questions all right now where we also + + + align:start position:0% +no questions all right now where we also +have to model the current through the + + align:start position:0% +have to model the current through the + + + align:start position:0% +have to model the current through the +membrane that's going to be I sub m m + + align:start position:0% +membrane that's going to be I sub m m + + + align:start position:0% +membrane that's going to be I sub m m +for membrane and it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +for membrane and it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +for membrane and it's going to be a +current per unit length of the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +current per unit length of the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +current per unit length of the dendrite +we're going to imagine that there's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to imagine that there's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to imagine that there's +current flowing from the inside to the + + align:start position:0% +current flowing from the inside to the + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing from the inside to the +outside through the membrane and there's + + align:start position:0% +outside through the membrane and there's + + + align:start position:0% +outside through the membrane and there's +going to be some current per unit length + + align:start position:0% +going to be some current per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some current per unit length +of the dendrite right and we can also + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite right and we can also + + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite right and we can also +imagine that we have current being + + align:start position:0% +imagine that we have current being + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that we have current being +injected let's say through a synapse or + + align:start position:0% +injected let's say through a synapse or + + + align:start position:0% +injected let's say through a synapse or +through an electrode that we can also + + align:start position:0% +through an electrode that we can also + + + align:start position:0% +through an electrode that we can also +model as coming in at any position X and + + align:start position:0% +model as coming in at any position X and + + + align:start position:0% +model as coming in at any position X and +this is again current per unit length + + align:start position:0% +this is again current per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +this is again current per unit length +times Delta X does that make sense okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so the first thing we're going + + align:start position:0% +all right so the first thing we're going + + + align:start position:0% +all right so the first thing we're going +to do is we're going to write down the + + align:start position:0% +to do is we're going to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +to do is we're going to write down the +relation between V at each in each node + + align:start position:0% +relation between V at each in each node + + + align:start position:0% +relation between V at each in each node +and the current going through that node + + align:start position:0% +and the current going through that node + + + align:start position:0% +and the current going through that node +okay so let's do that we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do that we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do that we're going to use +Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law +so the voltage difference between here + + align:start position:0% +so the voltage difference between here + + + align:start position:0% +so the voltage difference between here +and here is just going to be the current + + align:start position:0% +and here is just going to be the current + + + align:start position:0% +and here is just going to be the current +times that resistance does that make + + align:start position:0% +times that resistance does that make + + + align:start position:0% +times that resistance does that make +sense we're just kind of use Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +sense we're just kind of use Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +sense we're just kind of use Ohm's law +very simple okay so V of X and T minus V + + align:start position:0% +very simple okay so V of X and T minus V + + + align:start position:0% +very simple okay so V of X and T minus V +of X plus Delta X comma T is just equal + + align:start position:0% +of X plus Delta X comma T is just equal + + + align:start position:0% +of X plus Delta X comma T is just equal +to little R times that current and now + + align:start position:0% +to little R times that current and now + + + align:start position:0% +to little R times that current and now +we're going to rewrite this let's divide + + align:start position:0% +we're going to rewrite this let's divide + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to rewrite this let's divide +both sides of this equation by Delta X + + align:start position:0% +both sides of this equation by Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +both sides of this equation by Delta X +all right so you see 1 over Delta X V of + + align:start position:0% +all right so you see 1 over Delta X V of + + + align:start position:0% +all right so you see 1 over Delta X V of +X minus V of X plus Delta X is equal to + + align:start position:0% +X minus V of X plus Delta X is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +X minus V of X plus Delta X is equal to +little R over Delta X times the current + + align:start position:0% +little R over Delta X times the current + + + align:start position:0% +little R over Delta X times the current +okay and can anyone tell me what that + + align:start position:0% +okay and can anyone tell me what that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and can anyone tell me what that +thing is as Delta X goes to 0 good it's + + align:start position:0% +thing is as Delta X goes to 0 good it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing is as Delta X goes to 0 good it's +the derivative of it's the spatial + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of it's the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of it's the spatial +derivative of the voltage ok that's just + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the voltage ok that's just + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the voltage ok that's just +the definition of derivative when Delta + + align:start position:0% +the definition of derivative when Delta + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of derivative when Delta +X goes to 0 so let's write that out + + align:start position:0% +X goes to 0 so let's write that out + + + align:start position:0% +X goes to 0 so let's write that out +it's notice that it's the negative of + + align:start position:0% +it's notice that it's the negative of + + + align:start position:0% +it's notice that it's the negative of +the derivative because the derivative + + align:start position:0% +the derivative because the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative because the derivative +would have V of X plus Delta X minus V + + align:start position:0% +would have V of X plus Delta X minus V + + + align:start position:0% +would have V of X plus Delta X minus V +of X so it's a negative of the + + align:start position:0% +of X so it's a negative of the + + + align:start position:0% +of X so it's a negative of the +derivative so negative DV DX is equal to + + align:start position:0% +derivative so negative DV DX is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so negative DV DX is equal to +some resistance times the current and + + align:start position:0% +some resistance times the current and + + + align:start position:0% +some resistance times the current and +notice that this capital R sub a is + + align:start position:0% +notice that this capital R sub a is + + + align:start position:0% +notice that this capital R sub a is +called the axial resistance per unit + + align:start position:0% +called the axial resistance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +called the axial resistance per unit +length it's this resistance per unit + + align:start position:0% +length it's this resistance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +length it's this resistance per unit +length of the dendrite now notice that + + align:start position:0% +length of the dendrite now notice that + + + align:start position:0% +length of the dendrite now notice that +that that if you pass current down that + + align:start position:0% +that that if you pass current down that + + + align:start position:0% +that that if you pass current down that +dendrite the voltage drop is going to + + align:start position:0% +dendrite the voltage drop is going to + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite the voltage drop is going to +keep increasing the resistance is going + + align:start position:0% +keep increasing the resistance is going + + + align:start position:0% +keep increasing the resistance is going +to keep increasing the longer that piece + + align:start position:0% +to keep increasing the longer that piece + + + align:start position:0% +to keep increasing the longer that piece +of dendrite + + align:start position:0% +of dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +of dendrite +right so you can think about resistance + + align:start position:0% +right so you can think about resistance + + + align:start position:0% +right so you can think about resistance +in a piece of dendrite more + + align:start position:0% +in a piece of dendrite more + + + align:start position:0% +in a piece of dendrite more +appropriately as resistance per unit + + align:start position:0% +appropriately as resistance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately as resistance per unit +length okay okay so there's Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +length okay okay so there's Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +length okay okay so there's Ohm's law +- DV DX equals axial resistance per unit + + align:start position:0% +- DV DX equals axial resistance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +- DV DX equals axial resistance per unit +length times the current any questions + + align:start position:0% +length times the current any questions + + + align:start position:0% +length times the current any questions +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and notice that according to this + + align:start position:0% +and notice that according to this + + + align:start position:0% +and notice that according to this +current flow to the right eye is defined + + align:start position:0% +current flow to the right eye is defined + + + align:start position:0% +current flow to the right eye is defined +as positive eyes defined as current to + + align:start position:0% +as positive eyes defined as current to + + + align:start position:0% +as positive eyes defined as current to +the right here produces a negative + + align:start position:0% +the right here produces a negative + + + align:start position:0% +the right here produces a negative +gradient in the voltage so the voltage + + align:start position:0% +gradient in the voltage so the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +gradient in the voltage so the voltage +is high on this side and low on that + + align:start position:0% +is high on this side and low on that + + + align:start position:0% +is high on this side and low on that +side so the slope is negative okay okay + + align:start position:0% +side so the slope is negative okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +side so the slope is negative okay okay +so now let's take this and let's analyze + + align:start position:0% +so now let's take this and let's analyze + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's take this and let's analyze +this for some simple cases where we have + + align:start position:0% +this for some simple cases where we have + + + align:start position:0% +this for some simple cases where we have +no membrane currents so we're gonna just + + align:start position:0% +no membrane currents so we're gonna just + + + align:start position:0% +no membrane currents so we're gonna just +ignore those and we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +ignore those and we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +ignore those and we're just going to +include these axial resistances and + + align:start position:0% +include these axial resistances and + + + align:start position:0% +include these axial resistances and +we're going to analyze what this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to analyze what this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to analyze what this +equation tells us about the voltage + + align:start position:0% +equation tells us about the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +equation tells us about the voltage +inside of the dendrite that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +inside of the dendrite that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the dendrite that makes sense +okay so let's do that so if we take that + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do that so if we take that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do that so if we take that +equation we can write down the current + + align:start position:0% +equation we can write down the current + + + align:start position:0% +equation we can write down the current +at let's say these two different nodes I + + align:start position:0% +at let's say these two different nodes I + + + align:start position:0% +at let's say these two different nodes I +of X minus Delta X in I of X and we can + + align:start position:0% +of X minus Delta X in I of X and we can + + + align:start position:0% +of X minus Delta X in I of X and we can +just because there are no membrane + + align:start position:0% +just because there are no membrane + + + align:start position:0% +just because there are no membrane +currents you can see that those two + + align:start position:0% +currents you can see that those two + + + align:start position:0% +currents you can see that those two +currents have to be equal to each other + + align:start position:0% +currents have to be equal to each other + + + align:start position:0% +currents have to be equal to each other +right Kirchhoff's current law says that + + align:start position:0% +right Kirchhoff's current law says that + + + align:start position:0% +right Kirchhoff's current law says that +the current into this node has to equal + + align:start position:0% +the current into this node has to equal + + + align:start position:0% +the current into this node has to equal +the current out of that node so if there + + align:start position:0% +the current out of that node so if there + + + align:start position:0% +the current out of that node so if there +are no membrane currents there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +are no membrane currents there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +are no membrane currents there's nothing +leaking out here then those two currents + + align:start position:0% +leaking out here then those two currents + + + align:start position:0% +leaking out here then those two currents +have to equal each other and we can call + + align:start position:0% +have to equal each other and we can call + + + align:start position:0% +have to equal each other and we can call +that I knot okay so now DV DX is minus + + align:start position:0% +that I knot okay so now DV DX is minus + + + align:start position:0% +that I knot okay so now DV DX is minus +axial resistance times I naught and what + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance times I naught and what + + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance times I naught and what +does that tell us about how the voltage + + align:start position:0% +does that tell us about how the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +does that tell us about how the voltage +changes in a piece of dendrite if + + align:start position:0% +changes in a piece of dendrite if + + + align:start position:0% +changes in a piece of dendrite if +there's no membrane current if there's + + align:start position:0% +there's no membrane current if there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's no membrane current if there's +no leakage no leaky membrane there's no + + align:start position:0% +no leakage no leaky membrane there's no + + + align:start position:0% +no leakage no leaky membrane there's no +leakage in the membrane + + align:start position:0% +leakage in the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +leakage in the membrane +what is that if dv/dx is a constant or + + align:start position:0% +what is that if dv/dx is a constant or + + + align:start position:0% +what is that if dv/dx is a constant or +does it tell us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah but it decreases how what + + align:start position:0% +yeah but it decreases how what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but it decreases how what +functional form good it changes linearly + + align:start position:0% +functional form good it changes linearly + + + align:start position:0% +functional form good it changes linearly +right okay so if there are no membrane + + align:start position:0% +right okay so if there are no membrane + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so if there are no membrane +conductances then the membrane potential + + align:start position:0% +conductances then the membrane potential + + + align:start position:0% +conductances then the membrane potential +changes linearly alright so you can see + + align:start position:0% +changes linearly alright so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +changes linearly alright so you can see +that the voltage as a function of + + align:start position:0% +that the voltage as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +that the voltage as a function of +position sorry I forgot to label that + + align:start position:0% +position sorry I forgot to label that + + + align:start position:0% +position sorry I forgot to label that +voltage just changes linearly from some + + align:start position:0% +voltage just changes linearly from some + + + align:start position:0% +voltage just changes linearly from some +initial voltage to some final voltage + + align:start position:0% +initial voltage to some final voltage + + + align:start position:0% +initial voltage to some final voltage +over some length L okay we're + + align:start position:0% +over some length L okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +over some length L okay we're +considering a case of a piece of + + align:start position:0% +considering a case of a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +considering a case of a piece of +dendrite of length L yes yep so I just + + align:start position:0% +dendrite of length L yes yep so I just + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite of length L yes yep so I just +rewrote this equation sorry I just + + align:start position:0% +rewrote this equation sorry I just + + + align:start position:0% +rewrote this equation sorry I just +rewrote this equation moving the minus + + align:start position:0% +rewrote this equation moving the minus + + + align:start position:0% +rewrote this equation moving the minus +sign to that time yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right good now you can see that + + align:start position:0% +okay all right good now you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right good now you can see that +that the Delta V that the voltage + + align:start position:0% +that the Delta V that the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +that the Delta V that the voltage +difference from the left side to the + + align:start position:0% +difference from the left side to the + + + align:start position:0% +difference from the left side to the +right side is just the total resistance + + align:start position:0% +right side is just the total resistance + + + align:start position:0% +right side is just the total resistance +times the current just Ohm's law again + + align:start position:0% +times the current just Ohm's law again + + + align:start position:0% +times the current just Ohm's law again +right and the total resistance is the + + align:start position:0% +right and the total resistance is the + + + align:start position:0% +right and the total resistance is the +axial resistance per unit length times + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance per unit length times + + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance per unit length times +the length all right really simple + + align:start position:0% +the length all right really simple + + + align:start position:0% +the length all right really simple +voltage changes linearly if you don't + + align:start position:0% +voltage changes linearly if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +voltage changes linearly if you don't +have any membrane conductances and you + + align:start position:0% +have any membrane conductances and you + + + align:start position:0% +have any membrane conductances and you +can just write down the relation between + + align:start position:0% +can just write down the relation between + + + align:start position:0% +can just write down the relation between +the voltage difference on the two sides + + align:start position:0% +the voltage difference on the two sides + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage difference on the two sides +and the current okay all right so in + + align:start position:0% +and the current okay all right so in + + + align:start position:0% +and the current okay all right so in +general let's think a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +general let's think a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +general let's think a little bit more +about this this problem of banal - what + + align:start position:0% +about this this problem of banal - what + + + align:start position:0% +about this this problem of banal - what +you need to write down the solution to + + align:start position:0% +you need to write down the solution to + + + align:start position:0% +you need to write down the solution to +this equation okay it's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +this equation okay it's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +this equation okay it's a very simple +equation if you integrate this over X + + align:start position:0% +equation if you integrate this over X + + + align:start position:0% +equation if you integrate this over X +you can see that the voltage as a + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the voltage as a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the voltage as a +function of position is some initial + + align:start position:0% +function of position is some initial + + + align:start position:0% +function of position is some initial +voltage - a resistance times the current + + align:start position:0% +voltage - a resistance times the current + + + align:start position:0% +voltage - a resistance times the current +times X right and that again just looks + + align:start position:0% +times X right and that again just looks + + + align:start position:0% +times X right and that again just looks +like this that's where that solution + + align:start position:0% +like this that's where that solution + + + align:start position:0% +like this that's where that solution +came from + + align:start position:0% +came from + + + align:start position:0% +came from +it's just integrating this over X and + + align:start position:0% +it's just integrating this over X and + + + align:start position:0% +it's just integrating this over X and +you can see that in order to write down + + align:start position:0% +you can see that in order to write down + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that in order to write down +the solution to this equation we need a + + align:start position:0% +the solution to this equation we need a + + + align:start position:0% +the solution to this equation we need a +couple of things we need + + align:start position:0% +couple of things we need + + + align:start position:0% +couple of things we need +to either know the the voltages at the + + align:start position:0% +to either know the the voltages at the + + + align:start position:0% +to either know the the voltages at the +beginning and end or we need to know the + + align:start position:0% +beginning and end or we need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and end or we need to know the +current we need to know some combination + + align:start position:0% +current we need to know some combination + + + align:start position:0% +current we need to know some combination +of those three things right so let's + + align:start position:0% +of those three things right so let's + + + align:start position:0% +of those three things right so let's +write down the voltage here let's call + + align:start position:0% +write down the voltage here let's call + + + align:start position:0% +write down the voltage here let's call +it V naught let's write down the voltage + + align:start position:0% +it V naught let's write down the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +it V naught let's write down the voltage +there V sub L and plug those in and you + + align:start position:0% +there V sub L and plug those in and you + + + align:start position:0% +there V sub L and plug those in and you +can see that there's V naught there's V + + align:start position:0% +can see that there's V naught there's V + + + align:start position:0% +can see that there's V naught there's V +sub L you can see that if you know any + + align:start position:0% +sub L you can see that if you know any + + + align:start position:0% +sub L you can see that if you know any +two of those quantities V naught V sub L + + align:start position:0% +two of those quantities V naught V sub L + + + align:start position:0% +two of those quantities V naught V sub L +or I naught you can calculate the third + + align:start position:0% +or I naught you can calculate the third + + + align:start position:0% +or I naught you can calculate the third +so if you know V naught and V L you can + + align:start position:0% +so if you know V naught and V L you can + + + align:start position:0% +so if you know V naught and V L you can +calculate the current if you know V + + align:start position:0% +calculate the current if you know V + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the current if you know V +naught and the current you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +naught and the current you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +naught and the current you can calculate +V sub L okay that is the concept of + + align:start position:0% +V sub L okay that is the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +V sub L okay that is the concept of +boundary conditions okay you can you can + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions okay you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions okay you can you can +write down the voltages or the currents + + align:start position:0% +write down the voltages or the currents + + + align:start position:0% +write down the voltages or the currents +at some positions on the dendrite and + + align:start position:0% +at some positions on the dendrite and + + + align:start position:0% +at some positions on the dendrite and +figure out the the total solution to the + + align:start position:0% +figure out the the total solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the the total solution to the +voltage in a position right does that + + align:start position:0% +voltage in a position right does that + + + align:start position:0% +voltage in a position right does that +make sense + + align:start position:0% +make sense + + + align:start position:0% +make sense +if you don't know some of those + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know some of those + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know some of those +quantities you can't you can't write + + align:start position:0% +quantities you can't you can't write + + + align:start position:0% +quantities you can't you can't write +down the the solution to the equation + + align:start position:0% +down the the solution to the equation + + + align:start position:0% +down the the solution to the equation +okay it's just the simple idea that when + + align:start position:0% +okay it's just the simple idea that when + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's just the simple idea that when +you integrate a differential equation + + align:start position:0% +you integrate a differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +you integrate a differential equation +you need to have an initial condition in + + align:start position:0% +you need to have an initial condition in + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have an initial condition in +order to actually solve the equation + + align:start position:0% +order to actually solve the equation + + + align:start position:0% +order to actually solve the equation +okay any questions about that okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about that okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about that okay so +let's think about a couple of different + + align:start position:0% +let's think about a couple of different + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about a couple of different +kinds of boundary conditions that you + + align:start position:0% +kinds of boundary conditions that you + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of boundary conditions that you +might encounter so this boundary + + align:start position:0% +might encounter so this boundary + + + align:start position:0% +might encounter so this boundary +condition right here so let's say that + + align:start position:0% +condition right here so let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +condition right here so let's say that +we inject a fixed amount of current I + + align:start position:0% +we inject a fixed amount of current I + + + align:start position:0% +we inject a fixed amount of current I +knot into a piece of dendrite and we + + align:start position:0% +knot into a piece of dendrite and we + + + align:start position:0% +knot into a piece of dendrite and we +take that piece of dendrite and we + + align:start position:0% +take that piece of dendrite and we + + + align:start position:0% +take that piece of dendrite and we +inject current on one end and we cut the + + align:start position:0% +inject current on one end and we cut the + + + align:start position:0% +inject current on one end and we cut the +other end so that it's open okay what + + align:start position:0% +other end so that it's open okay what + + + align:start position:0% +other end so that it's open okay what +does that produce at the other end does + + align:start position:0% +does that produce at the other end does + + + align:start position:0% +does that produce at the other end does +so we have a wire that describes the + + align:start position:0% +so we have a wire that describes the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a wire that describes the +inside of the dendrite we have a that + + align:start position:0% +inside of the dendrite we have a that + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the dendrite we have a that +describes the outside of the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +describes the outside of the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +describes the outside of the dendrite +and if you cut the end of the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +and if you cut the end of the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +and if you cut the end of the dendrite +off so that there it's leaky so it's an + + align:start position:0% +off so that there it's leaky so it's an + + + align:start position:0% +off so that there it's leaky so it's an +open end what does that look like + + align:start position:0% +open end what does that look like + + + align:start position:0% +open end what does that look like +electrically like what's the word for + + align:start position:0% +electrically like what's the word for + + + align:start position:0% +electrically like what's the word for +like those two wires are touching each + + align:start position:0% +like those two wires are touching each + + + align:start position:0% +like those two wires are touching each +other what's that called it's a short + + align:start position:0% +other what's that called it's a short + + + align:start position:0% +other what's that called it's a short +right you if you cut the end of a + + align:start position:0% +right you if you cut the end of a + + + align:start position:0% +right you if you cut the end of a +dendrite off you've created a short + + align:start position:0% +dendrite off you've created a short + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite off you've created a short +circuit the inside is connected to the + + align:start position:0% +circuit the inside is connected to the + + + align:start position:0% +circuit the inside is connected to the +outside okay so that's called an open + + align:start position:0% +outside okay so that's called an open + + + align:start position:0% +outside okay so that's called an open +end boundary condition okay and what + + align:start position:0% +end boundary condition okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +end boundary condition okay and what +what can you say about the voltage at + + align:start position:0% +what can you say about the voltage at + + + align:start position:0% +what can you say about the voltage at +this end the outside is so what can you + + align:start position:0% +this end the outside is so what can you + + + align:start position:0% +this end the outside is so what can you +say about the voltage inside the + + align:start position:0% +say about the voltage inside the + + + align:start position:0% +say about the voltage inside the +dendrite at that end it's zero good so + + align:start position:0% +dendrite at that end it's zero good so + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite at that end it's zero good so +we have injected current we have V + + align:start position:0% +we have injected current we have V + + + align:start position:0% +we have injected current we have V +naught the voltage at this end and we + + align:start position:0% +naught the voltage at this end and we + + + align:start position:0% +naught the voltage at this end and we +know if we have an open end that the + + align:start position:0% +know if we have an open end that the + + + align:start position:0% +know if we have an open end that the +voltage here is zero now we can write + + align:start position:0% +voltage here is zero now we can write + + + align:start position:0% +voltage here is zero now we can write +down we know that the initial voltage is + + align:start position:0% +down we know that the initial voltage is + + + align:start position:0% +down we know that the initial voltage is +V naught the voltage at at position L is + + align:start position:0% +V naught the voltage at at position L is + + + align:start position:0% +V naught the voltage at at position L is +zero and now you can you know that the + + align:start position:0% +zero and now you can you know that the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and now you can you know that the +current here is equal to the current + + align:start position:0% +current here is equal to the current + + + align:start position:0% +current here is equal to the current +there and you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +there and you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +there and you can write down the +equation and solve V naught okay so V + + align:start position:0% +equation and solve V naught okay so V + + + align:start position:0% +equation and solve V naught okay so V +naught is just the resistance the total + + align:start position:0% +naught is just the resistance the total + + + align:start position:0% +naught is just the resistance the total +resistance of the dendrite times the + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the dendrite times the + + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the dendrite times the +injected current okay and that are in is + + align:start position:0% +injected current okay and that are in is + + + align:start position:0% +injected current okay and that are in is +known as input impedance it's just the + + align:start position:0% +known as input impedance it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +known as input impedance it's just the +resistance of the dendrite its it tells + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the dendrite its it tells + + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the dendrite its it tells +you how much voltage change you will get + + align:start position:0% +you how much voltage change you will get + + + align:start position:0% +you how much voltage change you will get +if you inject a given amount of current + + align:start position:0% +if you inject a given amount of current + + + align:start position:0% +if you inject a given amount of current +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +all right any questions about that let's + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions about that let's + + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions about that let's +consider another case rather than having + + align:start position:0% +consider another case rather than having + + + align:start position:0% +consider another case rather than having +an open end + + align:start position:0% +an open end + + + align:start position:0% +an open end +let's leave end of the dendrite closed + + align:start position:0% +let's leave end of the dendrite closed + + + align:start position:0% +let's leave end of the dendrite closed +so that it's sealed closed okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +so that it's sealed closed okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +so that it's sealed closed okay so we're +gonna consider a piece of dendrite that + + align:start position:0% +gonna consider a piece of dendrite that + + + align:start position:0% +gonna consider a piece of dendrite that +that one end we're injecting current in + + align:start position:0% +that one end we're injecting current in + + + align:start position:0% +that one end we're injecting current in +and the other end is closed okay so what + + align:start position:0% +and the other end is closed okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +and the other end is closed okay so what +do you think that's going to look like + + align:start position:0% +do you think that's going to look like + + + align:start position:0% +do you think that's going to look like +it's called a closed end what does that + + align:start position:0% +it's called a closed end what does that + + + align:start position:0% +it's called a closed end what does that +look like here + + align:start position:0% +look like here + + + align:start position:0% +look like here +it's an open circuit those two wires are + + align:start position:0% +it's an open circuit those two wires are + + + align:start position:0% +it's an open circuit those two wires are +not connected to each other there's no + + align:start position:0% +not connected to each other there's no + + + align:start position:0% +not connected to each other there's no +resistance between them let's say we + + align:start position:0% +resistance between them let's say we + + + align:start position:0% +resistance between them let's say we +define the voltage here is V naught what + + align:start position:0% +define the voltage here is V naught what + + + align:start position:0% +define the voltage here is V naught what +can you say well what you can say about + + align:start position:0% +can you say well what you can say about + + + align:start position:0% +can you say well what you can say about +the current there is that the current is + + align:start position:0% +the current there is that the current is + + + align:start position:0% +the current there is that the current is +zero right because it's an open circuit + + align:start position:0% +zero right because it's an open circuit + + + align:start position:0% +zero right because it's an open circuit +there's no current flowing and so the + + align:start position:0% +there's no current flowing and so the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no current flowing and so the +current flowing through this at this end + + align:start position:0% +current flowing through this at this end + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing through this at this end +is zero that makes sense so what can you + + align:start position:0% +is zero that makes sense so what can you + + + align:start position:0% +is zero that makes sense so what can you +say about the current everywhere it's + + align:start position:0% +say about the current everywhere it's + + + align:start position:0% +say about the current everywhere it's +zero and what can you say about the + + align:start position:0% +zero and what can you say about the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and what can you say about the +voltage everywhere is V naught okay + + align:start position:0% +voltage everywhere is V naught okay + + + align:start position:0% +voltage everywhere is V naught okay +exactly so the voltage everywhere + + align:start position:0% +exactly so the voltage everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so the voltage everywhere +becomes V naught and the input impedance + + align:start position:0% +becomes V naught and the input impedance + + + align:start position:0% +becomes V naught and the input impedance +anybody want to guess what the input + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to guess what the input + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to guess what the input +impedance is how much what's the ratio + + align:start position:0% +impedance is how much what's the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +impedance is how much what's the ratio +of the voltage at this end and the + + align:start position:0% +of the voltage at this end and the + + + align:start position:0% +of the voltage at this end and the +current at this end it's in its infinite + + align:start position:0% +current at this end it's in its infinite + + + align:start position:0% +current at this end it's in its infinite +that's right okay okay so we're just + + align:start position:0% +that's right okay okay so we're just + + + align:start position:0% +that's right okay okay so we're just +trying to build some intuition about how + + align:start position:0% +trying to build some intuition about how + + + align:start position:0% +trying to build some intuition about how +voltage look tune of distance for one + + align:start position:0% +voltage look tune of distance for one + + + align:start position:0% +voltage look tune of distance for one +special case which is a piece of + + align:start position:0% +special case which is a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +special case which is a piece of +dendrite of some finite length for which + + align:start position:0% +dendrite of some finite length for which + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite of some finite length for which +you have no membrane currents okay and + + align:start position:0% +you have no membrane currents okay and + + + align:start position:0% +you have no membrane currents okay and +you can see that the voltage profile you + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the voltage profile you + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the voltage profile you +get is linear and the slope of it + + align:start position:0% +get is linear and the slope of it + + + align:start position:0% +get is linear and the slope of it +depends on the boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +depends on the boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the boundary conditions +depends on whether the piece of dendrite + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether the piece of dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether the piece of dendrite +has a sealed end whether it's open right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay alright so now we're going to come + + align:start position:0% +okay alright so now we're going to come + + + align:start position:0% +okay alright so now we're going to come +back to the case where we have membrane + + align:start position:0% +back to the case where we have membrane + + + align:start position:0% +back to the case where we have membrane +currents okay and we're going to derive + + align:start position:0% +currents okay and we're going to derive + + + align:start position:0% +currents okay and we're going to derive +the general solution to the to the + + align:start position:0% +the general solution to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution to the to the +voltage in a piece of dendrite for the + + align:start position:0% +voltage in a piece of dendrite for the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage in a piece of dendrite for the +case where we have membrane capacitance + + align:start position:0% +case where we have membrane capacitance + + + align:start position:0% +case where we have membrane capacitance +and membrane currents okay all right and + + align:start position:0% +and membrane currents okay all right and + + + align:start position:0% +and membrane currents okay all right and +expect you to be able to reproduce this + + align:start position:0% +expect you to be able to reproduce this + + + align:start position:0% +expect you to be able to reproduce this +but I but we're going to derive what's + + align:start position:0% +but I but we're going to derive what's + + + align:start position:0% +but I but we're going to derive what's +called the cable equation which is the + + align:start position:0% +called the cable equation which is the + + + align:start position:0% +called the cable equation which is the +general mathematical description the + + align:start position:0% +general mathematical description the + + + align:start position:0% +general mathematical description the +most general mathematical description + + align:start position:0% +most general mathematical description + + + align:start position:0% +most general mathematical description +for the voltage in a cylindrical tube of + + align:start position:0% +for the voltage in a cylindrical tube of + + + align:start position:0% +for the voltage in a cylindrical tube of +which you know that's what dendrites + + align:start position:0% +which you know that's what dendrites + + + align:start position:0% +which you know that's what dendrites +look like and so we're gonna write down + + align:start position:0% +look like and so we're gonna write down + + + align:start position:0% +look like and so we're gonna write down +that differential equation and I want + + align:start position:0% +that differential equation and I want + + + align:start position:0% +that differential equation and I want +you to just see what it looks like and + + align:start position:0% +you to just see what it looks like and + + + align:start position:0% +you to just see what it looks like and +where it comes from but I don't expect + + align:start position:0% +where it comes from but I don't expect + + + align:start position:0% +where it comes from but I don't expect +you to be able to derive it okay all + + align:start position:0% +you to be able to derive it okay all + + + align:start position:0% +you to be able to derive it okay all +right so let's come back to this simple + + align:start position:0% +right so let's come back to this simple + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's come back to this simple +model that we started we're going to put + + align:start position:0% +model that we started we're going to put + + + align:start position:0% +model that we started we're going to put +our model for the membrane back in okay + + align:start position:0% +our model for the membrane back in okay + + + align:start position:0% +our model for the membrane back in okay +remember that's a capacitor and + + align:start position:0% +remember that's a capacitor and + + + align:start position:0% +remember that's a capacitor and +conductance in parallel we're going to + + align:start position:0% +conductance in parallel we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +conductance in parallel we're going to +we can write down the membrane current + + align:start position:0% +we can write down the membrane current + + + align:start position:0% +we can write down the membrane current +and we're going to have an injected + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to have an injected + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to have an injected +current per unit length so as current + + align:start position:0% +current per unit length so as current + + + align:start position:0% +current per unit length so as current +law tells us the sum of all of those + + align:start position:0% +law tells us the sum of all of those + + + align:start position:0% +law tells us the sum of all of those +currents into each node has to be zero + + align:start position:0% +currents into each node has to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +currents into each node has to be zero +right so let's just write down let's + + align:start position:0% +right so let's just write down let's + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's just write down let's +just write down an equation that sums + + align:start position:0% +just write down an equation that sums + + + align:start position:0% +just write down an equation that sums +together all of those and sets them to + + align:start position:0% +together all of those and sets them to + + + align:start position:0% +together all of those and sets them to +zero so the membrane current leaking out + + align:start position:0% +zero so the membrane current leaking out + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the membrane current leaking out +minus the injected current coming in + + align:start position:0% +minus the injected current coming in + + + align:start position:0% +minus the injected current coming in +they have signs because one is defined + + align:start position:0% +they have signs because one is defined + + + align:start position:0% +they have signs because one is defined +as positive going into the into the + + align:start position:0% +as positive going into the into the + + + align:start position:0% +as positive going into the into the +dendrite and the other one is defined as + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and the other one is defined as + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and the other one is defined as +positive going out so those two the + + align:start position:0% +positive going out so those two the + + + align:start position:0% +positive going out so those two the +membrane current plus the current going + + align:start position:0% +membrane current plus the current going + + + align:start position:0% +membrane current plus the current going +out this way minus the current coming in + + align:start position:0% +out this way minus the current coming in + + + align:start position:0% +out this way minus the current coming in +that way is zero okay all right so we're + + align:start position:0% +that way is zero okay all right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +that way is zero okay all right so we're +going to do the same trick we did last + + align:start position:0% +going to do the same trick we did last + + + align:start position:0% +going to do the same trick we did last +time we're going to divide by Delta X so + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to divide by Delta X so + + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to divide by Delta X so +again membrane current per unit length + + align:start position:0% +again membrane current per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +again membrane current per unit length +times the length of this finite element + + align:start position:0% +times the length of this finite element + + + align:start position:0% +times the length of this finite element +we're gonna divide by Delta X so this + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna divide by Delta X so this + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna divide by Delta X so this +thing right here I membrane minus i + + align:start position:0% +thing right here I membrane minus i + + + align:start position:0% +thing right here I membrane minus i +electrode I guess equals minus one over + + align:start position:0% +electrode I guess equals minus one over + + + align:start position:0% +electrode I guess equals minus one over +Delta X I of X minus I of X minus Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta X I of X minus I of X minus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X I of X minus I of X minus Delta +X okay so what is this + + align:start position:0% +X okay so what is this + + + align:start position:0% +X okay so what is this +we've seen something like that before + + align:start position:0% +we've seen something like that before + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen something like that before +it's just a derivative we're it first + + align:start position:0% +it's just a derivative we're it first + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a derivative we're it first +derivative of i with respect to position + + align:start position:0% +derivative of i with respect to position + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of i with respect to position +okay so now what you see is that the + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what you see is that the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what you see is that the +membrane current minus the injected + + align:start position:0% +membrane current minus the injected + + + align:start position:0% +membrane current minus the injected +current is just the first derivative of + + align:start position:0% +current is just the first derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +current is just the first derivative of +I okay so hang hang in there + + align:start position:0% +I okay so hang hang in there + + + align:start position:0% +I okay so hang hang in there +we're going to substitute that with + + align:start position:0% +we're going to substitute that with + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to substitute that with +something that depends on voltage all + + align:start position:0% +something that depends on voltage all + + + align:start position:0% +something that depends on voltage all +right so how do we do that + + align:start position:0% +right so how do we do that + + + align:start position:0% +right so how do we do that +we're going to take oath law there's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take oath law there's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take oath law there's +Ohm's law let's take the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law let's take the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law let's take the derivative of +that with respect to position so now we + + align:start position:0% +that with respect to position so now we + + + align:start position:0% +that with respect to position so now we +get the second derivative of a voltage + + align:start position:0% +get the second derivative of a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +get the second derivative of a voltage +with respect to position is just equal + + align:start position:0% +with respect to position is just equal + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to position is just equal +to minus RA times the first derivative + + align:start position:0% +to minus RA times the first derivative + + + align:start position:0% +to minus RA times the first derivative +of current and you can see we can just + + align:start position:0% +of current and you can see we can just + + + align:start position:0% +of current and you can see we can just +take this and substitute it there okay + + align:start position:0% +take this and substitute it there okay + + + align:start position:0% +take this and substitute it there okay +so here's what we get that the second + + align:start position:0% +so here's what we get that the second + + + align:start position:0% +so here's what we get that the second +derivative of voltage with respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivative of voltage with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of voltage with respect to +position is just equal to the membrane + + align:start position:0% +position is just equal to the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +position is just equal to the membrane +or injected currents coming into the + + align:start position:0% +or injected currents coming into the + + + align:start position:0% +or injected currents coming into the +dendrite at any position okay so the + + align:start position:0% +dendrite at any position okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite at any position okay so the +curvature of the voltage how curved it + + align:start position:0% +curvature of the voltage how curved it + + + align:start position:0% +curvature of the voltage how curved it +is just depends on what's coming in + + align:start position:0% +is just depends on what's coming in + + + align:start position:0% +is just depends on what's coming in +through the membrane alright remember in + + align:start position:0% +through the membrane alright remember in + + + align:start position:0% +through the membrane alright remember in +the case where we had no membrane + + align:start position:0% +the case where we had no membrane + + + align:start position:0% +the case where we had no membrane +current and no injected current the + + align:start position:0% +current and no injected current the + + + align:start position:0% +current and no injected current the +curvature was zero d two v DX squared is + + align:start position:0% +curvature was zero d two v DX squared is + + + align:start position:0% +curvature was zero d two v DX squared is +zero which if the curvature is zero then + + align:start position:0% +zero which if the curvature is zero then + + + align:start position:0% +zero which if the curvature is zero then +you have a straight line right okay now + + align:start position:0% +you have a straight line right okay now + + + align:start position:0% +you have a straight line right okay now +we're going to plug in the right + + align:start position:0% +we're going to plug in the right + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to plug in the right +equation for our membrane current what + + align:start position:0% +equation for our membrane current what + + + align:start position:0% +equation for our membrane current what +is that that we know it's just a sum of + + align:start position:0% +is that that we know it's just a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +is that that we know it's just a sum of +two terms what is it it's the sum of + + align:start position:0% +two terms what is it it's the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +two terms what is it it's the sum of +remember this is this this is going to + + align:start position:0% +remember this is this this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +remember this is this this is going to +be the same as our soma model what was + + align:start position:0% +be the same as our soma model what was + + + align:start position:0% +be the same as our soma model what was +that we had two terms what were they the + + align:start position:0% +that we had two terms what were they the + + + align:start position:0% +that we had two terms what were they the +current through the membrane in the + + align:start position:0% +current through the membrane in the + + + align:start position:0% +current through the membrane in the +model in the hodgkin-huxley model is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that good it's a capacitive + + align:start position:0% +what's that good it's a capacitive + + + align:start position:0% +what's that good it's a capacitive +current and a membrane ionic current + + align:start position:0% +current and a membrane ionic current + + + align:start position:0% +current and a membrane ionic current +okay so let's just plug that in which is + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just plug that in which is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just plug that in which is +going to substitute into here + + align:start position:0% +going to substitute into here + + + align:start position:0% +going to substitute into here +the current through a capacitor and the + + align:start position:0% +the current through a capacitor and the + + + align:start position:0% +the current through a capacitor and the +current through this conductance okay + + align:start position:0% +current through this conductance okay + + + align:start position:0% +current through this conductance okay +that's just C DV DT G times V minus VL + + align:start position:0% +that's just C DV DT G times V minus VL + + + align:start position:0% +that's just C DV DT G times V minus VL +okay the capacitive part and a resistive + + align:start position:0% +okay the capacitive part and a resistive + + + align:start position:0% +okay the capacitive part and a resistive +part + + align:start position:0% +part + + + align:start position:0% +part +okay now the capacitance is a little + + align:start position:0% +okay now the capacitance is a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay now the capacitance is a little +funny its capacitance per unit length + + align:start position:0% +funny its capacitance per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +funny its capacitance per unit length +times the length of the element plus and + + align:start position:0% +times the length of the element plus and + + + align:start position:0% +times the length of the element plus and +the tensest conductance per unit length + + align:start position:0% +the tensest conductance per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +the tensest conductance per unit length +times the length of our finite element + + align:start position:0% +times the length of our finite element + + + align:start position:0% +times the length of our finite element +okay capacitance per unit length and + + align:start position:0% +okay capacitance per unit length and + + + align:start position:0% +okay capacitance per unit length and +ionic conductance per unit length and + + align:start position:0% +ionic conductance per unit length and + + + align:start position:0% +ionic conductance per unit length and +we're gonna plug that into there we're + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna plug that into there we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna plug that into there we're +first going to notice that this leak is + + align:start position:0% +first going to notice that this leak is + + + align:start position:0% +first going to notice that this leak is +just an offset so we can just ignore it + + align:start position:0% +just an offset so we can just ignore it + + + align:start position:0% +just an offset so we can just ignore it +and just set it to zero we can always + + align:start position:0% +and just set it to zero we can always + + + align:start position:0% +and just set it to zero we can always +add it back later if we want we divide + + align:start position:0% +add it back later if we want we divide + + + align:start position:0% +add it back later if we want we divide +both sides by the membrane conductance + + align:start position:0% +both sides by the membrane conductance + + + align:start position:0% +both sides by the membrane conductance +per unit length to get this equation + + align:start position:0% +per unit length to get this equation + + + align:start position:0% +per unit length to get this equation +okay and that's called the cable + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's called the cable + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's called the cable +equation it's got a term with the second + + align:start position:0% +equation it's got a term with the second + + + align:start position:0% +equation it's got a term with the second +derivative of a voltage with respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a voltage with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a voltage with respect to +position and it's got a term that's the + + align:start position:0% +position and it's got a term that's the + + + align:start position:0% +position and it's got a term that's the +first derivative of voltage with respect + + align:start position:0% +first derivative of voltage with respect + + + align:start position:0% +first derivative of voltage with respect +to time + + align:start position:0% +to time + + + align:start position:0% +to time +okay that's because of the capacitor + + align:start position:0% +okay that's because of the capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's because of the capacitor +okay and then it's got a term that just + + align:start position:0% +okay and then it's got a term that just + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then it's got a term that just +depends on which all right now that's + + align:start position:0% +depends on which all right now that's + + + align:start position:0% +depends on which all right now that's +the most general equation it describes + + align:start position:0% +the most general equation it describes + + + align:start position:0% +the most general equation it describes +how the voltage changes in a dendrite if + + align:start position:0% +how the voltage changes in a dendrite if + + + align:start position:0% +how the voltage changes in a dendrite if +you inject a pulse of current how that + + align:start position:0% +you inject a pulse of current how that + + + align:start position:0% +you inject a pulse of current how that +current will propagate down the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +current will propagate down the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +current will propagate down the dendrite +or down an axon okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to take a simplifying case + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take a simplifying case + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take a simplifying case +okay next we're going to study the case + + align:start position:0% +okay next we're going to study the case + + + align:start position:0% +okay next we're going to study the case +just of the steady-state solution to + + align:start position:0% +just of the steady-state solution to + + + align:start position:0% +just of the steady-state solution to +this okay but I want you two to see this + + align:start position:0% +this okay but I want you two to see this + + + align:start position:0% +this okay but I want you two to see this +and to see how it was derived ok just + + align:start position:0% +and to see how it was derived ok just + + + align:start position:0% +and to see how it was derived ok just +using finite element finite element + + align:start position:0% +using finite element finite element + + + align:start position:0% +using finite element finite element +analysis deriving Ohm's law in a in a + + align:start position:0% +analysis deriving Ohm's law in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +analysis deriving Ohm's law in a in a +one dimensional continuous medium and by + + align:start position:0% +one dimensional continuous medium and by + + + align:start position:0% +one dimensional continuous medium and by +plugging in the equation for the + + align:start position:0% +plugging in the equation for the + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in the equation for the +membrane that includes the capacitive + + align:start position:0% +membrane that includes the capacitive + + + align:start position:0% +membrane that includes the capacitive +and resistive parts you can derive this + + align:start position:0% +and resistive parts you can derive this + + + align:start position:0% +and resistive parts you can derive this +full equation for all the voltage + + align:start position:0% +full equation for all the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +full equation for all the voltage +changes in a piece of dendrite okay now + + align:start position:0% +changes in a piece of dendrite okay now + + + align:start position:0% +changes in a piece of dendrite okay now +there are a couple of interesting + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of interesting +constants here that are important lambda + + align:start position:0% +constants here that are important lambda + + + align:start position:0% +constants here that are important lambda +and tau so lambda has units of length + + align:start position:0% +and tau so lambda has units of length + + + align:start position:0% +and tau so lambda has units of length +notice that all the denominators here + + align:start position:0% +notice that all the denominators here + + + align:start position:0% +notice that all the denominators here +have units of voltage so this is voltage + + align:start position:0% +have units of voltage so this is voltage + + + align:start position:0% +have units of voltage so this is voltage +per distance squared so I have the right + + align:start position:0% +per distance squared so I have the right + + + align:start position:0% +per distance squared so I have the right +units you have to multiply by something + + align:start position:0% +units you have to multiply by something + + + align:start position:0% +units you have to multiply by something +that's distance squared okay this is + + align:start position:0% +that's distance squared okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +that's distance squared okay this is +voltage per unit time so you have to + + align:start position:0% +voltage per unit time so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +voltage per unit time so you have to +multiply by something that has units of + + align:start position:0% +multiply by something that has units of + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by something that has units of +time okay so that is the length constant + + align:start position:0% +time okay so that is the length constant + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so that is the length constant +right there and that is a time constant + + align:start position:0% +right there and that is a time constant + + + align:start position:0% +right there and that is a time constant +and the length constant is defined as 1 + + align:start position:0% +and the length constant is defined as 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and the length constant is defined as 1 +over membrane conductance that's the + + align:start position:0% +over membrane conductance that's the + + + align:start position:0% +over membrane conductance that's the +conductance of the membrane through the + + align:start position:0% +conductance of the membrane through the + + + align:start position:0% +conductance of the membrane through the +membrane and this is the axial + + align:start position:0% +membrane and this is the axial + + + align:start position:0% +membrane and this is the axial +resistance down the dendrite okay so + + align:start position:0% +resistance down the dendrite okay so + + + align:start position:0% +resistance down the dendrite okay so +this is conductance per unit length and + + align:start position:0% +this is conductance per unit length and + + + align:start position:0% +this is conductance per unit length and +this is resistance per unit length and + + align:start position:0% +this is resistance per unit length and + + + align:start position:0% +this is resistance per unit length and +we multiply those things together you + + align:start position:0% +we multiply those things together you + + + align:start position:0% +we multiply those things together you +get two per unit length stone in the + + align:start position:0% +get two per unit length stone in the + + + align:start position:0% +get two per unit length stone in the +denominator so when you put those in the + + align:start position:0% +denominator so when you put those in the + + + align:start position:0% +denominator so when you put those in the +numerator you get length squared and + + align:start position:0% +numerator you get length squared and + + + align:start position:0% +numerator you get length squared and +then you take the square root and that + + align:start position:0% +then you take the square root and that + + + align:start position:0% +then you take the square root and that +gives you units of length the time + + align:start position:0% +gives you units of length the time + + + align:start position:0% +gives you units of length the time +constant is just the capacitance per + + align:start position:0% +constant is just the capacitance per + + + align:start position:0% +constant is just the capacitance per +unit length divided by the conductor + + align:start position:0% +unit length divided by the conductor + + + align:start position:0% +unit length divided by the conductor +length and that is the membrane time + + align:start position:0% +length and that is the membrane time + + + align:start position:0% +length and that is the membrane time +constant and that's exactly the same as + + align:start position:0% +constant and that's exactly the same as + + + align:start position:0% +constant and that's exactly the same as +the membrane time constant that we had + + align:start position:0% +the membrane time constant that we had + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane time constant that we had +for our cell okay it's a property of the + + align:start position:0% +for our cell okay it's a property of the + + + align:start position:0% +for our cell okay it's a property of the +membrane not the geometry alright so any + + align:start position:0% +membrane not the geometry alright so any + + + align:start position:0% +membrane not the geometry alright so any +about that it was it's a lot I just + + align:start position:0% +about that it was it's a lot I just + + + align:start position:0% +about that it was it's a lot I just +wanted you to to see it okay yes this + + align:start position:0% +wanted you to to see it okay yes this + + + align:start position:0% +wanted you to to see it okay yes this +one or yes here know that that equation + + align:start position:0% +one or yes here know that that equation + + + align:start position:0% +one or yes here know that that equation +is still correct okay it's it's voltage + + align:start position:0% +is still correct okay it's it's voltage + + + align:start position:0% +is still correct okay it's it's voltage +is the derivative with respect to + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative with respect to +position as a function of the axial + + align:start position:0% +position as a function of the axial + + + align:start position:0% +position as a function of the axial +current okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember going back up to here notice + + align:start position:0% +remember going back up to here notice + + + align:start position:0% +remember going back up to here notice +that when we derived this equation right + + align:start position:0% +that when we derived this equation right + + + align:start position:0% +that when we derived this equation right +here we didn't we didn't even have to + + align:start position:0% +here we didn't we didn't even have to + + + align:start position:0% +here we didn't we didn't even have to +include these membrane they don't change + + align:start position:0% +include these membrane they don't change + + + align:start position:0% +include these membrane they don't change +anything it's just Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +anything it's just Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +anything it's just Ohm's law +it's the voltage here minus the voltage + + align:start position:0% +it's the voltage here minus the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +it's the voltage here minus the voltage +there has to equal the current flowing + + align:start position:0% +there has to equal the current flowing + + + align:start position:0% +there has to equal the current flowing +through that resistor doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +through that resistor doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +through that resistor doesn't matter +what other currents what whether current + + align:start position:0% +what other currents what whether current + + + align:start position:0% +what other currents what whether current +is flowing in other directions here does + + align:start position:0% +is flowing in other directions here does + + + align:start position:0% +is flowing in other directions here does +that make sense the current through that + + align:start position:0% +that make sense the current through that + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense the current through that +resistor is just given by the voltage + + align:start position:0% +resistor is just given by the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +resistor is just given by the voltage +difference on either side of it that's + + align:start position:0% +difference on either side of it that's + + + align:start position:0% +difference on either side of it that's +Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now we're going to take a simple + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we're going to take a simple + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we're going to take a simple +example we're gonna solve that equation + + align:start position:0% +example we're gonna solve that equation + + + align:start position:0% +example we're gonna solve that equation +for the case of steady state okay how + + align:start position:0% +for the case of steady state okay how + + + align:start position:0% +for the case of steady state okay how +are we going to take the steady state + + align:start position:0% +are we going to take the steady state + + + align:start position:0% +are we going to take the steady state +how are we gonna find the steady state + + align:start position:0% +how are we gonna find the steady state + + + align:start position:0% +how are we gonna find the steady state +version of this equation any idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good we just set DV DT to zero and we're + + align:start position:0% +good we just set DV DT to zero and we're + + + align:start position:0% +good we just set DV DT to zero and we're +left with this equals that okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +left with this equals that okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +left with this equals that okay so we're +gonna take a piece of our cable and + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a piece of our cable and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a piece of our cable and +we're going to imagine that we take a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to imagine that we take a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to imagine that we take a +piece of dendrite that's infinitely long + + align:start position:0% +piece of dendrite that's infinitely long + + + align:start position:0% +piece of dendrite that's infinitely long +in either direction okay and somewhere + + align:start position:0% +in either direction okay and somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +in either direction okay and somewhere +here in the middle of it we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +here in the middle of it we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +here in the middle of it we're gonna +inject we're gonna put an electrode and + + align:start position:0% +inject we're gonna put an electrode and + + + align:start position:0% +inject we're gonna put an electrode and +we're going to inject current at one + + align:start position:0% +we're going to inject current at one + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to inject current at one +position okay so it's injecting current + + align:start position:0% +position okay so it's injecting current + + + align:start position:0% +position okay so it's injecting current +at position zero how many of you have + + align:start position:0% +at position zero how many of you have + + + align:start position:0% +at position zero how many of you have +heard of a delta function direct delta + + align:start position:0% +heard of a delta function direct delta + + + align:start position:0% +heard of a delta function direct delta +function okay so we're going to define + + align:start position:0% +function okay so we're going to define + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so we're going to define +the the current as a function of + + align:start position:0% +the the current as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the the current as a function of +position as just a current times a + + align:start position:0% +position as just a current times a + + + align:start position:0% +position as just a current times a +direct Delta function of X that just + + align:start position:0% +direct Delta function of X that just + + + align:start position:0% +direct Delta function of X that just +says that all the current is going in at + + align:start position:0% +says that all the current is going in at + + + align:start position:0% +says that all the current is going in at +position zero and not no current is + + align:start position:0% +position zero and not no current is + + + align:start position:0% +position zero and not no current is +going in anywhere else okay all right so + + align:start position:0% +going in anywhere else okay all right so + + + align:start position:0% +going in anywhere else okay all right so +the direct Delta function is just it's a + + align:start position:0% +the direct Delta function is just it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the direct Delta function is just it's a +peaky thing that is very narrow and very + + align:start position:0% +peaky thing that is very narrow and very + + + align:start position:0% +peaky thing that is very narrow and very +tall such that when you integrate over + + align:start position:0% +tall such that when you integrate over + + + align:start position:0% +tall such that when you integrate over +it you get a 1 okay okay so we're going + + align:start position:0% +it you get a 1 okay okay so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +it you get a 1 okay okay so we're going +to go to the steady-state solution and + + align:start position:0% +to go to the steady-state solution and + + + align:start position:0% +to go to the steady-state solution and +now let's write down that so there's the + + align:start position:0% +now let's write down that so there's the + + + align:start position:0% +now let's write down that so there's the +steady-state cable equation and we're + + align:start position:0% +steady-state cable equation and we're + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state cable equation and we're +going to inject current at a single + + align:start position:0% +going to inject current at a single + + + align:start position:0% +going to inject current at a single +point so that's what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +point so that's what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +point so that's what it looks like +does anyone know the solution to this + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know the solution to this + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know the solution to this +notice what this says is we have a + + align:start position:0% +notice what this says is we have a + + + align:start position:0% +notice what this says is we have a +function is equal to the second + + align:start position:0% +function is equal to the second + + + align:start position:0% +function is equal to the second +derivative of that function + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that function + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that function +anybody know there's only one function + + align:start position:0% +anybody know there's only one function + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know there's only one function +that that that does this it's an + + align:start position:0% +that that that does this it's an + + + align:start position:0% +that that that does this it's an +exponential that's right so the solution + + align:start position:0% +exponential that's right so the solution + + + align:start position:0% +exponential that's right so the solution +to this equation is an exponential + + align:start position:0% +to this equation is an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +to this equation is an exponential +position alright is V not some voltage + + align:start position:0% +position alright is V not some voltage + + + align:start position:0% +position alright is V not some voltage +in the middle eetu the minus x over + + align:start position:0% +in the middle eetu the minus x over + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle eetu the minus x over +lambda + + align:start position:0% +lambda + + + align:start position:0% +lambda +why do I have an absolute value what is + + align:start position:0% +why do I have an absolute value what is + + + align:start position:0% +why do I have an absolute value what is +the voltage going to look like if I + + align:start position:0% +the voltage going to look like if I + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage going to look like if I +inject current right here you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +inject current right here you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +inject current right here you're gonna +have current flowing where's the current + + align:start position:0% +have current flowing where's the current + + + align:start position:0% +have current flowing where's the current +gonna go find jet current into the + + align:start position:0% +gonna go find jet current into the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go find jet current into the +middle of a piece of dendrite is it all + + align:start position:0% +middle of a piece of dendrite is it all + + + align:start position:0% +middle of a piece of dendrite is it all +gonna go this way no what's it gonna do + + align:start position:0% +gonna go this way no what's it gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go this way no what's it gonna do +it's gonna go both ways okay and the + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna go both ways okay and the + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna go both ways okay and the +current the voltage is going to be high + + align:start position:0% +current the voltage is going to be high + + + align:start position:0% +current the voltage is going to be high +here and it's gonna fall as you go in + + align:start position:0% +here and it's gonna fall as you go in + + + align:start position:0% +here and it's gonna fall as you go in +both directions okay that's why we have + + align:start position:0% +both directions okay that's why we have + + + align:start position:0% +both directions okay that's why we have +an absolute value here so the voltage + + align:start position:0% +an absolute value here so the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +an absolute value here so the voltage +it's going to start at some V naught + + align:start position:0% +it's going to start at some V naught + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to start at some V naught +that depends on how much current we're + + align:start position:0% +that depends on how much current we're + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on how much current we're +injecting and it's gonna drop + + align:start position:0% +injecting and it's gonna drop + + + align:start position:0% +injecting and it's gonna drop +exponentially on both sides and notice + + align:start position:0% +exponentially on both sides and notice + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially on both sides and notice +what what's right here the lambda tells + + align:start position:0% +what what's right here the lambda tells + + + align:start position:0% +what what's right here the lambda tells +us the 1 over e points how far away the + + align:start position:0% +us the 1 over e points how far away the + + + align:start position:0% +us the 1 over e points how far away the +one over e point of the voltages what + + align:start position:0% +one over e point of the voltages what + + + align:start position:0% +one over e point of the voltages what +that means is that the voltage is going + + align:start position:0% +that means is that the voltage is going + + + align:start position:0% +that means is that the voltage is going +to fall to 1 over e of V not at a + + align:start position:0% +to fall to 1 over e of V not at a + + + align:start position:0% +to fall to 1 over e of V not at a +distance lambda from the site at which + + align:start position:0% +distance lambda from the site at which + + + align:start position:0% +distance lambda from the site at which +the current is injected okay that make + + align:start position:0% +the current is injected okay that make + + + align:start position:0% +the current is injected okay that make +sense that is the steady state space + + align:start position:0% +sense that is the steady state space + + + align:start position:0% +sense that is the steady state space +constant it has units of length it's how + + align:start position:0% +constant it has units of length it's how + + + align:start position:0% +constant it has units of length it's how +far away do you have to go so that the + + align:start position:0% +far away do you have to go so that the + + + align:start position:0% +far away do you have to go so that the +voltage Falls to 1 over Falls to 1 over + + align:start position:0% +voltage Falls to 1 over Falls to 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +voltage Falls to 1 over Falls to 1 over +2.7 of the initial voltage okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions okay it's pretty simple + + align:start position:0% +any questions okay it's pretty simple + + + align:start position:0% +any questions okay it's pretty simple +we took an unusually complicated route + + align:start position:0% +we took an unusually complicated route + + + align:start position:0% +we took an unusually complicated route +to get there but that's the nice thing + + align:start position:0% +to get there but that's the nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +to get there but that's the nice thing +about that is you've seen the most + + align:start position:0% +about that is you've seen the most + + + align:start position:0% +about that is you've seen the most +general solution to how a cable a + + align:start position:0% +general solution to how a cable a + + + align:start position:0% +general solution to how a cable a +dendrite will behave when you inject + + align:start position:0% +dendrite will behave when you inject + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite will behave when you inject +current into it okay all right so now we + + align:start position:0% +current into it okay all right so now we + + + align:start position:0% +current into it okay all right so now we +can calculate the current as a function + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the current as a function + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the current as a function +of position any idea how to do that what + + align:start position:0% +of position any idea how to do that what + + + align:start position:0% +of position any idea how to do that what +if you know voltage what do you use to + + align:start position:0% +if you know voltage what do you use to + + + align:start position:0% +if you know voltage what do you use to +calculate current which law Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +calculate current which law Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +calculate current which law Ohm's law +anybody remember what owns law looks + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember what owns law looks + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember what owns law looks +like here yep + + align:start position:0% +like here yep + + + align:start position:0% +like here yep +and we have to do something else the + + align:start position:0% +and we have to do something else the + + + align:start position:0% +and we have to do something else the +remember the current is is what Ohm's + + align:start position:0% +remember the current is is what Ohm's + + + align:start position:0% +remember the current is is what Ohm's +law in a continuous medium the current + + align:start position:0% +law in a continuous medium the current + + + align:start position:0% +law in a continuous medium the current +is just going to be what of the voltage + + align:start position:0% +is just going to be what of the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +is just going to be what of the voltage +the blank of the voltage the derivative + + align:start position:0% +the blank of the voltage the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +the blank of the voltage the derivative +of the voltage so we're just gonna take + + align:start position:0% +of the voltage so we're just gonna take + + + align:start position:0% +of the voltage so we're just gonna take +this and take the derivative that's it + + align:start position:0% +this and take the derivative that's it + + + align:start position:0% +this and take the derivative that's it +okay DV DX is just equal to minus R + + align:start position:0% +okay DV DX is just equal to minus R + + + align:start position:0% +okay DV DX is just equal to minus R +times I so the current is proportional + + align:start position:0% +times I so the current is proportional + + + align:start position:0% +times I so the current is proportional +to the derivative of this what's the + + align:start position:0% +to the derivative of this what's the + + + align:start position:0% +to the derivative of this what's the +derivative of an exponential just + + align:start position:0% +derivative of an exponential just + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of an exponential just +another exponential okay so there we go + + align:start position:0% +another exponential okay so there we go + + + align:start position:0% +another exponential okay so there we go +the current and then there's some to + + align:start position:0% +the current and then there's some to + + + align:start position:0% +the current and then there's some to +bring the lambda down when you take the + + align:start position:0% +bring the lambda down when you take the + + + align:start position:0% +bring the lambda down when you take the +derivative so the current is now just + + align:start position:0% +derivative so the current is now just + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so the current is now just +minus one over the axial resistance per + + align:start position:0% +minus one over the axial resistance per + + + align:start position:0% +minus one over the axial resistance per +unit length times minus V naught over + + align:start position:0% +unit length times minus V naught over + + + align:start position:0% +unit length times minus V naught over +lambda lambda comes down when you take + + align:start position:0% +lambda lambda comes down when you take + + + align:start position:0% +lambda lambda comes down when you take +the derivative times e to the minus X + + align:start position:0% +the derivative times e to the minus X + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative times e to the minus X +over lambda okay notice the current is + + align:start position:0% +over lambda okay notice the current is + + + align:start position:0% +over lambda okay notice the current is +to the right on this side so the current + + align:start position:0% +to the right on this side so the current + + + align:start position:0% +to the right on this side so the current +is positive it's flowing to the left on + + align:start position:0% +is positive it's flowing to the left on + + + align:start position:0% +is positive it's flowing to the left on +that side so the current is negative + + align:start position:0% +that side so the current is negative + + + align:start position:0% +that side so the current is negative +okay so to do this properly you'd have + + align:start position:0% +okay so to do this properly you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so to do this properly you'd have +this is the solution on the right side + + align:start position:0% +this is the solution on the right side + + + align:start position:0% +this is the solution on the right side +you'd have to write another version of + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to write another version of + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to write another version of +this for the current on the left side + + align:start position:0% +this for the current on the left side + + + align:start position:0% +this for the current on the left side +but I haven't put that in there + + align:start position:0% +but I haven't put that in there + + + align:start position:0% +but I haven't put that in there +okay and again the current starts out at + + align:start position:0% +okay and again the current starts out at + + + align:start position:0% +okay and again the current starts out at +I not and drops exponentially and it + + align:start position:0% +I not and drops exponentially and it + + + align:start position:0% +I not and drops exponentially and it +falls to one over e at a distance lambda + + align:start position:0% +falls to one over e at a distance lambda + + + align:start position:0% +falls to one over e at a distance lambda +okay why is that because the current is + + align:start position:0% +okay why is that because the current is + + + align:start position:0% +okay why is that because the current is +leaking out through the holes in our + + align:start position:0% +leaking out through the holes in our + + + align:start position:0% +leaking out through the holes in our +garden hose right so as you go further + + align:start position:0% +garden hose right so as you go further + + + align:start position:0% +garden hose right so as you go further +down less and less of the current is + + align:start position:0% +down less and less of the current is + + + align:start position:0% +down less and less of the current is +still going down the dendrite right I + + align:start position:0% +still going down the dendrite right I + + + align:start position:0% +still going down the dendrite right I +don't expect you to be able to derive + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to be able to derive + + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to be able to derive +this but again just know where it comes + + align:start position:0% +this but again just know where it comes + + + align:start position:0% +this but again just know where it comes +from comes from Ohm's law okay okay so I + + align:start position:0% +from comes from Ohm's law okay okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +from comes from Ohm's law okay okay so I +want to show you one really cool thing + + align:start position:0% +want to show you one really cool thing + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you one really cool thing +about the space constant okay it has a + + align:start position:0% +about the space constant okay it has a + + + align:start position:0% +about the space constant okay it has a +really important dependence on the size + + align:start position:0% +really important dependence on the size + + + align:start position:0% +really important dependence on the size +of the dendrite okay and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite okay and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the dendrite okay and we're going to +learn something really interesting about + + align:start position:0% +learn something really interesting about + + + align:start position:0% +learn something really interesting about +why the brain has action potentials all + + align:start position:0% +why the brain has action potentials all + + + align:start position:0% +why the brain has action potentials all +right so let's take a closer look at the + + align:start position:0% +right so let's take a closer look at the + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's take a closer look at the +space constant and how you calculate it + + align:start position:0% +space constant and how you calculate it + + + align:start position:0% +space constant and how you calculate it +and how it depends on the size this + + align:start position:0% +and how it depends on the size this + + + align:start position:0% +and how it depends on the size this +diameter or this radius of the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +diameter or this radius of the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +diameter or this radius of the dendrite +okay so we're gonna take a little + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're gonna take a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're gonna take a little +cylinder of dendrite of radius a and + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of dendrite of radius a and + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of dendrite of radius a and +length little L okay G sub M is the + + align:start position:0% +length little L okay G sub M is the + + + align:start position:0% +length little L okay G sub M is the +membrane conductance per unit length + + align:start position:0% +membrane conductance per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +membrane conductance per unit length +let's just derive what that would look + + align:start position:0% +let's just derive what that would look + + + align:start position:0% +let's just derive what that would look +like okay + + align:start position:0% +like okay + + + align:start position:0% +like okay +the total membrane conductance of this + + align:start position:0% +the total membrane conductance of this + + + align:start position:0% +the total membrane conductance of this +little cylinder of of dendrite little + + align:start position:0% +little cylinder of of dendrite little + + + align:start position:0% +little cylinder of of dendrite little +cylinder of cell membrane is just the + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of cell membrane is just the + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of cell membrane is just the +surface area of that fill endure times + + align:start position:0% +surface area of that fill endure times + + + align:start position:0% +surface area of that fill endure times +the conductance per unit area remember + + align:start position:0% +the conductance per unit area remember + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance per unit area remember +this is the same idea that we talked + + align:start position:0% +this is the same idea that we talked + + + align:start position:0% +this is the same idea that we talked +about when we were talking about the + + align:start position:0% +about when we were talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +about when we were talking about the +area of our soma okay we have a + + align:start position:0% +area of our soma okay we have a + + + align:start position:0% +area of our soma okay we have a +conductance per unit area that just + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit area that just + + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit area that just +depends on the number of ion channels + + align:start position:0% +depends on the number of ion channels + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the number of ion channels +and how open they are on that piece of + + align:start position:0% +and how open they are on that piece of + + + align:start position:0% +and how open they are on that piece of +membrane + + align:start position:0% +membrane + + + align:start position:0% +membrane +okay so the total conductance is just + + align:start position:0% +okay so the total conductance is just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the total conductance is just +going to be the conductance per unit + + align:start position:0% +going to be the conductance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the conductance per unit +area times the area and the area of that + + align:start position:0% +area times the area and the area of that + + + align:start position:0% +area times the area and the area of that +cylinder is 2pi a it gives us the + + align:start position:0% +cylinder is 2pi a it gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder is 2pi a it gives us the +circumference times the length 2pi al + + align:start position:0% +circumference times the length 2pi al + + + align:start position:0% +circumference times the length 2pi al +okay okay and the conductance per unit + + align:start position:0% +okay okay and the conductance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay and the conductance per unit +length is just that total conductance + + align:start position:0% +length is just that total conductance + + + align:start position:0% +length is just that total conductance +divided by the length so it's 2 pi a + + align:start position:0% +divided by the length so it's 2 pi a + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the length so it's 2 pi a +times G sub L the conductance per unit + + align:start position:0% +times G sub L the conductance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +times G sub L the conductance per unit +area all right so that's that's membrane + + align:start position:0% +area all right so that's that's membrane + + + align:start position:0% +area all right so that's that's membrane +conductance per unit length the axial + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit length the axial + + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit length the axial +resistance per unit length along this + + align:start position:0% +resistance per unit length along this + + + align:start position:0% +resistance per unit length along this +piece this little cylinder of dendrite + + align:start position:0% +piece this little cylinder of dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +piece this little cylinder of dendrite +we can calculate in a similar way the + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate in a similar way the + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate in a similar way the +total axial resistance along that + + align:start position:0% +total axial resistance along that + + + align:start position:0% +total axial resistance along that +dendrite is can be calculated using this + + align:start position:0% +dendrite is can be calculated using this + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite is can be calculated using this +equation that we developed on the very + + align:start position:0% +equation that we developed on the very + + + align:start position:0% +equation that we developed on the very +first day the resistance of a wire in + + align:start position:0% +first day the resistance of a wire in + + + align:start position:0% +first day the resistance of a wire in +the brain the resistance of a chunk of + + align:start position:0% +the brain the resistance of a chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +the brain the resistance of a chunk of +extracellular or intracellular solution + + align:start position:0% +extracellular or intracellular solution + + + align:start position:0% +extracellular or intracellular solution +right the resistance is just the + + align:start position:0% +right the resistance is just the + + + align:start position:0% +right the resistance is just the +resistivity times the length divided by + + align:start position:0% +resistivity times the length divided by + + + align:start position:0% +resistivity times the length divided by +the area right the hunger for a given + + align:start position:0% +the area right the hunger for a given + + + align:start position:0% +the area right the hunger for a given +medium of some resistivity the longer + + align:start position:0% +medium of some resistivity the longer + + + align:start position:0% +medium of some resistivity the longer +you have to run your current through the + + align:start position:0% +you have to run your current through the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to run your current through the +bigger the resistance is going to be and + + align:start position:0% +bigger the resistance is going to be and + + + align:start position:0% +bigger the resistance is going to be and +the bigger the area the lower the + + align:start position:0% +the bigger the area the lower the + + + align:start position:0% +the bigger the area the lower the +resistance is going to be okay + + align:start position:0% +resistance is going to be okay + + + align:start position:0% +resistance is going to be okay +so that total resistance is it has units + + align:start position:0% +so that total resistance is it has units + + + align:start position:0% +so that total resistance is it has units +of ohm millimeter so it's the + + align:start position:0% +of ohm millimeter so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +of ohm millimeter so it's the +resistivity times L divided by a in + + align:start position:0% +resistivity times L divided by a in + + + align:start position:0% +resistivity times L divided by a in +intracellular space that's around 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +intracellular space that's around 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +intracellular space that's around 2,000 +ohm millimeters the cross-sectional area + + align:start position:0% +ohm millimeters the cross-sectional area + + + align:start position:0% +ohm millimeters the cross-sectional area +is just pi times a squared okay and so + + align:start position:0% +is just pi times a squared okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +is just pi times a squared okay and so +now we can calculate the axial + + align:start position:0% +now we can calculate the axial + + + align:start position:0% +now we can calculate the axial +resistance per unit length that's the + + align:start position:0% +resistance per unit length that's the + + + align:start position:0% +resistance per unit length that's the +total resistance divided by L so that's + + align:start position:0% +total resistance divided by L so that's + + + align:start position:0% +total resistance divided by L so that's +just resistivity divided by a which is + + align:start position:0% +just resistivity divided by a which is + + + align:start position:0% +just resistivity divided by a which is +resistivity divided by pi radius squared + + align:start position:0% +resistivity divided by pi radius squared + + + align:start position:0% +resistivity divided by pi radius squared +just the cross-sectional area and that + + align:start position:0% +just the cross-sectional area and that + + + align:start position:0% +just the cross-sectional area and that +has units of ohms per millimeter so now + + align:start position:0% +has units of ohms per millimeter so now + + + align:start position:0% +has units of ohms per millimeter so now +we can calculate the steady state space + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate the steady state space + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate the steady state space +constant conductance per unit length and + + align:start position:0% +constant conductance per unit length and + + + align:start position:0% +constant conductance per unit length and +axial resistance per unit length the + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance per unit length the + + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance per unit length the +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +constant is just the one over the + + align:start position:0% +constant is just the one over the + + + align:start position:0% +constant is just the one over the +product of those two square root we're + + align:start position:0% +product of those two square root we're + + + align:start position:0% +product of those two square root we're +just going to notice that that's siemens + + align:start position:0% +just going to notice that that's siemens + + + align:start position:0% +just going to notice that that's siemens +per millimeter ohms per millimeter + + align:start position:0% +per millimeter ohms per millimeter + + + align:start position:0% +per millimeter ohms per millimeter +inverse ohms so those cancel and you're + + align:start position:0% +inverse ohms so those cancel and you're + + + align:start position:0% +inverse ohms so those cancel and you're +left with millimeter squared square root + + align:start position:0% +left with millimeter squared square root + + + align:start position:0% +left with millimeter squared square root +which is just millimeters so again that + + align:start position:0% +which is just millimeters so again that + + + align:start position:0% +which is just millimeters so again that +has the right units units of length but + + align:start position:0% +has the right units units of length but + + + align:start position:0% +has the right units units of length but +now let's plug these two things into + + align:start position:0% +now let's plug these two things into + + + align:start position:0% +now let's plug these two things into +this equation for the space constant and + + align:start position:0% +this equation for the space constant and + + + align:start position:0% +this equation for the space constant and +calculate how it depends on a okay so + + align:start position:0% +calculate how it depends on a okay so + + + align:start position:0% +calculate how it depends on a okay so +let's do that actually the first thing I + + align:start position:0% +let's do that actually the first thing I + + + align:start position:0% +let's do that actually the first thing I +wanted to do is just show you what a + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do is just show you what a + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do is just show you what a +typical lambda is for a piece of + + align:start position:0% +typical lambda is for a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +typical lambda is for a piece of +dendrite okay so let's do that + + align:start position:0% +dendrite okay so let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite okay so let's do that +conductance per area is around five + + align:start position:0% +conductance per area is around five + + + align:start position:0% +conductance per area is around five +times ten to the minus seven typically + + align:start position:0% +times ten to the minus seven typically + + + align:start position:0% +times ten to the minus seven typically +so that conductance per unit length of a + + align:start position:0% +so that conductance per unit length of a + + + align:start position:0% +so that conductance per unit length of a +dendrites six nano Siemens per + + align:start position:0% +dendrites six nano Siemens per + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites six nano Siemens per +millimeter you don't have to remember + + align:start position:0% +millimeter you don't have to remember + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter you don't have to remember +that we're just calculating the length + + align:start position:0% +that we're just calculating the length + + + align:start position:0% +that we're just calculating the length +constant axial resistance is plugging in + + align:start position:0% +constant axial resistance is plugging in + + + align:start position:0% +constant axial resistance is plugging in +the numbers for a piece of dendrite + + align:start position:0% +the numbers for a piece of dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers for a piece of dendrite +that's about two microns in radius the + + align:start position:0% +that's about two microns in radius the + + + align:start position:0% +that's about two microns in radius the +axial resistance per unit length is + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance per unit length is + + + align:start position:0% +axial resistance per unit length is +about sixty mega ohms per millimeter and + + align:start position:0% +about sixty mega ohms per millimeter and + + + align:start position:0% +about sixty mega ohms per millimeter and +so when you plug those two things to + + align:start position:0% +so when you plug those two things to + + + align:start position:0% +so when you plug those two things to +calculate lambda you find that lambda + + align:start position:0% +calculate lambda you find that lambda + + + align:start position:0% +calculate lambda you find that lambda +for a typical piece of dendrite is about + + align:start position:0% +for a typical piece of dendrite is about + + + align:start position:0% +for a typical piece of dendrite is about +a millimeter okay so that's a number + + align:start position:0% +a millimeter okay so that's a number + + + align:start position:0% +a millimeter okay so that's a number +that would hope that you would remember + + align:start position:0% +that would hope that you would remember + + + align:start position:0% +that would hope that you would remember +okay that's a typical space constant so + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a typical space constant so + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a typical space constant so +if you inject a signal into a piece of + + align:start position:0% +if you inject a signal into a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +if you inject a signal into a piece of +dendrite it's gone it it's mostly gone + + align:start position:0% +dendrite it's gone it it's mostly gone + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite it's gone it it's mostly gone +or about a two-thirds gone in a + + align:start position:0% +or about a two-thirds gone in a + + + align:start position:0% +or about a two-thirds gone in a +millimeter okay and that's how that's + + align:start position:0% +millimeter okay and that's how that's + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter okay and that's how that's +how you can have dendrites that are up + + align:start position:0% +how you can have dendrites that are up + + + align:start position:0% +how you can have dendrites that are up +in the range of close to a millimeter + + align:start position:0% +in the range of close to a millimeter + + + align:start position:0% +in the range of close to a millimeter +and they still are able to conduct a + + align:start position:0% +and they still are able to conduct a + + + align:start position:0% +and they still are able to conduct a +signal from synaptic inputs out onto the + + align:start position:0% +signal from synaptic inputs out onto the + + + align:start position:0% +signal from synaptic inputs out onto the +dendrite down to the soma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so millimeter is a typical length + + align:start position:0% +okay so millimeter is a typical length + + + align:start position:0% +okay so millimeter is a typical length +scale for how far signals propagate okay + + align:start position:0% +scale for how far signals propagate okay + + + align:start position:0% +scale for how far signals propagate okay +so now let's plug in those the + + align:start position:0% +so now let's plug in those the + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's plug in those the +expressions that we derive for + + align:start position:0% +expressions that we derive for + + + align:start position:0% +expressions that we derive for +conductance per unit length and axial + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit length and axial + + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit length and axial +resistance per unit length of a into + + align:start position:0% +resistance per unit length of a into + + + align:start position:0% +resistance per unit length of a into +this equation for the space constant and + + align:start position:0% +this equation for the space constant and + + + align:start position:0% +this equation for the space constant and +what you find is that the space constant + + align:start position:0% +what you find is that the space constant + + + align:start position:0% +what you find is that the space constant +is a divided by two times the + + align:start position:0% +is a divided by two times the + + + align:start position:0% +is a divided by two times the +resistivity times the membrane + + align:start position:0% +resistivity times the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +resistivity times the membrane +conductance per unit area or area to the + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit area or area to the + + + align:start position:0% +conductance per unit area or area to the +one half so it goes as the square root + + align:start position:0% +one half so it goes as the square root + + + align:start position:0% +one half so it goes as the square root +the space constant the length goes as + + align:start position:0% +the space constant the length goes as + + + align:start position:0% +the space constant the length goes as +the square root of the radius now notice + + align:start position:0% +the square root of the radius now notice + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of the radius now notice +that the space constant gets bigger as + + align:start position:0% +that the space constant gets bigger as + + + align:start position:0% +that the space constant gets bigger as +you increase the size of the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +you increase the size of the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the size of the dendrite +right as you make a dendrite bigger what + + align:start position:0% +right as you make a dendrite bigger what + + + align:start position:0% +right as you make a dendrite bigger what +happens is the resistance down the + + align:start position:0% +happens is the resistance down the + + + align:start position:0% +happens is the resistance down the +middle gets smaller right and so the + + align:start position:0% +middle gets smaller right and so the + + + align:start position:0% +middle gets smaller right and so the +current can go further down the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +current can go further down the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +current can go further down the dendrite +before it leaks out that makes sense but + + align:start position:0% +before it leaks out that makes sense but + + + align:start position:0% +before it leaks out that makes sense but +the resistance is dropping as the square + + align:start position:0% +the resistance is dropping as the square + + + align:start position:0% +the resistance is dropping as the square +of the area but the surface area is only + + align:start position:0% +of the area but the surface area is only + + + align:start position:0% +of the area but the surface area is only +increasing linearly okay and so that + + align:start position:0% +increasing linearly okay and so that + + + align:start position:0% +increasing linearly okay and so that +resistance down the middle is dropping + + align:start position:0% +resistance down the middle is dropping + + + align:start position:0% +resistance down the middle is dropping +as the square that the the the + + align:start position:0% +as the square that the the the + + + align:start position:0% +as the square that the the the +conductance out the side is growing more + + align:start position:0% +conductance out the side is growing more + + + align:start position:0% +conductance out the side is growing more +slowly and so the signal can propagate + + align:start position:0% +slowly and so the signal can propagate + + + align:start position:0% +slowly and so the signal can propagate +further the bigger the dendrite is okay + + align:start position:0% +further the bigger the dendrite is okay + + + align:start position:0% +further the bigger the dendrite is okay +so that's why it's very closely related + + align:start position:0% +so that's why it's very closely related + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why it's very closely related +to why the squid giant axon is big + + align:start position:0% +to why the squid giant axon is big + + + align:start position:0% +to why the squid giant axon is big +because the current has more access to + + align:start position:0% +because the current has more access to + + + align:start position:0% +because the current has more access to +propagate down the axon the bigger the + + align:start position:0% +propagate down the axon the bigger the + + + align:start position:0% +propagate down the axon the bigger the +cylinder is okay but there are limits to + + align:start position:0% +cylinder is okay but there are limits to + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder is okay but there are limits to +this so you know that in in our brains + + align:start position:0% +this so you know that in in our brains + + + align:start position:0% +this so you know that in in our brains +neuron + + align:start position:0% +neuron + + + align:start position:0% +neuron +need to be able to send signals from one + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to send signals from one + + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to send signals from one +side of our head to the other side of + + align:start position:0% +side of our head to the other side of + + + align:start position:0% +side of our head to the other side of +our which is about how big how far is + + align:start position:0% +our which is about how big how far is + + + align:start position:0% +our which is about how big how far is +that not in Homer but in seeing a little + + align:start position:0% +that not in Homer but in seeing a little + + + align:start position:0% +that not in Homer but in seeing a little +cartoon a little okay never mind how big + + align:start position:0% +cartoon a little okay never mind how big + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon a little okay never mind how big +across is the brain how many millimeters + + align:start position:0% +across is the brain how many millimeters + + + align:start position:0% +across is the brain how many millimeters +about yeah order of magnitude let's call + + align:start position:0% +about yeah order of magnitude let's call + + + align:start position:0% +about yeah order of magnitude let's call +it a hundred right so a piece of + + align:start position:0% +it a hundred right so a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +it a hundred right so a piece of +dendrite two microns across has a length + + align:start position:0% +dendrite two microns across has a length + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite two microns across has a length +constant of a millimeter how what + + align:start position:0% +constant of a millimeter how what + + + align:start position:0% +constant of a millimeter how what +diameter dendrite would we need if we + + align:start position:0% +diameter dendrite would we need if we + + + align:start position:0% +diameter dendrite would we need if we +needed to send a signal across the brain + + align:start position:0% +needed to send a signal across the brain + + + align:start position:0% +needed to send a signal across the brain +passively through a piece of a piece of + + align:start position:0% +passively through a piece of a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +passively through a piece of a piece of +a cylindrical piece of dendrite like + + align:start position:0% +a cylindrical piece of dendrite like + + + align:start position:0% +a cylindrical piece of dendrite like +this so lambda scales with radius 2 + + align:start position:0% +this so lambda scales with radius 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this so lambda scales with radius 2 +microns diameter radius gives you 1 + + align:start position:0% +microns diameter radius gives you 1 + + + align:start position:0% +microns diameter radius gives you 1 +millimeter and now you want to go to you + + align:start position:0% +millimeter and now you want to go to you + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter and now you want to go to you +want to go a hundred times further how + + align:start position:0% +want to go a hundred times further how + + + align:start position:0% +want to go a hundred times further how +what by what factor larger does that + + align:start position:0% +what by what factor larger does that + + + align:start position:0% +what by what factor larger does that +radius have to be 10000 good and so how + + align:start position:0% +radius have to be 10000 good and so how + + + align:start position:0% +radius have to be 10000 good and so how +big does our 2 micron radius piece of + + align:start position:0% +big does our 2 micron radius piece of + + + align:start position:0% +big does our 2 micron radius piece of +dendrite have to be to send a signal a + + align:start position:0% +dendrite have to be to send a signal a + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite have to be to send a signal a +hundred millimeters 10000 times 2 + + align:start position:0% +hundred millimeters 10000 times 2 + + + align:start position:0% +hundred millimeters 10000 times 2 +microns what is that anybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two centimetres + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you want to make a a piece of + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to make a a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to make a a piece of +dendrite that sends a signal from one + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that sends a signal from one + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that sends a signal from one +side of your brain to the other 100 + + align:start position:0% +side of your brain to the other 100 + + + align:start position:0% +side of your brain to the other 100 +millimeters away the two centimeters + + align:start position:0% +millimeters away the two centimeters + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters away the two centimeters +across actually that's the radius needs + + align:start position:0% +across actually that's the radius needs + + + align:start position:0% +across actually that's the radius needs +to be four centimeters across doesn't + + align:start position:0% +to be four centimeters across doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +to be four centimeters across doesn't +work does it so you can make things you + + align:start position:0% +work does it so you can make things you + + + align:start position:0% +work does it so you can make things you +can make signals propagate further by + + align:start position:0% +can make signals propagate further by + + + align:start position:0% +can make signals propagate further by +making dendrites bigger but it only goes + + align:start position:0% +making dendrites bigger but it only goes + + + align:start position:0% +making dendrites bigger but it only goes +as the square root + + align:start position:0% +as the square root + + + align:start position:0% +as the square root +it's like diffusion right it's all it it + + align:start position:0% +it's like diffusion right it's all it it + + + align:start position:0% +it's like diffusion right it's all it it +increases very slowly so in order to get + + align:start position:0% +increases very slowly so in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +increases very slowly so in order to get +a signal from one side of your brain to + + align:start position:0% +a signal from one side of your brain to + + + align:start position:0% +a signal from one side of your brain to +the other with the same kind of membrane + + align:start position:0% +the other with the same kind of membrane + + + align:start position:0% +the other with the same kind of membrane +your dendrite would have to be four + + align:start position:0% +your dendrite would have to be four + + + align:start position:0% +your dendrite would have to be four +centimeters in depth in diet okay so + + align:start position:0% +centimeters in depth in diet okay so + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters in depth in diet okay so +that's why the brain doesn't use passive + + align:start position:0% +that's why the brain doesn't use passive + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the brain doesn't use passive +propagation of signals to get from one + + align:start position:0% +propagation of signals to get from one + + + align:start position:0% +propagation of signals to get from one +place to the other it uses action + + align:start position:0% +place to the other it uses action + + + align:start position:0% +place to the other it uses action +potentials that actively propagate down + + align:start position:0% +potentials that actively propagate down + + + align:start position:0% +potentials that actively propagate down +axons okay pretty cool right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so I want to just introduce + + align:start position:0% +all right so I want to just introduce + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I want to just introduce +you to the concept of electrotonic + + align:start position:0% +you to the concept of electrotonic + + + align:start position:0% +you to the concept of electrotonic +length all right and the idea is very + + align:start position:0% +length all right and the idea is very + + + align:start position:0% +length all right and the idea is very +simple if we have a piece of dendrite + + align:start position:0% +simple if we have a piece of dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +simple if we have a piece of dendrite +that has some physical length L you can + + align:start position:0% +that has some physical length L you can + + + align:start position:0% +that has some physical length L you can +see that that length L might be very + + align:start position:0% +see that that length L might be very + + + align:start position:0% +see that that length L might be very +good at conducting signals to the soma + + align:start position:0% +good at conducting signals to the soma + + + align:start position:0% +good at conducting signals to the soma +if what if what what aspects of the of + + align:start position:0% +if what if what what aspects of the of + + + align:start position:0% +if what if what what aspects of the of +that dendrite would make it very good at + + align:start position:0% +that dendrite would make it very good at + + + align:start position:0% +that dendrite would make it very good at +conducting signals to the soma so it's + + align:start position:0% +conducting signals to the soma so it's + + + align:start position:0% +conducting signals to the soma so it's +big or what else it's got a fixed + + align:start position:0% +big or what else it's got a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +big or what else it's got a fixed +physical length L so let's think of + + align:start position:0% +physical length L so let's think of + + + align:start position:0% +physical length L so let's think of +something else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +less leaky right + + align:start position:0% +less leaky right + + + align:start position:0% +less leaky right +okay so depending on the properties of + + align:start position:0% +okay so depending on the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so depending on the properties of +that dendrite that piece of dendrite a + + align:start position:0% +that dendrite that piece of dendrite a + + + align:start position:0% +that dendrite that piece of dendrite a +physical length L might be very good at + + align:start position:0% +physical length L might be very good at + + + align:start position:0% +physical length L might be very good at +sending signals to the soma or it might + + align:start position:0% +sending signals to the soma or it might + + + align:start position:0% +sending signals to the soma or it might +be very bad right if it's really thin + + align:start position:0% +be very bad right if it's really thin + + + align:start position:0% +be very bad right if it's really thin +really leaky right so we have to compare + + align:start position:0% +really leaky right so we have to compare + + + align:start position:0% +really leaky right so we have to compare +the physical length to the space + + align:start position:0% +the physical length to the space + + + align:start position:0% +the physical length to the space +constant okay so in this case there's + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so in this case there's + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so in this case there's +very little decay the signal is able to + + align:start position:0% +very little decay the signal is able to + + + align:start position:0% +very little decay the signal is able to +propagate from the site of the synapse + + align:start position:0% +propagate from the site of the synapse + + + align:start position:0% +propagate from the site of the synapse +to the soma in this case a slightly + + align:start position:0% +to the soma in this case a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +to the soma in this case a slightly +smaller piece of dendrite might have a + + align:start position:0% +smaller piece of dendrite might have a + + + align:start position:0% +smaller piece of dendrite might have a +shorter lambda and so there would be + + align:start position:0% +shorter lambda and so there would be + + + align:start position:0% +shorter lambda and so there would be +more decay by the time you get to the + + align:start position:0% +more decay by the time you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +more decay by the time you get to the +soma and in this case the lambda is + + align:start position:0% +soma and in this case the lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +soma and in this case the lambda is +really short and so the signal really + + align:start position:0% +really short and so the signal really + + + align:start position:0% +really short and so the signal really +decays away before you get to the soma + + align:start position:0% +decays away before you get to the soma + + + align:start position:0% +decays away before you get to the soma +okay so people often refer to a quantity + + align:start position:0% +okay so people often refer to a quantity + + + align:start position:0% +okay so people often refer to a quantity +as the referred to as the electrotonic + + align:start position:0% +as the referred to as the electrotonic + + + align:start position:0% +as the referred to as the electrotonic +length which is simply the ratio of the + + align:start position:0% +length which is simply the ratio of the + + + align:start position:0% +length which is simply the ratio of the +physical length to the base constant + + align:start position:0% +physical length to the base constant + + + align:start position:0% +physical length to the base constant +okay so you can see that in this case + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that in this case + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that in this case +the physical length is about the same as + + align:start position:0% +the physical length is about the same as + + + align:start position:0% +the physical length is about the same as +lambda and so the electrotonic length is + + align:start position:0% +lambda and so the electrotonic length is + + + align:start position:0% +lambda and so the electrotonic length is +1 in this case the physical length is + + align:start position:0% +1 in this case the physical length is + + + align:start position:0% +1 in this case the physical length is +twice as long as lambda and so the + + align:start position:0% +twice as long as lambda and so the + + + align:start position:0% +twice as long as lambda and so the +electrotonic length of that piece of + + align:start position:0% +electrotonic length of that piece of + + + align:start position:0% +electrotonic length of that piece of +dendrite is + + align:start position:0% +dendrite is + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite is +- in this case it's four and you can see + + align:start position:0% +- in this case it's four and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +- in this case it's four and you can see +that the amount of signal it gets from + + align:start position:0% +that the amount of signal it gets from + + + align:start position:0% +that the amount of signal it gets from +this end to that end will go like what + + align:start position:0% +this end to that end will go like what + + + align:start position:0% +this end to that end will go like what +well will depend how on the electrotonic + + align:start position:0% +well will depend how on the electrotonic + + + align:start position:0% +well will depend how on the electrotonic +line it will depend + + align:start position:0% +line it will depend + + + align:start position:0% +line it will depend +something like e to the minus L okay so + + align:start position:0% +something like e to the minus L okay so + + + align:start position:0% +something like e to the minus L okay so +a piece of dendrite that has a low + + align:start position:0% +a piece of dendrite that has a low + + + align:start position:0% +a piece of dendrite that has a low +electro tonic length means that the + + align:start position:0% +electro tonic length means that the + + + align:start position:0% +electro tonic length means that the +synapse out here at the other end of it + + align:start position:0% +synapse out here at the other end of it + + + align:start position:0% +synapse out here at the other end of it +is effectively very close to the soma + + align:start position:0% +is effectively very close to the soma + + + align:start position:0% +is effectively very close to the soma +its various mitting that signal okay + + align:start position:0% +its various mitting that signal okay + + + align:start position:0% +its various mitting that signal okay +if the electrotonic length is large it's + + align:start position:0% +if the electrotonic length is large it's + + + align:start position:0% +if the electrotonic length is large it's +telling you that that some input out + + align:start position:0% +telling you that that some input out + + + align:start position:0% +telling you that that some input out +here at the end of it is very far away + + align:start position:0% +here at the end of it is very far away + + + align:start position:0% +here at the end of it is very far away +the signal can't propagate to the soma + + align:start position:0% +the signal can't propagate to the soma + + + align:start position:0% +the signal can't propagate to the soma +okay and the amount of signal that gets + + align:start position:0% +okay and the amount of signal that gets + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the amount of signal that gets +to the soma goes as e to the minus l e + + align:start position:0% +to the soma goes as e to the minus l e + + + align:start position:0% +to the soma goes as e to the minus l e +to the minus like so if i told you that + + align:start position:0% +to the minus like so if i told you that + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus like so if i told you that +a signal is at the end of a piece of + + align:start position:0% +a signal is at the end of a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +a signal is at the end of a piece of +dendrite that has electrotonic length - + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that has electrotonic length - + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that has electrotonic length - +how much of that signal arrives at the + + align:start position:0% +how much of that signal arrives at the + + + align:start position:0% +how much of that signal arrives at the +soma the answer is e to the minus two + + align:start position:0% +soma the answer is e to the minus two + + + align:start position:0% +soma the answer is e to the minus two +okay about ten percent whatever that is + + align:start position:0% +okay about ten percent whatever that is + + + align:start position:0% +okay about ten percent whatever that is +okay okay so i want to tell you a little + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so i want to tell you a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so i want to tell you a little +bit more about the way people model + + align:start position:0% +bit more about the way people model + + + align:start position:0% +bit more about the way people model +complex dendrites in sort of in real + + align:start position:0% +complex dendrites in sort of in real + + + align:start position:0% +complex dendrites in sort of in real +life so most of the time we're not + + align:start position:0% +life so most of the time we're not + + + align:start position:0% +life so most of the time we're not +integrating or solving the cable equal + + align:start position:0% +integrating or solving the cable equal + + + align:start position:0% +integrating or solving the cable equal +the cable equation is really most + + align:start position:0% +the cable equation is really most + + + align:start position:0% +the cable equation is really most +powerful in terms of giving intuition + + align:start position:0% +powerful in terms of giving intuition + + + align:start position:0% +powerful in terms of giving intuition +about how cables respond so you can + + align:start position:0% +about how cables respond so you can + + + align:start position:0% +about how cables respond so you can +write down exact solutions to things + + align:start position:0% +write down exact solutions to things + + + align:start position:0% +write down exact solutions to things +like pulses of current input at some + + align:start position:0% +like pulses of current input at some + + + align:start position:0% +like pulses of current input at some +position how the voltage propagates down + + align:start position:0% +position how the voltage propagates down + + + align:start position:0% +position how the voltage propagates down +the dendrite that the functional form of + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite that the functional form of + + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite that the functional form of +the voltage is a function of distance + + align:start position:0% +the voltage is a function of distance + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage is a function of distance +but when you actually want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +but when you actually want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but when you actually want to sort of +model a neuron you're not usually + + align:start position:0% +model a neuron you're not usually + + + align:start position:0% +model a neuron you're not usually +integrating the cable equation and so + + align:start position:0% +integrating the cable equation and so + + + align:start position:0% +integrating the cable equation and so +people do different approximations to a + + align:start position:0% +people do different approximations to a + + + align:start position:0% +people do different approximations to a +very complex dendritic structure like + + align:start position:0% +very complex dendritic structure like + + + align:start position:0% +very complex dendritic structure like +this and one common way that that's done + + align:start position:0% +this and one common way that that's done + + + align:start position:0% +this and one common way that that's done +is called multi + + align:start position:0% +is called multi + + + align:start position:0% +is called multi +appartment model so basically what you + + align:start position:0% +appartment model so basically what you + + + align:start position:0% +appartment model so basically what you +can do is you can model the soma with + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can model the soma with + + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can model the soma with +this capacitor resistor combination and + + align:start position:0% +this capacitor resistor combination and + + + align:start position:0% +this capacitor resistor combination and +then you can model the connection to + + align:start position:0% +then you can model the connection to + + + align:start position:0% +then you can model the connection to +another part of the dendrite through a + + align:start position:0% +another part of the dendrite through a + + + align:start position:0% +another part of the dendrite through a +resistor to another sort of finite + + align:start position:0% +resistor to another sort of finite + + + align:start position:0% +resistor to another sort of finite +element slice but we're gonna let the + + align:start position:0% +element slice but we're gonna let the + + + align:start position:0% +element slice but we're gonna let the +slices go to zero length we're just + + align:start position:0% +slices go to zero length we're just + + + align:start position:0% +slices go to zero length we're just +gonna model them as like chunks of + + align:start position:0% +gonna model them as like chunks of + + + align:start position:0% +gonna model them as like chunks of +dendrite that are gonna be modeled by a + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that are gonna be modeled by a + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite that are gonna be modeled by a +compartment like this okay and then that + + align:start position:0% +compartment like this okay and then that + + + align:start position:0% +compartment like this okay and then that +can branch to connect to other parts of + + align:start position:0% +can branch to connect to other parts of + + + align:start position:0% +can branch to connect to other parts of +the dendrite and that can branch to + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite and that can branch to + + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite and that can branch to +connect to other parts of the model that + + align:start position:0% +connect to other parts of the model that + + + align:start position:0% +connect to other parts of the model that +model other pieces so you can basically + + align:start position:0% +model other pieces so you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +model other pieces so you can basically +take something like this and make it + + align:start position:0% +take something like this and make it + + + align:start position:0% +take something like this and make it +arbitrarily complicated and arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily complicated and arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily complicated and arbitrarily +close to a representation of the + + align:start position:0% +close to a representation of the + + + align:start position:0% +close to a representation of the +physical structure of a real dendrite + + align:start position:0% +physical structure of a real dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +physical structure of a real dendrite +okay and so there are labs that do this + + align:start position:0% +okay and so there are labs that do this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so there are labs that do this +that take a picture of a neuron like + + align:start position:0% +that take a picture of a neuron like + + + align:start position:0% +that take a picture of a neuron like +this and break it up into little chunks + + align:start position:0% +this and break it up into little chunks + + + align:start position:0% +this and break it up into little chunks +and model each one of those little + + align:start position:0% +and model each one of those little + + + align:start position:0% +and model each one of those little +chunks and model the the branching + + align:start position:0% +chunks and model the the branching + + + align:start position:0% +chunks and model the the branching +structure of the real dendrite and you + + align:start position:0% +structure of the real dendrite and you + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the real dendrite and you +can put in real ionic conductances of + + align:start position:0% +can put in real ionic conductances of + + + align:start position:0% +can put in real ionic conductances of +different types out here in this model + + align:start position:0% +different types out here in this model + + + align:start position:0% +different types out here in this model +and you get a gazillion differential + + align:start position:0% +and you get a gazillion differential + + + align:start position:0% +and you get a gazillion differential +equations and you can those differential + + align:start position:0% +equations and you can those differential + + + align:start position:0% +equations and you can those differential +equations and actually compute sort of + + align:start position:0% +equations and actually compute sort of + + + align:start position:0% +equations and actually compute sort of +predict the behavior of a complex piece + + align:start position:0% +predict the behavior of a complex piece + + + align:start position:0% +predict the behavior of a complex piece +of dendrite like this okay now that's + + align:start position:0% +of dendrite like this okay now that's + + + align:start position:0% +of dendrite like this okay now that's +not my favorite way of doing modeling + + align:start position:0% +not my favorite way of doing modeling + + + align:start position:0% +not my favorite way of doing modeling +any any idea why that would be why that + + align:start position:0% +any any idea why that would be why that + + + align:start position:0% +any any idea why that would be why that +why there could be a better way of + + align:start position:0% +why there could be a better way of + + + align:start position:0% +why there could be a better way of +modeling a complex dendrite I mean + + align:start position:0% +modeling a complex dendrite I mean + + + align:start position:0% +modeling a complex dendrite I mean +what's the one of the problems here is + + align:start position:0% +what's the one of the problems here is + + + align:start position:0% +what's the one of the problems here is +that in a sense your model gets to be as + + align:start position:0% +that in a sense your model gets to be as + + + align:start position:0% +that in a sense your model gets to be as +complicated as the real thing okay so it + + align:start position:0% +complicated as the real thing okay so it + + + align:start position:0% +complicated as the real thing okay so it +would be it's a great way to simulate + + align:start position:0% +would be it's a great way to simulate + + + align:start position:0% +would be it's a great way to simulate +some behavior but it's not a great way + + align:start position:0% +some behavior but it's not a great way + + + align:start position:0% +some behavior but it's not a great way +of getting an intuition about how + + align:start position:0% +of getting an intuition about how + + + align:start position:0% +of getting an intuition about how +something works + + align:start position:0% +something works + + + align:start position:0% +something works +right so people take simplified versions + + align:start position:0% +right so people take simplified versions + + + align:start position:0% +right so people take simplified versions +of this okay and they can take this very + + align:start position:0% +of this okay and they can take this very + + + align:start position:0% +of this okay and they can take this very +complex model and simplify it even more + + align:start position:0% +complex model and simplify it even more + + + align:start position:0% +complex model and simplify it even more +by doing something like this so you take + + align:start position:0% +by doing something like this so you take + + + align:start position:0% +by doing something like this so you take +a soma and a dendrite you can basically + + align:start position:0% +a soma and a dendrite you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +a soma and a dendrite you can basically +just break off the dendrite into a + + align:start position:0% +just break off the dendrite into a + + + align:start position:0% +just break off the dendrite into a +separate piece and connected to the soma + + align:start position:0% +separate piece and connected to the soma + + + align:start position:0% +separate piece and connected to the soma +through a resistor okay now we can + + align:start position:0% +through a resistor okay now we can + + + align:start position:0% +through a resistor okay now we can +simplify this even more by just turning + + align:start position:0% +simplify this even more by just turning + + + align:start position:0% +simplify this even more by just turning +it into another little module a little + + align:start position:0% +it into another little module a little + + + align:start position:0% +it into another little module a little +compartment that that's kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +compartment that that's kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +compartment that that's kind of like the +soma it just has a capacitor and a + + align:start position:0% +soma it just has a capacitor and a + + + align:start position:0% +soma it just has a capacitor and a +membrane resistance and whatever ion + + align:start position:0% +membrane resistance and whatever ion + + + align:start position:0% +membrane resistance and whatever ion +channels in it you want and it's a and + + align:start position:0% +channels in it you want and it's a and + + + align:start position:0% +channels in it you want and it's a and +riddick compartment that's connected to + + align:start position:0% +riddick compartment that's connected to + + + align:start position:0% +riddick compartment that's connected to +the somatic compartment through a + + align:start position:0% +the somatic compartment through a + + + align:start position:0% +the somatic compartment through a +resistor and if you write that down it + + align:start position:0% +resistor and if you write that down it + + + align:start position:0% +resistor and if you write that down it +just looks like this okay so you have a + + align:start position:0% +just looks like this okay so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +just looks like this okay so you have a +somatic compartment that has a somatic + + align:start position:0% +somatic compartment that has a somatic + + + align:start position:0% +somatic compartment that has a somatic +membrane capacitance somatic membrane + + align:start position:0% +membrane capacitance somatic membrane + + + align:start position:0% +membrane capacitance somatic membrane +conductance is a somatic voltage you + + align:start position:0% +conductance is a somatic voltage you + + + align:start position:0% +conductance is a somatic voltage you +have a dendritic compartment that has + + align:start position:0% +have a dendritic compartment that has + + + align:start position:0% +have a dendritic compartment that has +all the same things dendritic membrane + + align:start position:0% +all the same things dendritic membrane + + + align:start position:0% +all the same things dendritic membrane +capacitance conductances and voltage and + + align:start position:0% +capacitance conductances and voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance conductances and voltage and +they're just connected through a + + align:start position:0% +they're just connected through a + + + align:start position:0% +they're just connected through a +coupling resistor okay it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +coupling resistor okay it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +coupling resistor okay it turns out that +that very simple model can explain a lot + + align:start position:0% +that very simple model can explain a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that very simple model can explain a lot +of complicated things about neurons okay + + align:start position:0% +of complicated things about neurons okay + + + align:start position:0% +of complicated things about neurons okay +so there are some really beautiful + + align:start position:0% +so there are some really beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +so there are some really beautiful +studies showing that this kind of model + + align:start position:0% +studies showing that this kind of model + + + align:start position:0% +studies showing that this kind of model +can really explain very diverse kinds of + + align:start position:0% +can really explain very diverse kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +can really explain very diverse kinds of +electrophysiological B neurons so you + + align:start position:0% +electrophysiological B neurons so you + + + align:start position:0% +electrophysiological B neurons so you +can take for example a a simple model of + + align:start position:0% +can take for example a a simple model of + + + align:start position:0% +can take for example a a simple model of +a layer 2 3 pyramidal cell that has a + + align:start position:0% +a layer 2 3 pyramidal cell that has a + + + align:start position:0% +a layer 2 3 pyramidal cell that has a +simple compact dendrite and you can + + align:start position:0% +simple compact dendrite and you can + + + align:start position:0% +simple compact dendrite and you can +write down a model like this where you + + align:start position:0% +write down a model like this where you + + + align:start position:0% +write down a model like this where you +have different conductors the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +have different conductors the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +have different conductors the dendrite +you have hodgkin-huxley conductances in + + align:start position:0% +you have hodgkin-huxley conductances in + + + align:start position:0% +you have hodgkin-huxley conductances in +the soma you connect them through this + + align:start position:0% +the soma you connect them through this + + + align:start position:0% +the soma you connect them through this +resistor and now basically what you can + + align:start position:0% +resistor and now basically what you can + + + align:start position:0% +resistor and now basically what you can +do is you can model that spiking + + align:start position:0% +do is you can model that spiking + + + align:start position:0% +do is you can model that spiking +behavior and what you find is that if + + align:start position:0% +behavior and what you find is that if + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and what you find is that if +you have the same conductances in the + + align:start position:0% +you have the same conductances in the + + + align:start position:0% +you have the same conductances in the +dendrite and in the soma but you simply + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and in the soma but you simply + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and in the soma but you simply +increase the air + + align:start position:0% +increase the air + + + align:start position:0% +increase the air +the total area of this compartment just + + align:start position:0% +the total area of this compartment just + + + align:start position:0% +the total area of this compartment just +increase the total capacitance and + + align:start position:0% +increase the total capacitance and + + + align:start position:0% +increase the total capacitance and +conductance --is that you can see that + + align:start position:0% +conductance --is that you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +conductance --is that you can see that +and that would model a layer five neuron + + align:start position:0% +and that would model a layer five neuron + + + align:start position:0% +and that would model a layer five neuron +that has one of these very large + + align:start position:0% +that has one of these very large + + + align:start position:0% +that has one of these very large +dendrites you can see that the spiking + + align:start position:0% +dendrites you can see that the spiking + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites you can see that the spiking +behavior of that neuron just totally + + align:start position:0% +behavior of that neuron just totally + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of that neuron just totally +changes and that's exactly what the + + align:start position:0% +changes and that's exactly what the + + + align:start position:0% +changes and that's exactly what the +spiking behavior of layer five neurons + + align:start position:0% +spiking behavior of layer five neurons + + + align:start position:0% +spiking behavior of layer five neurons +looks like okay and so you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +looks like okay and so you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +looks like okay and so you could imagine +building a very complicated a thousand + + align:start position:0% +building a very complicated a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +building a very complicated a thousand +compartment model to simulate this but + + align:start position:0% +compartment model to simulate this but + + + align:start position:0% +compartment model to simulate this but +you wouldn't really understand much more + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't really understand much more + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't really understand much more +about why it behaves that way whereas + + align:start position:0% +about why it behaves that way whereas + + + align:start position:0% +about why it behaves that way whereas +you a simple two compartment model and + + align:start position:0% +you a simple two compartment model and + + + align:start position:0% +you a simple two compartment model and +analyze it and really understand what + + align:start position:0% +analyze it and really understand what + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it and really understand what +are the properties of a neuron that give + + align:start position:0% +are the properties of a neuron that give + + + align:start position:0% +are the properties of a neuron that give +this kind of behavior as opposed to some + + align:start position:0% +this kind of behavior as opposed to some + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of behavior as opposed to some +other kind of behavior right it's very + + align:start position:0% +other kind of behavior right it's very + + + align:start position:0% +other kind of behavior right it's very +similar to the approach that that David + + align:start position:0% +similar to the approach that that David + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the approach that that David +Cory took in modeling the effect of the + + align:start position:0% +Cory took in modeling the effect of the + + + align:start position:0% +Cory took in modeling the effect of the +t tubules on muscle fiber spiking in the + + align:start position:0% +t tubules on muscle fiber spiking in the + + + align:start position:0% +t tubules on muscle fiber spiking in the +case of sodium failures to the sodium + + align:start position:0% +case of sodium failures to the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +case of sodium failures to the sodium +channel to inactivate okay that was also + + align:start position:0% +channel to inactivate okay that was also + + + align:start position:0% +channel to inactivate okay that was also +a two compartment model okay so you can + + align:start position:0% +a two compartment model okay so you can + + + align:start position:0% +a two compartment model okay so you can +get a lot of intuition about the + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of intuition about the + + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of intuition about the +properties of neurons simple extensions + + align:start position:0% +properties of neurons simple extensions + + + align:start position:0% +properties of neurons simple extensions +of an additional compartment onto the + + align:start position:0% +of an additional compartment onto the + + + align:start position:0% +of an additional compartment onto the +soma and next time on Thursday we're + + align:start position:0% +soma and next time on Thursday we're + + + align:start position:0% +soma and next time on Thursday we're +going to we're going to extend a model + + align:start position:0% +going to we're going to extend a model + + + align:start position:0% +going to we're going to extend a model +like this to include a model of us okay + + align:start position:0% +like this to include a model of us okay + + + align:start position:0% +like this to include a model of us okay +okay so let me just remind you of what + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just remind you of what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just remind you of what +we learned about today so you should be + + align:start position:0% +we learned about today so you should be + + + align:start position:0% +we learned about today so you should be +able to draw a circuit diagram of a + + align:start position:0% +able to draw a circuit diagram of a + + + align:start position:0% +able to draw a circuit diagram of a +dendrite just that kind of finite + + align:start position:0% +dendrite just that kind of finite + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite just that kind of finite +element picture with maybe three or four + + align:start position:0% +element picture with maybe three or four + + + align:start position:0% +element picture with maybe three or four +elements on it + + align:start position:0% +elements on it + + + align:start position:0% +elements on it +be able to plot the voltage in a + + align:start position:0% +be able to plot the voltage in a + + + align:start position:0% +be able to plot the voltage in a +dendrite as a function of distance in + + align:start position:0% +dendrite as a function of distance in + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite as a function of distance in +steady state for leaky and non leaky + + align:start position:0% +steady state for leaky and non leaky + + + align:start position:0% +steady state for leaky and non leaky +dendrites and understand the concept of + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and understand the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and understand the concept of +a length constant know how the length + + align:start position:0% +a length constant know how the length + + + align:start position:0% +a length constant know how the length +constant depends on dendritic radius + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you should understand the idea of an + + align:start position:0% +you should understand the idea of an + + + align:start position:0% +you should understand the idea of an +electric tonic lengthen able to say how + + align:start position:0% +electric tonic lengthen able to say how + + + align:start position:0% +electric tonic lengthen able to say how +much a signal will decay for dendrite of + + align:start position:0% +much a signal will decay for dendrite of + + + align:start position:0% +much a signal will decay for dendrite of +a given electrotonic length and be able + + align:start position:0% +a given electrotonic length and be able + + + align:start position:0% +a given electrotonic length and be able +to draw the circuit diagram of a two + + align:start position:0% +to draw the circuit diagram of a two + + + align:start position:0% +to draw the circuit diagram of a two +compartment model and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +compartment model and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +compartment model and we're going to +spend more time on that on Thursday okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dgjhoPD1FA0.txt b/dgjhoPD1FA0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd338fff17aa9d3b44731d994a939d9da81bf5ab --- /dev/null +++ b/dgjhoPD1FA0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's look at how sports scheduling can + + align:start position:0% +let's look at how sports scheduling can + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at how sports scheduling can +be done with optimization by starting + + align:start position:0% +be done with optimization by starting + + + align:start position:0% +be done with optimization by starting +with a small example suppose we're + + align:start position:0% +with a small example suppose we're + + + align:start position:0% +with a small example suppose we're +trying to schedule a tournament between + + align:start position:0% +trying to schedule a tournament between + + + align:start position:0% +trying to schedule a tournament between +four teams Atlanta Boston Chicago and + + align:start position:0% +four teams Atlanta Boston Chicago and + + + align:start position:0% +four teams Atlanta Boston Chicago and +Detroit we'll call these teams a B C and + + align:start position:0% +Detroit we'll call these teams a B C and + + + align:start position:0% +Detroit we'll call these teams a B C and +D these teams are divided into two + + align:start position:0% +D these teams are divided into two + + + align:start position:0% +D these teams are divided into two +divisions Atlanta and Boston are in one + + align:start position:0% +divisions Atlanta and Boston are in one + + + align:start position:0% +divisions Atlanta and Boston are in one +division and Chicago and Detroit are in + + align:start position:0% +division and Chicago and Detroit are in + + + align:start position:0% +division and Chicago and Detroit are in +the second division each team plays one + + align:start position:0% +the second division each team plays one + + + align:start position:0% +the second division each team plays one +game a week for a total of four weeks + + align:start position:0% +game a week for a total of four weeks + + + align:start position:0% +game a week for a total of four weeks +during the four weeks each team plays + + align:start position:0% +during the four weeks each team plays + + + align:start position:0% +during the four weeks each team plays +the other team in the same division + + align:start position:0% +the other team in the same division + + + align:start position:0% +the other team in the same division +twice and each team placed the teams in + + align:start position:0% +twice and each team placed the teams in + + + align:start position:0% +twice and each team placed the teams in +the other divisions once the team with + + align:start position:0% +the other divisions once the team with + + + align:start position:0% +the other divisions once the team with +the most wins from each division will + + align:start position:0% +the most wins from each division will + + + align:start position:0% +the most wins from each division will +play in the championship game + + align:start position:0% +play in the championship game + + + align:start position:0% +play in the championship game +for this reason teams prefer to play + + align:start position:0% +for this reason teams prefer to play + + + align:start position:0% +for this reason teams prefer to play +divisional games later if team a plays + + align:start position:0% +divisional games later if team a plays + + + align:start position:0% +divisional games later if team a plays +team C and D in the first two weeks and + + align:start position:0% +team C and D in the first two weeks and + + + align:start position:0% +team C and D in the first two weeks and +wins both games while team B also plays + + align:start position:0% +wins both games while team B also plays + + + align:start position:0% +wins both games while team B also plays +team C and D and loses both games a + + align:start position:0% +team C and D and loses both games a + + + align:start position:0% +team C and D and loses both games a +knows that they only need to win one of + + align:start position:0% +knows that they only need to win one of + + + align:start position:0% +knows that they only need to win one of +the games against B to beat B in terms + + align:start position:0% +the games against B to beat B in terms + + + align:start position:0% +the games against B to beat B in terms +of wins and to go to the championship we + + align:start position:0% +of wins and to go to the championship we + + + align:start position:0% +of wins and to go to the championship we +can schedule this tournament by using an + + align:start position:0% +can schedule this tournament by using an + + + align:start position:0% +can schedule this tournament by using an +optimization model our objective is to + + align:start position:0% +optimization model our objective is to + + + align:start position:0% +optimization model our objective is to +maximize team preferences which are that + + align:start position:0% +maximize team preferences which are that + + + align:start position:0% +maximize team preferences which are that +teams would like to play divisional + + align:start position:0% +teams would like to play divisional + + + align:start position:0% +teams would like to play divisional +games later our decisions are which + + align:start position:0% +games later our decisions are which + + + align:start position:0% +games later our decisions are which +teams should play each other each week + + align:start position:0% +teams should play each other each week + + + align:start position:0% +teams should play each other each week +and we have three types of constraints + + align:start position:0% +and we have three types of constraints + + + align:start position:0% +and we have three types of constraints +each team needs to play the other team + + align:start position:0% +each team needs to play the other team + + + align:start position:0% +each team needs to play the other team +in their division twice each team needs + + align:start position:0% +in their division twice each team needs + + + align:start position:0% +in their division twice each team needs +to play the teams in the other division + + align:start position:0% +to play the teams in the other division + + + align:start position:0% +to play the teams in the other division +once and each team should play exactly + + align:start position:0% +once and each team should play exactly + + + align:start position:0% +once and each team should play exactly +one team each week let's start by + + align:start position:0% +one team each week let's start by + + + align:start position:0% +one team each week let's start by +discussing our decision variables we + + align:start position:0% +discussing our decision variables we + + + align:start position:0% +discussing our decision variables we +need to decide which teams will play + + align:start position:0% +need to decide which teams will play + + + align:start position:0% +need to decide which teams will play +each other each week to do this let's + + align:start position:0% +each other each week to do this let's + + + align:start position:0% +each other each week to do this let's +define decision variables which we'll + + align:start position:0% +define decision variables which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +define decision variables which we'll +call X ijk if team I plays team J + + align:start position:0% +call X ijk if team I plays team J + + + align:start position:0% +call X ijk if team I plays team J +in week k then X IJ K will be equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +in week k then X IJ K will be equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +in week k then X IJ K will be equal to 1 +otherwise X IJ K equals 0 as an example + + align:start position:0% +otherwise X IJ K equals 0 as an example + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise X IJ K equals 0 as an example +suppose team a placed team C in week 2 + + align:start position:0% +suppose team a placed team C in week 2 + + + align:start position:0% +suppose team a placed team C in week 2 +then X AC 2 would equal 1 since a only + + align:start position:0% +then X AC 2 would equal 1 since a only + + + align:start position:0% +then X AC 2 would equal 1 since a only +place see once we should have then that + + align:start position:0% +place see once we should have then that + + + align:start position:0% +place see once we should have then that +X AC 1 or a plane C in week 1 should be + + align:start position:0% +X AC 1 or a plane C in week 1 should be + + + align:start position:0% +X AC 1 or a plane C in week 1 should be +equal to 0 similarly X AC 3 should equal + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0 similarly X AC 3 should equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0 similarly X AC 3 should equal +0 and X AC 4 should equal 0 this is + + align:start position:0% +0 and X AC 4 should equal 0 this is + + + align:start position:0% +0 and X AC 4 should equal 0 this is +called a binary decision variable since + + align:start position:0% +called a binary decision variable since + + + align:start position:0% +called a binary decision variable since +it's a decision variable that can only + + align:start position:0% +it's a decision variable that can only + + + align:start position:0% +it's a decision variable that can only +take two values 0 & 1 this is a new type + + align:start position:0% +take two values 0 & 1 this is a new type + + + align:start position:0% +take two values 0 & 1 this is a new type +of decision variable and it's what makes + + align:start position:0% +of decision variable and it's what makes + + + align:start position:0% +of decision variable and it's what makes +integer optimization different from + + align:start position:0% +integer optimization different from + + + align:start position:0% +integer optimization different from +linear optimization the decision + + align:start position:0% +linear optimization the decision + + + align:start position:0% +linear optimization the decision +variables an integer optimization can + + align:start position:0% +variables an integer optimization can + + + align:start position:0% +variables an integer optimization can +only take integer values this includes + + align:start position:0% +only take integer values this includes + + + align:start position:0% +only take integer values this includes +binary decision variables like the ones + + align:start position:0% +binary decision variables like the ones + + + align:start position:0% +binary decision variables like the ones +we have here that can only be either 0 + + align:start position:0% +we have here that can only be either 0 + + + align:start position:0% +we have here that can only be either 0 +or 1 these variables can model decisions + + align:start position:0% +or 1 these variables can model decisions + + + align:start position:0% +or 1 these variables can model decisions +like where to build a new warehouse + + align:start position:0% +like where to build a new warehouse + + + align:start position:0% +like where to build a new warehouse +whether or not to invest in a stock or + + align:start position:0% +whether or not to invest in a stock or + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not to invest in a stock or +assigning nurses to shifts integer + + align:start position:0% +assigning nurses to shifts integer + + + align:start position:0% +assigning nurses to shifts integer +optimization problems can also have + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems can also have + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems can also have +integer decision variables that take + + align:start position:0% +integer decision variables that take + + + align:start position:0% +integer decision variables that take +values 1 2 3 4 5 etc these variables can + + align:start position:0% +values 1 2 3 4 5 etc these variables can + + + align:start position:0% +values 1 2 3 4 5 etc these variables can +model decisions like the number of new + + align:start position:0% +model decisions like the number of new + + + align:start position:0% +model decisions like the number of new +machines to purchase the number of + + align:start position:0% +machines to purchase the number of + + + align:start position:0% +machines to purchase the number of +workers to assign for a shift and the + + align:start position:0% +workers to assign for a shift and the + + + align:start position:0% +workers to assign for a shift and the +number of items to stock in a store + + align:start position:0% +number of items to stock in a store + + + align:start position:0% +number of items to stock in a store +other than the new types of variables + + align:start position:0% +other than the new types of variables + + + align:start position:0% +other than the new types of variables +integer optimization is exactly like + + align:start position:0% +integer optimization is exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +integer optimization is exactly like +linear optimization but we'll see this + + align:start position:0% +linear optimization but we'll see this + + + align:start position:0% +linear optimization but we'll see this +week how integer optimization variables + + align:start position:0% +week how integer optimization variables + + + align:start position:0% +week how integer optimization variables +and especially binary variables can + + align:start position:0% +and especially binary variables can + + + align:start position:0% +and especially binary variables can +increase our modeling capabilities now + + align:start position:0% +increase our modeling capabilities now + + + align:start position:0% +increase our modeling capabilities now +let's go back to our formulation as we + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to our formulation as we + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to our formulation as we +said before our decisions are which + + align:start position:0% +said before our decisions are which + + + align:start position:0% +said before our decisions are which +teams + + align:start position:0% +teams + + + align:start position:0% +teams +to play each other each week we'll model + + align:start position:0% +to play each other each week we'll model + + + align:start position:0% +to play each other each week we'll model +this with the binary decision variables + + align:start position:0% +this with the binary decision variables + + + align:start position:0% +this with the binary decision variables +we just discussed X IJ K which equal 1 + + align:start position:0% +we just discussed X IJ K which equal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +we just discussed X IJ K which equal 1 +if team I placed team J and week K now + + align:start position:0% +if team I placed team J and week K now + + + align:start position:0% +if team I placed team J and week K now +let's use these decision variables to + + align:start position:0% +let's use these decision variables to + + + align:start position:0% +let's use these decision variables to +form our constraints the first + + align:start position:0% +form our constraints the first + + + align:start position:0% +form our constraints the first +constraint is that each team should play + + align:start position:0% +constraint is that each team should play + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is that each team should play +the other team in their division twice + + align:start position:0% +the other team in their division twice + + + align:start position:0% +the other team in their division twice +so teams a and B should play each other + + align:start position:0% +so teams a and B should play each other + + + align:start position:0% +so teams a and B should play each other +twice in the four weeks this can be + + align:start position:0% +twice in the four weeks this can be + + + align:start position:0% +twice in the four weeks this can be +modeled with the constraint X a B 1 + X + + align:start position:0% +modeled with the constraint X a B 1 + X + + + align:start position:0% +modeled with the constraint X a B 1 + X +a B 2 + X a B 3 + X a B 4 equals 2 this + + align:start position:0% +a B 2 + X a B 3 + X a B 4 equals 2 this + + + align:start position:0% +a B 2 + X a B 3 + X a B 4 equals 2 this +will force two of these decision + + align:start position:0% +will force two of these decision + + + align:start position:0% +will force two of these decision +variables to be equal to 1 and the other + + align:start position:0% +variables to be equal to 1 and the other + + + align:start position:0% +variables to be equal to 1 and the other +two decision variables to be equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +two decision variables to be equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +two decision variables to be equal to 0 +the ones that were R equal to 1 will + + align:start position:0% +the ones that were R equal to 1 will + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that were R equal to 1 will +correspond to the weeks that a and B + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the weeks that a and B + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the weeks that a and B +will play each other will have a similar + + align:start position:0% +will play each other will have a similar + + + align:start position:0% +will play each other will have a similar +constraint for Team C and D our next + + align:start position:0% +constraint for Team C and D our next + + + align:start position:0% +constraint for Team C and D our next +constraint is that each team should play + + align:start position:0% +constraint is that each team should play + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is that each team should play +the teams in the other division once so + + align:start position:0% +the teams in the other division once so + + + align:start position:0% +the teams in the other division once so +teams a and C should play each other + + align:start position:0% +teams a and C should play each other + + + align:start position:0% +teams a and C should play each other +once in the four weeks this can be + + align:start position:0% +once in the four weeks this can be + + + align:start position:0% +once in the four weeks this can be +modeled with a constraint X a C 1 plus X + + align:start position:0% +modeled with a constraint X a C 1 plus X + + + align:start position:0% +modeled with a constraint X a C 1 plus X +a C 2 plus X a C 3 plus X a C 4 equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +a C 2 plus X a C 3 plus X a C 4 equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +a C 2 plus X a C 3 plus X a C 4 equals 1 +this is very similar to the previous + + align:start position:0% +this is very similar to the previous + + + align:start position:0% +this is very similar to the previous +constraint except this time only one of + + align:start position:0% +constraint except this time only one of + + + align:start position:0% +constraint except this time only one of +the decision variables will have value + + align:start position:0% +the decision variables will have value + + + align:start position:0% +the decision variables will have value +one will have similar constraints for + + align:start position:0% +one will have similar constraints for + + + align:start position:0% +one will have similar constraints for +teams a and D teams B and C and teams B + + align:start position:0% +teams a and D teams B and C and teams B + + + align:start position:0% +teams a and D teams B and C and teams B +and D our last type of constraint is + + align:start position:0% +and D our last type of constraint is + + + align:start position:0% +and D our last type of constraint is +that each team should play exactly one + + align:start position:0% +that each team should play exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +that each team should play exactly one +other team each week this means that a + + align:start position:0% +other team each week this means that a + + + align:start position:0% +other team each week this means that a +should play B C or D in week 1 this can + + align:start position:0% +should play B C or D in week 1 this can + + + align:start position:0% +should play B C or D in week 1 this can +be modeled with a constraint X a B 1 + + align:start position:0% +be modeled with a constraint X a B 1 + + + align:start position:0% +be modeled with a constraint X a B 1 +plus X a C 1 plus X a D 1 equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +plus X a C 1 plus X a D 1 equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +plus X a C 1 plus X a D 1 equals 1 +exactly one of these decision variables + + align:start position:0% +exactly one of these decision variables + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one of these decision variables +will be equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +will be equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +will be equal to 1 +meaning that a will play that team in + + align:start position:0% +meaning that a will play that team in + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that a will play that team in +week one will have a similar constraint + + align:start position:0% +week one will have a similar constraint + + + align:start position:0% +week one will have a similar constraint +for every team and week pair now + + align:start position:0% +for every team and week pair now + + + align:start position:0% +for every team and week pair now +let's model our objective let's assume + + align:start position:0% +let's model our objective let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +let's model our objective let's assume +that teams have a preference of one for + + align:start position:0% +that teams have a preference of one for + + + align:start position:0% +that teams have a preference of one for +playing divisional games in week one + + align:start position:0% +playing divisional games in week one + + + align:start position:0% +playing divisional games in week one +a preference of two for playing + + align:start position:0% +a preference of two for playing + + + align:start position:0% +a preference of two for playing +divisional games in week two a + + align:start position:0% +divisional games in week two a + + + align:start position:0% +divisional games in week two a +preference of four for playing + + align:start position:0% +preference of four for playing + + + align:start position:0% +preference of four for playing +divisional games in Week three and a + + align:start position:0% +divisional games in Week three and a + + + align:start position:0% +divisional games in Week three and a +preference of eight for playing + + align:start position:0% +preference of eight for playing + + + align:start position:0% +preference of eight for playing +divisional games in week four + + align:start position:0% +divisional games in week four + + + align:start position:0% +divisional games in week four +so the preference doubles with each + + align:start position:0% +so the preference doubles with each + + + align:start position:0% +so the preference doubles with each +later week then we can model our + + align:start position:0% +later week then we can model our + + + align:start position:0% +later week then we can model our +objective as X a be one plus two times X + + align:start position:0% +objective as X a be one plus two times X + + + align:start position:0% +objective as X a be one plus two times X +a B 2 plus 4 times X a B 3 plus 8 times + + align:start position:0% +a B 2 plus 4 times X a B 3 plus 8 times + + + align:start position:0% +a B 2 plus 4 times X a B 3 plus 8 times +X a B 4 plus XC d one plus two times XC + + align:start position:0% +X a B 4 plus XC d one plus two times XC + + + align:start position:0% +X a B 4 plus XC d one plus two times XC +d two plus four times XC d 3 plus 8 + + align:start position:0% +d two plus four times XC d 3 plus 8 + + + align:start position:0% +d two plus four times XC d 3 plus 8 +times X CD four then if Team a B plays + + align:start position:0% +times X CD four then if Team a B plays + + + align:start position:0% +times X CD four then if Team a B plays +in week three we'll add 4 to our + + align:start position:0% +in week three we'll add 4 to our + + + align:start position:0% +in week three we'll add 4 to our +objective if they play in week one that + + align:start position:0% +objective if they play in week one that + + + align:start position:0% +objective if they play in week one that +will only add one to our objective if + + align:start position:0% +will only add one to our objective if + + + align:start position:0% +will only add one to our objective if +they don't play in a week that term will + + align:start position:0% +they don't play in a week that term will + + + align:start position:0% +they don't play in a week that term will +be zero and will not contribute to the + + align:start position:0% +be zero and will not contribute to the + + + align:start position:0% +be zero and will not contribute to the +objective now that we've set up our + + align:start position:0% +objective now that we've set up our + + + align:start position:0% +objective now that we've set up our +problem we're ready to solve it in the + + align:start position:0% +problem we're ready to solve it in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're ready to solve it in the +next video we'll set up and solve our + + align:start position:0% +next video we'll set up and solve our + + + align:start position:0% +next video we'll set up and solve our +problem in LibreOffice \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dzKnv4ntH2g.txt b/dzKnv4ntH2g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c3cd85b122f900d4e75346b63336d6211ae9248 --- /dev/null +++ b/dzKnv4ntH2g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4987 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi last time we were discussing how to + + align:start position:0% +hi last time we were discussing how to + + + align:start position:0% +hi last time we were discussing how to +find the general solution of the + + align:start position:0% +find the general solution of the + + + align:start position:0% +find the general solution of the +homogeneous equation with constant + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation with constant + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation with constant +coefficients our lesson today is going + + align:start position:0% +coefficients our lesson today is going + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients our lesson today is going +to be concerned with finding a + + align:start position:0% +to be concerned with finding a + + + align:start position:0% +to be concerned with finding a +particular solution of a linear + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of a linear + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of a linear +differential equation with constant + + align:start position:0% +differential equation with constant + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation with constant +coefficients but in which case the right + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but in which case the right + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but in which case the right +hand side of the equation is not + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation is not + + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation is not +identically zero I should point out that + + align:start position:0% +identically zero I should point out that + + + align:start position:0% +identically zero I should point out that +there is a more General technique called + + align:start position:0% +there is a more General technique called + + + align:start position:0% +there is a more General technique called +the method of variation of parameters + + align:start position:0% +the method of variation of parameters + + + align:start position:0% +the method of variation of parameters +that we will talk about next time and + + align:start position:0% +that we will talk about next time and + + + align:start position:0% +that we will talk about next time and +that's the method which is done in the + + align:start position:0% +that's the method which is done in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the method which is done in the +book you see that talks about this + + align:start position:0% +book you see that talks about this + + + align:start position:0% +book you see that talks about this +problem more detail but it does turn out + + align:start position:0% +problem more detail but it does turn out + + + align:start position:0% +problem more detail but it does turn out +that for many types of problems a very + + align:start position:0% +that for many types of problems a very + + + align:start position:0% +that for many types of problems a very +special case occurs a case which is not + + align:start position:0% +special case occurs a case which is not + + + align:start position:0% +special case occurs a case which is not +mentioned in our textbook and which I + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in our textbook and which I + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in our textbook and which I +thought is important enough that I'd + + align:start position:0% +thought is important enough that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +thought is important enough that I'd +like to present to you uh before we get + + align:start position:0% +like to present to you uh before we get + + + align:start position:0% +like to present to you uh before we get +to the stickier Approach at any rate + + align:start position:0% +to the stickier Approach at any rate + + + align:start position:0% +to the stickier Approach at any rate +today's lesson is called undetermined + + align:start position:0% +today's lesson is called undetermined + + + align:start position:0% +today's lesson is called undetermined +coefficients and it's a technique that's + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and it's a technique that's + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and it's a technique that's +used for finding a particular solution + + align:start position:0% +used for finding a particular solution + + + align:start position:0% +used for finding a particular solution +of the equation Y Prime + 2 a y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +of the equation Y Prime + 2 a y Prime + + + + align:start position:0% +of the equation Y Prime + 2 a y Prime + +b y = f ofx in other words constant + + align:start position:0% +b y = f ofx in other words constant + + + align:start position:0% +b y = f ofx in other words constant +coefficients but the right hand side not + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but the right hand side not + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but the right hand side not +necessarily zero in fact if the right + + align:start position:0% +necessarily zero in fact if the right + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily zero in fact if the right +hand side were zero we'd be back to the + + align:start position:0% +hand side were zero we'd be back to the + + + align:start position:0% +hand side were zero we'd be back to the +lecture of last time but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +lecture of last time but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture of last time but we're going to +solve this in the very special cases + + align:start position:0% +solve this in the very special cases + + + align:start position:0% +solve this in the very special cases +that f ofx is either e to the MX where e + + align:start position:0% +that f ofx is either e to the MX where e + + + align:start position:0% +that f ofx is either e to the MX where e +is a con where m is a constant or F ofx + + align:start position:0% +is a con where m is a constant or F ofx + + + align:start position:0% +is a con where m is a constant or F ofx +is either sin MX X or cosine MX where m + + align:start position:0% +is either sin MX X or cosine MX where m + + + align:start position:0% +is either sin MX X or cosine MX where m +is again a constant or finally in the + + align:start position:0% +is again a constant or finally in the + + + align:start position:0% +is again a constant or finally in the +cases where the case where F ofx is X to + + align:start position:0% +cases where the case where F ofx is X to + + + align:start position:0% +cases where the case where F ofx is X to +the N where N is a whole number and the + + align:start position:0% +the N where N is a whole number and the + + + align:start position:0% +the N where N is a whole number and the +reason that we focus our attention on + + align:start position:0% +reason that we focus our attention on + + + align:start position:0% +reason that we focus our attention on +these three cases and we'll prove this + + align:start position:0% +these three cases and we'll prove this + + + align:start position:0% +these three cases and we'll prove this +in more detail during the course of the + + align:start position:0% +in more detail during the course of the + + + align:start position:0% +in more detail during the course of the +unit but not in the lecture is that this + + align:start position:0% +unit but not in the lecture is that this + + + align:start position:0% +unit but not in the lecture is that this +is the only family so to speak of + + align:start position:0% +is the only family so to speak of + + + align:start position:0% +is the only family so to speak of +functions whereby we can tell what you + + align:start position:0% +functions whereby we can tell what you + + + align:start position:0% +functions whereby we can tell what you +have to differentiate in order to get + + align:start position:0% +have to differentiate in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +have to differentiate in order to get +the given function for example we know + + align:start position:0% +the given function for example we know + + + align:start position:0% +the given function for example we know +that to wind up with e to the MX we + + align:start position:0% +that to wind up with e to the MX we + + + align:start position:0% +that to wind up with e to the MX we +essentially have to differentiate a + + align:start position:0% +essentially have to differentiate a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have to differentiate a +constant time e to the MX to wind up + + align:start position:0% +constant time e to the MX to wind up + + + align:start position:0% +constant time e to the MX to wind up +with sin MX or cosine MX we have to + + align:start position:0% +with sin MX or cosine MX we have to + + + align:start position:0% +with sin MX or cosine MX we have to +start with nothing worse than sin MX or + + align:start position:0% +start with nothing worse than sin MX or + + + align:start position:0% +start with nothing worse than sin MX or +cosine MX and similarly to wind up with + + align:start position:0% +cosine MX and similarly to wind up with + + + align:start position:0% +cosine MX and similarly to wind up with +a power of X we have to start with a + + align:start position:0% +a power of X we have to start with a + + + align:start position:0% +a power of X we have to start with a +power of X that's why these constant + + align:start position:0% +power of X that's why these constant + + + align:start position:0% +power of X that's why these constant +coefficients are so important you see as + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are so important you see as + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are so important you see as +long as the coefficients are constant + + align:start position:0% +long as the coefficients are constant + + + align:start position:0% +long as the coefficients are constant +that means I can't have any functions of + + align:start position:0% +that means I can't have any functions of + + + align:start position:0% +that means I can't have any functions of +X beefing up anything in my y y Prime + + align:start position:0% +X beefing up anything in my y y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +X beefing up anything in my y y Prime +and Y Prime consequently if the + + align:start position:0% +and Y Prime consequently if the + + + align:start position:0% +and Y Prime consequently if the +coefficients are constant and F ofx is + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are constant and F ofx is + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are constant and F ofx is +of one of these three forms I have a + + align:start position:0% +of one of these three forms I have a + + + align:start position:0% +of one of these three forms I have a +very easy way of looking for trial + + align:start position:0% +very easy way of looking for trial + + + align:start position:0% +very easy way of looking for trial +solutions for a particular solution of + + align:start position:0% +solutions for a particular solution of + + + align:start position:0% +solutions for a particular solution of +the equation okay let me show what that + + align:start position:0% +the equation okay let me show what that + + + align:start position:0% +the equation okay let me show what that +means in particular in case one if f ofx + + align:start position:0% +means in particular in case one if f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +means in particular in case one if f ofx +is e to the MX a reasonable trial is y + + align:start position:0% +is e to the MX a reasonable trial is y + + + align:start position:0% +is e to the MX a reasonable trial is y +subp the particular solution is a e to + + align:start position:0% +subp the particular solution is a e to + + + align:start position:0% +subp the particular solution is a e to +the MX and we then try to find what a is + + align:start position:0% +the MX and we then try to find what a is + + + align:start position:0% +the MX and we then try to find what a is +by plugging this expression into the + + align:start position:0% +by plugging this expression into the + + + align:start position:0% +by plugging this expression into the +equation and seeing what value of a + + align:start position:0% +equation and seeing what value of a + + + align:start position:0% +equation and seeing what value of a +balances the equation the reason I + + align:start position:0% +balances the equation the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +balances the equation the reason I +underline reasonable here is as we shall + + align:start position:0% +underline reasonable here is as we shall + + + align:start position:0% +underline reasonable here is as we shall +see later in the lecture there are some + + align:start position:0% +see later in the lecture there are some + + + align:start position:0% +see later in the lecture there are some +peculiarities which may exist but we're + + align:start position:0% +peculiarities which may exist but we're + + + align:start position:0% +peculiarities which may exist but we're +not going to worry about those just yet + + align:start position:0% +not going to worry about those just yet + + + align:start position:0% +not going to worry about those just yet +if f ofx is sin MX then a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +if f ofx is sin MX then a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +if f ofx is sin MX then a reasonable +trial solution is a sin MX plus b cosine + + align:start position:0% +trial solution is a sin MX plus b cosine + + + align:start position:0% +trial solution is a sin MX plus b cosine +MX where A and B again are undetermined + + align:start position:0% +MX where A and B again are undetermined + + + align:start position:0% +MX where A and B again are undetermined +coefficients they're constants and we're + + align:start position:0% +coefficients they're constants and we're + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients they're constants and we're +going to try to to figure out what they + + align:start position:0% +going to try to to figure out what they + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to to figure out what they +must be by feeding this trial solution + + align:start position:0% +must be by feeding this trial solution + + + align:start position:0% +must be by feeding this trial solution +into the equation and I'll emphasize + + align:start position:0% +into the equation and I'll emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +into the equation and I'll emphasize +this more when we come to it in the + + align:start position:0% +this more when we come to it in the + + + align:start position:0% +this more when we come to it in the +context of an example but notice that + + align:start position:0% +context of an example but notice that + + + align:start position:0% +context of an example but notice that +even though the right hand side is sin + + align:start position:0% +even though the right hand side is sin + + + align:start position:0% +even though the right hand side is sin +MX the trial solution is not just a sin + + align:start position:0% +MX the trial solution is not just a sin + + + align:start position:0% +MX the trial solution is not just a sin +MX it's a sin MX plus b cosine MX + + align:start position:0% +MX it's a sin MX plus b cosine MX + + + align:start position:0% +MX it's a sin MX plus b cosine MX +because remember in taking derivatives + + align:start position:0% +because remember in taking derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +because remember in taking derivatives +if I differentiate the cosine I can get + + align:start position:0% +if I differentiate the cosine I can get + + + align:start position:0% +if I differentiate the cosine I can get +the sign if I differentiate the sign + + align:start position:0% +the sign if I differentiate the sign + + + align:start position:0% +the sign if I differentiate the sign +twice I get back to the sign so I want + + align:start position:0% +twice I get back to the sign so I want + + + align:start position:0% +twice I get back to the sign so I want +both of these terms in here here and the + + align:start position:0% +both of these terms in here here and the + + + align:start position:0% +both of these terms in here here and the +final case if F ofx is X to the n a + + align:start position:0% +final case if F ofx is X to the n a + + + align:start position:0% +final case if F ofx is X to the n a +reasonable trial is y subp equals some + + align:start position:0% +reasonable trial is y subp equals some + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable trial is y subp equals some +constant time x the N plus some constant + + align:start position:0% +constant time x the N plus some constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant time x the N plus some constant +* X the nus1 plus Etc some constant A1 * + + align:start position:0% +* X the nus1 plus Etc some constant A1 * + + + align:start position:0% +* X the nus1 plus Etc some constant A1 * +X Plus Etc some constant in other words + + align:start position:0% +X Plus Etc some constant in other words + + + align:start position:0% +X Plus Etc some constant in other words +if the right hand side is a simple power + + align:start position:0% +if the right hand side is a simple power + + + align:start position:0% +if the right hand side is a simple power +of X where the exponent is a whole + + align:start position:0% +of X where the exponent is a whole + + + align:start position:0% +of X where the exponent is a whole +number we simply try as a trial solution + + align:start position:0% +number we simply try as a trial solution + + + align:start position:0% +number we simply try as a trial solution +the most general polinomial of that + + align:start position:0% +the most general polinomial of that + + + align:start position:0% +the most general polinomial of that +degree and I think the best way to show + + align:start position:0% +degree and I think the best way to show + + + align:start position:0% +degree and I think the best way to show +this now is by example we will teach by + + align:start position:0% +this now is by example we will teach by + + + align:start position:0% +this now is by example we will teach by +example and the rest of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +example and the rest of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +example and the rest of this lecture +shall be devoted to a sequence of such + + align:start position:0% +shall be devoted to a sequence of such + + + align:start position:0% +shall be devoted to a sequence of such +examples example number one y Prime - 4 + + align:start position:0% +examples example number one y Prime - 4 + + + align:start position:0% +examples example number one y Prime - 4 +y Prime + 3 y = e + + align:start position:0% +y Prime + 3 y = e + + + align:start position:0% +y Prime + 3 y = e +5x I look at this and I say well here I + + align:start position:0% +5x I look at this and I say well here I + + + align:start position:0% +5x I look at this and I say well here I +have constant coefficients it appears + + align:start position:0% +have constant coefficients it appears + + + align:start position:0% +have constant coefficients it appears +that the only thing I can differentiate + + align:start position:0% +that the only thing I can differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +that the only thing I can differentiate +that will give me an e to the 5x back + + align:start position:0% +that will give me an e to the 5x back + + + align:start position:0% +that will give me an e to the 5x back +again is + + align:start position:0% +again is + + + align:start position:0% +again is +essentially some constant time e to 5x + + align:start position:0% +essentially some constant time e to 5x + + + align:start position:0% +essentially some constant time e to 5x +so for my trial solution I let y sub P + + align:start position:0% +so for my trial solution I let y sub P + + + align:start position:0% +so for my trial solution I let y sub P +be a e to 5x consequently y p Prime is 5 + + align:start position:0% +be a e to 5x consequently y p Prime is 5 + + + align:start position:0% +be a e to 5x consequently y p Prime is 5 +a e 5x and YP Prime is 25 a e to 5x if I + + align:start position:0% +a e 5x and YP Prime is 25 a e to 5x if I + + + align:start position:0% +a e 5x and YP Prime is 25 a e to 5x if I +now plug YP Prime YP Prime and YP into + + align:start position:0% +now plug YP Prime YP Prime and YP into + + + align:start position:0% +now plug YP Prime YP Prime and YP into +the original equation I see that e to 5x + + align:start position:0% +the original equation I see that e to 5x + + + align:start position:0% +the original equation I see that e to 5x +is a common factor and I'm left with + + align:start position:0% +is a common factor and I'm left with + + + align:start position:0% +is a common factor and I'm left with +what 25 a - 4 * 5 a in other words - 20 + + align:start position:0% +what 25 a - 4 * 5 a in other words - 20 + + + align:start position:0% +what 25 a - 4 * 5 a in other words - 20 +a + 3 a and what must that be that must + + align:start position:0% +a + 3 a and what must that be that must + + + align:start position:0% +a + 3 a and what must that be that must +be identically e to the X let me write + + align:start position:0% +be identically e to the X let me write + + + align:start position:0% +be identically e to the X let me write +identically in here to emphasize the + + align:start position:0% +identically in here to emphasize the + + + align:start position:0% +identically in here to emphasize the +fact that whatever value of AI pick here + + align:start position:0% +fact that whatever value of AI pick here + + + align:start position:0% +fact that whatever value of AI pick here +for this to be a solution the left hand + + align:start position:0% +for this to be a solution the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +for this to be a solution the left hand +side of the equation and the right hand + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation and the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation and the right hand +side of the equation must agree for + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation must agree for + + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation must agree for +every value of x in particular I notied + + align:start position:0% +every value of x in particular I notied + + + align:start position:0% +every value of x in particular I notied +that this says that 8 a * e 5x must be + + align:start position:0% +that this says that 8 a * e 5x must be + + + align:start position:0% +that this says that 8 a * e 5x must be +identical to e to 5x consequently + + align:start position:0% +identical to e to 5x consequently + + + align:start position:0% +identical to e to 5x consequently +letting x equals z this says that 8 a is + + align:start position:0% +letting x equals z this says that 8 a is + + + align:start position:0% +letting x equals z this says that 8 a is +equal to one therefore the only + + align:start position:0% +equal to one therefore the only + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one therefore the only +candidate for a solution here is that a + + align:start position:0% +candidate for a solution here is that a + + + align:start position:0% +candidate for a solution here is that a +1/8 and taking a to be 1/8 I find that + + align:start position:0% +1/8 and taking a to be 1/8 I find that + + + align:start position:0% +1/8 and taking a to be 1/8 I find that +my candidate for a trial solution is 1/8 + + align:start position:0% +my candidate for a trial solution is 1/8 + + + align:start position:0% +my candidate for a trial solution is 1/8 +e to 5x and a trivial check verifies + + align:start position:0% +e to 5x and a trivial check verifies + + + align:start position:0% +e to 5x and a trivial check verifies +that the only candidate is indeed a + + align:start position:0% +that the only candidate is indeed a + + + align:start position:0% +that the only candidate is indeed a +solution in other words a particular + + align:start position:0% +solution in other words a particular + + + align:start position:0% +solution in other words a particular +solution of the equation Y Prime - 4 y + + align:start position:0% +solution of the equation Y Prime - 4 y + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the equation Y Prime - 4 y +Prime + 3 y = e 5x is y = 1 e to 5x by + + align:start position:0% +Prime + 3 y = e 5x is y = 1 e to 5x by + + + align:start position:0% +Prime + 3 y = e 5x is y = 1 e to 5x by +the way lest we lose track of what the + + align:start position:0% +the way lest we lose track of what the + + + align:start position:0% +the way lest we lose track of what the +general theory is remember that to find + + align:start position:0% +general theory is remember that to find + + + align:start position:0% +general theory is remember that to find +the general solution of the equation all + + align:start position:0% +the general solution of the equation all + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution of the equation all +we need is a particular solution plus + + align:start position:0% +we need is a particular solution plus + + + align:start position:0% +we need is a particular solution plus +the general solution of the reduced or + + align:start position:0% +the general solution of the reduced or + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution of the reduced or +homogeneous equation recall that with + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation recall that with + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation recall that with +the right hand side here zero we already + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side here zero we already + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side here zero we already +know that y Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y + + align:start position:0% +know that y Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y + + + align:start position:0% +know that y Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y +equals 0 has as its General solution y = + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 has as its General solution y = + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 has as its General solution y = +C1 e to x + C2 e to 3x so in other words + + align:start position:0% +C1 e to x + C2 e to 3x so in other words + + + align:start position:0% +C1 e to x + C2 e to 3x so in other words +then the general solution of this + + align:start position:0% +then the general solution of this + + + align:start position:0% +then the general solution of this +equation is obtained merely by tacking + + align:start position:0% +equation is obtained merely by tacking + + + align:start position:0% +equation is obtained merely by tacking +on the general solution of the + + align:start position:0% +on the general solution of the + + + align:start position:0% +on the general solution of the +homogeneous equation to this one + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation to this one + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation to this one +particular solution that we found here + + align:start position:0% +particular solution that we found here + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution that we found here +in other words the general solution of + + align:start position:0% +in other words the general solution of + + + align:start position:0% +in other words the general solution of +the equation given in this example is y + + align:start position:0% +the equation given in this example is y + + + align:start position:0% +the equation given in this example is y += 1/8 e to 5x plus C1 e to X Plus C2 e + + align:start position:0% += 1/8 e to 5x plus C1 e to X Plus C2 e + + + align:start position:0% += 1/8 e to 5x plus C1 e to X Plus C2 e +3x okay that takes care of our first + + align:start position:0% +3x okay that takes care of our first + + + align:start position:0% +3x okay that takes care of our first +illustration for our next illustration + + align:start position:0% +illustration for our next illustration + + + align:start position:0% +illustration for our next illustration +we will keep the same linear part of the + + align:start position:0% +we will keep the same linear part of the + + + align:start position:0% +we will keep the same linear part of the +equation we'll again take y Prime - 4 y + + align:start position:0% +equation we'll again take y Prime - 4 y + + + align:start position:0% +equation we'll again take y Prime - 4 y +Prime + 3 y but now we'll let F ofx be + + align:start position:0% +Prime + 3 y but now we'll let F ofx be + + + align:start position:0% +Prime + 3 y but now we'll let F ofx be +sinx in other words we want to find a + + align:start position:0% +sinx in other words we want to find a + + + align:start position:0% +sinx in other words we want to find a +particular solution of this particular + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of this particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of this particular +differential equation and again constant + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and again constant + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and again constant +coefficients the right hand side is of + + align:start position:0% +coefficients the right hand side is of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients the right hand side is of +the desired form I simply try for a + + align:start position:0% +the desired form I simply try for a + + + align:start position:0% +the desired form I simply try for a +solution in the form Y subp is some + + align:start position:0% +solution in the form Y subp is some + + + align:start position:0% +solution in the form Y subp is some +constant time sinx say a sinx plus a + + align:start position:0% +constant time sinx say a sinx plus a + + + align:start position:0% +constant time sinx say a sinx plus a +constant B * cine X if I do this notice + + align:start position:0% +constant B * cine X if I do this notice + + + align:start position:0% +constant B * cine X if I do this notice +that YP Prime is a cosine x - B sinx and + + align:start position:0% +that YP Prime is a cosine x - B sinx and + + + align:start position:0% +that YP Prime is a cosine x - B sinx and +YP Prime is minus a sinx minus B cosine + + align:start position:0% +YP Prime is minus a sinx minus B cosine + + + align:start position:0% +YP Prime is minus a sinx minus B cosine +X by the way just in pausing here for a + + align:start position:0% +X by the way just in pausing here for a + + + align:start position:0% +X by the way just in pausing here for a +moment notice that if I had tried for a + + align:start position:0% +moment notice that if I had tried for a + + + align:start position:0% +moment notice that if I had tried for a +trial solution either in the form a sinx + + align:start position:0% +trial solution either in the form a sinx + + + align:start position:0% +trial solution either in the form a sinx +alone or B cosine X alone notice that I + + align:start position:0% +alone or B cosine X alone notice that I + + + align:start position:0% +alone or B cosine X alone notice that I +would have got look what would have + + align:start position:0% +would have got look what would have + + + align:start position:0% +would have got look what would have +happened here I would have got sin x's + + align:start position:0% +happened here I would have got sin x's + + + align:start position:0% +happened here I would have got sin x's +and cosine X terms on both a would have + + align:start position:0% +and cosine X terms on both a would have + + + align:start position:0% +and cosine X terms on both a would have +been a coefficient of a sinx X term and + + align:start position:0% +been a coefficient of a sinx X term and + + + align:start position:0% +been a coefficient of a sinx X term and +a cosine X + + align:start position:0% +a cosine X + + + align:start position:0% +a cosine X +term that means that a would have had to + + align:start position:0% +term that means that a would have had to + + + align:start position:0% +term that means that a would have had to +have been compared with two coefficients + + align:start position:0% +have been compared with two coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +have been compared with two coefficients +on the right hand side namely the + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side namely the + + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side namely the +coefficient of sinx on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of sinx on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of sinx on the right hand +side is one the coefficient of cosine X + + align:start position:0% +side is one the coefficient of cosine X + + + align:start position:0% +side is one the coefficient of cosine X +is zero because it doesn't appear and we + + align:start position:0% +is zero because it doesn't appear and we + + + align:start position:0% +is zero because it doesn't appear and we +could very easily have wound up with a + + align:start position:0% +could very easily have wound up with a + + + align:start position:0% +could very easily have wound up with a +contradiction we would have found out + + align:start position:0% +contradiction we would have found out + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction we would have found out +that there was no value of a that could + + align:start position:0% +that there was no value of a that could + + + align:start position:0% +that there was no value of a that could +have satisfied two things simultaneously + + align:start position:0% +have satisfied two things simultaneously + + + align:start position:0% +have satisfied two things simultaneously +but that will be emphasized more in the + + align:start position:0% +but that will be emphasized more in the + + + align:start position:0% +but that will be emphasized more in the +exercises for now just take my word for + + align:start position:0% +exercises for now just take my word for + + + align:start position:0% +exercises for now just take my word for +it that this is the trial that we make + + align:start position:0% +it that this is the trial that we make + + + align:start position:0% +it that this is the trial that we make +now if we make this trial if we now + + align:start position:0% +now if we make this trial if we now + + + align:start position:0% +now if we make this trial if we now +replace y Prime by Min - a sinx - b + + align:start position:0% +replace y Prime by Min - a sinx - b + + + align:start position:0% +replace y Prime by Min - a sinx - b +cosine X and Y Prime by a cosine x - B + + align:start position:0% +cosine X and Y Prime by a cosine x - B + + + align:start position:0% +cosine X and Y Prime by a cosine x - B +sinx and Y by a sinx plus b + + align:start position:0% +sinx and Y by a sinx plus b + + + align:start position:0% +sinx and Y by a sinx plus b +cinx this equation then reads what - a + + align:start position:0% +cinx this equation then reads what - a + + + align:start position:0% +cinx this equation then reads what - a +sinx - b cosine X plus plus you see + + align:start position:0% +sinx - b cosine X plus plus you see + + + align:start position:0% +sinx - b cosine X plus plus you see +minus this term plus 4 b sinx - 4 a + + align:start position:0% +minus this term plus 4 b sinx - 4 a + + + align:start position:0% +minus this term plus 4 b sinx - 4 a +cosine X plus 3 a sinx + 3 B cosine X + + align:start position:0% +cosine X plus 3 a sinx + 3 B cosine X + + + align:start position:0% +cosine X plus 3 a sinx + 3 B cosine X +and that must equal 1 sin x + 0 cosin x + + align:start position:0% +and that must equal 1 sin x + 0 cosin x + + + align:start position:0% +and that must equal 1 sin x + 0 cosin x +you see what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm going to do is I'm +going to equate the coefficient of sinx + + align:start position:0% +going to equate the coefficient of sinx + + + align:start position:0% +going to equate the coefficient of sinx +on the left hand side of the equation + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side of the equation +with the coefficient of sinx on the + + align:start position:0% +with the coefficient of sinx on the + + + align:start position:0% +with the coefficient of sinx on the +right hand side of the equation I'm + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of the equation I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of the equation I'm +going to equate the coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +going to equate the coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +going to equate the coefficient of +cosine X on the left hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +cosine X on the left hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine X on the left hand side of the +equation with the coefficient of cosine + + align:start position:0% +equation with the coefficient of cosine + + + align:start position:0% +equation with the coefficient of cosine +X on the right hand side of the equation + + align:start position:0% +X on the right hand side of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +X on the right hand side of the equation +the fact that these coefficients are one + + align:start position:0% +the fact that these coefficients are one + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that these coefficients are one +and zero is irrelevant the theory + + align:start position:0% +and zero is irrelevant the theory + + + align:start position:0% +and zero is irrelevant the theory +Remains the Same the reason that I can + + align:start position:0% +Remains the Same the reason that I can + + + align:start position:0% +Remains the Same the reason that I can +do this if you want justification other + + align:start position:0% +do this if you want justification other + + + align:start position:0% +do this if you want justification other +how do I know I can compare like terms + + align:start position:0% +how do I know I can compare like terms + + + align:start position:0% +how do I know I can compare like terms +the answer is well for example let X be + + align:start position:0% +the answer is well for example let X be + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is well for example let X be +zero you see if x is zero all of the + + align:start position:0% +zero you see if x is zero all of the + + + align:start position:0% +zero you see if x is zero all of the +sign terms on both sides of the equation + + align:start position:0% +sign terms on both sides of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +sign terms on both sides of the equation +drop out on the other hand cosine 0 is + + align:start position:0% +drop out on the other hand cosine 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +drop out on the other hand cosine 0 is +one so if I let X be Z notice that the + + align:start position:0% +one so if I let X be Z notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +one so if I let X be Z notice that the +left hand side says that minus b - 4 a + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side says that minus b - 4 a + + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side says that minus b - 4 a + +3 B must be zero if I if I then assume + + align:start position:0% +3 B must be zero if I if I then assume + + + align:start position:0% +3 B must be zero if I if I then assume +this being an identity that this must + + align:start position:0% +this being an identity that this must + + + align:start position:0% +this being an identity that this must +also be true when X is Pi / 2 if I let X + + align:start position:0% +also be true when X is Pi / 2 if I let X + + + align:start position:0% +also be true when X is Pi / 2 if I let X +be Pi / 2 all the cosine terms drop out + + align:start position:0% +be Pi / 2 all the cosine terms drop out + + + align:start position:0% +be Pi / 2 all the cosine terms drop out +because the cosine of Pi / 2 is zero the + + align:start position:0% +because the cosine of Pi / 2 is zero the + + + align:start position:0% +because the cosine of Pi / 2 is zero the +S of Pi / 2 is 1 so now the equation + + align:start position:0% +S of Pi / 2 is 1 so now the equation + + + align:start position:0% +S of Pi / 2 is 1 so now the equation +would read Min - A + 4 b + 3 a sinx well + + align:start position:0% +would read Min - A + 4 b + 3 a sinx well + + + align:start position:0% +would read Min - A + 4 b + 3 a sinx well +sin x is isn't in here because we let X + + align:start position:0% +sin x is isn't in here because we let X + + + align:start position:0% +sin x is isn't in here because we let X +be pi/ 2 see it would be Min - A + 4 b + + + align:start position:0% +be pi/ 2 see it would be Min - A + 4 b + + + + align:start position:0% +be pi/ 2 see it would be Min - A + 4 b + +3 a * 1 just - A + 4 b + 3 a has to + + align:start position:0% +3 a * 1 just - A + 4 b + 3 a has to + + + align:start position:0% +3 a * 1 just - A + 4 b + 3 a has to +equal 1 in other words 1 sin < / 2 in + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 in other words 1 sin < / 2 in + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 in other words 1 sin < / 2 in +other words we of how you want to look + + align:start position:0% +other words we of how you want to look + + + align:start position:0% +other words we of how you want to look +at this thing the important point is is + + align:start position:0% +at this thing the important point is is + + + align:start position:0% +at this thing the important point is is +that looking at the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +that looking at the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +that looking at the left hand side +comparing it with the identity that it + + align:start position:0% +comparing it with the identity that it + + + align:start position:0% +comparing it with the identity that it +must equal on the right hand side we see + + align:start position:0% +must equal on the right hand side we see + + + align:start position:0% +must equal on the right hand side we see +that what 2 a + 4 B which is the + + align:start position:0% +that what 2 a + 4 B which is the + + + align:start position:0% +that what 2 a + 4 B which is the +coefficient of sinx on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of sinx on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of sinx on the left hand +side of the equation must equal 1 which + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation must equal 1 which + + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation must equal 1 which +is the coefficient of sinx on the right + + align:start position:0% +is the coefficient of sinx on the right + + + align:start position:0% +is the coefficient of sinx on the right +hand side of the equation and similarly + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation and similarly +- 4 a + 2 B which is the coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +- 4 a + 2 B which is the coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +- 4 a + 2 B which is the coefficient of +cosine X on the left hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +cosine X on the left hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine X on the left hand side of the +equation must equal zero because that's + + align:start position:0% +equation must equal zero because that's + + + align:start position:0% +equation must equal zero because that's +the coefficient of cosine X on the right + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of cosine X on the right + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of cosine X on the right +hand side of the equation in other words + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation in other words + + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation in other words +if there are values of A and B that give + + align:start position:0% +if there are values of A and B that give + + + align:start position:0% +if there are values of A and B that give +us a solution it must come from this + + align:start position:0% +us a solution it must come from this + + + align:start position:0% +us a solution it must come from this +pair of simultanous linear equations and + + align:start position:0% +pair of simultanous linear equations and + + + align:start position:0% +pair of simultanous linear equations and +the solution of this is simply a = + + align:start position:0% +the solution of this is simply a = + + + align:start position:0% +the solution of this is simply a = +1/10th and Bal 1/5 and a trivial check + + align:start position:0% +1/10th and Bal 1/5 and a trivial check + + + align:start position:0% +1/10th and Bal 1/5 and a trivial check +shows that if we let a be 1/10th and b + + align:start position:0% +shows that if we let a be 1/10th and b + + + align:start position:0% +shows that if we let a be 1/10th and b +equal 1/5 that we do get a particular + + align:start position:0% +equal 1/5 that we do get a particular + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1/5 that we do get a particular +solution to this differential equation + + align:start position:0% +solution to this differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this differential equation +in other words a particular solution of + + align:start position:0% +in other words a particular solution of + + + align:start position:0% +in other words a particular solution of +this equation is y p is 11/10 sinx + 1/5 + + align:start position:0% +this equation is y p is 11/10 sinx + 1/5 + + + align:start position:0% +this equation is y p is 11/10 sinx + 1/5 +cine X by the way the equation that + + align:start position:0% +cine X by the way the equation that + + + align:start position:0% +cine X by the way the equation that +we're dealing with has the same + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with has the same + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with has the same +homogeneous equation namely y Prime - 4 + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation namely y Prime - 4 + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation namely y Prime - 4 +y Prime + 3 y = 0 as we had in example 1 + + align:start position:0% +y Prime + 3 y = 0 as we had in example 1 + + + align:start position:0% +y Prime + 3 y = 0 as we had in example 1 +consequently the general solution now is + + align:start position:0% +consequently the general solution now is + + + align:start position:0% +consequently the general solution now is +what it's 1/10th sinx + 1/5 cine X Plus + + align:start position:0% +what it's 1/10th sinx + 1/5 cine X Plus + + + align:start position:0% +what it's 1/10th sinx + 1/5 cine X Plus +C1 e to the X Plus C2 e to 3x finally to + + align:start position:0% +C1 e to the X Plus C2 e to 3x finally to + + + align:start position:0% +C1 e to the X Plus C2 e to 3x finally to +get an example and which the right hand + + align:start position:0% +get an example and which the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +get an example and which the right hand +side is a polinomial in X we take again + + align:start position:0% +side is a polinomial in X we take again + + + align:start position:0% +side is a polinomial in X we take again +the same left hand side as before y + + align:start position:0% +the same left hand side as before y + + + align:start position:0% +the same left hand side as before y +Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y = x^2 we try for + + align:start position:0% +Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y = x^2 we try for + + + align:start position:0% +Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y = x^2 we try for +our trial solution in the form ax^2 + BX + + align:start position:0% +our trial solution in the form ax^2 + BX + + + align:start position:0% +our trial solution in the form ax^2 + BX ++ C see you might ask over here how do + + align:start position:0% ++ C see you might ask over here how do + + + align:start position:0% ++ C see you might ask over here how do +you know that there aren't higher powers + + align:start position:0% +you know that there aren't higher powers + + + align:start position:0% +you know that there aren't higher powers +of x to bring in I mean why shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +of x to bring in I mean why shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +of x to bring in I mean why shouldn't +there have been an X Cub term in here + + align:start position:0% +there have been an X Cub term in here + + + align:start position:0% +there have been an X Cub term in here +because when you differentiate the X Cub + + align:start position:0% +because when you differentiate the X Cub + + + align:start position:0% +because when you differentiate the X Cub +term gets knocked down why couldn't it + + align:start position:0% +term gets knocked down why couldn't it + + + align:start position:0% +term gets knocked down why couldn't it +collect with terms over here notice that + + align:start position:0% +collect with terms over here notice that + + + align:start position:0% +collect with terms over here notice that +if we had an X cubed term that + + align:start position:0% +if we had an X cubed term that + + + align:start position:0% +if we had an X cubed term that +coefficient would have to be zero + + align:start position:0% +coefficient would have to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient would have to be zero +because if you replaced y by X cubed the + + align:start position:0% +because if you replaced y by X cubed the + + + align:start position:0% +because if you replaced y by X cubed the +only place that an X Cub term would + + align:start position:0% +only place that an X Cub term would + + + align:start position:0% +only place that an X Cub term would +appear on the left hand side is in the 3 + + align:start position:0% +appear on the left hand side is in the 3 + + + align:start position:0% +appear on the left hand side is in the 3 +y term you see if y = x cubed y Prime is + + align:start position:0% +y term you see if y = x cubed y Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +y term you see if y = x cubed y Prime is +X has an X squ as the highest power y + + align:start position:0% +X has an X squ as the highest power y + + + align:start position:0% +X has an X squ as the highest power y +dble Prime and X the only place that X + + align:start position:0% +dble Prime and X the only place that X + + + align:start position:0% +dble Prime and X the only place that X +Cub would appear is here and since it + + align:start position:0% +Cub would appear is here and since it + + + align:start position:0% +Cub would appear is here and since it +doesn't appear at all on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +doesn't appear at all on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't appear at all on the right hand +side its coefficient would have to be + + align:start position:0% +side its coefficient would have to be + + + align:start position:0% +side its coefficient would have to be +zero so the trick is what don't worry + + align:start position:0% +zero so the trick is what don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the trick is what don't worry +about Powers higher than this in general + + align:start position:0% +about Powers higher than this in general + + + align:start position:0% +about Powers higher than this in general +in general start with this and just work + + align:start position:0% +in general start with this and just work + + + align:start position:0% +in general start with this and just work +down A good rule of Thum is when in + + align:start position:0% +down A good rule of Thum is when in + + + align:start position:0% +down A good rule of Thum is when in +doubt put the extra terms in because the + + align:start position:0% +doubt put the extra terms in because the + + + align:start position:0% +doubt put the extra terms in because the +worst that will happen is that you will + + align:start position:0% +worst that will happen is that you will + + + align:start position:0% +worst that will happen is that you will +have done some work for nothing in other + + align:start position:0% +have done some work for nothing in other + + + align:start position:0% +have done some work for nothing in other +words if I put in an undetermined + + align:start position:0% +words if I put in an undetermined + + + align:start position:0% +words if I put in an undetermined +coefficient of a term which isn't + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of a term which isn't + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of a term which isn't +supposed to be in there then that + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be in there then that + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be in there then that +coefficient will turn out to be zero and + + align:start position:0% +coefficient will turn out to be zero and + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient will turn out to be zero and +that will tell me that that term isn't + + align:start position:0% +that will tell me that that term isn't + + + align:start position:0% +that will tell me that that term isn't +in there on the other hand if I leave + + align:start position:0% +in there on the other hand if I leave + + + align:start position:0% +in there on the other hand if I leave +out a term that should be in there then + + align:start position:0% +out a term that should be in there then + + + align:start position:0% +out a term that should be in there then +I usually wind up with a contradiction + + align:start position:0% +I usually wind up with a contradiction + + + align:start position:0% +I usually wind up with a contradiction +as we shall + + align:start position:0% +as we shall + + + align:start position:0% +as we shall +later in our lesson but the idea is we + + align:start position:0% +later in our lesson but the idea is we + + + align:start position:0% +later in our lesson but the idea is we +try for a solution in the form ax^2 + BX + + align:start position:0% +try for a solution in the form ax^2 + BX + + + align:start position:0% +try for a solution in the form ax^2 + BX +plus C in which case YP Prime would be 2 + + align:start position:0% +plus C in which case YP Prime would be 2 + + + align:start position:0% +plus C in which case YP Prime would be 2 +ax+ B YP Prime would simply be 2 a and + + align:start position:0% +ax+ B YP Prime would simply be 2 a and + + + align:start position:0% +ax+ B YP Prime would simply be 2 a and +consequently if we now replace y p y + + align:start position:0% +consequently if we now replace y p y + + + align:start position:0% +consequently if we now replace y p y +dble Prime by 2 a y Prime by 2 ax + B + + align:start position:0% +dble Prime by 2 a y Prime by 2 ax + B + + + align:start position:0% +dble Prime by 2 a y Prime by 2 ax + B +and Y by ax^2 + BX plus C in this + + align:start position:0% +and Y by ax^2 + BX plus C in this + + + align:start position:0% +and Y by ax^2 + BX plus C in this +equation we wind up with the + + align:start position:0% +equation we wind up with the + + + align:start position:0% +equation we wind up with the +undetermined coefficients a b and c + + align:start position:0% +undetermined coefficients a b and c + + + align:start position:0% +undetermined coefficients a b and c +having to satisfy the identity 2 a - 4 * + + align:start position:0% +having to satisfy the identity 2 a - 4 * + + + align:start position:0% +having to satisfy the identity 2 a - 4 * +the quantity 2 ax + B + 3 * the quantity + + align:start position:0% +the quantity 2 ax + B + 3 * the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +the quantity 2 ax + B + 3 * the quantity +ax^2 + BX + C has to be identically + + align:start position:0% +ax^2 + BX + C has to be identically + + + align:start position:0% +ax^2 + BX + C has to be identically +equal to x^2 which means 1 x^2 + 0x + 0 + + align:start position:0% +equal to x^2 which means 1 x^2 + 0x + 0 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to x^2 which means 1 x^2 + 0x + 0 +now the only way that two quadratics can + + align:start position:0% +now the only way that two quadratics can + + + align:start position:0% +now the only way that two quadratics can +be identically equal is if they're equal + + align:start position:0% +be identically equal is if they're equal + + + align:start position:0% +be identically equal is if they're equal +coefficient by coefficient consequently + + align:start position:0% +coefficient by coefficient consequently + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient by coefficient consequently +the coefficient of X2 on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of X2 on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of X2 on the left hand +side of the equation has to be one the + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation has to be one the + + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation has to be one the +coefficient of x on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of x on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of x on the left hand side +of the equation has to be zero because + + align:start position:0% +of the equation has to be zero because + + + align:start position:0% +of the equation has to be zero because +that term is missing on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +that term is missing on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +that term is missing on the right hand +side which is the same as saying it's + + align:start position:0% +side which is the same as saying it's + + + align:start position:0% +side which is the same as saying it's +multiplied by zero and the constant term + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by zero and the constant term + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by zero and the constant term +must also be zero okay and see why you + + align:start position:0% +must also be zero okay and see why you + + + align:start position:0% +must also be zero okay and see why you +had to T in the lower order terms here + + align:start position:0% +had to T in the lower order terms here + + + align:start position:0% +had to T in the lower order terms here +because they do get multiplied and + + align:start position:0% +because they do get multiplied and + + + align:start position:0% +because they do get multiplied and +combined and we have to utilize these in + + align:start position:0% +combined and we have to utilize these in + + + align:start position:0% +combined and we have to utilize these in +other words we do have a b and c + + align:start position:0% +other words we do have a b and c + + + align:start position:0% +other words we do have a b and c +appearing as coefficients not just of an + + align:start position:0% +appearing as coefficients not just of an + + + align:start position:0% +appearing as coefficients not just of an +X squ term but on the X term and the + + align:start position:0% +X squ term but on the X term and the + + + align:start position:0% +X squ term but on the X term and the +constant term but again we'll do more of + + align:start position:0% +constant term but again we'll do more of + + + align:start position:0% +constant term but again we'll do more of +that in the exercises for the time being + + align:start position:0% +that in the exercises for the time being + + + align:start position:0% +that in the exercises for the time being +simply observe that the only term that + + align:start position:0% +simply observe that the only term that + + + align:start position:0% +simply observe that the only term that +involves an x squ on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +involves an x squ on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +involves an x squ on the left hand side +is 3A the terms involving an x have + + align:start position:0% +is 3A the terms involving an x have + + + align:start position:0% +is 3A the terms involving an x have +coefficients what 3 B minus 8 a and the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients what 3 B minus 8 a and the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients what 3 B minus 8 a and the +constant term seems to have the form 2 A + + align:start position:0% +constant term seems to have the form 2 A + + + align:start position:0% +constant term seems to have the form 2 A +minus 4 b + 3 C consequently 3 a must be + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 b + 3 C consequently 3 a must be + + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 b + 3 C consequently 3 a must be +1 3B - 8 a is 0 2 a - 4 b + 3 C is 0 + + align:start position:0% +1 3B - 8 a is 0 2 a - 4 b + 3 C is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1 3B - 8 a is 0 2 a - 4 b + 3 C is 0 +from this equation we see immediately + + align:start position:0% +from this equation we see immediately + + + align:start position:0% +from this equation we see immediately +that a is a thir knowing that a is a + + align:start position:0% +that a is a thir knowing that a is a + + + align:start position:0% +that a is a thir knowing that a is a +thir we put that into the second + + align:start position:0% +thir we put that into the second + + + align:start position:0% +thir we put that into the second +equation immediately can solve for b + + align:start position:0% +equation immediately can solve for b + + + align:start position:0% +equation immediately can solve for b +which turns out to be 8 9ths knowing + + align:start position:0% +which turns out to be 8 9ths knowing + + + align:start position:0% +which turns out to be 8 9ths knowing +that a is 1/3 and B is 8 9ths we can now + + align:start position:0% +that a is 1/3 and B is 8 9ths we can now + + + align:start position:0% +that a is 1/3 and B is 8 9ths we can now +come into the third equation and solve + + align:start position:0% +come into the third equation and solve + + + align:start position:0% +come into the third equation and solve +for C and C turns out to be 26 27th in + + align:start position:0% +for C and C turns out to be 26 27th in + + + align:start position:0% +for C and C turns out to be 26 27th in +other words a particular solution to our + + align:start position:0% +other words a particular solution to our + + + align:start position:0% +other words a particular solution to our +differential equation in examp example 3 + + align:start position:0% +differential equation in examp example 3 + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation in examp example 3 +is 1/3 x^2 + 8 9 x + 26 27 so the + + align:start position:0% +is 1/3 x^2 + 8 9 x + 26 27 so the + + + align:start position:0% +is 1/3 x^2 + 8 9 x + 26 27 so the +general solution of that equation is 1/3 + + align:start position:0% +general solution of that equation is 1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +general solution of that equation is 1/3 +x^2 + 8 9 x + 26 27 plus C1 e to the X + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + 8 9 x + 26 27 plus C1 e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + 8 9 x + 26 27 plus C1 e to the X +Plus C2 e to 3x because this is still + + align:start position:0% +Plus C2 e to 3x because this is still + + + align:start position:0% +Plus C2 e to 3x because this is still +the general solution of the reduced + + align:start position:0% +the general solution of the reduced + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution of the reduced +equation see same reduced equation + + align:start position:0% +equation see same reduced equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation see same reduced equation +homogeneous equation in all three + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation in all three + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation in all three +examples another example an example now + + align:start position:0% +examples another example an example now + + + align:start position:0% +examples another example an example now +that says what happens if the right hand + + align:start position:0% +that says what happens if the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +that says what happens if the right hand +side isn't simply a term of the form + + align:start position:0% +side isn't simply a term of the form + + + align:start position:0% +side isn't simply a term of the form +described in cases 1 2 and three but + + align:start position:0% +described in cases 1 2 and three but + + + align:start position:0% +described in cases 1 2 and three but +rather is a combination of such terms + + align:start position:0% +rather is a combination of such terms + + + align:start position:0% +rather is a combination of such terms +suppose for example that I want to solve + + align:start position:0% +suppose for example that I want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +suppose for example that I want to solve +the differential equation Y Prime 4 y + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation Y Prime 4 y + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation Y Prime 4 y +Prime + 3 y = e 5x + sinx maybe this + + align:start position:0% +Prime + 3 y = e 5x + sinx maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +Prime + 3 y = e 5x + sinx maybe this +looks familiar to you in other words if + + align:start position:0% +looks familiar to you in other words if + + + align:start position:0% +looks familiar to you in other words if +I let L of Y denote y Prime - 4 y Prime + + align:start position:0% +I let L of Y denote y Prime - 4 y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +I let L of Y denote y Prime - 4 y Prime ++ 3 y notice that example number one was + + align:start position:0% ++ 3 y notice that example number one was + + + align:start position:0% ++ 3 y notice that example number one was +solving L of y = e 5x and example number + + align:start position:0% +solving L of y = e 5x and example number + + + align:start position:0% +solving L of y = e 5x and example number +two was solving L of + + align:start position:0% +two was solving L of + + + align:start position:0% +two was solving L of +yals sinx in other words we seem to have + + align:start position:0% +yals sinx in other words we seem to have + + + align:start position:0% +yals sinx in other words we seem to have +solved this problem in the special case + + align:start position:0% +solved this problem in the special case + + + align:start position:0% +solved this problem in the special case +where either one of these two terms but + + align:start position:0% +where either one of these two terms but + + + align:start position:0% +where either one of these two terms but +not the other appeared and the + + align:start position:0% +not the other appeared and the + + + align:start position:0% +not the other appeared and the +interesting thing is that once we can + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing is that once we can + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing is that once we can +solve these problems separately it turns + + align:start position:0% +solve these problems separately it turns + + + align:start position:0% +solve these problems separately it turns +out that the linearity of our + + align:start position:0% +out that the linearity of our + + + align:start position:0% +out that the linearity of our +differential equation allows us to use + + align:start position:0% +differential equation allows us to use + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation allows us to use +something which is called the + + align:start position:0% +something which is called the + + + align:start position:0% +something which is called the +superposition principle in other words + + align:start position:0% +superposition principle in other words + + + align:start position:0% +superposition principle in other words +that it allows us to in many cases solve + + align:start position:0% +that it allows us to in many cases solve + + + align:start position:0% +that it allows us to in many cases solve +more complicated right hand sides simply + + align:start position:0% +more complicated right hand sides simply + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated right hand sides simply +by reducing it to a sum of simpler right + + align:start position:0% +by reducing it to a sum of simpler right + + + align:start position:0% +by reducing it to a sum of simpler right +hand sides in particular what I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +hand sides in particular what I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +hand sides in particular what I'm saying +in this particular case was that in + + align:start position:0% +in this particular case was that in + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular case was that in +example one we saw that L of y = e 5x + + align:start position:0% +example one we saw that L of y = e 5x + + + align:start position:0% +example one we saw that L of y = e 5x +had as a particular solution 1/8 e to 5x + + align:start position:0% +had as a particular solution 1/8 e to 5x + + + align:start position:0% +had as a particular solution 1/8 e to 5x +in example two we saw that L of yal sinx + + align:start position:0% +in example two we saw that L of yal sinx + + + align:start position:0% +in example two we saw that L of yal sinx +had as a particular solution sin x/ 10 + + + align:start position:0% +had as a particular solution sin x/ 10 + + + + align:start position:0% +had as a particular solution sin x/ 10 + +cine X over 5 now the point is by equals + + align:start position:0% +cine X over 5 now the point is by equals + + + align:start position:0% +cine X over 5 now the point is by equals +added to equals this plus this is e 5x + + + align:start position:0% +added to equals this plus this is e 5x + + + + align:start position:0% +added to equals this plus this is e 5x + +sinx but by linearity l of8 e 5x plus L + + align:start position:0% +sinx but by linearity l of8 e 5x plus L + + + align:start position:0% +sinx but by linearity l of8 e 5x plus L +of sin x/ 10 + cosine X over 5 is l of8 + + align:start position:0% +of sin x/ 10 + cosine X over 5 is l of8 + + + align:start position:0% +of sin x/ 10 + cosine X over 5 is l of8 +e 5x plus sin x/ 10 + cine X over 5 in + + align:start position:0% +e 5x plus sin x/ 10 + cine X over 5 in + + + align:start position:0% +e 5x plus sin x/ 10 + cine X over 5 in +other words L of U plus L of V by L + + align:start position:0% +other words L of U plus L of V by L + + + align:start position:0% +other words L of U plus L of V by L +larity is L of U + V in other words then + + align:start position:0% +larity is L of U + V in other words then + + + align:start position:0% +larity is L of U + V in other words then +by linearity adding these two results + + align:start position:0% +by linearity adding these two results + + + align:start position:0% +by linearity adding these two results +yields this and that tells us that a + + align:start position:0% +yields this and that tells us that a + + + align:start position:0% +yields this and that tells us that a +particular solution to our equation in + + align:start position:0% +particular solution to our equation in + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution to our equation in +example four is simply Y subp is 1/8 e + + align:start position:0% +example four is simply Y subp is 1/8 e + + + align:start position:0% +example four is simply Y subp is 1/8 e +5x plus sin x over 10 plus cine X over 5 + + align:start position:0% +5x plus sin x over 10 plus cine X over 5 + + + align:start position:0% +5x plus sin x over 10 plus cine X over 5 +see more generally if we want to solve + + align:start position:0% +see more generally if we want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +see more generally if we want to solve +the differential equation L of yal f ofx + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation L of yal f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation L of yal f ofx ++ G ofx then by linearity the solution y + + align:start position:0% ++ G ofx then by linearity the solution y + + + align:start position:0% ++ G ofx then by linearity the solution y +will simply be U + v a particular + + align:start position:0% +will simply be U + v a particular + + + align:start position:0% +will simply be U + v a particular +solution will be u+ V where U is any + + align:start position:0% +solution will be u+ V where U is any + + + align:start position:0% +solution will be u+ V where U is any +particular solution of the equation L of + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of the equation L of + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of the equation L of +yal F ofx and V is any particular + + align:start position:0% +yal F ofx and V is any particular + + + align:start position:0% +yal F ofx and V is any particular +solution of the equation L of y equals g + + align:start position:0% +solution of the equation L of y equals g + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the equation L of y equals g +ofx in other words notice here that from + + align:start position:0% +ofx in other words notice here that from + + + align:start position:0% +ofx in other words notice here that from +this we see that L of U plus L of V is f + + align:start position:0% +this we see that L of U plus L of V is f + + + align:start position:0% +this we see that L of U plus L of V is f +ofx plus G ofx by linearity L of U plus + + align:start position:0% +ofx plus G ofx by linearity L of U plus + + + align:start position:0% +ofx plus G ofx by linearity L of U plus +L of V is L of U + V therefore L of U + + + align:start position:0% +L of V is L of U + V therefore L of U + + + + align:start position:0% +L of V is L of U + V therefore L of U + +V is f ofx plus G ofx which is exactly + + align:start position:0% +V is f ofx plus G ofx which is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +V is f ofx plus G ofx which is exactly +what we mean by saying that this is a + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by saying that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by saying that this is a +solution of this equation that's why + + align:start position:0% +solution of this equation that's why + + + align:start position:0% +solution of this equation that's why +there's no loss of + + align:start position:0% +there's no loss of + + + align:start position:0% +there's no loss of +generality if we elect to always think + + align:start position:0% +generality if we elect to always think + + + align:start position:0% +generality if we elect to always think +of the right hand side as having just + + align:start position:0% +of the right hand side as having just + + + align:start position:0% +of the right hand side as having just +one term because if it's a sum of terms + + align:start position:0% +one term because if it's a sum of terms + + + align:start position:0% +one term because if it's a sum of terms +we can solve the problem separately one + + align:start position:0% +we can solve the problem separately one + + + align:start position:0% +we can solve the problem separately one +for each term on the right hand side and + + align:start position:0% +for each term on the right hand side and + + + align:start position:0% +for each term on the right hand side and +then just add the answers up okay now + + align:start position:0% +then just add the answers up okay now + + + align:start position:0% +then just add the answers up okay now +let me come to an example that illust + + align:start position:0% +let me come to an example that illust + + + align:start position:0% +let me come to an example that illust +rates just a little bit of a pitfall and + + align:start position:0% +rates just a little bit of a pitfall and + + + align:start position:0% +rates just a little bit of a pitfall and +I think that it's one that's worth + + align:start position:0% +I think that it's one that's worth + + + align:start position:0% +I think that it's one that's worth +falling into let's now take the problem + + align:start position:0% +falling into let's now take the problem + + + align:start position:0% +falling into let's now take the problem +why Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y = e to X + + align:start position:0% +why Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y = e to X + + + align:start position:0% +why Prime - 4 y Prime + 3 y = e to X +that doesn't look appreciably different + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't look appreciably different + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't look appreciably different +than example number one let's try the + + align:start position:0% +than example number one let's try the + + + align:start position:0% +than example number one let's try the +same kind of a solution in fact it looks + + align:start position:0% +same kind of a solution in fact it looks + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of a solution in fact it looks +even easier than example one because in + + align:start position:0% +even easier than example one because in + + + align:start position:0% +even easier than example one because in +example one the right hand side was e to + + align:start position:0% +example one the right hand side was e to + + + align:start position:0% +example one the right hand side was e to +the 5x this is just simply e to the x uh + + align:start position:0% +the 5x this is just simply e to the x uh + + + align:start position:0% +the 5x this is just simply e to the x uh +this one looks even easier to handle + + align:start position:0% +this one looks even easier to handle + + + align:start position:0% +this one looks even easier to handle +namely notice that since the D itive of + + align:start position:0% +namely notice that since the D itive of + + + align:start position:0% +namely notice that since the D itive of +e to X is still e to X that if we try + + align:start position:0% +e to X is still e to X that if we try + + + align:start position:0% +e to X is still e to X that if we try +for a solution in the form y subpal a e + + align:start position:0% +for a solution in the form y subpal a e + + + align:start position:0% +for a solution in the form y subpal a e +to X then y p Prime and Y PP Prime are + + align:start position:0% +to X then y p Prime and Y PP Prime are + + + align:start position:0% +to X then y p Prime and Y PP Prime are +also just a e to the X therefore let's + + align:start position:0% +also just a e to the X therefore let's + + + align:start position:0% +also just a e to the X therefore let's +replace y y Prime and Y Prime by a e to + + align:start position:0% +replace y y Prime and Y Prime by a e to + + + align:start position:0% +replace y y Prime and Y Prime by a e to +the X we can then factor out an e to the + + align:start position:0% +the X we can then factor out an e to the + + + align:start position:0% +the X we can then factor out an e to the +X and what's left over here we have an a + + align:start position:0% +X and what's left over here we have an a + + + align:start position:0% +X and what's left over here we have an a +- 4 a + 3 a and on the right hand side e + + align:start position:0% +- 4 a + 3 a and on the right hand side e + + + align:start position:0% +- 4 a + 3 a and on the right hand side e +to the X now look at this bracketed + + align:start position:0% +to the X now look at this bracketed + + + align:start position:0% +to the X now look at this bracketed +expression a very very nasty thing has + + align:start position:0% +expression a very very nasty thing has + + + align:start position:0% +expression a very very nasty thing has +just happened notice that a - 4 a + 3 a + + align:start position:0% +just happened notice that a - 4 a + 3 a + + + align:start position:0% +just happened notice that a - 4 a + 3 a +for any constant a in fact for that + + align:start position:0% +for any constant a in fact for that + + + align:start position:0% +for any constant a in fact for that +matter for any variable a as long as a + + align:start position:0% +matter for any variable a as long as a + + + align:start position:0% +matter for any variable a as long as a +stays the same in all three Expressions + + align:start position:0% +stays the same in all three Expressions + + + align:start position:0% +stays the same in all three Expressions +the bracketed expression is identically + + align:start position:0% +the bracketed expression is identically + + + align:start position:0% +the bracketed expression is identically +zero and consequently this says that our + + align:start position:0% +zero and consequently this says that our + + + align:start position:0% +zero and consequently this says that our +left hand side must be zero our right + + align:start position:0% +left hand side must be zero our right + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side must be zero our right +hand side must be identically e to the X + + align:start position:0% +hand side must be identically e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +hand side must be identically e to the X +this is impossible first of all e to the + + align:start position:0% +this is impossible first of all e to the + + + align:start position:0% +this is impossible first of all e to the +X cannot be identically zero e to the X + + align:start position:0% +X cannot be identically zero e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +X cannot be identically zero e to the X +in fact is never equal to zero for any + + align:start position:0% +in fact is never equal to zero for any + + + align:start position:0% +in fact is never equal to zero for any +real value of x and secondly it appears + + align:start position:0% +real value of x and secondly it appears + + + align:start position:0% +real value of x and secondly it appears +that our undetermined coefficient a has + + align:start position:0% +that our undetermined coefficient a has + + + align:start position:0% +that our undetermined coefficient a has +disappeared completely from the equation + + align:start position:0% +disappeared completely from the equation + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared completely from the equation +what went wrong here that didn't go + + align:start position:0% +what went wrong here that didn't go + + + align:start position:0% +what went wrong here that didn't go +wrong in example one you may have + + align:start position:0% +wrong in example one you may have + + + align:start position:0% +wrong in example one you may have +recalled when we first started today's + + align:start position:0% +recalled when we first started today's + + + align:start position:0% +recalled when we first started today's +lecture I said that if F ofx was e to + + align:start position:0% +lecture I said that if F ofx was e to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I said that if F ofx was e to +the MX a reasonable trial solution was + + align:start position:0% +the MX a reasonable trial solution was + + + align:start position:0% +the MX a reasonable trial solution was +yal a e to the MX and emphasize that + + align:start position:0% +yal a e to the MX and emphasize that + + + align:start position:0% +yal a e to the MX and emphasize that +reasonable might not be good enough in + + align:start position:0% +reasonable might not be good enough in + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable might not be good enough in +certain tough cases what happened here + + align:start position:0% +certain tough cases what happened here + + + align:start position:0% +certain tough cases what happened here +was the very interesting fact that e to + + align:start position:0% +was the very interesting fact that e to + + + align:start position:0% +was the very interesting fact that e to +the X in other words the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +the X in other words the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +the X in other words the right hand side +of this equation happens to be a + + align:start position:0% +of this equation happens to be a + + + align:start position:0% +of this equation happens to be a +solution to the homogeneous equation + + align:start position:0% +solution to the homogeneous equation + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the homogeneous equation +remember that when we took the equation + + align:start position:0% +remember that when we took the equation + + + align:start position:0% +remember that when we took the equation +Y primeus 4 y Prime + 3 y = 0 we saw + + align:start position:0% +Y primeus 4 y Prime + 3 y = 0 we saw + + + align:start position:0% +Y primeus 4 y Prime + 3 y = 0 we saw +that two particular Solutions were e to + + align:start position:0% +that two particular Solutions were e to + + + align:start position:0% +that two particular Solutions were e to +the X see e to the X and e to the 3x + + align:start position:0% +the X see e to the X and e to the 3x + + + align:start position:0% +the X see e to the X and e to the 3x +consequently when we substituted in e to + + align:start position:0% +consequently when we substituted in e to + + + align:start position:0% +consequently when we substituted in e to +the X you know a e to the X on the left + + align:start position:0% +the X you know a e to the X on the left + + + align:start position:0% +the X you know a e to the X on the left +hand side here to see what was going to + + align:start position:0% +hand side here to see what was going to + + + align:start position:0% +hand side here to see what was going to +happen we should have known that that + + align:start position:0% +happen we should have known that that + + + align:start position:0% +happen we should have known that that +term was going to drop out why because L + + align:start position:0% +term was going to drop out why because L + + + align:start position:0% +term was going to drop out why because L +of e to the x is zero consequently by + + align:start position:0% +of e to the x is zero consequently by + + + align:start position:0% +of e to the x is zero consequently by +linearity L of a e to the x is also zero + + align:start position:0% +linearity L of a e to the x is also zero + + + align:start position:0% +linearity L of a e to the x is also zero +what were we really doing when we + + align:start position:0% +what were we really doing when we + + + align:start position:0% +what were we really doing when we +replaced y subp by a e to the X we were + + align:start position:0% +replaced y subp by a e to the X we were + + + align:start position:0% +replaced y subp by a e to the X we were +Computing L of a e to the X that's what + + align:start position:0% +Computing L of a e to the X that's what + + + align:start position:0% +Computing L of a e to the X that's what +we did in here when we computed this we + + align:start position:0% +we did in here when we computed this we + + + align:start position:0% +we did in here when we computed this we +were Computing L of a e to the X and we + + align:start position:0% +were Computing L of a e to the X and we + + + align:start position:0% +were Computing L of a e to the X and we +should have known that that was going to + + align:start position:0% +should have known that that was going to + + + align:start position:0% +should have known that that was going to +be zero we must be very very careful in + + align:start position:0% +be zero we must be very very careful in + + + align:start position:0% +be zero we must be very very careful in +other words this is the key point when + + align:start position:0% +other words this is the key point when + + + align:start position:0% +other words this is the key point when +we're given y prime plus 2 a y Prime + b + + align:start position:0% +we're given y prime plus 2 a y Prime + b + + + align:start position:0% +we're given y prime plus 2 a y Prime + b +y is some function of X where that + + align:start position:0% +y is some function of X where that + + + align:start position:0% +y is some function of X where that +function of X is not identically zero + + align:start position:0% +function of X is not identically zero + + + align:start position:0% +function of X is not identically zero +that when we look for the trial solution + + align:start position:0% +that when we look for the trial solution + + + align:start position:0% +that when we look for the trial solution +we must make sure that f ofx is not a + + align:start position:0% +we must make sure that f ofx is not a + + + align:start position:0% +we must make sure that f ofx is not a +particular solution of the homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of the homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution of the homogeneous +equation in other words given this the + + align:start position:0% +equation in other words given this the + + + align:start position:0% +equation in other words given this the +safest thing to do is to first solve the + + align:start position:0% +safest thing to do is to first solve the + + + align:start position:0% +safest thing to do is to first solve the +homogeneous equation see solve this one + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation see solve this one + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation see solve this one +first then proceed is use usual if L of + + align:start position:0% +first then proceed is use usual if L of + + + align:start position:0% +first then proceed is use usual if L of +f ofx is not zero in other words if the + + align:start position:0% +f ofx is not zero in other words if the + + + align:start position:0% +f ofx is not zero in other words if the +right hand side is not a particular + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is not a particular + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is not a particular +solution of the homogeneous equation + + align:start position:0% +solution of the homogeneous equation + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the homogeneous equation +proceed as usual that means the way we + + align:start position:0% +proceed as usual that means the way we + + + align:start position:0% +proceed as usual that means the way we +did it in examples 1 through 4 but if L + + align:start position:0% +did it in examples 1 through 4 but if L + + + align:start position:0% +did it in examples 1 through 4 but if L +of f of x is zero certainly replacing + + align:start position:0% +of f of x is zero certainly replacing + + + align:start position:0% +of f of x is zero certainly replacing +the trial solution as being some + + align:start position:0% +the trial solution as being some + + + align:start position:0% +the trial solution as being some +constant time F of X that's not going to + + align:start position:0% +constant time F of X that's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +constant time F of X that's not going to +give us anything the a will drop out + + align:start position:0% +give us anything the a will drop out + + + align:start position:0% +give us anything the a will drop out +there what we're saying is what given + + align:start position:0% +there what we're saying is what given + + + align:start position:0% +there what we're saying is what given +whatever trial solution you you would + + align:start position:0% +whatever trial solution you you would + + + align:start position:0% +whatever trial solution you you would +have tried if you didn't know that this + + align:start position:0% +have tried if you didn't know that this + + + align:start position:0% +have tried if you didn't know that this +was Zero replace that by x times that + + align:start position:0% +was Zero replace that by x times that + + + align:start position:0% +was Zero replace that by x times that +trial solution and that we'll explain in + + align:start position:0% +trial solution and that we'll explain in + + + align:start position:0% +trial solution and that we'll explain in +the course of the exercises but the + + align:start position:0% +the course of the exercises but the + + + align:start position:0% +the course of the exercises but the +mechanics are similar to what happened + + align:start position:0% +mechanics are similar to what happened + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics are similar to what happened +in the lecture of last time when we got + + align:start position:0% +in the lecture of last time when we got + + + align:start position:0% +in the lecture of last time when we got +a repeated rout when we said that one of + + align:start position:0% +a repeated rout when we said that one of + + + align:start position:0% +a repeated rout when we said that one of +the roots was e to the RX and the other + + align:start position:0% +the roots was e to the RX and the other + + + align:start position:0% +the roots was e to the RX and the other +one was x e to the RX in other words + + align:start position:0% +one was x e to the RX in other words + + + align:start position:0% +one was x e to the RX in other words +quite mechanically whenever the right + + align:start position:0% +quite mechanically whenever the right + + + align:start position:0% +quite mechanically whenever the right +hand side of the equation satisfies the + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation satisfies the + + + align:start position:0% +hand side of the equation satisfies the +homogeneous equation replace the trial + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation replace the trial + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation replace the trial +solution that you would have used by the + + align:start position:0% +solution that you would have used by the + + + align:start position:0% +solution that you would have used by the +trial solution multiplied by X in + + align:start position:0% +trial solution multiplied by X in + + + align:start position:0% +trial solution multiplied by X in +regards to example five where we first + + align:start position:0% +regards to example five where we first + + + align:start position:0% +regards to example five where we first +ran into this mess right over here what + + align:start position:0% +ran into this mess right over here what + + + align:start position:0% +ran into this mess right over here what +we're saying is if we had solved the + + align:start position:0% +we're saying is if we had solved the + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying is if we had solved the +homogeneous equation first we would have + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation first we would have + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation first we would have +noticed right away that e to the X was a + + align:start position:0% +noticed right away that e to the X was a + + + align:start position:0% +noticed right away that e to the X was a +solution of the reduced equation in + + align:start position:0% +solution of the reduced equation in + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the reduced equation in +which case we would not have tried a e + + align:start position:0% +which case we would not have tried a e + + + align:start position:0% +which case we would not have tried a e +to the X as a Tri solution but rather a + + align:start position:0% +to the X as a Tri solution but rather a + + + align:start position:0% +to the X as a Tri solution but rather a +x e to + + align:start position:0% +x e to + + + align:start position:0% +x e to +X I leave the details out because + + align:start position:0% +X I leave the details out because + + + align:start position:0% +X I leave the details out because +they're very easy for you to verify we + + align:start position:0% +they're very easy for you to verify we + + + align:start position:0% +they're very easy for you to verify we +will have homework problems similar to + + align:start position:0% +will have homework problems similar to + + + align:start position:0% +will have homework problems similar to +this and if you wish you can verify this + + align:start position:0% +this and if you wish you can verify this + + + align:start position:0% +this and if you wish you can verify this +for yourself now otherwise we'll do + + align:start position:0% +for yourself now otherwise we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +for yourself now otherwise we'll do +problems like this in the exercises but + + align:start position:0% +problems like this in the exercises but + + + align:start position:0% +problems like this in the exercises but +to actually check that if you try y subp + + align:start position:0% +to actually check that if you try y subp + + + align:start position:0% +to actually check that if you try y subp +to be a x e to the x that we actually do + + align:start position:0% +to be a x e to the x that we actually do + + + align:start position:0% +to be a x e to the x that we actually do +find a value for a here by the way do + + align:start position:0% +find a value for a here by the way do + + + align:start position:0% +find a value for a here by the way do +not say do I try ax e to X plus + + align:start position:0% +not say do I try ax e to X plus + + + align:start position:0% +not say do I try ax e to X plus +something time e to X itself because + + align:start position:0% +something time e to X itself because + + + align:start position:0% +something time e to X itself because +after all I can wind up with an e to the + + align:start position:0% +after all I can wind up with an e to the + + + align:start position:0% +after all I can wind up with an e to the +X term by starting with an e to the X + + align:start position:0% +X term by starting with an e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +X term by starting with an e to the X +term the answer is that as soon as you + + align:start position:0% +term the answer is that as soon as you + + + align:start position:0% +term the answer is that as soon as you +tack on a term like b e to the x that + + align:start position:0% +tack on a term like b e to the x that + + + align:start position:0% +tack on a term like b e to the x that +when you take L of that that whole term + + align:start position:0% +when you take L of that that whole term + + + align:start position:0% +when you take L of that that whole term +is going to drop out because e to the X + + align:start position:0% +is going to drop out because e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +is going to drop out because e to the X +was a solution of the homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +was a solution of the homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +was a solution of the homogeneous +equation so this is the only term that + + align:start position:0% +equation so this is the only term that + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this is the only term that +you try in the solution all right now + + align:start position:0% +you try in the solution all right now + + + align:start position:0% +you try in the solution all right now +the last example and this is one that we + + align:start position:0% +the last example and this is one that we + + + align:start position:0% +the last example and this is one that we +will not solve now not because we don't + + align:start position:0% +will not solve now not because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +will not solve now not because we don't +have the time but because we can't and + + align:start position:0% +have the time but because we can't and + + + align:start position:0% +have the time but because we can't and +the reason that we can't is simply this + + align:start position:0% +the reason that we can't is simply this + + + align:start position:0% +the reason that we can't is simply this +I asked you to find a particular + + align:start position:0% +I asked you to find a particular + + + align:start position:0% +I asked you to find a particular +solution of the equation Y Prime + y + + align:start position:0% +solution of the equation Y Prime + y + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the equation Y Prime + y +equals secant x + + align:start position:0% +equals secant x + + + align:start position:0% +equals secant x +notice the homogeneous equation Y Prime + + align:start position:0% +notice the homogeneous equation Y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +notice the homogeneous equation Y Prime ++ yal 0 is very easy for us to solve + + align:start position:0% ++ yal 0 is very easy for us to solve + + + align:start position:0% ++ yal 0 is very easy for us to solve +namely it's y = C1 sinx plus C2 cosine x + + align:start position:0% +namely it's y = C1 sinx plus C2 cosine x + + + align:start position:0% +namely it's y = C1 sinx plus C2 cosine x +no trouble with the homogeneous case the + + align:start position:0% +no trouble with the homogeneous case the + + + align:start position:0% +no trouble with the homogeneous case the +problem is that the right hand side here + + align:start position:0% +problem is that the right hand side here + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that the right hand side here +is not of one of the three types that we + + align:start position:0% +is not of one of the three types that we + + + align:start position:0% +is not of one of the three types that we +talked about try to find all the + + align:start position:0% +talked about try to find all the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about try to find all the +functions whose derivatives can lead to + + align:start position:0% +functions whose derivatives can lead to + + + align:start position:0% +functions whose derivatives can lead to +secant x it's an impossible task there + + align:start position:0% +secant x it's an impossible task there + + + align:start position:0% +secant x it's an impossible task there +are infinitely many functions that one + + align:start position:0% +are infinitely many functions that one + + + align:start position:0% +are infinitely many functions that one +can find combinations of whose + + align:start position:0% +can find combinations of whose + + + align:start position:0% +can find combinations of whose +derivative yields C secant x in other + + align:start position:0% +derivative yields C secant x in other + + + align:start position:0% +derivative yields C secant x in other +words this particular method that I did + + align:start position:0% +words this particular method that I did + + + align:start position:0% +words this particular method that I did +for you today which is not in the text + + align:start position:0% +for you today which is not in the text + + + align:start position:0% +for you today which is not in the text +but which I felt was important needs to + + align:start position:0% +but which I felt was important needs to + + + align:start position:0% +but which I felt was important needs to +have two things going for it one is that + + align:start position:0% +have two things going for it one is that + + + align:start position:0% +have two things going for it one is that +on the left hand side of the linear + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side of the linear +equation there must be constant + + align:start position:0% +equation there must be constant + + + align:start position:0% +equation there must be constant +coefficients and the other is even if + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and the other is even if + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and the other is even if +the coefficients are constant the right + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients are constant the right + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients are constant the right +hand side must belong to one of the + + align:start position:0% +hand side must belong to one of the + + + align:start position:0% +hand side must belong to one of the +three families e to the MX cosine MX or + + align:start position:0% +three families e to the MX cosine MX or + + + align:start position:0% +three families e to the MX cosine MX or +sin MX or x to the m power now a more + + align:start position:0% +sin MX or x to the m power now a more + + + align:start position:0% +sin MX or x to the m power now a more +General method which is called the + + align:start position:0% +General method which is called the + + + align:start position:0% +General method which is called the +method of variation of parameters allows + + align:start position:0% +method of variation of parameters allows + + + align:start position:0% +method of variation of parameters allows +the left hand side to + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side to + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side to +have variable coefficients it allows the + + align:start position:0% +have variable coefficients it allows the + + + align:start position:0% +have variable coefficients it allows the +right hand side to be an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +right hand side to be an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side to be an arbitrary +function of X and the price that we pay + + align:start position:0% +function of X and the price that we pay + + + align:start position:0% +function of X and the price that we pay +for this nice general formula is the + + align:start position:0% +for this nice general formula is the + + + align:start position:0% +for this nice general formula is the +fact that it's a messy thing both from a + + align:start position:0% +fact that it's a messy thing both from a + + + align:start position:0% +fact that it's a messy thing both from a +practical point of view to apply and + + align:start position:0% +practical point of view to apply and + + + align:start position:0% +practical point of view to apply and +from a theoretical point of view to + + align:start position:0% +from a theoretical point of view to + + + align:start position:0% +from a theoretical point of view to +justify but that is what we'll be + + align:start position:0% +justify but that is what we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +justify but that is what we'll be +talking about next time and that will be + + align:start position:0% +talking about next time and that will be + + + align:start position:0% +talking about next time and that will be +the lecture that corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +the lecture that corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture that corresponds to the +material in the book you see in the text + + align:start position:0% +material in the book you see in the text + + + align:start position:0% +material in the book you see in the text +and until next time what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +and until next time what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +and until next time what we want to do +is just drill on undetermined + + align:start position:0% +is just drill on undetermined + + + align:start position:0% +is just drill on undetermined +coefficients in the particular case + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in the particular case + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in the particular case +where they have happen to be applicable + + align:start position:0% +where they have happen to be applicable + + + align:start position:0% +where they have happen to be applicable +at any rate then until next time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goodbye funding for the publication of + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of + + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella +and Paul rosenbom + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom + + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide +free and open access to MIT courses by + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by + + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by +making a donation at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu/donate \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fV3v6qQ3w4A.txt b/fV3v6qQ3w4A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..095d6c09f94f9eb8779489e658f1070af546ec28 --- /dev/null +++ b/fV3v6qQ3w4A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the well ordering principle is one of + + align:start position:0% +the well ordering principle is one of + + + align:start position:0% +the well ordering principle is one of +those facts in mathematics that's so + + align:start position:0% +those facts in mathematics that's so + + + align:start position:0% +those facts in mathematics that's so +obvious that you hardly notice it and + + align:start position:0% +obvious that you hardly notice it and + + + align:start position:0% +obvious that you hardly notice it and +the objective of this brief introduction + + align:start position:0% +the objective of this brief introduction + + + align:start position:0% +the objective of this brief introduction +is to call your attention to it um we've + + align:start position:0% +is to call your attention to it um we've + + + align:start position:0% +is to call your attention to it um we've +actually used it already and in + + align:start position:0% +actually used it already and in + + + align:start position:0% +actually used it already and in +subsequent segments of this presentation + + align:start position:0% +subsequent segments of this presentation + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent segments of this presentation +we'll show lots of applications of + + align:start position:0% +we'll show lots of applications of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll show lots of applications of +it so here's a statement of the well + + align:start position:0% +it so here's a statement of the well + + + align:start position:0% +it so here's a statement of the well +ordering principle every non-empty set + + align:start position:0% +ordering principle every non-empty set + + + align:start position:0% +ordering principle every non-empty set +of non- negative integers has a least + + align:start position:0% +of non- negative integers has a least + + + align:start position:0% +of non- negative integers has a least +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +now this is probably familiar maybe you + + align:start position:0% +now this is probably familiar maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +now this is probably familiar maybe you +haven't even thought about it but now + + align:start position:0% +haven't even thought about it but now + + + align:start position:0% +haven't even thought about it but now +that I mentioned it I expect it's a + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned it I expect it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned it I expect it's a +familiar idea and it's pretty obvious + + align:start position:0% +familiar idea and it's pretty obvious + + + align:start position:0% +familiar idea and it's pretty obvious +too if you think about it for a minute + + align:start position:0% +too if you think about it for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +too if you think about it for a minute +here's a way to think about it um uh + + align:start position:0% +here's a way to think about it um uh + + + align:start position:0% +here's a way to think about it um uh +given a non-empty set of integers you + + align:start position:0% +given a non-empty set of integers you + + + align:start position:0% +given a non-empty set of integers you +could ask is zero the least element in + + align:start position:0% +could ask is zero the least element in + + + align:start position:0% +could ask is zero the least element in +it well if it is then you're done then + + align:start position:0% +it well if it is then you're done then + + + align:start position:0% +it well if it is then you're done then +you could say is one the least element + + align:start position:0% +you could say is one the least element + + + align:start position:0% +you could say is one the least element +in it and if it is you're done and if it + + align:start position:0% +in it and if it is you're done and if it + + + align:start position:0% +in it and if it is you're done and if it +isn't you could say two is is to the + + align:start position:0% +isn't you could say two is is to the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't you could say two is is to the +least element and so on + + align:start position:0% +least element and so on + + + align:start position:0% +least element and so on +given that it's not empty eventually + + align:start position:0% +given that it's not empty eventually + + + align:start position:0% +given that it's not empty eventually +you're going to hit the least element so + + align:start position:0% +you're going to hit the least element so + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to hit the least element so +if it wasn't obvious before there's + + align:start position:0% +if it wasn't obvious before there's + + + align:start position:0% +if it wasn't obvious before there's +something of a hand waving proof of it + + align:start position:0% +something of a hand waving proof of it + + + align:start position:0% +something of a hand waving proof of it +but I want to get you to think about + + align:start position:0% +but I want to get you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +but I want to get you to think about +this well ordering principle a little + + align:start position:0% +this well ordering principle a little + + + align:start position:0% +this well ordering principle a little +bit because it's + + align:start position:0% +bit because it's + + + align:start position:0% +bit because it's +not there are some technical parts of it + + align:start position:0% +not there are some technical parts of it + + + align:start position:0% +not there are some technical parts of it +that matter + + align:start position:0% +that matter + + + align:start position:0% +that matter +so for example suppose I replaced non- + + align:start position:0% +so for example suppose I replaced non- + + + align:start position:0% +so for example suppose I replaced non- +negative integers by non- negative + + align:start position:0% +negative integers by non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers by non- negative +rationals and I asked does every set non + + align:start position:0% +rationals and I asked does every set non + + + align:start position:0% +rationals and I asked does every set non +empty set of non- negative rationals + + align:start position:0% +empty set of non- negative rationals + + + align:start position:0% +empty set of non- negative rationals +have a least element well there is a + + align:start position:0% +have a least element well there is a + + + align:start position:0% +have a least element well there is a +least non- negative rational namely + + align:start position:0% +least non- negative rational namely + + + align:start position:0% +least non- negative rational namely +zero but not every non- negative set of + + align:start position:0% +zero but not every non- negative set of + + + align:start position:0% +zero but not every non- negative set of +rationals has a least element I'll let + + align:start position:0% +rationals has a least element I'll let + + + align:start position:0% +rationals has a least element I'll let +you think of an + + align:start position:0% +you think of an + + + align:start position:0% +you think of an +example uh another variant is when + + align:start position:0% +example uh another variant is when + + + align:start position:0% +example uh another variant is when +instead of talking about the non- + + align:start position:0% +instead of talking about the non- + + + align:start position:0% +instead of talking about the non- +negative integers I just talk about all + + align:start position:0% +negative integers I just talk about all + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers I just talk about all +the integers is there a least integer + + align:start position:0% +the integers is there a least integer + + + align:start position:0% +the integers is there a least integer +well no obviously because minus one's + + align:start position:0% +well no obviously because minus one's + + + align:start position:0% +well no obviously because minus one's +not the least and minus two is not the + + align:start position:0% +not the least and minus two is not the + + + align:start position:0% +not the least and minus two is not the +least and there isn't any least + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integer we take for granted the well + + align:start position:0% +integer we take for granted the well + + + align:start position:0% +integer we take for granted the well +ordering principle just all the time if + + align:start position:0% +ordering principle just all the time if + + + align:start position:0% +ordering principle just all the time if +I ask you what was the youngest age of + + align:start position:0% +I ask you what was the youngest age of + + + align:start position:0% +I ask you what was the youngest age of +an MIT graduate well you wouldn't for a + + align:start position:0% +an MIT graduate well you wouldn't for a + + + align:start position:0% +an MIT graduate well you wouldn't for a +moment wonder whether there was a + + align:start position:0% +moment wonder whether there was a + + + align:start position:0% +moment wonder whether there was a +youngest age and if I asked you for the + + align:start position:0% +youngest age and if I asked you for the + + + align:start position:0% +youngest age and if I asked you for the +smallest number of neurons in any animal + + align:start position:0% +smallest number of neurons in any animal + + + align:start position:0% +smallest number of neurons in any animal +you wouldn't wonder whether there was or + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't wonder whether there was or + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't wonder whether there was or +wasn't a smallest number of neurons we + + align:start position:0% +wasn't a smallest number of neurons we + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't a smallest number of neurons we +may not know what it is but they're + + align:start position:0% +may not know what it is but they're + + + align:start position:0% +may not know what it is but they're +surely a smallest number of neurons cuz + + align:start position:0% +surely a smallest number of neurons cuz + + + align:start position:0% +surely a smallest number of neurons cuz +neurons are non- negative integers and + + align:start position:0% +neurons are non- negative integers and + + + align:start position:0% +neurons are non- negative integers and +finally if I ask you what was the + + align:start position:0% +finally if I ask you what was the + + + align:start position:0% +finally if I ask you what was the +smallest number of US coins that could + + align:start position:0% +smallest number of US coins that could + + + align:start position:0% +smallest number of US coins that could +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +a17 again we don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +a17 again we don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +a17 again we don't have to worry about +existence because the well ordering + + align:start position:0% +existence because the well ordering + + + align:start position:0% +existence because the well ordering +principle knocks that off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +immediately now for the remainder of + + align:start position:0% +immediately now for the remainder of + + + align:start position:0% +immediately now for the remainder of +this talk I'm going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +this talk I'm going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +this talk I'm going to be talking about +the non- negative integers always uh + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers always uh + + + align:start position:0% +the non- negative integers always uh +unless I explicitly say otherwise so I'm + + align:start position:0% +unless I explicitly say otherwise so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +unless I explicitly say otherwise so I'm +just going to use the word number to + + align:start position:0% +just going to use the word number to + + + align:start position:0% +just going to use the word number to +mean non- negative integer there's a + + align:start position:0% +mean non- negative integer there's a + + + align:start position:0% +mean non- negative integer there's a +standard mathematical symbol that we use + + align:start position:0% +standard mathematical symbol that we use + + + align:start position:0% +standard mathematical symbol that we use +to denote the non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +to denote the non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +to denote the non- negative integers +it's uh that letter N at the top of the + + align:start position:0% +it's uh that letter N at the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh that letter N at the top of the +slide with a double with a diagonal + + align:start position:0% +slide with a double with a diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +slide with a double with a diagonal +double bar um these are sometimes called + + align:start position:0% +double bar um these are sometimes called + + + align:start position:0% +double bar um these are sometimes called +the natural numbers but I've never been + + align:start position:0% +the natural numbers but I've never been + + + align:start position:0% +the natural numbers but I've never been +able to understand or figure out whether + + align:start position:0% +able to understand or figure out whether + + + align:start position:0% +able to understand or figure out whether +zero is natural or not so we don't use + + align:start position:0% +zero is natural or not so we don't use + + + align:start position:0% +zero is natural or not so we don't use +that phrase We zero is included in N the + + align:start position:0% +that phrase We zero is included in N the + + + align:start position:0% +that phrase We zero is included in N the +non- negative integers and that's what + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and that's what +we call them in this + + align:start position:0% +we call them in this + + + align:start position:0% +we call them in this +class now I want to point out that we've + + align:start position:0% +class now I want to point out that we've + + + align:start position:0% +class now I want to point out that we've +actually used the well ordering + + align:start position:0% +actually used the well ordering + + + align:start position:0% +actually used the well ordering +principle already without maybe not + + align:start position:0% +principle already without maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +principle already without maybe not +noticing it even in the proof that the + + align:start position:0% +noticing it even in the proof that the + + + align:start position:0% +noticing it even in the proof that the +square root of two was not rational that + + align:start position:0% +square root of two was not rational that + + + align:start position:0% +square root of two was not rational that +proof began by saying suppose the square + + align:start position:0% +proof began by saying suppose the square + + + align:start position:0% +proof began by saying suppose the square +root of two was rational that is it was + + align:start position:0% +root of two was rational that is it was + + + align:start position:0% +root of two was rational that is it was +a quotient of integers M over + + align:start position:0% +a quotient of integers M over + + + align:start position:0% +a quotient of integers M over +n and the remark was that you can always + + align:start position:0% +n and the remark was that you can always + + + align:start position:0% +n and the remark was that you can always +express a fraction like that in lowest + + align:start position:0% +express a fraction like that in lowest + + + align:start position:0% +express a fraction like that in lowest +terms more precisely you can always find + + align:start position:0% +terms more precisely you can always find + + + align:start position:0% +terms more precisely you can always find +positive numbers M and N without common + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers M and N without common + + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers M and N without common +factors such that the < TK of two equals + + align:start position:0% +factors such that the < TK of two equals + + + align:start position:0% +factors such that the < TK of two equals +m/ n if there's any fraction equal to + + align:start position:0% +m/ n if there's any fraction equal to + + + align:start position:0% +m/ n if there's any fraction equal to +the < TK of two uh then there's a lowest + + align:start position:0% +the < TK of two uh then there's a lowest + + + align:start position:0% +the < TK of two uh then there's a lowest +terms fraction m/n with no common + + align:start position:0% +terms fraction m/n with no common + + + align:start position:0% +terms fraction m/n with no common +factors so now we can use well ordering + + align:start position:0% +factors so now we can use well ordering + + + align:start position:0% +factors so now we can use well ordering +to come up with a simple and uh and uh + + align:start position:0% +to come up with a simple and uh and uh + + + align:start position:0% +to come up with a simple and uh and uh +hopefully very clear and convincing + + align:start position:0% +hopefully very clear and convincing + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully very clear and convincing +argument for why every fraction can be + + align:start position:0% +argument for why every fraction can be + + + align:start position:0% +argument for why every fraction can be +expressed in lowest terms in particular + + align:start position:0% +expressed in lowest terms in particular + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in lowest terms in particular +let's look at numbers M and N such that + + align:start position:0% +let's look at numbers M and N such that + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at numbers M and N such that +the square root of 2 is equal to m m/ n + + align:start position:0% +the square root of 2 is equal to m m/ n + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of 2 is equal to m m/ n +that fraction and let's just choose the + + align:start position:0% +that fraction and let's just choose the + + + align:start position:0% +that fraction and let's just choose the +smallest numerator that works try find + + align:start position:0% +smallest numerator that works try find + + + align:start position:0% +smallest numerator that works try find +the smallest numerator M such that 2 is + + align:start position:0% +the smallest numerator M such that 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +the smallest numerator M such that 2 is +equal to m/ n well I claim that that + + align:start position:0% +equal to m/ n well I claim that that + + + align:start position:0% +equal to m/ n well I claim that that +fraction which uses the smallest + + align:start position:0% +fraction which uses the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +fraction which uses the smallest +possible numerator has got to be in + + align:start position:0% +possible numerator has got to be in + + + align:start position:0% +possible numerator has got to be in +lowest terms because suppose that M and + + align:start position:0% +lowest terms because suppose that M and + + + align:start position:0% +lowest terms because suppose that M and +N had a common factor C that was greater + + align:start position:0% +N had a common factor C that was greater + + + align:start position:0% +N had a common factor C that was greater +than one a real common + + align:start position:0% +than one a real common + + + align:start position:0% +than one a real common +factor then you could replace m/n by m/ + + align:start position:0% +factor then you could replace m/n by m/ + + + align:start position:0% +factor then you could replace m/n by m/ +C the numerator is a smaller numerator + + align:start position:0% +C the numerator is a smaller numerator + + + align:start position:0% +C the numerator is a smaller numerator +that's still in integer and n/ C the + + align:start position:0% +that's still in integer and n/ C the + + + align:start position:0% +that's still in integer and n/ C the +denominator is still an integer and we + + align:start position:0% +denominator is still an integer and we + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is still an integer and we +have a numerator that's smaller than M + + align:start position:0% +have a numerator that's smaller than M + + + align:start position:0% +have a numerator that's smaller than M +contradicting the way that we chose m in + + align:start position:0% +contradicting the way that we chose m in + + + align:start position:0% +contradicting the way that we chose m in +the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +place and this contradiction of course + + align:start position:0% +place and this contradiction of course + + + align:start position:0% +place and this contradiction of course +implies that M andn have no common + + align:start position:0% +implies that M andn have no common + + + align:start position:0% +implies that M andn have no common +factors and therefore as claimed m/n is + + align:start position:0% +factors and therefore as claimed m/n is + + + align:start position:0% +factors and therefore as claimed m/n is +in lowest terms and of course the way I + + align:start position:0% +in lowest terms and of course the way I + + + align:start position:0% +in lowest terms and of course the way I +formulated this was for our application + + align:start position:0% +formulated this was for our application + + + align:start position:0% +formulated this was for our application +of the fraction that was equal to the + + align:start position:0% +of the fraction that was equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +of the fraction that was equal to the +square of two but this proof actually + + align:start position:0% +square of two but this proof actually + + + align:start position:0% +square of two but this proof actually +shows that any rational number any + + align:start position:0% +shows that any rational number any + + + align:start position:0% +shows that any rational number any +fraction can be expressed in lowest + + align:start position:0% +fraction can be expressed in lowest + + + align:start position:0% +fraction can be expressed in lowest +terms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fWCGM2auQPs.txt b/fWCGM2auQPs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4d569d7b1d7dae13fe8d89781f37a23b70cd600 --- /dev/null +++ b/fWCGM2auQPs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so local picture so it's all about + + align:start position:0% +okay so local picture so it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so local picture so it's all about +getting inside into how the wave + + align:start position:0% +getting inside into how the wave + + + align:start position:0% +getting inside into how the wave +function looks that we would need to get + + align:start position:0% +function looks that we would need to get + + + align:start position:0% +function looks that we would need to get +this comments that will be pretty useful + + align:start position:0% +this comments that will be pretty useful + + + align:start position:0% +this comments that will be pretty useful +from this equation you have one overt + + align:start position:0% +from this equation you have one overt + + + align:start position:0% +from this equation you have one overt +side these second side the x squared is + + align:start position:0% +side these second side the x squared is + + + align:start position:0% +side these second side the x squared is +minus 2m over H squared e minus V of X + + align:start position:0% +minus 2m over H squared e minus V of X + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2m over H squared e minus V of X +look how I wrote it I put the side back + + align:start position:0% +look how I wrote it I put the side back + + + align:start position:0% +look how I wrote it I put the side back +here and that's useful now there's a + + align:start position:0% +here and that's useful now there's a + + + align:start position:0% +here and that's useful now there's a +whole lot of discussion in many + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of discussion in many + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of discussion in many +textbooks about how the wave function + + align:start position:0% +textbooks about how the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks about how the wave function +looks and they say concave or convex but + + align:start position:0% +looks and they say concave or convex but + + + align:start position:0% +looks and they say concave or convex but +it depends let's try to make it very + + align:start position:0% +it depends let's try to make it very + + + align:start position:0% +it depends let's try to make it very +clear how the wave function looks for + + align:start position:0% +clear how the wave function looks for + + + align:start position:0% +clear how the wave function looks for +this we need two regions so the first + + align:start position:0% +this we need two regions so the first + + + align:start position:0% +this we need two regions so the first +case a is when the energy minus V of X + + align:start position:0% +case a is when the energy minus V of X + + + align:start position:0% +case a is when the energy minus V of X +energy minus V of X is less than zero + + align:start position:0% +energy minus V of X is less than zero + + + align:start position:0% +energy minus V of X is less than zero +the energy is less than V of X that's a + + align:start position:0% +the energy is less than V of X that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the energy is less than V of X that's a +forbidden region as you can see there so + + align:start position:0% +forbidden region as you can see there so + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden region as you can see there so +it's a classically forbidden not quantum + + align:start position:0% +it's a classically forbidden not quantum + + + align:start position:0% +it's a classically forbidden not quantum +mechanically for the classically + + align:start position:0% +mechanically for the classically + + + align:start position:0% +mechanically for the classically +forbidden + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what is the main thing about this + + align:start position:0% +what is the main thing about this + + + align:start position:0% +what is the main thing about this +classically forbidden region is that the + + align:start position:0% +classically forbidden region is that the + + + align:start position:0% +classically forbidden region is that the +right hand side of this equation is + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of this equation is + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of this equation is +positive now this gives you two + + align:start position:0% +positive now this gives you two + + + align:start position:0% +positive now this gives you two +possibilities it may be that sigh at + + align:start position:0% +possibilities it may be that sigh at + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities it may be that sigh at +some point is positive in which case the + + align:start position:0% +some point is positive in which case the + + + align:start position:0% +some point is positive in which case the +second side must also be positive + + align:start position:0% +second side must also be positive + + + align:start position:0% +second side must also be positive +because silently seconds I appear here + + align:start position:0% +because silently seconds I appear here + + + align:start position:0% +because silently seconds I appear here +if both are positive this is positive or + + align:start position:0% +if both are positive this is positive or + + + align:start position:0% +if both are positive this is positive or +it may be Kings to that side is negative + + align:start position:0% +it may be Kings to that side is negative + + + align:start position:0% +it may be Kings to that side is negative +and the second side the expert is also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well how do we plot this well you're at + + align:start position:0% +well how do we plot this well you're at + + + align:start position:0% +well how do we plot this well you're at +some point X and here it is a positive + + align:start position:0% +some point X and here it is a positive + + + align:start position:0% +some point X and here it is a positive +wave function seems to be one type of + + align:start position:0% +wave function seems to be one type of + + + align:start position:0% +wave function seems to be one type of +convexity and another type of convexity + + align:start position:0% +convexity and another type of convexity + + + align:start position:0% +convexity and another type of convexity +for a negative that's why people get a + + align:start position:0% +for a negative that's why people get a + + + align:start position:0% +for a negative that's why people get a +little confused about this there's a way + + align:start position:0% +little confused about this there's a way + + + align:start position:0% +little confused about this there's a way +to see it in a way that there is no + + align:start position:0% +to see it in a way that there is no + + + align:start position:0% +to see it in a way that there is no +confusion + + align:start position:0% +confusion + + + align:start position:0% +confusion +look at this it's positive second + + align:start position:0% +look at this it's positive second + + + align:start position:0% +look at this it's positive second +derivative positive when you think of a + + align:start position:0% +derivative positive when you think of a + + + align:start position:0% +derivative positive when you think of a +second derivative positive I think + + align:start position:0% +second derivative positive I think + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative positive I think +personally of a parabola going up so + + align:start position:0% +personally of a parabola going up so + + + align:start position:0% +personally of a parabola going up so +that's how it could look the wave + + align:start position:0% +that's how it could look the wave + + + align:start position:0% +that's how it could look the wave +function is positive up is all real when + + align:start position:0% +function is positive up is all real when + + + align:start position:0% +function is positive up is all real when +you're using the probe the thing will + + align:start position:0% +you're using the probe the thing will + + + align:start position:0% +you're using the probe the thing will +prove at the beginning of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +prove at the beginning of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +prove at the beginning of this lecture +you can work with real things all real + + align:start position:0% +you can work with real things all real + + + align:start position:0% +you can work with real things all real +so the wave from here is X and here + + align:start position:0% +so the wave from here is X and here + + + align:start position:0% +so the wave from here is X and here +negative and a negative opening parabola + + align:start position:0% +negative and a negative opening parabola + + + align:start position:0% +negative and a negative opening parabola +that's something like that so oh so nice + + align:start position:0% +that's something like that so oh so nice + + + align:start position:0% +that's something like that so oh so nice +so the wave function at any point could + + align:start position:0% +so the wave function at any point could + + + align:start position:0% +so the wave function at any point could +look like this if it's positive or it + + align:start position:0% +look like this if it's positive or it + + + align:start position:0% +look like this if it's positive or it +could look like this if it's negative so + + align:start position:0% +could look like this if it's negative so + + + align:start position:0% +could look like this if it's negative so +it doesn't look like both it's not + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't look like both it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't look like both it's not +double bad + + align:start position:0% +double bad + + + align:start position:0% +double bad +so either one or the other but this is + + align:start position:0% +so either one or the other but this is + + + align:start position:0% +so either one or the other but this is +easy to sing in words it is a shape that + + align:start position:0% +easy to sing in words it is a shape that + + + align:start position:0% +easy to sing in words it is a shape that +is convex towards the axis from the axis + + align:start position:0% +is convex towards the axis from the axis + + + align:start position:0% +is convex towards the axis from the axis +is convex here in context we're so + + align:start position:0% +is convex here in context we're so + + + align:start position:0% +is convex here in context we're so +convicts downwards now there is another + + align:start position:0% +convicts downwards now there is another + + + align:start position:0% +convicts downwards now there is another +possibility I want to just make sure you + + align:start position:0% +possibility I want to just make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +possibility I want to just make sure you +visualize this sometimes this looks + + align:start position:0% +visualize this sometimes this looks + + + align:start position:0% +visualize this sometimes this looks +funny doesn't mean actually the + + align:start position:0% +funny doesn't mean actually the + + + align:start position:0% +funny doesn't mean actually the +wavefunction can look like that but it's + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction can look like that but it's + + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction can look like that but it's +funny because of the following reason + + align:start position:0% +funny because of the following reason + + + align:start position:0% +funny because of the following reason +it's funny because if you imagine it + + align:start position:0% +it's funny because if you imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +it's funny because if you imagine it +going forever it doesn't make sense + + align:start position:0% +going forever it doesn't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +going forever it doesn't make sense +because you're in it classically + + align:start position:0% +because you're in it classically + + + align:start position:0% +because you're in it classically +forbidden region and the wave function + + align:start position:0% +forbidden region and the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden region and the wave function +becoming bigger and bigger is going to + + align:start position:0% +becoming bigger and bigger is going to + + + align:start position:0% +becoming bigger and bigger is going to +blow up + + align:start position:0% +blow up + + + align:start position:0% +blow up +so eventually something has to happen + + align:start position:0% +so eventually something has to happen + + + align:start position:0% +so eventually something has to happen +but it can't look like this + + align:start position:0% +but it can't look like this + + + align:start position:0% +but it can't look like this +so actually what happens is that when + + align:start position:0% +so actually what happens is that when + + + align:start position:0% +so actually what happens is that when +you're going to minus infinity here is X + + align:start position:0% +you're going to minus infinity here is X + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to minus infinity here is X +again is minus infinity it can look like + + align:start position:0% +again is minus infinity it can look like + + + align:start position:0% +again is minus infinity it can look like +this this is an example of this piece + + align:start position:0% +this this is an example of this piece + + + align:start position:0% +this this is an example of this piece +that is asymptoting and it's positively + + align:start position:0% +that is asymptoting and it's positively + + + align:start position:0% +that is asymptoting and it's positively +from the second derivative is positive + + align:start position:0% +from the second derivative is positive + + + align:start position:0% +from the second derivative is positive +or negative and the second derivative is + + align:start position:0% +or negative and the second derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +or negative and the second derivative is +negative so that's a left asymptote or + + align:start position:0% +negative so that's a left asymptote or + + + align:start position:0% +negative so that's a left asymptote or +you could have a right asymptote and it + + align:start position:0% +you could have a right asymptote and it + + + align:start position:0% +you could have a right asymptote and it +looks like this again second derivative + + align:start position:0% +looks like this again second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this again second derivative +positive positive we function second + + align:start position:0% +positive positive we function second + + + align:start position:0% +positive positive we function second +derivative negative negative wave + + align:start position:0% +derivative negative negative wave + + + align:start position:0% +derivative negative negative wave +function so you may find this at the + + align:start position:0% +function so you may find this at the + + + align:start position:0% +function so you may find this at the +middle of the potential but then + + align:start position:0% +middle of the potential but then + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the potential but then +eventually something has to take over or + + align:start position:0% +eventually something has to take over or + + + align:start position:0% +eventually something has to take over or +you may find this behavior or this + + align:start position:0% +you may find this behavior or this + + + align:start position:0% +you may find this behavior or this +behavior at plus minus infinity but in + + align:start position:0% +behavior at plus minus infinity but in + + + align:start position:0% +behavior at plus minus infinity but in +any case you are in a classically + + align:start position:0% +any case you are in a classically + + + align:start position:0% +any case you are in a classically +forbidden your convex towards the axis + + align:start position:0% +forbidden your convex towards the axis + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden your convex towards the axis +that's the thing you should remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the other hand we can be on the + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand we can be on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand we can be on the +classically allowed region + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's think of that any questions + + align:start position:0% +so let's think of that any questions + + + align:start position:0% +so let's think of that any questions +about the classically forbidden + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classically allow be e minus V of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allowed on the right hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +allowed on the right hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +allowed on the right hand side of the +equation is negative so you can have one + + align:start position:0% +equation is negative so you can have one + + + align:start position:0% +equation is negative so you can have one +side that is positive and the second + + align:start position:0% +side that is positive and the second + + + align:start position:0% +side that is positive and the second +derivative that is negative or two + + align:start position:0% +derivative that is negative or two + + + align:start position:0% +derivative that is negative or two +outside that is negative and the second + + align:start position:0% +outside that is negative and the second + + + align:start position:0% +outside that is negative and the second +derivative that is positive so how does + + align:start position:0% +derivative that is positive so how does + + + align:start position:0% +derivative that is positive so how does +that look well positive and the second + + align:start position:0% +that look well positive and the second + + + align:start position:0% +that look well positive and the second +derivative negative I think of some wave + + align:start position:0% +derivative negative I think of some wave + + + align:start position:0% +derivative negative I think of some wave +function is positive and negative is + + align:start position:0% +function is positive and negative is + + + align:start position:0% +function is positive and negative is +parabolic like that and then negative + + align:start position:0% +parabolic like that and then negative + + + align:start position:0% +parabolic like that and then negative +and second derivative positive it's + + align:start position:0% +and second derivative positive it's + + + align:start position:0% +and second derivative positive it's +possible to have this the wave function + + align:start position:0% +possible to have this the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +possible to have this the wave function +there it's negative about the second + + align:start position:0% +there it's negative about the second + + + align:start position:0% +there it's negative about the second +derivative is possible these things are + + align:start position:0% +derivative is possible these things are + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is possible these things are +not very good they're not very usable + + align:start position:0% +not very good they're not very usable + + + align:start position:0% +not very good they're not very usable +asymptotically because you know + + align:start position:0% +asymptotically because you know + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotically because you know +eventually if you are like this you will + + align:start position:0% +eventually if you are like this you will + + + align:start position:0% +eventually if you are like this you will +cross these points and then if you're + + align:start position:0% +cross these points and then if you're + + + align:start position:0% +cross these points and then if you're +still in the allowed region you have to + + align:start position:0% +still in the allowed region you have to + + + align:start position:0% +still in the allowed region you have to +ship but this is done nicely in a sense + + align:start position:0% +ship but this is done nicely in a sense + + + align:start position:0% +ship but this is done nicely in a sense +if you put it together you can have this + + align:start position:0% +if you put it together you can have this + + + align:start position:0% +if you put it together you can have this +in a suppose all this is classically + + align:start position:0% +in a suppose all this is classically + + + align:start position:0% +in a suppose all this is classically +allowed then you can have the wave + + align:start position:0% +allowed then you can have the wave + + + align:start position:0% +allowed then you can have the wave +function being positive the same + + align:start position:0% +function being positive the same + + + align:start position:0% +function being positive the same +the relative being negative matching + + align:start position:0% +the relative being negative matching + + + align:start position:0% +the relative being negative matching +nicely with the other craft the second + + align:start position:0% +nicely with the other craft the second + + + align:start position:0% +nicely with the other craft the second +derivative positive the wave function + + align:start position:0% +derivative positive the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +derivative positive the wave function +may that if and that's what the sine + + align:start position:0% +may that if and that's what the sine + + + align:start position:0% +may that if and that's what the sine +function is it just goes one after the + + align:start position:0% +function is it just goes one after the + + + align:start position:0% +function is it just goes one after the +another so that's what typically things + + align:start position:0% +another so that's what typically things + + + align:start position:0% +another so that's what typically things +look in the classically allowed region + + align:start position:0% +look in the classically allowed region + + + align:start position:0% +look in the classically allowed region +so and in this case we say that is + + align:start position:0% +so and in this case we say that is + + + align:start position:0% +so and in this case we say that is +concave towards the axis towards the + + align:start position:0% +concave towards the axis towards the + + + align:start position:0% +concave towards the axis towards the +axis and that's probably worth + + align:start position:0% +axis and that's probably worth + + + align:start position:0% +axis and that's probably worth +remembering + + align:start position:0% +remembering + + + align:start position:0% +remembering +so one more case the case c when e is + + align:start position:0% +so one more case the case c when e is + + + align:start position:0% +so one more case the case c when e is +equal to we of it or eat minus V effects + + align:start position:0% +equal to we of it or eat minus V effects + + + align:start position:0% +equal to we of it or eat minus V effects +now is equal to zero so we have the + + align:start position:0% +now is equal to zero so we have the + + + align:start position:0% +now is equal to zero so we have the +negative the positive zero how about + + align:start position:0% +negative the positive zero how about + + + align:start position:0% +negative the positive zero how about +when you have this situation where the + + align:start position:0% +when you have this situation where the + + + align:start position:0% +when you have this situation where the +potential at some point is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +potential at some point is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +potential at some point is equal to the +energy well that's the turning points + + align:start position:0% +energy well that's the turning points + + + align:start position:0% +energy well that's the turning points +there those were our turning points so + + align:start position:0% +there those were our turning points so + + + align:start position:0% +there those were our turning points so +this is X zero is a turning point and + + align:start position:0% +this is X zero is a turning point and + + + align:start position:0% +this is X zero is a turning point and +something else happens if the right hand + + align:start position:0% +something else happens if the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +something else happens if the right hand +side is zero we have that 1 over X I the + + align:start position:0% +side is zero we have that 1 over X I the + + + align:start position:0% +side is zero we have that 1 over X I the +second side the x squared is equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +second side the x squared is equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +second side the x squared is equal to 0 +and if side is different from zero then + + align:start position:0% +and if side is different from zero then + + + align:start position:0% +and if side is different from zero then +you have that the second derivative must + + align:start position:0% +you have that the second derivative must + + + align:start position:0% +you have that the second derivative must +be zero at X naught + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a second derivative being zero is an + + align:start position:0% +and a second derivative being zero is an + + + align:start position:0% +and a second derivative being zero is an +inflection point so if you have a wave + + align:start position:0% +inflection point so if you have a wave + + + align:start position:0% +inflection point so if you have a wave +function that has an inflection point + + align:start position:0% +function that has an inflection point + + + align:start position:0% +function that has an inflection point +you have a sign that you've reached a + + align:start position:0% +you have a sign that you've reached a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a sign that you've reached a +turning point an inflection point in a + + align:start position:0% +turning point an inflection point in a + + + align:start position:0% +turning point an inflection point in a +wave functions would be anything like + + align:start position:0% +wave functions would be anything like + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions would be anything like +that second derivative is positive here + + align:start position:0% +that second derivative is positive here + + + align:start position:0% +that second derivative is positive here +same answer is negative here second + + align:start position:0% +same answer is negative here second + + + align:start position:0% +same answer is negative here second +derivative is positive this is an + + align:start position:0% +derivative is positive this is an + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is positive this is an +inflection point + + align:start position:0% +inflection point + + + align:start position:0% +inflection point +flexion point it's a point where the + + align:start position:0% +flexion point it's a point where the + + + align:start position:0% +flexion point it's a point where the +second derivative vanishes so that's an + + align:start position:0% +second derivative vanishes so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative vanishes so that's an +inflection point and it should be + + align:start position:0% +inflection point and it should be + + + align:start position:0% +inflection point and it should be +remarked that from that differential + + align:start position:0% +remarked that from that differential + + + align:start position:0% +remarked that from that differential +equation you also get that this second + + align:start position:0% +equation you also get that this second + + + align:start position:0% +equation you also get that this second +side the x squared is equal to e minus V + + align:start position:0% +side the x squared is equal to e minus V + + + align:start position:0% +side the x squared is equal to e minus V +times side with his constant and + + align:start position:0% +times side with his constant and + + + align:start position:0% +times side with his constant and +therefore when side vanishes + + align:start position:0% +therefore when side vanishes + + + align:start position:0% +therefore when side vanishes +you also get inflection points + + align:start position:0% +you also get inflection points + + + align:start position:0% +you also get inflection points +automatically because the second + + align:start position:0% +automatically because the second + + + align:start position:0% +automatically because the second +derivative vanishes of inflection points + + align:start position:0% +derivative vanishes of inflection points + + + align:start position:0% +derivative vanishes of inflection points +inflection point also at the nodes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +turning point is an inflection point + + align:start position:0% +turning point is an inflection point + + + align:start position:0% +turning point is an inflection point +where you have this situation look here + + align:start position:0% +where you have this situation look here + + + align:start position:0% +where you have this situation look here +you have possibly a negative second + + align:start position:0% +you have possibly a negative second + + + align:start position:0% +you have possibly a negative second +derivative positive second derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative positive second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative positive second derivative +the point where the wave function + + align:start position:0% +the point where the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +the point where the wave function +vanishes and joins them is an inflection + + align:start position:0% +vanishes and joins them is an inflection + + + align:start position:0% +vanishes and joins them is an inflection +point as well is not the turning point + + align:start position:0% +point as well is not the turning point + + + align:start position:0% +point as well is not the turning point +turning points are more interesting but + + align:start position:0% +turning points are more interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +turning points are more interesting but +the inflection points are more generic \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fz-jJahvwt8.txt b/fz-jJahvwt8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22c02db81f93e667a50bee2de86a5614455a237c --- /dev/null +++ b/fz-jJahvwt8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1371 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +visualization of standing waves that are + + align:start position:0% +visualization of standing waves that are + + + align:start position:0% +visualization of standing waves that are +electromagnetic requires that we see + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic requires that we see + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic requires that we see +fields that are invisible and are + + align:start position:0% +fields that are invisible and are + + + align:start position:0% +fields that are invisible and are +varying at a frequency higher than we + + align:start position:0% +varying at a frequency higher than we + + + align:start position:0% +varying at a frequency higher than we +can actually perceive with our eyes the + + align:start position:0% +can actually perceive with our eyes the + + + align:start position:0% +can actually perceive with our eyes the +visualization of waves that are + + align:start position:0% +visualization of waves that are + + + align:start position:0% +visualization of waves that are +mechanical is easier here we've got a + + align:start position:0% +mechanical is easier here we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical is easier here we've got a +spring under tension the transfers + + align:start position:0% +spring under tension the transfers + + + align:start position:0% +spring under tension the transfers +deflections satisfy the wave equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the object in this demonstration is to + + align:start position:0% +the object in this demonstration is to + + + align:start position:0% +the object in this demonstration is to +see standing waves in the sinusoidal + + align:start position:0% +see standing waves in the sinusoidal + + + align:start position:0% +see standing waves in the sinusoidal +steady-state professor Jean will provide + + align:start position:0% +steady-state professor Jean will provide + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state professor Jean will provide +a fixed termination at that end and I'll + + align:start position:0% +a fixed termination at that end and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +a fixed termination at that end and I'll +try and provide the sinusoidal + + align:start position:0% +try and provide the sinusoidal + + + align:start position:0% +try and provide the sinusoidal +excitation the first mode is pretty easy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's the second mode a little harder + + align:start position:0% +here's the second mode a little harder + + + align:start position:0% +here's the second mode a little harder +to do try that again at any location the + + align:start position:0% +to do try that again at any location the + + + align:start position:0% +to do try that again at any location the +egg piece the response is sinusoidal we + + align:start position:0% +egg piece the response is sinusoidal we + + + align:start position:0% +egg piece the response is sinusoidal we +have a null in the middle because a wave + + align:start position:0% +have a null in the middle because a wave + + + align:start position:0% +have a null in the middle because a wave +incident on that termination comes back + + align:start position:0% +incident on that termination comes back + + + align:start position:0% +incident on that termination comes back +and interferes with the incident wave + + align:start position:0% +and interferes with the incident wave + + + align:start position:0% +and interferes with the incident wave +our objective here is to visualize not a + + align:start position:0% +our objective here is to visualize not a + + + align:start position:0% +our objective here is to visualize not a +mechanical but rather an electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +mechanical but rather an electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical but rather an electromagnetic +standing wave such a wave can be made to + + align:start position:0% +standing wave such a wave can be made to + + + align:start position:0% +standing wave such a wave can be made to +propagate between parallel metal plates + + align:start position:0% +propagate between parallel metal plates + + + align:start position:0% +propagate between parallel metal plates +the electric field is directed from one + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is directed from one + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is directed from one +plate to the other terminating in plus + + align:start position:0% +plate to the other terminating in plus + + + align:start position:0% +plate to the other terminating in plus +and minus surface charges on the + + align:start position:0% +and minus surface charges on the + + + align:start position:0% +and minus surface charges on the +respective conductor surfaces the + + align:start position:0% +respective conductor surfaces the + + + align:start position:0% +respective conductor surfaces the +magnetic field is tangential to the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is tangential to the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is tangential to the +conductor's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terminating in positive and negative + + align:start position:0% +terminating in positive and negative + + + align:start position:0% +terminating in positive and negative +axial surface currents on the conductor + + align:start position:0% +axial surface currents on the conductor + + + align:start position:0% +axial surface currents on the conductor +surfaces both E and H are perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +surfaces both E and H are perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces both E and H are perpendicular +to the direction of propagation we + + align:start position:0% +to the direction of propagation we + + + align:start position:0% +to the direction of propagation we +therefore have a transverse + + align:start position:0% +therefore have a transverse + + + align:start position:0% +therefore have a transverse +electromagnetic wave such tem waves can + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave such tem waves can + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave such tem waves can +propagate on pairs of conductors of + + align:start position:0% +propagate on pairs of conductors of + + + align:start position:0% +propagate on pairs of conductors of +arbitrary shape so we needn't be + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary shape so we needn't be + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary shape so we needn't be +concerned with the width of the plates + + align:start position:0% +concerned with the width of the plates + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with the width of the plates +relative to the spacing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +relative to the spacing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the spacing we're going to +use a fluorescent lamp to give a rough + + align:start position:0% +use a fluorescent lamp to give a rough + + + align:start position:0% +use a fluorescent lamp to give a rough +indication of the amplitude of the + + align:start position:0% +indication of the amplitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +indication of the amplitude of the +electric field intensity the electric + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity the electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity the electric +field created by the wave will cause an + + align:start position:0% +field created by the wave will cause an + + + align:start position:0% +field created by the wave will cause an +ionization of the gas in the tube the + + align:start position:0% +ionization of the gas in the tube the + + + align:start position:0% +ionization of the gas in the tube the +resulting light is therefore an + + align:start position:0% +resulting light is therefore an + + + align:start position:0% +resulting light is therefore an +indication of the distribution of the + + align:start position:0% +indication of the distribution of the + + + align:start position:0% +indication of the distribution of the +electric field intensity this field is + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity this field is + + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity this field is +oscillating at more than 100 megahertz + + align:start position:0% +oscillating at more than 100 megahertz + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating at more than 100 megahertz +so it's not possible for the eye to + + align:start position:0% +so it's not possible for the eye to + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not possible for the eye to +follow the oscillations + + align:start position:0% +follow the oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +follow the oscillations +it's the envelope of the field + + align:start position:0% +it's the envelope of the field + + + align:start position:0% +it's the envelope of the field +distribution that we'll see we can make + + align:start position:0% +distribution that we'll see we can make + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that we'll see we can make +standing waves by either + + align:start position:0% +standing waves by either + + + align:start position:0% +standing waves by either +short-circuiting or open circuiting the + + align:start position:0% +short-circuiting or open circuiting the + + + align:start position:0% +short-circuiting or open circuiting the +line let's start with the plates shorted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here are the actual plates and the short + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're driven at the left by a radio + + align:start position:0% +they're driven at the left by a radio + + + align:start position:0% +they're driven at the left by a radio +frequency generator to see the lamp + + align:start position:0% +frequency generator to see the lamp + + + align:start position:0% +frequency generator to see the lamp +we've turned the lights down next the + + align:start position:0% +we've turned the lights down next the + + + align:start position:0% +we've turned the lights down next the +generator is turned on and the lamp is + + align:start position:0% +generator is turned on and the lamp is + + + align:start position:0% +generator is turned on and the lamp is +put in place I'm rubbing my feet on the + + align:start position:0% +put in place I'm rubbing my feet on the + + + align:start position:0% +put in place I'm rubbing my feet on the +carpet to generate static electricity to + + align:start position:0% +carpet to generate static electricity to + + + align:start position:0% +carpet to generate static electricity to +help ignite the lamp remember where + + align:start position:0% +help ignite the lamp remember where + + + align:start position:0% +help ignite the lamp remember where +there's light there's an oscillating + + align:start position:0% +there's light there's an oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +there's light there's an oscillating +electric field the dark areas are + + align:start position:0% +electric field the dark areas are + + + align:start position:0% +electric field the dark areas are +therefore where the electric field tends + + align:start position:0% +therefore where the electric field tends + + + align:start position:0% +therefore where the electric field tends +to null + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the right end we also appear to have + + align:start position:0% +at the right end we also appear to have + + + align:start position:0% +at the right end we also appear to have +a null remember the right end is shorted + + align:start position:0% +a null remember the right end is shorted + + + align:start position:0% +a null remember the right end is shorted +we can see the nulls even better if the + + align:start position:0% +we can see the nulls even better if the + + + align:start position:0% +we can see the nulls even better if the +lights are turned out completely the + + align:start position:0% +lights are turned out completely the + + + align:start position:0% +lights are turned out completely the +electric field intensity is shorted out + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity is shorted out + + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity is shorted out +at the right termination here's the + + align:start position:0% +at the right termination here's the + + + align:start position:0% +at the right termination here's the +theoretical field distribution the + + align:start position:0% +theoretical field distribution the + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical field distribution the +electric field amplitude is a maximum a + + align:start position:0% +electric field amplitude is a maximum a + + + align:start position:0% +electric field amplitude is a maximum a +quarter wavelength from the short and at + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength from the short and at + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength from the short and at +intervals of a half wavelength from that + + align:start position:0% +intervals of a half wavelength from that + + + align:start position:0% +intervals of a half wavelength from that +point to the left what we see is the + + align:start position:0% +point to the left what we see is the + + + align:start position:0% +point to the left what we see is the +magnitude or envelope of the standing + + align:start position:0% +magnitude or envelope of the standing + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude or envelope of the standing +wave of electric field we can think of + + align:start position:0% +wave of electric field we can think of + + + align:start position:0% +wave of electric field we can think of +the electric field between the plates as + + align:start position:0% +the electric field between the plates as + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field between the plates as +being analogous to the deflection of our + + align:start position:0% +being analogous to the deflection of our + + + align:start position:0% +being analogous to the deflection of our +spring the deflection like the electric + + align:start position:0% +spring the deflection like the electric + + + align:start position:0% +spring the deflection like the electric +field is pinned to zero at the right end + + align:start position:0% +field is pinned to zero at the right end + + + align:start position:0% +field is pinned to zero at the right end +the deflection like both the electric + + align:start position:0% +the deflection like both the electric + + + align:start position:0% +the deflection like both the electric +and magnetic fields is an oscillating + + align:start position:0% +and magnetic fields is an oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +and magnetic fields is an oscillating +function of time it remains 0 at the + + align:start position:0% +function of time it remains 0 at the + + + align:start position:0% +function of time it remains 0 at the +null points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the magnetic field amplitude is maximum + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field amplitude is maximum + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field amplitude is maximum +near the short and at multiples of 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +near the short and at multiples of 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +near the short and at multiples of 1/2 +wavelength from the short not only are + + align:start position:0% +wavelength from the short not only are + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength from the short not only are +the peaks in magnetic and electric field + + align:start position:0% +the peaks in magnetic and electric field + + + align:start position:0% +the peaks in magnetic and electric field +displaced from each other spatially by a + + align:start position:0% +displaced from each other spatially by a + + + align:start position:0% +displaced from each other spatially by a +quarter wavelength they're also 90 + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength they're also 90 + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength they're also 90 +degrees out of phase and time so when + + align:start position:0% +degrees out of phase and time so when + + + align:start position:0% +degrees out of phase and time so when +the electric field is maximum the + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is maximum the + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is maximum the +magnetic field is zero and vice versa + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is zero and vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is zero and vice versa +the energy shifts from electric to + + align:start position:0% +the energy shifts from electric to + + + align:start position:0% +the energy shifts from electric to +magnetic form and back again in a half a + + align:start position:0% +magnetic form and back again in a half a + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic form and back again in a half a +cycle we could measure the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +cycle we could measure the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +cycle we could measure the magnetic +field with a 1 turn induction coil the + + align:start position:0% +field with a 1 turn induction coil the + + + align:start position:0% +field with a 1 turn induction coil the +coil voltage displayed on the scope + + align:start position:0% +coil voltage displayed on the scope + + + align:start position:0% +coil voltage displayed on the scope +indicates the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +indicates the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +indicates the magnetic field +perpendicular to its axis first we put + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to its axis first we put + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to its axis first we put +the coil at the null in electric field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the magnetic field is indeed tangential + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field is indeed tangential + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field is indeed tangential +to the plates and perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +to the plates and perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the plates and perpendicular to the +direction of propagation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the magnetic field should be a peak here + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field should be a peak here + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field should be a peak here +at the null in electric field now moving + + align:start position:0% +at the null in electric field now moving + + + align:start position:0% +at the null in electric field now moving +toward the short where the electric + + align:start position:0% +toward the short where the electric + + + align:start position:0% +toward the short where the electric +field is maximum the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +field is maximum the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +field is maximum the magnetic field +should null then at the short it should + + align:start position:0% +should null then at the short it should + + + align:start position:0% +should null then at the short it should +peak again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +note that the phase shifts by 180 + + align:start position:0% +note that the phase shifts by 180 + + + align:start position:0% +note that the phase shifts by 180 +degrees as we pass through the know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +standing waves also result if the plates + + align:start position:0% +standing waves also result if the plates + + + align:start position:0% +standing waves also result if the plates +are open-circuit at the right end now + + align:start position:0% +are open-circuit at the right end now + + + align:start position:0% +are open-circuit at the right end now +there can be no current in the + + align:start position:0% +there can be no current in the + + + align:start position:0% +there can be no current in the +y-direction in the plates at the end and + + align:start position:0% +y-direction in the plates at the end and + + + align:start position:0% +y-direction in the plates at the end and +hence no tangential Z directed magnetic + + align:start position:0% +hence no tangential Z directed magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +hence no tangential Z directed magnetic +field between the plates there with the + + align:start position:0% +field between the plates there with the + + + align:start position:0% +field between the plates there with the +magnetic field zero at the right + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field zero at the right + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field zero at the right +termination the electric field there is + + align:start position:0% +termination the electric field there is + + + align:start position:0% +termination the electric field there is +a maximum it should peak at the + + align:start position:0% +a maximum it should peak at the + + + align:start position:0% +a maximum it should peak at the +termination and at half wavelength + + align:start position:0% +termination and at half wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +termination and at half wavelength +intervals to the left of the termination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +watch the peaks in intensity move by a + + align:start position:0% +watch the peaks in intensity move by a + + + align:start position:0% +watch the peaks in intensity move by a +quarter wavelength as the short is + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength as the short is + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength as the short is +removed again with the short on and with + + align:start position:0% +removed again with the short on and with + + + align:start position:0% +removed again with the short on and with +the short removed it is the electric + + align:start position:0% +the short removed it is the electric + + + align:start position:0% +the short removed it is the electric +field intensity that is now the maximum + + align:start position:0% +field intensity that is now the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +field intensity that is now the maximum +at the right end we see this better with + + align:start position:0% +at the right end we see this better with + + + align:start position:0% +at the right end we see this better with +the lights out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by measuring the distance between nulls + + align:start position:0% +by measuring the distance between nulls + + + align:start position:0% +by measuring the distance between nulls +in the electric field intensity we + + align:start position:0% +in the electric field intensity we + + + align:start position:0% +in the electric field intensity we +determined the half wavelength it + + align:start position:0% +determined the half wavelength it + + + align:start position:0% +determined the half wavelength it +appears to be about 70 centimeters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electromagnetic waves propagate on the + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic waves propagate on the + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic waves propagate on the +line at the velocity of light C so we + + align:start position:0% +line at the velocity of light C so we + + + align:start position:0% +line at the velocity of light C so we +can deduce the frequency of the source + + align:start position:0% +can deduce the frequency of the source + + + align:start position:0% +can deduce the frequency of the source +driving the plates at the left end the + + align:start position:0% +driving the plates at the left end the + + + align:start position:0% +driving the plates at the left end the +frequency is equal to the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +frequency is equal to the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is equal to the velocity of +light 3 times 10 to the 8th meters per + + align:start position:0% +light 3 times 10 to the 8th meters per + + + align:start position:0% +light 3 times 10 to the 8th meters per +second divided by the wavelength about + + align:start position:0% +second divided by the wavelength about + + + align:start position:0% +second divided by the wavelength about +1.4 meters so the frequency must be + + align:start position:0% +1.4 meters so the frequency must be + + + align:start position:0% +1.4 meters so the frequency must be +about 210 mega Hertz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the frequency that we should + + align:start position:0% +this is the frequency that we should + + + align:start position:0% +this is the frequency that we should +deduce from the oscilloscope trace for + + align:start position:0% +deduce from the oscilloscope trace for + + + align:start position:0% +deduce from the oscilloscope trace for +the magnetic probe the period is about + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic probe the period is about + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic probe the period is about +5.2 nanoseconds the frequencies about + + align:start position:0% +5.2 nanoseconds the frequencies about + + + align:start position:0% +5.2 nanoseconds the frequencies about +195 megahertz the agreement with the 210 + + align:start position:0% +195 megahertz the agreement with the 210 + + + align:start position:0% +195 megahertz the agreement with the 210 +megahertz we found from the wavelength + + align:start position:0% +megahertz we found from the wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz we found from the wavelength +is consistent with the accuracy of our + + align:start position:0% +is consistent with the accuracy of our + + + align:start position:0% +is consistent with the accuracy of our +measurements in visualizing + + align:start position:0% +measurements in visualizing + + + align:start position:0% +measurements in visualizing +electromagnetic standing waves we've + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic standing waves we've + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic standing waves we've +used the light illumination to indicate + + align:start position:0% +used the light illumination to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +used the light illumination to indicate +the electric field intensity and the + + align:start position:0% +the electric field intensity and the + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field intensity and the +probe to measure the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +probe to measure the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +probe to measure the magnetic field +intensity we've observed the + + align:start position:0% +intensity we've observed the + + + align:start position:0% +intensity we've observed the +distributions of E and H with open and + + align:start position:0% +distributions of E and H with open and + + + align:start position:0% +distributions of E and H with open and +short circuit terminations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/gmq2NACljMc.txt b/gmq2NACljMc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7f92a65b26ca28e920db63f0988185dcfe03987 --- /dev/null +++ b/gmq2NACljMc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,427 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this case study we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +in this case study we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +in this case study we're going to go +into may be excruciating detail showing + + align:start position:0% +into may be excruciating detail showing + + + align:start position:0% +into may be excruciating detail showing +you how I really am not always sure + + align:start position:0% +you how I really am not always sure + + + align:start position:0% +you how I really am not always sure +about which point of view I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +about which point of view I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +about which point of view I'm going to +be taking with these micro needles I + + align:start position:0% +be taking with these micro needles I + + + align:start position:0% +be taking with these micro needles I +just place them on my table just to take + + align:start position:0% +just place them on my table just to take + + + align:start position:0% +just place them on my table just to take +a look at it to kind of get a sense of + + align:start position:0% +a look at it to kind of get a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +a look at it to kind of get a sense of +what they look like I even went further + + align:start position:0% +what they look like I even went further + + + align:start position:0% +what they look like I even went further +and put them on top of the petri dish + + align:start position:0% +and put them on top of the petri dish + + + align:start position:0% +and put them on top of the petri dish +which they came in just to sort of study + + align:start position:0% +which they came in just to sort of study + + + align:start position:0% +which they came in just to sort of study +it I actually don't mind this image as a + + align:start position:0% +it I actually don't mind this image as a + + + align:start position:0% +it I actually don't mind this image as a +final image I was surprised but as + + align:start position:0% +final image I was surprised but as + + + align:start position:0% +final image I was surprised but as +you've seen before you've seen the + + align:start position:0% +you've seen before you've seen the + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen before you've seen the +microneedles placed on the flatbed + + align:start position:0% +microneedles placed on the flatbed + + + align:start position:0% +microneedles placed on the flatbed +scanner which does produce a really + + align:start position:0% +scanner which does produce a really + + + align:start position:0% +scanner which does produce a really +wonderful image I then decided to also + + align:start position:0% +wonderful image I then decided to also + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful image I then decided to also +then go back and refine the arrangement + + align:start position:0% +then go back and refine the arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +then go back and refine the arrangement +there are two colors that the + + align:start position:0% +there are two colors that the + + + align:start position:0% +there are two colors that the +researchers decided to distinguish + + align:start position:0% +researchers decided to distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +researchers decided to distinguish +between showing pink and clear just you + + align:start position:0% +between showing pink and clear just you + + + align:start position:0% +between showing pink and clear just you +know looking at the depth of field here + + align:start position:0% +know looking at the depth of field here + + + align:start position:0% +know looking at the depth of field here +I'm starting to compose for a cover shot + + align:start position:0% +I'm starting to compose for a cover shot + + + align:start position:0% +I'm starting to compose for a cover shot +in this image I did the same thing + + align:start position:0% +in this image I did the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +in this image I did the same thing +thinking about a cover but just using + + align:start position:0% +thinking about a cover but just using + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about a cover but just using +one color I thought that the pink was + + align:start position:0% +one color I thought that the pink was + + + align:start position:0% +one color I thought that the pink was +distracting in this next image I just + + align:start position:0% +distracting in this next image I just + + + align:start position:0% +distracting in this next image I just +refine the color bit which we could do + + align:start position:0% +refine the color bit which we could do + + + align:start position:0% +refine the color bit which we could do +in software in this image I'm still + + align:start position:0% +in software in this image I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +in software in this image I'm still +looking at a point of view look + + align:start position:0% +looking at a point of view look + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a point of view look +carefully as I slightly change the + + align:start position:0% +carefully as I slightly change the + + + align:start position:0% +carefully as I slightly change the +positioning of the disk in the lower + + align:start position:0% +positioning of the disk in the lower + + + align:start position:0% +positioning of the disk in the lower +left watch as I go back to what I + + align:start position:0% +left watch as I go back to what I + + + align:start position:0% +left watch as I go back to what I +previously had and just very ever so + + align:start position:0% +previously had and just very ever so + + + align:start position:0% +previously had and just very ever so +slightly change it so that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +slightly change it so that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +slightly change it so that it doesn't +become redundant with the other + + align:start position:0% +become redundant with the other + + + align:start position:0% +become redundant with the other +arrangements these are very very many + + align:start position:0% +arrangements these are very very many + + + align:start position:0% +arrangements these are very very many +changes but this is sort of what you + + align:start position:0% +changes but this is sort of what you + + + align:start position:0% +changes but this is sort of what you +have to go through in the end the + + align:start position:0% +have to go through in the end the + + + align:start position:0% +have to go through in the end the +interesting thing was that the + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing was that the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing was that the +researcher sent me a very wonderful + + align:start position:0% +researcher sent me a very wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +researcher sent me a very wonderful +microscopic picture of these micro + + align:start position:0% +microscopic picture of these micro + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic picture of these micro +needles and he really wanted to try to + + align:start position:0% +needles and he really wanted to try to + + + align:start position:0% +needles and he really wanted to try to +get a cover and although this + + align:start position:0% +get a cover and although this + + + align:start position:0% +get a cover and although this +course is about a camera and a lens I + + align:start position:0% +course is about a camera and a lens I + + + align:start position:0% +course is about a camera and a lens I +thought it'd be interesting for you to + + align:start position:0% +thought it'd be interesting for you to + + + align:start position:0% +thought it'd be interesting for you to +see the possibility of creating a + + align:start position:0% +see the possibility of creating a + + + align:start position:0% +see the possibility of creating a +potential cover submission from a + + align:start position:0% +potential cover submission from a + + + align:start position:0% +potential cover submission from a +horizontal picture I really do encourage + + align:start position:0% +horizontal picture I really do encourage + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal picture I really do encourage +you to consider doing these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +you to consider doing these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +you to consider doing these kinds of +things we're not changing the + + align:start position:0% +things we're not changing the + + + align:start position:0% +things we're not changing the +microneedles we're just changing the + + align:start position:0% +microneedles we're just changing the + + + align:start position:0% +microneedles we're just changing the +background of the microneedles and so + + align:start position:0% +background of the microneedles and so + + + align:start position:0% +background of the microneedles and so +from this initial shot we in fact did + + align:start position:0% +from this initial shot we in fact did + + + align:start position:0% +from this initial shot we in fact did +get the color \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hM5erRmEzCk.txt b/hM5erRmEzCk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9251102c28386d0852138658b52a895632b4ad9c --- /dev/null +++ b/hM5erRmEzCk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8515 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and player choice everyone has an + + align:start position:0% +and player choice everyone has an + + + align:start position:0% +and player choice everyone has an +opinion about readiness great it's kind + + align:start position:0% +opinion about readiness great it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +opinion about readiness great it's kind +of kind of started off the reading of + + align:start position:0% +of kind of started off the reading of + + + align:start position:0% +of kind of started off the reading of +about that kind of day so just kind of + + align:start position:0% +about that kind of day so just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +about that kind of day so just kind of +start things off like what are your + + align:start position:0% +start things off like what are your + + + align:start position:0% +start things off like what are your +opinions about games with luck do you + + align:start position:0% +opinions about games with luck do you + + + align:start position:0% +opinions about games with luck do you +like them do you not like them like what + + align:start position:0% +like them do you not like them like what + + + align:start position:0% +like them do you not like them like what +do you and what do you like about games + + align:start position:0% +do you and what do you like about games + + + align:start position:0% +do you and what do you like about games +that have a luck element oh god soon it + + align:start position:0% +that have a luck element oh god soon it + + + align:start position:0% +that have a luck element oh god soon it +was like so like if you pick up the game + + align:start position:0% +was like so like if you pick up the game + + + align:start position:0% +was like so like if you pick up the game +really quick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I feel good but in the long run you know + + align:start position:0% +I feel good but in the long run you know + + + align:start position:0% +I feel good but in the long run you know +over like 100,000 hands yeah yes was + + align:start position:0% +over like 100,000 hands yeah yes was + + + align:start position:0% +over like 100,000 hands yeah yes was +that accessibility curve a little bit a + + align:start position:0% +that accessibility curve a little bit a + + + align:start position:0% +that accessibility curve a little bit a +difficulty curve going in there as well + + align:start position:0% +difficulty curve going in there as well + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty curve going in there as well +yeah okay the random it's like + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay the random it's like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay the random it's like +unfortunate this has to be random but I + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate this has to be random but I + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate this has to be random but I +think we want to make sure that like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I kind of like the unknowability + + align:start position:0% +okay I kind of like the unknowability + + + align:start position:0% +okay I kind of like the unknowability +aspect of it I agree with John that I + + align:start position:0% +aspect of it I agree with John that I + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of it I agree with John that I +like sort of a balance between luck and + + align:start position:0% +like sort of a balance between luck and + + + align:start position:0% +like sort of a balance between luck and +skill and what I was thinking of was + + align:start position:0% +skill and what I was thinking of was + + + align:start position:0% +skill and what I was thinking of was +something like Catan where you know you + + align:start position:0% +something like Catan where you know you + + + align:start position:0% +something like Catan where you know you +have this whole like plan that you're + + align:start position:0% +have this whole like plan that you're + + + align:start position:0% +have this whole like plan that you're +trying to work out we're like okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +trying to work out we're like okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +trying to work out we're like okay I'm +building my city and all I need is an + + align:start position:0% +building my city and all I need is an + + + align:start position:0% +building my city and all I need is an +oar and I just need like a 5-2 column + + align:start position:0% +oar and I just need like a 5-2 column + + + align:start position:0% +oar and I just need like a 5-2 column +and then I can build my city and do all + + align:start position:0% +and then I can build my city and do all + + + align:start position:0% +and then I can build my city and do all +this stuff but you just have to like + + align:start position:0% +this stuff but you just have to like + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff but you just have to like +kind of wait for it and like sort of + + align:start position:0% +kind of wait for it and like sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of wait for it and like sort of +plan around like okay what if I don't + + align:start position:0% +plan around like okay what if I don't + + + align:start position:0% +plan around like okay what if I don't +get what I need yeah yeah absolutely so + + align:start position:0% +get what I need yeah yeah absolutely so + + + align:start position:0% +get what I need yeah yeah absolutely so +like John mentioned that he really like + + align:start position:0% +like John mentioned that he really like + + + align:start position:0% +like John mentioned that he really like +poker he left with an accent + + align:start position:0% +poker he left with an accent + + + align:start position:0% +poker he left with an accent +personally I like games with a lot less + + align:start position:0% +personally I like games with a lot less + + + align:start position:0% +personally I like games with a lot less +Lachlan poker but that's still require + + align:start position:0% +Lachlan poker but that's still require + + + align:start position:0% +Lachlan poker but that's still require +you know it still has a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +you know it still has a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +you know it still has a little bit but +then again I know tons of people who are + + align:start position:0% +then again I know tons of people who are + + + align:start position:0% +then again I know tons of people who are +like oh my third games like you know + + align:start position:0% +like oh my third games like you know + + + align:start position:0% +like oh my third games like you know +sorry which is block essentially and in + + align:start position:0% +sorry which is block essentially and in + + + align:start position:0% +sorry which is block essentially and in +fact like you feel like you're doing + + align:start position:0% +fact like you feel like you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +fact like you feel like you're doing +some stuff because you do have the state + + align:start position:0% +some stuff because you do have the state + + + align:start position:0% +some stuff because you do have the state +in which piece to move but in the end is + + align:start position:0% +in which piece to move but in the end is + + + align:start position:0% +in which piece to move but in the end is +essentially like 90 percent yeah even if + + align:start position:0% +essentially like 90 percent yeah even if + + + align:start position:0% +essentially like 90 percent yeah even if +you take the classic 100 percent skill + + align:start position:0% +you take the classic 100 percent skill + + + align:start position:0% +you take the classic 100 percent skill +based game of chess for instance in a + + align:start position:0% +based game of chess for instance in a + + + align:start position:0% +based game of chess for instance in a +professional or tournament setting + + align:start position:0% +professional or tournament setting + + + align:start position:0% +professional or tournament setting +they're still left like like the person + + align:start position:0% +they're still left like like the person + + + align:start position:0% +they're still left like like the person +you're playing like we play does anybody + + align:start position:0% +you're playing like we play does anybody + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing like we play does anybody +know how all these luck in games even if + + align:start position:0% +know how all these luck in games even if + + + align:start position:0% +know how all these luck in games even if +it's a hundred songs does anybody know + + align:start position:0% +it's a hundred songs does anybody know + + + align:start position:0% +it's a hundred songs does anybody know +how White's determined when you start a + + align:start position:0% +how White's determined when you start a + + + align:start position:0% +how White's determined when you start a +chess tournament usually kinda also in a + + align:start position:0% +chess tournament usually kinda also in a + + + align:start position:0% +chess tournament usually kinda also in a +fair tournament will play a match where + + align:start position:0% +fair tournament will play a match where + + + align:start position:0% +fair tournament will play a match where +each player plays three yeah so they're + + align:start position:0% +each player plays three yeah so they're + + + align:start position:0% +each player plays three yeah so they're +kind of they're working they're trying + + align:start position:0% +kind of they're working they're trying + + + align:start position:0% +kind of they're working they're trying +to work as much of that luck out of the + + align:start position:0% +to work as much of that luck out of the + + + align:start position:0% +to work as much of that luck out of the +system but you're right there is some a + + align:start position:0% +system but you're right there is some a + + + align:start position:0% +system but you're right there is some a +little bit and there's reasons for doing + + align:start position:0% +little bit and there's reasons for doing + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and there's reasons for doing +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah like just a guess is like more + + align:start position:0% +yeah like just a guess is like more + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like just a guess is like more +predictable than my the I mean for + + align:start position:0% +predictable than my the I mean for + + + align:start position:0% +predictable than my the I mean for +example if you give round-robin + + align:start position:0% +example if you give round-robin + + + align:start position:0% +example if you give round-robin +tournament play or like person you go up + + align:start position:0% +tournament play or like person you go up + + + align:start position:0% +tournament play or like person you go up +against depends on to a large extent how + + align:start position:0% +against depends on to a large extent how + + + align:start position:0% +against depends on to a large extent how +you've done in the tournament but that + + align:start position:0% +you've done in the tournament but that + + + align:start position:0% +you've done in the tournament but that +person who you go up against this + + align:start position:0% +person who you go up against this + + + align:start position:0% +person who you go up against this +basically chose before the pool so there + + align:start position:0% +basically chose before the pool so there + + + align:start position:0% +basically chose before the pool so there +could be a grandmaster a lot of it + + align:start position:0% +could be a grandmaster a lot of it + + + align:start position:0% +could be a grandmaster a lot of it +depends of one half considered part + + align:start position:0% +depends of one half considered part + + + align:start position:0% +depends of one half considered part +became so yeah so leagues your saver + + align:start position:0% +became so yeah so leagues your saver + + + align:start position:0% +became so yeah so leagues your saver +selection process people to say oh I got + + align:start position:0% +selection process people to say oh I got + + + align:start position:0% +selection process people to say oh I got +lucky then you know my pointed into + + align:start position:0% +lucky then you know my pointed into + + + align:start position:0% +lucky then you know my pointed into +sweet last night + + align:start position:0% +sweet last night + + + align:start position:0% +sweet last night +played is that really part of the game + + align:start position:0% +played is that really part of the game + + + align:start position:0% +played is that really part of the game +or is that a steroid it was a weaker + + align:start position:0% +or is that a steroid it was a weaker + + + align:start position:0% +or is that a steroid it was a weaker +player on that day get some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that back to the question yeah with + + align:start position:0% +is that back to the question yeah with + + + align:start position:0% +is that back to the question yeah with +the choice of games + + align:start position:0% +the choice of games + + + align:start position:0% +the choice of games +I prefer games which have still a + + align:start position:0% +I prefer games which have still a + + + align:start position:0% +I prefer games which have still a +certain + + align:start position:0% +certain + + + align:start position:0% +certain +not necessarily it's not so much that + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily it's not so much that + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily it's not so much that +they don't have luck as like you get to + + align:start position:0% +they don't have luck as like you get to + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have luck as like you get to +see what certainly you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +see what certainly you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +see what certainly you don't have to +deal with the luck instant + + align:start position:0% +deal with the luck instant + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the luck instant +they legally bring it home the court set + + align:start position:0% +they legally bring it home the court set + + + align:start position:0% +they legally bring it home the court set +up at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +up at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +up at the beginning +or have say a deck where we're like the + + align:start position:0% +or have say a deck where we're like the + + + align:start position:0% +or have say a deck where we're like the +top like three parts overly the parts + + align:start position:0% +top like three parts overly the parts + + + align:start position:0% +top like three parts overly the parts +are shooting out of or something weird + + align:start position:0% +are shooting out of or something weird + + + align:start position:0% +are shooting out of or something weird +like duo Loretta Blake + + align:start position:0% +like duo Loretta Blake + + + align:start position:0% +like duo Loretta Blake +yeah it's randomized and so every time + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's randomized and so every time + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's randomized and so every time +it's gonna be different which is the + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be different which is the + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be different which is the +good part and like yeah my favorite one + + align:start position:0% +good part and like yeah my favorite one + + + align:start position:0% +good part and like yeah my favorite one +person over another because of blogger + + align:start position:0% +person over another because of blogger + + + align:start position:0% +person over another because of blogger +which is the back part but on the other + + align:start position:0% +which is the back part but on the other + + + align:start position:0% +which is the back part but on the other +hand you still have time to do it with + + align:start position:0% +hand you still have time to do it with + + + align:start position:0% +hand you still have time to do it with +your own strategy I'd say that probably + + align:start position:0% +your own strategy I'd say that probably + + + align:start position:0% +your own strategy I'd say that probably +goes into that chest to its the frigates + + align:start position:0% +goes into that chest to its the frigates + + + align:start position:0% +goes into that chest to its the frigates +let the setup of the board is a lot like + + align:start position:0% +let the setup of the board is a lot like + + + align:start position:0% +let the setup of the board is a lot like +the framing of a tournament where though + + align:start position:0% +the framing of a tournament where though + + + align:start position:0% +the framing of a tournament where though +the context in the context of the + + align:start position:0% +the context in the context of the + + + align:start position:0% +the context in the context of the +players it's not really about the game + + align:start position:0% +players it's not really about the game + + + align:start position:0% +players it's not really about the game +just do something + + align:start position:0% +just do something + + + align:start position:0% +just do something +whereas like once you know been around + + align:start position:0% +whereas like once you know been around + + + align:start position:0% +whereas like once you know been around +for like that you know home for a long + + align:start position:0% +for like that you know home for a long + + + align:start position:0% +for like that you know home for a long +time and play like a skill-based game + + align:start position:0% +time and play like a skill-based game + + + align:start position:0% +time and play like a skill-based game +and it's really all about like the two + + align:start position:0% +and it's really all about like the two + + + align:start position:0% +and it's really all about like the two +of us competing at the gate + + align:start position:0% +of us competing at the gate + + + align:start position:0% +of us competing at the gate +so it's also not just late subjected by + + align:start position:0% +so it's also not just late subjected by + + + align:start position:0% +so it's also not just late subjected by +a person but by yeah absolutely yeah + + align:start position:0% +a person but by yeah absolutely yeah + + + align:start position:0% +a person but by yeah absolutely yeah +just like so they didn't need to be in + + align:start position:0% +just like so they didn't need to be in + + + align:start position:0% +just like so they didn't need to be in +there is life so they began to minion + + align:start position:0% +there is life so they began to minion + + + align:start position:0% +there is life so they began to minion +their like basic basic victory parts all + + align:start position:0% +their like basic basic victory parts all + + + align:start position:0% +their like basic basic victory parts all +the time okay and there's like a bunch + + align:start position:0% +the time okay and there's like a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +the time okay and there's like a bunch +of special set of ten part that's just + + align:start position:0% +of special set of ten part that's just + + + align:start position:0% +of special set of ten part that's just +just for this game these today for the + + align:start position:0% +just for this game these today for the + + + align:start position:0% +just for this game these today for the +special ten cards and just by like and + + align:start position:0% +special ten cards and just by like and + + + align:start position:0% +special ten cards and just by like and +just do the optimal strategy on the + + align:start position:0% +just do the optimal strategy on the + + + align:start position:0% +just do the optimal strategy on the +stuff that they're every game often can + + align:start position:0% +stuff that they're every game often can + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that they're every game often can +like win like thirty to forty percent of + + align:start position:0% +like win like thirty to forty percent of + + + align:start position:0% +like win like thirty to forty percent of +the time again the best possible + + align:start position:0% +the time again the best possible + + + align:start position:0% +the time again the best possible +strategy women like for me even if you + + align:start position:0% +strategy women like for me even if you + + + align:start position:0% +strategy women like for me even if you +using those set of cards which is which + + align:start position:0% +using those set of cards which is which + + + align:start position:0% +using those set of cards which is which +is life which shows that like but it's a + + align:start position:0% +is life which shows that like but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is life which shows that like but it's a +there look misty but at the same time + + align:start position:0% +there look misty but at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +there look misty but at the same time +like they're missing the game has like + + align:start position:0% +like they're missing the game has like + + + align:start position:0% +like they're missing the game has like +and a lot of these strategy involved + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of these strategy involved + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of these strategy involved +despite the fact that might take some + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that might take some + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that might take some +time some luck and so when people are + + align:start position:0% +time some luck and so when people are + + + align:start position:0% +time some luck and so when people are +like oh this got it especially because + + align:start position:0% +like oh this got it especially because + + + align:start position:0% +like oh this got it especially because +in like when we simulate a thousand + + align:start position:0% +in like when we simulate a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +in like when we simulate a thousand +games and win 60 percent of its 60 70 + + align:start position:0% +games and win 60 percent of its 60 70 + + + align:start position:0% +games and win 60 percent of its 60 70 +was notified as opposed to like actually + + align:start position:0% +was notified as opposed to like actually + + + align:start position:0% +was notified as opposed to like actually +saying like acting playing damage + + align:start position:0% +saying like acting playing damage + + + align:start position:0% +saying like acting playing damage +yeah well it's a huge thing to is like + + align:start position:0% +yeah well it's a huge thing to is like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well it's a huge thing to is like +how many times you're gonna play this + + align:start position:0% +how many times you're gonna play this + + + align:start position:0% +how many times you're gonna play this +game especially the games you're making + + align:start position:0% +game especially the games you're making + + + align:start position:0% +game especially the games you're making +in your assignments how about it how + + align:start position:0% +in your assignments how about it how + + + align:start position:0% +in your assignments how about it how +often are these games could play it + + align:start position:0% +often are these games could play it + + + align:start position:0% +often are these games could play it +hopefully you're testing as best you can + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're testing as best you can + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're testing as best you can +as much as you can but I don't think + + align:start position:0% +as much as you can but I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +as much as you can but I don't think +you're gonna get a thousand plays out of + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna get a thousand plays out of + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna get a thousand plays out of +them right unless you're gonna throw it + + align:start position:0% +them right unless you're gonna throw it + + + align:start position:0% +them right unless you're gonna throw it +to a computer you don't have to please + + align:start position:0% +to a computer you don't have to please + + + align:start position:0% +to a computer you don't have to please +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +getting real people to play it is is is + + align:start position:0% +getting real people to play it is is is + + + align:start position:0% +getting real people to play it is is is +a huge component of it because there's + + align:start position:0% +a huge component of it because there's + + + align:start position:0% +a huge component of it because there's +something about luck we are on no I + + align:start position:0% +something about luck we are on no I + + + align:start position:0% +something about luck we are on no I +don't think we've talked about yet the + + align:start position:0% +don't think we've talked about yet the + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we've talked about yet the +ritual aspects and the performative + + align:start position:0% +ritual aspects and the performative + + + align:start position:0% +ritual aspects and the performative +aspects of luck and chance I'm debating + + align:start position:0% +aspects of luck and chance I'm debating + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of luck and chance I'm debating +let me think of a game where there's + + align:start position:0% +let me think of a game where there's + + + align:start position:0% +let me think of a game where there's +something very particular to like how + + align:start position:0% +something very particular to like how + + + align:start position:0% +something very particular to like how +luck feels they're like why like maybe + + align:start position:0% +luck feels they're like why like maybe + + + align:start position:0% +luck feels they're like why like maybe +you can maybe you can take luck out of + + align:start position:0% +you can maybe you can take luck out of + + + align:start position:0% +you can maybe you can take luck out of +the system but why you wouldn't want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or maybe something where so I honestly + + align:start position:0% +or maybe something where so I honestly + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe something where so I honestly +think about in that kind of context but + + align:start position:0% +think about in that kind of context but + + + align:start position:0% +think about in that kind of context but +like where you're talking about craps + + align:start position:0% +like where you're talking about craps + + + align:start position:0% +like where you're talking about craps +talk about gambling games the rituals + + align:start position:0% +talk about gambling games the rituals + + + align:start position:0% +talk about gambling games the rituals +that go around gambling games blowing + + align:start position:0% +that go around gambling games blowing + + + align:start position:0% +that go around gambling games blowing +unde ice and rolling dice like what + + align:start position:0% +unde ice and rolling dice like what + + + align:start position:0% +unde ice and rolling dice like what +scraps if it if you remove the dice and + + align:start position:0% +scraps if it if you remove the dice and + + + align:start position:0% +scraps if it if you remove the dice and +replaced it with some other kind of you + + align:start position:0% +replaced it with some other kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +replaced it with some other kind of you +know technically giving you this exact + + align:start position:0% +know technically giving you this exact + + + align:start position:0% +know technically giving you this exact +same probability system but different + + align:start position:0% +same probability system but different + + + align:start position:0% +same probability system but different +materials is that going to be a + + align:start position:0% +materials is that going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +materials is that going to be a +different game or not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah is the probability curve the same + + align:start position:0% +yeah is the probability curve the same + + + align:start position:0% +yeah is the probability curve the same +no yeah yeah the house takes our footage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in which case you wouldn't want to take + + align:start position:0% +in which case you wouldn't want to take + + + align:start position:0% +in which case you wouldn't want to take +the walk out then out of it because your + + align:start position:0% +the walk out then out of it because your + + + align:start position:0% +the walk out then out of it because your +customers that it's the people you're + + align:start position:0% +customers that it's the people you're + + + align:start position:0% +customers that it's the people you're +playing against like aren't gonna want + + align:start position:0% +playing against like aren't gonna want + + + align:start position:0% +playing against like aren't gonna want +to play against you if they realize that + + align:start position:0% +to play against you if they realize that + + + align:start position:0% +to play against you if they realize that +they're so bad but if they win every + + align:start position:0% +they're so bad but if they win every + + + align:start position:0% +they're so bad but if they win every +once in a while and they feel like + + align:start position:0% +once in a while and they feel like + + + align:start position:0% +once in a while and they feel like +they're winning often + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it's pro mindset people you would + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's pro mindset people you would + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's pro mindset people you would +want that + + align:start position:0% +want that + + + align:start position:0% +want that +yeah like typically a large percentage + + align:start position:0% +yeah like typically a large percentage + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like typically a large percentage +of life of people that actually play + + align:start position:0% +of life of people that actually play + + + align:start position:0% +of life of people that actually play +poker funny even when you do like houses + + align:start position:0% +poker funny even when you do like houses + + + align:start position:0% +poker funny even when you do like houses +I believe it's somewhere between like a + + align:start position:0% +I believe it's somewhere between like a + + + align:start position:0% +I believe it's somewhere between like a +fifth and a half of people will make + + align:start position:0% +fifth and a half of people will make + + + align:start position:0% +fifth and a half of people will make +money income purchased well even without + + align:start position:0% +money income purchased well even without + + + align:start position:0% +money income purchased well even without +their fake it + + align:start position:0% +their fake it + + + align:start position:0% +their fake it +it depends on how many the table is both + + align:start position:0% +it depends on how many the table is both + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on how many the table is both +these cases you're talking about what + + align:start position:0% +these cases you're talking about what + + + align:start position:0% +these cases you're talking about what +you stand just like in casino losers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what website I don't know it takes a + + align:start position:0% +what website I don't know it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +what website I don't know it takes a +swim - sounds incredibly authentic so to + + align:start position:0% +swim - sounds incredibly authentic so to + + + align:start position:0% +swim - sounds incredibly authentic so to +your question about craps my first guess + + align:start position:0% +your question about craps my first guess + + + align:start position:0% +your question about craps my first guess +response with my thought was that if you + + align:start position:0% +response with my thought was that if you + + + align:start position:0% +response with my thought was that if you +change the dice to a spinner even if it + + align:start position:0% +change the dice to a spinner even if it + + + align:start position:0% +change the dice to a spinner even if it +has the same exact distribution it seems + + align:start position:0% +has the same exact distribution it seems + + + align:start position:0% +has the same exact distribution it seems +like a different game I started thinking + + align:start position:0% +like a different game I started thinking + + + align:start position:0% +like a different game I started thinking +about it and if you have a game like + + align:start position:0% +about it and if you have a game like + + + align:start position:0% +about it and if you have a game like +online craps that's kind of what you did + + align:start position:0% +online craps that's kind of what you did + + + align:start position:0% +online craps that's kind of what you did +except you just show a picture of dice + + align:start position:0% +except you just show a picture of dice + + + align:start position:0% +except you just show a picture of dice +and that feels like it's the same so I + + align:start position:0% +and that feels like it's the same so I + + + align:start position:0% +and that feels like it's the same so I +guess I'm not sure yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the question of the mechanic versus + + align:start position:0% +the question of the mechanic versus + + + align:start position:0% +the question of the mechanic versus +aesthetic right late it seems taxing + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic right late it seems taxing + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic right late it seems taxing +mechanic right you have a brand-new + + align:start position:0% +mechanic right you have a brand-new + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic right you have a brand-new +number generators it somehow gets you + + align:start position:0% +number generators it somehow gets you + + + align:start position:0% +number generators it somehow gets you +money or lose you right with what's very + + align:start position:0% +money or lose you right with what's very + + + align:start position:0% +money or lose you right with what's very +specific rules on how it works + + align:start position:0% +specific rules on how it works + + + align:start position:0% +specific rules on how it works +whether it's like a dye or a spinner or + + align:start position:0% +whether it's like a dye or a spinner or + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's like a dye or a spinner or +a computer right it's that's like that's + + align:start position:0% +a computer right it's that's like that's + + + align:start position:0% +a computer right it's that's like that's +kind of like not what the user is + + align:start position:0% +kind of like not what the user is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like not what the user is +experiencing right but at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +experiencing right but at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +experiencing right but at the end of the +day like it's just like monopoly like + + align:start position:0% +day like it's just like monopoly like + + + align:start position:0% +day like it's just like monopoly like +meme of the day you have a random number + + align:start position:0% +meme of the day you have a random number + + + align:start position:0% +meme of the day you have a random number +generator is moving it around the board + + align:start position:0% +generator is moving it around the board + + + align:start position:0% +generator is moving it around the board +you collect stuff yeah right how they + + align:start position:0% +you collect stuff yeah right how they + + + align:start position:0% +you collect stuff yeah right how they +skim monopoly doesn't really matter it's + + align:start position:0% +skim monopoly doesn't really matter it's + + + align:start position:0% +skim monopoly doesn't really matter it's +exactly they've shown it I guess with + + align:start position:0% +exactly they've shown it I guess with + + + align:start position:0% +exactly they've shown it I guess with +dice some people believe it takes I + + align:start position:0% +dice some people believe it takes I + + + align:start position:0% +dice some people believe it takes I +guess some type of skill like they feel + + align:start position:0% +guess some type of skill like they feel + + + align:start position:0% +guess some type of skill like they feel +like they did you have roll sixes more + + align:start position:0% +like they did you have roll sixes more + + + align:start position:0% +like they did you have roll sixes more +often if they like I don't know there's + + align:start position:0% +often if they like I don't know there's + + + align:start position:0% +often if they like I don't know there's +a lot more tact allottee to dice lately + + align:start position:0% +a lot more tact allottee to dice lately + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more tact allottee to dice lately +like maybe maybe if I'm just cutting it + + align:start position:0% +like maybe maybe if I'm just cutting it + + + align:start position:0% +like maybe maybe if I'm just cutting it +the right way maybe if I put the die + + align:start position:0% +the right way maybe if I put the die + + + align:start position:0% +the right way maybe if I put the die +like facing the right side up I'm appall + + align:start position:0% +like facing the right side up I'm appall + + + align:start position:0% +like facing the right side up I'm appall +my hand when I roll it maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +my hand when I roll it maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +my hand when I roll it maybe there's +gonna be something there like maybe I've + + align:start position:0% +gonna be something there like maybe I've + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be something there like maybe I've +got the skill there maybe it's just with + + align:start position:0% +got the skill there maybe it's just with + + + align:start position:0% +got the skill there maybe it's just with +the dice I have maybe it's with the + + align:start position:0% +the dice I have maybe it's with the + + + align:start position:0% +the dice I have maybe it's with the +casinos dives who knows but there but + + align:start position:0% +casinos dives who knows but there but + + + align:start position:0% +casinos dives who knows but there but +yeah you can kind of feel like you're + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can kind of feel like you're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can kind of feel like you're +kind of tricked into feeling like + + align:start position:0% +kind of tricked into feeling like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of tricked into feeling like +there's some choice that you're able to + + align:start position:0% +there's some choice that you're able to + + + align:start position:0% +there's some choice that you're able to +make to change the outcome so I guess + + align:start position:0% +make to change the outcome so I guess + + + align:start position:0% +make to change the outcome so I guess +the bowl on the demons point that helps + + align:start position:0% +the bowl on the demons point that helps + + + align:start position:0% +the bowl on the demons point that helps +verify my ID on it because I think part + + align:start position:0% +verify my ID on it because I think part + + + align:start position:0% +verify my ID on it because I think part +of craps then is the aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +of craps then is the aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +of craps then is the aesthetic +experience and to me it feels like the + + align:start position:0% +experience and to me it feels like the + + + align:start position:0% +experience and to me it feels like the +dye the dice or meets the idea of dices + + align:start position:0% +dye the dice or meets the idea of dices + + + align:start position:0% +dye the dice or meets the idea of dices +fundamental to craps and if you don't + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to craps and if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to craps and if you don't +have it then it ends up being a + + align:start position:0% +have it then it ends up being a + + + align:start position:0% +have it then it ends up being a +different game you know it's a different + + align:start position:0% +different game you know it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +different game you know it's a different +aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic +so going back to like the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +so going back to like the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +so going back to like the beginning of +the reading one aspect that it's active + + align:start position:0% +the reading one aspect that it's active + + + align:start position:0% +the reading one aspect that it's active +that the reading is framing itself and + + align:start position:0% +that the reading is framing itself and + + + align:start position:0% +that the reading is framing itself and +is that as target audience like who is + + align:start position:0% +is that as target audience like who is + + + align:start position:0% +is that as target audience like who is +the target audience for the game you're + + align:start position:0% +the target audience for the game you're + + + align:start position:0% +the target audience for the game you're +making and it starts off with Candyland + + align:start position:0% +making and it starts off with Candyland + + + align:start position:0% +making and it starts off with Candyland +can delay the most the most random the + + align:start position:0% +can delay the most the most random the + + + align:start position:0% +can delay the most the most random the +least least predictable the least amount + + align:start position:0% +least least predictable the least amount + + + align:start position:0% +least least predictable the least amount +of player choice on that there is in a + + align:start position:0% +of player choice on that there is in a + + + align:start position:0% +of player choice on that there is in a +game but because of the audience that + + align:start position:0% +game but because of the audience that + + + align:start position:0% +game but because of the audience that +it's being designed for they're those + + align:start position:0% +it's being designed for they're those + + + align:start position:0% +it's being designed for they're those +that's okay it's actually beneficial in + + align:start position:0% +that's okay it's actually beneficial in + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay it's actually beneficial in +the examples they gave so if you thought + + align:start position:0% +the examples they gave so if you thought + + + align:start position:0% +the examples they gave so if you thought +about like the target audience for your + + align:start position:0% +about like the target audience for your + + + align:start position:0% +about like the target audience for your +own game right now like do you have a + + align:start position:0% +own game right now like do you have a + + + align:start position:0% +own game right now like do you have a +clue about what that might be or the + + align:start position:0% +clue about what that might be or the + + + align:start position:0% +clue about what that might be or the +context of you're saying the framing you + + align:start position:0% +context of you're saying the framing you + + + align:start position:0% +context of you're saying the framing you +might saying is it something like I know + + align:start position:0% +might saying is it something like I know + + + align:start position:0% +might saying is it something like I know +with your game at least it's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +with your game at least it's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +with your game at least it's gonna be +there's some kind of party atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +there's some kind of party atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +there's some kind of party atmosphere +going on in it because of the + + align:start position:0% +going on in it because of the + + + align:start position:0% +going on in it because of the +physicality involved right any others + + align:start position:0% +physicality involved right any others + + + align:start position:0% +physicality involved right any others +okay there's one thing to think about + + align:start position:0% +okay there's one thing to think about + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's one thing to think about +especially weird when you're coming to + + align:start position:0% +especially weird when you're coming to + + + align:start position:0% +especially weird when you're coming to +this from designer own and know the + + align:start position:0% +this from designer own and know the + + + align:start position:0% +this from designer own and know the +assumptions that you have on the likes + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that you have on the likes + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that you have on the likes +and personal likes and dislikes that you + + align:start position:0% +and personal likes and dislikes that you + + + align:start position:0% +and personal likes and dislikes that you +know that you have and you're gonna be + + align:start position:0% +know that you have and you're gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +know that you have and you're gonna be +on a team but you're on a team of + + align:start position:0% +on a team but you're on a team of + + + align:start position:0% +on a team but you're on a team of +multiple people you're all gonna have + + align:start position:0% +multiple people you're all gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +multiple people you're all gonna have +different likes and dislikes one thing + + align:start position:0% +different likes and dislikes one thing + + + align:start position:0% +different likes and dislikes one thing +to try to really figure out early on is + + align:start position:0% +to try to really figure out early on is + + + align:start position:0% +to try to really figure out early on is +who is the person playing the game and + + align:start position:0% +who is the person playing the game and + + + align:start position:0% +who is the person playing the game and +what is their dislikes what are their + + align:start position:0% +what is their dislikes what are their + + + align:start position:0% +what is their dislikes what are their +likes at this point just assume just + + align:start position:0% +likes at this point just assume just + + + align:start position:0% +likes at this point just assume just +come up with a random target audience + + align:start position:0% +come up with a random target audience + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a random target audience +person and just kind of make that + + align:start position:0% +person and just kind of make that + + + align:start position:0% +person and just kind of make that +assumption but what they may or may not + + align:start position:0% +assumption but what they may or may not + + + align:start position:0% +assumption but what they may or may not +like because I know you're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +like because I know you're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +like because I know you're gonna have +discussions arguments over which one is + + align:start position:0% +discussions arguments over which one is + + + align:start position:0% +discussions arguments over which one is +best or not how much randomness are we + + align:start position:0% +best or not how much randomness are we + + + align:start position:0% +best or not how much randomness are we +gonna include this game or not are we + + align:start position:0% +gonna include this game or not are we + + + align:start position:0% +gonna include this game or not are we +going to include this mechanic over this + + align:start position:0% +going to include this mechanic over this + + + align:start position:0% +going to include this mechanic over this +mechanic or not rather than making it + + align:start position:0% +mechanic or not rather than making it + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic or not rather than making it +about what you personally like maybe try + + align:start position:0% +about what you personally like maybe try + + + align:start position:0% +about what you personally like maybe try +taking it to what another person is + + align:start position:0% +taking it to what another person is + + + align:start position:0% +taking it to what another person is +gonna like what how how it's actually + + align:start position:0% +gonna like what how how it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +gonna like what how how it's actually +gonna get played and you might not find + + align:start position:0% +gonna get played and you might not find + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get played and you might not find +that out until you're actually in the + + align:start position:0% +that out until you're actually in the + + + align:start position:0% +that out until you're actually in the +middle of play testing and you're + + align:start position:0% +middle of play testing and you're + + + align:start position:0% +middle of play testing and you're +getting in front of other people so I'm + + align:start position:0% +getting in front of other people so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +getting in front of other people so I'm +gonna talk about random is some more + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk about random is some more + + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk about random is some more +later on but first let's spend about I + + align:start position:0% +later on but first let's spend about I + + + align:start position:0% +later on but first let's spend about I +think some of these games can get played + + align:start position:0% +think some of these games can get played + + + align:start position:0% +think some of these games can get played +in about an hour and a half an hour so + + align:start position:0% +in about an hour and a half an hour so + + + align:start position:0% +in about an hour and a half an hour so +we'll play some of these games till + + align:start position:0% +we'll play some of these games till + + + align:start position:0% +we'll play some of these games till +about 2:30 and talk a little bit after + + align:start position:0% +about 2:30 and talk a little bit after + + + align:start position:0% +about 2:30 and talk a little bit after +them we want to talk about as you're + + align:start position:0% +them we want to talk about as you're + + + align:start position:0% +them we want to talk about as you're +playing the games pay attention to how + + align:start position:0% +playing the games pay attention to how + + + align:start position:0% +playing the games pay attention to how +randomness is used in the game at how + + align:start position:0% +randomness is used in the game at how + + + align:start position:0% +randomness is used in the game at how +player choice is used + + align:start position:0% +player choice is used + + + align:start position:0% +player choice is used +the game they're all going to be they're + + align:start position:0% +the game they're all going to be they're + + + align:start position:0% +the game they're all going to be they're +all going to be pretty similar to each + + align:start position:0% +all going to be pretty similar to each + + + align:start position:0% +all going to be pretty similar to each +other but with a different mix and a + + align:start position:0% +other but with a different mix and a + + + align:start position:0% +other but with a different mix and a +different balance but similar types of + + align:start position:0% +different balance but similar types of + + + align:start position:0% +different balance but similar types of +mechanics are in each of these games if + + align:start position:0% +mechanics are in each of these games if + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics are in each of these games if +I remember to describe + + align:start position:0% +I remember to describe + + + align:start position:0% +I remember to describe +so John you want to mention the like + + align:start position:0% +so John you want to mention the like + + + align:start position:0% +so John you want to mention the like +describe the games of you that you + + align:start position:0% +describe the games of you that you + + + align:start position:0% +describe the games of you that you +learned so I checked out race for the + + align:start position:0% +learned so I checked out race for the + + + align:start position:0% +learned so I checked out race for the +galaxy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how many played San Juan but it's a + + align:start position:0% +how many played San Juan but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +how many played San Juan but it's a +victory points game we're trying to get + + align:start position:0% +victory points game we're trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +victory points game we're trying to get +victory points actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then also because I decided to think + + align:start position:0% +and then also because I decided to think + + + align:start position:0% +and then also because I decided to think +of the Oh the pieces that games coupling + + align:start position:0% +of the Oh the pieces that games coupling + + + align:start position:0% +of the Oh the pieces that games coupling +displace these are the fifty point it's + + align:start position:0% +displace these are the fifty point it's + + + align:start position:0% +displace these are the fifty point it's +the unique part about this game is that + + align:start position:0% +the unique part about this game is that + + + align:start position:0% +the unique part about this game is that +there are phases and each player selects + + align:start position:0% +there are phases and each player selects + + + align:start position:0% +there are phases and each player selects +what phase they're seven phases and they + + align:start position:0% +what phase they're seven phases and they + + + align:start position:0% +what phase they're seven phases and they +each do different things looks like one + + align:start position:0% +each do different things looks like one + + + align:start position:0% +each do different things looks like one +thing is let's you game cards and other + + align:start position:0% +thing is let's you game cards and other + + + align:start position:0% +thing is let's you game cards and other +frames let's use best cards you can + + align:start position:0% +frames let's use best cards you can + + + align:start position:0% +frames let's use best cards you can +consume items which is your victory + + align:start position:0% +consume items which is your victory + + + align:start position:0% +consume items which is your victory +points weeks or planets etc and each + + align:start position:0% +points weeks or planets etc and each + + + align:start position:0% +points weeks or planets etc and each +person selects the phase that they want + + align:start position:0% +person selects the phase that they want + + + align:start position:0% +person selects the phase that they want +to play and I think you get bonus so it + + align:start position:0% +to play and I think you get bonus so it + + + align:start position:0% +to play and I think you get bonus so it +everyone simultaneously play this place + + align:start position:0% +everyone simultaneously play this place + + + align:start position:0% +everyone simultaneously play this place +of phase that they want and if one can + + align:start position:0% +of phase that they want and if one can + + + align:start position:0% +of phase that they want and if one can +see heart that face + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +teach me the more granular player Cola + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have the opportunity to play a few + + align:start position:0% +I have the opportunity to play a few + + + align:start position:0% +I have the opportunity to play a few +time thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's check out the bits here there's a + + align:start position:0% +let's check out the bits here there's a + + + align:start position:0% +let's check out the bits here there's a +lot going on actually there's a little + + align:start position:0% +lot going on actually there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +lot going on actually there's a little +what would you call this player board a + + align:start position:0% +what would you call this player board a + + + align:start position:0% +what would you call this player board a +player border board everyone gets one of + + align:start position:0% +player border board everyone gets one of + + + align:start position:0% +player border board everyone gets one of +these and then there's a common area as + + align:start position:0% +these and then there's a common area as + + + align:start position:0% +these and then there's a common area as +well just like multiple things hey + + align:start position:0% +well just like multiple things hey + + + align:start position:0% +well just like multiple things hey +you're gonna do a lot of space for this + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna do a lot of space for this + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna do a lot of space for this +one yeah so there are these major + + align:start position:0% +one yeah so there are these major + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah so there are these major +pyramids which you can invest in we get + + align:start position:0% +pyramids which you can invest in we get + + + align:start position:0% +pyramids which you can invest in we get +victory points and get power-ups + + align:start position:0% +victory points and get power-ups + + + align:start position:0% +victory points and get power-ups +essentially there are different rounds + + align:start position:0% +essentially there are different rounds + + + align:start position:0% +essentially there are different rounds +study game it's a worker placement game + + align:start position:0% +study game it's a worker placement game + + + align:start position:0% +study game it's a worker placement game +so you start with a couple of workers + + align:start position:0% +so you start with a couple of workers + + + align:start position:0% +so you start with a couple of workers +you're like family and you're farming + + align:start position:0% +you're like family and you're farming + + + align:start position:0% +you're like family and you're farming +stuff roughly if you want to expand your + + align:start position:0% +stuff roughly if you want to expand your + + + align:start position:0% +stuff roughly if you want to expand your +farm you can either build up your house + + align:start position:0% +farm you can either build up your house + + + align:start position:0% +farm you can either build up your house +you can get livestock or you can plow + + align:start position:0% +you can get livestock or you can plow + + + align:start position:0% +you can get livestock or you can plow +your fields and there's different routes + + align:start position:0% +your fields and there's different routes + + + align:start position:0% +your fields and there's different routes +a finite amount of grounds and resources + + align:start position:0% +a finite amount of grounds and resources + + + align:start position:0% +a finite amount of grounds and resources +sort of respawn into the board every + + align:start position:0% +sort of respawn into the board every + + + align:start position:0% +sort of respawn into the board every +round so it's actually quite simple to + + align:start position:0% +round so it's actually quite simple to + + + align:start position:0% +round so it's actually quite simple to +every time and well point about this + + align:start position:0% +every time and well point about this + + + align:start position:0% +every time and well point about this +game that I thought was really all you + + align:start position:0% +game that I thought was really all you + + + align:start position:0% +game that I thought was really all you +also get like professional cards like a + + align:start position:0% +also get like professional cards like a + + + align:start position:0% +also get like professional cards like a +limited amount of cards and also minor + + align:start position:0% +limited amount of cards and also minor + + + align:start position:0% +limited amount of cards and also minor +movements and those are different every + + align:start position:0% +movements and those are different every + + + align:start position:0% +movements and those are different every +game there's a pretty thick stack of + + align:start position:0% +game there's a pretty thick stack of + + + align:start position:0% +game there's a pretty thick stack of +these profession and by intricate + + align:start position:0% +these profession and by intricate + + + align:start position:0% +these profession and by intricate +carving only get seven sort of that's a + + align:start position:0% +carving only get seven sort of that's a + + + align:start position:0% +carving only get seven sort of that's a +hand that you have to deal with you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so they're different rounds and you + + align:start position:0% +yeah so they're different rounds and you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so they're different rounds and you +only have a couple of workers and only + + align:start position:0% +only have a couple of workers and only + + + align:start position:0% +only have a couple of workers and only +you can expand your family over time you + + align:start position:0% +you can expand your family over time you + + + align:start position:0% +you can expand your family over time you +kind of have to pick and choose what + + align:start position:0% +kind of have to pick and choose what + + + align:start position:0% +kind of have to pick and choose what +your strategies you don't have time to + + align:start position:0% +your strategies you don't have time to + + + align:start position:0% +your strategies you don't have time to +do everything because the rounds come + + align:start position:0% +do everything because the rounds come + + + align:start position:0% +do everything because the rounds come +really quick + + align:start position:0% +really quick + + + align:start position:0% +really quick +there's also harder spades which + + align:start position:0% +there's also harder spades which + + + align:start position:0% +there's also harder spades which +essentially so during the other rounds + + align:start position:0% +essentially so during the other rounds + + + align:start position:0% +essentially so during the other rounds +you're passing resources and a harvest + + align:start position:0% +you're passing resources and a harvest + + + align:start position:0% +you're passing resources and a harvest +phase is resources from your farm and + + align:start position:0% +phase is resources from your farm and + + + align:start position:0% +phase is resources from your farm and +you definitely don't have time to do + + align:start position:0% +you definitely don't have time to do + + + align:start position:0% +you definitely don't have time to do +everything but at the same time + + align:start position:0% +everything but at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +everything but at the same time +scoring the points at the end reward to + + align:start position:0% +scoring the points at the end reward to + + + align:start position:0% +scoring the points at the end reward to +you for never spy and so if you're + + align:start position:0% +you for never spy and so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you for never spy and so if you're +another thing that I sort of noticed was + + align:start position:0% +another thing that I sort of noticed was + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that I sort of noticed was +that the cards we get dealt some of them + + align:start position:0% +that the cards we get dealt some of them + + + align:start position:0% +that the cards we get dealt some of them +sort of have like early game benefits + + align:start position:0% +sort of have like early game benefits + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have like early game benefits +for instance if you play this game like + + align:start position:0% +for instance if you play this game like + + + align:start position:0% +for instance if you play this game like +wood is super awesome in the beginning + + align:start position:0% +wood is super awesome in the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +wood is super awesome in the beginning +every time but as you go on in the game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +did it come with beginning or first time + + align:start position:0% +did it come with beginning or first time + + + align:start position:0% +did it come with beginning or first time +walls there is I think it's recommended + + align:start position:0% +walls there is I think it's recommended + + + align:start position:0% +walls there is I think it's recommended +for the younger players yeah I'd + + align:start position:0% +for the younger players yeah I'd + + + align:start position:0% +for the younger players yeah I'd +recommend playing those you'll get the + + align:start position:0% +recommend playing those you'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +recommend playing those you'll get the +same feel and you'll have to get a full + + align:start position:0% +same feel and you'll have to get a full + + + align:start position:0% +same feel and you'll have to get a full +plate yeah like darkness + + align:start position:0% +plate yeah like darkness + + + align:start position:0% +plate yeah like darkness +you also get you'll still get a full + + align:start position:0% +you also get you'll still get a full + + + align:start position:0% +you also get you'll still get a full +play parents you can play both full game + + align:start position:0% +play parents you can play both full game + + + align:start position:0% +play parents you can play both full game +today there's lots of it if I had one + + align:start position:0% +today there's lots of it if I had one + + + align:start position:0% +today there's lots of it if I had one +criticism there's so many bits and it's + + align:start position:0% +criticism there's so many bits and it's + + + align:start position:0% +criticism there's so many bits and it's +really kind of tedious so we go + + align:start position:0% +really kind of tedious so we go + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of tedious so we go +respawn all the reason yeah colors + + align:start position:0% +respawn all the reason yeah colors + + + align:start position:0% +respawn all the reason yeah colors +aren't all that different than each + + align:start position:0% +aren't all that different than each + + + align:start position:0% +aren't all that different than each +other I saw some online that were + + align:start position:0% +other I saw some online that were + + + align:start position:0% +other I saw some online that were +actually like the pigs are linked or + + align:start position:0% +actually like the pigs are linked or + + + align:start position:0% +actually like the pigs are linked or +like laser cut little pink piggies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's also a bunch different decks so + + align:start position:0% +there's also a bunch different decks so + + + align:start position:0% +there's also a bunch different decks so +I think there are tons of replayability + + align:start position:0% +I think there are tons of replayability + + + align:start position:0% +I think there are tons of replayability +yeah and actually kind of want to buy + + align:start position:0% +yeah and actually kind of want to buy + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and actually kind of want to buy +this game because at first there's like + + align:start position:0% +this game because at first there's like + + + align:start position:0% +this game because at first there's like +tons of carbs like literally the whole + + align:start position:0% +tons of carbs like literally the whole + + + align:start position:0% +tons of carbs like literally the whole +deck it's basically all over and reading + + align:start position:0% +deck it's basically all over and reading + + + align:start position:0% +deck it's basically all over and reading +every line it was kind of overwhelming + + align:start position:0% +every line it was kind of overwhelming + + + align:start position:0% +every line it was kind of overwhelming +but after playing it a few times so I + + align:start position:0% +but after playing it a few times so I + + + align:start position:0% +but after playing it a few times so I +really got the hang of it and spot those + + align:start position:0% +really got the hang of it and spot those + + + align:start position:0% +really got the hang of it and spot those +fun experience I just like to play two + + align:start position:0% +fun experience I just like to play two + + + align:start position:0% +fun experience I just like to play two +kinds of friends every time someone + + align:start position:0% +kinds of friends every time someone + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of friends every time someone +pulls out like some interesting + + align:start position:0% +pulls out like some interesting + + + align:start position:0% +pulls out like some interesting +accommodation a little bit like we + + align:start position:0% +accommodation a little bit like we + + + align:start position:0% +accommodation a little bit like we +haven't seen before and it's like well + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen before and it's like well + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen before and it's like well +so let me ask you how do you do drafting + + align:start position:0% +so let me ask you how do you do drafting + + + align:start position:0% +so let me ask you how do you do drafting +because online I heard that was + + align:start position:0% +because online I heard that was + + + align:start position:0% +because online I heard that was +different like rituals around the + + align:start position:0% +different like rituals around the + + + align:start position:0% +different like rituals around the +drafting process sometimes like hops + + align:start position:0% +drafting process sometimes like hops + + + align:start position:0% +drafting process sometimes like hops +really so you usually need a little + + align:start position:0% +really so you usually need a little + + + align:start position:0% +really so you usually need a little +occupations firstly minor provinces you + + align:start position:0% +occupations firstly minor provinces you + + + align:start position:0% +occupations firstly minor provinces you +have everyone could be kneel everyone + + align:start position:0% +have everyone could be kneel everyone + + + align:start position:0% +have everyone could be kneel everyone +seventh eighth eighth one has the rest + + align:start position:0% +seventh eighth eighth one has the rest + + + align:start position:0% +seventh eighth eighth one has the rest +of the left okay and it's a public sort + + align:start position:0% +of the left okay and it's a public sort + + + align:start position:0% +of the left okay and it's a public sort +of process you know you only see any + + align:start position:0% +of process you know you only see any + + + align:start position:0% +of process you know you only see any +parts of get out okay senior cops of + + align:start position:0% +parts of get out okay senior cops of + + + align:start position:0% +parts of get out okay senior cops of +Fame you pick one and then you serve at + + align:start position:0% +Fame you pick one and then you serve at + + + align:start position:0% +Fame you pick one and then you serve at +seven everyone has seven in hands + + align:start position:0% +seven everyone has seven in hands + + + align:start position:0% +seven everyone has seven in hands +everyone picks one from their hands and + + align:start position:0% +everyone picks one from their hands and + + + align:start position:0% +everyone picks one from their hands and +pass of the remaining six left then that + + align:start position:0% +pass of the remaining six left then that + + + align:start position:0% +pass of the remaining six left then that +person looks at bad sectors + + align:start position:0% +person looks at bad sectors + + + align:start position:0% +person looks at bad sectors +okay doing this until + + align:start position:0% +okay doing this until + + + align:start position:0% +okay doing this until +so maybe I didn't maybe that was just + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I didn't maybe that was just + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I didn't maybe that was just +something that came up to the community + + align:start position:0% +something that came up to the community + + + align:start position:0% +something that came up to the community +and originally playing this game or + + align:start position:0% +and originally playing this game or + + + align:start position:0% +and originally playing this game or +maybe it's trapped in the world so I + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's trapped in the world so I + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's trapped in the world so I +guess like supposed to play + + align:start position:0% +guess like supposed to play + + + align:start position:0% +guess like supposed to play +professionally + + align:start position:0% +professionally + + + align:start position:0% +professionally +I meant for money oh that's where some + + align:start position:0% +I meant for money oh that's where some + + + align:start position:0% +I meant for money oh that's where some +of a lot of the decks came out is um + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of the decks came out is um + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of the decks came out is um +you'll you'll see people when the new + + align:start position:0% +you'll you'll see people when the new + + + align:start position:0% +you'll you'll see people when the new +just like mention to gather the new + + align:start position:0% +just like mention to gather the new + + + align:start position:0% +just like mention to gather the new +decks come out we'll get new tournaments + + align:start position:0% +decks come out we'll get new tournaments + + + align:start position:0% +decks come out we'll get new tournaments +going on really popular in Europe and + + align:start position:0% +going on really popular in Europe and + + + align:start position:0% +going on really popular in Europe and +Germany + + align:start position:0% +Germany + + + align:start position:0% +Germany +so as the drafting process is that + + align:start position:0% +so as the drafting process is that + + + align:start position:0% +so as the drafting process is that +something that is fun I probably came + + align:start position:0% +something that is fun I probably came + + + align:start position:0% +something that is fun I probably came +from the pro the pro play because we + + align:start position:0% +from the pro the pro play because we + + + align:start position:0% +from the pro the pro play because we +just like distribute the cards as a wave + + align:start position:0% +just like distribute the cards as a wave + + + align:start position:0% +just like distribute the cards as a wave +we have the jab thing is one of the + + align:start position:0% +we have the jab thing is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the jab thing is one of the +things you can do is sometimes like my + + align:start position:0% +things you can do is sometimes like my + + + align:start position:0% +things you can do is sometimes like my +old skill yeah doesn't always work + + align:start position:0% +old skill yeah doesn't always work + + + align:start position:0% +old skill yeah doesn't always work +you're still gonna have people who are + + align:start position:0% +you're still gonna have people who are + + + align:start position:0% +you're still gonna have people who are +really skilled at drafting him it really + + align:start position:0% +really skilled at drafting him it really + + + align:start position:0% +really skilled at drafting him it really +skilled at reading the table based on + + align:start position:0% +skilled at reading the table based on + + + align:start position:0% +skilled at reading the table based on +the cards than having a good memory of + + align:start position:0% +the cards than having a good memory of + + + align:start position:0% +the cards than having a good memory of +what cards came just a fun game + + align:start position:0% +what cards came just a fun game + + + align:start position:0% +what cards came just a fun game +definitely check it out okay another or + + align:start position:0% +definitely check it out okay another or + + + align:start position:0% +definitely check it out okay another or +a simplified worker placement game + + align:start position:0% +a simplified worker placement game + + + align:start position:0% +a simplified worker placement game +faulty cop and what this has is one of + + align:start position:0% +faulty cop and what this has is one of + + + align:start position:0% +faulty cop and what this has is one of +the rentals and this one's coming from + + align:start position:0% +the rentals and this one's coming from + + + align:start position:0% +the rentals and this one's coming from +not knowing what's gonna what's coming + + align:start position:0% +not knowing what's gonna what's coming + + + align:start position:0% +not knowing what's gonna what's coming +up with the tiles so you're kind of + + align:start position:0% +up with the tiles so you're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +up with the tiles so you're kind of +you're kind of uncovering this forest + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of uncovering this forest + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of uncovering this forest +area discover new things + + align:start position:0% +area discover new things + + + align:start position:0% +area discover new things +placing your workers in in these tiles + + align:start position:0% +placing your workers in in these tiles + + + align:start position:0% +placing your workers in in these tiles +to basically a victory points the bigger + + align:start position:0% +to basically a victory points the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +to basically a victory points the bigger +trap around the board + + align:start position:0% +trap around the board + + + align:start position:0% +trap around the board +so you'll see actually this is this + + align:start position:0% +so you'll see actually this is this + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll see actually this is this +conceit to use a lot in these kind of + + align:start position:0% +conceit to use a lot in these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +conceit to use a lot in these kind of +games where the victory points are kind + + align:start position:0% +games where the victory points are kind + + + align:start position:0% +games where the victory points are kind +of like a race ticket to ride does this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very basic shapes for the pieces single + + align:start position:0% +very basic shapes for the pieces single + + + align:start position:0% +very basic shapes for the pieces single +color natural wood colors and + + align:start position:0% +color natural wood colors and + + + align:start position:0% +color natural wood colors and +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +I think you can tell the difference I'm + + align:start position:0% +I think you can tell the difference I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I think you can tell the difference I'm +not sure if they did a colorpoint test + + align:start position:0% +not sure if they did a colorpoint test + + + align:start position:0% +not sure if they did a colorpoint test +on this but I assume that colorpoint + + align:start position:0% +on this but I assume that colorpoint + + + align:start position:0% +on this but I assume that colorpoint +folks can see it different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Puerto Rico is kind of the fort gate + + align:start position:0% +Puerto Rico is kind of the fort gate + + + align:start position:0% +Puerto Rico is kind of the fort gate +version of a simpler version of risk for + + align:start position:0% +version of a simpler version of risk for + + + align:start position:0% +version of a simpler version of risk for +the galaxy a resource generation game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again played over rounds each person has + + align:start position:0% +again played over rounds each person has + + + align:start position:0% +again played over rounds each person has +their own plantation that you're + + align:start position:0% +their own plantation that you're + + + align:start position:0% +their own plantation that you're +basically building up and the big thing + + align:start position:0% +basically building up and the big thing + + + align:start position:0% +basically building up and the big thing +with this game this series of games and + + align:start position:0% +with this game this series of games and + + + align:start position:0% +with this game this series of games and +racing the galaxy does this as well I + + align:start position:0% +racing the galaxy does this as well I + + + align:start position:0% +racing the galaxy does this as well I +believe there is a action so choosing + + align:start position:0% +believe there is a action so choosing + + + align:start position:0% +believe there is a action so choosing +what you want to do in that turn if you + + align:start position:0% +what you want to do in that turn if you + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to do in that turn if you +get if you're the person who chooses + + align:start position:0% +get if you're the person who chooses + + + align:start position:0% +get if you're the person who chooses +what happens in a round in a four phase + + align:start position:0% +what happens in a round in a four phase + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in a round in a four phase +such a good exactly what's called then + + align:start position:0% +such a good exactly what's called then + + + align:start position:0% +such a good exactly what's called then +the person who chose it gets a privilege + + align:start position:0% +the person who chose it gets a privilege + + + align:start position:0% +the person who chose it gets a privilege +that they can do something a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that they can do something a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that they can do something a little bit +extra so part of the the play is + + align:start position:0% +extra so part of the the play is + + + align:start position:0% +extra so part of the the play is +choosing the role based on both whether + + align:start position:0% +choosing the role based on both whether + + + align:start position:0% +choosing the role based on both whether +it's going to be good for you or whether + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be good for you or whether + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be good for you or whether +it's gonna hurt the other people around + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna hurt the other people around + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna hurt the other people around +you with the basically denying privilege + + align:start position:0% +you with the basically denying privilege + + + align:start position:0% +you with the basically denying privilege +and making something making something in + + align:start position:0% +and making something making something in + + + align:start position:0% +and making something making something in +the game happen before somebody else who + + align:start position:0% +the game happen before somebody else who + + + align:start position:0% +the game happen before somebody else who +might have wanted to happen Dominion + + align:start position:0% +might have wanted to happen Dominion + + + align:start position:0% +might have wanted to happen Dominion +classic magic bastes card drafting game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lots of different types of cards of + + align:start position:0% +lots of different types of cards of + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different types of cards of +multiple number and again you're playing + + align:start position:0% +multiple number and again you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +multiple number and again you're playing +for victory points if you have played + + align:start position:0% +for victory points if you have played + + + align:start position:0% +for victory points if you have played +Dominion before their regular playing on + + align:start position:0% +Dominion before their regular playing on + + + align:start position:0% +Dominion before their regular playing on +giving the video for gets really it's + + align:start position:0% +giving the video for gets really it's + + + align:start position:0% +giving the video for gets really it's +really easy really fast it says 30 + + align:start position:0% +really easy really fast it says 30 + + + align:start position:0% +really easy really fast it says 30 +minutes your first playthrough of all + + align:start position:0% +minutes your first playthrough of all + + + align:start position:0% +minutes your first playthrough of all +we'd probably be about 45 I have not + + align:start position:0% +we'd probably be about 45 I have not + + + align:start position:0% +we'd probably be about 45 I have not +played this one I'm gonna find out what + + align:start position:0% +played this one I'm gonna find out what + + + align:start position:0% +played this one I'm gonna find out what +it's about they go to the box + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a multiple languages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again bored with racing numbers around + + align:start position:0% +again bored with racing numbers around + + + align:start position:0% +again bored with racing numbers around +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +archeologists you're trying to apply our + + align:start position:0% +archeologists you're trying to apply our + + + align:start position:0% +archeologists you're trying to apply our +knowledge for expedition expeditions + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for expedition expeditions + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for expedition expeditions +you're planning excavations and + + align:start position:0% +you're planning excavations and + + + align:start position:0% +you're planning excavations and +exhibitions and getting victory points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +digging in sites and funded by the park + + align:start position:0% +digging in sites and funded by the park + + + align:start position:0% +digging in sites and funded by the park +perfect so yeah fortunately I can't + + align:start position:0% +perfect so yeah fortunately I can't + + + align:start position:0% +perfect so yeah fortunately I can't +exactly tell you exactly that about but + + align:start position:0% +exactly tell you exactly that about but + + + align:start position:0% +exactly tell you exactly that about but +it's lightly resource gathering and a + + align:start position:0% +it's lightly resource gathering and a + + + align:start position:0% +it's lightly resource gathering and a +little bit of so those are the one two + + align:start position:0% +little bit of so those are the one two + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of so those are the one two +three four five six games grab a game + + align:start position:0% +three four five six games grab a game + + + align:start position:0% +three four five six games grab a game +set up a group + + align:start position:0% +set up a group + + + align:start position:0% +set up a group +I'll call time at about 2:30 see you + + align:start position:0% +I'll call time at about 2:30 see you + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call time at about 2:30 see you +around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you guys come back over to Rachel a + + align:start position:0% +you guys come back over to Rachel a + + + align:start position:0% +you guys come back over to Rachel a +galaxy I'm gonna like each each group + + align:start position:0% +galaxy I'm gonna like each each group + + + align:start position:0% +galaxy I'm gonna like each each group +each game being played tell us a little + + align:start position:0% +each game being played tell us a little + + + align:start position:0% +each game being played tell us a little +bit about what first tell us what your + + align:start position:0% +bit about what first tell us what your + + + align:start position:0% +bit about what first tell us what your +game is where the game was and tell us + + align:start position:0% +game is where the game was and tell us + + + align:start position:0% +game is where the game was and tell us +about how this is assuming you're able + + align:start position:0% +about how this is assuming you're able + + + align:start position:0% +about how this is assuming you're able +to get this far + + align:start position:0% +to get this far + + + align:start position:0% +to get this far +how grand Minnis and player choice + + align:start position:0% +how grand Minnis and player choice + + + align:start position:0% +how grand Minnis and player choice +entered into the game how was it how was + + align:start position:0% +entered into the game how was it how was + + + align:start position:0% +entered into the game how was it how was +it used in the game how did it play + + align:start position:0% +it used in the game how did it play + + + align:start position:0% +it used in the game how did it play +through don't just focus on the + + align:start position:0% +through don't just focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +through don't just focus on the +statistics with all probability but also + + align:start position:0% +statistics with all probability but also + + + align:start position:0% +statistics with all probability but also +talk about performance and feel and the + + align:start position:0% +talk about performance and feel and the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about performance and feel and the +the tactfulness of the other pieces and + + align:start position:0% +the tactfulness of the other pieces and + + + align:start position:0% +the tactfulness of the other pieces and +what you're doing anyway so you guys go + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing anyway so you guys go + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing anyway so you guys go +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +we had porto rico + + align:start position:0% +we had porto rico + + + align:start position:0% +we had porto rico +the randomness had to when I guess right + + align:start position:0% +the randomness had to when I guess right + + + align:start position:0% +the randomness had to when I guess right +here in the tiles that the plantation + + align:start position:0% +here in the tiles that the plantation + + + align:start position:0% +here in the tiles that the plantation +tell us that but the player choice comes + + align:start position:0% +tell us that but the player choice comes + + + align:start position:0% +tell us that but the player choice comes +in with the role that you could use for + + align:start position:0% +in with the role that you could use for + + + align:start position:0% +in with the role that you could use for +that round and also I guess whatever + + align:start position:0% +that round and also I guess whatever + + + align:start position:0% +that round and also I guess whatever +strategy you choose be it like building + + align:start position:0% +strategy you choose be it like building + + + align:start position:0% +strategy you choose be it like building +up enough money to buy stuff or I guess + + align:start position:0% +up enough money to buy stuff or I guess + + + align:start position:0% +up enough money to buy stuff or I guess +trying to get enough colonists so that + + align:start position:0% +trying to get enough colonists so that + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get enough colonists so that +every single one of your tiles is + + align:start position:0% +every single one of your tiles is + + + align:start position:0% +every single one of your tiles is +occupied so like you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +occupied so like you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +occupied so like you have a lot of +choices basically at the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +choices basically at the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +choices basically at the beginning of +the round you like take a roll and eat + + align:start position:0% +the round you like take a roll and eat + + + align:start position:0% +the round you like take a roll and eat +you will always like a special privilege + + align:start position:0% +you will always like a special privilege + + + align:start position:0% +you will always like a special privilege +that you get and then everybody else + + align:start position:0% +that you get and then everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +that you get and then everybody else +like everybody including you perform an + + align:start position:0% +like everybody including you perform an + + + align:start position:0% +like everybody including you perform an +action based on that role and so like on + + align:start position:0% +action based on that role and so like on + + + align:start position:0% +action based on that role and so like on +your turn you like pick a roll keeping + + align:start position:0% +your turn you like pick a roll keeping + + + align:start position:0% +your turn you like pick a roll keeping +in mind that there's a lot of like + + align:start position:0% +in mind that there's a lot of like + + + align:start position:0% +in mind that there's a lot of like +public information so you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +public information so you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +public information so you can kind of +like see what's good for you and also + + align:start position:0% +like see what's good for you and also + + + align:start position:0% +like see what's good for you and also +perhaps not as good for everyone else + + align:start position:0% +perhaps not as good for everyone else + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps not as good for everyone else +and then each one of these roles the + + align:start position:0% +and then each one of these roles the + + + align:start position:0% +and then each one of these roles the +actions everybody needs to choice um + + align:start position:0% +actions everybody needs to choice um + + + align:start position:0% +actions everybody needs to choice um +like how they perform it so for example + + align:start position:0% +like how they perform it so for example + + + align:start position:0% +like how they perform it so for example +you're saying like the these little + + align:start position:0% +you're saying like the these little + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying like the these little +tiles that slip up like one of the roles + + align:start position:0% +tiles that slip up like one of the roles + + + align:start position:0% +tiles that slip up like one of the roles +lets you basically take one and put it + + align:start position:0% +lets you basically take one and put it + + + align:start position:0% +lets you basically take one and put it +on your board there's like choice there + + align:start position:0% +on your board there's like choice there + + + align:start position:0% +on your board there's like choice there +between like how how do you kind of + + align:start position:0% +between like how how do you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +between like how how do you kind of +compose your board and those lead until + + align:start position:0% +compose your board and those lead until + + + align:start position:0% +compose your board and those lead until +I get to get that resources a victory + + align:start position:0% +I get to get that resources a victory + + + align:start position:0% +I get to get that resources a victory +points and other such things it's really + + align:start position:0% +points and other such things it's really + + + align:start position:0% +points and other such things it's really +annoying to set up tacked on this lake + + align:start position:0% +annoying to set up tacked on this lake + + + align:start position:0% +annoying to set up tacked on this lake +nothing special I guess like it's like a + + align:start position:0% +nothing special I guess like it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +nothing special I guess like it's like a +lot of tiles the bowl it's you think so + + align:start position:0% +lot of tiles the bowl it's you think so + + + align:start position:0% +lot of tiles the bowl it's you think so +these are like goods like I think this + + align:start position:0% +these are like goods like I think this + + + align:start position:0% +these are like goods like I think this +one is tobacco + + align:start position:0% +one is tobacco + + + align:start position:0% +one is tobacco +it's like corn those kind of things you + + align:start position:0% +it's like corn those kind of things you + + + align:start position:0% +it's like corn those kind of things you +like sell we get like gold or victory + + align:start position:0% +like sell we get like gold or victory + + + align:start position:0% +like sell we get like gold or victory +point for here is like a gold you + + align:start position:0% +point for here is like a gold you + + + align:start position:0% +point for here is like a gold you +mentioned earlier about the affordances + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier about the affordances + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier about the affordances +of the pieces to the play mats yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +of the pieces to the play mats yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +of the pieces to the play mats yeah yeah +so like this is what the player board + + align:start position:0% +so like this is what the player board + + + align:start position:0% +so like this is what the player board +looks like so you can notice basically + + align:start position:0% +looks like so you can notice basically + + + align:start position:0% +looks like so you can notice basically +there's like two main types of grid + + align:start position:0% +there's like two main types of grid + + + align:start position:0% +there's like two main types of grid +basically one's like little rectangles + + align:start position:0% +basically one's like little rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +basically one's like little rectangles +like to buy one then once like a 1x1 + + align:start position:0% +like to buy one then once like a 1x1 + + + align:start position:0% +like to buy one then once like a 1x1 +square and so we have like yeah so like + + align:start position:0% +square and so we have like yeah so like + + + align:start position:0% +square and so we have like yeah so like +a couple different like here's one thing + + align:start position:0% +a couple different like here's one thing + + + align:start position:0% +a couple different like here's one thing +inside clearly 2x1 and fits in that that + + align:start position:0% +inside clearly 2x1 and fits in that that + + + align:start position:0% +inside clearly 2x1 and fits in that that +you buy one square it's same with this + + align:start position:0% +you buy one square it's same with this + + + align:start position:0% +you buy one square it's same with this +one and they're also the little 1 by 1 + + align:start position:0% +one and they're also the little 1 by 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one and they're also the little 1 by 1 +squares and so that one of the + + align:start position:0% +squares and so that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +squares and so that one of the +interesting things is a link with this + + align:start position:0% +interesting things is a link with this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things is a link with this +board you can tell if there's clearly + + align:start position:0% +board you can tell if there's clearly + + + align:start position:0% +board you can tell if there's clearly +like a limited like a number of things + + align:start position:0% +like a limited like a number of things + + + align:start position:0% +like a limited like a number of things +you can put like on this grid right I + + align:start position:0% +you can put like on this grid right I + + + align:start position:0% +you can put like on this grid right I +don't think there's a mechanic for like + + align:start position:0% +don't think there's a mechanic for like + + + align:start position:0% +don't think there's a mechanic for like +removing something once you've placed it + + align:start position:0% +removing something once you've placed it + + + align:start position:0% +removing something once you've placed it +so like it'll fill up eventually so you + + align:start position:0% +so like it'll fill up eventually so you + + + align:start position:0% +so like it'll fill up eventually so you +have to exactly well you do want to like + + align:start position:0% +have to exactly well you do want to like + + + align:start position:0% +have to exactly well you do want to like +build things quick like trying to get + + align:start position:0% +build things quick like trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +build things quick like trying to get +more resource to the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +more resource to the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +more resource to the beginning of the +game you also don't wanna just like fill + + align:start position:0% +game you also don't wanna just like fill + + + align:start position:0% +game you also don't wanna just like fill +your board with crap and then be like at + + align:start position:0% +your board with crap and then be like at + + + align:start position:0% +your board with crap and then be like at +the indie game so it's kind of similar + + align:start position:0% +the indie game so it's kind of similar + + + align:start position:0% +the indie game so it's kind of similar +to Dominion and while they do building + + align:start position:0% +to Dominion and while they do building + + + align:start position:0% +to Dominion and while they do building +points it's really well because they + + align:start position:0% +points it's really well because they + + + align:start position:0% +points it's really well because they +break the silence maybe they could have + + align:start position:0% +break the silence maybe they could have + + + align:start position:0% +break the silence maybe they could have +done it for the other bits where they + + align:start position:0% +done it for the other bits where they + + + align:start position:0% +done it for the other bits where they +were roughly the same size and shape + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay how did the rules support those + + align:start position:0% +okay how did the rules support those + + + align:start position:0% +okay how did the rules support those +those piece sizes and the afford like + + align:start position:0% +those piece sizes and the afford like + + + align:start position:0% +those piece sizes and the afford like +you've already got some afford this is + + align:start position:0% +you've already got some afford this is + + + align:start position:0% +you've already got some afford this is +going on four pieces like do the rules + + align:start position:0% +going on four pieces like do the rules + + + align:start position:0% +going on four pieces like do the rules +kind of piggyback off that they take + + align:start position:0% +kind of piggyback off that they take + + + align:start position:0% +kind of piggyback off that they take +advantage of it some of them but they + + align:start position:0% +advantage of it some of them but they + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of it some of them but they +also like they didn't explain like very + + align:start position:0% +also like they didn't explain like very + + + align:start position:0% +also like they didn't explain like very +well like they didn't diagram like the + + align:start position:0% +well like they didn't diagram like the + + + align:start position:0% +well like they didn't diagram like the +player board it also like yeah basically + + align:start position:0% +player board it also like yeah basically + + + align:start position:0% +player board it also like yeah basically +we just play there's nothing to know so + + align:start position:0% +we just play there's nothing to know so + + + align:start position:0% +we just play there's nothing to know so +this is like buildings and plantations + + align:start position:0% +this is like buildings and plantations + + + align:start position:0% +this is like buildings and plantations +or buildings and plants and these are + + align:start position:0% +or buildings and plants and these are + + + align:start position:0% +or buildings and plants and these are +plantations that's I think you just kind + + align:start position:0% +plantations that's I think you just kind + + + align:start position:0% +plantations that's I think you just kind +of figured it out like yes we did + + align:start position:0% +of figured it out like yes we did + + + align:start position:0% +of figured it out like yes we did +yeah I did the the first like we've + + align:start position:0% +yeah I did the the first like we've + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I did the the first like we've +gotten through like we're on like our + + align:start position:0% +gotten through like we're on like our + + + align:start position:0% +gotten through like we're on like our +second round right now like our second + + align:start position:0% +second round right now like our second + + + align:start position:0% +second round right now like our second +Oh like going around because the setup + + align:start position:0% +Oh like going around because the setup + + + align:start position:0% +Oh like going around because the setup +principle just like sorting all the + + align:start position:0% +principle just like sorting all the + + + align:start position:0% +principle just like sorting all the +stuff out it's kind of like Dominion to + + align:start position:0% +stuff out it's kind of like Dominion to + + + align:start position:0% +stuff out it's kind of like Dominion to +where it's like a pain in the butt to + + align:start position:0% +where it's like a pain in the butt to + + + align:start position:0% +where it's like a pain in the butt to +like sort out all the tiles in the carts + + align:start position:0% +like sort out all the tiles in the carts + + + align:start position:0% +like sort out all the tiles in the carts +and whatever but also like just trying + + align:start position:0% +and whatever but also like just trying + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever but also like just trying +to figure out what we're doing and + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what we're doing and + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what we're doing and +what's going on for the first round was + + align:start position:0% +what's going on for the first round was + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on for the first round was +really slow I mean I guess there's a + + align:start position:0% +really slow I mean I guess there's a + + + align:start position:0% +really slow I mean I guess there's a +little picture it gives a lot of space + + align:start position:0% +little picture it gives a lot of space + + + align:start position:0% +little picture it gives a lot of space +to on the mat the describing these + + align:start position:0% +to on the mat the describing these + + + align:start position:0% +to on the mat the describing these +things that are REM described on the + + align:start position:0% +things that are REM described on the + + + align:start position:0% +things that are REM described on the +cards elsewhere I'm kind of wonder that + + align:start position:0% +cards elsewhere I'm kind of wonder that + + + align:start position:0% +cards elsewhere I'm kind of wonder that +so like these walls were like that's + + align:start position:0% +so like these walls were like that's + + + align:start position:0% +so like these walls were like that's +like this like a very skim down like + + align:start position:0% +like this like a very skim down like + + + align:start position:0% +like this like a very skim down like +what's going on basically that's what I + + align:start position:0% +what's going on basically that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on basically that's what I +gave him or actually like a little more + + align:start position:0% +gave him or actually like a little more + + + align:start position:0% +gave him or actually like a little more +information in like a rule book it's + + align:start position:0% +information in like a rule book it's + + + align:start position:0% +information in like a rule book it's +like the full information okay oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +like the full information okay oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +like the full information okay oh yeah +but I don't know I'm like how much I how + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know I'm like how much I how + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know I'm like how much I how +much I agree with like putting like a + + align:start position:0% +much I agree with like putting like a + + + align:start position:0% +much I agree with like putting like a +third that one-line summary on like the + + align:start position:0% +third that one-line summary on like the + + + align:start position:0% +third that one-line summary on like the +little role cards because like you can + + align:start position:0% +little role cards because like you can + + + align:start position:0% +little role cards because like you can +look at it so straighter okay wasn't the + + align:start position:0% +look at it so straighter okay wasn't the + + + align:start position:0% +look at it so straighter okay wasn't the +traitor view here thank you yeah + + align:start position:0% +traitor view here thank you yeah + + + align:start position:0% +traitor view here thank you yeah +basically like I can understand like + + align:start position:0% +basically like I can understand like + + + align:start position:0% +basically like I can understand like +putting it on the board instead of the + + align:start position:0% +putting it on the board instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +putting it on the board instead of the +rule book because like no one will have + + align:start position:0% +rule book because like no one will have + + + align:start position:0% +rule book because like no one will have +to look through a rule book every time + + align:start position:0% +to look through a rule book every time + + + align:start position:0% +to look through a rule book every time +but like on here like it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +but like on here like it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +but like on here like it's it's an +immediate like I can see the role okay I + + align:start position:0% +immediate like I can see the role okay I + + + align:start position:0% +immediate like I can see the role okay I +can look at the board I think + + align:start position:0% +can look at the board I think + + + align:start position:0% +can look at the board I think +redundancies are bad general no we're + + align:start position:0% +redundancies are bad general no we're + + + align:start position:0% +redundancies are bad general no we're +done seas are great mrs. Rossum and use + + align:start position:0% +done seas are great mrs. Rossum and use + + + align:start position:0% +done seas are great mrs. Rossum and use +them as best you can but you have only + + align:start position:0% +them as best you can but you have only + + + align:start position:0% +them as best you can but you have only +so much space in the pieces and boards + + align:start position:0% +so much space in the pieces and boards + + + align:start position:0% +so much space in the pieces and boards +that you make you've got to really + + align:start position:0% +that you make you've got to really + + + align:start position:0% +that you make you've got to really +decide what's the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +decide what's the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +decide what's the most important thing +for the person to know and the most + + align:start position:0% +for the person to know and the most + + + align:start position:0% +for the person to know and the most +important thing probably need to tell + + align:start position:0% +important thing probably need to tell + + + align:start position:0% +important thing probably need to tell +them more + + align:start position:0% +them more + + + align:start position:0% +them more +once two rules to the playmats pieces + + align:start position:0% +once two rules to the playmats pieces + + + align:start position:0% +once two rules to the playmats pieces +through the just natural this fits here + + align:start position:0% +through the just natural this fits here + + + align:start position:0% +through the just natural this fits here +and this doesn't fit their kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +and this doesn't fit their kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +and this doesn't fit their kind of thing +they have definitely in a text some + + align:start position:0% +they have definitely in a text some + + + align:start position:0% +they have definitely in a text some +people hate it some people like it + + align:start position:0% +people hate it some people like it + + + align:start position:0% +people hate it some people like it +I'm in-between gzip as it's needed great + + align:start position:0% +I'm in-between gzip as it's needed great + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in-between gzip as it's needed great +race to the galaxy it's kind of similar + + align:start position:0% +race to the galaxy it's kind of similar + + + align:start position:0% +race to the galaxy it's kind of similar +to this isn't it there you go + + align:start position:0% +to this isn't it there you go + + + align:start position:0% +to this isn't it there you go +so tell us about race in the galaxy + + align:start position:0% +so tell us about race in the galaxy + + + align:start position:0% +so tell us about race in the galaxy +randomness player choice and then can + + align:start position:0% +randomness player choice and then can + + + align:start position:0% +randomness player choice and then can +you show us like how it's like by doing + + align:start position:0% +you show us like how it's like by doing + + + align:start position:0% +you show us like how it's like by doing +what somebody do an example layout well + + align:start position:0% +what somebody do an example layout well + + + align:start position:0% +what somebody do an example layout well +another person's talking like you would + + align:start position:0% +another person's talking like you would + + + align:start position:0% +another person's talking like you would +have you have a starting worlds and + + align:start position:0% +have you have a starting worlds and + + + align:start position:0% +have you have a starting worlds and +which was like starting and like the + + align:start position:0% +which was like starting and like the + + + align:start position:0% +which was like starting and like the +cards that usually are like particularly + + align:start position:0% +cards that usually are like particularly + + + align:start position:0% +cards that usually are like particularly +important because they are sort of if + + align:start position:0% +important because they are sort of if + + + align:start position:0% +important because they are sort of if +you get you don't get any useful cards + + align:start position:0% +you get you don't get any useful cards + + + align:start position:0% +you get you don't get any useful cards +then you're sort of stuck + + align:start position:0% +then you're sort of stuck + + + align:start position:0% +then you're sort of stuck +whereas if you get like whereas you get + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you get like whereas you get + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you get like whereas you get +good cards that you can just sort of + + align:start position:0% +good cards that you can just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +good cards that you can just sort of +know like so I'm interesting game at + + align:start position:0% +know like so I'm interesting game at + + + align:start position:0% +know like so I'm interesting game at +that they design to life is that you + + align:start position:0% +that they design to life is that you + + + align:start position:0% +that they design to life is that you +can't they're a sort of a way to have an + + align:start position:0% +can't they're a sort of a way to have an + + + align:start position:0% +can't they're a sort of a way to have an +Indian by like every turn like I like + + align:start position:0% +Indian by like every turn like I like + + + align:start position:0% +Indian by like every turn like I like +producing points I return but by the + + align:start position:0% +producing points I return but by the + + + align:start position:0% +producing points I return but by the +time the time you actually get the + + align:start position:0% +time the time you actually get the + + + align:start position:0% +time the time you actually get the +engine up and running beginning events + + align:start position:0% +engine up and running beginning events + + + align:start position:0% +engine up and running beginning events +and lighters returns anyway so I feel + + align:start position:0% +and lighters returns anyway so I feel + + + align:start position:0% +and lighters returns anyway so I feel +like what you guys are doing this one + + align:start position:0% +like what you guys are doing this one + + + align:start position:0% +like what you guys are doing this one +start looking starting to build + + align:start position:0% +start looking starting to build + + + align:start position:0% +start looking starting to build +something that would produce stuff in + + align:start position:0% +something that would produce stuff in + + + align:start position:0% +something that would produce stuff in +the end yeah and on the other games too + + align:start position:0% +the end yeah and on the other games too + + + align:start position:0% +the end yeah and on the other games too +it's it's producing immediately actually + + align:start position:0% +it's it's producing immediately actually + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's producing immediately actually +later after like the first full round + + align:start position:0% +later after like the first full round + + + align:start position:0% +later after like the first full round +like it I think every one every one of + + align:start position:0% +like it I think every one every one of + + + align:start position:0% +like it I think every one every one of +us got something to sell to get stuff + + align:start position:0% +us got something to sell to get stuff + + + align:start position:0% +us got something to sell to get stuff +back basically it's interesting to me + + align:start position:0% +back basically it's interesting to me + + + align:start position:0% +back basically it's interesting to me +that they're the same game sort of but + + align:start position:0% +that they're the same game sort of but + + + align:start position:0% +that they're the same game sort of but +like this has so many bits of cards + + align:start position:0% +like this has so many bits of cards + + + align:start position:0% +like this has so many bits of cards +what's directly subpar and what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's directly subpar and what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's directly subpar and what's the +group like what like what is this doing + + align:start position:0% +group like what like what is this doing + + + align:start position:0% +group like what like what is this doing +that that one is daring to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there exist here but there in the + + align:start position:0% +okay there exist here but there in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay there exist here but there in the +form of cards facedown literally did you + + align:start position:0% +form of cards facedown literally did you + + + align:start position:0% +form of cards facedown literally did you +have to sort out those like goods before + + align:start position:0% +have to sort out those like goods before + + + align:start position:0% +have to sort out those like goods before +him really just like a ready just + + align:start position:0% +him really just like a ready just + + + align:start position:0% +him really just like a ready just +literally you otaku I like it's like + + align:start position:0% +literally you otaku I like it's like + + + align:start position:0% +literally you otaku I like it's like +your money if you suddenly get a money + + align:start position:0% +your money if you suddenly get a money + + + align:start position:0% +your money if you suddenly get a money +go to mining something like guessing + + align:start position:0% +go to mining something like guessing + + + align:start position:0% +go to mining something like guessing +you're taking cards out of play when + + align:start position:0% +you're taking cards out of play when + + + align:start position:0% +you're taking cards out of play when +you're doing that like the replay by + + align:start position:0% +you're doing that like the replay by + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing that like the replay by +generating a resource reducing the + + align:start position:0% +generating a resource reducing the + + + align:start position:0% +generating a resource reducing the +amount of choices granted there's a ton + + align:start position:0% +amount of choices granted there's a ton + + + align:start position:0% +amount of choices granted there's a ton +of choices out there the deck is really + + align:start position:0% +of choices out there the deck is really + + + align:start position:0% +of choices out there the deck is really +large + + align:start position:0% +large + + + align:start position:0% +large +it's it's not making a huge effort is + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not making a huge effort is + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not making a huge effort is +there a um a card that you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +there a um a card that you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there a um a card that you can kind of +bury cards underneath I'm just + + align:start position:0% +bury cards underneath I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +bury cards underneath I'm just +completely over to play this one so in + + align:start position:0% +completely over to play this one so in + + + align:start position:0% +completely over to play this one so in +San Juan there's a chapel where it every + + align:start position:0% +San Juan there's a chapel where it every + + + align:start position:0% +San Juan there's a chapel where it every +time you put a card underneath it it + + align:start position:0% +time you put a card underneath it it + + + align:start position:0% +time you put a card underneath it it +creates a victory point in that card can + + align:start position:0% +creates a victory point in that card can + + + align:start position:0% +creates a victory point in that card can +never be used for that rest of that play + + align:start position:0% +never be used for that rest of that play + + + align:start position:0% +never be used for that rest of that play +session so a good strategy in that game + + align:start position:0% +session so a good strategy in that game + + + align:start position:0% +session so a good strategy in that game +is to take things like a another high + + align:start position:0% +is to take things like a another high + + + align:start position:0% +is to take things like a another high +points giving card that maybe you can't + + align:start position:0% +points giving card that maybe you can't + + + align:start position:0% +points giving card that maybe you can't +to build that somebody else could and + + align:start position:0% +to build that somebody else could and + + + align:start position:0% +to build that somebody else could and +bearing and removing it I can you talk + + align:start position:0% +bearing and removing it I can you talk + + + align:start position:0% +bearing and removing it I can you talk +about the player maps kind of player + + align:start position:0% +about the player maps kind of player + + + align:start position:0% +about the player maps kind of player +aids it gives you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes there's a lot of iconography on the + + align:start position:0% +yes there's a lot of iconography on the + + + align:start position:0% +yes there's a lot of iconography on the +carts it's sort of once you've sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's somebody who hasn't played + + align:start position:0% +there's somebody who hasn't played + + + align:start position:0% +there's somebody who hasn't played +before was the iconography helpful or + + align:start position:0% +before was the iconography helpful or + + + align:start position:0% +before was the iconography helpful or +hurtful it was certainly very helpful I + + align:start position:0% +hurtful it was certainly very helpful I + + + align:start position:0% +hurtful it was certainly very helpful I +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hexagons are victory points so you have + + align:start position:0% +hexagons are victory points so you have + + + align:start position:0% +hexagons are victory points so you have +like Joe's hexagon victory points that I + + align:start position:0% +like Joe's hexagon victory points that I + + + align:start position:0% +like Joe's hexagon victory points that I +asked you + + align:start position:0% +asked you + + + align:start position:0% +asked you +little titles that you see but then on + + align:start position:0% +little titles that you see but then on + + + align:start position:0% +little titles that you see but then on +the cards you can see that whenever like + + align:start position:0% +the cards you can see that whenever like + + + align:start position:0% +the cards you can see that whenever like +on every part there's the very quick + + align:start position:0% +on every part there's the very quick + + + align:start position:0% +on every part there's the very quick +value and that's the next step and + + align:start position:0% +value and that's the next step and + + + align:start position:0% +value and that's the next step and +whatever there's a part that says like + + align:start position:0% +whatever there's a part that says like + + + align:start position:0% +whatever there's a part that says like +being victory likes you see it like + + align:start position:0% +being victory likes you see it like + + + align:start position:0% +being victory likes you see it like +yeah I couldn't very well just be + + align:start position:0% +yeah I couldn't very well just be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I couldn't very well just be +shooting fireworks just pull down like + + align:start position:0% +shooting fireworks just pull down like + + + align:start position:0% +shooting fireworks just pull down like +this is the good this is the card to use + + align:start position:0% +this is the good this is the card to use + + + align:start position:0% +this is the good this is the card to use +it's calling it out really clearly yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's calling it out really clearly yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's calling it out really clearly yeah +it's great this shapes the icons like + + align:start position:0% +it's great this shapes the icons like + + + align:start position:0% +it's great this shapes the icons like +you simply there's also diamonds and + + align:start position:0% +you simply there's also diamonds and + + + align:start position:0% +you simply there's also diamonds and +rectangles and circles yeah are they + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and circles yeah are they + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and circles yeah are they +into the places and 1x yeah yeah so yeah + + align:start position:0% +into the places and 1x yeah yeah so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +into the places and 1x yeah yeah so yeah +so thinking about placement of where + + align:start position:0% +so thinking about placement of where + + + align:start position:0% +so thinking about placement of where +you're putting your numbers where you're + + align:start position:0% +you're putting your numbers where you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're putting your numbers where you're +putting things on the card where your + + align:start position:0% +putting things on the card where your + + + align:start position:0% +putting things on the card where your +eye goes when you look at the card and + + align:start position:0% +eye goes when you look at the card and + + + align:start position:0% +eye goes when you look at the card and +those are really complex looking cards + + align:start position:0% +those are really complex looking cards + + + align:start position:0% +those are really complex looking cards +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this card is like you might forget about + + align:start position:0% +this card is like you might forget about + + + align:start position:0% +this card is like you might forget about +this power yeah what yeah that that game + + align:start position:0% +this power yeah what yeah that that game + + + align:start position:0% +this power yeah what yeah that that game +that like these are all I think all + + align:start position:0% +that like these are all I think all + + + align:start position:0% +that like these are all I think all +these are made by the same company yeah + + align:start position:0% +these are made by the same company yeah + + + align:start position:0% +these are made by the same company yeah +Xena so you're gonna see different kinds + + align:start position:0% +Xena so you're gonna see different kinds + + + align:start position:0% +Xena so you're gonna see different kinds +of default style guides that they're + + align:start position:0% +of default style guides that they're + + + align:start position:0% +of default style guides that they're +using the rules for these three games + + align:start position:0% +using the rules for these three games + + + align:start position:0% +using the rules for these three games +are very similar although I think race + + align:start position:0% +are very similar although I think race + + + align:start position:0% +are very similar although I think race +is a little bit more advanced layout but + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit more advanced layout but + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit more advanced layout but +they're the basic kind of layout where + + align:start position:0% +they're the basic kind of layout where + + + align:start position:0% +they're the basic kind of layout where +rules on one side some call-outs and + + align:start position:0% +rules on one side some call-outs and + + + align:start position:0% +rules on one side some call-outs and +sidebars on the other side the + + align:start position:0% +sidebars on the other side the + + + align:start position:0% +sidebars on the other side the +occasional diagram but that designer + + align:start position:0% +occasional diagram but that designer + + + align:start position:0% +occasional diagram but that designer +really went that designer believed in + + align:start position:0% +really went that designer believed in + + + align:start position:0% +really went that designer believed in +everything goes on the cards in some + + align:start position:0% +everything goes on the cards in some + + + align:start position:0% +everything goes on the cards in some +form everything's that you can play the + + align:start position:0% +form everything's that you can play the + + + align:start position:0% +form everything's that you can play the +game without the rules you have a really + + align:start position:0% +game without the rules you have a really + + + align:start position:0% +game without the rules you have a really +good memory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll bet that this card means in your + + align:start position:0% +I'll bet that this card means in your + + + align:start position:0% +I'll bet that this card means in your +life can you believe it yeah cool so + + align:start position:0% +life can you believe it yeah cool so + + + align:start position:0% +life can you believe it yeah cool so +we're still going to down time I got + + align:start position:0% +we're still going to down time I got + + + align:start position:0% +we're still going to down time I got +Club randomness player choice and then + + align:start position:0% +Club randomness player choice and then + + + align:start position:0% +Club randomness player choice and then +affordance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it kind of gets amplified because + + align:start position:0% +and it kind of gets amplified because + + + align:start position:0% +and it kind of gets amplified because +these occupations and improvements seem + + align:start position:0% +these occupations and improvements seem + + + align:start position:0% +these occupations and improvements seem +like you can just do like crazy things + + align:start position:0% +like you can just do like crazy things + + + align:start position:0% +like you can just do like crazy things +he got something that left him like + + align:start position:0% +he got something that left him like + + + align:start position:0% +he got something that left him like +police would throughout the board that + + align:start position:0% +police would throughout the board that + + + align:start position:0% +police would throughout the board that +he were contained to collect and he had + + align:start position:0% +he were contained to collect and he had + + + align:start position:0% +he were contained to collect and he had +another thing that he could use that + + align:start position:0% +another thing that he could use that + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that he could use that +allowed him to double that about it so + + align:start position:0% +allowed him to double that about it so + + + align:start position:0% +allowed him to double that about it so +he was just like set up for light and + + align:start position:0% +he was just like set up for light and + + + align:start position:0% +he was just like set up for light and +yeah it seems like you can just like + + align:start position:0% +yeah it seems like you can just like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it seems like you can just like +make these crazy combinations I + + align:start position:0% +make these crazy combinations I + + + align:start position:0% +make these crazy combinations I +basically didn't farming superpowers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what was it like choosing like how did + + align:start position:0% +what was it like choosing like how did + + + align:start position:0% +what was it like choosing like how did +you decide what to choose when the juice + + align:start position:0% +you decide what to choose when the juice + + + align:start position:0% +you decide what to choose when the juice +if you get an idiot partner yeah in the + + align:start position:0% +if you get an idiot partner yeah in the + + + align:start position:0% +if you get an idiot partner yeah in the +beginning I had no idea what I was doing + + align:start position:0% +beginning I had no idea what I was doing + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I had no idea what I was doing +like what everyone + + align:start position:0% +like what everyone + + + align:start position:0% +like what everyone +well I guys we got three I started to + + align:start position:0% +well I guys we got three I started to + + + align:start position:0% +well I guys we got three I started to +get a sense of it and now I was finding + + align:start position:0% +get a sense of it and now I was finding + + + align:start position:0% +get a sense of it and now I was finding +it easier to sort of think about like + + align:start position:0% +it easier to sort of think about like + + + align:start position:0% +it easier to sort of think about like +okay I'm gonna need what to build a room + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm gonna need what to build a room + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm gonna need what to build a room +I'm gonna need food because the hardest + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna need food because the hardest + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna need food because the hardest +is coming up but at the same time I feel + + align:start position:0% +is coming up but at the same time I feel + + + align:start position:0% +is coming up but at the same time I feel +like I don't have a good enough sense of + + align:start position:0% +like I don't have a good enough sense of + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't have a good enough sense of +like what's the deck because he was just + + align:start position:0% +like what's the deck because he was just + + + align:start position:0% +like what's the deck because he was just +gonna I had like no idea could even + + align:start position:0% +gonna I had like no idea could even + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I had like no idea could even +happen and like oh wow okay that changes + + align:start position:0% +happen and like oh wow okay that changes + + + align:start position:0% +happen and like oh wow okay that changes +a lot so so what's a choice for him is a + + align:start position:0% +a lot so so what's a choice for him is a + + + align:start position:0% +a lot so so what's a choice for him is a +random situation for you you just have + + align:start position:0% +random situation for you you just have + + + align:start position:0% +random situation for you you just have +no clue that might even blow on because + + align:start position:0% +no clue that might even blow on because + + + align:start position:0% +no clue that might even blow on because +you don't have that information + + align:start position:0% +you don't have that information + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have that information +yeah so I think it would take of a lot + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I think it would take of a lot + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I think it would take of a lot +of getting a good sense and like fully + + align:start position:0% +of getting a good sense and like fully + + + align:start position:0% +of getting a good sense and like fully +understand what's happening but I can + + align:start position:0% +understand what's happening but I can + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's happening but I can +have these sort of plan what I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +have these sort of plan what I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +have these sort of plan what I'm trying +to do can I go up up with the + + align:start position:0% +to do can I go up up with the + + + align:start position:0% +to do can I go up up with the +affordances of it like tackle feel how + + align:start position:0% +affordances of it like tackle feel how + + + align:start position:0% +affordances of it like tackle feel how +did it feel when you're playing the game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attention areas and applause which + + align:start position:0% +attention areas and applause which + + + align:start position:0% +attention areas and applause which +blocks in the house at all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms of the resources is technical + + align:start position:0% +terms of the resources is technical + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the resources is technical +rapists it all like little circles are + + align:start position:0% +rapists it all like little circles are + + + align:start position:0% +rapists it all like little circles are +cute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again also place here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and there's this interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +yeah and there's this interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and there's this interesting thing +where every round if a resource hasn't + + align:start position:0% +where every round if a resource hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +where every round if a resource hasn't +been taken then it like increases and + + align:start position:0% +been taken then it like increases and + + + align:start position:0% +been taken then it like increases and +I'm going to say there's three words + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to say there's three words + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to say there's three words +sitting here the next time there will be + + align:start position:0% +sitting here the next time there will be + + + align:start position:0% +sitting here the next time there will be +six around after nine and so on it just + + align:start position:0% +six around after nine and so on it just + + + align:start position:0% +six around after nine and so on it just +keeps building and so something it like + + align:start position:0% +keeps building and so something it like + + + align:start position:0% +keeps building and so something it like +easy to remember that what they have you + + align:start position:0% +easy to remember that what they have you + + + align:start position:0% +easy to remember that what they have you +do is and have you put it on these + + align:start position:0% +do is and have you put it on these + + + align:start position:0% +do is and have you put it on these +little squares to start out with so you + + align:start position:0% +little squares to start out with so you + + + align:start position:0% +little squares to start out with so you +can like know what you just added and + + align:start position:0% +can like know what you just added and + + + align:start position:0% +can like know what you just added and +then there's an error of 20 like into + + align:start position:0% +then there's an error of 20 like into + + + align:start position:0% +then there's an error of 20 like into +this little bucket so you know okay + + align:start position:0% +this little bucket so you know okay + + + align:start position:0% +this little bucket so you know okay +place it here to sit around put it into + + align:start position:0% +place it here to sit around put it into + + + align:start position:0% +place it here to sit around put it into +the bucket so that everything is there + + align:start position:0% +the bucket so that everything is there + + + align:start position:0% +the bucket so that everything is there +because otherwise it would be pretty + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise it would be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise it would be pretty +easy to lose track like oh come we had + + align:start position:0% +easy to lose track like oh come we had + + + align:start position:0% +easy to lose track like oh come we had +input here yet + + align:start position:0% +input here yet + + + align:start position:0% +input here yet +we kept forgetting to add sheep so your + + align:start position:0% +we kept forgetting to add sheep so your + + + align:start position:0% +we kept forgetting to add sheep so your +farming there's there's animals and + + align:start position:0% +farming there's there's animals and + + + align:start position:0% +farming there's there's animals and +there's other things vegetation stone + + align:start position:0% +there's other things vegetation stone + + + align:start position:0% +there's other things vegetation stone +raw materials it breaks them up right + + align:start position:0% +raw materials it breaks them up right + + + align:start position:0% +raw materials it breaks them up right +like the the squares are things that are + + align:start position:0% +like the the squares are things that are + + + align:start position:0% +like the the squares are things that are +animated or living + + align:start position:0% +animated or living + + + align:start position:0% +animated or living +circles or things that don't animate is + + align:start position:0% +circles or things that don't animate is + + + align:start position:0% +circles or things that don't animate is +there there's some kind of affordance + + align:start position:0% +there there's some kind of affordance + + + align:start position:0% +there there's some kind of affordance +going on there's that that seemed useful + + align:start position:0% +going on there's that that seemed useful + + + align:start position:0% +going on there's that that seemed useful +to you like why those main + + align:start position:0% +to you like why those main + + + align:start position:0% +to you like why those main +distinguishing that way yeah it seems + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing that way yeah it seems + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing that way yeah it seems +because animals and resources would + + align:start position:0% +because animals and resources would + + + align:start position:0% +because animals and resources would +behave very differently because these + + align:start position:0% +behave very differently because these + + + align:start position:0% +behave very differently because these +resources are usually spending to even + + align:start position:0% +resources are usually spending to even + + + align:start position:0% +resources are usually spending to even +get improvements or build houses things + + align:start position:0% +get improvements or build houses things + + + align:start position:0% +get improvements or build houses things +like that whereas animals you kind of + + align:start position:0% +like that whereas animals you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like that whereas animals you kind of +have to like manage a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +have to like manage a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +have to like manage a little bit more +internally okay I could show this animal + + align:start position:0% +internally okay I could show this animal + + + align:start position:0% +internally okay I could show this animal +and eat it or it'll get these points + + align:start position:0% +and eat it or it'll get these points + + + align:start position:0% +and eat it or it'll get these points +later or I can breed them halfway keep + + align:start position:0% +later or I can breed them halfway keep + + + align:start position:0% +later or I can breed them halfway keep +track of placing them here so there's + + align:start position:0% +track of placing them here so there's + + + align:start position:0% +track of placing them here so there's +like a nice + + align:start position:0% +like a nice + + + align:start position:0% +like a nice +raishin what are you really doing I know + + align:start position:0% +raishin what are you really doing I know + + + align:start position:0% +raishin what are you really doing I know +now you sign in today they'll be yep um + + align:start position:0% +now you sign in today they'll be yep um + + + align:start position:0% +now you sign in today they'll be yep um +great anything else you guys today about + + align:start position:0% +great anything else you guys today about + + + align:start position:0% +great anything else you guys today about +this one it's really fun I probably buy + + align:start position:0% +this one it's really fun I probably buy + + + align:start position:0% +this one it's really fun I probably buy +it why is it fun + + align:start position:0% +it why is it fun + + + align:start position:0% +it why is it fun +probably the choices there's just like + + align:start position:0% +probably the choices there's just like + + + align:start position:0% +probably the choices there's just like +so much going on and it feels like I + + align:start position:0% +so much going on and it feels like I + + + align:start position:0% +so much going on and it feels like I +could really like make my own strategy + + align:start position:0% +could really like make my own strategy + + + align:start position:0% +could really like make my own strategy +and I don't know I just felt like all + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know I just felt like all + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know I just felt like all +these crazy plans of like okay if he + + align:start position:0% +these crazy plans of like okay if he + + + align:start position:0% +these crazy plans of like okay if he +doesn't build a room that means that I + + align:start position:0% +doesn't build a room that means that I + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't build a room that means that I +care which means I can build my family + + align:start position:0% +care which means I can build my family + + + align:start position:0% +care which means I can build my family +next turn which means that I'll have + + align:start position:0% +next turn which means that I'll have + + + align:start position:0% +next turn which means that I'll have +more actions and now I can do even more + + align:start position:0% +more actions and now I can do even more + + + align:start position:0% +more actions and now I can do even more +stuff and get more resources like + + align:start position:0% +stuff and get more resources like + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and get more resources like +there's this complicated system going on + + align:start position:0% +there's this complicated system going on + + + align:start position:0% +there's this complicated system going on +I can understand that complex system + + align:start position:0% +I can understand that complex system + + + align:start position:0% +I can understand that complex system +going on that you're going in the wrong + + align:start position:0% +going on that you're going in the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +going on that you're going in the wrong +direction do you feel like you can kind + + align:start position:0% +direction do you feel like you can kind + + + align:start position:0% +direction do you feel like you can kind +of switch yeah for people who played + + align:start position:0% +of switch yeah for people who played + + + align:start position:0% +of switch yeah for people who played +multiple times did you feel the same way + + align:start position:0% +multiple times did you feel the same way + + + align:start position:0% +multiple times did you feel the same way +yeah because if you and your opponent + + align:start position:0% +yeah because if you and your opponent + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because if you and your opponent +aren't choosing a choice like it gets + + align:start position:0% +aren't choosing a choice like it gets + + + align:start position:0% +aren't choosing a choice like it gets +juicier and juicier and every round and + + align:start position:0% +juicier and juicier and every round and + + + align:start position:0% +juicier and juicier and every round and +so yes like it's this game of chicken + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how do that was fun for me I like I + + align:start position:0% +how do that was fun for me I like I + + + align:start position:0% +how do that was fun for me I like I +actually like this game a lot to having + + align:start position:0% +actually like this game a lot to having + + + align:start position:0% +actually like this game a lot to having +a lot to do with all the different + + align:start position:0% +a lot to do with all the different + + + align:start position:0% +a lot to do with all the different +choices and like there's like a really + + align:start position:0% +choices and like there's like a really + + + align:start position:0% +choices and like there's like a really +complicated system like it took a while + + align:start position:0% +complicated system like it took a while + + + align:start position:0% +complicated system like it took a while +to kind of understand and I'm like I + + align:start position:0% +to kind of understand and I'm like I + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of understand and I'm like I +don't understand it completely yet but + + align:start position:0% +don't understand it completely yet but + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand it completely yet but +like I'm getting like a much better feel + + align:start position:0% +like I'm getting like a much better feel + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm getting like a much better feel +for you know and like I think that's + + align:start position:0% +for you know and like I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +for you know and like I think that's +that's really appealing like not having + + align:start position:0% +that's really appealing like not having + + + align:start position:0% +that's really appealing like not having +something like so absurdly complex that + + align:start position:0% +something like so absurdly complex that + + + align:start position:0% +something like so absurdly complex that +like nobody can actually do it but you + + align:start position:0% +like nobody can actually do it but you + + + align:start position:0% +like nobody can actually do it but you +know like not having something like + + align:start position:0% +know like not having something like + + + align:start position:0% +know like not having something like +really simple either just the this year + + align:start position:0% +really simple either just the this year + + + align:start position:0% +really simple either just the this year +number of choices here makes it really + + align:start position:0% +number of choices here makes it really + + + align:start position:0% +number of choices here makes it really +interesting to me because like I guess + + align:start position:0% +interesting to me because like I guess + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to me because like I guess +one of the things about like having is + + align:start position:0% +one of the things about like having is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things about like having is +not that many choices it almost feels + + align:start position:0% +not that many choices it almost feels + + + align:start position:0% +not that many choices it almost feels +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +I could just make a computer play it + + align:start position:0% +I could just make a computer play it + + + align:start position:0% +I could just make a computer play it +right because they're only impossible + + align:start position:0% +right because they're only impossible + + + align:start position:0% +right because they're only impossible +outcomes of the the eventual game right + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of the the eventual game right + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of the the eventual game right +something like this like that it's just + + align:start position:0% +something like this like that it's just + + + align:start position:0% +something like this like that it's just +unfeasible really like unless you + + align:start position:0% +unfeasible really like unless you + + + align:start position:0% +unfeasible really like unless you +actually make it a really smart player + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning in the back randomness player + + align:start position:0% +meaning in the back randomness player + + + align:start position:0% +meaning in the back randomness player +choice affordance sense based on what + + align:start position:0% +choice affordance sense based on what + + + align:start position:0% +choice affordance sense based on what +you've got to work with so so there's of + + align:start position:0% +you've got to work with so so there's of + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to work with so so there's of +the randomness in it because you draw + + align:start position:0% +the randomness in it because you draw + + + align:start position:0% +the randomness in it because you draw +your initial hand and everything + + align:start position:0% +your initial hand and everything + + + align:start position:0% +your initial hand and everything +subsequent hand and a lot of times you + + align:start position:0% +subsequent hand and a lot of times you + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent hand and a lot of times you +put together like some ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +put together like some ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +put together like some ridiculous +combinations like joy we just hit Market + + align:start position:0% +combinations like joy we just hit Market + + + align:start position:0% +combinations like joy we just hit Market +Market Market Market Smith in and what + + align:start position:0% +Market Market Market Smith in and what + + + align:start position:0% +Market Market Market Smith in and what +about this what what did that Daleks + + align:start position:0% +about this what what did that Daleks + + + align:start position:0% +about this what what did that Daleks +Waikiki done so we will leave that + + align:start position:0% +Waikiki done so we will leave that + + + align:start position:0% +Waikiki done so we will leave that +really just draw it so what you can do + + align:start position:0% +really just draw it so what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +really just draw it so what you can do +is like why these action moves like the + + align:start position:0% +is like why these action moves like the + + + align:start position:0% +is like why these action moves like the +market I think it's best one because you + + align:start position:0% +market I think it's best one because you + + + align:start position:0% +market I think it's best one because you +get like an action by the coin and so + + align:start position:0% +get like an action by the coin and so + + + align:start position:0% +get like an action by the coin and so +what I do is like I played market one of + + align:start position:0% +what I do is like I played market one of + + + align:start position:0% +what I do is like I played market one of +these drawers so they might not dry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but at the same time so it feels like + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time so it feels like + + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time so it feels like +there's a lot of skill in the game it + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of skill in the game it + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of skill in the game it +does also feel like if I played in 10 to + + align:start position:0% +does also feel like if I played in 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +does also feel like if I played in 10 to +15 times I would have a very good sense + + align:start position:0% +15 times I would have a very good sense + + + align:start position:0% +15 times I would have a very good sense +of what to do and I was pretty much + + align:start position:0% +of what to do and I was pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +of what to do and I was pretty much +skill would start to go away like if I + + align:start position:0% +skill would start to go away like if I + + + align:start position:0% +skill would start to go away like if I +put if I played 10 or 15 times and + + align:start position:0% +put if I played 10 or 15 times and + + + align:start position:0% +put if I played 10 or 15 times and +everyone else did + + align:start position:0% +everyone else did + + + align:start position:0% +everyone else did +I feel like we would just all be much + + align:start position:0% +I feel like we would just all be much + + + align:start position:0% +I feel like we would just all be much +better at it and there would be like a + + align:start position:0% +better at it and there would be like a + + + align:start position:0% +better at it and there would be like a +developed strategy or maybe two + + align:start position:0% +developed strategy or maybe two + + + align:start position:0% +developed strategy or maybe two +strategies and like counter strategies + + align:start position:0% +strategies and like counter strategies + + + align:start position:0% +strategies and like counter strategies +or blinds so whatever they were saying + + align:start position:0% +or blinds so whatever they were saying + + + align:start position:0% +or blinds so whatever they were saying +it was like impossibility + + align:start position:0% +it was like impossibility + + + align:start position:0% +it was like impossibility +so there are importances in the game + + align:start position:0% +so there are importances in the game + + + align:start position:0% +so there are importances in the game +that can avoid that what do you think + + align:start position:0% +that can avoid that what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +that can avoid that what do you think +they are yeah so how many cards that's + + align:start position:0% +they are yeah so how many cards that's + + + align:start position:0% +they are yeah so how many cards that's +the basic set how many cards + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lots bus yeah okay so I don't change it + + align:start position:0% +lots bus yeah okay so I don't change it + + + align:start position:0% +lots bus yeah okay so I don't change it +up again possibly I mean still young + + align:start position:0% +up again possibly I mean still young + + + align:start position:0% +up again possibly I mean still young +inexperienced players will say that done + + align:start position:0% +inexperienced players will say that done + + + align:start position:0% +inexperienced players will say that done +thing is that saying that maybe those + + align:start position:0% +thing is that saying that maybe those + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that saying that maybe those +expansions you can bring in to expansion + + align:start position:0% +expansions you can bring in to expansion + + + align:start position:0% +expansions you can bring in to expansion +in to change things up like yeah there's + + align:start position:0% +in to change things up like yeah there's + + + align:start position:0% +in to change things up like yeah there's +a related called ascension which I + + align:start position:0% +a related called ascension which I + + + align:start position:0% +a related called ascension which I +prefer hurt more but probably just to + + align:start position:0% +prefer hurt more but probably just to + + + align:start position:0% +prefer hurt more but probably just to +play played one hope my first one it's + + align:start position:0% +play played one hope my first one it's + + + align:start position:0% +play played one hope my first one it's +really interesting because instead of + + align:start position:0% +really interesting because instead of + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting because instead of +like like you good meaning of Dominion + + align:start position:0% +like like you good meaning of Dominion + + + align:start position:0% +like like you good meaning of Dominion +right you like randomly select like a + + align:start position:0% +right you like randomly select like a + + + align:start position:0% +right you like randomly select like a +couple different titles basically right + + align:start position:0% +couple different titles basically right + + + align:start position:0% +couple different titles basically right +in ascension you actually just have like + + align:start position:0% +in ascension you actually just have like + + + align:start position:0% +in ascension you actually just have like +a really really big deck and you shuffle + + align:start position:0% +a really really big deck and you shuffle + + + align:start position:0% +a really really big deck and you shuffle +that in like you deal out like just kind + + align:start position:0% +that in like you deal out like just kind + + + align:start position:0% +that in like you deal out like just kind +of like hold up side like there's six + + align:start position:0% +of like hold up side like there's six + + + align:start position:0% +of like hold up side like there's six +cards across the board and then you take + + align:start position:0% +cards across the board and then you take + + + align:start position:0% +cards across the board and then you take +turns likes being able to like grab + + align:start position:0% +turns likes being able to like grab + + + align:start position:0% +turns likes being able to like grab +something from the middle and then + + align:start position:0% +something from the middle and then + + + align:start position:0% +something from the middle and then +replace that from it so I feel like it + + align:start position:0% +replace that from it so I feel like it + + + align:start position:0% +replace that from it so I feel like it +makes it a lot more interesting because + + align:start position:0% +makes it a lot more interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +makes it a lot more interesting because +like it's much less predictable right + + align:start position:0% +like it's much less predictable right + + + align:start position:0% +like it's much less predictable right +like there at any point in the game + + align:start position:0% +like there at any point in the game + + + align:start position:0% +like there at any point in the game +something amazing or something crappy + + align:start position:0% +something amazing or something crappy + + + align:start position:0% +something amazing or something crappy +good Club right rather than you know + + align:start position:0% +good Club right rather than you know + + + align:start position:0% +good Club right rather than you know +that you will always be able to buy it + + align:start position:0% +that you will always be able to buy it + + + align:start position:0% +that you will always be able to buy it +until you know the power runs out of a + + align:start position:0% +until you know the power runs out of a + + + align:start position:0% +until you know the power runs out of a +different kinds of cards or something + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of cards or something + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of cards or something +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +something interesting anything else you + + align:start position:0% +something interesting anything else you + + + align:start position:0% +something interesting anything else you +guys want to say about the affordances + + align:start position:0% +guys want to say about the affordances + + + align:start position:0% +guys want to say about the affordances +like the rules or the how the cards are + + align:start position:0% +like the rules or the how the cards are + + + align:start position:0% +like the rules or the how the cards are +laid out anything that you got out of + + align:start position:0% +laid out anything that you got out of + + + align:start position:0% +laid out anything that you got out of +that but that being said when we did + + align:start position:0% +that but that being said when we did + + + align:start position:0% +that but that being said when we did +traded them out I had a few questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a great example of look at all + + align:start position:0% +that's a great example of look at all + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great example of look at all +these rules oh wait the game is actually + + align:start position:0% +these rules oh wait the game is actually + + + align:start position:0% +these rules oh wait the game is actually +pretty easy and simple to play well yeah + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy and simple to play well yeah + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy and simple to play well yeah +we have something to put in play sitting + + align:start position:0% +we have something to put in play sitting + + + align:start position:0% +we have something to put in play sitting +here for tonight they've come up with a + + align:start position:0% +here for tonight they've come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +here for tonight they've come up with a +different way of right of writing those + + align:start position:0% +different way of right of writing those + + + align:start position:0% +different way of right of writing those +and things or laying them out or + + align:start position:0% +and things or laying them out or + + + align:start position:0% +and things or laying them out or +presenting them in a way that might have + + align:start position:0% +presenting them in a way that might have + + + align:start position:0% +presenting them in a way that might have +helped you out like I don't know + + align:start position:0% +helped you out like I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +helped you out like I don't know +probably been oh one other question for + + align:start position:0% +probably been oh one other question for + + + align:start position:0% +probably been oh one other question for +you guys why do you think that was + + align:start position:0% +you guys why do you think that was + + + align:start position:0% +you guys why do you think that was +included in the list of these of the + + align:start position:0% +included in the list of these of the + + + align:start position:0% +included in the list of these of the +other games like what about that game + + align:start position:0% +other games like what about that game + + + align:start position:0% +other games like what about that game +was similar to some of these other games + + align:start position:0% +was similar to some of these other games + + + align:start position:0% +was similar to some of these other games +he hurt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no that's an interesting like there's a + + align:start position:0% +no that's an interesting like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +no that's an interesting like there's a +depletion mechanic in that one right + + align:start position:0% +depletion mechanic in that one right + + + align:start position:0% +depletion mechanic in that one right +like did you read how you end the game + + align:start position:0% +like did you read how you end the game + + + align:start position:0% +like did you read how you end the game +yeah yeah and I think it's like once you + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah and I think it's like once you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah and I think it's like once you +run out of a couple different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +run out of a couple different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +run out of a couple different kinds of +cards right so always have some have all + + align:start position:0% +cards right so always have some have all + + + align:start position:0% +cards right so always have some have all +these games have some kind of + + align:start position:0% +these games have some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these games have some kind of +solitariness to them where you can be + + align:start position:0% +solitariness to them where you can be + + + align:start position:0% +solitariness to them where you can be +playing on your own but there's some + + align:start position:0% +playing on your own but there's some + + + align:start position:0% +playing on your own but there's some +amount of even if there's like a + + align:start position:0% +amount of even if there's like a + + + align:start position:0% +amount of even if there's like a +solitaire like work replaced without + + align:start position:0% +solitaire like work replaced without + + + align:start position:0% +solitaire like work replaced without +game there's something that you're doing + + align:start position:0% +game there's something that you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +game there's something that you're doing +that's interacting with the other player + + align:start position:0% +that's interacting with the other player + + + align:start position:0% +that's interacting with the other player +and preventing them from moving okay so + + align:start position:0% +and preventing them from moving okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and preventing them from moving okay so +it is almost 3 o'clock you can either + + align:start position:0% +it is almost 3 o'clock you can either + + + align:start position:0% +it is almost 3 o'clock you can either +continue planning your game or break + + align:start position:0% +continue planning your game or break + + + align:start position:0% +continue planning your game or break +into your teams and work on your + + align:start position:0% +into your teams and work on your + + + align:start position:0% +into your teams and work on your +projects it's your choice I'm gonna go + + align:start position:0% +projects it's your choice I'm gonna go + + + align:start position:0% +projects it's your choice I'm gonna go +grab all the kits we've got one person + + align:start position:0% +grab all the kits we've got one person + + + align:start position:0% +grab all the kits we've got one person +Matt are you want to team not on a team + + align:start position:0% +Matt are you want to team not on a team + + + align:start position:0% +Matt are you want to team not on a team +so I've got one person join a team we've + + align:start position:0% +so I've got one person join a team we've + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got one person join a team we've +got a three person team for a two-player + + align:start position:0% +got a three person team for a two-player + + + align:start position:0% +got a three person team for a two-player +game or a four player game + + align:start position:0% +game or a four player game + + + align:start position:0% +game or a four player game +Kuta for ya okay sorry I would recommend + + align:start position:0% +Kuta for ya okay sorry I would recommend + + + align:start position:0% +Kuta for ya okay sorry I would recommend +hang out with them for the left stars + + align:start position:0% +hang out with them for the left stars + + + align:start position:0% +hang out with them for the left stars +and then maybe even just bouncing around + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe even just bouncing around + + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe even just bouncing around +to find it find it seem to go on what's + + align:start position:0% +to find it find it seem to go on what's + + + align:start position:0% +to find it find it seem to go on what's +up all the WT 444 dude see what we can + + align:start position:0% +up all the WT 444 dude see what we can + + + align:start position:0% +up all the WT 444 dude see what we can +have you can have a five-person gene is + + align:start position:0% +have you can have a five-person gene is + + + align:start position:0% +have you can have a five-person gene is +check out with not requiring you to be + + align:start position:0% +check out with not requiring you to be + + + align:start position:0% +check out with not requiring you to be +on my team - sorry \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/h_YZxQJpPv0.txt b/h_YZxQJpPv0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..437ea67ad029aabd64299af63868a247d53b3500 --- /dev/null +++ b/h_YZxQJpPv0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3043 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, let's start. + +So we have been looking at the +problem of phase transitions + +from the perspective of +a simple system which + +is a piece of magnet. + +And we find that if we change +the temperature of the system, + +there is a critical +temperature, Tc, + +that separates +paramagnetic behavior + +on the high temperature side +and ferromagnetic behavior + +on the low temperature side. + +Clearly in the +vicinity of this point, + +whether you're on one +side or the other, + +the magnetization +is small and we + +are relying on that to +make us a good parameter + +to expand things in. + +The other thing is +that we anticipated + +that over here there +are long wavelength + +fluctuations of the +magnetization field + +and so we did averaging and +defined a statistical field, + +this magnetization as +a function of position. + +Then we said, OK, if I'm +just changing temperature, + +what potential is the +behavior of the probability + +that I will see in my sample +some particular configuration + +of this magnetization field? + +So there is a functional +that governs that. + +And the statement +that we made was + +that whatever this +functional is, + +I can write it as the +exponential of something + +if I want. + +This probability is positive. + +I will assume that it is-- +locally there is a probability + +density that I will +integrate across the system. + +Probability density +is a function + +of whatever magnetization +I have around point x. + +And so then when we expanded +this, what did we have? + +We said that the terms that +are consistent with rotational + +symmetry have to be things like +m squared, m to the fourth, + +and so forth. + +In principal, there +is a long series + +but hopefully +since m is small, I + +don't have to include that +many terms in the series. + +And additionally, I can have +an expansion in gradient + +and the lowest order +term in that series + +was the gradient of m squared +and potentially higher + +order terms. + +OK? + +We said that we +could, if we relied + +on looking at the most probable +configuration of this weight, + +make a connection +between what is going + +on here and the +experimental observation. + +And essentially the only +thing that we needed to do + +was to basically +start T from here, + +so T was made to be +proportional to T minus Tc. + +And then we could explain +these kinds of phenomena + +by looking at the +behavior of the most + +probable magnetization. + +Now I kind of said +that we are going + +to have long wavelength +fluctuations. + +There was one case +where we actually + +saw a video of those long +wavelength fluctuations + +and that was for the case +of critical opalescence + +taking place at the liquid gas +mixture at its critical point. + +Can we try to quantify +that a little bit better? + +The answer is yes, we can do so +through scattering experiments. + +And looking at the +sample was an example + +of a scattering +experiment, which + +if you want to do +more quantitatively, + +we can do the following- +we can say that there + +is some incoming field, +electromagnetic wave that + +is impingent on the system. + +It's a pass on +incoming wave vector k. + +It sort of goes +through the sample + +and then when it comes out, +it gets scattered and so what + +I will see is some +k [INAUDIBLE] that + +comes from the other +part of the system. + +In principle, I guess I can +put a probe here and measure + +what is coming out. + +And essentially it will +depend on the angle + +towards which this has rotated. + +If I asked well, how +much has been scattered? + +We'd say, well it's +a complicated problem + +in quantum mechanics. + +Let's say this is a quantum +mechanical procedure- + +you would say that there's +an amplitude that you have + +the scattering that is +proportional to some overlap + +between the kind of state +that you started with, + +what we started is an +incoming wave with k initial, + +presumably there is the +initial state of my sample + +before the wave hits +it, and then I end up + +with the final configuration +which is k f, whatever + +the final version +of my system is. + +Now between these two, +I have to put whatever + +is responsible for +scattering this wave so there + +is in some sense some +overall potential + +that I have to put over here. + +Now let's think about the +case of this thing being, + +say, a mixture of +gas and liquid, + +well what is scattering light? + +Well, it is the individual +atoms that are scattering light + +and there are lots of them. + +So basically I have to sum over +all of the scattering elements + +that I have my system. + +Let's say I have a u for a +scattering element, i that + +is located at position-- +maybe bad choice, + +let's call it sum over alpha. + +X alpha is the +position of let's say + +the atom that is scattered here. + +OK? + +So now since I'm dealing +with, say, linear order, + +not multiple scattering, +what I can do + +is I can basically +take this sum outside. + +So this thing is +related to a sum + +over alpha of the +scattering I would have + +for individual elements +that are scattering. + +And then roughly each +individual element + +will scatter an amount +that I will call sigma q. + +If you have elastic +scattering what happens + +is that essentially your +initial k simply gets rotated + +without changing its magnitude. + +So what happens is that +essentially everything + +will end up being a function +of this momentum transfer which + +is proportional +to q k f minus k i + +whose magnitude would be +twice the magnitude of your k + +sine of the half of +the angle if you just + +do the simple +geometry over there. + +So this is for +elastic scattering + +which is what we will +be thinking about. + +Now the amount that each +individual element scatters + +like each atom is +indeed a function + +of your momentum transferred +from the scattering probe. + +But the thing that +you're scattering from + +is something that is +very small like an atom, + +so it turns out that the +resulting q will give + +significant-- well, the +resulting sigma will vary all + +the over scales +where q is related + +to the inverse of +whatever is scattering + +which is something +that is very large. + +So most of this stuff that +is happening at small q, most + +of the variation +that is observed, + +comes from summing +over the contributions + +of the different elements. + +So going to the continuum +limit, this becomes an integral + +across your system of whatever +the density of the thing that + +is scattering is. + +Indeed if I'm thinking about +the light scattering experiment + +that we saw with critical +opalescence, what you would + +be looking at is this +density of liquid + +versus gas, which if I +want to convert to q, + +I have to do a Fourier +transform here. + +And so this is the amplitude of +scattering that I expect and we + +can see that it is +directly probing + +the fluctuations of +the system, Fourier + +transform [INAUDIBLE] number q. + +Eventually of course +this is the amplitude + +what you will be seeing is +the amount that is scattered, + +s of q will be proportional +to this amplitude squared. + +We'll have a part that at +small q is roughly constant, + +so basically at small q I can +regard this as a constant. + +So at small q all +of the variations + +is going to come from +this Roth q squared. + +Of course again thinking about +the case of the liquid gas + +system, where we were seeing the +picture, there were variations, + +so there's essentially +lots and lots + +of these Roth q's depending +on which instant of time + +you're looking at. + +And then it would be useful to +do some kind of a time average + +and hope that the +time average comes + +from the result of a probability +measure such as this. + +OK? + +So that's the procedure +that we'll follow. + +We're going to go slightly +beyond what we did before. + +What we did before was we +started with the probability + +distribution, such +as this that we + +posed on the basis of symmetry +and then calculated singular + +behavior of various +thermodynamic functions + +such as heat capacity, +susceptibility, magnetization, + +et cetera, all of them at +macroscopic quantities. + +But this is a +probability that also + +works at the level +of microscopics. + +It's really a probability as a +function of our configurations + +and the way that +that is probed is + +through scattering experiments. + +So scattering experiments +really probe the Fourier + +transform of this probability +that we have posed over here. + +OK? + +Now again the full probability +that I have written down there + +is rather difficult. + +Let's say this in the case +of the liquid gas system, + +this row would be explicitly +the magnetization. + +It would be the fluctuations +of the magnetization + +around the mean. + +I should note that in +the case of the magnet, + +you can say, well how +do you probe things? + +In that case you need +something, some probe + +that scatters from +magnetization at each point. + +And the appropriate probe for +magnetization is neutrons. + +So you basically hit the +system with a beam of neutrons + +that may be polarizing them +in this particular direction, + +their spins-- and they +hit the spins of whatever + +is in your sample and +they get scattered + +according to this mechanism. + +And what you will +be seeing at small q + +is related to fluctuations +of this magnetization field. + +Think he was looking for that. + +Now I realize-- I'm not +going to run after him. + +OK. + +So teaches them to +leave the room earlier. + +OK. + +So let's see what +we have to-- we can + +do for the case of +calculating this quantity. + +Now I'm not going to calculate +it for the nonlinear form, + +it's rather difficult. + +What I'm going to do is to +sort of expand on the trick + +that we were using +last time which + +led to this other +point which is to look + +at the most probable state. + +So basically we looked +at that function + +where we were calculating +the subtle point + +integration and the +first thing that we + +did was to find +the configuration + +of the magnetization field +that was the most likely. + +And the answer was that +because k is positive, + +your magnetization that +extremizes that probability + +is something that is uniform, +does not depend on x, + +and is pointing all +in one direction. + +Let's call it e hat 1. + +That is indicating +this one thing + +is symmetry breaking in +the zero field limit. + +Of course that spontaneous +symmetry breaking + +only occurs when t is negative +and for t positive m bar is 0. + +For t negative just +minimizing the expression + +t m squared plus +u m to the fourth + +gives you minus t over 4u. + +OK? + +So that's the most +probable configuration. + +What this thing is +probing is fluctuations so + +let's expand around the +most probable configuration. + +So let's say that we-- say that +I have thermally excited and m + +of x which is m bar plus +a little bit that varies + +from each location +to another location, + +like if I'm looking at +this critical opalescence, + +it's the variation +in density from one + +location to another location. + +But that is true as +long as I'm looking + +at the case of something +that has only one component. + +If I have multiple +components, I can also + +have fluctuations in the +remaining m minus 1 directions, + +and this is n of let's say alpha +go from 2 of phi t of e alpha. + +So I have broken the +fluctuations into two types. + +I've said that let's say +if you were n equals to 2 + +your m bar would be pointing +in some particular direction. + +And so phi l's correspond +to increasing the length + +or decreasing the length +whereas phi t corresponds + +to going in the +orthogonal direction which + +in general would be n minus +1, different components. + +OK? + +So I want to ask, +what's the probability + +of this set of fluctuations? + +All I need to do and +again this is x-dependent + +is to substitute into my general +expression for the probability + +so for that I need a few things. + +One of the things that I need +is the gradient of m squared. + +The uniform part has no +gradient so I will either + +get the gradient from phi l +squared or I will get gradient + +of the n minus 1 component +vector field phi t + +that I will simply write as +gradient of phi t squared. + +So phi t is an n +minus 1 component. + +I can ask, what is m squared? + +Basically the first term +I need to put over there, + +but m squared, I have to +square this expression. + +I will get m bar squared to m +bar phi l plus phi l squared + +that comes from the +component that is along e 1. + +All the other components +here will add up + +to give me the magnitude of +this transverse field that + +exists in the other +m minus 1 directions. + +The other term that I +need is m to the fourth + +and in particular we saw that +it is absolutely necessary + +if t is negative to include +the m to the fourth term + +because otherwise the +probability that we were + +writing just didn't +make sense and we need + +to write expressions for +probability that are physically + +sensible. + +So I just take the line +above and square it. + +But I want to only keep +terms to quadratic order. + +So to zero order I have m bar +to the fourth to third order + +I have-- to first order I +have 4 m bar cubed phi l + +then there are a bunch of terms +that are order of phi squared. + +Squaring this will give +me 4 m bar squared phi l + +squared, but the dot +product of these two terms + +will also gives me two +m bar squared phi l + +squared for a total of six +m bar squared phi l squared. + +And then the phi t +squared comes simply + +from twice m bar +squared phi t squared. + +And then there's higher order +terms cubic and fourth order m + +phi t and phi l +that I don't write + +assuming that the fluctuations +that I'm looking at our small + +around the most probable state. + +OK? + +So if I stick with +this quadratics + +then the probability +of fluctuations + +across my system characterized +by phi l of x and phi t + +of x is proportional +to exponential + +of minus integral dd x. + +I have an overall factor-- well +I have a factor of K over 2 + +for the first term. + +I have a gradient +of phi l squared + +and then you can see that +I have a bunch of them. + +Let's put the K over 2, +let's put the one-half here. + +I have K phi l gradient +of phi l squared. + +I'm going to put everything +that has phi l squared in it. + +I have here t over 2 phi l +squared from t over 2m squared. + +So I have phi l squared. + +I have t over 2. + +Actually I have taken-- +I'm going to make mistakes + +unless I put the +one-half over here, too. + +I have another phi l +squared from over here. + +That gets multiplied +by u so I will get here + +plus 12 u m bar squared, +12 rather than 6 + +because I divided by 2. + +And then I have a term that is +K over 2 gradient of the vector + +phi t squared. + +And then I have t +over 2 phi t squared + +and then 2 m bar +squared multiplied by u + +becomes 4u m bar squared. + +And there are higher order terms +that I will not write down. + +Yes? + +Did I-- + +AUDIENCE: You said +phi l [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Good. + +Yes, so the question +is I immediately + +jumped to second order, so what +happened to the linear term? + +There's a linear term here and +there's a linear term here. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Let's +write them down. + +So the coefficient +of phi l would + +be t over 2 m bar plus 4 u +m bar cubed and minimizing + +that expression is setting +this first derivative to zero + +so if you are expanding around +an extreme on the most probable + +state then by +construction you're + +not going to get any terms +that are linear either m phi l + +or m phi t. + +OK? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Is there-- what's +the reason for not including + +a term in our +general probability, + +a term like [INAUDIBLE] +of m squared? + +PROFESSOR: We could. + +He said that +essentially that amount + +over here to an expansion in +powers of the gradient, which + +if I go to Fourier space +this would become q + +squared plus n squared would +be q to the fourth, et cetera. + +If you are looking at more q +or large wavelengths and so + +we are going to focus +on the first few terms. + +But they exist just +as they existed + +for the phonon spectrum. + +We looked at the linear +portion and then realized + +that going away +from q equals to 0 + +generates all kinds +of other steps. + +OK? + +I mean, these are very important +things to ask again and again + +to ultimately convince +yourself, because in reality + +that expansion +that I have written + +has an infinity of terms in it. + +You have to always +convince yourself + +that close enough to +the critical point all + +of those other terms +that I don't write down + +are not going to +make any difference. + +OK? + +All right. + +So that's the weight. + +What I'm going to do is +the same thing that we did + +last time for the case +of Goldstone modes, + +et cetera, which is to go +to a Fourier presentation + +so any one of the components, be +the longitudinal or transverse, + +I will write as a sum over q e +to the i q dot, x some Fourier + +component and then +get a square root of v + +just so that the normalization +would look simple. + +And if I substitute for phi +of x in terms of phi of q, + +just as we saw last +time the probability + +will decompose into independent +contribution for each q + +because once you +substitute it here, + +every quadratic term will have +both a sum over x and-- sorry, + +and integral over x +and sums over q and q + +prime, e to the i q plus q prime +x the integration over x forces + +q and q prime to be +the same up to a sign. + +So then we find that the +probability distribution + +as a function of these +Fourier amplitudes + +phi alpha and phi t +decomposes into a product. + +Basically each q mode +is acting independently + +of all the others. + +And also at the +quadratic level we + +see that there is no +crosstalk between transverse + +and longitudinal so we will have +one weight for the transverse, + +one weight for the longitudinal. + +And what's it actually +going to look like? + +Essentially it's going +to look like something + +that is proportional, +let's say, for phi l, + +it is proportional to +phi l of q squared. + +I have here something and +then I have k q squared over 2 + +so then a Fourier transform that +I will get k q squared over 2. + +So let's write it in this +fashion, q over 2 q squared + +and then that's something +that's not q dependent. + +And by convention I will +write it as x e l minus 2. + +It has dimensions of +inverse length scale + +because q has dimensions +of inverse length scale + +so I will shortly define +a length so that these two + +terms would have the +same dimensional, + +so c l is defined +in that fashion. + +And similarly I +have an exponential + +that governs k over 2 q +squared plus c t to the minus 2 + +phi tilde of t of q squared +and this is a vector + +so there are n minus +1 components there. + +OK? + +And you can see that basically +potentially these two terms, + +c l and c t are different. + +In fact, let's just +write down what they are. + +So this coefficient +K over c l squared + +is defined to be t plus +12 u m bar squared. + +OK? + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Now this depends +on whether you are + +for t positive or t +negative-- better be positive + +since I have written it as one +over some positive quantity-- + +for t positive, m bar +is 0 so this is just t. + +For t negative, then m bar +squared is minus t over 4 u + +so this becomes minus 3t, +so this becomes minus 2t. + +OK? + +And k over c t squared is +t plus 4u m bar squared. + +It is t for t positive. + +For t negative, +substitute it for m bar + +squared, it will give me 0. + +OK? + +Actually the top one +hopefully you recognize + +or you remember from last time. + +We had exactly this +expression t and minus + +2t when we calculated +the susceptibility. + +This was the inverse +susceptibility. + +In fact, I can be +now more precise + +and call that the inverse of +the longitudinal susceptibility. + +And what we have +here is the inverse + +of the transverse +susceptibility. + +What does that mean? + +Let me remind you what +susceptibility is. + +Susceptibility is +you have a system + +and you put on a +little bit of the field + +and then see how the +magnetization responds. + +If you are in the ordered +phase so that your system is + +spontaneously pointing +in one direction, + +then if you put the +field in this direction, + +you have to climb this +Mexican hat potential + +and you have to pay +a cost to do so. + +Whereas if I put it the field +perpendicular, all that happens + +is that the +magnetization rotates, + +so it can respond without any +cost and that's what this is. + +These are really +the Goldstone modes + +that we were discussing are the +transverse fluctuations that I + +have written before. + +So again, we discussed +last time you + +break a continual symmetry +you will have Goldstone modes + +and these Goldstone +modes are the ones that + +are perpendicular to the average +magnetization, if you like. + +OK? + +So now we have a prediction. + +We say that if I look at +these phi phi fluctuations, + +I can pick a particular +q, let's say, + +and here I have to +put q star in order + +to get something +that is non-zero. + +Actually that's put here q prime +and then pick two different + +and this is alpha and beta. + +Well, if I look at this +average since the weight is + +the product of contributions +from different q's the answer + +will be 0 unless q and +q prime add up to 0. + +And if I'm looking +at the same q, + +I better make sure that I'm +looking at the same component + +because the longitudinal and +transverse component or any + +of the n minus 1 transverse +components among each other + +have completely +independent Gaussian rates. + +If I'm now looking at the same +Gaussian, for the same Gaussian + +I can just immediately +read off it's variance + +which is K q squared plus +whatever the appropriate c is + +for that direction +whether it's c l + +or c t potentially +would make a difference. + +OK? + +Right. + +So now we have a prediction +for our experimentals. + +I said that these guys +can go and measure + +the scattering as a function +of angle at small angle + +and they can fit how +much is scattered + +as you go as a function of angle +and fit it as a function of q. + +So we predict that if +they look at something + +that's say like phi l +squared, if you're thinking + +about the liquid gas +system that's really + +the only thing that +you have because there + +is no transverse component if +you have a Scalar variable. + +We claim that if you go and look +at those critical opalescent + +pictures that we saw, +and do it more precisely + +and see what happens as a +function of the scattered wave + +number q, that you +will get a shape that + +is 1 over q squared +plus c to the minus 2. + +This kind of shape that +is called a Lorentzian + +is indeed what you commonly +see for all kinds of scattering + +line shapes. + +OK? + +So we have a prediction. + +Of course, the +reason that it works + +is because in principle we +know that this series will have + +higher order terms +as we discussed + +like q to the fourth, q +to the sixth, et cetera, + +but they fall way down +here where you're not + +going to be seeing +all that much anyway. + +Now the place where +this curve turns around + +from being something that +is dominated by 1 over K c + +to the minus 2 to something +that falls off as 1 + +over K q squared or +maybe even faster, + +the borderline is this inverse +length scale that we indicated, + +c l minus 1. + +So now what happens if I go +closer to the phase transition + +point? + +As I go closer to the +phase transition point, + +t goes to zero, this c +inverse goes towards zero. + +So if this is for some +temperature above Tc + +and I go to some lower +temperature, then what happens + +is that the curve will start +higher and then [INAUDIBLE]. + +Yeah? + +Actually it doesn't +cross the other curve + +which is what I wrote down. + +Just because it starts +higher it can bend and go + +and join this curve +at a further point. + +Eventually when you go through +exactly the critical point then + +you get the union of all of +these curves, which is a 1 + +over q squared type of curve. + +So right at the point +where t equals to 0 + +the prediction is that +the Lorentzian shape, + +the coefficient that appears +in front of q squared + +vanishes you will see +one over q squared. + +OK? + +Now the results of experiments +in reality that are very + +happily fitted, the +Lorentzian, when you're away + +from the critical +point they claim + +that when you are exactly +at the critical point, + +it's not quite 1 over q squared. + +Seems to be slightly different. + +At Tc, the scattering +appears to be + +more similar to 1 over q +to 2 minus a small amount. + +That's where another +critical exponent theta + +is introduced so that's another +thing that ultimately you + +have to try to figure +out and understand. + +OK? + +Of course I drew the curves +for the longitudinal component. + +If I look at the curves for +the transverse components, + +and again, by appropriate choice +of spin polarized neutrons + +you can decompose +different components + +of scattering from +the magnetization + +field of a piece of +iron, for example. + +If you are above +Tc, there is really + +no difference between +longitudinal and transverse + +because there is no +direction that is selected. + +And you can see that the forms +that you will get above Tc + +would be exactly the same. + +When you go below Tc, that's +where the difference appears + +because the length +scale that would appear + +for the longitudinal +parameters would be finite + +and it corresponds +to having to push + +the magnetization above this +bottom of the Mexican hat + +potential whereas there is no +cost in the other direction. + +So if you can probe in +the fluctuations that + +would correspond to +these Goldstone modes, + +you would see the 1 over q +squared type of behavior. + +OK? + +So the story that we were +talking about last time around + +about the Goldstone +modes and they're + +fluctuating a lot because of +their low cost also certainly + +remains in this case. + +We have now explicitly +separated out + +the longitudinal +fluctuations that + +are finite because +they are controlled + +by this stiffness of going up +the bottom of the potential + +whereas there is no +stiffness associated + +with the transverse ones. + +OK? + +All right, so good. + +So we've talked about +some of the things that + +are experimentally observed. + +Any questions? + +Now we looked at things here in +the Fourier space corresponding + +to this momentum transfer in +the scattering experiment, + +but we can also ask about what +is happening in physical space. + +That is if I have a +fluctuation at one point, + +how much does the influence +of that fluctuation + +propagate in space? + +So for that I need to calculate +things like phi-- let's say, + +do we need to put an +invert, why not?-- + +phi l of x phi l of x prime. + +Let's say we want to +calculate this quantity. + +OK? + +Now I can certainly +decompose phi l + +of x in terms of these +Fourier components. + +And so what do I get? + +I will get a sum over q-- maybe +I should write it in one case + +explicitly, q and q +prime e to i cube of x e + +to the i q prime the x prime. + +Two factors of root +3 giving me the V + +and then I have phi l +of q phi l of q prime + +and the expectation +value will go over here. + +Now we said that the +different q's and q primes + +are uncorrelated. + +So here I immediately +will have a delta function + +mq plus q prime but if I'm +looking at the same q and q + +prime, I have this factor +of 1 over K q squared + +plus c to the minus +2-- c l to the minus 2. + +OK? + +So then the whole thing becomes +due to the delta function + +the sum over 1 q of 1 +over V each with i q + +dot x minus x prime because +q prime was 2 minus q. + +And then I have K 2 squared +plus c l to the minus. + +OK? + +So then I go to the continuum +limit of a large size, + +the sum over q gets +replaced with integral + +over q d times the +density of state. + +The V's disappear, +I will have a factor + +of 2 pi to the d and what I have +is the Fourier transform of k q + +squared plus c to the +minus-- l to the minus 2. + +And I will write this +as minus 1 over K + +a function I that +depends on d dimension + +and clearly depends +on the separation + +x minus x prime at the +correlation length c l. + +Why I said correlation length +shortly becomes apparent. + +So I introduce a function I +d which depends on x and c + +to be minus integral over q 2 pi +to the d Fourier transform of q + +squared plus c to the minus 2. + +If that c was not there +that's the integral that we + +did last time and +it was the Coulomb + +potential in d dimension. + +So this presumably +is related to that. + +And we can use the same +trick that we employed + +to make it explicit +last time around. + +We can take the Laplacian of +this potential i d and what + +happens is that I will +bring two factors of i + +q squared so the +minus goes away. + +I will have the integral +d d cubed 2 pi to the d. + +I will have a q +squared, denominator + +is q squared plus +c to the minus 2. + +I add and subtract the c to +the minus 2 to the numerator + +and I have to Fourier transform. + +OK? + +The first part if I divide by +the denominator is simply 1. + +Integral of Fourier +transform of 1 + +will give me a delta function. + +And then what I have is minus +c squared, the same integral + +that I used to define i d. + +So this becomes plus i d +of x divided by c squared. + +OK? + +So whereas in the +absence of c you have + +the potential do to a +charge, the presence of c + +adds this additional +term that corresponds + +to some kind of a damping. + +So this equation +you probably have + +seen in the context of +screened Coulomb interaction + +and giving rise to the +[INAUDIBLE] potential + +in three dimensions. + +We would like to look +at it in d dimension + +so that we know what the +behavior is in general. + +OK? + +So again what I'm looking +at is the potential + +that is due to a +charge at the origin + +so this idea of x +in principle only + +depends on the magnitude of x +and not on the direction of it. + +It is something that has +general spherical symmetry + +in d dimensions. + +So I use that fact +of spherical symmetry + +to write down what the +expression for the Laplacian + +is. + +OK? + +We can again use Gauss's +law if you've forgotten + +or whatever but in the +presence of spherical symmetry + +the general expression for +Laplacian in d dimension + +is this. + +OK? + +So if this d was +equal to 1 it would + +be a simple second derivative. + +And in higher dimensions you +would have additional factors + +if you basically apply Gauss's +law to shares around here. + +You can very easily +convince yourself of that. + +This is some kind +of an aerial term + +that comes in d +minus 1 dimension. + +And then I can write this as +either the second derivative + +if d by the x acts on +this, the x to the minus 1 + +disappears or if it +acts on this one, + +it will gives me d +minus 1 x to the d + +minus 2, x to the d minus 1 +gives me an x, the i by d x. + +So the equation +that I have to solve + +is this object equals to i over +c squared plus a delta function + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +OK? + +Now if you vary one +dimension you wouldn't + +have this term at all and you +would have-- except that x + +equals to 0, the second +derivative proportional + +to the function +divided by c squared. + +So you will +immediately write a way + +x equals to 0 that the answer +is e to the minus x over c. + +OK? + +Actually proportional +because you + +have to fit out with the +amplitude, et cetera. + +Now in higher +dimensions what happens + +is that this solution +gets modified, + +falls off with some +additional x to the p + +but we have to be somewhat +careful with this. + +So let's look at this a +little bit more closely. + +If I were to substitute this +ansatz into this expression, + +what would happen? + +What I need to do is to take +the first and the second + +derivative. + +Now if I take the +first derivative, + +the derivative either +acts on this factor, + +gives me a factor of +minus 1 over c and then + +the exponential back, +so I can get the i back. + +If I had an exponential +I take a derivative, + +I will get just minus +1 over psi exponential. + +If I act on x to the +minus b I will get minus p + +x to the p minus 1, which is +different from the original + +solution by a +factor of p over x. + +OK? + +If I now take two derivatives I +can take the second derivative + +on I itself and then d +I by d x will give me I + +back with this factor. + +So I will get 1 over c squared +plus 2 P c x plus P squared + +over x squared with +I but that's not + +the whole story because the +derivative can also leave I + +aside and act on P over +x, which if it does so, + +it will get P over +x squared so that + +will be an additional term here. + +So that's the second derivative. + +So now what I have done +is I have evaluated + +with this ansatz the +terms that should appear + +in that equation of a from +x equals to 0, so let's + +substitute it. + +Everything now I have is +proportional to I so I just + +forget about the I. + +I have the second +derivative 1 over c + +squared plus 2 P +divided by x c plus p p + +plus 1 divided by x squared. + +And then I have d minus +1, the first derivative, + +so I have minus d minus 1 over +c minus d minus 1 p over x. + +Both of these terms get +an additional factor + +of x because of here so I +will get x c and x squared + +and what I have on the right +hand side from the origin + +is I over c squared. + +Divide by the I, I +have 1 over c squared. + +Now if I'm moving away +from x I can organize + +things in powers of 1 over x. + +The most important +term is the constant + +and clearly you can see +that I chose the decay + +constant of the +exponential correctly as + +evidenced by the +absence or removal of 1 + +over the constant +term on the two sides. + +But now I have two terms, +two types of terms. + +Terms that are proportional +to x squared and terms + +that are proportional +to x psi and there's + +no way that I can simultaneously +satisfy both of these. + +So the assumption that the +solution of this equation + +is a single exponential +divided by a power law + +is in fact not correct. + +But it can be correct +in two regions. + +So for x that is much +less than psi then + +the more important term is +the 1 over x squared part. + +For x but going towards +0 the 1 over x squared + +is more important than 1 over x. + +OK so then what I do is +I will match these two + +terms and those two terms that +are 1 over x squared tell me + +that P p plus 1 +should be P d minus 1. + +OK? + +And that immediately getting +rid of the p's tells me + +that the P in this +regime is d minus 2. + +OK? + +Now the d minus 2 +you recall is what + +we had for the +Coulomb potential. + +Right? + +So basically at +short distances you + +are still not screened +by this additional term. + +You don't see its effect +and you get essentially + +the standard Coulomb potential +whereas if you are away + +what you get is that you +have to match the terms that + +are proportional to x c because +they're more important than 1 + +over x squared. + +And there you get that +2 P should be d minus 1 + +or P should be d minus 1 over 2. + +OK? + +So let's just plot that +function over here. + +So if I plot this function as +a function of the separation x + +and it only depends +on the magnitude, + +in fact, what I +should plot is minus i + +d because it's +the minus i d that + +depends on the +fluctuations once I divide + +by K. I find that +it has two regimes. + +Let's say above two dimensions +you have one regime that + +is a simple Coulomb +type of potential + +and the Coulomb +potential last time + +actually we normalized properly. + +We saw that it is x to the +2 minus d S d d minus 2. + +The e to x into the +minus x over c I + +can in fact ignore +in this regime + +because I'm at distance x +that is much less than c + +so the exponential term +has not kicked in yet + +whereas I go at large distances +and the exponential term does + +kick in. + +So the overall behavior is +e to the minus x over c. + +That's the most dominant +behavior that you have. + +On top of that, we +have a power log + +which is x to the power +of d minus 1 over 2. + +Now those of you who know +what the screened Coulomb + +potential is know that the +screened Coulomb potential + +in three dimensions is the 1 +over r, the Coulomb potential, + +and you put an exponential +on top of that. + +There is no difference +in the powers + +that you have whether +or not you are + +smaller than this +correlation length or larger. + +You can check here, if +I put d equals to 3, + +this becomes a 1 over x and +this becomes a 1 over x. + +So it's just an accident +of three dimensions + +that the screened +Coulomb potential + +is the 1 over r with +an exponential on top. + +In general dimensions you +have different powers. + +But having different +powers also means + +that somehow the +amplitude that goes over + +here has to carry dimensions so +that it can be matched to what + +we have here at +this distance of C. + +And so if I try to match +those terms, roughly + +when you're at order of c, +what I would do is I would put + +s d d minus 2 and c to +the 3 minus d over 2. + +And now you can check +that the two expressions + +will have the right dimension +and will match roughly + +at order of c. + +OK? + +So essentially what it says is +that if I ask in my system what + +is the nature of +these fluctuations, + +how correlated they +are, they would + +know to be more or less the same +although falling off as if you + +were at the critical +point because we said + +that the critical point or +when you have Goldstone modes, + +you have just this term. + +But then they know that +you are not exactly + +sitting at the +critical point and then + +they are no longer correlated. + +So basically there +is this length scale + +that we also saw +when we were looking + +at these critical +opalescence and we + +were seeing things that +were moving together. + +That length scale where +things are moving together + +is this parameter c that +we have defined over here. + +So what we have is-- where +do we want to put it? + +Let's put it here. + +A correlation length +which measures + +the extent to which things +are fluctuating together, + +although when I'm saying +fluctuating together, + +they are still correlations +that are falling off + +but they're not falling +off exponentially. + +They start to fall +off exponentially + +when you are beyond +this length scale c. + +And we have the formula for c. + +So what we find +is that if I were + +to invert that, for +example, what I find for c l + +as a function of t is that it is +simply square root of k over t + +when I am on the +t positive side. + +When I go to the +t negative side, + +it just becomes square +root of K minus 2 t. + +OK? + +So this correlation length +I indicated we could state + +has behavior close +to a transition, + +there's a divergence. + +We can parametrize those +divergences through something + +like t minus Tc to exponent +u, potentially different + +on the two sides +of the transition. + +But this t is simply +proportional to the real t + +minus Tc so we +conclude that u plus is + +the same as u minus we've +just indicated by u, + +should be one-half. + +The amplitudes themselves +depend on all kinds of things. + +We don't know much about them. + +But we can see that +the amplitude ratio B + +plus over B minus, if I +were to divide those two + +the ratio of those +two is universal, + +it gives me a factor +of square root of 2. + +OK? + +If I were to plot +c t, for example, + +on the high temperature side c t +and c l are of course the same. + +On the low temperature side, we +said that the Goldstone modes + +have these long +range correlations. + +They fall off or grow according +to the Coulomb potential + +but there is no length +scale so in some sense + +the correlation length +for the transverse modes + +is always infinity. + +OK. + +Now actually in the +second lecture what I said + +was that the fact +that the response + +function such as +susceptibility diverges + +immediately tells you +that there have to be long + +range correlations, +so we had predicted + +before that c has to diverge. + +But we were not sufficiently +precise about the way + +that it does, so +let's try to do that. + +Let's see. + +A relationship more +precisely with susceptibility + +and these correlation +lengths, so what we said more + +generally was that the +susceptibilities up + +to various factors of data, +et cetera, that are not + +that important are related to +the integrated magnetization + +to magnetization +connected correlation. + +So basically, what +I have to do is + +to look at m minus +its average at x, + +m minus its average at +some other point, which + +means that what I'm +really looking at + +is the phi phi averages. + +OK? + +Now what we have +shown right now is + +that these averages +are significant. + +These phi phi correlations +are significant + +only over a distance that +is this correlation length + +and then they die off. + +So we could basically as +far as scaling and things + +like that is concerned +terminate this integration at c. + +And that when we are looking at +distances that are below that, + +you don't see the effect +of the exponential, + +you just see the +Coulomb power law + +so you would see +here fluctuations + +that decay as x +to the 2 minus d. + +Right? + +So essentially what you're doing +is integrating x to the 2 minus + +d in d dimension of space. + +So you can see that +immediately gets related + +to the square of the +correlation length. + +X to the minus d n d d +x, the d part vanishes, + +there's a 2 that remains +and gives you c squared. + +If you like you can write +it in spherical coordinates, + +et cetera, but dimensions +have to work out + +to be something like this. + +So now we can-- yes? + +AUDIENCE: Just to clarify, when +you sat phi of x and phi of 0, + +are those both longitudinal +or both transverse? + +PROFESSOR: I wasn't precise +so if I, thinking about chi l, + +these will be both longitudinal. + +OK? + +And then we have +this expression. + +If I'm talking about chi t +and I'm above the transition + +temperature, there's no problem. + +If I'm below the +transition temperature, + +I can use the same +thing but have + +to set c to infinity +so I have to integrate + +all the way to infinity. + +OK? + +But now you can see that the +divergence of susceptibility + +is very much related to the +divergence of correlations, + +in some sense very +precisely in that + +if this goes like t +to the minus gamma + +and the correlation length +diverges as t to the minus u, + +then gamma should be 2 nu. + +And indeed, our ne is one-half. + +We had seen previously +that gamma was 2 nu. + +Secondly that the amplitude +ratio for susceptibility + +should be the square +of the amplitude ratio + +for the correlation +length and again this + +is something that +we have seen before. + +The amplitude ratio +for susceptibility + +was the square root of 2. + +Now it turns out +that all of this + +is a gain within this +[INAUDIBLE] point approximation + +looking at the most +probable state, et cetera. + +Because what we find in reality +is that at the critical point, + +the correlations don't decay +simply according to the Coulomb + +law but there is +this additional eta + +which is the same eta +that we had over here. + +OK? + +And that because of that +eta, here what you would have + +is 2 minus eta and you +would get an example + +of a number of things that +we will see a lot later on. + +That is there even if you don't +know what the exponents are, + +you know that there +are relationships + +among the exponents. + +This is an example of an +exponent identity called + +a Fisher exponent +and there are several + +of these exponents identities. + +OK? + +But that also brings +us to the following- + +that we did all of this +work and we came up + +with answers for the singular +behaviors at critical points + +and why they are universal. + +And actually as far as the +thermodynamic quantities + +were concerned, all +we ended up doing + +was to write some expression +that was analytical + +and then find its minimum. + +And we found that the minimum +of an analytical expression + +always has the same type +of singularities, which + +we can characterize +by these exponents. + +So maybe it's now a +good time to check + +how these match +with the experiment. + +So let's look at the various +types of phase transition, + +an example of the material +that undergoes that phase + +transition, and what the +exponents alpha, beta, gamma, + +and u are that are +experimentally obtained. + +AUDIENCE: What is this again? + +PROFESSOR: The material +that undergoes a transition, + +so for example when we are +talking about the ferromagnet + +to paramagnet transition, +you could look at material + +such as iron or +nickel and if we ask + +in the context of +this systematics + +that we were developing for +the Landau-Ginzburg what they + +correspond to, they are things +that have three components + +or fields so they +correspond to n equals to 3. + +Of course everything that I will +be talking to in this column + +will correspond to +3-dimensional systems. + +Later we'll talk also about +2-dimensional and other + +systems, but let's stick with +real 3-dimensional world. + +So that would be one set. + +We will look at super fluidity. + +Let's say in helium, which +we discussed last semester, + +that corresponds +to n equals to 2. + +We will talk about various +examples of liquid gas + +transition which correspond to +a scalar density difference. + +And this could be anything +from say carbon dioxide, neon, + +argon, whatever gas we like. + +And also talk about +superconductors + +which to all +intents and purposes + +should have the same type of +symmetries as super fluids. + +An example of a quantum system +should be n equals to 2, + +gained lots of different cases +such as aluminum, copper, + +whatever. + +So what do we find +for the exponent? + +Actually for +ferromagnetic system + +the heat capacity +does not diverge. + +It has a discontinuous +derivative at the transition + +and kind of goes in a manner +that if you take its derivative + +then the derivative appears +to be singular and corresponds + +to an alpha. + +If you try to fit it to +it's slightly negative. + +The superfluid has this famous +lambda shape for its heat + +capacity and a lambda +shape is very well fitted + +to a logarithm type of function. + +The logarithm is the +limit of a power law + +as the exponent goes to 0 so we +can more or less indicate that + +by an alpha of 0 or really +it's a divergent log. + +These objects, the +liquid gas transition + +does have weakly +divergent heat capacity + +so the alpha is around 0.1. + +The values of betas are +all less than one-half, + +for ferromagnet system +is of the order of 0.4. + +It is almost one-third, slightly +less for superfluid helium + +and less for the +liquid gas system. + +Gammas something like 1.4. + +We don't have a +gamma for superfluid, + +you can't put a magnetic +field on the superfluid. + +There's nothing that is +conjugate to the quantum phase. + +Here it is more like 1.3. + +Mu is 0.-- it's +not-- [INAUDIBLE]. + +OK. + +So what I have here it is more +like 1.3, 1.24, 0.7, 0.67, + +0.63. + +OK? + +Now they are different from +the predictions that we had. + +Predictions that we had where +alpha was 0 discontinuous. + +Beta goes to one-half. + +Gamma was 1, mu +equals to one-half. + +And actually these +predictions that we just made + +happen to match extremely +well with all kinds + +of super conducting +systems that you look at. + +So again it is +important to state + +that within a particular +class like liquid gas + +you can do a lot of +different systems. + +We saw that curve in +the second lecture. + +They all correspond to +this same set of exponents, + +singularly for a different +magnet and so forth. + +So there is something +that is universal + +but our Landau-Ginzburg +approach with this looking + +at the most probable state +and fluctuations around + +it has not captured +it for most cases + +but for some reason +has captured it + +for the case of superconductors. + +So we have that puzzle and +starting from next lecture + +we'll start to unravel that. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/i_F7ndSmVGE.txt b/i_F7ndSmVGE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c72192b02e3a439f5e6d23f257f7b6db7758c7e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/i_F7ndSmVGE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3011 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so we've just discussed + + align:start position:0% +so we've just discussed + + + align:start position:0% +so we've just discussed +how inertia and buoyancy forces can + + align:start position:0% +how inertia and buoyancy forces can + + + align:start position:0% +how inertia and buoyancy forces can +destabilize the fluid and lead to + + align:start position:0% +destabilize the fluid and lead to + + + align:start position:0% +destabilize the fluid and lead to +complex + + align:start position:0% +complex + + + align:start position:0% +complex +flows of air in a room but now let's + + align:start position:0% +flows of air in a room but now let's + + + align:start position:0% +flows of air in a room but now let's +think about how + + align:start position:0% +think about how + + + align:start position:0% +think about how +those flows will influence the transport + + align:start position:0% +those flows will influence the transport + + + align:start position:0% +those flows will influence the transport +of aerosol droplets which transmit + + align:start position:0% +of aerosol droplets which transmit + + + align:start position:0% +of aerosol droplets which transmit +disease so maybe a simpler way to think + + align:start position:0% +disease so maybe a simpler way to think + + + align:start position:0% +disease so maybe a simpler way to think +about it + + align:start position:0% +about it + + + align:start position:0% +about it +is imagine we have some object which is + + align:start position:0% +is imagine we have some object which is + + + align:start position:0% +is imagine we have some object which is +releasing + + align:start position:0% +releasing + + + align:start position:0% +releasing +a substance which could be particles + + align:start position:0% +a substance which could be particles + + + align:start position:0% +a substance which could be particles +containing virus + + align:start position:0% +containing virus + + + align:start position:0% +containing virus +it could also be heat + + align:start position:0% +it could also be heat + + + align:start position:0% +it could also be heat +or other chemical release and that's in + + align:start position:0% +or other chemical release and that's in + + + align:start position:0% +or other chemical release and that's in +a flow field + + align:start position:0% +a flow field + + + align:start position:0% +a flow field +similar to the types of flow fields that + + align:start position:0% +similar to the types of flow fields that + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the types of flow fields that +we've been discussing so that's the + + align:start position:0% +we've been discussing so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +we've been discussing so that's the +problem of + + align:start position:0% +problem of + + + align:start position:0% +problem of +forced or natural convection + + align:start position:0% +forced or natural convection + + + align:start position:0% +forced or natural convection +convective transport of particles so + + align:start position:0% +convective transport of particles so + + + align:start position:0% +convective transport of particles so +here i show the problem of flow past a + + align:start position:0% +here i show the problem of flow past a + + + align:start position:0% +here i show the problem of flow past a +cylinder and let's say the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +cylinder and let's say the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder and let's say the cylinder +is a hot cylinder which is releasing + + align:start position:0% +is a hot cylinder which is releasing + + + align:start position:0% +is a hot cylinder which is releasing +heat into the fluid which i've kind of + + align:start position:0% +heat into the fluid which i've kind of + + + align:start position:0% +heat into the fluid which i've kind of +sketched by this red region here + + align:start position:0% +sketched by this red region here + + + align:start position:0% +sketched by this red region here +now if the flow is fast compared to the + + align:start position:0% +now if the flow is fast compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +now if the flow is fast compared to the +diffusion of heat you would expect a + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of heat you would expect a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of heat you would expect a +situation like this where there's a thin + + align:start position:0% +situation like this where there's a thin + + + align:start position:0% +situation like this where there's a thin +boundary layer + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer +of heat transfer along the front end of + + align:start position:0% +of heat transfer along the front end of + + + align:start position:0% +of heat transfer along the front end of +the sphere but on the trailing end there + + align:start position:0% +the sphere but on the trailing end there + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere but on the trailing end there +might be a wake of kind of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +might be a wake of kind of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +might be a wake of kind of uh you know +hot fluid that's been kind of carried + + align:start position:0% +hot fluid that's been kind of carried + + + align:start position:0% +hot fluid that's been kind of carried +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +and that is indeed what happens when + + align:start position:0% +and that is indeed what happens when + + + align:start position:0% +and that is indeed what happens when +we're in the regime of convective + + align:start position:0% +we're in the regime of convective + + + align:start position:0% +we're in the regime of convective +dominance of convection over diffusion + + align:start position:0% +dominance of convection over diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +dominance of convection over diffusion +and there's a dimensionless number which + + align:start position:0% +and there's a dimensionless number which + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a dimensionless number which +describes that + + align:start position:0% +describes that + + + align:start position:0% +describes that +which is the pakley number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the pakley number is defined as the + + align:start position:0% +so the pakley number is defined as the + + + align:start position:0% +so the pakley number is defined as the +velocity + + align:start position:0% +velocity + + + align:start position:0% +velocity +times a length scale divided by d where + + align:start position:0% +times a length scale divided by d where + + + align:start position:0% +times a length scale divided by d where +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +is the is the is the mass diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +is the is the is the mass diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +is the is the is the mass diffusivity +now normally + + align:start position:0% +now normally + + + align:start position:0% +now normally +d is the molecular diffusivity um + + align:start position:0% +d is the molecular diffusivity um + + + align:start position:0% +d is the molecular diffusivity um +or it's the diffusivity of the or let's + + align:start position:0% +or it's the diffusivity of the or let's + + + align:start position:0% +or it's the diffusivity of the or let's +say the droplets or whatever the + + align:start position:0% +say the droplets or whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +say the droplets or whatever the +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +particles are okay now if you want to + + align:start position:0% +particles are okay now if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +particles are okay now if you want to +think about + + align:start position:0% +think about + + + align:start position:0% +think about +uh diffusion of gas + + align:start position:0% +uh diffusion of gas + + + align:start position:0% +uh diffusion of gas +um so if we have just for gas molecules + + align:start position:0% +um so if we have just for gas molecules + + + align:start position:0% +um so if we have just for gas molecules +for example like for uh you know co2 or + + align:start position:0% +for example like for uh you know co2 or + + + align:start position:0% +for example like for uh you know co2 or +oxygen in the air + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in the air + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in the air +then the ratio of kinematic viscosity to + + align:start position:0% +then the ratio of kinematic viscosity to + + + align:start position:0% +then the ratio of kinematic viscosity to +diffusivity of the gas molecules + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity of the gas molecules + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity of the gas molecules +that's called the schmidt number is also + + align:start position:0% +that's called the schmidt number is also + + + align:start position:0% +that's called the schmidt number is also +around point + + align:start position:0% +around point + + + align:start position:0% +around point +seven for air so basically molecules of + + align:start position:0% +seven for air so basically molecules of + + + align:start position:0% +seven for air so basically molecules of +momentum are diffusing at about the same + + align:start position:0% +momentum are diffusing at about the same + + + align:start position:0% +momentum are diffusing at about the same +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +and so that tells us that for the + + align:start position:0% +and so that tells us that for the + + + align:start position:0% +and so that tells us that for the +molecules of the gas + + align:start position:0% +molecules of the gas + + + align:start position:0% +molecules of the gas +the paikley number is actually the same + + align:start position:0% +the paikley number is actually the same + + + align:start position:0% +the paikley number is actually the same +as the reynolds number + + align:start position:0% +as the reynolds number + + + align:start position:0% +as the reynolds number +and in fact is very large if we have + + align:start position:0% +and in fact is very large if we have + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact is very large if we have +a larger object such as + + align:start position:0% +a larger object such as + + + align:start position:0% +a larger object such as +you know maybe a droplet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have of course much lower diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +we have of course much lower diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +we have of course much lower diffusivity +than the air molecules and we're not + + align:start position:0% +than the air molecules and we're not + + + align:start position:0% +than the air molecules and we're not +talking + + align:start position:0% +talking + + + align:start position:0% +talking +and it's a different process not + + align:start position:0% +and it's a different process not + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a different process not +collisional but we're still dealing with + + align:start position:0% +collisional but we're still dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +collisional but we're still dealing with +very large pay clay numbers + + align:start position:0% +very large pay clay numbers + + + align:start position:0% +very large pay clay numbers +uh which will lead to kind of wakes as + + align:start position:0% +uh which will lead to kind of wakes as + + + align:start position:0% +uh which will lead to kind of wakes as +i've just described + + align:start position:0% +i've just described + + + align:start position:0% +i've just described +here so it depends on the details and + + align:start position:0% +here so it depends on the details and + + + align:start position:0% +here so it depends on the details and +the size of the particles + + align:start position:0% +the size of the particles + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the particles +but for the guess i just want to write + + align:start position:0% +but for the guess i just want to write + + + align:start position:0% +but for the guess i just want to write +here that paikley number + + align:start position:0% +here that paikley number + + + align:start position:0% +here that paikley number +is on the same order as the reynolds + + align:start position:0% +is on the same order as the reynolds + + + align:start position:0% +is on the same order as the reynolds +number hence is like very much larger + + align:start position:0% +number hence is like very much larger + + + align:start position:0% +number hence is like very much larger +than one in many cases + + align:start position:0% +than one in many cases + + + align:start position:0% +than one in many cases +now the thing is that because the + + align:start position:0% +now the thing is that because the + + + align:start position:0% +now the thing is that because the +pickley number is one the pigley number + + align:start position:0% +pickley number is one the pigley number + + + align:start position:0% +pickley number is one the pigley number +is measuring the importance of + + align:start position:0% +is measuring the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +is measuring the importance of +convective transport + + align:start position:0% +convective transport + + + align:start position:0% +convective transport +to diffusion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so because the payload number is + + align:start position:0% +and so because the payload number is + + + align:start position:0% +and so because the payload number is +typically large + + align:start position:0% +typically large + + + align:start position:0% +typically large +we have a dominance of convection over + + align:start position:0% +we have a dominance of convection over + + + align:start position:0% +we have a dominance of convection over +diffusive process so think of our + + align:start position:0% +diffusive process so think of our + + + align:start position:0% +diffusive process so think of our +aerosol droplets they do diffuse + + align:start position:0% +aerosol droplets they do diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +aerosol droplets they do diffuse +in the air and we could calculate that + + align:start position:0% +in the air and we could calculate that + + + align:start position:0% +in the air and we could calculate that +with the same stokes einstein formula + + align:start position:0% +with the same stokes einstein formula + + + align:start position:0% +with the same stokes einstein formula +that we've used earlier + + align:start position:0% +that we've used earlier + + + align:start position:0% +that we've used earlier +but that diffusion rate is very slow + + align:start position:0% +but that diffusion rate is very slow + + + align:start position:0% +but that diffusion rate is very slow +compared to + + align:start position:0% +compared to + + + align:start position:0% +compared to +the uh sort of convective processes that + + align:start position:0% +the uh sort of convective processes that + + + align:start position:0% +the uh sort of convective processes that +are occurring in the room + + align:start position:0% +are occurring in the room + + + align:start position:0% +are occurring in the room +and so we typically retrieve high + + align:start position:0% +and so we typically retrieve high + + + align:start position:0% +and so we typically retrieve high +pickling number and we see this kind of + + align:start position:0% +pickling number and we see this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pickling number and we see this kind of +behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior +on the other hand we're also in the + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand we're also in the + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand we're also in the +regime high reynolds number + + align:start position:0% +regime high reynolds number + + + align:start position:0% +regime high reynolds number +and that really changes things because + + align:start position:0% +and that really changes things because + + + align:start position:0% +and that really changes things because +then the + + align:start position:0% +then the + + + align:start position:0% +then the +diffusion due to sort of random + + align:start position:0% +diffusion due to sort of random + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion due to sort of random +fluctuations and collisions with other + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and collisions with other + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and collisions with other +molecules + + align:start position:0% +molecules + + + align:start position:0% +molecules +is overwhelmed by the the sort of + + align:start position:0% +is overwhelmed by the the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is overwhelmed by the the sort of +transport + + align:start position:0% +transport + + + align:start position:0% +transport +and diffusion light transport that + + align:start position:0% +and diffusion light transport that + + + align:start position:0% +and diffusion light transport that +follows from + + align:start position:0% +follows from + + + align:start position:0% +follows from +vortices and turbulence so if i take + + align:start position:0% +vortices and turbulence so if i take + + + align:start position:0% +vortices and turbulence so if i take +that same cylinder and i'm + + align:start position:0% +that same cylinder and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +that same cylinder and i'm +now at a higher reynolds number then we + + align:start position:0% +now at a higher reynolds number then we + + + align:start position:0% +now at a higher reynolds number then we +can see that the wake is not a thin + + align:start position:0% +can see that the wake is not a thin + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the wake is not a thin +little tail that extends downstream but + + align:start position:0% +little tail that extends downstream but + + + align:start position:0% +little tail that extends downstream but +it's really a turbulent wake + + align:start position:0% +it's really a turbulent wake + + + align:start position:0% +it's really a turbulent wake +where the warm fluid in this case is + + align:start position:0% +where the warm fluid in this case is + + + align:start position:0% +where the warm fluid in this case is +dispersed + + align:start position:0% +dispersed + + + align:start position:0% +dispersed +everywhere throughout that wake in fact + + align:start position:0% +everywhere throughout that wake in fact + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere throughout that wake in fact +it's fairly uniformly mixed + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly uniformly mixed + + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly uniformly mixed +a similar situation occurs in the case + + align:start position:0% +a similar situation occurs in the case + + + align:start position:0% +a similar situation occurs in the case +of breathing + + align:start position:0% +of breathing + + + align:start position:0% +of breathing +coughing sneezing and other forms of + + align:start position:0% +coughing sneezing and other forms of + + + align:start position:0% +coughing sneezing and other forms of +respiration which we will come to + + align:start position:0% +respiration which we will come to + + + align:start position:0% +respiration which we will come to +shortly where we have a relatively high + + align:start position:0% +shortly where we have a relatively high + + + align:start position:0% +shortly where we have a relatively high +reynolds number flow often turbulent + + align:start position:0% +reynolds number flow often turbulent + + + align:start position:0% +reynolds number flow often turbulent +and we are injecting in it some + + align:start position:0% +and we are injecting in it some + + + align:start position:0% +and we are injecting in it some +respiratory aerosol particles and they + + align:start position:0% +respiratory aerosol particles and they + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory aerosol particles and they +are quite well mixed across + + align:start position:0% +are quite well mixed across + + + align:start position:0% +are quite well mixed across +that jet so we can see there's a very + + align:start position:0% +that jet so we can see there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +that jet so we can see there's a very +strong coupling + + align:start position:0% +strong coupling + + + align:start position:0% +strong coupling +between the fluid flow that we've just + + align:start position:0% +between the fluid flow that we've just + + + align:start position:0% +between the fluid flow that we've just +discussed which is often turbulent + + align:start position:0% +discussed which is often turbulent + + + align:start position:0% +discussed which is often turbulent +and containing vortices and eddies and + + align:start position:0% +and containing vortices and eddies and + + + align:start position:0% +and containing vortices and eddies and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +transport of suspended particles and + + align:start position:0% +transport of suspended particles and + + + align:start position:0% +transport of suspended particles and +droplets + + align:start position:0% +droplets + + + align:start position:0% +droplets +so how can we think about this problem + + align:start position:0% +so how can we think about this problem + + + align:start position:0% +so how can we think about this problem +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the important thing is when we get into + + align:start position:0% +the important thing is when we get into + + + align:start position:0% +the important thing is when we get into +this turbulent regime the way + + align:start position:0% +this turbulent regime the way + + + align:start position:0% +this turbulent regime the way +you know an individual particle uh + + align:start position:0% +you know an individual particle uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know an individual particle uh +imagine i actually think even here in + + align:start position:0% +imagine i actually think even here in + + + align:start position:0% +imagine i actually think even here in +this case how does an individual + + align:start position:0% +this case how does an individual + + + align:start position:0% +this case how does an individual +particle move + + align:start position:0% +particle move + + + align:start position:0% +particle move +it kind of follows the flow so it goes + + align:start position:0% +it kind of follows the flow so it goes + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of follows the flow so it goes +first through little vortices + + align:start position:0% +first through little vortices + + + align:start position:0% +first through little vortices +occasionally around a big vortex and + + align:start position:0% +occasionally around a big vortex and + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally around a big vortex and +then into some little ones + + align:start position:0% +then into some little ones + + + align:start position:0% +then into some little ones +and so it's also doing a random walk but + + align:start position:0% +and so it's also doing a random walk but + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's also doing a random walk but +it's one that's driven by the turbulent + + align:start position:0% +it's one that's driven by the turbulent + + + align:start position:0% +it's one that's driven by the turbulent +flow itself + + align:start position:0% +flow itself + + + align:start position:0% +flow itself +and the length scale for the sort of + + align:start position:0% +and the length scale for the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and the length scale for the sort of +steps of the random want + + align:start position:0% +steps of the random want + + + align:start position:0% +steps of the random want +is actually the vortex size and in + + align:start position:0% +is actually the vortex size and in + + + align:start position:0% +is actually the vortex size and in +particular it's dominated by the largest + + align:start position:0% +particular it's dominated by the largest + + + align:start position:0% +particular it's dominated by the largest +vortex + + align:start position:0% +vortex + + + align:start position:0% +vortex +so whatever the flow is there's always a + + align:start position:0% +so whatever the flow is there's always a + + + align:start position:0% +so whatever the flow is there's always a +certain scale which sets the size of the + + align:start position:0% +certain scale which sets the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +certain scale which sets the size of the +largest vortex + + align:start position:0% +largest vortex + + + align:start position:0% +largest vortex +and so that leads to the concept of + + align:start position:0% +and so that leads to the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +and so that leads to the concept of +so-called eddy diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +so-called eddy diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +so-called eddy diffusivity +in turbulent flows + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is also important in airflows so + + align:start position:0% +which is also important in airflows so + + + align:start position:0% +which is also important in airflows so +the eddy diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +the eddy diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +the eddy diffusivity +is an effective diffusion-like parameter + + align:start position:0% +is an effective diffusion-like parameter + + + align:start position:0% +is an effective diffusion-like parameter +that describes the mixing and spreading + + align:start position:0% +that describes the mixing and spreading + + + align:start position:0% +that describes the mixing and spreading +of suspended particles or droplets + + align:start position:0% +of suspended particles or droplets + + + align:start position:0% +of suspended particles or droplets +in a flow field that is turbulent and in + + align:start position:0% +in a flow field that is turbulent and in + + + align:start position:0% +in a flow field that is turbulent and in +that case + + align:start position:0% +that case + + + align:start position:0% +that case +we can write it two ways so either we + + align:start position:0% +we can write it two ways so either we + + + align:start position:0% +we can write it two ways so either we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +a imposed velocity u and we have + + align:start position:0% +a imposed velocity u and we have + + + align:start position:0% +a imposed velocity u and we have +a you know length scale l + + align:start position:0% +a you know length scale l + + + align:start position:0% +a you know length scale l +and then our uh convective velocity + + align:start position:0% +and then our uh convective velocity + + + align:start position:0% +and then our uh convective velocity +our eddy viscosity might be written as u + + align:start position:0% +our eddy viscosity might be written as u + + + align:start position:0% +our eddy viscosity might be written as u +times l so u is uh + + align:start position:0% +times l so u is uh + + + align:start position:0% +times l so u is uh +uh distance per time uh l is distance so + + align:start position:0% +uh distance per time uh l is distance so + + + align:start position:0% +uh distance per time uh l is distance so +it's distance squared per time so that + + align:start position:0% +it's distance squared per time so that + + + align:start position:0% +it's distance squared per time so that +has units + + align:start position:0% +has units + + + align:start position:0% +has units +of viscosity and the way to interpret + + align:start position:0% +of viscosity and the way to interpret + + + align:start position:0% +of viscosity and the way to interpret +this is basically sort of swirling + + align:start position:0% +this is basically sort of swirling + + + align:start position:0% +this is basically sort of swirling +around eddies of a size + + align:start position:0% +around eddies of a size + + + align:start position:0% +around eddies of a size +l and a characteristic velocity u + + align:start position:0% +l and a characteristic velocity u + + + align:start position:0% +l and a characteristic velocity u +another way + + align:start position:0% +another way + + + align:start position:0% +another way +to write this would be that it's + + align:start position:0% +to write this would be that it's + + + align:start position:0% +to write this would be that it's +l squared over two times a time scale + + align:start position:0% +l squared over two times a time scale + + + align:start position:0% +l squared over two times a time scale +because we often write diffusion if + + align:start position:0% +because we often write diffusion if + + + align:start position:0% +because we often write diffusion if +there's a time step + + align:start position:0% +there's a time step + + + align:start position:0% +there's a time step +tau then the uh and + + align:start position:0% +tau then the uh and + + + align:start position:0% +tau then the uh and +a length scale l for a given step then l + + align:start position:0% +a length scale l for a given step then l + + + align:start position:0% +a length scale l for a given step then l +square over two tau + + align:start position:0% +square over two tau + + + align:start position:0% +square over two tau +is the diffusivity that's how we think + + align:start position:0% +is the diffusivity that's how we think + + + align:start position:0% +is the diffusivity that's how we think +about molecular diffusivity as well + + align:start position:0% +about molecular diffusivity as well + + + align:start position:0% +about molecular diffusivity as well +but the question is what is this time + + align:start position:0% +but the question is what is this time + + + align:start position:0% +but the question is what is this time +scale so we can see here + + align:start position:0% +scale so we can see here + + + align:start position:0% +scale so we can see here +that the time scale is uh + + align:start position:0% +that the time scale is uh + + + align:start position:0% +that the time scale is uh +l is l over u it is um + + align:start position:0% +l is l over u it is um + + + align:start position:0% +l is l over u it is um +is a l over u that's right so it's a + + align:start position:0% +is a l over u that's right so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is a l over u that's right so it's a +convective time system so base + + align:start position:0% +convective time system so base + + + align:start position:0% +convective time system so base +it's the time to essentially go around + + align:start position:0% +it's the time to essentially go around + + + align:start position:0% +it's the time to essentially go around +one of those eddies + + align:start position:0% +one of those eddies + + + align:start position:0% +one of those eddies +um and i'm writing these really just as + + align:start position:0% +um and i'm writing these really just as + + + align:start position:0% +um and i'm writing these really just as +you know scaling arguments here + + align:start position:0% +you know scaling arguments here + + + align:start position:0% +you know scaling arguments here +so if we look at these flows what are + + align:start position:0% +so if we look at these flows what are + + + align:start position:0% +so if we look at these flows what are +the relevant length scales so + + align:start position:0% +the relevant length scales so + + + align:start position:0% +the relevant length scales so +at the beginning of this flow here is + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of this flow here is + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of this flow here is +the length scale is that of the object + + align:start position:0% +the length scale is that of the object + + + align:start position:0% +the length scale is that of the object +in the case of the breathing the length + + align:start position:0% +in the case of the breathing the length + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of the breathing the length +scale is initially that of the mouth + + align:start position:0% +scale is initially that of the mouth + + + align:start position:0% +scale is initially that of the mouth +opening + + align:start position:0% +opening + + + align:start position:0% +opening +but then we form these turbulent + + align:start position:0% +but then we form these turbulent + + + align:start position:0% +but then we form these turbulent +structures that expand + + align:start position:0% +structures that expand + + + align:start position:0% +structures that expand +and a constant we will return to shortly + + align:start position:0% +and a constant we will return to shortly + + + align:start position:0% +and a constant we will return to shortly +is that the relevant length scale as you + + align:start position:0% +is that the relevant length scale as you + + + align:start position:0% +is that the relevant length scale as you +continue here + + align:start position:0% +continue here + + + align:start position:0% +continue here +is actually something which + + align:start position:0% +is actually something which + + + align:start position:0% +is actually something which +depends on position so as this thing + + align:start position:0% +depends on position so as this thing + + + align:start position:0% +depends on position so as this thing +grows the eddies are getting bigger and + + align:start position:0% +grows the eddies are getting bigger and + + + align:start position:0% +grows the eddies are getting bigger and +bigger and so also is faster and faster + + align:start position:0% +bigger and so also is faster and faster + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and so also is faster and faster +the transport by diffusion which sort of + + align:start position:0% +the transport by diffusion which sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the transport by diffusion which sort of +maintains a fairly uniform + + align:start position:0% +maintains a fairly uniform + + + align:start position:0% +maintains a fairly uniform +concentration across that space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that brings us then to what happens + + align:start position:0% +and that brings us then to what happens + + + align:start position:0% +and that brings us then to what happens +in the whole room so we've been very + + align:start position:0% +in the whole room so we've been very + + + align:start position:0% +in the whole room so we've been very +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +in mixing in the whole room and so + + align:start position:0% +in mixing in the whole room and so + + + align:start position:0% +in mixing in the whole room and so +a natural picture here is to say well if + + align:start position:0% +a natural picture here is to say well if + + + align:start position:0% +a natural picture here is to say well if +the room has a height h + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then the eddy diffusivity which + + align:start position:0% +then the eddy diffusivity which + + + align:start position:0% +then the eddy diffusivity which +aerosol particles in the room are + + align:start position:0% +aerosol particles in the room are + + + align:start position:0% +aerosol particles in the room are +feeling as long as it's a fairly well + + align:start position:0% +feeling as long as it's a fairly well + + + align:start position:0% +feeling as long as it's a fairly well +mixed + + align:start position:0% +mixed + + + align:start position:0% +mixed +turbulent more isotropic flow + + align:start position:0% +turbulent more isotropic flow + + + align:start position:0% +turbulent more isotropic flow +could be described as + + align:start position:0% +could be described as + + + align:start position:0% +could be described as +the height squared over two times the + + align:start position:0% +the height squared over two times the + + + align:start position:0% +the height squared over two times the +time scale + + align:start position:0% +time scale + + + align:start position:0% +time scale +and the time scale should be + + align:start position:0% +and the time scale should be + + + align:start position:0% +and the time scale should be +that of the uh effective + + align:start position:0% +that of the uh effective + + + align:start position:0% +that of the uh effective +error chain or the total error change + + align:start position:0% +error chain or the total error change + + + align:start position:0% +error chain or the total error change +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +basically so this here again i've + + align:start position:0% +basically so this here again i've + + + align:start position:0% +basically so this here again i've +written + + align:start position:0% +written + + + align:start position:0% +written +lambda bar a is the outer airflow + + align:start position:0% +lambda bar a is the outer airflow + + + align:start position:0% +lambda bar a is the outer airflow +plus the recirculation airflow which + + align:start position:0% +plus the recirculation airflow which + + + align:start position:0% +plus the recirculation airflow which +might may be going through a filter + + align:start position:0% +might may be going through a filter + + + align:start position:0% +might may be going through a filter +and divided by the total volume of the + + align:start position:0% +and divided by the total volume of the + + + align:start position:0% +and divided by the total volume of the +room so this is the + + align:start position:0% +room so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +room so this is the +total ach okay + + align:start position:0% +total ach okay + + + align:start position:0% +total ach okay +and so what we see here then is that + + align:start position:0% +and so what we see here then is that + + + align:start position:0% +and so what we see here then is that +the formula is roughly that we should + + align:start position:0% +the formula is roughly that we should + + + align:start position:0% +the formula is roughly that we should +have one half + + align:start position:0% +have one half + + + align:start position:0% +have one half +h squared um lambda a + + align:start position:0% +h squared um lambda a + + + align:start position:0% +h squared um lambda a +bar + + align:start position:0% +bar + + + align:start position:0% +bar +and so this is a very simple argument + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a very simple argument + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a very simple argument +based on the largest eddie + + align:start position:0% +based on the largest eddie + + + align:start position:0% +based on the largest eddie +is going to be in a well-mixed room at + + align:start position:0% +is going to be in a well-mixed room at + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be in a well-mixed room at +the size of + + align:start position:0% +the size of + + + align:start position:0% +the size of +the scale of the room and sure enough + + align:start position:0% +the scale of the room and sure enough + + + align:start position:0% +the scale of the room and sure enough +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +relationship has actually been verified + + align:start position:0% +relationship has actually been verified + + + align:start position:0% +relationship has actually been verified +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +houses and actual indoor rooms with all + + align:start position:0% +houses and actual indoor rooms with all + + + align:start position:0% +houses and actual indoor rooms with all +the furniture + + align:start position:0% +the furniture + + + align:start position:0% +the furniture +in them where it's been shown that if + + align:start position:0% +in them where it's been shown that if + + + align:start position:0% +in them where it's been shown that if +you release a passive tracer such as + + align:start position:0% +you release a passive tracer such as + + + align:start position:0% +you release a passive tracer such as +carbon dioxide in the middle of the room + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide in the middle of the room + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide in the middle of the room +and you have the ventilation on at a + + align:start position:0% +and you have the ventilation on at a + + + align:start position:0% +and you have the ventilation on at a +certain uh + + align:start position:0% +certain uh + + + align:start position:0% +certain uh +air change ach air change + + align:start position:0% +air change ach air change + + + align:start position:0% +air change ach air change +per hour lambda a bar then this formula + + align:start position:0% +per hour lambda a bar then this formula + + + align:start position:0% +per hour lambda a bar then this formula +even with the one half actually turns + + align:start position:0% +even with the one half actually turns + + + align:start position:0% +even with the one half actually turns +out to be + + align:start position:0% +out to be + + + align:start position:0% +out to be +a pretty good approximation for the + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good approximation for the + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good approximation for the +spreading in that room as you change the + + align:start position:0% +spreading in that room as you change the + + + align:start position:0% +spreading in that room as you change the +size of the room and look at different + + align:start position:0% +size of the room and look at different + + + align:start position:0% +size of the room and look at different +rooms + + align:start position:0% +rooms + + + align:start position:0% +rooms +and also look at different air change + + align:start position:0% +and also look at different air change + + + align:start position:0% +and also look at different air change +rates + + align:start position:0% +rates + + + align:start position:0% +rates +so that's i think a good starting point + + align:start position:0% +so that's i think a good starting point + + + align:start position:0% +so that's i think a good starting point +for us as well at least when the room is + + align:start position:0% +for us as well at least when the room is + + + align:start position:0% +for us as well at least when the room is +well mixed + + align:start position:0% +well mixed + + + align:start position:0% +well mixed +this is a good way to think about + + align:start position:0% +this is a good way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +this is a good way to think about +transport in the room + + align:start position:0% +transport in the room + + + align:start position:0% +transport in the room +also we see from this picture that the + + align:start position:0% +also we see from this picture that the + + + align:start position:0% +also we see from this picture that the +time scale for mixing + + align:start position:0% +time scale for mixing + + + align:start position:0% +time scale for mixing +is the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +is the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the inverse of the +air change time so the mixing time + + align:start position:0% +air change time so the mixing time + + + align:start position:0% +air change time so the mixing time +is also comparable to the residence time + + align:start position:0% +is also comparable to the residence time + + + align:start position:0% +is also comparable to the residence time +of the air including recirculation so + + align:start position:0% +of the air including recirculation so + + + align:start position:0% +of the air including recirculation so +basically the time it takes for air to + + align:start position:0% +basically the time it takes for air to + + + align:start position:0% +basically the time it takes for air to +typically go through the system + + align:start position:0% +typically go through the system + + + align:start position:0% +typically go through the system +is also the time it takes to fully mix + + align:start position:0% +is also the time it takes to fully mix + + + align:start position:0% +is also the time it takes to fully mix +the system + + align:start position:0% +the system + + + align:start position:0% +the system +roughly the same order of magnitude and + + align:start position:0% +roughly the same order of magnitude and + + + align:start position:0% +roughly the same order of magnitude and +that is the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +that is the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +that is the characteristic +of a well-mixed turbulent room which + + align:start position:0% +of a well-mixed turbulent room which + + + align:start position:0% +of a well-mixed turbulent room which +could occur by any of the mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +could occur by any of the mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +could occur by any of the mechanisms +we've just been describing + + align:start position:0% +we've just been describing + + + align:start position:0% +we've just been describing +although the same principles also apply + + align:start position:0% +although the same principles also apply + + + align:start position:0% +although the same principles also apply +to jets + + align:start position:0% +to jets + + + align:start position:0% +to jets +or strong maybe ventilation flows past + + align:start position:0% +or strong maybe ventilation flows past + + + align:start position:0% +or strong maybe ventilation flows past +an object where you might still have + + align:start position:0% +an object where you might still have + + + align:start position:0% +an object where you might still have +some heterogeneities as i've sketched + + align:start position:0% +some heterogeneities as i've sketched + + + align:start position:0% +some heterogeneities as i've sketched +here that we will need to consider + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the last point i'd like to come back to + + align:start position:0% +the last point i'd like to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +the last point i'd like to come back to +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +is the question of sedimentation so you + + align:start position:0% +is the question of sedimentation so you + + + align:start position:0% +is the question of sedimentation so you +may have found it surprising that we + + align:start position:0% +may have found it surprising that we + + + align:start position:0% +may have found it surprising that we +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +the flux of sedimenting particles to the + + align:start position:0% +the flux of sedimenting particles to the + + + align:start position:0% +the flux of sedimenting particles to the +ground in a very simple way by just + + align:start position:0% +ground in a very simple way by just + + + align:start position:0% +ground in a very simple way by just +using the stokes velocity + + align:start position:0% +using the stokes velocity + + + align:start position:0% +using the stokes velocity +vs and multiplying by the area + + align:start position:0% +vs and multiplying by the area + + + align:start position:0% +vs and multiplying by the area +so we said the uh + + align:start position:0% +so we said the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so we said the uh +droplet flux out of the room + + align:start position:0% +droplet flux out of the room + + + align:start position:0% +droplet flux out of the room +uh was just the sedimentation velocity + + align:start position:0% +uh was just the sedimentation velocity + + + align:start position:0% +uh was just the sedimentation velocity +of the droplet which was radius + + align:start position:0% +of the droplet which was radius + + + align:start position:0% +of the droplet which was radius +dependent + + align:start position:0% +dependent + + + align:start position:0% +dependent +um times the area the + + align:start position:0% +um times the area the + + + align:start position:0% +um times the area the +the floor surface area and what's a bit + + align:start position:0% +the floor surface area and what's a bit + + + align:start position:0% +the floor surface area and what's a bit +confusing about that at first is that we + + align:start position:0% +confusing about that at first is that we + + + align:start position:0% +confusing about that at first is that we +know the flows are very complex in the + + align:start position:0% +know the flows are very complex in the + + + align:start position:0% +know the flows are very complex in the +room in fact if you look at dust + + align:start position:0% +room in fact if you look at dust + + + align:start position:0% +room in fact if you look at dust +particles around as we discussed earlier + + align:start position:0% +particles around as we discussed earlier + + + align:start position:0% +particles around as we discussed earlier +in some cases for sure you will see them + + align:start position:0% +in some cases for sure you will see them + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases for sure you will see them +actually rising and not settling so they + + align:start position:0% +actually rising and not settling so they + + + align:start position:0% +actually rising and not settling so they +may be settling relative to the flow but + + align:start position:0% +may be settling relative to the flow but + + + align:start position:0% +may be settling relative to the flow but +the flow is actually convecting them + + align:start position:0% +the flow is actually convecting them + + + align:start position:0% +the flow is actually convecting them +upwards and that's here for example if + + align:start position:0% +upwards and that's here for example if + + + align:start position:0% +upwards and that's here for example if +you look at there's a dominant + + align:start position:0% +you look at there's a dominant + + + align:start position:0% +you look at there's a dominant +role in the flow that i've sketched here + + align:start position:0% +role in the flow that i've sketched here + + + align:start position:0% +role in the flow that i've sketched here +the particles over here + + align:start position:0% +the particles over here + + + align:start position:0% +the particles over here +actually might have a net velocity going + + align:start position:0% +actually might have a net velocity going + + + align:start position:0% +actually might have a net velocity going +up and over here they're going down + + align:start position:0% +up and over here they're going down + + + align:start position:0% +up and over here they're going down +but if you decompose that velocity field + + align:start position:0% +but if you decompose that velocity field + + + align:start position:0% +but if you decompose that velocity field +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +in some cases they're going up + + align:start position:0% +in some cases they're going up + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases they're going up +due to flow or convection + + align:start position:0% +due to flow or convection + + + align:start position:0% +due to flow or convection +while they are sedimenting at the rate + + align:start position:0% +while they are sedimenting at the rate + + + align:start position:0% +while they are sedimenting at the rate +vs + + align:start position:0% +vs + + + align:start position:0% +vs +but then necessarily because the fluid + + align:start position:0% +but then necessarily because the fluid + + + align:start position:0% +but then necessarily because the fluid +is incompressed it is + + align:start position:0% +is incompressed it is + + + align:start position:0% +is incompressed it is +approximately compressible and is + + align:start position:0% +approximately compressible and is + + + align:start position:0% +approximately compressible and is +returning somewhere you know wherever it + + align:start position:0% +returning somewhere you know wherever it + + + align:start position:0% +returning somewhere you know wherever it +goes up somewhere else that's coming + + align:start position:0% +goes up somewhere else that's coming + + + align:start position:0% +goes up somewhere else that's coming +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +we find that in other areas you have vs + + align:start position:0% +we find that in other areas you have vs + + + align:start position:0% +we find that in other areas you have vs +still pointing down with the same rate + + align:start position:0% +still pointing down with the same rate + + + align:start position:0% +still pointing down with the same rate +and now the flow is going down and if + + align:start position:0% +and now the flow is going down and if + + + align:start position:0% +and now the flow is going down and if +you imagine a particle that is sampling + + align:start position:0% +you imagine a particle that is sampling + + + align:start position:0% +you imagine a particle that is sampling +all the different velocity vectors the + + align:start position:0% +all the different velocity vectors the + + + align:start position:0% +all the different velocity vectors the +blue vectors sometimes they're up + + align:start position:0% +blue vectors sometimes they're up + + + align:start position:0% +blue vectors sometimes they're up +sometimes they're down + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they're down + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they're down +on average the blue velocity vectors of + + align:start position:0% +on average the blue velocity vectors of + + + align:start position:0% +on average the blue velocity vectors of +the flow have to average to zero because + + align:start position:0% +the flow have to average to zero because + + + align:start position:0% +the flow have to average to zero because +there's no + + align:start position:0% +there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there's no +or at least near zero real you know + + align:start position:0% +or at least near zero real you know + + + align:start position:0% +or at least near zero real you know +there's not a let's say a very strong + + align:start position:0% +there's not a let's say a very strong + + + align:start position:0% +there's not a let's say a very strong +vertical + + align:start position:0% +vertical + + + align:start position:0% +vertical +you know relative motion uh then it's + + align:start position:0% +you know relative motion uh then it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know relative motion uh then it's +reasonable to assume that the particles + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to assume that the particles + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to assume that the particles +will sediment out of a + + align:start position:0% +will sediment out of a + + + align:start position:0% +will sediment out of a +of a well-mixed turbulent flow at a rate + + align:start position:0% +of a well-mixed turbulent flow at a rate + + + align:start position:0% +of a well-mixed turbulent flow at a rate +given by vsa + + align:start position:0% +given by vsa + + + align:start position:0% +given by vsa +and that as something that has also been + + align:start position:0% +and that as something that has also been + + + align:start position:0% +and that as something that has also been +validated experimentally + + align:start position:0% +validated experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +validated experimentally +for you know well-mixed chambers and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rooms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ic9ei_hEeJs.txt b/ic9ei_hEeJs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96b85f9fd99ab38ad8f776caea91fb94ed552495 --- /dev/null +++ b/ic9ei_hEeJs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7128 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu this lecture is about pure + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu this lecture is about pure + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu this lecture is about pure +rotation Spectra and this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +rotation Spectra and this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +rotation Spectra and this is a pretty +standard topic uh and what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +standard topic uh and what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +standard topic uh and what I'm going to +try to do is is to move as quickly as + + align:start position:0% +try to do is is to move as quickly as + + + align:start position:0% +try to do is is to move as quickly as +possible towards the non-standard + + align:start position:0% +possible towards the non-standard + + + align:start position:0% +possible towards the non-standard +aspects + + align:start position:0% +aspects + + + align:start position:0% +aspects +um in a textbook you'll read all sorts + + align:start position:0% +um in a textbook you'll read all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +um in a textbook you'll read all sorts +of stuff about what are the rules and + + align:start position:0% +of stuff about what are the rules and + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff about what are the rules and +what are the + + align:start position:0% +what are the + + + align:start position:0% +what are the +formulas and uh it really doesn't + + align:start position:0% +formulas and uh it really doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +formulas and uh it really doesn't +address the question of what are we + + align:start position:0% +address the question of what are we + + + align:start position:0% +address the question of what are we +really trying to do when we're faced + + align:start position:0% +really trying to do when we're faced + + + align:start position:0% +really trying to do when we're faced +with a spectrum the first thing we have + + align:start position:0% +with a spectrum the first thing we have + + + align:start position:0% +with a spectrum the first thing we have +to do is assign + + align:start position:0% +to do is assign + + + align:start position:0% +to do is assign +it and and uh the next thing we do or + + align:start position:0% +it and and uh the next thing we do or + + + align:start position:0% +it and and uh the next thing we do or +maybe the same at the same time as we + + align:start position:0% +maybe the same at the same time as we + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the same at the same time as we +assign it we're trying to decide what is + + align:start position:0% +assign it we're trying to decide what is + + + align:start position:0% +assign it we're trying to decide what is +the qualitative structure of the + + align:start position:0% +the qualitative structure of the + + + align:start position:0% +the qualitative structure of the +molecule what uh what of several + + align:start position:0% +molecule what uh what of several + + + align:start position:0% +molecule what uh what of several +possible symmetry uh groups it could + + align:start position:0% +possible symmetry uh groups it could + + + align:start position:0% +possible symmetry uh groups it could +belong to and sometimes you can't do one + + align:start position:0% +belong to and sometimes you can't do one + + + align:start position:0% +belong to and sometimes you can't do one +without the other you can't assign the + + align:start position:0% +without the other you can't assign the + + + align:start position:0% +without the other you can't assign the +Spectrum until you have some sort of an + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum until you have some sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum until you have some sort of an +idea of what uh what the the qualitative + + align:start position:0% +idea of what uh what the the qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what uh what the the qualitative +structure of the molecule is and then of + + align:start position:0% +structure of the molecule is and then of + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the molecule is and then of +course the goal is to get as much + + align:start position:0% +course the goal is to get as much + + + align:start position:0% +course the goal is to get as much +information as possible about the actual + + align:start position:0% +information as possible about the actual + + + align:start position:0% +information as possible about the actual +structure now what's never in the + + align:start position:0% +structure now what's never in the + + + align:start position:0% +structure now what's never in the +textbooks is okay what are the things in + + align:start position:0% +textbooks is okay what are the things in + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks is okay what are the things in +the spectrum that you look for when it's + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum that you look for when it's + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum that you look for when it's +uh not obvious how to uh uh sort things + + align:start position:0% +uh not obvious how to uh uh sort things + + + align:start position:0% +uh not obvious how to uh uh sort things +out and uh + + align:start position:0% +out and uh + + + align:start position:0% +out and uh +there are selection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rules that correspond + + align:start position:0% +rules that correspond + + + align:start position:0% +rules that correspond +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the the changes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the quantum numbers that we keep + + align:start position:0% +of the quantum numbers that we keep + + + align:start position:0% +of the quantum numbers that we keep +track of and uh uh depending on what the + + align:start position:0% +track of and uh uh depending on what the + + + align:start position:0% +track of and uh uh depending on what the +structure of the molecule is what the + + align:start position:0% +structure of the molecule is what the + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the molecule is what the +qualitative structure of the molecule is + + align:start position:0% +qualitative structure of the molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative structure of the molecule is +you can know something about what Will + + align:start position:0% +you can know something about what Will + + + align:start position:0% +you can know something about what Will +these selection rules + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be the asymmetry splittings or the + + align:start position:0% +be the asymmetry splittings or the + + + align:start position:0% +be the asymmetry splittings or the +presence of asymmetry doublings in the + + align:start position:0% +presence of asymmetry doublings in the + + + align:start position:0% +presence of asymmetry doublings in the +spectrum is an extremely important uh uh + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is an extremely important uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is an extremely important uh uh +uh piece of + + align:start position:0% +uh piece of + + + align:start position:0% +uh piece of +information the uh they're + + align:start position:0% +information the uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +information the uh they're +large + + align:start position:0% +large + + + align:start position:0% +large +when uh J minus K is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +large and the lower level is always the + + align:start position:0% +large and the lower level is always the + + + align:start position:0% +large and the lower level is always the +level where uh I mean the higher level + + align:start position:0% +level where uh I mean the higher level + + + align:start position:0% +level where uh I mean the higher level +higher component + + align:start position:0% +higher component + + + align:start position:0% +higher component +is when um J is equal to K A Plus + + align:start position:0% +is when um J is equal to K A Plus + + + align:start position:0% +is when um J is equal to K A Plus +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +KC often there's a thing called an + + align:start position:0% +KC often there's a thing called an + + + align:start position:0% +KC often there's a thing called an +inertial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defect that is something that you look + + align:start position:0% +defect that is something that you look + + + align:start position:0% +defect that is something that you look +for if you think the molecule is planer + + align:start position:0% +for if you think the molecule is planer + + + align:start position:0% +for if you think the molecule is planer +molecules that are planer now uh uh + + align:start position:0% +molecules that are planer now uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that are planer now uh uh +molecules that are planer have a very + + align:start position:0% +molecules that are planer have a very + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that are planer have a very +small inertial + + align:start position:0% +small inertial + + + align:start position:0% +small inertial +defect if they were rigidly planer they + + align:start position:0% +defect if they were rigidly planer they + + + align:start position:0% +defect if they were rigidly planer they +would have a zero inertial defect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another thing that you worry about is + + align:start position:0% +another thing that you worry about is + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that you worry about is +permutation symmetry + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry +restrictions um and nuclear statistical + + align:start position:0% +restrictions um and nuclear statistical + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions um and nuclear statistical +weights this is an incredibly subtle and + + align:start position:0% +weights this is an incredibly subtle and + + + align:start position:0% +weights this is an incredibly subtle and +difficult point so if you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +difficult point so if you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +difficult point so if you're going to be +a real microwave spectroscopist or any + + align:start position:0% +a real microwave spectroscopist or any + + + align:start position:0% +a real microwave spectroscopist or any +kind of spectroscopist you are going to + + align:start position:0% +kind of spectroscopist you are going to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of spectroscopist you are going to +have to learn uh how to deal with things + + align:start position:0% +have to learn uh how to deal with things + + + align:start position:0% +have to learn uh how to deal with things +like this remember you always + + align:start position:0% +like this remember you always + + + align:start position:0% +like this remember you always +in in a of course on stat statistical + + align:start position:0% +in in a of course on stat statistical + + + align:start position:0% +in in a of course on stat statistical +mechanics uh you you classified the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics uh you you classified the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics uh you you classified the +rotational levels of hydrogen into Ortho + + align:start position:0% +rotational levels of hydrogen into Ortho + + + align:start position:0% +rotational levels of hydrogen into Ortho +and Par levels and uh uh similarly for + + align:start position:0% +and Par levels and uh uh similarly for + + + align:start position:0% +and Par levels and uh uh similarly for +oxygen and some interesting + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and some interesting + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and some interesting +things uh resulted now uh rotations + + align:start position:0% +things uh resulted now uh rotations + + + align:start position:0% +things uh resulted now uh rotations +permute identical + + align:start position:0% +permute identical + + + align:start position:0% +permute identical +atoms and so a proper understanding of + + align:start position:0% +atoms and so a proper understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and so a proper understanding of +rotational Spectra is going to require + + align:start position:0% +rotational Spectra is going to require + + + align:start position:0% +rotational Spectra is going to require +understanding of permutation + + align:start position:0% +understanding of permutation + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of permutation +symmetries and uh that it's subtle all I + + align:start position:0% +symmetries and uh that it's subtle all I + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries and uh that it's subtle all I +need to do is say + + align:start position:0% +need to do is say + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is say +okay what about a settling where you + + align:start position:0% +okay what about a settling where you + + + align:start position:0% +okay what about a settling where you +have two carbons which are spinless and + + align:start position:0% +have two carbons which are spinless and + + + align:start position:0% +have two carbons which are spinless and +two hydrogens that have spin a + + align:start position:0% +two hydrogens that have spin a + + + align:start position:0% +two hydrogens that have spin a +half and so if we just rotate the + + align:start position:0% +half and so if we just rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +half and so if we just rotate the +molecule by 180° you've permuted two + + align:start position:0% +molecule by 180° you've permuted two + + + align:start position:0% +molecule by 180° you've permuted two +spinless things and two spin things uh + + align:start position:0% +spinless things and two spin things uh + + + align:start position:0% +spinless things and two spin things uh +and so how do you even begin to classify + + align:start position:0% +and so how do you even begin to classify + + + align:start position:0% +and so how do you even begin to classify +levels according to permutation symmetry + + align:start position:0% +levels according to permutation symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +levels according to permutation symmetry +what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +missing the permutation symmetries will + + align:start position:0% +missing the permutation symmetries will + + + align:start position:0% +missing the permutation symmetries will +enter into the rotational Spectrum in + + align:start position:0% +enter into the rotational Spectrum in + + + align:start position:0% +enter into the rotational Spectrum in +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +ways one way is nuclear statistical + + align:start position:0% +ways one way is nuclear statistical + + + align:start position:0% +ways one way is nuclear statistical +weights just as they did in diatomic + + align:start position:0% +weights just as they did in diatomic + + + align:start position:0% +weights just as they did in diatomic +Spectra but you're going to have to do + + align:start position:0% +Spectra but you're going to have to do + + + align:start position:0% +Spectra but you're going to have to do +something extra in order to even begin + + align:start position:0% +something extra in order to even begin + + + align:start position:0% +something extra in order to even begin +to write the wave + + align:start position:0% +to write the wave + + + align:start position:0% +to write the wave +functions uh so they will result in uh + + align:start position:0% +functions uh so they will result in uh + + + align:start position:0% +functions uh so they will result in uh +an extra weighting of certain levels + + align:start position:0% +an extra weighting of certain levels + + + align:start position:0% +an extra weighting of certain levels +according to nuclear + + align:start position:0% +according to nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +according to nuclear +symmetry uh uh nuclear + + align:start position:0% +symmetry uh uh nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry uh uh nuclear +degeneracy they will also result in + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy they will also result in + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy they will also result in +extra selection + + align:start position:0% +extra selection + + + align:start position:0% +extra selection +rules because photons are not going to + + align:start position:0% +rules because photons are not going to + + + align:start position:0% +rules because photons are not going to +be able to flip nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +be able to flip nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +be able to flip nuclear spin +and so nuclear symmetry the permutation + + align:start position:0% +and so nuclear symmetry the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +and so nuclear symmetry the permutation +symmetries are going to perhaps provide + + align:start position:0% +symmetries are going to perhaps provide + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries are going to perhaps provide +restrictions on what transitions you can + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on what transitions you can + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on what transitions you can +observe + + align:start position:0% +observe + + + align:start position:0% +observe +fortunately it is very rare except when + + align:start position:0% +fortunately it is very rare except when + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately it is very rare except when +you're dealing with very complicated + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with very complicated +large amplitude motions and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +large amplitude motions and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +large amplitude motions and uh uh +internal + + align:start position:0% +internal + + + align:start position:0% +internal +rotations that the permutation symmet + + align:start position:0% +rotations that the permutation symmet + + + align:start position:0% +rotations that the permutation symmet +give you + + align:start position:0% +give you + + + align:start position:0% +give you +anything about + + align:start position:0% +anything about + + + align:start position:0% +anything about +uh give you any additional selection + + align:start position:0% +uh give you any additional selection + + + align:start position:0% +uh give you any additional selection +rules beyond what you get simply by + + align:start position:0% +rules beyond what you get simply by + + + align:start position:0% +rules beyond what you get simply by +asking where is the dipole moment + + align:start position:0% +asking where is the dipole moment + + + align:start position:0% +asking where is the dipole moment +pointing in the body + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the body + + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the body +axis but whenever you get away from + + align:start position:0% +axis but whenever you get away from + + + align:start position:0% +axis but whenever you get away from +textbook cases the permutation + + align:start position:0% +textbook cases the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +textbook cases the permutation +symmetries are going to be the truth and + + align:start position:0% +symmetries are going to be the truth and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries are going to be the truth and +they will give extra selection rules + + align:start position:0% +they will give extra selection rules + + + align:start position:0% +they will give extra selection rules +why do I say this when you have uh uh + + align:start position:0% +why do I say this when you have uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +why do I say this when you have uh uh +internal motions that permute molecules + + align:start position:0% +internal motions that permute molecules + + + align:start position:0% +internal motions that permute molecules +what ends up happening per per permute + + align:start position:0% +what ends up happening per per permute + + + align:start position:0% +what ends up happening per per permute +identical atoms what ends up happening + + align:start position:0% +identical atoms what ends up happening + + + align:start position:0% +identical atoms what ends up happening +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that degeneracies to which you normally + + align:start position:0% +that degeneracies to which you normally + + + align:start position:0% +that degeneracies to which you normally +had not even known were there get + + align:start position:0% +had not even known were there get + + + align:start position:0% +had not even known were there get +lifted and it's the transitions among + + align:start position:0% +lifted and it's the transitions among + + + align:start position:0% +lifted and it's the transitions among +these levels with that unsuspected + + align:start position:0% +these levels with that unsuspected + + + align:start position:0% +these levels with that unsuspected +degeneracies lifted that uh you need the + + align:start position:0% +degeneracies lifted that uh you need the + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracies lifted that uh you need the +extra selection rules for so this is + + align:start position:0% +extra selection rules for so this is + + + align:start position:0% +extra selection rules for so this is +just a little bit of a a warning about + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit of a a warning about + + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit of a a warning about +the non-textbook stuff that uh I won't + + align:start position:0% +the non-textbook stuff that uh I won't + + + align:start position:0% +the non-textbook stuff that uh I won't +have time to do deal with properly but + + align:start position:0% +have time to do deal with properly but + + + align:start position:0% +have time to do deal with properly but +you don't want to just accept this as a + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to just accept this as a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to just accept this as a +simple problem of assigning rotational + + align:start position:0% +simple problem of assigning rotational + + + align:start position:0% +simple problem of assigning rotational +Spectra that it's you know you can just + + align:start position:0% +Spectra that it's you know you can just + + + align:start position:0% +Spectra that it's you know you can just +look in a textbook and you know + + align:start position:0% +look in a textbook and you know + + + align:start position:0% +look in a textbook and you know +everything you need to + + align:start position:0% +everything you need to + + + align:start position:0% +everything you need to +know and just asking about the + + align:start position:0% +know and just asking about the + + + align:start position:0% +know and just asking about the +permutation symmetry of of a molecule as + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry of of a molecule as + + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry of of a molecule as +simple as acetylene is a warning that + + align:start position:0% +simple as acetylene is a warning that + + + align:start position:0% +simple as acetylene is a warning that +there's big subtleties + + align:start position:0% +there's big subtleties + + + align:start position:0% +there's big subtleties +there okay can I ask a question about + + align:start position:0% +there okay can I ask a question about + + + align:start position:0% +there okay can I ask a question about +peration symmetry yes is there any uh + + align:start position:0% +peration symmetry yes is there any uh + + + align:start position:0% +peration symmetry yes is there any uh +advantage to + + align:start position:0% +advantage to + + + align:start position:0% +advantage to +doing simultaneous NMR and microwave + + align:start position:0% +doing simultaneous NMR and microwave + + + align:start position:0% +doing simultaneous NMR and microwave +spectroscopy well NMR is not very + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy well NMR is not very + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy well NMR is not very +sensitive uh and so doing NMR on gas + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh and so doing NMR on gas + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh and so doing NMR on gas +phase molecules is hard okay what if + + align:start position:0% +phase molecules is hard okay what if + + + align:start position:0% +phase molecules is hard okay what if +you're not really using the NMR to to + + align:start position:0% +you're not really using the NMR to to + + + align:start position:0% +you're not really using the NMR to to +learn something about the NMR signal + + align:start position:0% +learn something about the NMR signal + + + align:start position:0% +learn something about the NMR signal +when you're trying to you know flip + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to you know flip + + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to you know flip +spins + + align:start position:0% +spins + + + align:start position:0% +spins +or oh you want to do a radio + + align:start position:0% +or oh you want to do a radio + + + align:start position:0% +or oh you want to do a radio +frequency uh microwave double resonance + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh microwave double resonance + + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh microwave double resonance +kind of experiment well you can do that + + align:start position:0% +kind of experiment well you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of experiment well you can do that +okay has that been done yeah I've done + + align:start position:0% +okay has that been done yeah I've done + + + align:start position:0% +okay has that been done yeah I've done +it but but I've I haven't done magnetic + + align:start position:0% +it but but I've I haven't done magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +it but but I've I haven't done magnetic +dipole uh so you don't have a static B + + align:start position:0% +dipole uh so you don't have a static B + + + align:start position:0% +dipole uh so you don't have a static B +field on it you just use an RF pulse to + + align:start position:0% +field on it you just use an RF pulse to + + + align:start position:0% +field on it you just use an RF pulse to +to you can state in the you can use an + + align:start position:0% +to you can state in the you can use an + + + align:start position:0% +to you can state in the you can use an +RF pulse or you can use a cwrf field and + + align:start position:0% +RF pulse or you can use a cwrf field and + + + align:start position:0% +RF pulse or you can use a cwrf field and +you can cause uh transitions among + + align:start position:0% +you can cause uh transitions among + + + align:start position:0% +you can cause uh transitions among +hyperfine + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine + + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine +components uh + + align:start position:0% +components uh + + + align:start position:0% +components uh +and these additional I mean double + + align:start position:0% +and these additional I mean double + + + align:start position:0% +and these additional I mean double +resonance is always going to be useful + + align:start position:0% +resonance is always going to be useful + + + align:start position:0% +resonance is always going to be useful +uh and the again the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +uh and the again the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the again the problem is that +when you think about magnetic resonance + + align:start position:0% +when you think about magnetic resonance + + + align:start position:0% +when you think about magnetic resonance +you're doing magnetic dipole Transitions + + align:start position:0% +you're doing magnetic dipole Transitions + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing magnetic dipole Transitions +and those are weaker than uh elect + + align:start position:0% +and those are weaker than uh elect + + + align:start position:0% +and those are weaker than uh elect +dipole transitions but you you can use + + align:start position:0% +dipole transitions but you you can use + + + align:start position:0% +dipole transitions but you you can use +uh any kind of double resonance to label + + align:start position:0% +uh any kind of double resonance to label + + + align:start position:0% +uh any kind of double resonance to label +any subset of levels you want and so it + + align:start position:0% +any subset of levels you want and so it + + + align:start position:0% +any subset of levels you want and so it +can be a valuable thing but um I don't + + align:start position:0% +can be a valuable thing but um I don't + + + align:start position:0% +can be a valuable thing but um I don't +have anything more to say on the subject + + align:start position:0% +have anything more to say on the subject + + + align:start position:0% +have anything more to say on the subject +even modern machines can't do gas phas + + align:start position:0% +even modern machines can't do gas phas + + + align:start position:0% +even modern machines can't do gas phas +on a more Spectra that + + align:start position:0% +on a more Spectra that + + + align:start position:0% +on a more Spectra that +are well just just ask what is the + + align:start position:0% +are well just just ask what is the + + + align:start position:0% +are well just just ask what is the +relative density of a liquid versus a + + align:start position:0% +relative density of a liquid versus a + + + align:start position:0% +relative density of a liquid versus a +gas uh and even you know uh you know + + align:start position:0% +gas uh and even you know uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +gas uh and even you know uh you know +when people do biological NMR they put + + align:start position:0% +when people do biological NMR they put + + + align:start position:0% +when people do biological NMR they put +uh a milligram in a uh uh in a or maybe + + align:start position:0% +uh a milligram in a uh uh in a or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +uh a milligram in a uh uh in a or maybe +less than a milligram of material when + + align:start position:0% +less than a milligram of material when + + + align:start position:0% +less than a milligram of material when +you scale that to the gas phase you know + + align:start position:0% +you scale that to the gas phase you know + + + align:start position:0% +you scale that to the gas phase you know +how many molecules how many biological + + align:start position:0% +how many molecules how many biological + + + align:start position:0% +how many molecules how many biological +molecules they have in that tube + + align:start position:0% +molecules they have in that tube + + + align:start position:0% +molecules they have in that tube +compared to how many diatomic molecules + + align:start position:0% +compared to how many diatomic molecules + + + align:start position:0% +compared to how many diatomic molecules +in that in the gas phase in that volume + + align:start position:0% +in that in the gas phase in that volume + + + align:start position:0% +in that in the gas phase in that volume +and you you discover that there is a + + align:start position:0% +and you you discover that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +and you you discover that there is a +considerable + + align:start position:0% +considerable + + + align:start position:0% +considerable +disadvantage it is possible and W did do + + align:start position:0% +disadvantage it is possible and W did do + + + align:start position:0% +disadvantage it is possible and W did do +NMR on + + align:start position:0% +NMR on + + + align:start position:0% +NMR on +sf4 in the I mean and this was pretty + + align:start position:0% +sf4 in the I mean and this was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +sf4 in the I mean and this was pretty +primitive this was in the late 50s or + + align:start position:0% +primitive this was in the late 50s or + + + align:start position:0% +primitive this was in the late 50s or +early 60s or something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so it's + + align:start position:0% +that so it's + + + align:start position:0% +that so it's +possible so + + align:start position:0% +possible so + + + align:start position:0% +possible so +um then additional information + + align:start position:0% +um then additional information + + + align:start position:0% +um then additional information +information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh from Isotopes and hot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bands so there are there are all sorts + + align:start position:0% +bands so there are there are all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +bands so there are there are all sorts +of things that go into uh sorting out of + + align:start position:0% +of things that go into uh sorting out of + + + align:start position:0% +of things that go into uh sorting out of +spectrum and uh uh the standard + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and uh uh the standard + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and uh uh the standard +sterilized version of pure rotation + + align:start position:0% +sterilized version of pure rotation + + + align:start position:0% +sterilized version of pure rotation +spectroscopy you will find in almost any + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy you will find in almost any + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy you will find in almost any +book really hides what's really + + align:start position:0% +book really hides what's really + + + align:start position:0% +book really hides what's really +beautiful and difficult still + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and difficult still + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and difficult still +challenging + + align:start position:0% +challenging + + + align:start position:0% +challenging +uh uh more than 70 years after the first + + align:start position:0% +uh uh more than 70 years after the first + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh more than 70 years after the first +microwave Spectra were + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recorded okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +recorded okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +recorded okay so let's +begin oh there one more little + + align:start position:0% +begin oh there one more little + + + align:start position:0% +begin oh there one more little +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +um there are lots of tricks for + + align:start position:0% +um there are lots of tricks for + + + align:start position:0% +um there are lots of tricks for +assigning Spectra the old + + align:start position:0% +assigning Spectra the old + + + align:start position:0% +assigning Spectra the old +one is Stark + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modulation but the more new ones are + + align:start position:0% +modulation but the more new ones are + + + align:start position:0% +modulation but the more new ones are +double + + align:start position:0% +double + + + align:start position:0% +double +resonance + + align:start position:0% +resonance + + + align:start position:0% +resonance +and uh things called extended spectral + + align:start position:0% +and uh things called extended spectral + + + align:start position:0% +and uh things called extended spectral +cross + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correlation so I mean Stark modulation + + align:start position:0% +correlation so I mean Stark modulation + + + align:start position:0% +correlation so I mean Stark modulation +certain levels are very sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +certain levels are very sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +certain levels are very sensitive to +applied electric field and uh + + align:start position:0% +applied electric field and uh + + + align:start position:0% +applied electric field and uh +particularly levels with low K but not k + + align:start position:0% +particularly levels with low K but not k + + + align:start position:0% +particularly levels with low K but not k +equals zero uh and double resonance you + + align:start position:0% +equals zero uh and double resonance you + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero uh and double resonance you +can there's a zillion kinds of double + + align:start position:0% +can there's a zillion kinds of double + + + align:start position:0% +can there's a zillion kinds of double +resonance Sam has already suggested one + + align:start position:0% +resonance Sam has already suggested one + + + align:start position:0% +resonance Sam has already suggested one +and extended crosscorrelation is + + align:start position:0% +and extended crosscorrelation is + + + align:start position:0% +and extended crosscorrelation is +especially valuable + + align:start position:0% +especially valuable + + + align:start position:0% +especially valuable +for uh sorting a spectrum into um + + align:start position:0% +for uh sorting a spectrum into um + + + align:start position:0% +for uh sorting a spectrum into um +different chemical species or different + + align:start position:0% +different chemical species or different + + + align:start position:0% +different chemical species or different +isotopomers um and it's an it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +isotopomers um and it's an it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +isotopomers um and it's an it's it's an +appropriate topic to mention before we + + align:start position:0% +appropriate topic to mention before we + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate topic to mention before we +really get into the formal stuff now + + align:start position:0% +really get into the formal stuff now + + + align:start position:0% +really get into the formal stuff now +because with chirp pulse + + align:start position:0% +because with chirp pulse + + + align:start position:0% +because with chirp pulse +techniques you can record a spectrum a + + align:start position:0% +techniques you can record a spectrum a + + + align:start position:0% +techniques you can record a spectrum a +microwave spectrum that has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +microwave spectrum that has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +microwave spectrum that has a lot of +peaks in it a lot of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transitions in the old + + align:start position:0% +transitions in the old + + + align:start position:0% +transitions in the old +days you scan + + align:start position:0% +days you scan + + + align:start position:0% +days you scan +for the entire range of what equipment + + align:start position:0% +for the entire range of what equipment + + + align:start position:0% +for the entire range of what equipment +you have available and you see a few + + align:start position:0% +you have available and you see a few + + + align:start position:0% +you have available and you see a few +transitions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you don't see enough of a pattern in + + align:start position:0% +you don't see enough of a pattern in + + + align:start position:0% +you don't see enough of a pattern in +order to do very much uh sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +order to do very much uh sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +order to do very much uh sophisticated +pattern recognition you sort of have to + + align:start position:0% +pattern recognition you sort of have to + + + align:start position:0% +pattern recognition you sort of have to +know what's there and you have to + + align:start position:0% +know what's there and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +know what's there and you have to +calculate what the Spectrum would be and + + align:start position:0% +calculate what the Spectrum would be and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what the Spectrum would be and +then see whether the little fragments + + align:start position:0% +then see whether the little fragments + + + align:start position:0% +then see whether the little fragments +that you can see are consistent with + + align:start position:0% +that you can see are consistent with + + + align:start position:0% +that you can see are consistent with +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +expect when there are lots of lines in + + align:start position:0% +expect when there are lots of lines in + + + align:start position:0% +expect when there are lots of lines in +your spectrum you can develop new + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum you can develop new + + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum you can develop new +strategies for sorting them + + align:start position:0% +strategies for sorting them + + + align:start position:0% +strategies for sorting them +and for example if you record a + + align:start position:0% +and for example if you record a + + + align:start position:0% +and for example if you record a +spectrum uh and uh uh you don't know + + align:start position:0% +spectrum uh and uh uh you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum uh and uh uh you don't know +whether it's only one molecule present I + + align:start position:0% +whether it's only one molecule present I + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's only one molecule present I +me one species present you can Spike the + + align:start position:0% +me one species present you can Spike the + + + align:start position:0% +me one species present you can Spike the +system the the Spike Spike the mixture + + align:start position:0% +system the the Spike Spike the mixture + + + align:start position:0% +system the the Spike Spike the mixture +with uh a molecule you think is present + + align:start position:0% +with uh a molecule you think is present + + + align:start position:0% +with uh a molecule you think is present +or you think uh or or spike it with an + + align:start position:0% +or you think uh or or spike it with an + + + align:start position:0% +or you think uh or or spike it with an +with a different + + align:start position:0% +with a different + + + align:start position:0% +with a different +isotopomer and and this crosscorrelation + + align:start position:0% +isotopomer and and this crosscorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +isotopomer and and this crosscorrelation +method will pull out because you have + + align:start position:0% +method will pull out because you have + + + align:start position:0% +method will pull out because you have +Spectre with meaningful intensities and + + align:start position:0% +Spectre with meaningful intensities and + + + align:start position:0% +Spectre with meaningful intensities and +the pattern of intensity for one feature + + align:start position:0% +the pattern of intensity for one feature + + + align:start position:0% +the pattern of intensity for one feature +is going to be the same from one + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the same from one + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the same from one +Spectrum to the other by changing the + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum to the other by changing the + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum to the other by changing the +relative amounts the cross correlation + + align:start position:0% +relative amounts the cross correlation + + + align:start position:0% +relative amounts the cross correlation +will tell you which features go with + + align:start position:0% +will tell you which features go with + + + align:start position:0% +will tell you which features go with +which molecule so there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +which molecule so there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +which molecule so there are a lot of +really clever things still possible and + + align:start position:0% +really clever things still possible and + + + align:start position:0% +really clever things still possible and +now we'll start in on the uh the + + align:start position:0% +now we'll start in on the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +now we'll start in on the uh the +standard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material so we had some unfinished + + align:start position:0% +material so we had some unfinished + + + align:start position:0% +material so we had some unfinished +business starting on the top of page + + align:start position:0% +business starting on the top of page + + + align:start position:0% +business starting on the top of page +five of lecture number + + align:start position:0% +five of lecture number + + + align:start position:0% +five of lecture number +23 we have rotational hamiltonian which + + align:start position:0% +23 we have rotational hamiltonian which + + + align:start position:0% +23 we have rotational hamiltonian which +we can write + + align:start position:0% +we can write + + + align:start position:0% +we can write +in general form bar bar JJ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + ++1 plus + + align:start position:0% ++1 plus + + + align:start position:0% ++1 plus +a minus B Bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think that's probably right or + + align:start position:0% +I think that's probably right or + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's probably right or +see that can't be + + align:start position:0% +see that can't be + + + align:start position:0% +see that can't be +right well I I'm going to write it this + + align:start position:0% +right well I I'm going to write it this + + + align:start position:0% +right well I I'm going to write it this +way uh K Square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we have the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can write the hamiltonian in a + + align:start position:0% +so we can write the hamiltonian in a + + + align:start position:0% +so we can write the hamiltonian in a +general form which is appropriate uh + + align:start position:0% +general form which is appropriate uh + + + align:start position:0% +general form which is appropriate uh +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for either the the the prolate or oblate + + align:start position:0% +for either the the the prolate or oblate + + + align:start position:0% +for either the the the prolate or oblate +limits and so um we have the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +limits and so um we have the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +limits and so um we have the diagonal +part and so if we've chosen a prolate + + align:start position:0% +part and so if we've chosen a prolate + + + align:start position:0% +part and so if we've chosen a prolate +top basis set we have the we use this + + align:start position:0% +top basis set we have the we use this + + + align:start position:0% +top basis set we have the we use this +and we use the top here and these are + + align:start position:0% +and we use the top here and these are + + + align:start position:0% +and we use the top here and these are +the off diagonal parts and + + align:start position:0% +the off diagonal parts and + + + align:start position:0% +the off diagonal parts and +uh uh the selection rules are Delta J + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the selection rules are Delta J + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the selection rules are Delta J +equals z always and Delta K whether it's + + align:start position:0% +equals z always and Delta K whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +equals z always and Delta K whether it's +Ka or KC is equal to + + align:start position:0% +Ka or KC is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Ka or KC is equal to +uh 0 plus or minus + + align:start position:0% +uh 0 plus or minus + + + align:start position:0% +uh 0 plus or minus +2 there's change of K by an even + + align:start position:0% +2 there's change of K by an even + + + align:start position:0% +2 there's change of K by an even +number so this + + align:start position:0% +number so this + + + align:start position:0% +number so this +Matrix uh has a structure where + + align:start position:0% +Matrix uh has a structure where + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix uh has a structure where +only you can you can Factor The Matrix + + align:start position:0% +only you can you can Factor The Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +only you can you can Factor The Matrix +into a block where you have only even K + + align:start position:0% +into a block where you have only even K + + + align:start position:0% +into a block where you have only even K +or only OD K so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's a rigorous factorization we + + align:start position:0% +so that's a rigorous factorization we + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a rigorous factorization we +have no connection between even K and + + align:start position:0% +have no connection between even K and + + + align:start position:0% +have no connection between even K and +odd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K now we can do something further + + align:start position:0% +K now we can do something further + + + align:start position:0% +K now we can do something further +suppose uh + + align:start position:0% +suppose uh + + + align:start position:0% +suppose uh +we we take the the conization axis out + + align:start position:0% +we we take the the conization axis out + + + align:start position:0% +we we take the the conization axis out +of the plane and we have some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +of the plane and we have some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +of the plane and we have some sort of a +reflection plane + + align:start position:0% +reflection plane + + + align:start position:0% +reflection plane +through the uh the quantization axis so + + align:start position:0% +through the uh the quantization axis so + + + align:start position:0% +through the uh the quantization axis so +for that's generally called a sigma V + + align:start position:0% +for that's generally called a sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +for that's generally called a sigma V +plane because the quantization axis is + + align:start position:0% +plane because the quantization axis is + + + align:start position:0% +plane because the quantization axis is +uh the Z Direction and uh and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and and so a reflection plane that + + align:start position:0% +a and and so a reflection plane that + + + align:start position:0% +a and and so a reflection plane that +contains the quantization axis is a + + align:start position:0% +contains the quantization axis is a + + + align:start position:0% +contains the quantization axis is a +vertical plane okay now and there's all + + align:start position:0% +vertical plane okay now and there's all + + + align:start position:0% +vertical plane okay now and there's all +sorts of really beautiful uh pneumonics + + align:start position:0% +sorts of really beautiful uh pneumonics + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of really beautiful uh pneumonics +for representing uh uh not just the + + align:start position:0% +for representing uh uh not just the + + + align:start position:0% +for representing uh uh not just the +positions of atoms in the molecule but + + align:start position:0% +positions of atoms in the molecule but + + + align:start position:0% +positions of atoms in the molecule but +actually motions so suppose we have an + + align:start position:0% +actually motions so suppose we have an + + + align:start position:0% +actually motions so suppose we have an +atom over here it's moving like this and + + align:start position:0% +atom over here it's moving like this and + + + align:start position:0% +atom over here it's moving like this and +an atom over over here that's moving uh + + align:start position:0% +an atom over over here that's moving uh + + + align:start position:0% +an atom over over here that's moving uh +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that now we apply this operation and + + align:start position:0% +that now we apply this operation and + + + align:start position:0% +that now we apply this operation and +this atom and its Vector velocity vector + + align:start position:0% +this atom and its Vector velocity vector + + + align:start position:0% +this atom and its Vector velocity vector +gets switched like that and this one uh + + align:start position:0% +gets switched like that and this one uh + + + align:start position:0% +gets switched like that and this one uh +ends up looking like + + align:start position:0% +ends up looking like + + + align:start position:0% +ends up looking like +that I should have use two different + + align:start position:0% +that I should have use two different + + + align:start position:0% +that I should have use two different +pieces of chalk so you can see that if + + align:start position:0% +pieces of chalk so you can see that if + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of chalk so you can see that if +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +rotation about this + + align:start position:0% +rotation about this + + + align:start position:0% +rotation about this +axis this reflection reverses the sense + + align:start position:0% +axis this reflection reverses the sense + + + align:start position:0% +axis this reflection reverses the sense +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotation so that that implies that this + + align:start position:0% +rotation so that that implies that this + + + align:start position:0% +rotation so that that implies that this +Sigma V B is an operator that's going to + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V B is an operator that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V B is an operator that's going to +uh commute with the rotational + + align:start position:0% +uh commute with the rotational + + + align:start position:0% +uh commute with the rotational +hamiltonian it's going to be useful for + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian it's going to be useful for + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian it's going to be useful for +classifying the rotational levels so we + + align:start position:0% +classifying the rotational levels so we + + + align:start position:0% +classifying the rotational levels so we +can write Sigma V on J + + align:start position:0% +can write Sigma V on J + + + align:start position:0% +can write Sigma V on J +km we know that Sigma V is going to take + + align:start position:0% +km we know that Sigma V is going to take + + + align:start position:0% +km we know that Sigma V is going to take +you into the opposite sign of K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know what it does to the + + align:start position:0% +know what it does to the + + + align:start position:0% +know what it does to the +sign but what we can we can do is we can + + align:start position:0% +sign but what we can we can do is we can + + + align:start position:0% +sign but what we can we can do is we can +adopt the continent + + align:start position:0% +adopt the continent + + + align:start position:0% +adopt the continent +shortly phase convention until unless + + align:start position:0% +shortly phase convention until unless + + + align:start position:0% +shortly phase convention until unless +somebody tells us that that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wrong + + align:start position:0% +wrong + + + align:start position:0% +wrong +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we can show that Sigma V commutes + + align:start position:0% +so we can show that Sigma V commutes + + + align:start position:0% +so we can show that Sigma V commutes +with the rotational hamiltonian that + + align:start position:0% +with the rotational hamiltonian that + + + align:start position:0% +with the rotational hamiltonian that +means that we have to write wave + + align:start position:0% +means that we have to write wave + + + align:start position:0% +means that we have to write wave +functions which are igen functions of + + align:start position:0% +functions which are igen functions of + + + align:start position:0% +functions which are igen functions of +the sigma V + + align:start position:0% +the sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +the sigma V +operator if we don't we can diagonalize + + align:start position:0% +operator if we don't we can diagonalize + + + align:start position:0% +operator if we don't we can diagonalize +the hamiltonian and we'll discover that + + align:start position:0% +the hamiltonian and we'll discover that + + + align:start position:0% +the hamiltonian and we'll discover that +the igon functions of the hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +the igon functions of the hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +the igon functions of the hamiltonian +are automatically I functions of the + + align:start position:0% +are automatically I functions of the + + + align:start position:0% +are automatically I functions of the +parody the sigma V operator but + + align:start position:0% +parody the sigma V operator but + + + align:start position:0% +parody the sigma V operator but +sometimes it helps it helps because what + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it helps it helps because what + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it helps it helps because what +it does is it reduces the hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +it does is it reduces the hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +it does is it reduces the hamiltonian +now from + + align:start position:0% +now from + + + align:start position:0% +now from +even K and odd K to even K with two + + align:start position:0% +even K and odd K to even K with two + + + align:start position:0% +even K and odd K to even K with two +blocks and odd K with two blocks and + + align:start position:0% +blocks and odd K with two blocks and + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and odd K with two blocks and +those two blocks are called parity and + + align:start position:0% +those two blocks are called parity and + + + align:start position:0% +those two blocks are called parity and +so we have taken the + + align:start position:0% +so we have taken the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have taken the +hamiltonian and by constructing wave + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and by constructing wave + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and by constructing wave +functions of the form j k m plus or + + align:start position:0% +functions of the form j k m plus or + + + align:start position:0% +functions of the form j k m plus or +minus J minus k m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have now block diagonalize of + + align:start position:0% +we have now block diagonalize of + + + align:start position:0% +we have now block diagonalize of +hamiltonan into into four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blocks and there's a thing called the + + align:start position:0% +blocks and there's a thing called the + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and there's a thing called the +Wang + + align:start position:0% +Wang + + + align:start position:0% +Wang +transformation uh where + + align:start position:0% +transformation uh where + + + align:start position:0% +transformation uh where +the inverse transformation is the same + + align:start position:0% +the inverse transformation is the same + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse transformation is the same +thing as the uh transformation + + align:start position:0% +thing as the uh transformation + + + align:start position:0% +thing as the uh transformation +itself 1/ s + + align:start position:0% +itself 1/ s + + + align:start position:0% +itself 1/ s +2us times this big thing Min - + + align:start position:0% +2us times this big thing Min - + + + align:start position:0% +2us times this big thing Min - +one along this diagonal square of two in + + align:start position:0% +one along this diagonal square of two in + + + align:start position:0% +one along this diagonal square of two in +the middle one down + + align:start position:0% +the middle one down + + + align:start position:0% +the middle one down +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +one one one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one that's the Wang transformation and + + align:start position:0% +one that's the Wang transformation and + + + align:start position:0% +one that's the Wang transformation and +if you have your Matrix organized in the + + align:start position:0% +if you have your Matrix organized in the + + + align:start position:0% +if you have your Matrix organized in the +order K is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +j0 minus J well then that thing that + + align:start position:0% +j0 minus J well then that thing that + + + align:start position:0% +j0 minus J well then that thing that +transformation will block diagonalize + + align:start position:0% +transformation will block diagonalize + + + align:start position:0% +transformation will block diagonalize +the hamiltonian into four blocks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that now remember the correlation + + align:start position:0% +that now remember the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +that now remember the correlation +diagram say we have the + + align:start position:0% +diagram say we have the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram say we have the +uh the prolate limit here uh 0 1 2 for + + align:start position:0% +uh the prolate limit here uh 0 1 2 for + + + align:start position:0% +uh the prolate limit here uh 0 1 2 for +K uh K A and over here we have the + + align:start position:0% +K uh K A and over here we have the + + + align:start position:0% +K uh K A and over here we have the +oblate limit + + align:start position:0% +oblate limit + + + align:start position:0% +oblate limit + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1 2 for + + align:start position:0% +1 2 for + + + align:start position:0% +1 2 for +KC and we connected things + + align:start position:0% +KC and we connected things + + + align:start position:0% +KC and we connected things +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up uhoh what did I do oh I see what I + + align:start position:0% +up uhoh what did I do oh I see what I + + + align:start position:0% +up uhoh what did I do oh I see what I +did + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we have levels that have each of + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have levels that have each of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have levels that have each of +these is a level and each of these is + + align:start position:0% +these is a level and each of these is + + + align:start position:0% +these is a level and each of these is +IND indexed by uh Ka and + + align:start position:0% +IND indexed by uh Ka and + + + align:start position:0% +IND indexed by uh Ka and +KC and uh notice here is a level k equal + + align:start position:0% +KC and uh notice here is a level k equal + + + align:start position:0% +KC and uh notice here is a level k equal +1 and it connects to k c = 1 and 2 we + + align:start position:0% +1 and it connects to k c = 1 and 2 we + + + align:start position:0% +1 and it connects to k c = 1 and 2 we +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +classify all of the levels according to + + align:start position:0% +classify all of the levels according to + + + align:start position:0% +classify all of the levels according to +whether uh k a is even or odd and case C + + align:start position:0% +whether uh k a is even or odd and case C + + + align:start position:0% +whether uh k a is even or odd and case C +is even or odd and there are + + align:start position:0% +is even or odd and there are + + + align:start position:0% +is even or odd and there are +four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possibilities and these actually + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and these actually + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and these actually +correspond to four symmetries of the + + align:start position:0% +correspond to four symmetries of the + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to four symmetries of the +rotational + + align:start position:0% +rotational + + + align:start position:0% +rotational +group so the the four blocks in the + + align:start position:0% +group so the the four blocks in the + + + align:start position:0% +group so the the four blocks in the +hamiltonian are going to be labeled + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian are going to be labeled + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian are going to be labeled +according to whether the values of Ka + + align:start position:0% +according to whether the values of Ka + + + align:start position:0% +according to whether the values of Ka +and KC are even even even odd odd even + + align:start position:0% +and KC are even even even odd odd even + + + align:start position:0% +and KC are even even even odd odd even +and odd odd and these are four separate + + align:start position:0% +and odd odd and these are four separate + + + align:start position:0% +and odd odd and these are four separate +species it doesn't matter what the + + align:start position:0% +species it doesn't matter what the + + + align:start position:0% +species it doesn't matter what the +symmetry of the molecule is the + + align:start position:0% +symmetry of the molecule is the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry of the molecule is the +rotational hamiltonian has has its own + + align:start position:0% +rotational hamiltonian has has its own + + + align:start position:0% +rotational hamiltonian has has its own +Symmetry and can always be classified in + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry and can always be classified in + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry and can always be classified in +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way so that's that's something that + + align:start position:0% +way so that's that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +way so that's that's something that +bothers people how can I be applying + + align:start position:0% +bothers people how can I be applying + + + align:start position:0% +bothers people how can I be applying +Sigma V to a wave function for a + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V to a wave function for a + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma V to a wave function for a +molecule that doesn't have a sigma V + + align:start position:0% +molecule that doesn't have a sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +molecule that doesn't have a sigma V +plane doesn't matter the rotational wave + + align:start position:0% +plane doesn't matter the rotational wave + + + align:start position:0% +plane doesn't matter the rotational wave +functions uh do have such planes so we + + align:start position:0% +functions uh do have such planes so we + + + align:start position:0% +functions uh do have such planes so we +classify the levels we have four + + align:start position:0% +classify the levels we have four + + + align:start position:0% +classify the levels we have four +symmetry labels and uh it's um important + + align:start position:0% +symmetry labels and uh it's um important + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry labels and uh it's um important +to remember always that if you're near + + align:start position:0% +to remember always that if you're near + + + align:start position:0% +to remember always that if you're near +if you're using the prolate top basis + + align:start position:0% +if you're using the prolate top basis + + + align:start position:0% +if you're using the prolate top basis +set the uh the KC quantum number is not + + align:start position:0% +set the uh the KC quantum number is not + + + align:start position:0% +set the uh the KC quantum number is not +really a projection but it is definitely + + align:start position:0% +really a projection but it is definitely + + + align:start position:0% +really a projection but it is definitely +either even or odd and that's the + + align:start position:0% +either even or odd and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +either even or odd and that's the +important thing and that this is a + + align:start position:0% +important thing and that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +important thing and that this is a +pneumonic for getting everything right + + align:start position:0% +pneumonic for getting everything right + + + align:start position:0% +pneumonic for getting everything right +and it's a neonic also for getting an + + align:start position:0% +and it's a neonic also for getting an + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a neonic also for getting an +idea of how uh + + align:start position:0% +idea of how uh + + + align:start position:0% +idea of how uh +big the asymmetry splittings are and so + + align:start position:0% +big the asymmetry splittings are and so + + + align:start position:0% +big the asymmetry splittings are and so +you can put these EO and these E and O + + align:start position:0% +you can put these EO and these E and O + + + align:start position:0% +you can put these EO and these E and O +labels on all of these + + align:start position:0% +labels on all of these + + + align:start position:0% +labels on all of these +levels and that's a real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetry okay so once we have now our uh + + align:start position:0% +symmetry okay so once we have now our uh + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry okay so once we have now our uh +our the we know that there are levels of + + align:start position:0% +our the we know that there are levels of + + + align:start position:0% +our the we know that there are levels of +this as of the asymmetric top and we can + + align:start position:0% +this as of the asymmetric top and we can + + + align:start position:0% +this as of the asymmetric top and we can +label them always with good J and we can + + align:start position:0% +label them always with good J and we can + + + align:start position:0% +label them always with good J and we can +label them with not such good Ka and KC + + align:start position:0% +label them with not such good Ka and KC + + + align:start position:0% +label them with not such good Ka and KC +and with good EO labels for the KA and + + align:start position:0% +and with good EO labels for the KA and + + + align:start position:0% +and with good EO labels for the KA and +KC so now we're at we want to move on + + align:start position:0% +KC so now we're at we want to move on + + + align:start position:0% +KC so now we're at we want to move on +to uh considering well what does the + + align:start position:0% +to uh considering well what does the + + + align:start position:0% +to uh considering well what does the +transition what determines the + + align:start position:0% +transition what determines the + + + align:start position:0% +transition what determines the +transition + + align:start position:0% +transition + + + align:start position:0% +transition +probabilities and again I've discovered + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and again I've discovered + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and again I've discovered +that in my notes I'm being a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that in my notes I'm being a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that in my notes I'm being a little bit +naive uh but the transition prob + + align:start position:0% +naive uh but the transition prob + + + align:start position:0% +naive uh but the transition prob +probability is going to be always + + align:start position:0% +probability is going to be always + + + align:start position:0% +probability is going to be always +written in a form like this remember + + align:start position:0% +written in a form like this remember + + + align:start position:0% +written in a form like this remember +these are space fixed uh uh um axes and + + align:start position:0% +these are space fixed uh uh um axes and + + + align:start position:0% +these are space fixed uh uh um axes and +these are body fixed axes and the + + align:start position:0% +these are body fixed axes and the + + + align:start position:0% +these are body fixed axes and the +electric field that we + + align:start position:0% +electric field that we + + + align:start position:0% +electric field that we +detect is quantized in space and we have + + align:start position:0% +detect is quantized in space and we have + + + align:start position:0% +detect is quantized in space and we have +VI and what's now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh uh uh not in my notes and this is + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh not in my notes and this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh not in my notes and this is +still doing it this way is + + align:start position:0% +still doing it this way is + + + align:start position:0% +still doing it this way is +dishonest we have the transition moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operator as a function of + + align:start position:0% +operator as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +operator as a function of +coordinates mvf + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry about that and then we square that + + align:start position:0% +sorry about that and then we square that + + + align:start position:0% +sorry about that and then we square that +this is really these these states are + + align:start position:0% +this is really these these states are + + + align:start position:0% +this is really these these states are +really sums over uh zero order States + + align:start position:0% +really sums over uh zero order States + + + align:start position:0% +really sums over uh zero order States +but I just want to make this as simple + + align:start position:0% +but I just want to make this as simple + + + align:start position:0% +but I just want to make this as simple +as possible so if it's a pure rotation + + align:start position:0% +as possible so if it's a pure rotation + + + align:start position:0% +as possible so if it's a pure rotation +transition VF is equal to VI and uh this + + align:start position:0% +transition VF is equal to VI and uh this + + + align:start position:0% +transition VF is equal to VI and uh this +thing this part + + align:start position:0% +thing this part + + + align:start position:0% +thing this part +reduces + + align:start position:0% +reduces + + + align:start position:0% +reduces +to really a sum over basis functions but + + align:start position:0% +to really a sum over basis functions but + + + align:start position:0% +to really a sum over basis functions but +we can we can represent + + align:start position:0% +we can we can represent + + + align:start position:0% +we can we can represent +them it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just and this is evaluated at the dis + + align:start position:0% +just and this is evaluated at the dis + + + align:start position:0% +just and this is evaluated at the dis +all of the displacement coordinates + + align:start position:0% +all of the displacement coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +all of the displacement coordinates +equal to zero so this is permanent these + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so this is permanent these + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so this is permanent these +this is the permanent dipole moment in + + align:start position:0% +this is the permanent dipole moment in + + + align:start position:0% +this is the permanent dipole moment in +the body frame it's a vector it has uh + + align:start position:0% +the body frame it's a vector it has uh + + + align:start position:0% +the body frame it's a vector it has uh +components along the a b and c axes in + + align:start position:0% +components along the a b and c axes in + + + align:start position:0% +components along the a b and c axes in +in principle and so what we really like + + align:start position:0% +in principle and so what we really like + + + align:start position:0% +in principle and so what we really like +to know is well what does this do what + + align:start position:0% +to know is well what does this do what + + + align:start position:0% +to know is well what does this do what +does this give rise to what I've slipped + + align:start position:0% +does this give rise to what I've slipped + + + align:start position:0% +does this give rise to what I've slipped +under the rug is that in order to get + + align:start position:0% +under the rug is that in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +under the rug is that in order to get +these functions we have to take a linear + + align:start position:0% +these functions we have to take a linear + + + align:start position:0% +these functions we have to take a linear +combination of symmetric top + + align:start position:0% +combination of symmetric top + + + align:start position:0% +combination of symmetric top +functions but these symmetric top + + align:start position:0% +functions but these symmetric top + + + align:start position:0% +functions but these symmetric top +functions have definite uh Direction + + align:start position:0% +functions have definite uh Direction + + + align:start position:0% +functions have definite uh Direction +cosine Matrix elements so uh you you + + align:start position:0% +cosine Matrix elements so uh you you + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Matrix elements so uh you you +need to uh worry about how does what's + + align:start position:0% +need to uh worry about how does what's + + + align:start position:0% +need to uh worry about how does what's +happening in the in the body frame + + align:start position:0% +happening in the in the body frame + + + align:start position:0% +happening in the in the body frame +relate to the laboratory frame and + + align:start position:0% +relate to the laboratory frame and + + + align:start position:0% +relate to the laboratory frame and +that's what this does and this okay so + + align:start position:0% +that's what this does and this okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this does and this okay so +now we want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consider what the uh uh what this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +consider what the uh uh what this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +consider what the uh uh what this Matrix +element is now there's two ways of doing + + align:start position:0% +element is now there's two ways of doing + + + align:start position:0% +element is now there's two ways of doing +this one is the way that you'll remember + + align:start position:0% +this one is the way that you'll remember + + + align:start position:0% +this one is the way that you'll remember +and the other is the way way that is + + align:start position:0% +and the other is the way way that is + + + align:start position:0% +and the other is the way way that is +more fundamental you can do this by just + + align:start position:0% +more fundamental you can do this by just + + + align:start position:0% +more fundamental you can do this by just +drawing a picture or you can do this in + + align:start position:0% +drawing a picture or you can do this in + + + align:start position:0% +drawing a picture or you can do this in +a group theoretical sense I mean suppose + + align:start position:0% +a group theoretical sense I mean suppose + + + align:start position:0% +a group theoretical sense I mean suppose +you have a dipole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment and uh uh you know that you can + + align:start position:0% +moment and uh uh you know that you can + + + align:start position:0% +moment and uh uh you know that you can +apply an electric field somehow and you + + align:start position:0% +apply an electric field somehow and you + + + align:start position:0% +apply an electric field somehow and you +can torque this dipole + + align:start position:0% +can torque this dipole + + + align:start position:0% +can torque this dipole +moment if the molecule has a dipole + + align:start position:0% +moment if the molecule has a dipole + + + align:start position:0% +moment if the molecule has a dipole +moment only in One + + align:start position:0% +moment only in One + + + align:start position:0% +moment only in One +Direction well one thing you can't do is + + align:start position:0% +Direction well one thing you can't do is + + + align:start position:0% +Direction well one thing you can't do is +twist it this way you can't rotate about + + align:start position:0% +twist it this way you can't rotate about + + + align:start position:0% +twist it this way you can't rotate about +the dipole moment you can only torque + + align:start position:0% +the dipole moment you can only torque + + + align:start position:0% +the dipole moment you can only torque +perpendicular to the dipole + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the dipole + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the dipole +moment and what that means is that if + + align:start position:0% +moment and what that means is that if + + + align:start position:0% +moment and what that means is that if +there is a dipole moment in this + + align:start position:0% +there is a dipole moment in this + + + align:start position:0% +there is a dipole moment in this +direction you can add angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +direction you can add angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +direction you can add angular momentum +about directions perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +about directions perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +about directions perpendicular to the +dipole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can talk about three + + align:start position:0% +so we can talk about three + + + align:start position:0% +so we can talk about three +types of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Transitions and we call them a type B + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and we call them a type B + + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and we call them a type B +type and C + + align:start position:0% +type and C + + + align:start position:0% +type and C +type if you have a dipole moment along + + align:start position:0% +type if you have a dipole moment along + + + align:start position:0% +type if you have a dipole moment along +the a axis well Ka can't + + align:start position:0% +the a axis well Ka can't + + + align:start position:0% +the a axis well Ka can't +change because you can't do + + align:start position:0% +change because you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +change because you can't do +this so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so Delta Ka is zero and zero is an + + align:start position:0% +uh so Delta Ka is zero and zero is an + + + align:start position:0% +uh so Delta Ka is zero and zero is an +even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number remember we have offal elements + + align:start position:0% +number remember we have offal elements + + + align:start position:0% +number remember we have offal elements +and so and we know e z the even KS mix + + align:start position:0% +and so and we know e z the even KS mix + + + align:start position:0% +and so and we know e z the even KS mix +with even KS only so zero is what you + + align:start position:0% +with even KS only so zero is what you + + + align:start position:0% +with even KS only so zero is what you +expect but you know that uh for a type + + align:start position:0% +expect but you know that uh for a type + + + align:start position:0% +expect but you know that uh for a type +transitions Delta k a will be + + align:start position:0% +transitions Delta k a will be + + + align:start position:0% +transitions Delta k a will be +even principally zero and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and KC will be plus or minus one or + + align:start position:0% +uh and KC will be plus or minus one or + + + align:start position:0% +uh and KC will be plus or minus one or +more safely + + align:start position:0% +more safely + + + align:start position:0% +more safely +odd and similarly uh if it's B type well + + align:start position:0% +odd and similarly uh if it's B type well + + + align:start position:0% +odd and similarly uh if it's B type well +B the B axis is perpendicular to both + + align:start position:0% +B the B axis is perpendicular to both + + + align:start position:0% +B the B axis is perpendicular to both +the A and C axis so U we have um odd and + + align:start position:0% +the A and C axis so U we have um odd and + + + align:start position:0% +the A and C axis so U we have um odd and +odd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and C type uh well this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and C type uh well this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and C type uh well this is going to be +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +even and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +odd so to be more specific we have + + align:start position:0% +odd so to be more specific we have + + + align:start position:0% +odd so to be more specific we have +EO + + align:start position:0% +EO + + + align:start position:0% +EO +oo and uh o + + align:start position:0% +oo and uh o + + + align:start position:0% +oo and uh o +e okay so the three components of a + + align:start position:0% +e okay so the three components of a + + + align:start position:0% +e okay so the three components of a +dipole moment can give rise to changes + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment can give rise to changes + + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment can give rise to changes +in Ka and KC of this type and this is + + align:start position:0% +in Ka and KC of this type and this is + + + align:start position:0% +in Ka and KC of this type and this is +what you will always remember if you + + align:start position:0% +what you will always remember if you + + + align:start position:0% +what you will always remember if you +think if you start with just this + + align:start position:0% +think if you start with just this + + + align:start position:0% +think if you start with just this +picture of how do you impart angular + + align:start position:0% +picture of how do you impart angular + + + align:start position:0% +picture of how do you impart angular +momentum to the molecule then you can + + align:start position:0% +momentum to the molecule then you can + + + align:start position:0% +momentum to the molecule then you can +immediately write down there will be + + align:start position:0% +immediately write down there will be + + + align:start position:0% +immediately write down there will be +three types of + + align:start position:0% +three types of + + + align:start position:0% +three types of +Transitions and this is what will this + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and this is what will this + + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and this is what will this +is what they will + + align:start position:0% +is what they will + + + align:start position:0% +is what they will +do now there's one more thing that you + + align:start position:0% +do now there's one more thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +do now there's one more thing that you +can remember from diatomic molecules + + align:start position:0% +can remember from diatomic molecules + + + align:start position:0% +can remember from diatomic molecules +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +in datomic molecules we have parallel + + align:start position:0% +in datomic molecules we have parallel + + + align:start position:0% +in datomic molecules we have parallel +type + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transitions Delta + + align:start position:0% +transitions Delta + + + align:start position:0% +transitions Delta +J uh equal zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transitions are + + align:start position:0% +transitions are + + + align:start position:0% +transitions are +weak or absent where and + + align:start position:0% +weak or absent where and + + + align:start position:0% +weak or absent where and +perpendicular where Delta J equals z + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular where Delta J equals z + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular where Delta J equals z +transitions Q branches are strong + + align:start position:0% +transitions Q branches are strong + + + align:start position:0% +transitions Q branches are strong +usually the + + align:start position:0% +usually the + + + align:start position:0% +usually the +strongest and it's simil it's true here + + align:start position:0% +strongest and it's simil it's true here + + + align:start position:0% +strongest and it's simil it's true here +too that um if you have + + align:start position:0% +too that um if you have + + + align:start position:0% +too that um if you have +a uh near prolate + + align:start position:0% +a uh near prolate + + + align:start position:0% +a uh near prolate +top then uh and you have a type + + align:start position:0% +top then uh and you have a type + + + align:start position:0% +top then uh and you have a type +transitions there won't be any Q + + align:start position:0% +transitions there won't be any Q + + + align:start position:0% +transitions there won't be any Q +branches now what's a q Branch remember + + align:start position:0% +branches now what's a q Branch remember + + + align:start position:0% +branches now what's a q Branch remember +a q Branch you know the pure rotation + + align:start position:0% +a q Branch you know the pure rotation + + + align:start position:0% +a q Branch you know the pure rotation +Spectrum a q branch + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum a q branch + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum a q branch +uh would be a transition between states + + align:start position:0% +uh would be a transition between states + + + align:start position:0% +uh would be a transition between states +of the same + + align:start position:0% +of the same + + + align:start position:0% +of the same +J and these will be small these will be + + align:start position:0% +J and these will be small these will be + + + align:start position:0% +J and these will be small these will be +low + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency uh transitions that change J + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh transitions that change J + + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh transitions that change J +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +generally uh What You observe in the + + align:start position:0% +generally uh What You observe in the + + + align:start position:0% +generally uh What You observe in the +microwave but you can have q Branch + + align:start position:0% +microwave but you can have q Branch + + + align:start position:0% +microwave but you can have q Branch +transitions they are usually at very low + + align:start position:0% +transitions they are usually at very low + + + align:start position:0% +transitions they are usually at very low +frequency uh and okay but you can also + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh and okay but you can also + + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh and okay but you can also +have q branches + + align:start position:0% +have q branches + + + align:start position:0% +have q branches +when you change + + align:start position:0% +when you change + + + align:start position:0% +when you change +K and those are quite strong if you have + + align:start position:0% +K and those are quite strong if you have + + + align:start position:0% +K and those are quite strong if you have +uh a a uh component of the dipole moment + + align:start position:0% +uh a a uh component of the dipole moment + + + align:start position:0% +uh a a uh component of the dipole moment +perpendicular to your near symmetry axis + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to your near symmetry axis + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to your near symmetry axis +yes for an as symmetric top molecule the + + align:start position:0% +yes for an as symmetric top molecule the + + + align:start position:0% +yes for an as symmetric top molecule the +DI doesn't have to be along one of those + + align:start position:0% +DI doesn't have to be along one of those + + + align:start position:0% +DI doesn't have to be along one of those +axes right that's right well but it all + + align:start position:0% +axes right that's right well but it all + + + align:start position:0% +axes right that's right well but it all +what you do is you resolve it into + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you resolve it into + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you resolve it into +components along the various axes and + + align:start position:0% +components along the various axes and + + + align:start position:0% +components along the various axes and +then what you discover is that the + + align:start position:0% +then what you discover is that the + + + align:start position:0% +then what you discover is that the +different components of the dipole give + + align:start position:0% +different components of the dipole give + + + align:start position:0% +different components of the dipole give +rise to transition amplitudes that can + + align:start position:0% +rise to transition amplitudes that can + + + align:start position:0% +rise to transition amplitudes that can +interfere constructively and + + align:start position:0% +interfere constructively and + + + align:start position:0% +interfere constructively and +destructively so you can both a tye and + + align:start position:0% +destructively so you can both a tye and + + + align:start position:0% +destructively so you can both a tye and +B type that's right on top of each other + + align:start position:0% +B type that's right on top of each other + + + align:start position:0% +B type that's right on top of each other +that's right so that um you have to be a + + align:start position:0% +that's right so that um you have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so that um you have to be a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +careful uh + + align:start position:0% +careful uh + + + align:start position:0% +careful uh +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +um the the different types have + + align:start position:0% +um the the different types have + + + align:start position:0% +um the the different types have +different selection rules + + align:start position:0% +different selection rules + + + align:start position:0% +different selection rules +and sometimes you're out of + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes you're out of + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes you're out of +luck that you know if if + + align:start position:0% +luck that you know if if + + + align:start position:0% +luck that you know if if +um but you can always almost always from + + align:start position:0% +um but you can always almost always from + + + align:start position:0% +um but you can always almost always from +interference effects construct not just + + align:start position:0% +interference effects construct not just + + + align:start position:0% +interference effects construct not just +you know not only know that there's a + + align:start position:0% +you know not only know that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +you know not only know that there's a +type there's an A and A B component of + + align:start position:0% +type there's an A and A B component of + + + align:start position:0% +type there's an A and A B component of +the dipole but what their relative signs + + align:start position:0% +the dipole but what their relative signs + + + align:start position:0% +the dipole but what their relative signs +are so where is the dipole and you know + + align:start position:0% +are so where is the dipole and you know + + + align:start position:0% +are so where is the dipole and you know +you have to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +you have to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be able to do +that because the dipole definitely has + + align:start position:0% +that because the dipole definitely has + + + align:start position:0% +that because the dipole definitely has +an orientation in the body frame and + + align:start position:0% +an orientation in the body frame and + + + align:start position:0% +an orientation in the body frame and +you're asking about something that's + + align:start position:0% +you're asking about something that's + + + align:start position:0% +you're asking about something that's +happening in the body frame transferred + + align:start position:0% +happening in the body frame transferred + + + align:start position:0% +happening in the body frame transferred +into the laboratory but that information + + align:start position:0% +into the laboratory but that information + + + align:start position:0% +into the laboratory but that information +is there you just have to be clever + + align:start position:0% +is there you just have to be clever + + + align:start position:0% +is there you just have to be clever +about it and it's you know one of the + + align:start position:0% +about it and it's you know one of the + + + align:start position:0% +about it and it's you know one of the +ways to get at least a few extra people + + align:start position:0% +ways to get at least a few extra people + + + align:start position:0% +ways to get at least a few extra people +to read one of your papers is to talk + + align:start position:0% +to read one of your papers is to talk + + + align:start position:0% +to read one of your papers is to talk +about interference + + align:start position:0% +about interference + + + align:start position:0% +about interference +effects and this is an inter the the the + + align:start position:0% +effects and this is an inter the the the + + + align:start position:0% +effects and this is an inter the the the +way in which you learn about Di moments + + align:start position:0% +way in which you learn about Di moments + + + align:start position:0% +way in which you learn about Di moments +uh that have more than one of the a b + + align:start position:0% +uh that have more than one of the a b + + + align:start position:0% +uh that have more than one of the a b +and c type character uh is through + + align:start position:0% +and c type character uh is through + + + align:start position:0% +and c type character uh is through +interference effects it's not you know + + align:start position:0% +interference effects it's not you know + + + align:start position:0% +interference effects it's not you know +that's sort of guilding the Lily but + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of guilding the Lily but + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of guilding the Lily but +it's you uh yes + + align:start position:0% +it's you uh yes + + + align:start position:0% +it's you uh yes +okay so from this picture we can + + align:start position:0% +okay so from this picture we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so from this picture we can +classify uh the various components of + + align:start position:0% +classify uh the various components of + + + align:start position:0% +classify uh the various components of +the dipole operator uh in terms of these + + align:start position:0% +the dipole operator uh in terms of these + + + align:start position:0% +the dipole operator uh in terms of these +labels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so now we + + align:start position:0% +and so now we + + + align:start position:0% +and so now we +have a transition Matrix + + align:start position:0% +have a transition Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +have a transition Matrix +element and we have initial + + align:start position:0% +element and we have initial + + + align:start position:0% +element and we have initial +States uh J K A K C and we have final + + align:start position:0% +States uh J K A K C and we have final + + + align:start position:0% +States uh J K A K C and we have final +States J K A K + + align:start position:0% +States J K A K + + + align:start position:0% +States J K A K +C and in order for this integral to be + + align:start position:0% +C and in order for this integral to be + + + align:start position:0% +C and in order for this integral to be +different from + + align:start position:0% +different from + + + align:start position:0% +different from +zero we have to + + align:start position:0% +zero we have to + + + align:start position:0% +zero we have to +have uh the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the KA selection rules have to + + align:start position:0% +um the KA selection rules have to + + + align:start position:0% +um the KA selection rules have to +be if if there's going to be a change in + + align:start position:0% +be if if there's going to be a change in + + + align:start position:0% +be if if there's going to be a change in +Ka that's odd then the operator that + + align:start position:0% +Ka that's odd then the operator that + + + align:start position:0% +Ka that's odd then the operator that +does it has to be odd with respect to a + + align:start position:0% +does it has to be odd with respect to a + + + align:start position:0% +does it has to be odd with respect to a +and if the change in KC is odd the + + align:start position:0% +and if the change in KC is odd the + + + align:start position:0% +and if the change in KC is odd the +operator has to have a com a has to be + + align:start position:0% +operator has to have a com a has to be + + + align:start position:0% +operator has to have a com a has to be +odd with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +odd with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +odd with respect to the +c-axis and so those are the selection + + align:start position:0% +c-axis and so those are the selection + + + align:start position:0% +c-axis and so those are the selection +rules and you can work that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out okay + + align:start position:0% +out okay + + + align:start position:0% +out okay +so how are we doing for time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so what do spectral actually look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like well the big disappointment + + align:start position:0% +like well the big disappointment + + + align:start position:0% +like well the big disappointment +is that symmetric top Spectra are really + + align:start position:0% +is that symmetric top Spectra are really + + + align:start position:0% +is that symmetric top Spectra are really +really really + + align:start position:0% +really really + + + align:start position:0% +really really +boring because in a symmetric top here + + align:start position:0% +boring because in a symmetric top here + + + align:start position:0% +boring because in a symmetric top here +is the energy level diagram + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops so for a symmetric Top This is k + + align:start position:0% +oops so for a symmetric Top This is k + + + align:start position:0% +oops so for a symmetric Top This is k +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +Z K = 1 k = 2 the level structure + + align:start position:0% +Z K = 1 k = 2 the level structure + + + align:start position:0% +Z K = 1 k = 2 the level structure +uh doesn't depend on K it just as you go + + align:start position:0% +uh doesn't depend on K it just as you go + + + align:start position:0% +uh doesn't depend on K it just as you go +up in K you're + + align:start position:0% +up in K you're + + + align:start position:0% +up in K you're +missing uh lower levels but the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transitions uh I'm sorry that there's + + align:start position:0% +transitions uh I'm sorry that there's + + + align:start position:0% +transitions uh I'm sorry that there's +always a corresponding transition in + + align:start position:0% +always a corresponding transition in + + + align:start position:0% +always a corresponding transition in +each of the K Stacks unless K is too + + align:start position:0% +each of the K Stacks unless K is too + + + align:start position:0% +each of the K Stacks unless K is too +large and so all you can do is observe + + align:start position:0% +large and so all you can do is observe + + + align:start position:0% +large and so all you can do is observe +transitions which are Delta J + + align:start position:0% +transitions which are Delta J + + + align:start position:0% +transitions which are Delta J += Plus or - 1 Delta + + align:start position:0% += Plus or - 1 Delta + + + align:start position:0% += Plus or - 1 Delta +K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay now how do we know this how if + + align:start position:0% +uh okay now how do we know this how if + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay now how do we know this how if +we have a symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +top we can prove that you need either a + + align:start position:0% +top we can prove that you need either a + + + align:start position:0% +top we can prove that you need either a +C3 Axis or two C2 axes I think we need + + align:start position:0% +C3 Axis or two C2 axes I think we need + + + align:start position:0% +C3 Axis or two C2 axes I think we need +actually three in order to get a + + align:start position:0% +actually three in order to get a + + + align:start position:0% +actually three in order to get a +symmetric top but there are going to be + + align:start position:0% +symmetric top but there are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric top but there are going to be +uh um rotation + + align:start position:0% +uh um rotation + + + align:start position:0% +uh um rotation +axes and uh for the usual case C3 or + + align:start position:0% +axes and uh for the usual case C3 or + + + align:start position:0% +axes and uh for the usual case C3 or +higher this the quantization axis is + + align:start position:0% +higher this the quantization axis is + + + align:start position:0% +higher this the quantization axis is +always along the rotation + + align:start position:0% +always along the rotation + + + align:start position:0% +always along the rotation +axis so that means you can rotate the + + align:start position:0% +axis so that means you can rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +axis so that means you can rotate the +molecule if there's a dipole moment + + align:start position:0% +molecule if there's a dipole moment + + + align:start position:0% +molecule if there's a dipole moment +perpendicular to the Symmetry axis well + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the Symmetry axis well + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the Symmetry axis well +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +impossible because if you rotate the + + align:start position:0% +impossible because if you rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +impossible because if you rotate the +molecule at by a required uh uh symmetry + + align:start position:0% +molecule at by a required uh uh symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +molecule at by a required uh uh symmetry +angle it has to look identical to the + + align:start position:0% +angle it has to look identical to the + + + align:start position:0% +angle it has to look identical to the +way it did before and if there's a + + align:start position:0% +way it did before and if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +way it did before and if there's a +perpendicular dipole you could tell that + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular dipole you could tell that + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular dipole you could tell that +you rotate it so you can't have a dipole + + align:start position:0% +you rotate it so you can't have a dipole + + + align:start position:0% +you rotate it so you can't have a dipole +perpendicular to the uh symmetry axis + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the uh symmetry axis + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the uh symmetry axis +so pret tops have an A + + align:start position:0% +so pret tops have an A + + + align:start position:0% +so pret tops have an A +dipole that means Delta K is zero oops + + align:start position:0% +dipole that means Delta K is zero oops + + + align:start position:0% +dipole that means Delta K is zero oops +have a c dipole + + align:start position:0% +have a c dipole + + + align:start position:0% +have a c dipole +and that means that Delta K is + + align:start position:0% +and that means that Delta K is + + + align:start position:0% +and that means that Delta K is +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +so that's not true for an accidental + + align:start position:0% +so that's not true for an accidental + + + align:start position:0% +so that's not true for an accidental +symmetric + + align:start position:0% +symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric +top yeah you can have an accidental + + align:start position:0% +top yeah you can have an accidental + + + align:start position:0% +top yeah you can have an accidental +symmetric top uh and I'm not prepared to + + align:start position:0% +symmetric top uh and I'm not prepared to + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric top uh and I'm not prepared to +make generalizations because I only + + align:start position:0% +make generalizations because I only + + + align:start position:0% +make generalizations because I only +recently discovered ways to make + + align:start position:0% +recently discovered ways to make + + + align:start position:0% +recently discovered ways to make +accidental symmetric tops but let's just + + align:start position:0% +accidental symmetric tops but let's just + + + align:start position:0% +accidental symmetric tops but let's just +do this I mean so we have a cisp thing + + align:start position:0% +do this I mean so we have a cisp thing + + + align:start position:0% +do this I mean so we have a cisp thing +and we're going we're to making a + + align:start position:0% +and we're going we're to making a + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going we're to making a +torsion and uh uh so uh there's clearly + + align:start position:0% +torsion and uh uh so uh there's clearly + + + align:start position:0% +torsion and uh uh so uh there's clearly +a dipole moment in this + + align:start position:0% +a dipole moment in this + + + align:start position:0% +a dipole moment in this +direction there's no dipole moment in + + align:start position:0% +direction there's no dipole moment in + + + align:start position:0% +direction there's no dipole moment in +that direction or in that direction so + + align:start position:0% +that direction or in that direction so + + + align:start position:0% +that direction or in that direction so +uh so what did that do we start + + align:start position:0% +uh so what did that do we start + + + align:start position:0% +uh so what did that do we start +so what ends up happening is that if you + + align:start position:0% +so what ends up happening is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +so what ends up happening is that if you +start CIS and you and you torsion the + + align:start position:0% +start CIS and you and you torsion the + + + align:start position:0% +start CIS and you and you torsion the +dipole moment axis doesn't move so you + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment axis doesn't move so you + + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment axis doesn't move so you +don't get anything new but there are + + align:start position:0% +don't get anything new but there are + + + align:start position:0% +don't get anything new but there are +probably cases where you might so let I + + align:start position:0% +probably cases where you might so let I + + + align:start position:0% +probably cases where you might so let I +just I I haven't thought that through + + align:start position:0% +just I I haven't thought that through + + + align:start position:0% +just I I haven't thought that through +and that's a wonderful question so but + + align:start position:0% +and that's a wonderful question so but + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a wonderful question so but +the problem is that neglecting subtle + + align:start position:0% +the problem is that neglecting subtle + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is that neglecting subtle +things like centrifugal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Distortion you + + align:start position:0% +Distortion you + + + align:start position:0% +Distortion you +can't all you see is datomic like + + align:start position:0% +can't all you see is datomic like + + + align:start position:0% +can't all you see is datomic like +transitions now what does centrifugal + + align:start position:0% +transitions now what does centrifugal + + + align:start position:0% +transitions now what does centrifugal +Distortion do we know that the + + align:start position:0% +Distortion do we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +Distortion do we know that the +centrifugal Distortion will give rise + + align:start position:0% +centrifugal Distortion will give rise + + + align:start position:0% +centrifugal Distortion will give rise +will have a term like + + align:start position:0% +will have a term like + + + align:start position:0% +will have a term like +DJ J J + + + align:start position:0% +DJ J J + + + + align:start position:0% +DJ J J + +1 squared that's diatomic and that + + align:start position:0% +1 squared that's diatomic and that + + + align:start position:0% +1 squared that's diatomic and that +doesn't care about K and then it will + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about K and then it will + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about K and then it will +have a a d + + align:start position:0% +have a a d + + + align:start position:0% +have a a d +k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cas and that does give K splittings and + + align:start position:0% +Cas and that does give K splittings and + + + align:start position:0% +Cas and that does give K splittings and +then there's a cross term DJ K which is + + align:start position:0% +then there's a cross term DJ K which is + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a cross term DJ K which is +a JJ + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay + + align:start position:0% +one okay + + + align:start position:0% +one okay +squared and that will also give a little + + align:start position:0% +squared and that will also give a little + + + align:start position:0% +squared and that will also give a little +splitting + + align:start position:0% +splitting + + + align:start position:0% +splitting +so there is a little can be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so there is a little can be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so there is a little can be a little bit +of structure that appears in asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +of structure that appears in asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +of structure that appears in asymmetric +top in symmetric top Spectra that's + + align:start position:0% +top in symmetric top Spectra that's + + + align:start position:0% +top in symmetric top Spectra that's +arises from centrifical distortion + + align:start position:0% +arises from centrifical distortion + + + align:start position:0% +arises from centrifical distortion +but doesn't tell you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything you get B and the centrifical + + align:start position:0% +anything you get B and the centrifical + + + align:start position:0% +anything you get B and the centrifical +Distortion doesn't tell you anything + + align:start position:0% +Distortion doesn't tell you anything + + + align:start position:0% +Distortion doesn't tell you anything +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +a or + + align:start position:0% +a or + + + align:start position:0% +a or +C so you + + align:start position:0% +C so you + + + align:start position:0% +C so you +get from analysis of symmetric top + + align:start position:0% +get from analysis of symmetric top + + + align:start position:0% +get from analysis of symmetric top +Spectrum you get Spectra you get one + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum you get Spectra you get one + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum you get Spectra you get one +rotational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there's in the notes there's detailed + + align:start position:0% +um there's in the notes there's detailed + + + align:start position:0% +um there's in the notes there's detailed +discussion of NO2 and what I think would + + align:start position:0% +discussion of NO2 and what I think would + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of NO2 and what I think would +be a useful thing to do if I had more + + align:start position:0% +be a useful thing to do if I had more + + + align:start position:0% +be a useful thing to do if I had more +time in the lecture is to do everything + + align:start position:0% +time in the lecture is to do everything + + + align:start position:0% +time in the lecture is to do everything +I did for NO2 for a simple molecule like + + align:start position:0% +I did for NO2 for a simple molecule like + + + align:start position:0% +I did for NO2 for a simple molecule like +fahid so fahid has the + + align:start position:0% +fahid so fahid has the + + + align:start position:0% +fahid so fahid has the +structure like + + align:start position:0% +structure like + + + align:start position:0% +structure like +this it clearly has a dipole moment + + align:start position:0% +this it clearly has a dipole moment + + + align:start position:0% +this it clearly has a dipole moment +along it's not a symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +top it has a dipole moment along it so + + align:start position:0% +top it has a dipole moment along it so + + + align:start position:0% +top it has a dipole moment along it so +it's a it's a near prolet top and it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has a dipole moment along the a axis + + align:start position:0% +has a dipole moment along the a axis + + + align:start position:0% +has a dipole moment along the a axis +only um + + align:start position:0% +only um + + + align:start position:0% +only um +so that means that it will uh the the uh + + align:start position:0% +so that means that it will uh the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that it will uh the the uh +selection rule for KA and KC + + align:start position:0% +selection rule for KA and KC + + + align:start position:0% +selection rule for KA and KC +is even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +odd and uh so there will be transitions + + align:start position:0% +odd and uh so there will be transitions + + + align:start position:0% +odd and uh so there will be transitions +where Delta k + + align:start position:0% +where Delta k + + + align:start position:0% +where Delta k +a is even that's one selection + + align:start position:0% +a is even that's one selection + + + align:start position:0% +a is even that's one selection +rule um and that's uh that's too bad and + + align:start position:0% +rule um and that's uh that's too bad and + + + align:start position:0% +rule um and that's uh that's too bad and +Delta K C is + + align:start position:0% +Delta K C is + + + align:start position:0% +Delta K C is +odd and so uh you will have transitions + + align:start position:0% +odd and so uh you will have transitions + + + align:start position:0% +odd and so uh you will have transitions +within a + + align:start position:0% +within a + + + align:start position:0% +within a +manifold uh uh uh within a k + + align:start position:0% +manifold uh uh uh within a k + + + align:start position:0% +manifold uh uh uh within a k +manifold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um where the asymmetry component + + align:start position:0% +um where the asymmetry component + + + align:start position:0% +um where the asymmetry component +switches but because you can have Delta + + align:start position:0% +switches but because you can have Delta + + + align:start position:0% +switches but because you can have Delta +k a equals even there are going to be + + align:start position:0% +k a equals even there are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +k a equals even there are going to be +some Delta K AAL 2 + + align:start position:0% +some Delta K AAL 2 + + + align:start position:0% +some Delta K AAL 2 +transitions they be + + align:start position:0% +transitions they be + + + align:start position:0% +transitions they be +weak and so that will give you some + + align:start position:0% +weak and so that will give you some + + + align:start position:0% +weak and so that will give you some +information about + + align:start position:0% +information about + + + align:start position:0% +information about +uh the uh um the asymmetry parameter + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh um the asymmetry parameter + + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh um the asymmetry parameter +which is uh I'm sorry that will give you + + align:start position:0% +which is uh I'm sorry that will give you + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh I'm sorry that will give you +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +about the a inertial constant the + + align:start position:0% +about the a inertial constant the + + + align:start position:0% +about the a inertial constant the +transitions where you change the uh a + + align:start position:0% +transitions where you change the uh a + + + align:start position:0% +transitions where you change the uh a +symmetry component will give you + + align:start position:0% +symmetry component will give you + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry component will give you +something information about B minus C + + align:start position:0% +something information about B minus C + + + align:start position:0% +something information about B minus C +and the dominant transitions give you uh + + align:start position:0% +and the dominant transitions give you uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the dominant transitions give you uh +information about B bar which is + + align:start position:0% +information about B bar which is + + + align:start position:0% +information about B bar which is +b + C + + align:start position:0% +b + C + + + align:start position:0% +b + C +2 so you can get everything you need in + + align:start position:0% +2 so you can get everything you need in + + + align:start position:0% +2 so you can get everything you need in +order to get a B and + + align:start position:0% +order to get a B and + + + align:start position:0% +order to get a B and +C for + + align:start position:0% +C for + + + align:start position:0% +C for +felhide and then there's the issue is + + align:start position:0% +felhide and then there's the issue is + + + align:start position:0% +felhide and then there's the issue is +felhide planer or not and this is + + align:start position:0% +felhide planer or not and this is + + + align:start position:0% +felhide planer or not and this is +actually not a trivial issue because the + + align:start position:0% +actually not a trivial issue because the + + + align:start position:0% +actually not a trivial issue because the +excited state is not + + align:start position:0% +excited state is not + + + align:start position:0% +excited state is not +planer the excited state is uh is uh B + + align:start position:0% +planer the excited state is uh is uh B + + + align:start position:0% +planer the excited state is uh is uh B +uh but the barrier is very + + align:start position:0% +uh but the barrier is very + + + align:start position:0% +uh but the barrier is very +low and so with a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +low and so with a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +low and so with a little bit of +autoplane bending exitation it will + + align:start position:0% +autoplane bending exitation it will + + + align:start position:0% +autoplane bending exitation it will +start acting as if it were a planer + + align:start position:0% +start acting as if it were a planer + + + align:start position:0% +start acting as if it were a planer +molecule or at least it would acting as + + align:start position:0% +molecule or at least it would acting as + + + align:start position:0% +molecule or at least it would acting as +if it's a molecule that has a planer + + align:start position:0% +if it's a molecule that has a planer + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a molecule that has a planer +equilibrium geometry and so that brings + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium geometry and so that brings + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium geometry and so that brings +us to the last point that I want to + + align:start position:0% +us to the last point that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +us to the last point that I want to +touch on which is the uh inertial defect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you have a planer molecule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um these are the uh + + align:start position:0% +so um these are the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so um these are the uh +um so these are the inertial axes we + + align:start position:0% +um so these are the inertial axes we + + + align:start position:0% +um so these are the inertial axes we +have one axis out of the + + align:start position:0% +have one axis out of the + + + align:start position:0% +have one axis out of the +plane and and so suppose you have an + + align:start position:0% +plane and and so suppose you have an + + + align:start position:0% +plane and and so suppose you have an +atom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so uh what you want uh is to know + + align:start position:0% +here so uh what you want uh is to know + + + align:start position:0% +here so uh what you want uh is to know +the perpendicular distances from the + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular distances from the + + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular distances from the +Symmetry + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry +axis and + + align:start position:0% +axis and + + + align:start position:0% +axis and +so if you have two of those + + align:start position:0% +so if you have two of those + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have two of those +perpendicular distances then you know + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular distances then you know + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular distances then you know +that the square of this distance plus + + align:start position:0% +that the square of this distance plus + + + align:start position:0% +that the square of this distance plus +the square of that distance is equal to + + align:start position:0% +the square of that distance is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the square of that distance is equal to +the square of this difference + + align:start position:0% +the square of this difference + + + align:start position:0% +the square of this difference +distance and so for a planer molecule + + align:start position:0% +distance and so for a planer molecule + + + align:start position:0% +distance and so for a planer molecule +all of the + + align:start position:0% +all of the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the +atoms follow this Rule and so that means + + align:start position:0% +atoms follow this Rule and so that means + + + align:start position:0% +atoms follow this Rule and so that means +that uh 1/ a plus 1 / B is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that uh 1/ a plus 1 / B is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that uh 1/ a plus 1 / B is going to be +equal to 1 / + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 / +C that's the inertial defect or + + align:start position:0% +C that's the inertial defect or + + + align:start position:0% +C that's the inertial defect or +uh 1/ a plus 1 over B minus 1 / C is + + align:start position:0% +uh 1/ a plus 1 over B minus 1 / C is + + + align:start position:0% +uh 1/ a plus 1 over B minus 1 / C is +called the inertial defect and that + + align:start position:0% +called the inertial defect and that + + + align:start position:0% +called the inertial defect and that +should be nearly zero for a planer + + align:start position:0% +should be nearly zero for a planer + + + align:start position:0% +should be nearly zero for a planer +molecule but it won't be exactly zero + + align:start position:0% +molecule but it won't be exactly zero + + + align:start position:0% +molecule but it won't be exactly zero +because the molecules are not + + align:start position:0% +because the molecules are not + + + align:start position:0% +because the molecules are not +rigid now there's a lot of very + + align:start position:0% +rigid now there's a lot of very + + + align:start position:0% +rigid now there's a lot of very +beautiful stuff again by Watson about + + align:start position:0% +beautiful stuff again by Watson about + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful stuff again by Watson about +the meaning of inertial defects there's + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of inertial defects there's + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of inertial defects there's +one sign of inertial defect which is + + align:start position:0% +one sign of inertial defect which is + + + align:start position:0% +one sign of inertial defect which is +acceptable for a planer molecule and + + align:start position:0% +acceptable for a planer molecule and + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable for a planer molecule and +there's another sign which is not + + align:start position:0% +there's another sign which is not + + + align:start position:0% +there's another sign which is not +acceptable okay + + align:start position:0% +acceptable okay + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable okay +but if you have a planer molecule you + + align:start position:0% +but if you have a planer molecule you + + + align:start position:0% +but if you have a planer molecule you +only get two independent pieces of + + align:start position:0% +only get two independent pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +only get two independent pieces of +information not + + align:start position:0% +information not + + + align:start position:0% +information not +three and so maybe I should stop now um + + align:start position:0% +three and so maybe I should stop now um + + + align:start position:0% +three and so maybe I should stop now um +and so I hope that I've given a little + + align:start position:0% +and so I hope that I've given a little + + + align:start position:0% +and so I hope that I've given a little +bit of a sense of what are some of the + + align:start position:0% +bit of a sense of what are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a sense of what are some of the +non-standard things that go into + + align:start position:0% +non-standard things that go into + + + align:start position:0% +non-standard things that go into +rotational Spectra I'm not sure what the + + align:start position:0% +rotational Spectra I'm not sure what the + + + align:start position:0% +rotational Spectra I'm not sure what the +next topic is it's probably vibration of + + align:start position:0% +next topic is it's probably vibration of + + + align:start position:0% +next topic is it's probably vibration of +polyatomics and uh uh so all set thank + + align:start position:0% +polyatomics and uh uh so all set thank + + + align:start position:0% +polyatomics and uh uh so all set thank +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/iiYhQtGpRhc.txt b/iiYhQtGpRhc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8576c198a92c287d608446366b38710fabf9fc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/iiYhQtGpRhc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3329 @@ +HOFFMAN: Welcome everyone to 16.885. + +And I guess this is ESD.35 as well. + +I think. + +I cannot keep track of the number. + +Formally the title is Aircraft Systems Engineering. + +I never thought I would actually be teaching +a course with aircraft in the title of it + +since I am not an airplane person, I am a +space person. + +But, as you all know, we have decided to devote +the course this year to a study of the Space + +Shuttle. + +Very briefly, what the course has been historically, +it was taught for quite a few years by Professors + +Murman and Hansman in the Aero-Astro Department. + +It is a course in systems engineering devoted +to aircraft systems. + +And what they typically would do would be +to have a series of lectures about principles + +of systems engineering, and also about various +systems - general systems in aviation. + +And then, as a class assignment, the students +would work in teams and choose an aircraft + +and do a systems analysis study of that aircraft. + +Well, a couple of years ago we were just sort +of sitting down and chatting. + +And someone brought up the idea that well, +you know, the Space Shuttle kind of is like + +an airplane. + +Maybe it would be interesting to devote the +course one year to a special study of the + +Space Shuttle. + +And that was actually the origin of what we +are doing this year. + +Following that, Professor Aaron Cohen, who +is sitting over here, and I will introduce + +him in more detail in a minute, visited MIT, +I think it was early last year, and gave a + +few lectures on systems engineering and the +development of the Space Shuttle. + +And we started talking about putting together +a course on the shuttle. + +And we were very fortunate now that this fall +Professor Cohen is here as a visiting professor. + +And he will be here at MIT roughly about half +the time. + +And he and I have put this course together. + +And the way we are going to organize it is +that we're going to emphasize two main areas. + +First of all, to get to an understanding of +the Space Shuttle as a flying machine, as + +a spacecraft, and also to study systems engineering +as an engineering discipline. + +We have put together a list of speakers, and +I am going to pass out here copies of the + +syllabus. + +If you will pass these around. + +I have also established a stellar class website +and, once you are all enrolled in the course, + +you will all have access to the website. + +If any of you are here as listeners or for +some other reason don't get formally registered + +to get course access, contact me independently +and we can set you up for a special access + +so that you can look on the website. + +If you look through here you will see that +most of the class periods are devoted to guest + +lecturers. + +And, thanks in large part to Professor Cohen, +we have actually been able to invite people + +who played pivotal roles in the very early +stages of the design of the Space Shuttle. + +And also people who played pivotal roles in +the testing and eventual operation of the + +shuttle. + +So we have people who are active in the design +and also some people who were critical in + +Mission Control and in the test flights of +the shuttle. + +It is, I think, a really unique collection +of speakers. + +And because I don't think there has ever been +a time where this sort of a collection of + +people has actually come together to share +their experiences on the shuttle. + +And because we thought that it would have +historical significance, and people would + +be interested in being able to look at that +in the future, we are having the lecture series + +taped for eventual inclusion on MIT's OpenCourseWare. + +So that is why you see the television camera +in the back. + +No need for all of you to dress up for it, +but just so that you know. + +The way we plan to run the course is as follows. + +The lectures will run roughly about an hour, +we will take a little break at the end of + +an hour, and then there will be an opportunity +basically for close interaction between you + +in the class and the lecturer. + +It is kind of free form because we have lots +of different lectures. + +Of course, there will be some variability +in the way lecturers go about presenting the + +material. + +Professor Cohen and I will attempt to make +sure that, in each case, we do emphasize some + +of the basic systems engineering aspects of +the presentation. + +We want you to understand the principles of +how some of the different subsystems were + +designed, basically how they were influenced +by external requirements to make sure that + +we understand what the requirements were, +how the systems were constructed and tested, + +and how they were operated. + +What we will be asking from you in terms of +your deliverables, first of all, we would + +like you to take notes on the lectures. + +We will post the lecture notes on the website. + +If you look through the schedule that I have +given you here, you will see that I list the + +deliverables, and I am going to have to adjust +the timing on that. + +Two times in the course we will ask to see +the lecture journals. + +What we are looking for is to make sure that +we are presenting and that you are getting + +out of this the basic systems engineering +principles for each of the subsystems that + +are presented. + +And we will talk a little bit about journal +notes in the future. + +The main deliverable from you will be a little +bit different from in the normal Aircraft + +Systems Engineering course where groups of +students basically chose and airplane and + +then looked at the design of that particular +airplane. + +We are only dealing with one vehicle, the +shuttle, so what we will be asking you to + +do is choose one of the subsystems on the +shuttle. + +And, as you look through the notes, you see +we will have information presented on a lot + +of the different subsystems. + +I have a lot of material available, and I +will go over that a little bit later, both + +in digital form and in books which we will +have on reserve at the library which go into + +great detail on all the different subsystems. + +So we have lots of information, as well as +experts that you can talk with. + +We will ask you to form up into teams, roughly +four people on a team, more or less. + +Choose a subsystem. + +And then, basically, write a paper on how +you would design that subsystem, if you were + +doing it today, using 21st century technology. + +It gives you an opportunity to understand +the subsystem, as it was designed for the + +shuttle, and then to take a look at current +technology in that subsystem. + +I know there are some people here from Engineering +Systems, as well as from Aero-Astro. + +People may have some other ideas. + +If you have some ideas about writing about +systems from a systems engineering and integration + +point of view or any other particular personal +ideas of what you would like to do as a project + +which is slightly different from specifically +working with a subsystem, come see me and + +we will talk about it. + +The main thing is to make sure that you have +a chance to explore some aspect of the systems + +engineering of the shuttle in greater depth. + +That is all I am going to say right now. + +Go to the website. + +I will be posting more information because +I want to give as much time as possible to + +our two speakers. + +I, by the way, will be posting bios of all +the speakers on the website so you will be + +able to look ahead of time and get an idea +of who it is who will be speaking to us and + +what their roles were in the development or +testing or operation of the shuttle. + +So I would like to present now Professor Aaron +Cohen who was born in Texas and has had a + +very distinguished career at NASA. + +Just very briefly, he was the project manager, +I guess first in Apollo, he was the Command + +and Service Module Project Manager. + +And then he was the Project Manager for the +Space Shuttle and eventually became the Center + +Director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston. + +When he retired in the early `90s he took +a teaching position at Texas A&M in the Mechanical + +Engineering Department where he is now Professor +Emeritus. + +And we are extremely fortunate to have him +here co-teaching the course with me. + +So, Aaron, I will turn it over. + +COHEN: Thank you very much. + +And it is a pleasure to be here with you. + +I have a few things I would like to talk to +you about very briefly and then I will turn + +it over to our guest speaker today. + +I would like to let you know what you can +expect for the next several lectures. + +I am going to provide you with the overall +shuttle, how the shuttle works, the requirements + +of the shuttle, the design and the development +of the subsystems to a certain extent to give + +you an overall view of the shuttle so you +will have a background of information when + +you later start to hear the detailed lectures +of the subsystems in some degree. + +As you listen to these various technical lectures, +you should be prepared to figure out what + +system you are really interested in and what +system you would like to move forward with + +in your future talks. + +And so you will see that. + +So that is what I will do in the next two +lectures, Tuesday and Thursday. + +In trying to figure out how we start the course, +I went back in my memory to figure out a man + +who was there at the very beginning in Washington. + +And this man, Mr. + +Dale Myers, who is going to talk today, is +what you might say is a true aerospace engineer. + +He had a very distinguished career in both +industry and government, in aircraft and space. + +Dale, or Mr. + +Myers, who was Deputy Administrator at NASA +from October 1986 to 1989, and that was when + +President Regan called Dale Myers back to +be Deputy Administrator after the Challenger + +accident. + +Mr. + +Myers was Corporate Vice President of Rockwell +International, President of the North American + +Aircraft Group, where he was responsible for +the B1 and various military and commercial + +aircraft. + +In 1970 he has been an Associate with Rockwell +International and Vice President and Manager + +for the Apollo Command and Service Module. + +So he was Apollo and Shuttle. + +The key thing that Mr. + +Myers is going to talk to you about today, +he was the NASA Associate Administrator for + +Manned Space Flight in 1970 when the Space +Shuttle began. + +And Mr. + +Myers is going to talk to you about the beginning +of the Space Shuttle and how the external + +environment helped create or generate requirements +that really forced, you might say, the configuration + +of the shuttle. + +And I think it is very important for you to +understand that, because many times, when + +you get out and start to work, go to work, +the requirements become generated by external + +environments. + +So, without further ado, let me turn the speaker +over to Dale Myers to give you his lecture. + +MYERS: Well, thanks for the opportunity to +talk to you guys about a very interesting + +historical element. + +I was asked to talk about the origin of the +shuttle. + +And I was there in 1970. + +And I think once we get this thing working +where I can run the slides -- The joy of electronics. + +When I first went to work for North American +Aviation we used Marchant Calculators where + +you put in your numbers and pull a lever and +actually move it to the next position. + +And we did a lot of dynamic analysis. + +And it took weeks to do a total dynamic flight +analysis of an aircraft with a Marchant calculator. + +Now we have the wonders of the computer. + +The first airplane I worked on was a P51 Mustang, +a fighter in World War II, and that had some + +interesting system engineering issues in it, +too. + +They used the inlet, it had a liquid cooled +engine, and we had a radiator that was in + +a duct. + +And the air came through the radiator, cooled +the liquid and heated up the air that was + +then properly adjusted with a flap at the +back of the radiator that gave it thrust out + +of the heat that was involved coming through +the radiator. + +That is the reason why the Mustang is about +15 miles an hour faster than the German's + +ME 109. + +That is one of the prettiest pictures I have +ever seen of the shuttle. + +That is a picture of the additional photography +that they brought into the system after the + +Columbia accident, and this was used on this +last flight. + +The first time I had ever seen the rearview +of all the connections for the transfer of + +fuel from the tank into the shuttle, the connections +to the tank, the forward bipod where the foam + +was that came off on the Columbia accident, +just a terrific picture of all the tiles up + +under the wing that Aaron was so involved +with. + +But what I want to talk about, oh, here is +another one that is really a first for me. + +This is the mach 1 shock on the shuttle about +20,000 feet altitude, mach 1.1. + +That big envelope of condensation, not as +pretty as it looks on an F-18 or some really + +slick airplane, but it is there. + +I am going to talk about what happened leading +up to the shuttle. + +And it is interesting because it involves +the specific interests and personalities of + +the people who were involved. + +Jim Webb was the administrator of NASA from +1961 to 1968, and he was a terrific interactor + +with the rest of the administration and with +the President directly. + +And did a great job of administrating NASA +through the Apollo program up through 1968. + +It turned out in 1968 things were kind of +going sour for President Johnson. + +Webb's big tie was with President Johnson, +and he ended up leaving in 1968 after he suggested + +to President Johnson that he might want to +leave some time soon. + +I think he was thinking he was going to stay +through the Lunar landing, but Johnson said + +why don't you leave now? And I don't really +understand the interaction that was involved + +there, but Webb did not want to make future +plans. + +He really never paid much attention to the +work that was being done inside the system + +on new ideas, new things beyond Apollo. + +Of course, the Apollo was an immense program, +400,000 people. + +Well, 300,000 on the Apollo, another 100,000 +on other activities in NASA like the aeronautics + +program and the science programs. + +But Webb didn't want to talk about things +that were going to happen beyond that time + +period. + +In the meantime, in the back rooms a lot of +people were doing a lot of thinking about + +where does NASA go after the Apollo program? +Apollo at that time, that Webb was there, + +had planned to go through Apollo 20, I think. + +And so it was going to go on until 1973 or +so. + +And so I think Webb took the attitude that +we don't need to think about the future yet. + +Well, when he left in 1968, they brought in +a fellow named Tom Paine who had been at General + +Electric Company doing advanced planning for +General Electric, a very bright, very aggressively + +forward-thinking guy. + +A guy that I always felt never saw a future +plan he didn't like. + +And NASA was doing a fantastic amount of future +planning at that time because in the 1968 + +time period, we had just done the Apollo 7, +gotten it back into flight again. + +At the end of '68 we did the Apollo 8 which +went around the moon, and NASA could do no + +wrong at that time. + +They were just on a step. + +And with Tom coming in, in early '69, all +the work that was being done by NASA at that + +time, the idea was that the NASA programs +were going to continue to grow and that you + +could really begin to do some expansive thinking +about going out into space. + +There had been work going on since 1964 on +lifting bodies and on different configurations + +that people imagined could be used for traveling +in space and returning to the ground in a + +more sophisticated manner than coming down +on parachutes in the water. + +Water landings were extremely expensive, having +the whole Navy out there to support them, + +and so people were beginning to think about +land landing. + +And by 1969, enough pressure came on the administration +that Nixon appointed his Vice President, Spiro + +Agnew, to run a program reviewing the future +of NASA. + +And he got a really good group of people together. + +He got Bob Seamans, I am sure you all know. + +Tom Paine, the Administrator of NASA, Lee +DuBridge had been head of Caltech and was + +the Science Advisor to the President. + +They had a guy that was the head of the Atomic +Energy Commission and the Head of the Bureau + +of the Budget. + +They did about a six month study supported +by NASA. + +And NASA's dreams were that there should be +a space transportation system that would include + +the moon and finally Mars. + +And it started with a 30 foot diameter, 12 +man space station, two of them in earth orbit, + +possibly reaching 100 people in earth orbit. + +Another space station the same size around +the moon with 12 men. + +A lunar base. + +A nuclear stage to transfer resources from +earth orbit space stations to the lunar orbit + +space station. + +A two-stage fully recoverable shuttle with +100 to 150 flights a year because of this + +massive program that was being developed. + +A SkyLab with five visits by the Command Module. + +This, by the way, was a second SkyLab. + +SkyLab was in our program, and a second SkyLab +was under construction at that time in this + +time period. + +And, of course, to do all this, we would continue +the Saturn 1b and the Saturn V production. + +Those were the big rockets involved in the +Apollo program. + +And space tug to go to higher than low earth +orbit - to geosynchronous. + +And, as I mentioned, the nuclear stage. + +And a mars program by 1983. + +That was all presented to this group, and +they ended up setting up three different programs. + +One was this massive all-inclusive program. + +A second one was a program where the Space +Shuttle would be built and the plans to go + +to Mars. + +I never found the report so I don't know exactly +how to describe that. + +But, to go to mars, the NASA program said +you have to have a space station to first + +develop medical information about man's long +duration in space, in other words, how long + +a guy could last in space to go out to mars, +and it became a fuel transfer operation, where + +low earth orbit rendezvous and docking and +transfer of fuel would be made for a device + +to go onto mars. + +So, that second case, the one of build the +shuttle and go to mars was the one that Agnew + +and Paine recommended. + +Paine, in his mind, said there has got to +be a space station with that. + +And so he left in place the studies that NASA +had out with industry on building a space + +station. + +And NASA then started a program on a fully +recoverable two-stage shuttle. + +There have been a lot of studies on how to +do that, and we are going to get into some + +of the system dynamics that we were involved +in that program as we go along here. + +Meanwhile, the budget crashed. + +NASA had a budget of about $6 billion in 1968. + +And, by 1970, it was down to about $3.7 billion. + +Actually, at the same time, the Manned Space +Flight budget had gone from about $3 billion + +down to $1.7 billion. + +So it got hit even harder than the rest of +NASA during this time period. + +And the reasons, well, we were in the middle +of the Vietnam War, the budget deficit was + +going up dramatically, President Johnson who +started The Great Society program for the + +poor in the country, and that was a big load +on the budget. + +And Nixon just wasn't a big supporter of the +space program, and so the budget was going + +down. + +The question was is there going to be a human +space flight program at all? And that was + +a really big question because in a time period +about a year after this period, one of the + +senators put a bill before the senate to cancel +the shuttle. + +The Shuttle Phase B program was underway by +that time. + +We did studies. + +Phase A, a small amount of money to industry. + +Phase B was enough to get a definition to +where you could decide that you were ready + +to go into detailed design. + +And Phase CD was actually the design and development +and testing. + +So we were into Phase B on the shuttle at +that time. + +He brought forward to the senate let's cancel +the shuttle, and the vote was 50/50. + +So the Vice President had to go in and vote +to keep the Shuttle program going. + +That is how close to cancellation it was. + +Now, a really important guy in all this was +a guy named George Miller. + +He had been head of the Manned Space Flight +program. + +He had been the stimulus within NASA for this +broad systems study of going out to lunar + +bases and then to Mars. + +And he left in late 1969. + +He had done his job. + +He got man to the moon and home safely, and +he saw this cut in budgets going on. + +I don't know whether that really influenced +him to leave, but I think his general pattern + +had been that whatever he wanted to do, he +wanted to complete it successfully and then + +he would move on. + +And he did that with the Apollo program so +he moved on. + +George was a guy that really supported this +tremendous set of future dreams for NASA. + +Tom Paine left in late 1970. + +And the reason he left was he kept pushing +for a space station. + +And the people in the administration had kind +of seen the studies that had been done by + +this Space Task Group, where Agnew had said +let's do the Shuttle and then let's go to + +Mars. + +Paine, knowing in his few that you had to +have a space station to be able to go to Mars, + +kept pushing the 12 man space station that +would require a Saturn V for a launch so it + +was a big expense. + +And it was a program that really called for +NASA's budget to go up instead of down. + +He accepted the idea that it had been pushed +down to the $3.7 billion level, but he expected + +it to be $6 billion or $8 billion by 1974. + +And nobody in the administration was buying +that so he left in 1970. + +And I think he was sort of asked to leave. + +I don't know that for a fact, but all the +evidence would seem to be that he wasn't really + +making it with the administration. + +And I think this, by the way, turns out to +be kind of an important part here because + +when Tom Paine left there was kind of a bad +taste in the administration about NASA being + +too aggressive and wanting more and more big +programs. + +Paine left in 1970. + +George Low became the acting administrator, +and he became a very important part of the + +shuttle system background. + +His background, by the way, started way early +in NASA. + +And he had been the program manager for the +Command and Service Module for a period of + +time before he went up to NASA headquarters. + +And I guess, Aaron, you became the program +manager after George left. + +And +so I came in, in January of 1970. + +I had been in charge of the Command and Service +Module at Rockwell. + +And George Low asked me to come back. + +And I had worked so closely with George that +I felt kind of a commitment to help in that + +area. + +So I went back in 1970, Jim Fletcher came +in, in April of 1971, and we saw where we + +stood as far as the budget was concerned. + +So 1970, with this new cast of characters, +we kind of accepted the idea that we were + +in trouble to the place where we could lose +Manned Space Flight completely. + +And our real strategy had to be to get something +that would be important to the future of NASA + +with respect to the programs. + +And our view was the most important part of +the game was to build a shuttle that would + +reduce the cost of getting into orbit. + +And that was the whole idea of the shuttle. + +There was a general consensus that if you +had a shuttle that would be recoverable and + +reusable it would reduce the cost of the operations. + +As they used to say in those days, I think +I have it on another chart, you wouldn't think + +of flying from San Diego to Boston on an airplane +and then throwing away the airplane. + +Which was, of course, what we were doing with +the Ballistic systems. + +But we thought if we could get a low-cost +transportation system to a low earth orbit + +the rest of the systems would then follow +naturally. + +But, because of the budget picture and because +of where we stood with the shuttle in Phase + +B recognizing it was going to be an expensive +program, things started to fall out of the + +program. + +They cancelled the Apollo 18 and 19. + +I guess 20 had already been cancelled. + +And they cancelled Saturn 1b and the Saturn +V which were our big heavy lift capabilities. + +Cancelled the second SkyLab that was already +essentially complete. + +That is the one that is in the Smithsonian +Museum in Washington. + +Cancelled the Command and Service Modules. + +Cancelled the 30 foot diameter space stations. + +And that was a big hit against the group because +we were in phase B there getting ready to + +go into detailed design on a 30 foot diameter +space station. + +We didn't start the space tug, we didn't start +the nuclear stage and we cancelled the Mars + +program. + +No, excuse me, we deferred the Mars program. + +Industry went down from 400,000 people working +for all the NASA programs down to about 150,000. + +I have seen numbers lower than that. + +Now, concept for the shuttle, reusability +equals low-cost. + +That was fundamental. + +Everybody believed that. + +We had studies done by all sorts of outside +groups. + +IDA, the Aerospace Corporation and others +did studies that essentially agreed with us + +that there would be a terrific reduction in +the cost of getting stuff into orbit if we + +would build a recoverable vehicle. + +Now, it was clear that since the R&D already +T&E costs are higher, but you need a whole + +bunch of flights. + +If you had a few flights, the extra R&D on +the shuttle wouldn't pay off because you could + +build cheap Ballistic launch vehicles that +would pay off before the shuttle. + +So you need a lot of flights for a recoverable +vehicle to be economical. + +The lower the R&D the less flights needed +to be better than the Ballistic launch vehicles. + +And, if you got a lot of flights because the +flight costs are so low, then a two-stage + +fully recoverable system would be the right +way to go. + +That was our concepts of what we were dealing +with on the shuttle. + +There has been a lot of technology. + +I don't know how many of you know that the +early lifting-body was done by a guy named + +Burnelli. + +Not Bernoulli but Burnelli. + +Burnelli was in Long Island and he built the +first lifting-body. + +That is an airfoil section and that is a broad +piece of fuselage wide enough that the two + +engines could be involved in it. + +Big windows for transport. + +It was really quite an interesting beginning +of a cargo airplane in 1921. + +He built one of them and that was the end +of that, but there were a lot of other things + +going on. + +After Sputnik, the United States just kind +of went wild with ideas for a while and then + +settled down on having NASA put in place, +deciding that the military dinosaurs and mold + +programs wouldn't be done, that NASA would +take over that kind of activity. + +But we got some really interesting stuff going. + +HL-10 lifting-body. + +X-24A lifting-body. + +X-15, although that was not considered a space +device, by the time they put external tanks + +on it, it got up to mach 6 and 300,000 feet. + +Really some terrific performance out of that +airplane. + +And then I added the Navaho, which I worked +on for many years, because it had a parallel + +tank separation at mach 3. + +The booster was under the vehicle. + +The vehicle was a ramjet vehicle and it separated +at mach 3 at about 40,000 feet. + +It was a high dynamic pressure separation, +but it showed us that parallel separation + +would work. + +And that gets into this picture later. + +Next step was in that '69 to '71 time period +this guy named Max Faget who is really important, + +almost a genius in my mind in design that +did the original Mercury and Gemini capsules, + +physically designed the shape of the Apollo +Command Module and then came up with this + +first sort of practical view of a two-stage +fully recoverable system. + +It had straight wings like an X-15. + +In fact, if you looked at the plan form, it +looked quite a lot like an X-15. + +But it had two of them. + +It had pilots in each of the two stages. + +It had internal fuel. + +It had metal shingles, what I used to call +unobtanium, but it was like molybdenum and + +Rene 41 and some really interesting materials +which were really difficult to handle. + +Stress, corrosion problems and all kinds of +things that were tough to handle. + +That is why I talked about unobtanium or some +ablative. + +And Max expected to have to use ablative on +the leading edge of the wings. + +And it had varying payloads. + +The highest one I saw in any of the history +was 20,000 pounds. + +But 14,000, 20,000, that kind of thing. + +A payload bay of about 12x40 and 400 miles +max crossrange. + +This gets important in requirements. + +And, at that time, because we were going to +have all these space stations and go to the + +moon and all that sort of stuff, we were going +to have 100 to 150 flights a year. + +And, if you have a lot of flights, it overcomes +the base cost of the RDT&E. + +And he was getting down into the $5 million +a flight in his estimates. + +But, meanwhile, because we had lost the space +station, we had lost the lunar base, all this + +grand plan had disappeared, we needed more +payloads. + +We needed to get up to the 40 to 50 payloads +a year to be able to make the shuttle look + +economic at the levels of cost-effectiveness +that the Office of Management and Budget was + +demanding of us. + +After this vote in the senate, George Low +decided that we had to be responsive to the + +OMB so we had to get some more flights. + +And this is where our requirements began to +come into the picture. + +We spent about a year working with the military +where they finally agreed they would put all + +their payloads, and I mean all their payloads +on the shuttle if we could meet the cost estimates + +that we had. + +The commercial people were eager to get on +the shuttle if our costs would be this low + +because they were beginning to see launch +costs equal to or more than the cost of the + +satellites that we were putting up. + +And the science people bought into the idea +of space servicing. + +This really got important because they agreed +to design the Hubble Space Telescope so that + +it could be serviced in space. + +And that turned out to be, of course, the +key to the Hubble because of the mistake that + +was made in the mirror. + +The re-servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope, +is what - by bringing another optics in front + +of this distorted mirror - brought the Hubble +back to the fantastic performance that it + +has today. + +MAN: In your opinion, was the science community +really anxious to have this servicing or was + +it something that was really forced upon them +to increase the constituency? MYERS: I think + +originally they thought they were being forced. + +But, as they thought it through, they could +see that they could later change sensors and + +add additional stuff. + +At least I know that the head of the science +group, I cannot think of his name now, enthusiastically + +supported that and got the system out there +to support that idea. + +And they worked very closely with us on how +to design it so that you could get access + +to the thing in space. + +With all the difficulty we had with gloves +and so on, they worked to help us understand + +how to remove and replace systems. + +MAN: Was there at that time, if you recall, +an opposition from the space science community + +to the size of the NASA budget that was being +spent on the shuttle in the Manned program? + +MYERS: Oh, absolutely. + +Yeah, there was. + +But, on the other hand, some of the committees +like the town committee supported the shuttle + +because they could see other science opportunities +that were involved. + +So they didn't gang on us. + +They were shooting arrows at us here and there. + +And let me go on with the requirements. + +Because of the military requirements, we had +to change our specifications. + +And this became another one of the elements +that drove the final design. + +The military wanted a 60 foot long payload +bay. + +It had been 40 in the designs that we had +been doing so far. + +They wanted 40,000 pounds Polar, and that +made our due east payload up to about 65,000. + +That was a big change from 20,000 to 65,000. + +And they needed 1,500 crossrange. + +They wanted to be able to go around the earth, +while the earth turned, and land at the same + +spot. + +So they had to have 1,500 miles of crossrange. + +Now, you can do it a lot of different ways. + +You could carry turbojets when you came back +in and fly it back the 1,500 miles, or you + +could do it without turbojets which means +you have to have aerodynamic crossrange while + +you are coming in. + +Payload bay increased to 15x60. + +15 was an increase by NASA because they saw +that they didn't have a Saturn V anymore to + +do space station, so the best they could do +was increase the diameter of the shuttle to + +where they have a 15 foot diameter to where +they could carry the sections of the space + +station that we now have in the program. + +We thought anything less than that was just +too cramped for the guys. + +We decided that we would find a non-ablative +reusable thermal protection system. + +Technology had moved far enough by that time +that we were beginning to see these ceramic + +tiles develop to the place where they looked +feasible. + +They had been able to find a hardening for +the surface that made them less penetratable + +than they had been. + +And carbon-carbon came in that we could use +for the leading edge, for 3,000 degree leading-edge + +temperatures. + +We followed the tradition that said if it +is fully recoverable it is going to be cheaper + +so let's go for a two-stage fully recoverable +system. + +And, of course, all the other things that +we were developing at that time to reduce + +the cost of operations with automatic checkout +and so on. + +Well, that's a bad picture. + +I am not an expert at this stuff so I wasn't +able to get that slide down far enough to + +show where the Saturn V was, but Saturn V +is only about 50% longer than that upper stage + +there. + +So this thing had gotten big. + +And the booster was larger than a 747. + +It had to operate up to about mach 6. + +The orbiter was about the size of an MD-80, +MD-90, twin engine small transport. + +And so they were big. + +And these things had 12 big high-pressure +engines in them. + +And we in management, and I think the guys +in design, were getting pretty worried about + +whether an airplane that large at that mach +number was going to be a practical thing in + +terms of a system. + +And that's not a system engineering approach. + +That's sort of a gut feeling that you get +after being in the airplane business for a + +lot of years and watching the development +problems that were involved on the X-15, for + +example. + +How long it took the X-15 to get to where +it could go to mach 6. + +But that was the direction we were going in. + +By the way, one of the companies had the wings +on the orbiter turned up. + +I don't know why, but they had them turned +up. + +And by the way, the reason you see two different +configurations here is in our phase B studies + +to the industry we said design us one that +only has 400 miles crossrange and design us + +one that has 1,500 miles crossrange. + +The upper ones have 1,500 miles crossrange. + +And the delta wing will do that, the straight +wings won't. + +So, as we developed these requirements, it +became clear that we were not going to go + +with a straight wing system. + +These phase B studies that we had showed that +we were going to have a development cost of + +some place between $12 billion and $15 billion +for R&D. + +And about that time Nixon had a meeting with +Fletcher and said you can build any kind of + +shuttle you want, as long as it only costs +$5 billion. + +Well, that was a big shock to the system. + +And, having heard that, OMB said make it cost-effective. + +And that was a real tremendous driver in the +system because we had never been asked to + +do that before. + +And we had a whole new set of requirements +to try to deal with. + +So we had had this phase B program, it was +almost complete, we had all these big, beautiful + +configuration studies and we had to look again. + +So we went out and said let's get imaginative, +guys. + +Let's see if there is any way that we can +reduce the cost. + +There had been enough going on where one of +the companies had been looking at the possibility + +of putting external tanks like drop tanks +on the top of the wing on each side, two of + +them, one on each side of the orbiter. + +And it made the orbiter itself, of course, +much smaller. + +Remember, we were carrying hydrogen and oxygen, +and we were doing it inside the vehicles. + +It is in those studies you saw in phase B. + +And so it grew the outside dimensions tremendously. + +And by going externally with the fuels, it +really shrank down the system to where the + +diameter of a payload compartment was essentially +the diameter of the orbiter. + +And so people began to look at other ways +to do it. + +We had guys coming in talking about single-staged +orbit. + +And that was one that I rejected without study +because I knew that the mass fractions required + +for that were just out of the world of reality. + +There was a thing called a "trinese" where +the theory was you had three vehicles. + +They were deltas and fit together in a nice +little teepee. + +And two of them would be used for boosters +going up and the third one would go on into + +orbit. + +And that was kind of a dumb idea. + +Because it turns out boosters and orbiters +have entirely different requirements. + +And so they might look the same on paper but +they would not be the same when you build + +them. + +Lockheed came in with an X-24b which had tanks +mounted up forward of the delta wing. + +And the idea would be that they would peel +off after fuel was fed to the main engines + +in the orbiter itself. + +And then we began to see these external orbiter +tank studies. + +And when the tanks began to look good externally +then the question is do you boost from under + +the tank or do you boost with two boosters +parallel to the tank itself? When the tanks + +went external, it finally ended up obvious +that it would want one tank instead of two. + +So the one tank went underneath the orbiter. + +Then the question is do you boost through +the tank or do you boost in parallel to the + +tank with two attached boosters? + +So we had all these different studies. + +And what was happening in the administration +was they were kind of locked up with reducing + +Manned Space Flight budget down to like $1.5 +to $1.7 billion. + +And we needed to do this cost-effectiveness +study for OMB. + +We hired an outfit called Mathematica which +had a senior well-known economist named Morgenstern + +and a bright young guy named Klaus Heiss who +did a study for us on the cost-effectiveness + +of the shuttle. + +And, to make a very long story short, the +results were that the present configuration + +that we have for the shuttle today is the +one that looked the best. + +Present configuration being an orbiter with +a tank under it with the hydrogen and oxygen + +in that tank fed separately into the orbiter +and to the main engines which were so expensive + +that we wanted to recover them. + +And boosters being solid rockets attached +to the tank so that the total vehicle was + +a little shorter. + +Oh, an important point. + +At that time the solids were recoverable. + +Their wall thickness was enough that you could +use the solid rockets, drop them off by parachute + +into the ocean, pick them up, bring them back, +clean them out and use them again. + +And that was going to be a cost saving in +the program. + +And, by doing all this, we had liftoff thrust +augmentation of the engines in the orbiter. + +These engines, by the way, were 12,000 pounds +per square inch internal pressure engines + +stage combustion. + +The most advanced technology you could imagine. + +And they were started a year before the shuttle +was started to give them more time to develop. + +They almost became the long pole of the tent, +but I think maybe when it finally boiled down + +the thermal protection was the longest pole. + +He was down there trying to fix them. + +I think he was almost down there gluing them +on. + +Down at the Cape when we were getting ready +to launch, we were still having trouble getting + +the thermal protection system working right. + +Well, the result of all this, and there were +a lot of other things that happened at the + +time, in 1971, I don't remember when, the +Supersonic Transport was cancelled. + +And that was a big technology blow to this +country. + +In other words, there was a major program +that would have absorbed a lot of the high-tech + +engineers that were involved in the Apollo +program. + +And, I think, some of the administration thought +the Supersonic Transport is a better place + +to have our technology capability than would +be a shuttle. + +But Supersonic Transport was cancelled by +Boeing. + +And I think that probably helped the atmosphere +that was involved. + +But the other thing that happened is that +Congress and the administration finally got + +the idea that we really weren't going to build +a space station immediately. + +That we were just interested in getting the +shuttle started. + +And so we didn't have this massive budget +increase that Tom Paine kept wanting. + +And Fletcher kept working on trying to get +budgets spread so that it wouldn't be a major + +peak in budgets close in. + +And he did that by starting the main engine +early, starting the tanks late, starting with + +solids late and putting an obvious emphasis +on the orbiter itself. + +So that spread the budget out and helped a +lot in giving the administration the feeling + +that we weren't going to kill them with budget +requirements. + +So Nixon started the program January of 1972. + +George Low and Jim Fletcher went over and +had about a 40 minute talk with President + +Nixon, and he announced the same day we were +going to start building the shuttle. + +It was going to be a reusable orbiter, the +engines in the orbiter, reusable solid cases, + +an extendable fuel tank, 40 to 50 flights +a year, $10 million to $15 million a flight. + +Our internal calculations were more like $10 +million but we wanted to have some pad in + +it. + +And $5.2 billion, plus a 20% reserve for the +administrator for what we call unk-unks, unknown + +unknowns, things you get into trouble during +a development program where you need some + +more money to do some more testing. + +And Nixon agreed to that. + +The Bureau of the Budget was in the meeting +with him. + +And, as soon as Nixon left office, the Office +of Management Budget forgot the 20%. + +So then it was now $5.2 billion of 1970 dollars. + +To make it worse, the NASA Comptroller pressed, +I'm sure by OMB, didn't agree that we would + +use 1970 as the base. + +He took the $5.2 billion in 1972. + +We lost two years of inflation. + +Well, it may not sound like a lot to you but, +boy, it sounded like a lot to the guys working + +on the program because it was clear that we +were going to have a tough time meeting that + +budget. + +Here I am explaining to the press, I think +it was about two days after Nixon's announcement, + +one of the studies was to use the first stage +of the Saturn V, the S1C. + +This one apparently, I think this is the winged +version, because all the engines at their + +back center gradually all the way back here +some place. + +And we were using, in this design, using the +first stage of Saturn V boosting directly + +into the tank which was attached to the orbiter. + +This one was parallel. + +I guess that was liquids. + +They look like they have bigger diameter. + +And I didn't talk about that, but a lot of +people were pushing a pressure-fed liquid + +engine so that you'd be sure you had the capability +to cut them off. + +And the idea was that because they were pressure-fed +that the thickness of the walls was enough + +that they, too, could be recovered in the +ocean and brought back. + +And the final decision by the people that +were in the propulsion business in NASA was + +that the technology looked tough. + +It was new. + +We didn't have a background of pressure-fed +boosters. + +And the solids, as we will get to later, looked +like they were a better deal. + +So the design issues, as I saw them as the +head of Manned Space Flight, were that the + +delta wing was required for crossrange. + +External tanks were much lighter, the system +got to be about half the weight because of + +all the reduction in external configuration +when you took all the fuel out and put it + +separately in the tank. + +Thermal insulation, we bought off on the ceramic +tile, the carbon-carbon and fiber blankets, + +the same as we have today, solid or liquid +boosters. + +The solids looked more reliable at that time. + +There had been a history of solids on many +of the large military boosters, and they looked + +better. + +And, at that time, I thought we were going +to have a way to terminate the thrust of the + +solids. + +Engine location and type started on the ground +for safer, better performance and the stage + +combustion for better performance. + +We had, under our study, retractable turbojets. + +Once you got into the atmosphere, you would +pop these turbojets out and flew home. + +And we decided we couldn't handle it. + +Thank God we had had all this lifting body +experience where the guys that landed these + +very low elevatory devices. + +Actually, the orbiter had a little better +elevatory than some of the HL-10s and X-24s, + +so we dropped the turbojets out of the system. + +Series versus parallel boosters, series was +heavier and had less performance with a lot + +more bending loads in the system. + +When we go up, we go max Q. + +And with crosswinds we get big loads on that +wing. + +And so this turned out to be a heavier way +to do it. + +Well, a little more on solids versus liquids. + +I always like to tell this story about solids +could be shipped by rail. + +I can say it another way. + +The diameter of the solids was set by rail +shipment. + +And there is a story which I am sure some +of you have heard that the rails of the American + +rails were set first by the British who brought +the British rail system to the United States. + +The British rail system was set by the width +of the wheels on the carts that they used + +to have. + +And the cart's width was set by the Roman +chariots that used to be on the roads because + +they made grooves in the tiles. + +So that set the diameter of the shuttle. + +And the Roman chariot's wheel width was set +by two horses in front of them. + +So there are some who say that the diameter +of the shuttle rocket engines was designed + +by two horses' asses. + +Those were the guys that wanted to use liquid. + +They can be shipped by rail. + +They had a better reliability record at the +time. + +Solids could be recovered. + +Industry studied pressure fed to recover them, +too, but we didn't buy that. + +The designers thought they could turn off +the solids but later found out they couldn't + +turn them off uniformly and that the thrust +variance that would be involved between the + +two would be totally beyond the capability +of the vehicle to sustain it. + +So we dropped it. + +Thermal insulation, we talked about it. + +They were all new developments that had been +experimentally tested, they looked like they + +were going to work, but we had a lot of work +to do. + +And the ceramic tiles really turned out to +be one of the toughest new technologies that + +we got into. + +High-pressure stage combustion engine, we +knew that was a big new development. + +And so, as I said, that was started early. + +And design crew escape, well, the idea was +we were going to be able to terminate the + +thrust on the rocket engines. + +And we looked at these rockets to pull away +the cabin, we looked at all that stuff, and + +none of them had a broad application. + +You had the question of safety. + +If you took it off at the launch site, if +you took the whole front end off the vehicle + +at the launch site, it had big questions of +the reliability of the system. + +We went through a lot of studies to try to +find a way to capture the crew in case of + +a problem and never found a system that fit +into the program. + +So we ended up with crew escape only with +a complete structure. + +And that, of course, was the problem in Challenger. + +We ended up wrecking the structure to where +we did not have a recovery capability, but + +we put in a system where if the vehicle were +complete and structurally sound and was gliding + +the guys could get out. + +But that was the only escape system that we +had. + +I wanted to touch operation costs a little +bit. + +We had built enormous confidence from the +Apollo program. + +In spite of the Apollo 13 problem, the rest +of the vehicles had worked beautifully. + +I used to say that every flight always had +man in the loop some place during the flight + +that was important to the success of the program. + +Many times it was a minor thing. + +Like when Apollo 12 got struck by lightning +when it was launched, the guys were able to + +reconfigure switches to get the power back +on, get everything back to normal and had + +a nice flight to the moon and hit a few golf +balls. + +Every flight had man involved, but every flight +was a tremendous success, except Apollo 13. + +And, at the time, we were dealing here in +the 1970 time period. + +Well, April of 1970 was when we launched Apollo +13. + +Anyway, we had tremendous confidence. + +And we thought we had tremendous support from +the industry and we thought we had tremendous + +support from the public, but we still were +concerned about the operational costs so we + +hired American Airlines, for one, to work +with us on what the costs would be and how + +would you design the system to give you the +least operational costs? The military, because + +they were committing to put their payloads +on the shuttle, had studies done by the Aerospace + +Corporation about the operation costs. + +There was a study done by IDA, Institute of +Defense Analysis. + +All three of them agreed that we were going +to have tremendous reductions in the cost + +of operations. + +They didn't quite come down to the same levels +that NASA had estimated but they were close. + +It was kind of interesting that we all thought +it could be done. + +We all thought there could be be enormous +reductions in the cost of operations with + +the shuttle. + +We thought we had enough space-based hardware +that we could do quick turnarounds and handle + +it more like an airplane. + +But NASA and these groups didn't really properly +account for the costs associated with post-flight + +maintenance, the rocket engine. + +When IDA and Aerospace did the studies, we +told them the rocket engine was going to be + +reusable for at least 20 flights. + +Well, it turned out it wasn't. + +And it was such an enormous new development +that in the early flights of the shuttle it + +took a lot of time and a lot of effort to +replace engines and refurbish engines. + +Assuring the safety of flight in a hostile +environment, and space is hostile, and we + +are dealing here with what amounts to a short +amount of R&D development testing when you + +get into these flights. + +Difficult cutting-edge technologies. + +The engine in the thermal program, the tiles +worked but they often got chips outs of the + +tiles so we had to replace tiles between flights. + +And this is fail operation, fail operation, +fail safe. + +The airplanes have fail operation, fail safe. + +They took the attitude that if you had three +computers that was plenty, and if one went + +bad during a checkout you launched anyway. + +You don't know that but that is what is happening +to you on commercial airplanes today. + +We went one more. + +We went fail operation, fail operation, fail +safe. + +We have four computers in the shuttle, but +we cannot fly without all four in perfect + +condition. + +So those things add cost when you do that. + +And then cost tradeoffs between R&D and operations, +people have argued with me many times that + +our decision to put the tank externally was +a bad deal. + +It turns out that it was certainly a bad deal +on Columbia. + +The foam on that tank came off and hit the +carbon-carbon leading-edge of the wing and + +broke a hole in it and caused thermal excesses +in the re-entry. + +So you could argue, yeah, we should have had +a two-stage fully recoverable system. + +But +those were the cost tradeoffs that were involved + +in getting a system that would be accepted +and bought off on by the administration. + +I want to talk a little bit about operation +costs. + +That has been the big miss that we made in +this program. + +As I said, cost of operations never got down +to what it should have been. + +Well, it never got down there for a couple +of reasons. + +We were never able to get up to a flight rate +that would favor a reusable vehicle. + +I think we got up to 26 flights in one year, +but most of them were down around eight or + +ten. + +And so we weren't up far enough to offset +the cost of the research and development costs + +to get the operational costs down low. + +But I have an interesting little summary. + +It is not an exact thing at all but it gives +you a little feeling for what I have seen + +out in this program. + +In 1970, the $10 million flight price was +based on the same accounting system that we + +used for the Apollo. + +Now, when you go down to Cape Canaveral we +had a lot of other things going on besides + +Apollo. + +And so we had the common support activities +like the medical department and the mail system + +and all that sort of stuff as a common separate +accounting. + +And all the costs for the Apollo were those +that we called hands-on, things associated + +with buying parts, bringing in spares, putting +on spares, checking out the vehicle and launching + +it. + +So we had two different pieces of money involved +in the Apollo program, and one of them never + +even was charged to the Apollo program. + +So we used that same system, it seemed logical +to go ahead with the same accounting system + +for the shuttle as we did for the Apollo. + +Well, it turned out that these separate items +were a pretty big chunk of money. + +And I have assumed that it was about $400 +million a year. + +I am not sure that is right, but I wanted +to do it just to give you an idea of what + +happens with inflation. + +Remember we said we would do this job using +1970 dollars and we said that the costs would + +be $10 million of 1970 dollars? With $400 +million in overhead and inflation, according + +to the Consumer's Price Index, which I looked +up on Google, by the way, they have a nice + +little calculator for inflation, 40 flights +a year, no overhead, in other words, like + +Apollo, a $10 million price in 1970 would +be $23 million by first flight and would be + +$50 million now. + +Same 40 flights but including overhead would +make the flight cost $20 million in 1970, + +$45 million in 1981 and $101 million per flight +for 40 flights in 2005. + +A huge increased price because of the inflation +that occurred in the 1980 to 1982 time period. + +Eight flights per year, including overhead, +runs it up to $60 million in 1970 dollars. + +And eight flights per year is sort of what +we have been running here recently. + +$135 million at time of first flight and $302 +million a flight in 2005. + +Now, the cost per flight on the shuttle, I +don't know. + +I know that it is up in that $400 million +or $500 million price. + +I use this only to give you kind of a rough +feeling that, although we missed operational + +costs badly, we didn't really just be totally +out of the ballpark on them. + +Shuttle performance is great. + +The shuttle has done everything it was designed +to do, and probably a few more things we didn't + +think of at the time. + +It has put military devices in orbit, commercial +devices in orbit, scientific payloads all + +to LEO with solids we brought along, and it +has taken stuff to GEO, geosynchronous orbits. + +It has retrieved and replaced satellites. + +It has retrieved satellites and brought them +down to the ground and repaired them and brought + +them back into orbit. + +It has repaired satellites in orbit and it +has launched elements to the space station. + +In the 1980s, the shuttle had only 4% of all +the launches in the country but carried 41% + +of the mass launched. + +Shuttle R&D was well within what Nixon and +Fletcher agreed to, $5.2 billion plus 20% + +in 1970 dollars. + +And I mean quite a lot of it. + +Probably the 20%, only about 5% to 10% of +that was actually used. + +In that sense, they overran what the OMB said +we were to develop it for where they didn't + +give us the 20% reserve. + +We overran it by 5% or 10%. + +Missed two key design issues. + +Call them system engineering issues. + +Cold O rings in the Challenger. + +We had O rings in that vehicle which when +they were cold they lost their flexibility. + +And when they were cold in a design that was +opened a little bit when the pressure came + +on internally, that was a disaster waiting +to happen. + +So that was a bad design of the way the O +rings were designed into the vehicle. + +The second one is the foam shedding. + +We knew that we were going to have ice and/or +foam on that tank, and we really pressed the + +industry to make sure that that foam was going +to stay on. + +We had foam enough that we didn't get a lot +of icing, but we had foam that had to stay + +on. + +Because we know that as it shed, we didn't +think so much of the carbon-carbon as the + +tiles, these brittle tiles that we had on +the bottom of the shuttle. + +So foam shedding was known to be a problem +all the way through this arm of the development + +but just has not been able to solved. + +And after the Columbia accident, the Martin +company, I assume, worked for two years trying + +to make that foam stick better. + +And it did stick better but pieces still came +off. + +So the fleet has been grounded and they got +to get that fixed. + +And, of course, we missed the operational +cost. + +Two-stage reusable vehicle would have missed +worse, I am sure of that, because of the size + +of that first-stage booster and the mach numbers +it had to go to. + +I guess I have concluded that spacecraft are +not like airplanes. + +Every flight is a structural dive demonstration. + +You know, you develop an airplane and you +fly it many times before you fly it to the + +corner of a VG diagram. + +And I can only think of one exception. + +A guy named Weese Welch, one of the greatest +test pilots North America every had flew the + +first flight of the F-86 which is the fancy +new jet that we brought in just before the + +Korean War. + +And, on his first flight, it flew so well +that he took it into a little dive and the + +mach meter went up to one. + +And, actually, the ground data showed that +he probably went to 1.04. + +Some say they heard a sonic boom. + +I am not sure of that. + +But that was about a month before the X1 went +supersonic. + +In those days, test pilots were kind of innovative +and they did things that they were told not + +to do. + +And he did it. + +But every flight is a structural dive demonstration. + +We go right up to max Q every time we fly. + +We go through wind shears and take it up to +high Gs. + +We go to high Gs on the way up, we go to high +Gs on the way down, we go max thermal every + +flight. + +So we are dealing with a tough set of activities +when we do this. + +No reusable space system ever gets the millions +of hours of stressed operation that airplanes + +get. + +Once an airplane gets through development, +it starts getting millions of hours of test + +data or information where if you have a problem +you fix it. + +And you just don't get that in these systems. + +The space system has decades of evolutionary +model development. + +In other words, the airplane business has +been so dramatically economical that you could + +build new airplanes every ten years or so. + +And each new airplane took advantage of all +the things known from the past airplane and + +designed into it. + +As I said, every reusable system is exposed +to enormous environmental variations every + +time. + +Thermal, vibration, pressure, mach number, +all these things happen every time. + +And so I look at the shuttle as being an amazing +piece of machinery which is done extremely + +well in what I consider a continuing R&D environment. + +We just don't have yet an operational system. + +So my view of the next program, keep it simple. + +It has sort of been a prime view that I have +had of design every since I have been in the + +airplane business. + +Don't stretch the technology. + +Use really good margins of safety because +we are dealing here with, as I said, maximum + +conditions on every flight. + +You better play it safe. + +Keep it small. + +Carry as few passengers as possible. + +Carry people or cargo but not both. + +Keep the requirements to a minimum. + +Use as many past components and systems as +have been proven to be reliable. + +Design for operations, very important. + +Easy access. + +One man can replace a black box. + +You don't have to run a big pickup machine +to take something out of it. + +And keep the design reserved while you are +designing it so that when operational issues + +come up you can design for the operational +issue and keep reducing the cost of operations. + +I don't know what all that means. + +I think it means that if we had it to do over +again it would have been great to be able + +to contain the requirements within NASA, probably +build a much smaller system that you could + +get many more test flights at lower cost, +but we didn't have that opportunity, as you + +now know. + +So we have the shuttle disappearing into the +distance. + +Decision has been made that the shuttle be +phased out in 2010. + +And it is going to be a tough issue because +now the shuttle is down in between flights + +because we lost foam on the last flight. + +They grounded the fleet until we can figure +out what to do about that foam problem. + +And then Hurricane Katrina knocked off the +top of the VAB, which isn't a big deal, but + +it really messed up some of the tank facilities +and tank access. + +And people's lives have been affected with +losses of homes. + +So there is a whole bunch of new issues involved +in the shuttle that I read in the paper this + +morning which may mean another delay in the +next launch of the shuttle. + +And that means a compression of the time between +now and 2010 when they are trying to use the + +shuttle to meet the commitments that we have +with the Europeans and the Japanese about + +putting pieces of the space station up into +space. + +An interesting new problem for the shuttle. + +OK? [APPLAUSE] HOFFMAN: Let's take a +one-minute stretch break. + +Stand up if you'd like, turn around in a few +circles, and then we will have a half an hour + +for some questions, answers and general comments. + +The external environment, the background, +what went into the design of the shuttle. + +And I think what Dale alluded to at the end +is very much to the point, and we will be + +talking about this with the people when they +talk about the individual systems. + +In terms of the actual performance, which +we have gotten out of the shuttle, despite + +the fact that we have had two catastrophic +accidents which, by the way, involved not + +only the design of the shuttle but the way +we operated the shuttle. + +And that is an important thing that we will +spend time talking about. + +Had we not made the decision to launch Challenger +on that cold day, who knows what would have + +happened? And, similarly, we accepted the +fact that foam was continually falling off + +of the tank, even though that was incompatible +with the design specifications on the thermal + +insulation for the shuttle. + +So we had basically two parts of the shuttle +system and we had design incompatibilities, + +but we chose to keep on flying. + +But, as a whole, the shuttle has been remarkably +successful from a technical point of view + +in terms of what we have been able to do in +near earth space, has been I think, compared + +to what you could do working out of an Apollo +capsule, was absolutely phenomenal. + +And, in fact, I think in terms of near earth +operations, the shuttle will be sorely missed + +when we retire it and there will be a lot +of capabilities that we will be giving up. + +But, on the other hand, where we really got +it wrong, by orders of magnitude, was in the + +cost and reusability of the shuttle. + +Now, perhaps that goes back to the requirements +because, again, we were trying to do an awful + +lot of things for the very first time and, +yet, we were being told by the Office of Management + +and Budget that you said it had to be cost-effective. + +I mean, in a sense, NASA was being asked to +operate the shuttle almost as a commercial + +enterprise and to make money on it. + +This is like you build a test vehicle for +the first time and you are being asked, at + +the same time, to operate it at a profit. + +And, as you know, one of the systems engineering +principles is you have this triangle. + +I am sure you have all seen this. + +Performance, cost, schedule, you have all +seen the triangle, right? And you cannot specify + +all three. + +They are not all independent parameters. + +If you specify the performance and then you're +limiting the cost, you cannot control the + +schedule. + +Anyway, all three of those we, in a sense, +got specified when we accepted the requirements + +to build the shuttle. + +And something has to give. + +And, in the end, it was the schedule and the +cost. + +And we will have more to say about this in +the next couple of lectures, but now let's + +take advantage of the last 20 minutes and +give you a chance to ask some questions about + +the content of the lecture. + +And Dale can try to answer them. + +I will say, by the way, in terms of the schedule +of the class, when this was given as an aircraft + +systems course, there were two lectures of +an hour and a half and then there was a laboratory + +period scheduled on Wednesdays. + +And the idea, I think, was that by scheduling +a lab everybody would have one period of time + +at the same time so that it would make it +easier for you to work as teams on your project. + +Because we have so many people coming from +out of town, I thought that it would be better + +to make sure that they have full time to interact +with you. + +And so we didn't schedule a laboratory period +for this course. + +Instead, we have two two-hour lectures. + +And I am assuming that all of you, once you +form teams, will be able to work out some + +times when you can get together. + +The only other thing I will mention, if you +look ahead for Tuesday, September the 20th, + +that is the first deliverable regarding your +term project. + +And all we want you to do there is just to +think about what subsystem you might be interested + +in studying and write a paragraph about what +you think you might want to do with it. + +And what we will do is we will be taking a +spiral approach to this project. + +So, if you look ahead, you will see there +are various times when we ask for preliminary + +results. + +And then we will work with you, give you guidance +in how to deepen that so that then you can + +go back. + +And the next time you hand something in it +will be at a deeper level until the end when + +you're finished with the project. + +OK, let's move into the question and answer +period. + +And there has been a lot of material presented. + +And this is your chance to ask the guy who +was here when it all happened. + +Dale, why don't you take center stage now? +MAN: Thanks so much for coming. + +I was kind of intrigued by your talking about +the different phases of development. + +You called it phase A, phase B and C/D. + +And I was kind of wondering when, in those +phases, you kind of developed the high-level + +requirements, when you developed kind of low-level +requirements, how much industry was involved + +in different levels? What percent was industry +engineers and what percent was NASA engineers + +in those studies? And I was just wondering +if you could expand on that. + +MYERS: Yeah. + +Good question. + +The theory is that you do phase A as conceptual +activity and, when you have gotten your requirements + +nailed down, you then do a phase B. + +And that's what we thought we had done. + +It turned out that +military requirements came in after phase + +B had been started, so we actually had to +change the contracts with the industry to + +take into consideration those military requirements. + +And they were a big change to the requirements. + +So, in that sense, we had some inefficiency +in phase B. + +And it was after we began to get the results +of phase B that we realized we didn't have + +a system that was going to meet the requirements. + +So, instead of canceling phase B, we finished +the phase B because we needed that basic understanding + +of all of the systems and all of the elements +that made up the system. + +We finished phase B but we started some additional +phase As, conceptual activities to try to + +find a solution. + +And I don't remember how we worked from the +recognition of the new configuration back + +into the phase B guys. + +Oh, we had a phase B extension to bring that +new configuration. + +NASA's decision that we would go to an external +tank. + +We modified the phase B studies again with +an extension that allowed the industry then + +to catch up with what was going on. + +And, by the time we finished that phase B +extension, we all the requirements in place, + +we had all of the design understood well enough +to start phase C/D. + +I think it is pretty amazing that a device +that was going to do what we wanted to do + +with the shuttle, go into orbit, come back +in and land, the configuration really stayed + +the same from that point on. + +It is just amazing that we did that well, +I think, in definition so that when we really + +started the C and D phase, which is the detailed +design, things stayed in place. + +And that meant all the aerodynamic work that +had been done which was, by the way, the most + +aerodynamic work, most wind tunnel testing +ever done on a new system, I think, logically + +because we were working through the mach number +range. + +And all of the other elemental testing that +had gone on all allowed us to keep the configuration + +identical from that point. + +MAN: I know there has been a lot of talk, +but it seems obvious now in hindsight that + +the capsule, or the orbiter or what have you +should be on the top of the launcher to clear + +it from the debris from the fuel tank or what +else. + +What I'm wondering is at the time in the early +stages, was there ever any talk about safety + +issues in putting the orbiter so low on the +hull on the side? MYERS: Yeah, there was a + +lot of talk with Martin about foam shedding +at that time. + +And, during the initial decision process for +putting it on the side, we had done studies + +of stacking it in series. + +And it was a weight problem. + +It was literally an issue of the structural +weight of the orbiter mounted vertically because + +of the terrific loads that you get separately +on that system. + +And so we recognized that the side mounted +tank was going to be a much more economical + +system. + +So we had to worry about ice and foam. + +And so we had a lot of discussion with Martin +Company at that time. + +I think we did a lot of work down at Marshall, +too. + +COHEN: That's a very good question. + +In fact, I will try to develop some of that +thought process as we go along. + +The key point to make is the following. + +Should we have challenged the requirements? +Making the orbiter so big with the payload + +base so big, it was very difficult to put +that on top. + +If you made it smaller you could. + +The real question, I think, and I was going +to ask Dale this question which is a follow-up + +to yours, should NASA, once OMB and the White +House gave a cost constraint and once we had + +the change in the Air Force requirements, +should NASA had said no, we don't want to + +do it? And that is really a very fundamental +issue in terms of understanding your requirements, + +because the requirements drove the 14-day +turnaround time, the fact that you wanted + +large payloads, you wanted to get to the payloads, +put the orbiter where it was. + +The fact that you needed a high-performance +engine and a lot of payload in orbit said + +that you needed a liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen +engine to get the highest specific impulse + +to get the engine at highest performance. + +All that added together, the thermal protection +system was basically a glass house which was + +incompatible with material coming off the +tank. + +So there was some, you might say, incompatibilities +and requirements. + +And the question is should we have challenged +those requirements more strongly? That's really + +the fundamental question. + +I don't think we should of. + +But let me ask Dale because it would say what +you would have done with the orbiter. + +MYERS: I did. + +I challenged the requirements inside NASA. + +I never challenged it with the military, but +I challenged it inside NASA with George Low + +and with Jim Fletcher. + +And their conclusion was that we would not +have a Manned Space Flight program if we challenged + +the military requirements. + +And then the rest of it followed. + +HOFFMAN: But your question is a very, very +pertinent question. + +MYERS: Yeah, it sure is. + +HOFFMAN: It is a very key question in today's +environment. + +Of course, you are infinitely smarter after +it happens, but your point is very well taken. + +MAN: Do we have better systems engineering +tools now than we did in the `70s? And so, + +if you used today's tools to design the shuttle +then it would be better? MYERS: I think. + +Well, of course. + +MAN: Would you have avoided cost overrun and +so on? MYERS: System engineering is better, + +yes. + +Cost estimation, I'm not so sure. + +We had the best guys in the country doing +cost estimations on the shuttle, but we missed + +it probably as much as anything else by just +not having those people understand the complexities + +of operating in space. + +And I think a lot more is known generally +now about the cost of operating in space. + +I think that the next try at a reduction in +cost for getting into space will be a much + +more significant activity, but I consider +cost estimation a part of system engineering. + +A lot of it is much better, some of it is +not, I think. + +COHEN: Well, just to follow-up a little bit. + +When we designed the orbiter, we didn't have +CAD/CAM systems. + +If you look in the aft end of the orbiter, +it is sort of like the hardest thing you have + +ever seen because we didn't have a computer-aided +design. + +If we had had that, we probably would have +done a much easier job in the aft end of the + +orbiter and in the mid fuselage and in the +cockpit. + +That is systems engineering. + +You today have much more valuable tools than +we had during the Apollo program and during + +the Shuttle program, but there still is a +lot of education you need in systems engineering. + +And I think Dr. + +Hoffman explained the famous triangle, cost, +schedule and performance. + +And that is a continued work in systems engineering. + +MYERS: And I always think of systems engineering +as the people who work across the system with + +everybody in a real communication system. + +And it is that kind of communication that +does good system engineering. + +Tools are not. + +OK? Anything else? MAN: Could you talk a little +bit about the Astronaut Office and what they + +thought during these conversations? Were they +in favor of the recoverable fully piloted + +booster and what were their input on the risk +conversations? MYERS: Yeah. + +They were aware of it. + +We kept in touch all the way through the development +program, including the decisions not to have + +a launch abort system. + +And they all recognized there was risk in +the program, no question about it. + +Aaron, you were there. + +What about it? HOFFMAN: Well, you said it +right. + +I think that's right. + +They were part of the design and development +team and the requirements team, so they were + +very much in favor of it. + +Of course the big issue, which we will talk +more about, is escape systems. + +And we will go into that a little bit. + +Why don't we have an escape system? And I'm +sure when Chris Kraft comes you can ask him + +a lot of questions about that. + +I'm sure he will have a lot to say about it, +but a lot of us will talk about that. + +I think the astronauts were very much a part +of the design, the development, the requirements + +in this phase of the program. + +So they were very much a part of it. + +MYERS: They weren't too much in favor of an +automatic landing system. + +HOFFMAN: That's right. + +MAN: That was my next question. + +MAN: [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] When does it +appear clearly that the Space Shuttle was + +not a low-cost access to space, or was it +already too late to change the program or + +requirements? MYERS: I think the problem was +that we never got up to flight rate. + +There were payloads waiting for us but we +never got to flight rate. + +And, if we had gotten to a higher flight rate, +operational costs would have been lower. + +Not enough lower because, no matter what we +would do, we never would have met our original + +estimates on operational costs. + +But, as you saw by that inflation story that +I had, costs today would be enormously higher + +than that $10 million estimate that we had +in 1970 just because of inflation. + +But we never got flight rate so we didn't +ever get to the lower cost. + +And, in the early days, I wasn't there, but +it appears to me there was a lot of pressure + +to get that flight rate up so that the cost +per flight would come down. + +And that pressure got to be instilled into +the people at NASA and the industry to where + +the decision made on that cold day in January, +or whatever it was, on the Challenger. + +Even though there was evidence that those +O links had leaked in previous flights, the + +decision was made to launch. + +Now, that is a management policy issue associated +with trying to reduce the cost of flight. + +And so that was a bad decision. + +Anything else? HOFFMAN: I will say one other +thing on cost per flight. + +You have to realize when you're dealing with +a reusable system it is hard to specify exactly + +what you even mean by the cost of the flight. + +You can take the total amount of money you +spend on the shuttle program every year and + +divide that by the number of flights. + +Well, this year we only had one flight which +came to a pretty high cost. + +And last year the cost was infinite. + +On the other hand, you can look at what is +the cost of flying six flights a year versus + +what is the cost of flying seven flights a +year. + +And that is what you would call in economics +the incremental cost of a flight. + +Also, you have to realize that in the cost +of the flight there are an awful lot of things + +that are wrapped up. + +Not just the cost of the shuttle itself but +all of the mission operations, the flight + +planning that has to be carried out. + +There was one flight, a space lab flight I +think back in the `80s where they launched + +the space lab mission, it was supposed to +be a two-week mission, but they had fuel cell + +problem so they had to come back after four +days. + +And, in order to give the scientists the opportunity +to get their flight data, they rescheduled + +the flight for a few months later. + +So they had the same crew, they had the same +flight plan so they didn't have all of the + +expenses, the paperwork expenses, the training, +all of the re-planning and the experiments + +were the same. + +It was the least expensive flight that we +possibly could have run. + +And, at the time, the estimates were that +that actually cost NASA probably about $120 + +million. + +That was kind of the barebones estimate of +the incremental cost of a shuttle flight. + +And then it can go from there all the way +up to billions of dollars if you just take + +one flight a year like we have this year. + +COHEN: Well, the other thought, too, I remember +going up to see Dale Myers when he was Associate + +Administrator for Manned Space Flight and +I was the Orbiter Project Manager. + +As he pointed out, we had four computers. + +The original thought is if one computer went +out on the ground we would lift off with three + +computers. + +And that's what we talked about. + +Well, of course, that never happened. + +I mean, not only that, we have five computers +now. + +We actually have a fifth computer which is +a backup computer. + +So things change, environments change, and +we were going to do very routine payloads. + +We were going to take it up, launch a payload +and come back down, just very routine payloads. + +Almost every payload today is different. + +And it does take that large amount of infrastructure +to get that. + +MYERS: One of the cost elements in our cost-effectiveness +study was a reduction in the cost of scientific + +payloads because we were going to have sort +of a boilerplate bus. + +A heavy, rugged bus that had power and communications. + +And the scientists would bring their experiments +to this bus, put it on this standard vehicle, + +take it into orbit, launch or keep it, depending +on what the experiment was, then bring it + +back. + +And we were going to have this standard bus +that was going to be one of the big improvements + +in cost of the science payloads. + +So we showed a reduction in the cost of scientific +activity in our cost-effectiveness studies. + +That never happened. + +The science guys never could accept the idea +of an independent bus. + +HOFFMAN: We could go on talking for a long +time, but it is the end of the class. + +Let's thank Dale Myers again. + +[APPLAUSE] MYERS: Thank you. + +I enjoyed it. + +HOFFMAN: So send me your bios and have a good +weekend and see you next Tuesday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jOPA3XY-V3U.txt b/jOPA3XY-V3U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0fdda23dcc70132ce7fdea64d58dff7d8bba0be --- /dev/null +++ b/jOPA3XY-V3U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1827 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now that we've seen how to describe a + + align:start position:0% +now that we've seen how to describe a + + + align:start position:0% +now that we've seen how to describe a +rotating vector we can use that to + + align:start position:0% +rotating vector we can use that to + + + align:start position:0% +rotating vector we can use that to +analyze the motion of our gyroscope so + + align:start position:0% +analyze the motion of our gyroscope so + + + align:start position:0% +analyze the motion of our gyroscope so +again I'll draw a side view of my pivot + + align:start position:0% +again I'll draw a side view of my pivot + + + align:start position:0% +again I'll draw a side view of my pivot +my rod here's the wheel I'll call this + + align:start position:0% +my rod here's the wheel I'll call this + + + align:start position:0% +my rod here's the wheel I'll call this +point s that's a distance D and we'll + + align:start position:0% +point s that's a distance D and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +point s that's a distance D and we'll +assume that the angular velocity is in + + align:start position:0% +assume that the angular velocity is in + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the angular velocity is in +that direction so that the spin angular + + align:start position:0% +that direction so that the spin angular + + + align:start position:0% +that direction so that the spin angular +velocity vector is pointing outwards in + + align:start position:0% +velocity vector is pointing outwards in + + + align:start position:0% +velocity vector is pointing outwards in +the plus R hat direction + + align:start position:0% +the plus R hat direction + + + align:start position:0% +the plus R hat direction +that's the K hat direction and theta hat + + align:start position:0% +that's the K hat direction and theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +that's the K hat direction and theta hat +is into the screen now again the weight + + align:start position:0% +is into the screen now again the weight + + + align:start position:0% +is into the screen now again the weight +is acting downwards at the center fast + + align:start position:0% +is acting downwards at the center fast + + + align:start position:0% +is acting downwards at the center fast +at the wheel there's a normal force + + align:start position:0% +at the wheel there's a normal force + + + align:start position:0% +at the wheel there's a normal force +acting upwards so the spin angular + + align:start position:0% +acting upwards so the spin angular + + + align:start position:0% +acting upwards so the spin angular +momentum with respect to point s is just + + align:start position:0% +momentum with respect to point s is just + + + align:start position:0% +momentum with respect to point s is just +equal to the moment of inertia of the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the moment of inertia of the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the moment of inertia of the +disc about its center of mass times the + + align:start position:0% +disc about its center of mass times the + + + align:start position:0% +disc about its center of mass times the +angular speed of the spin and that's + + align:start position:0% +angular speed of the spin and that's + + + align:start position:0% +angular speed of the spin and that's +directed in the plus R hat direction and + + align:start position:0% +directed in the plus R hat direction and + + + align:start position:0% +directed in the plus R hat direction and +this is the angular momentum with + + align:start position:0% +this is the angular momentum with + + + align:start position:0% +this is the angular momentum with +respect to point s now the torque with + + align:start position:0% +respect to point s now the torque with + + + align:start position:0% +respect to point s now the torque with +respect to point s again it's R cross F + + align:start position:0% +respect to point s again it's R cross F + + + align:start position:0% +respect to point s again it's R cross F +relative to point s that's going to be M + + align:start position:0% +relative to point s that's going to be M + + + align:start position:0% +relative to point s that's going to be M +G D in the plus theta hat direction and + + align:start position:0% +G D in the plus theta hat direction and + + + align:start position:0% +G D in the plus theta hat direction and +for a fast Omega of Omega is a large + + align:start position:0% +for a fast Omega of Omega is a large + + + align:start position:0% +for a fast Omega of Omega is a large +angular speed and therefore if the + + align:start position:0% +angular speed and therefore if the + + + align:start position:0% +angular speed and therefore if the +angular momentum vector is a large + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector is a large + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector is a large +vector then the torque which acts + + align:start position:0% +vector then the torque which acts + + + align:start position:0% +vector then the torque which acts +perpendicular to the angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the angular momentum +will cause the angular momentum vector + + align:start position:0% +will cause the angular momentum vector + + + align:start position:0% +will cause the angular momentum vector +to rotate and so as a rotating vector we + + align:start position:0% +to rotate and so as a rotating vector we + + + align:start position:0% +to rotate and so as a rotating vector we +can write that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the magnitude of the time derivative of + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of the time derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of the time derivative of +that rotating vector is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +that rotating vector is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +that rotating vector is equal to the +angular velocity of the rotation times + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity of the rotation times + + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity of the rotation times +the length of that vector okay so the + + align:start position:0% +the length of that vector okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +the length of that vector okay so the +angular and this is LS and so the length + + align:start position:0% +angular and this is LS and so the length + + + align:start position:0% +angular and this is LS and so the length +of that vector is just I times and Omega + + align:start position:0% +of that vector is just I times and Omega + + + align:start position:0% +of that vector is just I times and Omega +and then we multiply that by capital + + align:start position:0% +and then we multiply that by capital + + + align:start position:0% +and then we multiply that by capital +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +okay now this quantity here DL DT is the + + align:start position:0% +okay now this quantity here DL DT is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this quantity here DL DT is the +torque so that's the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +torque so that's the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +torque so that's the magnitude of the +torque but the torque we said is equal + + align:start position:0% +torque but the torque we said is equal + + + align:start position:0% +torque but the torque we said is equal +to mg D in the theta hat direction and + + align:start position:0% +to mg D in the theta hat direction and + + + align:start position:0% +to mg D in the theta hat direction and +so the torque and G D is equal to I + + align:start position:0% +so the torque and G D is equal to I + + + align:start position:0% +so the torque and G D is equal to I +little Omega times big Omega so I can + + align:start position:0% +little Omega times big Omega so I can + + + align:start position:0% +little Omega times big Omega so I can +solve for big Omega and big Omega which + + align:start position:0% +solve for big Omega and big Omega which + + + align:start position:0% +solve for big Omega and big Omega which +is the angular speed of rotation of the + + align:start position:0% +is the angular speed of rotation of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the angular speed of rotation of the +angular momentum vector is M G D divided + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector is M G D divided + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector is M G D divided +by the moment of inertia I times little + + align:start position:0% +by the moment of inertia I times little + + + align:start position:0% +by the moment of inertia I times little +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +now recall little Omega is the angular + + align:start position:0% +now recall little Omega is the angular + + + align:start position:0% +now recall little Omega is the angular +velocity angular speed of the spin of + + align:start position:0% +velocity angular speed of the spin of + + + align:start position:0% +velocity angular speed of the spin of +the disk with a wheel capital Omega is + + align:start position:0% +the disk with a wheel capital Omega is + + + align:start position:0% +the disk with a wheel capital Omega is +the angular speed of the rotation of the + + align:start position:0% +the angular speed of the rotation of the + + + align:start position:0% +the angular speed of the rotation of the +angular momentum vector it basically + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector it basically + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector it basically +tells us the speed at which the center + + align:start position:0% +tells us the speed at which the center + + + align:start position:0% +tells us the speed at which the center +of mass of the wheel orbits around the + + align:start position:0% +of mass of the wheel orbits around the + + + align:start position:0% +of mass of the wheel orbits around the +vertical axis through the pivot we call + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis through the pivot we call + + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis through the pivot we call +capital Omega the processional angular + + align:start position:0% +capital Omega the processional angular + + + align:start position:0% +capital Omega the processional angular +velocity so the processional angular + + align:start position:0% +velocity so the processional angular + + + align:start position:0% +velocity so the processional angular +velocity is capital Omega and notice + + align:start position:0% +velocity is capital Omega and notice + + + align:start position:0% +velocity is capital Omega and notice +that the faster little Omega is + + align:start position:0% +that the faster little Omega is + + + align:start position:0% +that the faster little Omega is +Omega is the slower the precession + + align:start position:0% +Omega is the slower the precession + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is the slower the precession +angular velocity is now this expression + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity is now this expression + + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity is now this expression +tells us what the magnitude of capital + + align:start position:0% +tells us what the magnitude of capital + + + align:start position:0% +tells us what the magnitude of capital +Omega is what the what the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +Omega is what the what the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is what the what the magnitude of +that processional angular velocity is + + align:start position:0% +that processional angular velocity is + + + align:start position:0% +that processional angular velocity is +but it doesn't tell us which way the + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't tell us which way the + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't tell us which way the +system is processing whether say viewed + + align:start position:0% +system is processing whether say viewed + + + align:start position:0% +system is processing whether say viewed +from the top the motion is clockwise or + + align:start position:0% +from the top the motion is clockwise or + + + align:start position:0% +from the top the motion is clockwise or +counterclockwise or equivalently which + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise or equivalently which + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise or equivalently which +way the vector capital Omega is pointed + + align:start position:0% +way the vector capital Omega is pointed + + + align:start position:0% +way the vector capital Omega is pointed +we know it must point along the vertical + + align:start position:0% +we know it must point along the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +we know it must point along the vertical +axis but dissapoint upwards in the plus + + align:start position:0% +axis but dissapoint upwards in the plus + + + align:start position:0% +axis but dissapoint upwards in the plus +K hat direction or downwards in the + + align:start position:0% +K hat direction or downwards in the + + + align:start position:0% +K hat direction or downwards in the +minus K hat direction to see that we + + align:start position:0% +minus K hat direction to see that we + + + align:start position:0% +minus K hat direction to see that we +need to look at which way the angular + + align:start position:0% +need to look at which way the angular + + + align:start position:0% +need to look at which way the angular +momentum vector is rotating and there + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector is rotating and there + + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector is rotating and there +are two possibilities so let's again go + + align:start position:0% +are two possibilities so let's again go + + + align:start position:0% +are two possibilities so let's again go +to a top view of our dire scope + + align:start position:0% +to a top view of our dire scope + + + align:start position:0% +to a top view of our dire scope +so suppose here's the pivot point and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's my gyroscope and the way I'm + + align:start position:0% +here's my gyroscope and the way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here's my gyroscope and the way I'm +drawing things is that our hat is this + + align:start position:0% +drawing things is that our hat is this + + + align:start position:0% +drawing things is that our hat is this +way this is a top view so theta hat is + + align:start position:0% +way this is a top view so theta hat is + + + align:start position:0% +way this is a top view so theta hat is +that way and K hat is out of the screen + + align:start position:0% +that way and K hat is out of the screen + + + align:start position:0% +that way and K hat is out of the screen +so in the example that I did earlier the + + align:start position:0% +so in the example that I did earlier the + + + align:start position:0% +so in the example that I did earlier the +angular momentum was pointing in the + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum was pointing in the + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum was pointing in the +plus R hat direction okay so that's LS + + align:start position:0% +plus R hat direction okay so that's LS + + + align:start position:0% +plus R hat direction okay so that's LS +pointing that way if the torque is + + align:start position:0% +pointing that way if the torque is + + + align:start position:0% +pointing that way if the torque is +pointing in the theta hat direction then + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the theta hat direction then + + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the theta hat direction then +that's going to act to rotate the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to act to rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to act to rotate the +angular momentum vector this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so the sense of rotation will + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the sense of rotation will + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the sense of rotation will +be like that it's in that case looking + + align:start position:0% +be like that it's in that case looking + + + align:start position:0% +be like that it's in that case looking +down on the system we would see a + + align:start position:0% +down on the system we would see a + + + align:start position:0% +down on the system we would see a +counterclockwise rotation and that's + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise rotation and that's + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise rotation and that's +equivalent to a Omega vector pointing in + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to a Omega vector pointing in + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to a Omega vector pointing in +the plus K hat direction + + align:start position:0% +the plus K hat direction + + + align:start position:0% +the plus K hat direction +alternatively suppose the wheel were + + align:start position:0% +alternatively suppose the wheel were + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively suppose the wheel were +spinning in the other direction okay so + + align:start position:0% +spinning in the other direction okay so + + + align:start position:0% +spinning in the other direction okay so +the sense of rotation of this wheel + + align:start position:0% +the sense of rotation of this wheel + + + align:start position:0% +the sense of rotation of this wheel +around the axle were in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +around the axle were in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +around the axle were in the opposite +direction in that case even when the + + align:start position:0% +direction in that case even when the + + + align:start position:0% +direction in that case even when the +wheel was on this side of the pivot + + align:start position:0% +wheel was on this side of the pivot + + + align:start position:0% +wheel was on this side of the pivot +again this is a top view the angular + + align:start position:0% +again this is a top view the angular + + + align:start position:0% +again this is a top view the angular +momentum vector would be pointing in the + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector would be pointing in the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector would be pointing in the +opposite direction so now this is my + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction so now this is my + + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction so now this is my +angular momentum vector it's pointing in + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector it's pointing in + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector it's pointing in +the opposite direction that the axle was + + align:start position:0% +the opposite direction that the axle was + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite direction that the axle was +pointing still along a line but in the + + align:start position:0% +pointing still along a line but in the + + + align:start position:0% +pointing still along a line but in the +minus R hat direction but the torque + + align:start position:0% +minus R hat direction but the torque + + + align:start position:0% +minus R hat direction but the torque +would still be in the theta hat + + align:start position:0% +would still be in the theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +would still be in the theta hat +direction and so my new angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +direction and so my new angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +direction and so my new angular momentum +vector would rotate this way which would + + align:start position:0% +vector would rotate this way which would + + + align:start position:0% +vector would rotate this way which would +be equivalent to the axle rotating in + + align:start position:0% +be equivalent to the axle rotating in + + + align:start position:0% +be equivalent to the axle rotating in +this direction and that's equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +this direction and that's equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +this direction and that's equivalent to +rotation in the opposite sense clockwise + + align:start position:0% +rotation in the opposite sense clockwise + + + align:start position:0% +rotation in the opposite sense clockwise +as viewed downward from the top or in + + align:start position:0% +as viewed downward from the top or in + + + align:start position:0% +as viewed downward from the top or in +other words with capital Omega vector + + align:start position:0% +other words with capital Omega vector + + + align:start position:0% +other words with capital Omega vector +pointing in the minus K hat direction so + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the minus K hat direction so + + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the minus K hat direction so +the direction of precession depends upon + + align:start position:0% +the direction of precession depends upon + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of precession depends upon +which way the wheels spinning which way + + align:start position:0% +which way the wheels spinning which way + + + align:start position:0% +which way the wheels spinning which way +the spin angular momentum vector is + + align:start position:0% +the spin angular momentum vector is + + + align:start position:0% +the spin angular momentum vector is +actually pointing now I just have to + + align:start position:0% +actually pointing now I just have to + + + align:start position:0% +actually pointing now I just have to +point out that there's an approximation + + align:start position:0% +point out that there's an approximation + + + align:start position:0% +point out that there's an approximation +that we've been making here I've alluded + + align:start position:0% +that we've been making here I've alluded + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been making here I've alluded +to it but I want to make it very + + align:start position:0% +to it but I want to make it very + + + align:start position:0% +to it but I want to make it very +specific right now we are been assuming + + align:start position:0% +specific right now we are been assuming + + + align:start position:0% +specific right now we are been assuming +that the spin angular momentum vector L + + align:start position:0% +that the spin angular momentum vector L + + + align:start position:0% +that the spin angular momentum vector L +is large enough that the torque vector + + align:start position:0% +is large enough that the torque vector + + + align:start position:0% +is large enough that the torque vector +which is perpendicular provides only a + + align:start position:0% +which is perpendicular provides only a + + + align:start position:0% +which is perpendicular provides only a +small angular impulse that rotates L + + align:start position:0% +small angular impulse that rotates L + + + align:start position:0% +small angular impulse that rotates L +without changing it in length okay now + + align:start position:0% +without changing it in length okay now + + + align:start position:0% +without changing it in length okay now +as L rotates the direction of art' hat + + align:start position:0% +as L rotates the direction of art' hat + + + align:start position:0% +as L rotates the direction of art' hat +and the direction of theta rotate with + + align:start position:0% +and the direction of theta rotate with + + + align:start position:0% +and the direction of theta rotate with +it and the torque is always in the theta + + align:start position:0% +it and the torque is always in the theta + + + align:start position:0% +it and the torque is always in the theta +hat direction + + align:start position:0% +hat direction + + + align:start position:0% +hat direction +so after any small delta T when the + + align:start position:0% +so after any small delta T when the + + + align:start position:0% +so after any small delta T when the +angular momentum vector rotates the + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector rotates the + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum vector rotates the +instantaneous torque of that + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous torque of that + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous torque of that +next instant is still perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +next instant is still perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +next instant is still perpendicular to +the rotating angler momentum vector and + + align:start position:0% +the rotating angler momentum vector and + + + align:start position:0% +the rotating angler momentum vector and +so we are making an approximation that L + + align:start position:0% +so we are making an approximation that L + + + align:start position:0% +so we are making an approximation that L +is large enough that we can consider the + + align:start position:0% +is large enough that we can consider the + + + align:start position:0% +is large enough that we can consider the +instantaneous angular impulse as a small + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous angular impulse as a small + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous angular impulse as a small +perpendicular perturbation that's + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular perturbation that's + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular perturbation that's +equivalent it turns out to saying that + + align:start position:0% +equivalent it turns out to saying that + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent it turns out to saying that +so this is the approximation that we're + + align:start position:0% +so this is the approximation that we're + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the approximation that we're +making that we've been making so far in + + align:start position:0% +making that we've been making so far in + + + align:start position:0% +making that we've been making so far in +this lecture is that little Omega the + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is that little Omega the + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is that little Omega the +spin angular velocity is much much + + align:start position:0% +spin angular velocity is much much + + + align:start position:0% +spin angular velocity is much much +larger than capital Omega the precession + + align:start position:0% +larger than capital Omega the precession + + + align:start position:0% +larger than capital Omega the precession +angular velocity okay this is called the + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity okay this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +angular velocity okay this is called the +gyroscopic approximation + + align:start position:0% +gyroscopic approximation + + + align:start position:0% +gyroscopic approximation +we'll see a more precise statement of it + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a more precise statement of it + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a more precise statement of it +later on but it's basically equivalent + + align:start position:0% +later on but it's basically equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +later on but it's basically equivalent +to saying that the spin angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +to saying that the spin angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +to saying that the spin angular momentum +vector is so large that we can consider + + align:start position:0% +vector is so large that we can consider + + + align:start position:0% +vector is so large that we can consider +the angular impulse due to the torque as + + align:start position:0% +the angular impulse due to the torque as + + + align:start position:0% +the angular impulse due to the torque as +causing a pure rotation of the vector + + align:start position:0% +causing a pure rotation of the vector + + + align:start position:0% +causing a pure rotation of the vector +without any change in its length it's + + align:start position:0% +without any change in its length it's + + + align:start position:0% +without any change in its length it's +important to keep in mind that a vector + + align:start position:0% +important to keep in mind that a vector + + + align:start position:0% +important to keep in mind that a vector +can include both a rotating component + + align:start position:0% +can include both a rotating component + + + align:start position:0% +can include both a rotating component +and a constant component and in that + + align:start position:0% +and a constant component and in that + + + align:start position:0% +and a constant component and in that +case it's important to identify what the + + align:start position:0% +case it's important to identify what the + + + align:start position:0% +case it's important to identify what the +rotating component is in order to use + + align:start position:0% +rotating component is in order to use + + + align:start position:0% +rotating component is in order to use +the analysis that we presented earlier + + align:start position:0% +the analysis that we presented earlier + + + align:start position:0% +the analysis that we presented earlier +so for example let's consider the case + + align:start position:0% +so for example let's consider the case + + + align:start position:0% +so for example let's consider the case +of a tilted gyroscope instead of one + + align:start position:0% +of a tilted gyroscope instead of one + + + align:start position:0% +of a tilted gyroscope instead of one +that's horizontal and parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +that's horizontal and parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's horizontal and parallel to the +ground so here's my pivot point that's + + align:start position:0% +ground so here's my pivot point that's + + + align:start position:0% +ground so here's my pivot point that's +the vertical and instead of a horizontal + + align:start position:0% +the vertical and instead of a horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +the vertical and instead of a horizontal +gyroscope now I'll draw my gyroscope at + + align:start position:0% +gyroscope now I'll draw my gyroscope at + + + align:start position:0% +gyroscope now I'll draw my gyroscope at +some angle like this here's my wheel + + align:start position:0% +some angle like this here's my wheel + + + align:start position:0% +some angle like this here's my wheel +I'll call that angle with the vertical + + align:start position:0% +I'll call that angle with the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call that angle with the vertical +fee this distance is still D and I'll + + align:start position:0% +fee this distance is still D and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +fee this distance is still D and I'll +use the usual coordinate system that our + + align:start position:0% +use the usual coordinate system that our + + + align:start position:0% +use the usual coordinate system that our +hat is pointing outward this way K hat + + align:start position:0% +hat is pointing outward this way K hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat is pointing outward this way K hat +is pointing vertically + + align:start position:0% +is pointing vertically + + + align:start position:0% +is pointing vertically +and theta hat is pointing into the + + align:start position:0% +and theta hat is pointing into the + + + align:start position:0% +and theta hat is pointing into the +screen now in this case the gyroscope + + align:start position:0% +screen now in this case the gyroscope + + + align:start position:0% +screen now in this case the gyroscope +will still process around the vertical + + align:start position:0% +will still process around the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +will still process around the vertical +axis to the pivot point and the angle + + align:start position:0% +axis to the pivot point and the angle + + + align:start position:0% +axis to the pivot point and the angle +fee will remain constant now the angular + + align:start position:0% +fee will remain constant now the angular + + + align:start position:0% +fee will remain constant now the angular +momentum vector due to spin points now + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector due to spin points now + + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector due to spin points now +not in the r hat direction but again + + align:start position:0% +not in the r hat direction but again + + + align:start position:0% +not in the r hat direction but again +outward along the axis of rotation and + + align:start position:0% +outward along the axis of rotation and + + + align:start position:0% +outward along the axis of rotation and +that angular momentum vector can be + + align:start position:0% +that angular momentum vector can be + + + align:start position:0% +that angular momentum vector can be +decomposed into two components an r hat + + align:start position:0% +decomposed into two components an r hat + + + align:start position:0% +decomposed into two components an r hat +component and a k hat component so in + + align:start position:0% +component and a k hat component so in + + + align:start position:0% +component and a k hat component so in +other words my angular momentum vector + + align:start position:0% +other words my angular momentum vector + + + align:start position:0% +other words my angular momentum vector +can be written as the sum of a vector + + align:start position:0% +can be written as the sum of a vector + + + align:start position:0% +can be written as the sum of a vector +pointing along the z axis or the K hat + + align:start position:0% +pointing along the z axis or the K hat + + + align:start position:0% +pointing along the z axis or the K hat +direction plus a vector pointing in the + + align:start position:0% +direction plus a vector pointing in the + + + align:start position:0% +direction plus a vector pointing in the +radial direction I can also write that + + align:start position:0% +radial direction I can also write that + + + align:start position:0% +radial direction I can also write that +as L sub Z times K hat plus L sub R + + align:start position:0% +as L sub Z times K hat plus L sub R + + + align:start position:0% +as L sub Z times K hat plus L sub R +times R hat now notice as this gyroscope + + align:start position:0% +times R hat now notice as this gyroscope + + + align:start position:0% +times R hat now notice as this gyroscope +processes around the z hat component is + + align:start position:0% +processes around the z hat component is + + + align:start position:0% +processes around the z hat component is +constant but the R hat component rotates + + align:start position:0% +constant but the R hat component rotates + + + align:start position:0% +constant but the R hat component rotates +around okay so the R hat component they + + align:start position:0% +around okay so the R hat component they + + + align:start position:0% +around okay so the R hat component they +are the the vector along the R hat + + align:start position:0% +are the the vector along the R hat + + + align:start position:0% +are the the vector along the R hat +direction is a purely rotating vector + + align:start position:0% +direction is a purely rotating vector + + + align:start position:0% +direction is a purely rotating vector +whereas the z component is a constant + + align:start position:0% +whereas the z component is a constant + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the z component is a constant +vector + + align:start position:0% +vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector +okay so LZ is constant and LR + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is rotating and so now the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +is rotating and so now the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +is rotating and so now the magnitude of +DL DT which is equal to the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +DL DT which is equal to the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +DL DT which is equal to the magnitude of +DL z dt plus dl r DT well dl z dt since + + align:start position:0% +DL z dt plus dl r DT well dl z dt since + + + align:start position:0% +DL z dt plus dl r DT well dl z dt since +that's a constant vector it's just 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the time derivative just involves the + + align:start position:0% +so the time derivative just involves the + + + align:start position:0% +so the time derivative just involves the +r component and so that's equal to the + + align:start position:0% +r component and so that's equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +r component and so that's equal to the +angular speed of rotation times the + + align:start position:0% +angular speed of rotation times the + + + align:start position:0% +angular speed of rotation times the +length of the rotating vector which is + + align:start position:0% +length of the rotating vector which is + + + align:start position:0% +length of the rotating vector which is +just the r component not the z component + + align:start position:0% +just the r component not the z component + + + align:start position:0% +just the r component not the z component +so this is multiplied by L sub R now in + + align:start position:0% +so this is multiplied by L sub R now in + + + align:start position:0% +so this is multiplied by L sub R now in +this particular case the r component of + + align:start position:0% +this particular case the r component of + + + align:start position:0% +this particular case the r component of +the angular momentum vector is LD a + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum vector is LD a + + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum vector is LD a +momentum vector times the sine of feet + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector times the sine of feet + + + align:start position:0% +momentum vector times the sine of feet +so in this particular case this would be + + align:start position:0% +so in this particular case this would be + + + align:start position:0% +so in this particular case this would be +omega times the full L times the sine of + + align:start position:0% +omega times the full L times the sine of + + + align:start position:0% +omega times the full L times the sine of +feet so in the case that we have here + + align:start position:0% +feet so in the case that we have here + + + align:start position:0% +feet so in the case that we have here +the angular momentum vector consists of + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum vector consists of + + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum vector consists of +a constant part and a rotating part and + + align:start position:0% +a constant part and a rotating part and + + + align:start position:0% +a constant part and a rotating part and +the magnitude of its time derivative is + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of its time derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of its time derivative is +equal to the angular velocity of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the angular velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the angular velocity of +rotation times the length of the + + align:start position:0% +rotation times the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +rotation times the length of the +rotating part of the vector \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jhyWwA_bJ5A.txt b/jhyWwA_bJ5A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb11dd78c035eb4630e6ddc03b6921458592a341 --- /dev/null +++ b/jhyWwA_bJ5A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11640 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu no actually l m sign I think + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu no actually l m sign I think + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu no actually l m sign I think +maybe yeah should be a plus sign yeah + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah should be a plus sign yeah + + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah should be a plus sign yeah +should be a plus sign so in the last + + align:start position:0% +should be a plus sign so in the last + + + align:start position:0% +should be a plus sign so in the last +lecture yeah yeah yeah yeah you should + + align:start position:0% +lecture yeah yeah yeah yeah you should + + + align:start position:0% +lecture yeah yeah yeah yeah you should +correct that minus sign into a plus sign + + align:start position:0% +correct that minus sign into a plus sign + + + align:start position:0% +correct that minus sign into a plus sign +yeah both should be plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign + + align:start position:0% +sign + + + align:start position:0% +sign +yeah I wrote on my notes was cracked but + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wrote on my notes was cracked but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wrote on my notes was cracked but +then on the spot + + align:start position:0% +then on the spot + + + align:start position:0% +then on the spot +somehow suddenly maybe I should have a + + align:start position:0% +somehow suddenly maybe I should have a + + + align:start position:0% +somehow suddenly maybe I should have a +minor sign that put it there but then + + align:start position:0% +minor sign that put it there but then + + + align:start position:0% +minor sign that put it there but then +realize yeah so let me first uh remind + + align:start position:0% +realize yeah so let me first uh remind + + + align:start position:0% +realize yeah so let me first uh remind +you what we did in last + + align:start position:0% +you what we did in last + + + align:start position:0% +you what we did in last +lecture so first + + align:start position:0% +lecture so first + + + align:start position:0% +lecture so first +we have some gauge symmetries on the + + align:start position:0% +we have some gauge symmetries on the + + + align:start position:0% +we have some gauge symmetries on the +worksheet and then we can then we can + + align:start position:0% +worksheet and then we can then we can + + + align:start position:0% +worksheet and then we can then we can +use that say the reparameterization + + align:start position:0% +use that say the reparameterization + + + align:start position:0% +use that say the reparameterization +Symmetry uh you can rep reparameterize + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry uh you can rep reparameterize + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry uh you can rep reparameterize +the work sheet coordinates and also do a + + align:start position:0% +the work sheet coordinates and also do a + + + align:start position:0% +the work sheet coordinates and also do a +while scaling for the for the matric + + align:start position:0% +while scaling for the for the matric + + + align:start position:0% +while scaling for the for the matric +itself use those Freedom we can set the + + align:start position:0% +itself use those Freedom we can set the + + + align:start position:0% +itself use those Freedom we can set the +magic to just to the flat movi Magic on + + align:start position:0% +magic to just to the flat movi Magic on + + + align:start position:0% +magic to just to the flat movi Magic on +word sheeet then after you do that then + + align:start position:0% +word sheeet then after you do that then + + + align:start position:0% +word sheeet then after you do that then +the word sheet action + + align:start position:0% +the word sheet action + + + align:start position:0% +the word sheet action +then be become just like a fre scal + + align:start position:0% +then be become just like a fre scal + + + align:start position:0% +then be become just like a fre scal +field then of course the equation motion + + align:start position:0% +field then of course the equation motion + + + align:start position:0% +field then of course the equation motion +just given by the standard wave equation + + align:start position:0% +just given by the standard wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +just given by the standard wave equation +and you can solve it immediately and you + + align:start position:0% +and you can solve it immediately and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you can solve it immediately and you +essentially you just + + align:start position:0% +essentially you just + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you just +have some left moving wave some Right + + align:start position:0% +have some left moving wave some Right + + + align:start position:0% +have some left moving wave some Right +Moving wave and plus some zero + + align:start position:0% +Moving wave and plus some zero + + + align:start position:0% +Moving wave and plus some zero +modes and then for close string these + + align:start position:0% +modes and then for close string these + + + align:start position:0% +modes and then for close string these +are independent functions so for the + + align:start position:0% +are independent functions so for the + + + align:start position:0% +are independent functions so for the +close stren closed so you can have a a + + align:start position:0% +close stren closed so you can have a a + + + align:start position:0% +close stren closed so you can have a a +left move independent left moving modes + + align:start position:0% +left move independent left moving modes + + + align:start position:0% +left move independent left moving modes +and then also a + + align:start position:0% +and then also a + + + align:start position:0% +and then also a +uh yeah a independent Right Moving modes + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah a independent Right Moving modes + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah a independent Right Moving modes +and but for the open stream because you + + align:start position:0% +and but for the open stream because you + + + align:start position:0% +and but for the open stream because you +have a boundary conditions and then you + + align:start position:0% +have a boundary conditions and then you + + + align:start position:0% +have a boundary conditions and then you +only have one side of mode because + + align:start position:0% +only have one side of mode because + + + align:start position:0% +only have one side of mode because +you um yeah because boundary condition + + align:start position:0% +you um yeah because boundary condition + + + align:start position:0% +you um yeah because boundary condition +give you a constraint so just like you + + align:start position:0% +give you a constraint so just like you + + + align:start position:0% +give you a constraint so just like you +have a standing wave and uh um then then + + align:start position:0% +have a standing wave and uh um then then + + + align:start position:0% +have a standing wave and uh um then then +XL should be equal to + + align:start position:0% +XL should be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +XL should be equal to +LR yeah XL should be equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XR but this is not but quanti String + + align:start position:0% +XR but this is not but quanti String + + + align:start position:0% +XR but this is not but quanti String +Theory even in this + + align:start position:0% +Theory even in this + + + align:start position:0% +Theory even in this +cage it's not just quantize a scal of + + align:start position:0% +cage it's not just quantize a scal of + + + align:start position:0% +cage it's not just quantize a scal of +field + + align:start position:0% +field + + + align:start position:0% +field +Theory because we still need to solve + + align:start position:0% +Theory because we still need to solve + + + align:start position:0% +Theory because we still need to solve +the equation motion come from during the + + align:start position:0% +the equation motion come from during the + + + align:start position:0% +the equation motion come from during the +variation of gamma AB themselves and + + align:start position:0% +variation of gamma AB themselves and + + + align:start position:0% +variation of gamma AB themselves and +when you do the variation of gamma AB + + align:start position:0% +when you do the variation of gamma AB + + + align:start position:0% +when you do the variation of gamma AB +themselves then see equivalent to set + + align:start position:0% +themselves then see equivalent to set + + + align:start position:0% +themselves then see equivalent to set +the stress tensor of this scaler field + + align:start position:0% +the stress tensor of this scaler field + + + align:start position:0% +the stress tensor of this scaler field +series zero uh yeah to set the zero the + + align:start position:0% +series zero uh yeah to set the zero the + + + align:start position:0% +series zero uh yeah to set the zero the +stress tensor and uh so already just + + align:start position:0% +stress tensor and uh so already just + + + align:start position:0% +stress tensor and uh so already just +yeah so so there are two independent + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so there are two independent + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so there are two independent +equations one is the diagonal component + + align:start position:0% +equations one is the diagonal component + + + align:start position:0% +equations one is the diagonal component +should be zero and the other is that off + + align:start position:0% +should be zero and the other is that off + + + align:start position:0% +should be zero and the other is that off +diagonal a component should be zero so + + align:start position:0% +diagonal a component should be zero so + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal a component should be zero so +you have two set of equations and those + + align:start position:0% +you have two set of equations and those + + + align:start position:0% +you have two set of equations and those +equations are in general hard to + + align:start position:0% +equations are in general hard to + + + align:start position:0% +equations are in general hard to +solve um so they are nonlinear quadratic + + align:start position:0% +solve um so they are nonlinear quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +solve um so they are nonlinear quadratic +equations which I did not write them + + align:start position:0% +equations which I did not write them + + + align:start position:0% +equations which I did not write them +here so nonlinear qu nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +here so nonlinear qu nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +here so nonlinear qu nonlinear +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um nonlinear constraint equations which + + align:start position:0% +um nonlinear constraint equations which + + + align:start position:0% +um nonlinear constraint equations which +are in general how to solve then the + + align:start position:0% +are in general how to solve then the + + + align:start position:0% +are in general how to solve then the +important trick we + + align:start position:0% +important trick we + + + align:start position:0% +important trick we +discussed is that you can go to the lon + + align:start position:0% +discussed is that you can go to the lon + + + align:start position:0% +discussed is that you can go to the lon +gaug is said even after this fixing + + align:start position:0% +gaug is said even after this fixing + + + align:start position:0% +gaug is said even after this fixing +there's still some remaining gauge + + align:start position:0% +there's still some remaining gauge + + + align:start position:0% +there's still some remaining gauge +Freedom that you can actually make one + + align:start position:0% +Freedom that you can actually make one + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom that you can actually make one +more choice to set the + + align:start position:0% +more choice to set the + + + align:start position:0% +more choice to set the +X+ say to be the same as + + align:start position:0% +X+ say to be the same as + + + align:start position:0% +X+ say to be the same as +to and uh and the X+ we always use this + + align:start position:0% +to and uh and the X+ we always use this + + + align:start position:0% +to and uh and the X+ we always use this +uh uh definition so you can the all + + align:start position:0% +uh uh definition so you can the all + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh definition so you can the all +directions x0 X1 2 Etc and then we + + align:start position:0% +directions x0 X1 2 Etc and then we + + + align:start position:0% +directions x0 X1 2 Etc and then we +combine x0 and X1 together to form X + + align:start position:0% +combine x0 and X1 together to form X + + + align:start position:0% +combine x0 and X1 together to form X +Plus x + + align:start position:0% +Plus x + + + align:start position:0% +Plus x +minus and then the rest we call them XI + + align:start position:0% +minus and then the rest we call them XI + + + align:start position:0% +minus and then the rest we call them XI +so these are also called sometimes + + align:start position:0% +so these are also called sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +so these are also called sometimes +called transverse directions so also + + align:start position:0% +called transverse directions so also + + + align:start position:0% +called transverse directions so also +called transverse + + align:start position:0% +called transverse + + + align:start position:0% +called transverse +directions and so now then we can use + + align:start position:0% +directions and so now then we can use + + + align:start position:0% +directions and so now then we can use +this uh uh remaining gaug freedom to go + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh remaining gaug freedom to go + + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh remaining gaug freedom to go +to So-Cal nighton gauge that the X Plus + + align:start position:0% +to So-Cal nighton gauge that the X Plus + + + align:start position:0% +to So-Cal nighton gauge that the X Plus +become v+ times T some constant times T + + align:start position:0% +become v+ times T some constant times T + + + align:start position:0% +become v+ times T some constant times T +and then in this n gaug the not + + align:start position:0% +and then in this n gaug the not + + + align:start position:0% +and then in this n gaug the not +equations can be written in a very + + align:start position:0% +equations can be written in a very + + + align:start position:0% +equations can be written in a very +simple way in particular the dependence + + align:start position:0% +simple way in particular the dependence + + + align:start position:0% +simple way in particular the dependence +on x minus become linear then you can + + align:start position:0% +on x minus become linear then you can + + + align:start position:0% +on x minus become linear then you can +actually use these two equation you can + + align:start position:0% +actually use these two equation you can + + + align:start position:0% +actually use these two equation you can +solve x minus + + align:start position:0% +solve x minus + + + align:start position:0% +solve x minus +exactly and uh uh uh uh so this tells + + align:start position:0% +exactly and uh uh uh uh so this tells + + + align:start position:0% +exactly and uh uh uh uh so this tells +you that actually uh um the independent + + align:start position:0% +you that actually uh um the independent + + + align:start position:0% +you that actually uh um the independent +de freedom just x i okay independent + + align:start position:0% +de freedom just x i okay independent + + + align:start position:0% +de freedom just x i okay independent +just x + + align:start position:0% +just x + + + align:start position:0% +just x +i any questions about this so let me + + align:start position:0% +i any questions about this so let me + + + align:start position:0% +i any questions about this so let me +just uh put the equation number because + + align:start position:0% +just uh put the equation number because + + + align:start position:0% +just uh put the equation number because +I'm going to use this equation number + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use this equation number + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use this equation number +later uh uh which inherited from the + + align:start position:0% +later uh uh which inherited from the + + + align:start position:0% +later uh uh which inherited from the +last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecture uh no no this come from the + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh no no this come from the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh no no this come from the +equation motion GMA + + align:start position:0% +equation motion GMA + + + align:start position:0% +equation motion GMA +AB so remember previously the gamma a is + + align:start position:0% +AB so remember previously the gamma a is + + + align:start position:0% +AB so remember previously the gamma a is +also dynamical variable even when you + + align:start position:0% +also dynamical variable even when you + + + align:start position:0% +also dynamical variable even when you +fix the gaug you still impose the + + align:start position:0% +fix the gaug you still impose the + + + align:start position:0% +fix the gaug you still impose the +equation motion and so that's + + align:start position:0% +equation motion and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +equation motion and so that's +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +yes aren't there remaining degrees of + + align:start position:0% +yes aren't there remaining degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +yes aren't there remaining degrees of +freedom for x minus just because of like + + align:start position:0% +freedom for x minus just because of like + + + align:start position:0% +freedom for x minus just because of like +the boundary condition or something um + + align:start position:0% +the boundary condition or something um + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary condition or something um +is there + + align:start position:0% +is there + + + align:start position:0% +is there +Freedom uh + + align:start position:0% +Freedom uh + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom uh +what there's some constant possible the + + align:start position:0% +what there's some constant possible the + + + align:start position:0% +what there's some constant possible the +constant term we can of all constant + + align:start position:0% +constant term we can of all constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant term we can of all constant +yeah because this determine all the + + align:start position:0% +yeah because this determine all the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because this determine all the +derivative dependence and they they + + align:start position:0% +derivative dependence and they they + + + align:start position:0% +derivative dependence and they they +might be overall constant and that you + + align:start position:0% +might be overall constant and that you + + + align:start position:0% +might be overall constant and that you +can always um yeah it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +can always um yeah it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +can always um yeah it's it's not +important yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah any other + + align:start position:0% +yeah any other + + + align:start position:0% +yeah any other +questions yes so CL what you said + + align:start position:0% +questions yes so CL what you said + + + align:start position:0% +questions yes so CL what you said +earlier so for the boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +earlier so for the boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +earlier so for the boundary conditions +for the open string right it's the + + align:start position:0% +for the open string right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +for the open string right it's the +derivatives right is also positive like + + align:start position:0% +derivatives right is also positive like + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives right is also positive like +so there's not like a minus sign yeah + + align:start position:0% +so there's not like a minus sign yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so there's not like a minus sign yeah +yeah yeah uh uh uh uh let me also add + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah uh uh uh uh let me also add + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah uh uh uh uh let me also add +here so for the open screen for the + + align:start position:0% +here so for the open screen for the + + + align:start position:0% +here so for the open screen for the +moment we can soall the Luma boundary + + align:start position:0% +moment we can soall the Luma boundary + + + align:start position:0% +moment we can soall the Luma boundary +condition so so this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +condition so so this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +condition so so this is equal to +zero so so that will give that yeah so + + align:start position:0% +zero so so that will give that yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +zero so so that will give that yeah so +yeah so one correction in the last + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one correction in the last + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one correction in the last +lecture I wrote the minus sign there + + align:start position:0% +lecture I wrote the minus sign there + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I wrote the minus sign there +that should be corrected by plus sign + + align:start position:0% +that should be corrected by plus sign + + + align:start position:0% +that should be corrected by plus sign +the both equations should be corrected + + align:start position:0% +the both equations should be corrected + + + align:start position:0% +the both equations should be corrected +uh by plus sign uh uh yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so so with this set up then we are + + align:start position:0% +good so so with this set up then we are + + + align:start position:0% +good so so with this set up then we are +ready for + + align:start position:0% +ready for + + + align:start position:0% +ready for +quantization because now we only need to + + align:start position:0% +quantization because now we only need to + + + align:start position:0% +quantization because now we only need to +quantize the XI because XI are + + align:start position:0% +quantize the XI because XI are + + + align:start position:0% +quantize the XI because XI are +independent only XIs are independent + + align:start position:0% +independent only XIs are independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent only XIs are independent +variables and so we only need to contest + + align:start position:0% +variables and so we only need to contest + + + align:start position:0% +variables and so we only need to contest +XIs and and XIs they just a free free + + align:start position:0% +XIs and and XIs they just a free free + + + align:start position:0% +XIs and and XIs they just a free free +fields and uh uh uh uh that's very + + align:start position:0% +fields and uh uh uh uh that's very + + + align:start position:0% +fields and uh uh uh uh that's very +simple okay but before do that uh let me + + align:start position:0% +simple okay but before do that uh let me + + + align:start position:0% +simple okay but before do that uh let me +just emphasize one + + align:start position:0% +just emphasize one + + + align:start position:0% +just emphasize one +point uh emphasize one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point so the light con + + align:start position:0% +point so the light con + + + align:start position:0% +point so the light con +cage by making this + + align:start position:0% +cage by making this + + + align:start position:0% +cage by making this +choice you make this you make those + + align:start position:0% +choice you make this you make those + + + align:start position:0% +choice you make this you make those +equations uh very simple but you also + + align:start position:0% +equations uh very simple but you also + + + align:start position:0% +equations uh very simple but you also +sacrifice + + align:start position:0% +sacrifice + + + align:start position:0% +sacrifice +something because the uh electon cage + + align:start position:0% +something because the uh electon cage + + + align:start position:0% +something because the uh electon cage +because the cage Choice itself a breaks + + align:start position:0% +because the cage Choice itself a breaks + + + align:start position:0% +because the cage Choice itself a breaks +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Symmetry + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry +okay because it selects two special + + align:start position:0% +okay because it selects two special + + + align:start position:0% +okay because it selects two special +directions so x0 X1 and you form X Plus + + align:start position:0% +directions so x0 X1 and you form X Plus + + + align:start position:0% +directions so x0 X1 and you form X Plus +from them and and you impose some + + align:start position:0% +from them and and you impose some + + + align:start position:0% +from them and and you impose some +conditions on X+ so this breaks the r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetry okay so when we say break this + + align:start position:0% +symmetry okay so when we say break this + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry okay so when we say break this +is does not really break the uh laen IMM + + align:start position:0% +is does not really break the uh laen IMM + + + align:start position:0% +is does not really break the uh laen IMM +just say this gaug Choice itself does + + align:start position:0% +just say this gaug Choice itself does + + + align:start position:0% +just say this gaug Choice itself does +not respect Len symmetry + + align:start position:0% +not respect Len symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +not respect Len symmetry +okay so the sir is still laen symmetric + + align:start position:0% +okay so the sir is still laen symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the sir is still laen symmetric +this the series should still have Len + + align:start position:0% +this the series should still have Len + + + align:start position:0% +this the series should still have Len +symmetry it just Len symmetry not + + align:start position:0% +symmetry it just Len symmetry not + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry it just Len symmetry not +manifest + + align:start position:0% +manifest + + + align:start position:0% +manifest +say yeah uh uh uh say just not manifest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah maybe I should you in proper + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe I should you in proper + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe I should you in proper +English I should say in the r in the + + align:start position:0% +English I should say in the r in the + + + align:start position:0% +English I should say in the r in the +lighton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gauge the r symmetry is not + + align:start position:0% +gauge the r symmetry is not + + + align:start position:0% +gauge the r symmetry is not +manifest okay I think this is a better + + align:start position:0% +manifest okay I think this is a better + + + align:start position:0% +manifest okay I think this is a better +way to say + + align:start position:0% +way to say + + + align:start position:0% +way to say +it okay it's not manifest so so this + + align:start position:0% +it okay it's not manifest so so this + + + align:start position:0% +it okay it's not manifest so so this +equation breaks theen Symmetry and then + + align:start position:0% +equation breaks theen Symmetry and then + + + align:start position:0% +equation breaks theen Symmetry and then +the and the Len symmetry my f so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but but there's a + + align:start position:0% +but but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +but but there's a +subgroup of Len still manifest so that's + + align:start position:0% +subgroup of Len still manifest so that's + + + align:start position:0% +subgroup of Len still manifest so that's +the group which rotates the XI so + + align:start position:0% +the group which rotates the XI so + + + align:start position:0% +the group which rotates the XI so +there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remaining s o d minus + + align:start position:0% +remaining s o d minus + + + align:start position:0% +remaining s o d minus +2 which rotating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Manifest + + align:start position:0% +Manifest + + + align:start position:0% +Manifest +yeah again the remaining uh is RO XI is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Manifest okay so keep this in mind okay + + align:start position:0% +Manifest okay so keep this in mind okay + + + align:start position:0% +Manifest okay so keep this in mind okay +this is very important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Point okay okay so now we we can proceed + + align:start position:0% +Point okay okay so now we we can proceed + + + align:start position:0% +Point okay okay so now we we can proceed +to quantize it so before doing the + + align:start position:0% +to quantize it so before doing the + + + align:start position:0% +to quantize it so before doing the +quantization uh uh let's uh um let me + + align:start position:0% +quantization uh uh let's uh um let me + + + align:start position:0% +quantization uh uh let's uh um let me +develop a little bit further uh uh so + + align:start position:0% +develop a little bit further uh uh so + + + align:start position:0% +develop a little bit further uh uh so +that uh uh to make the to make the uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh to make the to make the uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh to make the to make the uh +task of the quantization + + align:start position:0% +task of the quantization + + + align:start position:0% +task of the quantization +easy so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so as what we do in free field + + align:start position:0% +um so as what we do in free field + + + align:start position:0% +um so as what we do in free field +theory is can be means to expand those + + align:start position:0% +theory is can be means to expand those + + + align:start position:0% +theory is can be means to expand those +arbitrary functions in terms of for + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary functions in terms of for + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary functions in terms of for +modes okay and they are periodic + + align:start position:0% +modes okay and they are periodic + + + align:start position:0% +modes okay and they are periodic +functions of 2 pi so we can easily + + align:start position:0% +functions of 2 pi so we can easily + + + align:start position:0% +functions of 2 pi so we can easily +expand them in for modes for example + + align:start position:0% +expand them in for modes for example + + + align:start position:0% +expand them in for modes for example +XR XL mu Sigma plus T can be written as + + align:start position:0% +XR XL mu Sigma plus T can be written as + + + align:start position:0% +XR XL mu Sigma plus T can be written as +I Prime 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so this Alpha Prime so this + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this Alpha Prime so this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this Alpha Prime so this +prefactor is purely convention + + align:start position:0% +prefactor is purely convention + + + align:start position:0% +prefactor is purely convention +okay just for the for the for the later + + align:start position:0% +okay just for the for the for the later + + + align:start position:0% +okay just for the for the for the later +convenience and this one / n is also + + align:start position:0% +convenience and this one / n is also + + + align:start position:0% +convenience and this one / n is also +purely convention and you can choose + + align:start position:0% +purely convention and you can choose + + + align:start position:0% +purely convention and you can choose +what you want so the key is that you are + + align:start position:0% +what you want so the key is that you are + + + align:start position:0% +what you want so the key is that you are +expanding this period perodic + + align:start position:0% +expanding this period perodic + + + align:start position:0% +expanding this period perodic +function in fre modes and because you + + align:start position:0% +function in fre modes and because you + + + align:start position:0% +function in fre modes and because you +have to be periodic in Sigma so so the + + align:start position:0% +have to be periodic in Sigma so so the + + + align:start position:0% +have to be periodic in Sigma so so the +coent here must be integer n and we + + align:start position:0% +coent here must be integer n and we + + + align:start position:0% +coent here must be integer n and we +screw theal to zero mode because the + + align:start position:0% +screw theal to zero mode because the + + + align:start position:0% +screw theal to zero mode because the +inal to Z this is just a constant and + + align:start position:0% +inal to Z this is just a constant and + + + align:start position:0% +inal to Z this is just a constant and +that is already included here so that's + + align:start position:0% +that is already included here so that's + + + align:start position:0% +that is already included here so that's +already included here so we so we + + align:start position:0% +already included here so we so we + + + align:start position:0% +already included here so we so we +exclude equal to + + align:start position:0% +exclude equal to + + + align:start position:0% +exclude equal to +zero and also this is a real + + align:start position:0% +zero and also this is a real + + + align:start position:0% +zero and also this is a real +function then then this means that the + + align:start position:0% +function then then this means that the + + + align:start position:0% +function then then this means that the +alpha n mu should be equal to Al minus n + + align:start position:0% +alpha n mu should be equal to Al minus n + + + align:start position:0% +alpha n mu should be equal to Al minus n +so with this convention of the N here + + align:start position:0% +so with this convention of the N here + + + align:start position:0% +so with this convention of the N here +and with this I here will be RHA minus M + + align:start position:0% +and with this I here will be RHA minus M + + + align:start position:0% +and with this I here will be RHA minus M +mu bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and similarly you can write down + + align:start position:0% +okay and similarly you can write down + + + align:start position:0% +okay and similarly you can write down +the expansion for of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XR similar you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +XR similar you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +XR similar you can write down the +expansion for XR + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +preactor and the N sum from minus + + align:start position:0% +preactor and the N sum from minus + + + align:start position:0% +preactor and the N sum from minus +infinity to plus infinity but not equal + + align:start position:0% +infinity to plus infinity but not equal + + + align:start position:0% +infinity to plus infinity but not equal +toal to zero so we call the mod of until + + align:start position:0% +toal to zero so we call the mod of until + + + align:start position:0% +toal to zero so we call the mod of until +/ by n then Min I and to plus Sigma to + + align:start position:0% +/ by n then Min I and to plus Sigma to + + + align:start position:0% +/ by n then Min I and to plus Sigma to +Min + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma okay and here again AL m ta mu + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay and here again AL m ta mu + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay and here again AL m ta mu +should be equal to P Alp ta muus n in + + align:start position:0% +should be equal to P Alp ta muus n in + + + align:start position:0% +should be equal to P Alp ta muus n in +order this to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +real okay for the open string you only + + align:start position:0% +real okay for the open string you only + + + align:start position:0% +real okay for the open string you only +have one set of + + align:start position:0% +have one set of + + + align:start position:0% +have one set of +modes for open string so this is for + + align:start position:0% +modes for open string so this is for + + + align:start position:0% +modes for open string so this is for +closed string for open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string you can you just have + + align:start position:0% +string you can you just have + + + align:start position:0% +string you can you just have +Alpha yeah just Alpha M mu equal to + + align:start position:0% +Alpha yeah just Alpha M mu equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha yeah just Alpha M mu equal to +Alpha M mu TAA so you only have one set + + align:start position:0% +Alpha M mu TAA so you only have one set + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha M mu TAA so you only have one set +of mode okay because they're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal okay so so you can plug this those + + align:start position:0% +equal okay so so you can plug this those + + + align:start position:0% +equal okay so so you can plug this those +expressions into + + align:start position:0% +expressions into + + + align:start position:0% +expressions into +here then you have most general form of + + align:start position:0% +here then you have most general form of + + + align:start position:0% +here then you have most general form of +mu in terms of this uh uh uh uh fre + + align:start position:0% +mu in terms of this uh uh uh uh fre + + + align:start position:0% +mu in terms of this uh uh uh uh fre +modes okay so we to save time uh uh let + + align:start position:0% +modes okay so we to save time uh uh let + + + align:start position:0% +modes okay so we to save time uh uh let +me not do that step so you should try to + + align:start position:0% +me not do that step so you should try to + + + align:start position:0% +me not do that step so you should try to +do yeah try to yeah just a trival step + + align:start position:0% +do yeah try to yeah just a trival step + + + align:start position:0% +do yeah try to yeah just a trival step +of yourself write those things into a + + align:start position:0% +of yourself write those things into a + + + align:start position:0% +of yourself write those things into a +single equation and then that's the most + + align:start position:0% +single equation and then that's the most + + + align:start position:0% +single equation and then that's the most +general form of X mu in terms of this uh + + align:start position:0% +general form of X mu in terms of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +general form of X mu in terms of this uh +specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes so now let me make some remarks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can IM you may wonder what's the + + align:start position:0% +you can IM you may wonder what's the + + + align:start position:0% +you can IM you may wonder what's the +interpretation of this say this Con do + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of this say this Con do + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of this say this Con do +zero modes here okay so let's just + + align:start position:0% +zero modes here okay so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +zero modes here okay so let's just +describe the center of mass motion of + + align:start position:0% +describe the center of mass motion of + + + align:start position:0% +describe the center of mass motion of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string Center of mass motion of the + + align:start position:0% +string Center of mass motion of the + + + align:start position:0% +string Center of mass motion of the +string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is given by say you just + + align:start position:0% +is given by say you just + + + align:start position:0% +is given by say you just +average the motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of you average the motion over say over + + align:start position:0% +of you average the motion over say over + + + align:start position:0% +of you average the motion over say over +the string so that give you the center + + align:start position:0% +the string so that give you the center + + + align:start position:0% +the string so that give you the center +of mass motion of the string and all + + align:start position:0% +of mass motion of the string and all + + + align:start position:0% +of mass motion of the string and all +those are periodic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions so all those are periodic + + align:start position:0% +functions so all those are periodic + + + align:start position:0% +functions so all those are periodic +functions so all X or XR are periodic + + align:start position:0% +functions so all X or XR are periodic + + + align:start position:0% +functions so all X or XR are periodic +functions so when they integrate they + + align:start position:0% +functions so when they integrate they + + + align:start position:0% +functions so when they integrate they +give you zero so the only thing + + align:start position:0% +give you zero so the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +give you zero so the only thing +remaining are those zero modes and so + + align:start position:0% +remaining are those zero modes and so + + + align:start position:0% +remaining are those zero modes and so +you just get + + align:start position:0% +you just get + + + align:start position:0% +you just get +the X mu plus v mu + + align:start position:0% +the X mu plus v mu + + + align:start position:0% +the X mu plus v mu +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +Okay so if you think of the center of + + align:start position:0% +Okay so if you think of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so if you think of the center of +mass of the string as a particle uh it's + + align:start position:0% +mass of the string as a particle uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the string as a particle uh it's +a point as a point particle so this + + align:start position:0% +a point as a point particle so this + + + align:start position:0% +a point as a point particle so this +essentially give you the trajectory of + + align:start position:0% +essentially give you the trajectory of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially give you the trajectory of +that particle in terms of the proper + + align:start position:0% +that particle in terms of the proper + + + align:start position:0% +that particle in terms of the proper +time so you can think of this Tower as + + align:start position:0% +time so you can think of this Tower as + + + align:start position:0% +time so you can think of this Tower as +the proper time uh for the center of + + align:start position:0% +the proper time uh for the center of + + + align:start position:0% +the proper time uh for the center of +mass uh of the string and then this just + + align:start position:0% +mass uh of the string and then this just + + + align:start position:0% +mass uh of the string and then this just +uh yeah v v mu is like the velocity uh + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah v v mu is like the velocity uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah v v mu is like the velocity uh +for the um for the uh Center of mass uh + + align:start position:0% +for the um for the uh Center of mass uh + + + align:start position:0% +for the um for the uh Center of mass uh +in terms of the proper time along the + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the proper time along the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the proper time along the +scen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the so all these + + align:start position:0% +okay and the so all these + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the so all these +different alpha n of a + + align:start position:0% +different alpha n of a + + + align:start position:0% +different alpha n of a +m so those just parameterize the + + align:start position:0% +m so those just parameterize the + + + align:start position:0% +m so those just parameterize the +different oscillation + + align:start position:0% +different oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +different oscillation +modes so they just parameterize the + + align:start position:0% +modes so they just parameterize the + + + align:start position:0% +modes so they just parameterize the +different oscillations of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string + + align:start position:0% +string + + + align:start position:0% +string +strings yeah off for string yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe illation of say any particular Ang + + align:start position:0% +maybe illation of say any particular Ang + + + align:start position:0% +maybe illation of say any particular Ang +is non zero means that particular + + align:start position:0% +is non zero means that particular + + + align:start position:0% +is non zero means that particular +harmonic is present in the Stream motion + + align:start position:0% +harmonic is present in the Stream motion + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic is present in the Stream motion +Etc okay and for the closing we have say + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay and for the closing we have say + + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay and for the closing we have say +as I said before we have both left and + + align:start position:0% +as I said before we have both left and + + + align:start position:0% +as I said before we have both left and +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moving because you have left plus Right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Moving waves but for the open string + + align:start position:0% +Moving waves but for the open string + + + align:start position:0% +Moving waves but for the open string +essentially only have a standing wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because of the boundary condition okay + + align:start position:0% +because of the boundary condition okay + + + align:start position:0% +because of the boundary condition okay +so you only have one set of oscillation + + align:start position:0% +so you only have one set of oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +so you only have one set of oscillation +mode rather than two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +setes so any questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this good so in the lon gauge we can do + + align:start position:0% +this good so in the lon gauge we can do + + + align:start position:0% +this good so in the lon gauge we can do +further because in the L gaug we can + + align:start position:0% +further because in the L gaug we can + + + align:start position:0% +further because in the L gaug we can +further solve this x miners okay so so + + align:start position:0% +further solve this x miners okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +further solve this x miners okay so so +let's try to do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classically in the lighton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gaug okay so x minus + + align:start position:0% +gaug okay so x minus + + + align:start position:0% +gaug okay so x minus +can be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solved by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inserting the mode + + align:start position:0% +inserting the mode + + + align:start position:0% +inserting the mode +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expansion into this equation 40 14 and + + align:start position:0% +expansion into this equation 40 14 and + + + align:start position:0% +expansion into this equation 40 14 and +15 okay then you just equating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +different freom + + align:start position:0% +different freom + + + align:start position:0% +different freom +mod the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coent of different fre + + align:start position:0% +coent of different fre + + + align:start position:0% +coent of different fre +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +modes okay + + align:start position:0% +modes okay + + + align:start position:0% +modes okay +and then you can then you can solve V + + align:start position:0% +and then you can then you can solve V + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can then you can solve V +minus f m minus f m minus of until the + + align:start position:0% +minus f m minus f m minus of until the + + + align:start position:0% +minus f m minus f m minus of until the +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +Etc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so for simply so now let's look at + + align:start position:0% +okay so for simply so now let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for simply so now let's look at +the zero modes okay say let's look at + + align:start position:0% +the zero modes okay say let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +the zero modes okay say let's look at +the equation Satisfied by V minus + + align:start position:0% +the equation Satisfied by V minus + + + align:start position:0% +the equation Satisfied by V minus +uh uh um so let's look at the zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes so so let's look at First Look at + + align:start position:0% +modes so so let's look at First Look at + + + align:start position:0% +modes so so let's look at First Look at +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +14 so if you say zero mode means we look + + align:start position:0% +14 so if you say zero mode means we look + + + align:start position:0% +14 so if you say zero mode means we look +at the N equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +at the N equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +at the N equal to zero +mode and zero mode here parti to x minus + + align:start position:0% +mode and zero mode here parti to x minus + + + align:start position:0% +mode and zero mode here parti to x minus +you just have a v minus + + align:start position:0% +you just have a v minus + + + align:start position:0% +you just have a v minus +so left hand + + align:start position:0% +so left hand + + + align:start position:0% +so left hand +side so from 14 so let's first do the + + align:start position:0% +side so from 14 so let's first do the + + + align:start position:0% +side so from 14 so let's first do the +for the open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string so left hand side have to be two + + align:start position:0% +string so left hand side have to be two + + + align:start position:0% +string so left hand side have to be two +Ms so at the right hand + + align:start position:0% +Ms so at the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +Ms so at the right hand +side so if you look again you look at + + align:start position:0% +side so if you look again you look at + + + align:start position:0% +side so if you look again you look at +the mode which equal to zero so there's + + align:start position:0% +the mode which equal to zero so there's + + + align:start position:0% +the mode which equal to zero so there's +one obvious term come from just taking + + align:start position:0% +one obvious term come from just taking + + + align:start position:0% +one obvious term come from just taking +derivative of this term and so you will + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this term and so you will + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this term and so you will +have a v v i Square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term okay and then you will have a + + align:start position:0% +term okay and then you will have a + + + align:start position:0% +term okay and then you will have a +contribution from + + align:start position:0% +contribution from + + + align:start position:0% +contribution from +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +oscillators which I we not going into + + align:start position:0% +oscillators which I we not going into + + + align:start position:0% +oscillators which I we not going into +details + + align:start position:0% +details + + + align:start position:0% +details +here so you can easily calculate + + align:start position:0% +here so you can easily calculate + + + align:start position:0% +here so you can easily calculate +yourself so you find for the open + + align:start position:0% +yourself so you find for the open + + + align:start position:0% +yourself so you find for the open +string that's the answer so there's only + + align:start position:0% +string that's the answer so there's only + + + align:start position:0% +string that's the answer so there's only +one size of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes and you similarly you can do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Co again on the left hand side just 2 V + + align:start position:0% +Co again on the left hand side just 2 V + + + align:start position:0% +Co again on the left hand side just 2 V +plus 2 V minus and the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 V minus and the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 V minus and the right hand side +you have VI square but now you have two + + align:start position:0% +you have VI square but now you have two + + + align:start position:0% +you have VI square but now you have two +set of modes and also there's some + + align:start position:0% +set of modes and also there's some + + + align:start position:0% +set of modes and also there's some +coefficient difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so other than this preactor two and + + align:start position:0% +okay so other than this preactor two and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so other than this preactor two and +one here you you can actually wrote down + + align:start position:0% +one here you you can actually wrote down + + + align:start position:0% +one here you you can actually wrote down +those expression just by closing your + + align:start position:0% +those expression just by closing your + + + align:start position:0% +those expression just by closing your +eyes just write them down because the uh + + align:start position:0% +eyes just write them down because the uh + + + align:start position:0% +eyes just write them down because the uh +because to have zero mode these two have + + align:start position:0% +because to have zero mode these two have + + + align:start position:0% +because to have zero mode these two have +to add up to zero so that's the only + + align:start position:0% +to add up to zero so that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +to add up to zero so that's the only +possibility and so so other than this + + align:start position:0% +possibility and so so other than this + + + align:start position:0% +possibility and so so other than this +factor of two and one you need to check + + align:start position:0% +factor of two and one you need to check + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two and one you need to check +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +you can essentially write down this + + align:start position:0% +you can essentially write down this + + + align:start position:0% +you can essentially write down this +expression + + align:start position:0% +expression + + + align:start position:0% +expression +in immediately just from the structure + + align:start position:0% +in immediately just from the structure + + + align:start position:0% +in immediately just from the structure +of that equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay H the definition of vi vi is + + align:start position:0% +okay H the definition of vi vi is + + + align:start position:0% +okay H the definition of vi vi is +there V mu in I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction and V minus V plus is all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so those equations are are are of + + align:start position:0% +that so those equations are are are of + + + align:start position:0% +that so those equations are are are of +great importance let me box + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them which is also the reason I write + + align:start position:0% +them which is also the reason I write + + + align:start position:0% +them which is also the reason I write +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +down so but now I did not leave space to + + align:start position:0% +down so but now I did not leave space to + + + align:start position:0% +down so but now I did not leave space to +give them + + align:start position:0% +give them + + + align:start position:0% +give them +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um yeah anyway these are the two + + align:start position:0% +um yeah anyway these are the two + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah anyway these are the two +equations I will add the numbers later + + align:start position:0% +equations I will add the numbers later + + + align:start position:0% +equations I will add the numbers later +um from the + + align:start position:0% +um from the + + + align:start position:0% +um from the +15 from the equation 15 + + align:start position:0% +15 from the equation 15 + + + align:start position:0% +15 from the equation 15 +so this is a consequence from the 14 the + + align:start position:0% +so this is a consequence from the 14 the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a consequence from the 14 the +zero modes from the + + align:start position:0% +zero modes from the + + + align:start position:0% +zero modes from the +14 from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +15 you get nothing you get 0 equal to + + align:start position:0% +15 you get nothing you get 0 equal to + + + align:start position:0% +15 you get nothing you get 0 equal to +zero for open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string so this is obvious because on the + + align:start position:0% +string so this is obvious because on the + + + align:start position:0% +string so this is obvious because on the +left hand side it's zero because on for + + align:start position:0% +left hand side it's zero because on for + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side it's zero because on for +the open + + align:start position:0% +the open + + + align:start position:0% +the open +string uh + + align:start position:0% +string uh + + + align:start position:0% +string uh +um for the yeah yeah because for the + + align:start position:0% +um for the yeah yeah because for the + + + align:start position:0% +um for the yeah yeah because for the +because def is zero because uh the zero + + align:start position:0% +because def is zero because uh the zero + + + align:start position:0% +because def is zero because uh the zero +mod does not have anything depending on + + align:start position:0% +mod does not have anything depending on + + + align:start position:0% +mod does not have anything depending on +Sigma so so this is zero and then + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so so this is zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so so this is zero and then +requires a little bit checking yourself + + align:start position:0% +requires a little bit checking yourself + + + align:start position:0% +requires a little bit checking yourself +that the right hand side is also zero + + align:start position:0% +that the right hand side is also zero + + + align:start position:0% +that the right hand side is also zero +essentially because of this structure XL + + align:start position:0% +essentially because of this structure XL + + + align:start position:0% +essentially because of this structure XL +equal to XY yeah XL equal to XR and but + + align:start position:0% +equal to XY yeah XL equal to XR and but + + + align:start position:0% +equal to XY yeah XL equal to XR and but +for close string you actually find the + + align:start position:0% +for close string you actually find the + + + align:start position:0% +for close string you actually find the +long trivial + + align:start position:0% +long trivial + + + align:start position:0% +long trivial +equations you find the the left hand + + align:start position:0% +equations you find the the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +equations you find the the left hand +again is zero and the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +again is zero and the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +again is zero and the right hand side +the right hand side if you want to find + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side if you want to find + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side if you want to find +the zero mode essentially you just + + align:start position:0% +the zero mode essentially you just + + + align:start position:0% +the zero mode essentially you just +integrate over the whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing so let me just write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explicitly so you can write it also in + + align:start position:0% +explicitly so you can write it also in + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly so you can write it also in +terms of modes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this equation is very + + align:start position:0% +okay so this equation is very + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this equation is very +interesting so this tells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you that the uh the overall amplitude of + + align:start position:0% +you that the uh the overall amplitude of + + + align:start position:0% +you that the uh the overall amplitude of +the left moving string or the left + + align:start position:0% +the left moving string or the left + + + align:start position:0% +the left moving string or the left +moving modes when you add them together + + align:start position:0% +moving modes when you add them together + + + align:start position:0% +moving modes when you add them together +should be the same as the over moving uh + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as the over moving uh + + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as the over moving uh +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +amplitude say uh uh um yeah in this + + align:start position:0% +amplitude say uh uh um yeah in this + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude say uh uh um yeah in this +combination uh of the + + align:start position:0% +combination uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +combination uh of the +um uh of the Right Moving screen okay + + align:start position:0% +um uh of the Right Moving screen okay + + + align:start position:0% +um uh of the Right Moving screen okay +um yeah they have to be + + align:start position:0% +um yeah they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah they have to be +balanced so if we look at the source of + + align:start position:0% +balanced so if we look at the source of + + + align:start position:0% +balanced so if we look at the source of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +equation and the reason the left hand + + align:start position:0% +equation and the reason the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +equation and the reason the left hand +side is equal to zero is essentially due + + align:start position:0% +side is equal to zero is essentially due + + + align:start position:0% +side is equal to zero is essentially due +to the periodic boundary + + align:start position:0% +to the periodic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +to the periodic boundary +conditions because of periodic boundary + + align:start position:0% +conditions because of periodic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +conditions because of periodic boundary +for closing because periodic boundary + + align:start position:0% +for closing because periodic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +for closing because periodic boundary +condition you cannot have any term + + align:start position:0% +condition you cannot have any term + + + align:start position:0% +condition you cannot have any term +linear in linear in Sigma and the + + align:start position:0% +linear in linear in Sigma and the + + + align:start position:0% +linear in linear in Sigma and the +periodic boundary condition condition in + + align:start position:0% +periodic boundary condition condition in + + + align:start position:0% +periodic boundary condition condition in +other words it means that there's no + + align:start position:0% +other words it means that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +other words it means that there's no +special point on the stren okay any + + align:start position:0% +special point on the stren okay any + + + align:start position:0% +special point on the stren okay any +point is the same as the other so your + + align:start position:0% +point is the same as the other so your + + + align:start position:0% +point is the same as the other so your +choice of origion is actually + + align:start position:0% +choice of origion is actually + + + align:start position:0% +choice of origion is actually +arbitary and uh and so this equation + + align:start position:0% +arbitary and uh and so this equation + + + align:start position:0% +arbitary and uh and so this equation +essentially reflects that so so the fact + + align:start position:0% +essentially reflects that so so the fact + + + align:start position:0% +essentially reflects that so so the fact +along the string there's no special + + align:start position:0% +along the string there's no special + + + align:start position:0% +along the string there's no special +point and give you uh a global + + align:start position:0% +point and give you uh a global + + + align:start position:0% +point and give you uh a global +constraint on the on the uh on the + + align:start position:0% +constraint on the on the uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint on the on the uh on the +oscillation of the string okay between + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the string okay between + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the string okay between +the left moving part and Right Moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part and then if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +part and then if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +part and then if you look at the +um so if you look at n + + align:start position:0% +um so if you look at n + + + align:start position:0% +um so if you look at n +mode then you can find out of and malus + + align:start position:0% +mode then you can find out of and malus + + + align:start position:0% +mode then you can find out of and malus +of until the malus Etc + + align:start position:0% +of until the malus Etc + + + align:start position:0% +of until the malus Etc +okay uh uh in the P set you will have a + + align:start position:0% +okay uh uh in the P set you will have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh uh in the P set you will have a +problem you will have fun doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this any questions so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +far so now let's look at the the + + align:start position:0% +far so now let's look at the the + + + align:start position:0% +far so now let's look at the the +physical meaning of those equation + + align:start position:0% +physical meaning of those equation + + + align:start position:0% +physical meaning of those equation +okay I box them I said they are very + + align:start position:0% +okay I box them I said they are very + + + align:start position:0% +okay I box them I said they are very +important and uh uh now let's look at + + align:start position:0% +important and uh uh now let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +important and uh uh now let's look at +the um the physical meaning of those + + align:start position:0% +the um the physical meaning of those + + + align:start position:0% +the um the physical meaning of those +equations so so this can be considered + + align:start position:0% +equations so so this can be considered + + + align:start position:0% +equations so so this can be considered +as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consequence + + align:start position:0% +consequence + + + align:start position:0% +consequence +of no special + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point on the Stream + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and now let's look at the physical + + align:start position:0% +okay and now let's look at the physical + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now let's look at the physical +mation of those modes of those + + align:start position:0% +mation of those modes of those + + + align:start position:0% +mation of those modes of those +equations so + + align:start position:0% +equations so + + + align:start position:0% +equations so +um so this is the fourth comment the + + align:start position:0% +um so this is the fourth comment the + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is the fourth comment the +third remark fourth + + align:start position:0% +third remark fourth + + + align:start position:0% +third remark fourth +remark so let me remind + + align:start position:0% +remark so let me remind + + + align:start position:0% +remark so let me remind +you that previously the action have the + + align:start position:0% +you that previously the action have the + + + align:start position:0% +you that previously the action have the +global symmetries + + align:start position:0% +global symmetries + + + align:start position:0% +global symmetries +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this come from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translation Say by some constant + + align:start position:0% +translation Say by some constant + + + align:start position:0% +translation Say by some constant +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +Mayu or all L range + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Transformations + + align:start position:0% +Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations +okay so those global symmetries as we + + align:start position:0% +okay so those global symmetries as we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so those global symmetries as we +know they will least to con + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +current conserved current on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +worksheet okay on the + + align:start position:0% +worksheet okay on the + + + align:start position:0% +worksheet okay on the +worksheet so so uh uh uh for the + + align:start position:0% +worksheet so so uh uh uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +worksheet so so uh uh uh for the +moment let us consider the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translation so it's actually a so it's a + + align:start position:0% +translation so it's actually a so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +translation so it's actually a so it's a +couple of lines but I will leave you to + + align:start position:0% +couple of lines but I will leave you to + + + align:start position:0% +couple of lines but I will leave you to +do it yourself I think you will also do + + align:start position:0% +do it yourself I think you will also do + + + align:start position:0% +do it yourself I think you will also do +it in your pet to to derive the + + align:start position:0% +it in your pet to to derive the + + + align:start position:0% +it in your pet to to derive the +conserved current for this one so let me + + align:start position:0% +conserved current for this one so let me + + + align:start position:0% +conserved current for this one so let me +just write down the answer so the so the + + align:start position:0% +just write down the answer so the so the + + + align:start position:0% +just write down the answer so the so the +conserved current for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translation for + + align:start position:0% +translation for + + + align:start position:0% +translation for +translation you can derive the conserve + + align:start position:0% +translation you can derive the conserve + + + align:start position:0% +translation you can derive the conserve +current because there's a d such CH D + + align:start position:0% +current because there's a d such CH D + + + align:start position:0% +current because there's a d such CH D +such symmetry for each mu there's this + + align:start position:0% +such symmetry for each mu there's this + + + align:start position:0% +such symmetry for each mu there's this +symmetry so the current is labeled by mu + + align:start position:0% +symmetry so the current is labeled by mu + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry so the current is labeled by mu +but there's also W sheets index to index + + align:start position:0% +but there's also W sheets index to index + + + align:start position:0% +but there's also W sheets index to index +this is a current on on W sheet okay so + + align:start position:0% +this is a current on on W sheet okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this is a current on on W sheet okay so +this can be written + + align:start position:0% +this can be written + + + align:start position:0% +this can be written +as 2 pi RP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime so I'm so I'm just writing down + + align:start position:0% +Prime so I'm so I'm just writing down + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so I'm so I'm just writing down +the answer but you should you will check + + align:start position:0% +the answer but you should you will check + + + align:start position:0% +the answer but you should you will check +yourself in the P side this is the right + + align:start position:0% +yourself in the P side this is the right + + + align:start position:0% +yourself in the P side this is the right +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +okay so you can immediately see that + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can immediately see that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can immediately see that +this current is conserved because if you + + align:start position:0% +this current is conserved because if you + + + align:start position:0% +this current is conserved because if you +act partial a on here you you just get + + align:start position:0% +act partial a on here you you just get + + + align:start position:0% +act partial a on here you you just get +the motion then it's zero okay + + align:start position:0% +the motion then it's zero okay + + + align:start position:0% +the motion then it's zero okay +equational motion just partial a square + + align:start position:0% +equational motion just partial a square + + + align:start position:0% +equational motion just partial a square +equal to partial a square acting on X mu + + align:start position:0% +equal to partial a square acting on X mu + + + align:start position:0% +equal to partial a square acting on X mu +equal to zero okay so you can be me this + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero okay so you can be me this + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero okay so you can be me this +is indeed + + align:start position:0% +is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +is indeed +conserved this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conserved and then this will lead to a + + align:start position:0% +conserved and then this will lead to a + + + align:start position:0% +conserved and then this will lead to a +conserved + + align:start position:0% +conserved + + + align:start position:0% +conserved +charge okay say if you I integrated + + align:start position:0% +charge okay say if you I integrated + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay say if you I integrated +along the string so let's do the uh for + + align:start position:0% +along the string so let's do the uh for + + + align:start position:0% +along the string so let's do the uh for +example for the close scen if I + + align:start position:0% +example for the close scen if I + + + align:start position:0% +example for the close scen if I +integrated for the + + align:start position:0% +integrated for the + + + align:start position:0% +integrated for the +screen and uh and this partial zero + + align:start position:0% +screen and uh and this partial zero + + + align:start position:0% +screen and uh and this partial zero +component so the zero component so the + + align:start position:0% +component so the zero component so the + + + align:start position:0% +component so the zero component so the +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +component of this current and then this + + align:start position:0% +component of this current and then this + + + align:start position:0% +component of this current and then this +is conserved charge on W sheet okay so + + align:start position:0% +is conserved charge on W sheet okay so + + + align:start position:0% +is conserved charge on W sheet okay so +do you have any guess what should be + + align:start position:0% +do you have any guess what should be + + + align:start position:0% +do you have any guess what should be +this conserved charge corresponding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah should be must be the SpaceTime + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah should be must be the SpaceTime + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah should be must be the SpaceTime +momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in your + + align:start position:0% +okay in your + + + align:start position:0% +okay in your +um in your uh maybe + + align:start position:0% +um in your uh maybe + + + align:start position:0% +um in your uh maybe +801 you should have + + align:start position:0% +801 you should have + + + align:start position:0% +801 you should have +learned that say if you look at in the + + align:start position:0% +learned that say if you look at in the + + + align:start position:0% +learned that say if you look at in the +classical + + align:start position:0% +classical + + + align:start position:0% +classical +mechanics you do for a particle move + + align:start position:0% +mechanics you do for a particle move + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics you do for a particle move +with a translation symmetry then the + + align:start position:0% +with a translation symmetry then the + + + align:start position:0% +with a translation symmetry then the +momentum should be conserved okay so + + align:start position:0% +momentum should be conserved okay so + + + align:start position:0% +momentum should be conserved okay so +here we have a string with a translation + + align:start position:0% +here we have a string with a translation + + + align:start position:0% +here we have a string with a translation +symmetry mov in the space time with a + + align:start position:0% +symmetry mov in the space time with a + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry mov in the space time with a +transation Symmetry and then then the + + align:start position:0% +transation Symmetry and then then the + + + align:start position:0% +transation Symmetry and then then the +corresponding momentum must be conserved + + align:start position:0% +corresponding momentum must be conserved + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding momentum must be conserved +and uh and and this conserved charge + + align:start position:0% +and uh and and this conserved charge + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and and this conserved charge +must be that momentum + + align:start position:0% +must be that momentum + + + align:start position:0% +must be that momentum +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so so this things so so if I can see + + align:start position:0% +so so so this things so so if I can see + + + align:start position:0% +so so so this things so so if I can see +the P mu so so let me write the P please + + align:start position:0% +the P mu so so let me write the P please + + + align:start position:0% +the P mu so so let me write the P please +if we can see p mu which is this + + align:start position:0% +if we can see p mu which is this + + + align:start position:0% +if we can see p mu which is this +integration of 2 pi so this is for the + + align:start position:0% +integration of 2 pi so this is for the + + + align:start position:0% +integration of 2 pi so this is for the +Clos string similar for the open string + + align:start position:0% +Clos string similar for the open string + + + align:start position:0% +Clos string similar for the open string +you you integrate over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pi so this must + + align:start position:0% +Pi so this must + + + align:start position:0% +Pi so this must +be so this is the space time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this I say this is the space time + + align:start position:0% +so this I say this is the space time + + + align:start position:0% +so this I say this is the space time +momentum over string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay yes what's the definition of d + + align:start position:0% +okay yes what's the definition of d + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes what's the definition of d +partial a definition of the current so + + align:start position:0% +partial a definition of the current so + + + align:start position:0% +partial a definition of the current so +this is a conserved + + align:start position:0% +this is a conserved + + + align:start position:0% +this is a conserved +current corresponding to This Global + + align:start position:0% +current corresponding to This Global + + + align:start position:0% +current corresponding to This Global +trans Global uh + + align:start position:0% +trans Global uh + + + align:start position:0% +trans Global uh +translation oh just the derivative of a + + align:start position:0% +translation oh just the derivative of a + + + align:start position:0% +translation oh just the derivative of a +derivative of Sigma + + align:start position:0% +derivative of Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of Sigma +a so I have always use rotation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here that the partial a is partial Sigma + + align:start position:0% +here that the partial a is partial Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +here that the partial a is partial Sigma +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I should this could corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +so I should this could corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +so I should this could corresponding to +the space time momentum of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string okay so for the for the Clos + + align:start position:0% +string okay so for the for the Clos + + + align:start position:0% +string okay so for the for the Clos +string you integrate from 0 to 2 pi from + + align:start position:0% +string you integrate from 0 to 2 pi from + + + align:start position:0% +string you integrate from 0 to 2 pi from +open string you only from the integrate + + align:start position:0% +open string you only from the integrate + + + align:start position:0% +open string you only from the integrate +from only from zero to Pi so now if you + + align:start position:0% +from only from zero to Pi so now if you + + + align:start position:0% +from only from zero to Pi so now if you +plug in that mode expansion into here + + align:start position:0% +plug in that mode expansion into here + + + align:start position:0% +plug in that mode expansion into here +again all the oscillatory mode that + + align:start position:0% +again all the oscillatory mode that + + + align:start position:0% +again all the oscillatory mode that +should not + + align:start position:0% +should not + + + align:start position:0% +should not +contribute okay and because this is you + + align:start position:0% +contribute okay and because this is you + + + align:start position:0% +contribute okay and because this is you +can check that not contribute so the + + align:start position:0% +can check that not contribute so the + + + align:start position:0% +can check that not contribute so the +only thing contribute is zero + + align:start position:0% +only thing contribute is zero + + + align:start position:0% +only thing contribute is zero +modes so you + + align:start position:0% +modes so you + + + align:start position:0% +modes so you +find that this V mu uh P + + align:start position:0% +find that this V mu uh P + + + align:start position:0% +find that this V mu uh P +mu is equal to V mu / by Alpha Prime so + + align:start position:0% +mu is equal to V mu / by Alpha Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +mu is equal to V mu / by Alpha Prime so +this is a Clos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string so this is over B from here + + align:start position:0% +string so this is over B from here + + + align:start position:0% +string so this is over B from here +because this give you V mu times 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +because this give you V mu times 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +because this give you V mu times 2 pi +and then 2 pi cancel give AL + + align:start position:0% +and then 2 pi cancel give AL + + + align:start position:0% +and then 2 pi cancel give AL +Prime but for the open string you only + + align:start position:0% +Prime but for the open string you only + + + align:start position:0% +Prime but for the open string you only +integrate over Pi so you get two alpha + + align:start position:0% +integrate over Pi so you get two alpha + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over Pi so you get two alpha +Prime so this is for the + + align:start position:0% +Prime so this is for the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so this is for the +open + + align:start position:0% +open + + + align:start position:0% +open +okay or in other + + align:start position:0% +okay or in other + + + align:start position:0% +okay or in other +words or in other words in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +words or in other words in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +words or in other words in terms of the +space time momentum so this is a more + + align:start position:0% +space time momentum so this is a more + + + align:start position:0% +space time momentum so this is a more +physical quantity then this V mu so in + + align:start position:0% +physical quantity then this V mu so in + + + align:start position:0% +physical quantity then this V mu so in +terms of the SpaceTime momentum the V mu + + align:start position:0% +terms of the SpaceTime momentum the V mu + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the SpaceTime momentum the V mu +can be written + + align:start position:0% +can be written + + + align:start position:0% +can be written +as Alpha Prime P mu which is for the + + align:start position:0% +as Alpha Prime P mu which is for the + + + align:start position:0% +as Alpha Prime P mu which is for the +closed and Alpha two alpha Prime + + align:start position:0% +closed and Alpha two alpha Prime + + + align:start position:0% +closed and Alpha two alpha Prime +time P mu this for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +op and this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself of course should be interpreted + + align:start position:0% +itself of course should be interpreted + + + align:start position:0% +itself of course should be interpreted +as SpaceTime momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stream + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now we have + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have +found that V mu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +secretly it's just the SpaceTime + + align:start position:0% +secretly it's just the SpaceTime + + + align:start position:0% +secretly it's just the SpaceTime +momentum okay essentially just space + + align:start position:0% +momentum okay essentially just space + + + align:start position:0% +momentum okay essentially just space +time momentum up to some overall + + align:start position:0% +time momentum up to some overall + + + align:start position:0% +time momentum up to some overall +constant so now we can interpret those + + align:start position:0% +constant so now we can interpret those + + + align:start position:0% +constant so now we can interpret those +equations now we can interpret those + + align:start position:0% +equations now we can interpret those + + + align:start position:0% +equations now we can interpret those +equations then we can write + + align:start position:0% +equations then we can write + + + align:start position:0% +equations then we can write +them say for example for the first + + align:start position:0% +them say for example for the first + + + align:start position:0% +them say for example for the first +equation so now let me give you a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number yeah actually on my on my uh on + + align:start position:0% +number yeah actually on my on my uh on + + + align:start position:0% +number yeah actually on my on my uh on +my Lo here is equation 18 let me just + + align:start position:0% +my Lo here is equation 18 let me just + + + align:start position:0% +my Lo here is equation 18 let me just +write the equation 18 here uh uh and + + align:start position:0% +write the equation 18 here uh uh and + + + align:start position:0% +write the equation 18 here uh uh and +this is equation 19 for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closed so I have more equation number in + + align:start position:0% +closed so I have more equation number in + + + align:start position:0% +closed so I have more equation number in +my loads than here because + + align:start position:0% +my loads than here because + + + align:start position:0% +my loads than here because +I I did not copy all the + + align:start position:0% +I I did not copy all the + + + align:start position:0% +I I did not copy all the +equations anyway so that's the equation + + align:start position:0% +equations anyway so that's the equation + + + align:start position:0% +equations anyway so that's the equation +eight for example equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +18 now I can rewrite it + + align:start position:0% +18 now I can rewrite it + + + align:start position:0% +18 now I can rewrite it +in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the +momentum okay so let me put all V to a + + align:start position:0% +momentum okay so let me put all V to a + + + align:start position:0% +momentum okay so let me put all V to a +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +side so I can write as 2 + + align:start position:0% +side so I can write as 2 + + + align:start position:0% +side so I can write as 2 +p+ p minus minus p i + + align:start position:0% +p+ p minus minus p i + + + align:start position:0% +p+ p minus minus p i +squ equal to so each P Rel to Alpha and + + align:start position:0% +squ equal to so each P Rel to Alpha and + + + align:start position:0% +squ equal to so each P Rel to Alpha and +that two alpha here so that's 1/ 2 + + align:start position:0% +that two alpha here so that's 1/ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +that two alpha here so that's 1/ 2 +Alpha Su over M = to Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofha Mi I of minus Mi + + align:start position:0% +ofha Mi I of minus Mi + + + align:start position:0% +ofha Mi I of minus Mi +I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so now what is + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so now what is + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so now what is +this do you recognize what + + align:start position:0% +this do you recognize what + + + align:start position:0% +this do you recognize what +this this is just P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squ or or depend on your rotation is + + align:start position:0% +squ or or depend on your rotation is + + + align:start position:0% +squ or or depend on your rotation is +minus p + + align:start position:0% +minus p + + + align:start position:0% +minus p +s okay minus P mu P mu let me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +write minus P mu P + + align:start position:0% +write minus P mu P + + + align:start position:0% +write minus P mu P +mu so what is the what is minus P mu P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mu yeah it's a mass square so this + + align:start position:0% +mu yeah it's a mass square so this + + + align:start position:0% +mu yeah it's a mass square so this +equation should be interpreted as a mass + + align:start position:0% +equation should be interpreted as a mass + + + align:start position:0% +equation should be interpreted as a mass +equation so this tells + + align:start position:0% +equation so this tells + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this tells +you so it tells you the + + align:start position:0% +you so it tells you the + + + align:start position:0% +you so it tells you the +mass of the string should be + + align:start position:0% +mass of the string should be + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the string should be +written as the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +okay so now we + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we +have obtain the relation we see that + + align:start position:0% +have obtain the relation we see that + + + align:start position:0% +have obtain the relation we see that +this relation so this is for the open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string so we have obtained the relation + + align:start position:0% +string so we have obtained the relation + + + align:start position:0% +string so we have obtained the relation +between the mass of the string so if you + + align:start position:0% +between the mass of the string so if you + + + align:start position:0% +between the mass of the string so if you +think about the center of mass motion of + + align:start position:0% +think about the center of mass motion of + + + align:start position:0% +think about the center of mass motion of +a string is like a particle then this + + align:start position:0% +a string is like a particle then this + + + align:start position:0% +a string is like a particle then this +particle can have a mass then this Mass + + align:start position:0% +particle can have a mass then this Mass + + + align:start position:0% +particle can have a mass then this Mass +over the string mass square of the + + align:start position:0% +over the string mass square of the + + + align:start position:0% +over the string mass square of the +string is + + align:start position:0% +string is + + + align:start position:0% +string is +related can be can be expressed in terms + + align:start position:0% +related can be can be expressed in terms + + + align:start position:0% +related can be can be expressed in terms +of the oscillation mode in this in this + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation mode in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation mode in this in this +way okay and similarly uh uh this + + align:start position:0% +way okay and similarly uh uh this + + + align:start position:0% +way okay and similarly uh uh this +equation 19 for the Clos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stren you find that + + align:start position:0% +stren you find that + + + align:start position:0% +stren you find that +m² equal to + + align:start position:0% +m² equal to + + + align:start position:0% +m² equal to +again just differ by + + align:start position:0% +again just differ by + + + align:start position:0% +again just differ by +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +preactor then + + align:start position:0% +preactor then + + + align:start position:0% +preactor then +alpha- Mi I alha Mi I plus Alpha taus Mi + + align:start position:0% +alpha- Mi I alha Mi I plus Alpha taus Mi + + + align:start position:0% +alpha- Mi I alha Mi I plus Alpha taus Mi +I alha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m so this is the + + align:start position:0% +m so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +m so this is the +mass + + align:start position:0% +mass + + + align:start position:0% +mass +equation for the Clos + + align:start position:0% +equation for the Clos + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the Clos +string so these are typically called the + + align:start position:0% +string so these are typically called the + + + align:start position:0% +string so these are typically called the +mass shell + + align:start position:0% +mass shell + + + align:start position:0% +mass shell +conditions okay so this for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closed any questions on + + align:start position:0% +closed any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +closed any questions on +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +H + + align:start position:0% +H + + + align:start position:0% +H +sorry oh that's right yeah thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good we this I have a question here + + align:start position:0% +good we this I have a question here + + + align:start position:0% +good we this I have a question here +before is that we have never defin the + + align:start position:0% +before is that we have never defin the + + + align:start position:0% +before is that we have never defin the +mass of the string so this is so this is + + align:start position:0% +mass of the string so this is so this is + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the string so this is so this is +the kind of a definition of the mass no + + align:start position:0% +the kind of a definition of the mass no + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of a definition of the mass no +no definition of the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +no definition of the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +no definition of the mass of the +string + + align:start position:0% +string + + + align:start position:0% +string +is determined by by how the Cent C of + + align:start position:0% +is determined by by how the Cent C of + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by by how the Cent C of +mass motion + + align:start position:0% +mass motion + + + align:start position:0% +mass motion +right how would you tell the power the + + align:start position:0% +right how would you tell the power the + + + align:start position:0% +right how would you tell the power the +particle moves is from the center of + + align:start position:0% +particle moves is from the center of + + + align:start position:0% +particle moves is from the center of +mass motion and that determines its + + align:start position:0% +mass motion and that determines its + + + align:start position:0% +mass motion and that determines its +mass this is a conserved + + align:start position:0% +mass this is a conserved + + + align:start position:0% +mass this is a conserved +quantity uh p is a conserved quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity uh p is a conserved quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity uh p is a conserved quantity +and the dispersion relation uh + + align:start position:0% +and the dispersion relation uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the dispersion relation uh +determines your mass right yes so this + + align:start position:0% +determines your mass right yes so this + + + align:start position:0% +determines your mass right yes so this +is the mass in the right uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so now finally we can do the + + align:start position:0% +good so now finally we can do the + + + align:start position:0% +good so now finally we can do the +quation with all those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +preparations okay so now we can finally + + align:start position:0% +preparations okay so now we can finally + + + align:start position:0% +preparations okay so now we can finally +do the uh uh do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantization so similarly I will not go + + align:start position:0% +quantization so similarly I will not go + + + align:start position:0% +quantization so similarly I will not go +to here similarly yeah let me just also + + align:start position:0% +to here similarly yeah let me just also + + + align:start position:0% +to here similarly yeah let me just also +mention by looking at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +transformation you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation you can write down the +conserved chart conserved current + + align:start position:0% +conserved chart conserved current + + + align:start position:0% +conserved chart conserved current +corresponding to the range + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the range + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the range +transformation then that will give you + + align:start position:0% +transformation then that will give you + + + align:start position:0% +transformation then that will give you +rise to the angular + + align:start position:0% +rise to the angular + + + align:start position:0% +rise to the angular +momentum and also give rise to the + + align:start position:0% +momentum and also give rise to the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and also give rise to the +corresponding charge associate with the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding charge associate with the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding charge associate with the +Boost Etc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and they they we will not go into + + align:start position:0% +okay and they they we will not go into + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they they we will not go into +there they actually play a very + + align:start position:0% +there they actually play a very + + + align:start position:0% +there they actually play a very +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +role you understanding why is aspect of + + align:start position:0% +role you understanding why is aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +role you understanding why is aspect of +the scen I + + align:start position:0% +the scen I + + + align:start position:0% +the scen I +also okay so now let's now we can + + align:start position:0% +also okay so now let's now we can + + + align:start position:0% +also okay so now let's now we can +quantize + + align:start position:0% +quantize + + + align:start position:0% +quantize +it and as we said before we only need to + + align:start position:0% +it and as we said before we only need to + + + align:start position:0% +it and as we said before we only need to +quantize Independent Freedom so those + + align:start position:0% +quantize Independent Freedom so those + + + align:start position:0% +quantize Independent Freedom so those +XI so so only need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantize x + + align:start position:0% +quantize x + + + align:start position:0% +quantize x +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +i because these are the independent + + align:start position:0% +i because these are the independent + + + align:start position:0% +i because these are the independent +freedom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here from here you can immediately write + + align:start position:0% +here from here you can immediately write + + + align:start position:0% +here from here you can immediately write +down the canonical + + align:start position:0% +down the canonical + + + align:start position:0% +down the canonical +momentum say the canonical volitude + + align:start position:0% +momentum say the canonical volitude + + + align:start position:0% +momentum say the canonical volitude +momentum for the + + align:start position:0% +momentum for the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum for the +string for the + + align:start position:0% +string for the + + + align:start position:0% +string for the +XI so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +canonical water sheet + + align:start position:0% +canonical water sheet + + + align:start position:0% +canonical water sheet +momentum so when should distinguish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this with this guy so that is + + align:start position:0% +this with this guy so that is + + + align:start position:0% +this with this guy so that is +the this corresponding to the current + + align:start position:0% +the this corresponding to the current + + + align:start position:0% +the this corresponding to the current +corresponding to the SpaceTime momentum + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the SpaceTime momentum + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the SpaceTime momentum +and this is just treating so this is + + align:start position:0% +and this is just treating so this is + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just treating so this is +just treating the XI as a two + + align:start position:0% +just treating the XI as a two + + + align:start position:0% +just treating the XI as a two +dimensional field we can write down it's + + align:start position:0% +dimensional field we can write down it's + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional field we can write down it's +w sheet canonical + + align:start position:0% +w sheet canonical + + + align:start position:0% +w sheet canonical +momentum and we just take the time + + align:start position:0% +momentum and we just take the time + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and we just take the time +derivative of that action for the I + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that action for the I + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that action for the I +Direction and then you + + align:start position:0% +Direction and then you + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and then you +find it's given + + align:start position:0% +find it's given + + + align:start position:0% +find it's given +by 2 pi alha + + align:start position:0% +by 2 pi alha + + + align:start position:0% +by 2 pi alha +Prime partial to x i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is the standard the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the standard the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the standard the uh uh +canonical momentum for the twood + + align:start position:0% +canonical momentum for the twood + + + align:start position:0% +canonical momentum for the twood +dimensional field the so this happens to + + align:start position:0% +dimensional field the so this happens to + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional field the so this happens to +agree so this happens to be the same as + + align:start position:0% +agree so this happens to be the same as + + + align:start position:0% +agree so this happens to be the same as +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +momentum + + align:start position:0% +momentum + + + align:start position:0% +momentum +uh but you should keep in mind that the + + align:start position:0% +uh but you should keep in mind that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you should keep in mind that the +physical interpretation is very + + align:start position:0% +physical interpretation is very + + + align:start position:0% +physical interpretation is very +different there is corresponding to the + + align:start position:0% +different there is corresponding to the + + + align:start position:0% +different there is corresponding to the +density for the SpaceTime momentum and + + align:start position:0% +density for the SpaceTime momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +density for the SpaceTime momentum and +here this just corresponding to the uh a + + align:start position:0% +here this just corresponding to the uh a + + + align:start position:0% +here this just corresponding to the uh a +canonical momentum when you do the + + align:start position:0% +canonical momentum when you do the + + + align:start position:0% +canonical momentum when you do the +quantitation okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now you find the canonical momentum + + align:start position:0% +so now you find the canonical momentum + + + align:start position:0% +so now you find the canonical momentum +then then we can just impose the quation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition we can just impose quation + + align:start position:0% +condition we can just impose quation + + + align:start position:0% +condition we can just impose quation +condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now you you promote all this as + + align:start position:0% +so now you you promote all this as + + + align:start position:0% +so now you you promote all this as +operators all the classical field is + + align:start position:0% +operators all the classical field is + + + align:start position:0% +operators all the classical field is +promoted as + + align:start position:0% +promoted as + + + align:start position:0% +promoted as +operators and uh and then you impose the + + align:start position:0% +operators and uh and then you impose the + + + align:start position:0% +operators and uh and then you impose the +canonical conation + + align:start position:0% +canonical conation + + + align:start position:0% +canonical conation +condition so X + + align:start position:0% +condition so X + + + align:start position:0% +condition so X +ixj for different X Sigma Prime but + + align:start position:0% +ixj for different X Sigma Prime but + + + align:start position:0% +ixj for different X Sigma Prime but +divided at the same to should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +commute you + + align:start position:0% +commute you + + + align:start position:0% +commute you +commute same thing if you do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi at a + + align:start position:0% +pi at a + + + align:start position:0% +pi at a +different Sigma Prime but P should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +commute but x + + align:start position:0% +commute but x + + + align:start position:0% +commute but x +i Sigma + + align:start position:0% +i Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +i Sigma +T and the pi + + align:start position:0% +T and the pi + + + align:start position:0% +T and the pi +J Sigma Prime + + align:start position:0% +J Sigma Prime + + + align:start position:0% +J Sigma Prime +T then you should give you I Delta + + align:start position:0% +T then you should give you I Delta + + + align:start position:0% +T then you should give you I Delta +IJ then Delta function Sigma minus Sigma + + align:start position:0% +IJ then Delta function Sigma minus Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +IJ then Delta function Sigma minus Sigma +Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is just the you just impose + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is just the you just impose + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is just the you just impose +the this a free field you just impose + + align:start position:0% +the this a free field you just impose + + + align:start position:0% +the this a free field you just impose +the standard canonical quantization + + align:start position:0% +the standard canonical quantization + + + align:start position:0% +the standard canonical quantization +condition as a two dimensional + + align:start position:0% +condition as a two dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +condition as a two dimensional +field and now all these + + align:start position:0% +field and now all these + + + align:start position:0% +field and now all these +modes all these different modes all + + align:start position:0% +modes all these different modes all + + + align:start position:0% +modes all these different modes all +which I just erased half uh uh half of + + align:start position:0% +which I just erased half uh uh half of + + + align:start position:0% +which I just erased half uh uh half of +it and all the different modes so x + + align:start position:0% +it and all the different modes so x + + + align:start position:0% +it and all the different modes so x +i Pi so vi just is pi is VI is the same + + align:start position:0% +i Pi so vi just is pi is VI is the same + + + align:start position:0% +i Pi so vi just is pi is VI is the same +as VI and then alha n i alha n t i they + + align:start position:0% +as VI and then alha n i alha n t i they + + + align:start position:0% +as VI and then alha n i alha n t i they +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operators so classically the + + align:start position:0% +operators so classically the + + + align:start position:0% +operators so classically the +corresponding to integration + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to integration + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to integration +constant for equation for for + + align:start position:0% +constant for equation for for + + + align:start position:0% +constant for equation for for +integration for equation motion and + + align:start position:0% +integration for equation motion and + + + align:start position:0% +integration for equation motion and +Quantum mechanically they become uh + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanically they become uh + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanically they become uh +integration constant for your Opera + + align:start position:0% +integration constant for your Opera + + + align:start position:0% +integration constant for your Opera +equation so they're just the constant + + align:start position:0% +equation so they're just the constant + + + align:start position:0% +equation so they're just the constant +operators uh in Quantum mechanically + + align:start position:0% +operators uh in Quantum mechanically + + + align:start position:0% +operators uh in Quantum mechanically +okay and then then then when you plug in + + align:start position:0% +okay and then then then when you plug in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then then then when you plug in +those mode expansion into here just as + + align:start position:0% +those mode expansion into here just as + + + align:start position:0% +those mode expansion into here just as +usual in your + + align:start position:0% +usual in your + + + align:start position:0% +usual in your +um in your free field C + + align:start position:0% +um in your free field C + + + align:start position:0% +um in your free field C +conization then you just find the comod + + align:start position:0% +conization then you just find the comod + + + align:start position:0% +conization then you just find the comod +relation for example you find x i PJ + + align:start position:0% +relation for example you find x i PJ + + + align:start position:0% +relation for example you find x i PJ +equal to I Del i + + align:start position:0% +equal to I Del i + + + align:start position:0% +equal to I Del i +j then you also find Alpha Mi I Alpha + + align:start position:0% +j then you also find Alpha Mi I Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +j then you also find Alpha Mi I Alpha +NJ equal + + align:start position:0% +NJ equal + + + align:start position:0% +NJ equal +to Alpha M the I of n the J equal to m + + align:start position:0% +to Alpha M the I of n the J equal to m + + + align:start position:0% +to Alpha M the I of n the J equal to m +Da i + + align:start position:0% +Da i + + + align:start position:0% +Da i +j dot so I'm just writing down the + + align:start position:0% +j dot so I'm just writing down the + + + align:start position:0% +j dot so I'm just writing down the +answer for you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so this is all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +straightforward other than uh + + align:start position:0% +straightforward other than uh + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward other than uh +unconventional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +normalizations and so that thing's like + + align:start position:0% +normalizations and so that thing's like + + + align:start position:0% +normalizations and so that thing's like +Delta M minus n or something yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +Delta M minus n or something yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +Delta M minus n or something yeah that's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +yeah so now if you look at + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now if you look at +this okay if you look at this so this is + + align:start position:0% +this okay if you look at this so this is + + + align:start position:0% +this okay if you look at this so this is +M so this m Rel is related to the + + align:start position:0% +M so this m Rel is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +M so this m Rel is related to the +um this normalization we were chosing + + align:start position:0% +um this normalization we were chosing + + + align:start position:0% +um this normalization we were chosing +here we here here we are choosing + + align:start position:0% +here we here here we are choosing + + + align:start position:0% +here we here here we are choosing +nalization here so there's appearing + + align:start position:0% +nalization here so there's appearing + + + align:start position:0% +nalization here so there's appearing +some M here + + align:start position:0% +some M here + + + align:start position:0% +some M here +okay and from this SC you can see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh uh uh uh so with all + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh uh so with all + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh uh so with all +others all other computation relation + + align:start position:0% +others all other computation relation + + + align:start position:0% +others all other computation relation +all other commutators + + align:start position:0% +all other commutators + + + align:start position:0% +all other commutators +vanish okay so these are the only non + + align:start position:0% +vanish okay so these are the only non + + + align:start position:0% +vanish okay so these are the only non +Vanishing + + align:start position:0% +Vanishing + + + align:start position:0% +Vanishing +ones so if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +ones so if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +ones so if you look at this +equation so let's see for M greater than + + align:start position:0% +equation so let's see for M greater than + + + align:start position:0% +equation so let's see for M greater than +zero so for M greater than zero then + + align:start position:0% +zero so for M greater than zero then + + + align:start position:0% +zero so for M greater than zero then +this is m + + align:start position:0% +this is m + + + align:start position:0% +this is m +then this is only long vage for m equal + + align:start position:0% +then this is only long vage for m equal + + + align:start position:0% +then this is only long vage for m equal +to m equal to zero so this Alpha m alpha + + align:start position:0% +to m equal to zero so this Alpha m alpha + + + align:start position:0% +to m equal to zero so this Alpha m alpha +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +M then equal to M something is a + + align:start position:0% +M then equal to M something is a + + + align:start position:0% +M then equal to M something is a +positive l so that + + align:start position:0% +positive l so that + + + align:start position:0% +positive l so that +means tells you that in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +means tells you that in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +means tells you that in terms of the +standard location square root m alpha Mi + + align:start position:0% +standard location square root m alpha Mi + + + align:start position:0% +standard location square root m alpha Mi +I should be interpreted as the say the + + align:start position:0% +I should be interpreted as the say the + + + align:start position:0% +I should be interpreted as the say the +standard allation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operator and the square root m alpha + + align:start position:0% +operator and the square root m alpha + + + align:start position:0% +operator and the square root m alpha +minus m + + align:start position:0% +minus m + + + align:start position:0% +minus m +I should be interpreted as AI diager so + + align:start position:0% +I should be interpreted as AI diager so + + + align:start position:0% +I should be interpreted as AI diager so +this is all for M greater than + + align:start position:0% +this is all for M greater than + + + align:start position:0% +this is all for M greater than +zero okay similarly for the + + align:start position:0% +zero okay similarly for the + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay similarly for the +tilas similarly for the taas so that + + align:start position:0% +tilas similarly for the taas so that + + + align:start position:0% +tilas similarly for the taas so that +what the equation + + align:start position:0% +what the equation + + + align:start position:0% +what the equation +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +okay so it clear to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +you then we essentially then we have + + align:start position:0% +you then we essentially then we have + + + align:start position:0% +you then we essentially then we have +essentially finish the quation of the + + align:start position:0% +essentially finish the quation of the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially finish the quation of the +string + + align:start position:0% +string + + + align:start position:0% +string +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh we have solved the the Heisenberg + + align:start position:0% +uh we have solved the the Heisenberg + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have solved the the Heisenberg +equations and uh so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now with those modes expansion plug in + + align:start position:0% +now with those modes expansion plug in + + + align:start position:0% +now with those modes expansion plug in +th this is now interpreted as the + + align:start position:0% +th this is now interpreted as the + + + align:start position:0% +th this is now interpreted as the +solution to the the Heisenberg equations + + align:start position:0% +solution to the the Heisenberg equations + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the the Heisenberg equations +and uh then the integration constant in + + align:start position:0% +and uh then the integration constant in + + + align:start position:0% +and uh then the integration constant in +this equations they satisfy those + + align:start position:0% +this equations they satisfy those + + + align:start position:0% +this equations they satisfy those +computation relations okay so satisy + + align:start position:0% +computation relations okay so satisy + + + align:start position:0% +computation relations okay so satisy +those kind of and uh and also the + + align:start position:0% +those kind of and uh and also the + + + align:start position:0% +those kind of and uh and also the +commutation relation between XI and + + align:start position:0% +commutation relation between XI and + + + align:start position:0% +commutation relation between XI and +P indeed is what you would expect for + + align:start position:0% +P indeed is what you would expect for + + + align:start position:0% +P indeed is what you would expect for +Point particle so this corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +Point particle so this corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +Point particle so this corresponding to +the center of mass location and the + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass location and the + + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass location and the +center of mass momentum and indeed uh uh + + align:start position:0% +center of mass momentum and indeed uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass momentum and indeed uh uh +uh uh you would expect between the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you would expect between the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you would expect between the +position and the momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions are we dropping the index M on + + align:start position:0% +questions are we dropping the index M on + + + align:start position:0% +questions are we dropping the index M on +the a or is a subscript yeah + + align:start position:0% +the a or is a subscript yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the a or is a subscript yeah +okay okay but I will always use the + + align:start position:0% +okay okay but I will always use the + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay but I will always use the +notation of alpha I will not use a yeah + + align:start position:0% +notation of alpha I will not use a yeah + + + align:start position:0% +notation of alpha I will not use a yeah +but just keep in mind their relation is + + align:start position:0% +but just keep in mind their relation is + + + align:start position:0% +but just keep in mind their relation is +like that and then a and a dag we have + + align:start position:0% +like that and then a and a dag we have + + + align:start position:0% +like that and then a and a dag we have +the standard uh computation relation to + + align:start position:0% +the standard uh computation relation to + + + align:start position:0% +the standard uh computation relation to +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now we + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we +can now work out the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spectrum so now we can work out the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spectrum and me + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum and me + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum and me +see so uh we can work out the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spectrum so the low is state is soal + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum so the low is state is soal + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum so the low is state is soal +oscillator + + align:start position:0% +oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator +vacuum so when we quantize it we Define + + align:start position:0% +vacuum so when we quantize it we Define + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum so when we quantize it we Define +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vacuum so the vacuum corresponding to of + + align:start position:0% +vacuum so the vacuum corresponding to of + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum so the vacuum corresponding to of +course the + + align:start position:0% +course the + + + align:start position:0% +course the +states which are lated by all creation + + align:start position:0% +states which are lated by all creation + + + align:start position:0% +states which are lated by all creation +operators of elated by all allation + + align:start position:0% +operators of elated by all allation + + + align:start position:0% +operators of elated by all allation +operators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay greater than zero and + + align:start position:0% +okay greater than zero and + + + align:start position:0% +okay greater than zero and +I okay so we first Define so in order to + + align:start position:0% +I okay so we first Define so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +I okay so we first Define so in order to +so we are quantizing so this is like a + + align:start position:0% +so we are quantizing so this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +so we are quantizing so this is like a +free field Theory and so we Define a + + align:start position:0% +free field Theory and so we Define a + + + align:start position:0% +free field Theory and so we Define a +vacuum which is lated by all allation + + align:start position:0% +vacuum which is lated by all allation + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum which is lated by all allation +operator + + align:start position:0% +operator + + + align:start position:0% +operator +but the + + align:start position:0% +but the + + + align:start position:0% +but the +difference from the + + align:start position:0% +difference from the + + + align:start position:0% +difference from the +standard Quantum field the to + + align:start position:0% +standard Quantum field the to + + + align:start position:0% +standard Quantum field the to +dimensional Quantum field the is that + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Quantum field the is that + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Quantum field the is that +now the vacuum here is labeled by P okay + + align:start position:0% +now the vacuum here is labeled by P okay + + + align:start position:0% +now the vacuum here is labeled by P okay +this is the SpaceTime Center of mass + + align:start position:0% +this is the SpaceTime Center of mass + + + align:start position:0% +this is the SpaceTime Center of mass +momentum of the string so we are taking + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the string so we are taking + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the string so we are taking +the vacuum to be say a momentum Aon + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum to be say a momentum Aon + + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum to be say a momentum Aon +State okay in terms of space + + align:start position:0% +State okay in terms of space + + + align:start position:0% +State okay in terms of space +time and uh so so this zero + + align:start position:0% +time and uh so so this zero + + + align:start position:0% +time and uh so so this zero +P which corresponding to have low + + align:start position:0% +P which corresponding to have low + + + align:start position:0% +P which corresponding to have low +oscillator excited on the string but can + + align:start position:0% +oscillator excited on the string but can + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator excited on the string but can +still have a + + align:start position:0% +still have a + + + align:start position:0% +still have a +momentum SpaceTime momentum so this is + + align:start position:0% +momentum SpaceTime momentum so this is + + + align:start position:0% +momentum SpaceTime momentum so this is +nebl by Central Mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momentum P mu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then you can also build up + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you can also build up + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you can also build up +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +state then you can so this is a lowest + + align:start position:0% +state then you can so this is a lowest + + + align:start position:0% +state then you can so this is a lowest +State on the so this is in some sense + + align:start position:0% +State on the so this is in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +State on the so this is in some sense +the vacuum State on the streen and then + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum State on the streen and then + + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum State on the streen and then +you can also build up the excited + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state and so you just act arbit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L of Alpha and Alpha tilas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on this uh vacuum State + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so yeah uh let me also label the + + align:start position:0% +okay so yeah uh let me also label the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so yeah uh let me also label the +equation so let me call this equation 20 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for the open string yeah so this is for + + align:start position:0% +for the open string yeah so this is for + + + align:start position:0% +for the open string yeah so this is for +the string a closed string for the open + + align:start position:0% +the string a closed string for the open + + + align:start position:0% +the string a closed string for the open +stream you only have one set you just + + align:start position:0% +stream you only have one set you just + + + align:start position:0% +stream you only have one set you just +have one set of say Al n i instead of + + align:start position:0% +have one set of say Al n i instead of + + + align:start position:0% +have one set of say Al n i instead of +two sets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay it's also convenient to define a + + align:start position:0% +Okay it's also convenient to define a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay it's also convenient to define a +oscillat number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so which we call uh defined in + + align:start position:0% +okay so which we call uh defined in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so which we call uh defined in +terms of the standard the things and + + align:start position:0% +terms of the standard the things and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the standard the things and +then then the alpha minus m i Alpha Mi I + + align:start position:0% +then then the alpha minus m i Alpha Mi I + + + align:start position:0% +then then the alpha minus m i Alpha Mi I +so would be equal to M and Mi I okay so + + align:start position:0% +so would be equal to M and Mi I okay so + + + align:start position:0% +so would be equal to M and Mi I okay so +this is oscillated + + align:start position:0% +this is oscillated + + + align:start position:0% +this is oscillated +number for the M mode and in I + + align:start position:0% +number for the M mode and in I + + + align:start position:0% +number for the M mode and in I +directions okay so in this equation + + align:start position:0% +directions okay so in this equation + + + align:start position:0% +directions okay so in this equation +there's no summation of I also there's + + align:start position:0% +there's no summation of I also there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's no summation of I also there's +no summation of M just + + align:start position:0% +no summation of M just + + + align:start position:0% +no summation of M just +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so uh so I hope this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clear good any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so now let's look + + align:start position:0% +questions so now let's look + + + align:start position:0% +questions so now let's look +at now let's look at those equations now + + align:start position:0% +at now let's look at those equations now + + + align:start position:0% +at now let's look at those equations now +let's look at the uh those Mass shell + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the uh those Mass shell + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the uh those Mass shell +conditions the quantum lbel okay Excuse + + align:start position:0% +conditions the quantum lbel okay Excuse + + + align:start position:0% +conditions the quantum lbel okay Excuse +me yes what does operators X and P do on + + align:start position:0% +me yes what does operators X and P do on + + + align:start position:0% +me yes what does operators X and P do on +those vacums H operators X and P what do + + align:start position:0% +those vacums H operators X and P what do + + + align:start position:0% +those vacums H operators X and P what do +they do with those v no no no so we take + + align:start position:0% +they do with those v no no no so we take + + + align:start position:0% +they do with those v no no no so we take +the VAC so we take the vacuum to be Aon + + align:start position:0% +the VAC so we take the vacuum to be Aon + + + align:start position:0% +the VAC so we take the vacuum to be Aon +state of + + align:start position:0% +state of + + + align:start position:0% +state of +p and then yeah then that's it yeah + + align:start position:0% +p and then yeah then that's it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +p and then yeah then that's it yeah +those when they act those here what do + + align:start position:0% +those when they act those here what do + + + align:start position:0% +those when they act those here what do +they do so so this is AC state of p and + + align:start position:0% +they do so so this is AC state of p and + + + align:start position:0% +they do so so this is AC state of p and +the action of X on P it just as what do + + align:start position:0% +the action of X on P it just as what do + + + align:start position:0% +the action of X on P it just as what do +you do in the quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yes but um so the P that only includes + + align:start position:0% +yes but um so the P that only includes + + + align:start position:0% +yes but um so the P that only includes +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +icons all components all + + align:start position:0% +icons all components all + + + align:start position:0% +icons all components all +component uh but then they must be + + align:start position:0% +component uh but then they must be + + + align:start position:0% +component uh but then they must be +satisfied right right satisf then they + + align:start position:0% +satisfied right right satisf then they + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied right right satisf then they +have to by this kind of constraint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah other + + align:start position:0% +yeah other + + + align:start position:0% +yeah other +questions good good so + + align:start position:0% +questions good good so + + + align:start position:0% +questions good good so +now we can write down so so now let's + + align:start position:0% +now we can write down so so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +now we can write down so so now let's +write down the mass shell condition in + + align:start position:0% +write down the mass shell condition in + + + align:start position:0% +write down the mass shell condition in +terms of so this is a classical + + align:start position:0% +terms of so this is a classical + + + align:start position:0% +terms of so this is a classical +equation okay these are the classical + + align:start position:0% +equation okay these are the classical + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay these are the classical +equations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we can write down the quantum + + align:start position:0% +so now we can write down the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can write down the quantum +version of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +it so we can write down the Quantum + + align:start position:0% +it so we can write down the Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +it so we can write down the Quantum +verstion of + + align:start position:0% +verstion of + + + align:start position:0% +verstion of +it so each state so the typical State + + align:start position:0% +it so each state so the typical State + + + align:start position:0% +it so each state so the typical State +here we carry some p + + align:start position:0% +here we carry some p + + + align:start position:0% +here we carry some p +we will carry some P so Pi I are + + align:start position:0% +we will carry some P so Pi I are + + + align:start position:0% +we will carry some P so Pi I are +independent but then P minus p i and p+ + + align:start position:0% +independent but then P minus p i and p+ + + + align:start position:0% +independent but then P minus p i and p+ +for example yeah for X for X+ this will + + align:start position:0% +for example yeah for X for X+ this will + + + align:start position:0% +for example yeah for X for X+ this will +also give you a p+ for pi I and P plus + + align:start position:0% +also give you a p+ for pi I and P plus + + + align:start position:0% +also give you a p+ for pi I and P plus +are independent but then the P + + align:start position:0% +are independent but then the P + + + align:start position:0% +are independent but then the P +minus then is determined from those + + align:start position:0% +minus then is determined from those + + + align:start position:0% +minus then is determined from those +equations deter determine from this Mass + + align:start position:0% +equations deter determine from this Mass + + + align:start position:0% +equations deter determine from this Mass +shell conditions okay so now let's write + + align:start position:0% +shell conditions okay so now let's write + + + align:start position:0% +shell conditions okay so now let's write +down those Mass shell conditions in + + align:start position:0% +down those Mass shell conditions in + + + align:start position:0% +down those Mass shell conditions in +terms of quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form so now let's again look at the mass + + align:start position:0% +form so now let's again look at the mass + + + align:start position:0% +form so now let's again look at the mass +shell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conditions so let's first again uh do + + align:start position:0% +conditions so let's first again uh do + + + align:start position:0% +conditions so let's first again uh do +the open + + align:start position:0% +the open + + + align:start position:0% +the open +string so we just take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so so when you go to Quantum then + + align:start position:0% +this so so when you go to Quantum then + + + align:start position:0% +this so so when you go to Quantum then +you have to worry about the ordering + + align:start position:0% +you have to worry about the ordering + + + align:start position:0% +you have to worry about the ordering +okay then you have to worry about the + + align:start position:0% +okay then you have to worry about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay then you have to worry about the +ordering because the uh because now they + + align:start position:0% +ordering because the uh because now they + + + align:start position:0% +ordering because the uh because now they +don't commute okay so now you have about + + align:start position:0% +don't commute okay so now you have about + + + align:start position:0% +don't commute okay so now you have about +the ordering so let me for the moment + + align:start position:0% +the ordering so let me for the moment + + + align:start position:0% +the ordering so let me for the moment +don't uh uh then there's a ordering + + align:start position:0% +don't uh uh then there's a ordering + + + align:start position:0% +don't uh uh then there's a ordering +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +exact and it's easy to understand what + + align:start position:0% +exact and it's easy to understand what + + + align:start position:0% +exact and it's easy to understand what +should be the ordering + + align:start position:0% +should be the ordering + + + align:start position:0% +should be the ordering +constant because this uh this is a + + align:start position:0% +constant because this uh this is a + + + align:start position:0% +constant because this uh this is a +string and each oscillation mode behaves + + align:start position:0% +string and each oscillation mode behaves + + + align:start position:0% +string and each oscillation mode behaves +like a just a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +like a just a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +like a just a harmonic +oscillator and uh and you just add up + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and uh and you just add up + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and uh and you just add up +all the uh uh uh the the all the uh Zero + + align:start position:0% +all the uh uh uh the the all the uh Zero + + + align:start position:0% +all the uh uh uh the the all the uh Zero +Point Energy of the harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +Point Energy of the harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +Point Energy of the harmonic oscillator +then that will give you the aing + + align:start position:0% +then that will give you the aing + + + align:start position:0% +then that will give you the aing +constant okay it's just the same as + + align:start position:0% +constant okay it's just the same as + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay it's just the same as +harmonic oscillator problem so so trans + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator problem so so trans + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator problem so so trans +so to translate this into a Quantum + + align:start position:0% +so to translate this into a Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +so to translate this into a Quantum +Opera expression so I just do it as the + + align:start position:0% +Opera expression so I just do it as the + + + align:start position:0% +Opera expression so I just do it as the +harmonic oscillator okay because I just + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator okay because I just + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator okay because I just +have essentially have M harmonic + + align:start position:0% +have essentially have M harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +have essentially have M harmonic +oscillators have all these different + + align:start position:0% +oscillators have all these different + + + align:start position:0% +oscillators have all these different +harmonic oscillators then this is easy + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillators then this is easy + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillators then this is easy +so I just copy this one over Alpha Prime + + align:start position:0% +so I just copy this one over Alpha Prime + + + align:start position:0% +so I just copy this one over Alpha Prime +so so this is M from from minus infinity + + align:start position:0% +so so this is M from from minus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is M from from minus infinity +to to plus infinity so let me rewrite it + + align:start position:0% +to to plus infinity so let me rewrite it + + + align:start position:0% +to to plus infinity so let me rewrite it +from M = to 1 to plus infinity then I + + align:start position:0% +from M = to 1 to plus infinity then I + + + align:start position:0% +from M = to 1 to plus infinity then I +have a factor of two then the overall + + align:start position:0% +have a factor of two then the overall + + + align:start position:0% +have a factor of two then the overall +Factor become 1 / I one over Alpha Prime + + align:start position:0% +Factor become 1 / I one over Alpha Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Factor become 1 / I one over Alpha Prime +okay and now let me also making the sum + + align:start position:0% +okay and now let me also making the sum + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now let me also making the sum +of I explicit so from 2 to D minus one + + align:start position:0% +of I explicit so from 2 to D minus one + + + align:start position:0% +of I explicit so from 2 to D minus one +all the transverse + + align:start position:0% +all the transverse + + + align:start position:0% +all the transverse +directions and then I sum over M = to 1 + + align:start position:0% +directions and then I sum over M = to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +directions and then I sum over M = to 1 +to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity +and this I have written down before this + + align:start position:0% +and this I have written down before this + + + align:start position:0% +and this I have written down before this +is essentially just this m times the + + align:start position:0% +is essentially just this m times the + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially just this m times the +oscillation number m m m i + + align:start position:0% +oscillation number m m m i + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation number m m m i +okay so now I have to write down the 0 + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I have to write down the 0 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I have to write down the 0 +point energy so let me call it a + + align:start position:0% +point energy so let me call it a + + + align:start position:0% +point energy so let me call it a +zero so the Zero Point Energy so you + + align:start position:0% +zero so the Zero Point Energy so you + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the Zero Point Energy so you +just do it as a harmonic oscillator so + + align:start position:0% +just do it as a harmonic oscillator so + + + align:start position:0% +just do it as a harmonic oscillator so +this is for the oscillator number so for + + align:start position:0% +this is for the oscillator number so for + + + align:start position:0% +this is for the oscillator number so for +harmonic osat we have n plus 12 okay for + + align:start position:0% +harmonic osat we have n plus 12 okay for + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic osat we have n plus 12 okay for +each oscillator you have 1 12 + + align:start position:0% +each oscillator you have 1 12 + + + align:start position:0% +each oscillator you have 1 12 +and so so a Zer must be equal to 1/ + + align:start position:0% +and so so a Zer must be equal to 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +and so so a Zer must be equal to 1/ +Alpha + + align:start position:0% +Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha +Prime sum over I sum of M then 12 * + + align:start position:0% +Prime sum over I sum of M then 12 * + + + align:start position:0% +Prime sum over I sum of M then 12 * +m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so is this clear to you yes so in + + align:start position:0% +okay so is this clear to you yes so in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so is this clear to you yes so in +here we're not actually summing over I + + align:start position:0% +here we're not actually summing over I + + + align:start position:0% +here we're not actually summing over I +are we is there an implicit sum over i h + + align:start position:0% +are we is there an implicit sum over i h + + + align:start position:0% +are we is there an implicit sum over i h +oh yeah oh sorry uh here here repeated + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah oh sorry uh here here repeated + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah oh sorry uh here here repeated +index always means it's sumed even + + align:start position:0% +index always means it's sumed even + + + align:start position:0% +index always means it's sumed even +though they're both upes yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +though they're both upes yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +though they're both upes yeah yeah yeah +because we are working with movi + + align:start position:0% +because we are working with movi + + + align:start position:0% +because we are working with movi +metric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so essentially you + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so essentially you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so essentially you +have the harmonic oscillator with a + + align:start position:0% +have the harmonic oscillator with a + + + align:start position:0% +have the harmonic oscillator with a +frequency M okay because that's what + + align:start position:0% +frequency M okay because that's what + + + align:start position:0% +frequency M okay because that's what +each the um yeah I should have + + align:start position:0% +each the um yeah I should have + + + align:start position:0% +each the um yeah I should have +emphasized One Step uh let me + + align:start position:0% +emphasized One Step uh let me + + + align:start position:0% +emphasized One Step uh let me +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +um yeah I did not write it down explicit + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I did not write it down explicit + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I did not write it down explicit +here but if you remind yourself when you + + align:start position:0% +here but if you remind yourself when you + + + align:start position:0% +here but if you remind yourself when you +quantize a fre Quantum field + + align:start position:0% +quantize a fre Quantum field + + + align:start position:0% +quantize a fre Quantum field +Theory the the har now I have erased my + + align:start position:0% +Theory the the har now I have erased my + + + align:start position:0% +Theory the the har now I have erased my +harmonic expansion and in the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +harmonic expansion and in the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic expansion and in the harmonic +expansion and the N mode we have + + align:start position:0% +expansion and the N mode we have + + + align:start position:0% +expansion and the N mode we have +frequency n okay yeah say yeah let me + + align:start position:0% +frequency n okay yeah say yeah let me + + + align:start position:0% +frequency n okay yeah say yeah let me +just add it here so when we write down + + align:start position:0% +just add it here so when we write down + + + align:start position:0% +just add it here so when we write down +Pius Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah be some preactor so this n is just + + align:start position:0% +yeah be some preactor so this n is just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah be some preactor so this n is just +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +frequency of each mode okay as a + + align:start position:0% +frequency of each mode okay as a + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of each mode okay as a +harmonic + + align:start position:0% +harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic +oscillator so that's why here for the + + align:start position:0% +oscillator so that's why here for the + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator so that's why here for the +Zero Point Energy so each one each mode + + align:start position:0% +Zero Point Energy so each one each mode + + + align:start position:0% +Zero Point Energy so each one each mode +will contribute 12 M + + align:start position:0% +will contribute 12 M + + + align:start position:0% +will contribute 12 M +okay so is this clear to you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean you can also get that from the + + align:start position:0% +I mean you can also get that from the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you can also get that from the +computation + + align:start position:0% +computation + + + align:start position:0% +computation +relationship yeah + + align:start position:0% +relationship yeah + + + align:start position:0% +relationship yeah +uh yeah let me just saying I want to + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah let me just saying I want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah let me just saying I want to +write down the quantum version of this + + align:start position:0% +write down the quantum version of this + + + align:start position:0% +write down the quantum version of this +equation the way I do it is that I write + + align:start position:0% +equation the way I do it is that I write + + + align:start position:0% +equation the way I do it is that I write +down the quantum version of the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +down the quantum version of the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +down the quantum version of the harmonic +oscillator uh uh treat each mode as + + align:start position:0% +oscillator uh uh treat each mode as + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator uh uh treat each mode as +harmonic oscillator and then the + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator and then the + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator and then the +zero then this will be just a sum of + + align:start position:0% +zero then this will be just a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +zero then this will be just a sum of +infinite number of harmonic oscillators + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of harmonic oscillators + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of harmonic oscillators +and each harmonic oscillator have + + align:start position:0% +and each harmonic oscillator have + + + align:start position:0% +and each harmonic oscillator have +frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequency +n so each harmonic + + align:start position:0% +n so each harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +n so each harmonic +oscillator have frequency n okay so each + + align:start position:0% +oscillator have frequency n okay so each + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator have frequency n okay so each +have harmonic has a frequency n then + + align:start position:0% +have harmonic has a frequency n then + + + align:start position:0% +have harmonic has a frequency n then +this is the oscillat number times the + + align:start position:0% +this is the oscillat number times the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the oscillat number times the +frequency and uh and the zero mode just + + align:start position:0% +frequency and uh and the zero mode just + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and uh and the zero mode just +one half times the + + align:start position:0% +one half times the + + + align:start position:0% +one half times the +frequency yeah + + align:start position:0% +frequency yeah + + + align:start position:0% +frequency yeah +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +great and similarly we can write down + + align:start position:0% +great and similarly we can write down + + + align:start position:0% +great and similarly we can write down +the uh the equation for the close stren + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again sum over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I sum over m not equal to zero or sum m + + align:start position:0% +I sum over m not equal to zero or sum m + + + align:start position:0% +I sum over m not equal to zero or sum m +equal to 1 to + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 to +Infinity then m n Mi I plus m n Mi I + + align:start position:0% +Infinity then m n Mi I plus m n Mi I + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity then m n Mi I plus m n Mi I +Thea okay and then again plus a z so so + + align:start position:0% +Thea okay and then again plus a z so so + + + align:start position:0% +Thea okay and then again plus a z so so +this here A Z it's essentially the + + align:start position:0% +this here A Z it's essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +this here A Z it's essentially the +same is the + + align:start position:0% +same is the + + + align:start position:0% +same is the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um yeah so now you have this this + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so now you have this this + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so now you have this this +equation so this is Alpha 2 sum of I sum + + align:start position:0% +equation so this is Alpha 2 sum of I sum + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this is Alpha 2 sum of I sum +of M from minus one to Infinity from 1 + + align:start position:0% +of M from minus one to Infinity from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of M from minus one to Infinity from 1 +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Infinity 12 m + m okay + + align:start position:0% +Infinity 12 m + m okay + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity 12 m + m okay +so for 12 M plus one because there's two + + align:start position:0% +so for 12 M plus one because there's two + + + align:start position:0% +so for 12 M plus one because there's two +two modes here okay yeah maybe I should + + align:start position:0% +two modes here okay yeah maybe I should + + + align:start position:0% +two modes here okay yeah maybe I should +write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M yeah I'm still confused something so + + align:start position:0% +M yeah I'm still confused something so + + + align:start position:0% +M yeah I'm still confused something so +where exactly did a z come from like + + align:start position:0% +where exactly did a z come from like + + + align:start position:0% +where exactly did a z come from like +where is it defining no no no no a Zer + + align:start position:0% +where is it defining no no no no a Zer + + + align:start position:0% +where is it defining no no no no a Zer +come from here come from I'm rewriting + + align:start position:0% +come from here come from I'm rewriting + + + align:start position:0% +come from here come from I'm rewriting +this equation as a Quantum equation okay + + align:start position:0% +this equation as a Quantum equation okay + + + align:start position:0% +this equation as a Quantum equation okay +so so this + + align:start position:0% +so so this + + + align:start position:0% +so so this +is so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +is so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +is so if you look at +here here each one is a diag and a so + + align:start position:0% +here here each one is a diag and a so + + + align:start position:0% +here here each one is a diag and a so +there's some ordering issue here yes and + + align:start position:0% +there's some ordering issue here yes and + + + align:start position:0% +there's some ordering issue here yes and +there's some ordering issue here so uh + + align:start position:0% +there's some ordering issue here so uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's some ordering issue here so uh +so I'm just giving you a simple trick to + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just giving you a simple trick to + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just giving you a simple trick to +find out what is the or how to resolve + + align:start position:0% +find out what is the or how to resolve + + + align:start position:0% +find out what is the or how to resolve +the ording issue is because each term is + + align:start position:0% +the ording issue is because each term is + + + align:start position:0% +the ording issue is because each term is +like harmonic oscillator and then then + + align:start position:0% +like harmonic oscillator and then then + + + align:start position:0% +like harmonic oscillator and then then +this will be just like exactly like a + + align:start position:0% +this will be just like exactly like a + + + align:start position:0% +this will be just like exactly like a +harmonic oscillator so you're just + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator so you're just + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator so you're just +taking all those contributions and + + align:start position:0% +taking all those contributions and + + + align:start position:0% +taking all those contributions and +packaging that's right that's right yeah + + align:start position:0% +packaging that's right that's right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +packaging that's right that's right yeah +just like you're you're writing down the + + align:start position:0% +just like you're you're writing down the + + + align:start position:0% +just like you're you're writing down the +energy of a harmonic illat gotcha okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yes I'm a bit surprised that these + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes I'm a bit surprised that these + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes I'm a bit surprised that these +terms contribute to m² not to M they + + align:start position:0% +terms contribute to m² not to M they + + + align:start position:0% +terms contribute to m² not to M they +look like a hamiltonian of a + + align:start position:0% +look like a hamiltonian of a + + + align:start position:0% +look like a hamiltonian of a +a which one I mean the terms on so the a + + align:start position:0% +a which one I mean the terms on so the a + + + align:start position:0% +a which one I mean the terms on so the a +z all zero point energies it I + + align:start position:0% +z all zero point energies it I + + + align:start position:0% +z all zero point energies it I +intuitively I would have thought that + + align:start position:0% +intuitively I would have thought that + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively I would have thought that +they would add up to they would + + align:start position:0% +they would add up to they would + + + align:start position:0% +they would add up to they would +contribute to the mass of the string not + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the mass of the string not + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the mass of the string not +to the mass + + align:start position:0% +to the mass + + + align:start position:0% +to the mass +squar + + align:start position:0% +squar + + + align:start position:0% +squar +um it depend on where is your intuition + + align:start position:0% +um it depend on where is your intuition + + + align:start position:0% +um it depend on where is your intuition +come + + align:start position:0% +come + + + align:start position:0% +come +from I don't know + + align:start position:0% +from I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +from I don't know +um yeah this is a this is in the yeah I + + align:start position:0% +um yeah this is a this is in the yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah this is a this is in the yeah I +think again uh uh so um so here I'm + + align:start position:0% +think again uh uh so um so here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +think again uh uh so um so here I'm +assuming the um yeah let me just uh uh + + align:start position:0% +assuming the um yeah let me just uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +assuming the um yeah let me just uh uh +uh understand where you yeah let me just + + align:start position:0% +uh understand where you yeah let me just + + + align:start position:0% +uh understand where you yeah let me just +explain one more things uh let me just + + align:start position:0% +explain one more things uh let me just + + + align:start position:0% +explain one more things uh let me just +explain one more + + align:start position:0% +explain one more + + + align:start position:0% +explain one more +thing so that equation which I write in + + align:start position:0% +thing so that equation which I write in + + + align:start position:0% +thing so that equation which I write in +that form so M Square equal to that + + align:start position:0% +that form so M Square equal to that + + + align:start position:0% +that form so M Square equal to that +thing okay and this should be + + align:start position:0% +thing okay and this should be + + + align:start position:0% +thing okay and this should be +understood as the 2 p+ p + + align:start position:0% +understood as the 2 p+ p + + + align:start position:0% +understood as the 2 p+ p +minus uh uh minus P I + + align:start position:0% +minus uh uh minus P I + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh uh minus P I +squ say minus um yeah minus p i Square + + align:start position:0% +squ say minus um yeah minus p i Square + + + align:start position:0% +squ say minus um yeah minus p i Square +equal to that thing okay and this can + + align:start position:0% +equal to that thing okay and this can + + + align:start position:0% +equal to that thing okay and this can +also so this essentially give you P + + align:start position:0% +also so this essentially give you P + + + align:start position:0% +also so this essentially give you P +minus equal to this the rest and uh and + + align:start position:0% +minus equal to this the rest and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +minus equal to this the rest and uh and +the P minus is the energy in the right + + align:start position:0% +the P minus is the energy in the right + + + align:start position:0% +the P minus is the energy in the right +con frame and so so you are just + + align:start position:0% +con frame and so so you are just + + + align:start position:0% +con frame and so so you are just +considering the energy but in the right + + align:start position:0% +considering the energy but in the right + + + align:start position:0% +considering the energy but in the right +com + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame what do + + align:start position:0% +frame what do + + + align:start position:0% +frame what do +that yeah I'm just saying this equation + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I'm just saying this equation + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I'm just saying this equation +itself and think about how we derive + + align:start position:0% +itself and think about how we derive + + + align:start position:0% +itself and think about how we derive +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +equation is come from + + align:start position:0% +equation is come from + + + align:start position:0% +equation is come from +here come from from here yeah I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +here come from from here yeah I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +here come from from here yeah I'm doing +a little bit fast uh today uh so so come + + align:start position:0% +a little bit fast uh today uh so so come + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit fast uh today uh so so come +from here so so this equation should be + + align:start position:0% +from here so so this equation should be + + + align:start position:0% +from here so so this equation should be +considered as a equ as a constraint + + align:start position:0% +considered as a equ as a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +considered as a equ as a constraint +equation which you solve for p + + align:start position:0% +equation which you solve for p + + + align:start position:0% +equation which you solve for p +minus and P minus is precis the energy + + align:start position:0% +minus and P minus is precis the energy + + + align:start position:0% +minus and P minus is precis the energy +in the light qu + + align:start position:0% +in the light qu + + + align:start position:0% +in the light qu +frame yeah this is a precise energy in + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah this is a precise energy in + + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah this is a precise energy in +the light qu + + align:start position:0% +the light qu + + + align:start position:0% +the light qu +frame yeah that's why that's why uh uh + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah that's why that's why uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah that's why that's why uh uh +uh yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so is it clear I I need to think about + + align:start position:0% +so is it clear I I need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +so is it clear I I need to think about +yeah and uh and so that's yeah um um + + align:start position:0% +yeah and uh and so that's yeah um um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and uh and so that's yeah um um +yeah this is a good question I should + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is a good question I should + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is a good question I should +emphasize this point a little bit + + align:start position:0% +emphasize this point a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize this point a little bit +earlier uh in jump from here to there um + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh in jump from here to there um + + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh in jump from here to there um +yeah just you should think of this + + align:start position:0% +yeah just you should think of this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just you should think of this +so so this is a so this is a equation + + align:start position:0% +so so this is a so this is a equation + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is a so this is a equation +which you can imagine it as Sol for for + + align:start position:0% +which you can imagine it as Sol for for + + + align:start position:0% +which you can imagine it as Sol for for +p minus and P minus is the energy in the + + align:start position:0% +p minus and P minus is the energy in the + + + align:start position:0% +p minus and P minus is the energy in the +night conf frame and then all these + + align:start position:0% +night conf frame and then all these + + + align:start position:0% +night conf frame and then all these +contribution + + align:start position:0% +contribution + + + align:start position:0% +contribution +the right hand side can be considered as + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side can be considered as + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side can be considered as +the contribution to the light energy and + + align:start position:0% +the contribution to the light energy and + + + align:start position:0% +the contribution to the light energy and +we just repackaging it in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +we just repackaging it in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +we just repackaging it in terms of the +mass + + align:start position:0% +mass + + + align:start position:0% +mass +term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so now we have a + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now we have a +problem because if you look at the Zer + + align:start position:0% +problem because if you look at the Zer + + + align:start position:0% +problem because if you look at the Zer +Point Energy so any other + + align:start position:0% +Point Energy so any other + + + align:start position:0% +Point Energy so any other +questions so the M square m the mass of + + align:start position:0% +questions so the M square m the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +questions so the M square m the mass of +the string you can consider as the + + align:start position:0% +the string you can consider as the + + + align:start position:0% +the string you can consider as the +square root of the energ uh the mass of + + align:start position:0% +square root of the energ uh the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +square root of the energ uh the mass of +the no no no no that's not the way you + + align:start position:0% +the no no no no that's not the way you + + + align:start position:0% +the no no no no that's not the way you +should think about sorry say it again + + align:start position:0% +should think about sorry say it again + + + align:start position:0% +should think about sorry say it again +because you said P minus is the energy + + align:start position:0% +because you said P minus is the energy + + + align:start position:0% +because you said P minus is the energy +and then P minus is a n energy light + + align:start position:0% +and then P minus is a n energy light + + + align:start position:0% +and then P minus is a n energy light +yeah yeah so the Lal energy yeah Lal + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the Lal energy yeah Lal + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the Lal energy yeah Lal +energy is uh yeah this is the Lal + + align:start position:0% +energy is uh yeah this is the Lal + + + align:start position:0% +energy is uh yeah this is the Lal +energy yes then what he was asking is + + align:start position:0% +energy yes then what he was asking is + + + align:start position:0% +energy yes then what he was asking is +why why the contribution from the 0 + + align:start position:0% +why why the contribution from the 0 + + + align:start position:0% +why why the contribution from the 0 +point energy is is you're contributing + + align:start position:0% +point energy is is you're contributing + + + align:start position:0% +point energy is is you're contributing +to the m Square not n right so yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +to the m Square not n right so yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +to the m Square not n right so yeah uh +my answer is that the Zero Point Energy + + align:start position:0% +my answer is that the Zero Point Energy + + + align:start position:0% +my answer is that the Zero Point Energy +is contributing to the light call + + align:start position:0% +is contributing to the light call + + + align:start position:0% +is contributing to the light call +energy is contributing to the light cor + + align:start position:0% +energy is contributing to the light cor + + + align:start position:0% +energy is contributing to the light cor +energy okay yeah just re repackage it in + + align:start position:0% +energy okay yeah just re repackage it in + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay yeah just re repackage it in +terms of the mass square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term one more comment that you can + + align:start position:0% +term one more comment that you can + + + align:start position:0% +term one more comment that you can +actually calculate Honan in the case and + + align:start position:0% +actually calculate Honan in the case and + + + align:start position:0% +actually calculate Honan in the case and +you will find the honi is a p minus yeah + + align:start position:0% +you will find the honi is a p minus yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you will find the honi is a p minus yeah +that is energy interpretation yeah just + + align:start position:0% +that is energy interpretation yeah just + + + align:start position:0% +that is energy interpretation yeah just +say uh because we are going to the light + + align:start position:0% +say uh because we are going to the light + + + align:start position:0% +say uh because we are going to the light +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +and and in the light the P minus is the + + align:start position:0% +and and in the light the P minus is the + + + align:start position:0% +and and in the light the P minus is the +energy yeah and then we repackage it + + align:start position:0% +energy yeah and then we repackage it + + + align:start position:0% +energy yeah and then we repackage it +into the mass square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ATM is it + + align:start position:0% +ATM is it + + + align:start position:0% +ATM is it +clear yeah so so what he so what he was + + align:start position:0% +clear yeah so so what he so what he was + + + align:start position:0% +clear yeah so so what he so what he was +asking is so his intuition is right + + align:start position:0% +asking is so his intuition is right + + + align:start position:0% +asking is so his intuition is right +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +this at least in the light con gaug you + + align:start position:0% +this at least in the light con gaug you + + + align:start position:0% +this at least in the light con gaug you +can interpret it uh uh so this Zero + + align:start position:0% +can interpret it uh uh so this Zero + + + align:start position:0% +can interpret it uh uh so this Zero +Point Energy is contributing to + + align:start position:0% +Point Energy is contributing to + + + align:start position:0% +Point Energy is contributing to +something like energy rather than rather + + align:start position:0% +something like energy rather than rather + + + align:start position:0% +something like energy rather than rather +than something like a mass square even + + align:start position:0% +than something like a mass square even + + + align:start position:0% +than something like a mass square even +though this equation like like mass + + align:start position:0% +though this equation like like mass + + + align:start position:0% +though this equation like like mass +square yeah that's what uh uh that was + + align:start position:0% +square yeah that's what uh uh that was + + + align:start position:0% +square yeah that's what uh uh that was +my explanation to + + align:start position:0% +my explanation to + + + align:start position:0% +my explanation to +him yeah so one more question if indeed + + align:start position:0% +him yeah so one more question if indeed + + + align:start position:0% +him yeah so one more question if indeed +there is an infinite Conant in the + + align:start position:0% +there is an infinite Conant in the + + + align:start position:0% +there is an infinite Conant in the +Hamilton yeah like there is in normal + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton yeah like there is in normal + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton yeah like there is in normal +right physics how does stream Theory get + + align:start position:0% +right physics how does stream Theory get + + + align:start position:0% +right physics how does stream Theory get +around this issue like so it seems that + + align:start position:0% +around this issue like so it seems that + + + align:start position:0% +around this issue like so it seems that +you're still going to have this issue + + align:start position:0% +you're still going to have this issue + + + align:start position:0% +you're still going to have this issue +with infinite uh infinite energy in the + + align:start position:0% +with infinite uh infinite energy in the + + + align:start position:0% +with infinite uh infinite energy in the +back yeah + + align:start position:0% +back yeah + + + align:start position:0% +back yeah +but we're not going into that okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +but we're not going into that okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +but we're not going into that okay yeah +we're not going into + + align:start position:0% +we're not going into + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going into +that so uh so this is a standard + + align:start position:0% +that so uh so this is a standard + + + align:start position:0% +that so uh so this is a standard +issue so now we + + align:start position:0% +issue so now we + + + align:start position:0% +issue so now we +see that you have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so now you see you have sum of + + align:start position:0% +um so now you see you have sum of + + + align:start position:0% +um so now you see you have sum of +infinite number of modes and each mode + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of modes and each mode + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of modes and each mode +contributing to 1 half + + align:start position:0% +contributing to 1 half + + + align:start position:0% +contributing to 1 half +M so each mode contributing 12 + + align:start position:0% +M so each mode contributing 12 + + + align:start position:0% +M so each mode contributing 12 +M um um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um so this is appental infinite + + align:start position:0% +so um so this is appental infinite + + + align:start position:0% +so um so this is appental infinite +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +okay but now we have a + + align:start position:0% +okay but now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay but now we have a +trick but now we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trick the trick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is this sum is actually equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to oh my gosh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have a check and the check is that + + align:start position:0% +so we have a check and the check is that + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a check and the check is that +this actually we equated to minus one + + align:start position:0% +this actually we equated to minus one + + + align:start position:0% +this actually we equated to minus one +minus one + + align:start position:0% +minus one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are many + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are many + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are many +ways to justify this + + align:start position:0% +ways to justify this + + + align:start position:0% +ways to justify this +thing but I will not do it here I will + + align:start position:0% +thing but I will not do it here I will + + + align:start position:0% +thing but I will not do it here I will +only do it in one way one way which is + + align:start position:0% +only do it in one way one way which is + + + align:start position:0% +only do it in one way one way which is +the quickest way but uh but maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +the quickest way but uh but maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +the quickest way but uh but maybe it's +most unsatisfying way physically but + + align:start position:0% +most unsatisfying way physically but + + + align:start position:0% +most unsatisfying way physically but +it's the mathematically the quickest way + + align:start position:0% +it's the mathematically the quickest way + + + align:start position:0% +it's the mathematically the quickest way +okay and uh and this is soal the data + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh and this is soal the data + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh and this is soal the data +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regularization so + + align:start position:0% +regularization so + + + align:start position:0% +regularization so +typically so um so we so a trick we + + align:start position:0% +typically so um so we so a trick we + + + align:start position:0% +typically so um so we so a trick we +often used in + + align:start position:0% +often used in + + + align:start position:0% +often used in +physics is that when you you go to um so + + align:start position:0% +physics is that when you you go to um so + + + align:start position:0% +physics is that when you you go to um so +when you get the infinite + + align:start position:0% +when you get the infinite + + + align:start position:0% +when you get the infinite +quantity you + + align:start position:0% +quantity you + + + align:start position:0% +quantity you +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um what you do is you slightly change + + align:start position:0% +um what you do is you slightly change + + + align:start position:0% +um what you do is you slightly change +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +form of your quantity so that this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finite and then then you manage to take + + align:start position:0% +finite and then then you manage to take + + + align:start position:0% +finite and then then you manage to take +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit to go back to the original + + align:start position:0% +limit to go back to the original + + + align:start position:0% +limit to go back to the original +limit and uh um yeah let me first just + + align:start position:0% +limit and uh um yeah let me first just + + + align:start position:0% +limit and uh um yeah let me first just +write down the answer for you and uh and + + align:start position:0% +write down the answer for you and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +write down the answer for you and uh and +then I talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +philosophy so the key is the following + + align:start position:0% +philosophy so the key is the following + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy so the key is the following +let's define a function called zeta + + align:start position:0% +let's define a function called zeta + + + align:start position:0% +let's define a function called zeta +function so this is the soal REM data + + align:start position:0% +function so this is the soal REM data + + + align:start position:0% +function so this is the soal REM data +function and so this is sum of N equal + + align:start position:0% +function and so this is sum of N equal + + + align:start position:0% +function and so this is sum of N equal +to one to Infinity One n to the^ S + + align:start position:0% +to one to Infinity One n to the^ S + + + align:start position:0% +to one to Infinity One n to the^ S +okay so as you all know this sum is only + + align:start position:0% +okay so as you all know this sum is only + + + align:start position:0% +okay so as you all know this sum is only +convergent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only for X greater than + + align:start position:0% +only for X greater than + + + align:start position:0% +only for X greater than +one and it's a famous sum that when when + + align:start position:0% +one and it's a famous sum that when when + + + align:start position:0% +one and it's a famous sum that when when +x equal to one this is the logarithm + + align:start position:0% +x equal to one this is the logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +x equal to one this is the logarithm +Divergent + + align:start position:0% +Divergent + + + align:start position:0% +Divergent +okay so so this function have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +poll so if you single of this function + + align:start position:0% +poll so if you single of this function + + + align:start position:0% +poll so if you single of this function +so what you can do is you can do the sum + + align:start position:0% +so what you can do is you can do the sum + + + align:start position:0% +so what you can do is you can do the sum +for X greater than one then you can + + align:start position:0% +for X greater than one then you can + + + align:start position:0% +for X greater than one then you can +actually work called the analytic + + align:start position:0% +actually work called the analytic + + + align:start position:0% +actually work called the analytic +function z + + align:start position:0% +function z + + + align:start position:0% +function z +s use this as a definition for this + + align:start position:0% +s use this as a definition for this + + + align:start position:0% +s use this as a definition for this +function and this function is well + + align:start position:0% +function and this function is well + + + align:start position:0% +function and this function is well +defined for X greater than one and then + + align:start position:0% +defined for X greater than one and then + + + align:start position:0% +defined for X greater than one and then +you find this function has a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pole at Zeta equal to say one at s equal + + align:start position:0% +pole at Zeta equal to say one at s equal + + + align:start position:0% +pole at Zeta equal to say one at s equal +to one corresponding to this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +to one corresponding to this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +to one corresponding to this uh uh +logarithm Divergence of s yeah for one + + align:start position:0% +logarithm Divergence of s yeah for one + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm Divergence of s yeah for one +plus one 12 + + align:start position:0% +plus one 12 + + + align:start position:0% +plus one 12 +Etc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but this function or I can do it here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but this function I have analytic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ination but this function as analytic + + align:start position:0% +ination but this function as analytic + + + align:start position:0% +ination but this function as analytic +function can be anal continued Beyond S + + align:start position:0% +function can be anal continued Beyond S + + + align:start position:0% +function can be anal continued Beyond S += one to smaller value of s in + + align:start position:0% += one to smaller value of s in + + + align:start position:0% += one to smaller value of s in +particular you + + align:start position:0% +particular you + + + align:start position:0% +particular you +find can be continue to minus one so + + align:start position:0% +find can be continue to minus one so + + + align:start position:0% +find can be continue to minus one so +minus one is the situation what we see + + align:start position:0% +minus one is the situation what we see + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is the situation what we see +uh looking at here when s equal to minus + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at here when s equal to minus + + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at here when s equal to minus +one then it's equal to that and then + + align:start position:0% +one then it's equal to that and then + + + align:start position:0% +one then it's equal to that and then +this function when you analytic to minus + + align:start position:0% +this function when you analytic to minus + + + align:start position:0% +this function when you analytic to minus +one you find it's actually finite and + + align:start position:0% +one you find it's actually finite and + + + align:start position:0% +one you find it's actually finite and +then given by minus one + + align:start position:0% +then given by minus one + + + align:start position:0% +then given by minus one +12 okay so this is rationale uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +12 okay so this is rationale uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +12 okay so this is rationale uh uh uh +for that + + align:start position:0% +for that + + + align:start position:0% +for that +mulation so this is very + + align:start position:0% +mulation so this is very + + + align:start position:0% +mulation so this is very +similar this is very similar to the + + align:start position:0% +similar this is very similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +similar this is very similar to the +dimensional regularization you used in + + align:start position:0% +dimensional regularization you used in + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional regularization you used in +Quantum field + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field +Theory and and uh you see certain + + align:start position:0% +Theory and and uh you see certain + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and and uh you see certain +integrals are + + align:start position:0% +integrals are + + + align:start position:0% +integrals are +Divergent say certain integrals are + + align:start position:0% +Divergent say certain integrals are + + + align:start position:0% +Divergent say certain integrals are +Divergent in four + + align:start position:0% +Divergent in four + + + align:start position:0% +Divergent in four +dimensions and then the trick we did + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and then the trick we did + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and then the trick we did +when you do your Quantum fi + + align:start position:0% +when you do your Quantum fi + + + align:start position:0% +when you do your Quantum fi +the is that we + + align:start position:0% +the is that we + + + align:start position:0% +the is that we +promote the dimension as a variable + + align:start position:0% +promote the dimension as a variable + + + align:start position:0% +promote the dimension as a variable +rather than equal to four we call the + + align:start position:0% +rather than equal to four we call the + + + align:start position:0% +rather than equal to four we call the +General D and then for for that General + + align:start position:0% +General D and then for for that General + + + align:start position:0% +General D and then for for that General +D then there exist some range of that D + + align:start position:0% +D then there exist some range of that D + + + align:start position:0% +D then there exist some range of that D +which that integral is finite and then + + align:start position:0% +which that integral is finite and then + + + align:start position:0% +which that integral is finite and then +you can evaluated as analytic function + + align:start position:0% +you can evaluated as analytic function + + + align:start position:0% +you can evaluated as analytic function +of D the analytic continue to D equal to + + align:start position:0% +of D the analytic continue to D equal to + + + align:start position:0% +of D the analytic continue to D equal to +four and + + align:start position:0% +four and + + + align:start position:0% +four and +sometimes that just give you a finite + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that just give you a finite + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that just give you a finite +answer and sometimes that still give you + + align:start position:0% +answer and sometimes that still give you + + + align:start position:0% +answer and sometimes that still give you +a Divergent answer then you need to do + + align:start position:0% +a Divergent answer then you need to do + + + align:start position:0% +a Divergent answer then you need to do +realization but sometimes when you do + + align:start position:0% +realization but sometimes when you do + + + align:start position:0% +realization but sometimes when you do +that trick you just get the finite + + align:start position:0% +that trick you just get the finite + + + align:start position:0% +that trick you just get the finite +answer and then there's even no need to + + align:start position:0% +answer and then there's even no need to + + + align:start position:0% +answer and then there's even no need to +do a realization that trick just works + + align:start position:0% +do a realization that trick just works + + + align:start position:0% +do a realization that trick just works +so this is exactly the same uh as that + + align:start position:0% +so this is exactly the same uh as that + + + align:start position:0% +so this is exactly the same uh as that +trick so this trick is exactly in the + + align:start position:0% +trick so this trick is exactly in the + + + align:start position:0% +trick so this trick is exactly in the +same sense as that + + align:start position:0% +same sense as that + + + align:start position:0% +same sense as that +but of course this is only a + + align:start position:0% +but of course this is only a + + + align:start position:0% +but of course this is only a +mathematical trick and to justify it + + align:start position:0% +mathematical trick and to justify it + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical trick and to justify it +physically uh you have to think about + + align:start position:0% +physically uh you have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +physically uh you have to think about +the uh to just physically is the same as + + align:start position:0% +the uh to just physically is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +the uh to just physically is the same as +the philosophy for you + + align:start position:0% +the philosophy for you + + + align:start position:0% +the philosophy for you +dualization uh in in general Quantum + + align:start position:0% +dualization uh in in general Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +dualization uh in in general Quantum +field series is that uh uh this system + + align:start position:0% +field series is that uh uh this system + + + align:start position:0% +field series is that uh uh this system +have many many high energy modes so so + + align:start position:0% +have many many high energy modes so so + + + align:start position:0% +have many many high energy modes so so +the Divergence come from very large M + + align:start position:0% +the Divergence come from very large M + + + align:start position:0% +the Divergence come from very large M +have very very high high energy modes + + align:start position:0% +have very very high high energy modes + + + align:start position:0% +have very very high high energy modes +and uh so the + + align:start position:0% +and uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so the +justification is that so those high + + align:start position:0% +justification is that so those high + + + align:start position:0% +justification is that so those high +energy modes so the low energy physics + + align:start position:0% +energy modes so the low energy physics + + + align:start position:0% +energy modes so the low energy physics +uh which is related to the Zero Point + + align:start position:0% +uh which is related to the Zero Point + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is related to the Zero Point +Energy EXC should be insensitive to the + + align:start position:0% +Energy EXC should be insensitive to the + + + align:start position:0% +Energy EXC should be insensitive to the +physics of those high energy modes then + + align:start position:0% +physics of those high energy modes then + + + align:start position:0% +physics of those high energy modes then +you can subtract the infinity Etc and uh + + align:start position:0% +you can subtract the infinity Etc and uh + + + align:start position:0% +you can subtract the infinity Etc and uh +and uh um so that philosophy is the same + + align:start position:0% +and uh um so that philosophy is the same + + + align:start position:0% +and uh um so that philosophy is the same +as what you normally do in the + + align:start position:0% +as what you normally do in the + + + align:start position:0% +as what you normally do in the +realization Quantum field the okay any + + align:start position:0% +realization Quantum field the okay any + + + align:start position:0% +realization Quantum field the okay any +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +here so can we say that you know the + + align:start position:0% +here so can we say that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +here so can we say that you know the +true physical Theory doesn't have any + + align:start position:0% +true physical Theory doesn't have any + + + align:start position:0% +true physical Theory doesn't have any +divergences but it's just this effective + + align:start position:0% +divergences but it's just this effective + + + align:start position:0% +divergences but it's just this effective +theory that you know kind of works out + + align:start position:0% +theory that you know kind of works out + + + align:start position:0% +theory that you know kind of works out +like has divergences that we then kind + + align:start position:0% +like has divergences that we then kind + + + align:start position:0% +like has divergences that we then kind +of get rid of by the STS uh but the real + + align:start position:0% +of get rid of by the STS uh but the real + + + align:start position:0% +of get rid of by the STS uh but the real +physical theory that real right yeah say + + align:start position:0% +physical theory that real right yeah say + + + align:start position:0% +physical theory that real right yeah say +just say the physics so uh + + align:start position:0% +just say the physics so uh + + + align:start position:0% +just say the physics so uh +say say this particular quantity does + + align:start position:0% +say say this particular quantity does + + + align:start position:0% +say say this particular quantity does +not depend on the details of your UV + + align:start position:0% +not depend on the details of your UV + + + align:start position:0% +not depend on the details of your UV +physics so this Divergence + + align:start position:0% +physics so this Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +physics so this Divergence +itself uh comes from a particular + + align:start position:0% +itself uh comes from a particular + + + align:start position:0% +itself uh comes from a particular +Assumption of the UV + + align:start position:0% +Assumption of the UV + + + align:start position:0% +Assumption of the UV +physics and uh but you can modify your + + align:start position:0% +physics and uh but you can modify your + + + align:start position:0% +physics and uh but you can modify your +UV physics in a certain way and this + + align:start position:0% +UV physics in a certain way and this + + + align:start position:0% +UV physics in a certain way and this +particular answer should be independent + + align:start position:0% +particular answer should be independent + + + align:start position:0% +particular answer should be independent +of those details of that UV physics yeah + + align:start position:0% +of those details of that UV physics yeah + + + align:start position:0% +of those details of that UV physics yeah +so this is the standard the philosophy + + align:start position:0% +so this is the standard the philosophy + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the standard the philosophy +behind the relation and uh so so you can + + align:start position:0% +behind the relation and uh so so you can + + + align:start position:0% +behind the relation and uh so so you can +justify this answer using many different + + align:start position:0% +justify this answer using many different + + + align:start position:0% +justify this answer using many different +ways uh uh some uh you can also justify + + align:start position:0% +ways uh uh some uh you can also justify + + + align:start position:0% +ways uh uh some uh you can also justify +it so you can also just put + + align:start position:0% +it so you can also just put + + + align:start position:0% +it so you can also just put +some constant there and then impose some + + align:start position:0% +some constant there and then impose some + + + align:start position:0% +some constant there and then impose some +other self consistency condition you can + + align:start position:0% +other self consistency condition you can + + + align:start position:0% +other self consistency condition you can +determine this answer anyway there are + + align:start position:0% +determine this answer anyway there are + + + align:start position:0% +determine this answer anyway there are +many ways you can derive this answer and + + align:start position:0% +many ways you can derive this answer and + + + align:start position:0% +many ways you can derive this answer and +uh and this is one way of one quick way + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is one way of one quick way + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is one way of one quick way +doing it so we will just do do it here + + align:start position:0% +doing it so we will just do do it here + + + align:start position:0% +doing it so we will just do do it here +so any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions good okay so so now from here + + align:start position:0% +questions good okay so so now from here + + + align:start position:0% +questions good okay so so now from here +we can find that for the open + + align:start position:0% +we can find that for the open + + + align:start position:0% +we can find that for the open +string the a z is just equal to minus + + align:start position:0% +string the a z is just equal to minus + + + align:start position:0% +string the a z is just equal to minus +cus 2 div by 24 one / Alpha Prime for + + align:start position:0% +cus 2 div by 24 one / Alpha Prime for + + + align:start position:0% +cus 2 div by 24 one / Alpha Prime for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +open and for the Clos string is equal + + align:start position:0% +open and for the Clos string is equal + + + align:start position:0% +open and for the Clos string is equal +to- D minus 2 / + + align:start position:0% +to- D minus 2 / + + + align:start position:0% +to- D minus 2 / +24 Al + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +4 okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jl8EHP1WrWY.txt b/jl8EHP1WrWY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2e6184ba39683b35bda1995b62eaab21ff66af9 --- /dev/null +++ b/jl8EHP1WrWY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3276 @@ +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +PROFESSOR: Well, so far we've +invented enough programming to + +do some very complicated +things. + +And you surely learned +a lot about + +programming at this point. + +You've learned almost all the +most important tricks that + +usually don't get taught to +people until they have had a + +lot of experience. + +For example, data directed +programming is a major trick, + +and yesterday you also saw +an interpreted language. + +We did this all in a computer +language, at this point, where + +there was no assignment +statement. + +And presumably, for those of you +who've seen your Basic or + +Pascal or whatever, that's +usually considered the most + +important thing. + +Well today, we're going to +do some thing horrible. + +We're going to add an assignment +statement. + +And since we can do all these +wonderful things without it, + +why should we add it? + +An important thing to understand +is that today we're + +going to, first of all, have a +rule, which is going to always + +be obeyed, which is the only +reason we ever add a feature + +to our language is because +there is a good reason. + +And the good reason is going to +boil down to the ability, + +you now get an ability to break +a problem into pieces + +that are different sets of +pieces then you could have + +broken it down without that, +give you another means of + +decomposition. + +However, let's just start. + +Let me quick begin by reviewing +the kind of language + +that we have now. + +We've been writing what's called +functional programs. + +And functional programs are +a kind of encoding of + +mathematical truths. + +For example, when we look at the +factorial procedure that + +you see on the slide here, it's +basically two clauses. + +If n is one, the result is +one, otherwise n times + +factorial n minus one. + +That's factorial of n. + +Well, that is factorial of n. + +And written down in some other +obscure notation that you + +might have learned in calculus +classes, mathematical logic, + +what you see there is if n +equals one, for the result of + +n factorial is one, otherwise, +greater than one, n factorial + +is n times n minus +one factorial. + +True statements, that's +the kind of + +language we've been using. + +And whenever we have true +statements of that sort, there + +is a kind of, a way of +understanding how they work + +which is that such processes +can be involved by + +substitution. + +And so we see on the second +slide here, that the way we + +understand the execution implied +by those statements in + +arranged in that order, is +that you do successive + +substitutions of arguments for +formal parameters in the body + +of a procedure. + +This is basically a sequence +of equalities. + +Factorial four is four times +factorial three. + +That is four times three times +factorial of two and so on. + +We're always preserving truth. + +Even though we're talking about +true statements, there + +might be more than one +organization of these true + +statements to describe the +computation of a particular + +function, the computation +of the value of + +a particular function. + +So, for example, looking +at the next one here. + +Here is a way of looking +at the sum of n and m. + +And we did this one by +a recursive process. + +It's the increment of the sum +of the decrement of n and m. + +And, of course, there is some +piece of mathematical logic + +here that describes that. + +It's the increment of the sum +of the decrement of n and m, + +just like that. + +So there's nothing particularly +magic about that. + +And, of course, if we can also +look at an iterative process + +for the same, a program that +evolves an iterative process, + +for the same function. + +These are two things that +compute the same answer. + +And we have equivalent +mathematical truths that are + +arranged there. + +And just the way you arrange +those truths determine the + +particular process. + +In the way choose and arrange +them determines the process + +that's evolved. + +So we have the flexibility +of talking about both the + +function to be computed, +and the method + +by which it's computed. + +So it's not clear +we need more. + +However, today I'm going +to this awful thing. + +I'm going to introduce this +assignment operation. + +Now, what is this? + +Well, first of all, there is +going to be another kind of + +kind of statement, if you +will, in a programming + +language called Set! + +Things that do things like +assignment, I'm going to put + +exclamation points after. + +We'll talk about what that +means in a second. + +The exclamation point, again +like question mark, is an + +arbitrary thing we attach to the +symbol which is the name, + +has no significance +to the system. + +The only significance is to me +and you to alert you that this + +is an assignment of some sort. + +But we're going to set a +variable to a value. + +And what that's going to mean +is that there is a time at + +which something happens. + +Here's a time. + +If I have time going this +way, it's a time access. + +Time progresses by walking +down the page. + +Then an assignment is the +first thing we have that + +produces the difference between +a before and an after. + +All the other programs that +we've written, that have no + +assignments in them, the order +in which they were evaluated + +didn't matter. + +But assignment is special, it +produces a moment in time. + +So there is a moment before the +set occurs and after, such + +that after this moment in time, +the variable has the + +value, value. + +Independent of what value +it had before, set! + +changes the value +of the variable. + +Until this moment, we had +nothing that changed. + +So, for example, one of the +things we can think of is that + +the procedures we write for +something like factorial are + +in fact pretty much identical +to the function factorial. + +Factorial of four, if I write +fact4, independent of what + +context it's in, and independent +of how many times + +I write it, I always get +the same answer. + +It's always 24. + +It's a unique map from the +argument to the answer. + +And all the programs we've +written so far are like that. + +However, once I have assignment, +that isn't true. + +So, for example, if I were to +define count to be one. + +And then I'm going to define +also a procedure, a simple + +procedure called demo, which +takes argument x and does the + +following operations. + +It first sets x to x plus one. + +My gosh, this looks just +like FORTRAN, right-- + +in a funny syntax. + +And then add to x count, Oh, +I just made a mistake. + +I want to say, set! count +to one plus count. + +It's this thing defined here. + +And then plus x count. + +Then I can try this procedure. + +Let's run it. + +So, suppose I get a prompt +and I say, demo three. + +Well, what happens here? + +The first thing that happens +is count is currently one. + +Currently, there is a time. + +We're talking about time. + +x gets three. + +At this moment, I say, +oh yes, count is + +incremented, so count is two. + +two plus three is five. + +So the answer I get +out is five. + +Then I say, demo of +say, three again. + +What do I get? + +Well, now count is two, it's +not one anymore, because I + +have incremented it. + +But now I go through this +process, three goes into x, + +count becomes one plus count, +so that's three now. + +The sum of those two is six, +so the answer is six. + +And what we see is the same +expression leads to two + +different answers, depending +upon time. + +So demo is not a function, +does not compute a + +mathematical function. + +In fact, you could also see why +now, of course, this is + +the first place where the +substitution model + +isn't going to work. + +This kills the substitution +model dead. + +You know, with quotation there +were some little problems that + +a philosopher might notice +with the substitutions, + +because you have to worry about +what deductions you can + +make when you substitute into +quotes, if you're allowed to + +do that at all. + +But here the substitution +model is dead, can't do + +anything at all. + +Because, supposing I wanted to +use a substitution model to + +consider substituting +for count? + +Well, my gosh, if I substitute +for here and here, they're + +different ones. + +It's not the same +count any more. + +I get the wrong answer. + +The substitution model is +a static phenomenon that + +describes things that are true +and not things that change. + +Here, we have truths +that change. + +OK, Well, before I give you +any understanding of this, + +this is very bad. + +Now, we've lost our model +of computation. + +Pretty soon, I'm going to have +to build you a new model of + +computation. + +But ours plays with this, just +now, in an informal sense. + +Of course, what you already +see is that when I have + +something like assignment, the +model that we're going to need + +is different from the model that +we had before in that the + +variables, those symbols like +count, or x are no longer + +going to refer to the values +they have, but rather to some + +sort of place where the +value restored. + +We're going to have to think +that way for a while. + +And it's going to be a +very bad thing and + +cause a lot of trouble. + +And so, as I said, the very fact +that we're inventing this + +bad thing, means that there had +better be a good reason + +for it, otherwise, just +a waste of time + +and a lot of effort. + +Let's just look at some +of it just to play. + +Supposing we write down the +functional version, functional + +meaning in the old style, +of factorial by + +an iterative process. + +Factorial of n, we're going to +iterate of m and i, which says + +if i is greater than n, then +the result is m, otherwise, + +the result of iterating the +product of i and m. + +So m is going to be the product +that I'm accumulating. + +m is the product. + +And the count I'm going +to increase by one. + +Plus, ITER, ELSE, +COND, define. + +I'm going to start this up. + +And these days, you should +have no trouble reading + +something like this. + +What I have here is a +product there being + +accumulated and a counter. + +I start them up both at one. + +I'm going to buzz the counter +up, i goes to i plus one every + +time around. + +But that's only our putting a +time on the process, each of + +this is just a set of +truths, true rules. + +And m is going to get a new +values of i and m, i times m + +each time around, and eventually +i is going to be + +bigger than n, in which case, +the answer's going to be m. + +Now, I'm speaking to you, +use time in this. + +That's just because I know +how the computer works. + +But I didn't have to. + +This could be a purely +mathematical description at + +this point, because +substitution + +will work for this. + +But let's set right down a +similar sort of program, using + +the same algorithm, but +with assignments. + +So this is called the +functional version. + +I want to write down an +imperative version. + +Factorial of n. + +I'm going to create +my two variables. + +Let i initialize itself to one, +and m be initialized to + +one, similar. + +We'll create a loop which has +COND greater than i, and if i + +is greater than n, we're done. + +And the result is m, the product +I'm accumulating. + +Otherwise, I'm going to write +down three things to do. + +I'm going to set! + +m to the product of i and m, +set! i to the sum of i and + +one, and go around +the loop again. + +Looks very familiar to you +FORTRAN programmers. + +ELSE, COND, define, funny +syntax though. + +Start the loop up, and +that's the program. + +Now, this program, how +do we think about it? + +Well, let's just say what +we're seeing here. + +There are two local variables, +i and m, that have been + +initialized to one. + +Every time around the loop, I +test to see if i is greater + +than n, which is the input +argument, and if so, the + +result is the product being +accumulated in m. + +However, if it's not the end of +the loop, if I'm not done, + +then what I'm going to do is +change the product to be the + +result of multiplying i times +the current product. + +Which is sort of what +we were doing here. + +Except here I wasn't changing. + +I was making another copy, +because the substitution model + +says, you copy the body of the +procedure with the arguments + +substituted for the +formal parameters. + +Here I'm not worried about +copying, here I've changed the + +value of m. + +I also then change the value +of i to i plus one, and go + +buzzing around. + +Seems like essentially the same +program, but there are + +some ways of making +errors here that + +didn't exist until today. + +For example, if I were to do +the horrible thing of not + +being careful in writing my +program and interchange those + +two assignments, the +program wouldn't + +compute the same function. + +I get a timing error because +there's a dependency that m + +depends upon having the +last value of i. + +If I try to i first, then I've +got the wrong value of i when + +I multiply by m. + +It's a bug that wasn't available +until this moment, + +until we introduced something +that had time in it. + +So, as I said, first we need a +new model of computation, and + +second, we have to be damn good +reason for doing this + +kind of ugly thing. + +Are there any questions? + +Speak loudly, David. + +AUDIENCE: I'm confused about, +we've introduced set now, but + +we had let before and +define before. + +I'm confused about the +difference between the three. + +Wouldn't define work in the same +situation as set if you + +introduced it a bit? + +PROFESSOR: No, define is +intended for setting something + +once the first time, +for making it. + +You've never seen me write on a +blackboard two defines in a + +row whose intention was to +change the old value of some + +variable to a new one. + +AUDIENCE: Is that by +convention or-- + +PROFESSOR: No, it's intention. + +The answer is that, for +example, internal to a + +procedure, two defines in a row +are illegal, two defines + +in a row of the same variable. + +x can't be defined twice. + +Whether or not a system catches +that error is a + +different question, but I +legislate to you that define + +happens once on anything. + +Now, indeed, in interactive +debugging, we intend that you + +interacting with your computer +will redefine things, and so + +there's a special +exception made + +for interactive debugging. + +But define is intended to mean +to set up something which will + +be forever that value +after that point. + +It's as if all the defines were +done at the beginning. + +In fact, the only legal place +to put a define in Scheme, + +internal to a procedure, is +just at the beginning of a + +lambda expression, +the beginning of + +the body of a procedure. + +Now, let of course does nothing +like either of that. + +I mean, if you look at what's +happening with a let, this + +happens again exactly once. + +It sets up a context where i and +m are values one and one. + +That context exists throughout +this scope, this + +region of the program. + +However, you don't think of that +let as setting i again. + +It doesn't change it. + +i never changes because +of the let. + +i gets created because of let. + +In fact, the let is a +very simple idea. + +Let does nothing more, Let a +variable one to have value + +one; I'll write this down a +little bit more neatly; Let's + +write, var one have value, the +value of expression e1, and + +variable two, have this value +of the expression e2, in an + +expression e3, is the same thing +as a procedure of var + +one and var two, the formal +parameters, and e3 being the + +body, where var one is bound +to the value of e1, and var + +two gets the value of e2. + +So this is, in fact, a perfectly +understandable thing + +from a substitution +point of view. + +This is really the same +expression written in two + +different ways. + +In fact, the way the actual +system works is this gets + +translated into this before +anything happens. + +AUDIENCE: OK, I'm still unclear +as then what makes the + +difference between a +let and a define. + +They could-- + +PROFESSOR: A define is a +syntactic sugar, whereby, + +essentially a bunch of variables +get created by lets + +and then set up once. + +OK, time for the first +break, I think. + +Thank you. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +Well let's see. + +I now have to rebuild the model +of computation, so you + +understand how some such +mechanical mechanism could + +work that can do what we've +just talked about. + +I just recently destroyed +your substitution model. + +Unfortunately, this model is +significantly more complicated + +than the substitution model. + +It's called the environment +model. + +And I'm going to have to +introduce some terminology, + +which is very good terminology +for you to know anyway. + +It's about names. + +And we're going to give names +to the kinds of names things + +have and the way those +names are used. + +So this is a meta-description, +if you will. + +Anyway, there is a pile of an +unfortunate terminology here, + +but we're going to need this +to understand what's called + +the environment model. + +We're about to do a little bit +of boring, dog-work here. + +Let's look at the first +transparency. + +And we see a description +of a word called bound. + +And we're going to say that a +variable, v, is bound in an + +expression, e, if the meaning +of e is unchanged by the + +uniform replacement of a +variable w, not occurring in + +e, for every occurrence +of v in e. + +Now that's a long sentence, so, +I think, I'm going to have + +to say a little bit about +that before we even fool + +around at all here. + +Bound variables we're +talking about here. + +And you've seen lots of them. + +You may not know that you've +seen lots of them. + +Well, I suppose in your logic +you saw a logical variables + +like, for every x there exists +a y such that p is true of x + +and y from your calculus +class. + +This variable, x, and this +variable, y, are bound, + +because the meaning of this +expression does not depend + +upon the particular letters I +used to describe x and y. + +If I were to change the w for x, +then said for every w there + +exists a y such that p is true +of w and y, it would be the + +same sentence. + +That's what it means. + +Or another case of this that +you've seen is integral say, + +from 0 to one of dx over +one plus x square. + +Well that's something you +see all the time. + +And this x is a bound +variable. + +If I change that to a +t, the expression is + +still the same thing. + +This is a 1/4 of the arctan of +one or something like that. + +Yes, that's the arctan of one. + +So bound variables are actually +fairly common, for + +those of you who have played +a bit with mathematics. + +Well, let's go into the +programming world. + +Instead of the quantifier being +something like, for + +every, or there exists, or +integral, a quantifier is a + +symbol that binds a variable. + +And we are going to use the +quantifier lambda as being the + +essential thing that +binds variables. + +And so we have some nice +examples here like that + +procedure of one argument +y which does + +the following thing. + +It calls the procedure of one +argument x, which multiplies x + +by y, and applies +that to three. + +That procedure has the property +there of two bound + +variables in it, x and y. + +This quantifier, lambda here, +binds this y, and this + +quantifier, lambda, +binds that x. + +Because, if I were to take an +arbitrary symbol does not + +occur in this expression like w +and replace all y's with w's + +in this expression, the +expression is still the same, + +the same procedure. + +And this is an important idea. + +The reason why we had such +things like that is a kind of + +modularity. + +If two people are writing +programs, and they work + +together, it shouldn't matter +what names they use internal + +to their own little machines +that they're building. + +And so, what I'm really telling +you there, is that, + +for example, this is equivalent +to that procedure + +of one argument y which uses +that procedure of one argument + +d which multiplies z by y. + +Because nobody cares what +I used in here. + +It's a nice example. + +On the other hand, I have some +variables that are not bound. + +For example, that procedure +of one argument x which + +multiplies x by y. + +In this case, y is not bound. + +Supposing y had the value three, +and z had the value + +four, then this procedure +would be the thing that + +multiplies its argument +by three. + +If I were to replace every +instance of y with z, I would + +have a different procedure +which multiplies every + +argument that's given by four. + +And, in fact, we have a name +for such a variable. + +Here, we say that a variable, v, +is free in the expression, + +e, if the meaning of the +expression, e, is changed by + +the uniform replacement of a +variable, w, not occurring in + +e for every occurrence +of v and e. + +So that's why this variable +over here, + +y, is a free variable. + +And so free variables +in this expression-- + +And other examples of that is +that procedure of one argument + +y, which is just what we had +before, which uses that + +procedure of one argument x +that multiplies x by y-- + +use that on three. + +This procedure has +a free variable + +in it which is asterisk. + +See, because, if that has +a normal meaning of + +multiplication, then if I were +to replace uniformly all + +asterisks with pluses, then the +meaning of this expression + +would change. + +That's what you mean +by a free variable. + +So, so far you've learned some +logician words which describe + +the way names are used. + +Now, we have to do a little bit +more playing around here, + +a little bit more. + +I want to tell you about the +regions are over which + +variables are defined. + +You see, we've been very +informal about this up till + +now, and, of course, many of you +have probably understood + +very clearly or most of you, +that the x that's being + +declared here is defined +only in here. + +This x is the defined only in +here, and this y is defined + +only in here. + +We have a name for +such an idea. + +It's called a scope. + +And let me give you another +piece of terminology. + +It's a long story. + +If x is a bound variable in +e, then there is a lambda + +expression where it is bound. + +So the only way you can get a +bound variable ultimately is + +by lambda expression. + +Then you may worry, does +define quite an + +exception to this? + +And it turns out, we could +always arrange things so you + +don't need any defines. + +And we'll see that in a while. + +It's a very magical thing. + +So define really can go away. + +The really, only thing that +makes names is lambda . + +That's its job. + +And what's so amazing about +a lot of things is you can + +compute with only lambda. + +But, in any case, a lambda +expression has a place where + +it declares a variable. + +We call it the formal parameter +list or the bound + +variable list. We say that the +lambda expression binds-- + +so it's a verb-- + +binds the variables declared in +it's found variable list. + +In addition, those parts of +the expression where the + +variable is defined, which was +declared by some declaration, + +is called the scope +of that variable. + +So these are scopes. + +This is the scope of y. + +And this is the scope of x-- + +that sort of thing. + +OK, well, now we have enough +terminology to begin to + +understand how to make a new +model for computation, because + +the key thing going on here +is that we destroyed the + +substitution model, and we now +have to have a model that + +represents the names as +referring to places. + +Because if we are going to +change something, then we have + +a place where it's stored. + +You see, if a name only refers +to a value, and if I tried to + +change the name's meaning, +well, that's not clear. + +There's nothing that is +the place that that + +name referred to. + +How am I really saying it? + +There is nothing shared +among all of the + +instances of that name. + +And what we really mean, +by a name, is that we + +fan something out. + +We've given something a name, +and you have it, and you have + +it, because I'm given you a +reference to it, and I've + +given you a reference to it. + +And we'll see a lot +about that. + +So let me tell you about +environments. + +I need the overhead projection +machine, thank you. + +And so here is a bunch of +environment structures. + +An environment is a way of doing +substitutions virtually. + +It represents a place where +something is stored which is + +the substitutions that +you haven't done. + +It's a place where everything +accumulates, where the names + +of the variables are associated +with the values + +they have such that when you +say, what dose this name mean, + +you look it up in +an environment. + +So an environment is a function, +or a table, or + +something like that. + +But it's a structured +sort of table. + +It's made out of things +called frames. + +Frames are pieces of +environment, and they are + +chained together, in some nice +ways, by what's called parent + +links or something like that. + +So here, we have an environment +structure + +consisting of three +environments, + +basically, a, b, and c. + +d is also an environment, but +it's the same one, they share. + +And that's the essence +of assignment. + +If I change a variable, a value +of a valuable that lives + +here, like that one, it should +be visible from all places + +that you're looking +at it from. + +Take this one, x. + +If I change the x to four, it's + +visible from other places. + +But I'm not going to worry +about that right now. + +We're going to talk a lot about +that in a little while. + +What do we have here? + +Well, these are called frames. + +Here is a frame, here's a frame, +and here's a frame. + +a is an environment which +consists of the table which is + +frame two, followed by the +table labeled frame one. + +And, in this environment, in +say this environment, frame + +two, x and y are bound. + +They have values. + +Sorry, in frame one-- + +In frame two, z is bound, and +x is bound, and y is bound, + +but the value of x that we see, +looking from this point + +of view, is this x. + +It's x is seven, rather than +this one which is three. + +We say that this x +shadows this x. + +From environment three-- + +from frame three, from +environment b, which refers to + +frame three, we have variables +n and y bound and also x. + +This y shadow this one. + +So the value, looking +from this point of + +view, of y is two. + +The value for looking +from this point of + +view and m is one. + +And the value, looking +from this point of + +view, of x is three. + +So there we have a very +simple environment + +structure made out of frames. + +These correspond to the +applications of procedures. + +And we'll see that +in a second. + +So now I have to make you some +other nice little structure + +that we build. + +Next slide, we see an object, +which I'm going to draw + +procedures. + +This is a procedure. + +A procedure is made +out of two parts. + +It's sort of like a cons. + +However, it's the two parts. + +The first part refers to some +code, something that can be + +executed, a set of instructions, +if you will. + +You can think of it that way. + +And the second part is +the environment. + +The procedure is the +whole thing. + +And we're going to have to use +this to capture the values of + +the free variables that occur +in the procedure. + +If a variable occurs in the +procedure it's either bound in + +that procedure or free. + +If it's bound, then the value +will somehow be easy to find. + +It will be in some easy +environment to get at. + +If it's free, we're going to +have to have something that + +goes with the procedure that +says where we'll go + +look for its value. + +And the reasons why are not +obvious yet, but will be soon. + +So here's a procedure object. + +It's a composite object +consisting of a piece of code + +and a environment structure. + +Now I will tell you the new +rules, the complete new rules, + +for evaluation. + +The first rule is-- there's +only two of them. + +These correspond to the +substitution model rules. + +And the first one has to do +with how do you apply a + +procedure to its arguments? + +And a procedural object is +applied to a set of arguments + +by constructing a new frame. + +That frame will contain the +mapping of the former + +parameters to the actual +parameters of the arguments + +that were supplied +in the call. + +As you know, when we make up +a call to a procedure like + +lambda x times x y, and we call +that with the argument + +three, then we're going +to need some + +mapping of x to three. + +It's the same thing as later +substituting, if you will, the + +three for the x in +the old model. + +So I'm going to build a frame +which contains x equals three + +as the information +in that frame. + +Now, the body of the procedure +will then have to be evaluated + +which is this. + +I will be evaluated in an +environment which is + +constructed by adjoining the new +frame that we just made to + +the environment which +was part of the + +procedure that we applied. + +So I'm going to make a little +example of that here. + +Supposing I have some +environment. + +Here's a frame which +represents it. + +And some procedure-- which I'm +going to draw with circles + +here because it's easier +than little triangles-- + +Sorry, those are rhombuses, +rhomboidal little pieces of + +fruit jelly or something. + +So here's a procedure which +takes this environment. + +And the procedure has a piece +of code, which is a lambda + +expression, which binds x and +y and then executes an + +expression, e. + +And this is the procedure. + +We'll call it p. + +I wish to apply that procedure +to three and four. + +So I want to do p of +three and four. + +What I'm going to do, of course, +is make a new frame. + +I build a frame which contains +x equals three, + +and y equals four. + +I'm going to connect that frame +to this frame over here. + +And then this environment, with +I will call b, is the + +environment in which I will +evaluate the body of e. + +Now, e may contain references +to x and y and other things. + +x and y will have values +right here. + +Other things will have +their values here. + +How do we get this frame? + +That we do by the construction +of procedures which is the + +other rule. + +And I think that's +the next slide. + +Rule two, when a lambda +expression is evaluated, + +relative to a particular +environment-- + +See, the way I get a procedure +is by evaluating the lambda + +expression. + +Here's a lambda expression. + +By evaluating it, I get +a procedure which I + +can apply to three. + +Now this lambda expression is +evaluated in an environment + +where y is defined. + +And I want the body of +this which contains a + +free version of y. + +y is free in here, it's bound +over the whole thing, but it's + +free over here. + +I want that y to be this one. + +I evaluate this body of this +procedure in the environment + +where y was created. + +That's this kind of thing, +because that was done by + +application. + +Now, if I ever want to look up +the value of y, I have to know + +where it is. + +Therefore, this procedural was +created, the creation of the + +procedure which is the result +of evaluating that lambda + +expression had better capture +a pointer or remember the + +frame in which y was bound. + +So that's what this rule +is telling us. + +So, for example, if I happen +to be evaluating a lambda + +expression, lambda expression in +e, lambda of say, x and y, + +let's call it g in e, +evaluating that. + +Well, all that means is I now +construct a procedure object. + +e is some environment. + +e is something which has +a pointer to it. + +I construct a procedure object +that points up to that + +environment, where the code of +that is a lambda expression or + +whatever that translates into. + +And this is the procedure. + +So this produces for me-- this +object here, this environment + +pointer, captures the place +where this lambda expression + +was evaluated, where the +definition was used, where the + +definition was used to make a + +procedure, to make the procedure. + +So it picks up the environment +from the place where that + +procedure was defined, stores +it in the procedure itself, + +and then when the procedure is +used, the environment where it + +was defined is extended +with the new frame. + +So this gives us a locus +for putting where a + +variable has a value. + +And, for example, if there are +lots of guys pointing in at + +that environment, then they +share that place. + +And we'll see more +of that shortly. + +Well, now you have a new model +for understanding the + +execution of programs. I suppose +I'll take questions + +now, and then we'll go on and +use that for something. + +AUDIENCE: Is it right to say +then, the environment is that + +linked chain of frames-- + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +AUDIENCE: starting with-- + +working all the way back? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, the environment +is a sequence of + +frames linked together. + +And the way I like to think +about it, it's the pointer to + +the first one, because +once you've got that + +you've got them all. + +Anybody else? + +AUDIENCE: Is it possible to +evaluate a procedure or to + +define a procedure in two +different environments such + +that it will behave +differently, and + +have pointers to both-- + +PROFESSOR: Oh, yes. + +The same procedure is not going +to have two different + +environments. + +The same code, the same lambda +expression can be evaluated in + +two environments producing +two different procedures. + +Each procedure-- + +AUDIENCE: Their definition +has the same name. + +Their operation-- + +PROFESSOR: The definition is +written the same, with the + +same characters. + +I can evaluate that set of +characters, whatever, that + +list structure that defines, +that is the textual + +representation. + +I can evaluate that in two +different environments + +producing two different +procedures. + +Each of those procedures has +its own local sets of + +variables, and we'll +see that right now. + +Anybody else? + +OK, thank you. + +Let's take a break. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +Well, now I've done this +terrible thing to you. + +I've introduced a very +complicated thing, assignment, + +which destroys most of the +interesting mathematical + +properties of our programs. Why +should I have done this? + +What possible good +could this do? + +Clearly not a nice thing, so I +better have a good excuse. + +Well, let's do a little bit of +playing, first of all, with + +some very interesting programs +that have assignment. + +Understand something special +about them that makes them + +somewhat valuable. + +Start with a very simple program +which I'm going to + +call make-counter. + +I'm going to define make-counter +to be a procedure + +of one argument n which +returns as its value a + +procedure of no arguments-- + +a procedure that produces +a procedure-- + +which sets n to the increment +of n and returns + +that value of n. + +Now we're going to investigate +the behavior of this. + +It's a sort of interesting +thing. + +In order to investigate the +behavior, I have to make an + +environment model, because +we can't understand + +this any other way. + +So let's just do that. + +We start out with +some sort of-- + +let's say there is a global +environment that the machine + +is born with. + +Global we'll call it. + +And it's going to have in it +a bunch of initial things. + +We all know what it's got. + +It's got things in it like +say, plus, and times, and + +quotient, and difference, +and CAR, and et + +cetera, lots of things. + +I don't know what they are, some +various squiggles that + +are the things the machine +is born with. + +And by doing the definition +here, what I plan to do-- + +Well, what am I doing? + +I'm doing this relative to +the global environment. + +So here's my environment +pointer. + +In order to do that I have +to evaluate this lambda + +expression. + +That means I make a +procedure object. + +So I'm going to make a procedure +object here. + +And the procedure object has, as +the place it's defined, the + +global environment. + +The procedure object contains +some code that represents a + +procedure of one argument n +which returns a procedure of + +no arguments which +does something. + +And the define is a way of +changing this environment, so + +that I now add to it a +make-counter, a special rule + +for the special thing defined. + +But what that is, is +it gives me that + +pointer to that procedure. + +So now the global environment +contains make-counter as well. + +Now, we're going to do +some operations. + +I'm going to use this to +make some counters. + +We'll see what a counter is. + +So let's define c1 to be a +counter beginning at 0. + +Well, we know how to do this +now, according to the model. + +I have to evaluate the +expression make-counter in the + +global environment, +make-counter of 0. + +Well, I look up make-counter and +see that it's a procedure. + +I'm going to have to apply +that procedure. + +The way I apply the procedure +is by constructing a frame. + +So I construct a frame which has +a value for n in it which + +is 0, and the parent environment +is the one which + +is the environment of definition +of make-counter. + +So I've made an environment by +applying make-counter to 0. + +Now, I have to evaluate the body +of make-counter, which is + +this lambda expression, +in that environment. + +Well evaluating this body, +this body is a lambda + +expression. + +Evaluate a lambda expression +means make a procedure object. + +So I'm going to make +a procedure object. + +And that procedure object has +the environment it was defined + +in being that, where n +was defined to be 0. + +And it has some code, which is +the procedure of no arguments + +which does something, that sets +something, and returns n. + +And this thing is going to be +the object, which in the + +global environment, will +have the name c1. + +So we construct a name here, c1, +and say that equals that. + +Now, but also make another +counter, c2 to be make-counter + +say, starting with 10. + +Then I do essentially +the same thing. + +I apply the make-counter +procedure, which I got from + +here, to make another frame +with n being 10. + +That frame has the global +environment as its parent. + +I then construct a procedure +which has that as it's frame + +of definition. + +The code of it is the procedure +of no arguments + +which does something. + +And it does a set, and so on. + +And n comes out. + +And c2 is this. + +Well, you're already beginning +to see something fairly + +interesting. + +There are two n's here. + +They are not one n. + +Each time I called make-counter, +I made another + +instance of n. + +These are distinct and separate +from each other. + +Now, let's do some execution, +use those counters. + +I'm going to use +those counters. + +Well, what happens if I +say, c1 at this point? + +Well, I go over here, +and I say, oh + +yes, c1 is a procedure. + +I'm going to call this procedure +on no arguments, but + +it has no parameters. + +That's right. + +What's its body? + +Well, I have to look over +here, because I + +didn't write it down. + +It said, set n to one plus n +and return n, increment n. + +Well, the n it sees +is this one. + +So I increment that n. + +That becomes one, and I +return the value one. + +Supposing I then called c2. + +Well, what do I do? + +I say c2 is this procedure which +does the same thing, but + +here's the n. + +It becomes 11. + +And so I have an 11 which +is the value. + +I then can say, let's +try c1 again. + +c1 is this, that's two, +so the answer is two. + +And c2 gives me a 12 by the same +method, by walking down + +here looking at that and saying, +here's the n, I'm + +incrementing. + +So what I have are computational +objects. + +There are two counters, +each with its own + +independent local state. + +Let's talk about +this a little. + +This is a strange thing. + +What's an object? + +It's not at all obvious +what an object is. + +We like to think about +objects, because it's + +economical to think that way. + +It's an intellectual economy. + +I am an object. + +You are an object. + +We are not the same object. + +I can divide the world into +two parts, me and you, and + +there's other things as well, +such that most of the things I + +might want to discuss about my +workings do not involve you, + +and most of the things I want to +discuss about your workings + +don't involve me. + +I have a blood pressure, a +temperature, a respiration + +rate, a certain amount of +sugar in my blood, and + +numerous, thousands, of state +variables-- millions actually, + +or I don't know how many-- + +huge numbers of state variables +in the physical + +sense which represent the state +of me as a particle, and + +you have gazillions +of them as well. + +And most of mine are uncoupled +to most of yours. + +So we can compute the properties +of me without + +worrying too much about +the properties of you. + +If we had to work about both +of us together, than the + +number of states that we have to +consider is the product of + +the number of states you have +and the number of states I + +have. But this way it's +almost a sum. + +Now, indeed there are forces +that couple us. + +I'm talking to you and +your state changes. + +I'm looking at you and +my state changes. + +Some of my state variables, a +very few of them, therefore, + +are coupled to yours. + +If you were to suddenly yell +very loud, my blood pressure + +would go up. + +However, and it may not be +always appropriate to think + +about the world as being made +out of independent states and + +independent particles. + +Lots of the bugs that occur in +things like quantum mechanics, + +or the bugs in our minds that +occur when we think about + +things like quantum mechanics, +are due the fact that we are + +trying to think about things +being broken up into + +independent pieces, when in +fact there's more coupling + +than we see on the surface, or +that we want to believe in, + +because we want to compute +efficiently and effectively. + +We've been trained to +think that way. + +Well, let's see. + +How would we know if we +had objects at all? + +How can we tell if +we have objects? + +Consider some possible +optical illusions. + +This could be done. + +These pieces of chalk are not +appropriately identical, but + +supposing you couldn't tell +the difference of them by + +looking at them. + +Well, there's a possibility +that this all a game I'm + +playing with mirrors. + +It's really the same piece +of chalk, but you're + +seeing two of them. + +How would you know if you're +seeing one or two? + +Well, there's only +one way I know. + +You grab one of them and change +it and see if the other + +one changed. + +And it didn't, so there's +two of them. + +And, on the other hand, there +is some other screwy + +properties of things +like that. + +Like, how do we know if +something changed? + +We have to look at it before +and after the change. + +The change is an assignment, +it's a moment in time. + +But that means we have to know +it was the same one that we're + +looking at. + +So some very strange, and +unusual, and obscure, and-- + +I don't understand the problems +associated with + +assignment, and change, +and objects. + +These could get very, +very bad. + +For example, here I am, I am +a particular person, a + +particular object. + +Now, I can take out my knife, +and cut my fingernail. + +A piece of my fingernail has +fallen off onto the table. + +I believe I am the same person +I was a second ago, but I'm + +not physically the same +in the slightest. + +I have changed. + +Why am I the same? + +What is the identity of me? + +I don't know. + +Except for the fact that I have +some sort of identity. + +And so, I think by introducing +assignment and objects, we + +have opened ourselves up to all +the horrible questions of + +philosophy that have been +plaguing philosophers for some + +thousands of years about +this sort of thing. + +It's why mathematics +is a lot cleaner. + +Let's look at the best things +I know to say about actions + +and identity. + +We say that an action, a, had an +effect on an object, x, or + +equivalently, that x was +changed by a, if some + +property, p, which was true +of x before a, became + +false of x after a. + +Let's test. It still means +I have to have the + +x before and after. + +Or, the other way of saying +this is, we say that two + +objects x and y are the same +for any action which has an + +effect on x has the +same effect on y. + +However, objects are very +useful, as I said, for + +intellectual economy. + +One of the things that's +incredibly useful about them, + +is that the world is, we like +to think about, made out of + +independent objects with +independent local state. + +We like to think that +way, although it + +isn't completely true. + +When we want to make very +complicated programs that deal + +with such a world, if we want +those programs to be + +understandable by us and also +to be changeable, so that if + +we change the world we change +the program only a little bit, + +then we want there to be +connections, isomorphism, + +between the objects in the world +and the objects in our + +mental model. + +The modularity of the world can +give us the modularity in + +our programming. + +So we invent things called +object-oriented programming + +and things like that to provide +us with that power. + +But it's even easier. + +Let's play a little game. + +I want to play a little game, +show you an even easier + +example of where modularity can +be enhanced by using an + +assignment statement, +judiciously. + +One thing I want to enforce and +impress on you, is don't + +use assignment statements the +way you use it in FORTRAN or + +Basic or something or Pascal, +to do the things you don't + +have to do with it. + +It's not the right way to +think for most things. + +Sometimes it's essential, +or maybe it's essential. + +We'll see more about that too. + +OK, let me show you +a fun game here. + +There was mathematician by +the name of Cesaro-- + +or Cesaro, Cesaro I +suppose it is-- + +who figured out a clever +way of computing pi. + +It turns out that if I take to +random numbers, two integers + +at random, and compute the +greatest common divisor, their + +greatest common divisor is +either one or it's not one. + +If it's one, then they have +no common divisors. + +If their greatest common +divisor is one-- + +the probability that two random +numbers, two numbers + +chosen at random, has as +greatest common divisor one is + +related to pi. + +In fact-- + +yes, it's very strange-- + +of course there are other ways +of computing pi, like dropping + +pins on flags, and things like +that, and sort of the same + +kind of thing. + +So the probability of that the +GCD of number one and number + +two, two random numbers chosen, +is 6 over pi squared. + +I'm not going to try +to prove that. + +It's actually not too hard +and sort of fun. + +How would we estimate +such probability? + +Well, the way we do that, the +way we estimate probabilities, + +is by doing lots of experiments, +and then + +computing the ratios of the ones +that come out one way to + +the total number of +experiments we do. + +It's called Monte Carlo, and +it's useful in other contexts + +for doing things like integrals +where you have lots + +and lots of variables-- + +the space which is limiting the +dimensions you are doing + +you integral in. + +But going back to here, Let's +look at this slide, We can use + +Cesaro's method for estimating +pi with n trials by taking the + +square root of six over a Monte +Carlo, a Monte Carlo + +experiment with n trials, using +Cesaro's experiment, + +where Cesaro's experiment is the +test of whether the GCD of + +two random numbers-- + +And you can see that I've +already got some assignments + +in here, just by what I wrote. + +The fact that this word rand, +in parentheses, therefore, + +that procedure call, yields a +different value than this one, + +at least that's what I'm +assuming by writing this this + +way, indicates that this is not +a function, that there's + +internal state in it +which is changing. + +If the GCD of those two random +numbers is equal to one, + +that's the experiment. + +So here I have an experimental +method for estimating the + +value of pi. + +Where, I can easily divide this +problem into two parts. + +One is the specific Monte Carlo +experiment of Cesaro, + +which you just saw, and the +other is the general technique + +of doing Monte Carlo +experiments. + +And that's what this is. + +If I want to do Monte Carlo +experiments with n trials, a + +certain number of trials, and +a particular experiment, the + +way I do that is I make a little +iterative procedure + +which has variable the number +of trials remaining and the + +number trials that have been +passed, that I've gotten true. + +And if the number remaining is +0, then the answer is the + +number past divided by this +whole number of trials, was + +the estimate of the +probability. + +And if it's not, if I have +more trials to do, + +then let's do one. + +We do an experiment. + +We call the procedure which is +experiment on no arguments. + +We do the experiment and then, +if that turned out to be true, + +we go around the loop +decrementing the number of + +experiments we have to do by +one and incrementing the + +number that were passed. + +And if the experiment was false, +we just go around the + +loop decrementing the number of +experiments remaining and + +keeping the number +passed the same. + +We start this up iterating +over the total number of + +trials with 0 experiments +past. A very + +elegant little program. + +And I don't have to just do this +with Cesaro's experiment, + +it could be lots of Monte Carlo +experiments I might do. + +Of course, this depends upon the +existence of some sort of + +random number generator. + +And random number generators +generally look + +something like this. + +There is a random number +generator-- + +is in fact a procedure which is +going to do something just + +like the counter. + +It's going to update an x to +the result of applying some + +function to x, where this +function is some screwy kind + +of function that you might find +out in Knuth's books on + +the details of programming. + +He does these wonderful books +that are full of the details + +of programming, because I can't +remember how to make a + +random number generator, but I +can look it up there, and I + +can find out. + +And then, eventually, I return +the value of x which is the + +state variable internal to the +random number generator. + +That state variable +is initialized + +somehow, and has a value. + +And this procedure is defined +in the context where that + +variable is bound. + +So this is a hidden piece of +local state that you see here. + +And this procedure is defined +in that context. + +Now, that's a very simple +thing to do. + +And it's very nice. + +Supposing, I didn't want +to use assignments. + +Supposing, I wanted to write +this program without + +assignments. + +What problems would I have? + +Well, let's see. + +I'd like to use the overhead +machine here, thank you. + +First of all, let's look +at the whole thing. + +It's a big story. + +Unfortunately, which tells you +there is something wrong. + +It's at least that big, +and it's monolithic. + +You don't have to understand +or look at the text there + +right now to see that +it's monolithic. + +It isn't a thing which is +Cesaro's experiment. + +It's not pulled out from the +Monte Carlo process. + +It's not separated. + +Let's look why. + +Remember, the constraint here is +that every procedure return + +the same value for the +same arguments. + +Every procedure represents +a function. + +That's a different kind +of constraint. + +Because when I have assignments, +I can change some + +internal state variable. + +So let's see how that causes +things to go wrong. + +Well, start at the beginning. + +The estimate of pi looks +sort of the same. + +What I'm doing is I take the +square root of six over the + +random GCD test applied to n, +whereas that's what this is. + +But here, we are beginning +to see something funny. + +The random GCD test of a certain +number of trials is + +just like we had before, an +iteration on the number of + +trials remaining, the number +of trials that have been + +passed, and another +variable x. + +What's that x? + +That x is the state of the +random number generator. + +And it is now going +to be used here. + +The same random update function +that I have over here + +is the one I would have used in +a random number generator + +if I were building it the other +way, the one I get out + +of Knuth's books. + +x is going to get transformed +into x1, I + +need two random numbers. + +And x1 is going to get +transformed into x2, I have + +two random numbers. + +I then have to do exactly +what I did before. + +I take the GCD of x1 x2. + +If that's one, then I go around +the loop with x2 being + +the next value of x. + +You see what's happened here +is that the state of the + +random number generator is no +longer confined to the insides + +of the random number +generator. + +It has leaked out. + +It has leaked out into my +procedure that does the Monte + +Carlo experiment. + +But what's worse than that, is +it's also, because it was + +contained inside my experiment +itself, Cesaro, it leaked out + +of that too. + +Because Cesaro called twice, has +to have a different value + +each time, if I going to have +a legitimate experimental + +test. So Cesaro can't be a +function either, unless I pass + +it the seed of the random number +generator that is going + +to go wandering around. + +So unfortunately, the seed of +random number generator has + +leaked out into Cesaro, from the +random number generator, + +that's leaked into the Monte +Carlo experiment. + +And, unfortunately, my Monte +Carlo experiment here is no + +longer general. + +The Monte Carlo experiment here +knows how many random + +numbers I need to do +the experiment. + +That's sort of horrible. + +I lost an ability to decompose a +problem into pieces, because + +I wasn't willing to accept the +little loop of information, + +the feedback process, that +happens inside the random + +number generator before that +was made by having an + +assignment to a state variable +that was confined to the + +random number generator. + +So the fact that the random +number generator is an object, + +with an internal state variable, +it's affected by + +nothing, but it'll give you +something, and it will apply + +it's force to you, that was +what we're missing now. + +OK, well I think we've seen +enough reason for doing this, + +and it all sort of looks +very wonderful. + +Wouldn't it be nice if +assignment was a good thing + +and maybe it's worth it, +but I'm not sure. + +As Mr. Gilbert and Sullivan +said, things are seldom what + +they seem, skim milk masquerades +as cream. + +Are there any questions? + +Are there any philosophers +here? + +Anybody want to argue +about objects? + +You're just floored, right? + +And you haven't done +your homework yet. + +You haven't come up with +a good question. + +Oh, well. + +Sure, thank you. + +Let's take the long break now. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kJEwyrLHZoQ.txt b/kJEwyrLHZoQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f776979e561359321ca21d5d9ee212d1710a9f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/kJEwyrLHZoQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +um so this semester we were working on + + align:start position:0% +um so this semester we were working on + + + align:start position:0% +um so this semester we were working on +clampy which is um an iPhone mount for + + align:start position:0% +clampy which is um an iPhone mount for + + + align:start position:0% +clampy which is um an iPhone mount for +the wheelchair and the kind of special + + align:start position:0% +the wheelchair and the kind of special + + + align:start position:0% +the wheelchair and the kind of special +thing about clampy was you know there + + align:start position:0% +thing about clampy was you know there + + + align:start position:0% +thing about clampy was you know there +there are iPhone mounts there are plenty + + align:start position:0% +there are iPhone mounts there are plenty + + + align:start position:0% +there are iPhone mounts there are plenty +of iPhone accessories um but the client + + align:start position:0% +of iPhone accessories um but the client + + + align:start position:0% +of iPhone accessories um but the client +we were working with had kind of a + + align:start position:0% +we were working with had kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +we were working with had kind of a +special range of abilities and + + align:start position:0% +special range of abilities and + + + align:start position:0% +special range of abilities and +disabilities so when we were building + + align:start position:0% +disabilities so when we were building + + + align:start position:0% +disabilities so when we were building +for the wheelchair was not only a mount + + align:start position:0% +for the wheelchair was not only a mount + + + align:start position:0% +for the wheelchair was not only a mount +but also one that could accommodate um + + align:start position:0% +but also one that could accommodate um + + + align:start position:0% +but also one that could accommodate um +his range of motion and his strength + + align:start position:0% +his range of motion and his strength + + + align:start position:0% +his range of motion and his strength +um and it ended up being something that + + align:start position:0% +um and it ended up being something that + + + align:start position:0% +um and it ended up being something that +was flexible enough for him and his + + align:start position:0% +was flexible enough for him and his + + + align:start position:0% +was flexible enough for him and his +needs and um still allowed him the kind + + align:start position:0% +needs and um still allowed him the kind + + + align:start position:0% +needs and um still allowed him the kind +of Independence that he wanted um in + + align:start position:0% +of Independence that he wanted um in + + + align:start position:0% +of Independence that he wanted um in +everyday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interaction so I've actually done a bit + + align:start position:0% +interaction so I've actually done a bit + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so I've actually done a bit +of work in assisted technology in the + + align:start position:0% +of work in assisted technology in the + + + align:start position:0% +of work in assisted technology in the +past and it's always really interested + + align:start position:0% +past and it's always really interested + + + align:start position:0% +past and it's always really interested +me uh I think that working on assisted + + align:start position:0% +me uh I think that working on assisted + + + align:start position:0% +me uh I think that working on assisted +technology is one of the best things + + align:start position:0% +technology is one of the best things + + + align:start position:0% +technology is one of the best things +that an engineer can work on both + + align:start position:0% +that an engineer can work on both + + + align:start position:0% +that an engineer can work on both +because the problem is quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +because the problem is quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +because the problem is quite interesting +and because uh every engineer wants to + + align:start position:0% +and because uh every engineer wants to + + + align:start position:0% +and because uh every engineer wants to +build something that helps people and + + align:start position:0% +build something that helps people and + + + align:start position:0% +build something that helps people and +this one of the best Avenues to do that + + align:start position:0% +this one of the best Avenues to do that + + + align:start position:0% +this one of the best Avenues to do that +okay so the way this class was presented + + align:start position:0% +okay so the way this class was presented + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the way this class was presented +to me was a course six class that dealt + + align:start position:0% +to me was a course six class that dealt + + + align:start position:0% +to me was a course six class that dealt +with a client with a disability and I + + align:start position:0% +with a client with a disability and I + + + align:start position:0% +with a client with a disability and I +was like oh I'm course 2 obviously I + + align:start position:0% +was like oh I'm course 2 obviously I + + + align:start position:0% +was like oh I'm course 2 obviously I +have no place there but what I was told + + align:start position:0% +have no place there but what I was told + + + align:start position:0% +have no place there but what I was told +was actually uh that you can come from + + align:start position:0% +was actually uh that you can come from + + + align:start position:0% +was actually uh that you can come from +completely different backgrounds the + + align:start position:0% +completely different backgrounds the + + + align:start position:0% +completely different backgrounds the +main concept is that you have a direct + + align:start position:0% +main concept is that you have a direct + + + align:start position:0% +main concept is that you have a direct +impact on someone's life throughout the + + align:start position:0% +impact on someone's life throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +impact on someone's life throughout the +course of a semester which is something + + align:start position:0% +course of a semester which is something + + + align:start position:0% +course of a semester which is something +almost incomprehensible and I think you + + align:start position:0% +almost incomprehensible and I think you + + + align:start position:0% +almost incomprehensible and I think you +can only get a a course of MIT is real + + align:start position:0% +can only get a a course of MIT is real + + + align:start position:0% +can only get a a course of MIT is real +life basis in helping a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person so coming into the class I + + align:start position:0% +person so coming into the class I + + + align:start position:0% +person so coming into the class I +actually didn't even have enough + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't even have enough + + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't even have enough +information to build expectation almost + + align:start position:0% +information to build expectation almost + + + align:start position:0% +information to build expectation almost +I just knew that it was it was going to + + align:start position:0% +I just knew that it was it was going to + + + align:start position:0% +I just knew that it was it was going to +be an interesting opportunity to work on + + align:start position:0% +be an interesting opportunity to work on + + + align:start position:0% +be an interesting opportunity to work on +an actual applied problem and the first + + align:start position:0% +an actual applied problem and the first + + + align:start position:0% +an actual applied problem and the first +few years that I spent at MIT I worked + + align:start position:0% +few years that I spent at MIT I worked + + + align:start position:0% +few years that I spent at MIT I worked +on a lot of theoretical problems both in + + align:start position:0% +on a lot of theoretical problems both in + + + align:start position:0% +on a lot of theoretical problems both in +like coursework and things of that sort + + align:start position:0% +like coursework and things of that sort + + + align:start position:0% +like coursework and things of that sort +and I thought this would be a really + + align:start position:0% +and I thought this would be a really + + + align:start position:0% +and I thought this would be a really +cool opportunity to like take my skills + + align:start position:0% +cool opportunity to like take my skills + + + align:start position:0% +cool opportunity to like take my skills +and things that I've learned here and + + align:start position:0% +and things that I've learned here and + + + align:start position:0% +and things that I've learned here and +work on a real project with a real + + align:start position:0% +work on a real project with a real + + + align:start position:0% +work on a real project with a real +person I did learn quite a few things + + align:start position:0% +person I did learn quite a few things + + + align:start position:0% +person I did learn quite a few things +that were unexpected actually uh in + + align:start position:0% +that were unexpected actually uh in + + + align:start position:0% +that were unexpected actually uh in +class there's I don't know you're kind + + align:start position:0% +class there's I don't know you're kind + + + align:start position:0% +class there's I don't know you're kind +of taught that the things that are like + + align:start position:0% +of taught that the things that are like + + + align:start position:0% +of taught that the things that are like +most complex are the most grand in a + + align:start position:0% +most complex are the most grand in a + + + align:start position:0% +most complex are the most grand in a +large sense but when you're working with + + align:start position:0% +large sense but when you're working with + + + align:start position:0% +large sense but when you're working with +real people you tend to sacrifice + + align:start position:0% +real people you tend to sacrifice + + + align:start position:0% +real people you tend to sacrifice +complexity to make things work almost + + align:start position:0% +complexity to make things work almost + + + align:start position:0% +complexity to make things work almost +where you might be in a situation where + + align:start position:0% +where you might be in a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +where you might be in a situation where +like a solution that takes you a + + align:start position:0% +like a solution that takes you a + + + align:start position:0% +like a solution that takes you a +thousand times longer to implement might + + align:start position:0% +thousand times longer to implement might + + + align:start position:0% +thousand times longer to implement might +be marginally better but like in the + + align:start position:0% +be marginally better but like in the + + + align:start position:0% +be marginally better but like in the +interest of time and speed and moving + + align:start position:0% +interest of time and speed and moving + + + align:start position:0% +interest of time and speed and moving +the process forward you're going to go + + align:start position:0% +the process forward you're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +the process forward you're going to go +for a simpler + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution the thing I learned from that + + align:start position:0% +solution the thing I learned from that + + + align:start position:0% +solution the thing I learned from that +process is that you constantly have to + + align:start position:0% +process is that you constantly have to + + + align:start position:0% +process is that you constantly have to +modify uh what it is you are actually + + align:start position:0% +modify uh what it is you are actually + + + align:start position:0% +modify uh what it is you are actually +working on because at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% +working on because at the end of the day + + + align:start position:0% +working on because at the end of the day +it's not so much about being given a + + align:start position:0% +it's not so much about being given a + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so much about being given a +problem statement that explicitly lists + + align:start position:0% +problem statement that explicitly lists + + + align:start position:0% +problem statement that explicitly lists +everything you have to do but more about + + align:start position:0% +everything you have to do but more about + + + align:start position:0% +everything you have to do but more about +building something that your client + + align:start position:0% +building something that your client + + + align:start position:0% +building something that your client +wants and the biggest thing we learned + + align:start position:0% +wants and the biggest thing we learned + + + align:start position:0% +wants and the biggest thing we learned +is that those desires can change over + + align:start position:0% +is that those desires can change over + + + align:start position:0% +is that those desires can change over +time so it's more important not it's + + align:start position:0% +time so it's more important not it's + + + align:start position:0% +time so it's more important not it's +more important to work on what the + + align:start position:0% +more important to work on what the + + + align:start position:0% +more important to work on what the +client actually wants and build + + align:start position:0% +client actually wants and build + + + align:start position:0% +client actually wants and build +something that you think he or she will + + align:start position:0% +something that you think he or she will + + + align:start position:0% +something that you think he or she will +actually use as opposed to being fixated + + align:start position:0% +actually use as opposed to being fixated + + + align:start position:0% +actually use as opposed to being fixated +on what like the initial project + + align:start position:0% +on what like the initial project + + + align:start position:0% +on what like the initial project +proposal was to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense Vinnie touched on this a bit + + align:start position:0% +sense Vinnie touched on this a bit + + + align:start position:0% +sense Vinnie touched on this a bit +earlier but through a team Dynamic and + + align:start position:0% +earlier but through a team Dynamic and + + + align:start position:0% +earlier but through a team Dynamic and +working in multiple V iterations of our + + align:start position:0% +working in multiple V iterations of our + + + align:start position:0% +working in multiple V iterations of our +design we found that assumptions are the + + align:start position:0% +design we found that assumptions are the + + + align:start position:0% +design we found that assumptions are the +most dangerous thing and when you're + + align:start position:0% +most dangerous thing and when you're + + + align:start position:0% +most dangerous thing and when you're +moving through various iterations a full + + align:start position:0% +moving through various iterations a full + + + align:start position:0% +moving through various iterations a full +180° pivot is not something to be afraid + + align:start position:0% +180° pivot is not something to be afraid + + + align:start position:0% +180° pivot is not something to be afraid +of because that can save your entire + + align:start position:0% +of because that can save your entire + + + align:start position:0% +of because that can save your entire +project and we found that it actually + + align:start position:0% +project and we found that it actually + + + align:start position:0% +project and we found that it actually +did is we made a lot of assumptions + + align:start position:0% +did is we made a lot of assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +did is we made a lot of assumptions +initially about our client erands + + align:start position:0% +initially about our client erands + + + align:start position:0% +initially about our client erands +abilities or disabilities and we found + + align:start position:0% +abilities or disabilities and we found + + + align:start position:0% +abilities or disabilities and we found +we were compensating for a problem he + + align:start position:0% +we were compensating for a problem he + + + align:start position:0% +we were compensating for a problem he +never even had originally so we did a + + align:start position:0% +never even had originally so we did a + + + align:start position:0% +never even had originally so we did a +pivot and created an item that he would + + align:start position:0% +pivot and created an item that he would + + + align:start position:0% +pivot and created an item that he would +actually be able to use and enjoy using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each disability has so many variations + + align:start position:0% +each disability has so many variations + + + align:start position:0% +each disability has so many variations +Aaron defines his um paraplegia as c56 + + align:start position:0% +Aaron defines his um paraplegia as c56 + + + align:start position:0% +Aaron defines his um paraplegia as c56 +and there's so many ranges of paraplegia + + align:start position:0% +and there's so many ranges of paraplegia + + + align:start position:0% +and there's so many ranges of paraplegia +he doesn't even fit within one grade of + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't even fit within one grade of + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't even fit within one grade of +it so I think that gives you a little + + align:start position:0% +it so I think that gives you a little + + + align:start position:0% +it so I think that gives you a little +bit of an idea of how different each + + align:start position:0% +bit of an idea of how different each + + + align:start position:0% +bit of an idea of how different each +person's disability can be and defining + + align:start position:0% +person's disability can be and defining + + + align:start position:0% +person's disability can be and defining +your assist of technology for just that + + align:start position:0% +your assist of technology for just that + + + align:start position:0% +your assist of technology for just that +one person is the most important aspect + + align:start position:0% +one person is the most important aspect + + + align:start position:0% +one person is the most important aspect +because they're your client but I think + + align:start position:0% +because they're your client but I think + + + align:start position:0% +because they're your client but I think +on a grander scale we saw a problem + + align:start position:0% +on a grander scale we saw a problem + + + align:start position:0% +on a grander scale we saw a problem +within assisted technology is making + + align:start position:0% +within assisted technology is making + + + align:start position:0% +within assisted technology is making +making it accessible to as many people + + align:start position:0% +making it accessible to as many people + + + align:start position:0% +making it accessible to as many people +as possible while still satisfying that + + align:start position:0% +as possible while still satisfying that + + + align:start position:0% +as possible while still satisfying that +disability I'd say that's a great + + align:start position:0% +disability I'd say that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +disability I'd say that's a great +challenge in assist of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tech the blogs gave us a lot of context + + align:start position:0% +tech the blogs gave us a lot of context + + + align:start position:0% +tech the blogs gave us a lot of context +because um to a large degree the posts + + align:start position:0% +because um to a large degree the posts + + + align:start position:0% +because um to a large degree the posts +could be about anything and this was + + align:start position:0% +could be about anything and this was + + + align:start position:0% +could be about anything and this was +important because we know that we are + + align:start position:0% +important because we know that we are + + + align:start position:0% +important because we know that we are +engineers and sometimes when you're + + align:start position:0% +engineers and sometimes when you're + + + align:start position:0% +engineers and sometimes when you're +working on these problems when you get + + align:start position:0% +working on these problems when you get + + + align:start position:0% +working on these problems when you get +too deep into it you almost forget why + + align:start position:0% +too deep into it you almost forget why + + + align:start position:0% +too deep into it you almost forget why +it is you're doing this and I guess the + + align:start position:0% +it is you're doing this and I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +it is you're doing this and I guess the +Bigg things that the blogs did for me is + + align:start position:0% +Bigg things that the blogs did for me is + + + align:start position:0% +Bigg things that the blogs did for me is +that after a day spent in like the + + align:start position:0% +that after a day spent in like the + + + align:start position:0% +that after a day spent in like the +machine shop or a day spent + + align:start position:0% +machine shop or a day spent + + + align:start position:0% +machine shop or a day spent +brainstorming design ideas you could go + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming design ideas you could go + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming design ideas you could go +to the blog and just read articles about + + align:start position:0% +to the blog and just read articles about + + + align:start position:0% +to the blog and just read articles about +you know people with disabilities the + + align:start position:0% +you know people with disabilities the + + + align:start position:0% +you know people with disabilities the +struggles that they face how people are + + align:start position:0% +struggles that they face how people are + + + align:start position:0% +struggles that they face how people are +looking to combat those struggles and it + + align:start position:0% +looking to combat those struggles and it + + + align:start position:0% +looking to combat those struggles and it +kind of gives you a renewed sense of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motivation I'd say it's very important + + align:start position:0% +motivation I'd say it's very important + + + align:start position:0% +motivation I'd say it's very important +for the professor to realize that we may + + align:start position:0% +for the professor to realize that we may + + + align:start position:0% +for the professor to realize that we may +have no experience with um user centered + + align:start position:0% +have no experience with um user centered + + + align:start position:0% +have no experience with um user centered +design I know these two did actually but + + align:start position:0% +design I know these two did actually but + + + align:start position:0% +design I know these two did actually but +I personally did not and when it's about + + align:start position:0% +I personally did not and when it's about + + + align:start position:0% +I personally did not and when it's about +your client it's a lot less about what + + align:start position:0% +your client it's a lot less about what + + + align:start position:0% +your client it's a lot less about what +design process you're used to and a lot + + align:start position:0% +design process you're used to and a lot + + + align:start position:0% +design process you're used to and a lot +more about what the client wants to + + align:start position:0% +more about what the client wants to + + + align:start position:0% +more about what the client wants to +receive from you at the end of this + + align:start position:0% +receive from you at the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +receive from you at the end of this +semester so focusing a lot on client not + + align:start position:0% +semester so focusing a lot on client not + + + align:start position:0% +semester so focusing a lot on client not +making assumptions and um I think the + + align:start position:0% +making assumptions and um I think the + + + align:start position:0% +making assumptions and um I think the +professors did a very good job this + + align:start position:0% +professors did a very good job this + + + align:start position:0% +professors did a very good job this +course though \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lHhw_SExF1M.txt b/lHhw_SExF1M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e24a59f38cbb5f3f61efb20284a8c13f313140b --- /dev/null +++ b/lHhw_SExF1M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5195 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +Hello. + +So today, as people +slowly trickle in, + +so today we're going to talk +about scattering states. + +So we've spent a lot of time +talking about bound states, + +states corresponding +to particles that + +are localized in a region and +that can't get off to infinity. + +And in particular, when we +distinguish bound states + +from scattering +states, we're usually + +talking about +energy eigenstates. + +They're eigenstates +that are strictly + +localized in some region. + +For example in the infinite +well, all of the states + +are strictly localized +to be inside the well. + +In the finite well, +as we saw last time, + +there are a finite +number of states, + +of energy eigenstates which +are bound inside the well. + +But there are also +states that aren't + +bound inside the well, +as hopefully you'll + +see in recitation, +and as we've discussed + +from qualitative structure +of wave functions, + +but under the eigenfunction. + +So why would we +particularly care? + +We also did the +harmonic oscillator + +where everything +was nice and bound. + +So why would we +particularly care + +about states that aren't +bound for scattering states? + +And the obvious answer +is, I am not bound. + +Most things in the +world are either bound + +or they are scattering states. + +By scattering state just mean +things that can get away. + +Things that can go away. + +So it's easy to +under emphasize, it's + +easy to miss the importance +of scattering experiments. + +It's easy to say look, +a scattering experiment + +is where you take +some fixed target + +and you throw +something at it and you + +look at how things +bounce off and you + +try to do something +about this object + +by helping it bounce off. + +For example, one of the +great experiments of our day + +is the LEC, and it's a +gigantic ring, it's huge, + +at the foot of the Jura +Mountains outside of Geneva. + +And those are people and +that's the detector-- that's + +one of the detectors, +I think, at CMS. + +And what are you doing +in this experiment? + +In this experiment +you're taking two protons + +and you're accelerating +them ridiculously fast, + +bounded only by the speed +light, but just barely. + +Until they have a tremendous +amount of kinetic energy, + +and you're colliding +them into each other. + +And the idea is if you +collide them into each other + +and you watch how the +shrapnel comes flying off, + +you can deduce +what must have been + +going on when they +actually collided. + +You could do something +about the structure. + +How are protons built +up out of corks. + +And it's easy to +think of a scattering + +experiment as some +bizarre thing that + +happens in particle +detectors under mountains. + +But I am currently engaged +in a scattering experiment. + +The scattering experiments +I'm currently engaged in + +is light is bouncing from +light sources in the room, + +off of very bits of each of you. + +And some of it, and probably, +scatters directly into my eye. + +That is shocking. + +And through the scattering +process and deducing + +what I can from the +statistics of the photons + +that bounce into my +eye, I could deduce + +that you're sitting +there and not over there, + +which is pretty awesome. + +So we actually get +a tremendous amount + +of the information about +the world around us + +from scattering processes. + +These are not esoteric, +weird things that happen. + +Scattering is how you +interact with the world. + +So when we do +scattering problems, + +it's not because we're thinking +about particle colliders. + +It's because at the end of +the day I want to understand-- + +AUDIENCE: [SNEEZE] + +PROFESSOR: --how +surfaces-- bless you-- + +how surfaces reflect. + +I want to understand why when +you look in the mirror light + +bounces back. + +I want to understand +how you see things. + +So this is a much +broader-- scattering's + +a much broader idea than +just the sort of legacy + +of how we study +particle physics. + +Scattering is what +we do constantly. + +And we're going to come back +to the computer in a bit. + +I'm going to close this for now. + +Yes, good. + +So today we're going to begin a +series of lectures in which we + +study scattering +processes in one + +dimension in various +different settings. + +So in particular +that means we're + +going to be studying +quantum particles being sent + +in from some distance, +incident on some potential, + +incident on some object. + +And we're going to ask how +likely are they to continue + +going through, how likely +are they to bounce back. + +And so we're going to start +with an easy potential, + +an easy object off which +to scatter something, which + +is the absence of an +object, the free particle. + +And I want to think about +how the system evolves. + +So for the free particle where +we just have something of mass, + +m, and its potential +is constant, + +we know how to solve the-- + +Question? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: This may +be a little bit dumb, + +but given that these +states, [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Fantastic question. + +I'm going to come +back in just a second. + +It's a very good question. + +So we're interested +in energy eigenstates, + +and we know the +energy eigenstates + +for the free particle-- we've +written these down many times-- + +and I'm going to write +it in the phonic form. + +Suppose we have a free +particle in an energy + +eigenstate with +energy e, then we + +know it's a superposition +of clean waves, + +e to the i kx plus +b e to minus ikx. + +And the normalization +is encoded in a and b, + +but, of course, these +are normalizable states. + +We typically normalize +them with a 1 + +over root 2 pi for delta +function normalizability. + +Now, in order for this to be +a solution to the Schrodinger + +equation, we need the +frequency or the energy e + +is equal to h-bar squared +k squared upon 2m, + +and omega is this upon h-bar. + +And knowing that, +we can immediately + +write down the solution. + +Because these are +energy eigenstates, + +we can immediately write down +the solution of the Schrodinger + +equation, which begins at +time t 0 in this state. + +So there's the solution of +the time dependent Schrodinger + +equation. + +So we've now completely solved +this in full generality, which + +is not so shocking since +it's a free particle. + +But let's think about what +these two possible states are. + +What do these mean? + +So the first thing to +say is this component + +of our superposition +is a wave, and I'm + +going to call it a +right moving wave. + +And why am I calling +it a right moving wave? + +If you draw the real part of +this, some moment in time, + +it's got some crests. + +And if you draw on it a +short bit of time later, + +I want to ask how +the wave has moved. + +And, for example, +a peak in the wave + +will be when kx +minus omega t is 0. + +If kx minus omega t is 0, +then kx is equal to omega t, + +or x is equal to omega over kt. + +And assuming as we have +that k is positive, + +then this says that +as time increases + +the position increases. + +And this one, by +exactly the same logic, + +x is equal to minus +omega over kt. + +So we'll call this a right +going or right moving, + +and we'll call this +a left moving wave. + +So the general solution is a +superposition, an arbitrary + +superposition, of a left +moving and a right moving wave. + +This should be familiar from +803 in your study of waves. + +But as was pointed +out just a moment ago, + +we've got a problem. + +Phi e or phi e is +not normalizable. + +And this is obvious +from if we-- let's + +have b equal 0 for simplicity. + +This is a pure phase, and the +norm squared of a pure phase + +is 1. + +And so the probability +density is constant. + +It's 1 from minus +infinity to infinity. + +So the probability of finding +it at any given point is equal. + +So assuming this is on +the real line, which + +is what we mean by saying +it's a free particle, + +there's no constant you +can multiply that by + +to make it normalizable. + +This is not a +normalizable function. + +So more precisely, +what we usually do + +is we take our states phi +sub k equal 1 over root 2 pi, + +e to the i kx. + +Such that phi k, phi k +prime is equal to delta. + +Sorry-- that's not +what I wanted to write. + +Such that-- well, fine. + +Phi k, phi k prime is equal +to delta of k minus k prime. + +This is as good as we can do. + +This is good as we +get to normalizing it. + +It's not normalized to 1. + +It's normalized 1k +is equal to k prime, + +to the value of the delta +function, which is ill-defined. + +So we've dealt with this +before, we've talked about it. + +So how do we deal with it? + +Well, we've just +learned, actually, + +a very important thing. + +This question, +very good question, + +led to a very important +observation which + +is that can a particle, can +a quantum mechanical particle + +be placed, meaningfully +said to be placed, + +in an energy eigenstate +which is bound? + +Can you put a particle +in the ground state + +of a harmonic oscillator? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Sure. + +That's fine. + +Can you put the +particle in the k + +equals 7 state of +a free particle? + +AUDIENCE: No. + +PROFESSOR: No. + +So these scattering +states, you can never + +truly put your particle +truly in a scattering state. + +It's always going to be +some approximate plane wave. + +Scattering states +are always going + +to be some plane +wave asymptotically. + +So we can't put the particles +directly in a plane wave. + +What can we do, however? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +We can build a wave packet. + +We can use these as +a basis for states, + +which are normalizable +and reasonably localized. + +So we need to deal +with wave packets. + +So today is going to be, +the beginning of today + +is going to be dealing with +the evolution of a wave packet. + +And in particular +we'll start by looking + +at the evolution in time +of a well localized wave + +packet in the +potential corresponding + +to a free particle. + +And from that we're +going to learn already + +some interesting +things, and we'll + +use that intuition for the +next several lectures as well. + +Questions before we get going? + +All right. + +So here's going to +be my first example. + +So consider for +the free particle + +or consider a free particle +in a minimum uncertainty wave + +packet. + +So what is a minimum +uncertainty wave packet. + +We've talked-- + +AUDIENCE: A Gaussian. + +PROFESSOR: A Gaussian, exactly. + +So the minimum uncertainly +wave packet's a Gaussian. + +Suppose that I take my particle +and I place it at time 0, + +x0 in a Gaussian. + +I'm going to properly +normalize this Gaussian. + +I hate these factors +of pi, but whatever. + +a root pi, e to the minus +x squared over 2a squared. + +So this is the wave function +at time 0, I declare. + +I will just prepare the +system in this state. + +And what I'm +interested in knowing + +is how does the +system evolve in time? + +What is x psi of x and t? + +So how do we solve this problem? + +Well, we could just plug it +into the Schrodinger equation + +directly and just by brute +force try to crank it out. + +But the easier thing to do +is to use the same technique + +we've used all the way along. + +We are going to take +the wave function, + +known wave function, +known dependence on x, + +expand it as a superposition +of energy eigenstates. + +Each energy eigenstates +evolved in a known fashion + +will evolve those +energy eigenstates + +in that superposition, and +do the sum again, re-sum it, + +to get the evolution as +a function of position. + +Cool? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: So given that +the x-basis and the t-bases + +are uncountable, [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Good. + +Here's the theorem. + +So the question is roughly how +do you know you can do that? + +How do you know you can +expand in the energy. + +And we have to go back to the +spectral theorem which tells us + +for any observable, the +corresponding operator + +has a basis of eigenfunctions. + +So this is a theorem +that I haven't proven, + +but that I'm telling you. + +And that we will +use over and over + +and over again, +spectral theorem. + +But what it tells you is that +any operator has an eigenbasis. + +So if we find any good operator +corresponding to an observable + +has a good eigenbasis. + +That means that if we find the +eigenfunctions of the energy + +operator, any state +can be expanded + +as a superposition +in that state. + +And the question of +accountable versus uncountable + +is a slightly subtle one. + +For example, how many points +are there on the circle? + +Well, there's an +uncountable number. + +How many momentum modes +are there on a circle? + +Well, that's countable. + +How does that work? + +How can you describe +that both in position + +and in momentum space. + +Ask me afterwards and we'll +talk about that in more detail. + +But don't get too hung up on +countable versus uncountable. + +It's not that big a difference. + +You're just summing-- +it's just whether you + +sum over a continuous +or discrete thing. + +I'm being glib, but it's useful +to be glib at that level. + +Other questions before we-- OK. + +Good. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: So the reason we are +going to use energy eigenstates + +is just because [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Almost. + +So the question is are we +using the energy eigenstates + +because at the end +of the day it's + +going to boil down to +doing a Fourier transform, + +because the energy eigenstates +are just plain waves, + +e to the ix? + +And that will be true, but +that's not the reason we do it. + +It's a good question. + +So let me disentangle these. + +Well, I guess I can use this. + +The point is that if I +know that si-- for any wave + +function in any system, if +I know that phi of x at 0 + +is some function, and I +know the energy eigenstates + +of that system, then I can +write this as sum over n, of cn, + +phi n of x for some +set of coefficient cn. + +So that's the spectral theorem. + +Pick an operator +here, the energy. + +Consider its eigenfunctions. + +They form a basis and any +state can be expanded. + +But once we've expanded +in the energy eigenbasis, + +specifically for the +energy eigenbasis + +where e phi n is +en phi n, then we + +know how these guys +evolve in time. + +They evolve by an e to the +minus i en t upon h-bar. + +And we also know that +the Schrodinger equation + +is a linear equation, so +we can superpose solutions + +and get a new solution. + +So now, this is the expression +for the full solution + +at time t. + +That's why we're using +energy eigenstates. + +In this simple case +of the free particle, + +it is a felicitous fact that +the energy eigenstates are also + +Fourier modes. + +But that won't be +true in general. + +For example, in the +harmonic oscillator system, + +the harmonic oscillator +energy eigenstates + +are Gaussians times +some special functions. + +And we know how to compute them. + +That's great. + +We use a raising, +lowering operators. + +It's nice. + +But they're not plane waves. + +Nonetheless, despite +not being Fourier modes, + +we can always expand +an arbitrary function + +in the energy eigenbasis. + +And once we've done so, +writing down the time evolution + +is straightforward. + +That answer your question? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Great. + +Anything else? + +OK. + +So let's do it for this guy. + +So what are the +energy eigenstates. + +They're these guys, +and I'm just going + +to write it as e to the +i kx without assuming + +that k is positive. + +So k could be +positive or negative, + +and energy is e to the +h-bar squared k squared. + +And so we can write this as-- +we can write the wave function + +in this fashion, +but we could also + +write it in Fourier +transformed form, + +which is integral +dk upon root 2 pi + +for minus infinity to infinity. + +I'm mostly not going +to write the bounds. + +They're always going to be +minus infinity to infinity. + +Of dk 1 over root +2 pi e to the i kx. + +The plane wave times the Fourier +transform, psi tilde of k. + +So here all I'm doing is +defining for you the psi tilde. + +But you actually +computed this, so this + +is the Fourier transfer. + +You actually computed this on, +I think, the second problem set. + +So this is equal to the +integral dk over root 2 pi + +e to the i kx. + +And I'm going to get +the coefficients-- I'm + +going to be careful +about the coefficients a, + +so root a over 4 [INAUDIBLE] pi. + +e to the minus k squared +a squared over 2. + +So here, this is +just to remind us + +if we have a +Gaussian of width a, + +the Fourier transform is +Gaussian of width 1 upon a. + +So that's momentum and position +uncertainty in Fourier space. + +And you did this +in problem set two. + +So this is an alternate way +of writing this wave function + +through its Fourier transform. + +Everyone cool with that? + +But the nice thing +about this is that we + +know how to time evolve +this wave function. + +This tells us that that psi +of xt is equal to integral-- + +and I'm going to get these +coefficients all pulled out-- + +integral of root a over root pi. + +Integral dk upon root 2 pi. + +e to the i kx minus omega t. + +And remember, Omega +it depends on k, + +because it's h-bar +squared k squared + +upon 2m divided by h-bar. + +Times our Gaussian, +e to the minus + +k squared a squared upon 2. + +So everyone cool with that? + +So all I've done is +I've taken this line, + +I pulled out the +constant, and I've + +added the time evolution +of the Fourier mode. + +So now we have this integral +to give us the full, + +OK, so now we just have +to do the integral. + +And this is not so hard to do. + +But what makes it totally +tractable is that if I just + +do this with some +function of omega of k-- + +I mean that's complicated, +know how to do that integral. + +But I happen to know that e +is h-bar squared k squared + +upon 2m, which +means that omega is + +equal to h-bar k +squared upon 2m. + +So I can rewrite this as +minus h-bar k squared upon 2m. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Where is the +fourth [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: That's a square +root of a square root. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, I didn't see it. + +My bad. + +PROFESSOR: No, no. + +That's OK. + +It's a horrible, +horrible factor. + +So what do we take +away from this? + +Well, this can be +written in a nice form. + +Note that here we +have a k squared, + +here we have a k squared, +here we have a k. + +This is an integral over k, +so this is still Gaussian. + +It's still the exponential +of a quadratic function of k. + +So we can use our formulas +for Gaussian integrals + +to do this integral. + +So to make that a +little more obvious, + +let's simplify the form of this. + +So the form of +this is again going + +to be square root of +a over square root pi. + +Integral dk upon root 2 pi. + +e to the i kx. + +And I'm going to take this +term and this term and group + +them together because +they both have + +a k squared in the exponential. + +e to the minus k +squared upon 2 times-- + +now instead of just a squared, +we have a squared plus i h-bar + +upon 2m t-- there's +a typo in my notes. + +Crap. + +Good. + +So before we do +anything else, let's + +just check dimensional analysis. + +This has units of one +of length squared. + +So this had better have +units of length squared. + +That's a length squared, good. + +This, is this a length squared? + +So that's momentum +times length, which + +is mass times length over time. + +Divide by mass, multiplied by +time, so that's length squared. + +Good. + +So our units make sense. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: This, too, we need. + +AUDIENCE: In terms of 2m. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, this one. + +Good. + +Thank you. + +Yes. + +Thanks. + +So this is again a Gaussian. + +And look, before we +knew we have a Gaussian, + +the Fourier transform +is just this Gaussian. + +The only difference is it's +now a Gaussian with width. + +Not a, but a complex number. + +But if you go through the +analysis of the Gaussian + +integral, that's perfectly fine. + +It's not a problem at all. + +The effective width is this. + +So what does that tell +you about psi of t? + +So this tells you +that psi of x and t + +is equal to root a over root pi. + +And now the width. + +So we have the 1 over root a. + +But now the effective width +is this guy, a squared + +plus-- so it's square root of +a squared plus i h-bar upon mt. + +e to the minus x squared +over 4a squared plus-- oops, + +where did my 4-- there's +a 2 that-- there's + +a spurious 2 somewhere. + +I'm not sure where +that 2 came from. + +There should be a 2 there. + +a squared plus i h-bar upon mt. + +So at this point it's not +totally transparent to me + +what exactly this wave +function is telling me, + +because there's still a phase +downstairs in the width. + +So to get a little +more intuition let's + +look at something +that's purely real. + +Let's look at the probability +to find the particle + +at position x at time t. + +That's just the norm +squared of this guy. + +And if you go through a +little bit of algebra, + +this is equal to 1 +over root pi times-- + +I'm going to write out +three factors-- times 1 + +over square root of-- yes, +good-- a squared plus h-bar + +upon 2ma squared +t squared times e + +to the minus x squared upon +2a squared plus h-bar squared + +over 2ma squared. + +Oops-- h-bar over 2ma squared t. + +So what do we get? + +The probability distribution +is again a Gaussian. + +But at any given +moment in time-- + +this should be t squared-- +at any given moment in time + +the width is changing. + +The width of this Gaussian +is changing in time. + +Notice this is +purely real again. + +And meanwhile, the +amplitude is also changing. + +And notice that it's changing +in the following way. + +At time 0, this is the +least it can possibly be. + +At time 0 this +denominator is the least + +it can possibly be +because that's gone. + +At any positive +time, the denominator + +is larger so the +probability has dropped off. + +So the probability at any +given point is decreasing. + +Except for we also +have this Gaussian + +whose width is increasing +in time, quadratically. + +It's getting wider +and wider and wider. + +And you can check-- so +let's check dimensional + +analysis again. + +This should have units +of length squared, + +and so this is +momentum times length + +divided by length divided by +mass-- that's just a velocity. + +So this is the velocity +squared times squared. + +That's good. + +So this has the correct units. + +So it's spreading +with the velocity + +v is equal to h-bar upon 2ma. + +And what was a? a was +the width at times + +0. a was the minimum width. + +So graphically, let's roll this +out-- what is this telling us? + +And incidentally, a +quick check, if this + +is supposed to be the +wave function at time t, + +it had better reproduce the +correct answer at time 0. + +So what is this wave +function at time 0? + +We lose that, we lose that, and +we recover the original wave + +function. + +So that's good. + +So graphically what's going on? + +So let's plot p of x and t. + +At time 0 we have a Gaussian +and it's centered at 0, + +and it's got a width, +which is just a. + +And this is at time t equals 0. + +At a subsequent time, +it's again centered + +at x equals 0-- +modulating my bad art-- + +but it's got a width, which +is a squared square root + +of a squared plus h-bar +upon 2ma squared, t squared. + +So it's become +shorter and wider such + +that it's still +properly normalized. + +And at much later +time it will be + +a much lower and much +broader Gaussian. + +Again, properly normalized, and +again centered at x equals 0. + +Is that cool? + +So what this says +is if you start + +with your well-localized +wave packet and you let go, + +it disperses. + +Does that make sense? + +Is that reasonable? + +How about this. + +What happens if you ran the +system backwards in time? + +If it's dispersing +and getting wider, + +then intuitively +you might expect + +that it'll get more sharp, if +you integrated it back in time. + +But, in fact, what happens +if we take t negative + +in this analysis? + +We didn't assume it +was positive, anyway. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It disperses again. + +It comes from being a +very dispersed wave, + +to whap, to being very +well [INAUDIBLE], and whap, + +it disperses out again. + +And notice that the sharper the +wave function was localized, + +the smaller a was in the first +place, the faster it disperses. + +This has 1 upon a. + +It has an a downstairs. + +So the more sharp +it was at time 0, + +the faster it disperses away. + +This is what our +analysis predicts. + +So let me give you two +questions to think about. + +I'm not going to +answer them right now. + +I want you to think about +them-- not right-- well, + +think about them now, +but also think about them + +more broadly as you +do the problem set + +and as you're reading through +the reading for the next week. + +So the width in this example +was least at time t equals 0. + +Why? + +How could you build a wave +function, how could you + +take this result and build a +wave function whose width was + +minimum at some other +time, say, time t0. + +So that's one question. + +Second question. + +This wave function +is sitting still. + +How do you make it move? + +And either the second or the +third problem on the problem + +set is an introduction +to that question. + +So here's a challenge +to everyone. + +Construct a +well-localized wave packet + +that's moving, in the sense that +it has well-defined momentum + +expectation value. + +And again, hint, look at +your second or third problem + +on the problem set. + +And then repeat +this entire analysis + +and check how the probability +distribution evolves in time. + +And in particular, +what I'd like to do + +is verify that the probability +distribution disperses, + +but simultaneously +moves in the direction + +corresponding to the initial +momentum with that momentum. + +The center of the +wave packet moves + +according to the momentum that +you gave it in the first place. + +It's a free particle so +should the expectation value, + +the momentum change over time? + +No. + +And indeed it won't. + +So that's a challenge for you. + +OK, questions at this point? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +So this wave or this +Gaussian's not moving, + +but it's centered over +0 at time 0 or x0? + +PROFESSOR: Sorry, this +is at x is equal to 0. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +So is that-- so all +those [INAUDIBLE] + +are at x equals 0 over here. + +Shouldn't the amplitude +increase and not the-- + +PROFESSOR: Good. + +So what I'm plotting-- sorry. + +So I'm plotting p of +x and t as a function + +of x for different times. + +So this is time 0. + +This was time t equals +something not 0, equals 1. + +And this is some time +t equal to large. + +Right. + +AUDIENCE: And so but +is it if x is always 0, + +then shouldn't the +[INAUDIBLE] not change + +because it would +equal [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Good. + +So if x is 0, then the +Gaussian contribution + +is always giving me 1. + +But there's still +this amplitude. + +And the amplitude +is the denominator + +is getting larger +and larger with time. + +So, indeed, the amplitude +should be falling off. + +Is that-- + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, but +will the width change? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, absolutely. + +So what the width is, the +width is saying, look, + +how rapidly as we increase x, +how rapidly does this fall off + +as a Gaussian. + +And so if time is increasing, +if time is very, very + +large, than this +denominator's huge. + +So in order for this Gaussian +to suppress the wave function, + +x has to be very, very large. + +AUDIENCE: So we're assuming +[INAUDIBLE] x hasn't changed. + +PROFESSOR: Ah, good. + +Remember, so this x is not +the position of the particle. + +x is the position at which we're +evaluating the probability. + +So what we're plotting +is we're plotting-- good. + +Yeah, this is an easy +thing to get confused by. + +What is this +quantity telling us? + +This quantity is telling us the +probability, the probability + +[INAUDIBLE, that we find +the particle at position + +x at time t. + +So the x is like, look, +where do you want to look? + +You tell me the x and +I tell you how likely + +it is to be found there. + +So what this is telling +us is that the probability + +distribution to find the +particles start out sharply + +peaked, but then it becomes +more more and more dispersed. + +So at the initial +time, how likely + +am I to find the +particle, say, here? + +Not at all. + +But at a very late time, who +knows, it could be there. + +I mean my confidence +is very, very limited + +because the probability +distribution's very wide. + +Did that answer your question. + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: Great. + +Yup? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] what +happens after [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Excellent question. + +That's a fantastic question. + +So we've talked about +measurement of position. + +We've talked about +measure-- So after you + +measure an +observable, the system + +is left in an eigenstate of +the observable corresponding + +to the observed eigenvalue. + +So suppose I have some potential +or I have some particle + +and it's moving around. + +It's in some complicated wave +function, and some complicated + +state. + +And then you measure +its position to be here. + +But my measurement +isn't perfect. + +I know it's here with some +reasonable confidence, + +with some reasonable width. + +What's going to be +the state thereafter? + +Well, it's going to be +in a state corresponding + +to being more or less here +with some uncertainty. + +Oh look, there's that state. + +And what happened subsequently? + +What happened subsequently +is my probability immediately + +decreases. + +And this is exactly +what we saw before. + +Thank you for asking +this question. + +It's a very good question. + +This is exactly +what we said before. + +If we can make an arbitrarily +precise measurement + +of the position, what +would be the width? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +It'd be delta, so +with width would be 0. + +That little a would be 0. + +So how rapidly does it disperse? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Pretty fast. + +And you have to +worry a little bit + +because that's getting +a little relativistic. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: If you make a +measurement that's not perfect, + +how do you account +for that [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So OK. + +That's a good question. + +So you make a measurement, +it's not perfect, + +there was some uncertainty. + +And so let me rephrase +this question slightly. + +So here's another +version of this question. + +Suppose I make a +measurement of the system. + +If there are two possible +configurations, two + +possible states, +and they measure + +an eigenvalue corresponding +to one of them, + +then I know what state +the system is in. + +And then again, if I'm measuring +something like position + +where I'm inescapably +going to be measuring + +that position with +some uncertainty, + +what state is it +left in afterwards? + +Do I know what state +it's left in afterwards? + +No, I-- I know +approximately what state. + +It's going to be +a state corr-- OK, + +so then I have to have some +model for the probability + +distribution of +being in a state. + +But usually what +we'll do is we'll + +say we'll approximate that. + +We'll model that unknown. + +We don't know +exactly what state it + +is because we don't know exactly +what position we measured. + +Well, model that by +saying, look, by the law + +of large numbers it's going to +be roughly a Gaussian centered + +around the position +with the width, which + +is our expected uncertainty. + +Now, it depends on exactly +what measurement you're doing. + +Sometimes that's not +the right thing to do, + +but that's sort of a +maximally naive thing. + +This is an interesting +but complicated question, + +so come ask me in office hours. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: So if this +probability isn't moving, + +what is that velocity we +[INAUDIBLE] over there? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly. + +So what is this velocity? + +So this velocity, +what is it telling us? + +It's telling us how rapidly +the wave spreads out. + +So does that indicate +anything moving? + +No. + +What's the expected value +of the position at any time? + +AUDIENCE: 0. + +PROFESSOR: 0, because +this is an even function. + +What's the position? + +Well, it's just as likely +to be here as here. + +It's just that the +probability of being here + +gets greater and greater +over time for a while + +and then it falls off +because the Gaussian + +is spreading and falling. + +Yeah. + +One last question. + +Yup. + +AUDIENCE: Can you tell +me a little bit more + +about negative time is +the same as positive time? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So the question is can +you talk a little bit more + +about why the behavior +as time increases + +is the same as the behavior +as we go backwards in time. + +And I'm not sure how +best to answer that, + +but let me give it a go. + +So the first thing is to +say look at our solution + +and look at the +probability distribution. + +The probability distribution +is completely even in time. + +It depends only on t squared. + +So if I ask what +happens at time t, + +it's the same as what +happened at time minus t. + +That's interesting in a +slightly unusual situation. + +Let's look back at +the wave function. + +Is that true of +the wave function? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: No. + +Because the phase +and the complex parts + +depend on-- OK, so the +amplitude doesn't depend on + +whether it's t or minus t. + +But the phase does. + +And that's a useful clue. + +Here's a better way. + +What was the weird thing that +made this t reversal invariant? + +There's another weird +property of this, + +which is that it's +centered at 0. + +It's sitting still. + +If we had given it momentum that +would also not have been true. + +So the best answer I +can give you, though, + +requires knowing +what happens when + +you have a finite momentum. + +So let me just sketch quickly. + +So when we have a momentum, +how do we take this wave packet + +and give it momentum k naught? + +So this is problem three +on your problem set, + +but I will answer it for you. + +You'd multiply by phase +e to the i k naught x. + +And the expectation +value will now + +shift to be h-bar k +naught for momentum. + +So what's that +going to do for us? + +Well, as we do the +Fourier transform, + +that's going to shift +k to k minus k naught. + +And so we can repeat +the entire analysis + +and get roughly k +and k naught here. + +The important thing is +that we end up with phases. + +So the way to read +off time 0 is going + +to be-- well, many +answers to this. + +As time increases or decreases, +we'll see from this phase + +that the entire wave packet +is going to continue moving, + +it's going to continue +walking across. + +And that breaks the +t minus t invariance. + +Because at minus t it +would have been over here. + +And then think about +that first question. + +How would you make it +become minimum wave packet + +at some time which +is not time equals 0? + +So when you have +answers to both of those + +you'll have the answer +to your question. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: What +does it really mean + +for us to say that we have +a probability distribution + +and measure something +like negative time? + +Because it seems like we did +something at time equals 0, + +and we say the +probability that we + +would have found it +[INAUDIBLE] is here. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +AUDIENCE: It seems that you +have to be aware [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Good. + +So that's not exactly what the +probability of distribution + +is telling us. + +So what the probability +and distribution is telling + +you is not what happens +when you make a measurement. + +It's given this state +what would happen? + +And so when you ask about +the probability distribution + +at time minus 7, +what you're saying + +is given the wave +function now, what must + +the wave function have +been a time earlier, + +such that Schrodinger +evolution, not measurement, + +but Shrodinger evolution +gives you this. + +So what that's telling you is +someone earlier-- had someone + +earlier been around +to do that experiment, + +what value would they have got? + +AUDIENCE: But wouldn't +that have changed + +the wave function of that? + +PROFESSOR: Absolutely, if +they had done the measurement. + +There's a difference between +knowing what the probability + +distribution would be if you +were to do a measurement, + +and actually doing a measurement +and changing the wave function. + +AUDIENCE: So for +the negative time, + +is it the earlier statement +about what the wave function-- + +PROFESSOR: It's merely +saying about what the wave + +function was at an earlier time. + +AUDIENCE: It doesn't +really have measurements. + +PROFESSOR: No one's done +any measurements, exactly. + +Writing down the +probability distribution + +does not do a measurement. + +Exactly. + +One last question. + +Sorry, I really-- Yup. + +AUDIENCE: Why define it +negative 2, and then prepares + +the states and +its width times 0? + +PROFESSOR: Well, you +could ask the question + +slightly differently. + +If you had wanted to prepare +the state at time minus 7 such + +that you got this +state at time 0-- + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +PROFESSOR: This is +the inverse of asking + +given that the state +is prepared now, + +what is it going +to be at time 7. + +So they're equally +reasonable questions. + +What should you +have done last week + +so that you got your +problem set turned in today? + +There was no problem +set due today. + +OK, so with that said, we've +done an analytic analysis-- + +that was ridiculous-- we've done +a quick computation that showed + +analytically what happens +to a Gaussian wave packet. + +We've done an analysis +that showed us + +how the wave function +evolved over time. + +What I'd like to do now is use +some of the PhET simulations + +to see this effect, and also +to predict some more effects. + +So what I want you to +think about this as, + +so this is the PhET quantum +tunneling wave packet + +simulation. + +If you haven't played with +these, you totally should. + +They're fantastic. + +They're a great way of +developing some intuition. + +All props to the Colorado group. + +They're excellent. + +So what I'm going +to do is I'm going + +to run through a +series of experiments + +that we could, in principle, +do on a table top, + +although it would be +fabulously difficult. + +But the basic physics is simple. + +Instead I'm going to run them +on the computer on the table top + +because it's easier and cheaper. + +But I want you to think +of these as experiments + +that we're actually running. + +So here, what these diagram +show, for those of you who + +haven't played +with this, is this + +is the potential that I'm +going to be working with. + +The green, this +position, tells me + +the actual value of the +energy of my wave packet. + +And the width tells me how +broad that wave packet is. + +And roughly speaking, +how green it is + +tells me how much support I +have on that particular energy + +eigenstate. + +And I can change that by tuning +the initial width of the wave + +packet. + +So if I make width +very narrow, I + +need lots and lots of +different energy eigenstates + +to make an narrow +well-localized wave packet. + +And if I allow the wave +packet to be quite wide, + +then I don't need as +many energy eigenstates. + +So let me make that a +little more obvious. + +So fewer energy +eigenstates are needed, + +so we have a thinner +band in energy, + +more energy +eigenstates are needed, + +so I have more wide band. + +Is everyone cool with that? + +And what this program does is it +just integrates the Schrodinger + +equation-- well, +yeah, well it just + +integrates the +Schrodinger equation. + +So what I want to do is +I want to quickly-- oops. + +So this is the wave +function, its absolute value. + +And this is the probability +density, the norm squared. + +So let's see what happened. + +So what is this initial state? + +This initial +state-- in fact, I'm + +going to re-load +the configuration. + +So this initial +state corresponds + +to being more or less here +with some uncertainty. + +So that's our psi of x0. + +And let's see how this evolves. + +So first, before you +actually have it evolved, + +what do you think +is going to happen? + +And remember, it's got some +initial momentum as well. + +OK. + +So there it is evolving and +it's continuing to evolve, + +and it's really quite boring. + +This is a free particle. + +Wow, that was dull. + +OK, so let's try that again. + +Let's look also at +the real part and look + +at what the phase of the +wave function's doing. + +So here there's something +really cool going on. + +It might not be obvious. + +But look back at this. + +Look at how rapidly +the wave packet moves + +and how rapidly the phase moves. + +Which one's moving faster? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +the wave packet. + +And the wave +packet, it's kind of + +hard to tell exactly how +much faster it's moving. + +But we can get that from this. + +What's the velocity of a +single plane wave or the phase + +velocity? + +So the phase +velocity from problem + +set one is h-bar k squared upon +2m-- let me write this as omega + +upon k, which is just +equal to h-bar k upon 2m. + +But that's bad because +that's the momentum. + +Divide the momentum by the mass, +that's the classical velocity. + +So this says that the +phase of any plane wave + +is moving with half +the classical velocity. + +That's weird. + +On the other hand, +the group velocity + +of a wave packet, of a +normalizable wave packet + +is do mega dk. + +And do mega dk will pull it +down an extra factor of 2. + +This Is equal to h-bar k upon m. + +This is the classical velocity. + +So this is the difference +between the phase and the group + +velocity, and that's exactly +what we're seeing here. + +So the first thing +you notice is you + +see the difference between the +phase and the group velocity. + +So that's good. + +That should be reassuring. + +But there's +something else that's + +really quite nice about this. + +Let's make the wave +packet really very narrow. + +So here it's much more +narrow, and let's let + +the system evolve. + +And now you can see that +the probability density + +is falling off quite rapidly. + +Let's see that again. + +Cool. + +The probability distribution +is falling off very rapidly. + +And there's also kind +of a cool thing that's + +happening is you're seeing +an accumulation of phase + +up here and a +diminution down here. + +We can make that a +little more sharp. + +Oops, sorry. + +Yeah. + +So that is a combination +of good things + +and the code being +slightly badly behaved. + +So the more narrow I +make that initial-- + +so let's-- so I made +that really narrow, + +and how rapidly +does it fall off? + +So that very narrow +wave packet by time 10 + +is like at a quarter. + +But if we made it much wider, +that very narrow wave packet + +started out much lower and it +stays roughly the same height. + +It's just diminishing +very, very slowly. + +And that's just the +1 over a effect. + +So this is nice. + +And I guess the way I'd +like to think about this + +is this is confirming rather +nicely, our predictions. + +So now I want to take a +slightly different system. + +So this system is really +silly because we all + +know what's going to happen. + +Here's a hill, and if +this were the real world + +I would think of this as +some potential hill that + +has some nice finite fall off. + +The sort of place you don't +want to go skiing off. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Well, I don't. + +So imagine you take +an object of mass m + +and you let it slide along +in this potential, what + +will happen? + +It will move along +at some velocity. + +It will get to this cliff, +it will fall off the cliff + +and end up going much +faster at the bottom. + +Yeah? + +So if you kick it here, +it will get over there + +and it will end up much faster. + +What happens to +this wave packet. + +So we're solving the +Schrodinger equation. + +It's exactly the same +thing we've done before. + +Let's solve it. + +So here's our +initial wave packet, + +nice and well-localized. + +There's our wave function. + +And what happens? + +So at that point something +interesting has happened. + +You see that for the most +part, most of the probability + +is over here, but not all +the probability is over here. + +There's still a +finite probability + +that the particle stays +near the wall for a while. + +Let's watch what happens to that +probability as time goes by. + +And now you should +notice that it's + +decayed into a +wave packet that's + +over here, and then a +superposition of a wave + +packet over here +moving to the left. + +This wave has scattered off +the barrier going downhill. + +It's mostly transmitted, +but some of it reflected. + +Which is kind of spooky. + +So let's watch that-- I'm going +to make this much more extreme. + +So here's a much more +extreme version of this. + +I'm now going to +make the energy very + +close to the height +of the potential. + +The energy is very, very close +to the height of the potential, + +and the potential is far away. + +We're still reasonably local-- +I can make it a little less + +localized just to really +crank up the suspense. + +So watch what happens now. + +So first off, what do +you expect to happen? + +So we've made the energy +of the wave packet + +just barely higher than +the energy of the hill. + +So it's almost classically +disallowed from being up here. + +What does that mean +about its velocity? + +It's effective loss. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +The momentum, the expectation +value for momentum + +should be very low +because it just + +has a little bit +of spare energy. + +So the expected value for the +momentum should be very low. + +It should dribble, dribble, +dribble, dribble, dribble, + +dribble, dribble till it +gets to the cliff, and then-- + +[WHISTLE]-- go flying off. + +So let's see if +that's what we see. + +So it's dribbling, but look +at the probability density + +down here. + +Oh, indeed, we do +see little waves, + +and those waves are +moving off really fast. + +But the amplitude is +exceedingly small. + +Instead, what we're seeing is +a huge pile up of probability + +just before the wall, similar +to what we saw a minute ago. + +Except the probability +is much, much larger. + +And what's going to happen now? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It's leaking. + +It's definitely leaking. + +But an awful lot of +the probability density + +is not going off the cliff. + +This would be Thelma and +Louise cruising off the cliff + +and then just not falling. + +This is a very disconcerting-- +you guys get to-- yeah. + +[LAUGHTER] + +So see what happens, +see what happened here. + +We've got this nice big +amplitude to go across + +or to reflect back, +to scatter back. + +You really want to +fall down classically, + +but quantum +mechanically you can't. + +It's impossible. + +So, in fact, the probability +they reflect back is 41, + +and we're going to +see how to calculate + +that in the next few lectures. + +Yup. + +AUDIENCE: So the transmission +was actually really high. + +PROFESSOR: Transition +was reasonably high, yup. + +AUDIENCE: And it was +really [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It wasn't +really, sorry? + +AUDIENCE: It wasn't really +apparent graphically. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +it wasn't apparent. + +The way it was apparent +was just the fact + +that the amplitude that bounced +back was relatively small. + +So what was going is any +little bit of probability that + +fell down had a large +effective momentum. + +Just ran off the +screen very rapidly. + +So it's hard to see that in +the simulation, it's true. + +We can make the-- we can +squeeze-- ah, there we go. + +So here is-- that's +about as good + +as I'm going to be able to get. + +And it's just going +to be glacially slow. + +But this is just going to +be preposterously slow. + +I'm not even sure +there's much point + +in-- But you can see +what's going to happen. + +They're going to build up, we're +going to get a little leak off, + +but for the most part, +the wave packet's + +going to go back to the left. + +Questions about this one +before we move on to the next? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Are +the-- Yeah, exactly. + +So r and t here are going to +be defined as the probability + +that this wave packet +gets off to infinity + +in either direction. + +AUDIENCE: What happens if you +make the energy lower than-- + +PROFESSOR: Then you +can't have a wave + +packet on the left +that's moving. + +Because remember that +the wave packet in order + +to have an expected momentum +needs to be oscillating. + +But if the energy is lower than +the potential, its exponential. + +So the expectation value +for the momentum is 0. + +So you can't have a particle +moving in from the left + +if it's got energy less than +the height of the barrier. + +Cool? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Sorry, what's +this green thing? + +PROFESSOR: The green thing is +the energy of the wave packet + +that I'm sending in. + +OK, so let's go to the next one. + +So this is something +we'd like to understand. + +The reason I'm +showing you this is I + +want to explain this phenomena. + +We already did the dispersion. + +I want to explain this +phenomena that you reflect + +when going downhill, which +is perhaps surprising. + +And I want to ask how +efficiently do reflect off + +any given barrier. + +Yeah. + +Question. + +AUDIENCE: Can you describe the +[INAUDIBLE] physical experiment + +that would show +that done, though? + +PROFESSOR: Oh yeah, absolutely. + +So suppose I have a +little capacitor plate + +and there's a potential +difference across it + +and a hole so a particle +could shoot threw it. + +I mean it doesn't have to +be an insanely small hole, + +but a hole. + +So that if a particle +goes from here + +to the other side of +the capacitor plate, + +it will have accelerated across +the potential difference. + +So if you think about the +effective potential energy, + +the potential is +decreasing linearly. + +It's a constant electric field. + +So over this short domain +between the capacitor plates, + +we have effectively a +linear potential energy. + +So I have a particle that I +send with very little momentum, + +but it carries some charge. + +It gets on capacitor +plates, and if it + +goes through the +capacitor plate, + +it ends with a lot +more energy relative + +to the potential energy. + +That cool? + +So a little capacitor +plate with a hole in it + +is a beautiful example +of this system. + +Good? + +Now, making it infinitely +sharp, well, that + +would require-- you know. + +But making it very +sharp is no problem. + +So here's the inverse +of what we just did, + +which is sending a +particle into a barrier. + +And so there you see it does +some quite awesome things. + +And I want to pause +it right here. + +This is the energy band. + +So the green +represents-- it says + +that at any given energy +inside this green band, + +there's some contribution +from the corresponding energy + +eigenstate to our wave packet. + +There isn't any +contribution from states + +up here where there's +no green, which + +means that all the +contributions come + +from energy +eigenstates with energy + +below the height of the barrier. + +None of them have enough +energy to cross the barrier. + +And what we see when we +send in our wave packet + +is some complicated mucking +around near the barrier, + +but in particular, +right there, there's + +a finite non-zero +probability that you're + +found in the classically +disallowed region. + +In the region where you +didn't have enough energy + +to get there. + +We see right there. + +And meanwhile, there's +also a huge pile up here. + +This is a hard wall. + +Normally classically +from a hard wall, + +you roll along, you +hit the hard wall, + +and you bounce off +instantaneously + +with the same velocity. + +But here what we're +saying is no, the wave + +doesn't just exactly +bounce off instantaneously. + +We get this complicated piling +up and the interference effect. + +So what's going on there? + +Well, it's precisely +an interference effect. + +So look at the wave function. + +The wave function is a much +easier thing to look at. + +So the red is the amplitude. + +The red is the real part. + +The black is the phase. + +So the real part is actually +behaving quite reasonably. + +It looks like it's just +bouncing right off. + +But the physical thing is +the probability distribution. + +The probability distribution +has interference terms + +from the various +different contributions + +to the wave function. + +So at the collision those +interference effects + +are very important. + +And at late times +notice what's happened. + +At late times the +probability distribution + +all went right back off. + +So that's something else +we'd like to understand. + +Penetration into the +barrier from a classically + +disallowed wave packet. + +Yup. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the wave +packet is also expanding again? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +The wave packet, exactly. + +So the wave packet is +always going to expand. + +And the reason is we're +taking our wave packet, which + +is a reasonably well-localized +approximately Gaussian wave + +packet. + +So whatever else is +going on, while it's + +in the part of the potential +where the potential is + +constant, it's also +just dispersing. + +And so we can see that here. + +Let's make that more obvious. + +Let's make the initial wave +packet much more narrow. + +So if the wave packet's +much more narrow, + +we're going to +watch it disperse, + +and let's move the +wall over here. + +So long before it hits the wall +it's going to disperse, right? + +That's what we'd expect. + +And lo, watch it disperse. + +OK, now gets to the wall. + +And it's sort of a mess. + +Now, you see that there's +contributions to the wave + +function over here, +there's support + +for the wave function +moving off to the right. + +But now notice that we have +support on energy eigenstates + +with energy above the barrier. + +So, indeed, it was possible +for some contribution + +to go off to the right. + +So one more of these guys. + +I guess two more. + +These are fun. + +So here's a hard wall. + +Let's make the-- So +here's a hard wall. + +But it's a finite width barrier. + +What happens? + +Well, this is basically the +same as what we just saw. + +We collide up against +that first wall, + +and since there's +an exponential fall + +off it doesn't really +matter that there's + +this other wall where +it falls down over here + +because the wave function is +just exponentially suppressed + +in the classically +disallowed region. + +So let's see that again. + +It's always going to be +exponentially suppressed + +in the classically +disallowed region. + +As you see, there's that +big exponential suppression. + +So there's some +finite particle here, + +but you're really unlikely to +find it out here exponentially. + +On the other hand, if we +make the barrier-- so let's + +think about this barrier. + +Classically, this is just +as good as a thick barrier. + +You can't get passed this wall. + +But quantum mechanically +what happens? + +You go right through. + +Just-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: --right on-- + +[LAUGHTER] + +Yeah, uh-huh. + +Right through. + +It barely even changes shape. + +It barely even changes shape. + +Just goes right on through. + +Now, there's some probability +that you go off to the left, + +that you bounce off. + +[LAUGHTER] + +I share your pain. + +I totally do. + +So I would like to do another +experiment which demonstrates + +the difference between classical +and quantum mechanical physics. + +Right. + +[LAUGHTER] + +[APPLAUSE] + +So we have some +explaining to do. + +And this is going to turn +out to be-- surprisingly, + +this is not a hard +thing to explain. + +It's going to be real easy. + +Just like the +dispersion, this is + +going to be not a +hard thing to explain. + +But the next one and this +is-- oh yeah, question. + +AUDIENCE: Does the height +of the spike matter? + +PROFESSOR: It does, absolutely. + +So the height of the spike and +the width of the spike matter. + +So let's make it a little wider. + +And what we're going +to see now is oh, it's + +a little less likely +to go through. + +If we make it just +a tiny bit wider + +we'll see that it's much +less likely to go through. + +We'll see much stronger +reflected wave. + +So both the height and width +are going to turn out to matter. + +So here you can see that there's +an appreciable reflection, + +which there wasn't previously. + +Let's make it just +a little bit wider. + +And now it's an awful lot +closer to half and half. + +See the bottom two lumps? + +Let's make it just +ever so slightly wider. + +And again, looking +down here we're + +going to have a transmitted +bit, but we're also + +going to have a +reflected-- now it + +looks like the reflected bit is +even a little bit larger maybe. + +And we can actually compute the +reflection transmission here. + +72% gets reflected and +28% get transmitted. + +I really strongly encourage you +to play with these simulations. + +They're both fun and +very illuminating. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +just the higher it got, + +the less got transmitted? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So if this were +a delta function would + +[INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Well, +what's the width? + +AUDIENCE: 0. + +PROFESSOR: So what +happens when we + +make the well less and +less-- or more and more thin? + +More, yeah, through. + +So we've got a competition +between the heights + +and the width. + +So one of the problems +on your problem set, + +either this week or next +week, I can't recall, + +will be for the delta +function barrier, + +compute the transmission +probability. + +And, in fact, we're going to ask +you to compute the transmission + +probability through +two delta functions. + +And, in fact, that's this week. + +And then next week +we're going to show you + +a sneaky way of using +something called the S + +matrix to construct bound +states for those guys. + +Anyway, OK. + +So next, the last +simulation today. + +So this is the inverse +of what we just did. + +Instead of having a +potential barrier, + +we have a potential well. + +So what do you expect to happen? + +Well, there's our wave +packet, and it comes along, + +and all heck breaks +loose inside. + +We get some excitations +and it tunnels across. + +But we see there's all +this sort of wiggling + +around inside the wave function. + +And we get some support +going off to the right, + +some support going +off to the left. + +But nothing sticks +around inside, + +which it looks like +there is, but it's + +going to slowly decay away as +it goes off to the boundary. + +These are scattering states. + +So one way to think about +what's going on here + +is it first scatters off, +it scatters downhill, + +and then it scatters uphill. + +But there's a very +funny thing that + +happens when you can scatter +uphill and scatter downhill. + +As we saw, any time you +have scattering uphill + +and there's some probability-- +that you reflected + +some probability +that you transmit. + +And we scatter uphill. + +There's some probability +you transmit, + +and some probability +that you reflect. + +But if you have both an +uphill and a downhill + +when you have a well, +something amazing happens. + +Consider this well. + +This didn't work very well. + +Let's take a much larger one. + +Uh-hmm! + +So at some point, I +think it was last year, + +some student's cell phone +went off, and I was like oh, + +come on, dude. + +You can't do that. + +And like five minutes later +my cell phone went off. + +[LAUGHTER] + +So I feel your pain, but please +don't let that happen again. + +So here we go. + +So this is a very similar +system-- well, the same system, + +but with a different +wave packet, + +and a slightly different width. + +And now what happens? + +Well, all this wave packet +just sort of goes on, + +but how much probability is +going back off to the left? + +Very little. + +In fact, we can +really work this. + +Sorry, I need this, otherwise +I'm very bad at this. + +There's some probability that +reflects in the first well. + +There's some probability that +reflects in the second well. + +But the probability +that reflects + +from the combination +of the two, 0. + +How can that be? + +So this is just like the +boxes at the very beginning. + +There's some probability. + +So to go in this system-- so +let's go back to the beginning. + +There's some amplitude +to go from the left side + +to the right-hand side by +going-- so how would you + +go from the left-hand side +to the right-hand side? + +You transmit and +then transmit, right? + +So it's the transmission +amplitude times transmission + +amplitude gives you the product. + +But is that the only +thing that could happen? + +What are other possible +things that could happen? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +You could transmit, +reflect, reflect, transmit. + +You could also transmit, +reflect, reflect, + +reflect, reflect, transmit. + +And you could do that an +arbitrary number of times. + +And each of those +contributions is + +a contribution to the amplitude. + +And when you compute the +probability of transmit, + +you don't take some +of the probabilities. + +You take the square of +the sum of the amplitudes. + +And what we will +find when we-- I + +guess we'll do this next +time when we actually + +do this calculation-- is +that that interference + +effect from taking the square +of the sum of the amplitudes + +from each of the +possible bouncings + +can interfere +destructively and it + +can interfere constructively. + +We can find points when the +reflection is extremely low. + +And we can find points where +the transmission is perfect. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: So two questions. + +One, the computer says that the +reflection coefficient is 0. + +Why did it look like it there +was a wave packet going off + +back to the left? + +PROFESSOR: Excellent question. + +And, indeed, there +is a little bit here. + +So now I have to tell you +a little bit about how + +the computer is casting +this reflection amplitude. + +The way it's doing +that is it's saying + +suppose I have a state +which has a definite energy + +at the center of +this distribution. + +Then the corresponding +reflection amplitude + +would be 0. + +But, in fact, I have +a superposition. + +I've taken a +superposition of them. + +And so the contributions from +slightly different energies + +are giving me some +small reflection. + +AUDIENCE: And also, +why do you have + +to fine-tune the +width of that as well? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +That's a really-- let me +rephrase the question. + +The question is why do +you have to fine-tune + +the width of that well? + +Let me ask the question +slightly differently. + +How does the +reflection probability + +depend on the width of the well? + +What's going on at these +special values of the energy + +or special values of +the width of the well + +when the transmission +is perfect? + +Which I will call a resonance. + +Why is that happening? + +And we'll see that. + +So that's a question I +want you guys to ask. + +So I'm done now with +the experiments. + +You guys should play with +these on your own time + +to get some intuition. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Isn't the +[INAUDIBLE] you just + +showed actually a classical +[INAUDIBLE] objects? + +PROFESSOR: So excellent. + +So here's what +I'm going to tell. + +I'm going to tell +you two things. + +First off, if I take a +classical particle and I + +put it through these potentials, +for example, this potential. + +If I take a classical particle +and I put it in this potential, + +it's got an energy here, +does it ever reflect back? + +AUDIENCE: No. + +PROFESSOR: No. + +Always, always it +rolls and continues on. + +Always. + +So if I take a quantum +particle and I do this, + +will it reflect back? + +AUDIENCE: Sometimes. + +PROFESSOR: Apparently sometimes. + +Now, how do I encode that? + +I encode that in studying the +solutions to the wave equation + +dt minus-- sorry-- +i h-bar dt psi + +is equal to minus +h-bar squared upon 2m, + +dt squared psi plus v psi. + +So this property of the quantum +particle that it reflects + +is a property of solutions +to this equation. + +When I interpret the amplitude +squared as a probability. + +But this equation +doesn't just govern-- + +this isn't the only place that +this equation's ever shown up. + +An equation at least +very similar to this + +shows up in studying +the propagation of waves + +on a string, for example. + +Where the potential is played +by the role of the tension + +or the density of the string. + +So as you have a wave +coming along the string, + +as I'm sure you did +in 803, you have + +a wave coming along a string. + +And then the thickness or +density of the string changes, + +becomes thicker or +thinner, then sometimes + +you have reflections +off that interference-- + +from impedance mismatch +is one way to phrase it. + +And as you move across +to the other side + +you get reflections again. + +And the thing that +matters is not + +the amplitude of the-- +one of the things + +that matters is +not the amplitude, + +but it's the intensity. + +And the intensity's a square. + +And so you get +interference effects. + +So, indeed, this phenomena +of reflection and multiple + +reflection shows up in +certain classical systems, + +but it shows up not in +classical particle systems. + +It shows up in classical wave +systems, like waves on a chain + +or waves in a rope. + +And they're governed by +effectively the same equations, + +not exactly, but effectively +the same equations, + +as the Schrodinger evolution +governs the wave function. + +But the difference is that +those classical fields, + +those classical continuous +objects have waves on them, + +but those waves +are actual waves. + +You see the rope. + +The rope is everywhere. + +In the case of the quantum +mechanical description + +of a particle, the +particle could be anywhere, + +but it is a particle. + +It is a chunk, it is a thing. + +And this wave is a probability +wave in our knowledge + +or our command of the system. + +Other questions? + +OK. + +So let's do the first example +of this kind of system. + +So let's do the very first +example we talked about, apart + +from the free particle, +which is the potential step. + +First example is +the potential step. + +And what we want +to do is we want + +to find the eigenfunctions +of the following potential. + +Constant, barrier, constant. + +And I'm going to call +the height here V + +naught, and the height here 0. + +And I'll call this +position X equals 0. + +And I want to send +in a wave-- think + +about the physics of sending in +a particle that has an energy E + +naught. + +Now to think about the +dynamics, before we + +think about time evolution +of a localized wave packet, + +as we saw in the +free particle, it + +behooves us to find +the energy eigenstates, + +then we can deduce the +evolution of the wave packet + +by doing a re-summation by using +the superposition principle. + +So let's first find +the energy eigenstates. + +And, in fact, this +will turn out to encode + +all the information we need. + +So we want to find phi e of x. + +What is the energy eigenfunction +with energy E, let's say. + +And we know the +answer on this side + +and we know the +answer on this side + +because it's just constant. + +That's a free particle and we +know how to write the solution. + +So we can write this +as this is equal to. + +On the left-hand side it's +just a sum of plane waves. + +It's exactly of that form. +a e to the i kx plus b + +e to the minus i kx on the left. + +And on the right we have c e +to the minus i alpha x-- sorry. + +On this side it's disallowed, +classically disallowed. + +So this is e to +the minus-- sorry, + +do you-- plus alpha x +plus d e to minus alpha x. + +Where h-bar squared k squared +upon 2m is equal to e. + +And h-bar squared +alpha squared upon 2m + +is equal to v naught minus +e, the positive quantity. + +So we need to satisfy +our various continuity + +and normalizability conditions. + +And in particular, what had +the wave function better do out + +this way? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It had +better not divert-- + +are we going to be able to build +normalizable wave packets-- + +or are we going to be able +to find normalizable wave + +functions of this form? + +No. + +Because there are always going +to plane waves on the left. + +So the best we'll be able +to do is find delta function + +normalizable energy eigenstates. + +That's not such a +big deal because we + +can build wave packets, +as we discussed before. + +But on the other +hand, it's one thing + +to be delta function +normalizable going + +to just a wave, it's +another thing to diverge. + +So if we want to build +something that's normalizable up + +to a delta function +normalization condition, + +this had better vanish. + +Yeah? + +But on top of that, we +need that the wave function + +is continuous, so at x equals +we need that phi and phi + +prime are continuous. + +So that turns out to be +an easy set of equations. + +So for phi, this says that +a plus b is equal to d. + +And for phi prime, +this says that ik a. + +And then the next one is going +to give me minus ik a minus b + +is equal to, on the right-hand +side, minus alpha c. + +Because the exponential's +all value to 0. + +So we can invert +these to get that d + +is equal to 2-- that's weird. + +AUDIENCE: You have +a d in the bottom. + +There's [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, +sorry. d. d. d. d. d. + +Thank you. + +To invert those you get 2k +over k plus i alpha, I think? + +Yes. + +And b is equal to k minus i +alpha over k plus i alpha. + +And so you can +plug these back in + +and get the explicit form +of the wave function. + +Now, what condition +must the energy satisfy + +order that this is a +solution that's continuous + +and derivative is continuous? + +Last time we found that in order +to satisfy for the finite well, + +the continuity normalizability +conditions, only certain values + +of the energy were allowed. + +Here we've imposed +normalizability and continuity. + +What's the condition +on the energy? + +This is a trick question. + +There isn't any. + +For any energy we +could find a solution. + +There was no consistency +condition amongst these. + +Any energy. + +So are the energy eigenvalues +continuous or discrete? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Continuous. + +Anything above 0 energy +is allowed for the system, + +it's continuous. + +So what does this wave +function look like? + +Oh, I really should have +done this on the clean board. + +What does this wave +function look like? + +Well, it's oscillating out +here, and it's decaying in here, + +and it's smooth. + +So what's the meaning of this? + +What's the physical meaning? + +Well, here's the way I +want to interpret this. + +How does this system +evolve in time? + +How does this wave +function evolve in time? + +So this is psi of x. + +What's psi of x and t? + +Well, it just gets hit +by an e to the minus + +i omega t minus omega t plus +omega t minus i omega t. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So all I did is I +just said that this + +is an energy eigenfunction +with energy e, + +and frequency omega is +equal to e upon h-bar. + +And saying that this is an +energy eigenstate tells you + +that under time evolution, +it evolves by rotation + +by an overall phase, e +to the minus i omega t. + +And then I just multiplied +the whole thing by e + +to the minus i omega +t and distributed it. + +So here's the minus +i omega t minus i + +omega t minus i +omega t in the phase. + +So doing that, though, gives +us a simple interpretation. + +Compared to our free particle, +e to the i kx minus omega t, + +it's a wave moving to the +right with velocity omega + +over k, the phase velocity. + +This is a right-moving +contribution. + +So plus. + +And this is a +left-moving contribution. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So on the left-hand +side, what we + +have is a superposition +of a wave moving + +to the right and a wave +moving to the left. + +Yeah? + +On the right, what do we have? + +We have an exponentially falling +function whose phase rotates. + +Is this a traveling wave? + +No. + +It doesn't have any crests. + +It just has an overall +phase that rotates. + +And now here's one key thing. + +If we look at this, what's b? + +We did the +calculation of v. v is + +k minus i alpha +over k plus i alpha. + +What's the norm +square root of b? + +Well, the norm +square root of b is + +going to be multiply this +by its complex conjugate, + +multiply this by its +complex conjugate. + +But their each other's complex +conjugates will cancel. + +The norm squared is 1. + +So pure phase. + +So this tells you +b is a pure phase. + +So now look back at this. + +If b is a pure phase-- +sorry-- if b is a pure phase, + +than this left-moving piece +has the same amplitude + +as the right-moving piece. + +This is a standing wave. + +All it's doing is it's +rotating by an overall phase. + +But it's a standing +wave because it's + +a superposition of a wave +moving this way and a wave + +moving that way with +the same amplitude. + +Just slightly shifted. + +So the fact that +there's a little shift + +tells you that it's norm +squared is not constant. + +It has a small wave. + +So what we see is we +get a standing wave that + +matches nicely onto a +decaying exponential + +in this classically +disallowed region. + +So what that tells you +is what's the probability + +to get arbitrarily +far to the right? + +0. + +It's exponentially suppressed. + +What's the probability that your +found some point on the left? + +Well, it's the norm +squared of that, + +which is some standing wave. + +So the reflection of how +good is this is a mirror. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It's +a perfect mirror. + +Well, it's not-- Now +we have to quibble + +about what you mean +by perfect mirror. + +It reflects with a phase. + +It reflects with a +phase beta, and I'm + +going to call that phase-- I +want to pick conventions here + +that are consistent throughout. + +Let's call that e to the i phi. + +So it reflects with +a phase phi, which + +is to say that +[INAUDIBLE] squared is 1. + +And what happens-- I +don't want to do this. + +So in what situation +would you expect + +this to be a truly perfect +mirror, this potential? + +When do you expect reflection +to be truly perfect? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly. + +So if the height here +were infinitely high, + +then there's no probability. + +You can't leak in at all. + +There's no exponential tail. + +It's just 0. + +So in the case that v0 is much +greater than e, what do we get? + +We get that v0 is +much greater than e. + +That means alpha's gigantic, +and k is very, very small. + +If alpha is gigantic and k is +very small, negligibly small, + +than this just becomes +minus i alpha over i alpha. + +This just becomes +minus 1 in that limit. + +So in the limit that the wall +is really a truly hard wall, + +this phase becomes minus 1. + +What happens to a wave when it +bounces off a perfect mirror? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Its phase +is inverted, exactly. + +Here we see that the +phase shift is pi. + +You get a minus 1 precisely when +the barrier is infinitely high. + +When the barrier's +a finite height, + +classically it would be +a perfect mirror still. + +But quantum mechanically it's +no longer a perfect mirror. + +There's a phase +shift which indicates + +that the wave is extending a +little bit into the material. + +The wave is extending +a little bit + +into the classically +disallowed region. + +This phase shift, called +the scattering phase shift, + +is going to play a +huge role for us. + +It encodes an enormous +amount of the physics, + +as we'll see over +the next few weeks. + +At the end of the semester +it'll be important for us + +in our discussion +of bands and solids. + +So at this point, though, we've +got a challenge ahead of us. + +I'm going to be using +phrases like this + +is the part of the wave +function moving to the right, + +and that's the part of the wave +function moving to the left. + +I'm going to say +the wave function is + +a superposition of +those two things. + +But I need a more +precise version of stuff + +is going to the right. + +And this is where the +probability density, + +phi squared, and the probability +current, which you guys + +have constructed on the problem +set, which is h-bar upon 2mi. + +Psi star dx i minus +psi dx psi star. + +These guys satisfy the +conservation equation + +which is d RHO dt. + +The time rate of +change of the density + +at some particular +point at time t + +is equal to minus the gradient, +derivative with respect + +to x, of j. + +And I should really +call this jx. + +So the current in +the x direction. + +So this is the +conservation equation, + +just like for the +conservation of charge, + +and you guys should have +all effectively derived + +this on the problem set. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Is the i under +or above [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Is the i-- oh, +sorry, the i is below. + +That's just my +horrible handwriting. + +So what I want to +define very quickly + +is I want to be able to come up +with an unambiguous definition + +of how much stuff is +going left and how much + +stuff is going right. + +And the way I'm +going to do that is + +I'm going to say that the +wave function in general-- + +I'll do that here-- when we have +a wave function at some point. + +It can be approximated +if the potential is + +roughly constant at that point. + +It can be approximated +in the following way. + +The wave function +is going to be psi + +is equal to psi +incident plus psi + +transmitted-- +yeah, psi reflected + +on the left of my barrier. + +And psi transmitted +on the right. + +Where psi incident is +that right-moving part. + +The part that's moving +towards the barrier. + +Psi reflected is the left-moving +part that's reflected. + +Psi transmitted is +the part that is + +on the right-hand +side, the entire thing. + +So here the idea is I'm sending +in something from the left. + +It can either reflect +or it can transmit. + +So this is just my notation +for this for these guys. + +And so what I wanted +to measure of how much + +stuff is going left, how +much stuff is going right. + +And the way to do that is to +use the probability current. + +And to say that associated to +the incident term in the wave + +function is an +incident current, which + +is h-bar k upon +m from a squared. + +So if we take this wave +function, take that expression, + +plug it into j, this +is what you get. + +If you take the reflected +part b to the minus i kx + +minus omega d, and you plug it +into the current expression, + +you get the part of-- sorry, +I should call this capital + +J-- you get the part of +the current corresponding + +to the reflected term, which +is h-bar k with a minus k + +upon m v squared. + +And we'll get that +J transmitted is 0. + +Something that you proved +on your problem set. + +If the wave function is real, +it must-- the current to 0. + +So let's think about what +this is telling us quickly. + +So what is this [INAUDIBLE]? + +So what is a current? + +A current is the amount of +stuff moving per unit time. + +So charge times the velocity. + +So what's the stuff +we're interested in? + +It's the probability density. + +There's a squared. + +Norm a squared. + +That's the +probability amplitude, + +or probability density of +the right-moving piece. + +Just consider it in isolation. + +So that's the +probability density. + +It's the amount of stuff. + +And this is the momentum of +that wave, that's e to the i kx. + +There's h-bar k. + +That's the momentum +divided by the mass, which + +is the classical velocity. + +The amount of stuff +times the velocity. + +That a current. + +It's the current with +which probability + +is flowing across a point. + +Similarly, Jr, that's the amount +of stuff, and the velocity + +is minus h-bar k upon m. + +So again, the +current is the amount + +of stuff times the velocity. + +I'm going to define-- this +is just the definition, + +it's the reasonable +choice of definition-- + +the transmission probability +is the ratio, the norm squared + +of J transmitted +over J incident. + +And here's why this is the +reasonable thing-- oops-- + +incident. + +Here's why this is the +reasonable quantity. + +This is saying how much current +is moving in from the left? + +How much stuff is moving in +from-- And how much stuff + +is moving off on the +right, to the right? + +So what is this in this case? + +0, although this is +a general definition. + +And similarly, the reflection +you can either write as 1 + +minus the transmission, because +either you transmit or you + +reflect, the probability +must sum to 1. + +Or you can write r as +the current reflected. + +What fraction of the incident +current is, in fact, reflected? + +And here this is 1. + +Because beta-- b is a phase, +and the norm squared of a phase + +is 1. + +So on your problems +set, you'll be + +going through the computation +of various reflection + +and transmission amplitudes +for this potential. + +And we'll pick up on this with +the barrier uphill next week. + +Have a good spring break, guys. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lTgLOuaQsvk.txt b/lTgLOuaQsvk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40a81b765d88f14b1ee21d447859bed1ec8088e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/lTgLOuaQsvk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14275 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right everyone let's get started so + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get started so + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get started so +today's lecture will be on this thing + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture will be on this thing + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture will be on this thing +called dictionaries and it's not the + + align:start position:0% +called dictionaries and it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +called dictionaries and it's not the +dictionaries that our parents and + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries that our parents and + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries that our parents and +grandparents used notice I never + + align:start position:0% +grandparents used notice I never + + + align:start position:0% +grandparents used notice I never +actually use regular book dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +actually use regular book dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +actually use regular book dictionaries +either maybe once in my entire life um + + align:start position:0% +either maybe once in my entire life um + + + align:start position:0% +either maybe once in my entire life um +but it's on a python dictionary so this + + align:start position:0% +but it's on a python dictionary so this + + + align:start position:0% +but it's on a python dictionary so this +is going to be a new data type that we + + align:start position:0% +is going to be a new data type that we + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be a new data type that we +have not worked with before but it'll be + + align:start position:0% +have not worked with before but it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +have not worked with before but it'll be +a compound data type much like we've + + align:start position:0% +a compound data type much like we've + + + align:start position:0% +a compound data type much like we've +seen lists and tupal to be it's just + + align:start position:0% +seen lists and tupal to be it's just + + + align:start position:0% +seen lists and tupal to be it's just +going to be very different than lists + + align:start position:0% +going to be very different than lists + + + align:start position:0% +going to be very different than lists +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +tupal so before I introduce uh a bunch + + align:start position:0% +tupal so before I introduce uh a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +tupal so before I introduce uh a bunch +of syntax and uh and what a python + + align:start position:0% +of syntax and uh and what a python + + + align:start position:0% +of syntax and uh and what a python +dictionary is let's try to just motivate + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is let's try to just motivate + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is let's try to just motivate +the need for such a data + + align:start position:0% +the need for such a data + + + align:start position:0% +the need for such a data +structure so suppose we have the + + align:start position:0% +structure so suppose we have the + + + align:start position:0% +structure so suppose we have the +following problem we've been dealing + + align:start position:0% +following problem we've been dealing + + + align:start position:0% +following problem we've been dealing +with this problem in uh many of our + + align:start position:0% +with this problem in uh many of our + + + align:start position:0% +with this problem in uh many of our +lectures but we once again want to store + + align:start position:0% +lectures but we once again want to store + + + align:start position:0% +lectures but we once again want to store +student + + align:start position:0% +student + + + align:start position:0% +student +information so let's say we want to + + align:start position:0% +information so let's say we want to + + + align:start position:0% +information so let's say we want to +store great information for a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +store great information for a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +store great information for a bunch of +students uh with what we know so far we + + align:start position:0% +students uh with what we know so far we + + + align:start position:0% +students uh with what we know so far we +can store information using lists it's a + + align:start position:0% +can store information using lists it's a + + + align:start position:0% +can store information using lists it's a +very reasonable data structure to use + + align:start position:0% +very reasonable data structure to use + + + align:start position:0% +very reasonable data structure to use +because we might get new students in the + + align:start position:0% +because we might get new students in the + + + align:start position:0% +because we might get new students in the +class students might drop grades might + + align:start position:0% +class students might drop grades might + + + align:start position:0% +class students might drop grades might +change things like that so let's use + + align:start position:0% +change things like that so let's use + + + align:start position:0% +change things like that so let's use +this mutable data structure list + + align:start position:0% +this mutable data structure list + + + align:start position:0% +this mutable data structure list +um let's say we want to store uh names + + align:start position:0% +um let's say we want to store uh names + + + align:start position:0% +um let's say we want to store uh names +of students and their uh grades in the + + align:start position:0% +of students and their uh grades in the + + + align:start position:0% +of students and their uh grades in the +class like their final letter grade + + align:start position:0% +class like their final letter grade + + + align:start position:0% +class like their final letter grade +additionally we can store things like + + align:start position:0% +additionally we can store things like + + + align:start position:0% +additionally we can store things like +micro quiz grades and pets grades um but + + align:start position:0% +micro quiz grades and pets grades um but + + + align:start position:0% +micro quiz grades and pets grades um but +for now let's just assume we're storing + + align:start position:0% +for now let's just assume we're storing + + + align:start position:0% +for now let's just assume we're storing +just the names and the final grades in + + align:start position:0% +just the names and the final grades in + + + align:start position:0% +just the names and the final grades in +the class so if we do this using lists + + align:start position:0% +the class so if we do this using lists + + + align:start position:0% +the class so if we do this using lists +one reasonable way to uh store this + + align:start position:0% +one reasonable way to uh store this + + + align:start position:0% +one reasonable way to uh store this +information is by saying well I'm going + + align:start position:0% +information is by saying well I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +information is by saying well I'm going +to have a list of all the names of the + + align:start position:0% +to have a list of all the names of the + + + align:start position:0% +to have a list of all the names of the +students in my class I'm going to have a + + align:start position:0% +students in my class I'm going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +students in my class I'm going to have a +list of all the grades of these students + + align:start position:0% +list of all the grades of these students + + + align:start position:0% +list of all the grades of these students +in the class and I'm basically going to + + align:start position:0% +in the class and I'm basically going to + + + align:start position:0% +in the class and I'm basically going to +go index by index and make the rule that + + align:start position:0% +go index by index and make the rule that + + + align:start position:0% +go index by index and make the rule that +says at a particular index I'm storing + + align:start position:0% +says at a particular index I'm storing + + + align:start position:0% +says at a particular index I'm storing +all the information related to this one + + align:start position:0% +all the information related to this one + + + align:start position:0% +all the information related to this one +person so at index zero here I'm storing + + align:start position:0% +person so at index zero here I'm storing + + + align:start position:0% +person so at index zero here I'm storing +the name of the student and their grade + + align:start position:0% +the name of the student and their grade + + + align:start position:0% +the name of the student and their grade +at index one I'm storing the name of + + align:start position:0% +at index one I'm storing the name of + + + align:start position:0% +at index one I'm storing the name of +that student John and their grade at + + align:start position:0% +that student John and their grade at + + + align:start position:0% +that student John and their grade at +index two I'm storing the name of that + + align:start position:0% +index two I'm storing the name of that + + + align:start position:0% +index two I'm storing the name of that +student in their grade and at index + + align:start position:0% +student in their grade and at index + + + align:start position:0% +student in their grade and at index +three and so on and so on right so now I + + align:start position:0% +three and so on and so on right so now I + + + align:start position:0% +three and so on and so on right so now I +basically have to remember that for a + + align:start position:0% +basically have to remember that for a + + + align:start position:0% +basically have to remember that for a +particular index I am storing all the + + align:start position:0% +particular index I am storing all the + + + align:start position:0% +particular index I am storing all the +information related to that student + + align:start position:0% +information related to that student + + + align:start position:0% +information related to that student +right okay so seems like a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +right okay so seems like a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so seems like a reasonable +way to uh to do this now let's say that + + align:start position:0% +way to uh to do this now let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +way to uh to do this now let's say that +I wanted uh to look up the grade for a + + align:start position:0% +I wanted uh to look up the grade for a + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted uh to look up the grade for a +particular student okay so I write this + + align:start position:0% +particular student okay so I write this + + + align:start position:0% +particular student okay so I write this +function called get + + align:start position:0% +function called get + + + align:start position:0% +function called get +grade it takes in some parameters so the + + align:start position:0% +grade it takes in some parameters so the + + + align:start position:0% +grade it takes in some parameters so the +first thing it'll take in is the name of + + align:start position:0% +first thing it'll take in is the name of + + + align:start position:0% +first thing it'll take in is the name of +the student so Anna for example and I + + align:start position:0% +the student so Anna for example and I + + + align:start position:0% +the student so Anna for example and I +would pass in the list of all the names + + align:start position:0% +would pass in the list of all the names + + + align:start position:0% +would pass in the list of all the names +in my class and the list of all the + + align:start position:0% +in my class and the list of all the + + + align:start position:0% +in my class and the list of all the +grades in the class so these are these + + align:start position:0% +grades in the class so these are these + + + align:start position:0% +grades in the class so these are these +two lists that I've previously created + + align:start position:0% +two lists that I've previously created + + + align:start position:0% +two lists that I've previously created +right so these get passed in to this + + align:start position:0% +right so these get passed in to this + + + align:start position:0% +right so these get passed in to this +function so you can imagine if we have a + + align:start position:0% +function so you can imagine if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +function so you can imagine if we have a +list of everybody at MIT these lists are + + align:start position:0% +list of everybody at MIT these lists are + + + align:start position:0% +list of everybody at MIT these lists are +going to be pretty large that we're + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty large that we're + + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty large that we're +passing in as parameters how do we + + align:start position:0% +passing in as parameters how do we + + + align:start position:0% +passing in as parameters how do we +actually grab the uh letter grade + + align:start position:0% +actually grab the uh letter grade + + + align:start position:0% +actually grab the uh letter grade +associated with a student well we're + + align:start position:0% +associated with a student well we're + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a student well we're +going to use the fact that uh the letter + + align:start position:0% +going to use the fact that uh the letter + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the fact that uh the letter +grade for the student at index I is in + + align:start position:0% +grade for the student at index I is in + + + align:start position:0% +grade for the student at index I is in +in in in the grades list is going to be + + align:start position:0% +in in in the grades list is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +in in in the grades list is going to be +uh uh grabbing the letter grade for the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh grabbing the letter grade for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh grabbing the letter grade for the +student at that same index in the name + + align:start position:0% +student at that same index in the name + + + align:start position:0% +student at that same index in the name +list okay so we have to figure out this + + align:start position:0% +list okay so we have to figure out this + + + align:start position:0% +list okay so we have to figure out this +particular student being passed in here + + align:start position:0% +particular student being passed in here + + + align:start position:0% +particular student being passed in here +what index they're at in the names list + + align:start position:0% +what index they're at in the names list + + + align:start position:0% +what index they're at in the names list +so that's what this line of code is + + align:start position:0% +so that's what this line of code is + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what this line of code is +doing it's using this index function on + + align:start position:0% +doing it's using this index function on + + + align:start position:0% +doing it's using this index function on +the name list with a parameter for + + align:start position:0% +the name list with a parameter for + + + align:start position:0% +the name list with a parameter for +example Anna so this will return for us + + align:start position:0% +example Anna so this will return for us + + + align:start position:0% +example Anna so this will return for us +the index where Anna is in my list so + + align:start position:0% +the index where Anna is in my list so + + + align:start position:0% +the index where Anna is in my list so +from the previous example it's going to + + align:start position:0% +from the previous example it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous example it's going to +to say that uh it's going to return the + + align:start position:0% +to say that uh it's going to return the + + + align:start position:0% +to say that uh it's going to return the +number zero because Anna is stored in + + align:start position:0% +number zero because Anna is stored in + + + align:start position:0% +number zero because Anna is stored in +the name list at index + + align:start position:0% +the name list at index + + + align:start position:0% +the name list at index +zero so now that I have that index in + + align:start position:0% +zero so now that I have that index in + + + align:start position:0% +zero so now that I have that index in +hand sored in variable I I can just + + align:start position:0% +hand sored in variable I I can just + + + align:start position:0% +hand sored in variable I I can just +index into the grade list at that same + + align:start position:0% +index into the grade list at that same + + + align:start position:0% +index into the grade list at that same +index okay so I can get grades list at + + align:start position:0% +index okay so I can get grades list at + + + align:start position:0% +index okay so I can get grades list at +index zero will return for me the grade + + align:start position:0% +index zero will return for me the grade + + + align:start position:0% +index zero will return for me the grade +that I got for that particular class or + + align:start position:0% +that I got for that particular class or + + + align:start position:0% +that I got for that particular class or +whatever we're we're we're storing here + + align:start position:0% +whatever we're we're we're storing here + + + align:start position:0% +whatever we're we're we're storing here +okay and then we just return the Tuple + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we just return the Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we just return the Tuple +student comma grade so this becomes + + align:start position:0% +student comma grade so this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +student comma grade so this becomes +really messy right I already mentioned + + align:start position:0% +really messy right I already mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +really messy right I already mentioned +that if I have a list of a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +that if I have a list of a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +that if I have a list of a whole bunch +of students for a really large class or + + align:start position:0% +of students for a really large class or + + + align:start position:0% +of students for a really large class or +really you know the entire University + + align:start position:0% +really you know the entire University + + + align:start position:0% +really you know the entire University +then it becomes really unwieldy to just + + align:start position:0% +then it becomes really unwieldy to just + + + align:start position:0% +then it becomes really unwieldy to just +keep passing in all these lists if I + + align:start position:0% +keep passing in all these lists if I + + + align:start position:0% +keep passing in all these lists if I +have in addition all these micro quiz + + align:start position:0% +have in addition all these micro quiz + + + align:start position:0% +have in addition all these micro quiz +lists and all these problem set lists + + align:start position:0% +lists and all these problem set lists + + + align:start position:0% +lists and all these problem set lists +that also store additional information + + align:start position:0% +that also store additional information + + + align:start position:0% +that also store additional information +for the student I then have to pass + + align:start position:0% +for the student I then have to pass + + + align:start position:0% +for the student I then have to pass +those in for their respective functions + + align:start position:0% +those in for their respective functions + + + align:start position:0% +those in for their respective functions +um and so it gets really messy right + + align:start position:0% +um and so it gets really messy right + + + align:start position:0% +um and so it gets really messy right +writing these functions that retrieve + + align:start position:0% +writing these functions that retrieve + + + align:start position:0% +writing these functions that retrieve +these this information and additionally + + align:start position:0% +these this information and additionally + + + align:start position:0% +these this information and additionally +if we're mutating these lists like if a + + align:start position:0% +if we're mutating these lists like if a + + + align:start position:0% +if we're mutating these lists like if a +new student comes in and we need to add + + align:start position:0% +new student comes in and we need to add + + + align:start position:0% +new student comes in and we need to add +all their information I need to make + + align:start position:0% +all their information I need to make + + + align:start position:0% +all their information I need to make +sure to update every single one of these + + align:start position:0% +sure to update every single one of these + + + align:start position:0% +sure to update every single one of these +lists that I'm maintaining if a student + + align:start position:0% +lists that I'm maintaining if a student + + + align:start position:0% +lists that I'm maintaining if a student +leaves right or drops the class I need + + align:start position:0% +leaves right or drops the class I need + + + align:start position:0% +leaves right or drops the class I need +to remember to remove that index from + + align:start position:0% +to remember to remove that index from + + + align:start position:0% +to remember to remove that index from +all of these different lists so really + + align:start position:0% +all of these different lists so really + + + align:start position:0% +all of these different lists so really +really messy situation that we could get + + align:start position:0% +really messy situation that we could get + + + align:start position:0% +really messy situation that we could get +into by using this method to store + + align:start position:0% +into by using this method to store + + + align:start position:0% +into by using this method to store +information about + + align:start position:0% +information about + + + align:start position:0% +information about +students so let's try a different Appo + + align:start position:0% +students so let's try a different Appo + + + align:start position:0% +students so let's try a different Appo +approach instead of using all of these + + align:start position:0% +approach instead of using all of these + + + align:start position:0% +approach instead of using all of these +different list lists let's say that + + align:start position:0% +different list lists let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +different list lists let's say that +we're going to store everything in a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to store everything in a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to store everything in a +master list okay so we're not storing + + align:start position:0% +master list okay so we're not storing + + + align:start position:0% +master list okay so we're not storing +many lists we'll just store one list for + + align:start position:0% +many lists we'll just store one list for + + + align:start position:0% +many lists we'll just store one list for +the grades in the class and the way uh + + align:start position:0% +the grades in the class and the way uh + + + align:start position:0% +the grades in the class and the way uh +that it'll be stored according to this + + align:start position:0% +that it'll be stored according to this + + + align:start position:0% +that it'll be stored according to this +uh in this slide is going to be this + + align:start position:0% +uh in this slide is going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this slide is going to be this +grades + + align:start position:0% +grades + + + align:start position:0% +grades +list okay so this is one list with three + + align:start position:0% +list okay so this is one list with three + + + align:start position:0% +list okay so this is one list with three +elements in it and you can imagine if we + + align:start position:0% +elements in it and you can imagine if we + + + align:start position:0% +elements in it and you can imagine if we +have more students we would just put all + + align:start position:0% +have more students we would just put all + + + align:start position:0% +have more students we would just put all +these students in this master list so + + align:start position:0% +these students in this master list so + + + align:start position:0% +these students in this master list so +what is each one of these student uh + + align:start position:0% +what is each one of these student uh + + + align:start position:0% +what is each one of these student uh +elements El well each student element is + + align:start position:0% +elements El well each student element is + + + align:start position:0% +elements El well each student element is +itself a list so already I've got my + + align:start position:0% +itself a list so already I've got my + + + align:start position:0% +itself a list so already I've got my +master list and each element within this + + align:start position:0% +master list and each element within this + + + align:start position:0% +master list and each element within this +list is also a list so this is a list + + align:start position:0% +list is also a list so this is a list + + + align:start position:0% +list is also a list so this is a list +for Eric a list for Anna and a list for + + align:start position:0% +for Eric a list for Anna and a list for + + + align:start position:0% +for Eric a list for Anna and a list for +John these are variable + + align:start position:0% +John these are variable + + + align:start position:0% +John these are variable +names what are these lists going to be + + align:start position:0% +names what are these lists going to be + + + align:start position:0% +names what are these lists going to be +uh comprised of well they will be + + align:start position:0% +uh comprised of well they will be + + + align:start position:0% +uh comprised of well they will be +comprised of three things so notice WR + + align:start position:0% +comprised of three things so notice WR + + + align:start position:0% +comprised of three things so notice WR +two commas here so the first thing is + + align:start position:0% +two commas here so the first thing is + + + align:start position:0% +two commas here so the first thing is +their name the second thing is another + + align:start position:0% +their name the second thing is another + + + align:start position:0% +their name the second thing is another +list containing their problem set grades + + align:start position:0% +list containing their problem set grades + + + align:start position:0% +list containing their problem set grades +and I'm kind of using uh this element of + + align:start position:0% +and I'm kind of using uh this element of + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm kind of using uh this element of +that list to denote what that set of + + align:start position:0% +that list to denote what that set of + + + align:start position:0% +that list to denote what that set of +numbers represents and then another list + + align:start position:0% +numbers represents and then another list + + + align:start position:0% +numbers represents and then another list +as my third element being for the micro + + align:start position:0% +as my third element being for the micro + + + align:start position:0% +as my third element being for the micro +being the scores for the micro quiz + + align:start position:0% +being the scores for the micro quiz + + + align:start position:0% +being the scores for the micro quiz +grades and again I'm denoting the first + + align:start position:0% +grades and again I'm denoting the first + + + align:start position:0% +grades and again I'm denoting the first +element of that list uh telling me what + + align:start position:0% +element of that list uh telling me what + + + align:start position:0% +element of that list uh telling me what +this list + + align:start position:0% +this list + + + align:start position:0% +this list +contains okay so I've got lists Master + + align:start position:0% +contains okay so I've got lists Master + + + align:start position:0% +contains okay so I've got lists Master +list with three subl lists for my three + + align:start position:0% +list with three subl lists for my three + + + align:start position:0% +list with three subl lists for my three +students and each one of those lists + + align:start position:0% +students and each one of those lists + + + align:start position:0% +students and each one of those lists +contains three elements a string a list + + align:start position:0% +contains three elements a string a list + + + align:start position:0% +contains three elements a string a list +and another list and those two lists uh + + align:start position:0% +and another list and those two lists uh + + + align:start position:0% +and another list and those two lists uh +are then also comprised of a string and + + align:start position:0% +are then also comprised of a string and + + + align:start position:0% +are then also comprised of a string and +a list themselves so super complex a + + align:start position:0% +a list themselves so super complex a + + + align:start position:0% +a list themselves so super complex a +data structure or a sort of composition + + align:start position:0% +data structure or a sort of composition + + + align:start position:0% +data structure or a sort of composition +or design choice that I've made here but + + align:start position:0% +or design choice that I've made here but + + + align:start position:0% +or design choice that I've made here but +it solves the problem of maintaining all + + align:start position:0% +it solves the problem of maintaining all + + + align:start position:0% +it solves the problem of maintaining all +these different lists uh you know in + + align:start position:0% +these different lists uh you know in + + + align:start position:0% +these different lists uh you know in +separate variables so now let's say I + + align:start position:0% +separate variables so now let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +separate variables so now let's say I +wanted to write a function that gets the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to write a function that gets the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to write a function that gets the +grades for particular student for uh + + align:start position:0% +grades for particular student for uh + + + align:start position:0% +grades for particular student for uh +either you know problem set or micro + + align:start position:0% +either you know problem set or micro + + + align:start position:0% +either you know problem set or micro +quizzes + + align:start position:0% +quizzes + + + align:start position:0% +quizzes +grades um this is the function that does + + align:start position:0% +grades um this is the function that does + + + align:start position:0% +grades um this is the function that does +that so again it's not looking super + + align:start position:0% +that so again it's not looking super + + + align:start position:0% +that so again it's not looking super +nice um so what is this function going + + align:start position:0% +nice um so what is this function going + + + align:start position:0% +nice um so what is this function going +to take in the who is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +to take in the who is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +to take in the who is going to be a +string representing the name so for + + align:start position:0% +string representing the name so for + + + align:start position:0% +string representing the name so for +example Anna the what will be also a + + align:start position:0% +example Anna the what will be also a + + + align:start position:0% +example Anna the what will be also a +string representing what information I'd + + align:start position:0% +string representing what information I'd + + + align:start position:0% +string representing what information I'd +like to grab either PS or mq and the + + align:start position:0% +like to grab either PS or mq and the + + + align:start position:0% +like to grab either PS or mq and the +data is going to be my master list of + + align:start position:0% +data is going to be my master list of + + + align:start position:0% +data is going to be my master list of +all the grades so this grades equals + + align:start position:0% +all the grades so this grades equals + + + align:start position:0% +all the grades so this grades equals +this list of + + align:start position:0% +this list of + + + align:start position:0% +this list of +everybody so what is this code going to + + align:start position:0% +everybody so what is this code going to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so what is this code going to +do well it has a for Loop uh down here + + align:start position:0% +do well it has a for Loop uh down here + + + align:start position:0% +do well it has a for Loop uh down here +and a nested for Loop inside it the + + align:start position:0% +and a nested for Loop inside it the + + + align:start position:0% +and a nested for Loop inside it the +outer for Loop basically looks through + + align:start position:0% +outer for Loop basically looks through + + + align:start position:0% +outer for Loop basically looks through +each one of these elements here and + + align:start position:0% +each one of these elements here and + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these elements here and +looks at the uh uh element at index zero + + align:start position:0% +looks at the uh uh element at index zero + + + align:start position:0% +looks at the uh uh element at index zero +so either Eric Anna or John and grabs + + align:start position:0% +so either Eric Anna or John and grabs + + + align:start position:0% +so either Eric Anna or John and grabs +only the list where that piece this + + align:start position:0% +only the list where that piece this + + + align:start position:0% +only the list where that piece this +string here matches the who right so if + + align:start position:0% +string here matches the who right so if + + + align:start position:0% +string here matches the who right so if +student at index zero equ equals who + + align:start position:0% +student at index zero equ equals who + + + align:start position:0% +student at index zero equ equals who +right here then we found the student I'm + + align:start position:0% +right here then we found the student I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right here then we found the student I'm +interested in grabbing the information + + align:start position:0% +interested in grabbing the information + + + align:start position:0% +interested in grabbing the information +for cool so now I've got I've grabbed + + align:start position:0% +for cool so now I've got I've grabbed + + + align:start position:0% +for cool so now I've got I've grabbed +the right piece the right list and now + + align:start position:0% +the right piece the right list and now + + + align:start position:0% +the right piece the right list and now +I'm interested in their grades for a + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in their grades for a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in their grades for a +particular what right so either mq or PS + + align:start position:0% +particular what right so either mq or PS + + + align:start position:0% +particular what right so either mq or PS +so I do the exact same thing again for + + align:start position:0% +so I do the exact same thing again for + + + align:start position:0% +so I do the exact same thing again for +that list here right so if I'm + + align:start position:0% +that list here right so if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that list here right so if I'm +interested in Anna's uh uh uh PS grades + + align:start position:0% +interested in Anna's uh uh uh PS grades + + + align:start position:0% +interested in Anna's uh uh uh PS grades +I've grab I grab these lists here right + + align:start position:0% +I've grab I grab these lists here right + + + align:start position:0% +I've grab I grab these lists here right +and then I'm going to check if the um + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to check if the um + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to check if the um +info out index zero so either this PS or + + align:start position:0% +info out index zero so either this PS or + + + align:start position:0% +info out index zero so either this PS or +this mq matches the what so either PS or + + align:start position:0% +this mq matches the what so either PS or + + + align:start position:0% +this mq matches the what so either PS or +mq uh to match what I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +mq uh to match what I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +mq uh to match what I'm interested in +grabbing the information what + + align:start position:0% +grabbing the information what + + + align:start position:0% +grabbing the information what +information I'm interested in grabbing + + align:start position:0% +information I'm interested in grabbing + + + align:start position:0% +information I'm interested in grabbing +and then I'm going to go inside this if + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to go inside this if + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to go inside this if +statement if they match and then I + + align:start position:0% +statement if they match and then I + + + align:start position:0% +statement if they match and then I +return the who in the info so again + + align:start position:0% +return the who in the info so again + + + align:start position:0% +return the who in the info so again +super complex no need to understand this + + align:start position:0% +super complex no need to understand this + + + align:start position:0% +super complex no need to understand this +that well because we're not going to use + + align:start position:0% +that well because we're not going to use + + + align:start position:0% +that well because we're not going to use +this method for long so this get grades + + align:start position:0% +this method for long so this get grades + + + align:start position:0% +this method for long so this get grades +here for example if I grab er's uh micro + + align:start position:0% +here for example if I grab er's uh micro + + + align:start position:0% +here for example if I grab er's uh micro +quiz grades and I run the code it will + + align:start position:0% +quiz grades and I run the code it will + + + align:start position:0% +quiz grades and I run the code it will +return for me this tupal that grabs uh + + align:start position:0% +return for me this tupal that grabs uh + + + align:start position:0% +return for me this tupal that grabs uh +that returns for me the name of the + + align:start position:0% +that returns for me the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +that returns for me the name of the +student and then this just this subl + + align:start position:0% +student and then this just this subl + + + align:start position:0% +student and then this just this subl +list of the thing that I was interested + + align:start position:0% +list of the thing that I was interested + + + align:start position:0% +list of the thing that I was interested +in in this case micro quiz and it grabs + + align:start position:0% +in in this case micro quiz and it grabs + + + align:start position:0% +in in this case micro quiz and it grabs +for me all the grades and then I can + + align:start position:0% +for me all the grades and then I can + + + align:start position:0% +for me all the grades and then I can +then index into this returned tupal to + + align:start position:0% +then index into this returned tupal to + + + align:start position:0% +then index into this returned tupal to +grab either the first quiz or the second + + align:start position:0% +grab either the first quiz or the second + + + align:start position:0% +grab either the first quiz or the second +quiz grades okay um and and same for + + align:start position:0% +quiz grades okay um and and same for + + + align:start position:0% +quiz grades okay um and and same for +Anna right in this particular case it + + align:start position:0% +Anna right in this particular case it + + + align:start position:0% +Anna right in this particular case it +grabs for me just the Tuple with my name + + align:start position:0% +grabs for me just the Tuple with my name + + + align:start position:0% +grabs for me just the Tuple with my name +and then and that Su list with the + + align:start position:0% +and then and that Su list with the + + + align:start position:0% +and then and that Su list with the +problem that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grates okay so um again really messy I + + align:start position:0% +grates okay so um again really messy I + + + align:start position:0% +grates okay so um again really messy I +have to I've made my design choice for + + align:start position:0% +have to I've made my design choice for + + + align:start position:0% +have to I've made my design choice for +how to create this all these lists with + + align:start position:0% +how to create this all these lists with + + + align:start position:0% +how to create this all these lists with +sublists and sublists within those um + + align:start position:0% +sublists and sublists within those um + + + align:start position:0% +sublists and sublists within those um +and so I'd have to document that + + align:start position:0% +and so I'd have to document that + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'd have to document that +probably if I was using this method and + + align:start position:0% +probably if I was using this method and + + + align:start position:0% +probably if I was using this method and +then this uh function to grab this + + align:start position:0% +then this uh function to grab this + + + align:start position:0% +then this uh function to grab this +information again super complex um hard + + align:start position:0% +information again super complex um hard + + + align:start position:0% +information again super complex um hard +to read um so it's not really a great + + align:start position:0% +to read um so it's not really a great + + + align:start position:0% +to read um so it's not really a great +way to store information either but the + + align:start position:0% +way to store information either but the + + + align:start position:0% +way to store information either but the +idea behind this which is to try to + + align:start position:0% +idea behind this which is to try to + + + align:start position:0% +idea behind this which is to try to +store some data associated with some + + align:start position:0% +store some data associated with some + + + align:start position:0% +store some data associated with some +sort of key right the PS or mq or in + + align:start position:0% +sort of key right the PS or mq or in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of key right the PS or mq or in +this case I'm storing you know a bunch + + align:start position:0% +this case I'm storing you know a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +this case I'm storing you know a bunch +of grades for Eric or an or John that + + align:start position:0% +of grades for Eric or an or John that + + + align:start position:0% +of grades for Eric or an or John that +idea we can explore and that's basically + + align:start position:0% +idea we can explore and that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +idea we can explore and that's basically +what dictionaries will do for us it'll + + align:start position:0% +what dictionaries will do for us it'll + + + align:start position:0% +what dictionaries will do for us it'll +allow us to create data + + align:start position:0% +allow us to create data + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to create data +structures that map some sort of custom + + align:start position:0% +structures that map some sort of custom + + + align:start position:0% +structures that map some sort of custom +index a key to some value so much like a + + align:start position:0% +index a key to some value so much like a + + + align:start position:0% +index a key to some value so much like a +book dictionary does right it Maps the + + align:start position:0% +book dictionary does right it Maps the + + + align:start position:0% +book dictionary does right it Maps the +word to its definition we'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +word to its definition we'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +word to its definition we'll be able to +create our own dictionaries that map + + align:start position:0% +create our own dictionaries that map + + + align:start position:0% +create our own dictionaries that map +some object to another + + align:start position:0% +some object to another + + + align:start position:0% +some object to another +object so when we create a dictionary we + + align:start position:0% +object so when we create a dictionary we + + + align:start position:0% +object so when we create a dictionary we +call every sort of quote unquote element + + align:start position:0% +call every sort of quote unquote element + + + align:start position:0% +call every sort of quote unquote element +in the dictionary an entry and that + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary an entry and that + + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary an entry and that +entry is is that mapping of a key to a + + align:start position:0% +entry is is that mapping of a key to a + + + align:start position:0% +entry is is that mapping of a key to a +value so just to draw a parallel with a + + align:start position:0% +value so just to draw a parallel with a + + + align:start position:0% +value so just to draw a parallel with a +list we can think of a list as mapping + + align:start position:0% +list we can think of a list as mapping + + + align:start position:0% +list we can think of a list as mapping +something to another something + + align:start position:0% +something to another something + + + align:start position:0% +something to another something +something the thing that a list Maps is + + align:start position:0% +something the thing that a list Maps is + + + align:start position:0% +something the thing that a list Maps is +this index numbers 0 1 2 3 in that order + + align:start position:0% +this index numbers 0 1 2 3 in that order + + + align:start position:0% +this index numbers 0 1 2 3 in that order +right so it has to start have an element + + align:start position:0% +right so it has to start have an element + + + align:start position:0% +right so it has to start have an element +at index zero and then that index + + align:start position:0% +at index zero and then that index + + + align:start position:0% +at index zero and then that index +increases by one from there on okay and + + align:start position:0% +increases by one from there on okay and + + + align:start position:0% +increases by one from there on okay and +for each one of these index indices I'm + + align:start position:0% +for each one of these index indices I'm + + + align:start position:0% +for each one of these index indices I'm +mapping that index to some element in my + + align:start position:0% +mapping that index to some element in my + + + align:start position:0% +mapping that index to some element in my +list right that's basically what the + + align:start position:0% +list right that's basically what the + + + align:start position:0% +list right that's basically what the +list does there's something associated + + align:start position:0% +list does there's something associated + + + align:start position:0% +list does there's something associated +with index zero something associated + + align:start position:0% +with index zero something associated + + + align:start position:0% +with index zero something associated +with index one and so on so it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +with index one and so on so it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +with index one and so on so it's kind of +like a very restrictive dictionary right + + align:start position:0% +like a very restrictive dictionary right + + + align:start position:0% +like a very restrictive dictionary right +an actual python dictionary Works in + + align:start position:0% +an actual python dictionary Works in + + + align:start position:0% +an actual python dictionary Works in +similar way except that now I am not + + align:start position:0% +similar way except that now I am not + + + align:start position:0% +similar way except that now I am not +putting any restrictions on my indices + + align:start position:0% +putting any restrictions on my indices + + + align:start position:0% +putting any restrictions on my indices +my indices here become these sort of + + align:start position:0% +my indices here become these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +my indices here become these sort of +custom indices called a key and so now + + align:start position:0% +custom indices called a key and so now + + + align:start position:0% +custom indices called a key and so now +I'm able to associate a value equivalent + + align:start position:0% +I'm able to associate a value equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +I'm able to associate a value equivalent +element in my list with that key so I + + align:start position:0% +element in my list with that key so I + + + align:start position:0% +element in my list with that key so I +can have an element associated with with + + align:start position:0% +can have an element associated with with + + + align:start position:0% +can have an element associated with with +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +object so I am using the term value here + + align:start position:0% +object so I am using the term value here + + + align:start position:0% +object so I am using the term value here +and uh in in in a dictionary the the key + + align:start position:0% +and uh in in in a dictionary the the key + + + align:start position:0% +and uh in in in a dictionary the the key +is associated with a value and that's + + align:start position:0% +is associated with a value and that's + + + align:start position:0% +is associated with a value and that's +one entry in the dictionary now this is + + align:start position:0% +one entry in the dictionary now this is + + + align:start position:0% +one entry in the dictionary now this is +going to be a little bit confusing + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little bit confusing + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little bit confusing +because we've been using the term value + + align:start position:0% +because we've been using the term value + + + align:start position:0% +because we've been using the term value +to refer to just some object's value + + align:start position:0% +to refer to just some object's value + + + align:start position:0% +to refer to just some object's value +right like you know in uh you know uh + + align:start position:0% +right like you know in uh you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +right like you know in uh you know uh +variable a has value five or something + + align:start position:0% +variable a has value five or something + + + align:start position:0% +variable a has value five or something +like that but now I'm going to try to + + align:start position:0% +like that but now I'm going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +like that but now I'm going to try to +make a conscious effort now that we're + + align:start position:0% +make a conscious effort now that we're + + + align:start position:0% +make a conscious effort now that we're +introducing dictionary and dictionary + + align:start position:0% +introducing dictionary and dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +introducing dictionary and dictionary +values associated with a key to whenever + + align:start position:0% +values associated with a key to whenever + + + align:start position:0% +values associated with a key to whenever +uh I'm talking about the dictionary's + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm talking about the dictionary's + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm talking about the dictionary's +value to say dictionary value just so + + align:start position:0% +value to say dictionary value just so + + + align:start position:0% +value to say dictionary value just so +it's not confusing okay but just just + + align:start position:0% +it's not confusing okay but just just + + + align:start position:0% +it's not confusing okay but just just +keep that in mind it can be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind it can be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind it can be a little bit +confusing at first now that we're using + + align:start position:0% +confusing at first now that we're using + + + align:start position:0% +confusing at first now that we're using +the same terminology for two different + + align:start position:0% +the same terminology for two different + + + align:start position:0% +the same terminology for two different +things so we're going to go through in + + align:start position:0% +things so we're going to go through in + + + align:start position:0% +things so we're going to go through in +uh in this lecture we're going to + + align:start position:0% +uh in this lecture we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this lecture we're going to +introduce a bunch of uh syntax and + + align:start position:0% +introduce a bunch of uh syntax and + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a bunch of uh syntax and +operations with dictionaries and there + + align:start position:0% +operations with dictionaries and there + + + align:start position:0% +operations with dictionaries and there +will be lots of UT tried exercises just + + align:start position:0% +will be lots of UT tried exercises just + + + align:start position:0% +will be lots of UT tried exercises just +to give you a little bit of practice + + align:start position:0% +to give you a little bit of practice + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a little bit of practice +with the syntax because this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +with the syntax because this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +with the syntax because this is kind of +a syntax heavy lecture um so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +a syntax heavy lecture um so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +a syntax heavy lecture um so hopefully +it it helps a little bit but let's first + + align:start position:0% +it it helps a little bit but let's first + + + align:start position:0% +it it helps a little bit but let's first +see how to store data in a python + + align:start position:0% +see how to store data in a python + + + align:start position:0% +see how to store data in a python +dictionary so as I mentioned uh a python + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so as I mentioned uh a python + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so as I mentioned uh a python +dictionary stores + + align:start position:0% +dictionary stores + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary stores +entries and that entry is a key value + + align:start position:0% +entries and that entry is a key value + + + align:start position:0% +entries and that entry is a key value +pair okay so you're mapping one key to + + align:start position:0% +pair okay so you're mapping one key to + + + align:start position:0% +pair okay so you're mapping one key to +its + + align:start position:0% +its + + + align:start position:0% +its +value the key can be any mutable object + + align:start position:0% +value the key can be any mutable object + + + align:start position:0% +value the key can be any mutable object +and we're going to see what this means + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to see what this means + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to see what this means +in a little bit and the value associated + + align:start position:0% +in a little bit and the value associated + + + align:start position:0% +in a little bit and the value associated +with that key or the python value + + align:start position:0% +with that key or the python value + + + align:start position:0% +with that key or the python value +associated with that key can be any + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key can be any + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key can be any +object you'd like even lists or other + + align:start position:0% +object you'd like even lists or other + + + align:start position:0% +object you'd like even lists or other +dictionaries so the way we create a + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries so the way we create a + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries so the way we create a +python dictionary is by using these open + + align:start position:0% +python dictionary is by using these open + + + align:start position:0% +python dictionary is by using these open +and closed curly braces so tups were + + align:start position:0% +and closed curly braces so tups were + + + align:start position:0% +and closed curly braces so tups were +open and closed parentheses lists were + + align:start position:0% +open and closed parentheses lists were + + + align:start position:0% +open and closed parentheses lists were +open and closed square brackets + + align:start position:0% +open and closed square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +open and closed square brackets +dictionaries are open and closed curly + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries are open and closed curly + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries are open and closed curly +braces and this creates inside memory an + + align:start position:0% +braces and this creates inside memory an + + + align:start position:0% +braces and this creates inside memory an +empty dictionary so an a dictionary with + + align:start position:0% +empty dictionary so an a dictionary with + + + align:start position:0% +empty dictionary so an a dictionary with +zero entries so the length of that + + align:start position:0% +zero entries so the length of that + + + align:start position:0% +zero entries so the length of that +dictionary is + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is +zero to add to create a dictionary with + + align:start position:0% +zero to add to create a dictionary with + + + align:start position:0% +zero to add to create a dictionary with +one entry in it again we have curly + + align:start position:0% +one entry in it again we have curly + + + align:start position:0% +one entry in it again we have curly +braces and we add one entry in it so + + align:start position:0% +braces and we add one entry in it so + + + align:start position:0% +braces and we add one entry in it so +this uh something colon something else + + align:start position:0% +this uh something colon something else + + + align:start position:0% +this uh something colon something else +is an entry in my dictionary one entry + + align:start position:0% +is an entry in my dictionary one entry + + + align:start position:0% +is an entry in my dictionary one entry +and the thing before the colon is the + + align:start position:0% +and the thing before the colon is the + + + align:start position:0% +and the thing before the colon is the +key and the thing after the colon is the + + align:start position:0% +key and the thing after the colon is the + + + align:start position:0% +key and the thing after the colon is the +value associated with that + + align:start position:0% +value associated with that + + + align:start position:0% +value associated with that +key + + align:start position:0% +key + + + align:start position:0% +key +okay so you can think of it if we're + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can think of it if we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can think of it if we're +drawing a parallel to lists this is now + + align:start position:0% +drawing a parallel to lists this is now + + + align:start position:0% +drawing a parallel to lists this is now +mapping you know sort of at this custom + + align:start position:0% +mapping you know sort of at this custom + + + align:start position:0% +mapping you know sort of at this custom +index 4 we're putting element 16 + + align:start position:0% +index 4 we're putting element 16 + + + align:start position:0% +index 4 we're putting element 16 +right okay so we can also create + + align:start position:0% +right okay so we can also create + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so we can also create +dictionaries that aren't just full of + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries that aren't just full of + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries that aren't just full of +integers and you can mix and match data + + align:start position:0% +integers and you can mix and match data + + + align:start position:0% +integers and you can mix and match data +types as you'd like but usually in + + align:start position:0% +types as you'd like but usually in + + + align:start position:0% +types as you'd like but usually in +dictionaries we kind of have the keys + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries we kind of have the keys + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries we kind of have the keys +all be the same type and the values you + + align:start position:0% +all be the same type and the values you + + + align:start position:0% +all be the same type and the values you +know all be the same type but you can + + align:start position:0% +know all be the same type but you can + + + align:start position:0% +know all be the same type but you can +certainly mix and match types just like + + align:start position:0% +certainly mix and match types just like + + + align:start position:0% +certainly mix and match types just like +it you could you could create lists and + + align:start position:0% +it you could you could create lists and + + + align:start position:0% +it you could you could create lists and +tupal full of an integer and a float and + + align:start position:0% +tupal full of an integer and a float and + + + align:start position:0% +tupal full of an integer and a float and +another list um and you know and mix and + + align:start position:0% +another list um and you know and mix and + + + align:start position:0% +another list um and you know and mix and +match in that way so here I'm creating a + + align:start position:0% +match in that way so here I'm creating a + + + align:start position:0% +match in that way so here I'm creating a +dictionary again open and close curly + + align:start position:0% +dictionary again open and close curly + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary again open and close curly +braces starts my dictionary and uh it + + align:start position:0% +braces starts my dictionary and uh it + + + align:start position:0% +braces starts my dictionary and uh it +has four elements in it so each uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +has four elements in it so each uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +has four elements in it so each uh sorry +four entries in it and each entry is + + align:start position:0% +four entries in it and each entry is + + + align:start position:0% +four entries in it and each entry is +separated by a + + align:start position:0% +separated by a + + + align:start position:0% +separated by a +comma I've got here my first entry so it + + align:start position:0% +comma I've got here my first entry so it + + + align:start position:0% +comma I've got here my first entry so it +is mapping the key Ana to the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +is mapping the key Ana to the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +is mapping the key Ana to the uh uh +dictionary value B my second entry Maps + + align:start position:0% +dictionary value B my second entry Maps + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary value B my second entry Maps +key matat to value a third entry Maps + + align:start position:0% +key matat to value a third entry Maps + + + align:start position:0% +key matat to value a third entry Maps +key John to Value B and last entry Maps + + align:start position:0% +key John to Value B and last entry Maps + + + align:start position:0% +key John to Value B and last entry Maps +key Katie to value a right so this is a + + align:start position:0% +key Katie to value a right so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +key Katie to value a right so this is a +dictionary that essentially Maps uh + + align:start position:0% +dictionary that essentially Maps uh + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary that essentially Maps uh +strings to other + + align:start position:0% +strings to other + + + align:start position:0% +strings to other +strings okay so you can see here I've + + align:start position:0% +strings okay so you can see here I've + + + align:start position:0% +strings okay so you can see here I've +kind of uh visualized the the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh visualized the the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh visualized the the dictionary +that we just created we've got these + + align:start position:0% +that we just created we've got these + + + align:start position:0% +that we just created we've got these +custom indices right so we're basically + + align:start position:0% +custom indices right so we're basically + + + align:start position:0% +custom indices right so we're basically +mapping uh names to letter + + align:start position:0% +mapping uh names to letter + + + align:start position:0% +mapping uh names to letter +grades okay everything okay so far does + + align:start position:0% +grades okay everything okay so far does + + + align:start position:0% +grades okay everything okay so far does +it make sense I guess conceptually + + align:start position:0% +it make sense I guess conceptually + + + align:start position:0% +it make sense I guess conceptually +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +awesome okay so the first thing um we'd + + align:start position:0% +awesome okay so the first thing um we'd + + + align:start position:0% +awesome okay so the first thing um we'd +like to do is once we have a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +like to do is once we have a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is once we have a dictionary +full of a bunch of entries how do we + + align:start position:0% +full of a bunch of entries how do we + + + align:start position:0% +full of a bunch of entries how do we +grab an entry how do we look up a value + + align:start position:0% +grab an entry how do we look up a value + + + align:start position:0% +grab an entry how do we look up a value +associated with a + + align:start position:0% +associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a +key so the way we do that is in a very + + align:start position:0% +key so the way we do that is in a very + + + align:start position:0% +key so the way we do that is in a very +similar way to the way we look up an + + align:start position:0% +similar way to the way we look up an + + + align:start position:0% +similar way to the way we look up an +element in a list right a key in a + + align:start position:0% +element in a list right a key in a + + + align:start position:0% +element in a list right a key in a +dictionary is just a custom Index right + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is just a custom Index right + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is just a custom Index right +so so how did we look up an element in a + + align:start position:0% +so so how did we look up an element in a + + + align:start position:0% +so so how did we look up an element in a +list so if I wanted the element at index + + align:start position:0% +list so if I wanted the element at index + + + align:start position:0% +list so if I wanted the element at index +3 I would basically say l square + + align:start position:0% +3 I would basically say l square + + + align:start position:0% +3 I would basically say l square +brackets 3 and that grabs for me the + + align:start position:0% +brackets 3 and that grabs for me the + + + align:start position:0% +brackets 3 and that grabs for me the +value at that + + align:start position:0% +value at that + + + align:start position:0% +value at that +index well now I've got my custom + + align:start position:0% +index well now I've got my custom + + + align:start position:0% +index well now I've got my custom +indices right my custom indices are + + align:start position:0% +indices right my custom indices are + + + align:start position:0% +indices right my custom indices are +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +strings the syntax will be exactly the + + align:start position:0% +strings the syntax will be exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +strings the syntax will be exactly the +same I've got this custom index I'd like + + align:start position:0% +same I've got this custom index I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +same I've got this custom index I'd like +to look up so I say dictionary name + + align:start position:0% +to look up so I say dictionary name + + + align:start position:0% +to look up so I say dictionary name +square bracket custom + + align:start position:0% +square bracket custom + + + align:start position:0% +square bracket custom +index so if I say grade bracket John + + align:start position:0% +index so if I say grade bracket John + + + align:start position:0% +index so if I say grade bracket John +python will go in to my dictionary named + + align:start position:0% +python will go in to my dictionary named + + + align:start position:0% +python will go in to my dictionary named +grades it'll look up the key + + align:start position:0% +grades it'll look up the key + + + align:start position:0% +grades it'll look up the key +John and it'll return for me the value + + align:start position:0% +John and it'll return for me the value + + + align:start position:0% +John and it'll return for me the value +associated with that key + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key +B so this entire expression here is eval + + align:start position:0% +B so this entire expression here is eval + + + align:start position:0% +B so this entire expression here is eval +uh evaluates or gets replaced with the + + align:start position:0% +uh evaluates or gets replaced with the + + + align:start position:0% +uh evaluates or gets replaced with the +string B just like when we indexed into + + align:start position:0% +string B just like when we indexed into + + + align:start position:0% +string B just like when we indexed into +a list L square brackets 3 we replace + + align:start position:0% +a list L square brackets 3 we replace + + + align:start position:0% +a list L square brackets 3 we replace +that entire index indexing operation + + align:start position:0% +that entire index indexing operation + + + align:start position:0% +that entire index indexing operation +with the value of the element at that + + align:start position:0% +with the value of the element at that + + + align:start position:0% +with the value of the element at that +location right so similar here + + align:start position:0% +location right so similar here + + + align:start position:0% +location right so similar here +if I try to index into a dictionary and + + align:start position:0% +if I try to index into a dictionary and + + + align:start position:0% +if I try to index into a dictionary and +that key doesn't exist so notice my + + align:start position:0% +that key doesn't exist so notice my + + + align:start position:0% +that key doesn't exist so notice my +dictionary has no string Grace python + + align:start position:0% +dictionary has no string Grace python + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary has no string Grace python +will give me a key error so if you run + + align:start position:0% +will give me a key error so if you run + + + align:start position:0% +will give me a key error so if you run +code with dictionaries and you get a key + + align:start position:0% +code with dictionaries and you get a key + + + align:start position:0% +code with dictionaries and you get a key +error um exception being raised in the + + align:start position:0% +error um exception being raised in the + + + align:start position:0% +error um exception being raised in the +console you'll know that you're trying + + align:start position:0% +console you'll know that you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +console you'll know that you're trying +to index into a key that doesn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exist so the question might be yes we're + + align:start position:0% +exist so the question might be yes we're + + + align:start position:0% +exist so the question might be yes we're +able to look up a + + align:start position:0% +able to look up a + + + align:start position:0% +able to look up a +value right given a key can we do the + + align:start position:0% +value right given a key can we do the + + + align:start position:0% +value right given a key can we do the +same thing but backwards given a key + + align:start position:0% +same thing but backwards given a key + + + align:start position:0% +same thing but backwards given a key +sorry given a value like a b c whatever + + align:start position:0% +sorry given a value like a b c whatever + + + align:start position:0% +sorry given a value like a b c whatever +can we look up a key associated with + + align:start position:0% +can we look up a key associated with + + + align:start position:0% +can we look up a key associated with +that value and the answer is no we'd + + align:start position:0% +that value and the answer is no we'd + + + align:start position:0% +that value and the answer is no we'd +have to write some sort of loop or some + + align:start position:0% +have to write some sort of loop or some + + + align:start position:0% +have to write some sort of loop or some +sort of code that goes through every + + align:start position:0% +sort of code that goes through every + + + align:start position:0% +sort of code that goes through every +item in my dictionary to look to to to + + align:start position:0% +item in my dictionary to look to to to + + + align:start position:0% +item in my dictionary to look to to to +check each value and see whether uh the + + align:start position:0% +check each value and see whether uh the + + + align:start position:0% +check each value and see whether uh the +the key associate with that value is + + align:start position:0% +the key associate with that value is + + + align:start position:0% +the key associate with that value is +equivalent to the one I'm looking for so + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the one I'm looking for so + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the one I'm looking for so +there is no nice expression to do that + + align:start position:0% +there is no nice expression to do that + + + align:start position:0% +there is no nice expression to do that +backward operation + + align:start position:0% +backward operation + + + align:start position:0% +backward operation +and that's because the values in my + + align:start position:0% +and that's because the values in my + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because the values in my +dictionary can be repeated so if I look + + align:start position:0% +dictionary can be repeated so if I look + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary can be repeated so if I look +up the value B right and I want what's + + align:start position:0% +up the value B right and I want what's + + + align:start position:0% +up the value B right and I want what's +the key associated with B well there's + + align:start position:0% +the key associated with B well there's + + + align:start position:0% +the key associated with B well there's +actually two of them so how does python + + align:start position:0% +actually two of them so how does python + + + align:start position:0% +actually two of them so how does python +know I want both of them how does it + + align:start position:0% +know I want both of them how does it + + + align:start position:0% +know I want both of them how does it +know I want only one of them how does it + + align:start position:0% +know I want only one of them how does it + + + align:start position:0% +know I want only one of them how does it +know I want maybe a list of all these + + align:start position:0% +know I want maybe a list of all these + + + align:start position:0% +know I want maybe a list of all these +things it doesn't right so you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +things it doesn't right so you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +things it doesn't right so you'd have to +write code that does something uh you + + align:start position:0% +write code that does something uh you + + + align:start position:0% +write code that does something uh you +know for that operation and and we're + + align:start position:0% +know for that operation and and we're + + + align:start position:0% +know for that operation and and we're +going to see how to do that + + align:start position:0% +going to see how to do that + + + align:start position:0% +going to see how to do that +later okay so let's have you work on + + align:start position:0% +later okay so let's have you work on + + + align:start position:0% +later okay so let's have you work on +this you try it and this is just an + + align:start position:0% +this you try it and this is just an + + + align:start position:0% +this you try it and this is just an +exercise in looking up a value so this + + align:start position:0% +exercise in looking up a value so this + + + align:start position:0% +exercise in looking up a value so this +is a function um I'd like to write + + align:start position:0% +is a function um I'd like to write + + + align:start position:0% +is a function um I'd like to write +according to the specification so it's + + align:start position:0% +according to the specification so it's + + + align:start position:0% +according to the specification so it's +called find grades uh grades is a + + align:start position:0% +called find grades uh grades is a + + + align:start position:0% +called find grades uh grades is a +dictionary mapping student names to + + align:start position:0% +dictionary mapping student names to + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary mapping student names to +grades so string to string exactly like + + align:start position:0% +grades so string to string exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +grades so string to string exactly like +we've seen in the previous + + align:start position:0% +we've seen in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen in the previous +slide and students is going to be a list + + align:start position:0% +slide and students is going to be a list + + + align:start position:0% +slide and students is going to be a list +of student + + align:start position:0% +of student + + + align:start position:0% +of student +names so in the example here I've got my + + align:start position:0% +names so in the example here I've got my + + + align:start position:0% +names so in the example here I've got my +input dictionary this thing we just saw + + align:start position:0% +input dictionary this thing we just saw + + + align:start position:0% +input dictionary this thing we just saw +and then my list of student grades is + + align:start position:0% +and then my list of student grades is + + + align:start position:0% +and then my list of student grades is +for example you know the these two + + align:start position:0% +for example you know the these two + + + align:start position:0% +for example you know the these two +strings Matt and Katie um for a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +strings Matt and Katie um for a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +strings Matt and Katie um for a bunch of +these uh questions especially in Von + + align:start position:0% +these uh questions especially in Von + + + align:start position:0% +these uh questions especially in Von +micro quiz and things like that if it + + align:start position:0% +micro quiz and things like that if it + + + align:start position:0% +micro quiz and things like that if it +gets a little confusing when I try to um + + align:start position:0% +gets a little confusing when I try to um + + + align:start position:0% +gets a little confusing when I try to um +write the specification in a very uh + + align:start position:0% +write the specification in a very uh + + + align:start position:0% +write the specification in a very uh +detailed way to make it clear what I'd + + align:start position:0% +detailed way to make it clear what I'd + + + align:start position:0% +detailed way to make it clear what I'd +like uh from from this function um it's + + align:start position:0% +like uh from from this function um it's + + + align:start position:0% +like uh from from this function um it's +important to try to use the example uh + + align:start position:0% +important to try to use the example uh + + + align:start position:0% +important to try to use the example uh +to help you figure out what we'd like + + align:start position:0% +to help you figure out what we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +to help you figure out what we'd like +because we're writing the specification + + align:start position:0% +because we're writing the specification + + + align:start position:0% +because we're writing the specification +in a general sense but the example + + align:start position:0% +in a general sense but the example + + + align:start position:0% +in a general sense but the example +should hopefully make things really + + align:start position:0% +should hopefully make things really + + + align:start position:0% +should hopefully make things really +clear for what we'd like + + align:start position:0% +clear for what we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +clear for what we'd like +so in this particular case what we want + + align:start position:0% +so in this particular case what we want + + + align:start position:0% +so in this particular case what we want +the function to return is a list of uh + + align:start position:0% +the function to return is a list of uh + + + align:start position:0% +the function to return is a list of uh +the grades for the students being passed + + align:start position:0% +the grades for the students being passed + + + align:start position:0% +the grades for the students being passed +in right so we look up Matt we see that + + align:start position:0% +in right so we look up Matt we see that + + + align:start position:0% +in right so we look up Matt we see that +they're gr as a c we look up Katie + + align:start position:0% +they're gr as a c we look up Katie + + + align:start position:0% +they're gr as a c we look up Katie +they're great as an A so I want to + + align:start position:0% +they're great as an A so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +they're great as an A so I want to +return the list C comma a right in that + + align:start position:0% +return the list C comma a right in that + + + align:start position:0% +return the list C comma a right in that +same order that I passed in my students + + align:start position:0% +same order that I passed in my students + + + align:start position:0% +same order that I passed in my students +so I'll give you a couple minutes to + + align:start position:0% +so I'll give you a couple minutes to + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll give you a couple minutes to +work on that and then we can write it + + align:start position:0% +work on that and then we can write it + + + align:start position:0% +work on that and then we can write it +together so + + align:start position:0% +together so + + + align:start position:0% +together so +that's um line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +94 so this is just an exercise on + + align:start position:0% +94 so this is just an exercise on + + + align:start position:0% +94 so this is just an exercise on +looking up values in the + + align:start position:0% +looking up values in the + + + align:start position:0% +looking up values in the +dictionary all right does anybody have a + + align:start position:0% +dictionary all right does anybody have a + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary all right does anybody have a +start for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please yep L new how about + + align:start position:0% +please yep L new how about + + + align:start position:0% +please yep L new how about +that so this will be my uh results list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep yep for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Loop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so grade square bracket LM looks up + + align:start position:0% +yep so grade square bracket LM looks up + + + align:start position:0% +yep so grade square bracket LM looks up +the uh value associated with with my + + align:start position:0% +the uh value associated with with my + + + align:start position:0% +the uh value associated with with my +student named + + align:start position:0% +student named + + + align:start position:0% +student named +LM and maybe we can save it like this + + align:start position:0% +LM and maybe we can save it like this + + + align:start position:0% +LM and maybe we can save it like this +grade equals this and then you said + + align:start position:0% +grade equals this and then you said + + + align:start position:0% +grade equals this and then you said +append yep so we can do L new. append + + align:start position:0% +append yep so we can do L new. append + + + align:start position:0% +append yep so we can do L new. append +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +grade anything else + + align:start position:0% +grade anything else + + + align:start position:0% +grade anything else +yep a return so we can return L + + align:start position:0% +yep a return so we can return L + + + align:start position:0% +yep a return so we can return L +new yep so very reasonable code I like + + align:start position:0% +new yep so very reasonable code I like + + + align:start position:0% +new yep so very reasonable code I like +it a lot + + align:start position:0% +it a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it a lot +um you know besides the first lecture I + + align:start position:0% +um you know besides the first lecture I + + + align:start position:0% +um you know besides the first lecture I +don't know that we've written any code + + align:start position:0% +don't know that we've written any code + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that we've written any code +that didn't involve a loop so your best + + align:start position:0% +that didn't involve a loop so your best + + + align:start position:0% +that didn't involve a loop so your best +bet for writing code you know from for + + align:start position:0% +bet for writing code you know from for + + + align:start position:0% +bet for writing code you know from for +for any sort of thing in this class is + + align:start position:0% +for any sort of thing in this class is + + + align:start position:0% +for any sort of thing in this class is +to think what Loop can I do um so let's + + align:start position:0% +to think what Loop can I do um so let's + + + align:start position:0% +to think what Loop can I do um so let's +run the code and it should return for me + + align:start position:0% +run the code and it should return for me + + + align:start position:0% +run the code and it should return for me +c comma a and it does + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um now that we can iterate so you know I + + align:start position:0% +um now that we can iterate so you know I + + + align:start position:0% +um now that we can iterate so you know I +mentioned this before but once we're + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this before but once we're + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this before but once we're +iterating over you know tupos and lists + + align:start position:0% +iterating over you know tupos and lists + + + align:start position:0% +iterating over you know tupos and lists +and things like that one thing I would + + align:start position:0% +and things like that one thing I would + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that one thing I would +add it just for debugging purposes is + + align:start position:0% +add it just for debugging purposes is + + + align:start position:0% +add it just for debugging purposes is +say something like LM is and then you + + align:start position:0% +say something like LM is and then you + + + align:start position:0% +say something like LM is and then you +can you know say like uh an example of + + align:start position:0% +can you know say like uh an example of + + + align:start position:0% +can you know say like uh an example of +what it could be like Anna or Matt or + + align:start position:0% +what it could be like Anna or Matt or + + + align:start position:0% +what it could be like Anna or Matt or +whatever it could be just to remind + + align:start position:0% +whatever it could be just to remind + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it could be just to remind +yourself um that that thing that Loop + + align:start position:0% +yourself um that that thing that Loop + + + align:start position:0% +yourself um that that thing that Loop +variable is a string and so it's one + + align:start position:0% +variable is a string and so it's one + + + align:start position:0% +variable is a string and so it's one +less thing to remember as you're writing + + align:start position:0% +less thing to remember as you're writing + + + align:start position:0% +less thing to remember as you're writing +further code + + align:start position:0% +further code + + + align:start position:0% +further code +but this is really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nice okay so dictionaries are already + + align:start position:0% +nice okay so dictionaries are already + + + align:start position:0% +nice okay so dictionaries are already +proving to be really really useful we + + align:start position:0% +proving to be really really useful we + + + align:start position:0% +proving to be really really useful we +can create uh values associated with + + align:start position:0% +can create uh values associated with + + + align:start position:0% +can create uh values associated with +custom indices and if we want to grab + + align:start position:0% +custom indices and if we want to grab + + + align:start position:0% +custom indices and if we want to grab +the value associated with that custom + + align:start position:0% +the value associated with that custom + + + align:start position:0% +the value associated with that custom +index it's really just a matter of + + align:start position:0% +index it's really just a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +index it's really just a matter of +indexing using a key using that specific + + align:start position:0% +indexing using a key using that specific + + + align:start position:0% +indexing using a key using that specific +key much like we did indexing into a + + align:start position:0% +key much like we did indexing into a + + + align:start position:0% +key much like we did indexing into a +list okay no need to Loop none of that + + align:start position:0% +list okay no need to Loop none of that + + + align:start position:0% +list okay no need to Loop none of that +you know uh iteration it's just in a + + align:start position:0% +you know uh iteration it's just in a + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh iteration it's just in a +single line of code that indexes into + + align:start position:0% +single line of code that indexes into + + + align:start position:0% +single line of code that indexes into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +list so let's see a few more operations + + align:start position:0% +list so let's see a few more operations + + + align:start position:0% +list so let's see a few more operations +before we do the next you try it so I've + + align:start position:0% +before we do the next you try it so I've + + + align:start position:0% +before we do the next you try it so I've +got my uh list of grades that we've been + + align:start position:0% +got my uh list of grades that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +got my uh list of grades that we've been +working with in the past couple of + + align:start position:0% +working with in the past couple of + + + align:start position:0% +working with in the past couple of +slides um let's say that we now want to + + align:start position:0% +slides um let's say that we now want to + + + align:start position:0% +slides um let's say that we now want to +add a new student in their + + align:start position:0% +add a new student in their + + + align:start position:0% +add a new student in their +grade the way we do that is very similar + + align:start position:0% +grade the way we do that is very similar + + + align:start position:0% +grade the way we do that is very similar +to the way that we would add an element + + align:start position:0% +to the way that we would add an element + + + align:start position:0% +to the way that we would add an element +to a list once we already have an index + + align:start position:0% +to a list once we already have an index + + + align:start position:0% +to a list once we already have an index +for that list right here notice we don't + + align:start position:0% +for that list right here notice we don't + + + align:start position:0% +for that list right here notice we don't +actually have a slot for Grace yet I'd + + align:start position:0% +actually have a slot for Grace yet I'd + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a slot for Grace yet I'd +like to add her to my + + align:start position:0% +like to add her to my + + + align:start position:0% +like to add her to my +dictionary that's okay with this + + align:start position:0% +dictionary that's okay with this + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary that's okay with this +particular syntax here so grades at Key + + align:start position:0% +particular syntax here so grades at Key + + + align:start position:0% +particular syntax here so grades at Key +Grace if python does not find Grace in + + align:start position:0% +Grace if python does not find Grace in + + + align:start position:0% +Grace if python does not find Grace in +my list of in my dictionary of keys + + align:start position:0% +my list of in my dictionary of keys + + + align:start position:0% +my list of in my dictionary of keys +it'll just add + + align:start position:0% +it'll just add + + + align:start position:0% +it'll just add +her okay which is really nice right I + + align:start position:0% +her okay which is really nice right I + + + align:start position:0% +her okay which is really nice right I +don't need to check if she's already in + + align:start position:0% +don't need to check if she's already in + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to check if she's already in +there there's no looping you just say + + align:start position:0% +there there's no looping you just say + + + align:start position:0% +there there's no looping you just say +you know grades at Grace equals a boom + + align:start position:0% +you know grades at Grace equals a boom + + + align:start position:0% +you know grades at Grace equals a boom +it adds it for + + align:start position:0% +it adds it for + + + align:start position:0% +it adds it for +you what if I want to change an entry in + + align:start position:0% +you what if I want to change an entry in + + + align:start position:0% +you what if I want to change an entry in +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +dictionary well let's say I want to + + align:start position:0% +dictionary well let's say I want to + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary well let's say I want to +change Grace's grade to a c grades at + + align:start position:0% +change Grace's grade to a c grades at + + + align:start position:0% +change Grace's grade to a c grades at +custom index Grace equals c we go in + + align:start position:0% +custom index Grace equals c we go in + + + align:start position:0% +custom index Grace equals c we go in +look at my keys when Grace didn't exist + + align:start position:0% +look at my keys when Grace didn't exist + + + align:start position:0% +look at my keys when Grace didn't exist +python added her with her value but she + + align:start position:0% +python added her with her value but she + + + align:start position:0% +python added her with her value but she +already exists there so python will just + + align:start position:0% +already exists there so python will just + + + align:start position:0% +already exists there so python will just +overwrite her + + align:start position:0% +overwrite her + + + align:start position:0% +overwrite her +value so really nice um um you know + + align:start position:0% +value so really nice um um you know + + + align:start position:0% +value so really nice um um you know +something to look out for in case you + + align:start position:0% +something to look out for in case you + + + align:start position:0% +something to look out for in case you +already have values in the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +already have values in the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +already have values in the dictionary +you you know you want to be careful if + + align:start position:0% +you you know you want to be careful if + + + align:start position:0% +you you know you want to be careful if +you actually do want to overwrite things + + align:start position:0% +you actually do want to overwrite things + + + align:start position:0% +you actually do want to overwrite things +but it's really really nice behavior and + + align:start position:0% +but it's really really nice behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +but it's really really nice behavior and +it's different than lists + + align:start position:0% +it's different than lists + + + align:start position:0% +it's different than lists +right um especially adding an entry to + + align:start position:0% +right um especially adding an entry to + + + align:start position:0% +right um especially adding an entry to +the diction uh to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dictionary um you can delete entries + + align:start position:0% +dictionary um you can delete entries + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary um you can delete entries +much like we deleted entries from a list + + align:start position:0% +much like we deleted entries from a list + + + align:start position:0% +much like we deleted entries from a list +um we use the Dell + + align:start position:0% +um we use the Dell + + + align:start position:0% +um we use the Dell +function uh and the Dell function says + + align:start position:0% +function uh and the Dell function says + + + align:start position:0% +function uh and the Dell function says +what uh entry like to delete from what + + align:start position:0% +what uh entry like to delete from what + + + align:start position:0% +what uh entry like to delete from what +lists so here we just say the name of + + align:start position:0% +lists so here we just say the name of + + + align:start position:0% +lists so here we just say the name of +our dictionary at index uh Anna so this + + align:start position:0% +our dictionary at index uh Anna so this + + + align:start position:0% +our dictionary at index uh Anna so this +will completely remove Anna and her + + align:start position:0% +will completely remove Anna and her + + + align:start position:0% +will completely remove Anna and her +value uh and the value associated with + + align:start position:0% +value uh and the value associated with + + + align:start position:0% +value uh and the value associated with +Anna from the uh from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dictionary so what I want to make a note + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so what I want to make a note + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so what I want to make a note +of is that our dictionaries being + + align:start position:0% +of is that our dictionaries being + + + align:start position:0% +of is that our dictionaries being +mutated with all of these different + + align:start position:0% +mutated with all of these different + + + align:start position:0% +mutated with all of these different +methods or all of these different + + align:start position:0% +methods or all of these different + + + align:start position:0% +methods or all of these different +functions right so here when I added + + align:start position:0% +functions right so here when I added + + + align:start position:0% +functions right so here when I added +Grace I've mutated my orinal dictionary + + align:start position:0% +Grace I've mutated my orinal dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +Grace I've mutated my orinal dictionary +right the animation didn't make a copy + + align:start position:0% +right the animation didn't make a copy + + + align:start position:0% +right the animation didn't make a copy +of uh this dictionary with Grace added + + align:start position:0% +of uh this dictionary with Grace added + + + align:start position:0% +of uh this dictionary with Grace added +leaving the original unchanged I've + + align:start position:0% +leaving the original unchanged I've + + + align:start position:0% +leaving the original unchanged I've +literally gone in and mutated my + + align:start position:0% +literally gone in and mutated my + + + align:start position:0% +literally gone in and mutated my +original dictionary to add Grace I've + + align:start position:0% +original dictionary to add Grace I've + + + align:start position:0% +original dictionary to add Grace I've +mutated the original dictionary to add + + align:start position:0% +mutated the original dictionary to add + + + align:start position:0% +mutated the original dictionary to add +to change her grade I've mutated the + + align:start position:0% +to change her grade I've mutated the + + + align:start position:0% +to change her grade I've mutated the +original dictionary to remove Anna from + + align:start position:0% +original dictionary to remove Anna from + + + align:start position:0% +original dictionary to remove Anna from +the dictionary right so all these uh all + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary right so all these uh all + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary right so all these uh all +these functions are actually mutating my + + align:start position:0% +these functions are actually mutating my + + + align:start position:0% +these functions are actually mutating my +dictionary okay one other uh very useful + + align:start position:0% +dictionary okay one other uh very useful + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary okay one other uh very useful +uh thing that you can do with + + align:start position:0% +uh thing that you can do with + + + align:start position:0% +uh thing that you can do with +dictionaries is to check if a key is in + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries is to check if a key is in + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries is to check if a key is in +my dictionary so we do this using the in + + align:start position:0% +my dictionary so we do this using the in + + + align:start position:0% +my dictionary so we do this using the in +operator this in keyword we've seen uh + + align:start position:0% +operator this in keyword we've seen uh + + + align:start position:0% +operator this in keyword we've seen uh +seen the in keyword uh being used to + + align:start position:0% +seen the in keyword uh being used to + + + align:start position:0% +seen the in keyword uh being used to +check if an element is in a list to + + align:start position:0% +check if an element is in a list to + + + align:start position:0% +check if an element is in a list to +check if you know a sub substring or a + + align:start position:0% +check if you know a sub substring or a + + + align:start position:0% +check if you know a sub substring or a +character is in a string to check if + + align:start position:0% +character is in a string to check if + + + align:start position:0% +character is in a string to check if +some element is in a tupal we can also + + align:start position:0% +some element is in a tupal we can also + + + align:start position:0% +some element is in a tupal we can also +use it to check if an element or a key + + align:start position:0% +use it to check if an element or a key + + + align:start position:0% +use it to check if an element or a key +is in my uh in my + + align:start position:0% +is in my uh in my + + + align:start position:0% +is in my uh in my +dictionary so I want to make a note it's + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so I want to make a note it's + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so I want to make a note it's +only checking the keys it does not look + + align:start position:0% +only checking the keys it does not look + + + align:start position:0% +only checking the keys it does not look +for the values in the dictionary we'll + + align:start position:0% +for the values in the dictionary we'll + + + align:start position:0% +for the values in the dictionary we'll +see how to check if some value is in the + + align:start position:0% +see how to check if some value is in the + + + align:start position:0% +see how to check if some value is in the +dictionary in a little bit but the in + + align:start position:0% +dictionary in a little bit but the in + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary in a little bit but the in +keyword specifically only looks at the + + align:start position:0% +keyword specifically only looks at the + + + align:start position:0% +keyword specifically only looks at the +keys in the dictionary so if I have the + + align:start position:0% +keys in the dictionary so if I have the + + + align:start position:0% +keys in the dictionary so if I have the +expression you know uh the string John + + align:start position:0% +expression you know uh the string John + + + align:start position:0% +expression you know uh the string John +is in grades python only looks at the + + align:start position:0% +is in grades python only looks at the + + + align:start position:0% +is in grades python only looks at the +keys and say yep there it is I don't + + align:start position:0% +keys and say yep there it is I don't + + + align:start position:0% +keys and say yep there it is I don't +care what value is associated with it I + + align:start position:0% +care what value is associated with it I + + + align:start position:0% +care what value is associated with it I +just care that it's in my keys so this + + align:start position:0% +just care that it's in my keys so this + + + align:start position:0% +just care that it's in my keys so this +entire expression here drawn in grades + + align:start position:0% +entire expression here drawn in grades + + + align:start position:0% +entire expression here drawn in grades +will evaluate so be replaced with true + + align:start position:0% +will evaluate so be replaced with true + + + align:start position:0% +will evaluate so be replaced with true +Daniel obviously is not in my dictionary + + align:start position:0% +Daniel obviously is not in my dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +Daniel obviously is not in my dictionary +keys so it returns false B is not in my + + align:start position:0% +keys so it returns false B is not in my + + + align:start position:0% +keys so it returns false B is not in my +dictionary Keys even though it's in my + + align:start position:0% +dictionary Keys even though it's in my + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary Keys even though it's in my +values it still returns false because it + + align:start position:0% +values it still returns false because it + + + align:start position:0% +values it still returns false because it +only looks at the + + align:start position:0% +only looks at the + + + align:start position:0% +only looks at the +keys + + align:start position:0% +keys + + + align:start position:0% +keys +okay all right let's have you try this + + align:start position:0% +okay all right let's have you try this + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right let's have you try this +exercise so function is called find an L + + align:start position:0% +exercise so function is called find an L + + + align:start position:0% +exercise so function is called find an L +again we can use the specifications and + + align:start position:0% +again we can use the specifications and + + + align:start position:0% +again we can use the specifications and +the example to help us figure out what + + align:start position:0% +the example to help us figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +the example to help us figure out what +we'd like from this function so LD is + + align:start position:0% +we'd like from this function so LD is + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like from this function so LD is +going to be a list of + + align:start position:0% +going to be a list of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a list of +dictionaries so in the example here I've + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries so in the example here I've + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries so in the example here I've +got three dictionaries defined and uh + + align:start position:0% +got three dictionaries defined and uh + + + align:start position:0% +got three dictionaries defined and uh +the first parameter here the thing being + + align:start position:0% +the first parameter here the thing being + + + align:start position:0% +the first parameter here the thing being +passed as LD is the list with D1 D2 D3 + + align:start position:0% +passed as LD is the list with D1 D2 D3 + + + align:start position:0% +passed as LD is the list with D1 D2 D3 +as my elements and K is just an + + align:start position:0% +as my elements and K is just an + + + align:start position:0% +as my elements and K is just an +integer what I'd like to do is return + + align:start position:0% +integer what I'd like to do is return + + + align:start position:0% +integer what I'd like to do is return +true from the function if that CA uh K + + align:start position:0% +true from the function if that CA uh K + + + align:start position:0% +true from the function if that CA uh K +is a key in any of these dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +is a key in any of these dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +is a key in any of these dictionaries +and false otherwise so as soon as I see + + align:start position:0% +and false otherwise so as soon as I see + + + align:start position:0% +and false otherwise so as soon as I see +a key uh that matches K I want to return + + align:start position:0% +a key uh that matches K I want to return + + + align:start position:0% +a key uh that matches K I want to return +true so in this example here when I look + + align:start position:0% +true so in this example here when I look + + + align:start position:0% +true so in this example here when I look +at uh look for the K2 inside these + + align:start position:0% +at uh look for the K2 inside these + + + align:start position:0% +at uh look for the K2 inside these +dictionaries D1 doesn't have it but D2 + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries D1 doesn't have it but D2 + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries D1 doesn't have it but D2 +has it so I would return true when I + + align:start position:0% +has it so I would return true when I + + + align:start position:0% +has it so I would return true when I +look for 25 in that same list of + + align:start position:0% +look for 25 in that same list of + + + align:start position:0% +look for 25 in that same list of +dictionaries uh 25 is a value in one of + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries uh 25 is a value in one of + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries uh 25 is a value in one of +these in D3 but it's not a key in D1 D2 + + align:start position:0% +these in D3 but it's not a key in D1 D2 + + + align:start position:0% +these in D3 but it's not a key in D1 D2 +or D3 so that would return + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +false all right so that's just a little + + align:start position:0% +false all right so that's just a little + + + align:start position:0% +false all right so that's just a little +lower line + + align:start position:0% +lower line + + + align:start position:0% +lower line +115 um give you a couple moments and + + align:start position:0% +115 um give you a couple moments and + + + align:start position:0% +115 um give you a couple moments and +then we can write it together like usual + + align:start position:0% +then we can write it together like usual + + + align:start position:0% +then we can write it together like usual +all right does anyone want to start me + + align:start position:0% +all right does anyone want to start me + + + align:start position:0% +all right does anyone want to start me +off here + + align:start position:0% +off here + + + align:start position:0% +off here +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so how can we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this create a loop + + align:start position:0% +this create a loop + + + align:start position:0% +this create a loop +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +yep okay so that will means that D is + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so that will means that D is + + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so that will means that D is +you know I can say like K1 mapped to V1 + + align:start position:0% +you know I can say like K1 mapped to V1 + + + align:start position:0% +you know I can say like K1 mapped to V1 +or something like that right key to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value if + + align:start position:0% +value if + + + align:start position:0% +value if +K in D yep so that will check for me my + + align:start position:0% +K in D yep so that will check for me my + + + align:start position:0% +K in D yep so that will check for me my +uh keys in that particular dictionary + + align:start position:0% +uh keys in that particular dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +uh keys in that particular dictionary +that I'm looking at right + + align:start position:0% +that I'm looking at right + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm looking at right +now yep we can immediately return true + + align:start position:0% +now yep we can immediately return true + + + align:start position:0% +now yep we can immediately return true +right as soon as we found it no need to + + align:start position:0% +right as soon as we found it no need to + + + align:start position:0% +right as soon as we found it no need to +check the other dictionaries just pop + + align:start position:0% +check the other dictionaries just pop + + + align:start position:0% +check the other dictionaries just pop +you know pop out of the function and + + align:start position:0% +you know pop out of the function and + + + align:start position:0% +you know pop out of the function and +return + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +true same uh inside the if or inside the + + align:start position:0% +true same uh inside the if or inside the + + + align:start position:0% +true same uh inside the if or inside the +four or outside the + + align:start position:0% +four or outside the + + + align:start position:0% +four or outside the +four outside the four we can return + + align:start position:0% +four outside the four we can return + + + align:start position:0% +four outside the four we can return +false + + align:start position:0% +false + + + align:start position:0% +false +yep I like this code a + + align:start position:0% +yep I like this code a + + + align:start position:0% +yep I like this code a +lot um uses this in operator right to do + + align:start position:0% +lot um uses this in operator right to do + + + align:start position:0% +lot um uses this in operator right to do +that the task so the return false + + align:start position:0% +that the task so the return false + + + align:start position:0% +that the task so the return false +outside of the for Loop works really + + align:start position:0% +outside of the for Loop works really + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the for Loop works really +well because if I've gone through every + + align:start position:0% +well because if I've gone through every + + + align:start position:0% +well because if I've gone through every +D inside LD here then I'm checking every + + align:start position:0% +D inside LD here then I'm checking every + + + align:start position:0% +D inside LD here then I'm checking every +single dictionary right as soon as I I + + align:start position:0% +single dictionary right as soon as I I + + + align:start position:0% +single dictionary right as soon as I I +find one that has that key this return + + align:start position:0% +find one that has that key this return + + + align:start position:0% +find one that has that key this return +true acts like a break and a return + + align:start position:0% +true acts like a break and a return + + + align:start position:0% +true acts like a break and a return +right so it breaks out of the loop and + + align:start position:0% +right so it breaks out of the loop and + + + align:start position:0% +right so it breaks out of the loop and +returns immediately and it doesn't you + + align:start position:0% +returns immediately and it doesn't you + + + align:start position:0% +returns immediately and it doesn't you +know return + + align:start position:0% +know return + + + align:start position:0% +know return +false but if I've gone through every + + align:start position:0% +false but if I've gone through every + + + align:start position:0% +false but if I've gone through every +diction iary and didn't find uh the the + + align:start position:0% +diction iary and didn't find uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +diction iary and didn't find uh the the +key matching k then I returned false + + align:start position:0% +key matching k then I returned false + + + align:start position:0% +key matching k then I returned false +yeah did anybody try it a different way + + align:start position:0% +yeah did anybody try it a different way + + + align:start position:0% +yeah did anybody try it a different way +or is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this we could certainly try it with a + + align:start position:0% +this we could certainly try it with a + + + align:start position:0% +this we could certainly try it with a +Boolean flag right we could flag the + + align:start position:0% +Boolean flag right we could flag the + + + align:start position:0% +Boolean flag right we could flag the +fact that we found it through some Loop + + align:start position:0% +fact that we found it through some Loop + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we found it through some Loop +um you know and keep track of it and at + + align:start position:0% +um you know and keep track of it and at + + + align:start position:0% +um you know and keep track of it and at +the end just return that flag that's + + align:start position:0% +the end just return that flag that's + + + align:start position:0% +the end just return that flag that's +another way to do it but this is + + align:start position:0% +another way to do it but this is + + + align:start position:0% +another way to do it but this is +probably the most pythonic way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can run it on these two examples + + align:start position:0% +so we can run it on these two examples + + + align:start position:0% +so we can run it on these two examples +here right so I'm expecting to U looking + + align:start position:0% +here right so I'm expecting to U looking + + + align:start position:0% +here right so I'm expecting to U looking +up two to return true and looking up 25 + + align:start position:0% +up two to return true and looking up 25 + + + align:start position:0% +up two to return true and looking up 25 +to return false and it does questions + + align:start position:0% +to return false and it does questions + + + align:start position:0% +to return false and it does questions +about this code or dictionary so far is + + align:start position:0% +about this code or dictionary so far is + + + align:start position:0% +about this code or dictionary so far is +everything uh okay so + + align:start position:0% +everything uh okay so + + + align:start position:0% +everything uh okay so +far + + align:start position:0% +far + + + align:start position:0% +far +okay all right a couple more operations + + align:start position:0% +okay all right a couple more operations + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right a couple more operations +so so far we've looked up values in a + + align:start position:0% +so so far we've looked up values in a + + + align:start position:0% +so so far we've looked up values in a +dictionary we've added stuff to the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary we've added stuff to the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary we've added stuff to the +dictionary we've deleted stuff from the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary we've deleted stuff from the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary we've deleted stuff from the +dictionary one really useful thing to do + + align:start position:0% +dictionary one really useful thing to do + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary one really useful thing to do +is to be able to look at every single + + align:start position:0% +is to be able to look at every single + + + align:start position:0% +is to be able to look at every single +entry in my dictionary the reason why + + align:start position:0% +entry in my dictionary the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +entry in my dictionary the reason why +we'd want to do this is because we + + align:start position:0% +we'd want to do this is because we + + + align:start position:0% +we'd want to do this is because we +should assume that when we create our + + align:start position:0% +should assume that when we create our + + + align:start position:0% +should assume that when we create our +dictionaries there's no order to them + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries there's no order to them + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries there's no order to them +right this is very much unlike lists + + align:start position:0% +right this is very much unlike lists + + + align:start position:0% +right this is very much unlike lists +lists had an order to them we knew that + + align:start position:0% +lists had an order to them we knew that + + + align:start position:0% +lists had an order to them we knew that +the first element in our list was at + + align:start position:0% +the first element in our list was at + + + align:start position:0% +the first element in our list was at +index zero the next one was at index one + + align:start position:0% +index zero the next one was at index one + + + align:start position:0% +index zero the next one was at index one +and so on right lists were ordered + + align:start position:0% +and so on right lists were ordered + + + align:start position:0% +and so on right lists were ordered +sequences of of of elements but + + align:start position:0% +sequences of of of elements but + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of of of elements but +dictionaries are not ordered sequences + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries are not ordered sequences + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries are not ordered sequences +of elements um I that's not super true + + align:start position:0% +of elements um I that's not super true + + + align:start position:0% +of elements um I that's not super true +uh there are uh up until a very recent + + align:start position:0% +uh there are uh up until a very recent + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are uh up until a very recent +version of python there was no guarantee + + align:start position:0% +version of python there was no guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +version of python there was no guarantee +to order they would put in some order + + align:start position:0% +to order they would put in some order + + + align:start position:0% +to order they would put in some order +that couldn't that I I couldn't figure + + align:start position:0% +that couldn't that I I couldn't figure + + + align:start position:0% +that couldn't that I I couldn't figure +out how it was determined um but uh I + + align:start position:0% +out how it was determined um but uh I + + + align:start position:0% +out how it was determined um but uh I +forget which python version maybe 3.6 or + + align:start position:0% +forget which python version maybe 3.6 or + + + align:start position:0% +forget which python version maybe 3.6 or +something like that started to guarantee + + align:start position:0% +something like that started to guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +something like that started to guarantee +an order when you in uh for uh for the + + align:start position:0% +an order when you in uh for uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +an order when you in uh for uh for the +list for the dictionary elements and + + align:start position:0% +list for the dictionary elements and + + + align:start position:0% +list for the dictionary elements and +that order was the same order that you + + align:start position:0% +that order was the same order that you + + + align:start position:0% +that order was the same order that you +inserted the elements okay but if you'd + + align:start position:0% +inserted the elements okay but if you'd + + + align:start position:0% +inserted the elements okay but if you'd +like to write robust code that could be + + align:start position:0% +like to write robust code that could be + + + align:start position:0% +like to write robust code that could be +run by people you know using an older + + align:start position:0% +run by people you know using an older + + + align:start position:0% +run by people you know using an older +version of python you should write the + + align:start position:0% +version of python you should write the + + + align:start position:0% +version of python you should write the +code assuming that no such order exists + + align:start position:0% +code assuming that no such order exists + + + align:start position:0% +code assuming that no such order exists +and it's okay it it's it doesn't make + + align:start position:0% +and it's okay it it's it doesn't make + + + align:start position:0% +and it's okay it it's it doesn't make +the code that much harder to write but + + align:start position:0% +the code that much harder to write but + + + align:start position:0% +the code that much harder to write but +if we're not assuming any order to + + align:start position:0% +if we're not assuming any order to + + + align:start position:0% +if we're not assuming any order to +python ele uh entries to in the + + align:start position:0% +python ele uh entries to in the + + + align:start position:0% +python ele uh entries to in the +dictionary then that means a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +dictionary then that means a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary then that means a lot of time +s we actually have to look at each entry + + align:start position:0% +s we actually have to look at each entry + + + align:start position:0% +s we actually have to look at each entry +in the dictionary to do some sort of + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary to do some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary to do some sort of +task okay so one of the first things you + + align:start position:0% +task okay so one of the first things you + + + align:start position:0% +task okay so one of the first things you +might want to do is to iterate through + + align:start position:0% +might want to do is to iterate through + + + align:start position:0% +might want to do is to iterate through +all the keys in the dictionary right to + + align:start position:0% +all the keys in the dictionary right to + + + align:start position:0% +all the keys in the dictionary right to +do that we use a function called grades. + + align:start position:0% +do that we use a function called grades. + + + align:start position:0% +do that we use a function called grades. +keys and this uh grades. Keys function + + align:start position:0% +keys and this uh grades. Keys function + + + align:start position:0% +keys and this uh grades. Keys function +here doesn't mutate the dictionary at + + align:start position:0% +here doesn't mutate the dictionary at + + + align:start position:0% +here doesn't mutate the dictionary at +all but instead it returns for me an + + align:start position:0% +all but instead it returns for me an + + + align:start position:0% +all but instead it returns for me an +iterable a sequence of values which are + + align:start position:0% +iterable a sequence of values which are + + + align:start position:0% +iterable a sequence of values which are +all the keys in my dictionary + + align:start position:0% +all the keys in my dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +all the keys in my dictionary +now the data type of this return value + + align:start position:0% +now the data type of this return value + + + align:start position:0% +now the data type of this return value +is called dict uncore Keys it's not a + + align:start position:0% +is called dict uncore Keys it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +is called dict uncore Keys it's not a +data type we've worked with before okay + + align:start position:0% +data type we've worked with before okay + + + align:start position:0% +data type we've worked with before okay +it's looks really weird but if you'd + + align:start position:0% +it's looks really weird but if you'd + + + align:start position:0% +it's looks really weird but if you'd +like and you don't have to do this you + + align:start position:0% +like and you don't have to do this you + + + align:start position:0% +like and you don't have to do this you +can always cast this sequence of values + + align:start position:0% +can always cast this sequence of values + + + align:start position:0% +can always cast this sequence of values +that's typ dict keys to a list like this + + align:start position:0% +that's typ dict keys to a list like this + + + align:start position:0% +that's typ dict keys to a list like this +so if you cast to a list grades. Keys it + + align:start position:0% +so if you cast to a list grades. Keys it + + + align:start position:0% +so if you cast to a list grades. Keys it +gives for us this more recognizable list + + align:start position:0% +gives for us this more recognizable list + + + align:start position:0% +gives for us this more recognizable list +with each key being an element in the + + align:start position:0% +with each key being an element in the + + + align:start position:0% +with each key being an element in the +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +okay you don't have to do this but if it + + align:start position:0% +okay you don't have to do this but if it + + + align:start position:0% +okay you don't have to do this but if it +makes it easier for you you can okay so + + align:start position:0% +makes it easier for you you can okay so + + + align:start position:0% +makes it easier for you you can okay so +this line of code here grades. Keys + + align:start position:0% +this line of code here grades. Keys + + + align:start position:0% +this line of code here grades. Keys +returns for you you can think of it like + + align:start position:0% +returns for you you can think of it like + + + align:start position:0% +returns for you you can think of it like +this iterable this list of all the keys + + align:start position:0% +this iterable this list of all the keys + + + align:start position:0% +this iterable this list of all the keys +in the dictionary again they're not + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary again they're not + + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary again they're not +ordered right I mean they're ordered in + + align:start position:0% +ordered right I mean they're ordered in + + + align:start position:0% +ordered right I mean they're ordered in +the order that I added them into the + + align:start position:0% +the order that I added them into the + + + align:start position:0% +the order that I added them into the +dictionary right Anna then Matt then + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right Anna then Matt then + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right Anna then Matt then +John then Katie but they're not sorted + + align:start position:0% +John then Katie but they're not sorted + + + align:start position:0% +John then Katie but they're not sorted +in you know alphabetical order if you + + align:start position:0% +in you know alphabetical order if you + + + align:start position:0% +in you know alphabetical order if you +have integers they won't be sorted in + + align:start position:0% +have integers they won't be sorted in + + + align:start position:0% +have integers they won't be sorted in +ascending or descending order so it's + + align:start position:0% +ascending or descending order so it's + + + align:start position:0% +ascending or descending order so it's +best to just not assume an order to + + align:start position:0% +best to just not assume an order to + + + align:start position:0% +best to just not assume an order to +begin with + + align:start position:0% +begin with + + + align:start position:0% +begin with +similarly we can get an iterable of all + + align:start position:0% +similarly we can get an iterable of all + + + align:start position:0% +similarly we can get an iterable of all +the values in the dictionary okay and to + + align:start position:0% +the values in the dictionary okay and to + + + align:start position:0% +the values in the dictionary okay and to +do this uh you no no surprise there we + + align:start position:0% +do this uh you no no surprise there we + + + align:start position:0% +do this uh you no no surprise there we +use grades. values and this is again a + + align:start position:0% +use grades. values and this is again a + + + align:start position:0% +use grades. values and this is again a +function where doesn't mutate the grades + + align:start position:0% +function where doesn't mutate the grades + + + align:start position:0% +function where doesn't mutate the grades +at all but instead gets replaced with + + align:start position:0% +at all but instead gets replaced with + + + align:start position:0% +at all but instead gets replaced with +this dict values data type never seen it + + align:start position:0% +this dict values data type never seen it + + + align:start position:0% +this dict values data type never seen it +before either and you can cast it to a + + align:start position:0% +before either and you can cast it to a + + + align:start position:0% +before either and you can cast it to a +list if you'd like because it makes more + + align:start position:0% +list if you'd like because it makes more + + + align:start position:0% +list if you'd like because it makes more +sense to us at this point in time which + + align:start position:0% +sense to us at this point in time which + + + align:start position:0% +sense to us at this point in time which +just returns for us this list of every + + align:start position:0% +just returns for us this list of every + + + align:start position:0% +just returns for us this list of every +single value in my dictionary again no + + align:start position:0% +single value in my dictionary again no + + + align:start position:0% +single value in my dictionary again no +order right we can see that there's no + + align:start position:0% +order right we can see that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +order right we can see that there's no +order except for the order that we + + align:start position:0% +order except for the order that we + + + align:start position:0% +order except for the order that we +actually added the + + align:start position:0% +actually added the + + + align:start position:0% +actually added the +element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah out the + + align:start position:0% +yeah out the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah out the +same um yeah yeah it'll print out the + + align:start position:0% +same um yeah yeah it'll print out the + + + align:start position:0% +same um yeah yeah it'll print out the +same the same iterable I guess if you do + + align:start position:0% +same the same iterable I guess if you do + + + align:start position:0% +same the same iterable I guess if you do +it again + + align:start position:0% +it again + + + align:start position:0% +it again +yeah weating over + + align:start position:0% +yeah weating over + + + align:start position:0% +yeah weating over +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +like if you're iterating over the + + align:start position:0% +like if you're iterating over the + + + align:start position:0% +like if you're iterating over the +dictionary um not in the python version + + align:start position:0% +dictionary um not in the python version + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary um not in the python version +we're using but in a previous version if + + align:start position:0% +we're using but in a previous version if + + + align:start position:0% +we're using but in a previous version if +you ran you know your on your machine or + + align:start position:0% +you ran you know your on your machine or + + + align:start position:0% +you ran you know your on your machine or +if I ran the same code on my machine it + + align:start position:0% +if I ran the same code on my machine it + + + align:start position:0% +if I ran the same code on my machine it +might have given me a different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order uh but in the the versions we're + + align:start position:0% +order uh but in the the versions we're + + + align:start position:0% +order uh but in the the versions we're +using from now on in Python right + + align:start position:0% +using from now on in Python right + + + align:start position:0% +using from now on in Python right +because you guys all probably downloaded + + align:start position:0% +because you guys all probably downloaded + + + align:start position:0% +because you guys all probably downloaded +the latest version of of you know + + align:start position:0% +the latest version of of you know + + + align:start position:0% +the latest version of of you know +anaconda and spider it will G it will + + align:start position:0% +anaconda and spider it will G it will + + + align:start position:0% +anaconda and spider it will G it will +guarantee the order that you inserted + + align:start position:0% +guarantee the order that you inserted + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee the order that you inserted +the elements in but if somebody using an + + align:start position:0% +the elements in but if somebody using an + + + align:start position:0% +the elements in but if somebody using an +older version of python takes your code + + align:start position:0% +older version of python takes your code + + + align:start position:0% +older version of python takes your code +and runs it they might actually get you + + align:start position:0% +and runs it they might actually get you + + + align:start position:0% +and runs it they might actually get you +know a a b b or some other order for + + align:start position:0% +know a a b b or some other order for + + + align:start position:0% +know a a b b or some other order for +these uh for these functions + + align:start position:0% +these uh for these functions + + + align:start position:0% +these uh for these functions +here yeah you're + + align:start position:0% +here yeah you're + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah you're +welcome so it these being iterable just + + align:start position:0% +welcome so it these being iterable just + + + align:start position:0% +welcome so it these being iterable just +means that we can have something like + + align:start position:0% +means that we can have something like + + + align:start position:0% +means that we can have something like +four I or so 4K in grades. Keys + + align:start position:0% +four I or so 4K in grades. Keys + + + align:start position:0% +four I or so 4K in grades. Keys +basically giving us a loop where K is + + align:start position:0% +basically giving us a loop where K is + + + align:start position:0% +basically giving us a loop where K is +going to be each element in this list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so that's fine so we can iterate over + + align:start position:0% +um so that's fine so we can iterate over + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's fine so we can iterate over +the keys or we can iterate over the + + align:start position:0% +the keys or we can iterate over the + + + align:start position:0% +the keys or we can iterate over the +values directly but what I find + + align:start position:0% +values directly but what I find + + + align:start position:0% +values directly but what I find +personally most uh effective is to + + align:start position:0% +personally most uh effective is to + + + align:start position:0% +personally most uh effective is to +iterate over each entry in the + + align:start position:0% +iterate over each entry in the + + + align:start position:0% +iterate over each entry in the +dictionary so not just over the keys or + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so not just over the keys or + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so not just over the keys or +the values by themselves uh it's to + + align:start position:0% +the values by themselves uh it's to + + + align:start position:0% +the values by themselves uh it's to +iterate over the keys and the values + + align:start position:0% +iterate over the keys and the values + + + align:start position:0% +iterate over the keys and the values +together so to do + + align:start position:0% +together so to do + + + align:start position:0% +together so to do +that um we use this uh function called + + align:start position:0% +that um we use this uh function called + + + align:start position:0% +that um we use this uh function called +grades. + + align:start position:0% +grades. + + + align:start position:0% +grades. +items and unsurprising ly this will + + align:start position:0% +items and unsurprising ly this will + + + align:start position:0% +items and unsurprising ly this will +return also an iterable where each + + align:start position:0% +return also an iterable where each + + + align:start position:0% +return also an iterable where each +element in my iterable is not just the + + align:start position:0% +element in my iterable is not just the + + + align:start position:0% +element in my iterable is not just the +key or the value it's a tuple of the key + + align:start position:0% +key or the value it's a tuple of the key + + + align:start position:0% +key or the value it's a tuple of the key +comma the + + align:start position:0% +comma the + + + align:start position:0% +comma the +value okay and again we can cast it to a + + align:start position:0% +value okay and again we can cast it to a + + + align:start position:0% +value okay and again we can cast it to a +list to give us something that's more + + align:start position:0% +list to give us something that's more + + + align:start position:0% +list to give us something that's more +recognizable you can see now each + + align:start position:0% +recognizable you can see now each + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable you can see now each +element in the returned list is going to + + align:start position:0% +element in the returned list is going to + + + align:start position:0% +element in the returned list is going to +be the tupal where I have an entry right + + align:start position:0% +be the tupal where I have an entry right + + + align:start position:0% +be the tupal where I have an entry right +so my entry an a comma B is this first + + align:start position:0% +so my entry an a comma B is this first + + + align:start position:0% +so my entry an a comma B is this first +element in my returned list and then + + align:start position:0% +element in my returned list and then + + + align:start position:0% +element in my returned list and then +Matt a and then John B and then K A so I + + align:start position:0% +Matt a and then John B and then K A so I + + + align:start position:0% +Matt a and then John B and then K A so I +grab these entries together where I have + + align:start position:0% +grab these entries together where I have + + + align:start position:0% +grab these entries together where I have +access to both the key and the value for + + align:start position:0% +access to both the key and the value for + + + align:start position:0% +access to both the key and the value for +that entry which means and this is the + + align:start position:0% +that entry which means and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that entry which means and this is the +important part that we can do something + + align:start position:0% +important part that we can do something + + + align:start position:0% +important part that we can do something +like this and we can do this for the + + align:start position:0% +like this and we can do this for the + + + align:start position:0% +like this and we can do this for the +previous slide as well but for this + + align:start position:0% +previous slide as well but for this + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide as well but for this +particular uh grades. items uh iteration + + align:start position:0% +particular uh grades. items uh iteration + + + align:start position:0% +particular uh grades. items uh iteration +if we're grabbing a key value pair out + + align:start position:0% +if we're grabbing a key value pair out + + + align:start position:0% +if we're grabbing a key value pair out +of items that means we can do something + + align:start position:0% +of items that means we can do something + + + align:start position:0% +of items that means we can do something +like this for K comma V in grades. + + align:start position:0% +like this for K comma V in grades. + + + align:start position:0% +like this for K comma V in grades. +items means that python will map K to to + + align:start position:0% +items means that python will map K to to + + + align:start position:0% +items means that python will map K to to +the key for that entry and V to the + + align:start position:0% +the key for that entry and V to the + + + align:start position:0% +the key for that entry and V to the +value for that entry as I'm iterating + + align:start position:0% +value for that entry as I'm iterating + + + align:start position:0% +value for that entry as I'm iterating +over each one of these pairs right so + + align:start position:0% +over each one of these pairs right so + + + align:start position:0% +over each one of these pairs right so +with each iteration I have access to + + align:start position:0% +with each iteration I have access to + + + align:start position:0% +with each iteration I have access to +both the key and the value for that + + align:start position:0% +both the key and the value for that + + + align:start position:0% +both the key and the value for that +entry which is pretty useful right so if + + align:start position:0% +entry which is pretty useful right so if + + + align:start position:0% +entry which is pretty useful right so if +I have this line of code here if I print + + align:start position:0% +I have this line of code here if I print + + + align:start position:0% +I have this line of code here if I print +key uh K has value V the K and the V + + align:start position:0% +key uh K has value V the K and the V + + + align:start position:0% +key uh K has value V the K and the V +will change with each entry right I'm + + align:start position:0% +will change with each entry right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +will change with each entry right I'm +just grabbing both the key and the value + + align:start position:0% +just grabbing both the key and the value + + + align:start position:0% +just grabbing both the key and the value +for that entry Yeah + + align:start position:0% +for that entry Yeah + + + align:start position:0% +for that entry Yeah +question actually like is it actually + + align:start position:0% +question actually like is it actually + + + align:start position:0% +question actually like is it actually +tup what's the actual it's not a tupal + + align:start position:0% +tup what's the actual it's not a tupal + + + align:start position:0% +tup what's the actual it's not a tupal +so the actual object type is this thing + + align:start position:0% +so the actual object type is this thing + + + align:start position:0% +so the actual object type is this thing +dict underscore items so again not a + + align:start position:0% +dict underscore items so again not a + + + align:start position:0% +dict underscore items so again not a +type that we've we've worked with before + + align:start position:0% +type that we've we've worked with before + + + align:start position:0% +type that we've we've worked with before +but that's just the the type right like + + align:start position:0% +but that's just the the type right like + + + align:start position:0% +but that's just the the type right like +we've seen lists tupal dictionaries dict + + align:start position:0% +we've seen lists tupal dictionaries dict + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen lists tupal dictionaries dict +underscore items is another data type + + align:start position:0% +underscore items is another data type + + + align:start position:0% +underscore items is another data type +yeah but the cool thing is that it's an + + align:start position:0% +yeah but the cool thing is that it's an + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but the cool thing is that it's an +iterable so it's a sequence of values + + align:start position:0% +iterable so it's a sequence of values + + + align:start position:0% +iterable so it's a sequence of values +which means that you can cast it to a + + align:start position:0% +which means that you can cast it to a + + + align:start position:0% +which means that you can cast it to a +list which is also a sequence of values + + align:start position:0% +list which is also a sequence of values + + + align:start position:0% +list which is also a sequence of values +and it knows how to do that casting and + + align:start position:0% +and it knows how to do that casting and + + + align:start position:0% +and it knows how to do that casting and +you get the more recognizable list that + + align:start position:0% +you get the more recognizable list that + + + align:start position:0% +you get the more recognizable list that +we've been + + align:start position:0% +we've been + + + align:start position:0% +we've been +using other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay so I really like using + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so I really like using + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so I really like using +grades. items to iterate over entries so + + align:start position:0% +grades. items to iterate over entries so + + + align:start position:0% +grades. items to iterate over entries so +let's have you try this exercise so uh + + align:start position:0% +let's have you try this exercise so uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's have you try this exercise so uh +it's a function called count matches it + + align:start position:0% +it's a function called count matches it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a function called count matches it +takes in one Dictionary + + align:start position:0% +takes in one Dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +takes in one Dictionary +d I didn't say what the the the elements + + align:start position:0% +d I didn't say what the the the elements + + + align:start position:0% +d I didn't say what the the the elements +are but you know you can mix and match + + align:start position:0% +are but you know you can mix and match + + + align:start position:0% +are but you know you can mix and match +so here I have a dictionary with just in + + align:start position:0% +so here I have a dictionary with just in + + + align:start position:0% +so here I have a dictionary with just in +mapped to ins and here I've got a + + align:start position:0% +mapped to ins and here I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +mapped to ins and here I've got a +dictionary where it Maps you know ins + + align:start position:0% +dictionary where it Maps you know ins + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary where it Maps you know ins +and strings and things like that and + + align:start position:0% +and strings and things like that and + + + align:start position:0% +and strings and things like that and +what I want this function to do is tell + + align:start position:0% +what I want this function to do is tell + + + align:start position:0% +what I want this function to do is tell +me how many entries in this input + + align:start position:0% +me how many entries in this input + + + align:start position:0% +me how many entries in this input +dictionaries have the key match its + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries have the key match its + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries have the key match its +value so here in this first example the + + align:start position:0% +value so here in this first example the + + + align:start position:0% +value so here in this first example the +key here is one the value is two so they + + align:start position:0% +key here is one the value is two so they + + + align:start position:0% +key here is one the value is two so they +don't match these don't match and these + + align:start position:0% +don't match these don't match and these + + + align:start position:0% +don't match these don't match and these +don't match so the count should be zero + + align:start position:0% +don't match so the count should be zero + + + align:start position:0% +don't match so the count should be zero +but down here in this example the one + + align:start position:0% +but down here in this example the one + + + align:start position:0% +but down here in this example the one +doesn't match two so that's fine but the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't match two so that's fine but the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't match two so that's fine but the +uh key a matches its value one count key + + align:start position:0% +uh key a matches its value one count key + + + align:start position:0% +uh key a matches its value one count key +five matches its value two counts right + + align:start position:0% +five matches its value two counts right + + + align:start position:0% +five matches its value two counts right +so this should return count + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two all right let's have you work on + + align:start position:0% +two all right let's have you work on + + + align:start position:0% +two all right let's have you work on +that uh down by line + + align:start position:0% +that uh down by line + + + align:start position:0% +that uh down by line +137 and then we'll write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together all right how can I start + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +yes account + + align:start position:0% +yes account + + + align:start position:0% +yes account +yes zero + + align:start position:0% +yes zero + + + align:start position:0% +yes zero +yep a for Loop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep as a function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep V equal K yep so this is where my + + align:start position:0% +yep V equal K yep so this is where my + + + align:start position:0% +yep V equal K yep so this is where my +value equals my key for that particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entry count equals count plus one + + align:start position:0% +entry count equals count plus one + + + align:start position:0% +entry count equals count plus one +perfect yep return + + align:start position:0% +perfect yep return + + + align:start position:0% +perfect yep return +count did anybody do it a different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way nope okay awesome look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we can write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah call yeah so we can say for x and + + align:start position:0% +yeah call yeah so we can say for x and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah call yeah so we can say for x and +d. keys or something like that right + + align:start position:0% +d. keys or something like that right + + + align:start position:0% +d. keys or something like that right +right something like that or no we can + + align:start position:0% +right something like that or no we can + + + align:start position:0% +right something like that or no we can +also say for x and D I think that might + + align:start position:0% +also say for x and D I think that might + + + align:start position:0% +also say for x and D I think that might +work too because it'll grab the key for + + align:start position:0% +work too because it'll grab the key for + + + align:start position:0% +work too because it'll grab the key for +us but just to be safe + + align:start position:0% +us but just to be safe + + + align:start position:0% +us but just to be safe +keys and now we need to grab the value + + align:start position:0% +keys and now we need to grab the value + + + align:start position:0% +keys and now we need to grab the value +so how do you grab the value associated + + align:start position:0% +so how do you grab the value associated + + + align:start position:0% +so how do you grab the value associated +with key + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X yeah square bracket it's just indexing + + align:start position:0% +X yeah square bracket it's just indexing + + + align:start position:0% +X yeah square bracket it's just indexing +right so d square brackets x uh oops if + + align:start position:0% +right so d square brackets x uh oops if + + + align:start position:0% +right so d square brackets x uh oops if +d square brackets x equals so that's the + + align:start position:0% +d square brackets x equals so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +d square brackets x equals so that's the +value equals the key right then again we + + align:start position:0% +value equals the key right then again we + + + align:start position:0% +value equals the key right then again we +you know count plus + + align:start position:0% +you know count plus + + + align:start position:0% +you know count plus +one so this is the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way yep so we don't have to use items + + align:start position:0% +way yep so we don't have to use items + + + align:start position:0% +way yep so we don't have to use items +but it just items makes things easier + + align:start position:0% +but it just items makes things easier + + + align:start position:0% +but it just items makes things easier +because we have in hand a variable + + align:start position:0% +because we have in hand a variable + + + align:start position:0% +because we have in hand a variable +that's you know the value and a variable + + align:start position:0% +that's you know the value and a variable + + + align:start position:0% +that's you know the value and a variable +that's the key and doing things like + + align:start position:0% +that's the key and doing things like + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key and doing things like +indexing starts to get confusing + + align:start position:0% +indexing starts to get confusing + + + align:start position:0% +indexing starts to get confusing +um if you know I mean it can be + + align:start position:0% +um if you know I mean it can be + + + align:start position:0% +um if you know I mean it can be +confusing but yeah both ways are very + + align:start position:0% +confusing but yeah both ways are very + + + align:start position:0% +confusing but yeah both ways are very +valid so let's run + + align:start position:0% +valid so let's run + + + align:start position:0% +valid so let's run +it um and it should work y so the first + + align:start position:0% +it um and it should work y so the first + + + align:start position:0% +it um and it should work y so the first +count is zero as we expected and the + + align:start position:0% +count is zero as we expected and the + + + align:start position:0% +count is zero as we expected and the +second count is + + align:start position:0% +second count is + + + align:start position:0% +second count is +two is that any questions about this + + align:start position:0% +two is that any questions about this + + + align:start position:0% +two is that any questions about this +code does it make sense is there another + + align:start position:0% +code does it make sense is there another + + + align:start position:0% +code does it make sense is there another +way that somebody tried + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it no okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +okay so dictionaries um are mutable + + align:start position:0% +okay so dictionaries um are mutable + + + align:start position:0% +okay so dictionaries um are mutable +objects right so all the aliasing and + + align:start position:0% +objects right so all the aliasing and + + + align:start position:0% +objects right so all the aliasing and +cloning rules apply remember when we + + align:start position:0% +cloning rules apply remember when we + + + align:start position:0% +cloning rules apply remember when we +talked about lists and um using the + + align:start position:0% +talked about lists and um using the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about lists and um using the +equal sign between a list and another + + align:start position:0% +equal sign between a list and another + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign between a list and another +variable name uh just a plain old equal + + align:start position:0% +variable name uh just a plain old equal + + + align:start position:0% +variable name uh just a plain old equal +sign means that you are making an alias + + align:start position:0% +sign means that you are making an alias + + + align:start position:0% +sign means that you are making an alias +for that list same thing applies to + + align:start position:0% +for that list same thing applies to + + + align:start position:0% +for that list same thing applies to +dictionary so using you know saying D1 + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so using you know saying D1 + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so using you know saying D1 +equals D2 where D2 is a dictionary means + + align:start position:0% +equals D2 where D2 is a dictionary means + + + align:start position:0% +equals D2 where D2 is a dictionary means +that you've just created an alias for + + align:start position:0% +that you've just created an alias for + + + align:start position:0% +that you've just created an alias for +that dictionary so if you change the + + align:start position:0% +that dictionary so if you change the + + + align:start position:0% +that dictionary so if you change the +dictionary through either of those + + align:start position:0% +dictionary through either of those + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary through either of those +variables you're changing the object + + align:start position:0% +variables you're changing the object + + + align:start position:0% +variables you're changing the object +itself um if you want to actually make a + + align:start position:0% +itself um if you want to actually make a + + + align:start position:0% +itself um if you want to actually make a +copy you use d. copy where D is the name + + align:start position:0% +copy you use d. copy where D is the name + + + align:start position:0% +copy you use d. copy where D is the name +of the dictionary you'd like a copy and + + align:start position:0% +of the dictionary you'd like a copy and + + + align:start position:0% +of the dictionary you'd like a copy and +that gets you a copy of that dictionary + + align:start position:0% +that gets you a copy of that dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +that gets you a copy of that dictionary +and then you can change it without + + align:start position:0% +and then you can change it without + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can change it without +changing the original + + align:start position:0% +changing the original + + + align:start position:0% +changing the original +one so let's talk a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +one so let's talk a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +one so let's talk a little bit about the +values for a dictionary and the keys + + align:start position:0% +values for a dictionary and the keys + + + align:start position:0% +values for a dictionary and the keys +because there are some restrictions on + + align:start position:0% +because there are some restrictions on + + + align:start position:0% +because there are some restrictions on +the keys for the dictionary no + + align:start position:0% +the keys for the dictionary no + + + align:start position:0% +the keys for the dictionary no +restrictions on the values so dictionary + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the values so dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the values so dictionary +values can be any type right you can + + align:start position:0% +values can be any type right you can + + + align:start position:0% +values can be any type right you can +have a a dictionary value that's a float + + align:start position:0% +have a a dictionary value that's a float + + + align:start position:0% +have a a dictionary value that's a float +int string tupal you can have a + + align:start position:0% +int string tupal you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +int string tupal you can have a +dictionary value that's a list right + + align:start position:0% +dictionary value that's a list right + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary value that's a list right +which is a mutable object you could have + + align:start position:0% +which is a mutable object you could have + + + align:start position:0% +which is a mutable object you could have +a dictionary value that's another + + align:start position:0% +a dictionary value that's another + + + align:start position:0% +a dictionary value that's another +dictionary all are okay whatever you'd + + align:start position:0% +dictionary all are okay whatever you'd + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary all are okay whatever you'd +like for the values to be um you can + + align:start position:0% +like for the values to be um you can + + + align:start position:0% +like for the values to be um you can +have dictionary values that are + + align:start position:0% +have dictionary values that are + + + align:start position:0% +have dictionary values that are +duplicates so you can have one key that + + align:start position:0% +duplicates so you can have one key that + + + align:start position:0% +duplicates so you can have one key that +maps to Value five another key that maps + + align:start position:0% +maps to Value five another key that maps + + + align:start position:0% +maps to Value five another key that maps +to Value five all good okay so the key + + align:start position:0% +to Value five all good okay so the key + + + align:start position:0% +to Value five all good okay so the key +uh so the values don't need need to be + + align:start position:0% +uh so the values don't need need to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the values don't need need to be +unique we do have restrictions on the + + align:start position:0% +unique we do have restrictions on the + + + align:start position:0% +unique we do have restrictions on the +keys though okay the first restriction + + align:start position:0% +keys though okay the first restriction + + + align:start position:0% +keys though okay the first restriction +on the keys is that it has to be unique + + align:start position:0% +on the keys is that it has to be unique + + + align:start position:0% +on the keys is that it has to be unique +right so if you're mapping a + + align:start position:0% +right so if you're mapping a + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you're mapping a +key one to Value + + align:start position:0% +key one to Value + + + align:start position:0% +key one to Value +five you cannot map a key one to Value + + align:start position:0% +five you cannot map a key one to Value + + + align:start position:0% +five you cannot map a key one to Value +six because if you go and look up the + + align:start position:0% +six because if you go and look up the + + + align:start position:0% +six because if you go and look up the +value associated with one how does + + align:start position:0% +value associated with one how does + + + align:start position:0% +value associated with one how does +python know which value you'd like the + + align:start position:0% +python know which value you'd like the + + + align:start position:0% +python know which value you'd like the +five or the six right so the keys have + + align:start position:0% +five or the six right so the keys have + + + align:start position:0% +five or the six right so the keys have +to be unique first of + + align:start position:0% +to be unique first of + + + align:start position:0% +to be unique first of +all second the keys have to be immutable + + align:start position:0% +all second the keys have to be immutable + + + align:start position:0% +all second the keys have to be immutable +um technically hashable but for the + + align:start position:0% +um technically hashable but for the + + + align:start position:0% +um technically hashable but for the +purposes of this class just think of + + align:start position:0% +purposes of this class just think of + + + align:start position:0% +purposes of this class just think of +them as having to be immutable so a key + + align:start position:0% +them as having to be immutable so a key + + + align:start position:0% +them as having to be immutable so a key +can only be one of these types that + + align:start position:0% +can only be one of these types that + + + align:start position:0% +can only be one of these types that +we've seen so far int float string Tuple + + align:start position:0% +we've seen so far int float string Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen so far int float string Tuple +or bu you cannot have a key that's a + + align:start position:0% +or bu you cannot have a key that's a + + + align:start position:0% +or bu you cannot have a key that's a +list you cannot have a key that's a + + align:start position:0% +list you cannot have a key that's a + + + align:start position:0% +list you cannot have a key that's a +dictionary because they're mutable + + align:start position:0% +dictionary because they're mutable + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary because they're mutable +objects so let's look at that a little + + align:start position:0% +objects so let's look at that a little + + + align:start position:0% +objects so let's look at that a little +bit uh further and in detail so the + + align:start position:0% +bit uh further and in detail so the + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh further and in detail so the +reason why we can't have uh a key that + + align:start position:0% +reason why we can't have uh a key that + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we can't have uh a key that +is mutable is because of the way keys + + align:start position:0% +is mutable is because of the way keys + + + align:start position:0% +is mutable is because of the way keys +are stored in Python or sorry the way + + align:start position:0% +are stored in Python or sorry the way + + + align:start position:0% +are stored in Python or sorry the way +the dictionaries are stored in Python so + + align:start position:0% +the dictionaries are stored in Python so + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionaries are stored in Python so +I'm going to show you an example on the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you an example on the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you an example on the +next slide first I'm going to explain + + align:start position:0% +next slide first I'm going to explain + + + align:start position:0% +next slide first I'm going to explain +how they're stored and then we'll go + + align:start position:0% +how they're stored and then we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +how they're stored and then we'll go +through an example showing you uh + + align:start position:0% +through an example showing you uh + + + align:start position:0% +through an example showing you uh +exactly uh you know why you can't have a + + align:start position:0% +exactly uh you know why you can't have a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly uh you know why you can't have a +mutable structure so the way keys are + + align:start position:0% +mutable structure so the way keys are + + + align:start position:0% +mutable structure so the way keys are +the way dictionaries are stored in + + align:start position:0% +the way dictionaries are stored in + + + align:start position:0% +the way dictionaries are stored in +Python is you first need a key right to + + align:start position:0% +Python is you first need a key right to + + + align:start position:0% +Python is you first need a key right to +asso with a value so everything starts + + align:start position:0% +asso with a value so everything starts + + + align:start position:0% +asso with a value so everything starts +off with the key you'd like to add to + + align:start position:0% +off with the key you'd like to add to + + + align:start position:0% +off with the key you'd like to add to +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +dictionary so python basically runs a + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so python basically runs a + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so python basically runs a +function called a hash function on the + + align:start position:0% +function called a hash function on the + + + align:start position:0% +function called a hash function on the +key for Simplicity sake let's say the + + align:start position:0% +key for Simplicity sake let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +key for Simplicity sake let's say the +key you're trying to store is a number + + align:start position:0% +key you're trying to store is a number + + + align:start position:0% +key you're trying to store is a number +that hash function might return that + + align:start position:0% +that hash function might return that + + + align:start position:0% +that hash function might return that +same number it might return something + + align:start position:0% +same number it might return something + + + align:start position:0% +same number it might return something +else if you're trying to store a string + + align:start position:0% +else if you're trying to store a string + + + align:start position:0% +else if you're trying to store a string +as a key python again runs maybe a + + align:start position:0% +as a key python again runs maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +as a key python again runs maybe a +different hash function that takes in + + align:start position:0% +different hash function that takes in + + + align:start position:0% +different hash function that takes in +that string which might be a you know a + + align:start position:0% +that string which might be a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +that string which might be a you know a +bunch of characters and it converts it + + align:start position:0% +bunch of characters and it converts it + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of characters and it converts it +to some number so the hash function + + align:start position:0% +to some number so the hash function + + + align:start position:0% +to some number so the hash function +always takes in your key and converts it + + align:start position:0% +always takes in your key and converts it + + + align:start position:0% +always takes in your key and converts it +to a + + align:start position:0% +to a + + + align:start position:0% +to a +number okay that number think of it like + + align:start position:0% +number okay that number think of it like + + + align:start position:0% +number okay that number think of it like +representing a memory location where + + align:start position:0% +representing a memory location where + + + align:start position:0% +representing a memory location where +you're going to store the value + + align:start position:0% +you're going to store the value + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to store the value +associated with that key right so you're + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key right so you're +always grabbing a number that represents + + align:start position:0% +always grabbing a number that represents + + + align:start position:0% +always grabbing a number that represents +a memory + + align:start position:0% +a memory + + + align:start position:0% +a memory +location at that memory location you'll + + align:start position:0% +location at that memory location you'll + + + align:start position:0% +location at that memory location you'll +store the value so next time you want to + + align:start position:0% +store the value so next time you want to + + + align:start position:0% +store the value so next time you want to +look up the value associated with a key + + align:start position:0% +look up the value associated with a key + + + align:start position:0% +look up the value associated with a key +you just run that same hash function the + + align:start position:0% +you just run that same hash function the + + + align:start position:0% +you just run that same hash function the +function won't change you run the same + + align:start position:0% +function won't change you run the same + + + align:start position:0% +function won't change you run the same +hash function on your object and you'll + + align:start position:0% +hash function on your object and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +hash function on your object and you'll +be able to get that same integer back + + align:start position:0% +be able to get that same integer back + + + align:start position:0% +be able to get that same integer back +you'll be able to grab that same value + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to grab that same value + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to grab that same value +back but if you're storing mutable + + align:start position:0% +back but if you're storing mutable + + + align:start position:0% +back but if you're storing mutable +objects that means that object can + + align:start position:0% +objects that means that object can + + + align:start position:0% +objects that means that object can +change so if you run the hash function + + align:start position:0% +change so if you run the hash function + + + align:start position:0% +change so if you run the hash function +the thing that gives you a number on + + align:start position:0% +the thing that gives you a number on + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that gives you a number on +something that's + + align:start position:0% +something that's + + + align:start position:0% +something that's +changed that number might not be the + + align:start position:0% +changed that number might not be the + + + align:start position:0% +changed that number might not be the +same right because you've changed the + + align:start position:0% +same right because you've changed the + + + align:start position:0% +same right because you've changed the +thing that you're passing into the + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're passing into the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're passing into the +function so why would it give you the + + align:start position:0% +function so why would it give you the + + + align:start position:0% +function so why would it give you the +same value value back so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +same value value back so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +same value value back so let's look at +this example so again we're storing + + align:start position:0% +this example so again we're storing + + + align:start position:0% +this example so again we're storing +grades and let's say we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +grades and let's say we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +grades and let's say we're trying to +store a bunch of grades inside our + + align:start position:0% +store a bunch of grades inside our + + + align:start position:0% +store a bunch of grades inside our +memory and let's say our memory is just + + align:start position:0% +memory and let's say our memory is just + + + align:start position:0% +memory and let's say our memory is just +uh you know 16 locations so zero through + + align:start position:0% +uh you know 16 locations so zero through + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know 16 locations so zero through +15 so at each at these locations I'm + + align:start position:0% +15 so at each at these locations I'm + + + align:start position:0% +15 so at each at these locations I'm +going to store grades associated with a + + align:start position:0% +going to store grades associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +going to store grades associated with a +person the function I'm going to run on + + align:start position:0% +person the function I'm going to run on + + + align:start position:0% +person the function I'm going to run on +the student is using their name so I'm + + align:start position:0% +the student is using their name so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the student is using their name so I'm +going to store um Anna's grade somewhere + + align:start position:0% +going to store um Anna's grade somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +going to store um Anna's grade somewhere +but I need to run a function that takes + + align:start position:0% +but I need to run a function that takes + + + align:start position:0% +but I need to run a function that takes +in the string + + align:start position:0% +in the string + + + align:start position:0% +in the string +Ana and gets gets for me a number that + + align:start position:0% +Ana and gets gets for me a number that + + + align:start position:0% +Ana and gets gets for me a number that +number is where I'm going to store my + + align:start position:0% +number is where I'm going to store my + + + align:start position:0% +number is where I'm going to store my +grade so a simple hash function we might + + align:start position:0% +grade so a simple hash function we might + + + align:start position:0% +grade so a simple hash function we might +do is to say well I'm going to take uh a + + align:start position:0% +do is to say well I'm going to take uh a + + + align:start position:0% +do is to say well I'm going to take uh a +and map it to one B map it to two c map + + align:start position:0% +and map it to one B map it to two c map + + + align:start position:0% +and map it to one B map it to two c map +it to three and so on I can sum all of + + align:start position:0% +it to three and so on I can sum all of + + + align:start position:0% +it to three and so on I can sum all of +those uh numbers associated with my + + align:start position:0% +those uh numbers associated with my + + + align:start position:0% +those uh numbers associated with my +letters and my name right 16 and then I + + align:start position:0% +letters and my name right 16 and then I + + + align:start position:0% +letters and my name right 16 and then I +can mod it with 16 which is how many + + align:start position:0% +can mod it with 16 which is how many + + + align:start position:0% +can mod it with 16 which is how many +entries I have in my memory so if I mod + + align:start position:0% +entries I have in my memory so if I mod + + + align:start position:0% +entries I have in my memory so if I mod +it with 16 that's going to give me a + + align:start position:0% +it with 16 that's going to give me a + + + align:start position:0% +it with 16 that's going to give me a +number zero through 15 right if you take + + align:start position:0% +number zero through 15 right if you take + + + align:start position:0% +number zero through 15 right if you take +the remainder when you divide by 16 + + align:start position:0% +the remainder when you divide by 16 + + + align:start position:0% +the remainder when you divide by 16 +you'll either get zero all the way up + + align:start position:0% +you'll either get zero all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +you'll either get zero all the way up +through 15 so if I mod my name that + + align:start position:0% +through 15 so if I mod my name that + + + align:start position:0% +through 15 so if I mod my name that +means I'm going to store my + + align:start position:0% +means I'm going to store my + + + align:start position:0% +means I'm going to store my +grade uh at at memory location + + align:start position:0% +grade uh at at memory location + + + align:start position:0% +grade uh at at memory location +zero so far so + + align:start position:0% +zero so far so + + + align:start position:0% +zero so far so +good so I'm basically I I made up this + + align:start position:0% +good so I'm basically I I made up this + + + align:start position:0% +good so I'm basically I I made up this +hash function that tells me where to put + + align:start position:0% +hash function that tells me where to put + + + align:start position:0% +hash function that tells me where to put +my uh my grade now I add another person + + align:start position:0% +my uh my grade now I add another person + + + align:start position:0% +my uh my grade now I add another person +again I'm going to look I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to look I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to look I'm going to +convert the letter and their name to + + align:start position:0% +convert the letter and their name to + + + align:start position:0% +convert the letter and their name to +numbers so that I can easily get a + + align:start position:0% +numbers so that I can easily get a + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so that I can easily get a +number out of their uh out of their + + align:start position:0% +number out of their uh out of their + + + align:start position:0% +number out of their uh out of their +their letters so I'm basically hashing + + align:start position:0% +their letters so I'm basically hashing + + + align:start position:0% +their letters so I'm basically hashing +their number their uh letters to a + + align:start position:0% +their number their uh letters to a + + + align:start position:0% +their number their uh letters to a +number again summing this for Eric is 35 + + align:start position:0% +number again summing this for Eric is 35 + + + align:start position:0% +number again summing this for Eric is 35 +I'm going to mod it with 16 which means + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to mod it with 16 which means + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to mod it with 16 which means +I'm going to put Eric's grade at + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put Eric's grade at + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put Eric's grade at +location + + align:start position:0% +location + + + align:start position:0% +location +three next person John same thing right + + align:start position:0% +three next person John same thing right + + + align:start position:0% +three next person John same thing right +I add the numbers mod 16 I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I add the numbers mod 16 I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I add the numbers mod 16 I'm going to +put John at location 15 so this is my + + align:start position:0% +put John at location 15 so this is my + + + align:start position:0% +put John at location 15 so this is my +memory where I'm storing the values + + align:start position:0% +memory where I'm storing the values + + + align:start position:0% +memory where I'm storing the values +associated with these students so if I + + align:start position:0% +associated with these students so if I + + + align:start position:0% +associated with these students so if I +want to grab back my grade I run the + + align:start position:0% +want to grab back my grade I run the + + + align:start position:0% +want to grab back my grade I run the +exact same hash function so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +exact same hash function so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +exact same hash function so I'm going to +run the same hash function on my name my + + align:start position:0% +run the same hash function on my name my + + + align:start position:0% +run the same hash function on my name my +name hasn't changed right it's still the + + align:start position:0% +name hasn't changed right it's still the + + + align:start position:0% +name hasn't changed right it's still the +string I'm not allowed to change it + + align:start position:0% +string I'm not allowed to change it + + + align:start position:0% +string I'm not allowed to change it +because it's a string and so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +because it's a string and so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a string and so I'm going +to get the same value back zero so that + + align:start position:0% +to get the same value back zero so that + + + align:start position:0% +to get the same value back zero so that +means to grab the uh letter associated + + align:start position:0% +means to grab the uh letter associated + + + align:start position:0% +means to grab the uh letter associated +with my name I just need to go straight + + align:start position:0% +with my name I just need to go straight + + + align:start position:0% +with my name I just need to go straight +into my memory location and look up the + + align:start position:0% +into my memory location and look up the + + + align:start position:0% +into my memory location and look up the +value Associated the value at that + + align:start position:0% +value Associated the value at that + + + align:start position:0% +value Associated the value at that +memory location so I know it's going to + + align:start position:0% +memory location so I know it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +memory location so I know it's going to +be a c + + align:start position:0% +be a c + + + align:start position:0% +be a c +now let's say I'm uh storing a + + align:start position:0% +now let's say I'm uh storing a + + + align:start position:0% +now let's say I'm uh storing a +list a student name as a list okay so + + align:start position:0% +list a student name as a list okay so + + + align:start position:0% +list a student name as a list okay so +again Anna Eric and John are immutable + + align:start position:0% +again Anna Eric and John are immutable + + + align:start position:0% +again Anna Eric and John are immutable +right they will not change but if I + + align:start position:0% +right they will not change but if I + + + align:start position:0% +right they will not change but if I +store Kate as a list her name might + + align:start position:0% +store Kate as a list her name might + + + align:start position:0% +store Kate as a list her name might +change again I can run the same hash + + align:start position:0% +change again I can run the same hash + + + align:start position:0% +change again I can run the same hash +function on her name that means her + + align:start position:0% +function on her name that means her + + + align:start position:0% +function on her name that means her +grade when I first store it is going to + + align:start position:0% +grade when I first store it is going to + + + align:start position:0% +grade when I first store it is going to +be at location five so I'm storing Kate + + align:start position:0% +be at location five so I'm storing Kate + + + align:start position:0% +be at location five so I'm storing Kate +at location + + align:start position:0% +at location + + + align:start position:0% +at location +five all these three St strings I know I + + align:start position:0% +five all these three St strings I know I + + + align:start position:0% +five all these three St strings I know I +can get back because they cannot change + + align:start position:0% +can get back because they cannot change + + + align:start position:0% +can get back because they cannot change +but let's say that Kate Went goes and + + align:start position:0% +but let's say that Kate Went goes and + + + align:start position:0% +but let's say that Kate Went goes and +changes her name for Kate with a K to + + align:start position:0% +changes her name for Kate with a K to + + + align:start position:0% +changes her name for Kate with a K to +Kate with a + + align:start position:0% +Kate with a + + + align:start position:0% +Kate with a +c it's the same object right the same + + align:start position:0% +c it's the same object right the same + + + align:start position:0% +c it's the same object right the same +person she earned her Grade B originally + + align:start position:0% +person she earned her Grade B originally + + + align:start position:0% +person she earned her Grade B originally +so if I want to grab her grade back even + + align:start position:0% +so if I want to grab her grade back even + + + align:start position:0% +so if I want to grab her grade back even +though her name has changed I would + + align:start position:0% +though her name has changed I would + + + align:start position:0% +though her name has changed I would +still like to grab the B associated with + + align:start position:0% +still like to grab the B associated with + + + align:start position:0% +still like to grab the B associated with +her as a + + align:start position:0% +her as a + + + align:start position:0% +her as a +person but Kate with a c if I run that + + align:start position:0% +person but Kate with a c if I run that + + + align:start position:0% +person but Kate with a c if I run that +same hash function that I ran to put her + + align:start position:0% +same hash function that I ran to put her + + + align:start position:0% +same hash function that I ran to put her +grade in my + + align:start position:0% +grade in my + + + align:start position:0% +grade in my +table tells me that I now need to look + + align:start position:0% +table tells me that I now need to look + + + align:start position:0% +table tells me that I now need to look +up her grade at memory location 13 no + + align:start position:0% +up her grade at memory location 13 no + + + align:start position:0% +up her grade at memory location 13 no +longer at memory location five right + + align:start position:0% +longer at memory location five right + + + align:start position:0% +longer at memory location five right +she's not + + align:start position:0% +she's not + + + align:start position:0% +she's not +there okay so now it's like you know did + + align:start position:0% +there okay so now it's like you know did + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so now it's like you know did +the student disappear all that stuff so + + align:start position:0% +the student disappear all that stuff so + + + align:start position:0% +the student disappear all that stuff so +you see now that means I that's that's + + align:start position:0% +you see now that means I that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +you see now that means I that's that's +the reason why I cannot have a mut a + + align:start position:0% +the reason why I cannot have a mut a + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why I cannot have a mut a +mutable object as a key to my list + + align:start position:0% +mutable object as a key to my list + + + align:start position:0% +mutable object as a key to my list +because if that object changes running + + align:start position:0% +because if that object changes running + + + align:start position:0% +because if that object changes running +that hash function on that changed + + align:start position:0% +that hash function on that changed + + + align:start position:0% +that hash function on that changed +object might not give me the same memory + + align:start position:0% +object might not give me the same memory + + + align:start position:0% +object might not give me the same memory +location where I originally stored the + + align:start position:0% +location where I originally stored the + + + align:start position:0% +location where I originally stored the +value associated with that + + align:start position:0% +value associated with that + + + align:start position:0% +value associated with that +object does that make + + align:start position:0% +object does that make + + + align:start position:0% +object does that make +sense okay so let's revisit our original + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so let's revisit our original + + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so let's revisit our original +example the one where we tried to uh + + align:start position:0% +example the one where we tried to uh + + + align:start position:0% +example the one where we tried to uh +store everything in a master list all + + align:start position:0% +store everything in a master list all + + + align:start position:0% +store everything in a master list all +these grades in a master list now let's + + align:start position:0% +these grades in a master list now let's + + + align:start position:0% +these grades in a master list now let's +store it in a master dictionary okay so + + align:start position:0% +store it in a master dictionary okay so + + + align:start position:0% +store it in a master dictionary okay so +I've got my grades notice curly bracket + + align:start position:0% +I've got my grades notice curly bracket + + + align:start position:0% +I've got my grades notice curly bracket +curly bracket is a dictionary I've got + + align:start position:0% +curly bracket is a dictionary I've got + + + align:start position:0% +curly bracket is a dictionary I've got +two students in my class + + align:start position:0% +two students in my class + + + align:start position:0% +two students in my class +Anna right so this is Anna's information + + align:start position:0% +Anna right so this is Anna's information + + + align:start position:0% +Anna right so this is Anna's information +and Bob that's Bob's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +information so just two students in my + + align:start position:0% +information so just two students in my + + + align:start position:0% +information so just two students in my +master dictionary so the key Anna right + + align:start position:0% +master dictionary so the key Anna right + + + align:start position:0% +master dictionary so the key Anna right +is going to be uh one entries one entry + + align:start position:0% +is going to be uh one entries one entry + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be uh one entries one entry +key key Bob is the other entry key and + + align:start position:0% +key key Bob is the other entry key and + + + align:start position:0% +key key Bob is the other entry key and +what's the information associated with + + align:start position:0% +what's the information associated with + + + align:start position:0% +what's the information associated with +these keys well with Anna I've got this + + align:start position:0% +these keys well with Anna I've got this + + + align:start position:0% +these keys well with Anna I've got this +dictionary associated with her name so + + align:start position:0% +dictionary associated with her name so + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary associated with her name so +that's this big thing here I'll explain + + align:start position:0% +that's this big thing here I'll explain + + + align:start position:0% +that's this big thing here I'll explain +it in a bit and similarly with Bob Bob + + align:start position:0% +it in a bit and similarly with Bob Bob + + + align:start position:0% +it in a bit and similarly with Bob Bob +has one thing associated with it him and + + align:start position:0% +has one thing associated with it him and + + + align:start position:0% +has one thing associated with it him and +it's another + + align:start position:0% +it's another + + + align:start position:0% +it's another +dictionary okay so I'm mapping strings + + align:start position:0% +dictionary okay so I'm mapping strings + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary okay so I'm mapping strings +to dictionaries here and that's fine + + align:start position:0% +to dictionaries here and that's fine + + + align:start position:0% +to dictionaries here and that's fine +because values in a dictionary can be + + align:start position:0% +because values in a dictionary can be + + + align:start position:0% +because values in a dictionary can be +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +dictionaries so what are these + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries so what are these + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries so what are these +dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries +about well the number of items in the + + align:start position:0% +about well the number of items in the + + + align:start position:0% +about well the number of items in the +dictionary for a p for a particular + + align:start position:0% +dictionary for a p for a particular + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary for a p for a particular +person there's three elements right so + + align:start position:0% +person there's three elements right so + + + align:start position:0% +person there's three elements right so +comma comma separates my three elements + + align:start position:0% +comma comma separates my three elements + + + align:start position:0% +comma comma separates my three elements +the first one is going to be mapped with + + align:start position:0% +the first one is going to be mapped with + + + align:start position:0% +the first one is going to be mapped with +key mq the second one mapped with key PS + + align:start position:0% +key mq the second one mapped with key PS + + + align:start position:0% +key mq the second one mapped with key PS +for PR set and the last one mapped with + + align:start position:0% +for PR set and the last one mapped with + + + align:start position:0% +for PR set and the last one mapped with +the string fin for final great so each + + align:start position:0% +the string fin for final great so each + + + align:start position:0% +the string fin for final great so each +one of these students has this + + align:start position:0% +one of these students has this + + + align:start position:0% +one of these students has this +dictionary associated with them and that + + align:start position:0% +dictionary associated with them and that + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary associated with them and that +dictionary then itself has three entries + + align:start position:0% +dictionary then itself has three entries + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary then itself has three entries +one for the micro quiz one for the PS + + align:start position:0% +one for the micro quiz one for the PS + + + align:start position:0% +one for the micro quiz one for the PS +one for the final + + align:start position:0% +one for the final + + + align:start position:0% +one for the final +scores so now what's the values + + align:start position:0% +scores so now what's the values + + + align:start position:0% +scores so now what's the values +associated with those keys well the + + align:start position:0% +associated with those keys well the + + + align:start position:0% +associated with those keys well the +micro quiz is going to be a list the + + align:start position:0% +micro quiz is going to be a list the + + + align:start position:0% +micro quiz is going to be a list the +pris set is going to be a list and the + + align:start position:0% +pris set is going to be a list and the + + + align:start position:0% +pris set is going to be a list and the +final is going to be a string so a + + align:start position:0% +final is going to be a string so a + + + align:start position:0% +final is going to be a string so a +really nice representation of my uh of + + align:start position:0% +really nice representation of my uh of + + + align:start position:0% +really nice representation of my uh of +my class right and same for + + align:start position:0% +my class right and same for + + + align:start position:0% +my class right and same for +Bob so now what if we want to grab a + + align:start position:0% +Bob so now what if we want to grab a + + + align:start position:0% +Bob so now what if we want to grab a +student's exam grade or the students uh + + align:start position:0% +student's exam grade or the students uh + + + align:start position:0% +student's exam grade or the students uh +you know list of exam grades remember + + align:start position:0% +you know list of exam grades remember + + + align:start position:0% +you know list of exam grades remember +that big function right with the two + + align:start position:0% +that big function right with the two + + + align:start position:0% +that big function right with the two +nested for loops and the nested ifs that + + align:start position:0% +nested for loops and the nested ifs that + + + align:start position:0% +nested for loops and the nested ifs that +becomes this + + align:start position:0% +becomes this + + + align:start position:0% +becomes this +line Isn't that + + align:start position:0% +line Isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +line Isn't that +cool Applause I like that yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +cool Applause I like that yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +cool Applause I like that yeah exactly +we should applaud this because look how + + align:start position:0% +we should applaud this because look how + + + align:start position:0% +we should applaud this because look how +easy it is now to gra yes thank you + + align:start position:0% +easy it is now to gra yes thank you + + + align:start position:0% +easy it is now to gra yes thank you +yes dictionaries are awesome guys so + + align:start position:0% +yes dictionaries are awesome guys so + + + align:start position:0% +yes dictionaries are awesome guys so +yeah so look that line becomes this you + + align:start position:0% +yeah so look that line becomes this you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so look that line becomes this you +know grabbing one uh one quiz score + + align:start position:0% +know grabbing one uh one quiz score + + + align:start position:0% +know grabbing one uh one quiz score +becomes this single line of code right + + align:start position:0% +becomes this single line of code right + + + align:start position:0% +becomes this single line of code right +here so let's break it down again we do + + align:start position:0% +here so let's break it down again we do + + + align:start position:0% +here so let's break it down again we do +left to right whenever we've got this + + align:start position:0% +left to right whenever we've got this + + + align:start position:0% +left to right whenever we've got this +chain of stuff going on so the first + + align:start position:0% +chain of stuff going on so the first + + + align:start position:0% +chain of stuff going on so the first +first thing we say is well we're looking + + align:start position:0% +first thing we say is well we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +first thing we say is well we're looking +up grades at some index so grades at + + align:start position:0% +up grades at some index so grades at + + + align:start position:0% +up grades at some index so grades at +some index gives me that dictionary so + + align:start position:0% +some index gives me that dictionary so + + + align:start position:0% +some index gives me that dictionary so +something like uh this whole thing here + + align:start position:0% +something like uh this whole thing here + + + align:start position:0% +something like uh this whole thing here +right okay good that's First Chain now + + align:start position:0% +right okay good that's First Chain now + + + align:start position:0% +right okay good that's First Chain now +this box here gets replaced with that + + align:start position:0% +this box here gets replaced with that + + + align:start position:0% +this box here gets replaced with that +dictionary and I'm doing another index + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and I'm doing another index + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and I'm doing another index +into that dictionary so that means I'm + + align:start position:0% +into that dictionary so that means I'm + + + align:start position:0% +into that dictionary so that means I'm +going to grab the mq associated + + align:start position:0% +going to grab the mq associated + + + align:start position:0% +going to grab the mq associated +with that um that + + align:start position:0% +with that um that + + + align:start position:0% +with that um that +dictionary so the value associated with + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so the value associated with + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so the value associated with +mq is going to be this list + + align:start position:0% +mq is going to be this list + + + align:start position:0% +mq is going to be this list +544 so this box here gets replaced with + + align:start position:0% +544 so this box here gets replaced with + + + align:start position:0% +544 so this box here gets replaced with +the list 544 and then if I want to grab + + align:start position:0% +the list 544 and then if I want to grab + + + align:start position:0% +the list 544 and then if I want to grab +just the first quiz value I say now I'm + + align:start position:0% +just the first quiz value I say now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +just the first quiz value I say now I'm +going to index in the list 544 at index + + align:start position:0% +going to index in the list 544 at index + + + align:start position:0% +going to index in the list 544 at index +zero so that grabs for me just the five + + align:start position:0% +zero so that grabs for me just the five + + + align:start position:0% +zero so that grabs for me just the five +so then the first quiz score for Anna + + align:start position:0% +so then the first quiz score for Anna + + + align:start position:0% +so then the first quiz score for Anna +was a five it's pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +okay so um + + align:start position:0% +okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um +um let's have you think about + + align:start position:0% +um let's have you think about + + + align:start position:0% +um let's have you think about +this this is a function nothing to code + + align:start position:0% +this this is a function nothing to code + + + align:start position:0% +this this is a function nothing to code +here just just to think this is a + + align:start position:0% +here just just to think this is a + + + align:start position:0% +here just just to think this is a +function that grabs + + align:start position:0% +function that grabs + + + align:start position:0% +function that grabs +um the average of every + + align:start position:0% +um the average of every + + + align:start position:0% +um the average of every +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +thing where that thing is what in the + + align:start position:0% +thing where that thing is what in the + + + align:start position:0% +thing where that thing is what in the +class so if what is mq as you know is in + + align:start position:0% +class so if what is mq as you know is in + + + align:start position:0% +class so if what is mq as you know is in +down here in this example if what is mq + + align:start position:0% +down here in this example if what is mq + + + align:start position:0% +down here in this example if what is mq +this code is supposed to get the average + + align:start position:0% +this code is supposed to get the average + + + align:start position:0% +this code is supposed to get the average +of all of the micro quizzes for all the + + align:start position:0% +of all of the micro quizzes for all the + + + align:start position:0% +of all of the micro quizzes for all the +students in the class so you basically + + align:start position:0% +students in the class so you basically + + + align:start position:0% +students in the class so you basically +want to grab the average of 10 plus 8+ + + align:start position:0% +want to grab the average of 10 plus 8+ + + + align:start position:0% +want to grab the average of 10 plus 8+ +three and if it's PS I would like to + + align:start position:0% +three and if it's PS I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +three and if it's PS I would like to +grab the average of all the problem sets + + align:start position:0% +grab the average of all the problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +grab the average of all the problem sets +for all the students in the class so the + + align:start position:0% +for all the students in the class so the + + + align:start position:0% +for all the students in the class so the +average of 10 10 7 8 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so we've got a loop right that goes + + align:start position:0% +zero so we've got a loop right that goes + + + align:start position:0% +zero so we've got a loop right that goes +through every student in the keys so the + + align:start position:0% +through every student in the keys so the + + + align:start position:0% +through every student in the keys so the +student uh stud stud stude here is going + + align:start position:0% +student uh stud stud stude here is going + + + align:start position:0% +student uh stud stud stude here is going +to be this dictionary right so given + + align:start position:0% +to be this dictionary right so given + + + align:start position:0% +to be this dictionary right so given +this dictionary what line should you + + align:start position:0% +this dictionary what line should you + + + align:start position:0% +this dictionary what line should you +insert here such that you're creating a + + align:start position:0% +insert here such that you're creating a + + + align:start position:0% +insert here such that you're creating a +list just a single top level list of all + + align:start position:0% +list just a single top level list of all + + + align:start position:0% +list just a single top level list of all +of the values in there so the thing you + + align:start position:0% +of the values in there so the thing you + + + align:start position:0% +of the values in there so the thing you +actually want to end up with and if + + align:start position:0% +actually want to end up with and if + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to end up with and if +we're looking at the PS scores just + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the PS scores just + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the PS scores just +because it's a little easier to think + + align:start position:0% +because it's a little easier to think + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a little easier to think +about is going to be 10 10 right um + + align:start position:0% +about is going to be 10 10 right um + + + align:start position:0% +about is going to be 10 10 right um +seven eight and + + align:start position:0% +seven eight and + + + align:start position:0% +seven eight and +zero so in the end what I would like to + + align:start position:0% +zero so in the end what I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +zero so in the end what I would like to +get in my all data this list that I'm + + align:start position:0% +get in my all data this list that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +get in my all data this list that I'm +maintaining here is something like this + + align:start position:0% +maintaining here is something like this + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining here is something like this +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +PS so think about which one of these + + align:start position:0% +PS so think about which one of these + + + align:start position:0% +PS so think about which one of these +lines will accomplish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and just to help you out we can say + + align:start position:0% +that and just to help you out we can say + + + align:start position:0% +that and just to help you out we can say +student is you know my dictionary + + align:start position:0% +student is you know my dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +student is you know my dictionary +of who thinks it's the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one second one + + align:start position:0% +one second one + + + align:start position:0% +one second one +third one fourth + + align:start position:0% +third one fourth + + + align:start position:0% +third one fourth +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay nobody thought it's the first one + + align:start position:0% +okay nobody thought it's the first one + + + align:start position:0% +okay nobody thought it's the first one +you guys + + align:start position:0% +you guys + + + align:start position:0% +you guys +sure okay why do you think it's the + + align:start position:0% +sure okay why do you think it's the + + + align:start position:0% +sure okay why do you think it's the +second one is it because of the + + align:start position:0% +second one is it because of the + + + align:start position:0% +second one is it because of the +append yeah let's think about it so all + + align:start position:0% +append yeah let's think about it so all + + + align:start position:0% +append yeah let's think about it so all +data is a list and what are we appending + + align:start position:0% +data is a list and what are we appending + + + align:start position:0% +data is a list and what are we appending +so what is data at stud at what going to + + align:start position:0% +so what is data at stud at what going to + + + align:start position:0% +so what is data at stud at what going to +give + + align:start position:0% +give + + + align:start position:0% +give +us data at student + + align:start position:0% +us data at student + + + align:start position:0% +us data at student +student is the dictionary this + + align:start position:0% +student is the dictionary this + + + align:start position:0% +student is the dictionary this +dictionary here right this value + + align:start position:0% +dictionary here right this value + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary here right this value +here and if we take this value and index + + align:start position:0% +here and if we take this value and index + + + align:start position:0% +here and if we take this value and index +into the what will it be an integer or + + align:start position:0% +into the what will it be an integer or + + + align:start position:0% +into the what will it be an integer or +will it be a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list a list so when we append a list to + + align:start position:0% +list a list so when we append a list to + + + align:start position:0% +list a list so when we append a list to +another list what is that going to give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us so if we have a list already with you + + align:start position:0% +us so if we have a list already with you + + + align:start position:0% +us so if we have a list already with you +know you know a BC if I append another + + align:start position:0% +know you know a BC if I append another + + + align:start position:0% +know you know a BC if I append another +list to this will it put the element + + align:start position:0% +list to this will it put the element + + + align:start position:0% +list to this will it put the element +within that list or the list + + align:start position:0% +within that list or the list + + + align:start position:0% +within that list or the list +itself yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly so I don't that's not going to + + align:start position:0% +exactly so I don't that's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so I don't that's not going to +work for us clearly D is not right + + align:start position:0% +work for us clearly D is not right + + + align:start position:0% +work for us clearly D is not right +either uh and definitely indexing into + + align:start position:0% +either uh and definitely indexing into + + + align:start position:0% +either uh and definitely indexing into +Data at student at what is not going to + + align:start position:0% +Data at student at what is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +Data at student at what is not going to +be right okay so that leaves one other + + align:start position:0% +be right okay so that leaves one other + + + align:start position:0% +be right okay so that leaves one other +choice the first + + align:start position:0% +choice the first + + + align:start position:0% +choice the first +one so let's see the first one works + + align:start position:0% +one so let's see the first one works + + + align:start position:0% +one so let's see the first one works +we're concatenating right so the plus + + align:start position:0% +we're concatenating right so the plus + + + align:start position:0% +we're concatenating right so the plus +concatenates so let's say I already have + + align:start position:0% +concatenates so let's say I already have + + + align:start position:0% +concatenates so let's say I already have +a list a b c I'm going to concatenate + + align:start position:0% +a list a b c I'm going to concatenate + + + align:start position:0% +a list a b c I'm going to concatenate +something I already have with data at + + align:start position:0% +something I already have with data at + + + align:start position:0% +something I already have with data at +student at what which we said is what is + + align:start position:0% +student at what which we said is what is + + + align:start position:0% +student at what which we said is what is +it a single element or another list + + align:start position:0% +it a single element or another list + + + align:start position:0% +it a single element or another list +exactly so we would concatenate with + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we would concatenate with + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we would concatenate with +something like you know 10 10 or + + align:start position:0% +something like you know 10 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +something like you know 10 10 or +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that so that will return for us a b c 10 + + align:start position:0% +that so that will return for us a b c 10 + + + align:start position:0% +that so that will return for us a b c 10 +10 which will allow us to do something + + align:start position:0% +10 which will allow us to do something + + + align:start position:0% +10 which will allow us to do something +like getting the sum of all these + + align:start position:0% +like getting the sum of all these + + + align:start position:0% +like getting the sum of all these +elements questions about that does that + + align:start position:0% +elements questions about that does that + + + align:start position:0% +elements questions about that does that +make sense is that right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because we're indexing into mq so + + align:start position:0% +yeah because we're indexing into mq so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because we're indexing into mq so +if you index into mq mq is your key so + + align:start position:0% +if you index into mq mq is your key so + + + align:start position:0% +if you index into mq mq is your key so +you grab the value associated with that + + align:start position:0% +you grab the value associated with that + + + align:start position:0% +you grab the value associated with that +key so that would be this list here the + + align:start position:0% +key so that would be this list here the + + + align:start position:0% +key so that would be this list here the +10 or for PS it would be the list 10 + + align:start position:0% +10 or for PS it would be the list 10 + + + align:start position:0% +10 or for PS it would be the list 10 +10 so quick um recap on lists and + + align:start position:0% +10 so quick um recap on lists and + + + align:start position:0% +10 so quick um recap on lists and +dictionaries before we do one final + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries before we do one final + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries before we do one final +longer example so again lists are + + align:start position:0% +longer example so again lists are + + + align:start position:0% +longer example so again lists are +ordered sequences of elements right + + align:start position:0% +ordered sequences of elements right + + + align:start position:0% +ordered sequences of elements right +there is some element at index zero + + align:start position:0% +there is some element at index zero + + + align:start position:0% +there is some element at index zero +there's some element at index one some + + align:start position:0% +there's some element at index one some + + + align:start position:0% +there's some element at index one some +element at index two so we do have these + + align:start position:0% +element at index two so we do have these + + + align:start position:0% +element at index two so we do have these +quote unquote indices right um but + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote indices right um but + + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote indices right um but +there's there's an order to these + + align:start position:0% +there's there's an order to these + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's an order to these +indices and there has to be an element + + align:start position:0% +indices and there has to be an element + + + align:start position:0% +indices and there has to be an element +index zero and further up from there + + align:start position:0% +index zero and further up from there + + + align:start position:0% +index zero and further up from there +right um dictionaries also have these + + align:start position:0% +right um dictionaries also have these + + + align:start position:0% +right um dictionaries also have these +quote unquote indices which we call keys + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote indices which we call keys + + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote indices which we call keys +but these are Customs so you can + + align:start position:0% +but these are Customs so you can + + + align:start position:0% +but these are Customs so you can +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +rearrange uh you can think of it as + + align:start position:0% +rearrange uh you can think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +rearrange uh you can think of it as +being allowed to rearrange indices + + align:start position:0% +being allowed to rearrange indices + + + align:start position:0% +being allowed to rearrange indices +however you'd like right there's no + + align:start position:0% +however you'd like right there's no + + + align:start position:0% +however you'd like right there's no +order to the indices in a + + align:start position:0% +order to the indices in a + + + align:start position:0% +order to the indices in a +dictionary um there are some + + align:start position:0% +dictionary um there are some + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary um there are some +restrictions on the keys or these + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the keys or these + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the keys or these +indices so they can't be immutable okay + + align:start position:0% +indices so they can't be immutable okay + + + align:start position:0% +indices so they can't be immutable okay +hashable um but other than that you know + + align:start position:0% +hashable um but other than that you know + + + align:start position:0% +hashable um but other than that you know +the the things that you store uh related + + align:start position:0% +the the things that you store uh related + + + align:start position:0% +the the things that you store uh related +to that key can be any type just like + + align:start position:0% +to that key can be any type just like + + + align:start position:0% +to that key can be any type just like +you can store any type in a + + align:start position:0% +you can store any type in a + + + align:start position:0% +you can store any type in a +list so the last thing I'd like to go + + align:start position:0% +list so the last thing I'd like to go + + + align:start position:0% +list so the last thing I'd like to go +through is a larger example and this + + align:start position:0% +through is a larger example and this + + + align:start position:0% +through is a larger example and this +would showcase a whole bunch of things + + align:start position:0% +would showcase a whole bunch of things + + + align:start position:0% +would showcase a whole bunch of things +that we've been talking about so far + + align:start position:0% +that we've been talking about so far + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been talking about so far +it'll showcase sort of how to um uh + + align:start position:0% +it'll showcase sort of how to um uh + + + align:start position:0% +it'll showcase sort of how to um uh +first of all create dictionaries which + + align:start position:0% +first of all create dictionaries which + + + align:start position:0% +first of all create dictionaries which +is what we did today it'll showcase how + + align:start position:0% +is what we did today it'll showcase how + + + align:start position:0% +is what we did today it'll showcase how +to reuse functions you know how to write + + align:start position:0% +to reuse functions you know how to write + + + align:start position:0% +to reuse functions you know how to write +functions and reuse functions in other + + align:start position:0% +functions and reuse functions in other + + + align:start position:0% +functions and reuse functions in other +places it'll showcase a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +places it'll showcase a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +places it'll showcase a little bit of +mutability as well um but you know this + + align:start position:0% +mutability as well um but you know this + + + align:start position:0% +mutability as well um but you know this +is all in in a larger example and you + + align:start position:0% +is all in in a larger example and you + + + align:start position:0% +is all in in a larger example and you +know if I go a little bit fast through + + align:start position:0% +know if I go a little bit fast through + + + align:start position:0% +know if I go a little bit fast through +this I've given you python tutor links + + align:start position:0% +this I've given you python tutor links + + + align:start position:0% +this I've given you python tutor links +and it's also in the file uh to run on + + align:start position:0% +and it's also in the file uh to run on + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also in the file uh to run on +your own so that the goal of this + + align:start position:0% +your own so that the goal of this + + + align:start position:0% +your own so that the goal of this +function of this last example is to + + align:start position:0% +function of this last example is to + + + align:start position:0% +function of this last example is to +basically find the most common words in + + align:start position:0% +basically find the most common words in + + + align:start position:0% +basically find the most common words in +a song's lyrics and dictionaries are + + align:start position:0% +a song's lyrics and dictionaries are + + + align:start position:0% +a song's lyrics and dictionaries are +going to be really useful for doing + + align:start position:0% +going to be really useful for doing + + + align:start position:0% +going to be really useful for doing +something like this so I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +something like this so I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +something like this so I'm going to show +you first of all what we want to end up + + align:start position:0% +you first of all what we want to end up + + + align:start position:0% +you first of all what we want to end up +with and then we can talk about how to + + align:start position:0% +with and then we can talk about how to + + + align:start position:0% +with and then we can talk about how to +divide this larger problem into smaller + + align:start position:0% +divide this larger problem into smaller + + + align:start position:0% +divide this larger problem into smaller +pieces so uh okay so those are all the + + align:start position:0% +pieces so uh okay so those are all the + + + align:start position:0% +pieces so uh okay so those are all the +pieces but basically what I want to end + + align:start position:0% +pieces but basically what I want to end + + + align:start position:0% +pieces but basically what I want to end +up with is I want to have a + + align:start position:0% +up with is I want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +up with is I want to have a +song uh be stored as a + + align:start position:0% +song uh be stored as a + + + align:start position:0% +song uh be stored as a +string okay um you'll recognize these + + align:start position:0% +string okay um you'll recognize these + + + align:start position:0% +string okay um you'll recognize these +but these are very old I actually have + + align:start position:0% +but these are very old I actually have + + + align:start position:0% +but these are very old I actually have +haven't updated these songs for a few + + align:start position:0% +haven't updated these songs for a few + + + align:start position:0% +haven't updated these songs for a few +years but yeah anyway don't judge so + + align:start position:0% +years but yeah anyway don't judge so + + + align:start position:0% +years but yeah anyway don't judge so +I've got a song stored as a + + align:start position:0% +I've got a song stored as a + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a song stored as a +string and I'm going to run each + + align:start position:0% +string and I'm going to run each + + + align:start position:0% +string and I'm going to run each +individual function but in the end what + + align:start position:0% +individual function but in the end what + + + align:start position:0% +individual function but in the end what +I'd like to do is come up with something + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to do is come up with something + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to do is come up with something +like this so I want to uh present the + + align:start position:0% +like this so I want to uh present the + + + align:start position:0% +like this so I want to uh present the +user the topmost common words in the + + align:start position:0% +user the topmost common words in the + + + align:start position:0% +user the topmost common words in the +song so here I have a list so you can + + align:start position:0% +song so here I have a list so you can + + + align:start position:0% +song so here I have a list so you can +see open close square bracket tells me + + align:start position:0% +see open close square bracket tells me + + + align:start position:0% +see open close square bracket tells me +it's a list and I've got elements in my + + align:start position:0% +it's a list and I've got elements in my + + + align:start position:0% +it's a list and I've got elements in my +list so here's the first element in my + + align:start position:0% +list so here's the first element in my + + + align:start position:0% +list so here's the first element in my +list which tells the user that the the + + align:start position:0% +list which tells the user that the the + + + align:start position:0% +list which tells the user that the the +word I occurs 18 + + align:start position:0% +word I occurs 18 + + + align:start position:0% +word I occurs 18 +times the next element in my list tells + + align:start position:0% +times the next element in my list tells + + + align:start position:0% +times the next element in my list tells +the user that the word we occurs 17 + + align:start position:0% +the user that the word we occurs 17 + + + align:start position:0% +the user that the word we occurs 17 +times the next element tells the user + + align:start position:0% +times the next element tells the user + + + align:start position:0% +times the next element tells the user +that the words ain't ever getting older + + align:start position:0% +that the words ain't ever getting older + + + align:start position:0% +that the words ain't ever getting older +occur all 16 times and then so on right + + align:start position:0% +occur all 16 times and then so on right + + + align:start position:0% +occur all 16 times and then so on right +so we're decreasing in frequency with + + align:start position:0% +so we're decreasing in frequency with + + + align:start position:0% +so we're decreasing in frequency with +the most common word occurring 18 times + + align:start position:0% +the most common word occurring 18 times + + + align:start position:0% +the most common word occurring 18 times +and then I'm showing the user the most + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm showing the user the most + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm showing the user the most +common + + align:start position:0% +common + + + align:start position:0% +common +words uh + + align:start position:0% +words uh + + + align:start position:0% +words uh +down to and including six so I would + + align:start position:0% +down to and including six so I would + + + align:start position:0% +down to and including six so I would +choose some arbitrary value I want to + + align:start position:0% +choose some arbitrary value I want to + + + align:start position:0% +choose some arbitrary value I want to +find in the song the words that occur at + + align:start position:0% +find in the song the words that occur at + + + align:start position:0% +find in the song the words that occur at +least six times for example okay so + + align:start position:0% +least six times for example okay so + + + align:start position:0% +least six times for example okay so +that's the goal of this + + align:start position:0% +that's the goal of this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the goal of this +program so how will we achieve this it's + + align:start position:0% +program so how will we achieve this it's + + + align:start position:0% +program so how will we achieve this it's +obviously a pretty big task I wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +obviously a pretty big task I wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +obviously a pretty big task I wouldn't +want to code um you + + align:start position:0% +want to code um you + + + align:start position:0% +want to code um you +know the entire thing right off the bat + + align:start position:0% +know the entire thing right off the bat + + + align:start position:0% +know the entire thing right off the bat +but we can actually divide it into uh + + align:start position:0% +but we can actually divide it into uh + + + align:start position:0% +but we can actually divide it into uh +three smaller + + align:start position:0% +three smaller + + + align:start position:0% +three smaller +pieces the first piece and we're going + + align:start position:0% +pieces the first piece and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +pieces the first piece and we're going +to write the code for this is is to + + align:start position:0% +to write the code for this is is to + + + align:start position:0% +to write the code for this is is to +create something called a frequency + + align:start position:0% +create something called a frequency + + + align:start position:0% +create something called a frequency +dictionary so given a string of words + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so given a string of words + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so given a string of words +we're going to create a dictionary that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to create a dictionary that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to create a dictionary that +Maps each word to how often they it + + align:start position:0% +Maps each word to how often they it + + + align:start position:0% +Maps each word to how often they it +occurs so fancy word frequency + + align:start position:0% +occurs so fancy word frequency + + + align:start position:0% +occurs so fancy word frequency +dictionary but it's pretty simple it + + align:start position:0% +dictionary but it's pretty simple it + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary but it's pretty simple it +just Maps the word to its count inside + + align:start position:0% +just Maps the word to its count inside + + + align:start position:0% +just Maps the word to its count inside +my long + + align:start position:0% +my long + + + align:start position:0% +my long +string so this presents the data which + + align:start position:0% +string so this presents the data which + + + align:start position:0% +string so this presents the data which +is this string uh of words in a much + + align:start position:0% +is this string uh of words in a much + + + align:start position:0% +is this string uh of words in a much +nicer format right it's a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +nicer format right it's a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +nicer format right it's a dictionary +that tells me the frequency of each + + align:start position:0% +that tells me the frequency of each + + + align:start position:0% +that tells me the frequency of each +word once I have that in hand and things + + align:start position:0% +word once I have that in hand and things + + + align:start position:0% +word once I have that in hand and things +get a little bit easier I can write + + align:start position:0% +get a little bit easier I can write + + + align:start position:0% +get a little bit easier I can write +another function that finds the word + + align:start position:0% +another function that finds the word + + + align:start position:0% +another function that finds the word +that occurs most often in that + + align:start position:0% +that occurs most often in that + + + align:start position:0% +that occurs most often in that +dictionary so the way I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so the way I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so the way I'm going to do +that is look up the frequencies in the + + align:start position:0% +that is look up the frequencies in the + + + align:start position:0% +that is look up the frequencies in the +values find the maximum of those values + + align:start position:0% +values find the maximum of those values + + + align:start position:0% +values find the maximum of those values +and then figure out which keys are + + align:start position:0% +and then figure out which keys are + + + align:start position:0% +and then figure out which keys are +associated with that maximum + + align:start position:0% +associated with that maximum + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that maximum +value and this is all made possible + + align:start position:0% +value and this is all made possible + + + align:start position:0% +value and this is all made possible +because I've reimagined my data in this + + align:start position:0% +because I've reimagined my data in this + + + align:start position:0% +because I've reimagined my data in this +frequency dictionary + + align:start position:0% +frequency dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +frequency dictionary +format the last step once I figure out + + align:start position:0% +format the last step once I figure out + + + align:start position:0% +format the last step once I figure out +how the um to write a function that + + align:start position:0% +how the um to write a function that + + + align:start position:0% +how the um to write a function that +returns for me the words that occur the + + align:start position:0% +returns for me the words that occur the + + + align:start position:0% +returns for me the words that occur the +most times is to find the words that + + align:start position:0% +most times is to find the words that + + + align:start position:0% +most times is to find the words that +occur at least some number of + + align:start position:0% +occur at least some number of + + + align:start position:0% +occur at least some number of +times and I'll go through an example of + + align:start position:0% +times and I'll go through an example of + + + align:start position:0% +times and I'll go through an example of +this one uh in in a few slides when we + + align:start position:0% +this one uh in in a few slides when we + + + align:start position:0% +this one uh in in a few slides when we +get to it but this last function here + + align:start position:0% +get to it but this last function here + + + align:start position:0% +get to it but this last function here +number three you can actually rewrite it + + align:start position:0% +number three you can actually rewrite it + + + align:start position:0% +number three you can actually rewrite it +in a whole bunch of ways I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +in a whole bunch of ways I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +in a whole bunch of ways I'm just going +to show you one way to write it that'll + + align:start position:0% +to show you one way to write it that'll + + + align:start position:0% +to show you one way to write it that'll +involve mutability but you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +involve mutability but you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +involve mutability but you don't have to +do it using mutability you can + + align:start position:0% +do it using mutability you can + + + align:start position:0% +do it using mutability you can +definitely do it in a whole bunch of uh + + align:start position:0% +definitely do it in a whole bunch of uh + + + align:start position:0% +definitely do it in a whole bunch of uh +you know with a whole bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +you know with a whole bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +you know with a whole bunch of other +implementations so let's begin by first + + align:start position:0% +implementations so let's begin by first + + + align:start position:0% +implementations so let's begin by first +creating a dictionary that uh Maps the + + align:start position:0% +creating a dictionary that uh Maps the + + + align:start position:0% +creating a dictionary that uh Maps the +word to their + + align:start position:0% +word to their + + + align:start position:0% +word to their +frequencies so I've picked a song that + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so I've picked a song that + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so I've picked a song that +it has uh a real song and it has some + + align:start position:0% +it has uh a real song and it has some + + + align:start position:0% +it has uh a real song and it has some +repetition and it's short that it fits + + align:start position:0% +repetition and it's short that it fits + + + align:start position:0% +repetition and it's short that it fits +in one line so I've got this song here + + align:start position:0% +in one line so I've got this song here + + + align:start position:0% +in one line so I've got this song here +and I've got my function generate word + + align:start position:0% +and I've got my function generate word + + + align:start position:0% +and I've got my function generate word +dictionary the song is a string right so + + align:start position:0% +dictionary the song is a string right so + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary the song is a string right so +it's basically the song a little bit + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the song a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the song a little bit +cleaned up not in terms of words uh but + + align:start position:0% +cleaned up not in terms of words uh but + + + align:start position:0% +cleaned up not in terms of words uh but +in terms of removing punctuation + + align:start position:0% +in terms of removing punctuation + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of removing punctuation +removing you know commas maybe + + align:start position:0% +removing you know commas maybe + + + align:start position:0% +removing you know commas maybe +exclamation or I might have kept uh uh + + align:start position:0% +exclamation or I might have kept uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +exclamation or I might have kept uh uh +quotations or something like that but + + align:start position:0% +quotations or something like that but + + + align:start position:0% +quotations or something like that but +basically it's removing all of the uh + + align:start position:0% +basically it's removing all of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's removing all of the uh +punctuation and stuff because that will + + align:start position:0% +punctuation and stuff because that will + + + align:start position:0% +punctuation and stuff because that will +mess up my word + + align:start position:0% +mess up my word + + + align:start position:0% +mess up my word +counts so what is this function going to + + align:start position:0% +counts so what is this function going to + + + align:start position:0% +counts so what is this function going to +do given a string for my song well first + + align:start position:0% +do given a string for my song well first + + + align:start position:0% +do given a string for my song well first +I'm going to convert all my letters to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to convert all my letters to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to convert all my letters to +lowercase this means that you know + + align:start position:0% +lowercase this means that you know + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase this means that you know +Capital th will be counted as the same + + align:start position:0% +Capital th will be counted as the same + + + align:start position:0% +Capital th will be counted as the same +you know the same word as lower Cas + + align:start position:0% +you know the same word as lower Cas + + + align:start position:0% +you know the same word as lower Cas +lowercase T which is the correct way to + + align:start position:0% +lowercase T which is the correct way to + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase T which is the correct way to +do it so convert everything to lower + + align:start position:0% +do it so convert everything to lower + + + align:start position:0% +do it so convert everything to lower +case then I'm going to use our friend + + align:start position:0% +case then I'm going to use our friend + + + align:start position:0% +case then I'm going to use our friend +the split function remember which takes + + align:start position:0% +the split function remember which takes + + + align:start position:0% +the split function remember which takes +in my string and splits on a character + + align:start position:0% +in my string and splits on a character + + + align:start position:0% +in my string and splits on a character +so by default it'll split on the + + align:start position:0% +so by default it'll split on the + + + align:start position:0% +so by default it'll split on the +space this puts our string of words in a + + align:start position:0% +space this puts our string of words in a + + + align:start position:0% +space this puts our string of words in a +very manageable format a list of words + + align:start position:0% +very manageable format a list of words + + + align:start position:0% +very manageable format a list of words +right much nicer to work with lists than + + align:start position:0% +right much nicer to work with lists than + + + align:start position:0% +right much nicer to work with lists than +work with the string now that I have my + + align:start position:0% +work with the string now that I have my + + + align:start position:0% +work with the string now that I have my +word list I'm going to create my empty + + align:start position:0% +word list I'm going to create my empty + + + align:start position:0% +word list I'm going to create my empty +dictionary and then populate it so I'm + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and then populate it so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and then populate it so I'm +iterating over my list of + + align:start position:0% +iterating over my list of + + + align:start position:0% +iterating over my list of +words and then I have a + + align:start position:0% +words and then I have a + + + align:start position:0% +words and then I have a +choice either I've seen this word + + align:start position:0% +choice either I've seen this word + + + align:start position:0% +choice either I've seen this word +already and I want to update the + + align:start position:0% +already and I want to update the + + + align:start position:0% +already and I want to update the +frequency right so I want to increase + + align:start position:0% +frequency right so I want to increase + + + align:start position:0% +frequency right so I want to increase +the frequency by one because I've + + align:start position:0% +the frequency by one because I've + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency by one because I've +already added this diction uh this word + + align:start position:0% +already added this diction uh this word + + + align:start position:0% +already added this diction uh this word +to my dictionary or this is the first + + align:start position:0% +to my dictionary or this is the first + + + align:start position:0% +to my dictionary or this is the first +time I'm seeing this word and I want to + + align:start position:0% +time I'm seeing this word and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +time I'm seeing this word and I want to +add it to my dictionary with a frequency + + align:start position:0% +add it to my dictionary with a frequency + + + align:start position:0% +add it to my dictionary with a frequency +of one so the first if uh the first case + + align:start position:0% +of one so the first if uh the first case + + + align:start position:0% +of one so the first if uh the first case +here the if will update the frequency + + align:start position:0% +here the if will update the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +here the if will update the frequency +because I've already seen the word in my + + align:start position:0% +because I've already seen the word in my + + + align:start position:0% +because I've already seen the word in my +dictionary so here I'm using the N + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so here I'm using the N + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so here I'm using the N +keyword to check if the key the word is + + align:start position:0% +keyword to check if the key the word is + + + align:start position:0% +keyword to check if the key the word is +already in my dictionary if so I + + align:start position:0% +already in my dictionary if so I + + + align:start position:0% +already in my dictionary if so I +increase its frequency by one otherwise + + align:start position:0% +increase its frequency by one otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +increase its frequency by one otherwise +this is the first time I'm adding my + + align:start position:0% +this is the first time I'm adding my + + + align:start position:0% +this is the first time I'm adding my +word to my dictionary so give it a + + align:start position:0% +word to my dictionary so give it a + + + align:start position:0% +word to my dictionary so give it a +frequency of + + align:start position:0% +frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of +one and then I return the word + + align:start position:0% +one and then I return the word + + + align:start position:0% +one and then I return the word +dictionary right so this will map + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right so this will map + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right so this will map +strings to + + align:start position:0% +strings to + + + align:start position:0% +strings to +integers let's work through it in in the + + align:start position:0% +integers let's work through it in in the + + + align:start position:0% +integers let's work through it in in the +python + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tutor so step step step step step + + align:start position:0% +tutor so step step step step step + + + align:start position:0% +tutor so step step step step step +lowercased my input string step I've + + align:start position:0% +lowercased my input string step I've + + + align:start position:0% +lowercased my input string step I've +split it uh so now I've got this list of + + align:start position:0% +split it uh so now I've got this list of + + + align:start position:0% +split it uh so now I've got this list of +all of my + + align:start position:0% +all of my + + + align:start position:0% +all of my +words step this is where we begin so + + align:start position:0% +words step this is where we begin so + + + align:start position:0% +words step this is where we begin so +I've created my empty dictionary over + + align:start position:0% +I've created my empty dictionary over + + + align:start position:0% +I've created my empty dictionary over +here this is uh keep an eye on this area + + align:start position:0% +here this is uh keep an eye on this area + + + align:start position:0% +here this is uh keep an eye on this area +here it will become populated soon uh + + align:start position:0% +here it will become populated soon uh + + + align:start position:0% +here it will become populated soon uh +the first word W is raw right it's the + + align:start position:0% +the first word W is raw right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the first word W is raw right it's the +first word in my list it's obviously the + + align:start position:0% +first word in my list it's obviously the + + + align:start position:0% +first word in my list it's obviously the +first time I'm seeing it I have nothing + + align:start position:0% +first time I'm seeing it I have nothing + + + align:start position:0% +first time I'm seeing it I have nothing +in my dictionary right now so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +in my dictionary right now so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +in my dictionary right now so I'm going +to pop in my else and I'm going to add + + align:start position:0% +to pop in my else and I'm going to add + + + align:start position:0% +to pop in my else and I'm going to add +it to my dictionary with a frequency of + + align:start position:0% +it to my dictionary with a frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +it to my dictionary with a frequency of +one yay that worked next word in my + + align:start position:0% +one yay that worked next word in my + + + align:start position:0% +one yay that worked next word in my +dictionary is the in my list is this one + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is the in my list is this one + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is the in my list is this one +same word I've already seen so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +same word I've already seen so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +same word I've already seen so I'm going +to go inside the if and increase the + + align:start position:0% +to go inside the if and increase the + + + align:start position:0% +to go inside the if and increase the +frequency to two right ra is now two + + align:start position:0% +frequency to two right ra is now two + + + align:start position:0% +frequency to two right ra is now two +next next uh is ah right so here's my + + align:start position:0% +next next uh is ah right so here's my + + + align:start position:0% +next next uh is ah right so here's my +word I've got the next one in my list + + align:start position:0% +word I've got the next one in my list + + + align:start position:0% +word I've got the next one in my list +it's the first time I'm seeing it add it + + align:start position:0% +it's the first time I'm seeing it add it + + + align:start position:0% +it's the first time I'm seeing it add it +to my dictionary with a frequency of one + + align:start position:0% +to my dictionary with a frequency of one + + + align:start position:0% +to my dictionary with a frequency of one +next word I'm seeing is uh again + + align:start position:0% +next word I'm seeing is uh again + + + align:start position:0% +next word I'm seeing is uh again +increase its frequency to two and I'm + + align:start position:0% +increase its frequency to two and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +increase its frequency to two and I'm +going to go faster now this is + + align:start position:0% +going to go faster now this is + + + align:start position:0% +going to go faster now this is +increasing frequency to three right + + align:start position:0% +increasing frequency to three right + + + align:start position:0% +increasing frequency to three right +because I've seen it three times now and + + align:start position:0% +because I've seen it three times now and + + + align:start position:0% +because I've seen it three times now and +then I'm adding Rome for the first time + + align:start position:0% +then I'm adding Rome for the first time + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm adding Rome for the first time +ma for the first time and row for the + + align:start position:0% +ma for the first time and row for the + + + align:start position:0% +ma for the first time and row for the +first time + + align:start position:0% +first time + + + align:start position:0% +first time +and lastly I'm going to increase + + align:start position:0% +and lastly I'm going to increase + + + align:start position:0% +and lastly I'm going to increase +ma frequency two more times because it + + align:start position:0% +ma frequency two more times because it + + + align:start position:0% +ma frequency two more times because it +occurs two more times in my song right + + align:start position:0% +occurs two more times in my song right + + + align:start position:0% +occurs two more times in my song right +so that it's increased to two and now + + align:start position:0% +so that it's increased to two and now + + + align:start position:0% +so that it's increased to two and now +it's increased to three and then that + + align:start position:0% +it's increased to three and then that + + + align:start position:0% +it's increased to three and then that +we're done so we return the word + + align:start position:0% +we're done so we return the word + + + align:start position:0% +we're done so we return the word +dictionary really nice way to represent + + align:start position:0% +dictionary really nice way to represent + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary really nice way to represent +my list uh my my song Right very + + align:start position:0% +my list uh my my song Right very + + + align:start position:0% +my list uh my my song Right very +nice okay so now that I have this + + align:start position:0% +nice okay so now that I have this + + + align:start position:0% +nice okay so now that I have this +frequency dictionary and I've put it up + + align:start position:0% +frequency dictionary and I've put it up + + + align:start position:0% +frequency dictionary and I've put it up +here this is what we ended up with uh + + align:start position:0% +here this is what we ended up with uh + + + align:start position:0% +here this is what we ended up with uh +how can we write a function that returns + + align:start position:0% +how can we write a function that returns + + + align:start position:0% +how can we write a function that returns +for me the most frequent + + align:start position:0% +for me the most frequent + + + align:start position:0% +for me the most frequent +word so one thing we can recognize is + + align:start position:0% +word so one thing we can recognize is + + + align:start position:0% +word so one thing we can recognize is +the most frequent word has the highest + + align:start position:0% +the most frequent word has the highest + + + align:start position:0% +the most frequent word has the highest +value python dictionary value in my + + align:start position:0% +value python dictionary value in my + + + align:start position:0% +value python dictionary value in my +dictionary right so as a human I would + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right so as a human I would + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right so as a human I would +kind of look to see which uh which one + + align:start position:0% +kind of look to see which uh which one + + + align:start position:0% +kind of look to see which uh which one +of these entries have the biggest value + + align:start position:0% +of these entries have the biggest value + + + align:start position:0% +of these entries have the biggest value +as a computer I can't really do that + + align:start position:0% +as a computer I can't really do that + + + align:start position:0% +as a computer I can't really do that +because I have to do it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +because I have to do it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +because I have to do it a little bit +more you know systematically so what we + + align:start position:0% +more you know systematically so what we + + + align:start position:0% +more you know systematically so what we +can say is well let's look at our values + + align:start position:0% +can say is well let's look at our values + + + align:start position:0% +can say is well let's look at our values +and grab the maximum of the values so + + align:start position:0% +and grab the maximum of the values so + + + align:start position:0% +and grab the maximum of the values so +here I'm using this values function on + + align:start position:0% +here I'm using this values function on + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm using this values function on +my dictionary to grab for the to grab + + align:start position:0% +my dictionary to grab for the to grab + + + align:start position:0% +my dictionary to grab for the to grab +for me all of the values in my + + align:start position:0% +for me all of the values in my + + + align:start position:0% +for me all of the values in my +dictionary so this will be kind of like + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so this will be kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so this will be kind of like +the list 2 comma 3 comma 1 comma 3 comma + + align:start position:0% +the list 2 comma 3 comma 1 comma 3 comma + + + align:start position:0% +the list 2 comma 3 comma 1 comma 3 comma +1 and then I'm running the max function + + align:start position:0% +1 and then I'm running the max function + + + align:start position:0% +1 and then I'm running the max function +on that list so max of this list of + + align:start position:0% +on that list so max of this list of + + + align:start position:0% +on that list so max of this list of +numbers gives me the maximum value in + + align:start position:0% +numbers gives me the maximum value in + + + align:start position:0% +numbers gives me the maximum value in +that list the three so highest now has + + align:start position:0% +that list the three so highest now has + + + align:start position:0% +that list the three so highest now has +the value integer three + + align:start position:0% +the value integer three + + + align:start position:0% +the value integer three +and now all I need to do is iterate over + + align:start position:0% +and now all I need to do is iterate over + + + align:start position:0% +and now all I need to do is iterate over +my element uh entries in my dictionary + + align:start position:0% +my element uh entries in my dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +my element uh entries in my dictionary +right so this is KV in the items and all + + align:start position:0% +right so this is KV in the items and all + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is KV in the items and all +I'm checking now inside this iteration + + align:start position:0% +I'm checking now inside this iteration + + + align:start position:0% +I'm checking now inside this iteration +is if the value is equal to the highest + + align:start position:0% +is if the value is equal to the highest + + + align:start position:0% +is if the value is equal to the highest +right so as I'm looking at each entry is + + align:start position:0% +right so as I'm looking at each entry is + + + align:start position:0% +right so as I'm looking at each entry is +the value for that entry the same as the + + align:start position:0% +the value for that entry the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +the value for that entry the same as the +highest one I've seen if it is I'm going + + align:start position:0% +highest one I've seen if it is I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +highest one I've seen if it is I'm going +to maintain a list of all the words with + + align:start position:0% +to maintain a list of all the words with + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain a list of all the words with +that highest value because there might + + align:start position:0% +that highest value because there might + + + align:start position:0% +that highest value because there might +be more than one um word that has that + + align:start position:0% +be more than one um word that has that + + + align:start position:0% +be more than one um word that has that +highest value as we we saw when we + + align:start position:0% +highest value as we we saw when we + + + align:start position:0% +highest value as we we saw when we +actually ran it here right here I had a + + align:start position:0% +actually ran it here right here I had a + + + align:start position:0% +actually ran it here right here I had a +list of all of these words that occurred + + align:start position:0% +list of all of these words that occurred + + + align:start position:0% +list of all of these words that occurred +16 times so that's kind of the output + + align:start position:0% +16 times so that's kind of the output + + + align:start position:0% +16 times so that's kind of the output +that I want to + + align:start position:0% +that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to +maintain + + align:start position:0% +maintain + + + align:start position:0% +maintain +okay so I'm appending to my words list + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm appending to my words list + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm appending to my words list +and then at the end I'm returning this + + align:start position:0% +and then at the end I'm returning this + + + align:start position:0% +and then at the end I'm returning this +tupal with the words comma that highest + + align:start position:0% +tupal with the words comma that highest + + + align:start position:0% +tupal with the words comma that highest +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +so python tutor uh like like in the + + align:start position:0% +so python tutor uh like like in the + + + align:start position:0% +so python tutor uh like like in the +previous time so let's uh create our + + align:start position:0% +previous time so let's uh create our + + + align:start position:0% +previous time so let's uh create our +original dictionary this is what we + + align:start position:0% +original dictionary this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +original dictionary this is what we +ended up with last time so the highest + + align:start position:0% +ended up with last time so the highest + + + align:start position:0% +ended up with last time so the highest +value three here and I'm going to Loop + + align:start position:0% +value three here and I'm going to Loop + + + align:start position:0% +value three here and I'm going to Loop +through each entry in my dictionary so + + align:start position:0% +through each entry in my dictionary so + + + align:start position:0% +through each entry in my dictionary so +you can say see KV is going to be each + + align:start position:0% +you can say see KV is going to be each + + + align:start position:0% +you can say see KV is going to be each +one of these in order so first it's raw + + align:start position:0% +one of these in order so first it's raw + + + align:start position:0% +one of these in order so first it's raw +two then it's a three and so on + + align:start position:0% +two then it's a three and so on + + + align:start position:0% +two then it's a three and so on +obviously the two is not equal to the + + align:start position:0% +obviously the two is not equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the two is not equal to the +three so we move on the three equals the + + align:start position:0% +three so we move on the three equals the + + + align:start position:0% +three so we move on the three equals the +three so we take the A and boom add it + + align:start position:0% +three so we take the A and boom add it + + + align:start position:0% +three so we take the A and boom add it +to my list here so this is the list I'm + + align:start position:0% +to my list here so this is the list I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to my list here so this is the list I'm +maintaining of all the words that occur + + align:start position:0% +maintaining of all the words that occur + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining of all the words that occur +with uh frequency three next no for Rome + + align:start position:0% +with uh frequency three next no for Rome + + + align:start position:0% +with uh frequency three next no for Rome +yes for Ma so I'm going to add it to my + + align:start position:0% +yes for Ma so I'm going to add it to my + + + align:start position:0% +yes for Ma so I'm going to add it to my +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +and then no for row and I'm + + align:start position:0% +and then no for row and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and then no for row and I'm +done so the return is going to be this + + align:start position:0% +done so the return is going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +done so the return is going to be this +list uh this tupal here with the list of + + align:start position:0% +list uh this tupal here with the list of + + + align:start position:0% +list uh this tupal here with the list of +the words that occur three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times okay + + align:start position:0% +times okay + + + align:start position:0% +times okay +good last part I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +good last part I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +good last part I'm not going to go +through python tutor I did include a + + align:start position:0% +through python tutor I did include a + + + align:start position:0% +through python tutor I did include a +link to it because it becomes very messy + + align:start position:0% +link to it because it becomes very messy + + + align:start position:0% +link to it because it becomes very messy +with the arrows but I do encourage you + + align:start position:0% +with the arrows but I do encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +with the arrows but I do encourage you +to try it uh try to follow it along on + + align:start position:0% +to try it uh try to follow it along on + + + align:start position:0% +to try it uh try to follow it along on +your own time I will explain though how + + align:start position:0% +your own time I will explain though how + + + align:start position:0% +your own time I will explain though how +uh however the um the way that I chose + + align:start position:0% +uh however the um the way that I chose + + + align:start position:0% +uh however the um the way that I chose +to solve this problem so I chose to + + align:start position:0% +to solve this problem so I chose to + + + align:start position:0% +to solve this problem so I chose to +solve this problem to include + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem to include + + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem to include +mutation and reusing the function that + + align:start position:0% +mutation and reusing the function that + + + align:start position:0% +mutation and reusing the function that +we just wrote that grabs for me the + + align:start position:0% +we just wrote that grabs for me the + + + align:start position:0% +we just wrote that grabs for me the +highest value and the words associated + + align:start position:0% +highest value and the words associated + + + align:start position:0% +highest value and the words associated +with that highest frequency + + align:start position:0% +with that highest frequency + + + align:start position:0% +with that highest frequency +value so this is the + + align:start position:0% +value so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +value so this is the +idea I have my original word dictionary + + align:start position:0% +idea I have my original word dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +idea I have my original word dictionary +right this is the frequency dictionary + + align:start position:0% +right this is the frequency dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the frequency dictionary +we created right off the bat what I'm + + align:start position:0% +we created right off the bat what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we created right off the bat what I'm +going to do is look to see which words + + align:start position:0% +going to do is look to see which words + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is look to see which words +occur with the highest frequency so the + + align:start position:0% +occur with the highest frequency so the + + + align:start position:0% +occur with the highest frequency so the +highest frequency my function from + + align:start position:0% +highest frequency my function from + + + align:start position:0% +highest frequency my function from +before grabs from me it figures out that + + align:start position:0% +before grabs from me it figures out that + + + align:start position:0% +before grabs from me it figures out that +it's three and it figures out the words + + align:start position:0% +it's three and it figures out the words + + + align:start position:0% +it's three and it figures out the words +associated with that three are ah and + + align:start position:0% +associated with that three are ah and + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that three are ah and +Ma that's exactly what we just did so + + align:start position:0% +Ma that's exactly what we just did so + + + align:start position:0% +Ma that's exactly what we just did so +I'm going to grab uh those words and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to grab uh those words and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to grab uh those words and +those entries in the dictionary and then + + align:start position:0% +those entries in the dictionary and then + + + align:start position:0% +those entries in the dictionary and then +I'm going to mutate the dictionary to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to mutate the dictionary to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to mutate the dictionary to +remove those words because I know those + + align:start position:0% +remove those words because I know those + + + align:start position:0% +remove those words because I know those +words occur with the highest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency so now I've removed those + + align:start position:0% +frequency so now I've removed those + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so now I've removed those +words and I have saved them because they + + align:start position:0% +words and I have saved them because they + + + align:start position:0% +words and I have saved them because they +were the result of the function that I + + align:start position:0% +were the result of the function that I + + + align:start position:0% +were the result of the function that I +had just run or ran right so I'm + + align:start position:0% +had just run or ran right so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +had just run or ran right so I'm +maintaining this frequency list which + + align:start position:0% +maintaining this frequency list which + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining this frequency list which +will contain all the words that occur at + + align:start position:0% +will contain all the words that occur at + + + align:start position:0% +will contain all the words that occur at +least I guess I said uh one uh greater + + align:start position:0% +least I guess I said uh one uh greater + + + align:start position:0% +least I guess I said uh one uh greater +than one time so at least two + + align:start position:0% +than one time so at least two + + + align:start position:0% +than one time so at least two +times so I'm going to grab the ones that + + align:start position:0% +times so I'm going to grab the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +times so I'm going to grab the ones that +occur three and two times so right now I + + align:start position:0% +occur three and two times so right now I + + + align:start position:0% +occur three and two times so right now I +had just grabbed the words that occur + + align:start position:0% +had just grabbed the words that occur + + + align:start position:0% +had just grabbed the words that occur +three times I've removed them from my + + align:start position:0% +three times I've removed them from my + + + align:start position:0% +three times I've removed them from my +dictionary so I've actually mutated my + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so I've actually mutated my + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so I've actually mutated my +dictionary to remove those + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to remove those + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to remove those +words now if I run the exact same + + align:start position:0% +words now if I run the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +words now if I run the exact same +function that I just wrote on the + + align:start position:0% +function that I just wrote on the + + + align:start position:0% +function that I just wrote on the +previous slide on this mutated + + align:start position:0% +previous slide on this mutated + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide on this mutated +dictionary which words will it give me + + align:start position:0% +dictionary which words will it give me + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary which words will it give me +which words occur the most + + align:start position:0% +which words occur the most + + + align:start position:0% +which words occur the most +now exactly right now the highest value + + align:start position:0% +now exactly right now the highest value + + + align:start position:0% +now exactly right now the highest value +in my dictionary in this frequency + + align:start position:0% +in my dictionary in this frequency + + + align:start position:0% +in my dictionary in this frequency +dictionary is two because I mutated to + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is two because I mutated to + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is two because I mutated to +remove what was previously the highest + + align:start position:0% +remove what was previously the highest + + + align:start position:0% +remove what was previously the highest +value so I'm running the same function + + align:start position:0% +value so I'm running the same function + + + align:start position:0% +value so I'm running the same function +again on the mutated dictionary to give + + align:start position:0% +again on the mutated dictionary to give + + + align:start position:0% +again on the mutated dictionary to give +me just the raw right so I grab that + + align:start position:0% +me just the raw right so I grab that + + + align:start position:0% +me just the raw right so I grab that +keep track of that in my frequency list + + align:start position:0% +keep track of that in my frequency list + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of that in my frequency list +right mutate the dictionary to remove + + align:start position:0% +right mutate the dictionary to remove + + + align:start position:0% +right mutate the dictionary to remove +that and as I'm doing that I'm I'm also + + align:start position:0% +that and as I'm doing that I'm I'm also + + + align:start position:0% +that and as I'm doing that I'm I'm also +keeping track to make sure that the + + align:start position:0% +keeping track to make sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +keeping track to make sure that the +highest frequency I have in the + + align:start position:0% +highest frequency I have in the + + + align:start position:0% +highest frequency I have in the +remaining dictionary is at least you + + align:start position:0% +remaining dictionary is at least you + + + align:start position:0% +remaining dictionary is at least you +know whatever I was interested in so + + align:start position:0% +know whatever I was interested in so + + + align:start position:0% +know whatever I was interested in so +here I wanted at least two so this + + align:start position:0% +here I wanted at least two so this + + + align:start position:0% +here I wanted at least two so this +function the one I'll write will no + + align:start position:0% +function the one I'll write will no + + + align:start position:0% +function the one I'll write will no +longer grab any other values from the + + align:start position:0% +longer grab any other values from the + + + align:start position:0% +longer grab any other values from the +dictionary because now one uh frequency + + align:start position:0% +dictionary because now one uh frequency + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary because now one uh frequency +one I don't want to grab so this is the + + align:start position:0% +one I don't want to grab so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +one I don't want to grab so this is the +resulting value and that's the idea + + align:start position:0% +resulting value and that's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +resulting value and that's the idea +we're using mutability and the function + + align:start position:0% +we're using mutability and the function + + + align:start position:0% +we're using mutability and the function +we just wrote to do this task and this + + align:start position:0% +we just wrote to do this task and this + + + align:start position:0% +we just wrote to do this task and this +is the code that does that so this runs + + align:start position:0% +is the code that does that so this runs + + + align:start position:0% +is the code that does that so this runs +the function we wrote previously step + + align:start position:0% +the function we wrote previously step + + + align:start position:0% +the function we wrote previously step +number two gives us that list uh that + + align:start position:0% +number two gives us that list uh that + + + align:start position:0% +number two gives us that list uh that +tupo with the list of all the words this + + align:start position:0% +tupo with the list of all the words this + + + align:start position:0% +tupo with the list of all the words this +Loop here makes sure I'm I still have + + align:start position:0% +Loop here makes sure I'm I still have + + + align:start position:0% +Loop here makes sure I'm I still have +frequencies that are at least X in the + + align:start position:0% +frequencies that are at least X in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies that are at least X in the +dictionary I grab the uh the Tuple that + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I grab the uh the Tuple that + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I grab the uh the Tuple that +I just created so something like this + + align:start position:0% +I just created so something like this + + + align:start position:0% +I just created so something like this +and add it to my frequency list so this + + align:start position:0% +and add it to my frequency list so this + + + align:start position:0% +and add it to my frequency list so this +is the resulting list that I'm keeping + + align:start position:0% +is the resulting list that I'm keeping + + + align:start position:0% +is the resulting list that I'm keeping +track of and then this bit here removes + + align:start position:0% +track of and then this bit here removes + + + align:start position:0% +track of and then this bit here removes +the word from my dictionary so I'm + + align:start position:0% +the word from my dictionary so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the word from my dictionary so I'm +mutating the dictionary using this Dell + + align:start position:0% +mutating the dictionary using this Dell + + + align:start position:0% +mutating the dictionary using this Dell +keyword that we saw uh you know at the + + align:start position:0% +keyword that we saw uh you know at the + + + align:start position:0% +keyword that we saw uh you know at the +beginning of this + + align:start position:0% +beginning of this + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of this +lecture Yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so I think maybe it's because the + + align:start position:0% +um so I think maybe it's because the + + + align:start position:0% +um so I think maybe it's because the +function I forget what the specification + + align:start position:0% +function I forget what the specification + + + align:start position:0% +function I forget what the specification +said but I don't know if it said at + + align:start position:0% +said but I don't know if it said at + + + align:start position:0% +said but I don't know if it said at +least two or greater than two or greater + + align:start position:0% +least two or greater than two or greater + + + align:start position:0% +least two or greater than two or greater +at least X or greater than x it depends + + align:start position:0% +at least X or greater than x it depends + + + align:start position:0% +at least X or greater than x it depends +on which one I actually said in the + + align:start position:0% +on which one I actually said in the + + + align:start position:0% +on which one I actually said in the +specification but you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +specification but you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +specification but you can imagine +changing this to greater than or greater + + align:start position:0% +changing this to greater than or greater + + + align:start position:0% +changing this to greater than or greater +than or equal to and then we're running + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to and then we're running + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to and then we're running +this function again inside this y Loop + + align:start position:0% +this function again inside this y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +this function again inside this y Loop +to grab the the frequency + + align:start position:0% +to grab the the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +to grab the the frequency +value yeah so these are just the + + align:start position:0% +value yeah so these are just the + + + align:start position:0% +value yeah so these are just the +observations I actually stated at the + + align:start position:0% +observations I actually stated at the + + + align:start position:0% +observations I actually stated at the +beginning of this example a bunch of the + + align:start position:0% +beginning of this example a bunch of the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of this example a bunch of the +different things that we've learned that + + align:start position:0% +different things that we've learned that + + + align:start position:0% +different things that we've learned that +we're using within this example so + + align:start position:0% +we're using within this example so + + + align:start position:0% +we're using within this example so +slicing or uh splitting iterating over + + align:start position:0% +slicing or uh splitting iterating over + + + align:start position:0% +slicing or uh splitting iterating over +the list directly + + align:start position:0% +the list directly + + + align:start position:0% +the list directly +mutability um you know using the items + + align:start position:0% +mutability um you know using the items + + + align:start position:0% +mutability um you know using the items +things like that okay so that's it + + align:start position:0% +things like that okay so that's it + + + align:start position:0% +things like that okay so that's it +that's all I have um I'll see you guys + + align:start position:0% +that's all I have um I'll see you guys + + + align:start position:0% +that's all I have um I'll see you guys +on Monday Monday is Halloween if you'd + + align:start position:0% +on Monday Monday is Halloween if you'd + + + align:start position:0% +on Monday Monday is Halloween if you'd +like to uh bring a a costume I love + + align:start position:0% +like to uh bring a a costume I love + + + align:start position:0% +like to uh bring a a costume I love +Halloween I will wear something + + align:start position:0% +Halloween I will wear something + + + align:start position:0% +Halloween I will wear something +different than what I usually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wear \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/mC3TiBJiCsY.txt b/mC3TiBJiCsY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a97349937e50c0005f62d4fc901f13edc56bf3f --- /dev/null +++ b/mC3TiBJiCsY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2248 @@ +PROFESSOR: Last time, +we talked about the + +representation of linear +time-invariant systems through + +the convolution sum in the +discrete-time case and the + +convolution integral in the +continuous-time case. + +Now, although the derivation +was relatively + +straightforward, in fact, the +result is really kind of + +amazing because what it tells +us is that for linear + +time-invariant systems, if we +know the response of the + +system to a single impulse at +t = 0, or in fact, at any + +other time, then we can +determine from that its + +response to an arbitrary input +through the use of + +convolution. + +Furthermore, what we'll see as +the course develops is that, + +in fact, the class of linear +time-invariant systems is a + +very rich class. + +There are lots of systems +that have that property. + +And in addition, there are +lots of very interesting + +things that you can do with +linear time-invariant systems. + +In today's lecture, what I'd +like to begin with is focusing + +on convolution as an algebraic +operation. + +And we'll see that it has a +number of algebraic properties + +that in turn have important +implications for linear + +time-invariant systems. + +Then we'll turn to a discussion +of what the + +characterization of linear +time-invariant systems through + +convolution implies, in terms +of the relationship, of + +various other system properties + +to the impulse response. + +Let me begin by reminding you +of the basic result that we + +developed last time, which +is the convolution sum in + +discrete time, as I indicate +here, and the convolution + +integral in continuous time. + +And what the convolution sum, +or the convolution integral, + +tells us is how to relate the +output to the input and to the + +system impulse response. + +And the expression looks +basically the same in + +continuous time and +discrete time. + +And I remind you also that we +talked about a graphical + +interpretation, where +essentially, to graphically + +interpret convolution required, +or was developed, in + +terms of taking the system +impulse response, flipping it, + +sliding it past the input, and +positioned appropriately, + +depending on the value of the +independent variable for which + +we're computing the convolution, +and then + +multiplying and summing in the +discrete-time case, or + +integrating in the +continuous-time case. + +Now convolution, as an algebraic +operation, has a + +number of important +properties. + +One of the properties of +convolution is that it is what + +is referred to as commutative. + +Commutative means that we can +think either of convolving x + +with h, or h with x, and the +order in which that's done + +doesn't affect the +output result. + +So summarized here is what the +commutative operation is in + +discrete time, or in +continuous time. + +And it says, as I just +indicated, that x[n] + +convolved with h[n] + +is equal to h[n] + +convolved with x[n]. + +Or the same, of course, +in continuous time. + +And in fact, in the lecture +last time, we worked an + +example where we had, in +discrete time, an impulse + +response, which was an +exponential, and an input, + +which is a unit step. + +And in the text, what you'll +find is the same example + +worked, except in that case, the +input is the exponential. + +And the system impulse +response is the step. + +And that corresponds to the +example in the text, which is + +example 3.1. + +And what happens in that example +is that, in fact, what + +you'll see is that the same +result occurs in example 3.1 + +as we generated in +the lecture. + +And there's a similar comparison +in continuous time. + +This example was worked +in lecture. + +And this example is worked +in the text. + +In other words, the text works +the example where the system + +impulse response +is a unit step. + +And the input is +an exponential. + +All right, now the commutative +property, as I said, tells us + +that the order in which we do +convolution doesn't affect the + +result of the convolution. + +The same is true for +continuous time + +and discrete time. + +And in fact, for the other +algebraic properties that I'll + +talk about, the results are +exactly the same for + +continuous time and +discrete time. + +So in fact, what we can do is +drop the independent variable + +as an argument so that we +suppress any kind of + +difference between continuous +and discrete time. + +And suppressing the independent +variable, we then + +state the commutative property +as I've rewritten it here. + +Just x convolved with h equals +h convolved with x. + +The same in continuous time +and discrete time. + +Now, the derivation of the +commutative property is, more + +or less, some algebra +which you can follow + +through in the book. + +It involves some changes +of variables and some + +things of that sort. + +What I'd like to focus on with +that and other properties is + +not the derivation, which you +can see in the text, but + +rather the interpretation. + +So we have the commutative +property, and now there are + +two other important algebraic +properties. + +One being what is referred to +as the associative property, + +which tells us that if we have x +convolved with the result of + +convolving h1 with h2, that's +exactly the same as x + +convolved with h1, and that +result convolved with h2. + +And what this permits is for +us to write, for example, x + +convolved with h1 convolved with +h2 without any ambiguity + +because it doesn't matter from +the associative property how + +we group the terms together. + +The third important property is +what is referred to as the + +distributive property, namely +the fact that convolution + +distributes over addition. + +And what I mean by that is what +I've indicated here on + +the slide: that if I think of x +convolved with the sum of h1 + +and h2, that's identical to +first convolving x with h1, + +also convolving x with h2, and +then adding the two together. + +And that result will be the +same as this result. + +So convolution is commutative, +associative, and it + +distributes over addition. + +Three very important algebraic +properties. + +And by the way, there are other +algebraic operations + +that have that same property. + +For example, multiplication +of numbers is likewise + +commutative, associative, +and distributive. + +Now let's look at what these +three properties imply + +specifically for linear +time-invariant systems. + +And as we'll see, the +implications are both very + +interesting and very +important. + +Let's begin with the commutative +property. + +And consider, in particular, +a system with an impulse + +response h. + +And I represent that by simply +writing the h inside the box. + +An input x and an output, +then, which is x * h. + +Now, since this operation is +commutative, I can write + +instead of x * h, I +can write h * x. + +And that would correspond to a +system with impulse response + +x, and input h, and +output then h * x. + +So the commutative property +tells us that for a linear + +time-invariant system, the +system output is independent + +of which function we call the +input and which function we + +call the impulse response. + +Kind of amazing actually. + +We can interchange the role of +input and impulse response. + +And from an output point of +view, the output or the system + +doesn't care. + +Now furthermore, if we combine +the commutative property with + +the associative property, +we get another + +very interesting result. + +Namely that if we have two +linear time-invariant systems + +in cascade, the overall system +is independent of the order in + +which they're cascaded. + +And in fact, in either case, the +cascade can be collapsed + +into a single system. + +To see this, let's first +consider the cascade of two + +systems, one with impulse +response h1, the other with + +impulse response h2. + +And the output of the first +system is then x * h1. + +And then that is the input +to the second system. + +And so the output of that is +that result convolved with h2. + +So this is the result of +cascading the two. + +And now we can use the +associative property to + +rewrite this as x * (h1 +* h2), where we group + +these two terms together. + +And so using the associative +property, we now can collapse + +that into a single system with +an input, which is x, and + +impulse response, which +is h1 * h2. + +And the output is then x +convolved with the result of + +those two convolved. + +Next, we can apply the +commutative property. + +And the commutative property +says we could write this + +impulse response that way, or +we could write it this way. + +And since convolution is +commutative, the resulting + +output will be exactly +the same. + +And so these resulting outputs +will be exactly the same. + +And now, once again we can use +the associative property to + +group these two terms +together. + +And x * h2 corresponds to +putting x first through the + +system h2 and then that output +through the system h1. + +And so finally applying the +associative property again, as + +I just outlined, we can expand +that system back into two + +systems in cascade with h2 +first and h1 second, + +OK, well that involves a certain +amount of algebraic + +manipulation. + +And that is not the algebraic + +manipulation that is important. + +It's the result that +it's important. + +And what the result says, to +reiterate, is if I have two + +linear time-invariant systems in +cascade, I can cascade them + +in any order, and the +result is the same. + +Now you might think, well gee, +maybe that actually applies to + +systems in general, whether +you put them + +this way or that way. + +But in fact, as we talked +about last time, and I + +illustrated with an example, in +general, if the systems are + +not linear and time-invariant, +then the order in which + +they're cascaded is important +to the interpretation of the + +overall system. + +For example, if one system took +the square root and the + +other system doubled the input, +taking the square root + +and then doubling gives us a +different answer than doubling + +first and then taking +the square root. + +And of course, one can construct +much more elaborate + +examples than that. + +So it's a property very +particular to linear + +time-invariant systems. + +And also one that we will +exploit many, many times as we + +go through this material. + +The final property related to an +interconnection of systems + +that I want to just indicate +develops out of the + +distributive property. + +And what it applies to is +an interpretation of the + +interconnection of systems +in parallel. + +Recall that the parallel +combination of systems + +corresponds, as I indicate here, +to a system in which we + +simultaneously feed the input +into h1 and h2, these + +representing the impulse +responses. + +And then, the outputs +are summed to + +form the overall output. + +And using the fact that +convolution distributes over + +addition, we can rewrite +this as x * (h1 + h2). + +And when we do that then, we +can recognize this as the + +output of a system with input x +and impulse response, which + +is the sum of these two +impulse responses. + +So for linear time-invariant +systems in parallel, we can, + +if we choose, replace that +interconnection by a single + +system whose impulse response +is simply the sum of those + +impulse responses. + +OK, now we have this very +powerful representation for + +linear time-invariant systems +in terms of convolution. + +And we've seen so far in this +lecture how convolution and + +the representation through the +impulse response leads to some + +important implications for +system interconnections. + +What I'd like to turn to now +are other system properties + +and see how, for linear +time-invariant systems in + +particular, other system +properties can be associated + +with particular properties or +characteristics of the system + +impulse response. + +And what we'll talk about are +a variety of properties. + +We'll talk about the issue of +memory, we'll talk about the + +issue of invertibility, and +we'll talk about the issue of + +causality and also stability. + +Well, let's begin with +the issue of memory. + +And the question now is what are +the implications for the + +system impulse response for a +linear time-invariant system? + +Remember that we're always +imposing that on the system. + +What are the implications on +the impulse response if the + +system does or does +not have memory? + +Well, we can answer +that by looking at + +the convolution property. + +And we have here, as a reminder, +the convolution + +integral, which tells us how +x(tau) and h(t - tau) are + +combined to give us y(t). + +And what I've illustrated +above is a + +general kind of example. + +Here is x(tau). + +Here is h(t - tau). + +And to compute the output at +any time t, we would take + +these two, multiply them +together, and integrate from + +-infinity to +infinity. + +So the question then is what +can we say about h(t), the + +impulse response in order to +guarantee, let's say, that the + +output depends only on +the input at time t. + +Well, it's pretty much obvious +from looking at the graphs. + +If we only want the output to +depend on x(tau) at tau = t, + +then h(t - tau) better be +non-zero only at tau = t. + +And so the implication then is +that for the system to be + +memoryless, what we require is +that h(t - tau) be non-zero + +only at tau = t. + +So we want the impulse response +to be non-zero at + +only one point. + +We want it to contribute +something after we multiply + +and go through an integral. + +And in effect, what that says is +the only thing that it can + +be and meet all those + +conditions is a scaled impulse. + +So if the system is to be +memoryless, then that requires + +that the impulse response +be a scaled impulse. + +Any other impulse response then, +in essence, requires + +that the system have memory, +or implies that the system + +have memory. + +So for the continuous-time case +then, memoryless would + +correspond only to the impulse +response being proportional to + +an impulse. + +And in the discrete-time case, +a similar statement, in which + +case, the output is just +proportional to the input, + +again either in the +continuous-time or in the + +discrete-time case. + +All right. + +Now we can turn our attention +to the issue of system + +invertibility. + +And recall that what is meant by +invertibility of a system, + +or the inverse of a system. + +The inverse of a system is a +system, which when we cascade + +it with the one that we're +inquiring about, the overall + +cascade is the identity +system. + +In other words, the output +is equal to the input. + +So let's consider a system +with impulse + +response h, input is x. + +And let's say that the impulse +response of the inverse system + +is h_i, and the output is y. + +Then, the output of this system +is x * (h * h_i). + +And we want this to come +out equal to x. + +And what that requires than is +that this convolution just + +simply be equal to an impulse, +either in the discrete-time + +case or in the continuous-time +case. + +And under those conditions +then, h_i is equal to the + +inverse of h. + +Notationally, by the way, it's +often convenient to write + +instead of h_i as the impulse +response of the inverse, + +you'll find it convenient often +and more typical to + +write as the inverse, instead +of h_i, h^(-1). + +And we mean by that the inverse +impulse response. + +And one has to be careful not +to misinterpret this as the + +reciprocal of h(t) or h(n). + +What's meant in this notation +is the inverse system. + +Now, if h_i is the inverse of +h, is h the inverse of h_i? + +Well, it seems like that ought +to be plausible or perhaps + +make sense. + +The question, if you believe +that the answer is yes, is + +how, in fact, do you +verify that? + +And I'll leave it to you +to think about it. + +The answer is yes, + +that if h_i is the inverse +of h, then h is + +the inverse of h_i. + +And the key to showing that is +to exploit the fact that when + +we take these systems and +cascade them, we can cascade + +them in either order. + +All right now let's turn to +another system property, the + +property of stability. + +And again, we can tie that +property directly to issues + +related, in particular, to the +system impulse response. + +Now, stability is defined as +we've chosen to define it and + +as I've defined it previously, +as bounded-input + +bounded-output stability. + +In other words, for every +bounded input + +is a bounded output. + +What you can show-- + +and I won't go through the +algebra here; it's gone + +through in the book-- + +is that a necessary and +sufficient condition for a + +linear time-invariant system +to be stable in the + +bounded-input bounded-output +sense is that the impulse + +response be what is referred +to as absolutely summable. + +In other words, if you take the +absolute values and sum + +them over infinite limits, +that's finite. + +Or in the continuous-time +case, that the impulse + +response is absolutely +integrable. + +In other words, if you take the +absolute values of h(t) + +and integrate, that's finite. + +And under those conditions, +the system is stable. + +If those conditions are +violated, then for sure, as + +you'll see in the text, the +system is unstable. + +So stability can also +be tied to the + +system impulse response. + +Now, the next property that I +want to talk about is the + +property of causality. + +And before I do, what I'd like +to do is introduce a + +peripheral result that +we'll then use-- + +when we talked about +causality-- + +namely what's referred to as the +zero input response of a + +linear system. + +The basic result, which is a +very interesting and useful + +one, is that for a +linear system-- + +and in fact, it's whether it's +time-invariant or not, that + +this applies-- + +if you put nothing into it, +you get nothing out of it. + +So if we have an input x(t) +which is 0 for all t, and if + +the output of that system is +y(t), if the input is 0 for + +all time, then the output +likewise is 0 for all time. + +That's true for continuous time, +and it's also true for + +discrete time. + +And in fact, to show that +result is pretty much + +straightforward. + +We could do it either by using +convolution, which would, of + +course, be associated with +linearity and time invariance. + +But in fact, we can show that +property relatively easily by + +simply using the fact that, for +a linear system, what we + +know is that if we have an +input x(t) with an output + +y(t), then if we scale the +input, then the output scales + +accordingly. + +Well, we can simply choose, as +the scale factor, a = 0. + +And if we do that, it +says put nothing in, + +you get nothing out. + +And what we'll see is that has +some important implications in + +terms of causality. + +It's important, though, while +we're on it, to stress that + +not every system, obviously, +has that property. + +That if you put nothing in, +you get nothing out. + +A simple example is, let's say, +a battery, let's say not + +connected to anything. + +The output is six volts no +matter what the input is. + +And it of course then doesn't +have this zero response to a + +zero input. + +It's very particular +to linear systems. + +All right, well now let's see +what this means for causality. + +To remind you, causality says, +in effect, that the system + +can't anticipate the input. + +That's what, basically, +causality means. + +When we talked about it +previously, we defined it in a + +variety of ways, one of which +was the statement that if two + +inputs are identical up until +some time, then the outputs + +must be identical up until +the same time. + +The reason, kind of intuitively, +is that if the + +system is causal-- + +so it can't anticipate +the future-- + +it can't anticipate whether +these two identical inputs are + +sometime later going to change +from each other or not. + +So causality, in general, is +simply this statement, either + +continuous-time or +discrete-time. + +And now, so let's look +at what that means + +for a linear system. + +For a linear system, what that +corresponds to or could be + +translated to is a statement +that says that if x(t) is 0, + +for t less than t_0, then +y(t) must be 0 for t + +less than t_0 also. + +And so what that, in effect, +says, is that the system-- + +for a linear system to be +causal, it must have the + +property sometimes referred to +as initial rest, meaning it + +doesn't respond until there's +some input that happens. + +That it's initially +at rest until the + +input becomes non-zero. + +Now, why is this true? + +Why is this a consequence of +causality for linear systems? + +Well, the reason is we know that +if we put nothing in, we + +get nothing out. + +If we have an input that's 0 for +t less than t_0, and the + +system can't anticipate whether +that input is going to + +change from 0 or not, then the +system must generate an output + +that's 0 up until that time, +following the principle that + +if two inputs are identical up +until some time, the outputs + +must be identical up until +the same time. + +So this basic result for linear +systems is essentially + +a consequence of the statement +that for a linear system, zero + +in gives us zero out. + +Now, that tells us +how to interpret + +causality for linear systems. + +Now, let's proceed to linear +time-invariant systems. + +And in fact, we can carry the +point one step further. + +In particular, a necessary and +sufficient condition for + +causality in the case of linear +time-invariant systems + +is that the impulse response be +0, for t less than 0 in the + +continuous-time case, or for +n less than 0 in the + +discrete-time case. + +So for linear time-invariant +systems, causality is + +equivalent to the impulse +response being 0 up until t or + +n equal to 0. + +Now, to show this essentially +follows by first considering + +why causality would imply +that this is true. + +And that follows because of the +straightforward fact that + +the impulse itself is +0 for t less than 0. + +And what we saw before is that +for any linear system, + +causality requires that if the +input is 0 up until some time, + +the output must be 0 up +until the same time. + +And so that's showing the +result in one direction. + +To show the result in the other +direction, namely to + +show that if, in fact, the +impulse response satisfies + +that condition, then the +system is causal. + +While I won't work through it +in detail, it essentially + +boils down to recognizing that +in the convolution sum, or in + +the convolution integral, if, +in fact, that condition is + +satisfied on the impulse +response, then the upper limit + +on the sum, in the +discrete-time + +case, changes to n. + +And in the continuous-time +case, changes to t. + +And that, in effect, says that +values of the input only from + +-infinity up to time n are +used in computing y[n]. + +And a similar kind +of result for the + +continuous-time case y(t). + +OK, so we've seen how the +impulse response, or rather + +how certain system properties +in the linear time-invariant + +case can, be converted into +various requirements on the + +impulse response of a linear +time-invariant system, the + +impulse response being a +complete characterization. + +Let's look at some particular +examples just to kind of + +cement the ideas further. + +And let's begin with a system +that you've seen previously, + +which is an accumulator. + +An accumulator, as you recall, +has an output y[n], which is + +the accumulated value of the +input from -infinity up to n. + +Now, you've seen in the impulse +in a previous lecture, + +or rather in the video course +manual for a previous lecture, + +that an accumulator is a linear +time-invariant system. + +And in fact, its impulse +response is the accumulated + +values of an impulse. + +Namely, the impulse response +is equal to a step. + +So what we want to answer is, +knowing what that impulse + +response is, what some +properties are of the + +accumulator. + +And let's first ask +about memory. + +Well, we recognize that the +impulse response is not simply + +an impulse. + +In fact, it's a step. + +And so this implies what? + +Well, it implies that the +system has memory. + +Second, the impulse response +is 0 for n less than 0. + +That implies that the +system is causal. + +And finally, if we look at the +sum of the absolute values of + +the impulse response +from -infinity to + ++infinity, this is a step. + +If we accumulate those values +over infinite limits, then + +that in fact comes out +to be infinite. + +And so what that implies, then, +is that the accumulator + +is not stable in the +bounded-input + +bounded-output sense. + +Now I want to turn to +some other systems. + +But while we're on the +accumulator, I just want to + +draw your attention to the fact, +which will kind of come + +up in a variety of ways again +later, that we can rewrite the + +equation for an accumulator, +the difference equation, by + +recognizing that we could, in +fact, write the output as the + +accumulated values up to +time n - 1 and then + +add on the last value. + +And in fact, if we do that, this +corresponds to y[n-1]. + +And so we could rewrite this +difference equation as y[n] + += y[n-1] + ++ x[n]. + +So the output is the +previously-computed output + +plus the input. + +Expressed that way, what that +corresponds to is what is + +called a recursive difference +equation. + +And different equations will +be a topic of considerable + +emphasis in the next lecture. + +Now, does an accumulator +have an inverse? + +Well, the answer is, +in fact, yes. + +And let's look at what the +inverse of the accumulator is. + +The impulse response of the +accumulator is a step. + +To inquire about its inverse, +we inquire about whether + +there's a system, which when +we cascade the accumulator + +with that system, which I'm +calling its inverse, we get an + +impulse out. + +Well, let's see. + +The impulse response of the +accumulator is a step. + +We want to put the step +into something + +and get out an impulse. + +And in fact, what you recall +from the lecture in which we + +introduced steps and impulses, +the impulse is, in fact, the + +first difference of +the units step. + +So we have a difference equation +that describes for us + +how the impulse is related +to the step. + +And so if this system does this, +the output will be that, + +an impulse. + +And so if we think of x_2[n] + +as the input and y_2[n] + +as the output, then the +difference equation for the + +inverse system is what +I've indicated here. + +And if we want to look at the +impulse response of that, we + +can then inquire as to what +the response is with an + +impulse in. + +And what develops in a +straightforward way then is + +delta[n], which is our impulse +input, minus delta[n-1] + +is equal to the impulse +response + +of the inverse system. + +So I'll write that +as h^(-1)[n] + +(h-inverse of n). + +Now, we have then that the +accumulator has an inverse. + +And this is the inverse. + +And you can examine issues +of memory, stability, + +causality, et cetera. + +What you'll find is that the +system has memory, the inverse + +accumulator. + +It's stable, and it's causal. + +And it's interesting to note, by +the way, that although the + +accumulator was an unstable +system, the inverse of the + +accumulator is a +stable system. + +In general, if the system is +stable, its inverse does not + +have to be stable +or vice versa. + +And the same thing +with causality. + +OK now, there are a number of +other examples, which, of + +course, we could discuss. + +And let me just quickly point +to one example, which is a + +difference equation, as +I've indicated here. + +And as we'll talk about in +more detail in our next + +lecture, where we'll get +involved in a fairly detailed + +discussion of linear +constant-coefficient + +difference and differential +equations, this falls into + +that category. + +And under the imposition of +what's referred to as initial + +rest, which corresponds to the +response being 0 up until the + +time that the input becomes +non-zero, the impulse response + +is a^n times u[n]. + +And something that you'll be +asked to think about in the + +video course manual is whether +that system has memory, + +whether it's causal, and +whether it's stable. + +And likewise, for a linear +constant coefficient + +differential equation, the +specific one that I've + +indicated here, under the +assumption of initial rest, + +the impulse response is +e^(-2t) times u(t). + +And in the video course manual +again, you'll be asked to + +examine whether the system has +memory, whether it's causal, + +and whether it's stable. + +OK well, as I've indicated, in +the next lecture we'll return + +to a much more detailed +discussion of linear + +constant-coefficient +differential + +and difference equations. + +Now, what I'd like to finally do +in this lecture is use the + +notion of convolution in a much +different way to help us + +with a problem that I +alluded to earlier. + +In particular, the issue of how +to deal with some of the + +mathematical difficulties +associated with + +impulses and steps. + +Now, let me begin by +illustrating kind of what the + +problem is and an example of the +kind of paradox that you + +sort of run into when dealing +with impulse functions and + +step functions. + +Let's consider, first of all, +a system, which is the + +identity system. + +And so the output is, of course, +equal to the input. + +And again, we can talk about +that either in continuous time + +or in discrete time. + +Well, we know that the function +that you convolve + +with a signal to retain the +signal is an impulse. + +And so that means that the +impulse response of an + +identity system is an impulse. + +Makes logical sense. + +Furthermore, if I take two +identity systems and cascade + +them, I put in an input, get +the same thing out of the + +first system. + +That goes into the +second system. + +Get the same thing out +of the second. + +In other words, if I have two +identity systems in cascade, + +the cascade, likewise, is +an identity system. + +In other words, this +overall system is + +also an identity system. + +And the implication there is +that the impulse response of + +this is an impulse. + +The impulse response of +this is an impulse. + +And the convolution of those +two is also an impulse. + +So for continuous time, we +require, then, that an impulse + +convolved with itself +is an impulse. + +And the same thing for +discrete time. + +Now, in discrete time, we don't +have any particular + +problem with that. + +If you think about convolving +these together, it's a + +straightforward mathematical +operation since the impulse in + +discrete time is very +nicely defined. + +However, in continuous time, we +have to be somewhat careful + +about the definition of the +impulse because it was the + +derivative of a step. + +A step has a discontinuity. + +You can't really differentiate +at a discontinuity. + +And the way that we dealt with +that was to expand out the + +discontinuity so that it had +some finite time region in + +which it happened. + +When we did that, we ended up +with a definition for the + +impulse, which was the +limiting form of this + +function, which is a rectangle +of width Delta, and height 1 / + +Delta, and an area equal to 1. + +Now, if we think of convolving +this signal with itself, the + +impulse being the limiting +form of this, then the + +convolution of this with itself +is a triangle of width + +2 Delta, height 1 / +Delta, and area 1. + +In other words, this triangular +function is this + +approximation delta_Delta(t) +convolved with delta_Delta(t). + +And since the limit of this +would correspond to the + +impulse response of the identity +system convolved with + +itself, the implication is that +not only should the top + +function, this one, correspond +in its limiting form to an + +impulse, but also this should +correspond in its limiting + +form to an impulse. + +So one could wonder well, +what is an impulse? + +Is it this one in the limit? + +Or is it this one +in the limit? + +Now, beyond that-- so kind of +what this suggests is that in + +the limiting form, you kind of +run into a contradiction + +unless you don't try to +distinguish between this + +rectangle and the triangle. + +Things get even worse when you +think about what happens when + +you put an impulse into +a differentiator. + +And a differentiator is a very +commonly occurring system. + +In particular, suppose we had a +system for which the output + +was the derivative +of the input. + +So if we put in x(t), we +got out dx(t) / dt. + +If I put in an impulse, or if +I talked about the impulse + +response, what is that? + +And of course, the problem is +that if you think that the + +impulse itself is very badly +behaved, then what about its + +derivative, which is not only +infinitely big, but there's a + +positive-going one, and a +negative-going one, and the + +difference between there +has some area. + +And you end up in a +lot of difficulty. + +Well, the way around this, +formally, is through a set of + +mathematics referred to as +generalized functions. + +We won't be quite that formal. + +But I'd like to, at least, +suggest what the essence of + +that formality is. + +And it really helps us in +interpreting the impulses in + +steps and functions +of that type. + +And what it is is an operational +definition of + +steps, impulses, and their +derivatives in + +the following sense. + +Usually when we talk about a +function, we talk about what + +the value of the function is +at any instant of time. + +And of course, the trouble +with an impulse is it's + +infinitely big, in zero width, +and has some area, et cetera. + +What we can turn to is what is +referred to as an operational + +definition where the operational +definition is + +related not to what the impulse +is, but to what the + +impulse does under the operation +of convolution. + +So what is an impulse? + +An impulse is something, +which under + +convolution, retains the function. + +And that then can serve as a +definition of the impulse. + +Well, let's see where +that gets us. + +Suppose that we now want to talk +about the derivative of + +the impulse. + +Well, what we ask about is +what it is operationally. + +And so if we have a system, +which is a differentiator, and + +we inquire about its impulse +response, which let's say we + +define notationally as u_1(t). + +What's important about this +function u_1(t) is not what it + +is at each value of time +but what it does under + +convolution. + +What does it do under +convolution? + +Well, the output of the +differentiator is the + +convolution of the input with +the impulse response. + +And so what u_1(t) does under +convolution is to + +differentiate. + +And that is the operational +definition. + +And now, of course, we can +think of extending that. + +Not only would we want to think +about differentiating an + +impulse, but we would also +want to think about + +differentiating the derivative +of an impulse. + +We'll define that as +a function u_2(t). + +u_2(t)-- + +because we have this impulse +response convolved with this + +one is u_1(t) * u_1(t). + +And what is u_2(t) +operationally? + +It is the operation such that +when you convolve that with + +x(t), what you get is the +second derivative. + +OK now, we can carry this +further and, in fact, talk + +about the result of convolving +u_1(t) with itself more times. + +In fact, if we think of the +convulution of u_1(t) with + +itself k times, then +logically we would + +define that as u_k(t). + +Again, we would interpret +that operationally. + +And the operational definition +is through convolution, where + +this corresponds to u_k(t) being +the impulse response of + +k differentiators in cascade. + +So what is the operational +definition? + +Well, it's simply that x(t) +* u_k(t) is the k + +derivative of x(t). + +And this now gives us a set +of what are referred to as + +singularity functions. + +Very badly behaved +mathematically in a sense, but + +as we've seen, reasonably well +defined under an operational + +definition. + +With k = 0, incidentally, that's +the same as what we + +have referred to previously +as the impulse. + +So with k 0, that's +just delta(t). + +Now to be complete, we can also +go the other way and talk + +about the impulse response of +a string of integrators + +instead of a string of +differentiators. + +Of course, the impulse +response of a single + +integrator is a unit step. + +Two integrators together +is the integral of a + +unit step, et cetera. + +And that, likewise, corresponds +to a set of what + +are called singularity +functions. + +In particular, if I take a +string of m integrators in + +cascade, then the impulse +response of that is denoted as + +u sub minus m of t. + +And for example, with a single +integrator, u sub minus 1 of t + +corresponds to our unit step as +we talked about previously. + +u sub minus 2 of t corresponds +to a unit ramp, et cetera. + +And there is, in fact, a reason +for choosing negative + +values of the argument when +going in one direction near + +integration as compared with +positive values of the + +argument when going in the +other direction, namely + +differentiation. + +In particular, we know that with +u sub minus m of t, the + +operational definition is the +mth running integral. + +And likewise, u_k(t)-- + +so with a positive +sub script-- + +has an operational definition, +which is the derivative. + +So it's the kth derivative +of x(t). + +And partly as a consequence of +that, if we take u_k(t) and + +convolve it with u_l(t), the +result is the singularity + +function with the subscript, +which is the sum of k and l. + +And that holds whether this +is positive values of the + +subscript or negative values +of the subscript. + +So just to summarize this last +discussion, we've used an + +operational definition to talk +about derivatives of impulses + +and integrals of impulses. + +This led to a set of singularity +functions-- what + +I've called singularity +functions-- + +of which the impulse and the +step are two examples. + +But using an operational +definition through convolution + +allows us to define, at least in +an operational sense, these + +functions that otherwise +are very badly behaved. + +OK now, in this lecture and +previous lectures, for the + +most part, our discussion +has been about linear + +time-invariant systems in +fairly general terms. + +And we've seen a variety of +properties, representation + +through convolution, and +properties as they can be + +associated with the +impulse response. + +In the next lecture, we'll turn +our attention to a very + +important subclass of those +systems, namely systems that + +are describable by linear +constant-coefficient + +difference equations in the +discrete-time case, and linear + +constant-coefficient +differential equations in the + +continuous-time case. + +Those classes, while not forming +all of the class of + +linear time-invariant +systems, are a very + +important sub class. + +And we'll focus in on those +specifically next time. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/mcrGC0KTfnY.txt b/mcrGC0KTfnY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f06bbb6cc967ef1b2017de69983a26ca418a9fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/mcrGC0KTfnY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10107 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so welcome to the first of our uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so welcome to the first of our uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so welcome to the first of our uh +guest uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecturers Jessie Prince a of philosophy + + align:start position:0% +lecturers Jessie Prince a of philosophy + + + align:start position:0% +lecturers Jessie Prince a of philosophy +at the City University of New York Jesse + + align:start position:0% +at the City University of New York Jesse + + + align:start position:0% +at the City University of New York Jesse +thanks it's I it's really terrific to be + + align:start position:0% +thanks it's I it's really terrific to be + + + align:start position:0% +thanks it's I it's really terrific to be +here oh is this working are we good on + + align:start position:0% +here oh is this working are we good on + + + align:start position:0% +here oh is this working are we good on +sound well yeah I I think it's actually + + align:start position:0% +sound well yeah I I think it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +sound well yeah I I think it's actually +not um a amplified speaker just getting + + align:start position:0% +not um a amplified speaker just getting + + + align:start position:0% +not um a amplified speaker just getting +to the camera somehow um so uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +to the camera somehow um so uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to the camera somehow um so uh it's a +it's terrific to be here what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +it's terrific to be here what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +it's terrific to be here what I'm going +to do is talk to you a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +to do is talk to you a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +to do is talk to you a little bit about +uh research that you've already been + + align:start position:0% +uh research that you've already been + + + align:start position:0% +uh research that you've already been +exposed to research on Child Development + + align:start position:0% +exposed to research on Child Development + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to research on Child Development +especially at infant development and uh + + align:start position:0% +especially at infant development and uh + + + align:start position:0% +especially at infant development and uh +I will be trying to speak up for the + + align:start position:0% +I will be trying to speak up for the + + + align:start position:0% +I will be trying to speak up for the +anti- nativist here uh the the nurture + + align:start position:0% +anti- nativist here uh the the nurture + + + align:start position:0% +anti- nativist here uh the the nurture +side of the nature nurture debate + + align:start position:0% +side of the nature nurture debate + + + align:start position:0% +side of the nature nurture debate +developmental psychology these days is + + align:start position:0% +developmental psychology these days is + + + align:start position:0% +developmental psychology these days is +really heavily dominated by people who + + align:start position:0% +really heavily dominated by people who + + + align:start position:0% +really heavily dominated by people who +believe very strongly in nativist claims + + align:start position:0% +believe very strongly in nativist claims + + + align:start position:0% +believe very strongly in nativist claims +in the view that infants are born with + + align:start position:0% +in the view that infants are born with + + + align:start position:0% +in the view that infants are born with +uh innate representations and innate + + align:start position:0% +uh innate representations and innate + + + align:start position:0% +uh innate representations and innate +knowledge and um the way that this view + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and um the way that this view + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and um the way that this view +is articulated the prevailing metaphor + + align:start position:0% +is articulated the prevailing metaphor + + + align:start position:0% +is articulated the prevailing metaphor +is that infants are kind of like + + align:start position:0% +is that infants are kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +is that infants are kind of like +scientists and they're like scientists + + align:start position:0% +scientists and they're like scientists + + + align:start position:0% +scientists and they're like scientists +in um that they're born with theories + + align:start position:0% +in um that they're born with theories + + + align:start position:0% +in um that they're born with theories +theories of how different aspects of the + + align:start position:0% +theories of how different aspects of the + + + align:start position:0% +theories of how different aspects of the +world works these theories are said to + + align:start position:0% +world works these theories are said to + + + align:start position:0% +world works these theories are said to +be innate um and the theories are + + align:start position:0% +be innate um and the theories are + + + align:start position:0% +be innate um and the theories are +supposed to correspond to specific + + align:start position:0% +supposed to correspond to specific + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to correspond to specific +ontological domains so you've been + + align:start position:0% +ontological domains so you've been + + + align:start position:0% +ontological domains so you've been +exposed to this idea in the form of uh + + align:start position:0% +exposed to this idea in the form of uh + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to this idea in the form of uh +the idea that infants have an innate + + align:start position:0% +the idea that infants have an innate + + + align:start position:0% +the idea that infants have an innate +theory of mathematics an innate theory + + align:start position:0% +theory of mathematics an innate theory + + + align:start position:0% +theory of mathematics an innate theory +of geometry and innate theory of + + align:start position:0% +of geometry and innate theory of + + + align:start position:0% +of geometry and innate theory of +mechanics or physical space all of the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or physical space all of the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or physical space all of the +different branches of the University + + align:start position:0% +different branches of the University + + + align:start position:0% +different branches of the University +might correspond to the innate endowment + + align:start position:0% +might correspond to the innate endowment + + + align:start position:0% +might correspond to the innate endowment +on this view so infants are born with an + + align:start position:0% +on this view so infants are born with an + + + align:start position:0% +on this view so infants are born with an +innate psychology an innate physics um + + align:start position:0% +innate psychology an innate physics um + + + align:start position:0% +innate psychology an innate physics um +an innate biology and so on um maybe + + align:start position:0% +an innate biology and so on um maybe + + + align:start position:0% +an innate biology and so on um maybe +innate social sciences um another + + align:start position:0% +innate social sciences um another + + + align:start position:0% +innate social sciences um another +feature of the view is that this + + align:start position:0% +feature of the view is that this + + + align:start position:0% +feature of the view is that this +knowledge is supposed to be of a + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is supposed to be of a + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is supposed to be of a +particular kind it's supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +particular kind it's supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +particular kind it's supposed to be +conceptual knowledge and here conceptual + + align:start position:0% +conceptual knowledge and here conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual knowledge and here conceptual +is characteristically contrasted with + + align:start position:0% +is characteristically contrasted with + + + align:start position:0% +is characteristically contrasted with +perceptual so infant knowledge is + + align:start position:0% +perceptual so infant knowledge is + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual so infant knowledge is +supposed to transcend appearances + + align:start position:0% +supposed to transcend appearances + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to transcend appearances +transcend The Superficial and it's + + align:start position:0% +transcend The Superficial and it's + + + align:start position:0% +transcend The Superficial and it's +supposed to be couched in some sort of + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be couched in some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be couched in some sort of +representational code that is conceptual + + align:start position:0% +representational code that is conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +representational code that is conceptual +in nature in contrast with being + + align:start position:0% +in nature in contrast with being + + + align:start position:0% +in nature in contrast with being +perceptual in nature + + align:start position:0% +perceptual in nature + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual in nature +um what is a theory well you can think + + align:start position:0% +um what is a theory well you can think + + + align:start position:0% +um what is a theory well you can think +about a theory as a set of causal + + align:start position:0% +about a theory as a set of causal + + + align:start position:0% +about a theory as a set of causal +explanatory principles so it's a theory + + align:start position:0% +explanatory principles so it's a theory + + + align:start position:0% +explanatory principles so it's a theory +of how things work um which things uh + + align:start position:0% +of how things work um which things uh + + + align:start position:0% +of how things work um which things uh +cause other kinds of things to occur um + + align:start position:0% +cause other kinds of things to occur um + + + align:start position:0% +cause other kinds of things to occur um +and a theory that would allow an infant + + align:start position:0% +and a theory that would allow an infant + + + align:start position:0% +and a theory that would allow an infant +to explain or make sense of her + + align:start position:0% +to explain or make sense of her + + + align:start position:0% +to explain or make sense of her +environment um theories are also said to + + align:start position:0% +environment um theories are also said to + + + align:start position:0% +environment um theories are also said to +postulate hidden causes so they go + + align:start position:0% +postulate hidden causes so they go + + + align:start position:0% +postulate hidden causes so they go +beyond mere appearances and they + + align:start position:0% +beyond mere appearances and they + + + align:start position:0% +beyond mere appearances and they +postulate powers that can't be directly + + align:start position:0% +postulate powers that can't be directly + + + align:start position:0% +postulate powers that can't be directly +observed that are underlying The + + align:start position:0% +observed that are underlying The + + + align:start position:0% +observed that are underlying The +observed interactions what does it mean + + align:start position:0% +observed interactions what does it mean + + + align:start position:0% +observed interactions what does it mean +to say that these things are innate um + + align:start position:0% +to say that these things are innate um + + + align:start position:0% +to say that these things are innate um +well one way to think about it is in + + align:start position:0% +well one way to think about it is in + + + align:start position:0% +well one way to think about it is in +terms of the organism's contribution + + align:start position:0% +terms of the organism's contribution + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the organism's contribution +here so clearly infants are exposed to a + + align:start position:0% +here so clearly infants are exposed to a + + + align:start position:0% +here so clearly infants are exposed to a +rich environment and they learn things + + align:start position:0% +rich environment and they learn things + + + align:start position:0% +rich environment and they learn things +from that environment but the idea is + + align:start position:0% +from that environment but the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +from that environment but the idea is +that um they're supposed to have some + + align:start position:0% +that um they're supposed to have some + + + align:start position:0% +that um they're supposed to have some +sort of knowledge that's specific to + + align:start position:0% +sort of knowledge that's specific to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of knowledge that's specific to +these domains um that is uh somehow + + align:start position:0% +these domains um that is uh somehow + + + align:start position:0% +these domains um that is uh somehow +intrinsic to their uh nature as human + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic to their uh nature as human + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic to their uh nature as human +animals um so they're making a + + align:start position:0% +animals um so they're making a + + + align:start position:0% +animals um so they're making a +contribution that allows them to uh + + align:start position:0% +contribution that allows them to uh + + + align:start position:0% +contribution that allows them to uh +initially C oriz the world into + + align:start position:0% +initially C oriz the world into + + + align:start position:0% +initially C oriz the world into +different classes of events and then + + align:start position:0% +different classes of events and then + + + align:start position:0% +different classes of events and then +call on domain specific knowledge stores + + align:start position:0% +call on domain specific knowledge stores + + + align:start position:0% +call on domain specific knowledge stores +for thinking about those different kinds + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about those different kinds + + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about those different kinds +of events and in making anist Claims One + + align:start position:0% +of events and in making anist Claims One + + + align:start position:0% +of events and in making anist Claims One +typically tests for it in a variety of + + align:start position:0% +typically tests for it in a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +typically tests for it in a variety of +different ways the most important of + + align:start position:0% +different ways the most important of + + + align:start position:0% +different ways the most important of +these uh is a Poverty of stimulus kind + + align:start position:0% +these uh is a Poverty of stimulus kind + + + align:start position:0% +these uh is a Poverty of stimulus kind +of argument and the idea here is you can + + align:start position:0% +of argument and the idea here is you can + + + align:start position:0% +of argument and the idea here is you can +show that the organism is making a + + align:start position:0% +show that the organism is making a + + + align:start position:0% +show that the organism is making a +domain specific contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +domain specific contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +domain specific contribution to the +attainment of a cognitive capacity by + + align:start position:0% +attainment of a cognitive capacity by + + + align:start position:0% +attainment of a cognitive capacity by +showing that there isn't enough + + align:start position:0% +showing that there isn't enough + + + align:start position:0% +showing that there isn't enough +information in the infant's environment + + align:start position:0% +information in the infant's environment + + + align:start position:0% +information in the infant's environment +that could together with domain General + + align:start position:0% +that could together with domain General + + + align:start position:0% +that could together with domain General +learning resources explain the end State + + align:start position:0% +learning resources explain the end State + + + align:start position:0% +learning resources explain the end State +explain how the infant is able to + + align:start position:0% +explain how the infant is able to + + + align:start position:0% +explain how the infant is able to +demonstrate the capacity that she + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate the capacity that she + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate the capacity that she +demonstrates by the age that she she + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates by the age that she she + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates by the age that she she +demonstrates it so if you can show that + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates it so if you can show that + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates it so if you can show that +the the learning environment doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the the learning environment doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the the learning environment doesn't +contain enough information to end up at + + align:start position:0% +contain enough information to end up at + + + align:start position:0% +contain enough information to end up at +that end State using domain General + + align:start position:0% +that end State using domain General + + + align:start position:0% +that end State using domain General +learning principles you'd have an + + align:start position:0% +learning principles you'd have an + + + align:start position:0% +learning principles you'd have an +argument for innateness um another way + + align:start position:0% +argument for innateness um another way + + + align:start position:0% +argument for innateness um another way +you might argue for iness is by appeal + + align:start position:0% +you might argue for iness is by appeal + + + align:start position:0% +you might argue for iness is by appeal +to developmental stages now it's quite + + align:start position:0% +to developmental stages now it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +to developmental stages now it's quite +well known that infant knowledge Emer es + + align:start position:0% +well known that infant knowledge Emer es + + + align:start position:0% +well known that infant knowledge Emer es +over time and people characterize + + align:start position:0% +over time and people characterize + + + align:start position:0% +over time and people characterize +various shifts in the course of + + align:start position:0% +various shifts in the course of + + + align:start position:0% +various shifts in the course of +development um shifts are consistent + + align:start position:0% +development um shifts are consistent + + + align:start position:0% +development um shifts are consistent +with both a learning story and a + + align:start position:0% +with both a learning story and a + + + align:start position:0% +with both a learning story and a +nativism story but shifts become + + align:start position:0% +nativism story but shifts become + + + align:start position:0% +nativism story but shifts become +evidence for innateness when you see + + align:start position:0% +evidence for innateness when you see + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for innateness when you see +them emerging in a very fixed way in + + align:start position:0% +them emerging in a very fixed way in + + + align:start position:0% +them emerging in a very fixed way in +particular a way that's key to to um + + align:start position:0% +particular a way that's key to to um + + + align:start position:0% +particular a way that's key to to um +chronological age of the infant so if + + align:start position:0% +chronological age of the infant so if + + + align:start position:0% +chronological age of the infant so if +you can see evidence that a capacity is + + align:start position:0% +you can see evidence that a capacity is + + + align:start position:0% +you can see evidence that a capacity is +developing in a Time course that + + align:start position:0% +developing in a Time course that + + + align:start position:0% +developing in a Time course that +coincides with bi biological maturation + + align:start position:0% +coincides with bi biological maturation + + + align:start position:0% +coincides with bi biological maturation +that might be evidence for the + + align:start position:0% +that might be evidence for the + + + align:start position:0% +that might be evidence for the +innateness of the trait and a final + + align:start position:0% +innateness of the trait and a final + + + align:start position:0% +innateness of the trait and a final +strategy that's used in this context is + + align:start position:0% +strategy that's used in this context is + + + align:start position:0% +strategy that's used in this context is +evidence for Selective deficit so if you + + align:start position:0% +evidence for Selective deficit so if you + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for Selective deficit so if you +can see that A congenital abnormality in + + align:start position:0% +can see that A congenital abnormality in + + + align:start position:0% +can see that A congenital abnormality in +the child leads to a selective + + align:start position:0% +the child leads to a selective + + + align:start position:0% +the child leads to a selective +impairment in a specific cognitive + + align:start position:0% +impairment in a specific cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +impairment in a specific cognitive +capacity that would be evidence for the + + align:start position:0% +capacity that would be evidence for the + + + align:start position:0% +capacity that would be evidence for the +domain specificity of that capacity as + + align:start position:0% +domain specificity of that capacity as + + + align:start position:0% +domain specificity of that capacity as +well as as the biological origins of + + align:start position:0% +well as as the biological origins of + + + align:start position:0% +well as as the biological origins of +that capacity and those two points + + align:start position:0% +that capacity and those two points + + + align:start position:0% +that capacity and those two points +together would argue for innateness um + + align:start position:0% +together would argue for innateness um + + + align:start position:0% +together would argue for innateness um +finally just a little remark on what + + align:start position:0% +finally just a little remark on what + + + align:start position:0% +finally just a little remark on what +domains are uh so one formulation might + + align:start position:0% +domains are uh so one formulation might + + + align:start position:0% +domains are uh so one formulation might +be that there psychological structures + + align:start position:0% +be that there psychological structures + + + align:start position:0% +be that there psychological structures +comprising knowledge of fundamental + + align:start position:0% +comprising knowledge of fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +comprising knowledge of fundamental +categories so um the emphasis here might + + align:start position:0% +categories so um the emphasis here might + + + align:start position:0% +categories so um the emphasis here might +um be on fundamental the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +um be on fundamental the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +um be on fundamental the idea is that +infants uh among the the various things + + align:start position:0% +infants uh among the the various things + + + align:start position:0% +infants uh among the the various things +that they have an a knowledge of are + + align:start position:0% +that they have an a knowledge of are + + + align:start position:0% +that they have an a knowledge of are +going to be knowledge of very inclusive + + align:start position:0% +going to be knowledge of very inclusive + + + align:start position:0% +going to be knowledge of very inclusive +domains of objects in the world very + + align:start position:0% +domains of objects in the world very + + + align:start position:0% +domains of objects in the world very +inclusive class classes of objects uh in + + align:start position:0% +inclusive class classes of objects uh in + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive class classes of objects uh in +the world and these are going to be + + align:start position:0% +the world and these are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the world and these are going to be +fundamental in the sense that these very + + align:start position:0% +fundamental in the sense that these very + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental in the sense that these very +inclusive domains um will give them + + align:start position:0% +inclusive domains um will give them + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive domains um will give them +knowledge that generalizes across a wide + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that generalizes across a wide + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that generalizes across a wide +range of things but not everything so + + align:start position:0% +range of things but not everything so + + + align:start position:0% +range of things but not everything so +they're fundamental in that it becomes a + + align:start position:0% +they're fundamental in that it becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +they're fundamental in that it becomes a +foundation for knowledge of an entire + + align:start position:0% +foundation for knowledge of an entire + + + align:start position:0% +foundation for knowledge of an entire +class of things but it still demain + + align:start position:0% +class of things but it still demain + + + align:start position:0% +class of things but it still demain +specific in that it won't cover every + + align:start position:0% +specific in that it won't cover every + + + align:start position:0% +specific in that it won't cover every +every object the child will encounter uh + + align:start position:0% +every object the child will encounter uh + + + align:start position:0% +every object the child will encounter uh +to say this knowledge is conceptual + + align:start position:0% +to say this knowledge is conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +to say this knowledge is conceptual +typically people think about Concepts as + + align:start position:0% +typically people think about Concepts as + + + align:start position:0% +typically people think about Concepts as +a modal symbols they're not couched in + + align:start position:0% +a modal symbols they're not couched in + + + align:start position:0% +a modal symbols they're not couched in +the same formats through which we + + align:start position:0% +the same formats through which we + + + align:start position:0% +the same formats through which we +experience the world perceptually um + + align:start position:0% +experience the world perceptually um + + + align:start position:0% +experience the world perceptually um +another thing that's important in + + align:start position:0% +another thing that's important in + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that's important in +thinking about the difference between + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the difference between +Concepts and other kinds of mental + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and other kinds of mental + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and other kinds of mental +representations is that concepts are + + align:start position:0% +representations is that concepts are + + + align:start position:0% +representations is that concepts are +under organismic control by that I + + align:start position:0% +under organismic control by that I + + + align:start position:0% +under organismic control by that I +simply mean that if you have a concept + + align:start position:0% +simply mean that if you have a concept + + + align:start position:0% +simply mean that if you have a concept +of something you can freely use it in + + align:start position:0% +of something you can freely use it in + + + align:start position:0% +of something you can freely use it in +thought you can in a in a top- down + + align:start position:0% +thought you can in a in a top- down + + + align:start position:0% +thought you can in a in a top- down +manner apply that concept to the world + + align:start position:0% +manner apply that concept to the world + + + align:start position:0% +manner apply that concept to the world +it's not just a passive response to the + + align:start position:0% +it's not just a passive response to the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just a passive response to the +stimuli that are impinging on your + + align:start position:0% +stimuli that are impinging on your + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli that are impinging on your +senses you can use it to make sense of + + align:start position:0% +senses you can use it to make sense of + + + align:start position:0% +senses you can use it to make sense of +the stimul that are imp impinging on + + align:start position:0% +the stimul that are imp impinging on + + + align:start position:0% +the stimul that are imp impinging on +your senses so concepts are somehow um + + align:start position:0% +your senses so concepts are somehow um + + + align:start position:0% +your senses so concepts are somehow um +uh under the executive control of of the + + align:start position:0% +uh under the executive control of of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh under the executive control of of the +organ organism okay by the way I'm just + + align:start position:0% +organ organism okay by the way I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +organ organism okay by the way I'm just +going to speak but please uh I encourage + + align:start position:0% +going to speak but please uh I encourage + + + align:start position:0% +going to speak but please uh I encourage +you to ask questions or raise issues as + + align:start position:0% +you to ask questions or raise issues as + + + align:start position:0% +you to ask questions or raise issues as +I go through these are just very very + + align:start position:0% +I go through these are just very very + + + align:start position:0% +I go through these are just very very +preliminary points but what we're what + + align:start position:0% +preliminary points but what we're what + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary points but what we're what +we're going to do now um is uh begin to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do now um is uh begin to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do now um is uh begin to +look at some of the work that's been + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the work that's been + + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the work that's been +used to defend this this particular + + align:start position:0% +used to defend this this particular + + + align:start position:0% +used to defend this this particular +picture first briefly though um the + + align:start position:0% +picture first briefly though um the + + + align:start position:0% +picture first briefly though um the +opposing view would looks something like + + align:start position:0% +opposing view would looks something like + + + align:start position:0% +opposing view would looks something like +this um if children aren't these little + + align:start position:0% +this um if children aren't these little + + + align:start position:0% +this um if children aren't these little +scientists if they're not born with a + + align:start position:0% +scientists if they're not born with a + + + align:start position:0% +scientists if they're not born with a +set of theoretical knowledge governing + + align:start position:0% +set of theoretical knowledge governing + + + align:start position:0% +set of theoretical knowledge governing +different different domains of objects + + align:start position:0% +different different domains of objects + + + align:start position:0% +different different domains of objects +the alternative would be that they're + + align:start position:0% +the alternative would be that they're + + + align:start position:0% +the alternative would be that they're +born with an innate similarity space + + align:start position:0% +born with an innate similarity space + + + align:start position:0% +born with an innate similarity space +innate faculties like the sensory + + align:start position:0% +innate faculties like the sensory + + + align:start position:0% +innate faculties like the sensory +faculties attention and memory that are + + align:start position:0% +faculties attention and memory that are + + + align:start position:0% +faculties attention and memory that are +all domain General in nature and perhaps + + align:start position:0% +all domain General in nature and perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +all domain General in nature and perhaps +to various innate biases so I know you + + align:start position:0% +to various innate biases so I know you + + + align:start position:0% +to various innate biases so I know you +you guys spend some time on face + + align:start position:0% +you guys spend some time on face + + + align:start position:0% +you guys spend some time on face +perception um an anti- nativist view + + align:start position:0% +perception um an anti- nativist view + + + align:start position:0% +perception um an anti- nativist view +about the capacity to perceive human + + align:start position:0% +about the capacity to perceive human + + + align:start position:0% +about the capacity to perceive human +faces would say we have a general + + align:start position:0% +faces would say we have a general + + + align:start position:0% +faces would say we have a general +capacity to parse the visual scene and + + align:start position:0% +capacity to parse the visual scene and + + + align:start position:0% +capacity to parse the visual scene and +among the things we come to be able to + + align:start position:0% +among the things we come to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +among the things we come to be able to +recognize is the configuration of a + + align:start position:0% +recognize is the configuration of a + + + align:start position:0% +recognize is the configuration of a +human face that said it's not + + align:start position:0% +human face that said it's not + + + align:start position:0% +human face that said it's not +incompatible with this opposing view uh + + align:start position:0% +incompatible with this opposing view uh + + + align:start position:0% +incompatible with this opposing view uh +with the with the anti- nativist view + + align:start position:0% +with the with the anti- nativist view + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the anti- nativist view +that in fact infants have a bit more + + align:start position:0% +that in fact infants have a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact infants have a bit more +than that maybe they do even have a + + align:start position:0% +than that maybe they do even have a + + + align:start position:0% +than that maybe they do even have a +perceptual template that biases them + + align:start position:0% +perceptual template that biases them + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual template that biases them +towards looking at fa like stimuli but + + align:start position:0% +towards looking at fa like stimuli but + + + align:start position:0% +towards looking at fa like stimuli but +on The View that there's a bias to look + + align:start position:0% +on The View that there's a bias to look + + + align:start position:0% +on The View that there's a bias to look +at faces you don't have anything that um + + align:start position:0% +at faces you don't have anything that um + + + align:start position:0% +at faces you don't have anything that um +gets to the level of cognitive + + align:start position:0% +gets to the level of cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +gets to the level of cognitive +sophistication of an innate innate + + align:start position:0% +sophistication of an innate innate + + + align:start position:0% +sophistication of an innate innate +Theory you can think about biases as + + align:start position:0% +Theory you can think about biases as + + + align:start position:0% +Theory you can think about biases as +something like um an innate tendency to + + align:start position:0% +something like um an innate tendency to + + + align:start position:0% +something like um an innate tendency to +look at certain sources for information + + align:start position:0% +look at certain sources for information + + + align:start position:0% +look at certain sources for information +and then the sources become the + + align:start position:0% +and then the sources become the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the sources become the +instructor the child goes on to learn + + align:start position:0% +instructor the child goes on to learn + + + align:start position:0% +instructor the child goes on to learn +what she learns in virtue of how the + + align:start position:0% +what she learns in virtue of how the + + + align:start position:0% +what she learns in virtue of how the +world is the biases just get her to look + + align:start position:0% +world is the biases just get her to look + + + align:start position:0% +world is the biases just get her to look +in the right place so it's consistent + + align:start position:0% +in the right place so it's consistent + + + align:start position:0% +in the right place so it's consistent +with the anti- nativist picture that you + + align:start position:0% +with the anti- nativist picture that you + + + align:start position:0% +with the anti- nativist picture that you +have some some amount of that anti- + + align:start position:0% +have some some amount of that anti- + + + align:start position:0% +have some some amount of that anti- +nativism is associated with this guy + + align:start position:0% +nativism is associated with this guy + + + align:start position:0% +nativism is associated with this guy +that's that's uh John Lock who I think + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh John Lock who I think + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh John Lock who I think +you might have discussed on the first + + align:start position:0% +you might have discussed on the first + + + align:start position:0% +you might have discussed on the first +day another view that's very important + + align:start position:0% +day another view that's very important + + + align:start position:0% +day another view that's very important +to this uh this anti- nativist picture + + align:start position:0% +to this uh this anti- nativist picture + + + align:start position:0% +to this uh this anti- nativist picture +is that the information is domain + + align:start position:0% +is that the information is domain + + + align:start position:0% +is that the information is domain +General that is the very same resources + + align:start position:0% +General that is the very same resources + + + align:start position:0% +General that is the very same resources +by which you learn about physical + + align:start position:0% +by which you learn about physical + + + align:start position:0% +by which you learn about physical +objects about numbers about psychology + + align:start position:0% +objects about numbers about psychology + + + align:start position:0% +objects about numbers about psychology +about biology um the very same resources + + align:start position:0% +about biology um the very same resources + + + align:start position:0% +about biology um the very same resources +are used for all on the little scientist + + align:start position:0% +are used for all on the little scientist + + + align:start position:0% +are used for all on the little scientist +view you have a different set of + + align:start position:0% +view you have a different set of + + + align:start position:0% +view you have a different set of +principles governing these different + + align:start position:0% +principles governing these different + + + align:start position:0% +principles governing these different +domains on the alternative view maybe by + + align:start position:0% +domains on the alternative view maybe by + + + align:start position:0% +domains on the alternative view maybe by +the end of maturation you have different + + align:start position:0% +the end of maturation you have different + + + align:start position:0% +the end of maturation you have different +principles governing these domains but + + align:start position:0% +principles governing these domains but + + + align:start position:0% +principles governing these domains but +in the initial State you're using a a + + align:start position:0% +in the initial State you're using a a + + + align:start position:0% +in the initial State you're using a a +generic Suite of learning resources to + + align:start position:0% +generic Suite of learning resources to + + + align:start position:0% +generic Suite of learning resources to +acquire knowledge of all of these and + + align:start position:0% +acquire knowledge of all of these and + + + align:start position:0% +acquire knowledge of all of these and +this is um Willard van Orton Quin who + + align:start position:0% +this is um Willard van Orton Quin who + + + align:start position:0% +this is um Willard van Orton Quin who +Associated as well with the empiricist + + align:start position:0% +Associated as well with the empiricist + + + align:start position:0% +Associated as well with the empiricist +tradition and contemporary philosophy + + align:start position:0% +tradition and contemporary philosophy + + + align:start position:0% +tradition and contemporary philosophy +and finally um we have David Hume at the + + align:start position:0% +and finally um we have David Hume at the + + + align:start position:0% +and finally um we have David Hume at the +end um to drive home a further feature + + align:start position:0% +end um to drive home a further feature + + + align:start position:0% +end um to drive home a further feature +of the alternative picture which is the + + align:start position:0% +of the alternative picture which is the + + + align:start position:0% +of the alternative picture which is the +idea of perceptual grounding it's a part + + align:start position:0% +idea of perceptual grounding it's a part + + + align:start position:0% +idea of perceptual grounding it's a part +of the empiricist program that opposes + + align:start position:0% +of the empiricist program that opposes + + + align:start position:0% +of the empiricist program that opposes +nativism to suppose that a lot of our + + align:start position:0% +nativism to suppose that a lot of our + + + align:start position:0% +nativism to suppose that a lot of our +concepts are actually couched in the the + + align:start position:0% +concepts are actually couched in the the + + + align:start position:0% +concepts are actually couched in the the +same sort of representational resources + + align:start position:0% +same sort of representational resources + + + align:start position:0% +same sort of representational resources +that we would use to perceive the world + + align:start position:0% +that we would use to perceive the world + + + align:start position:0% +that we would use to perceive the world +it's as if perception is moonlighting we + + align:start position:0% +it's as if perception is moonlighting we + + + align:start position:0% +it's as if perception is moonlighting we +store perceptual representations of + + align:start position:0% +store perceptual representations of + + + align:start position:0% +store perceptual representations of +objects and use them for conceptual + + align:start position:0% +objects and use them for conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +objects and use them for conceptual +tasks yeah uh did you explain the + + align:start position:0% +tasks yeah uh did you explain the + + + align:start position:0% +tasks yeah uh did you explain the +similarities please oh sorry yes indeed + + align:start position:0% +similarities please oh sorry yes indeed + + + align:start position:0% +similarities please oh sorry yes indeed +um so so the thought is um when you see + + align:start position:0% +um so so the thought is um when you see + + + align:start position:0% +um so so the thought is um when you see +two objects you need to be able to + + align:start position:0% +two objects you need to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +two objects you need to be able to +assess whether or not they're similar + + align:start position:0% +assess whether or not they're similar + + + align:start position:0% +assess whether or not they're similar +and and you need to do that because if + + align:start position:0% +and and you need to do that because if + + + align:start position:0% +and and you need to do that because if +we thought at the level of particulars + + align:start position:0% +we thought at the level of particulars + + + align:start position:0% +we thought at the level of particulars +if the way we represented any object was + + align:start position:0% +if the way we represented any object was + + + align:start position:0% +if the way we represented any object was +simply as a totally unique thing + + align:start position:0% +simply as a totally unique thing + + + align:start position:0% +simply as a totally unique thing +unrelated to any other cognition would + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to any other cognition would + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to any other cognition would +be too hard it's a primary operation of + + align:start position:0% +be too hard it's a primary operation of + + + align:start position:0% +be too hard it's a primary operation of +the mind to classify we say this is + + align:start position:0% +the mind to classify we say this is + + + align:start position:0% +the mind to classify we say this is +another one of those and when you + + align:start position:0% +another one of those and when you + + + align:start position:0% +another one of those and when you +recognize an object as belonging to a + + align:start position:0% +recognize an object as belonging to a + + + align:start position:0% +recognize an object as belonging to a +category you can then bring knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +category you can then bring knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +category you can then bring knowledge of +other instances to of that category to + + align:start position:0% +other instances to of that category to + + + align:start position:0% +other instances to of that category to +bear on that individual now the question + + align:start position:0% +bear on that individual now the question + + + align:start position:0% +bear on that individual now the question +is how do you recognize the two things + + align:start position:0% +is how do you recognize the two things + + + align:start position:0% +is how do you recognize the two things +are similar this to a certain degree has + + align:start position:0% +are similar this to a certain degree has + + + align:start position:0% +are similar this to a certain degree has +to be pre-specified for example just + + align:start position:0% +to be pre-specified for example just + + + align:start position:0% +to be pre-specified for example just +take something as simple as color + + align:start position:0% +take something as simple as color + + + align:start position:0% +take something as simple as color +perception the ability to see two + + align:start position:0% +perception the ability to see two + + + align:start position:0% +perception the ability to see two +patches as both being instances of the + + align:start position:0% +patches as both being instances of the + + + align:start position:0% +patches as both being instances of the +color red and therefore to classify them + + align:start position:0% +color red and therefore to classify them + + + align:start position:0% +color red and therefore to classify them +as possibly belonging to the same + + align:start position:0% +as possibly belonging to the same + + + align:start position:0% +as possibly belonging to the same +category um is part of our Nate + + align:start position:0% +category um is part of our Nate + + + align:start position:0% +category um is part of our Nate +apparatus for for vision so if you see + + align:start position:0% +apparatus for for vision so if you see + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus for for vision so if you see +two birds and they're both the same + + align:start position:0% +two birds and they're both the same + + + align:start position:0% +two birds and they're both the same +color you might initially suppose that + + align:start position:0% +color you might initially suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +color you might initially suppose that +they are members of the same category + + align:start position:0% +they are members of the same category + + + align:start position:0% +they are members of the same category +and draw inferences about one from your + + align:start position:0% +and draw inferences about one from your + + + align:start position:0% +and draw inferences about one from your +prior exposure to the other so the the + + align:start position:0% +prior exposure to the other so the the + + + align:start position:0% +prior exposure to the other so the the +features that we use to say two things + + align:start position:0% +features that we use to say two things + + + align:start position:0% +features that we use to say two things +are alike color shape and so on are part + + align:start position:0% +are alike color shape and so on are part + + + align:start position:0% +are alike color shape and so on are part +of our innate um capacity to compare + + align:start position:0% +of our innate um capacity to compare + + + align:start position:0% +of our innate um capacity to compare +things and to group them together so + + align:start position:0% +things and to group them together so + + + align:start position:0% +things and to group them together so +similarity space just refers to um which + + align:start position:0% +similarity space just refers to um which + + + align:start position:0% +similarity space just refers to um which +kinds of stimula will be grouped grouped + + align:start position:0% +kinds of stimula will be grouped grouped + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of stimula will be grouped grouped +together initially on the basis of of + + align:start position:0% +together initially on the basis of of + + + align:start position:0% +together initially on the basis of of +the senses But ultimately we might draw + + align:start position:0% +the senses But ultimately we might draw + + + align:start position:0% +the senses But ultimately we might draw +on more sophisticated forms of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +on more sophisticated forms of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +on more sophisticated forms of knowledge +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +classification okay so what's the + + align:start position:0% +classification okay so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +classification okay so what's the +evidence that infants are born with + + align:start position:0% +evidence that infants are born with + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that infants are born with +innate theoretical knowledge what I'm + + align:start position:0% +innate theoretical knowledge what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +innate theoretical knowledge what I'm +going to do is talk through three case + + align:start position:0% +going to do is talk through three case + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is talk through three case +studies areas where ologists have tried + + align:start position:0% +studies areas where ologists have tried + + + align:start position:0% +studies areas where ologists have tried +to argue that there's strong evidence + + align:start position:0% +to argue that there's strong evidence + + + align:start position:0% +to argue that there's strong evidence +for innate resources that take the form + + align:start position:0% +for innate resources that take the form + + + align:start position:0% +for innate resources that take the form +of little uh folk theories the term folk + + align:start position:0% +of little uh folk theories the term folk + + + align:start position:0% +of little uh folk theories the term folk +here just refers to the idea that these + + align:start position:0% +here just refers to the idea that these + + + align:start position:0% +here just refers to the idea that these +theories are part of our Common Sense + + align:start position:0% +theories are part of our Common Sense + + + align:start position:0% +theories are part of our Common Sense +they're part of the knowledge we have + + align:start position:0% +they're part of the knowledge we have + + + align:start position:0% +they're part of the knowledge we have +without the benefit of instruction or + + align:start position:0% +without the benefit of instruction or + + + align:start position:0% +without the benefit of instruction or +education um so to say that there's an + + align:start position:0% +education um so to say that there's an + + + align:start position:0% +education um so to say that there's an +innate folk physics is to say there's a + + align:start position:0% +innate folk physics is to say there's a + + + align:start position:0% +innate folk physics is to say there's a +conception of the physical world that we + + align:start position:0% +conception of the physical world that we + + + align:start position:0% +conception of the physical world that we +have simply in virtue of um being human + + align:start position:0% +have simply in virtue of um being human + + + align:start position:0% +have simply in virtue of um being human +beings interacting in the world as + + align:start position:0% +beings interacting in the world as + + + align:start position:0% +beings interacting in the world as +opposed to the knowledge of physics we + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the knowledge of physics we + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the knowledge of physics we +might get from instruction in school um + + align:start position:0% +might get from instruction in school um + + + align:start position:0% +might get from instruction in school um +so what are some physical principles um + + align:start position:0% +so what are some physical principles um + + + align:start position:0% +so what are some physical principles um +the kinds of things that developmental + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things that developmental + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things that developmental +psychologists have focused on are are + + align:start position:0% +psychologists have focused on are are + + + align:start position:0% +psychologists have focused on are are +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this consider the principle of solidity + + align:start position:0% +this consider the principle of solidity + + + align:start position:0% +this consider the principle of solidity +that says objects can't pass through + + align:start position:0% +that says objects can't pass through + + + align:start position:0% +that says objects can't pass through +each other so a physical object cannot + + align:start position:0% +each other so a physical object cannot + + + align:start position:0% +each other so a physical object cannot +pass through another physical object if + + align:start position:0% +pass through another physical object if + + + align:start position:0% +pass through another physical object if +I were to try and um move my hand + + align:start position:0% +I were to try and um move my hand + + + align:start position:0% +I were to try and um move my hand +through this wall the wall would prevent + + align:start position:0% +through this wall the wall would prevent + + + align:start position:0% +through this wall the wall would prevent +my hand from going through so simple + + align:start position:0% +my hand from going through so simple + + + align:start position:0% +my hand from going through so simple +thing that we certainly as adults know + + align:start position:0% +thing that we certainly as adults know + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we certainly as adults know +according to the nativist uh theory that + + align:start position:0% +according to the nativist uh theory that + + + align:start position:0% +according to the nativist uh theory that +says children are like little scientists + + align:start position:0% +says children are like little scientists + + + align:start position:0% +says children are like little scientists +the solidity principle might be the kind + + align:start position:0% +the solidity principle might be the kind + + + align:start position:0% +the solidity principle might be the kind +of thing infants don't need to learn + + align:start position:0% +of thing infants don't need to learn + + + align:start position:0% +of thing infants don't need to learn +they know it innately another principle + + align:start position:0% +they know it innately another principle + + + align:start position:0% +they know it innately another principle +here that we'll look at is cohesion so + + align:start position:0% +here that we'll look at is cohesion so + + + align:start position:0% +here that we'll look at is cohesion so +this is the idea that objects move + + align:start position:0% +this is the idea that objects move + + + align:start position:0% +this is the idea that objects move +together as bounded holes so suppose I + + align:start position:0% +together as bounded holes so suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +together as bounded holes so suppose I +start to move my legs across the room + + align:start position:0% +start to move my legs across the room + + + align:start position:0% +start to move my legs across the room +you'll notice this peculiar thing my + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice this peculiar thing my + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice this peculiar thing my +arms and my head and my torso go along + + align:start position:0% +arms and my head and my torso go along + + + align:start position:0% +arms and my head and my torso go along +for the ride so when you've seen me your + + align:start position:0% +for the ride so when you've seen me your + + + align:start position:0% +for the ride so when you've seen me your +visual system has found a contour it's + + align:start position:0% +visual system has found a contour it's + + + align:start position:0% +visual system has found a contour it's +used things like uh stereopsis to get + + align:start position:0% +used things like uh stereopsis to get + + + align:start position:0% +used things like uh stereopsis to get +figure ground separation so you can now + + align:start position:0% +figure ground separation so you can now + + + align:start position:0% +figure ground separation so you can now +see the shape of my body for you that's + + align:start position:0% +see the shape of my body for you that's + + + align:start position:0% +see the shape of my body for you that's +a visual object um now the question is + + align:start position:0% +a visual object um now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +a visual object um now the question is +what expectations do you have about what + + align:start position:0% +what expectations do you have about what + + + align:start position:0% +what expectations do you have about what +object what will happen to an object + + align:start position:0% +object what will happen to an object + + + align:start position:0% +object what will happen to an object +when it uh under goes a change so if if + + align:start position:0% +when it uh under goes a change so if if + + + align:start position:0% +when it uh under goes a change so if if +a change is a movement of part of that + + align:start position:0% +a change is a movement of part of that + + + align:start position:0% +a change is a movement of part of that +object from one location to another on + + align:start position:0% +object from one location to another on + + + align:start position:0% +object from one location to another on +the other side of the room one + + align:start position:0% +the other side of the room one + + + align:start position:0% +the other side of the room one +expectation you have as adults is that + + align:start position:0% +expectation you have as adults is that + + + align:start position:0% +expectation you have as adults is that +the whole thing will come along for the + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing will come along for the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing will come along for the +ride the nativists about this are going + + align:start position:0% +ride the nativists about this are going + + + align:start position:0% +ride the nativists about this are going +to say this is a piece of knowledge we + + align:start position:0% +to say this is a piece of knowledge we + + + align:start position:0% +to say this is a piece of knowledge we +didn't need to learn + + align:start position:0% +didn't need to learn + + + align:start position:0% +didn't need to learn +um so let's start to look at the + + align:start position:0% +um so let's start to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +um so let's start to look at the +experiments uh consider for solidity so + + align:start position:0% +experiments uh consider for solidity so + + + align:start position:0% +experiments uh consider for solidity so +um here I I want to draw your attention + + align:start position:0% +um here I I want to draw your attention + + + align:start position:0% +um here I I want to draw your attention +to some work by Renee Bayon this is work + + align:start position:0% +to some work by Renee Bayon this is work + + + align:start position:0% +to some work by Renee Bayon this is work +uh what I'll do in in in most of this + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'll do in in in most of this + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'll do in in in most of this +review is focus on studies that I + + align:start position:0% +review is focus on studies that I + + + align:start position:0% +review is focus on studies that I +consider to be classic studies these are + + align:start position:0% +consider to be classic studies these are + + + align:start position:0% +consider to be classic studies these are +textbook knowledge and developmental + + align:start position:0% +textbook knowledge and developmental + + + align:start position:0% +textbook knowledge and developmental +psychology and of necessity in going + + align:start position:0% +psychology and of necessity in going + + + align:start position:0% +psychology and of necessity in going +with the classics of very often be + + align:start position:0% +with the classics of very often be + + + align:start position:0% +with the classics of very often be +giving you studies that by scientific + + align:start position:0% +giving you studies that by scientific + + + align:start position:0% +giving you studies that by scientific +standards are ancient so this is a study + + align:start position:0% +standards are ancient so this is a study + + + align:start position:0% +standards are ancient so this is a study +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +1987 um some of you may have been in + + align:start position:0% +1987 um some of you may have been in + + + align:start position:0% +1987 um some of you may have been in +diapers in 1987 more or less um so it's + + align:start position:0% +diapers in 1987 more or less um so it's + + + align:start position:0% +diapers in 1987 more or less um so it's +an old study but these are studies that + + align:start position:0% +an old study but these are studies that + + + align:start position:0% +an old study but these are studies that +became the the the theoretical + + align:start position:0% +became the the the theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +became the the the theoretical +foundations of what I've described as + + align:start position:0% +foundations of what I've described as + + + align:start position:0% +foundations of what I've described as +the prevailing view the little scientist + + align:start position:0% +the prevailing view the little scientist + + + align:start position:0% +the prevailing view the little scientist +view more recent Studies have been done + + align:start position:0% +view more recent Studies have been done + + + align:start position:0% +view more recent Studies have been done +on every one of these Topics in + + align:start position:0% +on every one of these Topics in + + + align:start position:0% +on every one of these Topics in +criticizing these studies I'll of course + + align:start position:0% +criticizing these studies I'll of course + + + align:start position:0% +criticizing these studies I'll of course +be criticizing uh the classics and not + + align:start position:0% +be criticizing uh the classics and not + + + align:start position:0% +be criticizing uh the classics and not +The Cutting Edge so it really will be an + + align:start position:0% +The Cutting Edge so it really will be an + + + align:start position:0% +The Cutting Edge so it really will be an +injunction for you to take on the kind + + align:start position:0% +injunction for you to take on the kind + + + align:start position:0% +injunction for you to take on the kind +of exercise I'll illustrate here by + + align:start position:0% +of exercise I'll illustrate here by + + + align:start position:0% +of exercise I'll illustrate here by +reading the Contemporary developmental + + align:start position:0% +reading the Contemporary developmental + + + align:start position:0% +reading the Contemporary developmental +literature and seeing if you can devise + + align:start position:0% +literature and seeing if you can devise + + + align:start position:0% +literature and seeing if you can devise +objections of your own or on the + + align:start position:0% +objections of your own or on the + + + align:start position:0% +objections of your own or on the +contrary trying to identify experiments + + align:start position:0% +contrary trying to identify experiments + + + align:start position:0% +contrary trying to identify experiments +that would withstand the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that would withstand the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that would withstand the kinds of +objections that I'll raise about these + + align:start position:0% +objections that I'll raise about these + + + align:start position:0% +objections that I'll raise about these +studies here today so here's a classic + + align:start position:0% +studies here today so here's a classic + + + align:start position:0% +studies here today so here's a classic +experiment by Bayer jeon um it's a + + align:start position:0% +experiment by Bayer jeon um it's a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment by Bayer jeon um it's a +experiment that uses a paradigm you've + + align:start position:0% +experiment that uses a paradigm you've + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that uses a paradigm you've +had some exposure to it's the infant + + align:start position:0% +had some exposure to it's the infant + + + align:start position:0% +had some exposure to it's the infant +looking time Paradigm where you study + + align:start position:0% +looking time Paradigm where you study + + + align:start position:0% +looking time Paradigm where you study +how long infant stares at a display as a + + align:start position:0% +how long infant stares at a display as a + + + align:start position:0% +how long infant stares at a display as a +measure of of Interest or attention and + + align:start position:0% +measure of of Interest or attention and + + + align:start position:0% +measure of of Interest or attention and +the going assumption in this research is + + align:start position:0% +the going assumption in this research is + + + align:start position:0% +the going assumption in this research is +that the longer an infant stares the + + align:start position:0% +that the longer an infant stares the + + + align:start position:0% +that the longer an infant stares the +more surprised the infant is and + + align:start position:0% +more surprised the infant is and + + + align:start position:0% +more surprised the infant is and +surprise is evidence for a violation of + + align:start position:0% +surprise is evidence for a violation of + + + align:start position:0% +surprise is evidence for a violation of +an expectation so you can see what + + align:start position:0% +an expectation so you can see what + + + align:start position:0% +an expectation so you can see what +infants expect um by seeing um + + align:start position:0% +infants expect um by seeing um + + + align:start position:0% +infants expect um by seeing um +violations of expectation as measured by + + align:start position:0% +violations of expectation as measured by + + + align:start position:0% +violations of expectation as measured by +uh longlook times what do infants + + align:start position:0% +uh longlook times what do infants + + + align:start position:0% +uh longlook times what do infants +consider instances of the same if you + + align:start position:0% +consider instances of the same if you + + + align:start position:0% +consider instances of the same if you +show an infant a series of + + align:start position:0% +show an infant a series of + + + align:start position:0% +show an infant a series of +triangles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the infant will start to get bored + + align:start position:0% +um the infant will start to get bored + + + align:start position:0% +um the infant will start to get bored +and the boredom suggests that they're + + align:start position:0% +and the boredom suggests that they're + + + align:start position:0% +and the boredom suggests that they're +seeing each of these as the same looking + + align:start position:0% +seeing each of these as the same looking + + + align:start position:0% +seeing each of these as the same looking +time will Trail off here if you suddenly + + align:start position:0% +time will Trail off here if you suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +time will Trail off here if you suddenly +show a new shape infants get excited + + align:start position:0% +show a new shape infants get excited + + + align:start position:0% +show a new shape infants get excited +they'll stare at this item longer than + + align:start position:0% +they'll stare at this item longer than + + + align:start position:0% +they'll stare at this item longer than +they stared at this item the looking + + align:start position:0% +they stared at this item the looking + + + align:start position:0% +they stared at this item the looking +time for this will be comparable to the + + align:start position:0% +time for this will be comparable to the + + + align:start position:0% +time for this will be comparable to the +looking time for this that's a + + align:start position:0% +looking time for this that's a + + + align:start position:0% +looking time for this that's a +suggestion that infants are drawing uh + + align:start position:0% +suggestion that infants are drawing uh + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion that infants are drawing uh +category boundaries that include all the + + align:start position:0% +category boundaries that include all the + + + align:start position:0% +category boundaries that include all the +triangles on the one hand and squares on + + align:start position:0% +triangles on the one hand and squares on + + + align:start position:0% +triangles on the one hand and squares on +the other so that's the basic logic of + + align:start position:0% +the other so that's the basic logic of + + + align:start position:0% +the other so that's the basic logic of +these studies how does this apply to uh + + align:start position:0% +these studies how does this apply to uh + + + align:start position:0% +these studies how does this apply to uh +physical knowledge here's an example in + + align:start position:0% +physical knowledge here's an example in + + + align:start position:0% +physical knowledge here's an example in +this study infants are exposed to the + + align:start position:0% +this study infants are exposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +this study infants are exposed to the +following display they see a a board + + align:start position:0% +following display they see a a board + + + align:start position:0% +following display they see a a board +just a flat board lying on a + + align:start position:0% +just a flat board lying on a + + + align:start position:0% +just a flat board lying on a +surface and the board slowly lifts + + align:start position:0% +surface and the board slowly lifts + + + align:start position:0% +surface and the board slowly lifts +up and keeps going and finally rotates + + align:start position:0% +up and keeps going and finally rotates + + + align:start position:0% +up and keeps going and finally rotates +180° so it's now lying flat again so + + align:start position:0% +180° so it's now lying flat again so + + + align:start position:0% +180° so it's now lying flat again so +basically they see a board that goes + + align:start position:0% +basically they see a board that goes + + + align:start position:0% +basically they see a board that goes +like this and ends up flat very very um + + align:start position:0% +like this and ends up flat very very um + + + align:start position:0% +like this and ends up flat very very um +boring display um it's initially + + align:start position:0% +boring display um it's initially + + + align:start position:0% +boring display um it's initially +exciting to infants they look at that a + + align:start position:0% +exciting to infants they look at that a + + + align:start position:0% +exciting to infants they look at that a +few times and after they've seen it a + + align:start position:0% +few times and after they've seen it a + + + align:start position:0% +few times and after they've seen it a +few times um they are then given um a a + + align:start position:0% +few times um they are then given um a a + + + align:start position:0% +few times um they are then given um a a +new variation and the question is what + + align:start position:0% +new variation and the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +new variation and the question is what +will the infants expect in the new + + align:start position:0% +will the infants expect in the new + + + align:start position:0% +will the infants expect in the new +variation this phase of the experiment + + align:start position:0% +variation this phase of the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +variation this phase of the experiment +is called the habituation or sometimes + + align:start position:0% +is called the habituation or sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +is called the habituation or sometimes +familiarization depending on the design + + align:start position:0% +familiarization depending on the design + + + align:start position:0% +familiarization depending on the design +here is where infants are getting used + + align:start position:0% +here is where infants are getting used + + + align:start position:0% +here is where infants are getting used +to seeing a certain kind of display this + + align:start position:0% +to seeing a certain kind of display this + + + align:start position:0% +to seeing a certain kind of display this +phase of the experiment is called test + + align:start position:0% +phase of the experiment is called test + + + align:start position:0% +phase of the experiment is called test +in one test condition an object is + + align:start position:0% +in one test condition an object is + + + align:start position:0% +in one test condition an object is +placed now behind the um board I I I + + align:start position:0% +placed now behind the um board I I I + + + align:start position:0% +placed now behind the um board I I I +just put a little duck there it could be + + align:start position:0% +just put a little duck there it could be + + + align:start position:0% +just put a little duck there it could be +anything you like the board goes up and + + align:start position:0% +anything you like the board goes up and + + + align:start position:0% +anything you like the board goes up and +keeps going but it stops why does it + + align:start position:0% +keeps going but it stops why does it + + + align:start position:0% +keeps going but it stops why does it +stop well it stops because it's hit the + + align:start position:0% +stop well it stops because it's hit the + + + align:start position:0% +stop well it stops because it's hit the +duck it can't continue to fall this is + + align:start position:0% +duck it can't continue to fall this is + + + align:start position:0% +duck it can't continue to fall this is +just what adults would expect why adults + + align:start position:0% +just what adults would expect why adults + + + align:start position:0% +just what adults would expect why adults +know the principle of solidity they know + + align:start position:0% +know the principle of solidity they know + + + align:start position:0% +know the principle of solidity they know +that the boy can't pass through the duck + + align:start position:0% +that the boy can't pass through the duck + + + align:start position:0% +that the boy can't pass through the duck +the duck is a solid object it has to + + align:start position:0% +the duck is a solid object it has to + + + align:start position:0% +the duck is a solid object it has to +stop so even if adults have been looking + + align:start position:0% +stop so even if adults have been looking + + + align:start position:0% +stop so even if adults have been looking +at this and they know this board is + + align:start position:0% +at this and they know this board is + + + align:start position:0% +at this and they know this board is +inclin to rotate 180° they know that's + + align:start position:0% +inclin to rotate 180° they know that's + + + align:start position:0% +inclin to rotate 180° they know that's +just not possible in this case so adults + + align:start position:0% +just not possible in this case so adults + + + align:start position:0% +just not possible in this case so adults +are likely to expect the the the board + + align:start position:0% +are likely to expect the the the board + + + align:start position:0% +are likely to expect the the the board +to stop here in another test condition + + align:start position:0% +to stop here in another test condition + + + align:start position:0% +to stop here in another test condition +infanty this display this sequence here + + align:start position:0% +infanty this display this sequence here + + + align:start position:0% +infanty this display this sequence here +the board Rises up the duck is there as + + align:start position:0% +the board Rises up the duck is there as + + + align:start position:0% +the board Rises up the duck is there as +as in in the first test but now the + + align:start position:0% +as in in the first test but now the + + + align:start position:0% +as in in the first test but now the +board continues to 180° it passes + + align:start position:0% +board continues to 180° it passes + + + align:start position:0% +board continues to 180° it passes +straight through that object so if an + + align:start position:0% +straight through that object so if an + + + align:start position:0% +straight through that object so if an +adult saw this they would say it's a + + align:start position:0% +adult saw this they would say it's a + + + align:start position:0% +adult saw this they would say it's a +magic trick they would say through some + + align:start position:0% +magic trick they would say through some + + + align:start position:0% +magic trick they would say through some +clever slight of hand the experimentor + + align:start position:0% +clever slight of hand the experimentor + + + align:start position:0% +clever slight of hand the experimentor +has removed the duck they would be very + + align:start position:0% +has removed the duck they would be very + + + align:start position:0% +has removed the duck they would be very +amused by this they would say that's + + align:start position:0% +amused by this they would say that's + + + align:start position:0% +amused by this they would say that's +really a violation of my physical + + align:start position:0% +really a violation of my physical + + + align:start position:0% +really a violation of my physical +expectations physically possible event + + align:start position:0% +expectations physically possible event + + + align:start position:0% +expectations physically possible event +physically impossible event what's + + align:start position:0% +physically impossible event what's + + + align:start position:0% +physically impossible event what's +exciting about this experiment is that + + align:start position:0% +exciting about this experiment is that + + + align:start position:0% +exciting about this experiment is that +Bon is pitting physical possibility + + align:start position:0% +Bon is pitting physical possibility + + + align:start position:0% +Bon is pitting physical possibility +based on knowledge of folk physics + + align:start position:0% +based on knowledge of folk physics + + + align:start position:0% +based on knowledge of folk physics +against perceptual similarity here's why + + align:start position:0% +against perceptual similarity here's why + + + align:start position:0% +against perceptual similarity here's why +why if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +why if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +why if you look at this +sequence it's more perceptually similar + + align:start position:0% +sequence it's more perceptually similar + + + align:start position:0% +sequence it's more perceptually similar +to the habituation sequence than this + + align:start position:0% +to the habituation sequence than this + + + align:start position:0% +to the habituation sequence than this +one is notice that this Frame and this + + align:start position:0% +one is notice that this Frame and this + + + align:start position:0% +one is notice that this Frame and this +Frame are just like the final two frames + + align:start position:0% +Frame are just like the final two frames + + + align:start position:0% +Frame are just like the final two frames +of that sequence if you've just been + + align:start position:0% +of that sequence if you've just been + + + align:start position:0% +of that sequence if you've just been +looking at a perceptual display that + + align:start position:0% +looking at a perceptual display that + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a perceptual display that +ends up like this your perceptually + + align:start position:0% +ends up like this your perceptually + + + align:start position:0% +ends up like this your perceptually +based expectation might be to seem more + + align:start position:0% +based expectation might be to seem more + + + align:start position:0% +based expectation might be to seem more +of the same if infants were going by + + align:start position:0% +of the same if infants were going by + + + align:start position:0% +of the same if infants were going by +perceptual + + align:start position:0% +perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual +similarity this should be the weird one + + align:start position:0% +similarity this should be the weird one + + + align:start position:0% +similarity this should be the weird one +um they should stare at this one because + + align:start position:0% +um they should stare at this one because + + + align:start position:0% +um they should stare at this one because +it's more perceptually dissimilar from + + align:start position:0% +it's more perceptually dissimilar from + + + align:start position:0% +it's more perceptually dissimilar from +what they've just been staring at if + + align:start position:0% +what they've just been staring at if + + + align:start position:0% +what they've just been staring at if +they're going by physical principles the + + align:start position:0% +they're going by physical principles the + + + align:start position:0% +they're going by physical principles the +one that should really surprise them + + align:start position:0% +one that should really surprise them + + + align:start position:0% +one that should really surprise them +should be this one just like adults they + + align:start position:0% +should be this one just like adults they + + + align:start position:0% +should be this one just like adults they +should say that's bizarre how the heck + + align:start position:0% +should say that's bizarre how the heck + + + align:start position:0% +should say that's bizarre how the heck +did that board pass straight through the + + align:start position:0% +did that board pass straight through the + + + align:start position:0% +did that board pass straight through the +little ducky and sure enough that's what + + align:start position:0% +little ducky and sure enough that's what + + + align:start position:0% +little ducky and sure enough that's what +Bon found so when this experiment was + + align:start position:0% +Bon found so when this experiment was + + + align:start position:0% +Bon found so when this experiment was +done it was quite exciting because it + + align:start position:0% +done it was quite exciting because it + + + align:start position:0% +done it was quite exciting because it +suggested that infants as young as 5 and + + align:start position:0% +suggested that infants as young as 5 and + + + align:start position:0% +suggested that infants as young as 5 and +1/2 months already understand this + + align:start position:0% +1/2 months already understand this + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 months already understand this +principle of solidity and are not going + + align:start position:0% +principle of solidity and are not going + + + align:start position:0% +principle of solidity and are not going +by perception alone + + align:start position:0% +by perception alone + + + align:start position:0% +by perception alone +okay um so that's a classic study um the + + align:start position:0% +okay um so that's a classic study um the + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so that's a classic study um the +existing literature on this study um is + + align:start position:0% +existing literature on this study um is + + + align:start position:0% +existing literature on this study um is +uh filled with various kinds of concerns + + align:start position:0% +uh filled with various kinds of concerns + + + align:start position:0% +uh filled with various kinds of concerns +and objections and I'll just mention one + + align:start position:0% +and objections and I'll just mention one + + + align:start position:0% +and objections and I'll just mention one +one objection to this actually I'm going + + align:start position:0% +one objection to this actually I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +one objection to this actually I'm going +to mention + + align:start position:0% +to mention + + + align:start position:0% +to mention +two um one objection to the study is + + align:start position:0% +two um one objection to the study is + + + align:start position:0% +two um one objection to the study is +that um infants like U movement and they + + align:start position:0% +that um infants like U movement and they + + + align:start position:0% +that um infants like U movement and they +may um when they're when they're looking + + align:start position:0% +may um when they're when they're looking + + + align:start position:0% +may um when they're when they're looking +at movement um they they may just get + + align:start position:0% +at movement um they they may just get + + + align:start position:0% +at movement um they they may just get +excited movement is exciting to them so + + align:start position:0% +excited movement is exciting to them so + + + align:start position:0% +excited movement is exciting to them so +one possibility is that just given the + + align:start position:0% +one possibility is that just given the + + + align:start position:0% +one possibility is that just given the +movement bias uh they're going to stare + + align:start position:0% +movement bias uh they're going to stare + + + align:start position:0% +movement bias uh they're going to stare +at this one because there's more Motion + + align:start position:0% +at this one because there's more Motion + + + align:start position:0% +at this one because there's more Motion +in it's a more Dynamic display um but I + + align:start position:0% +in it's a more Dynamic display um but I + + + align:start position:0% +in it's a more Dynamic display um but I +think the more interesting objection uh + + align:start position:0% +think the more interesting objection uh + + + align:start position:0% +think the more interesting objection uh +comes from Schilling and it goes like + + align:start position:0% +comes from Schilling and it goes like + + + align:start position:0% +comes from Schilling and it goes like +this and it's a technical objection but + + align:start position:0% +this and it's a technical objection but + + + align:start position:0% +this and it's a technical objection but +the principle is fairly + + align:start position:0% +the principle is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +the principle is fairly +simple as I mentioned before the + + align:start position:0% +simple as I mentioned before the + + + align:start position:0% +simple as I mentioned before the +habituation Paradigm works on the + + align:start position:0% +habituation Paradigm works on the + + + align:start position:0% +habituation Paradigm works on the +assumption that infants stare more at + + align:start position:0% +assumption that infants stare more at + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that infants stare more at +what they find surprising + + align:start position:0% +what they find surprising + + + align:start position:0% +what they find surprising +in in actual fact this isn't entirely + + align:start position:0% +in in actual fact this isn't entirely + + + align:start position:0% +in in actual fact this isn't entirely +true what you really find in actual fact + + align:start position:0% +true what you really find in actual fact + + + align:start position:0% +true what you really find in actual fact +is that in staring time and looking time + + align:start position:0% +is that in staring time and looking time + + + align:start position:0% +is that in staring time and looking time +infants Begin by staring more at The + + align:start position:0% +infants Begin by staring more at The + + + align:start position:0% +infants Begin by staring more at The +Familiar which is to say there's a kind + + align:start position:0% +Familiar which is to say there's a kind + + + align:start position:0% +Familiar which is to say there's a kind +of curve a bell curve where our infants + + align:start position:0% +of curve a bell curve where our infants + + + align:start position:0% +of curve a bell curve where our infants +initially get excited by seeing more of + + align:start position:0% +initially get excited by seeing more of + + + align:start position:0% +initially get excited by seeing more of +the same and after they've seen enough + + align:start position:0% +the same and after they've seen enough + + + align:start position:0% +the same and after they've seen enough +of the same then they start to Trail off + + align:start position:0% +of the same then they start to Trail off + + + align:start position:0% +of the same then they start to Trail off +and get bored so if we go back to our + + align:start position:0% +and get bored so if we go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +and get bored so if we go back to our +triangles over here and you are + + align:start position:0% +triangles over here and you are + + + align:start position:0% +triangles over here and you are +measuring looking + + align:start position:0% +measuring looking + + + align:start position:0% +measuring looking +time you might find that um looking time + + align:start position:0% +time you might find that um looking time + + + align:start position:0% +time you might find that um looking time +actually increases initially but then + + align:start position:0% +actually increases initially but then + + + align:start position:0% +actually increases initially but then +Trails way + + align:start position:0% +Trails way + + + align:start position:0% +Trails way +off there's this sort of excitement + + align:start position:0% +off there's this sort of excitement + + + align:start position:0% +off there's this sort of excitement +Freud talks about the repetition + + align:start position:0% +Freud talks about the repetition + + + align:start position:0% +Freud talks about the repetition +compulsion you've all seen this in young + + align:start position:0% +compulsion you've all seen this in young + + + align:start position:0% +compulsion you've all seen this in young +children you can see it in babies too + + align:start position:0% +children you can see it in babies too + + + align:start position:0% +children you can see it in babies too +seeing more of the same they seem to + + align:start position:0% +seeing more of the same they seem to + + + align:start position:0% +seeing more of the same they seem to +have an incredibly high tolerance for + + align:start position:0% +have an incredibly high tolerance for + + + align:start position:0% +have an incredibly high tolerance for +repetition and it seems to be amusing to + + align:start position:0% +repetition and it seems to be amusing to + + + align:start position:0% +repetition and it seems to be amusing to +them to see another instance of the same + + align:start position:0% +them to see another instance of the same + + + align:start position:0% +them to see another instance of the same +so what may go on here is you initially + + align:start position:0% +so what may go on here is you initially + + + align:start position:0% +so what may go on here is you initially +get preference for the same and + + align:start position:0% +get preference for the same and + + + align:start position:0% +get preference for the same and +ultimately Trail off and people and the + + align:start position:0% +ultimately Trail off and people and the + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately Trail off and people and the +infants get bored and then you get + + align:start position:0% +infants get bored and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +infants get bored and then you get +looking time increasing again for + + align:start position:0% +looking time increasing again for + + + align:start position:0% +looking time increasing again for +novelty well suppose that when the + + align:start position:0% +novelty well suppose that when the + + + align:start position:0% +novelty well suppose that when the +infants stare at this event it's not + + align:start position:0% +infants stare at this event it's not + + + align:start position:0% +infants stare at this event it's not +because they find it surprising it's + + align:start position:0% +because they find it surprising it's + + + align:start position:0% +because they find it surprising it's +because they're delighted to see + + align:start position:0% +because they're delighted to see + + + align:start position:0% +because they're delighted to see +something familiar how do you how do you + + align:start position:0% +something familiar how do you how do you + + + align:start position:0% +something familiar how do you how do you +overcome this confound how do you make + + align:start position:0% +overcome this confound how do you make + + + align:start position:0% +overcome this confound how do you make +sure that their staring time is a + + align:start position:0% +sure that their staring time is a + + + align:start position:0% +sure that their staring time is a +function of excitement about novelty as + + align:start position:0% +function of excitement about novelty as + + + align:start position:0% +function of excitement about novelty as +opposed to familiarity + + align:start position:0% +opposed to familiarity + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to familiarity +answer you double the number of + + align:start position:0% +answer you double the number of + + + align:start position:0% +answer you double the number of +habituation trials in Ban's initial + + align:start position:0% +habituation trials in Ban's initial + + + align:start position:0% +habituation trials in Ban's initial +experiment she used only a small number + + align:start position:0% +experiment she used only a small number + + + align:start position:0% +experiment she used only a small number +of habituation trials if you double them + + align:start position:0% +of habituation trials if you double them + + + align:start position:0% +of habituation trials if you double them +from four exposures to that that board + + align:start position:0% +from four exposures to that that board + + + align:start position:0% +from four exposures to that that board +just going up and down to eight + + align:start position:0% +just going up and down to eight + + + align:start position:0% +just going up and down to eight +exposures that board going up and down + + align:start position:0% +exposures that board going up and down + + + align:start position:0% +exposures that board going up and down +what you find is the results of test + + align:start position:0% +what you find is the results of test + + + align:start position:0% +what you find is the results of test +reverse now infants are more surprised + + align:start position:0% +reverse now infants are more surprised + + + align:start position:0% +reverse now infants are more surprised +to look at this one so there's a there's + + align:start position:0% +to look at this one so there's a there's + + + align:start position:0% +to look at this one so there's a there's +a technical problem with this study that + + align:start position:0% +a technical problem with this study that + + + align:start position:0% +a technical problem with this study that +um visiat by 's interpretation it's very + + align:start position:0% +um visiat by 's interpretation it's very + + + align:start position:0% +um visiat by 's interpretation it's very +possible given given Schilling's um uh + + align:start position:0% +possible given given Schilling's um uh + + + align:start position:0% +possible given given Schilling's um uh +replication or failed replication of the + + align:start position:0% +replication or failed replication of the + + + align:start position:0% +replication or failed replication of the +experiment that infants are actually + + align:start position:0% +experiment that infants are actually + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that infants are actually +going by perceptual similarity and end + + align:start position:0% +going by perceptual similarity and end + + + align:start position:0% +going by perceptual similarity and end +up being surprised by by this one that + + align:start position:0% +up being surprised by by this one that + + + align:start position:0% +up being surprised by by this one that +is consistent with um physical + + align:start position:0% +is consistent with um physical + + + align:start position:0% +is consistent with um physical +principles um moreover you can find + + align:start position:0% +principles um moreover you can find + + + align:start position:0% +principles um moreover you can find +evidence from older kids that children + + align:start position:0% +evidence from older kids that children + + + align:start position:0% +evidence from older kids that children +are not that sophisticated when it comes + + align:start position:0% +are not that sophisticated when it comes + + + align:start position:0% +are not that sophisticated when it comes +to reasoning about solidity so for + + align:start position:0% +to reasoning about solidity so for + + + align:start position:0% +to reasoning about solidity so for +example in this experiment by by Hood by + + align:start position:0% +example in this experiment by by Hood by + + + align:start position:0% +example in this experiment by by Hood by +Bruce Hood um this is with 2-year-olds + + align:start position:0% +Bruce Hood um this is with 2-year-olds + + + align:start position:0% +Bruce Hood um this is with 2-year-olds +2-year-olds see a ball being dropped + + align:start position:0% +2-year-olds see a ball being dropped + + + align:start position:0% +2-year-olds see a ball being dropped +into a box like this um then the the um + + align:start position:0% +into a box like this um then the the um + + + align:start position:0% +into a box like this um then the the um +Box is open to reveal that it's just a + + align:start position:0% +Box is open to reveal that it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +Box is open to reveal that it's just a +big empty crate and the ball is sitting + + align:start position:0% +big empty crate and the ball is sitting + + + align:start position:0% +big empty crate and the ball is sitting +on the bottom then in a test phase of + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom then in a test phase of + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom then in a test phase of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +experiment uh the kids are shown the + + align:start position:0% +experiment uh the kids are shown the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment uh the kids are shown the +same box but now the experimentor puts a + + align:start position:0% +same box but now the experimentor puts a + + + align:start position:0% +same box but now the experimentor puts a +little bowl in the bottom of the box + + align:start position:0% +little bowl in the bottom of the box + + + align:start position:0% +little bowl in the bottom of the box +then puts a shelf in that covers the + + align:start position:0% +then puts a shelf in that covers the + + + align:start position:0% +then puts a shelf in that covers the +whole uh surface sort of Midway through + + align:start position:0% +whole uh surface sort of Midway through + + + align:start position:0% +whole uh surface sort of Midway through +the box and puts another Bowl on top of + + align:start position:0% +the box and puts another Bowl on top of + + + align:start position:0% +the box and puts another Bowl on top of +that shelf the box is covered the ball + + align:start position:0% +that shelf the box is covered the ball + + + align:start position:0% +that shelf the box is covered the ball +is dropped and now the cover is is + + align:start position:0% +is dropped and now the cover is is + + + align:start position:0% +is dropped and now the cover is is +removed and the question is where will + + align:start position:0% +removed and the question is where will + + + align:start position:0% +removed and the question is where will +the 2-year-old look for the ball now as + + align:start position:0% +the 2-year-old look for the ball now as + + + align:start position:0% +the 2-year-old look for the ball now as +adults we would look for the ball here + + align:start position:0% +adults we would look for the ball here + + + align:start position:0% +adults we would look for the ball here +why we know a ball can't pass through + + align:start position:0% +why we know a ball can't pass through + + + align:start position:0% +why we know a ball can't pass through +this solid shelf but the two-year-olds + + align:start position:0% +this solid shelf but the two-year-olds + + + align:start position:0% +this solid shelf but the two-year-olds +in the study look here at the base + + align:start position:0% +in the study look here at the base + + + align:start position:0% +in the study look here at the base +they're going by the perceptual + + align:start position:0% +they're going by the perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +they're going by the perceptual +similarity they've been exposed to a + + align:start position:0% +similarity they've been exposed to a + + + align:start position:0% +similarity they've been exposed to a +ball going going to the bottom they + + align:start position:0% +ball going going to the bottom they + + + align:start position:0% +ball going going to the bottom they +expect to see the ball in the bottom + + align:start position:0% +expect to see the ball in the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +expect to see the ball in the bottom +they overcome this but these kids are 2 + + align:start position:0% +they overcome this but these kids are 2 + + + align:start position:0% +they overcome this but these kids are 2 +years old the experiment we were just + + align:start position:0% +years old the experiment we were just + + + align:start position:0% +years old the experiment we were just +talking about is with five-month olds so + + align:start position:0% +talking about is with five-month olds so + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is with five-month olds so +if if two-year-olds still don't have + + align:start position:0% +if if two-year-olds still don't have + + + align:start position:0% +if if two-year-olds still don't have +solidity um we should be a little + + align:start position:0% +solidity um we should be a little + + + align:start position:0% +solidity um we should be a little +suspicious of berson's claim that it's + + align:start position:0% +suspicious of berson's claim that it's + + + align:start position:0% +suspicious of berson's claim that it's +present at 5 months another example this + + align:start position:0% +present at 5 months another example this + + + align:start position:0% +present at 5 months another example this +is another classic study this is kelman + + align:start position:0% +is another classic study this is kelman + + + align:start position:0% +is another classic study this is kelman +and spelly and here you see an object a + + align:start position:0% +and spelly and here you see an object a + + + align:start position:0% +and spelly and here you see an object a +a rod passing back and forth behind an + + align:start position:0% +a rod passing back and forth behind an + + + align:start position:0% +a rod passing back and forth behind an +includer like this um + + align:start position:0% +includer like this um + + + align:start position:0% +includer like this um +at test infants are exposed either to a + + align:start position:0% +at test infants are exposed either to a + + + align:start position:0% +at test infants are exposed either to a +solid Rod the the occluder is removed + + align:start position:0% +solid Rod the the occluder is removed + + + align:start position:0% +solid Rod the the occluder is removed +they see either a solid Rod or two + + align:start position:0% +they see either a solid Rod or two + + + align:start position:0% +they see either a solid Rod or two +separate rods moving together remember I + + align:start position:0% +separate rods moving together remember I + + + align:start position:0% +separate rods moving together remember I +said when I move across the room you + + align:start position:0% +said when I move across the room you + + + align:start position:0% +said when I move across the room you +expect my uh torso to go with me was + + align:start position:0% +expect my uh torso to go with me was + + + align:start position:0% +expect my uh torso to go with me was +same sort of thing here if you see two + + align:start position:0% +same sort of thing here if you see two + + + align:start position:0% +same sort of thing here if you see two +bits of an object moving together you + + align:start position:0% +bits of an object moving together you + + + align:start position:0% +bits of an object moving together you +expect them to be connected so this is + + align:start position:0% +expect them to be connected so this is + + + align:start position:0% +expect them to be connected so this is +sort of the inverse uh uh principle of + + align:start position:0% +sort of the inverse uh uh principle of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the inverse uh uh principle of +the principle that governs your + + align:start position:0% +the principle that governs your + + + align:start position:0% +the principle that governs your +expectations about my walking across the + + align:start position:0% +expectations about my walking across the + + + align:start position:0% +expectations about my walking across the +room if if I walk across the room like + + align:start position:0% +room if if I walk across the room like + + + align:start position:0% +room if if I walk across the room like +this and you see my head and torso + + align:start position:0% +this and you see my head and torso + + + align:start position:0% +this and you see my head and torso +moving with my legs and now I open my + + align:start position:0% +moving with my legs and now I open my + + + align:start position:0% +moving with my legs and now I open my +sweater and you discover there's a giant + + align:start position:0% +sweater and you discover there's a giant + + + align:start position:0% +sweater and you discover there's a giant +Gap here you would be mystified how the + + align:start position:0% +Gap here you would be mystified how the + + + align:start position:0% +Gap here you would be mystified how the +heck did my arms follow my legs if + + align:start position:0% +heck did my arms follow my legs if + + + align:start position:0% +heck did my arms follow my legs if +they're not attached so the expectation + + align:start position:0% +they're not attached so the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +they're not attached so the expectation +of attachment is probed here infants are + + align:start position:0% +of attachment is probed here infants are + + + align:start position:0% +of attachment is probed here infants are +surprised to see this just as adults + + align:start position:0% +surprised to see this just as adults + + + align:start position:0% +surprised to see this just as adults +would be so in each of these studies + + align:start position:0% +would be so in each of these studies + + + align:start position:0% +would be so in each of these studies +you're going to see infants showing the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see infants showing the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see infants showing the +same surprise response that adults would + + align:start position:0% +same surprise response that adults would + + + align:start position:0% +same surprise response that adults would +show suggesting they already possess the + + align:start position:0% +show suggesting they already possess the + + + align:start position:0% +show suggesting they already possess the +knowledge kelman and spelly did with + + align:start position:0% +knowledge kelman and spelly did with + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge kelman and spelly did with +4month olds it's been replicated with + + align:start position:0% +4month olds it's been replicated with + + + align:start position:0% +4month olds it's been replicated with +infants as young as 2 months old uh + + align:start position:0% +infants as young as 2 months old uh + + + align:start position:0% +infants as young as 2 months old uh +showing that they seem to have this + + align:start position:0% +showing that they seem to have this + + + align:start position:0% +showing that they seem to have this +principle that objects move together as + + align:start position:0% +principle that objects move together as + + + align:start position:0% +principle that objects move together as +bounded coherent holes now what to say + + align:start position:0% +bounded coherent holes now what to say + + + align:start position:0% +bounded coherent holes now what to say +about this um one possibility is that + + align:start position:0% +about this um one possibility is that + + + align:start position:0% +about this um one possibility is that +the X the the looking time is really a + + align:start position:0% +the X the the looking time is really a + + + align:start position:0% +the X the the looking time is really a +function of display complexity so + + align:start position:0% +function of display complexity so + + + align:start position:0% +function of display complexity so +remember the two test displays this is + + align:start position:0% +remember the two test displays this is + + + align:start position:0% +remember the two test displays this is +one object this is two this is a simple + + align:start position:0% +one object this is two this is a simple + + + align:start position:0% +one object this is two this is a simple +object this is a more complex one we + + align:start position:0% +object this is a more complex one we + + + align:start position:0% +object this is a more complex one we +know quite well from other studies that + + align:start position:0% +know quite well from other studies that + + + align:start position:0% +know quite well from other studies that +in infants have a preference for staring + + align:start position:0% +in infants have a preference for staring + + + align:start position:0% +in infants have a preference for staring +at more complex objects so if you just + + align:start position:0% +at more complex objects so if you just + + + align:start position:0% +at more complex objects so if you just +look at the baselines which are actually + + align:start position:0% +look at the baselines which are actually + + + align:start position:0% +look at the baselines which are actually +reported in the initial study you can + + align:start position:0% +reported in the initial study you can + + + align:start position:0% +reported in the initial study you can +see that infants are going to stare more + + align:start position:0% +see that infants are going to stare more + + + align:start position:0% +see that infants are going to stare more +at this object simply because it's more + + align:start position:0% +at this object simply because it's more + + + align:start position:0% +at this object simply because it's more +interesting it's more complex so the + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's more complex so the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's more complex so the +looking time might have nothing to do + + align:start position:0% +looking time might have nothing to do + + + align:start position:0% +looking time might have nothing to do +with physical expectations it may just + + align:start position:0% +with physical expectations it may just + + + align:start position:0% +with physical expectations it may just +have to do with Baseline differences in + + align:start position:0% +have to do with Baseline differences in + + + align:start position:0% +have to do with Baseline differences in +simple objects versus complex objects um + + align:start position:0% +simple objects versus complex objects um + + + align:start position:0% +simple objects versus complex objects um +another thing is maybe these rules are + + align:start position:0% +another thing is maybe these rules are + + + align:start position:0% +another thing is maybe these rules are +learned by observation even at 2 months + + align:start position:0% +learned by observation even at 2 months + + + align:start position:0% +learned by observation even at 2 months +old infants have seen a lot of stuff and + + align:start position:0% +old infants have seen a lot of stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +old infants have seen a lot of stuff and +every time they've seen things moving + + align:start position:0% +every time they've seen things moving + + + align:start position:0% +every time they've seen things moving +together they've seen connective tissue + + align:start position:0% +together they've seen connective tissue + + + align:start position:0% +together they've seen connective tissue +between those two things it's very rare + + align:start position:0% +between those two things it's very rare + + + align:start position:0% +between those two things it's very rare +in the real world maybe flying birds do + + align:start position:0% +in the real world maybe flying birds do + + + align:start position:0% +in the real world maybe flying birds do +this but it's very rare in the real + + align:start position:0% +this but it's very rare in the real + + + align:start position:0% +this but it's very rare in the real +world to see two objects moving in sync + + align:start position:0% +world to see two objects moving in sync + + + align:start position:0% +world to see two objects moving in sync +when they're not actually physically + + align:start position:0% +when they're not actually physically + + + align:start position:0% +when they're not actually physically +connected so the claim that infants are + + align:start position:0% +connected so the claim that infants are + + + align:start position:0% +connected so the claim that infants are +not exposed to stimula that would be + + align:start position:0% +not exposed to stimula that would be + + + align:start position:0% +not exposed to stimula that would be +sufficient for arriving at this + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for arriving at this + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for arriving at this +knowledge has not been demonstrated here + + align:start position:0% +knowledge has not been demonstrated here + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge has not been demonstrated here +and I can't emphasize this point enough + + align:start position:0% +and I can't emphasize this point enough + + + align:start position:0% +and I can't emphasize this point enough +because I think if you read the + + align:start position:0% +because I think if you read the + + + align:start position:0% +because I think if you read the +developmental psychology you'll actually + + align:start position:0% +developmental psychology you'll actually + + + align:start position:0% +developmental psychology you'll actually +very rarely see something presented in + + align:start position:0% +very rarely see something presented in + + + align:start position:0% +very rarely see something presented in +the form of a good Poverty of stimulus + + align:start position:0% +the form of a good Poverty of stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +the form of a good Poverty of stimulus +argument to do that the experimenters + + align:start position:0% +argument to do that the experimenters + + + align:start position:0% +argument to do that the experimenters +need to show that the stimulus is + + align:start position:0% +need to show that the stimulus is + + + align:start position:0% +need to show that the stimulus is +impoverished what does that mean they + + align:start position:0% +impoverished what does that mean they + + + align:start position:0% +impoverished what does that mean they +need to show that infants are not + + align:start position:0% +need to show that infants are not + + + align:start position:0% +need to show that infants are not +exposed to + + align:start position:0% +exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to +perceptual uh displays objects in their + + align:start position:0% +perceptual uh displays objects in their + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual uh displays objects in their +in their surrounding environment that + + align:start position:0% +in their surrounding environment that + + + align:start position:0% +in their surrounding environment that +could be used to extrapolate the + + align:start position:0% +could be used to extrapolate the + + + align:start position:0% +could be used to extrapolate the +relevant physical principles but it does + + align:start position:0% +relevant physical principles but it does + + + align:start position:0% +relevant physical principles but it does +seem that given that all of the + + align:start position:0% +seem that given that all of the + + + align:start position:0% +seem that given that all of the +perceptual displays were exposed to + + align:start position:0% +perceptual displays were exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual displays were exposed to +conform to these basic principles of + + align:start position:0% +conform to these basic principles of + + + align:start position:0% +conform to these basic principles of +physics like solidity + + align:start position:0% +physics like solidity + + + align:start position:0% +physics like solidity +like objects moving together as coherent + + align:start position:0% +like objects moving together as coherent + + + align:start position:0% +like objects moving together as coherent +holes there is no poverty of stimulus + + align:start position:0% +holes there is no poverty of stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +holes there is no poverty of stimulus +the stimulus here is very very rich + + align:start position:0% +the stimulus here is very very rich + + + align:start position:0% +the stimulus here is very very rich +infants are exposed to a physical world + + align:start position:0% +infants are exposed to a physical world + + + align:start position:0% +infants are exposed to a physical world +that does conform observably to physical + + align:start position:0% +that does conform observably to physical + + + align:start position:0% +that does conform observably to physical +principles um so the real question is + + align:start position:0% +principles um so the real question is + + + align:start position:0% +principles um so the real question is +what's going on prior to this exposure + + align:start position:0% +what's going on prior to this exposure + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on prior to this exposure +and in fact if you do the study that + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if you do the study that + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if you do the study that +kelman and spelly did the one we just + + align:start position:0% +kelman and spelly did the one we just + + + align:start position:0% +kelman and spelly did the one we just +saw with newborns um you don't see the U + + align:start position:0% +saw with newborns um you don't see the U + + + align:start position:0% +saw with newborns um you don't see the U +mature pattern infants who are newborns + + align:start position:0% +mature pattern infants who are newborns + + + align:start position:0% +mature pattern infants who are newborns +actually seem to be surprised at the + + align:start position:0% +actually seem to be surprised at the + + + align:start position:0% +actually seem to be surprised at the +whole object as opposed to the two + + align:start position:0% +whole object as opposed to the two + + + align:start position:0% +whole object as opposed to the two +separate objects so it does look like + + align:start position:0% +separate objects so it does look like + + + align:start position:0% +separate objects so it does look like +there's a transformation over + + align:start position:0% +there's a transformation over + + + align:start position:0% +there's a transformation over +developmental time here moreover even if + + align:start position:0% +developmental time here moreover even if + + + align:start position:0% +developmental time here moreover even if +you think this ability is innate there's + + align:start position:0% +you think this ability is innate there's + + + align:start position:0% +you think this ability is innate there's +no evidence whatsoever that it's + + align:start position:0% +no evidence whatsoever that it's + + + align:start position:0% +no evidence whatsoever that it's +conceptual I mean we do know that the + + align:start position:0% +conceptual I mean we do know that the + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual I mean we do know that the +visual system is capable of completing + + align:start position:0% +visual system is capable of completing + + + align:start position:0% +visual system is capable of completing +gaps between objects there's something + + align:start position:0% +gaps between objects there's something + + + align:start position:0% +gaps between objects there's something +called a modal completion so if an + + align:start position:0% +called a modal completion so if an + + + align:start position:0% +called a modal completion so if an +object is partially uded the visual + + align:start position:0% +object is partially uded the visual + + + align:start position:0% +object is partially uded the visual +system does a kind of filling in where + + align:start position:0% +system does a kind of filling in where + + + align:start position:0% +system does a kind of filling in where +it tells you how these lines will + + align:start position:0% +it tells you how these lines will + + + align:start position:0% +it tells you how these lines will +continue below the occluded surface so + + align:start position:0% +continue below the occluded surface so + + + align:start position:0% +continue below the occluded surface so +suppose we say that that is an a suppose + + align:start position:0% +suppose we say that that is an a suppose + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we say that that is an a suppose +we grant that that seems to be granting + + align:start position:0% +we grant that that seems to be granting + + + align:start position:0% +we grant that that seems to be granting +something far less than an an intuitive + + align:start position:0% +something far less than an an intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +something far less than an an intuitive +physics a naive physical Theory that's + + align:start position:0% +physics a naive physical Theory that's + + + align:start position:0% +physics a naive physical Theory that's +just a principle of filling in in the + + align:start position:0% +just a principle of filling in in the + + + align:start position:0% +just a principle of filling in in the +visual system it doesn't involve + + align:start position:0% +visual system it doesn't involve + + + align:start position:0% +visual system it doesn't involve +anything like um uh conceptual knowledge + + align:start position:0% +anything like um uh conceptual knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +anything like um uh conceptual knowledge +of physical principles um and in + + align:start position:0% +of physical principles um and in + + + align:start position:0% +of physical principles um and in +particular it's not knowledge that the + + align:start position:0% +particular it's not knowledge that the + + + align:start position:0% +particular it's not knowledge that the +child could bring to bear in this top + + align:start position:0% +child could bring to bear in this top + + + align:start position:0% +child could bring to bear in this top +down way to explain her world so it + + align:start position:0% +down way to explain her world so it + + + align:start position:0% +down way to explain her world so it +doesn't look like theories in the sense + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like theories in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like theories in the sense +that adults have theories where we can + + align:start position:0% +that adults have theories where we can + + + align:start position:0% +that adults have theories where we can +clearly articulate some general + + align:start position:0% +clearly articulate some general + + + align:start position:0% +clearly articulate some general +principle and apply it to the World um + + align:start position:0% +principle and apply it to the World um + + + align:start position:0% +principle and apply it to the World um +think about it uh reflect on it correct + + align:start position:0% +think about it uh reflect on it correct + + + align:start position:0% +think about it uh reflect on it correct +it and so on + + align:start position:0% +it and so on + + + align:start position:0% +it and so on +um one last there's evidence that all + + align:start position:0% +um one last there's evidence that all + + + align:start position:0% +um one last there's evidence that all +the evidence that um the inflence have + + align:start position:0% +the evidence that um the inflence have + + + align:start position:0% +the evidence that um the inflence have +the same respond in the same way for a + + align:start position:0% +the same respond in the same way for a + + + align:start position:0% +the same respond in the same way for a +version where the stimulus is presented + + align:start position:0% +version where the stimulus is presented + + + align:start position:0% +version where the stimulus is presented +in tactile way so yeah so there's a + + align:start position:0% +in tactile way so yeah so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +in tactile way so yeah so there's a +there's an experiment that spelly was + + align:start position:0% +there's an experiment that spelly was + + + align:start position:0% +there's an experiment that spelly was +also starian spelly where um I there are + + align:start position:0% +also starian spelly where um I there are + + + align:start position:0% +also starian spelly where um I there are +various versions of it but one version + + align:start position:0% +various versions of it but one version + + + align:start position:0% +various versions of it but one version +of it is they're presented uh with it + + align:start position:0% +of it is they're presented uh with it + + + align:start position:0% +of it is they're presented uh with it +visually and and haptically um and uh in + + align:start position:0% +visually and and haptically um and uh in + + + align:start position:0% +visually and and haptically um and uh in +those cases there there are two moves + + align:start position:0% +those cases there there are two moves + + + align:start position:0% +those cases there there are two moves +that are available for imp pures to make + + align:start position:0% +that are available for imp pures to make + + + align:start position:0% +that are available for imp pures to make +one of them is to Simply conceed the + + align:start position:0% +one of them is to Simply conceed the + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is to Simply conceed the +result and say + + align:start position:0% +result and say + + + align:start position:0% +result and say +look unlike what lock had claimed we do + + align:start position:0% +look unlike what lock had claimed we do + + + align:start position:0% +look unlike what lock had claimed we do +have innate capacities for transferring + + align:start position:0% +have innate capacities for transferring + + + align:start position:0% +have innate capacities for transferring +information from one sense to another + + align:start position:0% +information from one sense to another + + + align:start position:0% +information from one sense to another +and to a certain extent that seems to be + + align:start position:0% +and to a certain extent that seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +and to a certain extent that seems to be +plausible true even sort of evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +plausible true even sort of evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +plausible true even sort of evolutionary +evolutionarily uh demanded so for + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily uh demanded so for + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily uh demanded so for +example we know infants just after birth + + align:start position:0% +example we know infants just after birth + + + align:start position:0% +example we know infants just after birth +will Orient their eyes to a sound so if + + align:start position:0% +will Orient their eyes to a sound so if + + + align:start position:0% +will Orient their eyes to a sound so if +you snap by the ear of an infant it will + + align:start position:0% +you snap by the ear of an infant it will + + + align:start position:0% +you snap by the ear of an infant it will +shift its eyes somehow its visual system + + align:start position:0% +shift its eyes somehow its visual system + + + align:start position:0% +shift its eyes somehow its visual system +is able to use sound as as a q um and + + align:start position:0% +is able to use sound as as a q um and + + + align:start position:0% +is able to use sound as as a q um and +likewise it may be that going from a + + align:start position:0% +likewise it may be that going from a + + + align:start position:0% +likewise it may be that going from a +felt shape of an object to a visual + + align:start position:0% +felt shape of an object to a visual + + + align:start position:0% +felt shape of an object to a visual +presentation of that object is is + + align:start position:0% +presentation of that object is is + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of that object is is +innately hardwired now when you say it's + + align:start position:0% +innately hardwired now when you say it's + + + align:start position:0% +innately hardwired now when you say it's +innately hardwired you're not conceding + + align:start position:0% +innately hardwired you're not conceding + + + align:start position:0% +innately hardwired you're not conceding +anything like this uh set of scientific + + align:start position:0% +anything like this uh set of scientific + + + align:start position:0% +anything like this uh set of scientific +principles underlying a folk physics nor + + align:start position:0% +principles underlying a folk physics nor + + + align:start position:0% +principles underlying a folk physics nor +are you conceding anything conceptual + + align:start position:0% +are you conceding anything conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +are you conceding anything conceptual +when spelly and Str wrote the study + + align:start position:0% +when spelly and Str wrote the study + + + align:start position:0% +when spelly and Str wrote the study +their conclusion was this is evidence + + align:start position:0% +their conclusion was this is evidence + + + align:start position:0% +their conclusion was this is evidence +that empiricism is false why not because + + align:start position:0% +that empiricism is false why not because + + + align:start position:0% +that empiricism is false why not because +the knowledge is innate but they said + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge is innate but they said + + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge is innate but they said +because it shows that infants think + + align:start position:0% +because it shows that infants think + + + align:start position:0% +because it shows that infants think +using an amodal code they think using + + align:start position:0% +using an amodal code they think using + + + align:start position:0% +using an amodal code they think using +Concepts that are not specific to the + + align:start position:0% +Concepts that are not specific to the + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts that are not specific to the +senses but it seems to me that's a bad + + align:start position:0% +senses but it seems to me that's a bad + + + align:start position:0% +senses but it seems to me that's a bad +inference from the study because in fact + + align:start position:0% +inference from the study because in fact + + + align:start position:0% +inference from the study because in fact +when you find that infants can go from + + align:start position:0% +when you find that infants can go from + + + align:start position:0% +when you find that infants can go from +from touch to Vision it doesn't show + + align:start position:0% +from touch to Vision it doesn't show + + + align:start position:0% +from touch to Vision it doesn't show +that there's some third code that + + align:start position:0% +that there's some third code that + + + align:start position:0% +that there's some third code that +they're using to understand what these + + align:start position:0% +they're using to understand what these + + + align:start position:0% +they're using to understand what these +two have in common it just means there's + + align:start position:0% +two have in common it just means there's + + + align:start position:0% +two have in common it just means there's +an innate mapping rule that tells them + + align:start position:0% +an innate mapping rule that tells them + + + align:start position:0% +an innate mapping rule that tells them +if they visual visually experience + + align:start position:0% +if they visual visually experience + + + align:start position:0% +if they visual visually experience +something they should expect to + + align:start position:0% +something they should expect to + + + align:start position:0% +something they should expect to +tactically experience something and + + align:start position:0% +tactically experience something and + + + align:start position:0% +tactically experience something and +conversely one way to think about it is + + align:start position:0% +conversely one way to think about it is + + + align:start position:0% +conversely one way to think about it is +if I give you a passage of poetry in + + align:start position:0% +if I give you a passage of poetry in + + + align:start position:0% +if I give you a passage of poetry in +German and I say can you translate this + + align:start position:0% +German and I say can you translate this + + + align:start position:0% +German and I say can you translate this +into English and you happen to know + + align:start position:0% +into English and you happen to know + + + align:start position:0% +into English and you happen to know +several languages there's no reason in + + align:start position:0% +several languages there's no reason in + + + align:start position:0% +several languages there's no reason in +the world why you should translate it + + align:start position:0% +the world why you should translate it + + + align:start position:0% +the world why you should translate it +into Italian + + align:start position:0% +into Italian + + + align:start position:0% +into Italian +first you can go straight from German to + + align:start position:0% +first you can go straight from German to + + + align:start position:0% +first you can go straight from German to +English and likewise if I give you + + align:start position:0% +English and likewise if I give you + + + align:start position:0% +English and likewise if I give you +something in touch there's no need why + + align:start position:0% +something in touch there's no need why + + + align:start position:0% +something in touch there's no need why +you need to there's no reason why you + + align:start position:0% +you need to there's no reason why you + + + align:start position:0% +you need to there's no reason why you +need to translate it into an a modal + + align:start position:0% +need to translate it into an a modal + + + align:start position:0% +need to translate it into an a modal +code before going to a visual code if we + + align:start position:0% +code before going to a visual code if we + + + align:start position:0% +code before going to a visual code if we +just have codes for the five senses or + + align:start position:0% +just have codes for the five senses or + + + align:start position:0% +just have codes for the five senses or +the six or seven senses that we have + + align:start position:0% +the six or seven senses that we have + + + align:start position:0% +the six or seven senses that we have +translation rules between them we don't + + align:start position:0% +translation rules between them we don't + + + align:start position:0% +translation rules between them we don't +need to postulate any kind of a modal + + align:start position:0% +need to postulate any kind of a modal + + + align:start position:0% +need to postulate any kind of a modal +system of representation that goes + + align:start position:0% +system of representation that goes + + + align:start position:0% +system of representation that goes +beyond the + + align:start position:0% +beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +beyond the +senses um but it's a it's a it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +senses um but it's a it's a it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +senses um but it's a it's a it's it's a +nice example it's a nice study to bring + + align:start position:0% +nice example it's a nice study to bring + + + align:start position:0% +nice example it's a nice study to bring +out in part because I think it is uh + + align:start position:0% +out in part because I think it is uh + + + align:start position:0% +out in part because I think it is uh +going to be a a a straw man theory if + + align:start position:0% +going to be a a a straw man theory if + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a a a straw man theory if +the empiricist um is painted as somebody + + align:start position:0% +the empiricist um is painted as somebody + + + align:start position:0% +the empiricist um is painted as somebody +who's not going to allow for anything + + align:start position:0% +who's not going to allow for anything + + + align:start position:0% +who's not going to allow for anything +that's a Nate one way to think about the + + align:start position:0% +that's a Nate one way to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a Nate one way to think about the +nature nurture debate is it can be + + align:start position:0% +nature nurture debate is it can be + + + align:start position:0% +nature nurture debate is it can be +constructive especially in areas where + + align:start position:0% +constructive especially in areas where + + + align:start position:0% +constructive especially in areas where +nativism has become the dominant view to + + align:start position:0% +nativism has become the dominant view to + + + align:start position:0% +nativism has become the dominant view to +be what I would call a methodological + + align:start position:0% +be what I would call a methodological + + + align:start position:0% +be what I would call a methodological +empiricist and by methodological + + align:start position:0% +empiricist and by methodological + + + align:start position:0% +empiricist and by methodological +empiricist I I just mean somebody who's + + align:start position:0% +empiricist I I just mean somebody who's + + + align:start position:0% +empiricist I I just mean somebody who's +not convinced yet one way or the other + + align:start position:0% +not convinced yet one way or the other + + + align:start position:0% +not convinced yet one way or the other +that something is innate or or learned + + align:start position:0% +that something is innate or or learned + + + align:start position:0% +that something is innate or or learned +but rather somebody who when confronted + + align:start position:0% +but rather somebody who when confronted + + + align:start position:0% +but rather somebody who when confronted +with evidence for innateness tries to + + align:start position:0% +with evidence for innateness tries to + + + align:start position:0% +with evidence for innateness tries to +come up with a learning story as an + + align:start position:0% +come up with a learning story as an + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a learning story as an +alternative in the course of this + + align:start position:0% +alternative in the course of this + + + align:start position:0% +alternative in the course of this +process we'll eventually hit studies + + align:start position:0% +process we'll eventually hit studies + + + align:start position:0% +process we'll eventually hit studies +where the learning story just isn't + + align:start position:0% +where the learning story just isn't + + + align:start position:0% +where the learning story just isn't +going to be supported by by the evidence + + align:start position:0% +going to be supported by by the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +going to be supported by by the evidence +and I think that might be one of the + + align:start position:0% +and I think that might be one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that might be one of the +places where that's + + align:start position:0% +places where that's + + + align:start position:0% +places where that's +true um another domain where n + + align:start position:0% +true um another domain where n + + + align:start position:0% +true um another domain where n +innateness claims have been explored um + + align:start position:0% +innateness claims have been explored um + + + align:start position:0% +innateness claims have been explored um +quite intensively is in folk biology and + + align:start position:0% +quite intensively is in folk biology and + + + align:start position:0% +quite intensively is in folk biology and +um folk biology um includes basic + + align:start position:0% +um folk biology um includes basic + + + align:start position:0% +um folk biology um includes basic +principles um as well but one of the + + align:start position:0% +principles um as well but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +principles um as well but one of the +important Concepts in folk biology is + + align:start position:0% +important Concepts in folk biology is + + + align:start position:0% +important Concepts in folk biology is +that biological kinds differ from + + align:start position:0% +that biological kinds differ from + + + align:start position:0% +that biological kinds differ from +non-biological kinds that animals differ + + align:start position:0% +non-biological kinds that animals differ + + + align:start position:0% +non-biological kinds that animals differ +from artifacts so here um as Bosco sits + + align:start position:0% +from artifacts so here um as Bosco sits + + + align:start position:0% +from artifacts so here um as Bosco sits +in his little train here he's looking at + + align:start position:0% +in his little train here he's looking at + + + align:start position:0% +in his little train here he's looking at +the mouse he could distinguish the mouse + + align:start position:0% +the mouse he could distinguish the mouse + + + align:start position:0% +the mouse he could distinguish the mouse +from the Train the train is one kind of + + align:start position:0% +from the Train the train is one kind of + + + align:start position:0% +from the Train the train is one kind of +object the mouse is another kind of + + align:start position:0% +object the mouse is another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +object the mouse is another kind of +object and the idea of um the folk + + align:start position:0% +object and the idea of um the folk + + + align:start position:0% +object and the idea of um the folk +biology um view is that when you draw + + align:start position:0% +biology um view is that when you draw + + + align:start position:0% +biology um view is that when you draw +this distinction between artifacts and + + align:start position:0% +this distinction between artifacts and + + + align:start position:0% +this distinction between artifacts and +animals your expectations differ you + + align:start position:0% +animals your expectations differ you + + + align:start position:0% +animals your expectations differ you +draw on different innate theories to + + align:start position:0% +draw on different innate theories to + + + align:start position:0% +draw on different innate theories to +think about these two kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +think about these two kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +think about these two kinds of things +and in particular Bosco is going to + + align:start position:0% +and in particular Bosco is going to + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular Bosco is going to +assume that animals have hidden Essences + + align:start position:0% +assume that animals have hidden Essences + + + align:start position:0% +assume that animals have hidden Essences +have features that are essential to them + + align:start position:0% +have features that are essential to them + + + align:start position:0% +have features that are essential to them +independent of their appearance that can + + align:start position:0% +independent of their appearance that can + + + align:start position:0% +independent of their appearance that can +remain constant as that appearance + + align:start position:0% +remain constant as that appearance + + + align:start position:0% +remain constant as that appearance +change es artifacts sort of wear their + + align:start position:0% +change es artifacts sort of wear their + + + align:start position:0% +change es artifacts sort of wear their +Essence on their sleeves you can tell + + align:start position:0% +Essence on their sleeves you can tell + + + align:start position:0% +Essence on their sleeves you can tell +what what's essential to an artifact by + + align:start position:0% +what what's essential to an artifact by + + + align:start position:0% +what what's essential to an artifact by +just watching it in action seeing how it + + align:start position:0% +just watching it in action seeing how it + + + align:start position:0% +just watching it in action seeing how it +behaves what's essential to artifacts is + + align:start position:0% +behaves what's essential to artifacts is + + + align:start position:0% +behaves what's essential to artifacts is +their function and their function is + + align:start position:0% +their function and their function is + + + align:start position:0% +their function and their function is +readily observable what's essential to + + align:start position:0% +readily observable what's essential to + + + align:start position:0% +readily observable what's essential to +an animal is its iners things inside of + + align:start position:0% +an animal is its iners things inside of + + + align:start position:0% +an animal is its iners things inside of +it which can't be directly observed um + + align:start position:0% +it which can't be directly observed um + + + align:start position:0% +it which can't be directly observed um +this differentiation between artifacts + + align:start position:0% +this differentiation between artifacts + + + align:start position:0% +this differentiation between artifacts +and animals has guided a lot of research + + align:start position:0% +and animals has guided a lot of research + + + align:start position:0% +and animals has guided a lot of research +on on children and infants um one of the + + align:start position:0% +on on children and infants um one of the + + + align:start position:0% +on on children and infants um one of the +pioneers of this work is Frank Kyle um + + align:start position:0% +pioneers of this work is Frank Kyle um + + + align:start position:0% +pioneers of this work is Frank Kyle um +at Yale and um a lot of Kyle's research + + align:start position:0% +at Yale and um a lot of Kyle's research + + + align:start position:0% +at Yale and um a lot of Kyle's research +has focused on a kind of experiment that + + align:start position:0% +has focused on a kind of experiment that + + + align:start position:0% +has focused on a kind of experiment that +involves + + align:start position:0% +involves + + + align:start position:0% +involves +Transformations um like this a child is + + align:start position:0% +Transformations um like this a child is + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations um like this a child is +told consider this creature Here and Now + + align:start position:0% +told consider this creature Here and Now + + + align:start position:0% +told consider this creature Here and Now +something happened to this creature some + + align:start position:0% +something happened to this creature some + + + align:start position:0% +something happened to this creature some +people took this creature and they + + align:start position:0% +people took this creature and they + + + align:start position:0% +people took this creature and they +painted it so it's black and then they + + align:start position:0% +painted it so it's black and then they + + + align:start position:0% +painted it so it's black and then they +painted a white stripe down its back and + + align:start position:0% +painted a white stripe down its back and + + + align:start position:0% +painted a white stripe down its back and +then they attach some really smelly + + align:start position:0% +then they attach some really smelly + + + align:start position:0% +then they attach some really smelly +sacks to it so that when you come near + + align:start position:0% +sacks to it so that when you come near + + + align:start position:0% +sacks to it so that when you come near +it it sprays out this this terrible + + align:start position:0% +it it sprays out this this terrible + + + align:start position:0% +it it sprays out this this terrible +smell and at the end of this + + align:start position:0% +smell and at the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +smell and at the end of this +manipulation it looked like this + + align:start position:0% +manipulation it looked like this + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation it looked like this +question is this a raccoon or a + + align:start position:0% +question is this a raccoon or a + + + align:start position:0% +question is this a raccoon or a +skunk and the adult response is that + + align:start position:0% +skunk and the adult response is that + + + align:start position:0% +skunk and the adult response is that +well it looks like a skunk but I know + + align:start position:0% +well it looks like a skunk but I know + + + align:start position:0% +well it looks like a skunk but I know +it's really a raccoon it's just a + + align:start position:0% +it's really a raccoon it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +it's really a raccoon it's just a +painted raccoon so if told that the + + align:start position:0% +painted raccoon so if told that the + + + align:start position:0% +painted raccoon so if told that the +transformation involves paint and smelly + + align:start position:0% +transformation involves paint and smelly + + + align:start position:0% +transformation involves paint and smelly +sacks being a fixed to the animal adults + + align:start position:0% +sacks being a fixed to the animal adults + + + align:start position:0% +sacks being a fixed to the animal adults +think that it's retained its Essence + + align:start position:0% +think that it's retained its Essence + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's retained its Essence +they go beyond superficial + + align:start position:0% +they go beyond superficial + + + align:start position:0% +they go beyond superficial +similarity young kids don't do this they + + align:start position:0% +similarity young kids don't do this they + + + align:start position:0% +similarity young kids don't do this they +say it's now a scum they think a + + align:start position:0% +say it's now a scum they think a + + + align:start position:0% +say it's now a scum they think a +superficial + + align:start position:0% +superficial + + + align:start position:0% +superficial +transformation leads to a change in + + align:start position:0% +transformation leads to a change in + + + align:start position:0% +transformation leads to a change in +essence a change in identity when Kyle + + align:start position:0% +essence a change in identity when Kyle + + + align:start position:0% +essence a change in identity when Kyle +first showed this it looked like strong + + align:start position:0% +first showed this it looked like strong + + + align:start position:0% +first showed this it looked like strong +support for the empiricist view that + + align:start position:0% +support for the empiricist view that + + + align:start position:0% +support for the empiricist view that +says kids are using similarity at first + + align:start position:0% +says kids are using similarity at first + + + align:start position:0% +says kids are using similarity at first +they're going by superficial appearances + + align:start position:0% +they're going by superficial appearances + + + align:start position:0% +they're going by superficial appearances +relying on perception and only later + + align:start position:0% +relying on perception and only later + + + align:start position:0% +relying on perception and only later +come to recognize that there are + + align:start position:0% +come to recognize that there are + + + align:start position:0% +come to recognize that there are +underlying factors that may be more + + align:start position:0% +underlying factors that may be more + + + align:start position:0% +underlying factors that may be more +important for object identity but in + + align:start position:0% +important for object identity but in + + + align:start position:0% +important for object identity but in +further work Kyle was able to discover + + align:start position:0% +further work Kyle was able to discover + + + align:start position:0% +further work Kyle was able to discover +that even very young + + align:start position:0% +that even very young + + + align:start position:0% +that even very young +kids are showing some sensitivity to + + align:start position:0% +kids are showing some sensitivity to + + + align:start position:0% +kids are showing some sensitivity to +Hidden Essences um the view is called + + align:start position:0% +Hidden Essences um the view is called + + + align:start position:0% +Hidden Essences um the view is called +psychological essentialism and it's just + + align:start position:0% +psychological essentialism and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +psychological essentialism and it's just +the view that certain things have + + align:start position:0% +the view that certain things have + + + align:start position:0% +the view that certain things have +essential properties that are not + + align:start position:0% +essential properties that are not + + + align:start position:0% +essential properties that are not +available to view um psychological + + align:start position:0% +available to view um psychological + + + align:start position:0% +available to view um psychological +essentialism is not observed in the + + align:start position:0% +essentialism is not observed in the + + + align:start position:0% +essentialism is not observed in the +transformation from raccoon to skunks in + + align:start position:0% +transformation from raccoon to skunks in + + + align:start position:0% +transformation from raccoon to skunks in +first graders but um or in + + align:start position:0% +first graders but um or in + + + align:start position:0% +first graders but um or in +kindergarteners but if you go to another + + align:start position:0% +kindergarteners but if you go to another + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarteners but if you go to another +transformation like this one they do + + align:start position:0% +transformation like this one they do + + + align:start position:0% +transformation like this one they do +show evidence for psychological + + align:start position:0% +show evidence for psychological + + + align:start position:0% +show evidence for psychological +essentialism so here kids are told to + + align:start position:0% +essentialism so here kids are told to + + + align:start position:0% +essentialism so here kids are told to +consider a toy bird that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +consider a toy bird that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +consider a toy bird that looks like this +and then they're told that some feathers + + align:start position:0% +and then they're told that some feathers + + + align:start position:0% +and then they're told that some feathers +are attached to it and that a little + + align:start position:0% +are attached to it and that a little + + + align:start position:0% +are attached to it and that a little +music box is attached to it that makes + + align:start position:0% +music box is attached to it that makes + + + align:start position:0% +music box is attached to it that makes +it make a very melodic tweeting sound + + align:start position:0% +it make a very melodic tweeting sound + + + align:start position:0% +it make a very melodic tweeting sound +and a little engine is attached to it so + + align:start position:0% +and a little engine is attached to it so + + + align:start position:0% +and a little engine is attached to it so +it can flap its wings and fly from tree + + align:start position:0% +it can flap its wings and fly from tree + + + align:start position:0% +it can flap its wings and fly from tree +to tree and by the end of the + + align:start position:0% +to tree and by the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +to tree and by the end of the +transformation it looks like this and + + align:start position:0% +transformation it looks like this and + + + align:start position:0% +transformation it looks like this and +they're asked is this a real bird or a + + align:start position:0% +they're asked is this a real bird or a + + + align:start position:0% +they're asked is this a real bird or a +toy + + align:start position:0% +toy + + + align:start position:0% +toy +bird + + align:start position:0% +bird + + + align:start position:0% +bird +now in this case the kindergarteners who + + align:start position:0% +now in this case the kindergarteners who + + + align:start position:0% +now in this case the kindergarteners who +are the youngest kids that is tested say + + align:start position:0% +are the youngest kids that is tested say + + + align:start position:0% +are the youngest kids that is tested say +it's a toy they say I don't care what it + + align:start position:0% +it's a toy they say I don't care what it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a toy they say I don't care what it +looks like it looks like a real bird but + + align:start position:0% +looks like it looks like a real bird but + + + align:start position:0% +looks like it looks like a real bird but +I know it's a toy so they're going + + align:start position:0% +I know it's a toy so they're going + + + align:start position:0% +I know it's a toy so they're going +Beyond The Superficial appearances and + + align:start position:0% +Beyond The Superficial appearances and + + + align:start position:0% +Beyond The Superficial appearances and +insisting that its Essence is determined + + align:start position:0% +insisting that its Essence is determined + + + align:start position:0% +insisting that its Essence is determined +by what it started out as not by what it + + align:start position:0% +by what it started out as not by what it + + + align:start position:0% +by what it started out as not by what it +happens to look like at the end of this + + align:start position:0% +happens to look like at the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +happens to look like at the end of this +superficial transformation so Kyle says + + align:start position:0% +superficial transformation so Kyle says + + + align:start position:0% +superficial transformation so Kyle says +this is evidence that kids don't rely on + + align:start position:0% +this is evidence that kids don't rely on + + + align:start position:0% +this is evidence that kids don't rely on +similarity alone the youngest kids he's + + align:start position:0% +similarity alone the youngest kids he's + + + align:start position:0% +similarity alone the youngest kids he's +tested go beyond superficial appearances + + align:start position:0% +tested go beyond superficial appearances + + + align:start position:0% +tested go beyond superficial appearances +uh to make decisions about what's going + + align:start position:0% +uh to make decisions about what's going + + + align:start position:0% +uh to make decisions about what's going +to happen in these transformation cases + + align:start position:0% +to happen in these transformation cases + + + align:start position:0% +to happen in these transformation cases +he calls the opposing view the original + + align:start position:0% +he calls the opposing view the original + + + align:start position:0% +he calls the opposing view the original +Sim uh for original similarity the idea + + align:start position:0% +Sim uh for original similarity the idea + + + align:start position:0% +Sim uh for original similarity the idea +is that when we're born we first + + align:start position:0% +is that when we're born we first + + + align:start position:0% +is that when we're born we first +classify objects on the basis of + + align:start position:0% +classify objects on the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +classify objects on the basis of +superficial similarity and only later + + align:start position:0% +superficial similarity and only later + + + align:start position:0% +superficial similarity and only later +come to think that they are properties + + align:start position:0% +come to think that they are properties + + + align:start position:0% +come to think that they are properties +that transcend appearances he says this + + align:start position:0% +that transcend appearances he says this + + + align:start position:0% +that transcend appearances he says this +experiment is evidence that even + + align:start position:0% +experiment is evidence that even + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is evidence that even +kindergarteners are not driven by + + align:start position:0% +kindergarteners are not driven by + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarteners are not driven by +similarity alone now in response to this + + align:start position:0% +similarity alone now in response to this + + + align:start position:0% +similarity alone now in response to this +one thing to point out is that + + align:start position:0% +one thing to point out is that + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to point out is that +kindergarteners are really old um + + align:start position:0% +kindergarteners are really old um + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarteners are really old um +they're really old they're not they've + + align:start position:0% +they're really old they're not they've + + + align:start position:0% +they're really old they're not they've +been been exposed to lots of things + + align:start position:0% +been been exposed to lots of things + + + align:start position:0% +been been exposed to lots of things +before including um uh certain explicit + + align:start position:0% +before including um uh certain explicit + + + align:start position:0% +before including um uh certain explicit +instructions so they're told toys are + + align:start position:0% +instructions so they're told toys are + + + align:start position:0% +instructions so they're told toys are +not real young kids have a tendency to + + align:start position:0% +not real young kids have a tendency to + + + align:start position:0% +not real young kids have a tendency to +anthropomorphize their toys or or treat + + align:start position:0% +anthropomorphize their toys or or treat + + + align:start position:0% +anthropomorphize their toys or or treat +their toys as animate and adults will + + align:start position:0% +their toys as animate and adults will + + + align:start position:0% +their toys as animate and adults will +tell them these toys are not real adults + + align:start position:0% +tell them these toys are not real adults + + + align:start position:0% +tell them these toys are not real adults +will point out that their toy dog is + + align:start position:0% +will point out that their toy dog is + + + align:start position:0% +will point out that their toy dog is +different from their pet dog um and + + align:start position:0% +different from their pet dog um and + + + align:start position:0% +different from their pet dog um and +they've also seen a lot of realistic + + align:start position:0% +they've also seen a lot of realistic + + + align:start position:0% +they've also seen a lot of realistic +toys so they know that even a toy that + + align:start position:0% +toys so they know that even a toy that + + + align:start position:0% +toys so they know that even a toy that +looks very real is not real and can't + + align:start position:0% +looks very real is not real and can't + + + align:start position:0% +looks very real is not real and can't +become real um but they in contrast to + + align:start position:0% +become real um but they in contrast to + + + align:start position:0% +become real um but they in contrast to +this they've seen lots of cases where + + align:start position:0% +this they've seen lots of cases where + + + align:start position:0% +this they've seen lots of cases where +one animal trans transforms into an + + align:start position:0% +one animal trans transforms into an + + + align:start position:0% +one animal trans transforms into an +animal that looks very different moths + + align:start position:0% +animal that looks very different moths + + + align:start position:0% +animal that looks very different moths +and butterflies begin as caterpillars + + align:start position:0% +and butterflies begin as caterpillars + + + align:start position:0% +and butterflies begin as caterpillars +they've seen babies grow up into adults + + align:start position:0% +they've seen babies grow up into adults + + + align:start position:0% +they've seen babies grow up into adults +um so they've seen lots of cases where + + align:start position:0% +um so they've seen lots of cases where + + + align:start position:0% +um so they've seen lots of cases where +something that looks One Way transforms + + align:start position:0% +something that looks One Way transforms + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks One Way transforms +to look a different way while retaining + + align:start position:0% +to look a different way while retaining + + + align:start position:0% +to look a different way while retaining +its identity in some sense so within the + + align:start position:0% +its identity in some sense so within the + + + align:start position:0% +its identity in some sense so within the +biological domain they're exposed to + + align:start position:0% +biological domain they're exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +biological domain they're exposed to +cases where Transformations don't change + + align:start position:0% +cases where Transformations don't change + + + align:start position:0% +cases where Transformations don't change +identity but within the cross-domain + + align:start position:0% +identity but within the cross-domain + + + align:start position:0% +identity but within the cross-domain +case they're not exposed to any such + + align:start position:0% +case they're not exposed to any such + + + align:start position:0% +case they're not exposed to any such +cases so the results really nicely track + + align:start position:0% +cases so the results really nicely track + + + align:start position:0% +cases so the results really nicely track +a prior + + align:start position:0% +a prior + + + align:start position:0% +a prior +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +and um asked the question Kyle has + + align:start position:0% +and um asked the question Kyle has + + + align:start position:0% +and um asked the question Kyle has +worked with kids who work in + + align:start position:0% +worked with kids who work in + + + align:start position:0% +worked with kids who work in +kindergarten what if you go to younger + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten what if you go to younger + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten what if you go to younger +kids do they assume that animals can't + + align:start position:0% +kids do they assume that animals can't + + + align:start position:0% +kids do they assume that animals can't +turn into artifacts here's an experiment + + align:start position:0% +turn into artifacts here's an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +turn into artifacts here's an experiment +that bears on that it was an experiment + + align:start position:0% +that bears on that it was an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +that bears on that it was an experiment +designed for another purpose but it + + align:start position:0% +designed for another purpose but it + + + align:start position:0% +designed for another purpose but it +actually illustrates the point nicely + + align:start position:0% +actually illustrates the point nicely + + + align:start position:0% +actually illustrates the point nicely +this is an experiment done by zuu and + + align:start position:0% +this is an experiment done by zuu and + + + align:start position:0% +this is an experiment done by zuu and +carry and the infants in this experiment + + align:start position:0% +carry and the infants in this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +carry and the infants in this experiment +um were younger than 10 months old so + + align:start position:0% +um were younger than 10 months old so + + + align:start position:0% +um were younger than 10 months old so +they're they're they're really infants + + align:start position:0% +they're they're they're really infants + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're they're really infants +they're not linguistic yet and the + + align:start position:0% +they're not linguistic yet and the + + + align:start position:0% +they're not linguistic yet and the +question is what are their expectations + + align:start position:0% +question is what are their expectations + + + align:start position:0% +question is what are their expectations +about Transformations so here's the + + align:start position:0% +about Transformations so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +about Transformations so here's the +study they see a little board like this + + align:start position:0% +study they see a little board like this + + + align:start position:0% +study they see a little board like this +and they see a little truck come from + + align:start position:0% +and they see a little truck come from + + + align:start position:0% +and they see a little truck come from +behind the board then the truck goes + + align:start position:0% +behind the board then the truck goes + + + align:start position:0% +behind the board then the truck goes +back in and then they see a little + + align:start position:0% +back in and then they see a little + + + align:start position:0% +back in and then they see a little +kitten come out the other side and the + + align:start position:0% +kitten come out the other side and the + + + align:start position:0% +kitten come out the other side and the +kitten goes back in now the question is + + align:start position:0% +kitten goes back in now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +kitten goes back in now the question is +what should we expect to see when we + + align:start position:0% +what should we expect to see when we + + + align:start position:0% +what should we expect to see when we +lift the + + align:start position:0% +lift the + + + align:start position:0% +lift the +board of course as adults we should + + align:start position:0% +board of course as adults we should + + + align:start position:0% +board of course as adults we should +expect to see a truck and a Kitt because + + align:start position:0% +expect to see a truck and a Kitt because + + + align:start position:0% +expect to see a truck and a Kitt because +we know that trucks and kittens are + + align:start position:0% +we know that trucks and kittens are + + + align:start position:0% +we know that trucks and kittens are +different kinds of objects but the + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of objects but the + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of objects but the +infants were + + align:start position:0% +infants were + + + align:start position:0% +infants were +no more surprised to see a truck in a + + align:start position:0% +no more surprised to see a truck in a + + + align:start position:0% +no more surprised to see a truck in a +kitten than to see just a truck so it + + align:start position:0% +kitten than to see just a truck so it + + + align:start position:0% +kitten than to see just a truck so it +was consistent with infant expectations + + align:start position:0% +was consistent with infant expectations + + + align:start position:0% +was consistent with infant expectations +that the truck could transform into a + + align:start position:0% +that the truck could transform into a + + + align:start position:0% +that the truck could transform into a +kitten and then back into a truck again + + align:start position:0% +kitten and then back into a truck again + + + align:start position:0% +kitten and then back into a truck again +now we're not directly proving their + + align:start position:0% +now we're not directly proving their + + + align:start position:0% +now we're not directly proving their +beliefs about object Identity or hidden + + align:start position:0% +beliefs about object Identity or hidden + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs about object Identity or hidden +Essences but the idea that there are + + align:start position:0% +Essences but the idea that there are + + + align:start position:0% +Essences but the idea that there are +tolerable or perfectly um uh acceptable + + align:start position:0% +tolerable or perfectly um uh acceptable + + + align:start position:0% +tolerable or perfectly um uh acceptable +Transformations from one kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +Transformations from one kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations from one kind of thing +artifact into animal seems to be our + + align:start position:0% +artifact into animal seems to be our + + + align:start position:0% +artifact into animal seems to be our +initial State and learning these + + align:start position:0% +initial State and learning these + + + align:start position:0% +initial State and learning these +artifact B um artifact animal boundaries + + align:start position:0% +artifact B um artifact animal boundaries + + + align:start position:0% +artifact B um artifact animal boundaries +come only with later development okay + + align:start position:0% +come only with later development okay + + + align:start position:0% +come only with later development okay +let me in the last couple of minutes + + align:start position:0% +let me in the last couple of minutes + + + align:start position:0% +let me in the last couple of minutes +talk about one other domain which is + + align:start position:0% +talk about one other domain which is + + + align:start position:0% +talk about one other domain which is +folk psychology so folk psychology is + + align:start position:0% +folk psychology so folk psychology is + + + align:start position:0% +folk psychology so folk psychology is +our capacity to attribute mental states + + align:start position:0% +our capacity to attribute mental states + + + align:start position:0% +our capacity to attribute mental states +to others um so here's one experiment + + align:start position:0% +to others um so here's one experiment + + + align:start position:0% +to others um so here's one experiment +that's also a classic experiment done by + + align:start position:0% +that's also a classic experiment done by + + + align:start position:0% +that's also a classic experiment done by +ggle and colleagues here's what the + + align:start position:0% +ggle and colleagues here's what the + + + align:start position:0% +ggle and colleagues here's what the +experimenters want to show they want to + + align:start position:0% +experimenters want to show they want to + + + align:start position:0% +experimenters want to show they want to +say infants have an innate Theory + + align:start position:0% +say infants have an innate Theory + + + align:start position:0% +say infants have an innate Theory +According to which objects of a certain + + align:start position:0% +According to which objects of a certain + + + align:start position:0% +According to which objects of a certain +kind have goals intentions and beliefs + + align:start position:0% +kind have goals intentions and beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +kind have goals intentions and beliefs +so they see this this ball leaping over + + align:start position:0% +so they see this this ball leaping over + + + align:start position:0% +so they see this this ball leaping over +a boundary and making contact with the + + align:start position:0% +a boundary and making contact with the + + + align:start position:0% +a boundary and making contact with the +other ball now when infants look at this + + align:start position:0% +other ball now when infants look at this + + + align:start position:0% +other ball now when infants look at this +for a while or I should say when adults + + align:start position:0% +for a while or I should say when adults + + + align:start position:0% +for a while or I should say when adults +look at this for a while they begin to + + align:start position:0% +look at this for a while they begin to + + + align:start position:0% +look at this for a while they begin to +say oh it must be that the red ball has + + align:start position:0% +say oh it must be that the red ball has + + + align:start position:0% +say oh it must be that the red ball has +the goal of touching the blue ball so go + + align:start position:0% +the goal of touching the blue ball so go + + + align:start position:0% +the goal of touching the blue ball so go +to test and if the red ball has the goal + + align:start position:0% +to test and if the red ball has the goal + + + align:start position:0% +to test and if the red ball has the goal +of touching the blue ball then when the + + align:start position:0% +of touching the blue ball then when the + + + align:start position:0% +of touching the blue ball then when the +barrier is removed it shouldn't do + + align:start position:0% +barrier is removed it shouldn't do + + + align:start position:0% +barrier is removed it shouldn't do +this it should instead move this move + + align:start position:0% +this it should instead move this move + + + align:start position:0% +this it should instead move this move +like this this one is more perceptually + + align:start position:0% +like this this one is more perceptually + + + align:start position:0% +like this this one is more perceptually +similar to the habituation but this one + + align:start position:0% +similar to the habituation but this one + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the habituation but this one +is more conceptually similar you've + + align:start position:0% +is more conceptually similar you've + + + align:start position:0% +is more conceptually similar you've +attributed a goal to the ball and now + + align:start position:0% +attributed a goal to the ball and now + + + align:start position:0% +attributed a goal to the ball and now +the fastest way to achieve its goal is + + align:start position:0% +the fastest way to achieve its goal is + + + align:start position:0% +the fastest way to achieve its goal is +to move on a straight line like adults + + align:start position:0% +to move on a straight line like adults + + + align:start position:0% +to move on a straight line like adults +infants are extremely surprised to see + + align:start position:0% +infants are extremely surprised to see + + + align:start position:0% +infants are extremely surprised to see +this even if they've just been looking + + align:start position:0% +this even if they've just been looking + + + align:start position:0% +this even if they've just been looking +at that display so what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +at that display so what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +at that display so what's going on here +gurgly says this is evidence that + + align:start position:0% +gurgly says this is evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +gurgly says this is evidence that +infants are tributing goals to objects + + align:start position:0% +infants are tributing goals to objects + + + align:start position:0% +infants are tributing goals to objects +that's folks psychology attributing + + align:start position:0% +that's folks psychology attributing + + + align:start position:0% +that's folks psychology attributing +mental states to things but the problem + + align:start position:0% +mental states to things but the problem + + + align:start position:0% +mental states to things but the problem +is this is a very strange unusual motion + + align:start position:0% +is this is a very strange unusual motion + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a very strange unusual motion +people don't observe objects just + + align:start position:0% +people don't observe objects just + + + align:start position:0% +people don't observe objects just +leaping + + align:start position:0% +leaping + + + align:start position:0% +leaping +spontaneously um in space in fact in the + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously um in space in fact in the + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously um in space in fact in the +habituation they keep varying the height + + align:start position:0% +habituation they keep varying the height + + + align:start position:0% +habituation they keep varying the height +of that barrier and the ball always + + align:start position:0% +of that barrier and the ball always + + + align:start position:0% +of that barrier and the ball always +closely tracks the height of the barrier + + align:start position:0% +closely tracks the height of the barrier + + + align:start position:0% +closely tracks the height of the barrier +people see objects rolling along a + + align:start position:0% +people see objects rolling along a + + + align:start position:0% +people see objects rolling along a +surface but not spontaneously leaping up + + align:start position:0% +surface but not spontaneously leaping up + + + align:start position:0% +surface but not spontaneously leaping up +like this so This is actually a pretty + + align:start position:0% +like this so This is actually a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +like this so This is actually a pretty +bizarre display infancy balls rolling on + + align:start position:0% +bizarre display infancy balls rolling on + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre display infancy balls rolling on +flat surfaces all the time so this is a + + align:start position:0% +flat surfaces all the time so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +flat surfaces all the time so this is a +familiar display so actually there's a + + align:start position:0% +familiar display so actually there's a + + + align:start position:0% +familiar display so actually there's a +non psychology involving interpretation + + align:start position:0% +non psychology involving interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +non psychology involving interpretation +of these results one final experiment + + align:start position:0% +of these results one final experiment + + + align:start position:0% +of these results one final experiment +this is the one uh there there's a + + align:start position:0% +this is the one uh there there's a + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one uh there there's a +reading you might have gotten on this + + align:start position:0% +reading you might have gotten on this + + + align:start position:0% +reading you might have gotten on this +one this is B and + + align:start position:0% +one this is B and + + + align:start position:0% +one this is B and +onishi uh it's an infant version of + + align:start position:0% +onishi uh it's an infant version of + + + align:start position:0% +onishi uh it's an infant version of +What's called the false belief task + + align:start position:0% +What's called the false belief task + + + align:start position:0% +What's called the false belief task +which is a standard task using older + + align:start position:0% +which is a standard task using older + + + align:start position:0% +which is a standard task using older +kids to measure whether they can + + align:start position:0% +kids to measure whether they can + + + align:start position:0% +kids to measure whether they can +attribute mental Stakes this woman has a + + align:start position:0% +attribute mental Stakes this woman has a + + + align:start position:0% +attribute mental Stakes this woman has a +piece of watermelon she puts it in a box + + align:start position:0% +piece of watermelon she puts it in a box + + + align:start position:0% +piece of watermelon she puts it in a box +then a little Wall comes up but you can + + align:start position:0% +then a little Wall comes up but you can + + + align:start position:0% +then a little Wall comes up but you can +see over that wall and she notices that + + align:start position:0% +see over that wall and she notices that + + + align:start position:0% +see over that wall and she notices that +the watermelon hops out of the green box + + align:start position:0% +the watermelon hops out of the green box + + + align:start position:0% +the watermelon hops out of the green box +and moves into the Red Box + + align:start position:0% +and moves into the Red Box + + + align:start position:0% +and moves into the Red Box +now the question is where will she look + + align:start position:0% +now the question is where will she look + + + align:start position:0% +now the question is where will she look +will she look for the watermelon in the + + align:start position:0% +will she look for the watermelon in the + + + align:start position:0% +will she look for the watermelon in the +green box or in the red box adults and + + align:start position:0% +green box or in the red box adults and + + + align:start position:0% +green box or in the red box adults and +infants both expect her to look in the + + align:start position:0% +infants both expect her to look in the + + + align:start position:0% +infants both expect her to look in the +red box why she saw the watermelon move + + align:start position:0% +red box why she saw the watermelon move + + + align:start position:0% +red box why she saw the watermelon move +um so infants are surprised they stare + + align:start position:0% +um so infants are surprised they stare + + + align:start position:0% +um so infants are surprised they stare +longer when she reaches into the green + + align:start position:0% +longer when she reaches into the green + + + align:start position:0% +longer when she reaches into the green +box now here's the crucial test same + + align:start position:0% +box now here's the crucial test same + + + align:start position:0% +box now here's the crucial test same +startup she puts the watermelon in the + + align:start position:0% +startup she puts the watermelon in the + + + align:start position:0% +startup she puts the watermelon in the +green box but this time a wall comes up + + align:start position:0% +green box but this time a wall comes up + + + align:start position:0% +green box but this time a wall comes up +that prevents her from seeing what + + align:start position:0% +that prevents her from seeing what + + + align:start position:0% +that prevents her from seeing what +happens next just as in the first case + + align:start position:0% +happens next just as in the first case + + + align:start position:0% +happens next just as in the first case +the watermelon migrates from Green Box + + align:start position:0% +the watermelon migrates from Green Box + + + align:start position:0% +the watermelon migrates from Green Box +to Red Box and now we have test again + + align:start position:0% +to Red Box and now we have test again + + + align:start position:0% +to Red Box and now we have test again +the wall is taken down and the question + + align:start position:0% +the wall is taken down and the question + + + align:start position:0% +the wall is taken down and the question +is where is she going to look for the + + align:start position:0% +is where is she going to look for the + + + align:start position:0% +is where is she going to look for the +watermelon so where should she + + align:start position:0% +watermelon so where should she + + + align:start position:0% +watermelon so where should she +look green box or Red Box you as adult + + align:start position:0% +look green box or Red Box you as adult + + + align:start position:0% +look green box or Red Box you as adult +responders she should look in the green + + align:start position:0% +responders she should look in the green + + + align:start position:0% +responders she should look in the green +box because she doesn't know that + + align:start position:0% +box because she doesn't know that + + + align:start position:0% +box because she doesn't know that +watermelon turned into a crazy animate + + align:start position:0% +watermelon turned into a crazy animate + + + align:start position:0% +watermelon turned into a crazy animate +watermelon and hopped from box to box so + + align:start position:0% +watermelon and hopped from box to box so + + + align:start position:0% +watermelon and hopped from box to box so +she should look in the green box well + + align:start position:0% +she should look in the green box well + + + align:start position:0% +she should look in the green box well +infants show the same expectation + + align:start position:0% +infants show the same expectation + + + align:start position:0% +infants show the same expectation +infants are very surprised when she + + align:start position:0% +infants are very surprised when she + + + align:start position:0% +infants are very surprised when she +looks in the red box box even though + + align:start position:0% +looks in the red box box even though + + + align:start position:0% +looks in the red box box even though +they had been surprised by her looking + + align:start position:0% +they had been surprised by her looking + + + align:start position:0% +they had been surprised by her looking +in the green box before so Bon says what + + align:start position:0% +in the green box before so Bon says what + + + align:start position:0% +in the green box before so Bon says what +infants must be doing is they're + + align:start position:0% +infants must be doing is they're + + + align:start position:0% +infants must be doing is they're +attributing a belief to her the belief + + align:start position:0% +attributing a belief to her the belief + + + align:start position:0% +attributing a belief to her the belief +that the watermelon is in the green box + + align:start position:0% +that the watermelon is in the green box + + + align:start position:0% +that the watermelon is in the green box +in fact they're doing something even + + align:start position:0% +in fact they're doing something even + + + align:start position:0% +in fact they're doing something even +fancier than that they're attributing + + align:start position:0% +fancier than that they're attributing + + + align:start position:0% +fancier than that they're attributing +what's called a false belief that's to + + align:start position:0% +what's called a false belief that's to + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a false belief that's to +say they're attributing a belief that + + align:start position:0% +say they're attributing a belief that + + + align:start position:0% +say they're attributing a belief that +the infant herself knows isn't in fact + + align:start position:0% +the infant herself knows isn't in fact + + + align:start position:0% +the infant herself knows isn't in fact +true so the infant needs to keep track + + align:start position:0% +true so the infant needs to keep track + + + align:start position:0% +true so the infant needs to keep track +simultaneously of how the world is the + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously of how the world is the + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously of how the world is the +infant knows the watermelon is in there + + align:start position:0% +infant knows the watermelon is in there + + + align:start position:0% +infant knows the watermelon is in there +but Al how she takes the world to be + + align:start position:0% +but Al how she takes the world to be + + + align:start position:0% +but Al how she takes the world to be +what her beliefs are about the world so + + align:start position:0% +what her beliefs are about the world so + + + align:start position:0% +what her beliefs are about the world so +false belief is a very strong powerful + + align:start position:0% +false belief is a very strong powerful + + + align:start position:0% +false belief is a very strong powerful +measure of whether infants understand + + align:start position:0% +measure of whether infants understand + + + align:start position:0% +measure of whether infants understand +the concept of belief because like + + align:start position:0% +the concept of belief because like + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of belief because like +beliefs like the nature of beliefs + + align:start position:0% +beliefs like the nature of beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs like the nature of beliefs +somebody can believe something that + + align:start position:0% +somebody can believe something that + + + align:start position:0% +somebody can believe something that +isn't true that departs from reality so + + align:start position:0% +isn't true that departs from reality so + + + align:start position:0% +isn't true that departs from reality so +this Bayan and onishi interpret as + + align:start position:0% +this Bayan and onishi interpret as + + + align:start position:0% +this Bayan and onishi interpret as +evidence for the claim that infants are + + align:start position:0% +evidence for the claim that infants are + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for the claim that infants are +attributing beliefs the problem with + + align:start position:0% +attributing beliefs the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +attributing beliefs the problem with +this and this came out in a review by + + align:start position:0% +this and this came out in a review by + + + align:start position:0% +this and this came out in a review by +Yosef perner is that actually the study + + align:start position:0% +Yosef perner is that actually the study + + + align:start position:0% +Yosef perner is that actually the study +can be entirely explained + + align:start position:0% +can be entirely explained + + + align:start position:0% +can be entirely explained +by associative um learning so if you + + align:start position:0% +by associative um learning so if you + + + align:start position:0% +by associative um learning so if you +look at this case the last time you saw + + align:start position:0% +look at this case the last time you saw + + + align:start position:0% +look at this case the last time you saw +object location and woman together you + + align:start position:0% +object location and woman together you + + + align:start position:0% +object location and woman together you +have the red box so just imagine that + + align:start position:0% +have the red box so just imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +have the red box so just imagine that +infants are keeping track of + + align:start position:0% +infants are keeping track of + + + align:start position:0% +infants are keeping track of +correlations which objects were seeing + + align:start position:0% +correlations which objects were seeing + + + align:start position:0% +correlations which objects were seeing +together the most recent correlation + + align:start position:0% +together the most recent correlation + + + align:start position:0% +together the most recent correlation +between her and this object is with the + + align:start position:0% +between her and this object is with the + + + align:start position:0% +between her and this object is with the +red box in this situation where the the + + align:start position:0% +red box in this situation where the the + + + align:start position:0% +red box in this situation where the the +screen covers the woman the last time + + align:start position:0% +screen covers the woman the last time + + + align:start position:0% +screen covers the woman the last time +you saw the woman with the object the + + align:start position:0% +you saw the woman with the object the + + + align:start position:0% +you saw the woman with the object the +object was in the green box so most + + align:start position:0% +object was in the green box so most + + + align:start position:0% +object was in the green box so most +recent combination of woman and object + + align:start position:0% +recent combination of woman and object + + + align:start position:0% +recent combination of woman and object +predicts the looking time results and + + align:start position:0% +predicts the looking time results and + + + align:start position:0% +predicts the looking time results and +that's just a perceptual Association + + align:start position:0% +that's just a perceptual Association + + + align:start position:0% +that's just a perceptual Association +effect that's quite easy to demonstrate + + align:start position:0% +effect that's quite easy to demonstrate + + + align:start position:0% +effect that's quite easy to demonstrate +in infant independent of this so where + + align:start position:0% +in infant independent of this so where + + + align:start position:0% +in infant independent of this so where +does this leave us um I think what we + + align:start position:0% +does this leave us um I think what we + + + align:start position:0% +does this leave us um I think what we +should say about these studies is that + + align:start position:0% +should say about these studies is that + + + align:start position:0% +should say about these studies is that +in each case when you read an article in + + align:start position:0% +in each case when you read an article in + + + align:start position:0% +in each case when you read an article in +developmental uh psychology journals + + align:start position:0% +developmental uh psychology journals + + + align:start position:0% +developmental uh psychology journals +you'll see the author offer an + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the author offer an + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the author offer an +interpretation more often than not these + + align:start position:0% +interpretation more often than not these + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation more often than not these +days the interpretation will be that the + + align:start position:0% +days the interpretation will be that the + + + align:start position:0% +days the interpretation will be that the +study shows innate knowledge knowledge + + align:start position:0% +study shows innate knowledge knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +study shows innate knowledge knowledge +of principles of the kind that we've + + align:start position:0% +of principles of the kind that we've + + + align:start position:0% +of principles of the kind that we've +been talking and then the analogy you'll + + align:start position:0% +been talking and then the analogy you'll + + + align:start position:0% +been talking and then the analogy you'll +typically find in the background is the + + align:start position:0% +typically find in the background is the + + + align:start position:0% +typically find in the background is the +idea that the infant is like a little + + align:start position:0% +idea that the infant is like a little + + + align:start position:0% +idea that the infant is like a little +scientist who's constructing theories in + + align:start position:0% +scientist who's constructing theories in + + + align:start position:0% +scientist who's constructing theories in +accordance with these different broad + + align:start position:0% +accordance with these different broad + + + align:start position:0% +accordance with these different broad +domains the alternative view is that + + align:start position:0% +domains the alternative view is that + + + align:start position:0% +domains the alternative view is that +infants just have General perceptual + + align:start position:0% +infants just have General perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +infants just have General perceptual +sensitivities and use those to parse and + + align:start position:0% +sensitivities and use those to parse and + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivities and use those to parse and +organize the world and come to learn + + align:start position:0% +organize the world and come to learn + + + align:start position:0% +organize the world and come to learn +theories only later on in + + align:start position:0% +theories only later on in + + + align:start position:0% +theories only later on in +development Renee Bayan in response to + + align:start position:0% +development Renee Bayan in response to + + + align:start position:0% +development Renee Bayan in response to +this kind of objection says that these + + align:start position:0% +this kind of objection says that these + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of objection says that these +experiments are AR actually um making + + align:start position:0% +experiments are AR actually um making + + + align:start position:0% +experiments are AR actually um making +based on predictions that the theory + + align:start position:0% +based on predictions that the theory + + + align:start position:0% +based on predictions that the theory +Theory view has the empiricist can come + + align:start position:0% +Theory view has the empiricist can come + + + align:start position:0% +Theory view has the empiricist can come +back and try and reinterpret them but + + align:start position:0% +back and try and reinterpret them but + + + align:start position:0% +back and try and reinterpret them but +that sort of post talk the empiricist + + align:start position:0% +that sort of post talk the empiricist + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of post talk the empiricist +may always be able to find some + + align:start position:0% +may always be able to find some + + + align:start position:0% +may always be able to find some +perceptual story to tell but the + + align:start position:0% +perceptual story to tell but the + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual story to tell but the +experiments are generated to um to test + + align:start position:0% +experiments are generated to um to test + + + align:start position:0% +experiments are generated to um to test +certain assumptions that the nativist + + align:start position:0% +certain assumptions that the nativist + + + align:start position:0% +certain assumptions that the nativist +has made and the tests come out positive + + align:start position:0% +has made and the tests come out positive + + + align:start position:0% +has made and the tests come out positive +but I think we shouldn't we shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +but I think we shouldn't we shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +but I think we shouldn't we shouldn't +allow this response because in fact the + + align:start position:0% +allow this response because in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +allow this response because in fact the +very principles that the empiricist is + + align:start position:0% +very principles that the empiricist is + + + align:start position:0% +very principles that the empiricist is +relying on here could be could be used + + align:start position:0% +relying on here could be could be used + + + align:start position:0% +relying on here could be could be used +to generate predictions too and + + align:start position:0% +to generate predictions too and + + + align:start position:0% +to generate predictions too and +empiricist could run studies that + + align:start position:0% +empiricist could run studies that + + + align:start position:0% +empiricist could run studies that +parallel these to show what kinds of + + align:start position:0% +parallel these to show what kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +parallel these to show what kinds of +perceptual similarities infants use and + + align:start position:0% +perceptual similarities infants use and + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual similarities infants use and +keeping track of the physical world I + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of the physical world I + + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of the physical world I +think it's good for the science to try + + align:start position:0% +think it's good for the science to try + + + align:start position:0% +think it's good for the science to try +and generate empiricist + + align:start position:0% +and generate empiricist + + + align:start position:0% +and generate empiricist +reinterpretations of the nativist + + align:start position:0% +reinterpretations of the nativist + + + align:start position:0% +reinterpretations of the nativist +experiments ultimately the truth is + + align:start position:0% +experiments ultimately the truth is + + + align:start position:0% +experiments ultimately the truth is +probably somewhere in the middle but + + align:start position:0% +probably somewhere in the middle but + + + align:start position:0% +probably somewhere in the middle but +only by playing both sides of the field + + align:start position:0% +only by playing both sides of the field + + + align:start position:0% +only by playing both sides of the field +can we arrive at that truth if we simply + + align:start position:0% +can we arrive at that truth if we simply + + + align:start position:0% +can we arrive at that truth if we simply +assume nativism will be biased towards + + align:start position:0% +assume nativism will be biased towards + + + align:start position:0% +assume nativism will be biased towards +overly intellectual interpretations of + + align:start position:0% +overly intellectual interpretations of + + + align:start position:0% +overly intellectual interpretations of +the results and will end up with a + + align:start position:0% +the results and will end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +the results and will end up with a +theory that might actually overestimate + + align:start position:0% +theory that might actually overestimate + + + align:start position:0% +theory that might actually overestimate +how much knowledge infants have so + + align:start position:0% +how much knowledge infants have so + + + align:start position:0% +how much knowledge infants have so +here's what I would suggest in closing + + align:start position:0% +here's what I would suggest in closing + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I would suggest in closing +as a kind of homework assignment open an + + align:start position:0% +as a kind of homework assignment open an + + + align:start position:0% +as a kind of homework assignment open an +issue of a developmental psychology + + align:start position:0% +issue of a developmental psychology + + + align:start position:0% +issue of a developmental psychology +Journal like the journal developmental + + align:start position:0% +Journal like the journal developmental + + + align:start position:0% +Journal like the journal developmental +psychology or Child Development find an + + align:start position:0% +psychology or Child Development find an + + + align:start position:0% +psychology or Child Development find an +infant looking study look at how the + + align:start position:0% +infant looking study look at how the + + + align:start position:0% +infant looking study look at how the +authors interpret the experiment and see + + align:start position:0% +authors interpret the experiment and see + + + align:start position:0% +authors interpret the experiment and see +whether you can play the game of being + + align:start position:0% +whether you can play the game of being + + + align:start position:0% +whether you can play the game of being +an empiricist and come up with an + + align:start position:0% +an empiricist and come up with an + + + align:start position:0% +an empiricist and come up with an +empiricist interpretation very often the + + align:start position:0% +empiricist interpretation very often the + + + align:start position:0% +empiricist interpretation very often the +authors will have anticipated that + + align:start position:0% +authors will have anticipated that + + + align:start position:0% +authors will have anticipated that +alternative and controlled for it but + + align:start position:0% +alternative and controlled for it but + + + align:start position:0% +alternative and controlled for it but +you'll probably be able to come up with + + align:start position:0% +you'll probably be able to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +you'll probably be able to come up with +some interpretations the experiment or + + align:start position:0% +some interpretations the experiment or + + + align:start position:0% +some interpretations the experiment or +didn't control for that itself could + + align:start position:0% +didn't control for that itself could + + + align:start position:0% +didn't control for that itself could +become the foundation of further + + align:start position:0% +become the foundation of further + + + align:start position:0% +become the foundation of further +experiments and you might be convinced + + align:start position:0% +experiments and you might be convinced + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and you might be convinced +by the results of those further + + align:start position:0% +by the results of those further + + + align:start position:0% +by the results of those further +experiments that you should be a + + align:start position:0% +experiments that you should be a + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that you should be a +nativist after all but I think you'll + + align:start position:0% +nativist after all but I think you'll + + + align:start position:0% +nativist after all but I think you'll +find in performing this exercise that + + align:start position:0% +find in performing this exercise that + + + align:start position:0% +find in performing this exercise that +the ease with which one can generate imp + + align:start position:0% +the ease with which one can generate imp + + + align:start position:0% +the ease with which one can generate imp +purist interpretations for the textbook + + align:start position:0% +purist interpretations for the textbook + + + align:start position:0% +purist interpretations for the textbook +studies in contemporary developmental + + align:start position:0% +studies in contemporary developmental + + + align:start position:0% +studies in contemporary developmental +psychology suggest that the empiricist + + align:start position:0% +psychology suggest that the empiricist + + + align:start position:0% +psychology suggest that the empiricist +explanations have been prematurely uh + + align:start position:0% +explanations have been prematurely uh + + + align:start position:0% +explanations have been prematurely uh +foreclosed so I'll stop there I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +foreclosed so I'll stop there I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +foreclosed so I'll stop there I'm sorry +I didn't leave more time for for + + align:start position:0% +I didn't leave more time for for + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't leave more time for for +questions uh some if anyone has + + align:start position:0% +questions uh some if anyone has + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh some if anyone has +something super quick before others run + + align:start position:0% +something super quick before others run + + + align:start position:0% +something super quick before others run +off but otherwise I'm going to be around + + align:start position:0% +off but otherwise I'm going to be around + + + align:start position:0% +off but otherwise I'm going to be around +for the lunch hour now and I hope people + + align:start position:0% +for the lunch hour now and I hope people + + + align:start position:0% +for the lunch hour now and I hope people +will come around and and talk that \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ncpb4wIsQu8.txt b/ncpb4wIsQu8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..195b2f821e1494994b7bb275239f0d0014b688ea --- /dev/null +++ b/ncpb4wIsQu8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,555 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right we've got we've + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right we've got we've + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right we've got we've +got some good competition here so let's + + align:start position:0% +got some good competition here so let's + + + align:start position:0% +got some good competition here so let's +let's actually work through it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm I have a function called + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm I have a function called + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm I have a function called +Always Sunny and it's going to take in + + align:start position:0% +Always Sunny and it's going to take in + + + align:start position:0% +Always Sunny and it's going to take in +two two variables right T1 and T2 and + + align:start position:0% +two two variables right T1 and T2 and + + + align:start position:0% +two two variables right T1 and T2 and +I'm calling it with cloudy and cold okay + + align:start position:0% +I'm calling it with cloudy and cold okay + + + align:start position:0% +I'm calling it with cloudy and cold okay +so when I do my function call + + align:start position:0% +so when I do my function call + + + align:start position:0% +so when I do my function call +T1 is going to be equal + + align:start position:0% +T1 is going to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +T1 is going to be equal +to um + + align:start position:0% +to um + + + align:start position:0% +to um +cloudy these are strings but but uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +cloudy these are strings but but uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +cloudy these are strings but but uh I'm +not going to bother putting the quotes + + align:start position:0% +not going to bother putting the quotes + + + align:start position:0% +not going to bother putting the quotes +and T2 is equal + + align:start position:0% +and T2 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +and T2 is equal +to cold comma okay so remember what I + + align:start position:0% +to cold comma okay so remember what I + + + align:start position:0% +to cold comma okay so remember what I +said with a comma it's a tuple without a + + align:start position:0% +said with a comma it's a tuple without a + + + align:start position:0% +said with a comma it's a tuple without a +comma it's a string so T1 is actually + + align:start position:0% +comma it's a string so T1 is actually + + + align:start position:0% +comma it's a string so T1 is actually +going to be a + + align:start position:0% +going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a +string and T2 is actually a tupal okay + + align:start position:0% +string and T2 is actually a tupal okay + + + align:start position:0% +string and T2 is actually a tupal okay +so that's the first sort of trick to + + align:start position:0% +so that's the first sort of trick to + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the first sort of trick to +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question so I've made my function call + + align:start position:0% +question so I've made my function call + + + align:start position:0% +question so I've made my function call +and I've assigned T1 and T2 to be those + + align:start position:0% +and I've assigned T1 and T2 to be those + + + align:start position:0% +and I've assigned T1 and T2 to be those +those two + + align:start position:0% +those two + + + align:start position:0% +those two +values so the next line is Sun is equal + + align:start position:0% +values so the next line is Sun is equal + + + align:start position:0% +values so the next line is Sun is equal +to Sunny comma Sun so Sun is going to be + + align:start position:0% +to Sunny comma Sun so Sun is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +to Sunny comma Sun so Sun is going to be +this Tuple of two + + align:start position:0% +this Tuple of two + + + align:start position:0% +this Tuple of two +strings the next line is figuring out + + align:start position:0% +strings the next line is figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +strings the next line is figuring out +what first + + align:start position:0% +what first + + + align:start position:0% +what first +is so + + align:start position:0% +is so + + + align:start position:0% +is so +first is going to + + align:start position:0% +first is going to + + + align:start position:0% +first is going to +be so I'm looking at my T1 here it's a + + align:start position:0% +be so I'm looking at my T1 here it's a + + + align:start position:0% +be so I'm looking at my T1 here it's a +string right the fact that I have parth + + align:start position:0% +string right the fact that I have parth + + + align:start position:0% +string right the fact that I have parth +es doesn't actually make a difference + + align:start position:0% +es doesn't actually make a difference + + + align:start position:0% +es doesn't actually make a difference +when + + align:start position:0% +when + + + align:start position:0% +when +I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about +strings like + + align:start position:0% +strings like + + + align:start position:0% +strings like +that so when I'm indexing into a string + + align:start position:0% +that so when I'm indexing into a string + + + align:start position:0% +that so when I'm indexing into a string +T1 at position zero actually just gives + + align:start position:0% +T1 at position zero actually just gives + + + align:start position:0% +T1 at position zero actually just gives +me a + + align:start position:0% +me a + + + align:start position:0% +me a +c because it's a string not a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tupal and T2 at position zero says okay + + align:start position:0% +tupal and T2 at position zero says okay + + + align:start position:0% +tupal and T2 at position zero says okay +well this is a tupo that contains only + + align:start position:0% +well this is a tupo that contains only + + + align:start position:0% +well this is a tupo that contains only +one element that element being at + + align:start position:0% +one element that element being at + + + align:start position:0% +one element that element being at +position zero and that element is this + + align:start position:0% +position zero and that element is this + + + align:start position:0% +position zero and that element is this +string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cold right so this is a tuple so I'm + + align:start position:0% +cold right so this is a tuple so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +cold right so this is a tuple so I'm +taking + + align:start position:0% +taking + + + align:start position:0% +taking +everything right before the first comma + + align:start position:0% +everything right before the first comma + + + align:start position:0% +everything right before the first comma +and that happens to be just the one + + align:start position:0% +and that happens to be just the one + + + align:start position:0% +and that happens to be just the one +element that's in + + align:start position:0% +element that's in + + + align:start position:0% +element that's in +there okay so this is just the string C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cold and then I'm returning here a + + align:start position:0% +cold and then I'm returning here a + + + align:start position:0% +cold and then I'm returning here a +tuple and the Tuple I'm returning is at + + align:start position:0% +tuple and the Tuple I'm returning is at + + + align:start position:0% +tuple and the Tuple I'm returning is at +position zero so that's just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sunny Comma just doing what is what's in + + align:start position:0% +Sunny Comma just doing what is what's in + + + align:start position:0% +Sunny Comma just doing what is what's in +here and then first and first was this + + align:start position:0% +here and then first and first was this + + + align:start position:0% +here and then first and first was this +string C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cold okay so really the important thing + + align:start position:0% +cold okay so really the important thing + + + align:start position:0% +cold okay so really the important thing +about this example was to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +about this example was to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +about this example was to make sure that +you understand the difference between + + align:start position:0% +you understand the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +you understand the difference between +what a string is and what a tupal is + + align:start position:0% +what a string is and what a tupal is + + + align:start position:0% +what a string is and what a tupal is +okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/o4KW5HgFd1w.txt b/o4KW5HgFd1w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e27181f0f37c86adc05d286697994eea2a31ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/o4KW5HgFd1w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4267 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu a few things from last time + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu a few things from last time + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu a few things from last time +and then we I want + + align:start position:0% +and then we I want + + + align:start position:0% +and then we I want +to say a few things about communication + + align:start position:0% +to say a few things about communication + + + align:start position:0% +to say a few things about communication +among animals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we ended + + align:start position:0% +we ended + + + align:start position:0% +we ended +with some things on navigation and how + + align:start position:0% +with some things on navigation and how + + + align:start position:0% +with some things on navigation and how +animals find their + + align:start position:0% +animals find their + + + align:start position:0% +animals find their +way and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh for example how mice or rats all the + + align:start position:0% +uh for example how mice or rats all the + + + align:start position:0% +uh for example how mice or rats all the +the maze in which they + + align:start position:0% +the maze in which they + + + align:start position:0% +the maze in which they +can't they can't see the platform that + + align:start position:0% +can't they can't see the platform that + + + align:start position:0% +can't they can't see the platform that +supports them keeps them from having to + + align:start position:0% +supports them keeps them from having to + + + align:start position:0% +supports them keeps them from having to +swim in the water it's it's under the + + align:start position:0% +swim in the water it's it's under the + + + align:start position:0% +swim in the water it's it's under the +water the water is mky so they can't see + + align:start position:0% +water the water is mky so they can't see + + + align:start position:0% +water the water is mky so they can't see +it how do they find it and yet they can + + align:start position:0% +it how do they find it and yet they can + + + align:start position:0% +it how do they find it and yet they can +learn to pretty quickly find it when + + align:start position:0% +learn to pretty quickly find it when + + + align:start position:0% +learn to pretty quickly find it when +they're in that Maze and they do it + + align:start position:0% +they're in that Maze and they do it + + + align:start position:0% +they're in that Maze and they do it +mostly by using visual cues usually + + align:start position:0% +mostly by using visual cues usually + + + align:start position:0% +mostly by using visual cues usually +overhead + + align:start position:0% +overhead + + + align:start position:0% +overhead +cues and uh they need to HP the campus + + align:start position:0% +cues and uh they need to HP the campus + + + align:start position:0% +cues and uh they need to HP the campus +in the brain to do that and I just + + align:start position:0% +in the brain to do that and I just + + + align:start position:0% +in the brain to do that and I just +mentioned here + + align:start position:0% +mentioned here + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned here +that homing + + align:start position:0% +that homing + + + align:start position:0% +that homing +pigeons with damage to that + + align:start position:0% +pigeons with damage to that + + + align:start position:0% +pigeons with damage to that +structure the bird brain it's not + + align:start position:0% +structure the bird brain it's not + + + align:start position:0% +structure the bird brain it's not +doesn't look like hippocampus and mammal + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like hippocampus and mammal + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like hippocampus and mammal +it's called the medial palal area the + + align:start position:0% +it's called the medial palal area the + + + align:start position:0% +it's called the medial palal area the +medial + + align:start position:0% +medial + + + align:start position:0% +medial +pum uh they still find their Direction + + align:start position:0% +pum uh they still find their Direction + + + align:start position:0% +pum uh they still find their Direction +they'll go in the right direction when + + align:start position:0% +they'll go in the right direction when + + + align:start position:0% +they'll go in the right direction when +they're a long ways from home but when + + align:start position:0% +they're a long ways from home but when + + + align:start position:0% +they're a long ways from home but when +they get near home they they get lost + + align:start position:0% +they get near home they they get lost + + + align:start position:0% +they get near home they they get lost +because they lose their map of the local + + align:start position:0% +because they lose their map of the local + + + align:start position:0% +because they lose their map of the local +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +environment + + align:start position:0% +environment + + + align:start position:0% +environment +uh Scott in his book discusses a study + + align:start position:0% +uh Scott in his book discusses a study + + + align:start position:0% +uh Scott in his book discusses a study +of two different very closely related + + align:start position:0% +of two different very closely related + + + align:start position:0% +of two different very closely related +species the blue tits and the marsh tits + + align:start position:0% +species the blue tits and the marsh tits + + + align:start position:0% +species the blue tits and the marsh tits +he has studied the blue tits quite a lot + + align:start position:0% +he has studied the blue tits quite a lot + + + align:start position:0% +he has studied the blue tits quite a lot +there especially their aggressive + + align:start position:0% +there especially their aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +there especially their aggressive +behavior uh and he points out + + align:start position:0% +behavior uh and he points out + + + align:start position:0% +behavior uh and he points out +that the marsh tiits create food hordes + + align:start position:0% +that the marsh tiits create food hordes + + + align:start position:0% +that the marsh tiits create food hordes +they they bury they hide food in various + + align:start position:0% +they they bury they hide food in various + + + align:start position:0% +they they bury they hide food in various +places and they have to remember where + + align:start position:0% +places and they have to remember where + + + align:start position:0% +places and they have to remember where +the food is and uh whereas the blue tips + + align:start position:0% +the food is and uh whereas the blue tips + + + align:start position:0% +the food is and uh whereas the blue tips +don't do that and when you have two + + align:start position:0% +don't do that and when you have two + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that and when you have two +closely related species like that one + + align:start position:0% +closely related species like that one + + + align:start position:0% +closely related species like that one +that has to remember a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +that has to remember a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +that has to remember a lot of different +places the other that doesn't you find + + align:start position:0% +places the other that doesn't you find + + + align:start position:0% +places the other that doesn't you find +it's pretty General finding in these + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty General finding in these + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty General finding in these +kinds of studies to find a larger medial + + align:start position:0% +kinds of studies to find a larger medial + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of studies to find a larger medial +pum or hip cample formation in the ones + + align:start position:0% +pum or hip cample formation in the ones + + + align:start position:0% +pum or hip cample formation in the ones +that can that's just the way + + align:start position:0% +that can that's just the way + + + align:start position:0% +that can that's just the way +the the neurology experimental neurology + + align:start position:0% +the the neurology experimental neurology + + + align:start position:0% +the the neurology experimental neurology +has interacted with the animal behavior + + align:start position:0% +has interacted with the animal behavior + + + align:start position:0% +has interacted with the animal behavior +your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +studies this + + align:start position:0% +studies this + + + align:start position:0% +studies this +question very simple one why would + + align:start position:0% +question very simple one why would + + + align:start position:0% +question very simple one why would +animals migrate very long distances just + + align:start position:0% +animals migrate very long distances just + + + align:start position:0% +animals migrate very long distances just +in order to mate some of them + + align:start position:0% +in order to mate some of them + + + align:start position:0% +in order to mate some of them +migrate practically halfway around the + + align:start position:0% +migrate practically halfway around the + + + align:start position:0% +migrate practically halfway around the +earth and they do that you know every + + align:start position:0% +earth and they do that you know every + + + align:start position:0% +earth and they do that you know every +year in in Mo in the cases that I know + + align:start position:0% +year in in Mo in the cases that I know + + + align:start position:0% +year in in Mo in the cases that I know +of they all they all do it once + + align:start position:0% +of they all they all do it once + + + align:start position:0% +of they all they all do it once +year we know that + + align:start position:0% +year we know that + + + align:start position:0% +year we know that +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh many large birds herons for example + + align:start position:0% +uh many large birds herons for example + + + align:start position:0% +uh many large birds herons for example +will migrate uh for example from Siberia + + align:start position:0% +will migrate uh for example from Siberia + + + align:start position:0% +will migrate uh for example from Siberia +into India and they have to cross the + + align:start position:0% +into India and they have to cross the + + + align:start position:0% +into India and they have to cross the +Himalayas to do that is very treacherous + + align:start position:0% +Himalayas to do that is very treacherous + + + align:start position:0% +Himalayas to do that is very treacherous +and yet they they Brave that difficulty + + align:start position:0% +and yet they they Brave that difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +and yet they they Brave that difficulty +and the stronger ones anyway make it + + align:start position:0% +and the stronger ones anyway make it + + + align:start position:0% +and the stronger ones anyway make it +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +year so why would they do that + + align:start position:0% +year so why would they do that + + + align:start position:0% +year so why would they do that +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +the what's the simple answer you can + + align:start position:0% +the what's the simple answer you can + + + align:start position:0% +the what's the simple answer you can +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +of you've probably read it if you + + align:start position:0% +of you've probably read it if you + + + align:start position:0% +of you've probably read it if you +haven't you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +haven't you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +haven't you should be able to +think why an animal would do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that humans don't do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it why does the salmon do it why does + + align:start position:0% +it why does the salmon do it why does + + + align:start position:0% +it why does the salmon do it why does +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +salmon come from open + + align:start position:0% +salmon come from open + + + align:start position:0% +salmon come from open +ocean sometimes very long distances find + + align:start position:0% +ocean sometimes very long distances find + + + align:start position:0% +ocean sometimes very long distances find +this his the + + align:start position:0% +this his the + + + align:start position:0% +this his the +stream the river that leads to the + + align:start position:0% +stream the river that leads to the + + + align:start position:0% +stream the river that leads to the +stream following it Inland to where he + + align:start position:0% +stream following it Inland to where he + + + align:start position:0% +stream following it Inland to where he +was where that salmon was + + align:start position:0% +was where that salmon was + + + align:start position:0% +was where that salmon was +hatched and they will go back there in + + align:start position:0% +hatched and they will go back there in + + + align:start position:0% +hatched and they will go back there in +order to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +breed why does the monarch butterfly + + align:start position:0% +breed why does the monarch butterfly + + + align:start position:0% +breed why does the monarch butterfly +migrate from North America or even + + align:start position:0% +migrate from North America or even + + + align:start position:0% +migrate from North America or even +Canada all the way down into Mexico in + + align:start position:0% +Canada all the way down into Mexico in + + + align:start position:0% +Canada all the way down into Mexico in +order to breathe it's tiny little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +butterflies there's got to be very good + + align:start position:0% +butterflies there's got to be very good + + + align:start position:0% +butterflies there's got to be very good +reasons and the reasons very + + align:start position:0% +reasons and the reasons very + + + align:start position:0% +reasons and the reasons very +simple are they they're more successful + + align:start position:0% +simple are they they're more successful + + + align:start position:0% +simple are they they're more successful +at reproducing that way because they + + align:start position:0% +at reproducing that way because they + + + align:start position:0% +at reproducing that way because they +they go to Safe areas to + + align:start position:0% +they go to Safe areas to + + + align:start position:0% +they go to Safe areas to +reproduce + + align:start position:0% +reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce +uh even though the physical demands are + + align:start position:0% +uh even though the physical demands are + + + align:start position:0% +uh even though the physical demands are +huge + + align:start position:0% +huge + + + align:start position:0% +huge +these are some of the other species that + + align:start position:0% +these are some of the other species that + + + align:start position:0% +these are some of the other species that +have these very longdistance migrations + + align:start position:0% +have these very longdistance migrations + + + align:start position:0% +have these very longdistance migrations +the green + + align:start position:0% +the green + + + align:start position:0% +the green +turtles Sakai salmon the black cap + + align:start position:0% +turtles Sakai salmon the black cap + + + align:start position:0% +turtles Sakai salmon the black cap +warblers in + + align:start position:0% +warblers in + + + align:start position:0% +warblers in +Europe + + align:start position:0% +Europe + + + align:start position:0% +Europe +uh Australian Silver + + align:start position:0% +uh Australian Silver + + + align:start position:0% +uh Australian Silver +Eyes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and then end with these three + + align:start position:0% +uh and then end with these three + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then end with these three +questions on + + align:start position:0% +questions on + + + align:start position:0% +questions on +migration how do you get evidence that + + align:start position:0% +migration how do you get evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +migration how do you get evidence that +birds use stars to guide long distance + + align:start position:0% +birds use stars to guide long distance + + + align:start position:0% +birds use stars to guide long distance +migration these are birds that often fly + + align:start position:0% +migration these are birds that often fly + + + align:start position:0% +migration these are birds that often fly +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +night and they will fly even on moonless + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nights how do we know that they're at + + align:start position:0% +nights how do we know that they're at + + + align:start position:0% +nights how do we know that they're at +using the Stars they could be using + + align:start position:0% +using the Stars they could be using + + + align:start position:0% +using the Stars they could be using +magnetic hes + + align:start position:0% +magnetic hes + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic hes +right so it's a real experimental + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a real experimental + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a real experimental +question and + + align:start position:0% +question and + + + align:start position:0% +question and +uh can you think of any practical + + align:start position:0% +uh can you think of any practical + + + align:start position:0% +uh can you think of any practical +methods for doing that and what cues + + align:start position:0% +methods for doing that and what cues + + + align:start position:0% +methods for doing that and what cues +besides the Stars could they use well + + align:start position:0% +besides the Stars could they use well + + + align:start position:0% +besides the Stars could they use well +already mentioned they could use + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned they could use + + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned they could use +magnetic cues they could fly during the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic cues they could fly during the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic cues they could fly during the +day and and use the sun they use that + + align:start position:0% +day and and use the sun they use that + + + align:start position:0% +day and and use the sun they use that +for direct + + align:start position:0% +for direct + + + align:start position:0% +for direct +them there's other possible cues they + + align:start position:0% +them there's other possible cues they + + + align:start position:0% +them there's other possible cues they +can use too U you mentioned a couple of + + align:start position:0% +can use too U you mentioned a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +can use too U you mentioned a couple of +them that pigeons use patterns of + + align:start position:0% +them that pigeons use patterns of + + + align:start position:0% +them that pigeons use patterns of +infrasound that differ from one region + + align:start position:0% +infrasound that differ from one region + + + align:start position:0% +infrasound that differ from one region +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +another and the last question is how do + + align:start position:0% +another and the last question is how do + + + align:start position:0% +another and the last question is how do +we know that migration Behavior like + + align:start position:0% +we know that migration Behavior like + + + align:start position:0% +we know that migration Behavior like +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +innate and + + align:start position:0% +innate and + + + align:start position:0% +innate and +uh these are just I want to get through + + align:start position:0% +uh these are just I want to get through + + + align:start position:0% +uh these are just I want to get through +this quickly so I'm just going to show + + align:start position:0% +this quickly so I'm just going to show + + + align:start position:0% +this quickly so I'm just going to show +you uh very simple + + align:start position:0% +you uh very simple + + + align:start position:0% +you uh very simple +answers they look at initial flight + + align:start position:0% +answers they look at initial flight + + + align:start position:0% +answers they look at initial flight +directions in a planetarian because when + + align:start position:0% +directions in a planetarian because when + + + align:start position:0% +directions in a planetarian because when +they get Restless they're about to + + align:start position:0% +they get Restless they're about to + + + align:start position:0% +they get Restless they're about to +migrate you can tell the way they behave + + align:start position:0% +migrate you can tell the way they behave + + + align:start position:0% +migrate you can tell the way they behave +you know the birds get more and more + + align:start position:0% +you know the birds get more and more + + + align:start position:0% +you know the birds get more and more +restless and finally + + align:start position:0% +restless and finally + + + align:start position:0% +restless and finally +they animal and animals the birds in a + + align:start position:0% +they animal and animals the birds in a + + + align:start position:0% +they animal and animals the birds in a +region will all take off at about the + + align:start position:0% +region will all take off at about the + + + align:start position:0% +region will all take off at about the +same time and they they + + align:start position:0% +same time and they they + + + align:start position:0% +same time and they they +fly all in about the same direction so + + align:start position:0% +fly all in about the same direction so + + + align:start position:0% +fly all in about the same direction so +if they look at the initial Direction + + align:start position:0% +if they look at the initial Direction + + + align:start position:0% +if they look at the initial Direction +when they take off and you have them in + + align:start position:0% +when they take off and you have them in + + + align:start position:0% +when they take off and you have them in +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +planetarian so the only visual cues + + align:start position:0% +planetarian so the only visual cues + + + align:start position:0% +planetarian so the only visual cues +they're getting that you can vary you + + align:start position:0% +they're getting that you can vary you + + + align:start position:0% +they're getting that you can vary you +know the pattern of + + align:start position:0% +know the pattern of + + + align:start position:0% +know the pattern of +constellation you find out that they are + + align:start position:0% +constellation you find out that they are + + + align:start position:0% +constellation you find out that they are +con consistent in flying in a certain + + align:start position:0% +con consistent in flying in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +con consistent in flying in a certain +direction with respect to those + + align:start position:0% +direction with respect to those + + + align:start position:0% +direction with respect to those +constellations and that was discovered + + align:start position:0% +constellations and that was discovered + + + align:start position:0% +constellations and that was discovered +in a planetarium in uh the MOX plun + + align:start position:0% +in a planetarium in uh the MOX plun + + + align:start position:0% +in a planetarium in uh the MOX plun +Institute for Behavioral + + align:start position:0% +Institute for Behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +Institute for Behavioral +physiology in Z in the same location + + align:start position:0% +physiology in Z in the same location + + + align:start position:0% +physiology in Z in the same location +where Conrad Lawrence has his section we + + align:start position:0% +where Conrad Lawrence has his section we + + + align:start position:0% +where Conrad Lawrence has his section we +studying U yeast and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ducks and use besides the Stars you + + align:start position:0% +ducks and use besides the Stars you + + + align:start position:0% +ducks and use besides the Stars you +besides the Sun they can use the + + align:start position:0% +besides the Sun they can use the + + + align:start position:0% +besides the Sun they can use the +polarity of light so they don't actually + + align:start position:0% +polarity of light so they don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +polarity of light so they don't actually +have to see the sun itself they can use + + align:start position:0% +have to see the sun itself they can use + + + align:start position:0% +have to see the sun itself they can use +the magnetic field of the earth they + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field of the earth they + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field of the earth they +could use old factory cues but that is + + align:start position:0% +could use old factory cues but that is + + + align:start position:0% +could use old factory cues but that is +difficult of course and depends on where + + align:start position:0% +difficult of course and depends on where + + + align:start position:0% +difficult of course and depends on where +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the the one very convincing study + + align:start position:0% +uh the the one very convincing study + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the one very convincing study +showing the innate nature of the + + align:start position:0% +showing the innate nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +showing the innate nature of the +behavior is Illustrated in the Scott + + align:start position:0% +behavior is Illustrated in the Scott + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is Illustrated in the Scott +book + + align:start position:0% +book + + + align:start position:0% +book +you remember + + align:start position:0% +you remember + + + align:start position:0% +you remember +two relate closely related species of + + align:start position:0% +two relate closely related species of + + + align:start position:0% +two relate closely related species of +warbler okay the black European black C + + align:start position:0% +warbler okay the black European black C + + + align:start position:0% +warbler okay the black European black C +warblers uh that live in different + + align:start position:0% +warblers uh that live in different + + + align:start position:0% +warblers uh that live in different +places so they they migrate in different + + align:start position:0% +places so they they migrate in different + + + align:start position:0% +places so they they migrate in different +initial directions when they take off to + + align:start position:0% +initial directions when they take off to + + + align:start position:0% +initial directions when they take off to +apply to their breeding areas but they + + align:start position:0% +apply to their breeding areas but they + + + align:start position:0% +apply to their breeding areas but they +will interbreed and when you interbreed + + align:start position:0% +will interbreed and when you interbreed + + + align:start position:0% +will interbreed and when you interbreed +them the initial + + align:start position:0% +them the initial + + + align:start position:0% +them the initial +directions at least the mean is right in + + align:start position:0% +directions at least the mean is right in + + + align:start position:0% +directions at least the mean is right in +between the directions of each of those + + align:start position:0% +between the directions of each of those + + + align:start position:0% +between the directions of each of those +groups a very nice study which the + + align:start position:0% +groups a very nice study which the + + + align:start position:0% +groups a very nice study which the +results + + align:start position:0% +results + + + align:start position:0% +results +aren't um perfect but if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +aren't um perfect but if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +aren't um perfect but if you look at the +they show the individual data points in + + align:start position:0% +they show the individual data points in + + + align:start position:0% +they show the individual data points in +the graph in the book and it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +the graph in the book and it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the graph in the book and it's pretty +good evidence that it's innate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior +uh just want to mention one other thing + + align:start position:0% +uh just want to mention one other thing + + + align:start position:0% +uh just want to mention one other thing +a recent uh no not that recent now + + align:start position:0% +a recent uh no not that recent now + + + align:start position:0% +a recent uh no not that recent now +2006 evidence that certain migratory + + align:start position:0% +2006 evidence that certain migratory + + + align:start position:0% +2006 evidence that certain migratory +song + + align:start position:0% +song + + + align:start position:0% +song +birds + + align:start position:0% +birds + + + align:start position:0% +birds +uh that use the geomagnetic field or + + align:start position:0% +uh that use the geomagnetic field or + + + align:start position:0% +uh that use the geomagnetic field or +stars or sun + + align:start position:0% +stars or sun + + + align:start position:0% +stars or sun +uh to navigate they show that in this + + align:start position:0% +uh to navigate they show that in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh to navigate they show that in this +particular song bird the Savannah + + align:start position:0% +particular song bird the Savannah + + + align:start position:0% +particular song bird the Savannah +sparrow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh they re-calibrate their magnetic + + align:start position:0% +uh they re-calibrate their magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +uh they re-calibrate their magnetic +Compass at both sunrise and sunset be by + + align:start position:0% +Compass at both sunrise and sunset be by + + + align:start position:0% +Compass at both sunrise and sunset be by +the polarization of light they use the + + align:start position:0% +the polarization of light they use the + + + align:start position:0% +the polarization of light they use the +light near the Horizon + + align:start position:0% +light near the Horizon + + + align:start position:0% +light near the Horizon +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's an interesting study + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and not yet known whether all birds have + + align:start position:0% +and not yet known whether all birds have + + + align:start position:0% +and not yet known whether all birds have +this kind of recalibration procedure but + + align:start position:0% +this kind of recalibration procedure but + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of recalibration procedure but +it's important especially if they're + + align:start position:0% +it's important especially if they're + + + align:start position:0% +it's important especially if they're +from different regions the the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +from different regions the the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +from different regions the the magnetic +first of all the + + align:start position:0% +first of all the + + + align:start position:0% +first of all the +magnetic field can fluctuate the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field can fluctuate the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field can fluctuate the +magnetic field of the earth and uh so it + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field of the earth and uh so it + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field of the earth and uh so it +needs recalibration if it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +needs recalibration if it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +needs recalibration if it's going to be +really precise and of course birds in + + align:start position:0% +really precise and of course birds in + + + align:start position:0% +really precise and of course birds in +different areas if they're all flying to + + align:start position:0% +different areas if they're all flying to + + + align:start position:0% +different areas if they're all flying to +the same place but they live in + + align:start position:0% +the same place but they live in + + + align:start position:0% +the same place but they live in +disperate areas they would need to + + align:start position:0% +disperate areas they would need to + + + align:start position:0% +disperate areas they would need to +uh adjust that compass for their + + align:start position:0% +uh adjust that compass for their + + + align:start position:0% +uh adjust that compass for their +region right let's + + align:start position:0% +region right let's + + + align:start position:0% +region right let's +uh start talking about commun ation and + + align:start position:0% +uh start talking about commun ation and + + + align:start position:0% +uh start talking about commun ation and +there's two videos that I actually + + align:start position:0% +there's two videos that I actually + + + align:start position:0% +there's two videos that I actually +there's more than two that are very + + align:start position:0% +there's more than two that are very + + + align:start position:0% +there's more than two that are very +relevant that I have uh one is a video + + align:start position:0% +relevant that I have uh one is a video + + + align:start position:0% +relevant that I have uh one is a video +showing marats the Kalahari Desert and I + + align:start position:0% +showing marats the Kalahari Desert and I + + + align:start position:0% +showing marats the Kalahari Desert and I +want to ask you how many of you have + + align:start position:0% +want to ask you how many of you have + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask you how many of you have +seen the video mcast United I know some + + align:start position:0% +seen the video mcast United I know some + + + align:start position:0% +seen the video mcast United I know some +of you must have + + align:start position:0% +of you must have + + + align:start position:0% +of you must have +seen they became very popular after the + + align:start position:0% +seen they became very popular after the + + + align:start position:0% +seen they became very popular after the +Public Broadcasting Company made this + + align:start position:0% +Public Broadcasting Company made this + + + align:start position:0% +Public Broadcasting Company made this +half hour film of marcat behavior George + + align:start position:0% +half hour film of marcat behavior George + + + align:start position:0% +half hour film of marcat behavior George +paage was the narrator I still find a + + align:start position:0% +paage was the narrator I still find a + + + align:start position:0% +paage was the narrator I still find a +lot of Marat videos online but they're + + align:start position:0% +lot of Marat videos online but they're + + + align:start position:0% +lot of Marat videos online but they're +not as comprehensive or as good as the + + align:start position:0% +not as comprehensive or as good as the + + + align:start position:0% +not as comprehensive or as good as the +George pig vide so I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +George pig vide so I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +George pig vide so I'm going to show +that today I have another one on horse + + align:start position:0% +that today I have another one on horse + + + align:start position:0% +that today I have another one on horse +communication and I some of you have + + align:start position:0% +communication and I some of you have + + + align:start position:0% +communication and I some of you have +special interest in + + align:start position:0% +special interest in + + + align:start position:0% +special interest in +horses uh this link that I've put here + + align:start position:0% +horses uh this link that I've put here + + + align:start position:0% +horses uh this link that I've put here +is uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +still works the last time I tried is + + align:start position:0% +still works the last time I tried is + + + align:start position:0% +still works the last time I tried is +this recently so uh this one lasts about + + align:start position:0% +this recently so uh this one lasts about + + + align:start position:0% +this recently so uh this one lasts about +10 minutes and you all could watch it + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes and you all could watch it + + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes and you all could watch it +and I've asked some questions about it + + align:start position:0% +and I've asked some questions about it + + + align:start position:0% +and I've asked some questions about it +uh in the study + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions as far as this marcat + + align:start position:0% +questions as far as this marcat + + + align:start position:0% +questions as far as this marcat +video I posted this a while back but + + align:start position:0% +video I posted this a while back but + + + align:start position:0% +video I posted this a while back but +some of you may not have seen it um + + align:start position:0% +some of you may not have seen it um + + + align:start position:0% +some of you may not have seen it um +these are questions on this Marat video + + align:start position:0% +these are questions on this Marat video + + + align:start position:0% +these are questions on this Marat video +okay and I want you to answer these + + align:start position:0% +okay and I want you to answer these + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I want you to answer these +questions by Friday and turn it in this + + align:start position:0% +questions by Friday and turn it in this + + + align:start position:0% +questions by Friday and turn it in this +homework okay I posted it already + + align:start position:0% +homework okay I posted it already + + + align:start position:0% +homework okay I posted it already +uh first of all I want to know about + + align:start position:0% +uh first of all I want to know about + + + align:start position:0% +uh first of all I want to know about +interactions between different + + align:start position:0% +interactions between different + + + align:start position:0% +interactions between different +species how do different species + + align:start position:0% +species how do different species + + + align:start position:0% +species how do different species +communicate with with each other in + + align:start position:0% +communicate with with each other in + + + align:start position:0% +communicate with with each other in +their and and + + align:start position:0% +their and and + + + align:start position:0% +their and and +interact give a couple of examples of + + align:start position:0% +interact give a couple of examples of + + + align:start position:0% +interact give a couple of examples of +communication among the amads very + + align:start position:0% +communication among the amads very + + + align:start position:0% +communication among the amads very +important in the video if you watch it + + align:start position:0% +important in the video if you watch it + + + align:start position:0% +important in the video if you watch it +you can't miss that similarly describe + + align:start position:0% +you can't miss that similarly describe + + + align:start position:0% +you can't miss that similarly describe +two examples of altruistic helping + + align:start position:0% +two examples of altruistic helping + + + align:start position:0% +two examples of altruistic helping +behaviors among marats again it's + + align:start position:0% +behaviors among marats again it's + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors among marats again it's +obvious in the film + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and then I want you to describe two + + align:start position:0% +uh and then I want you to describe two + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then I want you to describe two +behaviors that appear to be fixed action + + align:start position:0% +behaviors that appear to be fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors that appear to be fixed action +patterns used in foraging and these + + align:start position:0% +patterns used in foraging and these + + + align:start position:0% +patterns used in foraging and these +animals are looking for food and again + + align:start position:0% +animals are looking for food and again + + + align:start position:0% +animals are looking for food and again +very obvious in the video they spend + + align:start position:0% +very obvious in the video they spend + + + align:start position:0% +very obvious in the video they spend +quite a bit of time on it okay and then + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of time on it okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of time on it okay and then +I'm asking for the major adaptation of + + align:start position:0% +I'm asking for the major adaptation of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm asking for the major adaptation of +the species for + + align:start position:0% +the species for + + + align:start position:0% +the species for +Predators can't miss that + + align:start position:0% +Predators can't miss that + + + align:start position:0% +Predators can't miss that +either the last one is the one that you + + align:start position:0% +either the last one is the one that you + + + align:start position:0% +either the last one is the one that you +might have a little more difficult with + + align:start position:0% +might have a little more difficult with + + + align:start position:0% +might have a little more difficult with +there's some inaccuracies in the way + + align:start position:0% +there's some inaccuracies in the way + + + align:start position:0% +there's some inaccuracies in the way +they portray Marat behavior and remember + + align:start position:0% +they portray Marat behavior and remember + + + align:start position:0% +they portray Marat behavior and remember +this was done for public television + + align:start position:0% +this was done for public television + + + align:start position:0% +this was done for public television +George paig isn't an animal behaviorist + + align:start position:0% +George paig isn't an animal behaviorist + + + align:start position:0% +George paig isn't an animal behaviorist +but it's still pretty good in making + + align:start position:0% +but it's still pretty good in making + + + align:start position:0% +but it's still pretty good in making +animal videos and they have good + + align:start position:0% +animal videos and they have good + + + align:start position:0% +animal videos and they have good +Consultants but they did miss some + + align:start position:0% +Consultants but they did miss some + + + align:start position:0% +Consultants but they did miss some +things that are important and some of + + align:start position:0% +things that are important and some of + + + align:start position:0% +things that are important and some of +these have been + + align:start position:0% +these have been + + + align:start position:0% +these have been +subject to scientific study in recent + + align:start position:0% +subject to scientific study in recent + + + align:start position:0% +subject to scientific study in recent +years you can easily find it using + + align:start position:0% +years you can easily find it using + + + align:start position:0% +years you can easily find it using +Google Scholar but I've also put I put a + + align:start position:0% +Google Scholar but I've also put I put a + + + align:start position:0% +Google Scholar but I've also put I put a +couple of articles I found in my own + + align:start position:0% +couple of articles I found in my own + + + align:start position:0% +couple of articles I found in my own +searches on + + align:start position:0% +searches on + + + align:start position:0% +searches on +mercats on the website and uh one of + + align:start position:0% +mercats on the website and uh one of + + + align:start position:0% +mercats on the website and uh one of +them is directly relevant to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right this content has been removed due + + align:start position:0% +right this content has been removed due + + + align:start position:0% +right this content has been removed due +to copy opyright restrictions see the + + align:start position:0% +to copy opyright restrictions see the + + + align:start position:0% +to copy opyright restrictions see the +readings and viewings page for + + align:start position:0% +readings and viewings page for + + + align:start position:0% +readings and viewings page for +information about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material the closely related Mongoose in + + align:start position:0% +material the closely related Mongoose in + + + align:start position:0% +material the closely related Mongoose in +India is uh it's actually kept by + + align:start position:0% +India is uh it's actually kept by + + + align:start position:0% +India is uh it's actually kept by +Indians as a pet because it's protection + + align:start position:0% +Indians as a pet because it's protection + + + align:start position:0% +Indians as a pet because it's protection +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +cobras they will actually kill + + align:start position:0% +cobras they will actually kill + + + align:start position:0% +cobras they will actually kill +cobras it's a little larger than the the + + align:start position:0% +cobras it's a little larger than the the + + + align:start position:0% +cobras it's a little larger than the the +American + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K okay + + align:start position:0% +K okay + + + align:start position:0% +K okay +uh Scott starts out by + + align:start position:0% +uh Scott starts out by + + + align:start position:0% +uh Scott starts out by +defining + + align:start position:0% +defining + + + align:start position:0% +defining +communication as an intentional transfer + + align:start position:0% +communication as an intentional transfer + + + align:start position:0% +communication as an intentional transfer +of information either voluntary or + + align:start position:0% +of information either voluntary or + + + align:start position:0% +of information either voluntary or +involuntary + + align:start position:0% +involuntary + + + align:start position:0% +involuntary +uh and I point out that and he points + + align:start position:0% +uh and I point out that and he points + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I point out that and he points +out that Honesty of the communication + + align:start position:0% +out that Honesty of the communication + + + align:start position:0% +out that Honesty of the communication +can vary you can have dishonest + + align:start position:0% +can vary you can have dishonest + + + align:start position:0% +can vary you can have dishonest +communication because species + + align:start position:0% +communication because species + + + align:start position:0% +communication because species +individuals don't do things just for the + + align:start position:0% +individuals don't do things just for the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals don't do things just for the +group they do it for themselves and + + align:start position:0% +group they do it for themselves and + + + align:start position:0% +group they do it for themselves and +sometimes they haven't an advantage by + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they haven't an advantage by + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they haven't an advantage by +fooling the + + align:start position:0% +fooling the + + + align:start position:0% +fooling the +others uh when it their Communications + + align:start position:0% +others uh when it their Communications + + + align:start position:0% +others uh when it their Communications +are detected by a predator then of + + align:start position:0% +are detected by a predator then of + + + align:start position:0% +are detected by a predator then of +course it's a non-adaptive use of their + + align:start position:0% +course it's a non-adaptive use of their + + + align:start position:0% +course it's a non-adaptive use of their +attempts to communicate so it's not + + align:start position:0% +attempts to communicate so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +attempts to communicate so it's not +intentional so he doesn't include that + + align:start position:0% +intentional so he doesn't include that + + + align:start position:0% +intentional so he doesn't include that +it's part of animal communication + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you don't always have auditory + + align:start position:0% +you don't always have auditory + + + align:start position:0% +you don't always have auditory +communication uh most frogs and toads + + align:start position:0% +communication uh most frogs and toads + + + align:start position:0% +communication uh most frogs and toads +communicate by auditory signals but + + align:start position:0% +communicate by auditory signals but + + + align:start position:0% +communicate by auditory signals but +there's one species of Prague in + + align:start position:0% +there's one species of Prague in + + + align:start position:0% +there's one species of Prague in +Panama that doesn't it's the Panamanian + + align:start position:0% +Panama that doesn't it's the Panamanian + + + align:start position:0% +Panama that doesn't it's the Panamanian +golden + + align:start position:0% +golden + + + align:start position:0% +golden +prog + + align:start position:0% +prog + + + align:start position:0% +prog +uh it lives in very noisy + + align:start position:0% +uh it lives in very noisy + + + align:start position:0% +uh it lives in very noisy +streams okay and it uses a it looks like + + align:start position:0% +streams okay and it uses a it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +streams okay and it uses a it looks like +they call it he calls it frog semaphore + + align:start position:0% +they call it he calls it frog semaphore + + + align:start position:0% +they call it he calls it frog semaphore +because they're making signals with + + align:start position:0% +because they're making signals with + + + align:start position:0% +because they're making signals with +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +lymphs uh and can you think of other + + align:start position:0% +lymphs uh and can you think of other + + + align:start position:0% +lymphs uh and can you think of other +species that use visual + + align:start position:0% +species that use visual + + + align:start position:0% +species that use visual +communication think of animals that + + align:start position:0% +communication think of animals that + + + align:start position:0% +communication think of animals that +live or forage long distances from each + + align:start position:0% +live or forage long distances from each + + + align:start position:0% +live or forage long distances from each +other and if if it's not always easy to + + align:start position:0% +other and if if it's not always easy to + + + align:start position:0% +other and if if it's not always easy to +communicate by auditory means visual + + align:start position:0% +communicate by auditory means visual + + + align:start position:0% +communicate by auditory means visual +means might be better for example giraff + + align:start position:0% +means might be better for example giraff + + + align:start position:0% +means might be better for example giraff +and uh we know that + + align:start position:0% +and uh we know that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we know that +birds depend mainly on visual + + align:start position:0% +birds depend mainly on visual + + + align:start position:0% +birds depend mainly on visual +communication with each other but + + align:start position:0% +communication with each other but + + + align:start position:0% +communication with each other but +auditory communication is probably + + align:start position:0% +auditory communication is probably + + + align:start position:0% +auditory communication is probably +equally + + align:start position:0% +equally + + + align:start position:0% +equally +important uh in + + align:start position:0% +important uh in + + + align:start position:0% +important uh in +humans we sometimes aren't very aware of + + align:start position:0% +humans we sometimes aren't very aware of + + + align:start position:0% +humans we sometimes aren't very aware of +how much of our communication is + + align:start position:0% +how much of our communication is + + + align:start position:0% +how much of our communication is +actually visual we call it it's often + + align:start position:0% +actually visual we call it it's often + + + align:start position:0% +actually visual we call it it's often +called body language uh it's + + align:start position:0% +called body language uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +called body language uh it's +non-verbal and uh it's very very common + + align:start position:0% +non-verbal and uh it's very very common + + + align:start position:0% +non-verbal and uh it's very very common +in combination with auditory + + align:start position:0% +in combination with auditory + + + align:start position:0% +in combination with auditory +communication this is the Panamanian + + align:start position:0% +communication this is the Panamanian + + + align:start position:0% +communication this is the Panamanian +Golden Frog very beautiful + + align:start position:0% +Golden Frog very beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +Golden Frog very beautiful +animal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's there's always some kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh it's there's always some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's there's always some kind of +communication involving courtship + + align:start position:0% +communication involving courtship + + + align:start position:0% +communication involving courtship +behavior and uh some animals + + align:start position:0% +behavior and uh some animals + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and uh some animals +evolve uh specific courtship + + align:start position:0% +evolve uh specific courtship + + + align:start position:0% +evolve uh specific courtship +Behavior Uh + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh +that based on exploiting sensory + + align:start position:0% +that based on exploiting sensory + + + align:start position:0% +that based on exploiting sensory +basically innate releasing mechanisms of + + align:start position:0% +basically innate releasing mechanisms of + + + align:start position:0% +basically innate releasing mechanisms of +the opposite + + align:start position:0% +the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite +sex uh + + align:start position:0% +sex uh + + + align:start position:0% +sex uh +and I'll give you a couple of examples + + align:start position:0% +and I'll give you a couple of examples + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll give you a couple of examples +of sensory exp exploitation in the + + align:start position:0% +of sensory exp exploitation in the + + + align:start position:0% +of sensory exp exploitation in the +insects + + align:start position:0% +insects + + + align:start position:0% +insects +but in the book they start he Scott + + align:start position:0% +but in the book they start he Scott + + + align:start position:0% +but in the book they start he Scott +starts by describing a species of + + align:start position:0% +starts by describing a species of + + + align:start position:0% +starts by describing a species of +orchid that resembles certain female + + align:start position:0% +orchid that resembles certain female + + + align:start position:0% +orchid that resembles certain female +insects and and and it's very + + align:start position:0% +insects and and and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +insects and and and it's very +interesting this is a paper on that that + + align:start position:0% +interesting this is a paper on that that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting this is a paper on that that +I found in American history or American + + align:start position:0% +I found in American history or American + + + align:start position:0% +I found in American history or American +naturalist uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2008 Orchid de sexual deceit provokes + + align:start position:0% +2008 Orchid de sexual deceit provokes + + + align:start position:0% +2008 Orchid de sexual deceit provokes +ejaculation in insects and if it does + + align:start position:0% +ejaculation in insects and if it does + + + align:start position:0% +ejaculation in insects and if it does +that the question + + align:start position:0% +that the question + + + align:start position:0% +that the question +was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh why do they keep doing it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they not only weigh sperm but it might + + align:start position:0% +they not only weigh sperm but it might + + + align:start position:0% +they not only weigh sperm but it might +keep them from actually mating + + align:start position:0% +keep them from actually mating + + + align:start position:0% +keep them from actually mating +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and they show that orchid species that + + align:start position:0% +and they show that orchid species that + + + align:start position:0% +and they show that orchid species that +provoke this extreme pollinator Behavior + + align:start position:0% +provoke this extreme pollinator Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +provoke this extreme pollinator Behavior +actually have the highest pollination + + align:start position:0% +actually have the highest pollination + + + align:start position:0% +actually have the highest pollination +success so the orchids doing really well + + align:start position:0% +success so the orchids doing really well + + + align:start position:0% +success so the orchids doing really well +so how can the deception persist because + + align:start position:0% +so how can the deception persist because + + + align:start position:0% +so how can the deception persist because +of the costs to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pollinated he points the authors point + + align:start position:0% +pollinated he points the authors point + + + align:start position:0% +pollinated he points the authors point +out that the sexually deceptive Orchid + + align:start position:0% +out that the sexually deceptive Orchid + + + align:start position:0% +out that the sexually deceptive Orchid +pollinators are almost + + align:start position:0% +pollinators are almost + + + align:start position:0% +pollinators are almost +always ex uh solitary and haplodiploid + + align:start position:0% +always ex uh solitary and haplodiploid + + + align:start position:0% +always ex uh solitary and haplodiploid +species okay that means that the if eggs + + align:start position:0% +species okay that means that the if eggs + + + align:start position:0% +species okay that means that the if eggs +are not fertilized they become males + + align:start position:0% +are not fertilized they become males + + + align:start position:0% +are not fertilized they become males +they develop into + + align:start position:0% +they develop into + + + align:start position:0% +they develop into +males they're fertilized they can + + align:start position:0% +males they're fertilized they can + + + align:start position:0% +males they're fertilized they can +develop into females that can + + align:start position:0% +develop into females that can + + + align:start position:0% +develop into females that can +reproduce + + align:start position:0% +reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce +uh so female insects deprived of matings + + align:start position:0% +uh so female insects deprived of matings + + + align:start position:0% +uh so female insects deprived of matings +by Orchid deception could still produce + + align:start position:0% +by Orchid deception could still produce + + + align:start position:0% +by Orchid deception could still produce +male offspring and that may even enhance + + align:start position:0% +male offspring and that may even enhance + + + align:start position:0% +male offspring and that may even enhance +the Orchid pollinate you get more + + align:start position:0% +the Orchid pollinate you get more + + + align:start position:0% +the Orchid pollinate you get more +males all right + + align:start position:0% +males all right + + + align:start position:0% +males all right +uh back to the the water mites uh that I + + align:start position:0% +uh back to the the water mites uh that I + + + align:start position:0% +uh back to the the water mites uh that I +mentioned in the + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in the + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in the +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +uh the courtship display of the male + + align:start position:0% +uh the courtship display of the male + + + align:start position:0% +uh the courtship display of the male +watermate is uses vibrations on the + + align:start position:0% +watermate is uses vibrations on the + + + align:start position:0% +watermate is uses vibrations on the +water surface + + align:start position:0% +water surface + + + align:start position:0% +water surface +that resemble the vibrations produced by + + align:start position:0% +that resemble the vibrations produced by + + + align:start position:0% +that resemble the vibrations produced by +prey that that these water might speed + + align:start position:0% +prey that that these water might speed + + + align:start position:0% +prey that that these water might speed +on and you find the same thing well + + align:start position:0% +on and you find the same thing well + + + align:start position:0% +on and you find the same thing well +sorry here's a picture of the water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mites and it's you find the same thing + + align:start position:0% +mites and it's you find the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +mites and it's you find the same thing +in this insect that that little insect + + align:start position:0% +in this insect that that little insect + + + align:start position:0% +in this insect that that little insect +that walks on the surface of water using + + align:start position:0% +that walks on the surface of water using + + + align:start position:0% +that walks on the surface of water using +surface tension + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the male water sprider strer also + + align:start position:0% +and the male water sprider strer also + + + align:start position:0% +and the male water sprider strer also +uses water surface signals that trick + + align:start position:0% +uses water surface signals that trick + + + align:start position:0% +uses water surface signals that trick +females into approaching them as if they + + align:start position:0% +females into approaching them as if they + + + align:start position:0% +females into approaching them as if they +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +pray and and as soon as the female's + + align:start position:0% +pray and and as soon as the female's + + + align:start position:0% +pray and and as soon as the female's +close enough the + + align:start position:0% +close enough the + + + align:start position:0% +close enough the +male forcefully initiates + + align:start position:0% +male forcefully initiates + + + align:start position:0% +male forcefully initiates +mating a kind of rape behavior is + + align:start position:0% +mating a kind of rape behavior is + + + align:start position:0% +mating a kind of rape behavior is +actually pretty common in in + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty common in in + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty common in in +insects and some other species as + + align:start position:0% +insects and some other species as + + + align:start position:0% +insects and some other species as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +so that's a kind of exploiting the + + align:start position:0% +so that's a kind of exploiting the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a kind of exploiting the +innate releasing mechanism of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +female you might have to end here I want + + align:start position:0% +female you might have to end here I want + + + align:start position:0% +female you might have to end here I want +to talk about the female sword kill + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the female sword kill + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the female sword kill +fish um it's commonly kept in by people + + align:start position:0% +fish um it's commonly kept in by people + + + align:start position:0% +fish um it's commonly kept in by people +in aquariums that like like tropical + + align:start position:0% +in aquariums that like like tropical + + + align:start position:0% +in aquariums that like like tropical +fish + + align:start position:0% +fish + + + align:start position:0% +fish +uh and I want to mention the kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh and I want to mention the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I want to mention the kind of +related things in human Behavior now + + align:start position:0% +related things in human Behavior now + + + align:start position:0% +related things in human Behavior now +there's the sish male at the top and the + + align:start position:0% +there's the sish male at the top and the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the sish male at the top and the +female down + + align:start position:0% +female down + + + align:start position:0% +female down +below uh the female will + + align:start position:0% +below uh the female will + + + align:start position:0% +below uh the female will +select for mating males with the long + + align:start position:0% +select for mating males with the long + + + align:start position:0% +select for mating males with the long +tails they don't have to have bigger + + align:start position:0% +tails they don't have to have bigger + + + align:start position:0% +tails they don't have to have bigger +bodies they just have to have a long + + align:start position:0% +bodies they just have to have a long + + + align:start position:0% +bodies they just have to have a long +tail because their innate releasing + + align:start position:0% +tail because their innate releasing + + + align:start position:0% +tail because their innate releasing +mechanism responds + + align:start position:0% +mechanism responds + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism responds +to a huge male with a short tail the + + align:start position:0% +to a huge male with a short tail the + + + align:start position:0% +to a huge male with a short tail the +same way she responds to a smaller male + + align:start position:0% +same way she responds to a smaller male + + + align:start position:0% +same way she responds to a smaller male +with a long tail + + align:start position:0% +with a long tail + + + align:start position:0% +with a long tail +um and this we're talking here about + + align:start position:0% +um and this we're talking here about + + + align:start position:0% +um and this we're talking here about +sexual selection how that female has + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection how that female has + + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection how that female has +evolved to respond to specific + + align:start position:0% +evolved to respond to specific + + + align:start position:0% +evolved to respond to specific +characteristics of the male that don't + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of the male that don't + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of the male that don't +seem directly related to the male's + + align:start position:0% +seem directly related to the male's + + + align:start position:0% +seem directly related to the male's +ability to + + align:start position:0% +ability to + + + align:start position:0% +ability to +reproduce is simply related to his + + align:start position:0% +reproduce is simply related to his + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce is simply related to his +ability to attract the + + align:start position:0% +ability to attract the + + + align:start position:0% +ability to attract the +female and because of sexual selection + + align:start position:0% +female and because of sexual selection + + + align:start position:0% +female and because of sexual selection +it makes you wonder well what limits it + + align:start position:0% +it makes you wonder well what limits it + + + align:start position:0% +it makes you wonder well what limits it +you know why doesn't the swordfish male + + align:start position:0% +you know why doesn't the swordfish male + + + align:start position:0% +you know why doesn't the swordfish male +developed longer and longer and longer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tals uh and you get a lot of variability + + align:start position:0% +tals uh and you get a lot of variability + + + align:start position:0% +tals uh and you get a lot of variability +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +uh and it you find it in humans too uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and it you find it in humans too uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it you find it in humans too uh +the one example of it is right on the + + align:start position:0% +the one example of it is right on the + + + align:start position:0% +the one example of it is right on the +920 homepage where I have a picture that + + align:start position:0% +920 homepage where I have a picture that + + + align:start position:0% +920 homepage where I have a picture that +I took at the Boston Zoological par okay + + align:start position:0% +I took at the Boston Zoological par okay + + + align:start position:0% +I took at the Boston Zoological par okay +it CHS a male peacock beautiful example + + align:start position:0% +it CHS a male peacock beautiful example + + + align:start position:0% +it CHS a male peacock beautiful example +of sexual selection + + align:start position:0% +of sexual selection + + + align:start position:0% +of sexual selection +why does the peacock have such beautiful + + align:start position:0% +why does the peacock have such beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +why does the peacock have such beautiful +feathers that he + + align:start position:0% +feathers that he + + + align:start position:0% +feathers that he +displays you know it's certainly not + + align:start position:0% +displays you know it's certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +displays you know it's certainly not +helping him avoid Predators you know in + + align:start position:0% +helping him avoid Predators you know in + + + align:start position:0% +helping him avoid Predators you know in +fact it tends to do the + + align:start position:0% +fact it tends to do the + + + align:start position:0% +fact it tends to do the +opposite it can cost the individual be + + align:start position:0% +opposite it can cost the individual be + + + align:start position:0% +opposite it can cost the individual be +by reducing his reproductive + + align:start position:0% +by reducing his reproductive + + + align:start position:0% +by reducing his reproductive +potential making it more likely that a + + align:start position:0% +potential making it more likely that a + + + align:start position:0% +potential making it more likely that a +predator will attack him and so that + + align:start position:0% +predator will attack him and so that + + + align:start position:0% +predator will attack him and so that +definitely limits you know how far that + + align:start position:0% +definitely limits you know how far that + + + align:start position:0% +definitely limits you know how far that +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +go and these there's some examples in + + align:start position:0% +go and these there's some examples in + + + align:start position:0% +go and these there's some examples in +humans this will + + align:start position:0% +humans this will + + + align:start position:0% +humans this will +be where we end uh it's obvious some of + + align:start position:0% +be where we end uh it's obvious some of + + + align:start position:0% +be where we end uh it's obvious some of +it physical characteristics of one sex + + align:start position:0% +it physical characteristics of one sex + + + align:start position:0% +it physical characteristics of one sex +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +enhanced uh humans do this all the time + + align:start position:0% +enhanced uh humans do this all the time + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced uh humans do this all the time +it's not directly related to + + align:start position:0% +it's not directly related to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not directly related to +reproductive abilities but of course + + align:start position:0% +reproductive abilities but of course + + + align:start position:0% +reproductive abilities but of course +many many aspects of a human female that + + align:start position:0% +many many aspects of a human female that + + + align:start position:0% +many many aspects of a human female that +attract males are related to + + align:start position:0% +attract males are related to + + + align:start position:0% +attract males are related to +reproductive potential but not all + + align:start position:0% +reproductive potential but not all + + + align:start position:0% +reproductive potential but not all +characteristics but male it also affects + + align:start position:0% +characteristics but male it also affects + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics but male it also affects +Behavior like what young males will + + align:start position:0% +Behavior like what young males will + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior like what young males will +drive fast fancy cars very common in + + align:start position:0% +drive fast fancy cars very common in + + + align:start position:0% +drive fast fancy cars very common in +your high school uh other males May wear + + align:start position:0% +your high school uh other males May wear + + + align:start position:0% +your high school uh other males May wear +the older males especially might wear + + align:start position:0% +the older males especially might wear + + + align:start position:0% +the older males especially might wear +Rolexes because what females are + + align:start position:0% +Rolexes because what females are + + + align:start position:0% +Rolexes because what females are +interested in not Rox watches but the + + align:start position:0% +interested in not Rox watches but the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in not Rox watches but the +ability of the male to provide + + align:start position:0% +ability of the male to provide + + + align:start position:0% +ability of the male to provide +and women in some areas and some + + align:start position:0% +and women in some areas and some + + + align:start position:0% +and women in some areas and some +cultures will wear gold Bangles diamond + + align:start position:0% +cultures will wear gold Bangles diamond + + + align:start position:0% +cultures will wear gold Bangles diamond +earrings and so forth just wear the + + align:start position:0% +earrings and so forth just wear the + + + align:start position:0% +earrings and so forth just wear the +latest fashions it's part + + align:start position:0% +latest fashions it's part + + + align:start position:0% +latest fashions it's part +because it makes her more attractive of + + align:start position:0% +because it makes her more attractive of + + + align:start position:0% +because it makes her more attractive of +course it has other purposes + + align:start position:0% +course it has other purposes + + + align:start position:0% +course it has other purposes +too there's a lot of cultural and local + + align:start position:0% +too there's a lot of cultural and local + + + align:start position:0% +too there's a lot of cultural and local +variations okay so we're going to we + + align:start position:0% +variations okay so we're going to we + + + align:start position:0% +variations okay so we're going to we +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +talk a lot more about sexual selection + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot more about sexual selection + + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot more about sexual selection +we'll start here next time and uh I do + + align:start position:0% +we'll start here next time and uh I do + + + align:start position:0% +we'll start here next time and uh I do +have a video showing many examples of + + align:start position:0% +have a video showing many examples of + + + align:start position:0% +have a video showing many examples of +sexual selection I don't know how far + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection I don't know how far + + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection I don't know how far +we'll get with that next + + align:start position:0% +we'll get with that next + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get with that next +time but if we don't get to it next time + + align:start position:0% +time but if we don't get to it next time + + + align:start position:0% +time but if we don't get to it next time +we will it comes up again when we study + + align:start position:0% +we will it comes up again when we study + + + align:start position:0% +we will it comes up again when we study +sociobiology so we'll stud it + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology so we'll stud it + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology so we'll stud it +again okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oAW8AgU0FE4.txt b/oAW8AgU0FE4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a729079ca67d036e62799dcfcea4edb41802cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/oAW8AgU0FE4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +Our third example is about +the Framingham Heart Study. + +This study represents one of +the most important studies + +of modern medicine. + +It is an ongoing +study of the residents + +in Framingham, Massachusetts. + +It started in 1948, and is +now on the third generation. + +Much of the now-common knowledge +regarding heart disease + +came from this study. + +For example, the fact +that high blood pressure + +should be treated. + +Clogged arteries are not normal. + +Cigarette smoking can +lead to heart disease. + +Let us give some statistics +about heart disease. + +Heart disease has been +the leading cause of death + +worldwide since the 1920s. + +7.3 million people died from +coronary heart disease in 2008. + +Since 1950, age-adjusted +death rates have declined 60%. + +In part, due to the results +of the Framingham Heart Study. + +What is the data in this study? + +There were 5,209 patients +enrolled in 1948. + +The patients were given +a questionnaire and exams + +every two years, measuring +their physical characteristics, + +their behavioral +characteristics, + +and medical test results. + +The patient population, the +exams, and the questions + +expanded over time. + +The approach the Framingham +Heart Study utilized + +was a regression to +predict whether or not + +a patient would develop heart +disease in the next 10 years. + +The model tested and adjusted +for different populations. + +The results of the study +are available online + +so users can calculate +their risk of heart disease + +based on total cholesterol, HDL, +and systolic blood pressure. + +So what is the edge? + +It provided necessary evidence +for the development of drugs + +to lower blood pressure. + +The study further paved the way +for other cliniical prediction + +rules that predict clinical +outcomes using patient's data. + +Finally, the study +demonstrated how + +a model allows a +medical professional + +to make predictions +for patients worldwide. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oluUlr0Uxz8.txt b/oluUlr0Uxz8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..092ec0a7aec85581e251837e8a3c7ec1cefff00f --- /dev/null +++ b/oluUlr0Uxz8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12218 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Okay, I think + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I think + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I think +All set for lecture 25. So we're 3/4 + + align:start position:0% +All set for lecture 25. So we're 3/4 + + + align:start position:0% +All set for lecture 25. So we're 3/4 +through and we're firmly into the + + align:start position:0% +through and we're firmly into the + + + align:start position:0% +through and we're firmly into the +wavelet filter bank uh book. And um + + align:start position:0% +wavelet filter bank uh book. And um + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet filter bank uh book. And um +let's see, chapter one of that book uh + + align:start position:0% +let's see, chapter one of that book uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's see, chapter one of that book uh +gives the most basic wavelet, the HAR + + align:start position:0% +gives the most basic wavelet, the HAR + + + align:start position:0% +gives the most basic wavelet, the HAR +wavelet and and filter bank. And then uh + + align:start position:0% +wavelet and and filter bank. And then uh + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet and and filter bank. And then uh +chapter four and five is really the + + align:start position:0% +chapter four and five is really the + + + align:start position:0% +chapter four and five is really the +heart of the book. So I'm I'll do a + + align:start position:0% +heart of the book. So I'm I'll do a + + + align:start position:0% +heart of the book. So I'm I'll do a +little of chapter one but also draw + + align:start position:0% +little of chapter one but also draw + + + align:start position:0% +little of chapter one but also draw +right away the description of a filter + + align:start position:0% +right away the description of a filter + + + align:start position:0% +right away the description of a filter +bank. So this subject like the whole + + align:start position:0% +bank. So this subject like the whole + + + align:start position:0% +bank. So this subject like the whole +course is a mixture of discrete time + + align:start position:0% +course is a mixture of discrete time + + + align:start position:0% +course is a mixture of discrete time +problems matrix calculations because + + align:start position:0% +problems matrix calculations because + + + align:start position:0% +problems matrix calculations because +that's what we actually do and uh + + align:start position:0% +that's what we actually do and uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we actually do and uh +continuous time uh function problems + + align:start position:0% +continuous time uh function problems + + + align:start position:0% +continuous time uh function problems +which uh illuminate everything. So um + + align:start position:0% +which uh illuminate everything. So um + + + align:start position:0% +which uh illuminate everything. So um +let's see and just to mention again uh + + align:start position:0% +let's see and just to mention again uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's see and just to mention again uh +last time I really covered + + align:start position:0% +last time I really covered + + + align:start position:0% +last time I really covered +uh single individual filters and I'll + + align:start position:0% +uh single individual filters and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh single individual filters and I'll +recap those which were listed at first + + align:start position:0% +recap those which were listed at first + + + align:start position:0% +recap those which were listed at first +as two two lectures about filters. So um + + align:start position:0% +as two two lectures about filters. So um + + + align:start position:0% +as two two lectures about filters. So um +so we're a lecture ahead of the of the + + align:start position:0% +so we're a lecture ahead of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +so we're a lecture ahead of the of the +uh listed program in in other words. Um + + align:start position:0% +uh listed program in in other words. Um + + + align:start position:0% +uh listed program in in other words. Um +so can I recap what we did about filters + + align:start position:0% +so can I recap what we did about filters + + + align:start position:0% +so can I recap what we did about filters +since individual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filters and we were interested in lowass + + align:start position:0% +filters and we were interested in lowass + + + align:start position:0% +filters and we were interested in lowass +filters highpass filters generally they + + align:start position:0% +filters highpass filters generally they + + + align:start position:0% +filters highpass filters generally they +had coefficients h of zero up to h of n + + align:start position:0% +had coefficients h of zero up to h of n + + + align:start position:0% +had coefficients h of zero up to h of n +and the filter was simply a convolution. + + align:start position:0% +and the filter was simply a convolution. + + + align:start position:0% +and the filter was simply a convolution. +So the output y of n was the sum of + + align:start position:0% +So the output y of n was the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +So the output y of n was the sum of +these h's times the input at n minus + + align:start position:0% +these h's times the input at n minus + + + align:start position:0% +these h's times the input at n minus +k. That's + + align:start position:0% +k. That's + + + align:start position:0% +k. That's +uh that's the simplest algebraic + + align:start position:0% +uh that's the simplest algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's the simplest algebraic +expression and of course we recognize it + + align:start position:0% +expression and of course we recognize it + + + align:start position:0% +expression and of course we recognize it +as a + + align:start position:0% +as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a +convolution. It has + + align:start position:0% +convolution. It has + + + align:start position:0% +convolution. It has +this magic combination where that index + + align:start position:0% +this magic combination where that index + + + align:start position:0% +this magic combination where that index +plus that index equals that one. So we + + align:start position:0% +plus that index equals that one. So we + + + align:start position:0% +plus that index equals that one. So we +identify it immediately as a + + align:start position:0% +identify it immediately as a + + + align:start position:0% +identify it immediately as a +convolution. In in matrix language it + + align:start position:0% +convolution. In in matrix language it + + + align:start position:0% +convolution. In in matrix language it +would be a tuplets or maybe constant + + align:start position:0% +would be a tuplets or maybe constant + + + align:start position:0% +would be a tuplets or maybe constant +diagonal + + align:start position:0% +diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal +tuplets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrix with constant diagonals. And + + align:start position:0% +matrix with constant diagonals. And + + + align:start position:0% +matrix with constant diagonals. And +these of course are the numbers that go + + align:start position:0% +these of course are the numbers that go + + + align:start position:0% +these of course are the numbers that go +down the diagonals. constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonals. Everything's in these + + align:start position:0% +diagonals. Everything's in these + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals. Everything's in these +numbers. Obviously, that's what we have + + align:start position:0% +numbers. Obviously, that's what we have + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. Obviously, that's what we have +to choose. If we want to + + align:start position:0% +to choose. If we want to + + + align:start position:0% +to choose. If we want to +filter, then we have to decide what are + + align:start position:0% +filter, then we have to decide what are + + + align:start position:0% +filter, then we have to decide what are +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +coefficients. And uh you remember that + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. And uh you remember that + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. And uh you remember that +the key algebraic step + + align:start position:0% +the key algebraic step + + + align:start position:0% +the key algebraic step +was because a convolution is a bit messy + + align:start position:0% +was because a convolution is a bit messy + + + align:start position:0% +was because a convolution is a bit messy +in the time domain. that sum goes from + + align:start position:0% +in the time domain. that sum goes from + + + align:start position:0% +in the time domain. that sum goes from +k= 0 to n. I'm dealing here with a fir + + align:start position:0% +k= 0 to n. I'm dealing here with a fir + + + align:start position:0% +k= 0 to n. I'm dealing here with a fir +filter + + align:start position:0% +filter + + + align:start position:0% +filter +finite length + + align:start position:0% +finite length + + + align:start position:0% +finite length +filter. This convolution in the time + + align:start position:0% +filter. This convolution in the time + + + align:start position:0% +filter. This convolution in the time +domain you remember goes into a + + align:start position:0% +domain you remember goes into a + + + align:start position:0% +domain you remember goes into a +multiplication. So if I take discrete + + align:start position:0% +multiplication. So if I take discrete + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication. So if I take discrete +transforms of the output, the + + align:start position:0% +transforms of the output, the + + + align:start position:0% +transforms of the output, the +filter and the + + align:start position:0% +filter and the + + + align:start position:0% +filter and the +input then this is the absolutely + + align:start position:0% +input then this is the absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +input then this is the absolutely +crucial simple description. And what is + + align:start position:0% +crucial simple description. And what is + + + align:start position:0% +crucial simple description. And what is +h of omega? Let me that's the so that's + + align:start position:0% +h of omega? Let me that's the so that's + + + align:start position:0% +h of omega? Let me that's the so that's +become then the + + align:start position:0% +become then the + + + align:start position:0% +become then the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the we use these + + align:start position:0% +the we use these + + + align:start position:0% +the we use these +coefficients in a series h of k e to the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in a series h of k e to the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in a series h of k e to the +minus can I put I or would you if + + align:start position:0% +minus can I put I or would you if + + + align:start position:0% +minus can I put I or would you if +everybody votes for j I'll use j + + align:start position:0% +everybody votes for j I'll use j + + + align:start position:0% +everybody votes for j I'll use j +um doesn't matter right e to the minus i + + align:start position:0% +um doesn't matter right e to the minus i + + + align:start position:0% +um doesn't matter right e to the minus i +omega + + align:start position:0% +omega + + + align:start position:0% +omega +k all right so that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +k all right so that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +k all right so that's the that's the +function that tells everything and + + align:start position:0% +function that tells everything and + + + align:start position:0% +function that tells everything and +that's the function that we graphed or + + align:start position:0% +that's the function that we graphed or + + + align:start position:0% +that's the function that we graphed or +at least we graphed its magnitude. It's + + align:start position:0% +at least we graphed its magnitude. It's + + + align:start position:0% +at least we graphed its magnitude. It's +2 pi periodic of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +course. So if we graph it from minus pi + + align:start position:0% +course. So if we graph it from minus pi + + + align:start position:0% +course. So if we graph it from minus pi +to pi we've got it. And if it was a low + + align:start position:0% +to pi we've got it. And if it was a low + + + align:start position:0% +to pi we've got it. And if it was a low +pass and this is zero and this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency. And if it was a lowass filter + + align:start position:0% +frequency. And if it was a lowass filter + + + align:start position:0% +frequency. And if it was a lowass filter +then that meant it tailed way off at + + align:start position:0% +then that meant it tailed way off at + + + align:start position:0% +then that meant it tailed way off at +high frequencies. + + align:start position:0% +high frequencies. + + + align:start position:0% +high frequencies. +and was let's say one + + align:start position:0% +and was let's say one + + + align:start position:0% +and was let's say one +at stayed near one and maybe was exactly + + align:start position:0% +at stayed near one and maybe was exactly + + + align:start position:0% +at stayed near one and maybe was exactly +one if we normalize it at low + + align:start position:0% +one if we normalize it at low + + + align:start position:0% +one if we normalize it at low +frequencies. So this would be a this + + align:start position:0% +frequencies. So this would be a this + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies. So this would be a this +would be a graph of absolute value of h + + align:start position:0% +would be a graph of absolute value of h + + + align:start position:0% +would be a graph of absolute value of h +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +omega and it would be a lowass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example. So low pass + + align:start position:0% +example. So low pass + + + align:start position:0% +example. So low pass +filters. Well, we can see what happens + + align:start position:0% +filters. Well, we can see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +filters. Well, we can see what happens +at omega equals + + align:start position:0% +at omega equals + + + align:start position:0% +at omega equals +zero. If we want this thing to be we + + align:start position:0% +zero. If we want this thing to be we + + + align:start position:0% +zero. If we want this thing to be we +want h to be one. And of course that's + + align:start position:0% +want h to be one. And of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +want h to be one. And of course that's +just the sum of the co of the filter + + align:start position:0% +just the sum of the co of the filter + + + align:start position:0% +just the sum of the co of the filter +coefficients. I'll usually call them + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. I'll usually call them + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. I'll usually call them +filter coefficients. uh a real old-timer + + align:start position:0% +filter coefficients. uh a real old-timer + + + align:start position:0% +filter coefficients. uh a real old-timer +or maybe not so old would refer to them + + align:start position:0% +or maybe not so old would refer to them + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe not so old would refer to them +as taps which has the advantage of being + + align:start position:0% +as taps which has the advantage of being + + + align:start position:0% +as taps which has the advantage of being +a shorter word but uh little sounds a + + align:start position:0% +a shorter word but uh little sounds a + + + align:start position:0% +a shorter word but uh little sounds a +little more um specialized then. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +little more um specialized then. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +little more um specialized then. Okay. +And then at omega equal + + align:start position:0% +And then at omega equal + + + align:start position:0% +And then at omega equal +pi where we want h to be + + align:start position:0% +pi where we want h to be + + + align:start position:0% +pi where we want h to be +zero that means that the at omega= pi + + align:start position:0% +zero that means that the at omega= pi + + + align:start position:0% +zero that means that the at omega= pi +the this is going to be e to the minus i + + align:start position:0% +the this is going to be e to the minus i + + + align:start position:0% +the this is going to be e to the minus i +pi will be minus1. So that'll be the sum + + align:start position:0% +pi will be minus1. So that'll be the sum + + + align:start position:0% +pi will be minus1. So that'll be the sum +of minus1 to the k power h of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k. So these are the conditions then for + + align:start position:0% +k. So these are the conditions then for + + + align:start position:0% +k. So these are the conditions then for +uh for a + + align:start position:0% +uh for a + + + align:start position:0% +uh for a +lowass filter and the opposite for + + align:start position:0% +lowass filter and the opposite for + + + align:start position:0% +lowass filter and the opposite for +highpass. Okay, that's uh what we + + align:start position:0% +highpass. Okay, that's uh what we + + + align:start position:0% +highpass. Okay, that's uh what we +developed last time with some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples. Since that's been two weeks, + + align:start position:0% +examples. Since that's been two weeks, + + + align:start position:0% +examples. Since that's been two weeks, +that's probably good to remember these + + align:start position:0% +that's probably good to remember these + + + align:start position:0% +that's probably good to remember these +basic facts among which this is the most + + align:start position:0% +basic facts among which this is the most + + + align:start position:0% +basic facts among which this is the most +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +valuable. It allows us + + align:start position:0% +valuable. It allows us + + + align:start position:0% +valuable. It allows us +to quickly say what the filter is doing + + align:start position:0% +to quickly say what the filter is doing + + + align:start position:0% +to quickly say what the filter is doing +in the frequency domain. Okay. So, + + align:start position:0% +in the frequency domain. Okay. So, + + + align:start position:0% +in the frequency domain. Okay. So, +what's today's lecture about? It's about + + align:start position:0% +what's today's lecture about? It's about + + + align:start position:0% +what's today's lecture about? It's about +combining filters into filter banks. So + + align:start position:0% +combining filters into filter banks. So + + + align:start position:0% +combining filters into filter banks. So +that's the subject of the lecture and + + align:start position:0% +that's the subject of the lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the subject of the lecture and +it's obviously discreet + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously discreet + + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously discreet +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +and we have in mind. So here's the + + align:start position:0% +and we have in mind. So here's the + + + align:start position:0% +and we have in mind. So here's the +general picture that I have in mind that + + align:start position:0% +general picture that I have in mind that + + + align:start position:0% +general picture that I have in mind that +we take the signal + + align:start position:0% +we take the signal + + + align:start position:0% +we take the signal +X, we do a what I'll call a + + align:start position:0% +X, we do a what I'll call a + + + align:start position:0% +X, we do a what I'll call a +DWT, a discrete wavelet + + align:start position:0% +DWT, a discrete wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +DWT, a discrete wavelet +transform, which just means we take the + + align:start position:0% +transform, which just means we take the + + + align:start position:0% +transform, which just means we take the +signal and we represent it in a by + + align:start position:0% +signal and we represent it in a by + + + align:start position:0% +signal and we represent it in a by +uh a different basis by by some choice + + align:start position:0% +uh a different basis by by some choice + + + align:start position:0% +uh a different basis by by some choice +of of functions. + + align:start position:0% +of of functions. + + + align:start position:0% +of of functions. +and the signal then the transform takes + + align:start position:0% +and the signal then the transform takes + + + align:start position:0% +and the signal then the transform takes +the signal and figures out the + + align:start position:0% +the signal and figures out the + + + align:start position:0% +the signal and figures out the +coefficients in that basis. We've seen + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in that basis. We've seen + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in that basis. We've seen +that step before. So that's the discrete + + align:start position:0% +that step before. So that's the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +that step before. So that's the discrete +wavelet transform. That's the analysis + + align:start position:0% +wavelet transform. That's the analysis + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet transform. That's the analysis +step, the analysis bank in the in the + + align:start position:0% +step, the analysis bank in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +step, the analysis bank in the in the +filter + + align:start position:0% +filter + + + align:start position:0% +filter +bank. And then comes a step that is + + align:start position:0% +bank. And then comes a step that is + + + align:start position:0% +bank. And then comes a step that is +highly important but not the subject of + + align:start position:0% +highly important but not the subject of + + + align:start position:0% +highly important but not the subject of +this lecture which is to do to process + + align:start position:0% +this lecture which is to do to process + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture which is to do to process +these numbers. We hope that + + align:start position:0% +these numbers. We hope that + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers. We hope that +they're I mean if if we're really done + + align:start position:0% +they're I mean if if we're really done + + + align:start position:0% +they're I mean if if we're really done +it right we hope that a lot of those + + align:start position:0% +it right we hope that a lot of those + + + align:start position:0% +it right we hope that a lot of those +coefficients are very small negligible + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are very small negligible + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are very small negligible +we can set them to zero. So this is like + + align:start position:0% +we can set them to zero. So this is like + + + align:start position:0% +we can set them to zero. So this is like +this is a lossy + + align:start position:0% +this is a lossy + + + align:start position:0% +this is a lossy +step and and uh maybe it's compression + + align:start position:0% +step and and uh maybe it's compression + + + align:start position:0% +step and and uh maybe it's compression +where it maybe if we were thinking about + + align:start position:0% +where it maybe if we were thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +where it maybe if we were thinking about +this is where we get the compression + + align:start position:0% +this is where we get the compression + + + align:start position:0% +this is where we get the compression +by by taking + + align:start position:0% +by by taking + + + align:start position:0% +by by taking +those numbers setting a lot to zero + + align:start position:0% +those numbers setting a lot to zero + + + align:start position:0% +those numbers setting a lot to zero +actually sort of putting them into + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of putting them into + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of putting them into +little bins. So we hope many many of + + align:start position:0% +little bins. So we hope many many of + + + align:start position:0% +little bins. So we hope many many of +them go into the zero bin and then + + align:start position:0% +them go into the zero bin and then + + + align:start position:0% +them go into the zero bin and then +others go into uh other bins and there + + align:start position:0% +others go into uh other bins and there + + + align:start position:0% +others go into uh other bins and there +and so we've lost + + align:start position:0% +and so we've lost + + + align:start position:0% +and so we've lost +the last digits. It's like we round it + + align:start position:0% +the last digits. It's like we round it + + + align:start position:0% +the last digits. It's like we round it +off but we have a pretty but these C + + align:start position:0% +off but we have a pretty but these C + + + align:start position:0% +off but we have a pretty but these C +hats represent that pretty well. And + + align:start position:0% +hats represent that pretty well. And + + + align:start position:0% +hats represent that pretty well. And +then we do the inverse discrete wavelet + + align:start position:0% +then we do the inverse discrete wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +then we do the inverse discrete wavelet +transform to get back to a signal x hat + + align:start position:0% +transform to get back to a signal x hat + + + align:start position:0% +transform to get back to a signal x hat +which is approximately x. So that's our + + align:start position:0% +which is approximately x. So that's our + + + align:start position:0% +which is approximately x. So that's our +that's our goal. And as + + align:start position:0% +that's our goal. And as + + + align:start position:0% +that's our goal. And as +always, maybe you remember the like the + + align:start position:0% +always, maybe you remember the like the + + + align:start position:0% +always, maybe you remember the like the +two criteria for any any transform, this + + align:start position:0% +two criteria for any any transform, this + + + align:start position:0% +two criteria for any any transform, this +one or any other is to be able to do it + + align:start position:0% +one or any other is to be able to do it + + + align:start position:0% +one or any other is to be able to do it +quickly. If we can't do it fast, it's + + align:start position:0% +quickly. If we can't do it fast, it's + + + align:start position:0% +quickly. If we can't do it fast, it's +not going to win. And + + align:start position:0% +not going to win. And + + + align:start position:0% +not going to win. And +this we hope that it's like good in + + align:start position:0% +this we hope that it's like good in + + + align:start position:0% +this we hope that it's like good in +compression. And we hope that + + align:start position:0% +compression. And we hope that + + + align:start position:0% +compression. And we hope that +compression + + align:start position:0% +compression + + + align:start position:0% +compression +uh we get a good com with with a good + + align:start position:0% +uh we get a good com with with a good + + + align:start position:0% +uh we get a good com with with a good +compression ratio we still get an output + + align:start position:0% +compression ratio we still get an output + + + align:start position:0% +compression ratio we still get an output +close to the input. So that's what + + align:start position:0% +close to the input. So that's what + + + align:start position:0% +close to the input. So that's what +that's so good accuracy good + + align:start position:0% +that's so good accuracy good + + + align:start position:0% +that's so good accuracy good +approximation is the other property. So + + align:start position:0% +approximation is the other property. So + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is the other property. So +speed and approximation + + align:start position:0% +speed and approximation + + + align:start position:0% +speed and approximation +speed and approximation and of course + + align:start position:0% +speed and approximation and of course + + + align:start position:0% +speed and approximation and of course +they're a little bit + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +competing. I mean the fastest thing we + + align:start position:0% +competing. I mean the fastest thing we + + + align:start position:0% +competing. I mean the fastest thing we +could do would be to not do any of this + + align:start position:0% +could do would be to not do any of this + + + align:start position:0% +could do would be to not do any of this +at all and uh then we wouldn't have any + + align:start position:0% +at all and uh then we wouldn't have any + + + align:start position:0% +at all and uh then we wouldn't have any +compression. + + align:start position:0% +compression. + + + align:start position:0% +compression. +Uh if we work too hard on a very very + + align:start position:0% +Uh if we work too hard on a very very + + + align:start position:0% +Uh if we work too hard on a very very +selective basis that can't we can't + + align:start position:0% +selective basis that can't we can't + + + align:start position:0% +selective basis that can't we can't +compute quickly that's not going to win + + align:start position:0% +compute quickly that's not going to win + + + align:start position:0% +compute quickly that's not going to win +either. So we're looking for a + + align:start position:0% +either. So we're looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +either. So we're looking for a +compromise and the the wavelet transform + + align:start position:0% +compromise and the the wavelet transform + + + align:start position:0% +compromise and the the wavelet transform +has turned out to be a + + align:start position:0% +has turned out to be a + + + align:start position:0% +has turned out to be a +very shall I say very successful + + align:start position:0% +very shall I say very successful + + + align:start position:0% +very shall I say very successful +compromise. I think it's fair to say + + align:start position:0% +compromise. I think it's fair to say + + + align:start position:0% +compromise. I think it's fair to say +very but I don't mean to suggest that + + align:start position:0% +very but I don't mean to suggest that + + + align:start position:0% +very but I don't mean to suggest that +it's the only by by no means or even the + + align:start position:0% +it's the only by by no means or even the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the only by by no means or even the +final winner. people continue to refine + + align:start position:0% +final winner. people continue to refine + + + align:start position:0% +final winner. people continue to refine +these ideas, but it's a rather it's + + align:start position:0% +these ideas, but it's a rather it's + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas, but it's a rather it's +become a rather basic construction. And + + align:start position:0% +become a rather basic construction. And + + + align:start position:0% +become a rather basic construction. And +let me describe then how how we could + + align:start position:0% +let me describe then how how we could + + + align:start position:0% +let me describe then how how we could +combine two filters, a low pass and a + + align:start position:0% +combine two filters, a low pass and a + + + align:start position:0% +combine two filters, a low pass and a +highpass into a filter bank. So here + + align:start position:0% +highpass into a filter bank. So here + + + align:start position:0% +highpass into a filter bank. So here +here is now I'm going to draw the the + + align:start position:0% +here is now I'm going to draw the the + + + align:start position:0% +here is now I'm going to draw the the +discrete wavelet transform. This is now + + align:start position:0% +discrete wavelet transform. This is now + + + align:start position:0% +discrete wavelet transform. This is now +what I'm going to do. + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do. + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do. +So I start with my input X. I send it + + align:start position:0% +So I start with my input X. I send it + + + align:start position:0% +So I start with my input X. I send it +through a lowass filter. I'll call that + + align:start position:0% +through a lowass filter. I'll call that + + + align:start position:0% +through a lowass filter. I'll call that +H0. And a highpass filter H1. So now I'm + + align:start position:0% +H0. And a highpass filter H1. So now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +H0. And a highpass filter H1. So now I'm +going to call the outputs well maybe I + + align:start position:0% +going to call the outputs well maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +going to call the outputs well maybe I +put a box around those to indic indicate + + align:start position:0% +put a box around those to indic indicate + + + align:start position:0% +put a box around those to indic indicate +those are those are operations. + + align:start position:0% +those are those are operations. + + + align:start position:0% +those are those are operations. +And then we get some output y naturally + + align:start position:0% +And then we get some output y naturally + + + align:start position:0% +And then we get some output y naturally +called y0 of n and y1 of + + align:start position:0% +called y0 of n and y1 of + + + align:start position:0% +called y0 of n and y1 of +n and x of n went + + align:start position:0% +n and x of n went + + + align:start position:0% +n and x of n went +in. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Good. Good so far. But + + align:start position:0% +Good. Good so far. But + + + align:start position:0% +Good. Good so far. But +well have to choose a low pass filter + + align:start position:0% +well have to choose a low pass filter + + + align:start position:0% +well have to choose a low pass filter +and a highp pass filter. That's that's + + align:start position:0% +and a highp pass filter. That's that's + + + align:start position:0% +and a highp pass filter. That's that's +the that's what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and and to do it to make a sensible + + align:start position:0% +uh and and to do it to make a sensible + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and to do it to make a sensible +choice, we're going to have to know um + + align:start position:0% +choice, we're going to have to know um + + + align:start position:0% +choice, we're going to have to know um +what we're looking for. But right + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking for. But right + + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking for. But right +now, I haven't finished the transform + + align:start position:0% +now, I haven't finished the transform + + + align:start position:0% +now, I haven't finished the transform +because far from compressing, I've now + + align:start position:0% +because far from compressing, I've now + + + align:start position:0% +because far from compressing, I've now +got two outputs where I had one + + align:start position:0% +got two outputs where I had one + + + align:start position:0% +got two outputs where I had one +input. So, I'm over sampling over. It's + + align:start position:0% +input. So, I'm over sampling over. It's + + + align:start position:0% +input. So, I'm over sampling over. It's +redundant at this point. + + align:start position:0% +redundant at this point. + + + align:start position:0% +redundant at this point. +We could say all + + align:start position:0% +We could say all + + + align:start position:0% +We could say all +right but and and redundant transforms + + align:start position:0% +right but and and redundant transforms + + + align:start position:0% +right but and and redundant transforms +definitely have a place in this uh in + + align:start position:0% +definitely have a place in this uh in + + + align:start position:0% +definitely have a place in this uh in +this transform world. + + align:start position:0% +this transform world. + + + align:start position:0% +this transform world. +But the neat construction is to go to + + align:start position:0% +But the neat construction is to go to + + + align:start position:0% +But the neat construction is to go to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh cut this in half. Take half of these + + align:start position:0% +uh cut this in half. Take half of these + + + align:start position:0% +uh cut this in half. Take half of these +numbers. These are C's and these are + + align:start position:0% +numbers. These are C's and these are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. These are C's and these are +C's. These are all coefficients but we + + align:start position:0% +C's. These are all coefficients but we + + + align:start position:0% +C's. These are all coefficients but we +got twice as many as we want. So we take + + align:start position:0% +got twice as many as we want. So we take + + + align:start position:0% +got twice as many as we want. So we take +half of those. So there's a the + + align:start position:0% +half of those. So there's a the + + + align:start position:0% +half of those. So there's a the +operation now called down sampling is + + align:start position:0% +operation now called down sampling is + + + align:start position:0% +operation now called down sampling is +simply what + + align:start position:0% +simply what + + + align:start position:0% +simply what +produces every other Y knot and every + + align:start position:0% +produces every other Y knot and every + + + align:start position:0% +produces every other Y knot and every +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y1. And there we have the transform. + + align:start position:0% +Y1. And there we have the transform. + + + align:start position:0% +Y1. And there we have the transform. +These are the C's. Those are the C's. + + align:start position:0% +These are the C's. Those are the C's. + + + align:start position:0% +These are the C's. Those are the C's. +what I've these are these coefficients + + align:start position:0% +what I've these are these coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +what I've these are these coefficients +that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transform and you see it's fast + + align:start position:0% +transform and you see it's fast + + + align:start position:0% +transform and you see it's fast +right obviously this is extremely fast + + align:start position:0% +right obviously this is extremely fast + + + align:start position:0% +right obviously this is extremely fast +in fact we won't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compute the the third component and the + + align:start position:0% +compute the the third component and the + + + align:start position:0% +compute the the third component and the +seventh component and the first + + align:start position:0% +seventh component and the first + + + align:start position:0% +seventh component and the first +component the oddnumbered components + + align:start position:0% +component the oddnumbered components + + + align:start position:0% +component the oddnumbered components +because we're going to throw them away. + + align:start position:0% +because we're going to throw them away. + + + align:start position:0% +because we're going to throw them away. +So we really will only + + align:start position:0% +So we really will only + + + align:start position:0% +So we really will only +compute the even numbered components of + + align:start position:0% +compute the even numbered components of + + + align:start position:0% +compute the even numbered components of +after low pass filtering and the even + + align:start position:0% +after low pass filtering and the even + + + align:start position:0% +after low pass filtering and the even +numbered components after highp pass + + align:start position:0% +numbered components after highp pass + + + align:start position:0% +numbered components after highp pass +filtering. And I mean a filter is really + + align:start position:0% +filtering. And I mean a filter is really + + + align:start position:0% +filtering. And I mean a filter is really +fast to + + align:start position:0% +fast to + + + align:start position:0% +fast to +do. So, um, in principle, we could do it + + align:start position:0% +do. So, um, in principle, we could do it + + + align:start position:0% +do. So, um, in principle, we could do it +do the filters. In practice, we we do it + + align:start position:0% +do the filters. In practice, we we do it + + + align:start position:0% +do the filters. In practice, we we do it +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +straight because our filters aren't that + + align:start position:0% +straight because our filters aren't that + + + align:start position:0% +straight because our filters aren't that +long. I don't have in mind filters of + + align:start position:0% +long. I don't have in mind filters of + + + align:start position:0% +long. I don't have in mind filters of +length thousands. + + align:start position:0% +length thousands. + + + align:start position:0% +length thousands. +But uh if we had very long filters then + + align:start position:0% +But uh if we had very long filters then + + + align:start position:0% +But uh if we had very long filters then +it might pay instead of the convolution + + align:start position:0% +it might pay instead of the convolution + + + align:start position:0% +it might pay instead of the convolution +in the time domain it might pay to go in + + align:start position:0% +in the time domain it might pay to go in + + + align:start position:0% +in the time domain it might pay to go in +the frequency domain do a multiplication + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain do a multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain do a multiplication +and by the and then by the FFT switch + + align:start position:0% +and by the and then by the FFT switch + + + align:start position:0% +and by the and then by the FFT switch +between those domains but this is this + + align:start position:0% +between those domains but this is this + + + align:start position:0% +between those domains but this is this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +it. That's it. And let me give an + + align:start position:0% +it. That's it. And let me give an + + + align:start position:0% +it. That's it. And let me give an +example right away of the HAR example. + + align:start position:0% +example right away of the HAR example. + + + align:start position:0% +example right away of the HAR example. +So this is the example that's in chapter + + align:start position:0% +So this is the example that's in chapter + + + align:start position:0% +So this is the example that's in chapter +one. + + align:start position:0% +one. + + + align:start position:0% +one. +Chapter + + align:start position:0% +Chapter + + + align:start position:0% +Chapter +one takes this most basic filtering and + + align:start position:0% +one takes this most basic filtering and + + + align:start position:0% +one takes this most basic filtering and +goes all the way through the theory uh + + align:start position:0% +goes all the way through the theory uh + + + align:start position:0% +goes all the way through the theory uh +on to wavelets which we will see in the + + align:start position:0% +on to wavelets which we will see in the + + + align:start position:0% +on to wavelets which we will see in the +second lecture because they're + + align:start position:0% +second lecture because they're + + + align:start position:0% +second lecture because they're +continuous time. But so the hard example + + align:start position:0% +continuous time. But so the hard example + + + align:start position:0% +continuous time. But so the hard example +is just x ofn goes + + align:start position:0% +is just x ofn goes + + + align:start position:0% +is just x ofn goes +to the coefficients here are 12 and + + align:start position:0% +to the coefficients here are 12 and + + + align:start position:0% +to the coefficients here are 12 and +12 and that's of course coefficients of + + align:start position:0% +12 and that's of course coefficients of + + + align:start position:0% +12 and that's of course coefficients of +a lowass filter. So out comes y of n is + + align:start position:0% +a lowass filter. So out comes y of n is + + + align:start position:0% +a lowass filter. So out comes y of n is +12 x of n and 12 x of n minus one. And + + align:start position:0% +12 x of n and 12 x of n minus one. And + + + align:start position:0% +12 x of n and 12 x of n minus one. And +the low pass coeffic the high pass + + align:start position:0% +the low pass coeffic the high pass + + + align:start position:0% +the low pass coeffic the high pass +coefficients have to alternate in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign because they add to zero at DC at + + align:start position:0% +sign because they add to zero at DC at + + + align:start position:0% +sign because they add to zero at DC at +zero frequency. So y1 of n will be a + + align:start position:0% +zero frequency. So y1 of n will be a + + + align:start position:0% +zero frequency. So y1 of n will be a +half using that half x of n minus a half + + align:start position:0% +half using that half x of n minus a half + + + align:start position:0% +half using that half x of n minus a half +x of n minus one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, we average and we take + + align:start position:0% +Okay, we average and we take + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, we average and we take +differences. But of course, I'm still + + align:start position:0% +differences. But of course, I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +differences. But of course, I'm still +over I'm still redundant over doing it + + align:start position:0% +over I'm still redundant over doing it + + + align:start position:0% +over I'm still redundant over doing it +because I've got two outputs now for + + align:start position:0% +because I've got two outputs now for + + + align:start position:0% +because I've got two outputs now for +every n. But now the downsampling term, + + align:start position:0% +every n. But now the downsampling term, + + + align:start position:0% +every n. But now the downsampling term, +why don't I just put in twos here to uh + + align:start position:0% +why don't I just put in twos here to uh + + + align:start position:0% +why don't I just put in twos here to uh +indicate the + + align:start position:0% +indicate the + + + align:start position:0% +indicate the +the to take care of this one. Let's go + + align:start position:0% +the to take care of this one. Let's go + + + align:start position:0% +the to take care of this one. Let's go +to y of 2n. That would be I just replace + + align:start position:0% +to y of 2n. That would be I just replace + + + align:start position:0% +to y of 2n. That would be I just replace +n by 2n everywhere. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hoping + + align:start position:0% +Hoping + + + align:start position:0% +Hoping +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +that is clear for you and for + + align:start position:0% +that is clear for you and for + + + align:start position:0% +that is clear for you and for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +video. So now I've done the total + + align:start position:0% +video. So now I've done the total + + + align:start position:0% +video. So now I've done the total +uh analysis step, the forward step. I'm + + align:start position:0% +uh analysis step, the forward step. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh analysis step, the forward step. I'm +only doing the forward step. I haven't + + align:start position:0% +only doing the forward step. I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +only doing the forward step. I haven't +I'm only getting from X to + + align:start position:0% +I'm only getting from X to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm only getting from X to +C, which are these numbers. These are + + align:start position:0% +C, which are these numbers. These are + + + align:start position:0% +C, which are these numbers. These are +the C's. These are these are these guys. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example could you + + align:start position:0% +example could you + + + align:start position:0% +example could you +reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the +X out of + + align:start position:0% +X out of + + + align:start position:0% +X out of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +C's? Do we have a simple way to + + align:start position:0% +C's? Do we have a simple way to + + + align:start position:0% +C's? Do we have a simple way to +reconstruct the input samples all of + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the input samples all of + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the input samples all of +them from + + align:start position:0% +them from + + + align:start position:0% +them from +the so all million of them maybe from a + + align:start position:0% +the so all million of them maybe from a + + + align:start position:0% +the so all million of them maybe from a +half million of these and a half million + + align:start position:0% +half million of these and a half million + + + align:start position:0% +half million of these and a half million +of those? + + align:start position:0% +of those? + + + align:start position:0% +of those? +Yes, clearly in fact very conveniently + + align:start position:0% +Yes, clearly in fact very conveniently + + + align:start position:0% +Yes, clearly in fact very conveniently +we would just how would we get x of four + + align:start position:0% +we would just how would we get x of four + + + align:start position:0% +we would just how would we get x of four +or something? add we would add half x of + + align:start position:0% +or something? add we would add half x of + + + align:start position:0% +or something? add we would add half x of +four plus a half x of three to half x of + + align:start position:0% +four plus a half x of three to half x of + + + align:start position:0% +four plus a half x of three to half x of +four plus minus a half x of three and we + + align:start position:0% +four plus minus a half x of three and we + + + align:start position:0% +four plus minus a half x of three and we +would have x of four and how would I get + + align:start position:0% +would have x of four and how would I get + + + align:start position:0% +would have x of four and how would I get +x of three out of that to subtract right + + align:start position:0% +x of three out of that to subtract right + + + align:start position:0% +x of three out of that to subtract right +so actually you might notice that the + + align:start position:0% +so actually you might notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +so actually you might notice that the +add + + align:start position:0% +add + + + align:start position:0% +add +those in a way that's almost like + + align:start position:0% +those in a way that's almost like + + + align:start position:0% +those in a way that's almost like +filtering I mean we've the the reverse + + align:start position:0% +filtering I mean we've the the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +filtering I mean we've the the reverse +step involves filters that are not so + + align:start position:0% +step involves filters that are not so + + + align:start position:0% +step involves filters that are not so +different from the from the forward + + align:start position:0% +different from the from the forward + + + align:start position:0% +different from the from the forward +filters. But the main point is the + + align:start position:0% +filters. But the main point is the + + + align:start position:0% +filters. But the main point is the +information is there. + + align:start position:0% +information is there. + + + align:start position:0% +information is there. +Okay. But but of course HAR is very + + align:start position:0% +Okay. But but of course HAR is very + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. But but of course HAR is very +crude. It's it's like taking the inputs. + + align:start position:0% +crude. It's it's like taking the inputs. + + + align:start position:0% +crude. It's it's like taking the inputs. +So what is hard doing? It's taking the + + align:start position:0% +So what is hard doing? It's taking the + + + align:start position:0% +So what is hard doing? It's taking the +input samples at discrete + + align:start position:0% +input samples at discrete + + + align:start position:0% +input samples at discrete +times and basically it's taking them two + + align:start position:0% +times and basically it's taking them two + + + align:start position:0% +times and basically it's taking them two +at a time, those two and taking average + + align:start position:0% +at a time, those two and taking average + + + align:start position:0% +at a time, those two and taking average +and difference. taking the next two + + align:start position:0% +and difference. taking the next two + + + align:start position:0% +and difference. taking the next two +average and difference the next two and + + align:start position:0% +average and difference the next two and + + + align:start position:0% +average and difference the next two and +so on. It's there's no + + align:start position:0% +so on. It's there's no + + + align:start position:0% +so on. It's there's no +overlapping. It's a twopoint DFT really + + align:start position:0% +overlapping. It's a twopoint DFT really + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping. It's a twopoint DFT really +also equals 2 + + align:start position:0% +also equals 2 + + + align:start position:0% +also equals 2 +point 4A discrete for a transform just + + align:start position:0% +point 4A discrete for a transform just + + + align:start position:0% +point 4A discrete for a transform just +plus this is the matrix 1 one one minus + + align:start position:0% +plus this is the matrix 1 one one minus + + + align:start position:0% +plus this is the matrix 1 one one minus +one for a for the for the + + align:start position:0% +one for a for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +one for a for the for the +DFT it but it doesn't mean that this is + + align:start position:0% +DFT it but it doesn't mean that this is + + + align:start position:0% +DFT it but it doesn't mean that this is +I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's +simple so it doesn't capture all the + + align:start position:0% +simple so it doesn't capture all the + + + align:start position:0% +simple so it doesn't capture all the +possibilities but it would + + align:start position:0% +possibilities but it would + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities but it would +actually give you pretty give you some + + align:start position:0% +actually give you pretty give you some + + + align:start position:0% +actually give you pretty give you some +compression because in in probability in + + align:start position:0% +compression because in in probability in + + + align:start position:0% +compression because in in probability in +in mo in all likelihood + + align:start position:0% +in mo in all likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +in mo in all likelihood +uh we we have a smooth signal or a + + align:start position:0% +uh we we have a smooth signal or a + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we have a smooth signal or a +smooth + + align:start position:0% +smooth + + + align:start position:0% +smooth +image and + + align:start position:0% +image and + + + align:start position:0% +image and +uh x of 2n is probably very close to x + + align:start position:0% +uh x of 2n is probably very close to x + + + align:start position:0% +uh x of 2n is probably very close to x +of 2n minus one. Those are neighboring + + align:start position:0% +of 2n minus one. Those are neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +of 2n minus one. Those are neighboring +samples neighboring samples here. So if + + align:start position:0% +samples neighboring samples here. So if + + + align:start position:0% +samples neighboring samples here. So if +we if we have audio say and and uh the + + align:start position:0% +we if we have audio say and and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +we if we have audio say and and uh the +violin is doing its thing then these two + + align:start position:0% +violin is doing its thing then these two + + + align:start position:0% +violin is doing its thing then these two +samples that split second apart are + + align:start position:0% +samples that split second apart are + + + align:start position:0% +samples that split second apart are +probably very + + align:start position:0% +probably very + + + align:start position:0% +probably very +close and uh + + align:start position:0% +close and uh + + + align:start position:0% +close and uh +therefore the average will be pretty + + align:start position:0% +therefore the average will be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the average will be pretty +near the sample and the difference will + + align:start position:0% +near the sample and the difference will + + + align:start position:0% +near the sample and the difference will +be pretty near + + align:start position:0% +be pretty near + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty near +zero if we just set all the differences + + align:start position:0% +zero if we just set all the differences + + + align:start position:0% +zero if we just set all the differences +to zero. So that would give us 2:1 + + align:start position:0% +to zero. So that would give us 2:1 + + + align:start position:0% +to zero. So that would give us 2:1 +compression, right? If we if we just if + + align:start position:0% +compression, right? If we if we just if + + + align:start position:0% +compression, right? If we if we just if +we just ignored all those differences + + align:start position:0% +we just ignored all those differences + + + align:start position:0% +we just ignored all those differences +and kept the averages, what would that + + align:start position:0% +and kept the averages, what would that + + + align:start position:0% +and kept the averages, what would that +amount to? That would amount + + align:start position:0% +amount to? That would amount + + + align:start position:0% +amount to? That would amount +to every pair of points, every pair of + + align:start position:0% +to every pair of points, every pair of + + + align:start position:0% +to every pair of points, every pair of +samples we replace by their average. + + align:start position:0% +samples we replace by their average. + + + align:start position:0% +samples we replace by their average. +In other words, we like we're we're uh + + align:start position:0% +In other words, we like we're we're uh + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, we like we're we're uh +um obviously we're giving up uh + + align:start position:0% +um obviously we're giving up uh + + + align:start position:0% +um obviously we're giving up uh +resolution + + align:start position:0% +resolution + + + align:start position:0% +resolution +there and + + align:start position:0% +there and + + + align:start position:0% +there and +uh uh we would only want we we would + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we would only want we we would + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we would only want we we would +perhaps do that if the original sampling + + align:start position:0% +perhaps do that if the original sampling + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps do that if the original sampling +period had been smaller than and we just + + align:start position:0% +period had been smaller than and we just + + + align:start position:0% +period had been smaller than and we just +really wanted to compress and were just + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to compress and were just + + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to compress and were just +willing to to take averages uh two at a + + align:start position:0% +willing to to take averages uh two at a + + + align:start position:0% +willing to to take averages uh two at a +time. + + align:start position:0% +time. + + + align:start position:0% +time. +But we aim aim for better than that. We + + align:start position:0% +But we aim aim for better than that. We + + + align:start position:0% +But we aim aim for better than that. We +aim for better than that. But better + + align:start position:0% +aim for better than that. But better + + + align:start position:0% +aim for better than that. But better +than that is going to mean that this + + align:start position:0% +than that is going to mean that this + + + align:start position:0% +than that is going to mean that this +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +of no overlap just block block is a + + align:start position:0% +of no overlap just block block is a + + + align:start position:0% +of no overlap just block block is a +block transform + + align:start position:0% +block transform + + + align:start position:0% +block transform +is is going to go. + + align:start position:0% +is is going to go. + + + align:start position:0% +is is going to go. +Well, the the block discrete for a + + align:start position:0% +Well, the the block discrete for a + + + align:start position:0% +Well, the the block discrete for a +transform could it could go from two + + align:start position:0% +transform could it could go from two + + + align:start position:0% +transform could it could go from two +points to eight at a time. That's a + + align:start position:0% +points to eight at a time. That's a + + + align:start position:0% +points to eight at a time. That's a +possibility, important + + align:start position:0% +possibility, important + + + align:start position:0% +possibility, important +possibility, but that's not the wavelet + + align:start position:0% +possibility, but that's not the wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +possibility, but that's not the wavelet +idea. The wavelet idea is to have + + align:start position:0% +idea. The wavelet idea is to have + + + align:start position:0% +idea. The wavelet idea is to have +overlapping by using longer filters. + + align:start position:0% +overlapping by using longer filters. + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping by using longer filters. +These these Hnot and H1 will have more + + align:start position:0% +These these Hnot and H1 will have more + + + align:start position:0% +These these Hnot and H1 will have more +than two more than these just two + + align:start position:0% +than two more than these just two + + + align:start position:0% +than two more than these just two +coefficients. + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. +and the the + + align:start position:0% +and the the + + + align:start position:0% +and the the +uh the the there'll be overlap. And let + + align:start position:0% +uh the the there'll be overlap. And let + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the there'll be overlap. And let +me repeat + + align:start position:0% +me repeat + + + align:start position:0% +me repeat +uh one particular filter + + align:start position:0% +uh one particular filter + + + align:start position:0% +uh one particular filter +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +h0 and h1 that are of + + align:start position:0% +h0 and h1 that are of + + + align:start position:0% +h0 and h1 that are of +interest. The the coefficients are 1 2 6 + + align:start position:0% +interest. The the coefficients are 1 2 6 + + + align:start position:0% +interest. The the coefficients are 1 2 6 +2 1. So that's a five tap lowass filter. + + align:start position:0% +2 1. So that's a five tap lowass filter. + + + align:start position:0% +2 1. So that's a five tap lowass filter. +And I should divide by what do those add + + align:start position:0% +And I should divide by what do those add + + + align:start position:0% +And I should divide by what do those add +up to? Three nine. No, I don't I didn't + + align:start position:0% +up to? Three nine. No, I don't I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +up to? Three nine. No, I don't I didn't +mean them to I know I'm wrong when they + + align:start position:0% +mean them to I know I'm wrong when they + + + align:start position:0% +mean them to I know I'm wrong when they +don't add up to a power of two. Oh, it's + + align:start position:0% +don't add up to a power of two. Oh, it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't add up to a power of two. Oh, it's +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +one's. Yeah, now they add up to eight, + + align:start position:0% +one's. Yeah, now they add up to eight, + + + align:start position:0% +one's. Yeah, now they add up to eight, +which is a better number. + + align:start position:0% +which is a better number. + + + align:start position:0% +which is a better number. +Okay, that's a low pass filter, right? + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's a low pass filter, right? + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's a low pass filter, right? +The coefficients add to one. + + align:start position:0% +The coefficients add to one. + + + align:start position:0% +The coefficients add to one. +and the alternating + + align:start position:0% +and the alternating + + + align:start position:0% +and the alternating +coefficients which would be -1 -2 + 6 - + + align:start position:0% +coefficients which would be -1 -2 + 6 - + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients which would be -1 -2 + 6 - +2 -1 add to zero. Yes, good. So that's a + + align:start position:0% +2 -1 add to zero. Yes, good. So that's a + + + align:start position:0% +2 -1 add to zero. Yes, good. So that's a +lowass + + align:start position:0% +lowass + + + align:start position:0% +lowass +filter and the highpass filter is going + + align:start position:0% +filter and the highpass filter is going + + + align:start position:0% +filter and the highpass filter is going +to add to + + align:start position:0% +to add to + + + align:start position:0% +to add to +zero and I'll divide by four to to make + + align:start position:0% +zero and I'll divide by four to to make + + + align:start position:0% +zero and I'll divide by four to to make +that reasonable. There's a pair. There's + + align:start position:0% +that reasonable. There's a pair. There's + + + align:start position:0% +that reasonable. There's a pair. There's +an important pair. That's the That's the + + align:start position:0% +an important pair. That's the That's the + + + align:start position:0% +an important pair. That's the That's the +53 pair in JPEG 2000. JPEG 2000 is the + + align:start position:0% +53 pair in JPEG 2000. JPEG 2000 is the + + + align:start position:0% +53 pair in JPEG 2000. JPEG 2000 is the +is the improvement on this sort of eight + + align:start position:0% +is the improvement on this sort of eight + + + align:start position:0% +is the improvement on this sort of eight +block block idea. And there are two + + align:start position:0% +block block idea. And there are two + + + align:start position:0% +block block idea. And there are two +filters in it. This 53 that I've written + + align:start position:0% +filters in it. This 53 that I've written + + + align:start position:0% +filters in it. This 53 that I've written +down up there and then a 97 pair. That's + + align:start position:0% +down up there and then a 97 pair. That's + + + align:start position:0% +down up there and then a 97 pair. That's +better. + + align:start position:0% +better. + + + align:start position:0% +better. +I I just actually by email asked my + + align:start position:0% +I I just actually by email asked my + + + align:start position:0% +I I just actually by email asked my +friend at Los Alamos who worked on the + + align:start position:0% +friend at Los Alamos who worked on the + + + align:start position:0% +friend at Los Alamos who worked on the +FBI. So the FBI + + align:start position:0% +FBI. So the FBI + + + align:start position:0% +FBI. So the FBI +chose this particular 97 filter bank and + + align:start position:0% +chose this particular 97 filter bank and + + + align:start position:0% +chose this particular 97 filter bank and +it's become the sort of standard + + align:start position:0% +it's become the sort of standard + + + align:start position:0% +it's become the sort of standard +uh in + + align:start position:0% +uh in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in +uh image + + align:start position:0% +uh image + + + align:start position:0% +uh image +processing is 97. 53 is shorter, + + align:start position:0% +processing is 97. 53 is shorter, + + + align:start position:0% +processing is 97. 53 is shorter, +simpler, + + align:start position:0% +simpler, + + + align:start position:0% +simpler, +uh, but not as doesn't allow same + + align:start position:0% +uh, but not as doesn't allow same + + + align:start position:0% +uh, but not as doesn't allow same +compression. 97 is has is is a little + + align:start position:0% +compression. 97 is has is is a little + + + align:start position:0% +compression. 97 is has is is a little +slower, of course. So, we give up some + + align:start position:0% +slower, of course. So, we give up some + + + align:start position:0% +slower, of course. So, we give up some +speed for better approximation and and + + align:start position:0% +speed for better approximation and and + + + align:start position:0% +speed for better approximation and and +this is uh so this is the FBI choice for + + align:start position:0% +this is uh so this is the FBI choice for + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh so this is the FBI choice for +for digitizing fingerprints. So it was + + align:start position:0% +for digitizing fingerprints. So it was + + + align:start position:0% +for digitizing fingerprints. So it was +was in a way that was the first sort + + align:start position:0% +was in a way that was the first sort + + + align:start position:0% +was in a way that was the first sort +of real success for Wavelets or for + + align:start position:0% +of real success for Wavelets or for + + + align:start position:0% +of real success for Wavelets or for +filter banks in in in in open + + align:start position:0% +filter banks in in in in open + + + align:start position:0% +filter banks in in in in open +competition because the FBI tried the + + align:start position:0% +competition because the FBI tried the + + + align:start position:0% +competition because the FBI tried the +the uh this the J the old JPEG was an 8 + + align:start position:0% +the uh this the J the old JPEG was an 8 + + + align:start position:0% +the uh this the J the old JPEG was an 8 +point or 8 by8 of course because it's 2D + + align:start position:0% +point or 8 by8 of course because it's 2D + + + align:start position:0% +point or 8 by8 of course because it's 2D +two 2D + + align:start position:0% +two 2D + + + align:start position:0% +two 2D +D uh + + align:start position:0% +D uh + + + align:start position:0% +D uh +DFT that was the old + + align:start position:0% +DFT that was the old + + + align:start position:0% +DFT that was the old +JPEG and the FBI kind of expected to use + + align:start position:0% +JPEG and the FBI kind of expected to use + + + align:start position:0% +JPEG and the FBI kind of expected to use +it but then their examiners couldn't + + align:start position:0% +it but then their examiners couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +it but then their examiners couldn't +identify + + align:start position:0% +identify + + + align:start position:0% +identify +quickly one couldn't say yes that's you + + align:start position:0% +quickly one couldn't say yes that's you + + + align:start position:0% +quickly one couldn't say yes that's you +know that fingerprint matches that from + + align:start position:0% +know that fingerprint matches that from + + + align:start position:0% +know that fingerprint matches that from +the from the + + align:start position:0% +the from the + + + align:start position:0% +the from the +output it was it had lost the little + + align:start position:0% +output it was it had lost the little + + + align:start position:0% +output it was it had lost the little +things that in all our fingerprints + + align:start position:0% +things that in all our fingerprints + + + align:start position:0% +things that in all our fingerprints +distinguish us. The little + + align:start position:0% +distinguish us. The little + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish us. The little +um well, what what do you know about + + align:start position:0% +um well, what what do you know about + + + align:start position:0% +um well, what what do you know about +fingerprints? Anybody? Uh they're + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints? Anybody? Uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints? Anybody? Uh they're +little I'll just draw some fingerprints + + align:start position:0% +little I'll just draw some fingerprints + + + align:start position:0% +little I'll just draw some fingerprints +here. little little some ant some + + align:start position:0% +here. little little some ant some + + + align:start position:0% +here. little little some ant some +there's some some dead ends in our + + align:start position:0% +there's some some dead ends in our + + + align:start position:0% +there's some some dead ends in our +fingers and there also some uh + + align:start position:0% +fingers and there also some uh + + + align:start position:0% +fingers and there also some uh +bifurcations where where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um three lines meet + + align:start position:0% +um three lines meet + + + align:start position:0% +um three lines meet +um and also a little there also little + + align:start position:0% +um and also a little there also little + + + align:start position:0% +um and also a little there also little +sweat now I'm really getting down to + + align:start position:0% +sweat now I'm really getting down to + + + align:start position:0% +sweat now I'm really getting down to +details here but we're all born with + + align:start position:0% +details here but we're all born with + + + align:start position:0% +details here but we're all born with +little sweat pores that that uh pin us + + align:start position:0% +little sweat pores that that uh pin us + + + align:start position:0% +little sweat pores that that uh pin us +down. So + + align:start position:0% +down. So + + + align:start position:0% +down. So +um this the wavelet results at the + + align:start position:0% +um this the wavelet results at the + + + align:start position:0% +um this the wavelet results at the +compression of course everything depends + + align:start position:0% +compression of course everything depends + + + align:start position:0% +compression of course everything depends +what compression you ask for. If you ask + + align:start position:0% +what compression you ask for. If you ask + + + align:start position:0% +what compression you ask for. If you ask +for very little compression, well, + + align:start position:0% +for very little compression, well, + + + align:start position:0% +for very little compression, well, +everything is can do + + align:start position:0% +everything is can do + + + align:start position:0% +everything is can do +it. And for images, you know, five to + + align:start position:0% +it. And for images, you know, five to + + + align:start position:0% +it. And for images, you know, five to +one, eight, say 8:1 is not very not + + align:start position:0% +one, eight, say 8:1 is not very not + + + align:start position:0% +one, eight, say 8:1 is not very not +asking much and everybody could do it. + + align:start position:0% +asking much and everybody could do it. + + + align:start position:0% +asking much and everybody could do it. +But if you go up to 14:1, 32:1 and so + + align:start position:0% +But if you go up to 14:1, 32:1 and so + + + align:start position:0% +But if you go up to 14:1, 32:1 and so +on, then + + align:start position:0% +on, then + + + align:start position:0% +on, then +uh then you really see who can + + align:start position:0% +uh then you really see who can + + + align:start position:0% +uh then you really see who can +survive with. So what does 32:1 mean? It + + align:start position:0% +survive with. So what does 32:1 mean? It + + + align:start position:0% +survive with. So what does 32:1 mean? It +means that we're throwing away 95% or + + align:start position:0% +means that we're throwing away 95% or + + + align:start position:0% +means that we're throwing away 95% or +97% or something of these coefficients + + align:start position:0% +97% or something of these coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +97% or something of these coefficients +effectively 97% of the of the bits + + align:start position:0% +effectively 97% of the of the bits + + + align:start position:0% +effectively 97% of the of the bits +anyway. So that's severe and + + align:start position:0% +anyway. So that's severe and + + + align:start position:0% +anyway. So that's severe and +uh and uh that that didn't uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh that that didn't uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh that that didn't uh that +leaves maybe only out of those 64 + + align:start position:0% +leaves maybe only out of those 64 + + + align:start position:0% +leaves maybe only out of those 64 +coefficients in an 8 by8 block, we only + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in an 8 by8 block, we only + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in an 8 by8 block, we only +have two left. If we're if we're doing + + align:start position:0% +have two left. If we're if we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +have two left. If we're if we're doing +32 to1 compression, that was too much. + + align:start position:0% +32 to1 compression, that was too much. + + + align:start position:0% +32 to1 compression, that was too much. +It's the image is no good. Uh but the + + align:start position:0% +It's the image is no good. Uh but the + + + align:start position:0% +It's the image is no good. Uh but the +wavelength image is pretty good if you + + align:start position:0% +wavelength image is pretty good if you + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength image is pretty good if you +make a good choice of wavelets. So we + + align:start position:0% +make a good choice of wavelets. So we + + + align:start position:0% +make a good choice of wavelets. So we +really have + + align:start position:0% +really have + + + align:start position:0% +really have +to understand. So in in this standard, + + align:start position:0% +to understand. So in in this standard, + + + align:start position:0% +to understand. So in in this standard, +these two are are the winner. So more + + align:start position:0% +these two are are the winner. So more + + + align:start position:0% +these two are are the winner. So more +and more hardware will be built to to + + align:start position:0% +and more hardware will be built to to + + + align:start position:0% +and more hardware will be built to to +implement them. Of course, that's a + + align:start position:0% +implement them. Of course, that's a + + + align:start position:0% +implement them. Of course, that's a +major step. Anybody who any wavelet who + + align:start position:0% +major step. Anybody who any wavelet who + + + align:start position:0% +major step. Anybody who any wavelet who +lost that I guess I'm speaking about it + + align:start position:0% +lost that I guess I'm speaking about it + + + align:start position:0% +lost that I guess I'm speaking about it +and as a person any wavelet that lost in + + align:start position:0% +and as a person any wavelet that lost in + + + align:start position:0% +and as a person any wavelet that lost in +competition certainly a setback because + + align:start position:0% +competition certainly a setback because + + + align:start position:0% +competition certainly a setback because +uh manufacturers are going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +uh manufacturers are going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh manufacturers are going to be uh +dealing concentrating on + + align:start position:0% +dealing concentrating on + + + align:start position:0% +dealing concentrating on +these. Okay. Now, yes. Sure. Always. + + align:start position:0% +these. Okay. Now, yes. Sure. Always. + + + align:start position:0% +these. Okay. Now, yes. Sure. Always. +Well, it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's a it's a +a few parts. The first thing is is there + + align:start position:0% +a few parts. The first thing is is there + + + align:start position:0% +a few parts. The first thing is is there +significance to the fact that number one + + align:start position:0% +significance to the fact that number one + + + align:start position:0% +significance to the fact that number one +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +there is two more than the high also the + + align:start position:0% +there is two more than the high also the + + + align:start position:0% +there is two more than the high also the +addition of the two add up to a power. + + align:start position:0% +addition of the two add up to a power. + + + align:start position:0% +addition of the two add up to a power. +Well gosh that's true. That's + + align:start position:0% +Well gosh that's true. That's + + + align:start position:0% +Well gosh that's true. That's +uh yeah let's see what to say. Um + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah let's see what to say. Um + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah let's see what to say. Um +and and + + align:start position:0% +and and + + + align:start position:0% +and and +and the fact that they're odd numbers. I + + align:start position:0% +and the fact that they're odd numbers. I + + + align:start position:0% +and the fact that they're odd numbers. I +mean, you'll see that I + + align:start position:0% +mean, you'll see that I + + + align:start position:0% +mean, you'll see that I +could I could this 53 I could I could + + align:start position:0% +could I could this 53 I could I could + + + align:start position:0% +could I could this 53 I could I could +create out of it a 62. The two would be + + align:start position:0% +create out of it a 62. The two would be + + + align:start position:0% +create out of it a 62. The two would be +hard. Of course, anytime you see two, + + align:start position:0% +hard. Of course, anytime you see two, + + + align:start position:0% +hard. Of course, anytime you see two, +the only thing with two coefficients + + align:start position:0% +the only thing with two coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing with two coefficients +effectively is hard. Uh or I could and I + + align:start position:0% +effectively is hard. Uh or I could and I + + + align:start position:0% +effectively is hard. Uh or I could and I +might reverse. Well, you haven't seen + + align:start position:0% +might reverse. Well, you haven't seen + + + align:start position:0% +might reverse. Well, you haven't seen +the reconstruction, but but uh between + + align:start position:0% +the reconstruction, but but uh between + + + align:start position:0% +the reconstruction, but but uh between +the wavelength transform and its + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength transform and its + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength transform and its +inverse, it involves a couple of + + align:start position:0% +inverse, it involves a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +inverse, it involves a couple of +filters, too. And I could do the + + align:start position:0% +filters, too. And I could do the + + + align:start position:0% +filters, too. And I could do the +opposite order. So, I could do 2 six + + align:start position:0% +opposite order. So, I could do 2 six + + + align:start position:0% +opposite order. So, I could do 2 six +uh and others. + + align:start position:0% +uh and others. + + + align:start position:0% +uh and others. +Yeah. Hold on till you've + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Hold on till you've + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Hold on till you've +seen a variety of the of the + + align:start position:0% +seen a variety of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +seen a variety of the of the +possibilities here. Yeah. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it adds up to um + + align:start position:0% +that it adds up to um + + + align:start position:0% +that it adds up to um +Yes, I guess that is odd number. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +Yes, I guess that is odd number. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +Yes, I guess that is odd number. Yeah, +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +right. Yes, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the significance is is hidden in the + + align:start position:0% +the significance is is hidden in the + + + align:start position:0% +the significance is is hidden in the +details in a way. I don't think I can + + align:start position:0% +details in a way. I don't think I can + + + align:start position:0% +details in a way. I don't think I can +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +uh in one sentence why these are winners + + align:start position:0% +uh in one sentence why these are winners + + + align:start position:0% +uh in one sentence why these are winners +but I hope in in two lectures to do it. + + align:start position:0% +but I hope in in two lectures to do it. + + + align:start position:0% +but I hope in in two lectures to do it. +Yeah. Yeah. Even even number filters + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. Even even number filters + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. Even even number filters +really perform better than the next odd + + align:start position:0% +really perform better than the next odd + + + align:start position:0% +really perform better than the next odd +number one. Is that right? + + align:start position:0% +number one. Is that right? + + + align:start position:0% +number one. Is that right? +It + + align:start position:0% +It + + + align:start position:0% +It +it Yeah, that's because you lose some + + align:start position:0% +it Yeah, that's because you lose some + + + align:start position:0% +it Yeah, that's because you lose some +symmetry maybe. Yeah, that certainly + + align:start position:0% +symmetry maybe. Yeah, that certainly + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry maybe. Yeah, that certainly +have symmetry but you're sort of off + + align:start position:0% +have symmetry but you're sort of off + + + align:start position:0% +have symmetry but you're sort of off +center. Certainly. I I wanted + + align:start position:0% +center. Certainly. I I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +center. Certainly. I I wanted +to emphasize that these are as you see + + align:start position:0% +to emphasize that these are as you see + + + align:start position:0% +to emphasize that these are as you see +symmetric filters and for image + + align:start position:0% +symmetric filters and for image + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric filters and for image +processing that's a very valuable + + align:start position:0% +processing that's a very valuable + + + align:start position:0% +processing that's a very valuable +property + + align:start position:0% +property + + + align:start position:0% +property +uh if the there are other filters other + + align:start position:0% +uh if the there are other filters other + + + align:start position:0% +uh if the there are other filters other +wavelets other filter banks that uh are + + align:start position:0% +wavelets other filter banks that uh are + + + align:start position:0% +wavelets other filter banks that uh are +not symmetric I've mentioned the dobashi + + align:start position:0% +not symmetric I've mentioned the dobashi + + + align:start position:0% +not symmetric I've mentioned the dobashi +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +And those have a value. Those are quite + + align:start position:0% +And those have a value. Those are quite + + + align:start position:0% +And those have a value. Those are quite +efficient but a little bit lopsided for + + align:start position:0% +efficient but a little bit lopsided for + + + align:start position:0% +efficient but a little bit lopsided for +image processing. So image processing + + align:start position:0% +image processing. So image processing + + + align:start position:0% +image processing. So image processing +has stuck to filters that are are + + align:start position:0% +has stuck to filters that are are + + + align:start position:0% +has stuck to filters that are are +symmetric. If you look at that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z which is your classic limited right + + align:start position:0% +z which is your classic limited right + + + align:start position:0% +z which is your classic limited right +function. That's right. If I graphed + + align:start position:0% +function. That's right. If I graphed + + + align:start position:0% +function. That's right. If I graphed +that it would look a bit like a sync. + + align:start position:0% +that it would look a bit like a sync. + + + align:start position:0% +that it would look a bit like a sync. +Yeah. Yeah. It would look sort of as + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. It would look sort of as + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. It would look sort of as +much like a sink as I could make it in + + align:start position:0% +much like a sink as I could make it in + + + align:start position:0% +much like a sink as I could make it in +with so few uh taps or + + align:start position:0% +with so few uh taps or + + + align:start position:0% +with so few uh taps or +or roughly and and and and it will have + + align:start position:0% +or roughly and and and and it will have + + + align:start position:0% +or roughly and and and and it will have +the property that it actually comes down + + align:start position:0% +the property that it actually comes down + + + align:start position:0% +the property that it actually comes down +to and hits and in fact it has a double + + align:start position:0% +to and hits and in fact it has a double + + + align:start position:0% +to and hits and in fact it has a double +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +here. It has a double zero. We we we + + align:start position:0% +here. It has a double zero. We we we + + + align:start position:0% +here. It has a double zero. We we we +mentioned uh + + align:start position:0% +mentioned uh + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned uh +well0 for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chap 453. I have to of course I have to + + align:start position:0% +chap 453. I have to of course I have to + + + align:start position:0% +chap 453. I have to of course I have to +tell you which one I'm referring to + + align:start position:0% +tell you which one I'm referring to + + + align:start position:0% +tell you which one I'm referring to +because the 97 will have a quadruple + + align:start position:0% +because the 97 will have a quadruple + + + align:start position:0% +because the 97 will have a quadruple +zero. So I'll put let me well there + + align:start position:0% +zero. So I'll put let me well there + + + align:start position:0% +zero. So I'll put let me well there +isn't room room to write that but I'll + + align:start position:0% +isn't room room to write that but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +isn't room room to write that but I'll +write it anyway. + + align:start position:0% +write it anyway. + + + align:start position:0% +write it anyway. +Quadruple + + align:start position:0% +Quadruple + + + align:start position:0% +Quadruple + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +497. It's the nine actually of course + + align:start position:0% +497. It's the nine actually of course + + + align:start position:0% +497. It's the nine actually of course +that Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +that Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +that Yeah. +Yeah. So that that that's really quite + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So that that that's really quite + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So that that that's really quite +important that that the number of zeros + + align:start position:0% +important that that the number of zeros + + + align:start position:0% +important that that the number of zeros +at pi this + + align:start position:0% +at pi this + + + align:start position:0% +at pi this +is this is as uh I hinted before uh + + align:start position:0% +is this is as uh I hinted before uh + + + align:start position:0% +is this is as uh I hinted before uh +that's going to play that's going to + + align:start position:0% +that's going to play that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to play that's going to +distinguish good ones from not so good + + align:start position:0% +distinguish good ones from not so good + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish good ones from not so good +the number of zeros at pi. But but why + + align:start position:0% +the number of zeros at pi. But but why + + + align:start position:0% +the number of zeros at pi. But but why +is is a takes a little thinking. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +is is a takes a little thinking. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +is is a takes a little thinking. Okay. +Uh what do I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next? I've got these topics here. + + align:start position:0% +next? I've got these topics here. + + + align:start position:0% +next? I've got these topics here. +Perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reconstruction to explain that I've got + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction to explain that I've got + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction to explain that I've got +to do the inverse transform. + + align:start position:0% +to do the inverse transform. + + + align:start position:0% +to do the inverse transform. +Right? And then I've got a second topic, + + align:start position:0% +Right? And then I've got a second topic, + + + align:start position:0% +Right? And then I've got a second topic, +iteration. Well, that's easy to explain. + + align:start position:0% +iteration. Well, that's easy to explain. + + + align:start position:0% +iteration. Well, that's easy to explain. +So let me let me deal with iteration + + align:start position:0% +So let me let me deal with iteration + + + align:start position:0% +So let me let me deal with iteration +right away. iteration would say okay + + align:start position:0% +right away. iteration would say okay + + + align:start position:0% +right away. iteration would say okay +there we've come through the filter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bank got to these numbers hopefully + + align:start position:0% +bank got to these numbers hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +bank got to these numbers hopefully +they're these like there and this is + + align:start position:0% +they're these like there and this is + + + align:start position:0% +they're these like there and this is +really a good good way to imagine them + + align:start position:0% +really a good good way to imagine them + + + align:start position:0% +really a good good way to imagine them +as averages and details. So the average + + align:start position:0% +as averages and details. So the average + + + align:start position:0% +as averages and details. So the average +tells you what's happening in the whole + + align:start position:0% +tells you what's happening in the whole + + + align:start position:0% +tells you what's happening in the whole +block. The detail tells you within the + + align:start position:0% +block. The detail tells you within the + + + align:start position:0% +block. The detail tells you within the +block little little uh + + align:start position:0% +block little little uh + + + align:start position:0% +block little little uh +fluctuations which we hope are not too + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations which we hope are not too + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations which we hope are not too +large. + + align:start position:0% +large. + + + align:start position:0% +large. +And now if I wanted to iterate I would + + align:start position:0% +And now if I wanted to iterate I would + + + align:start position:0% +And now if I wanted to iterate I would +say okay I'll settle I'll accept those + + align:start position:0% +say okay I'll settle I'll accept those + + + align:start position:0% +say okay I'll settle I'll accept those +details but these I'll these averages. + + align:start position:0% +details but these I'll these averages. + + + align:start position:0% +details but these I'll these averages. +So now I have an average for every pair + + align:start position:0% +So now I have an average for every pair + + + align:start position:0% +So now I have an average for every pair +of samples, + + align:start position:0% +of samples, + + + align:start position:0% +of samples, +right? And I could So now I have a bunch + + align:start position:0% +right? And I could So now I have a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +right? And I could So now I have a bunch +of a new signal half as + + align:start position:0% +of a new signal half as + + + align:start position:0% +of a new signal half as +long every the average of each pair. I + + align:start position:0% +long every the average of each pair. I + + + align:start position:0% +long every the average of each pair. I +could say, okay, I'll find its averages + + align:start position:0% +could say, okay, I'll find its averages + + + align:start position:0% +could say, okay, I'll find its averages +and its differences. So I take this and + + align:start position:0% +and its differences. So I take this and + + + align:start position:0% +and its differences. So I take this and +send it through the same 1/2 one 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +send it through the same 1/2 one 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +send it through the same 1/2 one 1/2 +filter bank followed by the down + + align:start position:0% +filter bank followed by the down + + + align:start position:0% +filter bank followed by the down +sampling and the same difference filters + + align:start position:0% +sampling and the same difference filters + + + align:start position:0% +sampling and the same difference filters +followed by keeping half of those. + + align:start position:0% +followed by keeping half of those. + + + align:start position:0% +followed by keeping half of those. +So what's going to come out of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that? Well, let's see. Yeah, what what + + align:start position:0% +that? Well, let's see. Yeah, what what + + + align:start position:0% +that? Well, let's see. Yeah, what what +maybe we can even figure out what comes + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can even figure out what comes + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can even figure out what comes +out of that. + + align:start position:0% +out of that. + + + align:start position:0% +out of that. +What will what will so this is average + + align:start position:0% +What will what will so this is average + + + align:start position:0% +What will what will so this is average +of averages right we we take so we're + + align:start position:0% +of averages right we we take so we're + + + align:start position:0% +of averages right we we take so we're +we're going to like four to one we take + + align:start position:0% +we're going to like four to one we take + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to like four to one we take +the average of these two and the average + + align:start position:0% +the average of these two and the average + + + align:start position:0% +the average of these two and the average +of these two and average those so so + + align:start position:0% +of these two and average those so so + + + align:start position:0% +of these two and average those so so +what's the output + + align:start position:0% +what's the output + + + align:start position:0% +what's the output +here for this hard case we can where the + + align:start position:0% +here for this hard case we can where the + + + align:start position:0% +here for this hard case we can where the +numbers are easy what are we getting + + align:start position:0% +numbers are easy what are we getting + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are easy what are we getting +what are we getting out of out of that + + align:start position:0% +what are we getting out of out of that + + + align:start position:0% +what are we getting out of out of that +uh I Think don't you think we're getting + + align:start position:0% +uh I Think don't you think we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +uh I Think don't you think we're getting +1/4 of x of 4n and x of 4n -1 and x of + + align:start position:0% +1/4 of x of 4n and x of 4n -1 and x of + + + align:start position:0% +1/4 of x of 4n and x of 4n -1 and x of +4n -2 and x of in other words the + + align:start position:0% +4n -2 and x of in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +4n -2 and x of in other words the +average of four + + align:start position:0% +average of four + + + align:start position:0% +average of four +guys with a one with a + + align:start position:0% +guys with a one with a + + + align:start position:0% +guys with a one with a +1/4 + + align:start position:0% +1/4 + + + align:start position:0% +1/4 +multiplying right that's what would have + + align:start position:0% +multiplying right that's what would have + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying right that's what would have +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +be that's the average of + + align:start position:0% +be that's the average of + + + align:start position:0% +be that's the average of +this and its neighbor + + align:start position:0% +this and its neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +this and its neighbor +And then the down sampling means I only + + align:start position:0% +And then the down sampling means I only + + + align:start position:0% +And then the down sampling means I only +go I only want every fourth one. So I + + align:start position:0% +go I only want every fourth one. So I + + + align:start position:0% +go I only want every fourth one. So I +take the average of that and that. So + + align:start position:0% +take the average of that and that. So + + + align:start position:0% +take the average of that and that. So +that's all that's all I've done here is + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's all I've done here is + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's all I've done here is +the average. Now I'm taking the average + + align:start position:0% +the average. Now I'm taking the average + + + align:start position:0% +the average. Now I'm taking the average +of four. The average of that and that + + align:start position:0% +of four. The average of that and that + + + align:start position:0% +of four. The average of that and that +will be the average of the four. The + + align:start position:0% +will be the average of the four. The + + + align:start position:0% +will be the average of the four. The +average of the four the average of the + + align:start position:0% +average of the four the average of the + + + align:start position:0% +average of the four the average of the +four and so on. And then of course out + + align:start position:0% +four and so on. And then of course out + + + align:start position:0% +four and so on. And then of course out +of here I'm getting differences on this + + align:start position:0% +of here I'm getting differences on this + + + align:start position:0% +of here I'm getting differences on this +on this grander scale. So that would be + + align:start position:0% +on this grander scale. So that would be + + + align:start position:0% +on this grander scale. So that would be +a quarter of x of 4n and x + + align:start position:0% +a quarter of x of 4n and x + + + align:start position:0% +a quarter of x of 4n and x +of 4n + + align:start position:0% +of 4n + + + align:start position:0% +of 4n +minus1 minus x of 4n - 2 and - x of 4n - + + align:start position:0% +minus1 minus x of 4n - 2 and - x of 4n - + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 minus x of 4n - 2 and - x of 4n - +3 this average minus that + + align:start position:0% +3 this average minus that + + + align:start position:0% +3 this average minus that +average. So it's the it gives us like + + align:start position:0% +average. So it's the it gives us like + + + align:start position:0% +average. So it's the it gives us like +the fluctuation between this double + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuation between this double + + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuation between this double +block and this double block. So this is + + align:start position:0% +block and this double block. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +block and this double block. So this is +like more coarse details. These were + + align:start position:0% +like more coarse details. These were + + + align:start position:0% +like more coarse details. These were +fine details here. + + align:start position:0% +fine details here. + + + align:start position:0% +fine details here. +Fine + + align:start position:0% +Fine + + + align:start position:0% +Fine +details. And this would be a coarse + + align:start position:0% +details. And this would be a coarse + + + align:start position:0% +details. And this would be a coarse +average, a big average. Say coarse. + + align:start position:0% +average, a big average. Say coarse. + + + align:start position:0% +average, a big average. Say coarse. +We're on a coarse mesh now because we're + + align:start position:0% +We're on a coarse mesh now because we're + + + align:start position:0% +We're on a coarse mesh now because we're +taking all we're taking, you + + align:start position:0% +taking all we're taking, you + + + align:start position:0% +taking all we're taking, you +know, more than before. Have I have I + + align:start position:0% +know, more than before. Have I have I + + + align:start position:0% +know, more than before. Have I have I +done this picture correctly? Or maybe + + align:start position:0% +done this picture correctly? Or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +done this picture correctly? Or maybe +I've Yeah, maybe I've maybe in these + + align:start position:0% +I've Yeah, maybe I've maybe in these + + + align:start position:0% +I've Yeah, maybe I've maybe in these +maybe these + + align:start position:0% +maybe these + + + align:start position:0% +maybe these +circles. Yeah, this those circles in + + align:start position:0% +circles. Yeah, this those circles in + + + align:start position:0% +circles. Yeah, this those circles in +each circle involves four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values. So this is the average of that + + align:start position:0% +values. So this is the average of that + + + align:start position:0% +values. So this is the average of that +and that which is the average of all + + align:start position:0% +and that which is the average of all + + + align:start position:0% +and that which is the average of all +four and this is a course detail that + + align:start position:0% +four and this is a course detail that + + + align:start position:0% +four and this is a course detail that +average minus that average. You you see + + align:start position:0% +average minus that average. You you see + + + align:start position:0% +average minus that average. You you see +how I can iterate the picture. + + align:start position:0% +how I can iterate the picture. + + + align:start position:0% +how I can iterate the picture. +This is the Let me draw the uh the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the block diagram just because it's + + align:start position:0% +the block diagram just because it's + + + align:start position:0% +the block diagram just because it's +quite clear. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We here's x + + align:start position:0% +We here's x + + + align:start position:0% +We here's x +here's I'll just jump to y one of + + align:start position:0% +here's I'll just jump to y one of + + + align:start position:0% +here's I'll just jump to y one of +2n y of 2n the low the low frequency + + align:start position:0% +2n y of 2n the low the low frequency + + + align:start position:0% +2n y of 2n the low the low frequency +part and then this is what + + align:start position:0% +part and then this is what + + + align:start position:0% +part and then this is what +we go to z kn at 4n you could say and z1 + + align:start position:0% +we go to z kn at 4n you could say and z1 + + + align:start position:0% +we go to z kn at 4n you could say and z1 +at 4n. So this is high. This is low. And + + align:start position:0% +at 4n. So this is high. This is low. And + + + align:start position:0% +at 4n. So this is high. This is low. And +this is high. And this is low. Low. And + + align:start position:0% +this is high. And this is low. Low. And + + + align:start position:0% +this is high. And this is low. Low. And +this is high. Low. And I'm not planning + + align:start position:0% +this is high. Low. And I'm not planning + + + align:start position:0% +this is high. Low. And I'm not planning +to work more on this, but I + + align:start position:0% +to work more on this, but I + + + align:start position:0% +to work more on this, but I +could have every I mean you're it's a + + align:start position:0% +could have every I mean you're it's a + + + align:start position:0% +could have every I mean you're it's a +free country. So uh you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +free country. So uh you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +free country. So uh you could imagine +doing that too. + + align:start position:0% +doing that too. + + + align:start position:0% +doing that too. +uh then uh we would be oh we would be + + align:start position:0% +uh then uh we would be oh we would be + + + align:start position:0% +uh then uh we would be oh we would be +getting a matrix of ones and minus ones + + align:start position:0% +getting a matrix of ones and minus ones + + + align:start position:0% +getting a matrix of ones and minus ones +that probably it's associated with the + + align:start position:0% +that probably it's associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +that probably it's associated with the +name of + + align:start position:0% +name of + + + align:start position:0% +name of +Adamard but this is this tree now we + + align:start position:0% +Adamard but this is this tree now we + + + align:start position:0% +Adamard but this is this tree now we +could continue + + align:start position:0% +could continue + + + align:start position:0% +could continue +again to eight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ends. So do you see after three + + align:start position:0% +ends. So do you see after three + + + align:start position:0% +ends. So do you see after three +stages after three stages our filters + + align:start position:0% +stages after three stages our filters + + + align:start position:0% +stages after three stages our filters +they got a little longer because what's + + align:start position:0% +they got a little longer because what's + + + align:start position:0% +they got a little longer because what's +the filter that's producing this thing + + align:start position:0% +the filter that's producing this thing + + + align:start position:0% +the filter that's producing this thing +what what what's the low low filter + + align:start position:0% +what what what's the low low filter + + + align:start position:0% +what what what's the low low filter +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +has greater + + align:start position:0% +has greater + + + align:start position:0% +has greater +length and is producing out of this + + align:start position:0% +length and is producing out of this + + + align:start position:0% +length and is producing out of this +original guy is producing this one by in + + align:start position:0% +original guy is producing this one by in + + + align:start position:0% +original guy is producing this one by in +in steps. + + align:start position:0% +in steps. + + + align:start position:0% +in steps. +Well, I guess + + align:start position:0% +Well, I guess + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I guess +it's 11 one one + + align:start position:0% +it's 11 one one + + + align:start position:0% +it's 11 one one +one probably divided by 8 is the filter. + + align:start position:0% +one probably divided by 8 is the filter. + + + align:start position:0% +one probably divided by 8 is the filter. +That's the if we wanted to do it + + align:start position:0% +That's the if we wanted to do it + + + align:start position:0% +That's the if we wanted to do it +directly from there to there, that's the + + align:start position:0% +directly from there to there, that's the + + + align:start position:0% +directly from there to there, that's the +filter we would use. So, we're we're + + align:start position:0% +filter we would use. So, we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +filter we would use. So, we're we're +building long filters by longer filters + + align:start position:0% +building long filters by longer filters + + + align:start position:0% +building long filters by longer filters +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +iteration and better + + align:start position:0% +iteration and better + + + align:start position:0% +iteration and better +uh we're sort of like you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +uh we're sort of like you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're sort of like you could imagine +this picture in frequency. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +If if I imagine frequency zero to pi, + + align:start position:0% +If if I imagine frequency zero to pi, + + + align:start position:0% +If if I imagine frequency zero to pi, +let's say, you could say that roughly + + align:start position:0% +let's say, you could say that roughly + + + align:start position:0% +let's say, you could say that roughly +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +stage separates out low + + align:start position:0% +stage separates out low + + + align:start position:0% +stage separates out low +frequencies from high frequencies with + + align:start position:0% +frequencies from high frequencies with + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies from high frequencies with +some imperfection because we don't have + + align:start position:0% +some imperfection because we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +some imperfection because we don't have +ideal filters here. And then the high + + align:start position:0% +ideal filters here. And then the high + + + align:start position:0% +ideal filters here. And then the high +frequency we leave it. So I'll put + + align:start position:0% +frequency we leave it. So I'll put + + + align:start position:0% +frequency we leave it. So I'll put +yellow for + + align:start position:0% +yellow for + + + align:start position:0% +yellow for +that. Leave + + align:start position:0% +that. Leave + + + align:start position:0% +that. Leave +it. Now this one we're iterating again. + + align:start position:0% +it. Now this one we're iterating again. + + + align:start position:0% +it. Now this one we're iterating again. +So we're take sort of dividing this into + + align:start position:0% +So we're take sort of dividing this into + + + align:start position:0% +So we're take sort of dividing this into +low low + + align:start position:0% +low low + + + align:start position:0% +low low +and oh I don't know I'm I'm making a + + align:start position:0% +and oh I don't know I'm I'm making a + + + align:start position:0% +and oh I don't know I'm I'm making a +mess here out of this. Anyway, something + + align:start position:0% +mess here out of this. Anyway, something + + + align:start position:0% +mess here out of this. Anyway, something +like that. + + align:start position:0% +like that. + + + align:start position:0% +like that. +And this little piece + + align:start position:0% +And this little piece + + + align:start position:0% +And this little piece +here is there and it's okay. That's + + align:start position:0% +here is there and it's okay. That's + + + align:start position:0% +here is there and it's okay. That's +we're doing a + + align:start position:0% +we're doing a + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing a +logarithmic chopping up of the + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic chopping up of the + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic chopping up of the +frequency. And that's important that + + align:start position:0% +frequency. And that's important that + + + align:start position:0% +frequency. And that's important that +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +logarithmic rather than + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic rather than + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic rather than +uniform. What the standard + + align:start position:0% +uniform. What the standard + + + align:start position:0% +uniform. What the standard +um filtering process has been with audio + + align:start position:0% +um filtering process has been with audio + + + align:start position:0% +um filtering process has been with audio +Yeah. with audio. The standard, you + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. with audio. The standard, you + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. with audio. The standard, you +know, making CDs or good audio, high + + align:start position:0% +know, making CDs or good audio, high + + + align:start position:0% +know, making CDs or good audio, high +quality audio has taken the frequency + + align:start position:0% +quality audio has taken the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +quality audio has taken the frequency +thing and chopped it up into many many + + align:start position:0% +thing and chopped it up into many many + + + align:start position:0% +thing and chopped it up into many many +512 little + + align:start position:0% +512 little + + + align:start position:0% +512 little +pieces and uh or modems actually uh + + align:start position:0% +pieces and uh or modems actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +pieces and uh or modems actually uh +company called a wear + + align:start position:0% +company called a wear + + + align:start position:0% +company called a wear +uh in Burlington is used is developing + + align:start position:0% +uh in Burlington is used is developing + + + align:start position:0% +uh in Burlington is used is developing +modems and there's oh there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +modems and there's oh there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +modems and there's oh there's a lot of +interest. I just heard uh a lecture + + align:start position:0% +interest. I just heard uh a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +interest. I just heard uh a lecture +about the the the DS, you know, + + align:start position:0% +about the the the DS, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +about the the the DS, you know, +high-speed, high bandwidth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modems. I mean, what goes on there? + + align:start position:0% +modems. I mean, what goes on there? + + + align:start position:0% +modems. I mean, what goes on there? +There are certain uh there's certain + + align:start position:0% +There are certain uh there's certain + + + align:start position:0% +There are certain uh there's certain +frequencies that uh you know, maybe + + align:start position:0% +frequencies that uh you know, maybe + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies that uh you know, maybe +coincide with + + align:start position:0% +coincide with + + + align:start position:0% +coincide with +uh radio transmission or something. So + + align:start position:0% +uh radio transmission or something. So + + + align:start position:0% +uh radio transmission or something. So +you you chop the signal up in many + + align:start position:0% +you you chop the signal up in many + + + align:start position:0% +you you chop the signal up in many +pieces, many small pieces. And then some + + align:start position:0% +pieces, many small pieces. And then some + + + align:start position:0% +pieces, many small pieces. And then some +of those small pieces you use a notch + + align:start position:0% +of those small pieces you use a notch + + + align:start position:0% +of those small pieces you use a notch +filter that zero that that kills them, + + align:start position:0% +filter that zero that that kills them, + + + align:start position:0% +filter that zero that that kills them, +knocks them out and + + align:start position:0% +knocks them out and + + + align:start position:0% +knocks them out and +um and uh interpolate because because if + + align:start position:0% +um and uh interpolate because because if + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh interpolate because because if +you try to send at that frequency, it's + + align:start position:0% +you try to send at that frequency, it's + + + align:start position:0% +you try to send at that frequency, it's +interfered with. Oh, it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +interfered with. Oh, it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +interfered with. Oh, it's it's an +amazing world that some of you will know + + align:start position:0% +amazing world that some of you will know + + + align:start position:0% +amazing world that some of you will know +uh more about than I. + + align:start position:0% +uh more about than I. + + + align:start position:0% +uh more about than I. +Okay, so you see the iteration + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so you see the iteration + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so you see the iteration +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +just and and the and the logarithmic + + align:start position:0% +just and and the and the logarithmic + + + align:start position:0% +just and and the and the logarithmic +tree of iteration of iterating on the + + align:start position:0% +tree of iteration of iterating on the + + + align:start position:0% +tree of iteration of iterating on the +low pass which is the most common but + + align:start position:0% +low pass which is the most common but + + + align:start position:0% +low pass which is the most common but +not the only possibility again just just + + align:start position:0% +not the only possibility again just just + + + align:start position:0% +not the only possibility again just just +to say. So, so uh in the end we you see + + align:start position:0% +to say. So, so uh in the end we you see + + + align:start position:0% +to say. So, so uh in the end we you see +you see how these add up to one. This we + + align:start position:0% +you see how these add up to one. This we + + + align:start position:0% +you see how these add up to one. This we +have 1/8 length here and 1/8 length here + + align:start position:0% +have 1/8 length here and 1/8 length here + + + align:start position:0% +have 1/8 length here and 1/8 length here +and one quarter length here and 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +and one quarter length here and 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +and one quarter length here and 1/2 +length here and those numbers add up to + + align:start position:0% +length here and those numbers add up to + + + align:start position:0% +length here and those numbers add up to +one. So we're doing critical + + align:start position:0% +one. So we're doing critical + + + align:start position:0% +one. So we're doing critical +sampling output length equal input + + align:start position:0% +sampling output length equal input + + + align:start position:0% +sampling output length equal input +length and um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh very + + align:start position:0% +uh very + + + align:start position:0% +uh very +efficient but is it uh is it + + align:start position:0% +efficient but is it uh is it + + + align:start position:0% +efficient but is it uh is it +effective? Well the HAR filter + + align:start position:0% +effective? Well the HAR filter + + + align:start position:0% +effective? Well the HAR filter +is not the best we could do. This is way + + align:start position:0% +is not the best we could do. This is way + + + align:start position:0% +is not the best we could do. This is way +better. This this is as Bob Nichols said + + align:start position:0% +better. This this is as Bob Nichols said + + + align:start position:0% +better. This this is as Bob Nichols said +is much closer. The graph is much closer + + align:start position:0% +is much closer. The graph is much closer + + + align:start position:0% +is much closer. The graph is much closer +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um closer to ideal but still not ideal. + + align:start position:0% +um closer to ideal but still not ideal. + + + align:start position:0% +um closer to ideal but still not ideal. +Okay, I'm ready to try + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the reconstruction + + align:start position:0% +the reconstruction + + + align:start position:0% +the reconstruction +step. What's the inverse transform? And + + align:start position:0% +step. What's the inverse transform? And + + + align:start position:0% +step. What's the inverse transform? And +I don't know where I'm going to put it + + align:start position:0% +I don't know where I'm going to put it + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know where I'm going to put it +to tell the truth. + + align:start position:0% +to tell the truth. + + + align:start position:0% +to tell the truth. +I guess I + + align:start position:0% +I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +I guess I +better this was the end of the analysis + + align:start position:0% +better this was the end of the analysis + + + align:start position:0% +better this was the end of the analysis +step. I better follow it by + + align:start position:0% +step. I better follow it by + + + align:start position:0% +step. I better follow it by +the synthesis + + align:start position:0% +the synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +the synthesis +step. So So these are the + + align:start position:0% +step. So So these are the + + + align:start position:0% +step. So So these are the +C's. Okay. And I let that stand for + + align:start position:0% +C's. Okay. And I let that stand for + + + align:start position:0% +C's. Okay. And I let that stand for +whatever process we may or may not + + align:start position:0% +whatever process we may or may not + + + align:start position:0% +whatever process we may or may not +do to the + + align:start position:0% +do to the + + + align:start position:0% +do to the +seas. Perfect reconstruction. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to construct the inverse + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to construct the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to construct the inverse +transform so that if we don't do any if + + align:start position:0% +transform so that if we don't do any if + + + align:start position:0% +transform so that if we don't do any if +we don't lose any information we get it + + align:start position:0% +we don't lose any information we get it + + + align:start position:0% +we don't lose any information we get it +back exactly. Okay. So what do we + + align:start position:0% +back exactly. Okay. So what do we + + + align:start position:0% +back exactly. Okay. So what do we +do? Well these vectors now are half + + align:start position:0% +do? Well these vectors now are half + + + align:start position:0% +do? Well these vectors now are half +length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right? So and we're aiming for a full + + align:start position:0% +right? So and we're aiming for a full + + + align:start position:0% +right? So and we're aiming for a full +length vector. + + align:start position:0% +length vector. + + + align:start position:0% +length vector. +Let's say a thousand com thousand + + align:start position:0% +Let's say a thousand com thousand + + + align:start position:0% +Let's say a thousand com thousand +samples went in. There's only 500 + + align:start position:0% +samples went in. There's only 500 + + + align:start position:0% +samples went in. There's only 500 +samples. 500 numbers, not samples. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +samples. 500 numbers, not samples. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +samples. 500 numbers, not samples. Oh, +no. 500 numbers here. Well, we really + + align:start position:0% +no. 500 numbers here. Well, we really + + + align:start position:0% +no. 500 numbers here. Well, we really +want a thousand numbers. So, we just put + + align:start position:0% +want a thousand numbers. So, we just put + + + align:start position:0% +want a thousand numbers. So, we just put +in zeros + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um in the odd + + align:start position:0% +um in the odd + + + align:start position:0% +um in the odd +positions. So, we we get to something. I + + align:start position:0% +positions. So, we we get to something. I + + + align:start position:0% +positions. So, we we get to something. I +don't know what. So, that's called + + align:start position:0% +don't know what. So, that's called + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what. So, that's called +upsampling. + + align:start position:0% +upsampling. + + + align:start position:0% +upsampling. +put zeros + + align:start position:0% +put zeros + + + align:start position:0% +put zeros +in and now we have we upsample both of + + align:start position:0% +in and now we have we upsample both of + + + align:start position:0% +in and now we have we upsample both of +those. So this is like obviously just a + + align:start position:0% +those. So this is like obviously just a + + + align:start position:0% +those. So this is like obviously just a +s simple operation. No no no hardware + + align:start position:0% +s simple operation. No no no hardware + + + align:start position:0% +s simple operation. No no no hardware +involved here to speak of. Uh so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +involved here to speak of. Uh so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +involved here to speak of. Uh so now I'm +getting uh something. Now I need a new + + align:start position:0% +getting uh something. Now I need a new + + + align:start position:0% +getting uh something. Now I need a new +letter. I've used x and y. What about w + + align:start position:0% +letter. I've used x and y. What about w + + + align:start position:0% +letter. I've used x and y. What about w +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +n w of n and w1 of n? So, so what's + + align:start position:0% +n w of n and w1 of n? So, so what's + + + align:start position:0% +n w of n and w1 of n? So, so what's +w of n of n is + + align:start position:0% +w of n of n is + + + align:start position:0% +w of n of n is +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +y not of + + align:start position:0% +y not of + + + align:start position:0% +y not of +2n or + + align:start position:0% +2n or + + + align:start position:0% +2n or +zero if right if it's even if n is oh no + + align:start position:0% +zero if right if it's even if n is oh no + + + align:start position:0% +zero if right if it's even if n is oh no +that's I got to say this + + align:start position:0% +that's I got to say this + + + align:start position:0% +that's I got to say this +correctly it's either y + + align:start position:0% +correctly it's either y + + + align:start position:0% +correctly it's either y +not it's either y not or zero can you + + align:start position:0% +not it's either y not or zero can you + + + align:start position:0% +not it's either y not or zero can you +can I say it just that + + align:start position:0% +can I say it just that + + + align:start position:0% +can I say it just that +You you you see what I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doing? I'm just putting these zeros in + + align:start position:0% +doing? I'm just putting these zeros in + + + align:start position:0% +doing? I'm just putting these zeros in +to bring the vector back to full length + + align:start position:0% +to bring the vector back to full length + + + align:start position:0% +to bring the vector back to full length +to prepare it to be to go through + + align:start position:0% +to prepare it to be to go through + + + align:start position:0% +to prepare it to be to go through +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +filter and another highpass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filter. And then I'll take these two + + align:start position:0% +filter. And then I'll take these two + + + align:start position:0% +filter. And then I'll take these two +outputs and add them + + align:start position:0% +outputs and add them + + + align:start position:0% +outputs and add them +and hope that and try to get X back + + align:start position:0% +and hope that and try to get X back + + + align:start position:0% +and hope that and try to get X back +again. that that would be perfect + + align:start position:0% +again. that that would be perfect + + + align:start position:0% +again. that that would be perfect +reconstruction that that that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the that the output was the same as the + + align:start position:0% +the that the output was the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +the that the output was the same as the +input. + + align:start position:0% +input. + + + align:start position:0% +input. +Okay. So what do I have to do now to + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So what do I have to do now to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So what do I have to do now to +I've got to construct I if you give me + + align:start position:0% +I've got to construct I if you give me + + + align:start position:0% +I've got to construct I if you give me +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +filters for + + align:start position:0% +filters for + + + align:start position:0% +filters for +the forward step I'm hoping to be able + + align:start position:0% +the forward step I'm hoping to be able + + + align:start position:0% +the forward step I'm hoping to be able +to construct these filters for the + + align:start position:0% +to construct these filters for the + + + align:start position:0% +to construct these filters for the +reverse step to give perfect + + align:start position:0% +reverse step to give perfect + + + align:start position:0% +reverse step to give perfect +reconstruction that's see my goal and in + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction that's see my goal and in + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction that's see my goal and in +this horror example we could do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But often it would turn out that if you + + align:start position:0% +But often it would turn out that if you + + + align:start position:0% +But often it would turn out that if you +just if you just give me a couple of + + align:start position:0% +just if you just give me a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +just if you just give me a couple of +filters, a nice low pass filter that you + + align:start position:0% +filters, a nice low pass filter that you + + + align:start position:0% +filters, a nice low pass filter that you +like and a highp pass filter that you + + align:start position:0% +like and a highp pass filter that you + + + align:start position:0% +like and a highp pass filter that you +like, I can go through the algebra and + + align:start position:0% +like, I can go through the algebra and + + + align:start position:0% +like, I can go through the algebra and +produce the inverse. I mean, you you're + + align:start position:0% +produce the inverse. I mean, you you're + + + align:start position:0% +produce the inverse. I mean, you you're +really just giving me a matrix and I'll + + align:start position:0% +really just giving me a matrix and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +really just giving me a matrix and I'll +invert it. + + align:start position:0% +invert it. + + + align:start position:0% +invert it. +But most likely if you just chose zero + + align:start position:0% +But most likely if you just chose zero + + + align:start position:0% +But most likely if you just chose zero +at random the filters in the inverse + + align:start position:0% +at random the filters in the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +at random the filters in the inverse +will be infinite length and we don't + + align:start position:0% +will be infinite length and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +will be infinite length and we don't +want that. We've if if they are we've + + align:start position:0% +want that. We've if if they are we've + + + align:start position:0% +want that. We've if if they are we've +lost speed and we've killed the whole + + align:start position:0% +lost speed and we've killed the whole + + + align:start position:0% +lost speed and we've killed the whole +idea. So the idea is perfect + + align:start position:0% +idea. So the idea is perfect + + + align:start position:0% +idea. So the idea is perfect +reconstruction while + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction while + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction while +staying stay with fir stay with finite + + align:start position:0% +staying stay with fir stay with finite + + + align:start position:0% +staying stay with fir stay with finite +length. Okay. So we have to figure out + + align:start position:0% +length. Okay. So we have to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +length. Okay. So we have to figure out +the the requirement. We have to figure + + align:start position:0% +the the requirement. We have to figure + + + align:start position:0% +the the requirement. We have to figure +out the requirement for perfect + + align:start position:0% +out the requirement for perfect + + + align:start position:0% +out the requirement for perfect +reconstruction. Uh and I I think I have + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction. Uh and I I think I have + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction. Uh and I I think I have +to go through this bit of algebra. + + align:start position:0% +to go through this bit of algebra. + + + align:start position:0% +to go through this bit of algebra. +Now any discussion? Uh thanks for + + align:start position:0% +Now any discussion? Uh thanks for + + + align:start position:0% +Now any discussion? Uh thanks for +questions as I go. I I what I'm planning + + align:start position:0% +questions as I go. I I what I'm planning + + + align:start position:0% +questions as I go. I I what I'm planning +to do now is go through the algebra of + + align:start position:0% +to do now is go through the algebra of + + + align:start position:0% +to do now is go through the algebra of +what's the condition on these four + + align:start position:0% +what's the condition on these four + + + align:start position:0% +what's the condition on these four +guys + + align:start position:0% +guys + + + align:start position:0% +guys +that gives perfect reconstruction and + + align:start position:0% +that gives perfect reconstruction and + + + align:start position:0% +that gives perfect reconstruction and +then I'll hope to satisfy that condition + + align:start position:0% +then I'll hope to satisfy that condition + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll hope to satisfy that condition +with finite length filters. And I'll I + + align:start position:0% +with finite length filters. And I'll I + + + align:start position:0% +with finite length filters. And I'll I +can tell you how it happens. Let me let + + align:start position:0% +can tell you how it happens. Let me let + + + align:start position:0% +can tell you how it happens. Let me let +me let me put these numbers up here + + align:start position:0% +me let me put these numbers up here + + + align:start position:0% +me let me put these numbers up here +because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're they're quite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +significant. So this so I've told you + + align:start position:0% +significant. So this so I've told you + + + align:start position:0% +significant. So this so I've told you +the two H's here. Now I have to tell you + + align:start position:0% +the two H's here. Now I have to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +the two H's here. Now I have to tell you +the two Fs and you will see + + align:start position:0% +the two Fs and you will see + + + align:start position:0% +the two Fs and you will see +that this H is connected to this F by if + + align:start position:0% +that this H is connected to this F by if + + + align:start position:0% +that this H is connected to this F by if +I flip + + align:start position:0% +I flip + + + align:start position:0% +I flip +signs I get a lowass filter. I divide by + + align:start position:0% +signs I get a lowass filter. I divide by + + + align:start position:0% +signs I get a lowass filter. I divide by +four. + + align:start position:0% +four. + + + align:start position:0% +four. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +this low pass filter is connected to + + align:start position:0% +this low pass filter is connected to + + + align:start position:0% +this low pass filter is connected to +this highpass filter also by alternating + + align:start position:0% +this highpass filter also by alternating + + + align:start position:0% +this highpass filter also by alternating +signs. I think I maybe I + + align:start position:0% +signs. I think I maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +signs. I think I maybe I +alternate I + + align:start position:0% +alternate I + + + align:start position:0% +alternate I +I I'm now alternating every No, what am + + align:start position:0% +I I'm now alternating every No, what am + + + align:start position:0% +I I'm now alternating every No, what am +I doing? Yeah, I'm alternating + + align:start position:0% +I doing? Yeah, I'm alternating + + + align:start position:0% +I doing? Yeah, I'm alternating +the middle the this one and this one and + + align:start position:0% +the middle the this one and this one and + + + align:start position:0% +the middle the this one and this one and +divide by eight. + + align:start position:0% +divide by eight. + + + align:start position:0% +divide by eight. +There's this connection here + + align:start position:0% +There's this connection here + + + align:start position:0% +There's this connection here +between and you'll see why. So I'm + + align:start position:0% +between and you'll see why. So I'm + + + align:start position:0% +between and you'll see why. So I'm +really giving you this example as + + align:start position:0% +really giving you this example as + + + align:start position:0% +really giving you this example as +something to like watch for in the + + align:start position:0% +something to like watch for in the + + + align:start position:0% +something to like watch for in the +algebra. In the algebra we will discover + + align:start position:0% +algebra. In the algebra we will discover + + + align:start position:0% +algebra. In the algebra we will discover +that this H knot is connected to the F1 + + align:start position:0% +that this H knot is connected to the F1 + + + align:start position:0% +that this H knot is connected to the F1 +and the H1 is connected to the Fnot by + + align:start position:0% +and the H1 is connected to the Fnot by + + + align:start position:0% +and the H1 is connected to the Fnot by +alternating + + align:start position:0% +alternating + + + align:start position:0% +alternating +signs. So that's makes them special. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sorry. Y R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +should I and maybe I should have My + + align:start position:0% +should I and maybe I should have My + + + align:start position:0% +should I and maybe I should have My +memory doesn't tell me I could maybe I + + align:start position:0% +memory doesn't tell me I could maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +memory doesn't tell me I could maybe I +should be maybe I should have the + + align:start position:0% +should be maybe I should have the + + + align:start position:0% +should be maybe I should have the +negative of this which would mean I'd + + align:start position:0% +negative of this which would mean I'd + + + align:start position:0% +negative of this which would mean I'd +alternate maybe I should alternate that + + align:start position:0% +alternate maybe I should alternate that + + + align:start position:0% +alternate maybe I should alternate that +one. Oh, what is that? What I did? Oh, + + align:start position:0% +one. Oh, what is that? What I did? Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +one. Oh, what is that? What I did? Oh, +sorry. I'm up here. What I What did I + + align:start position:0% +sorry. I'm up here. What I What did I + + + align:start position:0% +sorry. I'm up here. What I What did I +do? I kept that, alternated that, kept + + align:start position:0% +do? I kept that, alternated that, kept + + + align:start position:0% +do? I kept that, alternated that, kept +that, alternated that, kept that. But + + align:start position:0% +that, alternated that, kept that. But + + + align:start position:0% +that, alternated that, kept that. But +maybe I should multiply the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should multiply the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should multiply the whole thing +by by uh minus one, which would which + + align:start position:0% +by by uh minus one, which would which + + + align:start position:0% +by by uh minus one, which would which +would which would invol involve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rewriting. So now what have I done? I've + + align:start position:0% +rewriting. So now what have I done? I've + + + align:start position:0% +rewriting. So now what have I done? I've +I've now alternated, kept alternated, + + align:start position:0% +I've now alternated, kept alternated, + + + align:start position:0% +I've now alternated, kept alternated, +kept alternated, and it's one or the + + align:start position:0% +kept alternated, and it's one or the + + + align:start position:0% +kept alternated, and it's one or the +other. And you would think at my + + align:start position:0% +other. And you would think at my + + + align:start position:0% +other. And you would think at my +advanced age I could remember which. But + + align:start position:0% +advanced age I could remember which. But + + + align:start position:0% +advanced age I could remember which. But +uh um + + align:start position:0% +uh um + + + align:start position:0% +uh um +should be plus one. Good. Now you've + + align:start position:0% +should be plus one. Good. Now you've + + + align:start position:0% +should be plus one. Good. Now you've +you've got the whole picture now. All + + align:start position:0% +you've got the whole picture now. All + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the whole picture now. All +right. Okay. So could we how Yeah, it's + + align:start position:0% +right. Okay. So could we how Yeah, it's + + + align:start position:0% +right. Okay. So could we how Yeah, it's +kind of fun to say how do we go through + + align:start position:0% +kind of fun to say how do we go through + + + align:start position:0% +kind of fun to say how do we go through +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +algebra of this? Do we want to do it as + + align:start position:0% +algebra of this? Do we want to do it as + + + align:start position:0% +algebra of this? Do we want to do it as +big matrices? Probably you'll say no. + + align:start position:0% +big matrices? Probably you'll say no. + + + align:start position:0% +big matrices? Probably you'll say no. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +um this time I'll agree with + + align:start position:0% +um this time I'll agree with + + + align:start position:0% +um this time I'll agree with +you. Frequency domain is better. So I + + align:start position:0% +you. Frequency domain is better. So I + + + align:start position:0% +you. Frequency domain is better. So I +have to figure out what all these steps + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what all these steps + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what all these steps +do in the frequency domain. In came an x + + align:start position:0% +do in the frequency domain. In came an x + + + align:start position:0% +do in the frequency domain. In came an x +of omega. Now if I'm I'm going to draw + + align:start position:0% +of omega. Now if I'm I'm going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +of omega. Now if I'm I'm going to draw +that put that whole picture in the + + align:start position:0% +that put that whole picture in the + + + align:start position:0% +that put that whole picture in the +frequency domain. + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain. + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain. +Okay. I'm going to try anyway. And let + + align:start position:0% +Okay. I'm going to try anyway. And let + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. I'm going to try anyway. And let +me put it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +above. All right. So right above the the + + align:start position:0% +above. All right. So right above the the + + + align:start position:0% +above. All right. So right above the the +uh filter bank. So this is the the + + align:start position:0% +uh filter bank. So this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +uh filter bank. So this is the the +analysis followed by the synthesis bank. + + align:start position:0% +analysis followed by the synthesis bank. + + + align:start position:0% +analysis followed by the synthesis bank. +I'm going to put this same thing here in + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put this same thing here in + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put this same thing here in +the frequency domain. So my input is x + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain. So my input is x + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain. So my input is x +of omega. And now I'm going to ask + + align:start position:0% +of omega. And now I'm going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +of omega. And now I'm going to ask +what's my + + align:start position:0% +what's my + + + align:start position:0% +what's my +output y not of omega in the in the + + align:start position:0% +output y not of omega in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +output y not of omega in the in the +frequency domain. What do I have + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain. What do I have + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain. What do I have +after? No, I I I don't want an equals. + + align:start position:0% +after? No, I I I don't want an equals. + + + align:start position:0% +after? No, I I I don't want an equals. +I'm just following along here. Okay, so + + align:start position:0% +I'm just following along here. Okay, so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just following along here. Okay, so +that's what I just erased is what went + + align:start position:0% +that's what I just erased is what went + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I just erased is what went +in. Yeah, I So, let me put X of omega + + align:start position:0% +in. Yeah, I So, let me put X of omega + + + align:start position:0% +in. Yeah, I So, let me put X of omega +went in. Now, tell me what came out of + + align:start position:0% +went in. Now, tell me what came out of + + + align:start position:0% +went in. Now, tell me what came out of +there at this. I'm just I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +there at this. I'm just I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +there at this. I'm just I'm going to +systematically follow through as in in a + + align:start position:0% +systematically follow through as in in a + + + align:start position:0% +systematically follow through as in in a +record five minutes the whole uh I'll + + align:start position:0% +record five minutes the whole uh I'll + + + align:start position:0% +record five minutes the whole uh I'll +follow through the top channel and then + + align:start position:0% +follow through the top channel and then + + + align:start position:0% +follow through the top channel and then +we'll just change zeros to ones and + + align:start position:0% +we'll just change zeros to ones and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just change zeros to ones and +we'll have the the highp pass channel. + + align:start position:0% +we'll have the the highp pass channel. + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have the the highp pass channel. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So don't you can all say it in unison + + align:start position:0% +So don't you can all say it in unison + + + align:start position:0% +So don't you can all say it in unison +here. What comes + + align:start position:0% +here. What comes + + + align:start position:0% +here. What comes +out after the first filter? H of omega + + align:start position:0% +out after the first filter? H of omega + + + align:start position:0% +out after the first filter? H of omega +times that it's multiplied by H of + + align:start position:0% +times that it's multiplied by H of + + + align:start position:0% +times that it's multiplied by H of +omega. H0 of omega. Right. + + align:start position:0% +omega. H0 of omega. Right. + + + align:start position:0% +omega. H0 of omega. Right. +Good. So now I've reached that + + align:start position:0% +Good. So now I've reached that + + + align:start position:0% +Good. So now I've reached that +stage. Now a little dodgy step because I + + align:start position:0% +stage. Now a little dodgy step because I + + + align:start position:0% +stage. Now a little dodgy step because I +have to figure out what happens when I + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what happens when I + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what happens when I +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +sample. Is that going to be a + + align:start position:0% +sample. Is that going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +sample. Is that going to be a +multiplication by some function of + + align:start position:0% +multiplication by some function of + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication by some function of +omega? No. That's like important point + + align:start position:0% +omega? No. That's like important point + + + align:start position:0% +omega? No. That's like important point +that it isn't going to be that because + + align:start position:0% +that it isn't going to be that because + + + align:start position:0% +that it isn't going to be that because +because this + + align:start position:0% +because this + + + align:start position:0% +because this +downsampling is not a time invariant. + + align:start position:0% +downsampling is not a time invariant. + + + align:start position:0% +downsampling is not a time invariant. +It's not a filter. It's it mixes + + align:start position:0% +It's not a filter. It's it mixes + + + align:start position:0% +It's not a filter. It's it mixes +frequencies up. It aliases. There's + + align:start position:0% +frequencies up. It aliases. There's + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies up. It aliases. There's +going to be an alias thing. And I'll + + align:start position:0% +going to be an alias thing. And I'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to be an alias thing. And I'll +tell you what happens here. And and then + + align:start position:0% +tell you what happens here. And and then + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what happens here. And and then +I'll push forward. What happens here is + + align:start position:0% +I'll push forward. What happens here is + + + align:start position:0% +I'll push forward. What happens here is +that the frequency that's pi that's + + align:start position:0% +that the frequency that's pi that's + + + align:start position:0% +that the frequency that's pi that's +that's different by pi pops + + align:start position:0% +that's different by pi pops + + + align:start position:0% +that's different by pi pops +in at this stage because of this maybe + + align:start position:0% +in at this stage because of this maybe + + + align:start position:0% +in at this stage because of this maybe +we could see that give me two signals + + align:start position:0% +we could see that give me two signals + + + align:start position:0% +we could see that give me two signals +whose + + align:start position:0% +whose + + + align:start position:0% +whose +frequencies differ + + align:start position:0% +frequencies differ + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies differ +by per perfectly differ by pi well I + + align:start position:0% +by per perfectly differ by pi well I + + + align:start position:0% +by per perfectly differ by pi well I +guess + + align:start position:0% +guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess +actually DC you remember here's zero so + + align:start position:0% +actually DC you remember here's zero so + + + align:start position:0% +actually DC you remember here's zero so +what's the what's the what's the What's + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the what's the What's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the what's the What's +the signal that has totally zero + + align:start position:0% +the signal that has totally zero + + + align:start position:0% +the signal that has totally zero +frequency? + + align:start position:0% +frequency? + + + align:start position:0% +frequency? +11 one + + align:start position:0% +11 one + + + align:start position:0% +11 one +one. And what's the fre What's the + + align:start position:0% +one. And what's the fre What's the + + + align:start position:0% +one. And what's the fre What's the +signal that has totally pi frequency? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 - one 1 - one. Okay. And now down + + align:start position:0% +1 - one 1 - one. Okay. And now down + + + align:start position:0% +1 - one 1 - one. Okay. And now down +sample those. Take every other + + align:start position:0% +sample those. Take every other + + + align:start position:0% +sample those. Take every other +component. What do you get out of + + align:start position:0% +component. What do you get out of + + + align:start position:0% +component. What do you get out of +this? One. All ones. And what do you get + + align:start position:0% +this? One. All ones. And what do you get + + + align:start position:0% +this? One. All ones. And what do you get +out of this? All ones. + + align:start position:0% +out of this? All ones. + + + align:start position:0% +out of this? All ones. +So this step has introduced this this + + align:start position:0% +So this step has introduced this this + + + align:start position:0% +So this step has introduced this this +introduced these two frequencies made + + align:start position:0% +introduced these two frequencies made + + + align:start position:0% +introduced these two frequencies made +them uh um + + align:start position:0% +them uh um + + + align:start position:0% +them uh um +indistinct mix them up aliased the + + align:start position:0% +indistinct mix them up aliased the + + + align:start position:0% +indistinct mix them up aliased the +process and and so what turns out is for + + align:start position:0% +process and and so what turns out is for + + + align:start position:0% +process and and so what turns out is for +this I'm now at this + + align:start position:0% +this I'm now at this + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm now at this +stage + + align:start position:0% +stage + + + align:start position:0% +stage +there's the aliasing is an h of omega + + align:start position:0% +there's the aliasing is an h of omega + + + align:start position:0% +there's the aliasing is an h of omega +plus pi + + align:start position:0% +plus pi + + + align:start position:0% +plus pi +by uh x of omega + + + align:start position:0% +by uh x of omega + + + + align:start position:0% +by uh x of omega + +pi is what I've got maybe times a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +half. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So I'm sorry about that but + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I'm sorry about that but + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I'm sorry about that but +it's that's what happens. All right. + + align:start position:0% +it's that's what happens. All right. + + + align:start position:0% +it's that's what happens. All right. +Now, + + align:start position:0% +Now, + + + align:start position:0% +Now, +oh yes, uh actually what I've done here + + align:start position:0% +oh yes, uh actually what I've done here + + + align:start position:0% +oh yes, uh actually what I've done here +includes both this up down sampling step + + align:start position:0% +includes both this up down sampling step + + + align:start position:0% +includes both this up down sampling step +and the upsampling step. So I've + + align:start position:0% +and the upsampling step. So I've + + + align:start position:0% +and the upsampling step. So I've +actually reached You'll be glad to know + + align:start position:0% +actually reached You'll be glad to know + + + align:start position:0% +actually reached You'll be glad to know +I've reached there. + + align:start position:0% +I've reached there. + + + align:start position:0% +I've reached there. +Yes. All right. Now you're quite ready + + align:start position:0% +Yes. All right. Now you're quite ready + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. All right. Now you're quite ready +to tell me what the final thing will do, + + align:start position:0% +to tell me what the final thing will do, + + + align:start position:0% +to tell me what the final thing will do, +right? because that's just an ordinary + + align:start position:0% +right? because that's just an ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +right? because that's just an ordinary +filter. So what does it what do I have + + align:start position:0% +filter. So what does it what do I have + + + align:start position:0% +filter. So what does it what do I have +at the end of this at the end of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +channel? What's a filter + + align:start position:0% +channel? What's a filter + + + align:start position:0% +channel? What's a filter +do? It multiplies. It just multiplies by + + align:start position:0% +do? It multiplies. It just multiplies by + + + align:start position:0% +do? It multiplies. It just multiplies by +f of omega. So this is what I've + + align:start position:0% +f of omega. So this is what I've + + + align:start position:0% +f of omega. So this is what I've +got. There's a 1/2 way out. There's an f + + align:start position:0% +got. There's a 1/2 way out. There's an f + + + align:start position:0% +got. There's a 1/2 way out. There's an f +of omega that's + + align:start position:0% +of omega that's + + + align:start position:0% +of omega that's +multiplying both + + align:start position:0% +multiplying both + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying both +the signal we want and the alias that we + + align:start position:0% +the signal we want and the alias that we + + + align:start position:0% +the signal we want and the alias that we +don't want. So what's coming out of this + + align:start position:0% +don't want. So what's coming out of this + + + align:start position:0% +don't want. So what's coming out of this +channel is got is got this aliasing + + align:start position:0% +channel is got is got this aliasing + + + align:start position:0% +channel is got is got this aliasing +thing in if I drew it in the frequency + + align:start position:0% +thing in if I drew it in the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +thing in if I drew it in the frequency +domain which I maybe unwise to try but + + align:start position:0% +domain which I maybe unwise to try but + + + align:start position:0% +domain which I maybe unwise to try but +somehow the book does it somehow we've + + align:start position:0% +somehow the book does it somehow we've + + + align:start position:0% +somehow the book does it somehow we've +we've uh you know our original signal + + align:start position:0% +we've uh you know our original signal + + + align:start position:0% +we've uh you know our original signal +had had some uh frequency description + + align:start position:0% +had had some uh frequency description + + + align:start position:0% +had had some uh frequency description +and now we've uh popped in uh its alias. + + align:start position:0% +and now we've uh popped in uh its alias. + + + align:start position:0% +and now we've uh popped in uh its alias. +We've now got two two little twins. And + + align:start position:0% +We've now got two two little twins. And + + + align:start position:0% +We've now got two two little twins. And +of course, if they don't overlap like + + align:start position:0% +of course, if they don't overlap like + + + align:start position:0% +of course, if they don't overlap like +that, we could probably by sampling sort + + align:start position:0% +that, we could probably by sampling sort + + + align:start position:0% +that, we could probably by sampling sort +them out. That's what Shannon's sampling + + align:start position:0% +them out. That's what Shannon's sampling + + + align:start position:0% +them out. That's what Shannon's sampling +theorem is about. That if I had one + + align:start position:0% +theorem is about. That if I had one + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is about. That if I had one +signal and it didn't overlap its alias, + + align:start position:0% +signal and it didn't overlap its alias, + + + align:start position:0% +signal and it didn't overlap its alias, +then I could I could sort I could uh + + align:start position:0% +then I could I could sort I could uh + + + align:start position:0% +then I could I could sort I could uh +reconstruct. But but in fact, if the if + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct. But but in fact, if the if + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct. But but in fact, if the if +the input signal has a lot of frequency + + align:start position:0% +the input signal has a lot of frequency + + + align:start position:0% +the input signal has a lot of frequency +in it, then it will overlap the other + + align:start position:0% +in it, then it will overlap the other + + + align:start position:0% +in it, then it will overlap the other +one. And right now I'm + + align:start position:0% +one. And right now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one. And right now I'm +dead. And so one channel can't do the + + align:start position:0% +dead. And so one channel can't do the + + + align:start position:0% +dead. And so one channel can't do the +job. But what we can hope is that the + + align:start position:0% +job. But what we can hope is that the + + + align:start position:0% +job. But what we can hope is that the +second channel cancels the aliasing from + + align:start position:0% +second channel cancels the aliasing from + + + align:start position:0% +second channel cancels the aliasing from +the first channel. + + align:start position:0% +the first channel. + + + align:start position:0% +the first channel. +And then all this could be well. So let + + align:start position:0% +And then all this could be well. So let + + + align:start position:0% +And then all this could be well. So let +me just draw what's coming out of this + + align:start position:0% +me just draw what's coming out of this + + + align:start position:0% +me just draw what's coming out of this +the second channel. Of course, I'm just + + align:start position:0% +the second channel. Of course, I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +the second channel. Of course, I'm just +going to it'll be, you know, an F1 is + + align:start position:0% +going to it'll be, you know, an F1 is + + + align:start position:0% +going to it'll be, you know, an F1 is +the last guy multiplying an H1 of omega + + align:start position:0% +the last guy multiplying an H1 of omega + + + align:start position:0% +the last guy multiplying an H1 of omega +X of omega. That's what we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +X of omega. That's what we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +X of omega. That's what we'd like to +see. And an H1 of omega + pi x of omega + + align:start position:0% +see. And an H1 of omega + pi x of omega + + + align:start position:0% +see. And an H1 of omega + pi x of omega ++ pi, which is what we are a little + + align:start position:0% ++ pi, which is what we are a little + + + align:start position:0% ++ pi, which is what we are a little +sorry to see. + + align:start position:0% +sorry to see. + + + align:start position:0% +sorry to see. +But now that's so I've added because the + + align:start position:0% +But now that's so I've added because the + + + align:start position:0% +But now that's so I've added because the +end of the filter bank adds. So I've got + + align:start position:0% +end of the filter bank adds. So I've got + + + align:start position:0% +end of the filter bank adds. So I've got +I've got to there. I've got to the + + align:start position:0% +I've got to there. I've got to the + + + align:start position:0% +I've got to there. I've got to the +output. Maybe I should call that output + + align:start position:0% +output. Maybe I should call that output + + + align:start position:0% +output. Maybe I should call that output +x hat. That's the + + align:start position:0% +x hat. That's the + + + align:start position:0% +x hat. That's the +output. Capital x hat. Okay. So what + + align:start position:0% +output. Capital x hat. Okay. So what + + + align:start position:0% +output. Capital x hat. Okay. So what +does it take for the output to agree + + align:start position:0% +does it take for the output to agree + + + align:start position:0% +does it take for the output to agree +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +input? I want this whole thing to agree + + align:start position:0% +input? I want this whole thing to agree + + + align:start position:0% +input? I want this whole thing to agree +with x of omega. + + align:start position:0% +with x of omega. + + + align:start position:0% +with x of omega. +is what I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want, right? So, how do what what are + + align:start position:0% +want, right? So, how do what what are + + + align:start position:0% +want, right? So, how do what what are +the conditions? It's it's I mean, it's a + + align:start position:0% +the conditions? It's it's I mean, it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the conditions? It's it's I mean, it's a +it's a we're it's messy, but when you + + align:start position:0% +it's a we're it's messy, but when you + + + align:start position:0% +it's a we're it's messy, but when you +think about + + align:start position:0% +think about + + + align:start position:0% +think about +it, it's not that bad. We we we can + + align:start position:0% +it, it's not that bad. We we we can + + + align:start position:0% +it, it's not that bad. We we we can +identify the conditions very neatly here + + align:start position:0% +identify the conditions very neatly here + + + align:start position:0% +identify the conditions very neatly here +in the uh in the frequency picture. + + align:start position:0% +in the uh in the frequency picture. + + + align:start position:0% +in the uh in the frequency picture. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Yeah. We just look we would like + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. We just look we would like + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. We just look we would like +f0 now. Yeah. Shall I write them in + + align:start position:0% +f0 now. Yeah. Shall I write them in + + + align:start position:0% +f0 now. Yeah. Shall I write them in +yellow? The two conditions. We have one + + align:start position:0% +yellow? The two conditions. We have one + + + align:start position:0% +yellow? The two conditions. We have one +condition that says that f0 of omega h0 + + align:start position:0% +condition that says that f0 of omega h0 + + + align:start position:0% +condition that says that f0 of omega h0 +of omega that's multiplying the true guy + + align:start position:0% +of omega that's multiplying the true guy + + + align:start position:0% +of omega that's multiplying the true guy +and f_sub_1 of omega h1 of omega also + + align:start position:0% +and f_sub_1 of omega h1 of omega also + + + align:start position:0% +and f_sub_1 of omega h1 of omega also +multiplying the true guy should be like + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the true guy should be like + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the true guy should be like +one or maybe there was a 1/2 out here so + + align:start position:0% +one or maybe there was a 1/2 out here so + + + align:start position:0% +one or maybe there was a 1/2 out here so +maybe two is actually + + align:start position:0% +maybe two is actually + + + align:start position:0% +maybe two is actually +right and now so that's the like getting + + align:start position:0% +right and now so that's the like getting + + + align:start position:0% +right and now so that's the like getting +it right getting the correct signal out. + + align:start position:0% +it right getting the correct signal out. + + + align:start position:0% +it right getting the correct signal out. +But what's the anti-aliasing condition? + + align:start position:0% +But what's the anti-aliasing condition? + + + align:start position:0% +But what's the anti-aliasing condition? +It says that whatever multiplies this + + align:start position:0% +It says that whatever multiplies this + + + align:start position:0% +It says that whatever multiplies this +alias should be should disappear. So + + align:start position:0% +alias should be should disappear. So + + + align:start position:0% +alias should be should disappear. So +that'll be an fot of + + align:start position:0% +that'll be an fot of + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be an fot of +omega, an h of omega + + + align:start position:0% +omega, an h of omega + + + + align:start position:0% +omega, an h of omega + +pi from one channel and an f1 of omega + + align:start position:0% +pi from one channel and an f1 of omega + + + align:start position:0% +pi from one channel and an f1 of omega +times an h1 of omega + pi from the other + + align:start position:0% +times an h1 of omega + pi from the other + + + align:start position:0% +times an h1 of omega + pi from the other +channel should + + align:start position:0% +channel should + + + align:start position:0% +channel should +equal zero. Right? + + align:start position:0% +equal zero. Right? + + + align:start position:0% +equal zero. Right? +So two + + align:start position:0% +So two + + + align:start position:0% +So two +conditions, four four filters, four + + align:start position:0% +conditions, four four filters, four + + + align:start position:0% +conditions, four four filters, four +unknowns, you could say, four functions + + align:start position:0% +unknowns, you could say, four functions + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns, you could say, four functions +to choose, two requirements, we ought to + + align:start position:0% +to choose, two requirements, we ought to + + + align:start position:0% +to choose, two requirements, we ought to +be able to do it. And of course we can. + + align:start position:0% +be able to do it. And of course we can. + + + align:start position:0% +be able to do it. And of course we can. +And that leaves us uh a wide family of + + align:start position:0% +And that leaves us uh a wide family of + + + align:start position:0% +And that leaves us uh a wide family of +uh of filter candidates + + align:start position:0% +uh of filter candidates + + + align:start position:0% +uh of filter candidates +uh to choose from. Not tremendously + + align:start position:0% +uh to choose from. Not tremendously + + + align:start position:0% +uh to choose from. Not tremendously +wide. Let me let me just say that it's + + align:start position:0% +wide. Let me let me just say that it's + + + align:start position:0% +wide. Let me let me just say that it's +absolutely possible and reasonable to + + align:start position:0% +absolutely possible and reasonable to + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely possible and reasonable to +have three six eight channels going. So + + align:start position:0% +have three six eight channels going. So + + + align:start position:0% +have three six eight channels going. So +I have eight + + align:start position:0% +I have eight + + + align:start position:0% +I have eight +hes. Now what would the down sampling be + + align:start position:0% +hes. Now what would the down sampling be + + + align:start position:0% +hes. Now what would the down sampling be +like if I had eight? It it would it + + align:start position:0% +like if I had eight? It it would it + + + align:start position:0% +like if I had eight? It it would it +would take every eighth component + + align:start position:0% +would take every eighth component + + + align:start position:0% +would take every eighth component +because I I would want every piece to + + align:start position:0% +because I I would want every piece to + + + align:start position:0% +because I I would want every piece to +have 1/8 of the length. Then I would + + align:start position:0% +have 1/8 of the length. Then I would + + + align:start position:0% +have 1/8 of the length. Then I would +have eight + + align:start position:0% +have eight + + + align:start position:0% +have eight +uh synthesis filters. So 16 filters to + + align:start position:0% +uh synthesis filters. So 16 filters to + + + align:start position:0% +uh synthesis filters. So 16 filters to +choose and uh probably not that many + + align:start position:0% +choose and uh probably not that many + + + align:start position:0% +choose and uh probably not that many +conditions. I I'd have more freedom but + + align:start position:0% +conditions. I I'd have more freedom but + + + align:start position:0% +conditions. I I'd have more freedom but +this yes. Oh so this is but this is the + + align:start position:0% +this yes. Oh so this is but this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this yes. Oh so this is but this is the +like a good case. Okay. Now can we make + + align:start position:0% +like a good case. Okay. Now can we make + + + align:start position:0% +like a good case. Okay. Now can we make +any headway on those uh in a in a few + + align:start position:0% +any headway on those uh in a in a few + + + align:start position:0% +any headway on those uh in a in a few +moments? How how could I satisfy this + + align:start position:0% +moments? How how could I satisfy this + + + align:start position:0% +moments? How how could I satisfy this +second guy? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Suppose I know the H's and I want to + + align:start position:0% +Suppose I know the H's and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Suppose I know the H's and I want to +choose the + + align:start position:0% +choose the + + + align:start position:0% +choose the +Fs. Suggest some Fs that would do the + + align:start position:0% +Fs. Suggest some Fs that would do the + + + align:start position:0% +Fs. Suggest some Fs that would do the +job. Well, that's not + + align:start position:0% +job. Well, that's not + + + align:start position:0% +job. Well, that's not +Yeah, this is very important. Yeah, it + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, this is very important. Yeah, it + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, this is very important. Yeah, it +doesn't even need that well in front of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't even need that well in front of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't even need that well in front of +it because it's Well, it is well. It's + + align:start position:0% +it because it's Well, it is well. It's + + + align:start position:0% +it because it's Well, it is well. It's +the right. Yes. So, what is it? It's + + align:start position:0% +the right. Yes. So, what is it? It's + + + align:start position:0% +the right. Yes. So, what is it? It's +It's F. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This guy matching who? + + align:start position:0% +This guy matching who? + + + align:start position:0% +This guy matching who? +This guy should agree with maybe this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy. So, so choose f of omega to agree + + align:start position:0% +guy. So, so choose f of omega to agree + + + align:start position:0% +guy. So, so choose f of omega to agree +with h1 of omega plus pi. Was that was + + align:start position:0% +with h1 of omega plus pi. Was that was + + + align:start position:0% +with h1 of omega plus pi. Was that was +that what you were going to say? + + align:start position:0% +that what you were going to say? + + + align:start position:0% +that what you were going to say? +Or whatever. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just want this darn thing to come out + + align:start position:0% +I just want this darn thing to come out + + + align:start position:0% +I just want this darn thing to come out +zero. Okay. But I've done half the job. + + align:start position:0% +zero. Okay. But I've done half the job. + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Okay. But I've done half the job. +What's the other half? What's f1? + + align:start position:0% +What's the other half? What's f1? + + + align:start position:0% +What's the other half? What's f1? +as h of omega plus pi. And now, but what + + align:start position:0% +as h of omega plus pi. And now, but what + + + align:start position:0% +as h of omega plus pi. And now, but what +little what little step do I still have + + align:start position:0% +little what little step do I still have + + + align:start position:0% +little what little step do I still have +to take? I've got to I've got to put a + + align:start position:0% +to take? I've got to I've got to put a + + + align:start position:0% +to take? I've got to I've got to put a +minus sign in and I'm done. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +That just takes care of the bottom + + align:start position:0% +That just takes care of the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +That just takes care of the bottom +equation. That only takes care of the + + align:start position:0% +equation. That only takes care of the + + + align:start position:0% +equation. That only takes care of the +bottom equation. Right. So, so we could + + align:start position:0% +bottom equation. Right. So, so we could + + + align:start position:0% +bottom equation. Right. So, so we could +cancel aliasing. Whatever two filters + + align:start position:0% +cancel aliasing. Whatever two filters + + + align:start position:0% +cancel aliasing. Whatever two filters +you give me, I can we can choose the + + align:start position:0% +you give me, I can we can choose the + + + align:start position:0% +you give me, I can we can choose the +other two to cancel aliasing. But by no + + align:start position:0% +other two to cancel aliasing. But by no + + + align:start position:0% +other two to cancel aliasing. But by no +means have we guaranteed + + align:start position:0% +means have we guaranteed + + + align:start position:0% +means have we guaranteed +uh condition one. So now we're ready to + + align:start position:0% +uh condition one. So now we're ready to + + + align:start position:0% +uh condition one. So now we're ready to +focus on condition one. And now we're + + align:start position:0% +focus on condition one. And now we're + + + align:start position:0% +focus on condition one. And now we're +really down to the to the heart of the + + align:start position:0% +really down to the to the heart of the + + + align:start position:0% +really down to the to the heart of the +whole process. And I emphasize that this + + align:start position:0% +whole process. And I emphasize that this + + + align:start position:0% +whole process. And I emphasize that this +is now seeming relatively + + align:start position:0% +is now seeming relatively + + + align:start position:0% +is now seeming relatively +straightforward. But when Dobishi did it + + align:start position:0% +straightforward. But when Dobishi did it + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward. But when Dobishi did it +and found numbers, found these uh + + align:start position:0% +and found numbers, found these uh + + + align:start position:0% +and found numbers, found these uh +things, she didn't do it this way and it + + align:start position:0% +things, she didn't do it this way and it + + + align:start position:0% +things, she didn't do it this way and it +was a people doubted it could be done + + align:start position:0% +was a people doubted it could be done + + + align:start position:0% +was a people doubted it could be done +and so forth. Okay. So now I'll put + + align:start position:0% +and so forth. Okay. So now I'll put + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth. Okay. So now I'll put +those these choices into here. You don't + + align:start position:0% +those these choices into here. You don't + + + align:start position:0% +those these choices into here. You don't +mind if I + + align:start position:0% +mind if I + + + align:start position:0% +mind if I +uh yeah I can play around a little. Let + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah I can play around a little. Let + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah I can play around a little. Let +me see for f I I'll let me keep now. So + + align:start position:0% +me see for f I I'll let me keep now. So + + + align:start position:0% +me see for f I I'll let me keep now. So +I'm now going to settle on this. I'll + + align:start position:0% +I'm now going to settle on this. I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I'm now going to settle on this. I'll +keep + + align:start position:0% +keep + + + align:start position:0% +keep +f of omega. I'll make my the two that I + + align:start position:0% +f of omega. I'll make my the two that I + + + align:start position:0% +f of omega. I'll make my the two that I +keep f0 of omega h z of omega plus. Now + + align:start position:0% +keep f0 of omega h z of omega plus. Now + + + align:start position:0% +keep f0 of omega h z of omega plus. Now +what is f1 of + + align:start position:0% +what is f1 of + + + align:start position:0% +what is f1 of +omega? F1 of omega is oh there's a + + align:start position:0% +omega? F1 of omega is oh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +omega? F1 of omega is oh there's a +minus f_sub_1 of omega + + align:start position:0% +minus f_sub_1 of omega + + + align:start position:0% +minus f_sub_1 of omega +is minus h0 of omega plus pi + + align:start position:0% +is minus h0 of omega plus pi + + + align:start position:0% +is minus h0 of omega plus pi +right and what is h1 of oh no here I'm + + align:start position:0% +right and what is h1 of oh no here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right and what is h1 of oh no here I'm +trying to get two right let's just be + + align:start position:0% +trying to get two right let's just be + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get two right let's just be +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +I'm okay so so I'm following this line + + align:start position:0% +I'm okay so so I'm following this line + + + align:start position:0% +I'm okay so so I'm following this line +along f0 h0 f1 I substituted + + align:start position:0% +along f0 h0 f1 I substituted + + + align:start position:0% +along f0 h0 f1 I substituted +this choice and for H1 I'll + + align:start position:0% +this choice and for H1 I'll + + + align:start position:0% +this choice and for H1 I'll +substitute you to see H what's H1 of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +omega from this + + align:start position:0% +omega from this + + + align:start position:0% +omega from this +plus pi right because we're two pi + + align:start position:0% +plus pi right because we're two pi + + + align:start position:0% +plus pi right because we're two pi +periodic so if I if I shift this by pi + + align:start position:0% +periodic so if I if I shift this by pi + + + align:start position:0% +periodic so if I if I shift this by pi +then I shift this by pi so so it's + + align:start position:0% +then I shift this by pi so so it's + + + align:start position:0% +then I shift this by pi so so it's +there's an f0 of omega plus pi that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Great. This is + + align:start position:0% +Great. This is + + + align:start position:0% +Great. This is +it. We've + + align:start position:0% +it. We've + + + align:start position:0% +it. We've +we've we've got it down to one + + align:start position:0% +we've we've got it down to one + + + align:start position:0% +we've we've got it down to one +equation with two filters to + + align:start position:0% +equation with two filters to + + + align:start position:0% +equation with two filters to +choose. And luckily, it involves the + + align:start position:0% +choose. And luckily, it involves the + + + align:start position:0% +choose. And luckily, it involves the +product of those. So really, it only + + align:start position:0% +product of those. So really, it only + + + align:start position:0% +product of those. So really, it only +involves the product. I could say this + + align:start position:0% +involves the product. I could say this + + + align:start position:0% +involves the product. I could say this +is P of omega, the product of that. And + + align:start position:0% +is P of omega, the product of that. And + + + align:start position:0% +is P of omega, the product of that. And +this is a minus. And then this is P of + + align:start position:0% +this is a minus. And then this is P of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a minus. And then this is P of +omega + pi and that should happen to be + + align:start position:0% +omega + pi and that should happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +omega + pi and that should happen to be +two. Okay. So now all I ask is to solve + + align:start position:0% +two. Okay. So now all I ask is to solve + + + align:start position:0% +two. Okay. So now all I ask is to solve +to find some filters that solve that. So + + align:start position:0% +to find some filters that solve that. So + + + align:start position:0% +to find some filters that solve that. So +now you see the + + align:start position:0% +now you see the + + + align:start position:0% +now you see the +steps now that we've gone we've gone in + + align:start position:0% +steps now that we've gone we've gone in + + + align:start position:0% +steps now that we've gone we've gone in +this forward direction. But now to + + align:start position:0% +this forward direction. But now to + + + align:start position:0% +this forward direction. But now to +actually construct design filters I'll + + align:start position:0% +actually construct design filters I'll + + + align:start position:0% +actually construct design filters I'll +go backwards. I'll choose a P + + align:start position:0% +go backwards. I'll choose a P + + + align:start position:0% +go backwards. I'll choose a P +not that solves this requirement. So + + align:start position:0% +not that solves this requirement. So + + + align:start position:0% +not that solves this requirement. So +this is now the key requirement and we + + align:start position:0% +this is now the key requirement and we + + + align:start position:0% +this is now the key requirement and we +have to look at it. Then once I've + + align:start position:0% +have to look at it. Then once I've + + + align:start position:0% +have to look at it. Then once I've +chosen a P, I'll factor it into an F + + align:start position:0% +chosen a P, I'll factor it into an F + + + align:start position:0% +chosen a P, I'll factor it into an F +times an H + + align:start position:0% +times an H + + + align:start position:0% +times an H +knot. That'll solve this. That'll + + align:start position:0% +knot. That'll solve this. That'll + + + align:start position:0% +knot. That'll solve this. That'll +satisfy this requirement. Then I'll go + + align:start position:0% +satisfy this requirement. Then I'll go + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy this requirement. Then I'll go +to these that'll tell me the other two + + align:start position:0% +to these that'll tell me the other two + + + align:start position:0% +to these that'll tell me the other two +filters and I've got + + align:start position:0% +filters and I've got + + + align:start position:0% +filters and I've got +it. Should I say that again? So we now + + align:start position:0% +it. Should I say that again? So we now + + + align:start position:0% +it. Should I say that again? So we now +have filter design. We could now like + + align:start position:0% +have filter design. We could now like + + + align:start position:0% +have filter design. We could now like +beat top speed design + + align:start position:0% +beat top speed design + + + align:start position:0% +beat top speed design +filters design good design FIR filters. + + align:start position:0% +filters design good design FIR filters. + + + align:start position:0% +filters design good design FIR filters. +That's the wonderful thing that these + + align:start position:0% +That's the wonderful thing that these + + + align:start position:0% +That's the wonderful thing that these +are coming out finite length provided we + + align:start position:0% +are coming out finite length provided we + + + align:start position:0% +are coming out finite length provided we +can get started provided. So tell me a + + align:start position:0% +can get started provided. So tell me a + + + align:start position:0% +can get started provided. So tell me a +filter that would uh do the job there. + + align:start position:0% +filter that would uh do the job there. + + + align:start position:0% +filter that would uh do the job there. +What's what would be a filter? Who has + + align:start position:0% +What's what would be a filter? Who has + + + align:start position:0% +What's what would be a filter? Who has +to be anti-ymmetric? + + align:start position:0% +to be anti-ymmetric? + + + align:start position:0% +to be anti-ymmetric? +It has to be anti-ymmetric. Now that's + + align:start position:0% +It has to be anti-ymmetric. Now that's + + + align:start position:0% +It has to be anti-ymmetric. Now that's +um I'm sorry to see that well omega plus + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sorry to see that well omega plus + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sorry to see that well omega plus +pi should be the same thing. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +pi should be the same thing. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +pi should be the same thing. Yeah, +you're right. That left hand side if I + + align:start position:0% +you're right. That left hand side if I + + + align:start position:0% +you're right. That left hand side if I +if I change omega to omega plus pi I'm + + align:start position:0% +if I change omega to omega plus pi I'm + + + align:start position:0% +if I change omega to omega plus pi I'm +reversing the + + align:start position:0% +reversing the + + + align:start position:0% +reversing the +signs. H + + align:start position:0% +signs. H + + + align:start position:0% +signs. H +well you've got a complex conjugate. You + + align:start position:0% +well you've got a complex conjugate. You + + + align:start position:0% +well you've got a complex conjugate. You +got to wipe + + align:start position:0% +got to wipe + + + align:start position:0% +got to wipe +out right well now here. So there's and + + align:start position:0% +out right well now here. So there's and + + + align:start position:0% +out right well now here. So there's and +maybe it was okay now to realize that + + align:start position:0% +maybe it was okay now to realize that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it was okay now to realize that +that my right hand side isn't quite a + + align:start position:0% +that my right hand side isn't quite a + + + align:start position:0% +that my right hand side isn't quite a +two because I have to allow for the + + align:start position:0% +two because I have to allow for the + + + align:start position:0% +two because I have to allow for the +possibility + + align:start position:0% +possibility + + + align:start position:0% +possibility +that the output that comes back is a + + align:start position:0% +that the output that comes back is a + + + align:start position:0% +that the output that comes back is a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +delayed. I I have to allow for the fact + + align:start position:0% +delayed. I I have to allow for the fact + + + align:start position:0% +delayed. I I have to allow for the fact +that the system might have delays in it + + align:start position:0% +that the system might have delays in it + + + align:start position:0% +that the system might have delays in it +and actually it will have delays in it + + align:start position:0% +and actually it will have delays in it + + + align:start position:0% +and actually it will have delays in it +because every if every filter I use only + + align:start position:0% +because every if every filter I use only + + + align:start position:0% +because every if every filter I use only +looks backward and I use a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +looks backward and I use a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +looks backward and I use a bunch of +filters then somehow I'm not surprised + + align:start position:0% +filters then somehow I'm not surprised + + + align:start position:0% +filters then somehow I'm not surprised +if you know if I mean electronically in + + align:start position:0% +if you know if I mean electronically in + + + align:start position:0% +if you know if I mean electronically in +real time it's going to take there's a + + align:start position:0% +real time it's going to take there's a + + + align:start position:0% +real time it's going to take there's a +little latency here like to get through + + align:start position:0% +little latency here like to get through + + + align:start position:0% +little latency here like to get through +the filter bank takes some time. I the + + align:start position:0% +the filter bank takes some time. I the + + + align:start position:0% +the filter bank takes some time. I the +thing doesn't come out the instant it + + align:start position:0% +thing doesn't come out the instant it + + + align:start position:0% +thing doesn't come out the instant it +goes + + align:start position:0% +goes + + + align:start position:0% +goes +in and so + + align:start position:0% +in and so + + + align:start position:0% +in and so +so when I took forier transforms + + align:start position:0% +so when I took forier transforms + + + align:start position:0% +so when I took forier transforms +uh what what factor appears + + align:start position:0% +uh what what factor appears + + + align:start position:0% +uh what what factor appears +because I I just had x of omega here as + + align:start position:0% +because I I just had x of omega here as + + + align:start position:0% +because I I just had x of omega here as +output but really it should have been + + align:start position:0% +output but really it should have been + + + align:start position:0% +output but really it should have been +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e to j omega l + + align:start position:0% +e to j omega l + + + align:start position:0% +e to j omega l +which for consistency. We'll call E to + + align:start position:0% +which for consistency. We'll call E to + + + align:start position:0% +which for consistency. We'll call E to +the I omega L. Right? So there's an E to + + align:start position:0% +the I omega L. Right? So there's an E to + + + align:start position:0% +the I omega L. Right? So there's an E to +the No, we don't. We will call it E to + + align:start position:0% +the No, we don't. We will call it E to + + + align:start position:0% +the No, we don't. We will call it E to +the J omega L, right? Okay. E to the J + + align:start position:0% +the J omega L, right? Okay. E to the J + + + align:start position:0% +the J omega L, right? Okay. E to the J +omega L. That that that's because of + + align:start position:0% +omega L. That that that's because of + + + align:start position:0% +omega L. That that that's because of +this L. So it wasn't a two after all. It + + align:start position:0% +this L. So it wasn't a two after all. It + + + align:start position:0% +this L. So it wasn't a two after all. It +was a 2 E to the J omega L. Or maybe + + align:start position:0% +was a 2 E to the J omega L. Or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +was a 2 E to the J omega L. Or maybe +actually if I've done it right, there's + + align:start position:0% +actually if I've done it right, there's + + + align:start position:0% +actually if I've done it right, there's +a minus there. So if we're really + + align:start position:0% +a minus there. So if we're really + + + align:start position:0% +a minus there. So if we're really +getting it, so it's really 2 E to the + + align:start position:0% +getting it, so it's really 2 E to the + + + align:start position:0% +getting it, so it's really 2 E to the +minus J omega L. And now now + + align:start position:0% +minus J omega L. And now now + + + align:start position:0% +minus J omega L. And now now +we're really got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it. So let me identify what's the what + + align:start position:0% +it. So let me identify what's the what + + + align:start position:0% +it. So let me identify what's the what +we've got here because we really have + + align:start position:0% +we've got here because we really have + + + align:start position:0% +we've got here because we really have +have have reached the thing. Now as was + + align:start position:0% +have have reached the thing. Now as was + + + align:start position:0% +have have reached the thing. Now as was +pointed out this left hand side is odd. + + align:start position:0% +pointed out this left hand side is odd. + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out this left hand side is odd. +If I change omega to omega plus pi, it + + align:start position:0% +If I change omega to omega plus pi, it + + + align:start position:0% +If I change omega to omega plus pi, it +reverses sign. + + align:start position:0% +reverses sign. + + + align:start position:0% +reverses sign. +So now what do I need here? If I change + + align:start position:0% +So now what do I need here? If I change + + + align:start position:0% +So now what do I need here? If I change +omega to omega plus pi, I want this to + + align:start position:0% +omega to omega plus pi, I want this to + + + align:start position:0% +omega to omega plus pi, I want this to +this should reverse sign. All that tells + + align:start position:0% +this should reverse sign. All that tells + + + align:start position:0% +this should reverse sign. All that tells +me is that l should be odd. L should be + + align:start position:0% +me is that l should be odd. L should be + + + align:start position:0% +me is that l should be odd. L should be +some the latency is is an odd number. + + align:start position:0% +some the latency is is an odd number. + + + align:start position:0% +some the latency is is an odd number. +You see that if if L is + + align:start position:0% +You see that if if L is + + + align:start position:0% +You see that if if L is +odd like + + align:start position:0% +odd like + + + align:start position:0% +odd like +three then when I change omega to omega + + align:start position:0% +three then when I change omega to omega + + + align:start position:0% +three then when I change omega to omega +plus pi there'll be a E to the 3 B to + + align:start position:0% +plus pi there'll be a E to the 3 B to + + + align:start position:0% +plus pi there'll be a E to the 3 B to +the J3 pi coming in which will flip the + + align:start position:0% +the J3 pi coming in which will flip the + + + align:start position:0% +the J3 pi coming in which will flip the +sign just as the left hand side is + + align:start position:0% +sign just as the left hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +sign just as the left hand side is +flipping. Yeah. Don't lose. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +flipping. Yeah. Don't lose. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +flipping. Yeah. Don't lose. Yes. +Th this is this is now this is the true + + align:start position:0% +Th this is this is now this is the true + + + align:start position:0% +Th this is this is now this is the true +equation. I so I cheated slightly by not + + align:start position:0% +equation. I so I cheated slightly by not + + + align:start position:0% +equation. I so I cheated slightly by not +pointing out this delay term before + + align:start position:0% +pointing out this delay term before + + + align:start position:0% +pointing out this delay term before +that makes it odd. Right? Let's let's go + + align:start position:0% +that makes it odd. Right? Let's let's go + + + align:start position:0% +that makes it odd. Right? Let's let's go +through that again. If that L if that + + align:start position:0% +through that again. If that L if that + + + align:start position:0% +through that again. If that L if that +number L is + + align:start position:0% +number L is + + + align:start position:0% +number L is +odd then an odd number like three then + + align:start position:0% +odd then an odd number like three then + + + align:start position:0% +odd then an odd number like three then +when I change omega to omega plus pi + + align:start position:0% +when I change omega to omega plus pi + + + align:start position:0% +when I change omega to omega plus pi +everything stays reason. It stays okay. + + align:start position:0% +everything stays reason. It stays okay. + + + align:start position:0% +everything stays reason. It stays okay. +I change omega to omega plus pi. This + + align:start position:0% +I change omega to omega plus pi. This + + + align:start position:0% +I change omega to omega plus pi. This +left side flips changes the reverses + + align:start position:0% +left side flips changes the reverses + + + align:start position:0% +left side flips changes the reverses +sign. And when I change omega to omega + + align:start position:0% +sign. And when I change omega to omega + + + align:start position:0% +sign. And when I change omega to omega +plus pi, the right side reverses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign because I'm multiplying by e to the + + align:start position:0% +sign because I'm multiplying by e to the + + + align:start position:0% +sign because I'm multiplying by e to the +minus j3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +omega minus j3 pi. That's that's the + + align:start position:0% +omega minus j3 pi. That's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +omega minus j3 pi. That's that's the +extra factor that came in. + + align:start position:0% +extra factor that came in. + + + align:start position:0% +extra factor that came in. +Now, what is what's going on here? I I + + align:start position:0% +Now, what is what's going on here? I I + + + align:start position:0% +Now, what is what's going on here? I I +we really have we've got to this + + align:start position:0% +we really have we've got to this + + + align:start position:0% +we really have we've got to this +point by going full steam ahead here. + + align:start position:0% +point by going full steam ahead here. + + + align:start position:0% +point by going full steam ahead here. +The textbook chapter 4 will + + align:start position:0% +The textbook chapter 4 will + + + align:start position:0% +The textbook chapter 4 will +uh repeat those steps. But but maybe you + + align:start position:0% +uh repeat those steps. But but maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +uh repeat those steps. But but maybe you +know the most important point for you to + + align:start position:0% +know the most important point for you to + + + align:start position:0% +know the most important point for you to +see is that they were perfectly + + align:start position:0% +see is that they were perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +see is that they were perfectly +reasonable. There wasn't I mean there + + align:start position:0% +reasonable. There wasn't I mean there + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable. There wasn't I mean there +wasn't uh we just followed the rule + + align:start position:0% +wasn't uh we just followed the rule + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't uh we just followed the rule +here. + + align:start position:0% +here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. +And we and and I didn't I didn't uh + + align:start position:0% +And we and and I didn't I didn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +And we and and I didn't I didn't uh +carefully go through that rule that + + align:start position:0% +carefully go through that rule that + + + align:start position:0% +carefully go through that rule that +involved the down to and up to bringing + + align:start position:0% +involved the down to and up to bringing + + + align:start position:0% +involved the down to and up to bringing +in the alias, but we had to skip past + + align:start position:0% +in the alias, but we had to skip past + + + align:start position:0% +in the alias, but we had to skip past +somewhere. + + align:start position:0% +somewhere. + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere. +Okay, let me give you an example of a P + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let me give you an example of a P + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let me give you an example of a P +n of omega that works. Can I just give + + align:start position:0% +n of omega that works. Can I just give + + + align:start position:0% +n of omega that works. Can I just give +you the coefficients of a P not of + + align:start position:0% +you the coefficients of a P not of + + + align:start position:0% +you the coefficients of a P not of +omega? It's my favorite. + + align:start position:0% +omega? It's my favorite. + + + align:start position:0% +omega? It's my favorite. +-1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +16 9 0 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +-1. That's a great + + align:start position:0% +-1. That's a great + + + align:start position:0% +-1. That's a great +example of P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not now does it have this property? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sure. When you downle + + align:start position:0% +Sure. When you downle + + + align:start position:0% +Sure. When you downle +Yes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Let's see. I don't know. Uh yeah, I am I + + align:start position:0% +Let's see. I don't know. Uh yeah, I am I + + + align:start position:0% +Let's see. I don't know. Uh yeah, I am I +thinking that's where the delay of L + + align:start position:0% +thinking that's where the delay of L + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that's where the delay of L +enters. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah, for me the delay isn't there. Th + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, for me the delay isn't there. Th + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, for me the delay isn't there. Th +this is the this is this point where the + + align:start position:0% +this is the this is this point where the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the this is this point where the +aliasing comes in. Then the delay is + + align:start position:0% +aliasing comes in. Then the delay is + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing comes in. Then the delay is +because these fs are causal filters. + + align:start position:0% +because these fs are causal filters. + + + align:start position:0% +because these fs are causal filters. +They're lower triangular. That's for for + + align:start position:0% +They're lower triangular. That's for for + + + align:start position:0% +They're lower triangular. That's for for +me. All these matrices are lower + + align:start position:0% +me. All these matrices are lower + + + align:start position:0% +me. All these matrices are lower +triangular. And when I multiply them + + align:start position:0% +triangular. And when I multiply them + + + align:start position:0% +triangular. And when I multiply them +together, I'm I'm I'm down below the + + align:start position:0% +together, I'm I'm I'm down below the + + + align:start position:0% +together, I'm I'm I'm down below the +diagonal. I'm three in this + + align:start position:0% +diagonal. I'm three in this + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal. I'm three in this +case. This one is this particular P not + + align:start position:0% +case. This one is this particular P not + + + align:start position:0% +case. This one is this particular P not +is has latency three. It's it's um do + + align:start position:0% +is has latency three. It's it's um do + + + align:start position:0% +is has latency three. It's it's um do +you see this? Can can you can you can + + align:start position:0% +you see this? Can can you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +you see this? Can can you can you can +you see that those numbers work there? + + align:start position:0% +you see that those numbers work there? + + + align:start position:0% +you see that those numbers work there? +Now how how should I show + + align:start position:0% +Now how how should I show + + + align:start position:0% +Now how how should I show +that I should compare? So these are the + + align:start position:0% +that I should compare? So these are the + + + align:start position:0% +that I should compare? So these are the +numbers that give me P not of omega and + + align:start position:0% +numbers that give me P not of omega and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers that give me P not of omega and +I I'll tell you in the second lecture + + align:start position:0% +I I'll tell you in the second lecture + + + align:start position:0% +I I'll tell you in the second lecture +why I like + + align:start position:0% +why I like + + + align:start position:0% +why I like +them. Maybe I'll just let me just finish + + align:start position:0% +them. Maybe I'll just let me just finish + + + align:start position:0% +them. Maybe I'll just let me just finish +this lecture in a in a at the speed of + + align:start position:0% +this lecture in a in a at the speed of + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture in a in a at the speed of +light. Okay. All + + align:start position:0% +light. Okay. All + + + align:start position:0% +light. Okay. All +right. What are the numbers for P of + + align:start position:0% +right. What are the numbers for P of + + + align:start position:0% +right. What are the numbers for P of +omega? For P of omega plus pi. Well, + + align:start position:0% +omega? For P of omega plus pi. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +omega? For P of omega plus pi. Well, +that alternates. So the numbers for + + align:start position:0% +that alternates. So the numbers for + + + align:start position:0% +that alternates. So the numbers for +those are -1 0 9 - + + align:start position:0% +those are -1 0 9 - + + + align:start position:0% +those are -1 0 9 - +16 9 0 -1. Do you see that? I alternated + + align:start position:0% +16 9 0 -1. Do you see that? I alternated + + + align:start position:0% +16 9 0 -1. Do you see that? I alternated +signs. And now when I + + align:start position:0% +signs. And now when I + + + align:start position:0% +signs. And now when I +subtract, what happens? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only only that sky is left. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The the the the fact that these were + + align:start position:0% +The the the the fact that these were + + + align:start position:0% +The the the the fact that these were +zero was the crucial point. The fact + + align:start position:0% +zero was the crucial point. The fact + + + align:start position:0% +zero was the crucial point. The fact +that these were zero means because they + + align:start position:0% +that these were zero means because they + + + align:start position:0% +that these were zero means because they +would have changed sign to minus zero. + + align:start position:0% +would have changed sign to minus zero. + + + align:start position:0% +would have changed sign to minus zero. +They did. But then subtraction they + + align:start position:0% +They did. But then subtraction they + + + align:start position:0% +They did. But then subtraction they +didn't mess up. So there was only one + + align:start position:0% +didn't mess up. So there was only one + + + align:start position:0% +didn't mess up. So there was only one +oddnumbered component. That's it. One + + align:start position:0% +oddnumbered component. That's it. One + + + align:start position:0% +oddnumbered component. That's it. One +oddnumbered component. That's what P not + + align:start position:0% +oddnumbered component. That's what P not + + + align:start position:0% +oddnumbered component. That's what P not +has to do. It has to do its job with + + align:start position:0% +has to do. It has to do its job with + + + align:start position:0% +has to do. It has to do its job with +only one oddnumbered component and + + align:start position:0% +only one oddnumbered component and + + + align:start position:0% +only one oddnumbered component and +otherwise zeros in the odd position. So + + align:start position:0% +otherwise zeros in the odd position. So + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise zeros in the odd position. So +here's the position one, position three, + + align:start position:0% +here's the position one, position three, + + + align:start position:0% +here's the position one, position three, +position five. And it has to do its job + + align:start position:0% +position five. And it has to do its job + + + align:start position:0% +position five. And it has to do its job +with these zeros because then when I do + + align:start position:0% +with these zeros because then when I do + + + align:start position:0% +with these zeros because then when I do +this subtraction the what would what + + align:start position:0% +this subtraction the what would what + + + align:start position:0% +this subtraction the what would what +would otherwise reinforce is zero. So + + align:start position:0% +would otherwise reinforce is zero. So + + + align:start position:0% +would otherwise reinforce is zero. So +only one term reinforces and I got 32. + + align:start position:0% +only one term reinforces and I got 32. + + + align:start position:0% +only one term reinforces and I got 32. +So I should have divided by the whole + + align:start position:0% +So I should have divided by the whole + + + align:start position:0% +So I should have divided by the whole +thing by 16 to get uh to get + + align:start position:0% +thing by 16 to get uh to get + + + align:start position:0% +thing by 16 to get uh to get +two. You see that this filter that that + + align:start position:0% +two. You see that this filter that that + + + align:start position:0% +two. You see that this filter that that +there is a there's a set of numbers + + align:start position:0% +there is a there's a set of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +there is a there's a set of numbers +which is a filter that is a great P 0. + + align:start position:0% +which is a filter that is a great P 0. + + + align:start position:0% +which is a filter that is a great P 0. +And now if I factor P 0 into F0 which + + align:start position:0% +And now if I factor P 0 into F0 which + + + align:start position:0% +And now if I factor P 0 into F0 which +I'll do right at the start of the new + + align:start position:0% +I'll do right at the start of the new + + + align:start position:0% +I'll do right at the start of the new +lecture then I'll get these these are + + align:start position:0% +lecture then I'll get these these are + + + align:start position:0% +lecture then I'll get these these are +actually factors + + align:start position:0% +actually factors + + + align:start position:0% +actually factors +of there no I'm sorry the factors are f0 + + align:start position:0% +of there no I'm sorry the factors are f0 + + + align:start position:0% +of there no I'm sorry the factors are f0 +and h0 not so h0 is a factor the other + + align:start position:0% +and h0 not so h0 is a factor the other + + + align:start position:0% +and h0 not so h0 is a factor the other +factor is + + align:start position:0% +factor is + + + align:start position:0% +factor is +f0 I I claim that yeah here's a here's a + + align:start position:0% +f0 I I claim that yeah here's a here's a + + + align:start position:0% +f0 I I claim that yeah here's a here's a +opportunity to do a multiplication in + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to do a multiplication in + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to do a multiplication in +the break or a convolution if you + + align:start position:0% +the break or a convolution if you + + + align:start position:0% +the break or a convolution if you +prefer. Uh take those that polomial with + + align:start position:0% +prefer. Uh take those that polomial with + + + align:start position:0% +prefer. Uh take those that polomial with +those coefficients H knot and this + + align:start position:0% +those coefficients H knot and this + + + align:start position:0% +those coefficients H knot and this +polomial 121 multiply them together and + + align:start position:0% +polomial 121 multiply them together and + + + align:start position:0% +polomial 121 multiply them together and +hopefully you'll get P not. So that says + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you'll get P not. So that says + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you'll get P not. So that says +that yeah this is a great filter bank. + + align:start position:0% +that yeah this is a great filter bank. + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah this is a great filter bank. +We've we've chosen numbers here so that + + align:start position:0% +We've we've chosen numbers here so that + + + align:start position:0% +We've we've chosen numbers here so that +the product is a P not and and and this + + align:start position:0% +the product is a P not and and and this + + + align:start position:0% +the product is a P not and and and this +P not has this satisfies this primary + + align:start position:0% +P not has this satisfies this primary + + + align:start position:0% +P not has this satisfies this primary +requirement of perfect reconstruction. + + align:start position:0% +requirement of perfect reconstruction. + + + align:start position:0% +requirement of perfect reconstruction. +There's the condition for perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reconstruction and you I'll we could + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction and you I'll we could + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction and you I'll we could +even start that + + align:start position:0% +even start that + + + align:start position:0% +even start that +multiplication. So right if if I + + align:start position:0% +multiplication. So right if if I + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication. So right if if I +multiply a polomial with those + + align:start position:0% +multiply a polomial with those + + + align:start position:0% +multiply a polomial with those +coefficients times a polinomial with + + align:start position:0% +coefficients times a polinomial with + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients times a polinomial with +those. So the constant term is what? I'm + + align:start position:0% +those. So the constant term is what? I'm + + + align:start position:0% +those. So the constant term is what? I'm +only going to ask you the constant term + + align:start position:0% +only going to ask you the constant term + + + align:start position:0% +only going to ask you the constant term +and the second term. So so the what's + + align:start position:0% +and the second term. So so the what's + + + align:start position:0% +and the second term. So so the what's +the constant term if I take that + + align:start position:0% +the constant term if I take that + + + align:start position:0% +the constant term if I take that +polomial times this one + + align:start position:0% +polomial times this one + + + align:start position:0% +polomial times this one +negative one right negative 1* one and + + align:start position:0% +negative one right negative 1* one and + + + align:start position:0% +negative one right negative 1* one and +what's the next term? + + align:start position:0% +what's the next term? + + + align:start position:0% +what's the next term? +Z zero right zero because negative 1 + + align:start position:0% +Z zero right zero because negative 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Z zero right zero because negative 1 +multiplies two and two multiplies + one + + align:start position:0% +multiplies two and two multiplies + one + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies two and two multiplies + one +and together they give zero and of + + align:start position:0% +and together they give zero and of + + + align:start position:0% +and together they give zero and of +course we could do the next term minus + + align:start position:0% +course we could do the next term minus + + + align:start position:0% +course we could do the next term minus +one would multiply one that would be a + + align:start position:0% +one would multiply one that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +one would multiply one that would be a +minus one two would multiply two that + + align:start position:0% +minus one two would multiply two that + + + align:start position:0% +minus one two would multiply two that +would be a four and six would multiply + + align:start position:0% +would be a four and six would multiply + + + align:start position:0% +would be a four and six would multiply +one would be a six and we would get the + + align:start position:0% +one would be a six and we would get the + + + align:start position:0% +one would be a six and we would get the +ninth so we really do get this polomial + + align:start position:0% +ninth so we really do get this polomial + + + align:start position:0% +ninth so we really do get this polomial +from the product of those. And if we + + align:start position:0% +from the product of those. And if we + + + align:start position:0% +from the product of those. And if we +started with this one, we could factor + + align:start position:0% +started with this one, we could factor + + + align:start position:0% +started with this one, we could factor +it into those. But now, yeah, actually, + + align:start position:0% +it into those. But now, yeah, actually, + + + align:start position:0% +it into those. But now, yeah, actually, +oh, this lecture is running on far too + + align:start position:0% +oh, this lecture is running on far too + + + align:start position:0% +oh, this lecture is running on far too +long. But now, create a 62 for me. + + align:start position:0% +long. But now, create a 62 for me. + + + align:start position:0% +long. But now, create a 62 for me. +Create a 62 for me. Well, I'll just + + align:start position:0% +Create a 62 for me. Well, I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +Create a 62 for me. Well, I'll just +factor differently. + + align:start position:0% +factor differently. + + + align:start position:0% +factor differently. +I'll this this is a 1 one time a 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one. So my 62 will be I I'll only keep + + align:start position:0% +one. So my 62 will be I I'll only keep + + + align:start position:0% +one. So my 62 will be I I'll only keep +the one I'll keep one of those factors + + align:start position:0% +the one I'll keep one of those factors + + + align:start position:0% +the one I'll keep one of those factors +there and I'll multiply I'll multiply + + align:start position:0% +there and I'll multiply I'll multiply + + + align:start position:0% +there and I'll multiply I'll multiply +the other one one by this one. So if I + + align:start position:0% +the other one one by this one. So if I + + + align:start position:0% +the other one one by this one. So if I +multiply that by 1 one I think I get + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by 1 one I think I get + + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by 1 one I think I get +something like minus one one I think it + + align:start position:0% +something like minus one one I think it + + + align:start position:0% +something like minus one one I think it +turns out 88 8 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +turns out 88 8 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +turns out 88 8 1 minus +one there's the + + align:start position:0% +one there's the + + + align:start position:0% +one there's the +six two whose product is + + align:start position:0% +six two whose product is + + + align:start position:0% +six two whose product is +still my same P that I liked so + + align:start position:0% +still my same P that I liked so + + + align:start position:0% +still my same P that I liked so +well and this is a perfectly okay guy + + align:start position:0% +well and this is a perfectly okay guy + + + align:start position:0% +well and this is a perfectly okay guy +um you see that I've what I've done is + + align:start position:0% +um you see that I've what I've done is + + + align:start position:0% +um you see that I've what I've done is +I've taken unzero at pi away from the + + align:start position:0% +I've taken unzero at pi away from the + + + align:start position:0% +I've taken unzero at pi away from the +synthesis step and popped it onto the + + align:start position:0% +synthesis step and popped it onto the + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis step and popped it onto the +analysis step. Well, did I want to do + + align:start position:0% +analysis step. Well, did I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +analysis step. Well, did I want to do +that? Not sure. That's probably 53 was + + align:start position:0% +that? Not sure. That's probably 53 was + + + align:start position:0% +that? Not sure. That's probably 53 was +better. In fact, if I've got so many + + align:start position:0% +better. In fact, if I've got so many + + + align:start position:0% +better. In fact, if I've got so many +zeros, I might want that to be in the + + align:start position:0% +zeros, I might want that to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +zeros, I might want that to be in the +synthesis. I might want to reverse the + + align:start position:0% +synthesis. I might want to reverse the + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis. I might want to reverse the +order and this be the analysis filter + + align:start position:0% +order and this be the analysis filter + + + align:start position:0% +order and this be the analysis filter +and this be the fnot. But anyway, you're + + align:start position:0% +and this be the fnot. But anyway, you're + + + align:start position:0% +and this be the fnot. But anyway, you're +seeing the algebra that + + align:start position:0% +seeing the algebra that + + + align:start position:0% +seeing the algebra that +uh we've reduced to. So, so all comes + + align:start position:0% +uh we've reduced to. So, so all comes + + + align:start position:0% +uh we've reduced to. So, so all comes +down in choosing a P not factoring it + + align:start position:0% +down in choosing a P not factoring it + + + align:start position:0% +down in choosing a P not factoring it +and then you're home. So that's there's + + align:start position:0% +and then you're home. So that's there's + + + align:start position:0% +and then you're home. So that's there's +more. Yeah, I mean you could say well + + align:start position:0% +more. Yeah, I mean you could say well + + + align:start position:0% +more. Yeah, I mean you could say well +look just give me the list of + + align:start position:0% +look just give me the list of + + + align:start position:0% +look just give me the list of +coefficients. I don't need to know all + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. I don't need to know all + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients. I don't need to know all +this stuff. But uh you really could see + + align:start position:0% +this stuff. But uh you really could see + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff. But uh you really could see +there I think how the the steps go. how + + align:start position:0% +there I think how the the steps go. how + + + align:start position:0% +there I think how the the steps go. how +this great fact of uh just a + + align:start position:0% +this great fact of uh just a + + + align:start position:0% +this great fact of uh just a +multiplication + + align:start position:0% +multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication +uh made made that made that thing work. + + align:start position:0% +uh made made that made that thing work. + + + align:start position:0% +uh made made that made that thing work. +Okay, now I really will stop uh \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/p60ShJrbrf8.txt b/p60ShJrbrf8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7fd7b6290733e38894bb880726e4e7b3dac5b3b --- /dev/null +++ b/p60ShJrbrf8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9683 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so here so from this clim we can show + + align:start position:0% +so here so from this clim we can show + + + align:start position:0% +so here so from this clim we can show +this is in this relation R so in fact we + + align:start position:0% +this is in this relation R so in fact we + + + align:start position:0% +this is in this relation R so in fact we +also need a s for this relation R and + + align:start position:0% +also need a s for this relation R and + + + align:start position:0% +also need a s for this relation R and +this uh so in this construction we need + + align:start position:0% +this uh so in this construction we need + + + align:start position:0% +this uh so in this construction we need +a s Construction for this relation R and + + align:start position:0% +a s Construction for this relation R and + + + align:start position:0% +a s Construction for this relation R and +uh so this follows from the so for this + + align:start position:0% +uh so this follows from the so for this + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this follows from the so for this +kind of C it follows from the the work + + align:start position:0% +kind of C it follows from the the work + + + align:start position:0% +kind of C it follows from the the work +uh so it's + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's +almost almost can handle all of the SP + + align:start position:0% +almost almost can handle all of the SP + + + align:start position:0% +almost almost can handle all of the SP +relation up to some parallel repetition + + align:start position:0% +relation up to some parallel repetition + + + align:start position:0% +relation up to some parallel repetition +so I will not go into the detail of this + + align:start position:0% +so I will not go into the detail of this + + + align:start position:0% +so I will not go into the detail of this +work um so if you're interested you can + + align:start position:0% +work um so if you're interested you can + + + align:start position:0% +work um so if you're interested you can +read it yourself so this is the work uh + + align:start position:0% +read it yourself so this is the work uh + + + align:start position:0% +read it yourself so this is the work uh +so is c for efficiently verifiable + + align:start position:0% +so is c for efficiently verifiable + + + align:start position:0% +so is c for efficiently verifiable +product relation uh it's the beautiful + + align:start position:0% +product relation uh it's the beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +product relation uh it's the beautiful +work by uh so this is the home uh hrr + + align:start position:0% +work by uh so this is the home uh hrr + + + align:start position:0% +work by uh so this is the home uh hrr +home ground L Body and the Ros + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +BL + + align:start position:0% +BL + + + align:start position:0% +BL +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay so finally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so so let me ask a question okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh so so let me ask a question okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh so so let me ask a question okay yeah +uh could you say again why we need like + + align:start position:0% +uh could you say again why we need like + + + align:start position:0% +uh could you say again why we need like +why the cih we saw in last week plus is + + align:start position:0% +why the cih we saw in last week plus is + + + align:start position:0% +why the cih we saw in last week plus is +good enough uh right good question so so + + align:start position:0% +good enough uh right good question so so + + + align:start position:0% +good enough uh right good question so so +last week the S you saw is for + + align:start position:0% +last week the S you saw is for + + + align:start position:0% +last week the S you saw is for +searchable relation so that means uh the + + align:start position:0% +searchable relation so that means uh the + + + align:start position:0% +searchable relation so that means uh the +relation so the relation + + align:start position:0% +relation so the relation + + + align:start position:0% +relation so the relation +here so the the S relation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +uh so the right so the relation here + + align:start position:0% +uh so the right so the relation here + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the right so the relation here +need to satisfy the searchable property + + align:start position:0% +need to satisfy the searchable property + + + align:start position:0% +need to satisfy the searchable property +so it means uh so this beta so for any + + align:start position:0% +so it means uh so this beta so for any + + + align:start position:0% +so it means uh so this beta so for any +fixed Alpha there exist a unique beta uh + + align:start position:0% +fixed Alpha there exist a unique beta uh + + + align:start position:0% +fixed Alpha there exist a unique beta uh +such that this Alpha Beta is in this + + align:start position:0% +such that this Alpha Beta is in this + + + align:start position:0% +such that this Alpha Beta is in this +relation R and moreover there is a + + align:start position:0% +relation R and moreover there is a + + + align:start position:0% +relation R and moreover there is a +efficient algorithm uh some some + + align:start position:0% +efficient algorithm uh some some + + + align:start position:0% +efficient algorithm uh some some +efficient algorithm F such that it can + + align:start position:0% +efficient algorithm F such that it can + + + align:start position:0% +efficient algorithm F such that it can +take this Alpha and the output such a + + align:start position:0% +take this Alpha and the output such a + + + align:start position:0% +take this Alpha and the output such a +beta so that's a search efficiently + + align:start position:0% +beta so that's a search efficiently + + + align:start position:0% +beta so that's a search efficiently +searchable mean uh so here so here it's + + align:start position:0% +searchable mean uh so here so here it's + + + align:start position:0% +searchable mean uh so here so here it's +possible that for fixed Alpha there + + align:start position:0% +possible that for fixed Alpha there + + + align:start position:0% +possible that for fixed Alpha there +there might be multiple uh multiple beta + + align:start position:0% +there might be multiple uh multiple beta + + + align:start position:0% +there might be multiple uh multiple beta +that can satisfy this relation because + + align:start position:0% +that can satisfy this relation because + + + align:start position:0% +that can satisfy this relation because +for a fixed PCP uh there might be + + align:start position:0% +for a fixed PCP uh there might be + + + align:start position:0% +for a fixed PCP uh there might be +multiple queries that can make the per + + align:start position:0% +multiple queries that can make the per + + + align:start position:0% +multiple queries that can make the per +PCP be accepted yes good question + + align:start position:0% +PCP be accepted yes good question + + + align:start position:0% +PCP be accepted yes good question +yeah so what what the hrr shows that uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what what the hrr shows that uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what what the hrr shows that uh +if the if the sparse relation has + + align:start position:0% +if the if the sparse relation has + + + align:start position:0% +if the if the sparse relation has +efficient W fire algorithm then uh most + + align:start position:0% +efficient W fire algorithm then uh most + + + align:start position:0% +efficient W fire algorithm then uh most +of the then you can you can build a s + + align:start position:0% +of the then you can you can build a s + + + align:start position:0% +of the then you can you can build a s +for them up to some par repetition yeah + + align:start position:0% +for them up to some par repetition yeah + + + align:start position:0% +for them up to some par repetition yeah +roughly speaking it's a yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay so so uh so now we have a + + align:start position:0% +so okay so so uh so now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so so uh so now we have a +construction of snarks but let's see + + align:start position:0% +construction of snarks but let's see + + + align:start position:0% +construction of snarks but let's see +what's the proof size for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +snark so uh so the so the proof size + + align:start position:0% +snark so uh so the so the proof size + + + align:start position:0% +snark so uh so the so the proof size +consist of the first message and the + + align:start position:0% +consist of the first message and the + + + align:start position:0% +consist of the first message and the +thir R message so the first run message + + align:start position:0% +thir R message so the first run message + + + align:start position:0% +thir R message so the first run message +consist of l l of hash values so you can + + align:start position:0% +consist of l l of hash values so you can + + + align:start position:0% +consist of l l of hash values so you can +think each H value is also F separate + + align:start position:0% +think each H value is also F separate + + + align:start position:0% +think each H value is also F separate +text so it's a PO Lambda bits so in + + align:start position:0% +text so it's a PO Lambda bits so in + + + align:start position:0% +text so it's a PO Lambda bits so in +total the first round message uh consist + + align:start position:0% +total the first round message uh consist + + + align:start position:0% +total the first round message uh consist +of uh po + + align:start position:0% +of uh po + + + align:start position:0% +of uh po +c times po + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L but is but it's independent of the + + align:start position:0% +L but is but it's independent of the + + + align:start position:0% +L but is but it's independent of the +K and the third R message uh is K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times poly log + + align:start position:0% +times poly log + + + align:start position:0% +times poly log +c times + + align:start position:0% +c times + + + align:start position:0% +c times +Pol because for each in the thir R + + align:start position:0% +Pol because for each in the thir R + + + align:start position:0% +Pol because for each in the thir R +message for for each instance you send + + align:start position:0% +message for for each instance you send + + + align:start position:0% +message for for each instance you send +uh Q PCP answers so the size of Q is uh + + align:start position:0% +uh Q PCP answers so the size of Q is uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh Q PCP answers so the size of Q is uh +is Lambda times poly log + + align:start position:0% +is Lambda times poly log + + + align:start position:0% +is Lambda times poly log +C so in total you have you send K of the + + align:start position:0% +C so in total you have you send K of the + + + align:start position:0% +C so in total you have you send K of the +K of them so in total it's K times + + align:start position:0% +K of them so in total it's K times + + + align:start position:0% +K of them so in total it's K times +this okay so so this is already + + align:start position:0% +this okay so so this is already + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so so this is already +non-trivial because it's a uh so this + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial because it's a uh so this + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial because it's a uh so this +this number it could be much smaller + + align:start position:0% +this number it could be much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +this number it could be much smaller +than K * K * W so right because the + + align:start position:0% +than K * K * W so right because the + + + align:start position:0% +than K * K * W so right because the +second term is almost order of K and the + + align:start position:0% +second term is almost order of K and the + + + align:start position:0% +second term is almost order of K and the +first term is almost C so yeah so this + + align:start position:0% +first term is almost C so yeah so this + + + align:start position:0% +first term is almost C so yeah so this +is already non- trial but it's still + + align:start position:0% +is already non- trial but it's still + + + align:start position:0% +is already non- trial but it's still +large + + align:start position:0% +large + + + align:start position:0% +large +so uh so the Bigg issue is if you look + + align:start position:0% +so uh so the Bigg issue is if you look + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so the Bigg issue is if you look +at the verification time so + + align:start position:0% +at the verification time so + + + align:start position:0% +at the verification time so +the the verification time is you all see + + align:start position:0% +the the verification time is you all see + + + align:start position:0% +the the verification time is you all see +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh uh K * policy the reason is the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh K * policy the reason is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh K * policy the reason is the +verifier need + + align:start position:0% +verifier need + + + align:start position:0% +verifier need +to uh verify the PCP answers for each of + + align:start position:0% +to uh verify the PCP answers for each of + + + align:start position:0% +to uh verify the PCP answers for each of +the instances for for X1 to + + align:start position:0% +the instances for for X1 to + + + align:start position:0% +the instances for for X1 to +XK so the so in this step so each PCP + + align:start position:0% +XK so the so in this step so each PCP + + + align:start position:0% +XK so the so in this step so each PCP +verification need to take C time and in + + align:start position:0% +verification need to take C time and in + + + align:start position:0% +verification need to take C time and in +total it need to take K times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +policy yeah why is there a PO + + align:start position:0% +policy yeah why is there a PO + + + align:start position:0% +policy yeah why is there a PO +oh so that's the that's because the each + + align:start position:0% +oh so that's the that's because the each + + + align:start position:0% +oh so that's the that's because the each +each query is uh so each query so if you + + align:start position:0% +each query is uh so each query so if you + + + align:start position:0% +each query is uh so each query so if you +remember yeah so here so each quy sze is + + align:start position:0% +remember yeah so here so each quy sze is + + + align:start position:0% +remember yeah so here so each quy sze is +Lambda times poog + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C so it's a yeah so they're not just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +single uh right so so here so here we + + align:start position:0% +single uh right so so here so here we + + + align:start position:0% +single uh right so so here so here we +have a Lambda term because we need to do + + align:start position:0% +have a Lambda term because we need to do + + + align:start position:0% +have a Lambda term because we need to do +the parallel ation so you take a you + + align:start position:0% +the parallel ation so you take a you + + + align:start position:0% +the parallel ation so you take a you +take a PCP with constant uh uh s this + + align:start position:0% +take a PCP with constant uh uh s this + + + align:start position:0% +take a PCP with constant uh uh s this +arrow and you amplify it uh LDA Times by + + align:start position:0% +arrow and you amplify it uh LDA Times by + + + align:start position:0% +arrow and you amplify it uh LDA Times by +parall repetition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want yeah so you can have PCP with + + align:start position:0% +want yeah so you can have PCP with + + + align:start position:0% +want yeah so you can have PCP with +perfect perfect complains yeah so you + + align:start position:0% +perfect perfect complains yeah so you + + + align:start position:0% +perfect perfect complains yeah so you +don't need to worry about the when you + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about the when you + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about the when you +do the par reputation okay so so the + + align:start position:0% +do the par reputation okay so so the + + + align:start position:0% +do the par reputation okay so so the +verification time is still very large uh + + align:start position:0% +verification time is still very large uh + + + align:start position:0% +verification time is still very large uh +so in fact you don't have any savings if + + align:start position:0% +so in fact you don't have any savings if + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact you don't have any savings if +you do this directly so on the + + align:start position:0% +you do this directly so on the + + + align:start position:0% +you do this directly so on the +verification time so and the so let's + + align:start position:0% +verification time so and the so let's + + + align:start position:0% +verification time so and the so let's +consider uh for + + align:start position:0% +consider uh for + + + align:start position:0% +consider uh for +a for a general snarks for B MP or barks + + align:start position:0% +a for a general snarks for B MP or barks + + + align:start position:0% +a for a general snarks for B MP or barks +so what's the verification time so + + align:start position:0% +so what's the verification time so + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the verification time so +remember the wif fire in in a bark the + + align:start position:0% +remember the wif fire in in a bark the + + + align:start position:0% +remember the wif fire in in a bark the +wif fire need to read uh at least the + + align:start position:0% +wif fire need to read uh at least the + + + align:start position:0% +wif fire need to read uh at least the +CRS and all of the statement to verify + + align:start position:0% +CRS and all of the statement to verify + + + align:start position:0% +CRS and all of the statement to verify +the proof so so the verifier uh need to + + align:start position:0% +the proof so so the verifier uh need to + + + align:start position:0% +the proof so so the verifier uh need to +at least read all of the instance so it + + align:start position:0% +at least read all of the instance so it + + + align:start position:0% +at least read all of the instance so it +seems that there is a lower Bond on the + + align:start position:0% +seems that there is a lower Bond on the + + + align:start position:0% +seems that there is a lower Bond on the +verification time the lower bond is just + + align:start position:0% +verification time the lower bond is just + + + align:start position:0% +verification time the lower bond is just +at least K * X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so uh so next I will show you how to + + align:start position:0% +so uh so next I will show you how to + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so next I will show you how to +reduce the verification time and the + + align:start position:0% +reduce the verification time and the + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the verification time and the +proof size of barks but uh uh we will uh + + align:start position:0% +proof size of barks but uh uh we will uh + + + align:start position:0% +proof size of barks but uh uh we will uh +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +uh right so we will uh consider a + + align:start position:0% +uh right so we will uh consider a + + + align:start position:0% +uh right so we will uh consider a +variant of bark and it don't have this + + align:start position:0% +variant of bark and it don't have this + + + align:start position:0% +variant of bark and it don't have this +lower bound on verification + + align:start position:0% +lower bound on verification + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound on verification +time so the idea so I will Define a new + + align:start position:0% +time so the idea so I will Define a new + + + align:start position:0% +time so the idea so I will Define a new +notion of uh + + align:start position:0% +notion of uh + + + align:start position:0% +notion of uh +barks uh let me re erase this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in this notion of Bo is called uh so + + align:start position:0% +so in this notion of Bo is called uh so + + + align:start position:0% +so in this notion of Bo is called uh so +it's called + + align:start position:0% +it's called + + + align:start position:0% +it's called +the index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +SP or you can also call it a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +snarks for uh batch index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so the idea is so in the original + + align:start position:0% +so so the idea is so in the original + + + align:start position:0% +so so the idea is so in the original +definition of barks the Wi-Fi need to + + align:start position:0% +definition of barks the Wi-Fi need to + + + align:start position:0% +definition of barks the Wi-Fi need to +read off the instance because the + + align:start position:0% +read off the instance because the + + + align:start position:0% +read off the instance because the +instance are nonuniform so in this + + align:start position:0% +instance are nonuniform so in this + + + align:start position:0% +instance are nonuniform so in this +notion uh we will consider a special + + align:start position:0% +notion uh we will consider a special + + + align:start position:0% +notion uh we will consider a special +case when this uh instance are uniform + + align:start position:0% +case when this uh instance are uniform + + + align:start position:0% +case when this uh instance are uniform +so intuitively it means there exists + + align:start position:0% +so intuitively it means there exists + + + align:start position:0% +so intuitively it means there exists +some circular + + align:start position:0% +some circular + + + align:start position:0% +some circular +U such that the is instance is generated + + align:start position:0% +U such that the is instance is generated + + + align:start position:0% +U such that the is instance is generated +by using the circuit U and the + + align:start position:0% +by using the circuit U and the + + + align:start position:0% +by using the circuit U and the +index so so + + align:start position:0% +index so so + + + align:start position:0% +index so so +intuitively it says the instance can be + + align:start position:0% +intuitively it says the instance can be + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively it says the instance can be +described in a uniform Way by only use + + align:start position:0% +described in a uniform Way by only use + + + align:start position:0% +described in a uniform Way by only use +the index and if this is the case + + align:start position:0% +the index and if this is the case + + + align:start position:0% +the index and if this is the case +then then what the pro try to prove is + + align:start position:0% +then then what the pro try to prove is + + + align:start position:0% +then then what the pro try to prove is +X1 to XK is all in this language + + align:start position:0% +X1 to XK is all in this language + + + align:start position:0% +X1 to XK is all in this language +l so so now it is equivalent to say uh + + align:start position:0% +l so so now it is equivalent to say uh + + + align:start position:0% +l so so now it is equivalent to say uh +so for index for each index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I there exist witness wi uh such that + + align:start position:0% +I there exist witness wi uh such that + + + align:start position:0% +I there exist witness wi uh such that +this c c and the + + align:start position:0% +this c c and the + + + align:start position:0% +this c c and the +UI W equals 1 so so then we can Define + + align:start position:0% +UI W equals 1 so so then we can Define + + + align:start position:0% +UI W equals 1 so so then we can Define +so essentially this is you can build + + align:start position:0% +so essentially this is you can build + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially this is you can build +this as a new uh MP relation so the new + + align:start position:0% +this as a new uh MP relation so the new + + + align:start position:0% +this as a new uh MP relation so the new +MP relation is the is defined as follows + + align:start position:0% +MP relation is the is defined as follows + + + align:start position:0% +MP relation is the is defined as follows +so the instance is just index and it + + align:start position:0% +so the instance is just index and it + + + align:start position:0% +so the instance is just index and it +verifies uh there exist a + + align:start position:0% +verifies uh there exist a + + + align:start position:0% +verifies uh there exist a +wi such + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so this is just a rewriting of this + + align:start position:0% +that so this is just a rewriting of this + + + align:start position:0% +that so this is just a rewriting of this +right so so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +so uh right and then you can you can + + align:start position:0% +so uh right and then you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +so uh right and then you can you can +view this as a new new uh mp uh MP + + align:start position:0% +view this as a new new uh mp uh MP + + + align:start position:0% +view this as a new new uh mp uh MP +verification circuit that s c Prime so + + align:start position:0% +verification circuit that s c Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +verification circuit that s c Prime so +it only takes wi and the I and the wi + + align:start position:0% +it only takes wi and the I and the wi + + + align:start position:0% +it only takes wi and the I and the wi +input and it internally compute this you + + align:start position:0% +input and it internally compute this you + + + align:start position:0% +input and it internally compute this you +and the Wii C so this Inspire us to + + align:start position:0% +and the Wii C so this Inspire us to + + + align:start position:0% +and the Wii C so this Inspire us to +define a new notion called uh index bark + + align:start position:0% +define a new notion called uh index bark + + + align:start position:0% +define a new notion called uh index bark +so a index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bark definition uh a index SP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bark uh for this uh for this kind of + + align:start position:0% +bark uh for this uh for this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +bark uh for this uh for this kind of +relation so it it is for this uh this + + align:start position:0% +relation so it it is for this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +relation so it it is for this uh this +kind of language where the the language + + align:start position:0% +kind of language where the the language + + + align:start position:0% +kind of language where the the language +is just some general NP language but the + + align:start position:0% +is just some general NP language but the + + + align:start position:0% +is just some general NP language but the +instance is treated as an index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for this + + align:start position:0% +for this + + + align:start position:0% +for this +language and the prover so the + + align:start position:0% +language and the prover so the + + + align:start position:0% +language and the prover so the +pro the we still have a uh CRS and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the prover tries to convince the + + align:start position:0% +the the prover tries to convince the + + + align:start position:0% +the the prover tries to convince the +wiif fire that uh all of the indices + + align:start position:0% +wiif fire that uh all of the indices + + + align:start position:0% +wiif fire that uh all of the indices +from one two ET to K is in this language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the only Pro also so only Pro only to + + align:start position:0% +so the only Pro also so only Pro only to + + + align:start position:0% +so the only Pro also so only Pro only to +read index K and uh it has witness from + + align:start position:0% +read index K and uh it has witness from + + + align:start position:0% +read index K and uh it has witness from +W1 to WK for each of the index and the + + align:start position:0% +W1 to WK for each of the index and the + + + align:start position:0% +W1 to WK for each of the index and the +WiFi only need to take K as + + align:start position:0% +WiFi only need to take K as + + + align:start position:0% +WiFi only need to take K as +input so so now the + + align:start position:0% +input so so now the + + + align:start position:0% +input so so now the +verifier so this K can be represented as + + align:start position:0% +verifier so this K can be represented as + + + align:start position:0% +verifier so this K can be represented as +log K bits because it's just the index + + align:start position:0% +log K bits because it's just the index + + + align:start position:0% +log K bits because it's just the index +so so what's the uh best verification + + align:start position:0% +so so what's the uh best verification + + + align:start position:0% +so so what's the uh best verification +time we can hope for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh anyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else so oh good so the verification time + + align:start position:0% +else so oh good so the verification time + + + align:start position:0% +else so oh good so the verification time +is uh so the verification so the wif + + align:start position:0% +is uh so the verification so the wif + + + align:start position:0% +is uh so the verification so the wif +only to read this index K and the + + align:start position:0% +only to read this index K and the + + + align:start position:0% +only to read this index K and the +proof so the wif can be as small as uh + + align:start position:0% +proof so the wif can be as small as uh + + + align:start position:0% +proof so the wif can be as small as uh +verification time only need to be uh + + align:start position:0% +verification time only need to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +verification time only need to be uh +some log k + + align:start position:0% +some log k + + + align:start position:0% +some log k +can be as small as this much so only + + align:start position:0% +can be as small as this much so only + + + align:start position:0% +can be as small as this much so only +depends on l k and the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +depends on l k and the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +depends on l k and the Lambda +so okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +so okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so this is +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +right and for this index bar we also + + align:start position:0% +right and for this index bar we also + + + align:start position:0% +right and for this index bar we also +require the completeness and the + + align:start position:0% +require the completeness and the + + + align:start position:0% +require the completeness and the +soundness uh in the same way as + + align:start position:0% +soundness uh in the same way as + + + align:start position:0% +soundness uh in the same way as +before uh any questions yeah actually + + align:start position:0% +before uh any questions yeah actually + + + align:start position:0% +before uh any questions yeah actually +should I think this you think part + + align:start position:0% +should I think this you think part + + + align:start position:0% +should I think this you think part +in yeah so you can think it's a + + align:start position:0% +in yeah so you can think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in yeah so you can think it's a +yeah so you can think it it's uh you can + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you can think it it's uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you can think it it's uh you can +always uh absorb it in the in the + + align:start position:0% +always uh absorb it in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +always uh absorb it in the in the +relation circuit so you can you can + + align:start position:0% +relation circuit so you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +relation circuit so you can you can +think it's part of the relation right I + + align:start position:0% +think it's part of the relation right I + + + align:start position:0% +think it's part of the relation right I +guess are we going to pay for the size + + align:start position:0% +guess are we going to pay for the size + + + align:start position:0% +guess are we going to pay for the size +of description of you anywhere or is + + align:start position:0% +of description of you anywhere or is + + + align:start position:0% +of description of you anywhere or is +that uh right right good so the + + align:start position:0% +that uh right right good so the + + + align:start position:0% +that uh right right good so the +verification circuit in fact they need + + align:start position:0% +verification circuit in fact they need + + + align:start position:0% +verification circuit in fact they need +also to depend on C right because the + + align:start position:0% +also to depend on C right because the + + + align:start position:0% +also to depend on C right because the +verifier need to read the circuit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes and is there like a unique instance + + align:start position:0% +yes and is there like a unique instance + + + align:start position:0% +yes and is there like a unique instance +to this problem then like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so now the the point is now the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so now the the point is now the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so now the the point is now the +verification time don't depends on + + align:start position:0% +verification time don't depends on + + + align:start position:0% +verification time don't depends on +linear in K so previously you need to + + align:start position:0% +linear in K so previously you need to + + + align:start position:0% +linear in K so previously you need to +read all the instance and now you the + + align:start position:0% +read all the instance and now you the + + + align:start position:0% +read all the instance and now you the +verification only gr log in + + align:start position:0% +verification only gr log in + + + align:start position:0% +verification only gr log in +yeah think of C as part of the input + + align:start position:0% +yeah think of C as part of the input + + + align:start position:0% +yeah think of C as part of the input +c c as part of the input uh So + + align:start position:0% +c c as part of the input uh So + + + align:start position:0% +c c as part of the input uh So +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +um or I guess C Prime which like stor + + align:start position:0% +um or I guess C Prime which like stor + + + align:start position:0% +um or I guess C Prime which like stor +you in it uh right yes yes right okay so + + align:start position:0% +you in it uh right yes yes right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +you in it uh right yes yes right okay so +that is then how would so V still has to + + align:start position:0% +that is then how would so V still has to + + + align:start position:0% +that is then how would so V still has to +read + + align:start position:0% +read + + + align:start position:0% +read +what a lot of yeah so you can uh so it + + align:start position:0% +what a lot of yeah so you can uh so it + + + align:start position:0% +what a lot of yeah so you can uh so it +depends on how you define it so you can + + align:start position:0% +depends on how you define it so you can + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how you define it so you can +Define it for a fixed C and you have + + align:start position:0% +Define it for a fixed C and you have + + + align:start position:0% +Define it for a fixed C and you have +such a proof system or you can define a + + align:start position:0% +such a proof system or you can define a + + + align:start position:0% +such a proof system or you can define a +proof system for any c then you need to + + align:start position:0% +proof system for any c then you need to + + + align:start position:0% +proof system for any c then you need to +you need the verification time to grow + + align:start position:0% +you need the verification time to grow + + + align:start position:0% +you need the verification time to grow +with the c size C is it defining it for + + align:start position:0% +with the c size C is it defining it for + + + align:start position:0% +with the c size C is it defining it for +a f c kind of + + align:start position:0% +a f c kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a f c kind of +like like not that helpful because we + + align:start position:0% +like like not that helpful because we + + + align:start position:0% +like like not that helpful because we +just solving bch for like a b + + align:start position:0% +just solving bch for like a b + + + align:start position:0% +just solving bch for like a b +Set uh but you can you choose C to be + + align:start position:0% +Set uh but you can you choose C to be + + + align:start position:0% +Set uh but you can you choose C to be +universal circuit then it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah then it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah then it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah then it's +General uh good question so right I + + align:start position:0% +General uh good question so right I + + + align:start position:0% +General uh good question so right I +think yeah if you take a universal you + + align:start position:0% +think yeah if you take a universal you + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah if you take a universal you +need to you to use the U maybe yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +need to you to use the U maybe yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +need to you to use the U maybe yeah yeah +it's good to think c as the input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so and uh and the and uh so in + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so and uh and the and uh so in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so and uh and the and uh so in +the remaining time of this lecture we + + align:start position:0% +the remaining time of this lecture we + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining time of this lecture we +all prove uh we all prove the following + + align:start position:0% +all prove uh we all prove the following + + + align:start position:0% +all prove uh we all prove the following +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +so there exist a + + align:start position:0% +so there exist a + + + align:start position:0% +so there exist a +a index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spark from lwe and the Pro proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size is + + align:start position:0% +size is + + + align:start position:0% +size is +uh po uh log so you grow log in + + align:start position:0% +uh po uh log so you grow log in + + + align:start position:0% +uh po uh log so you grow log in +K uh C and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda and the verification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time is uh log K C Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so both of them are + + align:start position:0% +okay so both of them are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so both of them are +uh uh almost match the best you can hope + + align:start position:0% +uh uh almost match the best you can hope + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh almost match the best you can hope +for up to some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polinomial + + align:start position:0% +polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial +so and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay so here I want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the so I want to emphasize here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that in fact you can if you know how to + + align:start position:0% +that in fact you can if you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact you can if you know how to +build uh this index bark then you can + + align:start position:0% +build uh this index bark then you can + + + align:start position:0% +build uh this index bark then you can +build barks with almost the same + + align:start position:0% +build barks with almost the same + + + align:start position:0% +build barks with almost the same +verification time and proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size so in other words uh in fact any uh + + align:start position:0% +size so in other words uh in fact any uh + + + align:start position:0% +size so in other words uh in fact any uh +a batch of instance are without a loss + + align:start position:0% +a batch of instance are without a loss + + + align:start position:0% +a batch of instance are without a loss +of generality uniform uh in sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so so what I will show you is uh in fact + + align:start position:0% +so so what I will show you is uh in fact + + + align:start position:0% +so so what I will show you is uh in fact +if you know how to build index + + align:start position:0% +if you know how to build index + + + align:start position:0% +if you know how to build index +Mark then you can use it in a generic + + align:start position:0% +Mark then you can use it in a generic + + + align:start position:0% +Mark then you can use it in a generic +way to build + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +barks so the reduction works as follows + + align:start position:0% +barks so the reduction works as follows + + + align:start position:0% +barks so the reduction works as follows +so suppose we + + align:start position:0% +so suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose we +have so so now we want to build a bark + + align:start position:0% +have so so now we want to build a bark + + + align:start position:0% +have so so now we want to build a bark +uh for a bunch of instance from X1 to XK + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the idea is uh we will first build a + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is uh we will first build a + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is uh we will first build a +mirle harsh of all of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instance + + align:start position:0% +instance + + + align:start position:0% +instance +so and we have some has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +root so now uh we have the prover send + + align:start position:0% +root so now uh we have the prover send + + + align:start position:0% +root so now uh we have the prover send +this has root to the wif fire and the + + align:start position:0% +this has root to the wif fire and the + + + align:start position:0% +this has root to the wif fire and the +prove that and use and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +prove that and use and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +prove that and use and then we have the +approver to show that for any index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I uh there exist a local + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +opening row + + align:start position:0% +opening row + + + align:start position:0% +opening row +I uh so the local opening remember is + + align:start position:0% +I uh so the local opening remember is + + + align:start position:0% +I uh so the local opening remember is +the root two Le path for each of the + + align:start position:0% +the root two Le path for each of the + + + align:start position:0% +the root two Le path for each of the +leaf okay so there ex local opening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +row I for + + align:start position:0% +row I for + + + align:start position:0% +row I for +XI such + + align:start position:0% +XI such + + + align:start position:0% +XI such +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um such that the local verification will + + align:start position:0% +um such that the local verification will + + + align:start position:0% +um such that the local verification will +pass for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XI local + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +verification so the local verification + + align:start position:0% +verification so the local verification + + + align:start position:0% +verification so the local verification +algorithm will take the h root and the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm will take the h root and the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm will take the h root and the +index I and the + + align:start position:0% +index I and the + + + align:start position:0% +index I and the +XI which is the open value and also this + + align:start position:0% +XI which is the open value and also this + + + align:start position:0% +XI which is the open value and also this +local opening which is the root2 de + + align:start position:0% +local opening which is the root2 de + + + align:start position:0% +local opening which is the root2 de +pass and moreover uh there is also exist + + align:start position:0% +pass and moreover uh there is also exist + + + align:start position:0% +pass and moreover uh there is also exist +a wi such that the original circuit is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +satisfied so so the idea is you just has + + align:start position:0% +satisfied so so the idea is you just has + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied so so the idea is you just has +all of the instance from X1 to XK and + + align:start position:0% +all of the instance from X1 to XK and + + + align:start position:0% +all of the instance from X1 to XK and +you send the uh H value to the wifire + + align:start position:0% +you send the uh H value to the wifire + + + align:start position:0% +you send the uh H value to the wifire +then you prove for each indexi there + + align:start position:0% +then you prove for each indexi there + + + align:start position:0% +then you prove for each indexi there +exist opening XI to this has and uh this + + align:start position:0% +exist opening XI to this has and uh this + + + align:start position:0% +exist opening XI to this has and uh this +uh C of XI is satisfied so in this way + + align:start position:0% +uh C of XI is satisfied so in this way + + + align:start position:0% +uh C of XI is satisfied so in this way +you convert uh gener so you convert a + + align:start position:0% +you convert uh gener so you convert a + + + align:start position:0% +you convert uh gener so you convert a +batch of NP instance to a index uh to a + + align:start position:0% +batch of NP instance to a index uh to a + + + align:start position:0% +batch of NP instance to a index uh to a +batch index in + + align:start position:0% +batch index in + + + align:start position:0% +batch index in +instance because so now now the + + align:start position:0% +instance because so now now the + + + align:start position:0% +instance because so now now the +statement only grow so so it prove + + align:start position:0% +statement only grow so so it prove + + + align:start position:0% +statement only grow so so it prove +something for each index I so you can + + align:start position:0% +something for each index I so you can + + + align:start position:0% +something for each index I so you can +view so you can view this uh so you can + + align:start position:0% +view so you can view this uh so you can + + + align:start position:0% +view so you can view this uh so you can +view this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part so you can view this part as some + + align:start position:0% +part so you can view this part as some + + + align:start position:0% +part so you can view this part as some +circuit c c Prime so C Prime will take + + align:start position:0% +circuit c c Prime so C Prime will take + + + align:start position:0% +circuit c c Prime so C Prime will take +index I and the winess row i w i and + + align:start position:0% +index I and the winess row i w i and + + + align:start position:0% +index I and the winess row i w i and +check the check the two + + align:start position:0% +check the check the two + + + align:start position:0% +check the check the two +things then you can generate generate a + + align:start position:0% +things then you can generate generate a + + + align:start position:0% +things then you can generate generate a +uh index bark for this instance for for + + align:start position:0% +uh index bark for this instance for for + + + align:start position:0% +uh index bark for this instance for for +each of the instance from X1 from one to + + align:start position:0% +each of the instance from X1 from one to + + + align:start position:0% +each of the instance from X1 from one to +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +so and and this uh uh and then you + + align:start position:0% +so and and this uh uh and then you + + + align:start position:0% +so and and this uh uh and then you +generate a index bark for for this kind + + align:start position:0% +generate a index bark for for this kind + + + align:start position:0% +generate a index bark for for this kind +of instance so so now you send this to + + align:start position:0% +of instance so so now you send this to + + + align:start position:0% +of instance so so now you send this to +the wifire and this is your + + align:start position:0% +the wifire and this is your + + + align:start position:0% +the wifire and this is your +bark + + align:start position:0% +bark + + + align:start position:0% +bark +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so okay so the so if the if the uh if Pi + + align:start position:0% +so okay so the so if the if the uh if Pi + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so the so if the if the uh if Pi +is small and the H is small your total + + align:start position:0% +is small and the H is small your total + + + align:start position:0% +is small and the H is small your total +proof size is also small so that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea so next uh I will only focus on so + + align:start position:0% +idea so next uh I will only focus on so + + + align:start position:0% +idea so next uh I will only focus on so +we'll come back to this point later uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to this point later uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to this point later uh +when we uh so because the proof of + + align:start position:0% +when we uh so because the proof of + + + align:start position:0% +when we uh so because the proof of +soundness of this transformation is not + + align:start position:0% +soundness of this transformation is not + + + align:start position:0% +soundness of this transformation is not +trivial because in fact you all you all + + align:start position:0% +trivial because in fact you all you all + + + align:start position:0% +trivial because in fact you all you all +see this is not so so the nonadaptive + + align:start position:0% +see this is not so so the nonadaptive + + + align:start position:0% +see this is not so so the nonadaptive +soundness previously is not sufficient + + align:start position:0% +soundness previously is not sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +soundness previously is not sufficient +to prove the soundness + + align:start position:0% +to prove the soundness + + + align:start position:0% +to prove the soundness +because this circuit will depends on + + align:start position:0% +because this circuit will depends on + + + align:start position:0% +because this circuit will depends on +this hash and is chosen adaptively by + + align:start position:0% +this hash and is chosen adaptively by + + + align:start position:0% +this hash and is chosen adaptively by +the adversary so we will come back to + + align:start position:0% +the adversary so we will come back to + + + align:start position:0% +the adversary so we will come back to +this point later to show how to prove + + align:start position:0% +this point later to show how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +this point later to show how to prove +the soundness of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation okay so next I will show + + align:start position:0% +transformation okay so next I will show + + + align:start position:0% +transformation okay so next I will show +you how to build this index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Park so so our starting point is uh + + align:start position:0% +Park so so our starting point is uh + + + align:start position:0% +Park so so our starting point is uh +is still this protocol so as I just said + + align:start position:0% +is still this protocol so as I just said + + + align:start position:0% +is still this protocol so as I just said +uh earlier so the first round message is + + align:start position:0% +uh earlier so the first round message is + + + align:start position:0% +uh earlier so the first round message is +small because it only depends on C but + + align:start position:0% +small because it only depends on C but + + + align:start position:0% +small because it only depends on C but +the thiron message is large so how can + + align:start position:0% +the thiron message is large so how can + + + align:start position:0% +the thiron message is large so how can +we further compress the thiron + + align:start position:0% +we further compress the thiron + + + align:start position:0% +we further compress the thiron +message okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so in the context of index bark all + + align:start position:0% +so so in the context of index bark all + + + align:start position:0% +so so in the context of index bark all +of the instance are just indices so I + + align:start position:0% +of the instance are just indices so I + + + align:start position:0% +of the instance are just indices so I +can replace them with one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tok and the idea is a we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Tok and the idea is a we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Tok and the idea is a we're going to +dedicate we're going to uh remove this + + align:start position:0% +dedicate we're going to uh remove this + + + align:start position:0% +dedicate we're going to uh remove this +round + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +message we're going to remove this round + + align:start position:0% +message we're going to remove this round + + + align:start position:0% +message we're going to remove this round +of message and + + align:start position:0% +of message and + + + align:start position:0% +of message and +uh so we're going to dedicate this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're going to dedicate this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're going to dedicate this uh uh +verif the verification of this message + + align:start position:0% +verif the verification of this message + + + align:start position:0% +verif the verification of this message +to the prover so the prover will have + + align:start position:0% +to the prover so the prover will have + + + align:start position:0% +to the prover so the prover will have +this this uh open the query The Columns + + align:start position:0% +this this uh open the query The Columns + + + align:start position:0% +this this uh open the query The Columns +in his hand but uh he is not going to + + align:start position:0% +in his hand but uh he is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +in his hand but uh he is not going to +send them to the wifire instead the + + align:start position:0% +send them to the wifire instead the + + + align:start position:0% +send them to the wifire instead the +prover is going to verify do the + + align:start position:0% +prover is going to verify do the + + + align:start position:0% +prover is going to verify do the +verification by itself and prove to the + + align:start position:0% +verification by itself and prove to the + + + align:start position:0% +verification by itself and prove to the +verifier those verification is indeed + + align:start position:0% +verifier those verification is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +verifier those verification is indeed +correct so so the uh construction work + + align:start position:0% +correct so so the uh construction work + + + align:start position:0% +correct so so the uh construction work +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this so the + + align:start position:0% +this so the + + + align:start position:0% +this so the +pro still send this + + align:start position:0% +pro still send this + + + align:start position:0% +pro still send this +uh H1 to + + align:start position:0% +uh H1 to + + + align:start position:0% +uh H1 to +HL to the + + align:start position:0% +HL to the + + + align:start position:0% +HL to the +wifire and the prover is going to + + align:start position:0% +wifire and the prover is going to + + + align:start position:0% +wifire and the prover is going to +compute this uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh PCP query using the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cush and then the approver and the wiif + + align:start position:0% +cush and then the approver and the wiif + + + align:start position:0% +cush and then the approver and the wiif +fire is going to run another protocol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so another snar + + align:start position:0% +so another snar + + + align:start position:0% +so another snar +uh and this snark uh on the prover side + + align:start position:0% +uh and this snark uh on the prover side + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this snark uh on the prover side +he has he's going to uh use the columns + + align:start position:0% +he has he's going to uh use the columns + + + align:start position:0% +he has he's going to uh use the columns +the open columns uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as the input to this + + align:start position:0% +as the input to this + + + align:start position:0% +as the input to this +protocol and in the end the WiFi is + + align:start position:0% +protocol and in the end the WiFi is + + + align:start position:0% +protocol and in the end the WiFi is +convinced that this uh + + align:start position:0% +convinced that this uh + + + align:start position:0% +convinced that this uh +uh the the third round message verifies + + align:start position:0% +uh the the third round message verifies + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the third round message verifies +so what does this mean is the pro is + + align:start position:0% +so what does this mean is the pro is + + + align:start position:0% +so what does this mean is the pro is +going to prove + + align:start position:0% +going to prove + + + align:start position:0% +going to prove +for uh so the prover is going to prove + + align:start position:0% +for uh so the prover is going to prove + + + align:start position:0% +for uh so the prover is going to prove +for there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exist the pro is going to prove to this + + align:start position:0% +exist the pro is going to prove to this + + + align:start position:0% +exist the pro is going to prove to this +ware in this protocol + + align:start position:0% +ware in this protocol + + + align:start position:0% +ware in this protocol +the following language so there exist uh + + align:start position:0% +the following language so there exist uh + + + align:start position:0% +the following language so there exist uh +L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +columns Q such + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yes such that uh two things so one + + align:start position:0% +that yes such that uh two things so one + + + align:start position:0% +that yes such that uh two things so one +is uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the one is for each uh for each column + + align:start position:0% +the one is for each uh for each column + + + align:start position:0% +the one is for each uh for each column +for each Que in the query the set the + + align:start position:0% +for each Que in the query the set the + + + align:start position:0% +for each Que in the query the set the +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +is competed correctly it's consistent + + align:start position:0% +is competed correctly it's consistent + + + align:start position:0% +is competed correctly it's consistent +with the first message so the HQ is is + + align:start position:0% +with the first message so the HQ is is + + + align:start position:0% +with the first message so the HQ is is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +SSB of + + align:start position:0% +SSB of + + + align:start position:0% +SSB of +the column the Q is column so I omit the + + align:start position:0% +the column the Q is column so I omit the + + + align:start position:0% +the column the Q is column so I omit the +uh SSB key here okay and the second for + + align:start position:0% +uh SSB key here okay and the second for + + + align:start position:0% +uh SSB key here okay and the second for +each + + align:start position:0% +each + + + align:start position:0% +each +PCP for each instance so for any I in K + + align:start position:0% +PCP for each instance so for any I in K + + + align:start position:0% +PCP for each instance so for any I in K +so here the instance is just the index I + + align:start position:0% +so here the instance is just the index I + + + align:start position:0% +so here the instance is just the index I +the is instance XI just XI so he will + + align:start position:0% +the is instance XI just XI so he will + + + align:start position:0% +the is instance XI just XI so he will +verify this + + align:start position:0% +verify this + + + align:start position:0% +verify this +uh so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the PCP verification of + + align:start position:0% +the PCP verification of + + + align:start position:0% +the PCP verification of +I uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Q + + align:start position:0% +Q + + + align:start position:0% +Q +yes and the The Q's column + + align:start position:0% +yes and the The Q's column + + + align:start position:0% +yes and the The Q's column +uh the ice coordinate of the Qs + + align:start position:0% +uh the ice coordinate of the Qs + + + align:start position:0% +uh the ice coordinate of the Qs +column and we collect them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together okay + + align:start position:0% +together okay + + + align:start position:0% +together okay +so so this is the this is the statement + + align:start position:0% +so so this is the this is the statement + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is the this is the statement +this protocol wants to prove and the pro + + align:start position:0% +this protocol wants to prove and the pro + + + align:start position:0% +this protocol wants to prove and the pro +is going to supply it with the uh + + align:start position:0% +is going to supply it with the uh + + + align:start position:0% +is going to supply it with the uh +widness which is this + + align:start position:0% +widness which is this + + + align:start position:0% +widness which is this +okay so that's the high level + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the high level + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the high level +idea so but to achieve this uh so so + + align:start position:0% +idea so but to achieve this uh so so + + + align:start position:0% +idea so but to achieve this uh so so +suppose we can rewrite this uh statement + + align:start position:0% +suppose we can rewrite this uh statement + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we can rewrite this uh statement +as a batch index statement then I can uh + + align:start position:0% +as a batch index statement then I can uh + + + align:start position:0% +as a batch index statement then I can uh +apply the same construction again on top + + align:start position:0% +apply the same construction again on top + + + align:start position:0% +apply the same construction again on top +of this statement so we can apply the + + align:start position:0% +of this statement so we can apply the + + + align:start position:0% +of this statement so we can apply the +same thing again to this through this + + align:start position:0% +same thing again to this through this + + + align:start position:0% +same thing again to this through this +new statement and uh I can do the + + align:start position:0% +new statement and uh I can do the + + + align:start position:0% +new statement and uh I can do the +recursing so that's the idea so how do I + + align:start position:0% +recursing so that's the idea so how do I + + + align:start position:0% +recursing so that's the idea so how do I +but the issue is how do I represent this + + align:start position:0% +but the issue is how do I represent this + + + align:start position:0% +but the issue is how do I represent this +as a batch index language so how do I + + align:start position:0% +as a batch index language so how do I + + + align:start position:0% +as a batch index language so how do I +how do I represent is as a index as a + + align:start position:0% +how do I represent is as a index as a + + + align:start position:0% +how do I represent is as a index as a +batch of index language so how do I + + align:start position:0% +batch of index language so how do I + + + align:start position:0% +batch of index language so how do I +represent it as a batch of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +index so so now you can see uh maybe you + + align:start position:0% +index so so now you can see uh maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +index so so now you can see uh maybe you +think okay so this is a almost index + + align:start position:0% +think okay so this is a almost index + + + align:start position:0% +think okay so this is a almost index +because index language because this is + + align:start position:0% +because index language because this is + + + align:start position:0% +because index language because this is +at least this part is uh this is clear + + align:start position:0% +at least this part is uh this is clear + + + align:start position:0% +at least this part is uh this is clear +for any index I + + align:start position:0% +for any index I + + + align:start position:0% +for any index I +so right this is for any index uh index + + align:start position:0% +so right this is for any index uh index + + + align:start position:0% +so right this is for any index uh index +I in K there is something so this is + + align:start position:0% +I in K there is something so this is + + + align:start position:0% +I in K there is something so this is +similar to our index language but this + + align:start position:0% +similar to our index language but this + + + align:start position:0% +similar to our index language but this +part is not + + align:start position:0% +part is not + + + align:start position:0% +part is not +clear so the the reason is uh Q is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small uh but the MP widness is very + + align:start position:0% +small uh but the MP widness is very + + + align:start position:0% +small uh but the MP widness is very +large so so if you if you treat this Q + + align:start position:0% +large so so if you if you treat this Q + + + align:start position:0% +large so so if you if you treat this Q +as a instance then the widness size is K + + align:start position:0% +as a instance then the widness size is K + + + align:start position:0% +as a instance then the widness size is K +because each column has uh K entries so + + align:start position:0% +because each column has uh K entries so + + + align:start position:0% +because each column has uh K entries so +for each column contains the PCP + + align:start position:0% +for each column contains the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +for each column contains the PCP +coordinate for each of the instance so + + align:start position:0% +coordinate for each of the instance so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate for each of the instance so +the column size is + + align:start position:0% +the column size is + + + align:start position:0% +the column size is +K but if if I treat this column uh + + align:start position:0% +K but if if I treat this column uh + + + align:start position:0% +K but if if I treat this column uh +column Q as a widness then uh when I do + + align:start position:0% +column Q as a widness then uh when I do + + + align:start position:0% +column Q as a widness then uh when I do +the recursion the proof size will grow + + align:start position:0% +the recursion the proof size will grow + + + align:start position:0% +the recursion the proof size will grow +with the size of K because because it + + align:start position:0% +with the size of K because because it + + + align:start position:0% +with the size of K because because it +because the because again I will have + + align:start position:0% +because the because again I will have + + + align:start position:0% +because the because again I will have +this kind of this kind of hash + + align:start position:0% +this kind of this kind of hash + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of this kind of hash +values some some L Prime but for but + + align:start position:0% +values some some L Prime but for but + + + align:start position:0% +values some some L Prime but for but +those actual to l l + + align:start position:0% +those actual to l l + + + align:start position:0% +those actual to l l +Prime H1 Prime to h l prime prime so + + align:start position:0% +Prime H1 Prime to h l prime prime so + + + align:start position:0% +Prime H1 Prime to h l prime prime so +they are for the for the new protocol + + align:start position:0% +they are for the for the new protocol + + + align:start position:0% +they are for the for the new protocol +and the new instance so they will grow + + align:start position:0% +and the new instance so they will grow + + + align:start position:0% +and the new instance so they will grow +with the size of K so that's too large + + align:start position:0% +with the size of K so that's too large + + + align:start position:0% +with the size of K so that's too large +we cannot uh afford that + + align:start position:0% +we cannot uh afford that + + + align:start position:0% +we cannot uh afford that +so so next I will uh rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +so so next I will uh rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +so so next I will uh rewrite this +instance as a batch of uh statements and + + align:start position:0% +instance as a batch of uh statements and + + + align:start position:0% +instance as a batch of uh statements and +the statement size will be K but the MP + + align:start position:0% +the statement size will be K but the MP + + + align:start position:0% +the statement size will be K but the MP +widness will be + + align:start position:0% +widness will be + + + align:start position:0% +widness will be +small okay so how do I rewrite + + align:start position:0% +small okay so how do I rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +small okay so how do I rewrite +it so so let's look at what what this do + + align:start position:0% +it so so let's look at what what this do + + + align:start position:0% +it so so let's look at what what this do +this verification do + + align:start position:0% +this verification do + + + align:start position:0% +this verification do +so so for each this verification we have + + align:start position:0% +so so for each this verification we have + + + align:start position:0% +so so for each this verification we have +a column Q + + align:start position:0% +a column Q + + + align:start position:0% +a column Q +so and this size is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K so it will it will recompute this s SB + + align:start position:0% +K so it will it will recompute this s SB + + + align:start position:0% +K so it will it will recompute this s SB +and check uh if it is if it's the same + + align:start position:0% +and check uh if it is if it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +and check uh if it is if it's the same +with some HQ which is the h was sent in + + align:start position:0% +with some HQ which is the h was sent in + + + align:start position:0% +with some HQ which is the h was sent in +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +round + + align:start position:0% +round + + + align:start position:0% +round +so so the idea is that suppose this + + align:start position:0% +so so the idea is that suppose this + + + align:start position:0% +so so the idea is that suppose this +SSB uh suppose we have some more + + align:start position:0% +SSB uh suppose we have some more + + + align:start position:0% +SSB uh suppose we have some more +structure of this s s hash then I can uh + + align:start position:0% +structure of this s s hash then I can uh + + + align:start position:0% +structure of this s s hash then I can uh +local verify it so that means uh if I + + align:start position:0% +local verify it so that means uh if I + + + align:start position:0% +local verify it so that means uh if I +build this SSB with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some so + + align:start position:0% +some so + + + align:start position:0% +some so +see for example if the SSB is built in + + align:start position:0% +see for example if the SSB is built in + + + align:start position:0% +see for example if the SSB is built in +merco tree as a merco tree then I can + + align:start position:0% +merco tree as a merco tree then I can + + + align:start position:0% +merco tree as a merco tree then I can +replace this verification by verify + + align:start position:0% +replace this verification by verify + + + align:start position:0% +replace this verification by verify +that uh for + + align:start position:0% +that uh for + + + align:start position:0% +that uh for +each uh index I for each index I in + + align:start position:0% +each uh index I for each index I in + + + align:start position:0% +each uh index I for each index I in +K there exist a local opening row + + align:start position:0% +K there exist a local opening row + + + align:start position:0% +K there exist a local opening row +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +q so row IQ is the local opening for the + + align:start position:0% +q so row IQ is the local opening for the + + + align:start position:0% +q so row IQ is the local opening for the +you can think for each index I I have a + + align:start position:0% +you can think for each index I I have a + + + align:start position:0% +you can think for each index I I have a +I have a + + align:start position:0% +I have a + + + align:start position:0% +I have a +I have an entry the entry is uh column Q + + align:start position:0% +I have an entry the entry is uh column Q + + + align:start position:0% +I have an entry the entry is uh column Q +the highest position of the column q and + + align:start position:0% +the highest position of the column q and + + + align:start position:0% +the highest position of the column q and +I have a local opening for + + align:start position:0% +I have a local opening for + + + align:start position:0% +I have a local opening for +that row + + align:start position:0% +that row + + + align:start position:0% +that row +IQ so I only to show there exist such a + + align:start position:0% +IQ so I only to show there exist such a + + + align:start position:0% +IQ so I only to show there exist such a +local opening for this + + align:start position:0% +local opening for this + + + align:start position:0% +local opening for this +has so so here HQ is the has value right + + align:start position:0% +has so so here HQ is the has value right + + + align:start position:0% +has so so here HQ is the has value right +so for uh for HQ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I only to verify + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so now now I get a a batch of MP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instance right + + align:start position:0% +instance right + + + align:start position:0% +instance right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh yeah so let me rewrite this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so suppose I have a uh SSB buil in the + + align:start position:0% +so suppose I have a uh SSB buil in the + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose I have a uh SSB buil in the +mer Treeway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then so the protocol will uh work like + + align:start position:0% +then so the protocol will uh work like + + + align:start position:0% +then so the protocol will uh work like +this so initially we have H1 to + + align:start position:0% +this so initially we have H1 to + + + align:start position:0% +this so initially we have H1 to +HL and we have this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Q so in the new + + align:start position:0% +Q so in the new + + + align:start position:0% +Q so in the new +protocol uh we are going to the Pro is + + align:start position:0% +protocol uh we are going to the Pro is + + + align:start position:0% +protocol uh we are going to the Pro is +going to supply with with the quired + + align:start position:0% +going to supply with with the quired + + + align:start position:0% +going to supply with with the quired +column + + align:start position:0% +column + + + align:start position:0% +column +uh for this que and also a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +uh for this que and also a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +uh for this que and also a bunch of +local openings for each coordinate in + + align:start position:0% +local openings for each coordinate in + + + align:start position:0% +local openings for each coordinate in +this uh Q + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so and this protocol will + + align:start position:0% +so so and this protocol will + + + align:start position:0% +so so and this protocol will +prove uh so this protocol is a new + + align:start position:0% +prove uh so this protocol is a new + + + align:start position:0% +prove uh so this protocol is a new +uh index spk + + align:start position:0% +uh index spk + + + align:start position:0% +uh index spk +protocol it will prove for a new + + align:start position:0% +protocol it will prove for a new + + + align:start position:0% +protocol it will prove for a new +instance L for for new language l l + + align:start position:0% +instance L for for new language l l + + + align:start position:0% +instance L for for new language l l +Prime let's denote + + align:start position:0% +Prime let's denote + + + align:start position:0% +Prime let's denote +it so L + + align:start position:0% +it so L + + + align:start position:0% +it so L +prime it contains all the index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I and uh for each index I I need to show + + align:start position:0% +I and uh for each index I I need to show + + + align:start position:0% +I and uh for each index I I need to show +there exist a + + align:start position:0% +there exist a + + + align:start position:0% +there exist a +uh witness which + + align:start position:0% +uh witness which + + + align:start position:0% +uh witness which +is column + + align:start position:0% +is column + + + align:start position:0% +is column +q + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i so this is the is uh PCP answer and + + align:start position:0% +i so this is the is uh PCP answer and + + + align:start position:0% +i so this is the is uh PCP answer and +and uh and they are corresponding I also + + align:start position:0% +and uh and they are corresponding I also + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and they are corresponding I also +need this Q row + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +IQ uh such + + align:start position:0% +IQ uh such + + + align:start position:0% +IQ uh such +that so first I need to verify the PCP + + align:start position:0% +that so first I need to verify the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +that so first I need to verify the PCP +answers right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the second I need to verify the + + align:start position:0% +and the second I need to verify the + + + align:start position:0% +and the second I need to verify the +local opening is correct so I need to + + align:start position:0% +local opening is correct so I need to + + + align:start position:0% +local opening is correct so I need to +verify the so there is some local + + align:start position:0% +verify the so there is some local + + + align:start position:0% +verify the so there is some local +opening verification + + align:start position:0% +opening verification + + + align:start position:0% +opening verification +algorithm the local verification + + align:start position:0% +algorithm the local verification + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm the local verification +algorithm will take the H root uh for + + align:start position:0% +algorithm will take the H root uh for + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm will take the H root uh for +each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +q and uh so I need to verify this for + + align:start position:0% +q and uh so I need to verify this for + + + align:start position:0% +q and uh so I need to verify this for +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +areq and this local verification + + align:start position:0% +areq and this local verification + + + align:start position:0% +areq and this local verification +algorithm of SSB will verify row IQ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh any questions so this is the + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh any questions so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh any questions so this is the +new so this is the new + + align:start position:0% +new so this is the new + + + align:start position:0% +new so this is the new +instance new L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prim so for each I uh and so the pro + + align:start position:0% +Prim so for each I uh and so the pro + + + align:start position:0% +Prim so for each I uh and so the pro +need to prove uh so the pro need to + + align:start position:0% +need to prove uh so the pro need to + + + align:start position:0% +need to prove uh so the pro need to +prove one two 2K are all in this l l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PR + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so yeah uh any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we this and the idea is that the + + align:start position:0% +yeah we this and the idea is that the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we this and the idea is that the +the number the same but the Witnesses + + align:start position:0% +the number the same but the Witnesses + + + align:start position:0% +the number the same but the Witnesses +are not gr uh good question so if you do + + align:start position:0% +are not gr uh good question so if you do + + + align:start position:0% +are not gr uh good question so if you do +this recre it will forever because the + + align:start position:0% +this recre it will forever because the + + + align:start position:0% +this recre it will forever because the +because uh from the beginning we have K + + align:start position:0% +because uh from the beginning we have K + + + align:start position:0% +because uh from the beginning we have K +instances and then in the next level of + + align:start position:0% +instances and then in the next level of + + + align:start position:0% +instances and then in the next level of +the recursion we still have havek + + align:start position:0% +the recursion we still have havek + + + align:start position:0% +the recursion we still have havek +instances + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so exactly so that's what what we will + + align:start position:0% +so exactly so that's what what we will + + + align:start position:0% +so exactly so that's what what we will +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +next uh any question yeah so HQ is a he + + align:start position:0% +next uh any question yeah so HQ is a he + + + align:start position:0% +next uh any question yeah so HQ is a he +of statements sorry HQ oh right so HQ is + + align:start position:0% +of statements sorry HQ oh right so HQ is + + + align:start position:0% +of statements sorry HQ oh right so HQ is +part of the statement right + + align:start position:0% +part of the statement right + + + align:start position:0% +part of the statement right +so the statement X1 to + + align:start position:0% +so the statement X1 to + + + align:start position:0% +so the statement X1 to +xq uh oh you mean where is the X where + + align:start position:0% +xq uh oh you mean where is the X where + + + align:start position:0% +xq uh oh you mean where is the X where +is HQ comes from yes oh good so HQ is + + align:start position:0% +is HQ comes from yes oh good so HQ is + + + align:start position:0% +is HQ comes from yes oh good so HQ is +the same as HQ here so so you have so + + align:start position:0% +the same as HQ here so so you have so + + + align:start position:0% +the same as HQ here so so you have so +initially we have a bunch of statement + + align:start position:0% +initially we have a bunch of statement + + + align:start position:0% +initially we have a bunch of statement +from one to K and each of them has NP + + align:start position:0% +from one to K and each of them has NP + + + align:start position:0% +from one to K and each of them has NP +witness from Omega 1 to Omega K and we + + align:start position:0% +witness from Omega 1 to Omega K and we + + + align:start position:0% +witness from Omega 1 to Omega K and we +arrange this uh we compute this PCP + + align:start position:0% +arrange this uh we compute this PCP + + + align:start position:0% +arrange this uh we compute this PCP +Matrix and for each column we has it to + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and for each column we has it to + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and for each column we has it to +H1 to + + align:start position:0% +H1 to + + + align:start position:0% +H1 to +HL so and the HQ is just the q's Q's + + align:start position:0% +HL so and the HQ is just the q's Q's + + + align:start position:0% +HL so and the HQ is just the q's Q's +column of this m of this h12 + + align:start position:0% +column of this m of this h12 + + + align:start position:0% +column of this m of this h12 +HQ yeah the the index Q among this h12 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hqe local version of the SSP is some + + align:start position:0% +hqe local version of the SSP is some + + + align:start position:0% +hqe local version of the SSP is some +variant of the F A yeah so that's what + + align:start position:0% +variant of the F A yeah so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +variant of the F A yeah so that's what +I'm going to talk about next yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about next yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about next yeah so so +now you may ask uh so how do we + + align:start position:0% +now you may ask uh so how do we + + + align:start position:0% +now you may ask uh so how do we +construct such a SSB with uh merco style + + align:start position:0% +construct such a SSB with uh merco style + + + align:start position:0% +construct such a SSB with uh merco style +construction + + align:start position:0% +construction + + + align:start position:0% +construction +so because the construction I just + + align:start position:0% +so because the construction I just + + + align:start position:0% +so because the construction I just +showed you doesn't satisfy this property + + align:start position:0% +showed you doesn't satisfy this property + + + align:start position:0% +showed you doesn't satisfy this property +so this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +SSB so SSV with this local opening + + align:start position:0% +SSB so SSV with this local opening + + + align:start position:0% +SSB so SSV with this local opening +property so what it says is uh the idea + + align:start position:0% +property so what it says is uh the idea + + + align:start position:0% +property so what it says is uh the idea +is so if we build the H like a merco + + align:start position:0% +is so if we build the H like a merco + + + align:start position:0% +is so if we build the H like a merco +tree we have this uh local opening so + + align:start position:0% +tree we have this uh local opening so + + + align:start position:0% +tree we have this uh local opening so +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example and + + align:start position:0% +example and + + + align:start position:0% +example and +the the issue is how do we uh how do we + + align:start position:0% +the the issue is how do we uh how do we + + + align:start position:0% +the the issue is how do we uh how do we +still have the someware this someware St + + align:start position:0% +still have the someware this someware St + + + align:start position:0% +still have the someware this someware St +isal binding property so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +isal binding property so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +isal binding property so the idea is +just uh so at each note of the tree + + align:start position:0% +just uh so at each note of the tree + + + align:start position:0% +just uh so at each note of the tree +we're are going to um pick under the + + align:start position:0% +we're are going to um pick under the + + + align:start position:0% +we're are going to um pick under the +hood of f one of each + + align:start position:0% +hood of f one of each + + + align:start position:0% +hood of f one of each +children so so you can think uh + + align:start position:0% +children so so you can think uh + + + align:start position:0% +children so so you can think uh +initially we have some X1 2 XK + + align:start position:0% +initially we have some X1 2 XK + + + align:start position:0% +initially we have some X1 2 XK +uh in the clear and uh we we have some + + align:start position:0% +uh in the clear and uh we we have some + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the clear and uh we we have some +so at each at each level we are going to + + align:start position:0% +so at each at each level we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +so at each at each level we are going to +pick either is is left child or right + + align:start position:0% +pick either is is left child or right + + + align:start position:0% +pick either is is left child or right +child for each noes in this level for + + align:start position:0% +child for each noes in this level for + + + align:start position:0% +child for each noes in this level for +example in this level so suppose this is + + align:start position:0% +example in this level so suppose this is + + + align:start position:0% +example in this level so suppose this is +your index I then what we can do is for + + align:start position:0% +your index I then what we can do is for + + + align:start position:0% +your index I then what we can do is for +each node in this level we're going to + + align:start position:0% +each node in this level we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +each node in this level we're going to +pick uh pick the left + + align:start position:0% +pick uh pick the left + + + align:start position:0% +pick uh pick the left +child and uh and at this level we're + + align:start position:0% +child and uh and at this level we're + + + align:start position:0% +child and uh and at this level we're +going to pick pick the right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +child + + align:start position:0% +child + + + align:start position:0% +child +so so at each each level we're going to + + align:start position:0% +so so at each each level we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +so so at each each level we're going to +have some uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fhe homic encryption of some bit so some + + align:start position:0% +fhe homic encryption of some bit so some + + + align:start position:0% +fhe homic encryption of some bit so some +bit B1 and uh so let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +bit B1 and uh so let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +bit B1 and uh so let's say this is +B2 and each level we're going to + + align:start position:0% +B2 and each level we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +B2 and each level we're going to +homologically evaluate this using this + + align:start position:0% +homologically evaluate this using this + + + align:start position:0% +homologically evaluate this using this +B12 and B2 to uh + + align:start position:0% +B12 and B2 to uh + + + align:start position:0% +B12 and B2 to uh +to choose to pick the children on the + + align:start position:0% +to choose to pick the children on the + + + align:start position:0% +to choose to pick the children on the +hood of FH in the same way as + + align:start position:0% +hood of FH in the same way as + + + align:start position:0% +hood of FH in the same way as +before so so this can give you SSB with + + align:start position:0% +before so so this can give you SSB with + + + align:start position:0% +before so so this can give you SSB with +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +opening okay but uh what we will so so + + align:start position:0% +opening okay but uh what we will so so + + + align:start position:0% +opening okay but uh what we will so so +one property we uh further require about + + align:start position:0% +one property we uh further require about + + + align:start position:0% +one property we uh further require about +this uh SSB is the local opening + + align:start position:0% +this uh SSB is the local opening + + + align:start position:0% +this uh SSB is the local opening +correctness + + align:start position:0% +correctness + + + align:start position:0% +correctness +okay so we require this property because + + align:start position:0% +okay so we require this property because + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we require this property because +uh remember in the s + + align:start position:0% +uh remember in the s + + + align:start position:0% +uh remember in the s +proof we need to ensure uh if the wifire + + align:start position:0% +proof we need to ensure uh if the wifire + + + align:start position:0% +proof we need to ensure uh if the wifire +if the proof is accepted in the thir + + align:start position:0% +if the proof is accepted in the thir + + + align:start position:0% +if the proof is accepted in the thir +round then the proof the proof con + + align:start position:0% +round then the proof the proof con + + + align:start position:0% +round then the proof the proof con +contains some opening of the + + align:start position:0% +contains some opening of the + + + align:start position:0% +contains some opening of the +SSB and we need to show this opening + + align:start position:0% +SSB and we need to show this opening + + + align:start position:0% +SSB and we need to show this opening +must be consistent with the uh SSB + + align:start position:0% +must be consistent with the uh SSB + + + align:start position:0% +must be consistent with the uh SSB +extracted value so originally this is + + align:start position:0% +extracted value so originally this is + + + align:start position:0% +extracted value so originally this is +easy to ensure because the Wii sees the + + align:start position:0% +easy to ensure because the Wii sees the + + + align:start position:0% +easy to ensure because the Wii sees the +entire opening but now it's not clear + + align:start position:0% +entire opening but now it's not clear + + + align:start position:0% +entire opening but now it's not clear +whether this can still holds because so + + align:start position:0% +whether this can still holds because so + + + align:start position:0% +whether this can still holds because so +now the verifier only sees a local + + align:start position:0% +now the verifier only sees a local + + + align:start position:0% +now the verifier only sees a local +opening of the + + align:start position:0% +opening of the + + + align:start position:0% +opening of the +SSB okay so it does not uh SE all the + + align:start position:0% +SSB okay so it does not uh SE all the + + + align:start position:0% +SSB okay so it does not uh SE all the +X12 XK it only sees the root to leave + + align:start position:0% +X12 XK it only sees the root to leave + + + align:start position:0% +X12 XK it only sees the root to leave +path of some XI so we need to we need + + align:start position:0% +path of some XI so we need to we need + + + align:start position:0% +path of some XI so we need to we need +our further uh local opening correctness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the correctness of local opening says + + align:start position:0% +so the correctness of local opening says + + + align:start position:0% +so the correctness of local opening says +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh so so this uh SSV with local opening + + align:start position:0% +uh so so this uh SSV with local opening + + + align:start position:0% +uh so so this uh SSV with local opening +has some uh local verification + + align:start position:0% +has some uh local verification + + + align:start position:0% +has some uh local verification +algorithm so it will take uh it will + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so it will take uh it will + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so it will take uh it will +take the H root H and the some index I + + align:start position:0% +take the H root H and the some index I + + + align:start position:0% +take the H root H and the some index I +and the x i and the root to pass for + + align:start position:0% +and the x i and the root to pass for + + + align:start position:0% +and the x i and the root to pass for +this XI and it can decide whether to + + align:start position:0% +this XI and it can decide whether to + + + align:start position:0% +this XI and it can decide whether to +accept or reject okay and the local + + align:start position:0% +accept or reject okay and the local + + + align:start position:0% +accept or reject okay and the local +opening property says that for any uh + + align:start position:0% +opening property says that for any uh + + + align:start position:0% +opening property says that for any uh +index i h x i and row I so if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the so if this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh uh local verification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +passes then it must be case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the extract the + + align:start position:0% +the extract the + + + align:start position:0% +the extract the +value uh of the hash equals this XI so + + align:start position:0% +value uh of the hash equals this XI so + + + align:start position:0% +value uh of the hash equals this XI so +so here + + align:start position:0% +so here + + + align:start position:0% +so here +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +yeah the local verification let me + + align:start position:0% +yeah the local verification let me + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the local verification let me +see so the local verification also need + + align:start position:0% +see so the local verification also need + + + align:start position:0% +see so the local verification also need +to use the SSB + + align:start position:0% +to use the SSB + + + align:start position:0% +to use the SSB +key to check this okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here uh if this is true and uh the + + align:start position:0% +so here uh if this is true and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +so here uh if this is true and uh the +SSB key is generated for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the for the index + + align:start position:0% +the for the index + + + align:start position:0% +the for the index +I yeah then I + + align:start position:0% +I yeah then I + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah then I +need if the local appication passes then + + align:start position:0% +need if the local appication passes then + + + align:start position:0% +need if the local appication passes then +the exed value must be XI so this is not + + align:start position:0% +the exed value must be XI so this is not + + + align:start position:0% +the exed value must be XI so this is not +triv correct this is not Tri hold if you + + align:start position:0% +triv correct this is not Tri hold if you + + + align:start position:0% +triv correct this is not Tri hold if you +use just this construction because uh um + + align:start position:0% +use just this construction because uh um + + + align:start position:0% +use just this construction because uh um +ious so a malicious f it will contain + + align:start position:0% +ious so a malicious f it will contain + + + align:start position:0% +ious so a malicious f it will contain +the RO to pass to this + + align:start position:0% +the RO to pass to this + + + align:start position:0% +the RO to pass to this +XI but it also need to contain the + + align:start position:0% +XI but it also need to contain the + + + align:start position:0% +XI but it also need to contain the +siblings of this so in this + + align:start position:0% +siblings of this so in this + + + align:start position:0% +siblings of this so in this +authenticated path it also need to + + align:start position:0% +authenticated path it also need to + + + align:start position:0% +authenticated path it also need to +contain the siblings of each node in the + + align:start position:0% +contain the siblings of each node in the + + + align:start position:0% +contain the siblings of each node in the +past but those siblings may not be well + + align:start position:0% +past but those siblings may not be well + + + align:start position:0% +past but those siblings may not be well +formed FH SE text so so indeed you need + + align:start position:0% +formed FH SE text so so indeed you need + + + align:start position:0% +formed FH SE text so so indeed you need +to further add some put strum mechanism + + align:start position:0% +to further add some put strum mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +to further add some put strum mechanism +here so you need to Hally encrypt the so + + align:start position:0% +here so you need to Hally encrypt the so + + + align:start position:0% +here so you need to Hally encrypt the so +at each level of the F you need to use a + + align:start position:0% +at each level of the F you need to use a + + + align:start position:0% +at each level of the F you need to use a +different F key and at the next level + + align:start position:0% +different F key and at the next level + + + align:start position:0% +different F key and at the next level +you need to you need to hopic decrypt + + align:start position:0% +you need to you need to hopic decrypt + + + align:start position:0% +you need to you need to hopic decrypt +the F SE text at the previous level to + + align:start position:0% +the F SE text at the previous level to + + + align:start position:0% +the F SE text at the previous level to +ensure it's a Well phone SE text so I'm + + align:start position:0% +ensure it's a Well phone SE text so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +ensure it's a Well phone SE text so I'm +not going to the detail but you can you + + align:start position:0% +not going to the detail but you can you + + + align:start position:0% +not going to the detail but you can you +can fix this this easily by your own + + align:start position:0% +can fix this this easily by your own + + + align:start position:0% +can fix this this easily by your own +yes okay so so now so + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so so now so + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so so now so +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +uh uh any question with this constrction + + align:start position:0% +uh uh any question with this constrction + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh any question with this constrction +yeah why + + align:start position:0% +yeah why + + + align:start position:0% +yeah why +using SSB in a m fre style instead + + align:start position:0% +using SSB in a m fre style instead + + + align:start position:0% +using SSB in a m fre style instead +of uh good question so if you directly + + align:start position:0% +of uh good question so if you directly + + + align:start position:0% +of uh good question so if you directly +use SSV in a m tree style uh um maybe + + align:start position:0% +use SSV in a m tree style uh um maybe + + + align:start position:0% +use SSV in a m tree style uh um maybe +there is some uh separate Tech size blow + + align:start position:0% +there is some uh separate Tech size blow + + + align:start position:0% +there is some uh separate Tech size blow +up so each time you yeah so each time + + align:start position:0% +up so each time you yeah so each time + + + align:start position:0% +up so each time you yeah so each time +the sear T size is Lambda times larger + + align:start position:0% +the sear T size is Lambda times larger + + + align:start position:0% +the sear T size is Lambda times larger +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +yeah this new + + align:start position:0% +yeah this new + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this new +version index bar when when we hash the + + align:start position:0% +version index bar when when we hash the + + + align:start position:0% +version index bar when when we hash the +column yeah we have has it in the mic + + align:start position:0% +column yeah we have has it in the mic + + + align:start position:0% +column yeah we have has it in the mic +side instead of hasing it in one uh + + align:start position:0% +side instead of hasing it in one uh + + + align:start position:0% +side instead of hasing it in one uh +right right you mean we don't has it U + + align:start position:0% +right right you mean we don't has it U + + + align:start position:0% +right right you mean we don't has it U +as entirely we we has in the M tree + + align:start position:0% +as entirely we we has in the M tree + + + align:start position:0% +as entirely we we has in the M tree +style yes yes yes yes yes that's where + + align:start position:0% +style yes yes yes yes yes that's where + + + align:start position:0% +style yes yes yes yes yes that's where +are what we are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doing okay any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question okay + + align:start position:0% +question okay + + + align:start position:0% +question okay +so uh so if you do this contraction + + align:start position:0% +so uh so if you do this contraction + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so if you do this contraction +directly then uh this contraction will + + align:start position:0% +directly then uh this contraction will + + + align:start position:0% +directly then uh this contraction will +Loop forever because the recursion will + + align:start position:0% +Loop forever because the recursion will + + + align:start position:0% +Loop forever because the recursion will +never end so initially we have K + + align:start position:0% +never end so initially we have K + + + align:start position:0% +never end so initially we have K +instances and at the next level it still + + align:start position:0% +instances and at the next level it still + + + align:start position:0% +instances and at the next level it still +has K instances so next what we will do + + align:start position:0% +has K instances so next what we will do + + + align:start position:0% +has K instances so next what we will do +is we will use a two to one trick to + + align:start position:0% +is we will use a two to one trick to + + + align:start position:0% +is we will use a two to one trick to +reduce the number of instance each time + + align:start position:0% +reduce the number of instance each time + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the number of instance each time +so let me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so let's denote + + align:start position:0% +so so let's denote + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's denote +the so let's denote this circuit so this + + align:start position:0% +the so let's denote this circuit so this + + + align:start position:0% +the so let's denote this circuit so this +part of the circuit as some C + + align:start position:0% +part of the circuit as some C + + + align:start position:0% +part of the circuit as some C +Prime okay some C Prime so C Prime will + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay some C Prime so C Prime will + + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay some C Prime so C Prime will +take some index I and the widness wi + + align:start position:0% +take some index I and the widness wi + + + align:start position:0% +take some index I and the widness wi +Prime so the winess wi Prime correspond + + align:start position:0% +Prime so the winess wi Prime correspond + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so the winess wi Prime correspond +to this part so so this part is the uh I + + align:start position:0% +to this part so so this part is the uh I + + + align:start position:0% +to this part so so this part is the uh I +prime okay so the so the two to the one + + align:start position:0% +prime okay so the so the two to the one + + + align:start position:0% +prime okay so the so the two to the one +trick is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this uh suppose you have K instances so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for so now you want to verify all them + + align:start position:0% +for so now you want to verify all them + + + align:start position:0% +for so now you want to verify all them +uh are so you have in instance from 1 + + align:start position:0% +uh are so you have in instance from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +uh are so you have in instance from 1 +Tok and their winess are W1 Prime to WK + + align:start position:0% +Tok and their winess are W1 Prime to WK + + + align:start position:0% +Tok and their winess are W1 Prime to WK +Prime and you want to ensure so the pro + + align:start position:0% +Prime and you want to ensure so the pro + + + align:start position:0% +Prime and you want to ensure so the pro +wants to prove to the warier that all of + + align:start position:0% +wants to prove to the warier that all of + + + align:start position:0% +wants to prove to the warier that all of +them are correct are in this language Al + + align:start position:0% +them are correct are in this language Al + + + align:start position:0% +them are correct are in this language Al +PR okay so what you do + + align:start position:0% +PR okay so what you do + + + align:start position:0% +PR okay so what you do +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +uh you look at any two adjacent indices + + align:start position:0% +uh you look at any two adjacent indices + + + align:start position:0% +uh you look at any two adjacent indices +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +instances and uh just the + + align:start position:0% +instances and uh just the + + + align:start position:0% +instances and uh just the +combiner Okay so + + align:start position:0% +combiner Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +combiner Okay so +so now the combined instance is still + + align:start position:0% +so now the combined instance is still + + + align:start position:0% +so now the combined instance is still +one but it's a uh but the Witnesses are + + align:start position:0% +one but it's a uh but the Witnesses are + + + align:start position:0% +one but it's a uh but the Witnesses are +concatenated together so you have this + + align:start position:0% +concatenated together so you have this + + + align:start position:0% +concatenated together so you have this +uh W1 Prem and W2 Prem and + + align:start position:0% +uh W1 Prem and W2 Prem and + + + align:start position:0% +uh W1 Prem and W2 Prem and +uh and the next two instance are W are + + align:start position:0% +uh and the next two instance are W are + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the next two instance are W are +three and four so you have this three + + align:start position:0% +three and four so you have this three + + + align:start position:0% +three and four so you have this three +prime and the W4 Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you the final one is K and the w k + + align:start position:0% +and you the final one is K and the w k + + + align:start position:0% +and you the final one is K and the w k +so you combine each adjon one to get to + + align:start position:0% +so you combine each adjon one to get to + + + align:start position:0% +so you combine each adjon one to get to +get the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instance and you do this for any two two + + align:start position:0% +instance and you do this for any two two + + + align:start position:0% +instance and you do this for any two two +of them so in the end you have K by two + + align:start position:0% +of them so in the end you have K by two + + + align:start position:0% +of them so in the end you have K by two +instances but the cost of doing this is + + align:start position:0% +instances but the cost of doing this is + + + align:start position:0% +instances but the cost of doing this is +the size of the winess will blow up by a + + align:start position:0% +the size of the winess will blow up by a + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the winess will blow up by a +factor of two so + + align:start position:0% +factor of two so + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two so +okay so so now we obtain so let's say + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now we obtain so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now we obtain so let's say +the original uh language is L Prime so + + align:start position:0% +the original uh language is L Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +the original uh language is L Prime so +it contains of I uh such that there + + align:start position:0% +it contains of I uh such that there + + + align:start position:0% +it contains of I uh such that there +exist w i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so now so c c Prime is the + + align:start position:0% +uh so now so c c Prime is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so now so c c Prime is the +verification cir of L Prime then then + + align:start position:0% +verification cir of L Prime then then + + + align:start position:0% +verification cir of L Prime then then +here the new + + align:start position:0% +here the new + + + align:start position:0% +here the new +instances uh is the following so it + + align:start position:0% +instances uh is the following so it + + + align:start position:0% +instances uh is the following so it +defines a new language Al L double Prim + + align:start position:0% +defines a new language Al L double Prim + + + align:start position:0% +defines a new language Al L double Prim +so double Prim is still contains all I + + align:start position:0% +so double Prim is still contains all I + + + align:start position:0% +so double Prim is still contains all I +but it uh the winess are uh 2 I minus + + align:start position:0% +but it uh the winess are uh 2 I minus + + + align:start position:0% +but it uh the winess are uh 2 I minus +one and the 2 I and the W 2 + + align:start position:0% +one and the 2 I and the W 2 + + + align:start position:0% +one and the 2 I and the W 2 +I uh 2 I + + align:start position:0% +I uh 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +I uh 2 I +prime so so this is this concatenation + + align:start position:0% +prime so so this is this concatenation + + + align:start position:0% +prime so so this is this concatenation +concatenated witness is a new + + align:start position:0% +concatenated witness is a new + + + align:start position:0% +concatenated witness is a new +uh MP winess for this L double and you + + align:start position:0% +uh MP winess for this L double and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh MP winess for this L double and you +need to verify uh C Prime of this uh 2 + + align:start position:0% +need to verify uh C Prime of this uh 2 + + + align:start position:0% +need to verify uh C Prime of this uh 2 +IUS one W 2 IUS one is one and + + align:start position:0% +IUS one W 2 IUS one is one and + + + align:start position:0% +IUS one W 2 IUS one is one and +also 2 I and 2 I is + + align:start position:0% +also 2 I and 2 I is + + + align:start position:0% +also 2 I and 2 I is +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay so so by doing this the size of the + + align:start position:0% +okay so so by doing this the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so by doing this the size of the +the the number of the instance will half + + align:start position:0% +the the number of the instance will half + + + align:start position:0% +the the number of the instance will half +each time when you do the recursion + + align:start position:0% +each time when you do the recursion + + + align:start position:0% +each time when you do the recursion +so so after so right so in fact we will + + align:start position:0% +so so after so right so in fact we will + + + align:start position:0% +so so after so right so in fact we will +prove this for L double par and uh and + + align:start position:0% +prove this for L double par and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +prove this for L double par and uh and +we only proove for one 2K uh by two they + + align:start position:0% +we only proove for one 2K uh by two they + + + align:start position:0% +we only proove for one 2K uh by two they +are all in L double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +par yeah in in the recursion yeah so + + align:start position:0% +par yeah in in the recursion yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +par yeah in in the recursion yeah so +that's what we all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do okay so so now the question is uh at + + align:start position:0% +do okay so so now the question is uh at + + + align:start position:0% +do okay so so now the question is uh at +the end of the recre + + align:start position:0% +the end of the recre + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the recre +so uh at the end of the recre each time + + align:start position:0% +so uh at the end of the recre each time + + + align:start position:0% +so uh at the end of the recre each time +um so at each level of the recession the + + align:start position:0% +um so at each level of the recession the + + + align:start position:0% +um so at each level of the recession the +number of instance were half so at the + + align:start position:0% +number of instance were half so at the + + + align:start position:0% +number of instance were half so at the +end there will only be one instance so + + align:start position:0% +end there will only be one instance so + + + align:start position:0% +end there will only be one instance so +what will we do uh at that + + align:start position:0% +what will we do uh at that + + + align:start position:0% +what will we do uh at that +point uh anyone + + align:start position:0% +point uh anyone + + + align:start position:0% +point uh anyone +knows + + align:start position:0% +knows + + + align:start position:0% +knows +directly yes yes right so we directly + + align:start position:0% +directly yes yes right so we directly + + + align:start position:0% +directly yes yes right so we directly +send the witness and the Wii can verify + + align:start position:0% +send the witness and the Wii can verify + + + align:start position:0% +send the witness and the Wii can verify +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay so so now let's calculate the + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let's calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let's calculate the +uh so this is the construction and let's + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is the construction and let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is the construction and let's +calculate the proof size for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +construction so the so initially um so + + align:start position:0% +construction so the so initially um so + + + align:start position:0% +construction so the so initially um so +initially we send this uh H1 + + align:start position:0% +initially we send this uh H1 + + + align:start position:0% +initially we send this uh H1 +to HL and that cost so so so the size of + + align:start position:0% +to HL and that cost so so so the size of + + + align:start position:0% +to HL and that cost so so so the size of +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +uh po + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C right uh policy policy and + + align:start position:0% +C right uh policy policy and + + + align:start position:0% +C right uh policy policy and +Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and +uh and we have this + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have this + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have this +Q uh competed by the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S uh but at the next level of the + + align:start position:0% +S uh but at the next level of the + + + align:start position:0% +S uh but at the next level of the +recursion so so at the next level of the + + align:start position:0% +recursion so so at the next level of the + + + align:start position:0% +recursion so so at the next level of the +recursion we will we also have this + + align:start position:0% +recursion we will we also have this + + + align:start position:0% +recursion we will we also have this +first run message for that for + + align:start position:0% +first run message for that for + + + align:start position:0% +first run message for that for +that uh so let's denote it by uh H uh H + + align:start position:0% +that uh so let's denote it by uh H uh H + + + align:start position:0% +that uh so let's denote it by uh H uh H +Prime so what's the CLE of this message + + align:start position:0% +Prime so what's the CLE of this message + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so what's the CLE of this message +so remember this is the index bark for L + + align:start position:0% +so remember this is the index bark for L + + + align:start position:0% +so remember this is the index bark for L +double PR and it has circuit the + + align:start position:0% +double PR and it has circuit the + + + align:start position:0% +double PR and it has circuit the +verification circuit C double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +print so what is the size of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +message so this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +efficiency + + align:start position:0% +efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency +yes so so in the next level of + + align:start position:0% +yes so so in the next level of + + + align:start position:0% +yes so so in the next level of +verication we all do the same for the + + align:start position:0% +verication we all do the same for the + + + align:start position:0% +verication we all do the same for the +using the same protocol so so originally + + align:start position:0% +using the same protocol so so originally + + + align:start position:0% +using the same protocol so so originally +the verif the NP verification circuit is + + align:start position:0% +the verif the NP verification circuit is + + + align:start position:0% +the verif the NP verification circuit is +C so we have first R message this much + + align:start position:0% +C so we have first R message this much + + + align:start position:0% +C so we have first R message this much +so in the next level the MP verification + + align:start position:0% +so in the next level the MP verification + + + align:start position:0% +so in the next level the MP verification +circuit is see double par so so the size + + align:start position:0% +circuit is see double par so so the size + + + align:start position:0% +circuit is see double par so so the size +of this message is uh poy cble Prim + + align:start position:0% +of this message is uh poy cble Prim + + + align:start position:0% +of this message is uh poy cble Prim +Lambda but there is a issue uh if you do + + align:start position:0% +Lambda but there is a issue uh if you do + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda but there is a issue uh if you do +this recursion directly + + align:start position:0% +this recursion directly + + + align:start position:0% +this recursion directly +so so let's exam what is size of C + + align:start position:0% +so so let's exam what is size of C + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's exam what is size of C +double PR so C double PR will contain so + + align:start position:0% +double PR so C double PR will contain so + + + align:start position:0% +double PR so C double PR will contain so +each C double PR will contains uh two + + align:start position:0% +each C double PR will contains uh two + + + align:start position:0% +each C double PR will contains uh two +copy of c c + + align:start position:0% +copy of c c + + + align:start position:0% +copy of c c +Prime right + + align:start position:0% +Prime right + + + align:start position:0% +Prime right +so so C double + + align:start position:0% +so so C double + + + align:start position:0% +so so C double +Prime uh oh I should say okay so I right + + align:start position:0% +Prime uh oh I should say okay so I right + + + align:start position:0% +Prime uh oh I should say okay so I right +so I should say this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the so this is the couble prime so right + + align:start position:0% +the so this is the couble prime so right + + + align:start position:0% +the so this is the couble prime so right +so it I'll take index I and this as the + + align:start position:0% +so it I'll take index I and this as the + + + align:start position:0% +so it I'll take index I and this as the +winess and verify these two things so so + + align:start position:0% +winess and verify these two things so so + + + align:start position:0% +winess and verify these two things so so +the size of the couble Prime is roughly + + align:start position:0% +the size of the couble Prime is roughly + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the couble Prime is roughly +uh 2 * + + align:start position:0% +uh 2 * + + + align:start position:0% +uh 2 * +C and the so what is the size of C uh C + + align:start position:0% +C and the so what is the size of C uh C + + + align:start position:0% +C and the so what is the size of C uh C +Prime so the C Prime so C Prime is here + + align:start position:0% +Prime so the C Prime so C Prime is here + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so the C Prime so C Prime is here +uh so C Prime the first part of the C + + align:start position:0% +uh so C Prime the first part of the C + + + align:start position:0% +uh so C Prime the first part of the C +Prime is the PCP verification so here we + + align:start position:0% +Prime is the PCP verification so here we + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is the PCP verification so here we +will have a issue because the because + + align:start position:0% +will have a issue because the because + + + align:start position:0% +will have a issue because the because +the PCP verifier need to know what is + + align:start position:0% +the PCP verifier need to know what is + + + align:start position:0% +the PCP verifier need to know what is +the he at Le need to know what is the NP + + align:start position:0% +the he at Le need to know what is the NP + + + align:start position:0% +the he at Le need to know what is the NP +relation so the PCP verifier runs in C + + align:start position:0% +relation so the PCP verifier runs in C + + + align:start position:0% +relation so the PCP verifier runs in C +time right so so the so we all have a + + align:start position:0% +time right so so the so we all have a + + + align:start position:0% +time right so so the so we all have a +issue here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because because the C Prime is uh + + align:start position:0% +because because the C Prime is uh + + + align:start position:0% +because because the C Prime is uh +roughly C uh at least + + align:start position:0% +roughly C uh at least + + + align:start position:0% +roughly C uh at least +C so if we do this directly so you can + + align:start position:0% +C so if we do this directly so you can + + + align:start position:0% +C so if we do this directly so you can +think at the top level we have this poly + + align:start position:0% +think at the top level we have this poly + + + align:start position:0% +think at the top level we have this poly +C and uh at the next level we have this + + align:start position:0% +C and uh at the next level we have this + + + align:start position:0% +C and uh at the next level we have this +poy C Prime which is uh 2 C so so this + + align:start position:0% +poy C Prime which is uh 2 C so so this + + + align:start position:0% +poy C Prime which is uh 2 C so so this +is 2 C and at the next level of + + align:start position:0% +is 2 C and at the next level of + + + align:start position:0% +is 2 C and at the next level of +recursion we have 4 C so so we have uh + + align:start position:0% +recursion we have 4 C so so we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +recursion we have 4 C so so we have uh +log K level of recursion because each + + align:start position:0% +log K level of recursion because each + + + align:start position:0% +log K level of recursion because each +time the number of instance + + align:start position:0% +time the number of instance + + + align:start position:0% +time the number of instance +half so the number of uh so the depth is + + align:start position:0% +half so the number of uh so the depth is + + + align:start position:0% +half so the number of uh so the depth is +l k so in the end we have K * C which is + + align:start position:0% +l k so in the end we have K * C which is + + + align:start position:0% +l k so in the end we have K * C which is +large so so the proof will grow with K + + align:start position:0% +large so so the proof will grow with K + + + align:start position:0% +large so so the proof will grow with K +time K time C which is large so so the + + align:start position:0% +time K time C which is large so so the + + + align:start position:0% +time K time C which is large so so the +final idea is uh we are going to use a + + align:start position:0% +final idea is uh we are going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +final idea is uh we are going to use a +PCP uh with some special property so + + align:start position:0% +PCP uh with some special property so + + + align:start position:0% +PCP uh with some special property so +this this kind of PCP has this uh online + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of PCP has this uh online + + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of PCP has this uh online +offline verification property so this is + + align:start position:0% +offline verification property so this is + + + align:start position:0% +offline verification property so this is +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +PCP with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fast online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +verification + + align:start position:0% +verification + + + align:start position:0% +verification +so so those PCP uh has the property that + + align:start position:0% +so so those PCP uh has the property that + + + align:start position:0% +so so those PCP uh has the property that +so for any PCP prover and verifier so + + align:start position:0% +so for any PCP prover and verifier so + + + align:start position:0% +so for any PCP prover and verifier so +given any NP instance X and W you can + + align:start position:0% +given any NP instance X and W you can + + + align:start position:0% +given any NP instance X and W you can +generate a long + + align:start position:0% +generate a long + + + align:start position:0% +generate a long +proof right so so this is just a normal + + align:start position:0% +proof right so so this is just a normal + + + align:start position:0% +proof right so so this is just a normal +PCP but the verification algorithm of + + align:start position:0% +PCP but the verification algorithm of + + + align:start position:0% +PCP but the verification algorithm of +the PCP is uh has more structure so the + + align:start position:0% +the PCP is uh has more structure so the + + + align:start position:0% +the PCP is uh has more structure so the +verification algorithm so originally the + + align:start position:0% +verification algorithm so originally the + + + align:start position:0% +verification algorithm so originally the +PCP verifier need to verify for x q and + + align:start position:0% +PCP verifier need to verify for x q and + + + align:start position:0% +PCP verifier need to verify for x q and +the PCP + + align:start position:0% +the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +the PCP +Q so so now the PCP verifier uh can be + + align:start position:0% +Q so so now the PCP verifier uh can be + + + align:start position:0% +Q so so now the PCP verifier uh can be +composed decomposed to two parts so + + align:start position:0% +composed decomposed to two parts so + + + align:start position:0% +composed decomposed to two parts so +first uh so there is a offline + + align:start position:0% +first uh so there is a offline + + + align:start position:0% +first uh so there is a offline +pre-processing phase so the + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase so the + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase so the +pre-processing phase only depends on the + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase only depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase only depends on the +relation circuit + + align:start position:0% +relation circuit + + + align:start position:0% +relation circuit +C okay so this is a PCP for the language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +l so the pre-processing phase will take + + align:start position:0% +l so the pre-processing phase will take + + + align:start position:0% +l so the pre-processing phase will take +the relation circuit as input and uh it + + align:start position:0% +the relation circuit as input and uh it + + + align:start position:0% +the relation circuit as input and uh it +will use the query to generate some + + align:start position:0% +will use the query to generate some + + + align:start position:0% +will use the query to generate some +State and this state will only grow uh + + align:start position:0% +State and this state will only grow uh + + + align:start position:0% +State and this state will only grow uh +the size of the state is polinomial in s + + align:start position:0% +the size of the state is polinomial in s + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the state is polinomial in s +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +X so so the point is uh so in some case + + align:start position:0% +X so so the point is uh so in some case + + + align:start position:0% +X so so the point is uh so in some case +when the relation circuit is very + + align:start position:0% +when the relation circuit is very + + + align:start position:0% +when the relation circuit is very +large so the pre-processing phase will + + align:start position:0% +large so the pre-processing phase will + + + align:start position:0% +large so the pre-processing phase will +gr well runs in the size of the relation + + align:start position:0% +gr well runs in the size of the relation + + + align:start position:0% +gr well runs in the size of the relation +circuit but it will output of a very + + align:start position:0% +circuit but it will output of a very + + + align:start position:0% +circuit but it will output of a very +short + + align:start position:0% +short + + + align:start position:0% +short +State and the uh secondly in the online + + align:start position:0% +State and the uh secondly in the online + + + align:start position:0% +State and the uh secondly in the online +phase there is a online verification + + align:start position:0% +phase there is a online verification + + + align:start position:0% +phase there is a online verification +part so the online verification will + + align:start position:0% +part so the online verification will + + + align:start position:0% +part so the online verification will +only used such a short State and the + + align:start position:0% +only used such a short State and the + + + align:start position:0% +only used such a short State and the +X and the right and the Q and the PCP + + align:start position:0% +X and the right and the Q and the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +X and the right and the Q and the PCP +verific uh and the PCP answer to decide + + align:start position:0% +verific uh and the PCP answer to decide + + + align:start position:0% +verific uh and the PCP answer to decide +whether to accept or reject so the point + + align:start position:0% +whether to accept or reject so the point + + + align:start position:0% +whether to accept or reject so the point +is uh the online verification phase uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh the online verification phase uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the online verification phase uh +only depends on the so it's a polom Time + + align:start position:0% +only depends on the so it's a polom Time + + + align:start position:0% +only depends on the so it's a polom Time +algorithm so which means it only depends + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so which means it only depends + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so which means it only depends +on X and the size of + + align:start position:0% +on X and the size of + + + align:start position:0% +on X and the size of +Q okay so so you can imagine if the c c + + align:start position:0% +Q okay so so you can imagine if the c c + + + align:start position:0% +Q okay so so you can imagine if the c c +is the C is a very big circuit and the X + + align:start position:0% +is the C is a very big circuit and the X + + + align:start position:0% +is the C is a very big circuit and the X +instance is small then this means the + + align:start position:0% +instance is small then this means the + + + align:start position:0% +instance is small then this means the +pre-processing phase will uh the + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase will uh the + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase will uh the +pre-processing phase will take most of + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase will take most of + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing phase will take most of +the time but the online verification + + align:start position:0% +the time but the online verification + + + align:start position:0% +the time but the online verification +will be very fast it only depends on the + + align:start position:0% +will be very fast it only depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +will be very fast it only depends on the +instant + + align:start position:0% +instant + + + align:start position:0% +instant +size and the S of the query so this this + + align:start position:0% +size and the S of the query so this this + + + align:start position:0% +size and the S of the query so this this +property is Satisfied by most of the + + align:start position:0% +property is Satisfied by most of the + + + align:start position:0% +property is Satisfied by most of the +algeb right construction of PCP + + align:start position:0% +algeb right construction of PCP + + + align:start position:0% +algeb right construction of PCP +so yeah uh any + + align:start position:0% +so yeah uh any + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah uh any +questions so I will not go into the + + align:start position:0% +questions so I will not go into the + + + align:start position:0% +questions so I will not go into the +detail because the so it uh so in fact + + align:start position:0% +detail because the so it uh so in fact + + + align:start position:0% +detail because the so it uh so in fact +this property is used in many practical + + align:start position:0% +this property is used in many practical + + + align:start position:0% +this property is used in many practical +snug construction because in the + + align:start position:0% +snug construction because in the + + + align:start position:0% +snug construction because in the +Practical snar construction they also + + align:start position:0% +Practical snar construction they also + + + align:start position:0% +Practical snar construction they also +need to use PCP or some form of the PCP + + align:start position:0% +need to use PCP or some form of the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +need to use PCP or some form of the PCP +such as linear PCP so in those + + align:start position:0% +such as linear PCP so in those + + + align:start position:0% +such as linear PCP so in those +construction you also have the problem + + align:start position:0% +construction you also have the problem + + + align:start position:0% +construction you also have the problem +that the relation circuit is very large + + align:start position:0% +that the relation circuit is very large + + + align:start position:0% +that the relation circuit is very large +but you want the ification to be small + + align:start position:0% +but you want the ification to be small + + + align:start position:0% +but you want the ification to be small +so what they do is they can do some + + align:start position:0% +so what they do is they can do some + + + align:start position:0% +so what they do is they can do some +pre-processing on the relation uh to + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing on the relation uh to + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing on the relation uh to +generate some short verification State + + align:start position:0% +generate some short verification State + + + align:start position:0% +generate some short verification State +and given the verification State you can + + align:start position:0% +and given the verification State you can + + + align:start position:0% +and given the verification State you can +verify the statement in a short + + align:start position:0% +verify the statement in a short + + + align:start position:0% +verify the statement in a short +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +okay so so so now we will use this uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so now we will use this uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so now we will use this uh +PCP with this uh uh this uh + + align:start position:0% +PCP with this uh uh this uh + + + align:start position:0% +PCP with this uh uh this uh +further with this uh property and uh + + align:start position:0% +further with this uh property and uh + + + align:start position:0% +further with this uh property and uh +then we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so then we can further modify the + + align:start position:0% +so then we can further modify the + + + align:start position:0% +so then we can further modify the +construction to to only do the online + + align:start position:0% +construction to to only do the online + + + align:start position:0% +construction to to only do the online +verification here in C + + align:start position:0% +verification here in C + + + align:start position:0% +verification here in C +plan okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so what we will do here is uh we + + align:start position:0% +so so what we will do here is uh we + + + align:start position:0% +so so what we will do here is uh we +first generate the s + + align:start position:0% +first generate the s + + + align:start position:0% +first generate the s +using the S to generate que and then we + + align:start position:0% +using the S to generate que and then we + + + align:start position:0% +using the S to generate que and then we +do the pre-processing to this queue uh + + align:start position:0% +do the pre-processing to this queue uh + + + align:start position:0% +do the pre-processing to this queue uh +to generate some short + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and this will use the relation + + align:start position:0% +State and this will use the relation + + + align:start position:0% +State and this will use the relation +circuit C so we can do this because uh + + align:start position:0% +circuit C so we can do this because uh + + + align:start position:0% +circuit C so we can do this because uh +we use the same PCP query for all of the + + align:start position:0% +we use the same PCP query for all of the + + + align:start position:0% +we use the same PCP query for all of the +uh PCP pcps so right so so is for all of + + align:start position:0% +uh PCP pcps so right so so is for all of + + + align:start position:0% +uh PCP pcps so right so so is for all of +the PCP they are using the same PCP + + align:start position:0% +the PCP they are using the same PCP + + + align:start position:0% +the PCP they are using the same PCP +query so I can do this pre-processing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so once I have this state I this short + + align:start position:0% +so once I have this state I this short + + + align:start position:0% +so once I have this state I this short +State I can hard code it in this + + align:start position:0% +State I can hard code it in this + + + align:start position:0% +State I can hard code it in this +construction of C Prime so I I replace + + align:start position:0% +construction of C Prime so I I replace + + + align:start position:0% +construction of C Prime so I I replace +this with the + + align:start position:0% +this with the + + + align:start position:0% +this with the +online oh sorry so this is a local where + + align:start position:0% +online oh sorry so this is a local where + + + align:start position:0% +online oh sorry so this is a local where +verification so this online verification + + align:start position:0% +verification so this online verification + + + align:start position:0% +verification so this online verification +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PCP so it will take the state and all + + align:start position:0% +PCP so it will take the state and all + + + align:start position:0% +PCP so it will take the state and all +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +rest so now this will solve this + + align:start position:0% +rest so now this will solve this + + + align:start position:0% +rest so now this will solve this +recursion issue because the because now + + align:start position:0% +recursion issue because the because now + + + align:start position:0% +recursion issue because the because now +the circuit C Prime will will not + + align:start position:0% +the circuit C Prime will will not + + + align:start position:0% +the circuit C Prime will will not +depends on C instead it will be poog in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C the reason is that so here uh you so + + align:start position:0% +C the reason is that so here uh you so + + + align:start position:0% +C the reason is that so here uh you so +you can check here because the C world + + align:start position:0% +you can check here because the C world + + + align:start position:0% +you can check here because the C world +uh it will only involve online + + align:start position:0% +uh it will only involve online + + + align:start position:0% +uh it will only involve online +verification so it only so it's uh part + + align:start position:0% +verification so it only so it's uh part + + + align:start position:0% +verification so it only so it's uh part +IAL of + + align:start position:0% +IAL of + + + align:start position:0% +IAL of +the is a polom in the lens of I which is + + align:start position:0% +the is a polom in the lens of I which is + + + align:start position:0% +the is a polom in the lens of I which is +log K and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh right and and the and the local + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh right and and the and the local + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh right and and the and the local +appication of the merco has is also + + align:start position:0% +appication of the merco has is also + + + align:start position:0% +appication of the merco has is also +small so it's also po some poog in K so + + align:start position:0% +small so it's also po some poog in K so + + + align:start position:0% +small so it's also po some poog in K so +that you can check is + + align:start position:0% +that you can check is + + + align:start position:0% +that you can check is +a so this is + + align:start position:0% +a so this is + + + align:start position:0% +a so this is +poog log K and Lambda and then you can + + align:start position:0% +poog log K and Lambda and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +poog log K and Lambda and then you can +you can take this recreation in inside + + align:start position:0% +you can take this recreation in inside + + + align:start position:0% +you can take this recreation in inside +of this uh analysis and see uh finally + + align:start position:0% +of this uh analysis and see uh finally + + + align:start position:0% +of this uh analysis and see uh finally +the proof size is only poly + + align:start position:0% +the proof size is only poly + + + align:start position:0% +the proof size is only poly +loging so the proof size is the total + + align:start position:0% +loging so the proof size is the total + + + align:start position:0% +loging so the proof size is the total +proof size is + + align:start position:0% +proof size is + + + align:start position:0% +proof size is +uh poog + + align:start position:0% +uh poog + + + align:start position:0% +uh poog +in in C and the poog in + + align:start position:0% +in in C and the poog in + + + align:start position:0% +in in C and the poog in +K and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polyda yeah + + align:start position:0% +polyda yeah + + + align:start position:0% +polyda yeah +oh I + + align:start position:0% +oh I + + + align:start position:0% +oh I +guess the + + align:start position:0% +guess the + + + align:start position:0% +guess the +Bas yes yes so the so the so in fact + + align:start position:0% +Bas yes yes so the so the so in fact + + + align:start position:0% +Bas yes yes so the so the so in fact +after you do this once so at one level + + align:start position:0% +after you do this once so at one level + + + align:start position:0% +after you do this once so at one level +of the recre the witness is already very + + align:start position:0% +of the recre the witness is already very + + + align:start position:0% +of the recre the witness is already very +small so because the witness is just + + align:start position:0% +small so because the witness is just + + + align:start position:0% +small so because the witness is just +it's just the PCP opening so it's poly + + align:start position:0% +it's just the PCP opening so it's poly + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the PCP opening so it's poly +loogy so finally the at the end the + + align:start position:0% +loogy so finally the at the end the + + + align:start position:0% +loogy so finally the at the end the +final level winess is also very small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I I don't I probably don't have time + + align:start position:0% +so I I don't I probably don't have time + + + align:start position:0% +so I I don't I probably don't have time +to cover all the security proof but I + + align:start position:0% +to cover all the security proof but I + + + align:start position:0% +to cover all the security proof but I +will show you the most important part of + + align:start position:0% +will show you the most important part of + + + align:start position:0% +will show you the most important part of +it and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so the so the so how do we prove the + + align:start position:0% +uh so the so the so how do we prove the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the so the so how do we prove the +security of this + + align:start position:0% +security of this + + + align:start position:0% +security of this +construction so so now the construction + + align:start position:0% +construction so so now the construction + + + align:start position:0% +construction so so now the construction +is here so + + align:start position:0% +is here so + + + align:start position:0% +is here so +to prove the security it's natural to + + align:start position:0% +to prove the security it's natural to + + + align:start position:0% +to prove the security it's natural to +use the so suppose we have some security + + align:start position:0% +use the so suppose we have some security + + + align:start position:0% +use the so suppose we have some security +of this uh index bar then maybe we can + + align:start position:0% +of this uh index bar then maybe we can + + + align:start position:0% +of this uh index bar then maybe we can +use it recursively to prove the security + + align:start position:0% +use it recursively to prove the security + + + align:start position:0% +use it recursively to prove the security +of the entire + + align:start position:0% +of the entire + + + align:start position:0% +of the entire +construction but uh but we have a issue + + align:start position:0% +construction but uh but we have a issue + + + align:start position:0% +construction but uh but we have a issue +here so isue is L double Prim it all + + align:start position:0% +here so isue is L double Prim it all + + + align:start position:0% +here so isue is L double Prim it all +depends on the first + + align:start position:0% +depends on the first + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the first +message because the so L Prim will use + + align:start position:0% +message because the so L Prim will use + + + align:start position:0% +message because the so L Prim will use +this L PR so this C so this c will + + align:start position:0% +this L PR so this C so this c will + + + align:start position:0% +this L PR so this C so this c will +depend well use the hash root this HQ so + + align:start position:0% +depend well use the hash root this HQ so + + + align:start position:0% +depend well use the hash root this HQ so +this H root come comes from this hash + + align:start position:0% +this H root come comes from this hash + + + align:start position:0% +this H root come comes from this hash +this hash value and of the h12 + + align:start position:0% +this hash value and of the h12 + + + align:start position:0% +this hash value and of the h12 +HL so so this means the adversary can + + align:start position:0% +HL so so this means the adversary can + + + align:start position:0% +HL so so this means the adversary can +potentially choose this uh uh choose the + + align:start position:0% +potentially choose this uh uh choose the + + + align:start position:0% +potentially choose this uh uh choose the +next statement depends on the CRS + + align:start position:0% +next statement depends on the CRS + + + align:start position:0% +next statement depends on the CRS +because CRS is first cud anniversary so + + align:start position:0% +because CRS is first cud anniversary so + + + align:start position:0% +because CRS is first cud anniversary so +this is not captured by the nonadaptive + + align:start position:0% +this is not captured by the nonadaptive + + + align:start position:0% +this is not captured by the nonadaptive +sound soundness before so we need a new + + align:start position:0% +sound soundness before so we need a new + + + align:start position:0% +sound soundness before so we need a new +definition of soundness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the issue is that we don't know how + + align:start position:0% +and the issue is that we don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +and the issue is that we don't know how +to achieve fully adaptive soundness so + + align:start position:0% +to achieve fully adaptive soundness so + + + align:start position:0% +to achieve fully adaptive soundness so +the Adaptive soundness means that the + + align:start position:0% +the Adaptive soundness means that the + + + align:start position:0% +the Adaptive soundness means that the +cheating adversary can choose the + + align:start position:0% +cheating adversary can choose the + + + align:start position:0% +cheating adversary can choose the +instance depending on the CRS and the so + + align:start position:0% +instance depending on the CRS and the so + + + align:start position:0% +instance depending on the CRS and the so +what we what we prove is some semi + + align:start position:0% +what we what we prove is some semi + + + align:start position:0% +what we what we prove is some semi +adaptive soundness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this this s this notion is not only + + align:start position:0% +so this this s this notion is not only + + + align:start position:0% +so this this s this notion is not only +important in this security proof it will + + align:start position:0% +important in this security proof it will + + + align:start position:0% +important in this security proof it will +also be crucial for your next lecture so + + align:start position:0% +also be crucial for your next lecture so + + + align:start position:0% +also be crucial for your next lecture so +when you compile this uh batch index to + + align:start position:0% +when you compile this uh batch index to + + + align:start position:0% +when you compile this uh batch index to +of snar 4 + + align:start position:0% +of snar 4 + + + align:start position:0% +of snar 4 +P + + align:start position:0% +P + + + align:start position:0% +P +so so it defin as follows so it says + + align:start position:0% +so so it defin as follows so it says + + + align:start position:0% +so so it defin as follows so it says +that so it allows the cheating improver + + align:start position:0% +that so it allows the cheating improver + + + align:start position:0% +that so it allows the cheating improver +to choose the relation Circ + + align:start position:0% +to choose the relation Circ + + + align:start position:0% +to choose the relation Circ +uh but it cannot choose which uh index + + align:start position:0% +uh but it cannot choose which uh index + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it cannot choose which uh index +to cheat + + align:start position:0% +to cheat + + + align:start position:0% +to cheat +so so let me Define it so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh uh index spk is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sound if there + + align:start position:0% +sound if there + + + align:start position:0% +sound if there +exist if so first I need a another uh + + align:start position:0% +exist if so first I need a another uh + + + align:start position:0% +exist if so first I need a another uh +key generation algorithm uh CRS + + align:start position:0% +key generation algorithm uh CRS + + + align:start position:0% +key generation algorithm uh CRS +generator so I'll call it uh generate + + align:start position:0% +generator so I'll call it uh generate + + + align:start position:0% +generator so I'll call it uh generate +bar so it will take + + align:start position:0% +bar so it will take + + + align:start position:0% +bar so it will take +the security parameter as input and + + align:start position:0% +the security parameter as input and + + + align:start position:0% +the security parameter as input and +index I star and will generate some s + + align:start position:0% +index I star and will generate some s + + + align:start position:0% +index I star and will generate some s +star okay and uh I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +require and this uh + + align:start position:0% +require and this uh + + + align:start position:0% +require and this uh +CRS uh generator is IND distinguishable + + align:start position:0% +CRS uh generator is IND distinguishable + + + align:start position:0% +CRS uh generator is IND distinguishable +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +the real uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +CRS and furthermore uh for each uh + + align:start position:0% +CRS and furthermore uh for each uh + + + align:start position:0% +CRS and furthermore uh for each uh +nonuniform PBT adversary cheating + + align:start position:0% +nonuniform PBT adversary cheating + + + align:start position:0% +nonuniform PBT adversary cheating +improver P star we need to have the + + align:start position:0% +improver P star we need to have the + + + align:start position:0% +improver P star we need to have the +following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property + + align:start position:0% +property + + + align:start position:0% +property +so P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star when P star received the CRS + + align:start position:0% +star when P star received the CRS + + + align:start position:0% +star when P star received the CRS +generated by + + align:start position:0% +generated by + + + align:start position:0% +generated by +the by this this generator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star uh it can choose as relation + + align:start position:0% +star uh it can choose as relation + + + align:start position:0% +star uh it can choose as relation +circuit c and a maliciously chosen + + align:start position:0% +circuit c and a maliciously chosen + + + align:start position:0% +circuit c and a maliciously chosen +relation circuit C and a p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star such that uh the probability that + + align:start position:0% +star such that uh the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +star such that uh the probability that +the wirefire uh accept for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K and the the is instance uh the I Stars + + align:start position:0% +K and the the is instance uh the I Stars + + + align:start position:0% +K and the the is instance uh the I Stars +instance is not in the relation circuit + + align:start position:0% +instance is not in the relation circuit + + + align:start position:0% +instance is not in the relation circuit +defined by + + align:start position:0% +defined by + + + align:start position:0% +defined by +this C star is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negligible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yes uh so the intution is that so + + align:start position:0% +so yes uh so the intution is that so + + + align:start position:0% +so yes uh so the intution is that so +suppose uh the intution is that the SSB + + align:start position:0% +suppose uh the intution is that the SSB + + + align:start position:0% +suppose uh the intution is that the SSB +is binding for some location for some + + align:start position:0% +is binding for some location for some + + + align:start position:0% +is binding for some location for some +for some instance so you just set the uh + + align:start position:0% +for some instance so you just set the uh + + + align:start position:0% +for some instance so you just set the uh +generator bar as the generator that + + align:start position:0% +generator bar as the generator that + + + align:start position:0% +generator bar as the generator that +output that kind of SSB so SSB will be + + align:start position:0% +output that kind of SSB so SSB will be + + + align:start position:0% +output that kind of SSB so SSB will be +binding for the iar position then you + + align:start position:0% +binding for the iar position then you + + + align:start position:0% +binding for the iar position then you +cannot cheat for the is IP instance but + + align:start position:0% +cannot cheat for the is IP instance but + + + align:start position:0% +cannot cheat for the is IP instance but +you do uh you do have the option to so + + align:start position:0% +you do uh you do have the option to so + + + align:start position:0% +you do uh you do have the option to so +cheat improver can choose a different + + align:start position:0% +cheat improver can choose a different + + + align:start position:0% +cheat improver can choose a different +circuit relation circuit C but it cannot + + align:start position:0% +circuit relation circuit C but it cannot + + + align:start position:0% +circuit relation circuit C but it cannot +cheat for those uh D starts + + align:start position:0% +cheat for those uh D starts + + + align:start position:0% +cheat for those uh D starts +position uh right so that's + + align:start position:0% +position uh right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +position uh right so that's +uh that's a semi adaptive sness so to + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a semi adaptive sness so to + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a semi adaptive sness so to +prove this uh sness for this + + align:start position:0% +prove this uh sness for this + + + align:start position:0% +prove this uh sness for this +construction the idea is that uh so for + + align:start position:0% +construction the idea is that uh so for + + + align:start position:0% +construction the idea is that uh so for +any for any I star that is not in the + + align:start position:0% +any for any I star that is not in the + + + align:start position:0% +any for any I star that is not in the +language so you can you can see uh so + + align:start position:0% +language so you can you can see uh so + + + align:start position:0% +language so you can you can see uh so +from the correlation intractability so + + align:start position:0% +from the correlation intractability so + + + align:start position:0% +from the correlation intractability so +so essentially the idea is that if I + + align:start position:0% +so essentially the idea is that if I + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially the idea is that if I +star is not in the language and uh for + + align:start position:0% +star is not in the language and uh for + + + align:start position:0% +star is not in the language and uh for +any cheating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proof uh right so you just uh switch + + align:start position:0% +proof uh right so you just uh switch + + + align:start position:0% +proof uh right so you just uh switch +this uh generat bar to for this + + align:start position:0% +this uh generat bar to for this + + + align:start position:0% +this uh generat bar to for this +iar and uh and you can argue if iar is + + align:start position:0% +iar and uh and you can argue if iar is + + + align:start position:0% +iar and uh and you can argue if iar is +not in the language then I star over + + align:start position:0% +not in the language then I star over + + + align:start position:0% +not in the language then I star over +two so because we do the two2 one trick + + align:start position:0% +two so because we do the two2 one trick + + + align:start position:0% +two so because we do the two2 one trick +so it will translate to a new instance + + align:start position:0% +so it will translate to a new instance + + + align:start position:0% +so it will translate to a new instance +at the next level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then it's also in not in this it's not + + align:start position:0% +then it's also in not in this it's not + + + align:start position:0% +then it's also in not in this it's not +it's also not in the out dou PR so if + + align:start position:0% +it's also not in the out dou PR so if + + + align:start position:0% +it's also not in the out dou PR so if +the if the allary doesn't cheat for the + + align:start position:0% +the if the allary doesn't cheat for the + + + align:start position:0% +the if the allary doesn't cheat for the +CR so that's the idea so that means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any so so if it's not in the + + align:start position:0% +any so so if it's not in the + + + align:start position:0% +any so so if it's not in the +yeah so if the if the if the query and + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if the if the if the query and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if the if the if the query and +the hash values out by the chover does + + align:start position:0% +the hash values out by the chover does + + + align:start position:0% +the hash values out by the chover does +not uh satisfy the the say relation R + + align:start position:0% +not uh satisfy the the say relation R + + + align:start position:0% +not uh satisfy the the say relation R +then you have + + align:start position:0% +then you have + + + align:start position:0% +then you have +this then if the I star I star position + + align:start position:0% +this then if the I star I star position + + + align:start position:0% +this then if the I star I star position +is force then it translate to a another + + align:start position:0% +is force then it translate to a another + + + align:start position:0% +is force then it translate to a another +new Force State + + align:start position:0% +new Force State + + + align:start position:0% +new Force State +statements so you can so you can you can + + align:start position:0% +statements so you can so you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +statements so you can so you can you can +use this uh claim to uh inductively + + align:start position:0% +use this uh claim to uh inductively + + + align:start position:0% +use this uh claim to uh inductively +argue that uh initially if you have some + + align:start position:0% +argue that uh initially if you have some + + + align:start position:0% +argue that uh initially if you have some +fixed iar then you can track C this uh + + align:start position:0% +fixed iar then you can track C this uh + + + align:start position:0% +fixed iar then you can track C this uh +fixed I at each level by divide by two + + align:start position:0% +fixed I at each level by divide by two + + + align:start position:0% +fixed I at each level by divide by two +and run up to it and finally you can + + align:start position:0% +and run up to it and finally you can + + + align:start position:0% +and run up to it and finally you can +catch it because the last so the last + + align:start position:0% +catch it because the last so the last + + + align:start position:0% +catch it because the last so the last +statement uh so in the in the last lbel + + align:start position:0% +statement uh so in the in the last lbel + + + align:start position:0% +statement uh so in the in the last lbel +of the recursion we just send all the + + align:start position:0% +of the recursion we just send all the + + + align:start position:0% +of the recursion we just send all the +witness so you must be able to catch it + + align:start position:0% +witness so you must be able to catch it + + + align:start position:0% +witness so you must be able to catch it +so that's a idea okay so that's uh uh + + align:start position:0% +so that's a idea okay so that's uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a idea okay so that's uh uh +that's all about + + align:start position:0% +that's all about + + + align:start position:0% +that's all about +the class today yeah uh any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Construction + + align:start position:0% +Construction + + + align:start position:0% +Construction +Construction sort of any sort of + + align:start position:0% +Construction sort of any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Construction sort of any sort of +adaptive soundness or is it like yes so + + align:start position:0% +adaptive soundness or is it like yes so + + + align:start position:0% +adaptive soundness or is it like yes so +it only get this kind of adaptive + + align:start position:0% +it only get this kind of adaptive + + + align:start position:0% +it only get this kind of adaptive +soundness I see like some notion of + + align:start position:0% +soundness I see like some notion of + + + align:start position:0% +soundness I see like some notion of +this index oh so for the uh so for the + + align:start position:0% +this index oh so for the uh so for the + + + align:start position:0% +this index oh so for the uh so for the +index bark we kind get a semi adap on + + align:start position:0% +index bark we kind get a semi adap on + + + align:start position:0% +index bark we kind get a semi adap on +this and for General + + align:start position:0% +this and for General + + + align:start position:0% +this and for General +barks + + align:start position:0% +barks + + + align:start position:0% +barks +uh I need to uh I think it's also yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh I need to uh I think it's also yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh I need to uh I think it's also yeah +it also have some similar lotion meths I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think can you that like is there some + + align:start position:0% +think can you that like is there some + + + align:start position:0% +think can you that like is there some +other construction ad or is very uh + + align:start position:0% +other construction ad or is very uh + + + align:start position:0% +other construction ad or is very uh +that's a good question so so in general + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question so so in general + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question so so in general +so given any non-adaptive sound snark + + align:start position:0% +so given any non-adaptive sound snark + + + align:start position:0% +so given any non-adaptive sound snark +you can always upgrade it to adoptive s + + align:start position:0% +you can always upgrade it to adoptive s + + + align:start position:0% +you can always upgrade it to adoptive s +by using complexity leveraging so but + + align:start position:0% +by using complexity leveraging so but + + + align:start position:0% +by using complexity leveraging so but +you are pay uh due to the instant size + + align:start position:0% +you are pay uh due to the instant size + + + align:start position:0% +you are pay uh due to the instant size +in the security proof so but in the + + align:start position:0% +in the security proof so but in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the security proof so but in the +barks uh if you the two so if you to the + + align:start position:0% +barks uh if you the two so if you to the + + + align:start position:0% +barks uh if you the two so if you to the +uh the instant total instance size is K + + align:start position:0% +uh the instant total instance size is K + + + align:start position:0% +uh the instant total instance size is K +times x so it's very large so yeah I'm + + align:start position:0% +times x so it's very large so yeah I'm + + + align:start position:0% +times x so it's very large so yeah I'm +not sure you can really do that I see is + + align:start position:0% +not sure you can really do that I see is + + + align:start position:0% +not sure you can really do that I see is +it clear PR that like only applies to + + align:start position:0% +it clear PR that like only applies to + + + align:start position:0% +it clear PR that like only applies to +adap oh right so right right so there + + align:start position:0% +adap oh right so right right so there + + + align:start position:0% +adap oh right so right right so there +seems to be a gap but I'm not sure how + + align:start position:0% +seems to be a gap but I'm not sure how + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be a gap but I'm not sure how +how large is the gap so yeah so maybe + + align:start position:0% +how large is the gap so yeah so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +how large is the gap so yeah so maybe +there's some maybe you can use it on + + align:start position:0% +there's some maybe you can use it on + + + align:start position:0% +there's some maybe you can use it on +clber complexity leveraging to almost + + align:start position:0% +clber complexity leveraging to almost + + + align:start position:0% +clber complexity leveraging to almost +close gap for example \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pd7dvQBqQqY.txt b/pd7dvQBqQqY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cae1fba82f50b705911946d71461ed386fc6499 --- /dev/null +++ b/pd7dvQBqQqY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we will now go through a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +we will now go through a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +we will now go through a sequence of +examples that illustrate the different + + align:start position:0% +examples that illustrate the different + + + align:start position:0% +examples that illustrate the different +types of questions that we usually + + align:start position:0% +types of questions that we usually + + + align:start position:0% +types of questions that we usually +answer using a normal approximation + + align:start position:0% +answer using a normal approximation + + + align:start position:0% +answer using a normal approximation +based on the central limit theorem in + + align:start position:0% +based on the central limit theorem in + + + align:start position:0% +based on the central limit theorem in +general one uses these approximations to + + align:start position:0% +general one uses these approximations to + + + align:start position:0% +general one uses these approximations to +make statements of this type that the + + align:start position:0% +make statements of this type that the + + + align:start position:0% +make statements of this type that the +probability of the sum of n iid random + + align:start position:0% +probability of the sum of n iid random + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the sum of n iid random +variables being less than a certain + + align:start position:0% +variables being less than a certain + + + align:start position:0% +variables being less than a certain +number that this probability is + + align:start position:0% +number that this probability is + + + align:start position:0% +number that this probability is +approximately equal to some other number + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to some other number + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to some other number +notice that this statement involves + + align:start position:0% +notice that this statement involves + + + align:start position:0% +notice that this statement involves +three parameters a B and n and you can + + align:start position:0% +three parameters a B and n and you can + + + align:start position:0% +three parameters a B and n and you can +imagine problems where you are given two + + align:start position:0% +imagine problems where you are given two + + + align:start position:0% +imagine problems where you are given two +of these parameters and you're asked to + + align:start position:0% +of these parameters and you're asked to + + + align:start position:0% +of these parameters and you're asked to +find the third and this gives us the + + align:start position:0% +find the third and this gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +find the third and this gives us the +different variations of the questions + + align:start position:0% +different variations of the questions + + + align:start position:0% +different variations of the questions +that we might be able to answer so we + + align:start position:0% +that we might be able to answer so we + + + align:start position:0% +that we might be able to answer so we +will go through examples of each one of + + align:start position:0% +will go through examples of each one of + + + align:start position:0% +will go through examples of each one of +these variations our setting will be as + + align:start position:0% +these variations our setting will be as + + + align:start position:0% +these variations our setting will be as +follows we have a container and the + + align:start position:0% +follows we have a container and the + + + align:start position:0% +follows we have a container and the +container receives packages each package + + align:start position:0% +container receives packages each package + + + align:start position:0% +container receives packages each package +has a random weight which is an + + align:start position:0% +has a random weight which is an + + + align:start position:0% +has a random weight which is an +independent random variable that's drawn + + align:start position:0% +independent random variable that's drawn + + + align:start position:0% +independent random variable that's drawn +from an exponential distribution with a + + align:start position:0% +from an exponential distribution with a + + + align:start position:0% +from an exponential distribution with a +parameter one-half and we load the + + align:start position:0% +parameter one-half and we load the + + + align:start position:0% +parameter one-half and we load the +container with a hundred packages we + + align:start position:0% +container with a hundred packages we + + + align:start position:0% +container with a hundred packages we +would like to calculate the probability + + align:start position:0% +would like to calculate the probability + + + align:start position:0% +would like to calculate the probability +that the total weight of the hundred + + align:start position:0% +that the total weight of the hundred + + + align:start position:0% +that the total weight of the hundred +packages exceeds 210 for example 210 + + align:start position:0% +packages exceeds 210 for example 210 + + + align:start position:0% +packages exceeds 210 for example 210 +might be the capacity of the container + + align:start position:0% +might be the capacity of the container + + + align:start position:0% +might be the capacity of the container +since we will be using the central limit + + align:start position:0% +since we will be using the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +since we will be using the central limit +theorem we will have to work with the + + align:start position:0% +theorem we will have to work with the + + + align:start position:0% +theorem we will have to work with the +standardized version of SN in which we + + align:start position:0% +standardized version of SN in which we + + + align:start position:0% +standardized version of SN in which we +subtract the mean of SN and divide by + + align:start position:0% +subtract the mean of SN and divide by + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the mean of SN and divide by +the standard deviation of SN and to do + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of SN and to do + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of SN and to do +that we will need to know the mean and + + align:start position:0% +that we will need to know the mean and + + + align:start position:0% +that we will need to know the mean and +the standard deviation now for an + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation now for an + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation now for an +exponential the mean is the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +exponential the mean is the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential the mean is the inverse of +lambda and the standard deviation is + + align:start position:0% +lambda and the standard deviation is + + + align:start position:0% +lambda and the standard deviation is +also the inverse of lambda and so we + + align:start position:0% +also the inverse of lambda and so we + + + align:start position:0% +also the inverse of lambda and so we +know what these quantities are then the + + align:start position:0% +know what these quantities are then the + + + align:start position:0% +know what these quantities are then the +next step is to take this event here and + + align:start position:0% +next step is to take this event here and + + + align:start position:0% +next step is to take this event here and +rewrite it in a way that involves this + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it in a way that involves this + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it in a way that involves this +random variable + + align:start position:0% +random variable + + + align:start position:0% +random variable +so what you would do is that we take the + + align:start position:0% +so what you would do is that we take the + + + align:start position:0% +so what you would do is that we take the +original description of the event + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subtract from both sides of this + + align:start position:0% +subtract from both sides of this + + + align:start position:0% +subtract from both sides of this +inequality this number n times view in + + align:start position:0% +inequality this number n times view in + + + align:start position:0% +inequality this number n times view in +this case n is a hundred mu is two so we + + align:start position:0% +this case n is a hundred mu is two so we + + + align:start position:0% +this case n is a hundred mu is two so we +subtract two hundred divided by this + + align:start position:0% +subtract two hundred divided by this + + + align:start position:0% +subtract two hundred divided by this +quantity square root of a hundred is ten + + align:start position:0% +quantity square root of a hundred is ten + + + align:start position:0% +quantity square root of a hundred is ten +times Sigma this gives us 20 and we do + + align:start position:0% +times Sigma this gives us 20 and we do + + + align:start position:0% +times Sigma this gives us 20 and we do +the same on the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +the same on the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +the same on the other side of the +inequality this is just an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +inequality this is just an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +inequality this is just an equivalent +representation of the original event but + + align:start position:0% +representation of the original event but + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the original event but +what we have here is the probability + + align:start position:0% +what we have here is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +what we have here is the probability +that this standardized version of SN is + + align:start position:0% +that this standardized version of SN is + + + align:start position:0% +that this standardized version of SN is +larger than or equal to this number + + align:start position:0% +larger than or equal to this number + + + align:start position:0% +larger than or equal to this number +which is 0.5 and at this point we can + + align:start position:0% +which is 0.5 and at this point we can + + + align:start position:0% +which is 0.5 and at this point we can +use the central limit theorem + + align:start position:0% +use the central limit theorem + + + align:start position:0% +use the central limit theorem +approximation to say that this + + align:start position:0% +approximation to say that this + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to say that this +probability is approximately the same if + + align:start position:0% +probability is approximately the same if + + + align:start position:0% +probability is approximately the same if +we use a standard normal + + align:start position:0% +we use a standard normal + + + align:start position:0% +we use a standard normal +instead of Zn now for a standard normal + + align:start position:0% +instead of Zn now for a standard normal + + + align:start position:0% +instead of Zn now for a standard normal +we can calculate probabilities in terms + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate probabilities in terms + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate probabilities in terms +of the CDF that's given in a table but + + align:start position:0% +of the CDF that's given in a table but + + + align:start position:0% +of the CDF that's given in a table but +here we have the probability that Z is + + align:start position:0% +here we have the probability that Z is + + + align:start position:0% +here we have the probability that Z is +larger than something not smaller than + + align:start position:0% +larger than something not smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +larger than something not smaller than +something the CDF gives us the + + align:start position:0% +something the CDF gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +something the CDF gives us the +probability that Z is less than + + align:start position:0% +probability that Z is less than + + + align:start position:0% +probability that Z is less than +something this is easy to handle this + + align:start position:0% +something this is easy to handle this + + + align:start position:0% +something this is easy to handle this +probability is 1 minus the probability + + align:start position:0% +probability is 1 minus the probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability is 1 minus the probability +that Z is less than 0.5 which is 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +that Z is less than 0.5 which is 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +that Z is less than 0.5 which is 1 minus +the CDF of the standard normal evaluated + + align:start position:0% +the CDF of the standard normal evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF of the standard normal evaluated +at 0.5 and at this point we look up the + + align:start position:0% +at 0.5 and at this point we look up the + + + align:start position:0% +at 0.5 and at this point we look up the +normal table the standard normal table + + align:start position:0% +normal table the standard normal table + + + align:start position:0% +normal table the standard normal table +and for n value for an argument of 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +and for n value for an argument of 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +and for n value for an argument of 0.5 +the corresponding value is this one so + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding value is this one so + + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding value is this one so +we obtain 1 minus 0.6 9 1 5 which + + align:start position:0% +we obtain 1 minus 0.6 9 1 5 which + + + align:start position:0% +we obtain 1 minus 0.6 9 1 5 which +evaluates to zero point 308 5 and this + + align:start position:0% +evaluates to zero point 308 5 and this + + + align:start position:0% +evaluates to zero point 308 5 and this +is the answer to this particular problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the next example we ask somewhat + + align:start position:0% +in the next example we ask somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +in the next example we ask somewhat +different question we fix again the + + align:start position:0% +different question we fix again the + + + align:start position:0% +different question we fix again the +number of packages to be a hundred + + align:start position:0% +number of packages to be a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +number of packages to be a hundred +but we're given some probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +but we're given some probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +but we're given some probabilistic +tolerance we allow the packages their + + align:start position:0% +tolerance we allow the packages their + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance we allow the packages their +total weight to exceed the capacity of + + align:start position:0% +total weight to exceed the capacity of + + + align:start position:0% +total weight to exceed the capacity of +the container but we don't want that to + + align:start position:0% +the container but we don't want that to + + + align:start position:0% +the container but we don't want that to +happen too often we want to have only 5% + + align:start position:0% +happen too often we want to have only 5% + + + align:start position:0% +happen too often we want to have only 5% +probability of exceeding that capacity + + align:start position:0% +probability of exceeding that capacity + + + align:start position:0% +probability of exceeding that capacity +how should we choose the capacity of the + + align:start position:0% +how should we choose the capacity of the + + + align:start position:0% +how should we choose the capacity of the +container if we want to have this kind + + align:start position:0% +container if we want to have this kind + + + align:start position:0% +container if we want to have this kind +of a specification so we proceed as + + align:start position:0% +of a specification so we proceed as + + + align:start position:0% +of a specification so we proceed as +follows we want this number 0.05 to be + + align:start position:0% +follows we want this number 0.05 to be + + + align:start position:0% +follows we want this number 0.05 to be +approximately equal to this probability + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to this probability + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to this probability +but now we take this event and rewrite + + align:start position:0% +but now we take this event and rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +but now we take this event and rewrite +it in terms of the standardized random + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of the standardized random + + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of the standardized random +variable that is we start from both + + align:start position:0% +variable that is we start from both + + + align:start position:0% +variable that is we start from both +sides of the inequality and subtract n + + align:start position:0% +sides of the inequality and subtract n + + + align:start position:0% +sides of the inequality and subtract n +times mu which is 200 and then divide by + + align:start position:0% +times mu which is 200 and then divide by + + + align:start position:0% +times mu which is 200 and then divide by +the standard deviation of SN which is + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of SN which is + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of SN which is +this quantity and which is 20 exactly as + + align:start position:0% +this quantity and which is 20 exactly as + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity and which is 20 exactly as +in the previous example and now this + + align:start position:0% +in the previous example and now this + + + align:start position:0% +in the previous example and now this +random variable Z n is approximately a + + align:start position:0% +random variable Z n is approximately a + + + align:start position:0% +random variable Z n is approximately a +standard normal so we're asking for the + + align:start position:0% +standard normal so we're asking for the + + + align:start position:0% +standard normal so we're asking for the +probability that the standard normal is + + align:start position:0% +probability that the standard normal is + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the standard normal is +larger than or equal to something which + + align:start position:0% +larger than or equal to something which + + + align:start position:0% +larger than or equal to something which +using the argument as in the previous + + align:start position:0% +using the argument as in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +using the argument as in the previous +example is 1 minus the CDF of the + + align:start position:0% +example is 1 minus the CDF of the + + + align:start position:0% +example is 1 minus the CDF of the +standard normal evaluated at this + + align:start position:0% +standard normal evaluated at this + + + align:start position:0% +standard normal evaluated at this +particular value now what this tells us + + align:start position:0% +particular value now what this tells us + + + align:start position:0% +particular value now what this tells us +is that this quantity here the value of + + align:start position:0% +is that this quantity here the value of + + + align:start position:0% +is that this quantity here the value of +the CDF should be equal to 1 minus 0.05 + + align:start position:0% +the CDF should be equal to 1 minus 0.05 + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF should be equal to 1 minus 0.05 +so this quantity here should be zero + + align:start position:0% +so this quantity here should be zero + + + align:start position:0% +so this quantity here should be zero +point 95 what does this tell us about + + align:start position:0% +point 95 what does this tell us about + + + align:start position:0% +point 95 what does this tell us about +the argument of the CDF we can look at + + align:start position:0% +the argument of the CDF we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +the argument of the CDF we can look at +the table + + align:start position:0% +the table + + + align:start position:0% +the table +and try to find somewhere an entry of + + align:start position:0% +and try to find somewhere an entry of + + + align:start position:0% +and try to find somewhere an entry of +point 95 and we find it either here or + + align:start position:0% +point 95 and we find it either here or + + + align:start position:0% +point 95 and we find it either here or +there we could choose either one or we + + align:start position:0% +there we could choose either one or we + + + align:start position:0% +there we could choose either one or we +might decide to split the difference and + + align:start position:0% +might decide to split the difference and + + + align:start position:0% +might decide to split the difference and +say that we get a value of point 95 when + + align:start position:0% +say that we get a value of point 95 when + + + align:start position:0% +say that we get a value of point 95 when +the argument is 1.645 and so we conclude + + align:start position:0% +the argument is 1.645 and so we conclude + + + align:start position:0% +the argument is 1.645 and so we conclude +that in order for this to be 0.9 to 5 we + + align:start position:0% +that in order for this to be 0.9 to 5 we + + + align:start position:0% +that in order for this to be 0.9 to 5 we +need a minus 200 divided by 20 to be + + align:start position:0% +need a minus 200 divided by 20 to be + + + align:start position:0% +need a minus 200 divided by 20 to be +equal to 1 point 6 4 5 and then we solve + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 point 6 4 5 and then we solve + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 point 6 4 5 and then we solve +for a and we find that a should be 232 + + align:start position:0% +for a and we find that a should be 232 + + + align:start position:0% +for a and we find that a should be 232 +0.9 and we can choose the capacity of + + align:start position:0% +0.9 and we can choose the capacity of + + + align:start position:0% +0.9 and we can choose the capacity of +our container this way our next example + + align:start position:0% +our container this way our next example + + + align:start position:0% +our container this way our next example +is a little more challenging here we + + align:start position:0% +is a little more challenging here we + + + align:start position:0% +is a little more challenging here we +will fix a and B and we will ask for the + + align:start position:0% +will fix a and B and we will ask for the + + + align:start position:0% +will fix a and B and we will ask for the +value of n here's the type of question + + align:start position:0% +value of n here's the type of question + + + align:start position:0% +value of n here's the type of question +that has this flavor we are given the + + align:start position:0% +that has this flavor we are given the + + + align:start position:0% +that has this flavor we are given the +capacity of our container we want to + + align:start position:0% +capacity of our container we want to + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of our container we want to +have small probability of exceeding that + + align:start position:0% +have small probability of exceeding that + + + align:start position:0% +have small probability of exceeding that +capacity how many packages should you + + align:start position:0% +capacity how many packages should you + + + align:start position:0% +capacity how many packages should you +try to load what is the value of n for + + align:start position:0% +try to load what is the value of n for + + + align:start position:0% +try to load what is the value of n for +which this relation will be true so we + + align:start position:0% +which this relation will be true so we + + + align:start position:0% +which this relation will be true so we +proceed as usual by taking this event + + align:start position:0% +proceed as usual by taking this event + + + align:start position:0% +proceed as usual by taking this event +and rewriting it in a way that involves + + align:start position:0% +and rewriting it in a way that involves + + + align:start position:0% +and rewriting it in a way that involves +the standardized version of SN so we + + align:start position:0% +the standardized version of SN so we + + + align:start position:0% +the standardized version of SN so we +need to subtract n times mu which in + + align:start position:0% +need to subtract n times mu which in + + + align:start position:0% +need to subtract n times mu which in +this problem is 2 times n we subtract it + + align:start position:0% +this problem is 2 times n we subtract it + + + align:start position:0% +this problem is 2 times n we subtract it +from both sides of the inequality and + + align:start position:0% +from both sides of the inequality and + + + align:start position:0% +from both sides of the inequality and +then we divide by the square root of n + + align:start position:0% +then we divide by the square root of n + + + align:start position:0% +then we divide by the square root of n +times Sigma which is 2 so we divide both + + align:start position:0% +times Sigma which is 2 so we divide both + + + align:start position:0% +times Sigma which is 2 so we divide both +sides of the inequality by this number + + align:start position:0% +sides of the inequality by this number + + + align:start position:0% +sides of the inequality by this number +once more this event here is identical + + align:start position:0% +once more this event here is identical + + + align:start position:0% +once more this event here is identical +to the original event but now it is + + align:start position:0% +to the original event but now it is + + + align:start position:0% +to the original event but now it is +expressed in terms of the standardized + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of the standardized + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of the standardized +version of SN this is a random variable + + align:start position:0% +version of SN this is a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +version of SN this is a random variable +that's approximately a standard normal + + align:start position:0% +that's approximately a standard normal + + + align:start position:0% +that's approximately a standard normal +so once more who are talking about the + + align:start position:0% +so once more who are talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +so once more who are talking about the +probability that the standard normal + + align:start position:0% +probability that the standard normal + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the standard normal +exceeds a certain value and by the + + align:start position:0% +exceeds a certain value and by the + + + align:start position:0% +exceeds a certain value and by the +central limit theorem this is + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem this is + + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem this is +approximately equal to one minus the + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to one minus the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to one minus the +standard normal CDF evaluated at this + + align:start position:0% +standard normal CDF evaluated at this + + + align:start position:0% +standard normal CDF evaluated at this +particular value here now we want this + + align:start position:0% +particular value here now we want this + + + align:start position:0% +particular value here now we want this +quantity to be approximately equal to + + align:start position:0% +quantity to be approximately equal to + + + align:start position:0% +quantity to be approximately equal to +0.05 which once more means that this + + align:start position:0% +0.05 which once more means that this + + + align:start position:0% +0.05 which once more means that this +quantity should be point 95 and arguing + + align:start position:0% +quantity should be point 95 and arguing + + + align:start position:0% +quantity should be point 95 and arguing +as before that we try to find naught + + align:start position:0% +as before that we try to find naught + + + align:start position:0% +as before that we try to find naught +point 95 in the standard normal table + + align:start position:0% +point 95 in the standard normal table + + + align:start position:0% +point 95 in the standard normal table +and this tells us that the argument of + + align:start position:0% +and this tells us that the argument of + + + align:start position:0% +and this tells us that the argument of +the normal CDF should be equal to one + + align:start position:0% +the normal CDF should be equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +the normal CDF should be equal to one +point six four five here we get an + + align:start position:0% +point six four five here we get an + + + align:start position:0% +point six four five here we get an +equation for n unfortunately it is a + + align:start position:0% +equation for n unfortunately it is a + + + align:start position:0% +equation for n unfortunately it is a +quadratic equation however we can solve + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equation however we can solve + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equation however we can solve +it and after you solve it numerically or + + align:start position:0% +it and after you solve it numerically or + + + align:start position:0% +it and after you solve it numerically or +using a formula for the solution of + + align:start position:0% +using a formula for the solution of + + + align:start position:0% +using a formula for the solution of +quadratic equations you find the value + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equations you find the value + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equations you find the value +of n that's somewhere between 89 and 90 + + align:start position:0% +of n that's somewhere between 89 and 90 + + + align:start position:0% +of n that's somewhere between 89 and 90 +now n is an integer so you could choose + + align:start position:0% +now n is an integer so you could choose + + + align:start position:0% +now n is an integer so you could choose +either 89 or 90 if you want to be + + align:start position:0% +either 89 or 90 if you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +either 89 or 90 if you want to be +conservative then you would set N to the + + align:start position:0% +conservative then you would set N to the + + + align:start position:0% +conservative then you would set N to the +smaller value of the two and set n to be + + align:start position:0% +smaller value of the two and set n to be + + + align:start position:0% +smaller value of the two and set n to be +89 our last example is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +89 our last example is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +89 our last example is going to be a +little different + + align:start position:0% +little different + + + align:start position:0% +little different +here's what happens we start loading the + + align:start position:0% +here's what happens we start loading the + + + align:start position:0% +here's what happens we start loading the +container and the container has a + + align:start position:0% +container and the container has a + + + align:start position:0% +container and the container has a +capacity of 210 once we load the package + + align:start position:0% +capacity of 210 once we load the package + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of 210 once we load the package +and we see that the way it has exceeded + + align:start position:0% +and we see that the way it has exceeded + + + align:start position:0% +and we see that the way it has exceeded +200 and + + align:start position:0% +200 and + + + align:start position:0% +200 and +and we stop let capital n be the number + + align:start position:0% +and we stop let capital n be the number + + + align:start position:0% +and we stop let capital n be the number +of packages that have been loaded and + + align:start position:0% +of packages that have been loaded and + + + align:start position:0% +of packages that have been loaded and +this number is random if you are unlucky + + align:start position:0% +this number is random if you are unlucky + + + align:start position:0% +this number is random if you are unlucky +and you happen to get lots of heavy + + align:start position:0% +and you happen to get lots of heavy + + + align:start position:0% +and you happen to get lots of heavy +packages then you will stop earlier we + + align:start position:0% +packages then you will stop earlier we + + + align:start position:0% +packages then you will stop earlier we +would like to calculate approximately + + align:start position:0% +would like to calculate approximately + + + align:start position:0% +would like to calculate approximately +the probability that the number of + + align:start position:0% +the probability that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that the number of +packages that have been loaded is larger + + align:start position:0% +packages that have been loaded is larger + + + align:start position:0% +packages that have been loaded is larger +than 100 now this problem feels a little + + align:start position:0% +than 100 now this problem feels a little + + + align:start position:0% +than 100 now this problem feels a little +different the reason is that n is not + + align:start position:0% +different the reason is that n is not + + + align:start position:0% +different the reason is that n is not +the sum of independent random variables + + align:start position:0% +the sum of independent random variables + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of independent random variables +and so we do not have a version of the + + align:start position:0% +and so we do not have a version of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so we do not have a version of the +central limit theorem that we could + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem that we could + + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem that we could +apply to n what can we do well we try to + + align:start position:0% +apply to n what can we do well we try to + + + align:start position:0% +apply to n what can we do well we try to +take this event and express it in terms + + align:start position:0% +take this event and express it in terms + + + align:start position:0% +take this event and express it in terms +of the x i's and here's how we go about + + align:start position:0% +of the x i's and here's how we go about + + + align:start position:0% +of the x i's and here's how we go about +it what does it mean that we loaded more + + align:start position:0% +it what does it mean that we loaded more + + + align:start position:0% +it what does it mean that we loaded more +than 100 packages this means that at the + + align:start position:0% +than 100 packages this means that at the + + + align:start position:0% +than 100 packages this means that at the +time that we were loading the hundreds + + align:start position:0% +time that we were loading the hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +time that we were loading the hundreds +package we didn't stop and this means + + align:start position:0% +package we didn't stop and this means + + + align:start position:0% +package we didn't stop and this means +that at that time after we loaded the + + align:start position:0% +that at that time after we loaded the + + + align:start position:0% +that at that time after we loaded the +hundred package the weight had not + + align:start position:0% +hundred package the weight had not + + + align:start position:0% +hundred package the weight had not +exceeded 210 so the event that we're + + align:start position:0% +exceeded 210 so the event that we're + + + align:start position:0% +exceeded 210 so the event that we're +dealing with here is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +dealing with here is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with here is the same as the +event that the first hundred packages + + align:start position:0% +event that the first hundred packages + + + align:start position:0% +event that the first hundred packages +have a total weight which is less than + + align:start position:0% +have a total weight which is less than + + + align:start position:0% +have a total weight which is less than +or equal to 210 but now we're back into + + align:start position:0% +or equal to 210 but now we're back into + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to 210 but now we're back into +a problem that we know how to solve and + + align:start position:0% +a problem that we know how to solve and + + + align:start position:0% +a problem that we know how to solve and +the way to solve it is to take this + + align:start position:0% +the way to solve it is to take this + + + align:start position:0% +the way to solve it is to take this +random variable standardize it this + + align:start position:0% +random variable standardize it this + + + align:start position:0% +random variable standardize it this +actually is essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +actually is essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually is essentially the same +calculation as in our very first example + + align:start position:0% +calculation as in our very first example + + + align:start position:0% +calculation as in our very first example +and we will get the standard normal CDF + + align:start position:0% +and we will get the standard normal CDF + + + align:start position:0% +and we will get the standard normal CDF +evaluated at 210 minus the mean of this + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at 210 minus the mean of this + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at 210 minus the mean of this +random variable which is 200 divided by + + align:start position:0% +random variable which is 200 divided by + + + align:start position:0% +random variable which is 200 divided by +the standard deviation of this random + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of this random + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of this random +variable which is 20 so we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +variable which is 20 so we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +variable which is 20 so we're looking at +Phi of 0.5 which we look up at the + + align:start position:0% +Phi of 0.5 which we look up at the + + + align:start position:0% +Phi of 0.5 which we look up at the +standard normal table and has a value of + + align:start position:0% +standard normal table and has a value of + + + align:start position:0% +standard normal table and has a value of +zero point six nine one five so this was + + align:start position:0% +zero point six nine one five so this was + + + align:start position:0% +zero point six nine one five so this was +our last example and these four examples + + align:start position:0% +our last example and these four examples + + + align:start position:0% +our last example and these four examples +that we worked through cover pretty much + + align:start position:0% +that we worked through cover pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +that we worked through cover pretty much +all the types of problems that you might + + align:start position:0% +all the types of problems that you might + + + align:start position:0% +all the types of problems that you might +encounter of course sometimes it might + + align:start position:0% +encounter of course sometimes it might + + + align:start position:0% +encounter of course sometimes it might +not be entirely obvious what kind of + + align:start position:0% +not be entirely obvious what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +not be entirely obvious what kind of +problem you are dealing with you may + + align:start position:0% +problem you are dealing with you may + + + align:start position:0% +problem you are dealing with you may +have to do some translation from a + + align:start position:0% +have to do some translation from a + + + align:start position:0% +have to do some translation from a +problem statement to bring it in the + + align:start position:0% +problem statement to bring it in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem statement to bring it in the +form that we dealt with at this point + + align:start position:0% +form that we dealt with at this point + + + align:start position:0% +form that we dealt with at this point +but once you bring into a form where you + + align:start position:0% +but once you bring into a form where you + + + align:start position:0% +but once you bring into a form where you +can start to get close to applying the + + align:start position:0% +can start to get close to applying the + + + align:start position:0% +can start to get close to applying the +central limit theorem then the steps are + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem then the steps are + + + align:start position:0% +central limit theorem then the steps are +pretty much routine as long as you carry + + align:start position:0% +pretty much routine as long as you carry + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much routine as long as you carry +them out in a systematic and organized + + align:start position:0% +them out in a systematic and organized + + + align:start position:0% +them out in a systematic and organized +manner \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plpDQpjB044.txt b/plpDQpjB044.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e30a8c026307553763d17d887dc6ed743e437a28 --- /dev/null +++ b/plpDQpjB044.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this video we'll plot crime on a map + + align:start position:0% +in this video we'll plot crime on a map + + + align:start position:0% +in this video we'll plot crime on a map +of Chicago first we need to install and + + align:start position:0% +of Chicago first we need to install and + + + align:start position:0% +of Chicago first we need to install and +load two new packages the Maps package + + align:start position:0% +load two new packages the Maps package + + + align:start position:0% +load two new packages the Maps package +and the GG map package so start by + + align:start position:0% +and the GG map package so start by + + + align:start position:0% +and the GG map package so start by +installing the package Maps so type + + align:start position:0% +installing the package Maps so type + + + align:start position:0% +installing the package Maps so type +install dot packages and then in quotes + + align:start position:0% +install dot packages and then in quotes + + + align:start position:0% +install dot packages and then in quotes +Maps when the cran mere window pops up + + align:start position:0% +Maps when the cran mere window pops up + + + align:start position:0% +Maps when the cran mere window pops up +go ahead and pick a location near you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when the package is done installing in + + align:start position:0% +when the package is done installing in + + + align:start position:0% +when the package is done installing in +your back at the blinking cursor also + + align:start position:0% +your back at the blinking cursor also + + + align:start position:0% +your back at the blinking cursor also +type install dot packages and then in + + align:start position:0% +type install dot packages and then in + + + align:start position:0% +type install dot packages and then in +quotes GG map when that package is also + + align:start position:0% +quotes GG map when that package is also + + + align:start position:0% +quotes GG map when that package is also +done installing load both packages using + + align:start position:0% +done installing load both packages using + + + align:start position:0% +done installing load both packages using +the library command so type library maps + + align:start position:0% +the library command so type library maps + + + align:start position:0% +the library command so type library maps +and then library GG math now let's load + + align:start position:0% +and then library GG math now let's load + + + align:start position:0% +and then library GG math now let's load +a map of Chicago into R we can easily do + + align:start position:0% +a map of Chicago into R we can easily do + + + align:start position:0% +a map of Chicago into R we can easily do +this by using the get map function so + + align:start position:0% +this by using the get map function so + + + align:start position:0% +this by using the get map function so +we'll call it Chicago and then use the + + align:start position:0% +we'll call it Chicago and then use the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll call it Chicago and then use the +get underscore map function where the + + align:start position:0% +get underscore map function where the + + + align:start position:0% +get underscore map function where the +location equals Chicago and the zoom + + align:start position:0% +location equals Chicago and the zoom + + + align:start position:0% +location equals Chicago and the zoom +level is 11 let's take a look at the map + + align:start position:0% +level is 11 let's take a look at the map + + + align:start position:0% +level is 11 let's take a look at the map +by using the gg map function now in your + + align:start position:0% +by using the gg map function now in your + + + align:start position:0% +by using the gg map function now in your +our graphics window you should see a + + align:start position:0% +our graphics window you should see a + + + align:start position:0% +our graphics window you should see a +geographical map of the city of Chicago + + align:start position:0% +geographical map of the city of Chicago + + + align:start position:0% +geographical map of the city of Chicago +now let's plot the first 100 motor + + align:start position:0% +now let's plot the first 100 motor + + + align:start position:0% +now let's plot the first 100 motor +vehicle thefts in our dataset on this + + align:start position:0% +vehicle thefts in our dataset on this + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle thefts in our dataset on this +map to do this we start by typing gg + + align:start position:0% +map to do this we start by typing gg + + + align:start position:0% +map to do this we start by typing gg +math and then in parentheses Chicago + + align:start position:0% +math and then in parentheses Chicago + + + align:start position:0% +math and then in parentheses Chicago +this is instead of using GG plot like + + align:start position:0% +this is instead of using GG plot like + + + align:start position:0% +this is instead of using GG plot like +we've been using in the previous videos + + align:start position:0% +we've been using in the previous videos + + + align:start position:0% +we've been using in the previous videos +then we want to add geum + + align:start position:0% +then we want to add geum + + + align:start position:0% +then we want to add geum +underscore point and here we'll define + + align:start position:0% +underscore point and here we'll define + + + align:start position:0% +underscore point and here we'll define +our dataset to be equal to motor vehicle + + align:start position:0% +our dataset to be equal to motor vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +our dataset to be equal to motor vehicle +thefts where we'll take the first + + align:start position:0% +thefts where we'll take the first + + + align:start position:0% +thefts where we'll take the first +through 100 observations and in our + + align:start position:0% +through 100 observations and in our + + + align:start position:0% +through 100 observations and in our +aesthetic we'll define our x-axis to be + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic we'll define our x-axis to be + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic we'll define our x-axis to be +the longitude of the points and our + + align:start position:0% +the longitude of the points and our + + + align:start position:0% +the longitude of the points and our +y-axis to be the latitude of the points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now in your our graphics window you + + align:start position:0% +now in your our graphics window you + + + align:start position:0% +now in your our graphics window you +should see the map of Chicago with black + + align:start position:0% +should see the map of Chicago with black + + + align:start position:0% +should see the map of Chicago with black +points marking where the first 100 motor + + align:start position:0% +points marking where the first 100 motor + + + align:start position:0% +points marking where the first 100 motor +vehicle thefts were if we plotted all + + align:start position:0% +vehicle thefts were if we plotted all + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle thefts were if we plotted all +190,000 motor vehicle thefts we would + + align:start position:0% +190,000 motor vehicle thefts we would + + + align:start position:0% +190,000 motor vehicle thefts we would +just see a big black box which wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +just see a big black box which wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +just see a big black box which wouldn't +be helpful at all + + align:start position:0% +be helpful at all + + + align:start position:0% +be helpful at all +we're more interested in whether or not + + align:start position:0% +we're more interested in whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +we're more interested in whether or not +an area has a high amount of crime Seoul + + align:start position:0% +an area has a high amount of crime Seoul + + + align:start position:0% +an area has a high amount of crime Seoul +around our latitude and longitude to two + + align:start position:0% +around our latitude and longitude to two + + + align:start position:0% +around our latitude and longitude to two +digits of accuracy and create a crime + + align:start position:0% +digits of accuracy and create a crime + + + align:start position:0% +digits of accuracy and create a crime +counts data frame for each area we'll + + align:start position:0% +counts data frame for each area we'll + + + align:start position:0% +counts data frame for each area we'll +call it lat + + align:start position:0% +call it lat + + + align:start position:0% +call it lat +one counts and use the AES data frame + + align:start position:0% +one counts and use the AES data frame + + + align:start position:0% +one counts and use the AES data frame +function run on the table that compares + + align:start position:0% +function run on the table that compares + + + align:start position:0% +function run on the table that compares +the latitude and longitude rounded to + + align:start position:0% +the latitude and longitude rounded to + + + align:start position:0% +the latitude and longitude rounded to +two digits of accuracy so our first + + align:start position:0% +two digits of accuracy so our first + + + align:start position:0% +two digits of accuracy so our first +argument to table is round and then in + + align:start position:0% +argument to table is round and then in + + + align:start position:0% +argument to table is round and then in +parentheses mvt dollar sign longitude + + align:start position:0% +parentheses mvt dollar sign longitude + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses mvt dollar sign longitude +comma two and our second argument is + + align:start position:0% +comma two and our second argument is + + + align:start position:0% +comma two and our second argument is +round and in parentheses MVT dollar sign + + align:start position:0% +round and in parentheses MVT dollar sign + + + align:start position:0% +round and in parentheses MVT dollar sign +latitude comma two this gives us the + + align:start position:0% +latitude comma two this gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +latitude comma two this gives us the +total crimes at every point on a grid + + align:start position:0% +total crimes at every point on a grid + + + align:start position:0% +total crimes at every point on a grid +let's take a look at our data frame + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at our data frame + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at our data frame +using the STR function we have 1638 + + align:start position:0% +using the STR function we have 1638 + + + align:start position:0% +using the STR function we have 1638 +observations and three variables the + + align:start position:0% +observations and three variables the + + + align:start position:0% +observations and three variables the +first two variables bar one and var two + + align:start position:0% +first two variables bar one and var two + + + align:start position:0% +first two variables bar one and var two +are the latitude and longitude + + align:start position:0% +are the latitude and longitude + + + align:start position:0% +are the latitude and longitude +coordinates and the third variable is + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and the third variable is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and the third variable is +the number of motor vehicle thefts that + + align:start position:0% +the number of motor vehicle thefts that + + + align:start position:0% +the number of motor vehicle thefts that +occur in that area let's convert our + + align:start position:0% +occur in that area let's convert our + + + align:start position:0% +occur in that area let's convert our +longitude and latitude variables to + + align:start position:0% +longitude and latitude variables to + + + align:start position:0% +longitude and latitude variables to +numbers and call them lat and long so + + align:start position:0% +numbers and call them lat and long so + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and call them lat and long so +first we'll define the variable in our + + align:start position:0% +first we'll define the variable in our + + + align:start position:0% +first we'll define the variable in our +long counts data frame called lung and + + align:start position:0% +long counts data frame called lung and + + + align:start position:0% +long counts data frame called lung and +set that equal to a s dot numeric run on + + align:start position:0% +set that equal to a s dot numeric run on + + + align:start position:0% +set that equal to a s dot numeric run on +a s dot character remember this is how + + align:start position:0% +a s dot character remember this is how + + + align:start position:0% +a s dot character remember this is how +we convert a factor variable to a + + align:start position:0% +we convert a factor variable to a + + + align:start position:0% +we convert a factor variable to a +numerical variable and we'll give the + + align:start position:0% +numerical variable and we'll give the + + + align:start position:0% +numerical variable and we'll give the +variable lat/long counts dollar sign var + + align:start position:0% +variable lat/long counts dollar sign var + + + align:start position:0% +variable lat/long counts dollar sign var +1 now let's just repeat this for + + align:start position:0% +1 now let's just repeat this for + + + align:start position:0% +1 now let's just repeat this for +latitude so that long counts dollar sign + + align:start position:0% +latitude so that long counts dollar sign + + + align:start position:0% +latitude so that long counts dollar sign +lat equals a s dot numeric run on a s + + align:start position:0% +lat equals a s dot numeric run on a s + + + align:start position:0% +lat equals a s dot numeric run on a s +dot character and then lat/long counts + + align:start position:0% +dot character and then lat/long counts + + + align:start position:0% +dot character and then lat/long counts +dollar sign var to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's plot these points on our mat + + align:start position:0% +now let's plot these points on our mat + + + align:start position:0% +now let's plot these points on our mat +making the size and color of the points + + align:start position:0% +making the size and color of the points + + + align:start position:0% +making the size and color of the points +depend on the total number of motor + + align:start position:0% +depend on the total number of motor + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the total number of motor +vehicle thefts so first again we type G + + align:start position:0% +vehicle thefts so first again we type G + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle thefts so first again we type G +G math and then Chicago to load our map + + align:start position:0% +G math and then Chicago to load our map + + + align:start position:0% +G math and then Chicago to load our map +of Chicago and then we'll add G on point + + align:start position:0% +of Chicago and then we'll add G on point + + + align:start position:0% +of Chicago and then we'll add G on point +where data again is lat/long counts and + + align:start position:0% +where data again is lat/long counts and + + + align:start position:0% +where data again is lat/long counts and +then in an R aesthetic we have x equals + + align:start position:0% +then in an R aesthetic we have x equals + + + align:start position:0% +then in an R aesthetic we have x equals +long y equals lat and then the color + + align:start position:0% +long y equals lat and then the color + + + align:start position:0% +long y equals lat and then the color +equals frequency and the size equals + + align:start position:0% +equals frequency and the size equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals frequency and the size equals +frequency now in our our graphics window + + align:start position:0% +frequency now in our our graphics window + + + align:start position:0% +frequency now in our our graphics window +our plot should have a point for every + + align:start position:0% +our plot should have a point for every + + + align:start position:0% +our plot should have a point for every +area defined by our latitude and + + align:start position:0% +area defined by our latitude and + + + align:start position:0% +area defined by our latitude and +longitude areas and the points have a + + align:start position:0% +longitude areas and the points have a + + + align:start position:0% +longitude areas and the points have a +size and color corresponding to the + + align:start position:0% +size and color corresponding to the + + + align:start position:0% +size and color corresponding to the +number of crimes in that area so we can + + align:start position:0% +number of crimes in that area so we can + + + align:start position:0% +number of crimes in that area so we can +see that the lighter and larger points + + align:start position:0% +see that the lighter and larger points + + + align:start position:0% +see that the lighter and larger points +correspond to more motor vehicle thefts + + align:start position:0% +correspond to more motor vehicle thefts + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to more motor vehicle thefts +this helps us see where in Chicago more + + align:start position:0% +this helps us see where in Chicago more + + + align:start position:0% +this helps us see where in Chicago more +crimes occur if we want to change the + + align:start position:0% +crimes occur if we want to change the + + + align:start position:0% +crimes occur if we want to change the +color scheme we can do that too by just + + align:start position:0% +color scheme we can do that too by just + + + align:start position:0% +color scheme we can do that too by just +hitting the up arrow in our our console + + align:start position:0% +hitting the up arrow in our our console + + + align:start position:0% +hitting the up arrow in our our console +and then adding scale underscore color + + align:start position:0% +and then adding scale underscore color + + + align:start position:0% +and then adding scale underscore color +underscore gradient and then in + + align:start position:0% +underscore gradient and then in + + + align:start position:0% +underscore gradient and then in +parentheses lo equals yellow in quotes + + align:start position:0% +parentheses lo equals yellow in quotes + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses lo equals yellow in quotes +and hi equals red in quotes if you hit + + align:start position:0% +and hi equals red in quotes if you hit + + + align:start position:0% +and hi equals red in quotes if you hit +enter you should see the same plot as + + align:start position:0% +enter you should see the same plot as + + + align:start position:0% +enter you should see the same plot as +before but this time the areas with more + + align:start position:0% +before but this time the areas with more + + + align:start position:0% +before but this time the areas with more +crime are closer to red and the areas + + align:start position:0% +crime are closer to red and the areas + + + align:start position:0% +crime are closer to red and the areas +with less crime are closer to yellow we + + align:start position:0% +with less crime are closer to yellow we + + + align:start position:0% +with less crime are closer to yellow we +can also use GM tile to make something + + align:start position:0% +can also use GM tile to make something + + + align:start position:0% +can also use GM tile to make something +that looks more like a traditional heat + + align:start position:0% +that looks more like a traditional heat + + + align:start position:0% +that looks more like a traditional heat +map to do this we type Gigi math and + + align:start position:0% +map to do this we type Gigi math and + + + align:start position:0% +map to do this we type Gigi math and +then Chicago just like before but now + + align:start position:0% +then Chicago just like before but now + + + align:start position:0% +then Chicago just like before but now +we're going to use G on tile where our + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use G on tile where our + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use G on tile where our +data frame + + align:start position:0% +data frame + + + align:start position:0% +data frame +again is lat/long counts and in our + + align:start position:0% +again is lat/long counts and in our + + + align:start position:0% +again is lat/long counts and in our +aesthetic we have that the x-axis is + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic we have that the x-axis is + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic we have that the x-axis is +long the y-axis is + + align:start position:0% +long the y-axis is + + + align:start position:0% +long the y-axis is +and then we have alpha equals frequency + + align:start position:0% +and then we have alpha equals frequency + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have alpha equals frequency +this will define how to scale the colors + + align:start position:0% +this will define how to scale the colors + + + align:start position:0% +this will define how to scale the colors +on the heatmap according to the crime + + align:start position:0% +on the heatmap according to the crime + + + align:start position:0% +on the heatmap according to the crime +counts then close the parentheses and + + align:start position:0% +counts then close the parentheses and + + + align:start position:0% +counts then close the parentheses and +type a comma and then type fill equals + + align:start position:0% +type a comma and then type fill equals + + + align:start position:0% +type a comma and then type fill equals +and then read in quotes defining our + + align:start position:0% +and then read in quotes defining our + + + align:start position:0% +and then read in quotes defining our +color scheme close the parentheses and + + align:start position:0% +color scheme close the parentheses and + + + align:start position:0% +color scheme close the parentheses and +hit enter this map takes a minute to + + align:start position:0% +hit enter this map takes a minute to + + + align:start position:0% +hit enter this map takes a minute to +load while we're waiting let's discuss + + align:start position:0% +load while we're waiting let's discuss + + + align:start position:0% +load while we're waiting let's discuss +what we've done in this video we've + + align:start position:0% +what we've done in this video we've + + + align:start position:0% +what we've done in this video we've +created a geographical heat map which in + + align:start position:0% +created a geographical heat map which in + + + align:start position:0% +created a geographical heat map which in +our case shows a visualization of the + + align:start position:0% +our case shows a visualization of the + + + align:start position:0% +our case shows a visualization of the +data but it could also show the + + align:start position:0% +data but it could also show the + + + align:start position:0% +data but it could also show the +predictions of a model now that our heat + + align:start position:0% +predictions of a model now that our heat + + + align:start position:0% +predictions of a model now that our heat +maps loaded let's take a look in each + + align:start position:0% +maps loaded let's take a look in each + + + align:start position:0% +maps loaded let's take a look in each +area of Chicago now that area is colored + + align:start position:0% +area of Chicago now that area is colored + + + align:start position:0% +area of Chicago now that area is colored +in red by the amount of crime there this + + align:start position:0% +in red by the amount of crime there this + + + align:start position:0% +in red by the amount of crime there this +looks more like a map that people use + + align:start position:0% +looks more like a map that people use + + + align:start position:0% +looks more like a map that people use +for predictive policing in the next + + align:start position:0% +for predictive policing in the next + + + align:start position:0% +for predictive policing in the next +video we'll use data from the FBI + + align:start position:0% +video we'll use data from the FBI + + + align:start position:0% +video we'll use data from the FBI +to make a heat map on a map of the + + align:start position:0% +to make a heat map on a map of the + + + align:start position:0% +to make a heat map on a map of the +United States \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qTFV2g-4YxQ.txt b/qTFV2g-4YxQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e62920133171d661e4b1ef930614071074709bed --- /dev/null +++ b/qTFV2g-4YxQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1363 @@ +align:start position:0% + +by the time students get to their + + align:start position:0% +by the time students get to their + + + align:start position:0% +by the time students get to their +physics major they really know an + + align:start position:0% +physics major they really know an + + + align:start position:0% +physics major they really know an +extraordinary amount of physics and that + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary amount of physics and that + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary amount of physics and that +is really a secondary goal of what we're + + align:start position:0% +is really a secondary goal of what we're + + + align:start position:0% +is really a secondary goal of what we're +teaching here junior lab is really about + + align:start position:0% +teaching here junior lab is really about + + + align:start position:0% +teaching here junior lab is really about +the professional development of the + + align:start position:0% +the professional development of the + + + align:start position:0% +the professional development of the +student as a scientist and that means + + align:start position:0% +student as a scientist and that means + + + align:start position:0% +student as a scientist and that means +things like approaching a difficult + + align:start position:0% +things like approaching a difficult + + + align:start position:0% +things like approaching a difficult +piece of apparatus with an attitude that + + align:start position:0% +piece of apparatus with an attitude that + + + align:start position:0% +piece of apparatus with an attitude that +you're going to be able to get it done + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be able to get it done + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be able to get it done +understanding that anything you try is + + align:start position:0% +understanding that anything you try is + + + align:start position:0% +understanding that anything you try is +not going to work the first time you're + + align:start position:0% +not going to work the first time you're + + + align:start position:0% +not going to work the first time you're +going to have to debug it it's about + + align:start position:0% +going to have to debug it it's about + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to debug it it's about +keeping very careful records of what + + align:start position:0% +keeping very careful records of what + + + align:start position:0% +keeping very careful records of what +you've done so that when you have to go + + align:start position:0% +you've done so that when you have to go + + + align:start position:0% +you've done so that when you have to go +back and repeat it you can see what + + align:start position:0% +back and repeat it you can see what + + + align:start position:0% +back and repeat it you can see what +you've done there's there's a large + + align:start position:0% +you've done there's there's a large + + + align:start position:0% +you've done there's there's a large +number of things that sort of add up to + + align:start position:0% +number of things that sort of add up to + + + align:start position:0% +number of things that sort of add up to +this is the way a professional does it + + align:start position:0% +this is the way a professional does it + + + align:start position:0% +this is the way a professional does it +which is different than almost anything + + align:start position:0% +which is different than almost anything + + + align:start position:0% +which is different than almost anything +they've done previously in their career + + align:start position:0% +they've done previously in their career + + + align:start position:0% +they've done previously in their career +as a physics student so our class the c + + align:start position:0% +as a physics student so our class the c + + + align:start position:0% +as a physics student so our class the c +IM classes the goal is to get students + + align:start position:0% +IM classes the goal is to get students + + + align:start position:0% +IM classes the goal is to get students +to learn to communicate like + + align:start position:0% +to learn to communicate like + + + align:start position:0% +to learn to communicate like +professional practitioners of their own + + align:start position:0% +professional practitioners of their own + + + align:start position:0% +professional practitioners of their own +disciplines and that is really what 813 + + align:start position:0% +disciplines and that is really what 813 + + + align:start position:0% +disciplines and that is really what 813 +I think excels at getting students to + + align:start position:0% +I think excels at getting students to + + + align:start position:0% +I think excels at getting students to +work and think and talk and write like + + align:start position:0% +work and think and talk and write like + + + align:start position:0% +work and think and talk and write like +physicists students have to present over + + align:start position:0% +physicists students have to present over + + + align:start position:0% +physicists students have to present over +and over and over again throughout the + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again throughout the +course of the semester and we think that + + align:start position:0% +course of the semester and we think that + + + align:start position:0% +course of the semester and we think that +this iterative process is really + + align:start position:0% +this iterative process is really + + + align:start position:0% +this iterative process is really +important you know we start out giving + + align:start position:0% +important you know we start out giving + + + align:start position:0% +important you know we start out giving +them some instruction at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +them some instruction at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +them some instruction at the beginning +of the semester but often they still + + align:start position:0% +of the semester but often they still + + + align:start position:0% +of the semester but often they still +don't feel wholly comfortable with what + + align:start position:0% +don't feel wholly comfortable with what + + + align:start position:0% +don't feel wholly comfortable with what +they're doing the first time they + + align:start position:0% +they're doing the first time they + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing the first time they +present and so once they've presented + + align:start position:0% +present and so once they've presented + + + align:start position:0% +present and so once they've presented +they get videotaped and then we meet + + align:start position:0% +they get videotaped and then we meet + + + align:start position:0% +they get videotaped and then we meet +with them to discuss the video to + + align:start position:0% +with them to discuss the video to + + + align:start position:0% +with them to discuss the video to +discuss the slides to see what worked + + align:start position:0% +discuss the slides to see what worked + + + align:start position:0% +discuss the slides to see what worked +and what didn't work and those + + align:start position:0% +and what didn't work and those + + + align:start position:0% +and what didn't work and those +one-on-one conferences that we have with + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one conferences that we have with + + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one conferences that we have with +them you know they're reinforcing the + + align:start position:0% +them you know they're reinforcing the + + + align:start position:0% +them you know they're reinforcing the +core concepts in the instruction but in + + align:start position:0% +core concepts in the instruction but in + + + align:start position:0% +core concepts in the instruction but in +a way that's really directly linked to + + align:start position:0% +a way that's really directly linked to + + + align:start position:0% +a way that's really directly linked to +the work that they've already done the + + align:start position:0% +the work that they've already done the + + + align:start position:0% +the work that they've already done the +work that they're continuing to do and + + align:start position:0% +work that they're continuing to do and + + + align:start position:0% +work that they're continuing to do and +to challenges that they've already + + align:start position:0% +to challenges that they've already + + + align:start position:0% +to challenges that they've already +experienced so they can really + + align:start position:0% +experienced so they can really + + + align:start position:0% +experienced so they can really +understand sort of the significance of + + align:start position:0% +understand sort of the significance of + + + align:start position:0% +understand sort of the significance of +these strategies + + align:start position:0% +these strategies + + + align:start position:0% +these strategies +your primary mode in the laboratory + + align:start position:0% +your primary mode in the laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +your primary mode in the laboratory +should really be as a coach you're + + align:start position:0% +should really be as a coach you're + + + align:start position:0% +should really be as a coach you're +trying to figure out what that student + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out what that student + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out what that student +needs at that moment in time it's + + align:start position:0% +needs at that moment in time it's + + + align:start position:0% +needs at that moment in time it's +there's a there's a phrase here that + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a phrase here that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a phrase here that +sometimes called just in time teaching + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called just in time teaching + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called just in time teaching +and if you know what that means it's + + align:start position:0% +and if you know what that means it's + + + align:start position:0% +and if you know what that means it's +something that where the laboratory is + + align:start position:0% +something that where the laboratory is + + + align:start position:0% +something that where the laboratory is +sort of the perfect place to do that + + align:start position:0% +sort of the perfect place to do that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the perfect place to do that +type of teaching oftentimes the tasks we + + align:start position:0% +type of teaching oftentimes the tasks we + + + align:start position:0% +type of teaching oftentimes the tasks we +give students in the lab are really + + align:start position:0% +give students in the lab are really + + + align:start position:0% +give students in the lab are really +complex they may not have all the brac + + align:start position:0% +complex they may not have all the brac + + + align:start position:0% +complex they may not have all the brac +background they may not have all the + + align:start position:0% +background they may not have all the + + + align:start position:0% +background they may not have all the +background they need in order to to + + align:start position:0% +background they need in order to to + + + align:start position:0% +background they need in order to to +complete the task but when they're + + align:start position:0% +complete the task but when they're + + + align:start position:0% +complete the task but when they're +starting it that level of uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +starting it that level of uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +starting it that level of uncertainty +really causes some anxiety in the + + align:start position:0% +really causes some anxiety in the + + + align:start position:0% +really causes some anxiety in the +students and can be a barrier to their + + align:start position:0% +students and can be a barrier to their + + + align:start position:0% +students and can be a barrier to their +learning but if you're a professional + + align:start position:0% +learning but if you're a professional + + + align:start position:0% +learning but if you're a professional +scientist this type of anxiety is + + align:start position:0% +scientist this type of anxiety is + + + align:start position:0% +scientist this type of anxiety is +something you're actually very familiar + + align:start position:0% +something you're actually very familiar + + + align:start position:0% +something you're actually very familiar +with most of us really don't know what + + align:start position:0% +with most of us really don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +with most of us really don't know what +we're doing when we start a new research + + align:start position:0% +we're doing when we start a new research + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing when we start a new research +project I we found it I find it very + + align:start position:0% +project I we found it I find it very + + + align:start position:0% +project I we found it I find it very +useful to you know notice when a student + + align:start position:0% +useful to you know notice when a student + + + align:start position:0% +useful to you know notice when a student +is in that condition and and call it out + + align:start position:0% +is in that condition and and call it out + + + align:start position:0% +is in that condition and and call it out +and actually explain how this is + + align:start position:0% +and actually explain how this is + + + align:start position:0% +and actually explain how this is +actually a very normal thing this is not + + align:start position:0% +actually a very normal thing this is not + + + align:start position:0% +actually a very normal thing this is not +them being in a state of failure this is + + align:start position:0% +them being in a state of failure this is + + + align:start position:0% +them being in a state of failure this is +them actually feeling like what a real + + align:start position:0% +them actually feeling like what a real + + + align:start position:0% +them actually feeling like what a real +scientist feels like a major part of a + + align:start position:0% +scientist feels like a major part of a + + + align:start position:0% +scientist feels like a major part of a +course like this is building up the + + align:start position:0% +course like this is building up the + + + align:start position:0% +course like this is building up the +students identity as a scientist helping + + align:start position:0% +students identity as a scientist helping + + + align:start position:0% +students identity as a scientist helping +them move their their understanding of + + align:start position:0% +them move their their understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +them move their their understanding of +themselves from being a physics student + + align:start position:0% +themselves from being a physics student + + + align:start position:0% +themselves from being a physics student +to being a physicist if we can achieve + + align:start position:0% +to being a physicist if we can achieve + + + align:start position:0% +to being a physicist if we can achieve +that by the end of the semester then + + align:start position:0% +that by the end of the semester then + + + align:start position:0% +that by the end of the semester then +this course is a complete success even + + align:start position:0% +this course is a complete success even + + + align:start position:0% +this course is a complete success even +if they learned not a single thing about + + align:start position:0% +if they learned not a single thing about + + + align:start position:0% +if they learned not a single thing about +quantum mechanics of relativity what + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics of relativity what + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics of relativity what +makes 813 or junior lab unique to me as + + align:start position:0% +makes 813 or junior lab unique to me as + + + align:start position:0% +makes 813 or junior lab unique to me as +a teacher is that I am able to actually + + align:start position:0% +a teacher is that I am able to actually + + + align:start position:0% +a teacher is that I am able to actually +do coaching in that class as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +do coaching in that class as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +do coaching in that class as opposed to +just lecturing and i really like + + align:start position:0% +just lecturing and i really like + + + align:start position:0% +just lecturing and i really like +coaching it's it's the approach that i + + align:start position:0% +coaching it's it's the approach that i + + + align:start position:0% +coaching it's it's the approach that i +really prefer for helping students to + + align:start position:0% +really prefer for helping students to + + + align:start position:0% +really prefer for helping students to +improve i like to work with students + + align:start position:0% +improve i like to work with students + + + align:start position:0% +improve i like to work with students +one-on-one and try to understand what it + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one and try to understand what it + + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one and try to understand what it +is that that they are not getting so + + align:start position:0% +is that that they are not getting so + + + align:start position:0% +is that that they are not getting so +that i can then tweak it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that i can then tweak it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that i can then tweak it a little bit +and often you know very tiny tweaks make + + align:start position:0% +and often you know very tiny tweaks make + + + align:start position:0% +and often you know very tiny tweaks make +really you know major differences in how + + align:start position:0% +really you know major differences in how + + + align:start position:0% +really you know major differences in how +well the + + align:start position:0% +well the + + + align:start position:0% +well the +can succeed so I sort of think of myself + + align:start position:0% +can succeed so I sort of think of myself + + + align:start position:0% +can succeed so I sort of think of myself +as a coach and I think it's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +as a coach and I think it's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +as a coach and I think it's what I'm +really good at and so having found + + align:start position:0% +really good at and so having found + + + align:start position:0% +really good at and so having found +junior lab as a course to teach I want + + align:start position:0% +junior lab as a course to teach I want + + + align:start position:0% +junior lab as a course to teach I want +to stay there several years ago our + + align:start position:0% +to stay there several years ago our + + + align:start position:0% +to stay there several years ago our +approach to teaching data analysis in + + align:start position:0% +approach to teaching data analysis in + + + align:start position:0% +approach to teaching data analysis in +junior lab was we would have a few + + align:start position:0% +junior lab was we would have a few + + + align:start position:0% +junior lab was we would have a few +lectures we would take the first hour + + align:start position:0% +lectures we would take the first hour + + + align:start position:0% +lectures we would take the first hour +and a half of each lab session on the + + align:start position:0% +and a half of each lab session on the + + + align:start position:0% +and a half of each lab session on the +first couple of days of the semester and + + align:start position:0% +first couple of days of the semester and + + + align:start position:0% +first couple of days of the semester and +just lecture to the students would give + + align:start position:0% +just lecture to the students would give + + + align:start position:0% +just lecture to the students would give +you know a blackboard talk or PowerPoint + + align:start position:0% +you know a blackboard talk or PowerPoint + + + align:start position:0% +you know a blackboard talk or PowerPoint +presentation and tell them everything + + align:start position:0% +presentation and tell them everything + + + align:start position:0% +presentation and tell them everything +there is to know that would get them + + align:start position:0% +there is to know that would get them + + + align:start position:0% +there is to know that would get them +released through a semester or two of + + align:start position:0% +released through a semester or two of + + + align:start position:0% +released through a semester or two of +junior lab now of course nobody would + + align:start position:0% +junior lab now of course nobody would + + + align:start position:0% +junior lab now of course nobody would +remember any of that of the time it came + + align:start position:0% +remember any of that of the time it came + + + align:start position:0% +remember any of that of the time it came +to actually do data analysis sometime in + + align:start position:0% +to actually do data analysis sometime in + + + align:start position:0% +to actually do data analysis sometime in +the next few weeks after that and given + + align:start position:0% +the next few weeks after that and given + + + align:start position:0% +the next few weeks after that and given +everything we know about how people + + align:start position:0% +everything we know about how people + + + align:start position:0% +everything we know about how people +learn that is not at all surprising so + + align:start position:0% +learn that is not at all surprising so + + + align:start position:0% +learn that is not at all surprising so +the the way we do this now is there is a + + align:start position:0% +the the way we do this now is there is a + + + align:start position:0% +the the way we do this now is there is a +little bit of instruction either by some + + align:start position:0% +little bit of instruction either by some + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of instruction either by some +reading or a video on the web which is + + align:start position:0% +reading or a video on the web which is + + + align:start position:0% +reading or a video on the web which is +mediated through the open EDX platform + + align:start position:0% +mediated through the open EDX platform + + + align:start position:0% +mediated through the open EDX platform +on MITx they do a little bit of a what + + align:start position:0% +on MITx they do a little bit of a what + + + align:start position:0% +on MITx they do a little bit of a what +amounts to a reading quiz on MITx but + + align:start position:0% +amounts to a reading quiz on MITx but + + + align:start position:0% +amounts to a reading quiz on MITx but +that's when we don't necessarily believe + + align:start position:0% +that's when we don't necessarily believe + + + align:start position:0% +that's when we don't necessarily believe +that watching someone give a lecture on + + align:start position:0% +that watching someone give a lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +that watching someone give a lecture on +a computer screen is much better than + + align:start position:0% +a computer screen is much better than + + + align:start position:0% +a computer screen is much better than +giving a lecture in person not + + align:start position:0% +giving a lecture in person not + + + align:start position:0% +giving a lecture in person not +necessarily so that we believe the real + + align:start position:0% +necessarily so that we believe the real + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily so that we believe the real +learning is going to happen the next day + + align:start position:0% +learning is going to happen the next day + + + align:start position:0% +learning is going to happen the next day +when they come to the classroom and + + align:start position:0% +when they come to the classroom and + + + align:start position:0% +when they come to the classroom and +we're going to do some sort of very + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some sort of very +active exercise on this very same + + align:start position:0% +active exercise on this very same + + + align:start position:0% +active exercise on this very same +material which they just learned + + align:start position:0% +material which they just learned + + + align:start position:0% +material which they just learned +overnight so the the direct instruction + + align:start position:0% +overnight so the the direct instruction + + + align:start position:0% +overnight so the the direct instruction +that happens as part of the preparation + + align:start position:0% +that happens as part of the preparation + + + align:start position:0% +that happens as part of the preparation +we really are treating it as the + + align:start position:0% +we really are treating it as the + + + align:start position:0% +we really are treating it as the +preparation it's not the main learning + + align:start position:0% +preparation it's not the main learning + + + align:start position:0% +preparation it's not the main learning +the main learning is going to happen + + align:start position:0% +the main learning is going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +the main learning is going to happen +with the active exercise that happens in + + align:start position:0% +with the active exercise that happens in + + + align:start position:0% +with the active exercise that happens in +class but we just need to have some sort + + align:start position:0% +class but we just need to have some sort + + + align:start position:0% +class but we just need to have some sort +of priming so that when they arrive they + + align:start position:0% +of priming so that when they arrive they + + + align:start position:0% +of priming so that when they arrive they +are ready to start that learning so one + + align:start position:0% +are ready to start that learning so one + + + align:start position:0% +are ready to start that learning so one +of the changes that we made over the + + align:start position:0% +of the changes that we made over the + + + align:start position:0% +of the changes that we made over the +last three or four years was to flip the + + align:start position:0% +last three or four years was to flip the + + + align:start position:0% +last three or four years was to flip the +classroom in 8 13 and 8 14 essentially + + align:start position:0% +classroom in 8 13 and 8 14 essentially + + + align:start position:0% +classroom in 8 13 and 8 14 essentially +what we found is that we spend a lot of + + align:start position:0% +what we found is that we spend a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +what we found is that we spend a lot of +time in class with lectures + + align:start position:0% +time in class with lectures + + + align:start position:0% +time in class with lectures +by the by the lab staff which in the end + + align:start position:0% +by the by the lab staff which in the end + + + align:start position:0% +by the by the lab staff which in the end +seemed to be only moderately useful in + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be only moderately useful in + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be only moderately useful in +really getting the material across so + + align:start position:0% +really getting the material across so + + + align:start position:0% +really getting the material across so +what we decided to do was to export the + + align:start position:0% +what we decided to do was to export the + + + align:start position:0% +what we decided to do was to export the +lectures in terms of in the form of + + align:start position:0% +lectures in terms of in the form of + + + align:start position:0% +lectures in terms of in the form of +videos to the mitx platform and replace + + align:start position:0% +videos to the mitx platform and replace + + + align:start position:0% +videos to the mitx platform and replace +the time that we spend on that + + align:start position:0% +the time that we spend on that + + + align:start position:0% +the time that we spend on that +previously with in-class exercises and + + align:start position:0% +previously with in-class exercises and + + + align:start position:0% +previously with in-class exercises and +class discussions to really rehearse + + align:start position:0% +class discussions to really rehearse + + + align:start position:0% +class discussions to really rehearse +some of the concepts that were + + align:start position:0% +some of the concepts that were + + + align:start position:0% +some of the concepts that were +introduced in the lectures in class + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the lectures in class + + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the lectures in class +which also gives us a much closer + + align:start position:0% +which also gives us a much closer + + + align:start position:0% +which also gives us a much closer +communication with the students and we + + align:start position:0% +communication with the students and we + + + align:start position:0% +communication with the students and we +can find out what it is that really + + align:start position:0% +can find out what it is that really + + + align:start position:0% +can find out what it is that really +needs to be explored in more depth \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/r1VX3WXrYUw.txt b/r1VX3WXrYUw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0b3ab335dcee5569405dbd852ea7a8c004faad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/r1VX3WXrYUw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so let's go ahead and get started + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's go ahead and get started + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's go ahead and get started +so okay so in the last lecture okay in + + align:start position:0% +so okay so in the last lecture okay in + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so in the last lecture okay in +the last lecture we talked about how the + + align:start position:0% +the last lecture we talked about how the + + + align:start position:0% +the last lecture we talked about how the +inputs to neurons actually come into a + + align:start position:0% +inputs to neurons actually come into a + + + align:start position:0% +inputs to neurons actually come into a +cell mostly on the dendrite which is + + align:start position:0% +cell mostly on the dendrite which is + + + align:start position:0% +cell mostly on the dendrite which is +this extended arborization of sort of + + align:start position:0% +this extended arborization of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this extended arborization of sort of +cylinders of cell membrane they give a + + align:start position:0% +cylinders of cell membrane they give a + + + align:start position:0% +cylinders of cell membrane they give a +very large surface area that allow many + + align:start position:0% +very large surface area that allow many + + + align:start position:0% +very large surface area that allow many +many synapses to contact onto a neuron + + align:start position:0% +many synapses to contact onto a neuron + + + align:start position:0% +many synapses to contact onto a neuron +many more than would be possible if all + + align:start position:0% +many more than would be possible if all + + + align:start position:0% +many more than would be possible if all +of those synapses were trying to trying + + align:start position:0% +of those synapses were trying to trying + + + align:start position:0% +of those synapses were trying to trying +to connect to this neuron on its soma + + align:start position:0% +to connect to this neuron on its soma + + + align:start position:0% +to connect to this neuron on its soma +today we are going to follow up on that + + align:start position:0% +today we are going to follow up on that + + + align:start position:0% +today we are going to follow up on that +general picture of how neurons receive + + align:start position:0% +general picture of how neurons receive + + + align:start position:0% +general picture of how neurons receive +inputs and today we're going to focus on + + align:start position:0% +inputs and today we're going to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and today we're going to focus on +the question of how synapses work and in + + align:start position:0% +the question of how synapses work and in + + + align:start position:0% +the question of how synapses work and in +particular we're going to so we're going + + align:start position:0% +particular we're going to so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +particular we're going to so we're going +to start by looking at how a simple + + align:start position:0% +to start by looking at how a simple + + + align:start position:0% +to start by looking at how a simple +model of synapses and we're going to end + + align:start position:0% +model of synapses and we're going to end + + + align:start position:0% +model of synapses and we're going to end +by understanding how synapses on + + align:start position:0% +by understanding how synapses on + + + align:start position:0% +by understanding how synapses on +different parts of the neuron can + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the neuron can + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the neuron can +actually do quite different things so + + align:start position:0% +actually do quite different things so + + + align:start position:0% +actually do quite different things so +here's our list of learning objectives + + align:start position:0% +here's our list of learning objectives + + + align:start position:0% +here's our list of learning objectives +for today so we're going to learn how to + + align:start position:0% +for today so we're going to learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +for today so we're going to learn how to +add a synapse to an equivalent circuit + + align:start position:0% +add a synapse to an equivalent circuit + + + align:start position:0% +add a synapse to an equivalent circuit +model and we're going to describe a + + align:start position:0% +model and we're going to describe a + + + align:start position:0% +model and we're going to describe a +simple model of how that actually + + align:start position:0% +simple model of how that actually + + + align:start position:0% +simple model of how that actually +generates voltage changes in a neuron + + align:start position:0% +generates voltage changes in a neuron + + + align:start position:0% +generates voltage changes in a neuron +and what those synaptic inputs actually + + align:start position:0% +and what those synaptic inputs actually + + + align:start position:0% +and what those synaptic inputs actually +do we're going to describe mathematical + + align:start position:0% +do we're going to describe mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +do we're going to describe mathematical +process called convolution that's going + + align:start position:0% +process called convolution that's going + + + align:start position:0% +process called convolution that's going +to allow us to extend the idea of how a + + align:start position:0% +to allow us to extend the idea of how a + + + align:start position:0% +to allow us to extend the idea of how a +neuron responds to a single input spike + + align:start position:0% +neuron responds to a single input spike + + + align:start position:0% +neuron responds to a single input spike +on from a presynaptic neuron to how a + + align:start position:0% +on from a presynaptic neuron to how a + + + align:start position:0% +on from a presynaptic neuron to how a +neuron responds to multiple spikes + + align:start position:0% +neuron responds to multiple spikes + + + align:start position:0% +neuron responds to multiple spikes +coming from a presynaptic neuron and so + + align:start position:0% +coming from a presynaptic neuron and so + + + align:start position:0% +coming from a presynaptic neuron and so +we're going to introduce this idea of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce this idea of +convolution which I'm sure many of you + + align:start position:0% +convolution which I'm sure many of you + + + align:start position:0% +convolution which I'm sure many of you +have heard of before but it's going to + + align:start position:0% +have heard of before but it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +have heard of before but it's going to +play an increasingly important role in + + align:start position:0% +play an increasingly important role in + + + align:start position:0% +play an increasingly important role in +the class and so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the class and so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the class and so we're going to +introduce it here we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +introduce it here we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +introduce it here we're going to talk +about the idea of synaptic saturation + + align:start position:0% +about the idea of synaptic saturation + + + align:start position:0% +about the idea of synaptic saturation +which is the idea that a single synaptic + + align:start position:0% +which is the idea that a single synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +which is the idea that a single synaptic +input can put can generate a small + + align:start position:0% +input can put can generate a small + + + align:start position:0% +input can put can generate a small +response in a neuron + + align:start position:0% +response in a neuron + + + align:start position:0% +response in a neuron +you would think that as you produce as + + align:start position:0% +you would think that as you produce as + + + align:start position:0% +you would think that as you produce as +you generate more and more synaptic + + align:start position:0% +you generate more and more synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +you generate more and more synaptic +inputs to a neuron that that that the + + align:start position:0% +inputs to a neuron that that that the + + + align:start position:0% +inputs to a neuron that that that the +response of the postsynaptic neuron + + align:start position:0% +response of the postsynaptic neuron + + + align:start position:0% +response of the postsynaptic neuron +might just keep increasing but in fact + + align:start position:0% +might just keep increasing but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +might just keep increasing but in fact +the response of a neuron to its inputs + + align:start position:0% +the response of a neuron to its inputs + + + align:start position:0% +the response of a neuron to its inputs +saturates at some level and that process + + align:start position:0% +saturates at some level and that process + + + align:start position:0% +saturates at some level and that process +of saturation actually has very + + align:start position:0% +of saturation actually has very + + + align:start position:0% +of saturation actually has very +important consequences for how neurons + + align:start position:0% +important consequences for how neurons + + + align:start position:0% +important consequences for how neurons +respond to their inputs and then finally + + align:start position:0% +respond to their inputs and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +respond to their inputs and then finally +we're going to end with a fun story + + align:start position:0% +we're going to end with a fun story + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to end with a fun story +about the different functions of somatic + + align:start position:0% +about the different functions of somatic + + + align:start position:0% +about the different functions of somatic +and dendritic inhibition and we're going + + align:start position:0% +and dendritic inhibition and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and dendritic inhibition and we're going +to tell that story in the context of a + + align:start position:0% +to tell that story in the context of a + + + align:start position:0% +to tell that story in the context of a +crayfish behavior okay so all right so + + align:start position:0% +crayfish behavior okay so all right so + + + align:start position:0% +crayfish behavior okay so all right so +let's start with chemical synapses + + align:start position:0% +let's start with chemical synapses + + + align:start position:0% +let's start with chemical synapses +there are also electrical synapses which + + align:start position:0% +there are also electrical synapses which + + + align:start position:0% +there are also electrical synapses which +we're not going to talk about and that's + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to talk about and that's + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to talk about and that's +basically where two neurons can actually + + align:start position:0% +basically where two neurons can actually + + + align:start position:0% +basically where two neurons can actually +contact each other there are actually + + align:start position:0% +contact each other there are actually + + + align:start position:0% +contact each other there are actually +proteins that form little holes between + + align:start position:0% +proteins that form little holes between + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that form little holes between +the neurons and so they're just directly + + align:start position:0% +the neurons and so they're just directly + + + align:start position:0% +the neurons and so they're just directly +electrically connected with each other + + align:start position:0% +electrically connected with each other + + + align:start position:0% +electrically connected with each other +that's called an electrical synapse or a + + align:start position:0% +that's called an electrical synapse or a + + + align:start position:0% +that's called an electrical synapse or a +gap Junction we're not going to talk + + align:start position:0% +gap Junction we're not going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +gap Junction we're not going to talk +about that today we're gonna focus on + + align:start position:0% +about that today we're gonna focus on + + + align:start position:0% +about that today we're gonna focus on +chemical synapses so this is the + + align:start position:0% +chemical synapses so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +chemical synapses so this is the +structure of a typical excitatory + + align:start position:0% +structure of a typical excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +structure of a typical excitatory +synapse from a presynaptic neuron this + + align:start position:0% +synapse from a presynaptic neuron this + + + align:start position:0% +synapse from a presynaptic neuron this +is the axon of a presynaptic neuron onto + + align:start position:0% +is the axon of a presynaptic neuron onto + + + align:start position:0% +is the axon of a presynaptic neuron onto +the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron + + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron +postsynaptic or dendrites have often + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic or dendrites have often + + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic or dendrites have often +these specializations called spines + + align:start position:0% +these specializations called spines + + + align:start position:0% +these specializations called spines +which are just little mushroom like + + align:start position:0% +which are just little mushroom like + + + align:start position:0% +which are just little mushroom like +protrusions of the cell membrane of the + + align:start position:0% +protrusions of the cell membrane of the + + + align:start position:0% +protrusions of the cell membrane of the +dendrite onto which presynaptic neurons + + align:start position:0% +dendrite onto which presynaptic neurons + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite onto which presynaptic neurons +can form a synapse so this is called the + + align:start position:0% +can form a synapse so this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +can form a synapse so this is called the +presynaptic component or terminal that's + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic component or terminal that's + + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic component or terminal that's +the postsynaptic component or post + + align:start position:0% +the postsynaptic component or post + + + align:start position:0% +the postsynaptic component or post +synaptic terminal on the presynaptic + + align:start position:0% +synaptic terminal on the presynaptic + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic terminal on the presynaptic +side there are very small synaptic + + align:start position:0% +side there are very small synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +side there are very small synaptic +vesicles about 30 to 40 nanometers in + + align:start position:0% +vesicles about 30 to 40 nanometers in + + + align:start position:0% +vesicles about 30 to 40 nanometers in +diameter that are sort of form a cloud + + align:start position:0% +diameter that are sort of form a cloud + + + align:start position:0% +diameter that are sort of form a cloud +or a cluster on the just on the inside + + align:start position:0% +or a cluster on the just on the inside + + + align:start position:0% +or a cluster on the just on the inside +surface of this synaptic Junction the + + align:start position:0% +surface of this synaptic Junction the + + + align:start position:0% +surface of this synaptic Junction the +synapses are typically about a half a + + align:start position:0% +synapses are typically about a half a + + + align:start position:0% +synapses are typically about a half a +micron across and the the synaptic cleft + + align:start position:0% +micron across and the the synaptic cleft + + + align:start position:0% +micron across and the the synaptic cleft +is very small it's about twenty + + align:start position:0% +is very small it's about twenty + + + align:start position:0% +is very small it's about twenty +nanometers so this is not quite to scale + + align:start position:0% +nanometers so this is not quite to scale + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers so this is not quite to scale +okay this should be maybe a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay this should be maybe a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay this should be maybe a little bit +closer here alright notice that that is + + align:start position:0% +closer here alright notice that that is + + + align:start position:0% +closer here alright notice that that is +very small that synaptic that synapse is + + align:start position:0% +very small that synaptic that synapse is + + + align:start position:0% +very small that synaptic that synapse is +really tiny it's about the wavelength + + align:start position:0% +really tiny it's about the wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +really tiny it's about the wavelength +it's equal to its + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to its + + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to its +is equal to one wavelength of green + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one wavelength of green + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one wavelength of green +light okay so it's it's a tiny structure + + align:start position:0% +light okay so it's it's a tiny structure + + + align:start position:0% +light okay so it's it's a tiny structure +there's a lot going on inside that + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot going on inside that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot going on inside that +little thing though and and here's we're + + align:start position:0% +little thing though and and here's we're + + + align:start position:0% +little thing though and and here's we're +gonna walk through the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +gonna walk through the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +gonna walk through the sequence of +events that just describes how a + + align:start position:0% +events that just describes how a + + + align:start position:0% +events that just describes how a +presynaptic action potential leads to + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic action potential leads to + + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic action potential leads to +depolarization in a postsynaptic neuron + + align:start position:0% +depolarization in a postsynaptic neuron + + + align:start position:0% +depolarization in a postsynaptic neuron +so we have an action potential that + + align:start position:0% +so we have an action potential that + + + align:start position:0% +so we have an action potential that +propagates down + + align:start position:0% +propagates down + + + align:start position:0% +propagates down +that's a pulse of depolarizing voltage + + align:start position:0% +that's a pulse of depolarizing voltage + + + align:start position:0% +that's a pulse of depolarizing voltage +when it reaches the the synaptic + + align:start position:0% +when it reaches the the synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +when it reaches the the synaptic +terminal that pulse of depolarizing + + align:start position:0% +terminal that pulse of depolarizing + + + align:start position:0% +terminal that pulse of depolarizing +voltage is about plus 50 millivolts that + + align:start position:0% +voltage is about plus 50 millivolts that + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is about plus 50 millivolts that +activates voltage-gated calcium channels + + align:start position:0% +activates voltage-gated calcium channels + + + align:start position:0% +activates voltage-gated calcium channels +that turn on just the same way that + + align:start position:0% +that turn on just the same way that + + + align:start position:0% +that turn on just the same way that +we've described voltage activated sodium + + align:start position:0% +we've described voltage activated sodium + + + align:start position:0% +we've described voltage activated sodium +channels and and potassium channels that + + align:start position:0% +channels and and potassium channels that + + + align:start position:0% +channels and and potassium channels that +allows calcium to calcium ions to flow + + align:start position:0% +allows calcium to calcium ions to flow + + + align:start position:0% +allows calcium to calcium ions to flow +into the presynaptic terminal that + + align:start position:0% +into the presynaptic terminal that + + + align:start position:0% +into the presynaptic terminal that +calcium flows in and binds to + + align:start position:0% +calcium flows in and binds to + + + align:start position:0% +calcium flows in and binds to +presynaptic proteins that dock these + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic proteins that dock these + + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic proteins that dock these +vesicles onto the onto the membrane + + align:start position:0% +vesicles onto the onto the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +vesicles onto the onto the membrane +facing the synaptic cleft that causes + + align:start position:0% +facing the synaptic cleft that causes + + + align:start position:0% +facing the synaptic cleft that causes +those vesicles to fuse with the membrane + + align:start position:0% +those vesicles to fuse with the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +those vesicles to fuse with the membrane +they open up and release their + + align:start position:0% +they open up and release their + + + align:start position:0% +they open up and release their +neurotransmitter so all of those + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter so all of those + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter so all of those +vesicles are filled with + + align:start position:0% +vesicles are filled with + + + align:start position:0% +vesicles are filled with +neurotransmitter the the vesicles are + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter the the vesicles are + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter the the vesicles are +coated with with actual pumps that take + + align:start position:0% +coated with with actual pumps that take + + + align:start position:0% +coated with with actual pumps that take +neurotransmitter from the in the inside + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter from the in the inside + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter from the in the inside +of the cell and pump it into the vesicle + + align:start position:0% +of the cell and pump it into the vesicle + + + align:start position:0% +of the cell and pump it into the vesicle +okay so then calcium flows in vesicle + + align:start position:0% +okay so then calcium flows in vesicle + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then calcium flows in vesicle +fuses releases neurotransmitter into the + + align:start position:0% +fuses releases neurotransmitter into the + + + align:start position:0% +fuses releases neurotransmitter into the +cleft neurotransmitter then diffuses in + + align:start position:0% +cleft neurotransmitter then diffuses in + + + align:start position:0% +cleft neurotransmitter then diffuses in +the cleft you could actually calculate + + align:start position:0% +the cleft you could actually calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the cleft you could actually calculate +how long it takes to get from one side + + align:start position:0% +how long it takes to get from one side + + + align:start position:0% +how long it takes to get from one side +to the other now I think it's not very + + align:start position:0% +to the other now I think it's not very + + + align:start position:0% +to the other now I think it's not very +long log on ligand gated ion channels + + align:start position:0% +long log on ligand gated ion channels + + + align:start position:0% +long log on ligand gated ion channels +are I they're they're basically like the + + align:start position:0% +are I they're they're basically like the + + + align:start position:0% +are I they're they're basically like the +the kinds of ion channels we've already + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of ion channels we've already + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of ion channels we've already +been discussing but instead of being + + align:start position:0% +been discussing but instead of being + + + align:start position:0% +been discussing but instead of being +gated by voltage they're beta gated by + + align:start position:0% +gated by voltage they're beta gated by + + + align:start position:0% +gated by voltage they're beta gated by +the binding of a neurotransmitter to a + + align:start position:0% +the binding of a neurotransmitter to a + + + align:start position:0% +the binding of a neurotransmitter to a +binding site on the outside of the + + align:start position:0% +binding site on the outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +binding site on the outside of the +protein that produces a conformational + + align:start position:0% +protein that produces a conformational + + + align:start position:0% +protein that produces a conformational +change that opens the pore to the flow + + align:start position:0% +change that opens the pore to the flow + + + align:start position:0% +change that opens the pore to the flow +of ions now you have these + + align:start position:0% +of ions now you have these + + + align:start position:0% +of ions now you have these +neurotransmitter binds to these opens + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds to these opens + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds to these opens +the pore you have ions now positive ions + + align:start position:0% +the pore you have ions now positive ions + + + align:start position:0% +the pore you have ions now positive ions +that flow into the cell because the cell + + align:start position:0% +that flow into the cell because the cell + + + align:start position:0% +that flow into the cell because the cell +is negatively its its hyperpolarize so + + align:start position:0% +is negatively its its hyperpolarize so + + + align:start position:0% +is negatively its its hyperpolarize so +it has a low voltage positive ions flow + + align:start position:0% +it has a low voltage positive ions flow + + + align:start position:0% +it has a low voltage positive ions flow +into the cell that corresponds to an + + align:start position:0% +into the cell that corresponds to an + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell that corresponds to an +increase in the synaptic conductance + + align:start position:0% +increase in the synaptic conductance + + + align:start position:0% +increase in the synaptic conductance +what is that flow of ions positive ions + + align:start position:0% +what is that flow of ions positive ions + + + align:start position:0% +what is that flow of ions positive ions +into the cell do it depolarizes the cell + + align:start position:0% +into the cell do it depolarizes the cell + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell do it depolarizes the cell +you have synaptic current flowing in but + + align:start position:0% +you have synaptic current flowing in but + + + align:start position:0% +you have synaptic current flowing in but +then I forgot to put it on there + + align:start position:0% +then I forgot to put it on there + + + align:start position:0% +then I forgot to put it on there +depolarizes this out okay all right any + + align:start position:0% +depolarizes this out okay all right any + + + align:start position:0% +depolarizes this out okay all right any +questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's talk a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +okay let's talk a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's talk a little bit about the +the sort of some of the interesting + + align:start position:0% +the sort of some of the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of some of the interesting +numbers like how many synapses there are + + align:start position:0% +numbers like how many synapses there are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers like how many synapses there are +how many cells how many dendrites in a + + align:start position:0% +how many cells how many dendrites in a + + + align:start position:0% +how many cells how many dendrites in a +little piece of neural tissue it's + + align:start position:0% +little piece of neural tissue it's + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of neural tissue it's +pretty staggering actually okay so the + + align:start position:0% +pretty staggering actually okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty staggering actually okay so the +synapses are small but what's really + + align:start position:0% +synapses are small but what's really + + + align:start position:0% +synapses are small but what's really +amazing is that in a cubic millimeter of + + align:start position:0% +amazing is that in a cubic millimeter of + + + align:start position:0% +amazing is that in a cubic millimeter of +cortical tissue there are a billion + + align:start position:0% +cortical tissue there are a billion + + + align:start position:0% +cortical tissue there are a billion +synapses okay and if you think about + + align:start position:0% +synapses okay and if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +synapses okay and if you think about +what that means there's a synapse on a + + align:start position:0% +what that means there's a synapse on a + + + align:start position:0% +what that means there's a synapse on a +grid on a lattice every 1.1 microns okay + + align:start position:0% +grid on a lattice every 1.1 microns okay + + + align:start position:0% +grid on a lattice every 1.1 microns okay +so they're they're sort of you know some + + align:start position:0% +so they're they're sort of you know some + + + align:start position:0% +so they're they're sort of you know some +fraction of a micron big and there's one + + align:start position:0% +fraction of a micron big and there's one + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of a micron big and there's one +of them every micron most of your brain + + align:start position:0% +of them every micron most of your brain + + + align:start position:0% +of them every micron most of your brain +is filled with synapses there are 4.1 + + align:start position:0% +is filled with synapses there are 4.1 + + + align:start position:0% +is filled with synapses there are 4.1 +kilometers of axon in that same cubic + + align:start position:0% +kilometers of axon in that same cubic + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers of axon in that same cubic +millimeter okay and 500 meters of + + align:start position:0% +millimeter okay and 500 meters of + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter okay and 500 meters of +dendrite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the cell typical cortical cell receives + + align:start position:0% +the cell typical cortical cell receives + + + align:start position:0% +the cell typical cortical cell receives +about 10,000 synapses each cell has + + align:start position:0% +about 10,000 synapses each cell has + + + align:start position:0% +about 10,000 synapses each cell has +about four millimeters of dendrite and + + align:start position:0% +about four millimeters of dendrite and + + + align:start position:0% +about four millimeters of dendrite and +four centimeters of axon and there are + + align:start position:0% +four centimeters of axon and there are + + + align:start position:0% +four centimeters of axon and there are +about ten to the five neurons per cubic + + align:start position:0% +about ten to the five neurons per cubic + + + align:start position:0% +about ten to the five neurons per cubic +millimeter in the mouse cortex and in + + align:start position:0% +millimeter in the mouse cortex and in + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter in the mouse cortex and in +your entire brain there are about ten to + + align:start position:0% +your entire brain there are about ten to + + + align:start position:0% +your entire brain there are about ten to +the eight neurons which is same roughly + + align:start position:0% +the eight neurons which is same roughly + + + align:start position:0% +the eight neurons which is same roughly +as the number of stars in our galaxy + + align:start position:0% +as the number of stars in our galaxy + + + align:start position:0% +as the number of stars in our galaxy +okay and we're gonna figure out how it + + align:start position:0% +okay and we're gonna figure out how it + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we're gonna figure out how it +works right okay so let's come back to + + align:start position:0% +works right okay so let's come back to + + + align:start position:0% +works right okay so let's come back to +this so let's start by adding a synapse + + align:start position:0% +this so let's start by adding a synapse + + + align:start position:0% +this so let's start by adding a synapse +to an equivalent circuit model and + + align:start position:0% +to an equivalent circuit model and + + + align:start position:0% +to an equivalent circuit model and +understanding how that model works okay + + align:start position:0% +understanding how that model works okay + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how that model works okay +so let's start with an ionotropic + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with an ionotropic + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with an ionotropic +receptor so ionotropic receptors are + + align:start position:0% +receptor so ionotropic receptors are + + + align:start position:0% +receptor so ionotropic receptors are +neurotransmitter receptors through which + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors through which + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors through which +that also form a and ion channel okay + + align:start position:0% +that also form a and ion channel okay + + + align:start position:0% +that also form a and ion channel okay +there are other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +there are other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +there are other kinds of +neurotransmitter receptors where a + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors where a + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors where a +neurotransmitter binds and that sends a + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds and that sends a + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds and that sends a +chemical signal that opens up a + + align:start position:0% +chemical signal that opens up a + + + align:start position:0% +chemical signal that opens up a +different kind of ion channel okay those + + align:start position:0% +different kind of ion channel okay those + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of ion channel okay those +are called metabotropic neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +are called metabotropic neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +are called metabotropic neurotransmitter +receptors we're gonna focus today on + + align:start position:0% +receptors we're gonna focus today on + + + align:start position:0% +receptors we're gonna focus today on +ionotropic receptors so a + + align:start position:0% +ionotropic receptors so a + + + align:start position:0% +ionotropic receptors so a +neurotransmitter binds that binding + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds that binding + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds that binding +opens a gate and and that allows current + + align:start position:0% +opens a gate and and that allows current + + + align:start position:0% +opens a gate and and that allows current +to flow so these guys MacCabe and + + align:start position:0% +to flow so these guys MacCabe and + + + align:start position:0% +to flow so these guys MacCabe and +Stevens did an experiment to understand + + align:start position:0% +Stevens did an experiment to understand + + + align:start position:0% +Stevens did an experiment to understand +how that conductance so when that when + + align:start position:0% +how that conductance so when that when + + + align:start position:0% +how that conductance so when that when +that ion channel opens it turns on a + + align:start position:0% +that ion channel opens it turns on a + + + align:start position:0% +that ion channel opens it turns on a +conductance and you can directly measure + + align:start position:0% +conductance and you can directly measure + + + align:start position:0% +conductance and you can directly measure +that conductance by doing a voltage + + align:start position:0% +that conductance by doing a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +that conductance by doing a voltage +clamp experiment alright so here's the + + align:start position:0% +clamp experiment alright so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +clamp experiment alright so here's the +experiment they did they took a muscle + + align:start position:0% +experiment they did they took a muscle + + + align:start position:0% +experiment they did they took a muscle +fiber from a frog they set up a voltage + + align:start position:0% +fiber from a frog they set up a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +fiber from a frog they set up a voltage +clamp on it so an electrode to measure + + align:start position:0% +clamp on it so an electrode to measure + + + align:start position:0% +clamp on it so an electrode to measure +the voltage and another electrode to + + align:start position:0% +the voltage and another electrode to + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage and another electrode to +inject current you hold the voltage at + + align:start position:0% +inject current you hold the voltage at + + + align:start position:0% +inject current you hold the voltage at +different levels and then what you do is + + align:start position:0% +different levels and then what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +different levels and then what you do is +you what they did was they stimulated + + align:start position:0% +you what they did was they stimulated + + + align:start position:0% +you what they did was they stimulated +electrically the the motor axon the axon + + align:start position:0% +electrically the the motor axon the axon + + + align:start position:0% +electrically the the motor axon the axon +of the motor neuron that innervates the + + align:start position:0% +of the motor neuron that innervates the + + + align:start position:0% +of the motor neuron that innervates the +muscle okay so they that then activates + + align:start position:0% +muscle okay so they that then activates + + + align:start position:0% +muscle okay so they that then activates +this neuromuscular Junction that opens + + align:start position:0% +this neuromuscular Junction that opens + + + align:start position:0% +this neuromuscular Junction that opens +acetylcholine receptors + + align:start position:0% +acetylcholine receptors + + + align:start position:0% +acetylcholine receptors +and produces a current as a function of + + align:start position:0% +and produces a current as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +and produces a current as a function of +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +after the synapse is activated any + + align:start position:0% +after the synapse is activated any + + + align:start position:0% +after the synapse is activated any +questions about the setup were simply + + align:start position:0% +questions about the setup were simply + + + align:start position:0% +questions about the setup were simply +holding the cell at different voltages + + align:start position:0% +holding the cell at different voltages + + + align:start position:0% +holding the cell at different voltages +activating the synapse and measuring how + + align:start position:0% +activating the synapse and measuring how + + + align:start position:0% +activating the synapse and measuring how +much current flows through the synapse + + align:start position:0% +much current flows through the synapse + + + align:start position:0% +much current flows through the synapse +yes the current is flowing through these + + align:start position:0% +yes the current is flowing through these + + + align:start position:0% +yes the current is flowing through these +ion channels here in the synapse okay + + align:start position:0% +ion channels here in the synapse okay + + + align:start position:0% +ion channels here in the synapse okay +now remember there are all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +now remember there are all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +now remember there are all sorts of +sodium channels and potassium channels + + align:start position:0% +sodium channels and potassium channels + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channels and potassium channels +and all those things but do those do + + align:start position:0% +and all those things but do those do + + + align:start position:0% +and all those things but do those do +anything we're just holding this DeVault + + align:start position:0% +anything we're just holding this DeVault + + + align:start position:0% +anything we're just holding this DeVault +that's why the voltage clamp is so + + align:start position:0% +that's why the voltage clamp is so + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the voltage clamp is so +important because if you were to do this + + align:start position:0% +important because if you were to do this + + + align:start position:0% +important because if you were to do this +experiment without a voltage clamp you + + align:start position:0% +experiment without a voltage clamp you + + + align:start position:0% +experiment without a voltage clamp you +would stimulate and the muscle would + + align:start position:0% +would stimulate and the muscle would + + + align:start position:0% +would stimulate and the muscle would +contract and it would rip the electrodes + + align:start position:0% +contract and it would rip the electrodes + + + align:start position:0% +contract and it would rip the electrodes +out of the muscle fiber okay so so you + + align:start position:0% +out of the muscle fiber okay so so you + + + align:start position:0% +out of the muscle fiber okay so so you +when you voltage clamp it holds the cell + + align:start position:0% +when you voltage clamp it holds the cell + + + align:start position:0% +when you voltage clamp it holds the cell +at a constant potential so that the cell + + align:start position:0% +at a constant potential so that the cell + + + align:start position:0% +at a constant potential so that the cell +can't spike when the current flows in + + align:start position:0% +can't spike when the current flows in + + + align:start position:0% +can't spike when the current flows in +through the synapse yes yes the shock + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I'm gonna explain this I'm just + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm gonna explain this I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm gonna explain this I'm just +kidding I'm just setting it up right now + + align:start position:0% +kidding I'm just setting it up right now + + + align:start position:0% +kidding I'm just setting it up right now +okay any any questions about the setup + + align:start position:0% +okay any any questions about the setup + + + align:start position:0% +okay any any questions about the setup +good question one step ahead of me okay + + align:start position:0% +good question one step ahead of me okay + + + align:start position:0% +good question one step ahead of me okay +alright so now let's look at what + + align:start position:0% +alright so now let's look at what + + + align:start position:0% +alright so now let's look at what +actually happens so what you can see is + + align:start position:0% +actually happens so what you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +actually happens so what you can see is +that the current that goes through this + + align:start position:0% +that the current that goes through this + + + align:start position:0% +that the current that goes through this +these ion channels is different + + align:start position:0% +these ion channels is different + + + align:start position:0% +these ion channels is different +depending on the voltage that you hold + + align:start position:0% +depending on the voltage that you hold + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the voltage that you hold +the seller okay so if you hold the cell + + align:start position:0% +the seller okay so if you hold the cell + + + align:start position:0% +the seller okay so if you hold the cell +at a negative potential so here you can + + align:start position:0% +at a negative potential so here you can + + + align:start position:0% +at a negative potential so here you can +see the voltage is like minus 120 here + + align:start position:0% +see the voltage is like minus 120 here + + + align:start position:0% +see the voltage is like minus 120 here +and what happens is after you shock you + + align:start position:0% +and what happens is after you shock you + + + align:start position:0% +and what happens is after you shock you +see this large inward current remember + + align:start position:0% +see this large inward current remember + + + align:start position:0% +see this large inward current remember +inward current negative current + + align:start position:0% +inward current negative current + + + align:start position:0% +inward current negative current +corresponds to positive ions going into + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to positive ions going into + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to positive ions going into +the cell inward current okay so after + + align:start position:0% +the cell inward current okay so after + + + align:start position:0% +the cell inward current okay so after +you activate the the motor axon you get + + align:start position:0% +you activate the the motor axon you get + + + align:start position:0% +you activate the the motor axon you get +a large inward current that lasts a + + align:start position:0% +a large inward current that lasts a + + + align:start position:0% +a large inward current that lasts a +couple milliseconds okay that + + align:start position:0% +couple milliseconds okay that + + + align:start position:0% +couple milliseconds okay that +corresponds to current going into the + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to current going into the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to current going into the +cell that would + + align:start position:0% +cell that would + + + align:start position:0% +cell that would +depolarize the cell and activate it + + align:start position:0% +depolarize the cell and activate it + + + align:start position:0% +depolarize the cell and activate it +right but as you raise the voltage you + + align:start position:0% +right but as you raise the voltage you + + + align:start position:0% +right but as you raise the voltage you +can see that the current gets smaller + + align:start position:0% +can see that the current gets smaller + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the current gets smaller +and at some point the current actually + + align:start position:0% +and at some point the current actually + + + align:start position:0% +and at some point the current actually +goes to zero and it goes to zero when + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero and it goes to zero when + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero and it goes to zero when +when that when you are holding the + + align:start position:0% +when that when you are holding the + + + align:start position:0% +when that when you are holding the +membrane potential close to zero and as + + align:start position:0% +membrane potential close to zero and as + + + align:start position:0% +membrane potential close to zero and as +you hold the membrane potential more + + align:start position:0% +you hold the membrane potential more + + + align:start position:0% +you hold the membrane potential more +positive you can see that the current + + align:start position:0% +positive you can see that the current + + + align:start position:0% +positive you can see that the current +actually goes the other way so what we + + align:start position:0% +actually goes the other way so what we + + + align:start position:0% +actually goes the other way so what we +can do is we can now plot that peak + + align:start position:0% +can do is we can now plot that peak + + + align:start position:0% +can do is we can now plot that peak +current as a function of the holding + + align:start position:0% +current as a function of the holding + + + align:start position:0% +current as a function of the holding +potential we're just doing what so we're + + align:start position:0% +potential we're just doing what so we're + + + align:start position:0% +potential we're just doing what so we're +measuring current through an ion channel + + align:start position:0% +measuring current through an ion channel + + + align:start position:0% +measuring current through an ion channel +at different voltages so what are we + + align:start position:0% +at different voltages so what are we + + + align:start position:0% +at different voltages so what are we +gonna what are we gonna plot next just + + align:start position:0% +gonna what are we gonna plot next just + + + align:start position:0% +gonna what are we gonna plot next just +like we did for the sodium channel for + + align:start position:0% +like we did for the sodium channel for + + + align:start position:0% +like we did for the sodium channel for +the potassium channel we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the potassium channel we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium channel we're going to +what are we going to plot what kind of + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to plot what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to plot what kind of +plot an IV curve excellent let's do that + + align:start position:0% +plot an IV curve excellent let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +plot an IV curve excellent let's do that +you can see it's actually linear okay so + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's actually linear okay so + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's actually linear okay so +the current is negative when you hold + + align:start position:0% +the current is negative when you hold + + + align:start position:0% +the current is negative when you hold +the cell negative the currents positive + + align:start position:0% +the cell negative the currents positive + + + align:start position:0% +the cell negative the currents positive +when you hold the cell above zero and it + + align:start position:0% +when you hold the cell above zero and it + + + align:start position:0% +when you hold the cell above zero and it +crosses at zero what do we call that + + align:start position:0% +crosses at zero what do we call that + + + align:start position:0% +crosses at zero what do we call that +that place where it crosses zero what is + + align:start position:0% +that place where it crosses zero what is + + + align:start position:0% +that place where it crosses zero what is +that what does that tell us what's the + + align:start position:0% +that what does that tell us what's the + + + align:start position:0% +that what does that tell us what's the +when that when this ion channel is open + + align:start position:0% +when that when this ion channel is open + + + align:start position:0% +when that when this ion channel is open +it's the reversal potential or the + + align:start position:0% +it's the reversal potential or the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the reversal potential or the +equilibrium potential that's right okay + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential that's right okay + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential that's right okay +it's kind of weird right an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of weird right an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of weird right an equilibrium +potential that's zero what what kind of + + align:start position:0% +potential that's zero what what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +potential that's zero what what kind of +channel has an equilibrium potential + + align:start position:0% +channel has an equilibrium potential + + + align:start position:0% +channel has an equilibrium potential +that's zero remember sodium was very + + align:start position:0% +that's zero remember sodium was very + + + align:start position:0% +that's zero remember sodium was very +negative like minus eighty sorry + + align:start position:0% +negative like minus eighty sorry + + + align:start position:0% +negative like minus eighty sorry +potassium was very negative excellent + + align:start position:0% +potassium was very negative excellent + + + align:start position:0% +potassium was very negative excellent +it's something that passes both + + align:start position:0% +it's something that passes both + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that passes both +potassium and sodium it's like a hole + + align:start position:0% +potassium and sodium it's like a hole + + + align:start position:0% +potassium and sodium it's like a hole +right so this ion channel is basically + + align:start position:0% +right so this ion channel is basically + + + align:start position:0% +right so this ion channel is basically +like opening a hole that passes positive + + align:start position:0% +like opening a hole that passes positive + + + align:start position:0% +like opening a hole that passes positive +ions in both directions potassium goes + + align:start position:0% +ions in both directions potassium goes + + + align:start position:0% +ions in both directions potassium goes +out sodium comes in okay yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not notice that we're plotting the the + + align:start position:0% +not notice that we're plotting the the + + + align:start position:0% +not notice that we're plotting the the +current as a function of all voltages + + align:start position:0% +current as a function of all voltages + + + align:start position:0% +current as a function of all voltages +and it crosses at zero there's zero + + align:start position:0% +and it crosses at zero there's zero + + + align:start position:0% +and it crosses at zero there's zero +current at zero voltage which happens + + align:start position:0% +current at zero voltage which happens + + + align:start position:0% +current at zero voltage which happens +when you have just a non-selective poor + + align:start position:0% +when you have just a non-selective poor + + + align:start position:0% +when you have just a non-selective poor +okay okay + + align:start position:0% +okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay +what does that look like an IV curve + + align:start position:0% +what does that look like an IV curve + + + align:start position:0% +what does that look like an IV curve +that looks like that what is that + + align:start position:0% +that looks like that what is that + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like that what is that +there's a there's a name for that you + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a name for that you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a name for that you +use it in when you build a circuit you + + align:start position:0% +use it in when you build a circuit you + + + align:start position:0% +use it in when you build a circuit you +might have some transistors and some + + align:start position:0% +might have some transistors and some + + + align:start position:0% +might have some transistors and some +capacitors and some how about some + + align:start position:0% +capacitors and some how about some + + + align:start position:0% +capacitors and some how about some +resistors it's just a resistor that's + + align:start position:0% +resistors it's just a resistor that's + + + align:start position:0% +resistors it's just a resistor that's +what the IV curve of a resistor looks + + align:start position:0% +what the IV curve of a resistor looks + + + align:start position:0% +what the IV curve of a resistor looks +like okay and if we were to put it in + + align:start position:0% +like okay and if we were to put it in + + + align:start position:0% +like okay and if we were to put it in +series with a battery what would the + + align:start position:0% +series with a battery what would the + + + align:start position:0% +series with a battery what would the +voltage of the battery be zero remember + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the battery be zero remember + + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the battery be zero remember +if we put it in series with a battery it + + align:start position:0% +if we put it in series with a battery it + + + align:start position:0% +if we put it in series with a battery it +produces an offset so it's just our same + + align:start position:0% +produces an offset so it's just our same + + + align:start position:0% +produces an offset so it's just our same +equation that can the current is just a + + align:start position:0% +equation that can the current is just a + + + align:start position:0% +equation that can the current is just a +conductance tons of voltage is just + + align:start position:0% +conductance tons of voltage is just + + + align:start position:0% +conductance tons of voltage is just +Ohm's law that's one over resistance and + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law that's one over resistance and + + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law that's one over resistance and +it's V minus E synaptic and eason optic + + align:start position:0% +it's V minus E synaptic and eason optic + + + align:start position:0% +it's V minus E synaptic and eason optic +is just zero okay so that's called that + + align:start position:0% +is just zero okay so that's called that + + + align:start position:0% +is just zero okay so that's called that +the that's called the driving potential + + align:start position:0% +the that's called the driving potential + + + align:start position:0% +the that's called the driving potential +that's the conductance can anyone take a + + align:start position:0% +that's the conductance can anyone take a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the conductance can anyone take a +guess at what the conductance looks like + + align:start position:0% +guess at what the conductance looks like + + + align:start position:0% +guess at what the conductance looks like +as a function of time somebody just hold + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time somebody just hold + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time somebody just hold +your hand up and yeah I see two answers + + align:start position:0% +your hand up and yeah I see two answers + + + align:start position:0% +your hand up and yeah I see two answers +that are very close + + align:start position:0% +that are very close + + + align:start position:0% +that are very close +alena your start over here let go this + + align:start position:0% +alena your start over here let go this + + + align:start position:0% +alena your start over here let go this +way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what what would the conductance do as a + + align:start position:0% +what what would the conductance do as a + + + align:start position:0% +what what would the conductance do as a +function of time to make the current + + align:start position:0% +function of time to make the current + + + align:start position:0% +function of time to make the current +look like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would it be here what would the + + align:start position:0% +what would it be here what would the + + + align:start position:0% +what would it be here what would the +conductance be here + + align:start position:0% +conductance be here + + + align:start position:0% +conductance be here +remember the voltage is being held at + + align:start position:0% +remember the voltage is being held at + + + align:start position:0% +remember the voltage is being held at +some value the current is zero so the + + align:start position:0% +some value the current is zero so the + + + align:start position:0% +some value the current is zero so the +conductance must be zero and how about + + align:start position:0% +conductance must be zero and how about + + + align:start position:0% +conductance must be zero and how about +here it should be some big conductance + + align:start position:0% +here it should be some big conductance + + + align:start position:0% +here it should be some big conductance +and then what about here zero so what is + + align:start position:0% +and then what about here zero so what is + + + align:start position:0% +and then what about here zero so what is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +excellent it just looks like that the + + align:start position:0% +excellent it just looks like that the + + + align:start position:0% +excellent it just looks like that the +conductance just turns on and then turns + + align:start position:0% +conductance just turns on and then turns + + + align:start position:0% +conductance just turns on and then turns +off okay anybody want to take a guess at + + align:start position:0% +off okay anybody want to take a guess at + + + align:start position:0% +off okay anybody want to take a guess at +why that might be shocked what happens + + align:start position:0% +why that might be shocked what happens + + + align:start position:0% +why that might be shocked what happens +here why does this turn on because + + align:start position:0% +here why does this turn on because + + + align:start position:0% +here why does this turn on because +neurotransmitter binds to the receptor + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds to the receptor + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter binds to the receptor +opens the channel and then what happens + + align:start position:0% +opens the channel and then what happens + + + align:start position:0% +opens the channel and then what happens +there that the neurotransmitter falls + + align:start position:0% +there that the neurotransmitter falls + + + align:start position:0% +there that the neurotransmitter falls +off and then and the neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +off and then and the neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +off and then and the neurotransmitter +receptor closes okay that's it + + align:start position:0% +receptor closes okay that's it + + + align:start position:0% +receptor closes okay that's it +we're going to do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do a little bit of +mathematical modeling of that but it's + + align:start position:0% +mathematical modeling of that but it's + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical modeling of that but it's +going to be pretty simple all right okay + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty simple all right okay + + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty simple all right okay +so there's our equivalent circuit it's + + align:start position:0% +so there's our equivalent circuit it's + + + align:start position:0% +so there's our equivalent circuit it's +this this thing right here equals + + align:start position:0% +this this thing right here equals + + + align:start position:0% +this this thing right here equals +conductance times the driving potential + + align:start position:0% +conductance times the driving potential + + + align:start position:0% +conductance times the driving potential +electrically is just that you remember + + align:start position:0% +electrically is just that you remember + + + align:start position:0% +electrically is just that you remember +that right that's the same way we + + align:start position:0% +that right that's the same way we + + + align:start position:0% +that right that's the same way we +modeled the current of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +modeled the current of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +modeled the current of the sodium +channel or the potassium channel yep the + + align:start position:0% +channel or the potassium channel yep the + + + align:start position:0% +channel or the potassium channel yep the +conductance constant okay because look + + align:start position:0% +conductance constant okay because look + + + align:start position:0% +conductance constant okay because look +at the current so remember these + + align:start position:0% +at the current so remember these + + + align:start position:0% +at the current so remember these +different voltages here just correspond + + align:start position:0% +different voltages here just correspond + + + align:start position:0% +different voltages here just correspond +to these voltages here the minus EC in + + align:start position:0% +to these voltages here the minus EC in + + + align:start position:0% +to these voltages here the minus EC in +so eason is what the synaptic reversal + + align:start position:0% +so eason is what the synaptic reversal + + + align:start position:0% +so eason is what the synaptic reversal +potential is just zero right so for each + + align:start position:0% +potential is just zero right so for each + + + align:start position:0% +potential is just zero right so for each +one of these experiments this driving + + align:start position:0% +one of these experiments this driving + + + align:start position:0% +one of these experiments this driving +potential is just constant it's just + + align:start position:0% +potential is just constant it's just + + + align:start position:0% +potential is just constant it's just +given by this this holding potential + + align:start position:0% +given by this this holding potential + + + align:start position:0% +given by this this holding potential +right in the voltage clamp experiment so + + align:start position:0% +right in the voltage clamp experiment so + + + align:start position:0% +right in the voltage clamp experiment so +in order to turn something that looks + + align:start position:0% +in order to turn something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +in order to turn something that looks +like this into something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +like this into something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +like this into something that looks like +this you have to multiply it by + + align:start position:0% +this you have to multiply it by + + + align:start position:0% +this you have to multiply it by +something looks like that + + align:start position:0% +something looks like that + + + align:start position:0% +something looks like that +that makes sense for each one of those + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense for each one of those + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense for each one of those +experiments this term is constant and so + + align:start position:0% +experiments this term is constant and so + + + align:start position:0% +experiments this term is constant and so +to get a current that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +to get a current that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +to get a current that looks like this +the conductance has to look like that + + align:start position:0% +the conductance has to look like that + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance has to look like that +okay does that make sense oh sorry did I + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense oh sorry did I + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense oh sorry did I +misunderstand the questions ask it again + + align:start position:0% +misunderstand the questions ask it again + + + align:start position:0% +misunderstand the questions ask it again +so oh did it help but it was the wrong + + align:start position:0% +so oh did it help but it was the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +so oh did it help but it was the wrong +explanation okay so ask your question + + align:start position:0% +explanation okay so ask your question + + + align:start position:0% +explanation okay so ask your question +again Oh like had some funny shape like + + align:start position:0% +again Oh like had some funny shape like + + + align:start position:0% +again Oh like had some funny shape like +this yeah yeah so remember this is as a + + align:start position:0% +this yeah yeah so remember this is as a + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah yeah so remember this is as a +function of time right and this is + + align:start position:0% +function of time right and this is + + + align:start position:0% +function of time right and this is +exactly what the sodium conductance + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the sodium conductance + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the sodium conductance +looked like as a function of time right + + align:start position:0% +looked like as a function of time right + + + align:start position:0% +looked like as a function of time right +it turns on and then it turns off for + + align:start position:0% +it turns on and then it turns off for + + + align:start position:0% +it turns on and then it turns off for +the sodium conductance this turning on + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductance this turning on + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductance this turning on +happened with a voltage step and the + + align:start position:0% +happened with a voltage step and the + + + align:start position:0% +happened with a voltage step and the +turning off happened because of the + + align:start position:0% +turning off happened because of the + + + align:start position:0% +turning off happened because of the +inactivation gate right in this case + + align:start position:0% +inactivation gate right in this case + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation gate right in this case +it's different what's turning this thing + + align:start position:0% +it's different what's turning this thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's different what's turning this thing +on is a neurotransmitter binding that + + align:start position:0% +on is a neurotransmitter binding that + + + align:start position:0% +on is a neurotransmitter binding that +turns it on what turns it off is not + + align:start position:0% +turns it on what turns it off is not + + + align:start position:0% +turns it on what turns it off is not +inactivation it's the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +inactivation it's the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation it's the fact that the +neurotransmitter falls off okay but it + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter falls off okay but it + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter falls off okay but it +has the same time dependence it's just + + align:start position:0% +has the same time dependence it's just + + + align:start position:0% +has the same time dependence it's just +different mechanisms and then for this + + align:start position:0% +different mechanisms and then for this + + + align:start position:0% +different mechanisms and then for this +did was there a question still about + + align:start position:0% +did was there a question still about + + + align:start position:0% +did was there a question still about +this okay with the time it was okay and + + align:start position:0% +this okay with the time it was okay and + + + align:start position:0% +this okay with the time it was okay and +you understand why this doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +you understand why this doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +you understand why this doesn't look +like this right the reason that happened + + align:start position:0% +like this right the reason that happened + + + align:start position:0% +like this right the reason that happened +is because this because right it looked + + align:start position:0% +is because this because right it looked + + + align:start position:0% +is because this because right it looked +like this for most of it but it went + + align:start position:0% +like this for most of it but it went + + + align:start position:0% +like this for most of it but it went +back down to zero here as a function of + + align:start position:0% +back down to zero here as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +back down to zero here as a function of +voltage why because of the voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage why because of the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage why because of the voltage +dependence shuts this off down here this + + align:start position:0% +dependence shuts this off down here this + + + align:start position:0% +dependence shuts this off down here this +doesn't have voltage dependence okay + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have voltage dependence okay + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have voltage dependence okay +it's cool how like all this stuff ties + + align:start position:0% +it's cool how like all this stuff ties + + + align:start position:0% +it's cool how like all this stuff ties +together right it's sort of the same the + + align:start position:0% +together right it's sort of the same the + + + align:start position:0% +together right it's sort of the same the +same stuff we learned for the + + align:start position:0% +same stuff we learned for the + + + align:start position:0% +same stuff we learned for the +hodgkin-huxley just applies to this case + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley just applies to this case + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley just applies to this case +here okay all right so there's a circuit + + align:start position:0% +here okay all right so there's a circuit + + + align:start position:0% +here okay all right so there's a circuit +here's the model that we described + + align:start position:0% +here's the model that we described + + + align:start position:0% +here's the model that we described +before there's a simple soma with the + + align:start position:0% +before there's a simple soma with the + + + align:start position:0% +before there's a simple soma with the +capacitance and some you know some leak + + align:start position:0% +capacitance and some you know some leak + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance and some you know some leak +conductance and now that is how we would + + align:start position:0% +conductance and now that is how we would + + + align:start position:0% +conductance and now that is how we would +model attaching a synapse and accept any + + align:start position:0% +model attaching a synapse and accept any + + + align:start position:0% +model attaching a synapse and accept any +kind of a synapse onto a soma and if we + + align:start position:0% +kind of a synapse onto a soma and if we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a synapse onto a soma and if we +wanted the soma to be able to spike we + + align:start position:0% +wanted the soma to be able to spike we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted the soma to be able to spike we +would add some potassium some + + align:start position:0% +would add some potassium some + + + align:start position:0% +would add some potassium some +voltage-dependent potassium and some + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent potassium and some + + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent potassium and some +voltage-dependent + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent +sodium okay all right any questions yeah + + align:start position:0% +sodium okay all right any questions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +sodium okay all right any questions yeah +oh yeah so that's that's not a dumb + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah so that's that's not a dumb + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah so that's that's not a dumb +question at all it's just the answer is + + align:start position:0% +question at all it's just the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +question at all it's just the answer is +don't worry about it + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about it + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about it +it just like there's a convention that + + align:start position:0% +it just like there's a convention that + + + align:start position:0% +it just like there's a convention that +the big one is is the plus side and I'm + + align:start position:0% +the big one is is the plus side and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the big one is is the plus side and I'm +not even 100% sure I've been perfectly + + align:start position:0% +not even 100% sure I've been perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +not even 100% sure I've been perfectly +consistent in all my slides the long + + align:start position:0% +consistent in all my slides the long + + + align:start position:0% +consistent in all my slides the long +line is supposed to be the positive side + + align:start position:0% +line is supposed to be the positive side + + + align:start position:0% +line is supposed to be the positive side +of the battery just don't worry just + + align:start position:0% +of the battery just don't worry just + + + align:start position:0% +of the battery just don't worry just +make one big in one small and don't just + + align:start position:0% +make one big in one small and don't just + + + align:start position:0% +make one big in one small and don't just +make it a battery symbol and I don't + + align:start position:0% +make it a battery symbol and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +make it a battery symbol and I don't +care if it's the right way okay okay + + align:start position:0% +care if it's the right way okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +care if it's the right way okay okay +just that you you want to you don't want + + align:start position:0% +just that you you want to you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +just that you you want to you don't want +to make it too much like a capacitor + + align:start position:0% +to make it too much like a capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +to make it too much like a capacitor +because if they're the same length then + + align:start position:0% +because if they're the same length then + + + align:start position:0% +because if they're the same length then +it looked like a capacitor and if you're + + align:start position:0% +it looked like a capacitor and if you're + + + align:start position:0% +it looked like a capacitor and if you're +worried just draw an arrow and write + + align:start position:0% +worried just draw an arrow and write + + + align:start position:0% +worried just draw an arrow and write +battery okay okay all right good okay so + + align:start position:0% +battery okay okay all right good okay so + + + align:start position:0% +battery okay okay all right good okay so +now let's step back from our voltage + + align:start position:0% +now let's step back from our voltage + + + align:start position:0% +now let's step back from our voltage +clamp experiment and and attach this + + align:start position:0% +clamp experiment and and attach this + + + align:start position:0% +clamp experiment and and attach this +synapse to a real neuron like this thing + + align:start position:0% +synapse to a real neuron like this thing + + + align:start position:0% +synapse to a real neuron like this thing +the one that can't spike is just it's + + align:start position:0% +the one that can't spike is just it's + + + align:start position:0% +the one that can't spike is just it's +just a leaky soma that's hyperpolarized + + align:start position:0% +just a leaky soma that's hyperpolarized + + + align:start position:0% +just a leaky soma that's hyperpolarized +and now what's the voltage in the cell + + align:start position:0% +and now what's the voltage in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +and now what's the voltage in the cell +going to do when we turn on that when we + + align:start position:0% +going to do when we turn on that when we + + + align:start position:0% +going to do when we turn on that when we +activate that synapse what is what is + + align:start position:0% +activate that synapse what is what is + + + align:start position:0% +activate that synapse what is what is +the voltage here we're turning on this + + align:start position:0% +the voltage here we're turning on this + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage here we're turning on this +conductance what that means is we're + + align:start position:0% +conductance what that means is we're + + + align:start position:0% +conductance what that means is we're +making distance get really small + + align:start position:0% +making distance get really small + + + align:start position:0% +making distance get really small +right so what is the voltage inside the + + align:start position:0% +right so what is the voltage inside the + + + align:start position:0% +right so what is the voltage inside the +cell going to do it's going to approach + + align:start position:0% +cell going to do it's going to approach + + + align:start position:0% +cell going to do it's going to approach +something what's it going to approach we + + align:start position:0% +something what's it going to approach we + + + align:start position:0% +something what's it going to approach we +have this circuit we have a battery and + + align:start position:0% +have this circuit we have a battery and + + + align:start position:0% +have this circuit we have a battery and +a resistor let's make that resistor + + align:start position:0% +a resistor let's make that resistor + + + align:start position:0% +a resistor let's make that resistor +really really big okay that connects the + + align:start position:0% +really really big okay that connects the + + + align:start position:0% +really really big okay that connects the +battery between the outside and inside + + align:start position:0% +battery between the outside and inside + + + align:start position:0% +battery between the outside and inside +of our neuron and now we make the + + align:start position:0% +of our neuron and now we make the + + + align:start position:0% +of our neuron and now we make the +resistor really small all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +resistor really small all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +resistor really small all of a sudden +what's going to happen to the voltage in + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen to the voltage in + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen to the voltage in +here sorry just some other conductances + + align:start position:0% +here sorry just some other conductances + + + align:start position:0% +here sorry just some other conductances +and let's just imagine that it's like a + + align:start position:0% +and let's just imagine that it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +and let's just imagine that it's like a +potassium conductance that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance that's kind of +holding the cell hyperpolarized okay so + + align:start position:0% +holding the cell hyperpolarized okay so + + + align:start position:0% +holding the cell hyperpolarized okay so +but I don't want you to focus on this + + align:start position:0% +but I don't want you to focus on this + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't want you to focus on this +right now what I want you to focus on is + + align:start position:0% +right now what I want you to focus on is + + + align:start position:0% +right now what I want you to focus on is +what would happen here when I turn on + + align:start position:0% +what would happen here when I turn on + + + align:start position:0% +what would happen here when I turn on +that synapse when I make the dist are + + align:start position:0% +that synapse when I make the dist are + + + align:start position:0% +that synapse when I make the dist are +really small when I make the conductance + + align:start position:0% +really small when I make the conductance + + + align:start position:0% +really small when I make the conductance +really big what's going to happen to the + + align:start position:0% +really big what's going to happen to the + + + align:start position:0% +really big what's going to happen to the +voltage inside the cell it's going to + + align:start position:0% +voltage inside the cell it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +voltage inside the cell it's going to +approach something it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +approach something it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +approach something it's going to be +dragged toward something it's going to + + align:start position:0% +dragged toward something it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +dragged toward something it's going to +be dragged toward the voltage of that + + align:start position:0% +be dragged toward the voltage of that + + + align:start position:0% +be dragged toward the voltage of that +battery we're hooking that battery up to + + align:start position:0% +battery we're hooking that battery up to + + + align:start position:0% +battery we're hooking that battery up to +the inside of our neuron does that make + + align:start position:0% +the inside of our neuron does that make + + + align:start position:0% +the inside of our neuron does that make +sense okay so that's what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so that's what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so that's what I'm going to +show you now so if we have an excitatory + + align:start position:0% +show you now so if we have an excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +show you now so if we have an excitatory +synapse so what I'm going to show you is + + align:start position:0% +synapse so what I'm going to show you is + + + align:start position:0% +synapse so what I'm going to show you is +what happens when we activate a + + align:start position:0% +what happens when we activate a + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when we activate a +glutamatergic excitatory synapse on a + + align:start position:0% +glutamatergic excitatory synapse on a + + + align:start position:0% +glutamatergic excitatory synapse on a +cell we're gonna record the voltage in + + align:start position:0% +cell we're gonna record the voltage in + + + align:start position:0% +cell we're gonna record the voltage in +the cell and we're going to activate + + align:start position:0% +the cell and we're going to activate + + + align:start position:0% +the cell and we're going to activate +that synapse and what you see is that is + + align:start position:0% +that synapse and what you see is that is + + + align:start position:0% +that synapse and what you see is that is +that this is what you would see for + + align:start position:0% +that this is what you would see for + + + align:start position:0% +that this is what you would see for +example for the muscle fiber you + + align:start position:0% +example for the muscle fiber you + + + align:start position:0% +example for the muscle fiber you +activate the synapse and you see that + + align:start position:0% +activate the synapse and you see that + + + align:start position:0% +activate the synapse and you see that +the voltage of the cell if the cell is + + align:start position:0% +the voltage of the cell if the cell is + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage of the cell if the cell is +hyperpolarized the voltage of the cell + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized the voltage of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized the voltage of the cell +goes up if you hold the cell at a higher + + align:start position:0% +goes up if you hold the cell at a higher + + + align:start position:0% +goes up if you hold the cell at a higher +voltage and you activate this the + + align:start position:0% +voltage and you activate this the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and you activate this the +voltage also goes up but a little bit + + align:start position:0% +voltage also goes up but a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +voltage also goes up but a little bit +less if you hold the cell at zero you + + align:start position:0% +less if you hold the cell at zero you + + + align:start position:0% +less if you hold the cell at zero you +can see you activate that synapse but + + align:start position:0% +can see you activate that synapse but + + + align:start position:0% +can see you activate that synapse but +the cell is already at the potential of + + align:start position:0% +the cell is already at the potential of + + + align:start position:0% +the cell is already at the potential of +the battery and so there's no current + + align:start position:0% +the battery and so there's no current + + + align:start position:0% +the battery and so there's no current +and no change in the voltage if you hold + + align:start position:0% +and no change in the voltage if you hold + + + align:start position:0% +and no change in the voltage if you hold +the cell at a positive voltage and you + + align:start position:0% +the cell at a positive voltage and you + + + align:start position:0% +the cell at a positive voltage and you +act + + align:start position:0% +act + + + align:start position:0% +act +the synapse again you're connecting the + + align:start position:0% +the synapse again you're connecting the + + + align:start position:0% +the synapse again you're connecting the +cell to a battery it has zero volts and + + align:start position:0% +cell to a battery it has zero volts and + + + align:start position:0% +cell to a battery it has zero volts and +so the voltage goes down so the here's + + align:start position:0% +so the voltage goes down so the here's + + + align:start position:0% +so the voltage goes down so the here's +what I want to convey here that when you + + align:start position:0% +what I want to convey here that when you + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to convey here that when you +activate a synapse it forces the cell + + align:start position:0% +activate a synapse it forces the cell + + + align:start position:0% +activate a synapse it forces the cell +forces the voltage in the cell to + + align:start position:0% +forces the voltage in the cell to + + + align:start position:0% +forces the voltage in the cell to +approach the voltage of the reversal + + align:start position:0% +approach the voltage of the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +approach the voltage of the reversal +potential of the synapse the voltage of + + align:start position:0% +potential of the synapse the voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +potential of the synapse the voltage of +that battery okay is that is that clear + + align:start position:0% +that battery okay is that is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +that battery okay is that is that clear +yes it increases the conductance current + + align:start position:0% +yes it increases the conductance current + + + align:start position:0% +yes it increases the conductance current +flows into this cell and it flows into + + align:start position:0% +flows into this cell and it flows into + + + align:start position:0% +flows into this cell and it flows into +the cell in a direction so that the + + align:start position:0% +the cell in a direction so that the + + + align:start position:0% +the cell in a direction so that the +voltage approach the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +voltage approach the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +voltage approach the equilibrium +potential yes what's that ah yes good in + + align:start position:0% +potential yes what's that ah yes good in + + + align:start position:0% +potential yes what's that ah yes good in +fact that's a great way to phrase it + + align:start position:0% +fact that's a great way to phrase it + + + align:start position:0% +fact that's a great way to phrase it +because that kind of experiment here + + align:start position:0% +because that kind of experiment here + + + align:start position:0% +because that kind of experiment here +where we're measuring the voltage inside + + align:start position:0% +where we're measuring the voltage inside + + + align:start position:0% +where we're measuring the voltage inside +the cell is called current clamp + + align:start position:0% +the cell is called current clamp + + + align:start position:0% +the cell is called current clamp +experiment so there's voltage clamp + + align:start position:0% +experiment so there's voltage clamp + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so there's voltage clamp +where you force the voltage to be + + align:start position:0% +where you force the voltage to be + + + align:start position:0% +where you force the voltage to be +constant by varying the current yeah + + align:start position:0% +constant by varying the current yeah + + + align:start position:0% +constant by varying the current yeah +here we're holding the current constant + + align:start position:0% +here we're holding the current constant + + + align:start position:0% +here we're holding the current constant +clamping the current and measuring the + + align:start position:0% +clamping the current and measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +clamping the current and measuring the +voltage you Galla let's just go back to + + align:start position:0% +voltage you Galla let's just go back to + + + align:start position:0% +voltage you Galla let's just go back to +this set up here this experiment here + + align:start position:0% +this set up here this experiment here + + + align:start position:0% +this set up here this experiment here +you don't you don't set it up like this + + align:start position:0% +you don't you don't set it up like this + + + align:start position:0% +you don't you don't set it up like this +you set it up like we had on the first + + align:start position:0% +you set it up like we had on the first + + + align:start position:0% +you set it up like we had on the first +day of class where you just have a + + align:start position:0% +day of class where you just have a + + + align:start position:0% +day of class where you just have a +current source connected here and that + + align:start position:0% +current source connected here and that + + + align:start position:0% +current source connected here and that +voltage measure a voltage voltmeter + + align:start position:0% +voltage measure a voltage voltmeter + + + align:start position:0% +voltage measure a voltage voltmeter +attached to this electrode I didn't use + + align:start position:0% +attached to this electrode I didn't use + + + align:start position:0% +attached to this electrode I didn't use +that word but that was the very first + + align:start position:0% +that word but that was the very first + + + align:start position:0% +that word but that was the very first +experiment we I think on the second day + + align:start position:0% +experiment we I think on the second day + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we I think on the second day +of class we had a cell with a electrode + + align:start position:0% +of class we had a cell with a electrode + + + align:start position:0% +of class we had a cell with a electrode +to inject current electrode to measure + + align:start position:0% +to inject current electrode to measure + + + align:start position:0% +to inject current electrode to measure +voltage that was a current clamp + + align:start position:0% +voltage that was a current clamp + + + align:start position:0% +voltage that was a current clamp +experiment because we're holding the + + align:start position:0% +experiment because we're holding the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment because we're holding the +current at some constant value okay here + + align:start position:0% +current at some constant value okay here + + + align:start position:0% +current at some constant value okay here +we're holding the voltage at some + + align:start position:0% +we're holding the voltage at some + + + align:start position:0% +we're holding the voltage at some +constant value and measuring current all + + align:start position:0% +constant value and measuring current all + + + align:start position:0% +constant value and measuring current all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the idea is really simple when you + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is really simple when you + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is really simple when you +have a synapse the synapse has a + + align:start position:0% +have a synapse the synapse has a + + + align:start position:0% +have a synapse the synapse has a +reversal potential when you activate the + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential when you activate the + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential when you activate the +synapse the cell is dragged toward the + + align:start position:0% +synapse the cell is dragged toward the + + + align:start position:0% +synapse the cell is dragged toward the +reversal potential here the reversal + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential here the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential here the reversal +potential was zero + + align:start position:0% +potential was zero + + + align:start position:0% +potential was zero +so when I activate the synapse the + + align:start position:0% +so when I activate the synapse the + + + align:start position:0% +so when I activate the synapse the +voltage goes toward the reversal + + align:start position:0% +voltage goes toward the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +voltage goes toward the reversal +potential notice something else are you + + align:start position:0% +potential notice something else are you + + + align:start position:0% +potential notice something else are you +talking about like here versus here yeah + + align:start position:0% +talking about like here versus here yeah + + + align:start position:0% +talking about like here versus here yeah +so I put that pink box around the + + align:start position:0% +so I put that pink box around the + + + align:start position:0% +so I put that pink box around the +synapse that's the that's the circuit + + align:start position:0% +synapse that's the that's the circuit + + + align:start position:0% +synapse that's the that's the circuit +that corresponds to having a synapse + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to having a synapse + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to having a synapse +attached to the cell and this was this + + align:start position:0% +attached to the cell and this was this + + + align:start position:0% +attached to the cell and this was this +is the circuit that we developed you + + align:start position:0% +is the circuit that we developed you + + + align:start position:0% +is the circuit that we developed you +know several weeks ago + + align:start position:0% +know several weeks ago + + + align:start position:0% +know several weeks ago +oh no the the presynaptic cell is not + + align:start position:0% +oh no the the presynaptic cell is not + + + align:start position:0% +oh no the the presynaptic cell is not +part of this picture the cell is kind of + + align:start position:0% +part of this picture the cell is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +part of this picture the cell is kind of +like spritzing neurotransmitter onto + + align:start position:0% +like spritzing neurotransmitter onto + + + align:start position:0% +like spritzing neurotransmitter onto +this this thing which which reduces this + + align:start position:0% +this this thing which which reduces this + + + align:start position:0% +this this thing which which reduces this +which increases the conductance right + + align:start position:0% +which increases the conductance right + + + align:start position:0% +which increases the conductance right +which is the same as reducing the size + + align:start position:0% +which is the same as reducing the size + + + align:start position:0% +which is the same as reducing the size +of a resistor that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +of a resistor that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +of a resistor that makes sense +yes great question so the reversal + + align:start position:0% +yes great question so the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +yes great question so the reversal +potential is different for different + + align:start position:0% +potential is different for different + + + align:start position:0% +potential is different for different +kinds of synapses okay you can see that + + align:start position:0% +kinds of synapses okay you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of synapses okay you can see that +this synapse this kind of synapse here + + align:start position:0% +this synapse this kind of synapse here + + + align:start position:0% +this synapse this kind of synapse here +if I'm hyperpolarized it pushes the + + align:start position:0% +if I'm hyperpolarized it pushes the + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm hyperpolarized it pushes the +voltage of the cell up what kind of + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the cell up what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the cell up what kind of +synapse do you think that is an + + align:start position:0% +synapse do you think that is an + + + align:start position:0% +synapse do you think that is an +excitatory synapse but notice something + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse but notice something + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse but notice something +really cool an excitatory synapse + + align:start position:0% +really cool an excitatory synapse + + + align:start position:0% +really cool an excitatory synapse +doesn't always push the voltage of the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always push the voltage of the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always push the voltage of the +cell up if the cell is sitting up here + + align:start position:0% +cell up if the cell is sitting up here + + + align:start position:0% +cell up if the cell is sitting up here +it can push the voltage of the cell down + + align:start position:0% +it can push the voltage of the cell down + + + align:start position:0% +it can push the voltage of the cell down +okay yes oh why great so great question + + align:start position:0% +okay yes oh why great so great question + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes oh why great so great question +probably answer that already + + align:start position:0% +probably answer that already + + + align:start position:0% +probably answer that already +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah I'm hearing a bunch of good + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I'm hearing a bunch of good + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I'm hearing a bunch of good +answers so what happens is we're + + align:start position:0% +answers so what happens is we're + + + align:start position:0% +answers so what happens is we're +stimulating the synapse here releases + + align:start position:0% +stimulating the synapse here releases + + + align:start position:0% +stimulating the synapse here releases +neurotransmitter the conductance goes up + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter the conductance goes up + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter the conductance goes up +current flows in de Porres is the cell + + align:start position:0% +current flows in de Porres is the cell + + + align:start position:0% +current flows in de Porres is the cell +neurotransmitter unbinds current stops + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter unbinds current stops + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter unbinds current stops +and this thing brings the cell back down + + align:start position:0% +and this thing brings the cell back down + + + align:start position:0% +and this thing brings the cell back down +to its starting point this other thing + + align:start position:0% +to its starting point this other thing + + + align:start position:0% +to its starting point this other thing +yeah this thing is kind of holding this + + align:start position:0% +yeah this thing is kind of holding this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this thing is kind of holding this +out at some hyperpolarized potential the + + align:start position:0% +out at some hyperpolarized potential the + + + align:start position:0% +out at some hyperpolarized potential the +current is turning on and then turning + + align:start position:0% +current is turning on and then turning + + + align:start position:0% +current is turning on and then turning +off alright remember the current here it + + align:start position:0% +off alright remember the current here it + + + align:start position:0% +off alright remember the current here it +is right here the current is turning on + + align:start position:0% +is right here the current is turning on + + + align:start position:0% +is right here the current is turning on +as the conductance turns on and then + + align:start position:0% +as the conductance turns on and then + + + align:start position:0% +as the conductance turns on and then +when the conductance goes to zero the + + align:start position:0% +when the conductance goes to zero the + + + align:start position:0% +when the conductance goes to zero the +current goes to zero no work the the + + align:start position:0% +current goes to zero no work the the + + + align:start position:0% +current goes to zero no work the the +experiment we're doing is injecting + + align:start position:0% +experiment we're doing is injecting + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we're doing is injecting +constant current into the cell and + + align:start position:0% +constant current into the cell and + + + align:start position:0% +constant current into the cell and +that's how we hold the cell at these + + align:start position:0% +that's how we hold the cell at these + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we hold the cell at these +different sort of kind of average + + align:start position:0% +different sort of kind of average + + + align:start position:0% +different sort of kind of average +voltages okay maybe I should say yes yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +makes makes it do this yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +makes makes it do this yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +makes makes it do this yeah yeah so +positive ions flowing into the cell + + align:start position:0% +positive ions flowing into the cell + + + align:start position:0% +positive ions flowing into the cell +raise the voltage in this beak okay + + align:start position:0% +raise the voltage in this beak okay + + + align:start position:0% +raise the voltage in this beak okay +great question you're talking about up + + align:start position:0% +great question you're talking about up + + + align:start position:0% +great question you're talking about up +here okay so let me just back up and + + align:start position:0% +here okay so let me just back up and + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so let me just back up and +explain one thing that that maybe I + + align:start position:0% +explain one thing that that maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +explain one thing that that maybe I +didn't explain very well in this + + align:start position:0% +didn't explain very well in this + + + align:start position:0% +didn't explain very well in this +experiment we're injecting current + + align:start position:0% +experiment we're injecting current + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we're injecting current +through our current electrode to just + + align:start position:0% +through our current electrode to just + + + align:start position:0% +through our current electrode to just +hold the cell at different voltages + + align:start position:0% +hold the cell at different voltages + + + align:start position:0% +hold the cell at different voltages +while we stimulate the synapse okay does + + align:start position:0% +while we stimulate the synapse okay does + + + align:start position:0% +while we stimulate the synapse okay does +that make sense + + align:start position:0% +that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense +down here let's say we're not injecting + + align:start position:0% +down here let's say we're not injecting + + + align:start position:0% +down here let's say we're not injecting +any current and then we inject a little + + align:start position:0% +any current and then we inject a little + + + align:start position:0% +any current and then we inject a little +bit of current to kind of hold the cell + + align:start position:0% +bit of current to kind of hold the cell + + + align:start position:0% +bit of current to kind of hold the cell +up here + + align:start position:0% +up here + + + align:start position:0% +up here +and we activate the synapse and measure + + align:start position:0% +and we activate the synapse and measure + + + align:start position:0% +and we activate the synapse and measure +which changes from there does that make + + align:start position:0% +which changes from there does that make + + + align:start position:0% +which changes from there does that make +sense exactly you're just you're just + + align:start position:0% +sense exactly you're just you're just + + + align:start position:0% +sense exactly you're just you're just +turning a knob and say I'm gonna put in + + align:start position:0% +turning a knob and say I'm gonna put in + + + align:start position:0% +turning a knob and say I'm gonna put in +one nano amp and that's just gonna kind + + align:start position:0% +one nano amp and that's just gonna kind + + + align:start position:0% +one nano amp and that's just gonna kind +of hold the cell up here and then I + + align:start position:0% +of hold the cell up here and then I + + + align:start position:0% +of hold the cell up here and then I +activate the synapse and ask how does + + align:start position:0% +activate the synapse and ask how does + + + align:start position:0% +activate the synapse and ask how does +the voltage change okay I know but I + + align:start position:0% +the voltage change okay I know but I + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage change okay I know but I +realized what your question is why does + + align:start position:0% +realized what your question is why does + + + align:start position:0% +realized what your question is why does +this go down yeah and they exactly + + align:start position:0% +this go down yeah and they exactly + + + align:start position:0% +this go down yeah and they exactly +exactly isn't that cool excitatory + + align:start position:0% +exactly isn't that cool excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +exactly isn't that cool excitatory +synapses are not always injected so what + + align:start position:0% +synapses are not always injected so what + + + align:start position:0% +synapses are not always injected so what +happens up here you're holding the cell + + align:start position:0% +happens up here you're holding the cell + + + align:start position:0% +happens up here you're holding the cell +up here and now you activate the synapse + + align:start position:0% +up here and now you activate the synapse + + + align:start position:0% +up here and now you activate the synapse +and the voltage actually goes down and + + align:start position:0% +and the voltage actually goes down and + + + align:start position:0% +and the voltage actually goes down and +the answer is that if you're holding the + + align:start position:0% +the answer is that if you're holding the + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is that if you're holding the +cell appear positive more positive than + + align:start position:0% +cell appear positive more positive than + + + align:start position:0% +cell appear positive more positive than +here when you turn on that conductance + + align:start position:0% +here when you turn on that conductance + + + align:start position:0% +here when you turn on that conductance +the current goes the other way you've + + align:start position:0% +the current goes the other way you've + + + align:start position:0% +the current goes the other way you've +passed the reversal potential you're + + align:start position:0% +passed the reversal potential you're + + + align:start position:0% +passed the reversal potential you're +holding the cell up here and so turn on + + align:start position:0% +holding the cell up here and so turn on + + + align:start position:0% +holding the cell up here and so turn on +the synapse the voltage the current + + align:start position:0% +the synapse the voltage the current + + + align:start position:0% +the synapse the voltage the current +flows the other direction you have a + + align:start position:0% +flows the other direction you have a + + + align:start position:0% +flows the other direction you have a +positive current which is positive ions + + align:start position:0% +positive current which is positive ions + + + align:start position:0% +positive current which is positive ions +flowing out which lowers the voltage of + + align:start position:0% +flowing out which lowers the voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +flowing out which lowers the voltage of +the cell so the way to think about this + + align:start position:0% +the cell so the way to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +the cell so the way to think about this +is that when you have a synapse you turn + + align:start position:0% +is that when you have a synapse you turn + + + align:start position:0% +is that when you have a synapse you turn +the synapse on doesn't matter where the + + align:start position:0% +the synapse on doesn't matter where the + + + align:start position:0% +the synapse on doesn't matter where the +voltage is it's always driving it toward + + align:start position:0% +voltage is it's always driving it toward + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is it's always driving it toward +the reversal potential and if you start + + align:start position:0% +the reversal potential and if you start + + + align:start position:0% +the reversal potential and if you start +above the reversal potential the voltage + + align:start position:0% +above the reversal potential the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +above the reversal potential the voltage +will go down if you start below the + + align:start position:0% +will go down if you start below the + + + align:start position:0% +will go down if you start below the +reversal potential the voltage will go + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential the voltage will go + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential the voltage will go +up it's like not what you learned in 901 + + align:start position:0% +up it's like not what you learned in 901 + + + align:start position:0% +up it's like not what you learned in 901 +right this is yeah this is but this is + + align:start position:0% +right this is yeah this is but this is + + + align:start position:0% +right this is yeah this is but this is +how it really works okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excitatory synapses the reason you think + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapses the reason you think + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapses the reason you think +of excitatory synapses as always pushing + + align:start position:0% +of excitatory synapses as always pushing + + + align:start position:0% +of excitatory synapses as always pushing +the voltage up is because most of the + + align:start position:0% +the voltage up is because most of the + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage up is because most of the +time the cells sitting there okay but + + align:start position:0% +time the cells sitting there okay but + + + align:start position:0% +time the cells sitting there okay but +this is going to become much more + + align:start position:0% +this is going to become much more + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to become much more +important and obvious when we're talking + + align:start position:0% +important and obvious when we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +important and obvious when we're talking +about inhibitory synapse so let's talk + + align:start position:0% +about inhibitory synapse so let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +about inhibitory synapse so let's talk +about inhibitory synapses so here's a + + align:start position:0% +about inhibitory synapses so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +about inhibitory synapses so here's a +model of a synapse with the synaptic + + align:start position:0% +model of a synapse with the synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +model of a synapse with the synaptic +reversal at zero all excitatory synapses + + align:start position:0% +reversal at zero all excitatory synapses + + + align:start position:0% +reversal at zero all excitatory synapses +have their reversal potential around + + align:start position:0% +have their reversal potential around + + + align:start position:0% +have their reversal potential around +zero the neuromuscular Junction the + + align:start position:0% +zero the neuromuscular Junction the + + + align:start position:0% +zero the neuromuscular Junction the +glutamatergic synapse they're all + + align:start position:0% +glutamatergic synapse they're all + + + align:start position:0% +glutamatergic synapse they're all +basically nonspecific pores that have a + + align:start position:0% +basically nonspecific pores that have a + + + align:start position:0% +basically nonspecific pores that have a +reversal potential of zero inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential of zero inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential of zero inhibitory +synapses are different so excitatory + + align:start position:0% +synapses are different so excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +synapses are different so excitatory +Sennett the reason we call it in + + align:start position:0% +Sennett the reason we call it in + + + align:start position:0% +Sennett the reason we call it in +excitatory synapse is because that + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse is because that + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse is because that +reversal potential is above the + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential is above the + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential is above the +threshold for the neuron to spike okay + + align:start position:0% +threshold for the neuron to spike okay + + + align:start position:0% +threshold for the neuron to spike okay +and so when you activate the synapse + + align:start position:0% +and so when you activate the synapse + + + align:start position:0% +and so when you activate the synapse +you're pushing the voltage of the cell + + align:start position:0% +you're pushing the voltage of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +you're pushing the voltage of the cell +always toward a voltage that's above the + + align:start position:0% +always toward a voltage that's above the + + + align:start position:0% +always toward a voltage that's above the +spiking threshold and why it's called an + + align:start position:0% +spiking threshold and why it's called an + + + align:start position:0% +spiking threshold and why it's called an +excitatory synapse all right now inhibit + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse all right now inhibit + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse all right now inhibit +and those are called excitatory + + align:start position:0% +and those are called excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +and those are called excitatory +postsynaptic potentials or epsps + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic potentials or epsps + + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic potentials or epsps +that little bump is an epsp okay all + + align:start position:0% +that little bump is an epsp okay all + + + align:start position:0% +that little bump is an epsp okay all +right now inhibitory synapses look + + align:start position:0% +right now inhibitory synapses look + + + align:start position:0% +right now inhibitory synapses look +really different and now the effect that + + align:start position:0% +really different and now the effect that + + + align:start position:0% +really different and now the effect that +I'm talking about is important within + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about is important within + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about is important within +inhibitory synapse the reversal + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory synapse the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory synapse the reversal +potential is around minus 75 that + + align:start position:0% +potential is around minus 75 that + + + align:start position:0% +potential is around minus 75 that +remember most most inhibitory synapses + + align:start position:0% +remember most most inhibitory synapses + + + align:start position:0% +remember most most inhibitory synapses +are chloride channels and chloride do + + align:start position:0% +are chloride channels and chloride do + + + align:start position:0% +are chloride channels and chloride do +you remember on the lecture about the + + align:start position:0% +you remember on the lecture about the + + + align:start position:0% +you remember on the lecture about the +equilibrium potentials the reversal + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potentials the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potentials the reversal +potential for chloride ion chloride + + align:start position:0% +potential for chloride ion chloride + + + align:start position:0% +potential for chloride ion chloride +channels is around minus 75 and that's + + align:start position:0% +channels is around minus 75 and that's + + + align:start position:0% +channels is around minus 75 and that's +why they have a reverse that's why the + + align:start position:0% +why they have a reverse that's why the + + + align:start position:0% +why they have a reverse that's why the +synaptic reversal potential is minus 75 + + align:start position:0% +synaptic reversal potential is minus 75 + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic reversal potential is minus 75 +and now you can see that if you hold the + + align:start position:0% +and now you can see that if you hold the + + + align:start position:0% +and now you can see that if you hold the +cell so here's here's where a cell + + align:start position:0% +cell so here's here's where a cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell so here's here's where a cell +normally sits you activate the synapse + + align:start position:0% +normally sits you activate the synapse + + + align:start position:0% +normally sits you activate the synapse +it's that the voltage goes down right + + align:start position:0% +it's that the voltage goes down right + + + align:start position:0% +it's that the voltage goes down right +why does it go down because it's pulled + + align:start position:0% +why does it go down because it's pulled + + + align:start position:0% +why does it go down because it's pulled +toward the equilibrium potential for the + + align:start position:0% +toward the equilibrium potential for the + + + align:start position:0% +toward the equilibrium potential for the +chloride + + align:start position:0% +chloride + + + align:start position:0% +chloride +channel chloride ion now notice that + + align:start position:0% +channel chloride ion now notice that + + + align:start position:0% +channel chloride ion now notice that +okay so as the cell is more and more + + align:start position:0% +okay so as the cell is more and more + + + align:start position:0% +okay so as the cell is more and more +deep polarized you can see that it's + + align:start position:0% +deep polarized you can see that it's + + + align:start position:0% +deep polarized you can see that it's +more strongly pulled toward you know the + + align:start position:0% +more strongly pulled toward you know the + + + align:start position:0% +more strongly pulled toward you know the +voltage change is bigger if you hold the + + align:start position:0% +voltage change is bigger if you hold the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage change is bigger if you hold the +cell at minus 75 there's no voltage + + align:start position:0% +cell at minus 75 there's no voltage + + + align:start position:0% +cell at minus 75 there's no voltage +change at all from activating and + + align:start position:0% +change at all from activating and + + + align:start position:0% +change at all from activating and +inhibitory synapse and if you + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory synapse and if you + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory synapse and if you +hyperpolarize the cell even more you can + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize the cell even more you can + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize the cell even more you can +see that when you activate an inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +see that when you activate an inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +see that when you activate an inhibitory +synapse the voltage of this cell + + align:start position:0% +synapse the voltage of this cell + + + align:start position:0% +synapse the voltage of this cell +actually goes up so inhibitory synapses + + align:start position:0% +actually goes up so inhibitory synapses + + + align:start position:0% +actually goes up so inhibitory synapses +don't always make the potential of the + + align:start position:0% +don't always make the potential of the + + + align:start position:0% +don't always make the potential of the +cell go down in fact sometimes they can + + align:start position:0% +cell go down in fact sometimes they can + + + align:start position:0% +cell go down in fact sometimes they can +make this hell go up in fact what's + + align:start position:0% +make this hell go up in fact what's + + + align:start position:0% +make this hell go up in fact what's +really cool is in juvenile animals the + + align:start position:0% +really cool is in juvenile animals the + + + align:start position:0% +really cool is in juvenile animals the +chloride reversal potential is there's + + align:start position:0% +chloride reversal potential is there's + + + align:start position:0% +chloride reversal potential is there's +more chloride inside of a cell than + + align:start position:0% +more chloride inside of a cell than + + + align:start position:0% +more chloride inside of a cell than +there is in an adult and so the reversal + + align:start position:0% +there is in an adult and so the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +there is in an adult and so the reversal +potential of the chloride channels is + + align:start position:0% +potential of the chloride channels is + + + align:start position:0% +potential of the chloride channels is +actually up here and chloride inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +actually up here and chloride inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +actually up here and chloride inhibitory +synapses can actually make neurons spike + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can see where this thing sits just + + align:start position:0% +you can see where this thing sits just + + + align:start position:0% +you can see where this thing sits just +depends on the concentration of chloride + + align:start position:0% +depends on the concentration of chloride + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the concentration of chloride +ions just at the time inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +ions just at the time inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +ions just at the time inhibitory +synapses have a reversal potential it's + + align:start position:0% +synapses have a reversal potential it's + + + align:start position:0% +synapses have a reversal potential it's +minus 75 and we call that inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +minus 75 and we call that inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +minus 75 and we call that inhibitory +because the reversal potential of the + + align:start position:0% +because the reversal potential of the + + + align:start position:0% +because the reversal potential of the +synapse is less than the spiking + + align:start position:0% +synapse is less than the spiking + + + align:start position:0% +synapse is less than the spiking +threshold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just they okay you know the answer to + + align:start position:0% +just they okay you know the answer to + + + align:start position:0% +just they okay you know the answer to +that question you tell me so what are + + align:start position:0% +that question you tell me so what are + + + align:start position:0% +that question you tell me so what are +the two things yeah go ahead + + align:start position:0% +the two things yeah go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +the two things yeah go ahead +good the type of ion and one more thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there were two things we need to have a + + align:start position:0% +there were two things we need to have a + + + align:start position:0% +there were two things we need to have a +battery in a neuron what are they + + align:start position:0% +battery in a neuron what are they + + + align:start position:0% +battery in a neuron what are they +anybody know and ion selective + + align:start position:0% +anybody know and ion selective + + + align:start position:0% +anybody know and ion selective +permeability so the reverse still + + align:start position:0% +permeability so the reverse still + + + align:start position:0% +permeability so the reverse still +depends on what I on that channel is + + align:start position:0% +depends on what I on that channel is + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what I on that channel is +selective for and the concentrations of + + align:start position:0% +selective for and the concentrations of + + + align:start position:0% +selective for and the concentrations of +that ions of that ion inside and outside + + align:start position:0% +that ions of that ion inside and outside + + + align:start position:0% +that ions of that ion inside and outside +the cell so for an inhibitory synapse + + align:start position:0% +the cell so for an inhibitory synapse + + + align:start position:0% +the cell so for an inhibitory synapse +there either there are two types there + + align:start position:0% +there either there are two types there + + + align:start position:0% +there either there are two types there +are chloride reversal potentials the + + align:start position:0% +are chloride reversal potentials the + + + align:start position:0% +are chloride reversal potentials the +chloride channels that have a reversal + + align:start position:0% +chloride channels that have a reversal + + + align:start position:0% +chloride channels that have a reversal +potential -75 and there are also + + align:start position:0% +potential -75 and there are also + + + align:start position:0% +potential -75 and there are also +potassium channels that serve an + + align:start position:0% +potassium channels that serve an + + + align:start position:0% +potassium channels that serve an +inhibitory function that can be + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory function that can be + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory function that can be +activated by synapses and they have a + + align:start position:0% +activated by synapses and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +activated by synapses and they have a +reversal potential more like minus + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential more like minus + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential more like minus +eighty it's the ion constant the + + align:start position:0% +eighty it's the ion constant the + + + align:start position:0% +eighty it's the ion constant the +concentration that's different okay cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see this kind of stuff all the time + + align:start position:0% +you see this kind of stuff all the time + + + align:start position:0% +you see this kind of stuff all the time +inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are +often upward going somebody will be + + align:start position:0% +often upward going somebody will be + + + align:start position:0% +often upward going somebody will be +super impressed with you if you look at + + align:start position:0% +super impressed with you if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +super impressed with you if you look at +a trace like this and you say is that an + + align:start position:0% +a trace like this and you say is that an + + + align:start position:0% +a trace like this and you say is that an +epsp or an IPS peak because you don't + + align:start position:0% +epsp or an IPS peak because you don't + + + align:start position:0% +epsp or an IPS peak because you don't +know just by looking at it most people + + align:start position:0% +know just by looking at it most people + + + align:start position:0% +know just by looking at it most people +would assume it's an epsp well so what + + align:start position:0% +would assume it's an epsp well so what + + + align:start position:0% +would assume it's an epsp well so what +do you think it's inhibitory if the + + align:start position:0% +do you think it's inhibitory if the + + + align:start position:0% +do you think it's inhibitory if the +reversal potential it's than the + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential it's than the + + + align:start position:0% +reversal potential it's than the +threshold so no matter how strong that + + align:start position:0% +threshold so no matter how strong that + + + align:start position:0% +threshold so no matter how strong that +inhibitory synapse is can it ever cause + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory synapse is can it ever cause + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory synapse is can it ever cause +a spike + + align:start position:0% +a spike + + + align:start position:0% +a spike +if the reversal potential is less than + + align:start position:0% +if the reversal potential is less than + + + align:start position:0% +if the reversal potential is less than +the threshold okay all right let's go on + + align:start position:0% +the threshold okay all right let's go on + + + align:start position:0% +the threshold okay all right let's go on +any questions about this it's so + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this it's so + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this it's so +fundamental yeah so it's normally around + + align:start position:0% +fundamental yeah so it's normally around + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental yeah so it's normally around +minus 60 minus 75 + + align:start position:0% +minus 60 minus 75 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 60 minus 75 +okay okay let's go on all right let me + + align:start position:0% +okay okay let's go on all right let me + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay let's go on all right let me +just talk a little bit more about this + + align:start position:0% +just talk a little bit more about this + + + align:start position:0% +just talk a little bit more about this +conductance so if you do a single + + align:start position:0% +conductance so if you do a single + + + align:start position:0% +conductance so if you do a single +channel patch experiment you can take an + + align:start position:0% +channel patch experiment you can take an + + + align:start position:0% +channel patch experiment you can take an +electrode remember I showed you what + + align:start position:0% +electrode remember I showed you what + + + align:start position:0% +electrode remember I showed you what +what it looks like if you take up an + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like if you take up an + + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like if you take up an +electrode and you stick it on a single + + align:start position:0% +electrode and you stick it on a single + + + align:start position:0% +electrode and you stick it on a single +sodium channel or a single potassium + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel or a single potassium + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel or a single potassium +channel where you can do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +channel where you can do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +channel where you can do the same thing +you can stick it on a an ayah + + align:start position:0% +you can stick it on a an ayah + + + align:start position:0% +you can stick it on a an ayah +neurotransmitter receptor you can flow + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor you can flow + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor you can flow +neurotransmitter neurotransmitter over + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter neurotransmitter over + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter neurotransmitter over +the receptor okay + + align:start position:0% +the receptor okay + + + align:start position:0% +the receptor okay +and what you see is that when you put + + align:start position:0% +and what you see is that when you put + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see is that when you put +the neurotransmitter on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like sodium and potassium channels it + + align:start position:0% +like sodium and potassium channels it + + + align:start position:0% +like sodium and potassium channels it +flickers between an open state and a + + align:start position:0% +flickers between an open state and a + + + align:start position:0% +flickers between an open state and a +closed state okay so it has two states + + align:start position:0% +closed state okay so it has two states + + + align:start position:0% +closed state okay so it has two states +open state and closed state you can do + + align:start position:0% +open state and closed state you can do + + + align:start position:0% +open state and closed state you can do +the same kind of modeling of it as you + + align:start position:0% +the same kind of modeling of it as you + + + align:start position:0% +the same kind of modeling of it as you +know with a kinetic rate equation with + + align:start position:0% +know with a kinetic rate equation with + + + align:start position:0% +know with a kinetic rate equation with +two states you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +two states you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +two states you can write down the +probability that the channel is in the + + align:start position:0% +probability that the channel is in the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the channel is in the +open and closed States that's going to + + align:start position:0% +open and closed States that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +open and closed States that's going to +be a function of what like + + align:start position:0% +be a function of what like + + + align:start position:0% +be a function of what like +neurotransmitter concentration and time + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter concentration and time + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter concentration and time +right so and you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +right so and you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +right so and you can write down the +total synaptic conductance as the + + align:start position:0% +total synaptic conductance as the + + + align:start position:0% +total synaptic conductance as the +conductance of a single open + + align:start position:0% +conductance of a single open + + + align:start position:0% +conductance of a single open +neurotransmitter receptor times the + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor times the + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor times the +number of neurotransmitter receptors + + align:start position:0% +number of neurotransmitter receptors + + + align:start position:0% +number of neurotransmitter receptors +times the probability that any of them + + align:start position:0% +times the probability that any of them + + + align:start position:0% +times the probability that any of them +is open any one of them is open okay and + + align:start position:0% +is open any one of them is open okay and + + + align:start position:0% +is open any one of them is open okay and +so now let's think about this + + align:start position:0% +so now let's think about this + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's think about this +probability as a function of time okay + + align:start position:0% +probability as a function of time okay + + + align:start position:0% +probability as a function of time okay +so we can model the neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +so we can model the neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +so we can model the neurotransmitter +receptors you know write down the + + align:start position:0% +receptors you know write down the + + + align:start position:0% +receptors you know write down the +probability that it's open the + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's open the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's open the +probability that it's closed then it has + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's closed then it has + + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's closed then it has +to be 1 minus P alpha and beta are rate + + align:start position:0% +to be 1 minus P alpha and beta are rate + + + align:start position:0% +to be 1 minus P alpha and beta are rate +constants that one over time they have + + align:start position:0% +constants that one over time they have + + + align:start position:0% +constants that one over time they have +units of 1 over time and what controls + + align:start position:0% +units of 1 over time and what controls + + + align:start position:0% +units of 1 over time and what controls +the rate at which the channel is open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so alpha will depend on the + + align:start position:0% +good so alpha will depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +good so alpha will depend on the +concentration of neurotransmitter that + + align:start position:0% +concentration of neurotransmitter that + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of neurotransmitter that +controls the rate at which closed + + align:start position:0% +controls the rate at which closed + + + align:start position:0% +controls the rate at which closed +channels open and how about open to + + align:start position:0% +channels open and how about open to + + + align:start position:0% +channels open and how about open to +closed it's not the rate of the it's not + + align:start position:0% +closed it's not the rate of the it's not + + + align:start position:0% +closed it's not the rate of the it's not +the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of the +neurotransmitter what it'll be something + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter what it'll be something + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter what it'll be something +else exactly so there will be some + + align:start position:0% +else exactly so there will be some + + + align:start position:0% +else exactly so there will be some +basically some rate constant for + + align:start position:0% +basically some rate constant for + + + align:start position:0% +basically some rate constant for +neurotransmitter unbinding okay all + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter unbinding okay all + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter unbinding okay all +right so let's do that so here's that + + align:start position:0% +right so let's do that so here's that + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's do that so here's that +model this is a simplified version of + + align:start position:0% +model this is a simplified version of + + + align:start position:0% +model this is a simplified version of +the maggle B Stevens model and it looks + + align:start position:0% +the maggle B Stevens model and it looks + + + align:start position:0% +the maggle B Stevens model and it looks +like this there's a closed an open state + + align:start position:0% +like this there's a closed an open state + + + align:start position:0% +like this there's a closed an open state +the open state corresponds to the closed + + align:start position:0% +the open state corresponds to the closed + + + align:start position:0% +the open state corresponds to the closed +neurotransmitter receptor our binding to + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor our binding to + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor our binding to +a neurotransmitter an unbound + + align:start position:0% +a neurotransmitter an unbound + + + align:start position:0% +a neurotransmitter an unbound +neurotransmitter molecule forming a + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter molecule forming a + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter molecule forming a +complex bound receptor complex there's + + align:start position:0% +complex bound receptor complex there's + + + align:start position:0% +complex bound receptor complex there's +usually another step this the way this + + align:start position:0% +usually another step this the way this + + + align:start position:0% +usually another step this the way this +is usually modeled in the maccabees + + align:start position:0% +is usually modeled in the maccabees + + + align:start position:0% +is usually modeled in the maccabees +Stevens model is that the bound receptor + + align:start position:0% +Stevens model is that the bound receptor + + + align:start position:0% +Stevens model is that the bound receptor +complex is closed and then it opens in + + align:start position:0% +complex is closed and then it opens in + + + align:start position:0% +complex is closed and then it opens in +another transition but we're just gonna + + align:start position:0% +another transition but we're just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +another transition but we're just gonna +keep it simple and do it this way so we + + align:start position:0% +keep it simple and do it this way so we + + + align:start position:0% +keep it simple and do it this way so we +have a closed state unbound + + align:start position:0% +have a closed state unbound + + + align:start position:0% +have a closed state unbound +neurotransmitter receptor binds to an + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor binds to an + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor binds to an +unbound neurotransmitter receptor + + align:start position:0% +unbound neurotransmitter receptor + + + align:start position:0% +unbound neurotransmitter receptor +molecule and forms our bound receptor + + align:start position:0% +molecule and forms our bound receptor + + + align:start position:0% +molecule and forms our bound receptor +complex that is then open so that's P + + align:start position:0% +complex that is then open so that's P + + + align:start position:0% +complex that is then open so that's P +and that's 1 minus P and we can just + + align:start position:0% +and that's 1 minus P and we can just + + + align:start position:0% +and that's 1 minus P and we can just +write down the rate equation just the + + align:start position:0% +write down the rate equation just the + + + align:start position:0% +write down the rate equation just the +same way that we did for analyze the + + align:start position:0% +same way that we did for analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +same way that we did for analyze the +time dependence of the sodium channel or + + align:start position:0% +time dependence of the sodium channel or + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence of the sodium channel or +the potassium channel isn't that amazing + + align:start position:0% +the potassium channel isn't that amazing + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium channel isn't that amazing +all that stuff we learned for + + align:start position:0% +all that stuff we learned for + + + align:start position:0% +all that stuff we learned for +hodgkin-huxley just you can use all the + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley just you can use all the + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley just you can use all the +same machinery here ok so that's a + + align:start position:0% +same machinery here ok so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +same machinery here ok so that's a +simple model and you can take a + + align:start position:0% +simple model and you can take a + + + align:start position:0% +simple model and you can take a +simplification of it we're going to + + align:start position:0% +simplification of it we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +simplification of it we're going to +assume that the binding is very fast + + align:start position:0% +assume that the binding is very fast + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the binding is very fast +that the alpha is very fast so that when + + align:start position:0% +that the alpha is very fast so that when + + + align:start position:0% +that the alpha is very fast so that when +you put a pulse of neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +you put a pulse of neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +you put a pulse of neurotransmitter +concentration onto the synapse the + + align:start position:0% +concentration onto the synapse the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration onto the synapse the +probability of being open we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +probability of being open we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being open we're gonna +assume that this is super fast so that + + align:start position:0% +assume that this is super fast so that + + + align:start position:0% +assume that this is super fast so that +the rate at which you go from unbound to + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which you go from unbound to + + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which you go from unbound to +bound is is very happy + + align:start position:0% +bound is is very happy + + + align:start position:0% +bound is is very happy +and now the neurotransmitter goes away + + align:start position:0% +and now the neurotransmitter goes away + + + align:start position:0% +and now the neurotransmitter goes away +and you can see zero concentration here + + align:start position:0% +and you can see zero concentration here + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see zero concentration here +let's say you bind the probability of + + align:start position:0% +let's say you bind the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you bind the probability of +being open gets big and then the + + align:start position:0% +being open gets big and then the + + + align:start position:0% +being open gets big and then the +neurotransmitter goes away you can see + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter goes away you can see + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter goes away you can see +that this first term goes to 0 because + + align:start position:0% +that this first term goes to 0 because + + + align:start position:0% +that this first term goes to 0 because +the neurotransmitter concentration is + + align:start position:0% +the neurotransmitter concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +the neurotransmitter concentration is +zero you can see that DP DT is just + + align:start position:0% +zero you can see that DP DT is just + + + align:start position:0% +zero you can see that DP DT is just +minus beta P and that's just an + + align:start position:0% +minus beta P and that's just an + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta P and that's just an +exponential decay so the model is bind + + align:start position:0% +exponential decay so the model is bind + + + align:start position:0% +exponential decay so the model is bind +neurotransmitter opens the + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter opens the + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter opens the +neurotransmitter receptor + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptor +neurotransmitter goes away and then + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter goes away and then + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter goes away and then +there's an exponential decay probability + + align:start position:0% +there's an exponential decay probability + + + align:start position:0% +there's an exponential decay probability +that you're in the open state yes what's + + align:start position:0% +that you're in the open state yes what's + + + align:start position:0% +that you're in the open state yes what's +that oh yeah the neurotransmitter goes + + align:start position:0% +that oh yeah the neurotransmitter goes + + + align:start position:0% +that oh yeah the neurotransmitter goes +away I forgot to say that it's a super + + align:start position:0% +away I forgot to say that it's a super + + + align:start position:0% +away I forgot to say that it's a super +important point there's one more step + + align:start position:0% +important point there's one more step + + + align:start position:0% +important point there's one more step +that I forgot to include bebas nodding + + align:start position:0% +that I forgot to include bebas nodding + + + align:start position:0% +that I forgot to include bebas nodding +at me like yeah you forgot that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what happens is the neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +what happens is the neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is the neurotransmitter +goes into the cleft and it gets taken up + + align:start position:0% +goes into the cleft and it gets taken up + + + align:start position:0% +goes into the cleft and it gets taken up +by neurotransmitter what are they called + + align:start position:0% +by neurotransmitter what are they called + + + align:start position:0% +by neurotransmitter what are they called +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +a bee-like reuptake thank you that + + align:start position:0% +a bee-like reuptake thank you that + + + align:start position:0% +a bee-like reuptake thank you that +neurotransmitter gets bound by receptors + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter gets bound by receptors + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter gets bound by receptors +on glia and on the presynaptic terminal + + align:start position:0% +on glia and on the presynaptic terminal + + + align:start position:0% +on glia and on the presynaptic terminal +and gets pumped out of the synaptic + + align:start position:0% +and gets pumped out of the synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +and gets pumped out of the synaptic +cleft okay so that that's what makes + + align:start position:0% +cleft okay so that that's what makes + + + align:start position:0% +cleft okay so that that's what makes +this go away in addition to diffusion + + align:start position:0% +this go away in addition to diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +this go away in addition to diffusion +okay so this is in the full model you do + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is in the full model you do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is in the full model you do +and in fact what this really looks like + + align:start position:0% +and in fact what this really looks like + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact what this really looks like +is this kind of turns on more slowly and + + align:start position:0% +is this kind of turns on more slowly and + + + align:start position:0% +is this kind of turns on more slowly and +then goes away with an exponential but + + align:start position:0% +then goes away with an exponential but + + + align:start position:0% +then goes away with an exponential but +I'm just kind of walking through this + + align:start position:0% +I'm just kind of walking through this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just kind of walking through this +super simplified model this this is like + + align:start position:0% +super simplified model this this is like + + + align:start position:0% +super simplified model this this is like +that's my mental model for how synapse + + align:start position:0% +that's my mental model for how synapse + + + align:start position:0% +that's my mental model for how synapse +works okay people who actually work on + + align:start position:0% +works okay people who actually work on + + + align:start position:0% +works okay people who actually work on +synapses would probably laugh at me but + + align:start position:0% +synapses would probably laugh at me but + + + align:start position:0% +synapses would probably laugh at me but +but that's kind of how I think of it + + align:start position:0% +but that's kind of how I think of it + + + align:start position:0% +but that's kind of how I think of it +okay Lena oh yeah the N the N is really + + align:start position:0% +okay Lena oh yeah the N the N is really + + + align:start position:0% +okay Lena oh yeah the N the N is really +cool what is it what do you think it + + align:start position:0% +cool what is it what do you think it + + + align:start position:0% +cool what is it what do you think it +means yes it's the number of binding + + align:start position:0% +means yes it's the number of binding + + + align:start position:0% +means yes it's the number of binding +sites so you can see that that if if the + + align:start position:0% +sites so you can see that that if if the + + + align:start position:0% +sites so you can see that that if if the +receptor requires two neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +receptor requires two neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +receptor requires two neurotransmitter +molecules to bind before it opens then + + align:start position:0% +molecules to bind before it opens then + + + align:start position:0% +molecules to bind before it opens then +you have a concentration squared okay + + align:start position:0% +you have a concentration squared okay + + + align:start position:0% +you have a concentration squared okay +and that has really important + + align:start position:0% +and that has really important + + + align:start position:0% +and that has really important +consequences on the way it works because + + align:start position:0% +consequences on the way it works because + + + align:start position:0% +consequences on the way it works because +because what it does is it makes the + + align:start position:0% +because what it does is it makes the + + + align:start position:0% +because what it does is it makes the +receptor very sensitive to high + + align:start position:0% +receptor very sensitive to high + + + align:start position:0% +receptor very sensitive to high +concentrations of neurotransmitter so + + align:start position:0% +concentrations of neurotransmitter so + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations of neurotransmitter so +they don't respond to the little leakage + + align:start position:0% +they don't respond to the little leakage + + + align:start position:0% +they don't respond to the little leakage +of neuronal some residual + + align:start position:0% +of neuronal some residual + + + align:start position:0% +of neuronal some residual +neurotransmitter left around that the + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter left around that the + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter left around that the +reuptake systems haven't dealt with yet + + align:start position:0% +reuptake systems haven't dealt with yet + + + align:start position:0% +reuptake systems haven't dealt with yet +but when a when a vesicle releases then + + align:start position:0% +but when a when a vesicle releases then + + + align:start position:0% +but when a when a vesicle releases then +you have a neurotransmitter at a very + + align:start position:0% +you have a neurotransmitter at a very + + + align:start position:0% +you have a neurotransmitter at a very +high concentration and this thing makes + + align:start position:0% +high concentration and this thing makes + + + align:start position:0% +high concentration and this thing makes +it only sensitive to the peak of the + + align:start position:0% +it only sensitive to the peak of the + + + align:start position:0% +it only sensitive to the peak of the +neurotransmitter concentration okay yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here in this phase + + align:start position:0% +here in this phase + + + align:start position:0% +here in this phase +does this end matter is that your + + align:start position:0% +does this end matter is that your + + + align:start position:0% +does this end matter is that your +question yeah what so you know the + + align:start position:0% +question yeah what so you know the + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah what so you know the +answer to that question here you're + + align:start position:0% +answer to that question here you're + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that question here you're +asking if here this end matters what + + align:start position:0% +asking if here this end matters what + + + align:start position:0% +asking if here this end matters what +what's what's that concentration here so + + align:start position:0% +what's what's that concentration here so + + + align:start position:0% +what's what's that concentration here so +with zero to the end okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next so we just did all of that I better + + align:start position:0% +next so we just did all of that I better + + + align:start position:0% +next so we just did all of that I better +speed up let's talk about convolution so + + align:start position:0% +speed up let's talk about convolution so + + + align:start position:0% +speed up let's talk about convolution so +this is what happens when a single + + align:start position:0% +this is what happens when a single + + + align:start position:0% +this is what happens when a single +action potential comes down the axon the + + align:start position:0% +action potential comes down the axon the + + + align:start position:0% +action potential comes down the axon the +presynaptic terminal releases + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic terminal releases + + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic terminal releases +neurotransmitter boom you get a pulse of + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter boom you get a pulse of + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter boom you get a pulse of +probability of the nerve of the receptor + + align:start position:0% +probability of the nerve of the receptor + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the nerve of the receptor +being open okay that you recall is just + + align:start position:0% +being open okay that you recall is just + + + align:start position:0% +being open okay that you recall is just +proportional likes where'd it go that + + align:start position:0% +proportional likes where'd it go that + + + align:start position:0% +proportional likes where'd it go that +probability is just you just multiply by + + align:start position:0% +probability is just you just multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +probability is just you just multiply by +some constants to get the conductance + + align:start position:0% +some constants to get the conductance + + + align:start position:0% +some constants to get the conductance +okay okay so that is what the + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so that is what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so that is what the +conductance looks like okay all right + + align:start position:0% +conductance looks like okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +conductance looks like okay all right +now so there's our input spike our input + + align:start position:0% +now so there's our input spike our input + + + align:start position:0% +now so there's our input spike our input +neuron our presynaptic neuron generates + + align:start position:0% +neuron our presynaptic neuron generates + + + align:start position:0% +neuron our presynaptic neuron generates +a spike and that produces a response + + align:start position:0% +a spike and that produces a response + + + align:start position:0% +a spike and that produces a response +which is a conductance that looks like a + + align:start position:0% +which is a conductance that looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +which is a conductance that looks like a +pulse and an exponential decay okay now + + align:start position:0% +pulse and an exponential decay okay now + + + align:start position:0% +pulse and an exponential decay okay now +what do you think would happen if we a + + align:start position:0% +what do you think would happen if we a + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think would happen if we a +bunch of spikes like this good just does + + align:start position:0% +bunch of spikes like this good just does + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of spikes like this good just does +it each time okay and we're ignoring + + align:start position:0% +it each time okay and we're ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +it each time okay and we're ignoring +fancy effects like paired pulse + + align:start position:0% +fancy effects like paired pulse + + + align:start position:0% +fancy effects like paired pulse +depression or facilitation or things + + align:start position:0% +depression or facilitation or things + + + align:start position:0% +depression or facilitation or things +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +okay there are all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +okay there are all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +okay there are all kinds of +that synapses can do where there's one + + align:start position:0% +that synapses can do where there's one + + + align:start position:0% +that synapses can do where there's one +Paulson and there's some residual + + align:start position:0% +Paulson and there's some residual + + + align:start position:0% +Paulson and there's some residual +calcium left in the presynaptic terminal + + align:start position:0% +calcium left in the presynaptic terminal + + + align:start position:0% +calcium left in the presynaptic terminal +and that makes the next pulse produce an + + align:start position:0% +and that makes the next pulse produce an + + + align:start position:0% +and that makes the next pulse produce an +even bigger response or sometimes one + + align:start position:0% +even bigger response or sometimes one + + + align:start position:0% +even bigger response or sometimes one +pulse will use up all the vesicles that + + align:start position:0% +pulse will use up all the vesicles that + + + align:start position:0% +pulse will use up all the vesicles that +are bound and so the next pulse will + + align:start position:0% +are bound and so the next pulse will + + + align:start position:0% +are bound and so the next pulse will +come in and there won't be enough + + align:start position:0% +come in and there won't be enough + + + align:start position:0% +come in and there won't be enough +vesicles and this will be smaller we're + + align:start position:0% +vesicles and this will be smaller we're + + + align:start position:0% +vesicles and this will be smaller we're +just going to ignore all of those + + align:start position:0% +just going to ignore all of those + + + align:start position:0% +just going to ignore all of those +complications right now and we're just + + align:start position:0% +complications right now and we're just + + + align:start position:0% +complications right now and we're just +going to think about how to model a + + align:start position:0% +going to think about how to model a + + + align:start position:0% +going to think about how to model a +postsynaptic response given a + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic response given a + + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic response given a +presynaptic input and we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic input and we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +presynaptic input and we're going to use +what's called a linear model we're going + + align:start position:0% +what's called a linear model we're going + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a linear model we're going +to use convolution and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to use convolution and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to use convolution and we're going to +call this single event right here we're + + align:start position:0% +call this single event right here we're + + + align:start position:0% +call this single event right here we're +going to call that the impulse response + + align:start position:0% +going to call that the impulse response + + + align:start position:0% +going to call that the impulse response +the input is an impulse and the response + + align:start position:0% +the input is an impulse and the response + + + align:start position:0% +the input is an impulse and the response +is the impulse response and this is also + + align:start position:0% +is the impulse response and this is also + + + align:start position:0% +is the impulse response and this is also +called a linear kernel okay the response + + align:start position:0% +called a linear kernel okay the response + + + align:start position:0% +called a linear kernel okay the response +to multiple inputs can be modeled as a + + align:start position:0% +to multiple inputs can be modeled as a + + + align:start position:0% +to multiple inputs can be modeled as a +convolution okay looks a little messy + + align:start position:0% +convolution okay looks a little messy + + + align:start position:0% +convolution okay looks a little messy +but I'm going to explain how to just + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to explain how to just + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to explain how to just +visualize it very simply alright so + + align:start position:0% +visualize it very simply alright so + + + align:start position:0% +visualize it very simply alright so +here's how you think about it notice + + align:start position:0% +here's how you think about it notice + + + align:start position:0% +here's how you think about it notice +that the response of the system is just + + align:start position:0% +that the response of the system is just + + + align:start position:0% +that the response of the system is just +this operation where we're multiplying + + align:start position:0% +this operation where we're multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +this operation where we're multiplying +the kernel times the stimulus and + + align:start position:0% +the kernel times the stimulus and + + + align:start position:0% +the kernel times the stimulus and +integrating over time okay so what we're + + align:start position:0% +integrating over time okay so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +integrating over time okay so what we're +going to do is we're going the way to + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going the way to + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going the way to +think about this is to take the kernel K + + align:start position:0% +think about this is to take the kernel K + + + align:start position:0% +think about this is to take the kernel K +flip it words and plot it there okay now + + align:start position:0% +flip it words and plot it there okay now + + + align:start position:0% +flip it words and plot it there okay now +notice that what this thing does is it + + align:start position:0% +notice that what this thing does is it + + + align:start position:0% +notice that what this thing does is it +says I'm going to integrate the product + + align:start position:0% +says I'm going to integrate the product + + + align:start position:0% +says I'm going to integrate the product +of the kernel and the stimulus notice + + align:start position:0% +of the kernel and the stimulus notice + + + align:start position:0% +of the kernel and the stimulus notice +there's I'm integrating over towel but + + align:start position:0% +there's I'm integrating over towel but + + + align:start position:0% +there's I'm integrating over towel but +this tau and that has a minus tau so + + align:start position:0% +this tau and that has a minus tau so + + + align:start position:0% +this tau and that has a minus tau so +what I'm doing is I'm multiplying at a + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing is I'm multiplying at a + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing is I'm multiplying at a +particular and notice that it's shifted + + align:start position:0% +particular and notice that it's shifted + + + align:start position:0% +particular and notice that it's shifted +by a time T okay so what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +by a time T okay so what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +by a time T okay so what I'm going to do +is I'm going to put the kernel at time T + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to put the kernel at time T + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to put the kernel at time T +and I'm going to integrate the product + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to integrate the product + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to integrate the product +of the kernel and the stimuli + + align:start position:0% +of the kernel and the stimuli + + + align:start position:0% +of the kernel and the stimuli +so what what do I get if I multiply this + + align:start position:0% +so what what do I get if I multiply this + + + align:start position:0% +so what what do I get if I multiply this +times this zero and so at that time I + + align:start position:0% +times this zero and so at that time I + + + align:start position:0% +times this zero and so at that time I +write down a zero okay now I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +write down a zero okay now I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +write down a zero okay now I'm gonna +change T and I'm gonna shift this over + + align:start position:0% +change T and I'm gonna shift this over + + + align:start position:0% +change T and I'm gonna shift this over +and multiply them together or do I get + + align:start position:0% +and multiply them together or do I get + + + align:start position:0% +and multiply them together or do I get +good another zero + + align:start position:0% +good another zero + + + align:start position:0% +good another zero +now I'll shift it again I'm just + + align:start position:0% +now I'll shift it again I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +now I'll shift it again I'm just +increasing T here I'm not integrating + + align:start position:0% +increasing T here I'm not integrating + + + align:start position:0% +increasing T here I'm not integrating +over T I'm integrating over tau so I + + align:start position:0% +over T I'm integrating over tau so I + + + align:start position:0% +over T I'm integrating over tau so I +just shift this a little bit good and + + align:start position:0% +just shift this a little bit good and + + + align:start position:0% +just shift this a little bit good and +now when I multiply them together or do + + align:start position:0% +now when I multiply them together or do + + + align:start position:0% +now when I multiply them together or do +I get like that good I just get the area + + align:start position:0% +I get like that good I just get the area + + + align:start position:0% +I get like that good I just get the area +under that curve and integrate and I get + + align:start position:0% +under that curve and integrate and I get + + + align:start position:0% +under that curve and integrate and I get +a point here okay now let's shift it + + align:start position:0% +a point here okay now let's shift it + + + align:start position:0% +a point here okay now let's shift it +again good now + + align:start position:0% +again good now + + + align:start position:0% +again good now +multiply them together what do I get + + align:start position:0% +multiply them together what do I get + + + align:start position:0% +multiply them together what do I get +slightly smaller integral and I plot + + align:start position:0% +slightly smaller integral and I plot + + + align:start position:0% +slightly smaller integral and I plot +that there okay + + align:start position:0% +that there okay + + + align:start position:0% +that there okay +shift it again integrate plot another + + align:start position:0% +shift it again integrate plot another + + + align:start position:0% +shift it again integrate plot another +point shifted again integrate and now + + align:start position:0% +point shifted again integrate and now + + + align:start position:0% +point shifted again integrate and now +it's and if I keep shifting that the + + align:start position:0% +it's and if I keep shifting that the + + + align:start position:0% +it's and if I keep shifting that the +integral the product is zero and the + + align:start position:0% +integral the product is zero and the + + + align:start position:0% +integral the product is zero and the +integral is zero okay so you can see + + align:start position:0% +integral is zero okay so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +integral is zero okay so you can see +that I can take this kernel convolve it + + align:start position:0% +that I can take this kernel convolve it + + + align:start position:0% +that I can take this kernel convolve it +with a stimulus that's at an impulse and + + align:start position:0% +with a stimulus that's at an impulse and + + + align:start position:0% +with a stimulus that's at an impulse and +I get the kernel I get the impulse + + align:start position:0% +I get the kernel I get the impulse + + + align:start position:0% +I get the kernel I get the impulse +response that makes sense so you can see + + align:start position:0% +response that makes sense so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +response that makes sense so you can see +what i'm doing here is i'm from time I'm + + align:start position:0% +what i'm doing here is i'm from time I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm doing here is i'm from time I'm +taking the stimulus okay at time T and + + align:start position:0% +taking the stimulus okay at time T and + + + align:start position:0% +taking the stimulus okay at time T and +I'm going as I integrate over tau I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm going as I integrate over tau I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going as I integrate over tau I'm +going backwards here and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +going backwards here and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +going backwards here and I'm going +forwards here so starting from here I'm + + align:start position:0% +forwards here so starting from here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +forwards here so starting from here I'm +integrating like this I'm multiplying + + align:start position:0% +integrating like this I'm multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +integrating like this I'm multiplying +these like this and then ready okay and + + align:start position:0% +these like this and then ready okay and + + + align:start position:0% +these like this and then ready okay and +that's why you flip it over okay so it's + + align:start position:0% +that's why you flip it over okay so it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you flip it over okay so it's +very easy to picture what it does so + + align:start position:0% +very easy to picture what it does so + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to picture what it does so +when somebody shows you a linear kernel + + align:start position:0% +when somebody shows you a linear kernel + + + align:start position:0% +when somebody shows you a linear kernel +and ask you to convolve it with a + + align:start position:0% +and ask you to convolve it with a + + + align:start position:0% +and ask you to convolve it with a +stimulus the first thing you do is you + + align:start position:0% +stimulus the first thing you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus the first thing you do is you +mentally flip it backwards and slide it + + align:start position:0% +mentally flip it backwards and slide it + + + align:start position:0% +mentally flip it backwards and slide it +over this US and integrate the product + + align:start position:0% +over this US and integrate the product + + + align:start position:0% +over this US and integrate the product +at each different position okay now you + + align:start position:0% +at each different position okay now you + + + align:start position:0% +at each different position okay now you +can see that when you do that when you + + align:start position:0% +can see that when you do that when you + + + align:start position:0% +can see that when you do that when you +convolve that kernel with a pulse you + + align:start position:0% +convolve that kernel with a pulse you + + + align:start position:0% +convolve that kernel with a pulse you +just recover the impulse response okay + + align:start position:0% +just recover the impulse response okay + + + align:start position:0% +just recover the impulse response okay +so now let's convolve our linear Oh I'm + + align:start position:0% +so now let's convolve our linear Oh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's convolve our linear Oh I'm +plotting it flip backwards now with a + + align:start position:0% +plotting it flip backwards now with a + + + align:start position:0% +plotting it flip backwards now with a +single pulse so Daniel made these little + + align:start position:0% +single pulse so Daniel made these little + + + align:start position:0% +single pulse so Daniel made these little +demos for us and that the resulting + + align:start position:0% +demos for us and that the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +demos for us and that the resulting +conductance is here okay now that was + + align:start position:0% +conductance is here okay now that was + + + align:start position:0% +conductance is here okay now that was +really obvious easy right we didn't need + + align:start position:0% +really obvious easy right we didn't need + + + align:start position:0% +really obvious easy right we didn't need +to you know to have a MATLAB program + + align:start position:0% +to you know to have a MATLAB program + + + align:start position:0% +to you know to have a MATLAB program +simulate that for us right but what + + align:start position:0% +simulate that for us right but what + + + align:start position:0% +simulate that for us right but what +about this what is here we have a pulse + + align:start position:0% +about this what is here we have a pulse + + + align:start position:0% +about this what is here we have a pulse +tray a spike train there's the post + + align:start position:0% +tray a spike train there's the post + + + align:start position:0% +tray a spike train there's the post +synaptic response from one spike now to + + align:start position:0% +synaptic response from one spike now to + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic response from one spike now to +get the post synaptic response from a + + align:start position:0% +get the post synaptic response from a + + + align:start position:0% +get the post synaptic response from a +bunch of spikes we can just convolve the + + align:start position:0% +bunch of spikes we can just convolve the + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of spikes we can just convolve the +kernel with this spike train and let's + + align:start position:0% +kernel with this spike train and let's + + + align:start position:0% +kernel with this spike train and let's +see what happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boom response from the first spike boom + + align:start position:0% +boom response from the first spike boom + + + align:start position:0% +boom response from the first spike boom +boom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that is actually really really close to + + align:start position:0% +that is actually really really close to + + + align:start position:0% +that is actually really really close to +what it looks like when a train of + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like when a train of + + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like when a train of +pulses comes into a neuron okay what + + align:start position:0% +pulses comes into a neuron okay what + + + align:start position:0% +pulses comes into a neuron okay what +happens is the first spike produces a + + align:start position:0% +happens is the first spike produces a + + + align:start position:0% +happens is the first spike produces a +conductance response when you have two + + align:start position:0% +conductance response when you have two + + + align:start position:0% +conductance response when you have two +spikes close together the first that the + + align:start position:0% +spikes close together the first that the + + + align:start position:0% +spikes close together the first that the +conductance from the first spike has not + + align:start position:0% +conductance from the first spike has not + + + align:start position:0% +conductance from the first spike has not +decayed yet and so what yet when the + + align:start position:0% +decayed yet and so what yet when the + + + align:start position:0% +decayed yet and so what yet when the +second spike hits and so that comes in + + align:start position:0% +second spike hits and so that comes in + + + align:start position:0% +second spike hits and so that comes in +and adds to it and it adds linearly so + + align:start position:0% +and adds to it and it adds linearly so + + + align:start position:0% +and adds to it and it adds linearly so +if this is halfway down you add a full + + align:start position:0% +if this is halfway down you add a full + + + align:start position:0% +if this is halfway down you add a full +impulse response on top of it and now + + align:start position:0% +impulse response on top of it and now + + + align:start position:0% +impulse response on top of it and now +the previous one and the current one are + + align:start position:0% +the previous one and the current one are + + + align:start position:0% +the previous one and the current one are +decaying back to zero and you can add as + + align:start position:0% +decaying back to zero and you can add as + + + align:start position:0% +decaying back to zero and you can add as +many of those on top of each other as + + align:start position:0% +many of those on top of each other as + + + align:start position:0% +many of those on top of each other as +you want okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and turns out this is super easy to + + align:start position:0% +okay and turns out this is super easy to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and turns out this is super easy to +do in MATLAB you're gonna learn how to + + align:start position:0% +do in MATLAB you're gonna learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +do in MATLAB you're gonna learn how to +do this + + align:start position:0% +do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this +this idea is so fundamental it's it's + + align:start position:0% +this idea is so fundamental it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +this idea is so fundamental it's it's +this idea of convolution we're gonna use + + align:start position:0% +this idea of convolution we're gonna use + + + align:start position:0% +this idea of convolution we're gonna use +to describe receptive fields we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +to describe receptive fields we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +to describe receptive fields we're gonna +use it to describe filtering when we + + align:start position:0% +use it to describe filtering when we + + + align:start position:0% +use it to describe filtering when we +start getting to processing data it's + + align:start position:0% +start getting to processing data it's + + + align:start position:0% +start getting to processing data it's +incredibly useful I'm very powerful okay + + align:start position:0% +incredibly useful I'm very powerful okay + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly useful I'm very powerful okay +yes this linear kernel reflects that + + align:start position:0% +yes this linear kernel reflects that + + + align:start position:0% +yes this linear kernel reflects that +response + + align:start position:0% +response + + + align:start position:0% +response +the conductance response of the + + align:start position:0% +the conductance response of the + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance response of the +postsynaptic neuron to a single spike + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic neuron to a single spike + + + align:start position:0% +postsynaptic neuron to a single spike +single presynaptic spike because if you + + align:start position:0% +single presynaptic spike because if you + + + align:start position:0% +single presynaptic spike because if you +have a bunch of single spikes like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the answer is really obvious right it's + + align:start position:0% +the answer is really obvious right it's + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is really obvious right it's +just one of those one of those little + + align:start position:0% +just one of those one of those little + + + align:start position:0% +just one of those one of those little +Exponential's for every spike that comes + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's for every spike that comes + + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's for every spike that comes +in but it's less obvious when you have a + + align:start position:0% +in but it's less obvious when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +in but it's less obvious when you have a +complex spike train like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the linear convolution tells you + + align:start position:0% +yeah the linear convolution tells you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the linear convolution tells you +how the postsynaptic neuron to respond + + align:start position:0% +how the postsynaptic neuron to respond + + + align:start position:0% +how the postsynaptic neuron to respond +to a train of action potentials that are + + align:start position:0% +to a train of action potentials that are + + + align:start position:0% +to a train of action potentials that are +overlapped where the response has not + + align:start position:0% +overlapped where the response has not + + + align:start position:0% +overlapped where the response has not +gone away to the first bike by the time + + align:start position:0% +gone away to the first bike by the time + + + align:start position:0% +gone away to the first bike by the time +the second spike arrives yeah the kernel + + align:start position:0% +the second spike arrives yeah the kernel + + + align:start position:0% +the second spike arrives yeah the kernel +can have different shapes I've just + + align:start position:0% +can have different shapes I've just + + + align:start position:0% +can have different shapes I've just +chosen a particularly simple one because + + align:start position:0% +chosen a particularly simple one because + + + align:start position:0% +chosen a particularly simple one because +actually an an exponentially decaying + + align:start position:0% +actually an an exponentially decaying + + + align:start position:0% +actually an an exponentially decaying +kernel turns out to be really important + + align:start position:0% +kernel turns out to be really important + + + align:start position:0% +kernel turns out to be really important +it's actually a low-pass filter yes the + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a low-pass filter yes the + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a low-pass filter yes the +convolution if you use the convolution + + align:start position:0% +convolution if you use the convolution + + + align:start position:0% +convolution if you use the convolution +the thing you're using as the kernel is + + align:start position:0% +the thing you're using as the kernel is + + + align:start position:0% +the thing you're using as the kernel is +always a linear kernel because the + + align:start position:0% +always a linear kernel because the + + + align:start position:0% +always a linear kernel because the +convolution is a linear you call the + + align:start position:0% +convolution is a linear you call the + + + align:start position:0% +convolution is a linear you call the +thing that York involving a linear + + align:start position:0% +thing that York involving a linear + + + align:start position:0% +thing that York involving a linear +kernel + + align:start position:0% +kernel + + + align:start position:0% +kernel +it's just terminology I just focus on + + align:start position:0% +it's just terminology I just focus on + + + align:start position:0% +it's just terminology I just focus on +what it does and how it works + + align:start position:0% +what it does and how it works + + + align:start position:0% +what it does and how it works +rather than the names okay just call it + + align:start position:0% +rather than the names okay just call it + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the names okay just call it +impulse response if that's easier okay + + align:start position:0% +impulse response if that's easier okay + + + align:start position:0% +impulse response if that's easier okay +all right let's push on I want to + + align:start position:0% +all right let's push on I want to + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's push on I want to +introduce an idea of synaptic saturation + + align:start position:0% +introduce an idea of synaptic saturation + + + align:start position:0% +introduce an idea of synaptic saturation +I'm I'm getting really worried about the + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm getting really worried about the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm getting really worried about the +crayfish okay it's an apt exaggeration + + align:start position:0% +crayfish okay it's an apt exaggeration + + + align:start position:0% +crayfish okay it's an apt exaggeration +okay so remember we introduced the idea + + align:start position:0% +okay so remember we introduced the idea + + + align:start position:0% +okay so remember we introduced the idea +of a of a two compartment model okay so + + align:start position:0% +of a of a two compartment model okay so + + + align:start position:0% +of a of a two compartment model okay so +last time we talked about a model in + + align:start position:0% +last time we talked about a model in + + + align:start position:0% +last time we talked about a model in +which you have a soma and a dendrite you + + align:start position:0% +which you have a soma and a dendrite you + + + align:start position:0% +which you have a soma and a dendrite you +simplified the dendrite just by writing + + align:start position:0% +simplified the dendrite just by writing + + + align:start position:0% +simplified the dendrite just by writing +it down as another little piece of + + align:start position:0% +it down as another little piece of + + + align:start position:0% +it down as another little piece of +membrane another little cellular + + align:start position:0% +membrane another little cellular + + + align:start position:0% +membrane another little cellular +compartment that's connected to the soma + + align:start position:0% +compartment that's connected to the soma + + + align:start position:0% +compartment that's connected to the soma +through a resistor and now you can write + + align:start position:0% +through a resistor and now you can write + + + align:start position:0% +through a resistor and now you can write +model for the dendritic compartment that + + align:start position:0% +model for the dendritic compartment that + + + align:start position:0% +model for the dendritic compartment that +looks just like a capacitor and a + + align:start position:0% +looks just like a capacitor and a + + + align:start position:0% +looks just like a capacitor and a +conductance with a reversal potential + + align:start position:0% +conductance with a reversal potential + + + align:start position:0% +conductance with a reversal potential +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and you have the same kind of model + + align:start position:0% +and you have the same kind of model + + + align:start position:0% +and you have the same kind of model +capacitor conductance reversal potential + + align:start position:0% +capacitor conductance reversal potential + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor conductance reversal potential +battery for the soma and of course those + + align:start position:0% +battery for the soma and of course those + + + align:start position:0% +battery for the soma and of course those +two compartments are connected to each + + align:start position:0% +two compartments are connected to each + + + align:start position:0% +two compartments are connected to each +other sister that represents the axial + + align:start position:0% +other sister that represents the axial + + + align:start position:0% +other sister that represents the axial +resistance of the piece of dendrite + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the piece of dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the piece of dendrite +that's really connecting them okay so + + align:start position:0% +that's really connecting them okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that's really connecting them okay so +that's called a two compartment model + + align:start position:0% +that's called a two compartment model + + + align:start position:0% +that's called a two compartment model +and what we're going to do is just think + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is just think + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is just think +briefly about how to think about what + + align:start position:0% +briefly about how to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +briefly about how to think about what +this looks like when you add a synapse + + align:start position:0% +this looks like when you add a synapse + + + align:start position:0% +this looks like when you add a synapse +to the end right okay and what we're + + align:start position:0% +to the end right okay and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +to the end right okay and what we're +going to study is how the voltage in the + + align:start position:0% +going to study is how the voltage in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to study is how the voltage in the +dendrite changes as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +dendrite changes as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite changes as a function of the +amount of excitatory conductance that + + align:start position:0% +amount of excitatory conductance that + + + align:start position:0% +amount of excitatory conductance that +you add okay so we're going to start by + + align:start position:0% +you add okay so we're going to start by + + + align:start position:0% +you add okay so we're going to start by +or doing steady-state so we don't need + + align:start position:0% +or doing steady-state so we don't need + + + align:start position:0% +or doing steady-state so we don't need +to worry about our capacitor so we can + + align:start position:0% +to worry about our capacitor so we can + + + align:start position:0% +to worry about our capacitor so we can +actually just unsolder them and take + + align:start position:0% +actually just unsolder them and take + + + align:start position:0% +actually just unsolder them and take +them out okay of our circuit and we're + + align:start position:0% +them out okay of our circuit and we're + + + align:start position:0% +them out okay of our circuit and we're +going to study the voltage response in + + align:start position:0% +going to study the voltage response in + + + align:start position:0% +going to study the voltage response in +the dendrite so we're gonna also throw + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite so we're gonna also throw + + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite so we're gonna also throw +away our soma and just ask how does the + + align:start position:0% +away our soma and just ask how does the + + + align:start position:0% +away our soma and just ask how does the +dendrite respond to this synaptic input + + align:start position:0% +dendrite respond to this synaptic input + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite respond to this synaptic input +okay as a function of the amount of + + align:start position:0% +okay as a function of the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +okay as a function of the amount of +excitatory conductance and what I'm + + align:start position:0% +excitatory conductance and what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory conductance and what I'm +going to show you is just that the + + align:start position:0% +going to show you is just that the + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you is just that the +voltage change in the dendrite with zero + + align:start position:0% +voltage change in the dendrite with zero + + + align:start position:0% +voltage change in the dendrite with zero +conductance of course it's sitting there + + align:start position:0% +conductance of course it's sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +conductance of course it's sitting there +at the potassium reversal potential or + + align:start position:0% +at the potassium reversal potential or + + + align:start position:0% +at the potassium reversal potential or +elique right and as you add conductance + + align:start position:0% +elique right and as you add conductance + + + align:start position:0% +elique right and as you add conductance +it corresponds to making their + + align:start position:0% +it corresponds to making their + + + align:start position:0% +it corresponds to making their +conductance bigger making that resistor + + align:start position:0% +conductance bigger making that resistor + + + align:start position:0% +conductance bigger making that resistor +smaller you're basically attaching the + + align:start position:0% +smaller you're basically attaching the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller you're basically attaching the +in the battery to the inside of the cell + + align:start position:0% +in the battery to the inside of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +in the battery to the inside of the cell +and you can see that what happens is as + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that what happens is as + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that what happens is as +you add more and more conductance as you + + align:start position:0% +you add more and more conductance as you + + + align:start position:0% +you add more and more conductance as you +make put more and more neurotransmitter + + align:start position:0% +make put more and more neurotransmitter + + + align:start position:0% +make put more and more neurotransmitter +onto that receptor or have more and more + + align:start position:0% +onto that receptor or have more and more + + + align:start position:0% +onto that receptor or have more and more +neurotransmitter receptors the voltage + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors the voltage +response goes up and then saturates and + + align:start position:0% +response goes up and then saturates and + + + align:start position:0% +response goes up and then saturates and +it's really obvious why that happens + + align:start position:0% +it's really obvious why that happens + + + align:start position:0% +it's really obvious why that happens +right once this resistor gets small + + align:start position:0% +right once this resistor gets small + + + align:start position:0% +right once this resistor gets small +enough meaning you've added enough + + align:start position:0% +enough meaning you've added enough + + + align:start position:0% +enough meaning you've added enough +conductance + + align:start position:0% +conductance + + + align:start position:0% +conductance +the inside of the cell is connected to + + align:start position:0% +the inside of the cell is connected to + + + align:start position:0% +the inside of the cell is connected to +the battery and the voltage inside the + + align:start position:0% +the battery and the voltage inside the + + + align:start position:0% +the battery and the voltage inside the +cell just can't go any higher it it is + + align:start position:0% +cell just can't go any higher it it is + + + align:start position:0% +cell just can't go any higher it it is +forced to Eason optics that the reversal + + align:start position:0% +forced to Eason optics that the reversal + + + align:start position:0% +forced to Eason optics that the reversal +potential of the synapse and it can't go + + align:start position:0% +potential of the synapse and it can't go + + + align:start position:0% +potential of the synapse and it can't go +any higher and that's why no matter how + + align:start position:0% +any higher and that's why no matter how + + + align:start position:0% +any higher and that's why no matter how +much excitatory conductance you add the + + align:start position:0% +much excitatory conductance you add the + + + align:start position:0% +much excitatory conductance you add the +voltage inside the dendrite cannot go + + align:start position:0% +voltage inside the dendrite cannot go + + + align:start position:0% +voltage inside the dendrite cannot go +above ye synapse and that's called + + align:start position:0% +above ye synapse and that's called + + + align:start position:0% +above ye synapse and that's called +synaptic saturation and I was going to + + align:start position:0% +synaptic saturation and I was going to + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic saturation and I was going to +show you the derivation of this it's + + align:start position:0% +show you the derivation of this it's + + + align:start position:0% +show you the derivation of this it's +just very simple you just write down + + align:start position:0% +just very simple you just write down + + + align:start position:0% +just very simple you just write down +Kirchhoff's current law substitute the + + align:start position:0% +Kirchhoff's current law substitute the + + + align:start position:0% +Kirchhoff's current law substitute the +the equation for synaptic current leak + + align:start position:0% +the equation for synaptic current leak + + + align:start position:0% +the equation for synaptic current leak +current solve for voltage as a function + + align:start position:0% +current solve for voltage as a function + + + align:start position:0% +current solve for voltage as a function +of D synapse and you can write down an + + align:start position:0% +of D synapse and you can write down an + + + align:start position:0% +of D synapse and you can write down an +approximation for the case of G synapse + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the case of G synapse + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the case of G synapse +much smaller than G leak and and what + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than G leak and and what + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than G leak and and what +you find is it's linear and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +you find is it's linear and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +you find is it's linear and so there's a +linear part voltage change at small + + align:start position:0% +linear part voltage change at small + + + align:start position:0% +linear part voltage change at small +conductances and you can write down an + + align:start position:0% +conductances and you can write down an + + + align:start position:0% +conductances and you can write down an +approximation at high synaptic + + align:start position:0% +approximation at high synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +approximation at high synaptic +conductance any show that approaches the + + align:start position:0% +conductance any show that approaches the + + + align:start position:0% +conductance any show that approaches the +voltage approaches East synapse okay so + + align:start position:0% +voltage approaches East synapse okay so + + + align:start position:0% +voltage approaches East synapse okay so +I'm not going to go through the math but + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go through the math but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go through the math but +it's there you don't have to be able to + + align:start position:0% +it's there you don't have to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +it's there you don't have to be able to +derive it yourself but what I want you + + align:start position:0% +derive it yourself but what I want you + + + align:start position:0% +derive it yourself but what I want you +to understand is that for look for small + + align:start position:0% +to understand is that for look for small + + + align:start position:0% +to understand is that for look for small +synaptic conductance the voltage + + align:start position:0% +synaptic conductance the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic conductance the voltage +responds linearly but for high synaptic + + align:start position:0% +responds linearly but for high synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +responds linearly but for high synaptic +conductance it saturates okay all right + + align:start position:0% +conductance it saturates okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +conductance it saturates okay all right +and now I want to tell you a story about + + align:start position:0% +and now I want to tell you a story about + + + align:start position:0% +and now I want to tell you a story about +inhibition and the basic story is that + + align:start position:0% +inhibition and the basic story is that + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition and the basic story is that +we can add inhibition to so in real + + align:start position:0% +we can add inhibition to so in real + + + align:start position:0% +we can add inhibition to so in real +neurons in the brain inhibition + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the brain inhibition + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the brain inhibition +sometimes connects to dendrites and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes connects to dendrites and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes connects to dendrites and +sometimes in inhibitory synapses connect + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in inhibitory synapses connect + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in inhibitory synapses connect +to Samata and there are actually + + align:start position:0% +to Samata and there are actually + + + align:start position:0% +to Samata and there are actually +different kinds of inhibitory neurons + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of inhibitory neurons + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of inhibitory neurons +that preference preferentially to + + align:start position:0% +that preference preferentially to + + + align:start position:0% +that preference preferentially to +dendrites and others that preferentially + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and others that preferentially + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and others that preferentially +connect onto the somata + + align:start position:0% +connect onto the somata + + + align:start position:0% +connect onto the somata +and it turns out there's a really + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out there's a really + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out there's a really +interesting story about how those that + + align:start position:0% +interesting story about how those that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting story about how those that +inhibition has a different effect + + align:start position:0% +inhibition has a different effect + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition has a different effect +whether it's connected to the dendrite + + align:start position:0% +whether it's connected to the dendrite + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's connected to the dendrite +or kin + + align:start position:0% +or kin + + + align:start position:0% +or kin +to the soma right so you see what I've + + align:start position:0% +to the soma right so you see what I've + + + align:start position:0% +to the soma right so you see what I've +done here I've got a right that it has + + align:start position:0% +done here I've got a right that it has + + + align:start position:0% +done here I've got a right that it has +an excitatory synapse that's here and it + + align:start position:0% +an excitatory synapse that's here and it + + + align:start position:0% +an excitatory synapse that's here and it +has an inhibitory synapse or so we can + + align:start position:0% +has an inhibitory synapse or so we can + + + align:start position:0% +has an inhibitory synapse or so we can +analyze this case or we consider the + + align:start position:0% +analyze this case or we consider the + + + align:start position:0% +analyze this case or we consider the +case where the excitatory synapse is + + align:start position:0% +case where the excitatory synapse is + + + align:start position:0% +case where the excitatory synapse is +still on the dendrite but the inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +still on the dendrite but the inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +still on the dendrite but the inhibitory +synapse comes on to the soma and it + + align:start position:0% +synapse comes on to the soma and it + + + align:start position:0% +synapse comes on to the soma and it +turns out those two things do something + + align:start position:0% +turns out those two things do something + + + align:start position:0% +turns out those two things do something +very interesting and and this was first + + align:start position:0% +very interesting and and this was first + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting and and this was first +shown in the crayfish the crayfish is a + + align:start position:0% +shown in the crayfish the crayfish is a + + + align:start position:0% +shown in the crayfish the crayfish is a +really cool model system because it has + + align:start position:0% +really cool model system because it has + + + align:start position:0% +really cool model system because it has +very stereotyped behaviors and one of + + align:start position:0% +very stereotyped behaviors and one of + + + align:start position:0% +very stereotyped behaviors and one of +the one of its interesting stereotyped + + align:start position:0% +the one of its interesting stereotyped + + + align:start position:0% +the one of its interesting stereotyped +behaviors is its escaped reflexes three + + align:start position:0% +behaviors is its escaped reflexes three + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors is its escaped reflexes three +different kinds of escape reflexes that + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of escape reflexes that + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of escape reflexes that +involve different what are called + + align:start position:0% +involve different what are called + + + align:start position:0% +involve different what are called +command neurons that get sensory input + + align:start position:0% +command neurons that get sensory input + + + align:start position:0% +command neurons that get sensory input +and drive motor output okay and there + + align:start position:0% +and drive motor output okay and there + + + align:start position:0% +and drive motor output okay and there +are one of these particular neurons is + + align:start position:0% +are one of these particular neurons is + + + align:start position:0% +are one of these particular neurons is +where this effect about inhibition was + + align:start position:0% +where this effect about inhibition was + + + align:start position:0% +where this effect about inhibition was +first shown is called the algae okay + + align:start position:0% +first shown is called the algae okay + + + align:start position:0% +first shown is called the algae okay +lgnore on their algae neurons Mg neurons + + align:start position:0% +lgnore on their algae neurons Mg neurons + + + align:start position:0% +lgnore on their algae neurons Mg neurons +that drive two different kinds of escape + + align:start position:0% +that drive two different kinds of escape + + + align:start position:0% +that drive two different kinds of escape +reflexes so here are the two different + + align:start position:0% +reflexes so here are the two different + + + align:start position:0% +reflexes so here are the two different +kinds of escape reflexes the medial + + align:start position:0% +kinds of escape reflexes the medial + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of escape reflexes the medial +giant is neuron drives the MG escape + + align:start position:0% +giant is neuron drives the MG escape + + + align:start position:0% +giant is neuron drives the MG escape +which is if you touch the crayfish on + + align:start position:0% +which is if you touch the crayfish on + + + align:start position:0% +which is if you touch the crayfish on +its nose it flicks its tail and goes + + align:start position:0% +its nose it flicks its tail and goes + + + align:start position:0% +its nose it flicks its tail and goes +backwards the algae escape is when you + + align:start position:0% +backwards the algae escape is when you + + + align:start position:0% +backwards the algae escape is when you +touch the crayfish on its tail and it + + align:start position:0% +touch the crayfish on its tail and it + + + align:start position:0% +touch the crayfish on its tail and it +flicks its tail in a way that makes it + + align:start position:0% +flicks its tail in a way that makes it + + + align:start position:0% +flicks its tail in a way that makes it +go forward okay so let's look at what + + align:start position:0% +go forward okay so let's look at what + + + align:start position:0% +go forward okay so let's look at what +let's look at what that what those + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what that what those + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what that what those +behaviors look like I'm we're gonna post + + align:start position:0% +behaviors look like I'm we're gonna post + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors look like I'm we're gonna post +this video it's just from a journal of + + align:start position:0% +this video it's just from a journal of + + + align:start position:0% +this video it's just from a journal of +visual experiments and there's a + + align:start position:0% +visual experiments and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +visual experiments and there's a +a nice it's actually really nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reporting muscular field potentials + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrodes with high-speed video + + align:start position:0% +electrodes with high-speed video + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes with high-speed video +recordings so this video shows you + + align:start position:0% +recordings so this video shows you + + + align:start position:0% +recordings so this video shows you +actually how to set up a tank with + + align:start position:0% +actually how to set up a tank with + + + align:start position:0% +actually how to set up a tank with +electrodes so you can record the signals + + align:start position:0% +electrodes so you can record the signals + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes so you can record the signals +from these neurons in a crayfish while + + align:start position:0% +from these neurons in a crayfish while + + + align:start position:0% +from these neurons in a crayfish while +it's behaving so you should watch the + + align:start position:0% +it's behaving so you should watch the + + + align:start position:0% +it's behaving so you should watch the +video but I'm going to show you I'm + + align:start position:0% +video but I'm going to show you I'm + + + align:start position:0% +video but I'm going to show you I'm +going to show you what here is a look at + + align:start position:0% +going to show you what here is a look at + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you what here is a look at +a series of single high-speed video + + align:start position:0% +a series of single high-speed video + + + align:start position:0% +a series of single high-speed video +frames and corresponding electric field + + align:start position:0% +frames and corresponding electric field + + + align:start position:0% +frames and corresponding electric field +recordings for an escaped airflow and + + align:start position:0% +recordings for an escaped airflow and + + + align:start position:0% +recordings for an escaped airflow and +responding you hear about the stimulus + + align:start position:0% +responding you hear about the stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +responding you hear about the stimulus +delivered to the head or tail of a + + align:start position:0% +delivered to the head or tail of a + + + align:start position:0% +delivered to the head or tail of a +juvenile crayfish so that was the mg + + align:start position:0% +juvenile crayfish so that was the mg + + + align:start position:0% +juvenile crayfish so that was the mg +response and he puts two electrodes into + + align:start position:0% +response and he puts two electrodes into + + + align:start position:0% +response and he puts two electrodes into +the tank and you can actually measure + + align:start position:0% +the tank and you can actually measure + + + align:start position:0% +the tank and you can actually measure +signals in the tank from that neuron + + align:start position:0% +signals in the tank from that neuron + + + align:start position:0% +signals in the tank from that neuron +firing the giant neuron and the large + + align:start position:0% +firing the giant neuron and the large + + + align:start position:0% +firing the giant neuron and the large +phasic deflection that follows enables + + align:start position:0% +phasic deflection that follows enables + + + align:start position:0% +phasic deflection that follows enables +non-ambiguous identification of the tail + + align:start position:0% +non-ambiguous identification of the tail + + + align:start position:0% +non-ambiguous identification of the tail +flip as mediated by giant neuron + + align:start position:0% +flip as mediated by giant neuron + + + align:start position:0% +flip as mediated by giant neuron +activity the backward movement shown in + + align:start position:0% +activity the backward movement shown in + + + align:start position:0% +activity the backward movement shown in +the video traces determines the identity + + align:start position:0% +the video traces determines the identity + + + align:start position:0% +the video traces determines the identity +of the activated neural circuit so here + + align:start position:0% +of the activated neural circuit so here + + + align:start position:0% +of the activated neural circuit so here +you touch him on the tail tactile + + align:start position:0% +you touch him on the tail tactile + + + align:start position:0% +you touch him on the tail tactile +stimulus was applied to the tail upward + + align:start position:0% +stimulus was applied to the tail upward + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus was applied to the tail upward +and forward motion because here's a + + align:start position:0% +and forward motion because here's a + + + align:start position:0% +and forward motion because here's a +different movement that makes him + + align:start position:0% +different movement that makes him + + + align:start position:0% +different movement that makes him +electronic trace displaying the giant + + align:start position:0% +electronic trace displaying the giant + + + align:start position:0% +electronic trace displaying the giant +spike and the large phasic initial + + align:start position:0% +spike and the large phasic initial + + + align:start position:0% +spike and the large phasic initial +deflection determines the identity of + + align:start position:0% +deflection determines the identity of + + + align:start position:0% +deflection determines the identity of +the activated neural circuit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this video demonstrates there's a + + align:start position:0% +this video demonstrates there's a + + + align:start position:0% +this video demonstrates there's a +different there's a different escape + + align:start position:0% +different there's a different escape + + + align:start position:0% +different there's a different escape +reflux that doesn't involve either of + + align:start position:0% +reflux that doesn't involve either of + + + align:start position:0% +reflux that doesn't involve either of +those two neurons Harry he spends a + + align:start position:0% +those two neurons Harry he spends a + + + align:start position:0% +those two neurons Harry he spends a +little more time thinking before he + + align:start position:0% +little more time thinking before he + + + align:start position:0% +little more time thinking before he +figures out spike and consistent okay + + align:start position:0% +figures out spike and consistent okay + + + align:start position:0% +figures out spike and consistent okay +all right so let me just I probably + + align:start position:0% +all right so let me just I probably + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let me just I probably +won't get to very far in explaining the + + align:start position:0% +won't get to very far in explaining the + + + align:start position:0% +won't get to very far in explaining the +inhibition part but you can at least + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +understand a little bit more about this + + align:start position:0% +understand a little bit more about this + + + align:start position:0% +understand a little bit more about this +behavior so it's really cool is that + + align:start position:0% +behavior so it's really cool is that + + + align:start position:0% +behavior so it's really cool is that +inhibition is used to regulate these two + + align:start position:0% +inhibition is used to regulate these two + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition is used to regulate these two +behaviors okay so the idea is that so + + align:start position:0% +behaviors okay so the idea is that so + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors okay so the idea is that so +first let me just say that that kind of + + align:start position:0% +first let me just say that that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +first let me just say that that kind of +that LG neuron that lateral giant neuron + + align:start position:0% +that LG neuron that lateral giant neuron + + + align:start position:0% +that LG neuron that lateral giant neuron +is known as a command neuron and that is + + align:start position:0% +is known as a command neuron and that is + + + align:start position:0% +is known as a command neuron and that is +because if you activate that neuron if + + align:start position:0% +because if you activate that neuron if + + + align:start position:0% +because if you activate that neuron if +you just depolarize that one neuron it + + align:start position:0% +you just depolarize that one neuron it + + + align:start position:0% +you just depolarize that one neuron it +activates that entire escape reflex okay + + align:start position:0% +activates that entire escape reflex okay + + + align:start position:0% +activates that entire escape reflex okay +and if you hyperpolarize that neuron + + align:start position:0% +and if you hyperpolarize that neuron + + + align:start position:0% +and if you hyperpolarize that neuron +inhibit that neuron you completely + + align:start position:0% +inhibit that neuron you completely + + + align:start position:0% +inhibit that neuron you completely +suppress the escape reflex okay and now + + align:start position:0% +suppress the escape reflex okay and now + + + align:start position:0% +suppress the escape reflex okay and now +what's really interesting is that that + + align:start position:0% +what's really interesting is that that + + + align:start position:0% +what's really interesting is that that +neuron has inhibitory inputs that + + align:start position:0% +neuron has inhibitory inputs that + + + align:start position:0% +neuron has inhibitory inputs that +control the probability that the animal + + align:start position:0% +control the probability that the animal + + + align:start position:0% +control the probability that the animal +will elicit this escape reflex okay and + + align:start position:0% +will elicit this escape reflex okay and + + + align:start position:0% +will elicit this escape reflex okay and +that kind of modulation of that behavior + + align:start position:0% +that kind of modulation of that behavior + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of modulation of that behavior +is really interesting and it has some + + align:start position:0% +is really interesting and it has some + + + align:start position:0% +is really interesting and it has some +interesting subtleties to it so first of + + align:start position:0% +interesting subtleties to it so first of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting subtleties to it so first of +all if the animal is touched on the nose + + align:start position:0% +all if the animal is touched on the nose + + + align:start position:0% +all if the animal is touched on the nose +and elicits touched on the nose and + + align:start position:0% +and elicits touched on the nose and + + + align:start position:0% +and elicits touched on the nose and +elicits an MG response the tail flips + + align:start position:0% +elicits an MG response the tail flips + + + align:start position:0% +elicits an MG response the tail flips +and the animal goes backwards right but + + align:start position:0% +and the animal goes backwards right but + + + align:start position:0% +and the animal goes backwards right but +now if it goes backwards and it bumps + + align:start position:0% +now if it goes backwards and it bumps + + + align:start position:0% +now if it goes backwards and it bumps +into something on his backside when it's + + align:start position:0% +into something on his backside when it's + + + align:start position:0% +into something on his backside when it's +going backwards you don't want to have + + align:start position:0% +going backwards you don't want to have + + + align:start position:0% +going backwards you don't want to have +that immediately trigger an algae escape + + align:start position:0% +that immediately trigger an algae escape + + + align:start position:0% +that immediately trigger an algae escape +and he bumps into something he's like + + align:start position:0% +and he bumps into something he's like + + + align:start position:0% +and he bumps into something he's like +right that would be terrible + + align:start position:0% +right that would be terrible + + + align:start position:0% +right that would be terrible +so what happens is what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +so what happens is what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens is what happens is that +that when the MG neuron fires and + + align:start position:0% +that when the MG neuron fires and + + + align:start position:0% +that when the MG neuron fires and +initiates that backwards movement + + align:start position:0% +initiates that backwards movement + + + align:start position:0% +initiates that backwards movement +sends a signal that inhibits the LG + + align:start position:0% +sends a signal that inhibits the LG + + + align:start position:0% +sends a signal that inhibits the LG +response okay + + align:start position:0% +response okay + + + align:start position:0% +response okay +okay other cool things when the animal + + align:start position:0% +okay other cool things when the animal + + + align:start position:0% +okay other cool things when the animal +is restrained when you pick the animal + + align:start position:0% +is restrained when you pick the animal + + + align:start position:0% +is restrained when you pick the animal +up if he doesn't get away from you with + + align:start position:0% +up if he doesn't get away from you with + + + align:start position:0% +up if he doesn't get away from you with +his first escape attempt and you hold + + align:start position:0% +his first escape attempt and you hold + + + align:start position:0% +his first escape attempt and you hold +him you can touch him on the nose and it + + align:start position:0% +him you can touch him on the nose and it + + + align:start position:0% +him you can touch him on the nose and it +won't elicit an escape reflex so what + + align:start position:0% +won't elicit an escape reflex so what + + + align:start position:0% +won't elicit an escape reflex so what +the animal is held that response + + align:start position:0% +the animal is held that response + + + align:start position:0% +the animal is held that response +probability goes way down maybe he's + + align:start position:0% +probability goes way down maybe he's + + + align:start position:0% +probability goes way down maybe he's +like holding off until he feels you like + + align:start position:0% +like holding off until he feels you like + + + align:start position:0% +like holding off until he feels you like +your grip loosen a little bit and then + + align:start position:0% +your grip loosen a little bit and then + + + align:start position:0% +your grip loosen a little bit and then +he'll try okay + + align:start position:0% +he'll try okay + + + align:start position:0% +he'll try okay +so there's no point in wasting escape + + align:start position:0% +so there's no point in wasting escape + + + align:start position:0% +so there's no point in wasting escape +attempts they're very energetically + + align:start position:0% +attempts they're very energetically + + + align:start position:0% +attempts they're very energetically +expensive wasting escape attempts when + + align:start position:0% +expensive wasting escape attempts when + + + align:start position:0% +expensive wasting escape attempts when +you're being restrained right okay + + align:start position:0% +you're being restrained right okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're being restrained right okay +another interesting modulation is that + + align:start position:0% +another interesting modulation is that + + + align:start position:0% +another interesting modulation is that +the escapers the LG escape response is + + align:start position:0% +the escapers the LG escape response is + + + align:start position:0% +the escapers the LG escape response is +suppressed while the animal is eating + + align:start position:0% +suppressed while the animal is eating + + + align:start position:0% +suppressed while the animal is eating +this is threshold this is how much you + + align:start position:0% +this is threshold this is how much you + + + align:start position:0% +this is threshold this is how much you +have to poke him in the nose or in the + + align:start position:0% +have to poke him in the nose or in the + + + align:start position:0% +have to poke him in the nose or in the +tail for him to escape when he's just + + align:start position:0% +tail for him to escape when he's just + + + align:start position:0% +tail for him to escape when he's just +wandering around but then while he's + + align:start position:0% +wandering around but then while he's + + + align:start position:0% +wandering around but then while he's +eating he's getting food and so the + + align:start position:0% +eating he's getting food and so the + + + align:start position:0% +eating he's getting food and so the +threshold for eliciting that escape + + align:start position:0% +threshold for eliciting that escape + + + align:start position:0% +threshold for eliciting that escape +reflex goes up he's like sorry I'm + + align:start position:0% +reflex goes up he's like sorry I'm + + + align:start position:0% +reflex goes up he's like sorry I'm +eating leave me alone okay it's not just + + align:start position:0% +eating leave me alone okay it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +eating leave me alone okay it's not just +being hungry right because if he's + + align:start position:0% +being hungry right because if he's + + + align:start position:0% +being hungry right because if he's +hungry and searching for food there's no + + align:start position:0% +hungry and searching for food there's no + + + align:start position:0% +hungry and searching for food there's no +increased threshold okay so it's really + + align:start position:0% +increased threshold okay so it's really + + + align:start position:0% +increased threshold okay so it's really +because he's eating he's found a food + + align:start position:0% +because he's eating he's found a food + + + align:start position:0% +because he's eating he's found a food +source he doesn't want to leave it so + + align:start position:0% +source he doesn't want to leave it so + + + align:start position:0% +source he doesn't want to leave it so +there's a higher he won't leave until + + align:start position:0% +there's a higher he won't leave until + + + align:start position:0% +there's a higher he won't leave until +there's like more danger okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +there's like more danger okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there's like more danger okay okay so +all these different kinds of modulation + + align:start position:0% +all these different kinds of modulation + + + align:start position:0% +all these different kinds of modulation +and inhibition of the behavior is + + align:start position:0% +and inhibition of the behavior is + + + align:start position:0% +and inhibition of the behavior is +controlled by inhibitory projecting onto + + align:start position:0% +controlled by inhibitory projecting onto + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by inhibitory projecting onto +this LG neuron okay so there are two + + align:start position:0% +this LG neuron okay so there are two + + + align:start position:0% +this LG neuron okay so there are two +kinds of escape modulation one is is + + align:start position:0% +kinds of escape modulation one is is + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of escape modulation one is is +absolute when the animal is engaged in + + align:start position:0% +absolute when the animal is engaged in + + + align:start position:0% +absolute when the animal is engaged in +an escape reflex it is impossible to act + + align:start position:0% +an escape reflex it is impossible to act + + + align:start position:0% +an escape reflex it is impossible to act +when the animal is engaged in an mg + + align:start position:0% +when the animal is engaged in an mg + + + align:start position:0% +when the animal is engaged in an mg +escape it's impossible to activate the + + align:start position:0% +escape it's impossible to activate the + + + align:start position:0% +escape it's impossible to activate the +LG cape no matter how much he gets poked + + align:start position:0% +LG cape no matter how much he gets poked + + + align:start position:0% +LG cape no matter how much he gets poked +in the tail he will not initiate an LG + + align:start position:0% +in the tail he will not initiate an LG + + + align:start position:0% +in the tail he will not initiate an LG +okay so this kind of modulation is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this kind of modulation is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this kind of modulation is +absolute + + align:start position:0% +absolute + + + align:start position:0% +absolute +okay there's the this other kind of + + align:start position:0% +okay there's the this other kind of + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's the this other kind of +modulation where the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +modulation where the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +modulation where the likelihood of +escape is just reduced but the animal is + + align:start position:0% +escape is just reduced but the animal is + + + align:start position:0% +escape is just reduced but the animal is +still able to initiate escape if the + + align:start position:0% +still able to initiate escape if the + + + align:start position:0% +still able to initiate escape if the +Danes high enough if the stimulus is + + align:start position:0% +Danes high enough if the stimulus is + + + align:start position:0% +Danes high enough if the stimulus is +high enough and that's really the crux + + align:start position:0% +high enough and that's really the crux + + + align:start position:0% +high enough and that's really the crux +of the difference is that some kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of the difference is that some kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of the difference is that some kinds of +of suppression of a behavior are + + align:start position:0% +of suppression of a behavior are + + + align:start position:0% +of suppression of a behavior are +absolute no matter how strong the + + align:start position:0% +absolute no matter how strong the + + + align:start position:0% +absolute no matter how strong the +stimulus is you don't want to allow that + + align:start position:0% +stimulus is you don't want to allow that + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus is you don't want to allow that +neuron to spike and the other case is + + align:start position:0% +neuron to spike and the other case is + + + align:start position:0% +neuron to spike and the other case is +I'm just going to turn down the + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to turn down the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to turn down the +probability that I generate because I'm + + align:start position:0% +probability that I generate because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +probability that I generate because I'm +eating but if it looks dangerous enough + + align:start position:0% +eating but if it looks dangerous enough + + + align:start position:0% +eating but if it looks dangerous enough +I'm still gonna go but I'm just gonna + + align:start position:0% +I'm still gonna go but I'm just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +I'm still gonna go but I'm just gonna +modulate gently the probability okay and + + align:start position:0% +modulate gently the probability okay and + + + align:start position:0% +modulate gently the probability okay and +it turns out that's the crux of the + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that's the crux of the + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that's the crux of the +difference so it turns out the LG neuron + + align:start position:0% +difference so it turns out the LG neuron + + + align:start position:0% +difference so it turns out the LG neuron +has two sites on it where you get + + align:start position:0% +has two sites on it where you get + + + align:start position:0% +has two sites on it where you get +sources of inhibition there are a bunch + + align:start position:0% +sources of inhibition there are a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +sources of inhibition there are a bunch +of inhibitory inputs on the proximal + + align:start position:0% +of inhibitory inputs on the proximal + + + align:start position:0% +of inhibitory inputs on the proximal +dendrite near the spike initiation zone + + align:start position:0% +dendrite near the spike initiation zone + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite near the spike initiation zone +which is right here and that's recurrent + + align:start position:0% +which is right here and that's recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +which is right here and that's recurrent +inhibition because it's coming from the + + align:start position:0% +inhibition because it's coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition because it's coming from the +other escape neuron okay so it's + + align:start position:0% +other escape neuron okay so it's + + + align:start position:0% +other escape neuron okay so it's +recurrent within the motor system and + + align:start position:0% +recurrent within the motor system and + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent within the motor system and +the other inhibitory synapses come out + + align:start position:0% +the other inhibitory synapses come out + + + align:start position:0% +the other inhibitory synapses come out +here on the dendrite okay and they're + + align:start position:0% +here on the dendrite okay and they're + + + align:start position:0% +here on the dendrite okay and they're +come higher brain areas okay and it's + + align:start position:0% +come higher brain areas okay and it's + + + align:start position:0% +come higher brain areas okay and it's +called tonic inhibition for historical + + align:start position:0% +called tonic inhibition for historical + + + align:start position:0% +called tonic inhibition for historical +reasons okay now previous hypothesis was + + align:start position:0% +reasons okay now previous hypothesis was + + + align:start position:0% +reasons okay now previous hypothesis was +that those inputs here allowed + + align:start position:0% +that those inputs here allowed + + + align:start position:0% +that those inputs here allowed +inhibition to control different branches + + align:start position:0% +inhibition to control different branches + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition to control different branches +of the input but it turns out the answer + + align:start position:0% +of the input but it turns out the answer + + + align:start position:0% +of the input but it turns out the answer +is very simple so let me just summarize + + align:start position:0% +is very simple so let me just summarize + + + align:start position:0% +is very simple so let me just summarize +this so you have one input inhibitory + + align:start position:0% +this so you have one input inhibitory + + + align:start position:0% +this so you have one input inhibitory +input that's coming from the other + + align:start position:0% +input that's coming from the other + + + align:start position:0% +input that's coming from the other +escape neuron that lands right there on + + align:start position:0% +escape neuron that lands right there on + + + align:start position:0% +escape neuron that lands right there on +the part of this neuron that initiates + + align:start position:0% +the part of this neuron that initiates + + + align:start position:0% +the part of this neuron that initiates +spikes the other tonic the other input + + align:start position:0% +spikes the other tonic the other input + + + align:start position:0% +spikes the other tonic the other input +that suppresses the response during + + align:start position:0% +that suppresses the response during + + + align:start position:0% +that suppresses the response during +feeding is coming on to the far out on + + align:start position:0% +feeding is coming on to the far out on + + + align:start position:0% +feeding is coming on to the far out on +the dendrite at the same location where + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite at the same location where + + + align:start position:0% +the dendrite at the same location where +those excitatory inputs the sensory + + align:start position:0% +those excitatory inputs the sensory + + + align:start position:0% +those excitatory inputs the sensory +inputs are coming in okay so that's what + + align:start position:0% +inputs are coming in okay so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +inputs are coming in okay so that's what +the circuit looks like so the absolute + + align:start position:0% +the circuit looks like so the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +the circuit looks like so the absolute +the input that absolutely suppresses the + + align:start position:0% +the input that absolutely suppresses the + + + align:start position:0% +the input that absolutely suppresses the +response of this neuron is coming right + + align:start position:0% +response of this neuron is coming right + + + align:start position:0% +response of this neuron is coming right +on the soma right where the spike is + + align:start position:0% +on the soma right where the spike is + + + align:start position:0% +on the soma right where the spike is +generated and the ones that tonic sort + + align:start position:0% +generated and the ones that tonic sort + + + align:start position:0% +generated and the ones that tonic sort +of adjust + + align:start position:0% +of adjust + + + align:start position:0% +of adjust +the probability of spiking are coming + + align:start position:0% +the probability of spiking are coming + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of spiking are coming +out here where the excitatory inputs are + + align:start position:0% +out here where the excitatory inputs are + + + align:start position:0% +out here where the excitatory inputs are +and so they developed a simple + + align:start position:0% +and so they developed a simple + + + align:start position:0% +and so they developed a simple +equivalent circuit model where they have + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit model where they have + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit model where they have +a dendrite out here out here on the + + align:start position:0% +a dendrite out here out here on the + + + align:start position:0% +a dendrite out here out here on the +dendrite you have an excitatory input ok + + align:start position:0% +dendrite you have an excitatory input ok + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite you have an excitatory input ok +and you can have recurrent input on the + + align:start position:0% +and you can have recurrent input on the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can have recurrent input on the +soma and there's another model so in one + + align:start position:0% +soma and there's another model so in one + + + align:start position:0% +soma and there's another model so in one +of these models they're modeling the + + align:start position:0% +of these models they're modeling the + + + align:start position:0% +of these models they're modeling the +proximal inhibition in the other model + + align:start position:0% +proximal inhibition in the other model + + + align:start position:0% +proximal inhibition in the other model +they put the inhibitory synapse out here + + align:start position:0% +they put the inhibitory synapse out here + + + align:start position:0% +they put the inhibitory synapse out here +on the dendrite and they ask how are + + align:start position:0% +on the dendrite and they ask how are + + + align:start position:0% +on the dendrite and they ask how are +those two different sources of + + align:start position:0% +those two different sources of + + + align:start position:0% +those two different sources of +inhibition different what do they do + + align:start position:0% +inhibition different what do they do + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition different what do they do +differently to the neuron and they just + + align:start position:0% +differently to the neuron and they just + + + align:start position:0% +differently to the neuron and they just +did this model they analyzed it + + align:start position:0% +did this model they analyzed it + + + align:start position:0% +did this model they analyzed it +mathematically exactly like the way I + + align:start position:0% +mathematically exactly like the way I + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically exactly like the way I +just showed you that very simple + + align:start position:0% +just showed you that very simple + + + align:start position:0% +just showed you that very simple +calculation works you just use + + align:start position:0% +calculation works you just use + + + align:start position:0% +calculation works you just use +Kirchhoff's current law and you write + + align:start position:0% +Kirchhoff's current law and you write + + + align:start position:0% +Kirchhoff's current law and you write +down the voltage response to the + + align:start position:0% +down the voltage response to the + + + align:start position:0% +down the voltage response to the +excitatory synapse as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory synapse as a function of the +strength of these two different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +strength of these two different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +strength of these two different kinds of +inhibition and here's what you find the + + align:start position:0% +inhibition and here's what you find the + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition and here's what you find the +proximal inhibition suppresses the + + align:start position:0% +proximal inhibition suppresses the + + + align:start position:0% +proximal inhibition suppresses the +response to the excitatory input by the + + align:start position:0% +response to the excitatory input by the + + + align:start position:0% +response to the excitatory input by the +same fraction no matter how strong the + + align:start position:0% +same fraction no matter how strong the + + + align:start position:0% +same fraction no matter how strong the +excitation is so if you put in strong + + align:start position:0% +excitation is so if you put in strong + + + align:start position:0% +excitation is so if you put in strong +inhibition you can always cause that + + align:start position:0% +inhibition you can always cause that + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition you can always cause that +excitatory input to be suppressed to + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input to be suppressed to + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input to be suppressed to +zero okay so inhibitory input + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so inhibitory input + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so inhibitory input +approximately at the soma can suppress + + align:start position:0% +approximately at the soma can suppress + + + align:start position:0% +approximately at the soma can suppress +the response of a neuron to an + + align:start position:0% +the response of a neuron to an + + + align:start position:0% +the response of a neuron to an +excitatory input no matter how strong + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input no matter how strong + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input no matter how strong +the excitatory input is on the other + + align:start position:0% +the excitatory input is on the other + + + align:start position:0% +the excitatory input is on the other +hand inhibition out on a dendrite for + + align:start position:0% +hand inhibition out on a dendrite for + + + align:start position:0% +hand inhibition out on a dendrite for +any given amount of inhibition + + align:start position:0% +any given amount of inhibition + + + align:start position:0% +any given amount of inhibition +there's always an excitation that's + + align:start position:0% +there's always an excitation that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's always an excitation that's +strong enough to allow the response to + + align:start position:0% +strong enough to allow the response to + + + align:start position:0% +strong enough to allow the response to +get through okay so this shows the + + align:start position:0% +get through okay so this shows the + + + align:start position:0% +get through okay so this shows the +amount of suppression as a function of + + align:start position:0% +amount of suppression as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of suppression as a function of +excitatory input and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input and you can see that +that no matter how strong the inhibition + + align:start position:0% +that no matter how strong the inhibition + + + align:start position:0% +that no matter how strong the inhibition +there's always an amount of excitation + + align:start position:0% +there's always an amount of excitation + + + align:start position:0% +there's always an amount of excitation +that will overcome the inhibition okay + + align:start position:0% +that will overcome the inhibition okay + + + align:start position:0% +that will overcome the inhibition okay +and you can also do that analysis in a + + align:start position:0% +and you can also do that analysis in a + + + align:start position:0% +and you can also do that analysis in a +much more complicated model and you get + + align:start position:0% +much more complicated model and you get + + + align:start position:0% +much more complicated model and you get +exactly the same results but what's real + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same results but what's real + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same results but what's real +is that you can understand this just + + align:start position:0% +is that you can understand this just + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can understand this just +from this very simple two compartment + + align:start position:0% +from this very simple two compartment + + + align:start position:0% +from this very simple two compartment +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +okay and and I wish I had a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay and and I wish I had a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and I wish I had a little bit +more time to like go through those + + align:start position:0% +more time to like go through those + + + align:start position:0% +more time to like go through those +models and explain why that works but + + align:start position:0% +models and explain why that works but + + + align:start position:0% +models and explain why that works but +basically proximal inhibition is + + align:start position:0% +basically proximal inhibition is + + + align:start position:0% +basically proximal inhibition is +absolute you can always make the + + align:start position:0% +absolute you can always make the + + + align:start position:0% +absolute you can always make the +inhibition win distal inhibition kind of + + align:start position:0% +inhibition win distal inhibition kind of + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition win distal inhibition kind of +gently varies the the effect of the + + align:start position:0% +gently varies the the effect of the + + + align:start position:0% +gently varies the the effect of the +excitatory input right all right so + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input right all right so + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input right all right so +that's what we covered synapses a model + + align:start position:0% +that's what we covered synapses a model + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we covered synapses a model +convolution synaptic saturation and the + + align:start position:0% +convolution synaptic saturation and the + + + align:start position:0% +convolution synaptic saturation and the +different functions of distal and + + align:start position:0% +different functions of distal and + + + align:start position:0% +different functions of distal and +proximal inhibition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rWLeg-W4EF0.txt b/rWLeg-W4EF0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..251476bf8fc7ddfe0fd47386d4aadf55b5b7c1c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/rWLeg-W4EF0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2293 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +OK, so we ended up last time, we +talked about Joule-Thomson + +expansion, which is an +irreversible expansion through + +a nozzle, through +a porous plug, + +constant enthalpy expansion. + +And I want to make sure +everybody figured out that it + +really was an irreversible +expansion. + +Anybody have any questions on +that, because when we voted, + +the majority of the class +thought it was reversible Yes. + +STUDENT: Just a quick question +on some of the constraints, + +like isothermal, isobaric, +isovolumetric expansion. + +For isothermal expansion, that +means that delta u does not + +change, but delta q is +equal to delta w? + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: So the +question was, for an + +isothermal expansion, delta u +does not change, therefore, dq + +is equal to dw. + +The answer is that's true +only for an ideal gas. + +For a real gas, that +won't be true. + +Ideal gas only depends on the +temperature, the energy only + +depends on the temperature. + +Therefore, if it's isothermal, +the energy of the ideal gas + +doesn't change. + +For a real gas it depends on +more than the temperature + +STUDENT: Are there any other +constraints similar to that + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: So, for an +ideal gas, the isothermal is + +the easy one because the +energy doesn't change. + +If you have an isobaric you're +going to have to calculate + +where the energy changes, and +that's a calculation that's + +likely on the homework +and very like on an + +exam as well, too. + +In fact, we're going to do +some of that today, OK, + +calculate delta u. + +Any other questions? + +Good question. + +OK, so we ended up last time +showing that for an ideal gas, + +that there was was a +relationship between the heat + +capacity under constant +pressure, and this is the + +molar heat capacity, that's why +we have the bar on top, + +and the molar heat capacity +for constant volume path. + +They're related through +the gas constant. + +OK, this is only true for an +ideal gas, and we went through + +that mathematically where +the, with a chain rule. + +And I wanted to do it a +different way which is a + +little bit convoluted, but it +introduces the idea of a + +thermodynamic cycle, and it's +something that we're going to + +use a lot in the class. + +Because anytime you're working +with the function of state, + +and you're trying to connect two +points together in a p-V + +or a T-V diagram, then it +doesn't matter which way + +you're connecting those two +points, as long as you're + +dealing with state functions +it doesn't matter. + +It only matters if you're +looking at the work or the + +heat right. + +And so sometimes, when you want +to calculate what the + +energy is at the endpoint, the +path of the experiment that + +you're doing may not be an +easy path to calculate. + +You may have to find a different +path which is an + +easier one to calculate, and it +doesn't matter which path + +you take, because in the end +all you care is what the + +energy is at the end. + +so we're going to use this +concept of the path to go from + +the initial point to +the end point. + +As long as you're dealing with +state functions it doesn't + +matter to get at the +same results here. + +So we're going to start with a +mole of gas, at some pressure, + +some volume, temperature and +some mole so V, doing it per + +mole, and we're going to +do two paths here. + +We're going to take a constant +volume path. + +So V is constant and we're going +to change the pressure + +to some, a little change in +pressure, V is constant here, + +and then temperatures is +also going to change. + +So this is a path, which is +either a temperature change, + +with the pressure changes at +the same time, going up or + +down, constant volume. + +And since the temperature is +changing, clearly Cv is going + +to have something +to do with this. + +So constant volume path, where +the temperature is changing. + +So somehow this is going +to allow us to get Cv. + +Cv is going to be related +to this path. + +And if I draw a diagram on a T-V +diagram of what I'm doing + +here, so there's temperature +axis. + +There's the volume axis here. + +I'm starting with +some V1 here. + +And this is going to +be here V plus dV. + +So I'm starting right here. + +This is my initial point. + +And the path that I'm describing +then, let's assume + +that we're raising the +temperature up is this path + +right here. + +OK, this is my constant +volume path going + +from T to T plus dT. + +OK, we'll call this 1 here. + +All right, now I want to make a +path where out of that path, + +C sub p is going to fall out. + +So that's going to have to be +a constant pressure path. + +Temperature is going to +change but pressure + +is going to be constant. + +So what I can do is I can take +my initial point here and + +create a new, different path, +where, which is going to be a + +constant pressure path. + +So at the end of this path +the pressure is constant. + +The volume is going to change +though, to some new volume dV + +and the temperature is going to +change also and I'm going + +to make it the same endpoint +temperature as the endpoint + +temperature here. + +And out of this path, since the +pressure is constant but + +the temperature is changing, I'm +hoping that C sub p will + +fall out of that path +of that calculation. + +All right? + +This should give us something +about C sub p. + +So this will give us something +about C sub v. This will give + +us something about C sub p. + +Now these two endpoints +here are different. + +They have a different pressure, +a different volume. + +They do have the same +temperature though. + +So the connection between +this endpoint here, + +and that one here. + +Same temperature. + +It's going to be an isothermal +path that's + +going to connect them. + +So I'm going to connect them in +an isothermal way, and as, + +since I'm dealing with an ideal +gas, and as we saw from + +the first question here, +isothermal always means delta + +u equals zero. + +So I'm going to write that +immediately here, delta u + +equal zero, because I know the +answer to that path here. + +All right, so let's go again +what our paths are. + +Path number 1 I'm +going straight + +up in the V-T diagram. + +Path number 2 on my diagram it's +a reversible, this path + +number 2, it's a reversible +constant pressure path. + +So I'm going to be keeping the +pressure constant, but my + +volume is going to go up. + +My temperature is +going to go up. + +Basically I'm putting +heat in this system. + +That's going to be number +2 right here. + +It's going to be the same +temperature as before but the + +volume is V plus dV now. + +That's 2, and then, so I'm +heating up the system in this + +path here, and then to connect +the 2 endpoints here, I'm + +going to connect them through +a constant temperature path. + +Basically I'm going to cool down +the system so that the -- + +no, I'm not going to cool down, +I'm going to compresses + +the system back to the smaller +volume V1 and the constant + +temperature conditions. + +So that's path number 3 here. + +And I'm only going to +worry about energy + +in this case here. + +Because I know energy doesn't +care about the path. + +Energy only cares about where +I am on the diagram. + +And I know energy is related to +Cv through Cv dT etcetera. + +So if I worry about energy I +have a pretty good chance of + +extracting out these heat +capacities, right, and I don't + +have to worry about exactly +which path and I can really + +mix things up. + +So let's start the process. + +So the first path then, the +first path, constant volume + +constant V, so I'm going +to, again, let's + +just worry about energy. + +So du for this first path here, +du for path 1, and write + +dq plus dw what we +usually write. + +Now it's constant volume when +the volume is constant. + +There's no work being done +so I can immediately + +ignore this dw here. + +Constant volume dq = Cv dT. + +Now it's an ideal gas. + +So in some sense, I did too +much work by writing this, + +because I knew already +du = Cv dT. + +I could have written that down +immediately, but I just went + +through the process of writing +the first law, what's dw, what + +dq, Cv dT, etcetera. + +I'm just writing what we +already know basically. + +Let's look at path number 2. + +Path number 2. + +OK, let's look at the dw, du +again. du for path number 2. + +dq like the first law down, dq +plus dw, then -- what's dq? + +Well it's a constant pressure +path. dq is related to the + +temperature, the change in +temperature. dT through the + +heat capacity, happens to be +constant pressure, so this is + +exactly what we want. + +Cp, I forgot to put my little +bar on top here because it's + +per mole Cp dT that's +my dq here. + +The path is constant pressure. + +And then the dw. + +Well there's a change now +in volume and pressure. + +So I need, well the pressure +is constant, but there's a + +change in volume. + +Minus p dV is the change, +is the work, right? + +So I can write that down minus +p dV for that path there. + +OK, now but it's an ideal gas, +so I know something about the + +relationship between dV +and dT, because I've + +got dT here the dV. + +I don't want to have so +many variables around. + +I've got three variables, T, p +and V. I know I only need 2, + +so I can relate dV to dp through +the ideal gas law. + +P dV is equal to R dT. + +pV = RT for 1 mole, so I just +take dV here. dT here because + +the pressure is constant, so +dV is equal to R over p dT. + +Then pressure is constant. + +So I can instead of the +dV here, I can insert + +this R over p dT. + +The p's cancel out, and now +I have Cp dT minus R dT. + +This is equal to +Cp minus R dT. + +All right, let's complete +the cycle now, the + +path number 3 here. + +Path number 3 is a constant +temperature path, and I + +already wrote the answer. + +Constant temperature isothermal +delta u is zero. + +There's no thinking involved. + +It's one of these things like +I mentioned last time, if I + +tell you delta H in the middle +of the night what you say, q + +Cp for reversible process. + +Same thing here. isothermal +process, what do you say? + +Delta u is zero, right? + +It should be completely +second nature. + +So delta u is zero here. + +Delta u sub 3 is, for +an ideal gas. + +I gotta put that constraint +in there for an ideal gas. + +Delta u is equal to zero. + +So now I'm back at +the same place. + +I'm back here right. + +So path number 1 went from i, +let's call this path up here. + +went to f, and this is how much +energy change there was. + +The sum of path number 2 and +path number 3 get me to the + +same place, so the energy change +by going through this + +time path, this intermediate +point here back all the way to + +final state should be the +same the red path. + +So what I'm saying is that du +through path 1 should be equal + +to du through path 2 plus +du going through path 3. + +All right, because energy +doesn't care about the path. + +It only cares about +the end points. + +OK, so now let's plug what +is du through path 1? + +It's Cp dT and the du through +path 2 is Cp minus R dT and + +then du through path +3 is zero. + +It's the isothermal process. + +The dT is cancelled out and +voila I have my answer. + +Cv is equal, oh Cv plus R is +equal to Cp whichever way you + +want to do it, it's a +relationship that we had up + +here that we wanted to prove. + +Now, I wanted to go to through +this just to go through one + +cycle quickly because we're +going to be doing these all + +the time, and the importance +of the fact that the path + +doesn't matter, and you can +always connect things together + +in a way, whatever you want. + +Whatever is the easiest. + +If you want to calculate +a change in delta u. + +Now if you look at my derivation +here, there's one + +spot where I could have just +stopped and proven my point + +without going through +the whole thing. + +So if you look at path number 2 +here, the constant pressure + +path du is Cp minus R +dT, du is Cp minus + +r dT for that path. + +What is du for an ideal gas? + +It's -- what else do we know +that du is always equal to for + +an ideal gas? + +Cv dT right. + +So I could have written right +here immediately equals Cv dT, + +and that was the end +of my derivation. + +I could have done that. + +It would've been easier, but I +wanted to go through the whole + +path right? + +OK, any questions? + +Cool. + +All right, so we're going +to be doing more + +thermodynamics processes. + +We're building up to entropy +and to engines, + +Carnot cycles, etcetera. + +And so we need to build our +repertoire of knowledge in + +manipulating these cycles like +the one I drew on the board + +that's hidden now You've +already seen the simple + +process, which is the isothermal +process, and you've + +seen how to functionalize, or +what the function is that + +describes the isothermal +expansion. + +Let's say we start from some +V1 and p1 here, so high + +pressure, small volume and we +end up with a high volume low + +pressure, under constant +temperature condition. + +So there's some path, +isothermal, so T is constant. + +And we know the functional form +for this path, it's the + +ideal gas law, pV += RT, pV = nRT. + +T is constant, so the functional +form here is pV is + +equal to a constant. + +All right, or p is equal to a +constant divided by volume. + +If you want to write a function +that describes this + +line here, it's pressure as a +function of volume related to + +each other with this constant. + +So we know how to do this. + +So this allows us to calculate +all sorts of things to get + +these functional forms. + +That's the isotherm here. + +We also know how to calculate +the work. + +If it's a reversible process, +we know the work is the area + +under the curve. w reversible. +in this case here let's see + +this is it's a pressure +is going down. + +It's an expansion, so we're +doing work against the + +environment, or to +the environment. + +So work is leaving the system. + +So minus w reversible is going +to be a positive number. + +V1 to V2 and RT -- you've done +this already last time or a + +couple of times ago and you end +up with minus nRT log p2 + +over p1, OK? + +So minus w reversible, we're +doing work to the environment. + +This should be a positive +number. p2 is less than p1, so + +p2 over p1 is less than one, log +of something less than 1 + +is negative times negative. + +So in fact this is indeed a +positive number so we didn't + +make a mistake in our signs. + +You always want to check your +signs at the and because it's + +so easy to get the sign wrong, +and I was hoping that it was + +right here because I +wasn't sure, but it + +turned out to be right. + +Always check your +sign at the end. + +All right so we know +how to do this. + +Now we are going to do the same +thing with a different + +constraint. + +Our constraint is going to be +an adiabatic expansion or + +compression. + +Adiabatic meaning there's no +heat involved, and we're going + +to see how that differs from the +isothermal expansion and + +compression. + +OK, so this is the +experiment then. + +We're going to take a +piston here which + +is going to be insulated. + +It's going to have some volume, +temperature to begin + +with, and then we're going +to do something to it. + +We're going to change the +pressure above, right now + +there's a p external, which is +equal to p on the inside. + +OK, we're going to do this +reversibly, which means we're + +going to slowly change the +external pressure very, very + +slightly at a time, so that at +every point we're basically in + +equilibrium, until the pressure +reaches a new smaller + +pressure p2. + +So that's going to results in +an expansion where the new + +volume new temperature new +pressure and an external + +pressure, which is p2 which +is a smaller pressure. + +It's really important that this, +that you remember that + +this is the reversible case. + +We're going to also look at the +irreversible case briefly. + +So on the p-V diagram, then, +there's a V1 here a V2 here, a + +p1 here a p2 here. + +This V2 is going to be different +than this one here. + +A priori we don't +know what it is. + +We don't know if it's +bigger or smaller. + +We kind of feel like it's going +to be different because + +it's a different constraint. + +This is isothermal. + +This is adiabatic, +there's no heat. + +So there's going to be a line +that's going to connect the + +initial point to the final +point, and that line + +mathematically is not going to +be the same as this one here. + +And our job is to find out +what is the mathematical + +description of this path, this +line in p-V's case that + +connects these two point. + +And again, I want to stress +this is a reversible path. + +If it was non-reversible, I +would be allowed to put an + +initial point and a final +point, but I wouldn't be + +allowed to put a path between +them like this, connecting + +them together. + +Because if it's irreversible, +it's very likely that I don't + +know what the pressure inside +the system is doing while this + +is happening. + +It could be very chaotic. + +The pressure could not be, might +not even be constant + +throughout the system. + +It could have eddies and +all sorts of things. + +So for an irreversible process, +I wouldn't really be + +allowed to put a path there. + +I can do that because it's +reversible, and I can get a + +functional form out. + +What we're going to find in +this process is that the + +functional form from this is +that p is related to the + +volume through a constant, but +instead of being V to the + +first power as it was for the +isothermal, it's now a V to + +some constant gamma. + +What we're going to find is that +gamma is greater than 1. + +And if gamma is greater than +1, and you're changing the + +pressure to the same final +point, what we're going to + +find then is the volume that +you go to is going to be a + +smaller volume than for +the isothermal. + +We're going to go through these +points, so don't worry + +about getting at all +straight right now. + +All right, so let's do this. + +Let's try to show this. + +Let's try to show that in fact +this is the right functional + +form, that pV to the gamma is +equal to constant is the right + +form that describes the path in +an adiabatic expansion or + +compression. + +So let's do the experiment. + +Let's write everything +that we know down. + +This is where, the way that we +should start every problem set + +or ever problem. + +It's writing everything we +know and what it means. + +OK, so adiabatic. + +All the words mean things +mathematically. + +Adiabatic means dq +equals zero. + +Let's write that down. +dq equals zero. + +Reversible. + +Reversible means that if I +looked at dw it's minus p + +reversible. + +It's minus p external dV, that's +what it is, but in the + +reversible process p external +is equal to p. + +That's the only time you can set +p external equal to p is + +if it's reversible. + +So this is the external +pressure. + +This is the internal pressure +of the system. + +You can only do this because +it's reversible. + +What else do I know? + +It's an ideal gas. + +So I can write du is Cv dT +and pV is equal to RT. + +OK. + +So what else can I write? + +Well from the first law, du is +equal to dq plus dw, and I + +wrote down everything I knew +at the beginning here. + +I wrote dq equals zero +I wrote what dw was. + +So du is just minus p dV. + +Now from the ideal gas, +I have another + +expression for du, Cv dT. + +So now I have two expressions +for du. + +That's a good thing, because I +can them equal to each other. + +So if you get these two guys +together you get Cv dT is + +minus p dV. + +So we're connecting temperature +and changes in + +temperature and changes +in volume together. + +OK, now we don't really +want this p here. + +This is going to be a function, +I only need two + +variables, and here I've got +three variables down. + +So I know p is going to be a +function of T and V, and I + +know how to relate p to +T and V because I know + +the ideal gas law. + +So instead of p, here I'm going +to put nRT over V. or RT + +over V bar. + +So now, this expression becomes +Cv dT over T is equal + +to minus R dV over V. And I +also did a little bit of + +rearrangement. + +Yes? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: Well, let's +see. du is, for an ideal gas, + +it's always equal to Cv dT. + +Constant volume process tells +you that if you have a + +constant volume, then +dq is Cv dT. + +This is what the constant volume +path tells you, that + +you can equate Cv dT with dq. + +The ideal gas tells you that +this is always true here. + +It's an ideal gas in adiabatic +expansion dq is equal to zero. + +Adiabatic expansion means you +can't use this. dq is zero. + +The that is adiabatic. + +It's not constant volume. + +You're allowed Cv comes out +here for this adiabatic + +expansion, which is not a +constant volume only because + +this is always true +for an ideal gas. + +We didn't use a constraint +that V is constant. + +Just use this as an +ideal gas here. + +OK, so we've got dT +here dV here. + +We want to get rid +of derivatives. + +We want to integrate. + +So let's take the integral of +both sides, going from the + +initial point to the +final point. + +We've got Cv integral from T1 +to T2, dT over T is equal to + +minus R from V1 to V2 dV over +V. OK, we do take that + +integral, and that leads us to +Cv log of T2 over T1 is equal + +to minus R log of V2 over V1, +and now we know how to + +rearrange this, because the Cv +times a log of T2 over T1 is + +the same thing as the +log of T2 over T1 to + +the Cv power, right. + +So by rearranging these +expression of the logs here, + +this is the same thing is +writing log T2 over T1 to the + +Cv power is equal to log of +V1 over V2 to the R power. + +And I've reversed the fraction +here because of the + +negative sign here. + +OK, get rid of the logs, and +you get that T2 over T1 is + +equal to V1 over V2 to the R +over Cv by taking this Cv and + +bringing it on the +other side here. + +OK, so now we've got the initial +and final points, a + +relationship between the +temperature and volume for the + +initial and final points. + +Eventually that's not +what we want. + +Eventually we want the same +relationship in the pressure + +and volume. + +We want a relationship in p-V +space, not in T-V space. + +So we're going to have to +do something about that. + +But first, it turns out that +now we have this R over Cv. + +and remember, we have this +relationship between R Cv and + +Cp here, which is going +to be interesting. + +So let's get rid of R in +this expression here. + +So R over Cv, R is +Cp minus Cv. + +We proved that first thing this +morning, divided by Cv so + +this is Cp over Cv minus 1 and +because I know the answer of + +this whole thing here, I'm going +to call this thing here, + +Cp over Cv. + +I'm going to call it gamma. + +Because I know the +answer, right. + +I know the answer. + +I'm going to call this gamma. + +By definition I'm going to +define gamma by Cp over Cv by + +definition. + +OK, so that means that this is +really instead of R over Cv. + +it's really gamma minus one. + +So now I've got this gamma +placed in there, gamma minus + +1, so I've ben feeling +a little bit better. + +I've gotten V to the gamma +power almost to the gamma + +power, it's minus 1 here. + +But it's almost right and I'm +looking for something like + +this here, V to the gamma power +pV to the gamma power is + +a constant to describe +that line. + +So I just got to get rid +of the temperature now. + +Somehow I've gotta get rid of +the temperature and make it + +pressure instead. + +OK, so let's -- let me get rid +of this here, let's use the + +ideal gas law to get rid +of the temperature. + +So we have T is pV over R. So +now if I look at my V1 over V2 + +to the gamma minus 1, +that's T2 over T1. + +I'll replace the ideal gas +law for those two T's. + +That p2 V2 over R, and then I +have p1 V1 over R, the R's + +cancel out. + +Well let's see, there's a V1 +over V2 to the gamma minus 1. + +There's a V1 over V2 +here or V2 over V1. + +That's going to get rid +of this minus 1 here. + +Then I'm going to get, be +left with a p2 over p1. + +So this guy here gets rid of +this, and I have my answer as + +V1 over V2 to the gamma power +is equal to p2 over p1. + +Or I can re-write this as p1, V1 +to the gamma is equal to p2 + +V2 to the gamma. + +That means that p1 and -- where +I am, the point number 1 + +and point number 2 were +completely arbitrary. + +They happen to be on the path. + +So any point I pick on that path +will be equal to p1, V1 + +to the gamma. + +So if I take p times V to the +gamma, anywhere on the path, + +it's going to be equal +to the same relation + +from my first point. + +This is going to be true for +any point on the path. + +As long as I'm on the path, pV +to the gamma will be whatever + +it was for the first point, +which is going to be some sort + +of constant. + +All right, so I've +proven my point. + +I've proven what I was trying to +do, which was to show that + +on this adiabat, everywhere on +the adiabat, if you take a + +functional form that relates p +and V together, it's going to + +have this relationship with +gamma as related to the heat + +capacities. + +Gamma is Cp over Cv. + +OK, now there's more we can say +because we know that's Cp + +is related to Cv through +this R here, and R + +is a positive number. + +So Cp is always bigger +than Cv. + +In fact, if it's an ideal gas +Cv and Cp are well defined + +numbers, it turns out. + +If you have a monotomic ideal +gas, OK, so an atomic version, + +not a molecular ideal gas, then +it turns out that Cv is + +equal to 3/2 R, and therefore, +Cp which is just R plus this + +is five halves R, which means +that gamma for a mono atomic + +ideal gas is 5/3. + +So if you have a gas of argon +atoms, you know what gamma is. + +This is something that you're +going to prove in statistical + +mechanics, and so we're not +going to worry about where + +this comes from. + +We're just going to take +it for granted. + +All right, so gamma is for ideal +gas, is bigger than one. + +In fact we have a number +for it if it's an + +atomic ideal gas. + +So what it means then is if I +look at if this relationship + +here, gamma is bigger than 1, +so gamma something bigger + +than 1 minus 1. + +This is, so this is +positive here. + +It's positive. + +So if I have an expansion where +V2 is greater than V1, + +so V2 is greater than V1, so +this is a number which is less + +than one, then I expect then T2 +is going to be less and T1, + +T2 is less than T1. + +OK, I have this number here to +a power, which is positive, a + +positive power. + +And its number is +less than one. + +This is going to give +me something which + +is less than one. + +So T2 is less than T1, and I +have a cooling of a gas. + +So whenever you have an +adiabatic expansion, the + +temperature cools, +it gets colder. + +It gets colder, and if I look at +my graph here, then if the + +volume of the expansion, if +the temperature of the + +adiabatic expansion was colder, +that means that -- + +this is the wrong graph here. + +If I want to compare it with +the isothermal expansion, + +which is sitting here. + +All right, so gamma, the gas is +cooling so V2 is going to + +be less than it what +would be if the + +temperature kept constant. + +So finally, on the same graph, +I put down what an isothermal + +expansion would be, if my final +pressure is the same + +pressure, my volume for an +isothermal expansion will be + +bigger than for an adiabatic +expansion. + +So when I expand this gas +adiabatically and it cools + +down, why do you think +it might cool down? + +It cools down because I'm +doing work through the + +environment, but the energy has +to go somewhere, right? + +There's an interplay between +the energy inside the gas + +which is the heat energy which +is allowing me to do all that + +work to be outside, and so I'm +using up some of the energy + +that's inside the gas to do +the work on the outside. + +And here, in an isothermal +expansion, The bath is putting + +back the energy that the gas +is expanding or using to + +expand, and so the energy is +flowing back into the gas + +through the environment in +the isothermal expansion. + +In the opposite case, if you +have a compression, then it's + +the opposite of expansion. + +Compression you're expected +to heat up, right? + +So in the compression, you're +going to have V2 + +is less than V1. + +So that T2 is going to +be greater than T1. + +That's going to be your +heating up of the gas. + +And that really is +the bicycle pump. + +That example I gave last time +with the bicycle pump was not + +quite the right example. + +But this time this really +is the bicycle pump. + +That you're pushing +really hard on it. + +So you start with the +bicycle pump at one + +bar, let's say, right? + +And you compress the air +in the bicycle pump. + +You do it so quickly that the +heat flow between the inside + +of the bicycle pump and the +outside is too slow compared + +to the speed at which +you compress. + +But you don't compress it so +quickly that you're not in + +there reversible process so you +compress that if you were + +to feel the temperature of the +air and you can feel it + +through the nozzle gives you an +idea of the temperature of + +the air inside your +bicycle pump. + +You'll feel that it's warmer. + +You've just done an adiabatic +compression of the ideal gas, + +you can pretend there +is an ideal gas. + +And that gives rise to +the heating that you + +can actually measure. + +OK, any questions on +this part here. + +All right, so we've just gone +through the reversible + +adiabatic, and I'm not going +to do this in detail, but I + +want to go through the +irreversible adiabatic fairly + +quickly, and see where the +difference is here. + +OK, so now we're going to do the +same kind of experiment, + +but irreversibly. + +An irreversible adiabatic. + +OK, so the experiment is going +to be to take my cylinder now, + +and the external pressure and +the internal pressure are not + +going to be in equilibrium +with each + +other during the process. + +I'm going to start with my +cylinder here, I'm going to + +put little pegs here so +it doesn't fly up. + +There's going to be some +external pressure. + +I'm going to set that +equal to p2. + +There is going to be an internal +pressure where p1 is + +less than p2 and there's +V1 and T1 here. + +The whole thing is going +to be insulated. + +Then I'm going to release these +little pegs here and my + +piston is going to shoot +up now because p2 + +is less than p1. + +So p2 is less than p1, the +external pressures is less + +than the internal pressure. + +So it's going to shoot up until +the internal pressure + +and the external pressure +are in equilibrium. + +So they're both p2. external is +p2 and I have p2, V2, T2, + +on the other side. + +OK, so in my diagram now, I have +p1, V1 for my gas. p2, V2 + +for my gas, so I know that I'm +starting here and I know that + +I'm ending here, but I can't +connect this path here. + +I don't know how to do that. + +It's an irreversible +expansion. + +I don't know what the +pressure is doing in + +there, doing that expansion. + +It could be quite chaotic. + +It could be non-spacially +constant. + +OK, so but you still know +a number of things. + +We're now going to be able to +write you know dw is minus p + +dV, but we're still going +to be able to + +write a bunch of things. + +We're still going to be able to +write that it's an adiabat + +so that dq equals zero. + +We're still going to be able +to write dw instead of pV + +where p is the internal +pressure. dw now is actually + +much easier. + +It's minus p external. + +Well p external is actually p2, +so that makes it actually + +easier. dV we're still +going to write that + +it's an ideal gas. + +So du is still going to be +equal to Cv dT, and we're + +still going to be able to use +the first law, all these + +things don't matter +where the path is. + +Still know that du +is dq plus dw. + +dq is zero. dw is minus p2 dV. + +So this is what we know, just +like what we wrote there. + +We write what we know. + +I'm not going to turn +the crank here. + +I'm going to give +you the answer. + +OK, you use the ideal gas law, +etc., then you get a + +relationship that connects the +pressure and the temperature, + +like here we got a relationship +that connected + +the temperatures and the +volumes together. + +You can get a relationship that +connects the temperature + +so this is T2 times Cv plus R +is equal to T1 on Cv plus p2 + +over p1 times R. + +This is going to be the connect, +what connects the + +pressures and the temperature. + +And p2 is less than p1, so +this number right here + +is less than 1. + +So and Cv plus R, Cv plus +something less than R, so T1 + +better be bigger than T2. + +OK, so T2 is less than T1. + +Same qualitative result +as before. + +You have an expansion. + +It's and adiabatic expansion. + +You get a cooling of the gas. + +OK? + +Now here's a question for you +guys, which we're going to + +vote on, so you better start +thinking about it. + +Is the temperature T2 in this +process smaller or larger than + +if I were to do the process +reversibly with the same + +endpoint pressure. + +So now, instead of having p +external equals to p2 here, I + +put p1 and I let this whole +thing go reversibly. + +And I compare T2 irreversible +to T2 reversible. + +They're both less than T1. + +They're supposed, there's +a cooling + +happening in both cases. + +One is going to be colder +than the other, maybe. + +Maybe they're going +to be the same. + +I don't know. + +I'm going to let you try to +figure that out qualitatively + +without doing any math. + +See if you can figure it out. + +OK, so which is colder? + +I'm going to let you think +about it for about thirty + +seconds or so. + +You can talk to each +other if you don't, + +can't figure it out. + +All right, let's take a vote. + +How many people say that T2 +irreversible is colder than T2 + +reversible? + +One, two, don't be shy, three +four, anybody else, five. + +OK, I've got five votes here. + +Professor Nelson? + +PROFESSOR NELSON: Oh, +I'm abstaining. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: You're +abstaining, OK, good choice. + +OK, what about T1 +cooler than T2? + +OK, I've got a lot +of votes here. + +So the majority of the +people, so this is + +much bigger than five. + +OK. + +So remember last time the +majority was wrong, right? + +The majority was wrong +last time. + +That doesn't mean that the +majority is wrong here. + +It could be right. + +Let me give you another piece +of information here that you + +already know. + +Minus w irreversible, this is +the work which is done to the + +environment by the system, minus +w irreversible is always + +smaller than minus +w reversible. + +You learned that a +little while ago. + +OK, so this is a little hint. + +Let's vote again. + +Let's think about it for ten +seconds why this could be + +interesting and relevant, and +I want to ask if anybody + +changed their mind. + +Anybody change their mind, +change their vote? + +Yes You want to change +your vote? + +To which one? + +STUDENT: From T2 reversible is +greater than T2 irreversible, + +saying that T2 reversible +is [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: So +the question then, + +which one is colder? + +STUDENT: T2 reversible +should be colder. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: T2 +irreversible should be colder? + +STUDENT: Yes. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: All right. + +OK. + +I'm going to keep you there +then, the majority. + +Yes? + +STUDENT: I'm switching +to [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: You're +switching this way here? + +So now we have six here. + +Anybody else want to switch? + +All right, let's take the +example of, the extreme + +example, let's go to the +extreme example where p + +external is really small. + +And I have this adiabatic +expansion where p external is + +really small. it's kind +of like the Joule + +expansion, an ideal gas. + +What happened to the temperature +in a Joule + +expansion in ideal gas? + +Anybody remember? + +Anybody remember? + +Joule expansion, this is where +we proved that delta u was + +only dependent on temperature. + +Bob Field taught that lecture. + +Nobody remembers? + +Well, all right, delta u is +equal to zero for that. + +What happened to the temperature +in that expansion? + +It's an adiabatic expansion. + +Well, we'll revisit that. + +Let me ask you another +question here. + +So w, the work is less for the +irreversible process than the + +reversible process. + +There's less work done +to the outside. + +So there's less energy expanded +by the system. + +The energy expanded by the +system is smaller for the + +irreversible process. + +It's not doing as much work. + +It's not pressing against +as much pressure. + +Right? p external equals +p2 is less than p + +external equals p internal. + +So it doesn't have to +do as much work. + +It doesn't have to expend as +much energy, therefore, the + +majority in this +case is right. + +The temperature is not going +to cool as much for the + +irreversible process. + +The reversible process is going +to be colder because it + +has to expend more energy. + +It's going to have a +higher pressure. + +The pressure is going to +decrease along the way, but + +it's going to have to +do more work because + +of this right here. + +So the majority in this +case is right. + +Now the Joule expansion, the +temperature doesn't change, T + +equals zero. eta sub J, the +Joule coefficient for an ideal + +gas, is equal to zero and +eta sub J was dT/dV + +under constant energy. + +All right, any questions? + +Yes? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR BAWENDI: The only +-- a priori, that's true. + +But it's hard to imagine an +irreversible compression the + +way we can just imagine an +irreversible expansion. + +You have to do it awfully fast +to get your irreversible + +compression. + +I don't know how to +do it really. + +I think it's, but it's more +complicated, but you're + +basically right, basically +right. + +That's why we always talk about +irreversible expansion, + +because it's easy +to write down an + +irreversible expansion. + +A compression is a little +bit more complicated. + +Any other questions? + +OK, great. + +Monday Professor Nelson who is +sitting here will be taking + +over for a few weeks +and then you'll see + +me again after that. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rXOGLlKuvzU.txt b/rXOGLlKuvzU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..385dc91bcadc4a139a75bdcd4c1bde2d2b719412 --- /dev/null +++ b/rXOGLlKuvzU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1934 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or to view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Hi. + +Our lecture for today probably +should be entitled it + +should've been functions, but +it's analytic geometry + +instead, or a picture is +worth a thousand words. + +What we hope to do today is +to establish the fact that + +whereas in the study of calculus +when we deal with + +rate of change we are interested +in analytical + +terms, that more often than not, +we prefer to visualize + +things more intuitively in +terms of a graph or other + +suitable visual aid, and that +actually, this is not quite as + +alien or as profound as it +may at first glance seem. + +Consider, for example, +the businessman who + +says profits rose. + +Profits rose. + +Now, you know, profits don't +rise unless the safe blows up + +or something like this. + +What profits do is they increase +or they decrease. + +The reason that we say profits +rise is that when the profits + +are increasing, if we are +plotting profit in terms of + +time, the resulting graph +shows a rising tendency. + +As the profit increases, +the curve rises. + +And in other words then, we +begin to establish the feeling + +that we can identify the +analytic term increasing with + +the geometric term rising. + +And this identification, whereby +difficult arithmetic + +concepts are visualized +pictorially, is something that + +begins not only very early in +the history of man, but very + +early in the development of the +mathematics curriculum. + +Oh, as a case in point, consider +the problem of 5 + +divided by 3 versus +6 divided by 3. + +I remember when I was in grade +school that this particular + +problem always seemed more +appealing to me than this + +problem, that 6 divided by 3 +seemed natural, but 5 divided + +by 3 didn't. + +And the reason was is that in +terms of visualizing tally + +marks, it was much easier to see +how you divide six tallies + +into three groups than five +tallies into three groups. + +However, as soon as we +pick a length as our + +model, the idea is this. + +Either one can divide a line +into three parts of equal + +length or one can't +divide the line. + +Now, if I can geometrically +divide this line into three + +equal parts, and in plain +geometry we learn to do this, + +then the fact is that I can +divide this line segment into + +three equal parts regardless +of how long this + +line happens to be. + +Oh, to be sure, if this line +happens to be 6 units long, + +this point is named 2. + +And if, on the other hand, the +line happens to be only 5 + +inches long, the resulting +point is named 5/3. + +But notice that in either case, +I can in a very natural + +way define or identify either +ratio as a point on the line. + +And this idea of identifying +numerical concepts called + +numbers with geometric concepts +called points is a + +very old device and a device +that was used and still is + +used in the curriculum today +under the name of the number + +line, under the name of graphs, +and what we will use + +as a fundamental building block +as our course develops. + +Now, you know, in the same way +that we can think of a single + +number as being a point on the +line, we can think of a pair + +of numbers, an ordered pair +of numbers, as being a + +point in the plane. + +This is Descartes geometry, +which we can call coordinate + +geometry, the idea being that +in the same way as we can + +locate a number of along the +x-axis, shall we say, we could + +have located a numbered pair +as a point in the plane. + +Namely, 2 comma 3 would mean the +point whose x-coordinate + +was 2 and whose y-coordinate +was 3. + +By the way, the reason that we +say ordered pairs is, if you + +observe, 2 comma 3 and +3 comma 2 happen to + +be different pairs. + +And notice again how vividly the +geometric interpretation + +of this is. + +Namely, in terms of locating a +point in space, it's obvious + +that the point named 2 comma 3 +is not the same as the point + +named 3 comma 2. + +Again, the important +thing is this. + +When I think of 5 divided by 3, +when I think of the ordered + +pair 2 comma 3, I do not have +to think of a picture. + +I can think of these things +analytically. + +But the picture gives me certain +insights that will + +help me with my intuition, an +aid that I don't want to + +relinquish. + +For example, going back +to the graph again. + +Thinking of the analytic term +greater than, notice how much + +easier it is to think of, for +example, higher than, see, one + +point being higher than another +or to the right of. + +You see, geometric concepts to +name analytic statements, or + +instead of increasing, +as we mentioned + +before, to say rising. + +And there will be many, many +more such identifications as + +we go along with our course. + +At any rate, let's continue +to see then what is the + +relationship then between +functions that we talked about + +and graphs? + +The idea is something +like this. + +Let's return to our friend of +the first lecture: s equals + +16t squared. + +We can think of a distance +machine being the function + +where the input will be time and +the output will be what? + +The square of the input +multiplied by 16. + +Observe that from this, I do not +have to have any picture + +to understand what's +happening here. + +Namely, I can measure an input, +measure an output, and + +observe analytically +what is happening. + +However, as we saw last time, +our graph sort of shows us at + +a glance what seems to be +happening, that we can + +identify rising and falling with +increasing and decreasing + +and things of this type. + +We will explore this, of course, +in much more detail as + +we continue in our course. + +By the way, there's no reason +why the input has to be a + +single number. + +For example, why couldn't +the input be an + +ordered pair of numbers? + +Among other things, let's take +a simple geometric example. + +Consider, for example, finding +the volume of a cylinder in + +terms of the radius of its +base and the height. + +We know from solid geometry +that the volume is + +pi r squared h. + +We could therefore think of a +volume machine where the input + +is the ordered pair r comma h, +and the output is the single + +number pi r squared h. + +By the way, notice here the +meaning of ordered pair. + +You see, if the pair 2 comma 3 +goes into the machine, notice + +that the recipe here +says what? + +You square the first +member of the pair. + +In other words, if 2 comma 3 +is the input, we square 2, + +which is 4, multiplied by 3, +which is 12, and 12 times pi, + +of course, is 12 pi. + +On the other hand, if the input +is 3 comma 2, the first + +number is 3. + +Our recipe squares +the first number. + +That would be 9, times 2 is +18, times pi is 18 pi. + +But again, observe that I at +no time needed a picture to + +visualize what was +happening here. + +Of course, if I wanted a +picture, I could try to plot + +this also, but notice now that +my graph would probably need + +three dimensions to draw. + +And why would it need +three dimensions? + +Well, notice that my input has +two independent measurements r + +and h, and therefore, I would +need two dimensions just to + +take care of r and h. + +Then I would need a third +dimension to plot v. + +And by the way, notice +the next stage. + +If I had an input that consisted +of three independent + +measurements, this would still +make sense, but now I would be + +at a loss for the picture. + +In other words, what I'm trying +to bring out next is + +the fact that whereas pictures +are a tremendous help, maybe a + +second subtitle to our lecture +should've been a picture is + +worth a thousand words +provided you + +can could draw it. + +Because, you see, if we needed +three independent dimensions + +to locate the input and then +a fourth one to locate the + +output, how would we +draw the picture? + +By the way, this happens in high +school algebra again, if + +you want to see the analogy. + +Look at, for example, +the algebraic + +equation a plus b squared. + +We learned in algebra that this +is a squared plus 2ab + +plus b squared. + +Observe that we do not need to +have a picture to understand + +how this works. + +Oh, to be sure, if we had a +picture, we get a tremendous + +amount of insight as to +what's happening here. + +Namely, let's visualize a square +whose side is a plus b. + +On the one hand, you see, the +area of the square would be a + +plus b squared, you see, +the side squared. + +On the other hand, if we now +subdivide this figure this + +way, we see that that same +square is made up of four + +pieces having one piece of area +a squared, two pieces of + +area ab, and one piece +of area b squared. + +And so we see, on the other +hand, that the area of the + +square is a squared plus +2ab plus b squared. + +And so again, observe that +whereas this stands on its own + +two legs, the picture helps +us quite a bit. + +By the way, we could continue +this with a cube over here. + +Namely, it turns out that a plus +b cubed is a cubed plus + +3a squared b plus 3ab squared +plus b cubed. + +And again, if we wanted to, +and we won't take the time + +here, but if we wanted to, we +could now draw a cube whose + +side is a plus b. + +Namely, we could take the same +diagram that we had before and + +now make a third dimension +to it. + +And if you did that, +you would see what? + +That the cube whose volume is a +plus b cubed is divided into + +eight pieces, one of size a by +a by a, three of size a by a + +by b, three of size a by +b by b, and one of + +size b by b by b. + +Again, the picture is a +tremendous visual aid. + +Now, the key step is this. + +If we were to now give in to +our geometric intuition and + +say, lookit, why worry about +algebra when it's so much + +easier to do this thing by +geometry, the counterexample + +is consider a plus b to +the fourth power. + +Now, by the binomial theorem, +and I might add, the same + +binomial theorem that allowed +us to get these results, we + +can also write that +this is what? + +It's a is the fourth plus 4a +cubed b plus 6a squared b + +squared plus 4ab cubed +plus b to the fourth. + +Now, it's not important how +we get this result. + +The important point is that +analytically, we can raise a + +number to the fourth power just +as easily as we can to + +the third power or +the second power. + +The only difference is that in +the case of the third power, + +we had a picture that +we could use. + +In the fourth power case, we +didn't have a picture. + +And what a tragedy it would +have been to say, hey, we + +can't solve this problem +because we + +can't draw the picture. + +And by the way, as a rather +interesting aside, notice the + +geometric influence on +how we read this. + +This is called a plus b +to the fourth power. + +But somehow or other, we don't +call this one a plus b to the + +third power. + +We call it a plus b cubed, +suggesting the geometric + +configuration of the cube. + +And here we don't usually say a +plus b to the second power. + +We say a plus b squared. + +You see, the idea is that when +the picture is available, it + +gives us a tremendous insight as +to what can be done, and it + +helps us learn to visualize +what's happening analytically. + +In fact, what usually happens +is we use the picture to + +justify what's happening +analytically when we can see + +the picture and then just +carry the analytic part + +through unimpeded in +the case where we + +can't draw the picture. + +Let me give you another +example of this. + +Let's look at the +following set. + +That also should review our +language of sets for us. + +Let S be the set of all ordered +pairs x comma y such + +that x squared plus y +squared equals 25. + +Question: Does the ordered pair +3 comma 4 belong to S? + +Answer: Yes. + +How do we know? + +Well, we have a test +for membership. + +We're supposed to do what? + +Square each of the entries, each +of the numbers, add them, + +and if the answer is 25, then +that ordered pair belongs to + +S. 3 squared plus 4 squared is +25, so this pair belongs to S. + +How about 1 comma 2? + +Well, 1 squared plus 2 squared +is 1 plus 4, which is 5. + +5 is not equal to 25, so 1 comma +2 does not belong to S. + +Well, did we need any geometry +to be able to + +visualize this result? + +Hopefully, one did not +need any geometry to + +visualize this result. + +On the other hand then, what +does it mean in analytic + +geometry when we say that x +squared plus y squared equals + +25 is a circle? + +As badly as I draw, x squared +plus y squared equals 25 looks + +less like a circle than the +circle I drew over here. + +You see, what we really +mean is this. + +Consider all the points in the +plane x comma y for which x + +squared plus y squared +equals 25. + +These are precisely the points +on this particular circle. + +And the easiest way to see that, +of course, is that since + +the radius of the circle is 5 +and the point x comma y means + +that this length is x and this +length is y, notice that from + +the Pythagorean theorem, we see +it once, that x squared + +plus y squared equals 25. + +Now again, the solution set to +this equation is our set S + +whether we're thinking of this +thing algebraically or + +geometrically. + +On the other hand, watch what +our picture seems to give us + +that we didn't have before. + +Let's return to our point 1 +comma 2, which we saw didn't + +belong to S. Well, +look at this. + +Where would 1 comma 2 be? + +1 comma 2 would be inside +the circle. + +Why is that? + +Because, you see, if we take +the point 1 comma 2, if we + +take, say, for example, the +point 1 comma 2, notice that + +the distance from the origin +to the point 1 comma 2 + +is less than 5. + +In other words, the distance is +less than 5 so the square + +of the distance is +less than 25. + +In other words, not only can we +say that 1 comma 2 does not + +belong to S, which we could have +said without the picture, + +we can now say what? + +1 comma 2 is-- + +and notice the geometric +language here-- + +is inside the circle. + +In other words, the study of + +inequalities can now be reduced. + +Instead of talking about less +than and greater than, we can + +now talk about such things +as inside and outside. + +You see, inside the circle, +which is a simple geometric + +concept, just means what? + +A set of all points for which +x squared plus y squared is + +less than 25. + +Outside that circle, x squared +plus y squared is + +greater than 25. + +On the circle, x squared plus +y squared equals 25. + +Again, a nice identification +between numbers and pictures, + +analysis and geometry. + +Well, this then shows us why +we want to study pictures + +rather than functions. + +Now, if we look at any textbook +in which we deal with + +graphs, it always seems that +we start with graphs of + +straight lines. + +And the question is what is so +great about a straight line? + +After all, pictures in general +are going to be much more + +complicated than that. + +What advantage is there in +starting with straight lines? + +And again, we begin to realize +how straight lines are the + +backbone of all types of +analytical procedures and all + +types of curve plotting. + +For example, let's suppose we +were studying this particular + +curve, and we wanted to know +what was happened to that + +curve in the neighborhood +around the point p. + +Let's draw in the tangent line +to the curve at the point p. + +Notice that this line that +we've drawn serves as a + +wonderful approximation curve +itself if we stay close enough + +to the point of tangency. + +In other words, notice how much +we can deduce about this + +curve if we study only the +straight line segment at the + +point of tangency. + +Of course, the approximation +gets worse and worse as we + +move further and further out. + +But in the neighborhood of the +point of what's going on, + +notice again then that the +straight line is an important + +building block. + +By the way, again we use +straight lines in a rather + +subtle way in something +called interpolation. + +For example, let's suppose I go +to a log table and I look + +up the log of 2. + +I find that the log +of 2 is 0.301. + +I look up the log of 4. + +I find that's 0.602. + +Now I look for the log of 3, +and I see that it's been + +obliterated. + +I don't know what it is. + +So I say, well, let me guess. + +3 is halfway between 2 and 4. + +Therefore, I would suspect that +the log of 3 is halfway + +between the log of 2 +and the log of 4. + +And so, halfway between here +would be about what? + +0.452, roughly speaking. + +All of a sudden, the +obliteration on + +my book clears up. + +And I look, and I don't +find 0.452. + +Instead I find-- + +well, let's write +it over here. + +What I find is 0.477. + +Now, you know, this is a pretty +big error to attribute + +to slide rule inaccuracy +or trouble in + +rounding off the tables. + +What really went wrong +over here? + +And the answer comes up again +that unless otherwise + +specified, the process known +as interpolation hinges on + +replacing a curve by a straight +line approximation. + +In fact, you see, if we were +to draw the curve of the + +logarithm function, we would +find that the picture is + +something like this. + +And when we looked up the log +of 2, this height is what we + +found in the table. + +When we looked up the log of +4, this height is what we + +would have found in the table. + +If we had looked up in the table +the log of 3, this is + +the height that we +would have found. + +This is the height +that's 0.477. + +Notice that in general, if we go +halfway from here to here, + +we do not go halfway +from here to here. + +It depends on the shape +of the curve. + +The only time you can be sure +that you have proportional + +parts is if the curve that +joined these two points was a + +straight line. + +And notice, by the way, that +by the shape of this curve, + +the straight line falls below +the curve, and therefore, the + +height that we found +was to the straight + +line, not to the curve. + +That was the point 0.452. + +So, in other words, notice that +we got smaller than the + +right answer because we +approximated as if it was a + +straight line that was +joining the curve. + +You see, what interpolation +hinges on is that the size of + +the interval is very small and +that you can assume that for + +the accuracy that you're +interested in that the + +straight line approximation to +the curve is sufficiently + +accurate to represent +the curve itself. + +Well, enough about that. + +Once we've talked about why +straight lines are important, + +the next thing is how do we +measure straight lines? + +See, another interesting point +to something like this. + +Many times we know what +something means subjectively, + +but we don't know what +it means objectively. + +For example, one way of finding +a line is to know two + +points on the line. + +Another way is to know +one point and the + +slant of the line. + +The question that comes up +is how do you measure + +the slant of a line? + +In other words, shall you say +that the line is very slanty? + +And if the answer to that is +yes, how do you distinguish + +between slanty and very slanty, +steep and very steep, + +very steep and very, +very steep? + +We need something +more objective. + +And the way we get around +this is as follows. + +Given a line, we define +the slope as follows. + +We pick any two points +on the line. + +And from those two points, we +can measure what we call the + +run of the line, in other words, +how far you've gone + +this way, and the rise +of the line, how much + +it's risen this way. + +And what we do is we define +the slope to be the rise + +divided by the run, or without +the delta notation in here, y2 + +minus y1 over x2 minus x1. + +By the way, there are little +problems that come up. + +After all, our answer should +not depend on the picture. + +It should be sort of +self-contained analytically. + +The question comes up is what +if I had labeled this point + +x2, y2 and this point x1, y1? + +What would have happened then? + +And observe that as long as we +keep the pairs straight, it + +makes no difference whether you +write this or whether you + +write this. + +Because, you see, in each +case, all you've done is + +change the sign, and negative +over negative is positive. + +So certainly our answer to what +a slope is is objective + +enough, so it does not depend on +how the points are labeled. + +A second objection that most +people have is they say + +something like, well, who are +you to say that we pick these + +two points? + +What if I came along and picked +these two points and I + +now computed the slope by taking +this as my delta y and + +this as my delta x? + +Obviously, it would be a tragedy +if the answer to the + +problem depended on which pair +of points you picked since a + +line should have +but one slope. + +Again, notice that our high +school training in geometry, + +similar triangles, motivates +why we pick ratios. + +Namely, while this delta y and +this delta y may be different + +and this delta x and this delta +x may be different, what + +is true is that the ratio of +this delta y to this delta x + +is the same as the ratio of this +delta y to this delta x. + +And that's why we +pick the ratio. + +By the way, another way of +talking about ratio is if you + +look at delta y divided by delta +x and you've had some + +trigonometry, it reminds +you of a trigonometric + +relationship. + +Namely, you look at delta y, you +look at delta x, and you + +say, my, isn't that just +the tangent of + +this particular angle? + +Couldn't I define the slope? + +And by the way, the general +symbol for slope, for better + +or for worse, just happens +to be letter m. + +Why couldn't I define m to be +the tangent of phi, where phi + +is the angle that the straight +line makes with + +the positive x-axis? + +And, of course, there is a +little subtlety here that we + +should pay attention to. + +This would be an ambiguous +definition if the scale on the + +x- and the y-axis were +not the same. + +In other words, notice that by +changing the scale here, I can + +distort the same analytic +information. + +So if I agree, however, that the +unit on the x-axis is the + +same as the unit on the y-axis, +then I can say, OK, + +the slope is also tangent +of the angle phi. + +I much prefer to say it's delta +y divided by delta x, + +because then if I forget +the scale, + +I'm still in no trouble. + +On the other hand, if we use the +tangent definition, we can + +utilize all we know about +trigonometry to get some other + +interesting results. + +Namely, the question that might +come up is can we study + +the slopes of two different +lines very conveniently in + +terms of our definition +of slope? + +And the answer is this. + +If we imagine now that our lines +are drawn to scale here, + +and here are two different +lines, which I'll call l1 and + +l2, and we'll call the angle +that l1 makes with the + +positive x-axis phi 1, the angle +that l2 makes with the + +positive x-axis phi 2. + +Therefore, what? m1 +is tan phi 1. + +m2 is tan phi 2. + +Notice that our formula for the +tangent of the difference + +of two angles-- you see, +notice that this + +angle here is what? + +Since this angle is the sum of +these two, this angle here is + +phi 2 minus phi 1 or the +negative of phi 1 minus phi 2. + +I should have had this phi 2 +minus phi 2, but since that + +just changes the sign, that will +not have any bearing on + +the point I want to make. + +Let's continue this way. + +Tangent of phi 1 minus phi 2 is +tan phi 1 minus tan phi 2 + +over 1 plus tan phi +1 tan phi 2. + +On the other hand, by our +definitions of m1 and m2, this + +is m1 minus m2 over +1 plus m1 m2. + +Now, this tells me how to find +the angle between two lines + +just in terms of knowing +the slope. + +Two very special interesting +cases as extremes suggest + +themselves right away. + +One case is what happens if +the lines are parallel? + +If the lines are parallel, you +see, phi 1 equals phi 2, in + +which case phi 1 minus phi +2 is 0, in which case the + +tangent of phi 1 minus phi +2 had better be 0. + +But the only way a fraction can +be 0 is for the numerator + +to be 0, and that means +that m1 must equal m2. + +In other words, in terms of +slopes, we can study parallel + +lines just by equating +their slopes. + +A less obvious relationship +that's equally important is + +how do you measure whether two +lines are perpendicular? + +The answer is if they're +perpendicular, the angle + +between them is 90 degrees. + +The tangent of 90 degrees is +infinity, as we learned. + +That's equivalent +to saying what? + +That the denominator is 0. + +See, the only way a fraction +blows up is for the + +denominator to be 0. + +But the only way that 1 plus +m1 m2 can be 0 is for what? + +m1 m2 to be equal to minus 1. + +And this gives us the other very +well-known result that in + +terms of slopes, to study +whether two lines are + +perpendicular, all we need to +investigate is whether one + +slope is the negative reciprocal +of the other. + +Well, again, the textbook +will bring out + +slopes in more detail. + +The next question that we'd like +to bring up in terms of a + +picture is worth a thousand +words is how do you identify + +the straight line with an +algebraic equation? + +What do we mean by the equation +of a straight line? + +Well, again, there are +two possibilities. + +The first possibility +is that the line is + +parallel to the y-axis. + +If the line is parallel to the +y-axis, if the line goes + +through the point a comma 0, +notice that the only criteria + +for the point to be on +that line is that its + +x-coordinate equal a. + +By the way, this is often +abbreviated in the textbook as + +the line x equals a. + +Many a student says how do +you know this is a line? + +Why isn't this the +point x equals a? + +And here again is a good review +of why we stress the + +language of sets. + +Here again is a good reason why +we express the language of + +sets so strongly. + +Namely, go back to the universe +of discourse here. + +When you see the set of all +ordered pairs x comma y for + +which x equals a, this gives +you the hint that you're + +talking about pairs of points, +and that tells you that you + +have numbers in the plane, not +on the line, not on the + +x-axis, a two-dimensional +interpretation over here. + +You see, if this said the set of +all x such that x equals a, + +it would just be a point. + +But notice the hint over here. + +At any rate, this then becomes +the equation of a straight + +line if the straight line is +parallel to the y-axis. + +Of course, the other possibility +is what if the + +line isn't parallel +to the x-axis? + +And here, too, we say OK, +suppose we know a point on the + +line and suppose we know +the slope of the line. + +What we will do is pick any +other point on the plane, + +which we will label arbitrarily +x comma y, and see + +what the equation x comma +y has to satisfy. + +How do the coordinates have to +be related to be on this line? + +Well, we already know that slope +does not depend on which + +two points you pick. + +Consequently, since the slope +of this line is m, the slope + +must also be what? + +y minus y1 over x minus x1. + +And this becomes the fundamental +definition for the + +equation of a line which is not +parallel to the y-axis. + +And by the way, again, I think +m's and x1's and y1's tend to + +give you a bit of hardship +at first until + +you get used to them. + +Let's illustrate this thing +with a specific example. + +Suppose I say to you I am +thinking of the line whose + +slope is 3 and which passes +through the point 2 comma 5. + +And notice the language +of sets here. + +To say that 2 comma 5 is on the +line is the same as saying + +that 2 comma 5 belongs +to the set of points + +determined by the line. + +Drawing a rough sketch +over here-- + +and by the way, notice something +very important here. + +I never have to draw to scale. + +Because, you see, all I'm going +to use is the analytic + +terms, and 2 comma 5 is still 2 +and 5, no matter how I draw + +the picture. + +So, for example, if I say OK, +let's see what it means for + +the point x comma y to belong +here, I say, well, + +what does that mean? + +My slope is going to have +to be what? y minus 5. + +That's my rise. + +My run is x minus 2, and +that must equal 3. + +And if I clear this of +fractions, I get what? y is + +equal to 3x minus 1. + +By the way, does +this check out? + +If x is 2, 2 times 3 +is 6, minus 1 is 5. + +2 comma 5 is on the line. + +You see, here's the thing. + +We talked about the line +geometrically. + +Now I have an algebraic +equation. + +I no longer have to refer +to the picture. + +I have something analytic now. + +For example, suppose a person +says to me I wonder if the + +point 8 comma 23 is +on this line? + +I don't have to draw +a picture to scale. + +I don't have to waste +any time. + +I know that the equation of my +line is y equals 3x minus 1. + +By the way, if y equals 3x minus +1, as soon as x is 8, + +what must y equal? + +y must equal what? + +23? + +Is that right? + +And so is the point 8 comma +23 on the line? + +Yes. + +How about 8 comma 12? + +8 comma 12 isn't on the +line because 3 times 8 + +minus 1 is not 12. + +But notice that we can even see +algebraically that 8 comma + +12 must be below the line. + +In other words, our study of +equations allows us not only + +to visualize lines as equations, +but we can also + +visualize inequalities +as pictures. + +In other words, if we have the +equation of a line, if this is + +the line y equals, say, 3x plus +1 or something like this, + +then what is this region here? + +These are all those values which +lie-- whose heights lie + +below the height to +be on the curve. + +Again, not a very clear example +in the sense of + +drawing the picture neatly for +you, but our main aim is not + +to draw neat pictures here. + +Our main aim is to show how +analytical terms can be + +studied very conveniently +in terms of pictures. + +In fact, perhaps to conclude +today's lesson, what we should + +talk about is an old algebraic +concept called + +simultaneous equations. + +Suppose you're asked to solve +this pair of equations. + +You say, well, let's see, if y +equals 3x minus 1 and it's + +also equal to x plus 1, that +says that x plus 1 + +equals 3x minus 1. + +I now solve this thing +algebraically. + +I get 2x equals 2, +so x equals 1. + +Knowing that x equals 1, I can +see that y equals 2, and I see + +that 1 comma 2 is my solution. + +In other words, if I wound up +with this thing algebraically, + +1 comma 2 is the only member +that belongs to both of these + +two solution sets. + +Now, again, notice how I can +solve this purely analytic + +problem without recourse +to a picture. + +On the other hand, if I want +to think of this thing + +pictorially, notice that y +equals 3x minus 1 is the + +equation of a particular +straight line, and y equals x + +plus 1 is also the equation +of a line. + +Notice that since these two +lines are not parallel, they + +intersect at one particular +point. + +And the geometric problem that I +solved on the previous board + +turns out to be that the point +1 comma 2 is the point that + +both of these lines +have in common. + +In fact, if we call this line +as before l1 and if we name + +this l2, in the language of +sets, 1 comma 2 is what? + +The point which is the +intersection of the two lines + +l1 and l2, again, a geometric +interpretation + +for an analytic problem. + +In fact, notice also how much +mileage I can get out of the + +geometric picture. + +For example, notice that this +region here has a very nice + +geometric interpretation. + +It's the set of what? + +All points which are below this +line and above this line. + +In other words, what? + +To be below this line, y must be +less than x plus 1, and to + +be above this line, y must be +greater than 3x minus 1. + +Notice then that a pair of +simultaneous inequalities, + +which may not be that easy to +handle, are very easy to + +handle in terms of regions +in the plane. + +Notice also that since two lines +can either be parallel + +or not parallel, we also get a +nice geometric interpretation + +as to why simultaneous +equations + +may have one solution. + +Namely, the lines are +not parallel, + +and hence, they intersect. + +Or no solutions, the lines +could've been parallel without + +intersecting. + +Or infinitely many solutions, +the two lines could have been + +different equations. + +In effect, I should say what? + +The two equations could've been +different equations for + +the same line. + +Again, this may seem a little +bit sketchy and rapid, but all + +we want to do is give +the overview. + +The reading assignment in the +text goes into great detail on + +the points that we've +mentioned so far. + +But again, in summary, what our +lesson was supposed to be + +today was to indicate the +importance of being able to + +visualize and to identify +analytic results with + +geometric pictures. + +And so, until next +time, goodbye. + +Funding for the publication of +this video was provided by the + +Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum +Foundation. + +Help OCW continue to provide +free and open access to MIT + +courses by making a donation +at ocw.mit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sY3ut7JjRCw.txt b/sY3ut7JjRCw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e45f95d0cc0a1e0bd3e60adf0428a0b1ff052296 --- /dev/null +++ b/sY3ut7JjRCw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +For our Chapter Readings and Current Events, +we actually respond online before we come + +to the classroom, and that's really interesting +because as the leaders of the discussion, + +you get to read everyone's opinions on everything. + +And that's really unique... in that the students +may not do that. + +And you can see as a class where everyone +stands. + +And it's really interesting just to learn +everyone's different backgrounds, the diversity + +of the class, and the opinions they have on +education. + +I think that it's good because you can kind +of see where the conversation will go; it's + +not just... + +I mean we have the format where we have three +questions asked, and then we have each person + +respond. + +But, it's even better to see how people respond +to each other in their posts, where you can + +have one person just say like, "According +to what Christina said, she brought up a really + +interesting point, but here's my reaction.' + +You can't really get that if you just stick +to the same three questions, or the same format. + +It kind of takes also the student's part to +bounce off of each other." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tUmZSOIgciw.txt b/tUmZSOIgciw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85d6ace708438e3a5dad24e9531ebf2d7d0eb939 --- /dev/null +++ b/tUmZSOIgciw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15379 @@ +align:start position:0% + +um welcome back uh this is the second + + align:start position:0% +um welcome back uh this is the second + + + align:start position:0% +um welcome back uh this is the second +lecture on uh empirical models of demand + + align:start position:0% +lecture on uh empirical models of demand + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on uh empirical models of demand +so let me uh give you a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +so let me uh give you a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +so let me uh give you a little bit of a +road map for today so I'm going to first + + align:start position:0% +road map for today so I'm going to first + + + align:start position:0% +road map for today so I'm going to first +talk a little bit about the supply side + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about the supply side + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about the supply side +of these static models of competition + + align:start position:0% +of these static models of competition + + + align:start position:0% +of these static models of competition +that we have been + + align:start position:0% +that we have been + + + align:start position:0% +that we have been +discussing uh and that's actually um + + align:start position:0% +discussing uh and that's actually um + + + align:start position:0% +discussing uh and that's actually um +quite useful even for informing the + + align:start position:0% +quite useful even for informing the + + + align:start position:0% +quite useful even for informing the +demand side so I hope that uh this will + + align:start position:0% +demand side so I hope that uh this will + + + align:start position:0% +demand side so I hope that uh this will +become clear um you know once once I go + + align:start position:0% +become clear um you know once once I go + + + align:start position:0% +become clear um you know once once I go +through this uh then I'll uh I'll show + + align:start position:0% +through this uh then I'll uh I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +through this uh then I'll uh I'll show +you the empirical results in uh blp bar + + align:start position:0% +you the empirical results in uh blp bar + + + align:start position:0% +you the empirical results in uh blp bar +lenson pus right the seminal paper that + + align:start position:0% +lenson pus right the seminal paper that + + + align:start position:0% +lenson pus right the seminal paper that +introduced or popularized the r + + align:start position:0% +introduced or popularized the r + + + align:start position:0% +introduced or popularized the r +coefficient + + align:start position:0% +coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient +model uh and these are actually the + + align:start position:0% +model uh and these are actually the + + + align:start position:0% +model uh and these are actually the +results actually quite nice to + + align:start position:0% +results actually quite nice to + + + align:start position:0% +results actually quite nice to +understand uh you know how these models + + align:start position:0% +understand uh you know how these models + + + align:start position:0% +understand uh you know how these models +work and what the case uh for these + + align:start position:0% +work and what the case uh for these + + + align:start position:0% +work and what the case uh for these +models is and then uh um I asked you to + + align:start position:0% +models is and then uh um I asked you to + + + align:start position:0% +models is and then uh um I asked you to +read uh Neo's paper on the serial market + + align:start position:0% +read uh Neo's paper on the serial market + + + align:start position:0% +read uh Neo's paper on the serial market +so we'll discuss that and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +so we'll discuss that and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll discuss that and then we'll +actually stay in this industry and uh + + align:start position:0% +actually stay in this industry and uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually stay in this industry and uh +we'll talk a little bit about a debate + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a little bit about a debate + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a little bit about a debate +that has uh captivated uh many people in + + align:start position:0% +that has uh captivated uh many people in + + + align:start position:0% +that has uh captivated uh many people in +IO which is the the common ownership + + align:start position:0% +IO which is the the common ownership + + + align:start position:0% +IO which is the the common ownership +hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis +okay so let's jump + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's jump + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's jump +in um so the supply side okay so um here + + align:start position:0% +in um so the supply side okay so um here + + + align:start position:0% +in um so the supply side okay so um here +is uh the objective function of a + + align:start position:0% +is uh the objective function of a + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the objective function of a +firm that uh owns uh potentially + + align:start position:0% +firm that uh owns uh potentially + + + align:start position:0% +firm that uh owns uh potentially +different products this set of products + + align:start position:0% +different products this set of products + + + align:start position:0% +different products this set of products +here is a calligraphic I uh and it + + align:start position:0% +here is a calligraphic I uh and it + + + align:start position:0% +here is a calligraphic I uh and it +maximizes a sum uh of you know uh these + + align:start position:0% +maximizes a sum uh of you know uh these + + + align:start position:0% +maximizes a sum uh of you know uh these +individual level products right so this + + align:start position:0% +individual level products right so this + + + align:start position:0% +individual level products right so this +here is the margin this is a quantity uh + + align:start position:0% +here is the margin this is a quantity uh + + + align:start position:0% +here is the margin this is a quantity uh +for product J and this is a function of + + align:start position:0% +for product J and this is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +for product J and this is a function of +the vector of all the prices in the + + align:start position:0% +the vector of all the prices in the + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of all the prices in the +market okay so think of this Q here as + + align:start position:0% +market okay so think of this Q here as + + + align:start position:0% +market okay so think of this Q here as +coming out of your uh demand model so + + align:start position:0% +coming out of your uh demand model so + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of your uh demand model so +it's the market shares the vector of + + align:start position:0% +it's the market shares the vector of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the market shares the vector of +market shares that you get out of your + + align:start position:0% +market shares that you get out of your + + + align:start position:0% +market shares that you get out of your +demand model times the number of + + align:start position:0% +demand model times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +demand model times the number of +consumers that are uh that are in the + + align:start position:0% +consumers that are uh that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers that are uh that are in the +market okay and so then there's some + + align:start position:0% +market okay and so then there's some + + + align:start position:0% +market okay and so then there's some +fixed cost the fixed cost is not going + + align:start position:0% +fixed cost the fixed cost is not going + + + align:start position:0% +fixed cost the fixed cost is not going +to be uh relevant for what uh we're uh + + align:start position:0% +to be uh relevant for what uh we're uh + + + align:start position:0% +to be uh relevant for what uh we're uh +going to do today and later on you'll + + align:start position:0% +going to do today and later on you'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to do today and later on you'll +learn about models that actually allow + + align:start position:0% +learn about models that actually allow + + + align:start position:0% +learn about models that actually allow +you to get at those fixed costs as well + + align:start position:0% +you to get at those fixed costs as well + + + align:start position:0% +you to get at those fixed costs as well +okay so now it's going to be very useful + + align:start position:0% +okay so now it's going to be very useful + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now it's going to be very useful +to uh Define uh what is called an + + align:start position:0% +to uh Define uh what is called an + + + align:start position:0% +to uh Define uh what is called an +ownership Matrix okay so again this is a + + align:start position:0% +ownership Matrix okay so again this is a + + + align:start position:0% +ownership Matrix okay so again this is a +multiproduct potentially multiproduct + + align:start position:0% +multiproduct potentially multiproduct + + + align:start position:0% +multiproduct potentially multiproduct +firm the firm uh you know owns uh let's + + align:start position:0% +firm the firm uh you know owns uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +firm the firm uh you know owns uh let's +say several brands of cereals in the + + align:start position:0% +say several brands of cereals in the + + + align:start position:0% +say several brands of cereals in the +market okay and so each row here tells + + align:start position:0% +market okay and so each row here tells + + + align:start position:0% +market okay and so each row here tells +us for that firm that indicates that row + + align:start position:0% +us for that firm that indicates that row + + + align:start position:0% +us for that firm that indicates that row +which uh you know which products does it + + align:start position:0% +which uh you know which products does it + + + align:start position:0% +which uh you know which products does it +don't okay so this is simply a matrix of + + align:start position:0% +don't okay so this is simply a matrix of + + + align:start position:0% +don't okay so this is simply a matrix of +binary + + align:start position:0% +binary + + + align:start position:0% +binary +entries and now you can do the following + + align:start position:0% +entries and now you can do the following + + + align:start position:0% +entries and now you can do the following +you can define a new Matrix + + align:start position:0% +you can define a new Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +you can define a new Matrix +Omega that multiplies this this + + align:start position:0% +Omega that multiplies this this + + + align:start position:0% +Omega that multiplies this this +ownership + + align:start position:0% +ownership + + + align:start position:0% +ownership +matrix by the + + align:start position:0% +matrix by the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix by the +derivatives uh of each product with uh + + align:start position:0% +derivatives uh of each product with uh + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives uh of each product with uh +regard to all prices in the market + + align:start position:0% +regard to all prices in the market + + + align:start position:0% +regard to all prices in the market +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh this comes of the demand model right + + align:start position:0% +uh this comes of the demand model right + + + align:start position:0% +uh this comes of the demand model right +you you can only construct those + + align:start position:0% +you you can only construct those + + + align:start position:0% +you you can only construct those +derivatives once you have the demand + + align:start position:0% +derivatives once you have the demand + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives once you have the demand +model right and so uh you get this new + + align:start position:0% +model right and so uh you get this new + + + align:start position:0% +model right and so uh you get this new +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +Omega and with this Matrix Omega you can + + align:start position:0% +Omega and with this Matrix Omega you can + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and with this Matrix Omega you can +write uh the sets of first order + + align:start position:0% +write uh the sets of first order + + + align:start position:0% +write uh the sets of first order +conditions of all the firms in the + + align:start position:0% +conditions of all the firms in the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions of all the firms in the +market as you know this Vector of um + + align:start position:0% +market as you know this Vector of um + + + align:start position:0% +market as you know this Vector of um +quantities minus this Omega Matrix times + + align:start position:0% +quantities minus this Omega Matrix times + + + align:start position:0% +quantities minus this Omega Matrix times +the times prices minus marginal costs + + align:start position:0% +the times prices minus marginal costs + + + align:start position:0% +the times prices minus marginal costs +okay these these are all vectors and + + align:start position:0% +okay these these are all vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +okay these these are all vectors and +this Omega is this Matrix that we + + align:start position:0% +this Omega is this Matrix that we + + + align:start position:0% +this Omega is this Matrix that we +defined here okay uh and this allows us + + align:start position:0% +defined here okay uh and this allows us + + + align:start position:0% +defined here okay uh and this allows us +to invert those first UT conditions to + + align:start position:0% +to invert those first UT conditions to + + + align:start position:0% +to invert those first UT conditions to +back out marginal + + align:start position:0% +back out marginal + + + align:start position:0% +back out marginal +cost okay so this is simply a matrix + + align:start position:0% +cost okay so this is simply a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +cost okay so this is simply a matrix +operation + + align:start position:0% +operation + + + align:start position:0% +operation +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so what this shows us is that with + + align:start position:0% +so what this shows us is that with + + + align:start position:0% +so what this shows us is that with +demand + + align:start position:0% +demand + + + align:start position:0% +demand +estimates and a conduct model that + + align:start position:0% +estimates and a conduct model that + + + align:start position:0% +estimates and a conduct model that +actually allows us to construct these + + align:start position:0% +actually allows us to construct these + + + align:start position:0% +actually allows us to construct these +first order + + align:start position:0% +first order + + + align:start position:0% +first order +conditions right I need to know how + + align:start position:0% +conditions right I need to know how + + + align:start position:0% +conditions right I need to know how +firms are actually competing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh as well as observe prices we can + + align:start position:0% +uh as well as observe prices we can + + + align:start position:0% +uh as well as observe prices we can +recover a vector of marginal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost what this also means is that you + + align:start position:0% +cost what this also means is that you + + + align:start position:0% +cost what this also means is that you +know the model is going to be always + + align:start position:0% +know the model is going to be always + + + align:start position:0% +know the model is going to be always +rationalized by a vector of marginal + + align:start position:0% +rationalized by a vector of marginal + + + align:start position:0% +rationalized by a vector of marginal +cost and is therefore not testable once + + align:start position:0% +cost and is therefore not testable once + + + align:start position:0% +cost and is therefore not testable once +if we allow uh the marginal cost to be + + align:start position:0% +if we allow uh the marginal cost to be + + + align:start position:0% +if we allow uh the marginal cost to be +completely flexible and have no other + + align:start position:0% +completely flexible and have no other + + + align:start position:0% +completely flexible and have no other +way to discern whether you know the + + align:start position:0% +way to discern whether you know the + + + align:start position:0% +way to discern whether you know the +marginal cost that we back out our good + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that we back out our good + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that we back out our good +marginal cost okay so this comes back to + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost okay so this comes back to + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost okay so this comes back to +the exercise that that Neo is doing + + align:start position:0% +the exercise that that Neo is doing + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise that that Neo is doing +um so you know we're um we're always + + align:start position:0% +um so you know we're um we're always + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know we're um we're always +able to rationalize the model but we + + align:start position:0% +able to rationalize the model but we + + + align:start position:0% +able to rationalize the model but we +cannot uh uh with uh without further + + align:start position:0% +cannot uh uh with uh without further + + + align:start position:0% +cannot uh uh with uh without further +assumptions test the + + align:start position:0% +assumptions test the + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions test the +model so again um just to sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +model so again um just to sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +model so again um just to sort of uh +reiterate the point right depending on + + align:start position:0% +reiterate the point right depending on + + + align:start position:0% +reiterate the point right depending on +what this uh what the true ownership + + align:start position:0% +what this uh what the true ownership + + + align:start position:0% +what this uh what the true ownership +structure looks like or to what extent + + align:start position:0% +structure looks like or to what extent + + + align:start position:0% +structure looks like or to what extent +from internal + + align:start position:0% +from internal + + + align:start position:0% +from internal +you know pro profits of uh of + + align:start position:0% +you know pro profits of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +you know pro profits of uh of +competitors which we come to later today + + align:start position:0% +competitors which we come to later today + + + align:start position:0% +competitors which we come to later today +will depend on how they want to price + + align:start position:0% +will depend on how they want to price + + + align:start position:0% +will depend on how they want to price +okay and for any such conduct + + align:start position:0% +okay and for any such conduct + + + align:start position:0% +okay and for any such conduct +assumption uh we can back out uh a + + align:start position:0% +assumption uh we can back out uh a + + + align:start position:0% +assumption uh we can back out uh a +vector of marginal + + align:start position:0% +vector of marginal + + + align:start position:0% +vector of marginal +cost now what you can alternatively do + + align:start position:0% +cost now what you can alternatively do + + + align:start position:0% +cost now what you can alternatively do +instead of allowing marginal cost to be + + align:start position:0% +instead of allowing marginal cost to be + + + align:start position:0% +instead of allowing marginal cost to be +completely + + align:start position:0% +completely + + + align:start position:0% +completely +flexible right I mean we would call this + + align:start position:0% +flexible right I mean we would call this + + + align:start position:0% +flexible right I mean we would call this +nonparametric because we're not imposing + + align:start position:0% +nonparametric because we're not imposing + + + align:start position:0% +nonparametric because we're not imposing +any uh assumptions on those marginal + + align:start position:0% +any uh assumptions on those marginal + + + align:start position:0% +any uh assumptions on those marginal +cost we can + + align:start position:0% +cost we can + + + align:start position:0% +cost we can +specify some functional + + align:start position:0% +specify some functional + + + align:start position:0% +specify some functional +form for uh for the marginal cost okay + + align:start position:0% +form for uh for the marginal cost okay + + + align:start position:0% +form for uh for the marginal cost okay +so for instance in the case of cereals + + align:start position:0% +so for instance in the case of cereals + + + align:start position:0% +so for instance in the case of cereals +we might know that this varies with you + + align:start position:0% +we might know that this varies with you + + + align:start position:0% +we might know that this varies with you +know the market price of sugar wheat uh + + align:start position:0% +know the market price of sugar wheat uh + + + align:start position:0% +know the market price of sugar wheat uh +uh uh corn and so on right or + + align:start position:0% +uh uh corn and so on right or + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh corn and so on right or +advertising prices shelf prices and so + + align:start position:0% +advertising prices shelf prices and so + + + align:start position:0% +advertising prices shelf prices and so +on right and so if I'm pretty + + align:start position:0% +on right and so if I'm pretty + + + align:start position:0% +on right and so if I'm pretty +confident that I can write my marginal + + align:start position:0% +confident that I can write my marginal + + + align:start position:0% +confident that I can write my marginal +cost as a function of these things right + + align:start position:0% +cost as a function of these things right + + + align:start position:0% +cost as a function of these things right +I might be willing to to impose + + align:start position:0% +I might be willing to to impose + + + align:start position:0% +I might be willing to to impose +this okay so what this means now is that + + align:start position:0% +this okay so what this means now is that + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so what this means now is that +I can sort of come from both sides so to + + align:start position:0% +I can sort of come from both sides so to + + + align:start position:0% +I can sort of come from both sides so to +say I can you know estimate my demand + + align:start position:0% +say I can you know estimate my demand + + + align:start position:0% +say I can you know estimate my demand +model right with a conduct assumption + + align:start position:0% +model right with a conduct assumption + + + align:start position:0% +model right with a conduct assumption +back out the vector of marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +back out the vector of marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +back out the vector of marginal cost +right this is now data for any given + + align:start position:0% +right this is now data for any given + + + align:start position:0% +right this is now data for any given +conduct assumption prices and market + + align:start position:0% +conduct assumption prices and market + + + align:start position:0% +conduct assumption prices and market +shares this here is simply data right + + align:start position:0% +shares this here is simply data right + + + align:start position:0% +shares this here is simply data right +and this here is you know some linear + + align:start position:0% +and this here is you know some linear + + + align:start position:0% +and this here is you know some linear +function that I uh that I + + align:start position:0% +function that I uh that I + + + align:start position:0% +function that I uh that I +propose + + align:start position:0% +propose + + + align:start position:0% +propose +okay now why might this be + + align:start position:0% +okay now why might this be + + + align:start position:0% +okay now why might this be +helpful right so you have read uh Neo's + + align:start position:0% +helpful right so you have read uh Neo's + + + align:start position:0% +helpful right so you have read uh Neo's +paper today where he first estimated + + align:start position:0% +paper today where he first estimated + + + align:start position:0% +paper today where he first estimated +Demand right and then tested uh the + + align:start position:0% +Demand right and then tested uh the + + + align:start position:0% +Demand right and then tested uh the +recovered markups against observed + + align:start position:0% +recovered markups against observed + + + align:start position:0% +recovered markups against observed +markups right what you can alternatively + + align:start position:0% +markups right what you can alternatively + + + align:start position:0% +markups right what you can alternatively +do if you're fairly confident in your + + align:start position:0% +do if you're fairly confident in your + + + align:start position:0% +do if you're fairly confident in your +conduct assumption you believe that + + align:start position:0% +conduct assumption you believe that + + + align:start position:0% +conduct assumption you believe that +these firms are you're maximizing their + + align:start position:0% +these firms are you're maximizing their + + + align:start position:0% +these firms are you're maximizing their +own profits potentially accounting for + + align:start position:0% +own profits potentially accounting for + + + align:start position:0% +own profits potentially accounting for +these multi-product effects right you + + align:start position:0% +these multi-product effects right you + + + align:start position:0% +these multi-product effects right you +can estimate the demand and the supply + + align:start position:0% +can estimate the demand and the supply + + + align:start position:0% +can estimate the demand and the supply +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +jointly so you can from this equation + + align:start position:0% +jointly so you can from this equation + + + align:start position:0% +jointly so you can from this equation +here which again think of this here as + + align:start position:0% +here which again think of this here as + + + align:start position:0% +here which again think of this here as +data for a moment okay right once uh you + + align:start position:0% +data for a moment okay right once uh you + + + align:start position:0% +data for a moment okay right once uh you +know for any given demand parameters you + + align:start position:0% +know for any given demand parameters you + + + align:start position:0% +know for any given demand parameters you +can sort of think of you know a vector + + align:start position:0% +can sort of think of you know a vector + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of think of you know a vector +of marginal cost that you back out right + + align:start position:0% +of marginal cost that you back out right + + + align:start position:0% +of marginal cost that you back out right +you could from this construct additional + + align:start position:0% +you could from this construct additional + + + align:start position:0% +you could from this construct additional +moments remember last time we + + align:start position:0% +moments remember last time we + + + align:start position:0% +moments remember last time we +constructed moments interacting uh C + + align:start position:0% +constructed moments interacting uh C + + + align:start position:0% +constructed moments interacting uh C +with uh instruments on the demand side + + align:start position:0% +with uh instruments on the demand side + + + align:start position:0% +with uh instruments on the demand side +we can construct a similar set of + + align:start position:0% +we can construct a similar set of + + + align:start position:0% +we can construct a similar set of +moments on the supply side typically + + align:start position:0% +moments on the supply side typically + + + align:start position:0% +moments on the supply side typically +denoted Omega that we again interact + + align:start position:0% +denoted Omega that we again interact + + + align:start position:0% +denoted Omega that we again interact +with some instruments of things that are + + align:start position:0% +with some instruments of things that are + + + align:start position:0% +with some instruments of things that are +either exogenous uh or I mean included + + align:start position:0% +either exogenous uh or I mean included + + + align:start position:0% +either exogenous uh or I mean included +or excluded instruments on the uh on the + + align:start position:0% +or excluded instruments on the uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +or excluded instruments on the uh on the +supply side okay + + align:start position:0% +supply side okay + + + align:start position:0% +supply side okay +now if I estimate everything jointly the + + align:start position:0% +now if I estimate everything jointly the + + + align:start position:0% +now if I estimate everything jointly the +supply side will actually also impose + + align:start position:0% +supply side will actually also impose + + + align:start position:0% +supply side will actually also impose +restrictions on the demand side + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the demand side + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the demand side +parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters +okay so just to to give an + + align:start position:0% +okay so just to to give an + + + align:start position:0% +okay so just to to give an +example right so what happens for + + align:start position:0% +example right so what happens for + + + align:start position:0% +example right so what happens for +instance if you find that uh um that + + align:start position:0% +instance if you find that uh um that + + + align:start position:0% +instance if you find that uh um that +firm's price on the inelastic portion of + + align:start position:0% +firm's price on the inelastic portion of + + + align:start position:0% +firm's price on the inelastic portion of +the demand curve you may recover + + align:start position:0% +the demand curve you may recover + + + align:start position:0% +the demand curve you may recover +negative marginal cost I mean for many + + align:start position:0% +negative marginal cost I mean for many + + + align:start position:0% +negative marginal cost I mean for many +for many strategic models you will be + + align:start position:0% +for many strategic models you will be + + + align:start position:0% +for many strategic models you will be +recovering negative marginal cost you + + align:start position:0% +recovering negative marginal cost you + + + align:start position:0% +recovering negative marginal cost you +have to somehow rationalize why uh you + + align:start position:0% +have to somehow rationalize why uh you + + + align:start position:0% +have to somehow rationalize why uh you +know why firm's price that low and then + + align:start position:0% +know why firm's price that low and then + + + align:start position:0% +know why firm's price that low and then +you uh you know it's as if they need + + align:start position:0% +you uh you know it's as if they need + + + align:start position:0% +you uh you know it's as if they need +some transfer from somewhere else to to + + align:start position:0% +some transfer from somewhere else to to + + + align:start position:0% +some transfer from somewhere else to to +sort of rationalize what's happening + + align:start position:0% +sort of rationalize what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +sort of rationalize what's happening +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um I can alternatively right impose that + + align:start position:0% +um I can alternatively right impose that + + + align:start position:0% +um I can alternatively right impose that +marginal costs are + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs are + + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs are +positive and use the supply side + + align:start position:0% +positive and use the supply side + + + align:start position:0% +positive and use the supply side +restrictions right and that means that + + align:start position:0% +restrictions right and that means that + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions right and that means that +when I guess a set of demand side + + align:start position:0% +when I guess a set of demand side + + + align:start position:0% +when I guess a set of demand side +parameters that tell me that the + + align:start position:0% +parameters that tell me that the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that tell me that the +marginal costs are negative but I force + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs are negative but I force + + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs are negative but I force +the marginal cost to be positive through + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost to be positive through + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost to be positive through +a functional form a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +a functional form a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +a functional form a reasonable +restriction right that this will lead to + + align:start position:0% +restriction right that this will lead to + + + align:start position:0% +restriction right that this will lead to +a violation of these moment conditions + + align:start position:0% +a violation of these moment conditions + + + align:start position:0% +a violation of these moment conditions +here okay so it it it it uh leads to uh + + align:start position:0% +here okay so it it it it uh leads to uh + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so it it it it uh leads to uh +larger deviations on the supply set + + align:start position:0% +larger deviations on the supply set + + + align:start position:0% +larger deviations on the supply set +moment conditions and sort of the supply + + align:start position:0% +moment conditions and sort of the supply + + + align:start position:0% +moment conditions and sort of the supply +side moments will therefore tell you + + align:start position:0% +side moments will therefore tell you + + + align:start position:0% +side moments will therefore tell you +know your your minimization routine hey + + align:start position:0% +know your your minimization routine hey + + + align:start position:0% +know your your minimization routine hey +the demand side par parameters might be + + align:start position:0% +the demand side par parameters might be + + + align:start position:0% +the demand side par parameters might be +such that I can't recover the you know a + + align:start position:0% +such that I can't recover the you know a + + + align:start position:0% +such that I can't recover the you know a +good set of marginal + + align:start position:0% +good set of marginal + + + align:start position:0% +good set of marginal +cost okay so this can be uh can be very + + align:start position:0% +cost okay so this can be uh can be very + + + align:start position:0% +cost okay so this can be uh can be very +helpful um to to estimate both jointly + + align:start position:0% +helpful um to to estimate both jointly + + + align:start position:0% +helpful um to to estimate both jointly +now in practice there not all that many + + align:start position:0% +now in practice there not all that many + + + align:start position:0% +now in practice there not all that many +papers that actually do that so you know + + align:start position:0% +papers that actually do that so you know + + + align:start position:0% +papers that actually do that so you know +I would say uh the majority of papers + + align:start position:0% +I would say uh the majority of papers + + + align:start position:0% +I would say uh the majority of papers +just estimates the demand side + + align:start position:0% +just estimates the demand side + + + align:start position:0% +just estimates the demand side +separately but blp uh um have done this + + align:start position:0% +separately but blp uh um have done this + + + align:start position:0% +separately but blp uh um have done this +and you know in part um we credit their + + align:start position:0% +and you know in part um we credit their + + + align:start position:0% +and you know in part um we credit their +uh good estimates for the for the random + + align:start position:0% +uh good estimates for the for the random + + + align:start position:0% +uh good estimates for the for the random +coefficient parameters to uh imposing + + align:start position:0% +coefficient parameters to uh imposing + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient parameters to uh imposing +these supply side + + align:start position:0% +these supply side + + + align:start position:0% +these supply side +restrictions yes um is this also + + align:start position:0% +restrictions yes um is this also + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions yes um is this also +informative um to the extent to which + + align:start position:0% +informative um to the extent to which + + + align:start position:0% +informative um to the extent to which +you're making way to restrictive + + align:start position:0% +you're making way to restrictive + + + align:start position:0% +you're making way to restrictive +assumptions on your model like say + + align:start position:0% +assumptions on your model like say + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions on your model like say +you're trying to impose um + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to impose um + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to impose um +positive marginal cost and then in your + + align:start position:0% +positive marginal cost and then in your + + + align:start position:0% +positive marginal cost and then in your +minimization you you're not getting the + + align:start position:0% +minimization you you're not getting the + + + align:start position:0% +minimization you you're not getting the +results You're Expecting is that a sign + + align:start position:0% +results You're Expecting is that a sign + + + align:start position:0% +results You're Expecting is that a sign +that you your results may be guided by + + align:start position:0% +that you your results may be guided by + + + align:start position:0% +that you your results may be guided by +your model + + align:start position:0% +your model + + + align:start position:0% +your model +assumptions so um that's a great + + align:start position:0% +assumptions so um that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions so um that's a great +question um so in fact at the very end + + align:start position:0% +question um so in fact at the very end + + + align:start position:0% +question um so in fact at the very end +of the lecture today we'll discuss a + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture today we'll discuss a + + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture today we'll discuss a +case where you can use supply side + + align:start position:0% +case where you can use supply side + + + align:start position:0% +case where you can use supply side +restrictions as overidentifying + + align:start position:0% +restrictions as overidentifying + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions as overidentifying +restrictions on the model okay so you + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the model okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the model okay so you +instead of let's say on only uh + + align:start position:0% +instead of let's say on only uh + + + align:start position:0% +instead of let's say on only uh +estimating demand Side and being just + + align:start position:0% +estimating demand Side and being just + + + align:start position:0% +estimating demand Side and being just +identified you typically get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +identified you typically get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +identified you typically get a lot of +additional moments out of the supply s + + align:start position:0% +additional moments out of the supply s + + + align:start position:0% +additional moments out of the supply s +side because you not introduce all that + + align:start position:0% +side because you not introduce all that + + + align:start position:0% +side because you not introduce all that +many parameters but you know maybe you + + align:start position:0% +many parameters but you know maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +many parameters but you know maybe you +have the price of weed and the price of + + align:start position:0% +have the price of weed and the price of + + + align:start position:0% +have the price of weed and the price of +corn the price of advertising and all + + align:start position:0% +corn the price of advertising and all + + + align:start position:0% +corn the price of advertising and all +those things vary right uh so that leads + + align:start position:0% +those things vary right uh so that leads + + + align:start position:0% +those things vary right uh so that leads +to overidentifying restrictions and + + align:start position:0% +to overidentifying restrictions and + + + align:start position:0% +to overidentifying restrictions and +indeed with those overidentifying + + align:start position:0% +indeed with those overidentifying + + + align:start position:0% +indeed with those overidentifying +restrictions you can test different + + align:start position:0% +restrictions you can test different + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions you can test different +conduct models + + align:start position:0% +conduct models + + + align:start position:0% +conduct models +directly yeah that's right so and um + + align:start position:0% +directly yeah that's right so and um + + + align:start position:0% +directly yeah that's right so and um +this is somewhat I'll will comment on + + align:start position:0% +this is somewhat I'll will comment on + + + align:start position:0% +this is somewhat I'll will comment on +this later on is somewhat similar + + align:start position:0% +this later on is somewhat similar + + + align:start position:0% +this later on is somewhat similar +somewhat different from the exercise + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different from the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different from the exercise +that Neo does right he directly compares + + align:start position:0% +that Neo does right he directly compares + + + align:start position:0% +that Neo does right he directly compares +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +yeah okay so um so my my comments on + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so um so my my comments on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so um so my my comments on +using the supply side as I just said + + align:start position:0% +using the supply side as I just said + + + align:start position:0% +using the supply side as I just said +this often times introduces many new uh + + align:start position:0% +this often times introduces many new uh + + + align:start position:0% +this often times introduces many new uh +moment conditions uh it it I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +moment conditions uh it it I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +moment conditions uh it it I mean it's +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +um uh received wisdom that it improves + + align:start position:0% +um uh received wisdom that it improves + + + align:start position:0% +um uh received wisdom that it improves +the Precision of demand estimates and + + align:start position:0% +the Precision of demand estimates and + + + align:start position:0% +the Precision of demand estimates and +especially the random + + align:start position:0% +especially the random + + + align:start position:0% +especially the random +coefficients again sort of through the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients again sort of through the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients again sort of through the +logic that I that I walked you through + + align:start position:0% +logic that I that I walked you through + + + align:start position:0% +logic that I that I walked you through +um it's econometrically efficient to + + align:start position:0% +um it's econometrically efficient to + + + align:start position:0% +um it's econometrically efficient to +estimate demand and supply side uh + + align:start position:0% +estimate demand and supply side uh + + + align:start position:0% +estimate demand and supply side uh +jointly if you're fairly confident that + + align:start position:0% +jointly if you're fairly confident that + + + align:start position:0% +jointly if you're fairly confident that +your conduct assumption is right of + + align:start position:0% +your conduct assumption is right of + + + align:start position:0% +your conduct assumption is right of +course you may not feel comfortable + + align:start position:0% +course you may not feel comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +course you may not feel comfortable +making you know making the assumptions + + align:start position:0% +making you know making the assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +making you know making the assumptions +that firms uh maximize their own profit + + align:start position:0% +that firms uh maximize their own profit + + + align:start position:0% +that firms uh maximize their own profit +or collude directly right so that seems + + align:start position:0% +or collude directly right so that seems + + + align:start position:0% +or collude directly right so that seems +uh a less innocuous assumption than + + align:start position:0% +uh a less innocuous assumption than + + + align:start position:0% +uh a less innocuous assumption than +saying well consumers just pick the best + + align:start position:0% +saying well consumers just pick the best + + + align:start position:0% +saying well consumers just pick the best +product that they like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and uh again you can use over + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh again you can use over + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh again you can use over +identifying restrictions to test uh test + + align:start position:0% +identifying restrictions to test uh test + + + align:start position:0% +identifying restrictions to test uh test +models of conduct and we'll have an + + align:start position:0% +models of conduct and we'll have an + + + align:start position:0% +models of conduct and we'll have an +example of this at the end of class + + align:start position:0% +example of this at the end of class + + + align:start position:0% +example of this at the end of class +today okay so let me a little bit talk a + + align:start position:0% +today okay so let me a little bit talk a + + + align:start position:0% +today okay so let me a little bit talk a +little bit about uh the results of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh the results of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh the results of uh uh +uh the the blp paper um I think they + + align:start position:0% +uh the the blp paper um I think they + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the blp paper um I think they +show nicely you know why you would want + + align:start position:0% +show nicely you know why you would want + + + align:start position:0% +show nicely you know why you would want +to favor a random coefficients model so + + align:start position:0% +to favor a random coefficients model so + + + align:start position:0% +to favor a random coefficients model so +they uh have data from 1971 to 1990 the + + align:start position:0% +they uh have data from 1971 to 1990 the + + + align:start position:0% +they uh have data from 1971 to 1990 the +market here is the entire us um they use + + align:start position:0% +market here is the entire us um they use + + + align:start position:0% +market here is the entire us um they use +list prices okay so uh not transaction + + align:start position:0% +list prices okay so uh not transaction + + + align:start position:0% +list prices okay so uh not transaction +prices you could sort of bicker about + + align:start position:0% +prices you could sort of bicker about + + + align:start position:0% +prices you could sort of bicker about +this um and an observation here is a + + align:start position:0% +this um and an observation here is a + + + align:start position:0% +this um and an observation here is a +model year and they have 2,217 of those + + align:start position:0% +model year and they have 2,217 of those + + + align:start position:0% +model year and they have 2,217 of those +yeah as characteristics they use the + + align:start position:0% +yeah as characteristics they use the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah as characteristics they use the +number of cylinders doors horsepower + + align:start position:0% +number of cylinders doors horsepower + + + align:start position:0% +number of cylinders doors horsepower +length width uh uh weight wheelbase and + + align:start position:0% +length width uh uh weight wheelbase and + + + align:start position:0% +length width uh uh weight wheelbase and +you know measures of fuel efficiency + + align:start position:0% +you know measures of fuel efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +you know measures of fuel efficiency +dummies for air conditioning and so + + align:start position:0% +dummies for air conditioning and so + + + align:start position:0% +dummies for air conditioning and so +on okay so here are some uh interesting + + align:start position:0% +on okay so here are some uh interesting + + + align:start position:0% +on okay so here are some uh interesting +summary statistics on the + + align:start position:0% +summary statistics on the + + + align:start position:0% +summary statistics on the +market so first something that's + + align:start position:0% +market so first something that's + + + align:start position:0% +market so first something that's +striking is that the number of products + + align:start position:0% +striking is that the number of products + + + align:start position:0% +striking is that the number of products +just increased a lot over time in fact + + align:start position:0% +just increased a lot over time in fact + + + align:start position:0% +just increased a lot over time in fact +there's a recent paper by uh Grio uh + + align:start position:0% +there's a recent paper by uh Grio uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's a recent paper by uh Grio uh +Murray and Euro KLU who um estimate + + align:start position:0% +Murray and Euro KLU who um estimate + + + align:start position:0% +Murray and Euro KLU who um estimate +markups for the car market over many + + align:start position:0% +markups for the car market over many + + + align:start position:0% +markups for the car market over many +many years right and you know the number + + align:start position:0% +many years right and you know the number + + + align:start position:0% +many years right and you know the number +of products as you would not surprise + + align:start position:0% +of products as you would not surprise + + + align:start position:0% +of products as you would not surprise +goes up even more and they actually find + + align:start position:0% +goes up even more and they actually find + + + align:start position:0% +goes up even more and they actually find +that consumer surplus in the car market + + align:start position:0% +that consumer surplus in the car market + + + align:start position:0% +that consumer surplus in the car market +has gone up over the uh you know over + + align:start position:0% +has gone up over the uh you know over + + + align:start position:0% +has gone up over the uh you know over +several uh + + align:start position:0% +several uh + + + align:start position:0% +several uh +decades + + align:start position:0% +decades + + + align:start position:0% +decades +um prices here go from uh 8,000 to about + + align:start position:0% +um prices here go from uh 8,000 to about + + + align:start position:0% +um prices here go from uh 8,000 to about +$110,000 they denoted in 1983 prices uh + + align:start position:0% +$110,000 they denoted in 1983 prices uh + + + align:start position:0% +$110,000 they denoted in 1983 prices uh +something that's interesting is that the + + align:start position:0% +something that's interesting is that the + + + align:start position:0% +something that's interesting is that the +share of domestic uh Brands goes down + + align:start position:0% +share of domestic uh Brands goes down + + + align:start position:0% +share of domestic uh Brands goes down +over time this is mostly driven by + + align:start position:0% +over time this is mostly driven by + + + align:start position:0% +over time this is mostly driven by +increasing imports from uh Japan another + + align:start position:0% +increasing imports from uh Japan another + + + align:start position:0% +increasing imports from uh Japan another +interesting observation here is that uh + + align:start position:0% +interesting observation here is that uh + + + align:start position:0% +interesting observation here is that uh +the size of cars is going down very + + align:start position:0% +the size of cars is going down very + + + align:start position:0% +the size of cars is going down very +contrary to what we see today right + + align:start position:0% +contrary to what we see today right + + + align:start position:0% +contrary to what we see today right +where cars seem to get bigger and bigger + + align:start position:0% +where cars seem to get bigger and bigger + + + align:start position:0% +where cars seem to get bigger and bigger +and uh the the authors here speculate + + align:start position:0% +and uh the the authors here speculate + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the the authors here speculate +that this might actually be driven by uh + + align:start position:0% +that this might actually be driven by uh + + + align:start position:0% +that this might actually be driven by uh +the first uh oil price shock in uh in + + align:start position:0% +the first uh oil price shock in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +the first uh oil price shock in uh in +1970 okay so + + align:start position:0% +1970 okay so + + + align:start position:0% +1970 okay so +um yeah so these are the summary stats + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so these are the summary stats + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so these are the summary stats +uh this is here miles per gallon and + + align:start position:0% +uh this is here miles per gallon and + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is here miles per gallon and +miles per dollar they use miles per + + align:start position:0% +miles per dollar they use miles per + + + align:start position:0% +miles per dollar they use miles per +dollar on the demand side consumers will + + align:start position:0% +dollar on the demand side consumers will + + + align:start position:0% +dollar on the demand side consumers will +care about how fuel efficient their car + + align:start position:0% +care about how fuel efficient their car + + + align:start position:0% +care about how fuel efficient their car +is in terms of uh you know the uh the + + align:start position:0% +is in terms of uh you know the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +is in terms of uh you know the uh the +dollar expenses but uh producers might + + align:start position:0% +dollar expenses but uh producers might + + + align:start position:0% +dollar expenses but uh producers might +not directly care about that right they + + align:start position:0% +not directly care about that right they + + + align:start position:0% +not directly care about that right they +they will only care about how much more + + align:start position:0% +they will only care about how much more + + + align:start position:0% +they will only care about how much more +uh costly is it to produce a fuel + + align:start position:0% +uh costly is it to produce a fuel + + + align:start position:0% +uh costly is it to produce a fuel +efficient car so they don't care how + + align:start position:0% +efficient car so they don't care how + + + align:start position:0% +efficient car so they don't care how +much um the price of gasoline + + align:start position:0% +much um the price of gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +much um the price of gasoline +varies okay here here are some uh uh + + align:start position:0% +varies okay here here are some uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +varies okay here here are some uh uh +some summary statistics where they + + align:start position:0% +some summary statistics where they + + + align:start position:0% +some summary statistics where they +denote different percentiles of their + + align:start position:0% +denote different percentiles of their + + + align:start position:0% +denote different percentiles of their +variables with actual models okay so you + + align:start position:0% +variables with actual models okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +variables with actual models okay so you +see prices go from this famously crappy + + align:start position:0% +see prices go from this famously crappy + + + align:start position:0% +see prices go from this famously crappy +Yugo uh to from 3,000 to you know almost + + align:start position:0% +Yugo uh to from 3,000 to you know almost + + + align:start position:0% +Yugo uh to from 3,000 to you know almost +70,000 so a factor of 20 um + + align:start position:0% +70,000 so a factor of 20 um + + + align:start position:0% +70,000 so a factor of 20 um +horsepower uh is also you know varying + + align:start position:0% +horsepower uh is also you know varying + + + align:start position:0% +horsepower uh is also you know varying +widely uh somewhat ironically the Grand + + align:start position:0% +widely uh somewhat ironically the Grand + + + align:start position:0% +widely uh somewhat ironically the Grand +Fury comes in at the lower end of the + + align:start position:0% +Fury comes in at the lower end of the + + + align:start position:0% +Fury comes in at the lower end of the +spectrum terms of horsepower per weight + + align:start position:0% +spectrum terms of horsepower per weight + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum terms of horsepower per weight +okay and you see here uh different + + align:start position:0% +okay and you see here uh different + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you see here uh different +summary statistics a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +summary statistics a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +summary statistics a lot of information +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cars okay so here is the first table + + align:start position:0% +cars okay so here is the first table + + + align:start position:0% +cars okay so here is the first table +that I think is going to be useful to uh + + align:start position:0% +that I think is going to be useful to uh + + + align:start position:0% +that I think is going to be useful to uh +dissect a bit + + align:start position:0% +dissect a bit + + + align:start position:0% +dissect a bit +more um and in part I want to make a + + align:start position:0% +more um and in part I want to make a + + + align:start position:0% +more um and in part I want to make a +point here that sort of might be + + align:start position:0% +point here that sort of might be + + + align:start position:0% +point here that sort of might be +relevant for you practically uh for + + align:start position:0% +relevant for you practically uh for + + + align:start position:0% +relevant for you practically uh for +those of you who want to estimate these + + align:start position:0% +those of you who want to estimate these + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who want to estimate these +kinds of models right so uh you'll + + align:start position:0% +kinds of models right so uh you'll + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of models right so uh you'll +notice uh that it takes a while to code + + align:start position:0% +notice uh that it takes a while to code + + + align:start position:0% +notice uh that it takes a while to code +these models up and debu them and so on + + align:start position:0% +these models up and debu them and so on + + + align:start position:0% +these models up and debu them and so on +okay so it is typically useful to do + + align:start position:0% +okay so it is typically useful to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it is typically useful to do +what what these authors are doing here + + align:start position:0% +what what these authors are doing here + + + align:start position:0% +what what these authors are doing here +is before before you estimate the big + + align:start position:0% +is before before you estimate the big + + + align:start position:0% +is before before you estimate the big +structural model to use this simple + + align:start position:0% +structural model to use this simple + + + align:start position:0% +structural model to use this simple +inversion that you get from the logit + + align:start position:0% +inversion that you get from the logit + + + align:start position:0% +inversion that you get from the logit +model without random coefficients + + align:start position:0% +model without random coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +model without random coefficients +remember we can write this as a linear + + align:start position:0% +remember we can write this as a linear + + + align:start position:0% +remember we can write this as a linear +estimating equation and estimate it via + + align:start position:0% +estimating equation and estimate it via + + + align:start position:0% +estimating equation and estimate it via +Os or two stage Le squares things that + + align:start position:0% +Os or two stage Le squares things that + + + align:start position:0% +Os or two stage Le squares things that +you know should you should be well + + align:start position:0% +you know should you should be well + + + align:start position:0% +you know should you should be well +familiar with at this point right and + + align:start position:0% +familiar with at this point right and + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with at this point right and +you can actually see how sensitive your + + align:start position:0% +you can actually see how sensitive your + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually see how sensitive your +estimates are your coefficient estimates + + align:start position:0% +estimates are your coefficient estimates + + + align:start position:0% +estimates are your coefficient estimates +are let's say to the inclusion of + + align:start position:0% +are let's say to the inclusion of + + + align:start position:0% +are let's say to the inclusion of +different instruments and so on okay so + + align:start position:0% +different instruments and so on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +different instruments and so on okay so +I think that's sort of practic something + + align:start position:0% +I think that's sort of practic something + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's sort of practic something +you should uh keep in mind that you know + + align:start position:0% +you should uh keep in mind that you know + + + align:start position:0% +you should uh keep in mind that you know +before you CAU up the big model and sort + + align:start position:0% +before you CAU up the big model and sort + + + align:start position:0% +before you CAU up the big model and sort +of tried to uh you know probe different + + align:start position:0% +of tried to uh you know probe different + + + align:start position:0% +of tried to uh you know probe different +specifications and different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +specifications and different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +specifications and different kinds of +instruments you probably want to do this + + align:start position:0% +instruments you probably want to do this + + + align:start position:0% +instruments you probably want to do this +you know sta what whatever your + + align:start position:0% +you know sta what whatever your + + + align:start position:0% +you know sta what whatever your +preferred way of doing this is right and + + align:start position:0% +preferred way of doing this is right and + + + align:start position:0% +preferred way of doing this is right and +and just run simple regressions so I I + + align:start position:0% +and just run simple regressions so I I + + + align:start position:0% +and just run simple regressions so I I +found this to be very useful and then + + align:start position:0% +found this to be very useful and then + + + align:start position:0% +found this to be very useful and then +you know usually when when you go to the + + align:start position:0% +you know usually when when you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +you know usually when when you go to the +random coefficients model of course you + + align:start position:0% +random coefficients model of course you + + + align:start position:0% +random coefficients model of course you +get very different substitution patterns + + align:start position:0% +get very different substitution patterns + + + align:start position:0% +get very different substitution patterns +but you already have a pretty good idea + + align:start position:0% +but you already have a pretty good idea + + + align:start position:0% +but you already have a pretty good idea +what's what the average coefficient + + align:start position:0% +what's what the average coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +what's what the average coefficient +should look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay so let me tell you a + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so let me tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so let me tell you a +little bit about what's going on on this + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what's going on on this + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what's going on on this +table um so here they have uh an OLS + + align:start position:0% +table um so here they have uh an OLS + + + align:start position:0% +table um so here they have uh an OLS +specification of demand again based on + + align:start position:0% +specification of demand again based on + + + align:start position:0% +specification of demand again based on +the simple logic model inversion and + + align:start position:0% +the simple logic model inversion and + + + align:start position:0% +the simple logic model inversion and +here an IV + + align:start position:0% +here an IV + + + align:start position:0% +here an IV +specification what you can see here is + + align:start position:0% +specification what you can see here is + + + align:start position:0% +specification what you can see here is +uh something that would you would expect + + align:start position:0% +uh something that would you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +uh something that would you would expect +if you know firms systematically price + + align:start position:0% +if you know firms systematically price + + + align:start position:0% +if you know firms systematically price +unobserved product uh attributes right + + align:start position:0% +unobserved product uh attributes right + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved product uh attributes right +higher uh unobserved product quality + + align:start position:0% +higher uh unobserved product quality + + + align:start position:0% +higher uh unobserved product quality +leads to higher prices so you would + + align:start position:0% +leads to higher prices so you would + + + align:start position:0% +leads to higher prices so you would +expect the price coefficient to be + + align:start position:0% +expect the price coefficient to be + + + align:start position:0% +expect the price coefficient to be +biased towards zero and indeed uh once + + align:start position:0% +biased towards zero and indeed uh once + + + align:start position:0% +biased towards zero and indeed uh once +we start using instruments right the + + align:start position:0% +we start using instruments right the + + + align:start position:0% +we start using instruments right the +price coefficient becomes more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative uh the other thing that you see + + align:start position:0% +negative uh the other thing that you see + + + align:start position:0% +negative uh the other thing that you see +and this is actually of practical + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually of practical + + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually of practical +relevance again that you know once you + + align:start position:0% +relevance again that you know once you + + + align:start position:0% +relevance again that you know once you +have a a larger price coefficient or + + align:start position:0% +have a a larger price coefficient or + + + align:start position:0% +have a a larger price coefficient or +more negative price coefficient you have + + align:start position:0% +more negative price coefficient you have + + + align:start position:0% +more negative price coefficient you have +a lot fewer elasticities that you get + + align:start position:0% +a lot fewer elasticities that you get + + + align:start position:0% +a lot fewer elasticities that you get +out of the model that are on the in + + align:start position:0% +out of the model that are on the in + + + align:start position:0% +out of the model that are on the in +elastic portion of demand which would + + align:start position:0% +elastic portion of demand which would + + + align:start position:0% +elastic portion of demand which would +not be consistent with static profit + + align:start position:0% +not be consistent with static profit + + + align:start position:0% +not be consistent with static profit +maximization + + align:start position:0% +maximization + + + align:start position:0% +maximization +yeah so in in I mean in fact often times + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in in I mean in fact often times + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in in I mean in fact often times +the problem can be even worse than that + + align:start position:0% +the problem can be even worse than that + + + align:start position:0% +the problem can be even worse than that +and speaking uh from my own experience + + align:start position:0% +and speaking uh from my own experience + + + align:start position:0% +and speaking uh from my own experience +you know you'll often times find that + + align:start position:0% +you know you'll often times find that + + + align:start position:0% +you know you'll often times find that +that elasticities are + + align:start position:0% +that elasticities are + + + align:start position:0% +that elasticities are +positive and then you have a problem + + align:start position:0% +positive and then you have a problem + + + align:start position:0% +positive and then you have a problem +okay you know you have a problem + + align:start position:0% +okay you know you have a problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay you know you have a problem +in the other case you might not know + + align:start position:0% +in the other case you might not know + + + align:start position:0% +in the other case you might not know +that you have a problem but in that case + + align:start position:0% +that you have a problem but in that case + + + align:start position:0% +that you have a problem but in that case +you know you have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem okay and so the the last thing + + align:start position:0% +problem okay and so the the last thing + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay and so the the last thing +that they do here is they estimate a + + align:start position:0% +that they do here is they estimate a + + + align:start position:0% +that they do here is they estimate a +very simple supply side model of + + align:start position:0% +very simple supply side model of + + + align:start position:0% +very simple supply side model of +marginal cost pricing where they simply + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost pricing where they simply + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost pricing where they simply +regress prices on a bunch of attributes + + align:start position:0% +regress prices on a bunch of attributes + + + align:start position:0% +regress prices on a bunch of attributes +this is oftentimes called honic + + align:start position:0% +this is oftentimes called honic + + + align:start position:0% +this is oftentimes called honic +regression uh and um you know you to + + align:start position:0% +regression uh and um you know you to + + + align:start position:0% +regression uh and um you know you to +sort of see these these here are can be + + align:start position:0% +sort of see these these here are can be + + + align:start position:0% +sort of see these these here are can be +interpreted as elasticities how cost uh + + align:start position:0% +interpreted as elasticities how cost uh + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted as elasticities how cost uh +uh vary with uh different attributes + + align:start position:0% +uh vary with uh different attributes + + + align:start position:0% +uh vary with uh different attributes +right and so what is sort of surprising + + align:start position:0% +right and so what is sort of surprising + + + align:start position:0% +right and so what is sort of surprising +here is that they can explain a large + + align:start position:0% +here is that they can explain a large + + + align:start position:0% +here is that they can explain a large +fraction of the variation uh with with a + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the variation uh with with a + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the variation uh with with a +simple model in terms of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attributes okay so this year is their + + align:start position:0% +attributes okay so this year is their + + + align:start position:0% +attributes okay so this year is their +main uh their main uh + + align:start position:0% +main uh their main uh + + + align:start position:0% +main uh their main uh +table uh so I just want to point out a + + align:start position:0% +table uh so I just want to point out a + + + align:start position:0% +table uh so I just want to point out a +few things so they have um here their um + + align:start position:0% +few things so they have um here their um + + + align:start position:0% +few things so they have um here their um +the coefficient estimates here the + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient estimates here the + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient estimates here the +standard deviations on those + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations on those + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations on those +coefficients okay so this tells us how + + align:start position:0% +coefficients okay so this tells us how + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients okay so this tells us how +hetrogeneous tastes is for different + + align:start position:0% +hetrogeneous tastes is for different + + + align:start position:0% +hetrogeneous tastes is for different +attributes uh and they estimate two + + align:start position:0% +attributes uh and they estimate two + + + align:start position:0% +attributes uh and they estimate two +different models uh which change + + align:start position:0% +different models uh which change + + + align:start position:0% +different models uh which change +something on the supply side is whe + + align:start position:0% +something on the supply side is whe + + + align:start position:0% +something on the supply side is whe +whether or not uh there scale economies + + align:start position:0% +whether or not uh there scale economies + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not uh there scale economies +in production okay and + + align:start position:0% +in production okay and + + + align:start position:0% +in production okay and +so um a few things to point out here + + align:start position:0% +so um a few things to point out here + + + align:start position:0% +so um a few things to point out here +they find that um so first they have + + align:start position:0% +they find that um so first they have + + + align:start position:0% +they find that um so first they have +significant uh estimates for all their + + align:start position:0% +significant uh estimates for all their + + + align:start position:0% +significant uh estimates for all their +standard deviations so this is typically + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations so this is typically + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations so this is typically +again not uh easy to achieve and in part + + align:start position:0% +again not uh easy to achieve and in part + + + align:start position:0% +again not uh easy to achieve and in part +uh this is because of the supply set + + align:start position:0% +uh this is because of the supply set + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is because of the supply set +restrictions that you know lead uh to to + + align:start position:0% +restrictions that you know lead uh to to + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions that you know lead uh to to +more precise estimates even on the + + align:start position:0% +more precise estimates even on the + + + align:start position:0% +more precise estimates even on the +demand side the the other thing that's + + align:start position:0% +demand side the the other thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +demand side the the other thing that's +sort of interesting here if you look at + + align:start position:0% +sort of interesting here if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of interesting here if you look at +this so for instance here this attribute + + align:start position:0% +this so for instance here this attribute + + + align:start position:0% +this so for instance here this attribute +miles per dollar you know is valued + + align:start position:0% +miles per dollar you know is valued + + + align:start position:0% +miles per dollar you know is valued +negative on + + align:start position:0% +negative on + + + align:start position:0% +negative on +average right so it's it sort of the + + align:start position:0% +average right so it's it sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +average right so it's it sort of the +average consumer right uh uh doesn't + + align:start position:0% +average consumer right uh uh doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +average consumer right uh uh doesn't +seem to like fuel efficient cars however + + align:start position:0% +seem to like fuel efficient cars however + + + align:start position:0% +seem to like fuel efficient cars however +notice that the the standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +notice that the the standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the the standard deviation +on this is also very + + align:start position:0% +on this is also very + + + align:start position:0% +on this is also very +large right and so there will certainly + + align:start position:0% +large right and so there will certainly + + + align:start position:0% +large right and so there will certainly +be some consumers that value miles per + + align:start position:0% +be some consumers that value miles per + + + align:start position:0% +be some consumers that value miles per +dollar + + align:start position:0% +dollar + + + align:start position:0% +dollar +positively so what this model allows us + + align:start position:0% +positively so what this model allows us + + + align:start position:0% +positively so what this model allows us +to rationalize for instance is that if + + align:start position:0% +to rationalize for instance is that if + + + align:start position:0% +to rationalize for instance is that if +you let's say do this for the entire us + + align:start position:0% +you let's say do this for the entire us + + + align:start position:0% +you let's say do this for the entire us +as they do right in much of the US you + + align:start position:0% +as they do right in much of the US you + + + align:start position:0% +as they do right in much of the US you +see B cars people seemingly don't care + + align:start position:0% +see B cars people seemingly don't care + + + align:start position:0% +see B cars people seemingly don't care +much about fuel + + align:start position:0% +much about fuel + + + align:start position:0% +much about fuel +efficiency right but then in let's say + + align:start position:0% +efficiency right but then in let's say + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency right but then in let's say +other uh uh parts of the country you see + + align:start position:0% +other uh uh parts of the country you see + + + align:start position:0% +other uh uh parts of the country you see +a lot of Toyota Priuses and Teslas and + + align:start position:0% +a lot of Toyota Priuses and Teslas and + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of Toyota Priuses and Teslas and +so on right and you know a model that + + align:start position:0% +so on right and you know a model that + + + align:start position:0% +so on right and you know a model that +doesn't account for these hetrogeneous + + align:start position:0% +doesn't account for these hetrogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't account for these hetrogeneous +substitution patterns with aggregate + + align:start position:0% +substitution patterns with aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +substitution patterns with aggregate +data wouldn't be able to get at this + + align:start position:0% +data wouldn't be able to get at this + + + align:start position:0% +data wouldn't be able to get at this +heterogenity right that different people + + align:start position:0% +heterogenity right that different people + + + align:start position:0% +heterogenity right that different people +have very different Tes for these + + align:start position:0% +have very different Tes for these + + + align:start position:0% +have very different Tes for these +attributes and as a as a result of that + + align:start position:0% +attributes and as a as a result of that + + + align:start position:0% +attributes and as a as a result of that +substitute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differently okay + + align:start position:0% +differently okay + + + align:start position:0% +differently okay +so a a few more uh uh tables that sort + + align:start position:0% +so a a few more uh uh tables that sort + + + align:start position:0% +so a a few more uh uh tables that sort +of showcase um that they pick up a + + align:start position:0% +of showcase um that they pick up a + + + align:start position:0% +of showcase um that they pick up a +pretty good substitution patterns here + + align:start position:0% +pretty good substitution patterns here + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good substitution patterns here +um you see a bunch of different models + + align:start position:0% +um you see a bunch of different models + + + align:start position:0% +um you see a bunch of different models +that they that they have in their + + align:start position:0% +that they that they have in their + + + align:start position:0% +that they that they have in their +estimation and you can sort of roughly + + align:start position:0% +estimation and you can sort of roughly + + + align:start position:0% +estimation and you can sort of roughly +think of this table as being ordered by + + align:start position:0% +think of this table as being ordered by + + + align:start position:0% +think of this table as being ordered by +how uh fancy the cars are okay so this + + align:start position:0% +how uh fancy the cars are okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +how uh fancy the cars are okay so this +is of course not a purely vertical model + + align:start position:0% +is of course not a purely vertical model + + + align:start position:0% +is of course not a purely vertical model +as as we discussed last week but you + + align:start position:0% +as as we discussed last week but you + + + align:start position:0% +as as we discussed last week but you +know think of this as sort of these are + + align:start position:0% +know think of this as sort of these are + + + align:start position:0% +know think of this as sort of these are +more expensive more fancy cars okay and + + align:start position:0% +more expensive more fancy cars okay and + + + align:start position:0% +more expensive more fancy cars okay and +sort of if you pick uh let's say a + + align:start position:0% +sort of if you pick uh let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of if you pick uh let's say a +high-end car like the Lexus BMW or or + + align:start position:0% +high-end car like the Lexus BMW or or + + + align:start position:0% +high-end car like the Lexus BMW or or +Cadillac you'll see that if you change + + align:start position:0% +Cadillac you'll see that if you change + + + align:start position:0% +Cadillac you'll see that if you change +the price these are semi- elasticities + + align:start position:0% +the price these are semi- elasticities + + + align:start position:0% +the price these are semi- elasticities +that means that you you know how much do + + align:start position:0% +that means that you you know how much do + + + align:start position:0% +that means that you you know how much do +market shares change when I increase um + + align:start position:0% +market shares change when I increase um + + + align:start position:0% +market shares change when I increase um +my my price by + + align:start position:0% +my my price by + + + align:start position:0% +my my price by +$1,000 um you see that if you do this + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 um you see that if you do this + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 um you see that if you do this +for the BMW you increase the price by + + align:start position:0% +for the BMW you increase the price by + + + align:start position:0% +for the BMW you increase the price by +$1,000 right there's almost no dent in + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 right there's almost no dent in + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 right there's almost no dent in +the market share of lower end cars + + align:start position:0% +the market share of lower end cars + + + align:start position:0% +the market share of lower end cars +right and most of the action is here at + + align:start position:0% +right and most of the action is here at + + + align:start position:0% +right and most of the action is here at +the at the higher end + + align:start position:0% +the at the higher end + + + align:start position:0% +the at the higher end +models + + align:start position:0% +models + + + align:start position:0% +models +right and so similarly for Lexus and + + align:start position:0% +right and so similarly for Lexus and + + + align:start position:0% +right and so similarly for Lexus and +Cadillac and so + + align:start position:0% +Cadillac and so + + + align:start position:0% +Cadillac and so +on the other thing that sort of + + align:start position:0% +on the other thing that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +on the other thing that sort of +validates the model is that you know + + align:start position:0% +validates the model is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +validates the model is that you know +since we are looking at the same price + + align:start position:0% +since we are looking at the same price + + + align:start position:0% +since we are looking at the same price +increase for lowend and highend models + + align:start position:0% +increase for lowend and highend models + + + align:start position:0% +increase for lowend and highend models +you you'll find that the response for + + align:start position:0% +you you'll find that the response for + + + align:start position:0% +you you'll find that the response for +lowend models is much much stronger than + + align:start position:0% +lowend models is much much stronger than + + + align:start position:0% +lowend models is much much stronger than +for high-end models as you would expect + + align:start position:0% +for high-end models as you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +for high-end models as you would expect +right if you're buying a $70,000 car + + align:start position:0% +right if you're buying a $70,000 car + + + align:start position:0% +right if you're buying a $70,000 car +then it's you know an extra ,000 + + align:start position:0% +then it's you know an extra ,000 + + + align:start position:0% +then it's you know an extra ,000 +shouldn't be as painful to you as if + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be as painful to you as if + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be as painful to you as if +you're buying you know the three + + align:start position:0% +you're buying you know the three + + + align:start position:0% +you're buying you know the three +,300 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yugo okay so this here is is actually a + + align:start position:0% +Yugo okay so this here is is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +Yugo okay so this here is is actually a +quite striking table uh this here shows + + align:start position:0% +quite striking table uh this here shows + + + align:start position:0% +quite striking table uh this here shows +uh how people + + align:start position:0% +uh how people + + + align:start position:0% +uh how people +substitute to the outside + + align:start position:0% +substitute to the outside + + + align:start position:0% +substitute to the outside +option if we base the these uh diversion + + align:start position:0% +option if we base the these uh diversion + + + align:start position:0% +option if we base the these uh diversion +raes on the logit model and uh compare + + align:start position:0% +raes on the logit model and uh compare + + + align:start position:0% +raes on the logit model and uh compare +that to the blp + + align:start position:0% +that to the blp + + + align:start position:0% +that to the blp +model okay so let you startare at this + + align:start position:0% +model okay so let you startare at this + + + align:start position:0% +model okay so let you startare at this +for a second and sort of uh think a + + align:start position:0% +for a second and sort of uh think a + + + align:start position:0% +for a second and sort of uh think a +little bit about you know what this + + align:start position:0% +little bit about you know what this + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about you know what this +comparison tells us and you know in what + + align:start position:0% +comparison tells us and you know in what + + + align:start position:0% +comparison tells us and you know in what +in what sense the blp model might be + + align:start position:0% +in what sense the blp model might be + + + align:start position:0% +in what sense the blp model might be +doing a better job + + align:start position:0% +doing a better job + + + align:start position:0% +doing a better job +here okay so I may just say something + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I may just say something + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I may just say something +which um is relevant here again think of + + align:start position:0% +which um is relevant here again think of + + + align:start position:0% +which um is relevant here again think of +these as sort of ordered in terms of how + + align:start position:0% +these as sort of ordered in terms of how + + + align:start position:0% +these as sort of ordered in terms of how +fancy they are okay these are more + + align:start position:0% +fancy they are okay these are more + + + align:start position:0% +fancy they are okay these are more +expensive cars down here than up here + + align:start position:0% +expensive cars down here than up here + + + align:start position:0% +expensive cars down here than up here +the B is more capturing the fact that if + + align:start position:0% +the B is more capturing the fact that if + + + align:start position:0% +the B is more capturing the fact that if +you're going for expensive car increas + + align:start position:0% +you're going for expensive car increas + + + align:start position:0% +you're going for expensive car increas +in price won't induce you to move away + + align:start position:0% +in price won't induce you to move away + + + align:start position:0% +in price won't induce you to move away +from buying a car in general while Loi + + align:start position:0% +from buying a car in general while Loi + + + align:start position:0% +from buying a car in general while Loi +doesn't really get after that kind of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really get after that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really get after that kind of +aspect exactly right so we think that + + align:start position:0% +aspect exactly right so we think that + + + align:start position:0% +aspect exactly right so we think that +again think you know cars are durable + + align:start position:0% +again think you know cars are durable + + + align:start position:0% +again think you know cars are durable +goods if you know if I drive um you know + + align:start position:0% +goods if you know if I drive um you know + + + align:start position:0% +goods if you know if I drive um you know +if I already have a car and I'm + + align:start position:0% +if I already have a car and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +if I already have a car and I'm +considering buying a cheap car right I + + align:start position:0% +considering buying a cheap car right I + + + align:start position:0% +considering buying a cheap car right I +might be much closer to the margin where + + align:start position:0% +might be much closer to the margin where + + + align:start position:0% +might be much closer to the margin where +I you know drive my car for another year + + align:start position:0% +I you know drive my car for another year + + + align:start position:0% +I you know drive my car for another year +right whereas somebody who's buying a + + align:start position:0% +right whereas somebody who's buying a + + + align:start position:0% +right whereas somebody who's buying a +$90,000 car right they'll probably not + + align:start position:0% +$90,000 car right they'll probably not + + + align:start position:0% +$90,000 car right they'll probably not +switch to the outset option if we if we + + align:start position:0% +switch to the outset option if we if we + + + align:start position:0% +switch to the outset option if we if we +raise the price of that car a little bit + + align:start position:0% +raise the price of that car a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +raise the price of that car a little bit +right they might instead opt for a + + align:start position:0% +right they might instead opt for a + + + align:start position:0% +right they might instead opt for a +somewhat cheaper car okay and you see + + align:start position:0% +somewhat cheaper car okay and you see + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat cheaper car okay and you see +that the loaded model cannot rationalize + + align:start position:0% +that the loaded model cannot rationalize + + + align:start position:0% +that the loaded model cannot rationalize +this at + + align:start position:0% +this at + + + align:start position:0% +this at +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so it's uh it's quite striking okay and + + align:start position:0% +so it's uh it's quite striking okay and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's uh it's quite striking okay and +so in the blp model you find that you + + align:start position:0% +so in the blp model you find that you + + + align:start position:0% +so in the blp model you find that you +know lower end consumers are much more + + align:start position:0% +know lower end consumers are much more + + + align:start position:0% +know lower end consumers are much more +likely to to move towards the outset + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +option okay so I think this is all I + + align:start position:0% +option okay so I think this is all I + + + align:start position:0% +option okay so I think this is all I +wanted to say uh um about those results + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say uh um about those results + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say uh um about those results +let me comment on the blp paper and also + + align:start position:0% +let me comment on the blp paper and also + + + align:start position:0% +let me comment on the blp paper and also +just uh give you some sort of practical + + align:start position:0% +just uh give you some sort of practical + + + align:start position:0% +just uh give you some sort of practical +Leads Here on how where you can find + + align:start position:0% +Leads Here on how where you can find + + + align:start position:0% +Leads Here on how where you can find +additional information on this so you + + align:start position:0% +additional information on this so you + + + align:start position:0% +additional information on this so you +know as I'm sure you may have noticed we + + align:start position:0% +know as I'm sure you may have noticed we + + + align:start position:0% +know as I'm sure you may have noticed we +spent almost two lectures on this this + + align:start position:0% +spent almost two lectures on this this + + + align:start position:0% +spent almost two lectures on this this +has been a very influential paper led to + + align:start position:0% +has been a very influential paper led to + + + align:start position:0% +has been a very influential paper led to +countless empirical studies you know a + + align:start position:0% +countless empirical studies you know a + + + align:start position:0% +countless empirical studies you know a +large methodological literature it's + + align:start position:0% +large methodological literature it's + + + align:start position:0% +large methodological literature it's +it's sort of one of the you know uh + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of one of the you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of one of the you know uh +bread and butter pieces of what what you + + align:start position:0% +bread and butter pieces of what what you + + + align:start position:0% +bread and butter pieces of what what you +do in empirical IO estimating demand and + + align:start position:0% +do in empirical IO estimating demand and + + + align:start position:0% +do in empirical IO estimating demand and +this is the the standard model uh to do + + align:start position:0% +this is the the standard model uh to do + + + align:start position:0% +this is the the standard model uh to do +that um the empirical results you know + + align:start position:0% +that um the empirical results you know + + + align:start position:0% +that um the empirical results you know +the paper is of course mostly known for + + align:start position:0% +the paper is of course mostly known for + + + align:start position:0% +the paper is of course mostly known for +its methodological contribution but the + + align:start position:0% +its methodological contribution but the + + + align:start position:0% +its methodological contribution but the +empirical results make a nice case for + + align:start position:0% +empirical results make a nice case for + + + align:start position:0% +empirical results make a nice case for +this model + + align:start position:0% +this model + + + align:start position:0% +this model +um there were many things at the time + + align:start position:0% +um there were many things at the time + + + align:start position:0% +um there were many things at the time +when this paper came out that people + + align:start position:0% +when this paper came out that people + + + align:start position:0% +when this paper came out that people +didn't really know about uh so for + + align:start position:0% +didn't really know about uh so for + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really know about uh so for +instance non-parametric identification + + align:start position:0% +instance non-parametric identification + + + align:start position:0% +instance non-parametric identification +to what extent are random coefficient + + align:start position:0% +to what extent are random coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +to what extent are random coefficient +models identified if we do not impose a + + align:start position:0% +models identified if we do not impose a + + + align:start position:0% +models identified if we do not impose a +type 1 extreme value + + align:start position:0% +type 1 extreme value + + + align:start position:0% +type 1 extreme value +assumption uh so you know people have + + align:start position:0% +assumption uh so you know people have + + + align:start position:0% +assumption uh so you know people have +thought about that and there are very + + align:start position:0% +thought about that and there are very + + + align:start position:0% +thought about that and there are very +general identification results uh for uh + + align:start position:0% +general identification results uh for uh + + + align:start position:0% +general identification results uh for uh +for for you know General models of this + + align:start position:0% +for for you know General models of this + + + align:start position:0% +for for you know General models of this +sort okay uh you know there are lot + + align:start position:0% +sort okay uh you know there are lot + + + align:start position:0% +sort okay uh you know there are lot +people have got uh learned a lot about + + align:start position:0% +people have got uh learned a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +people have got uh learned a lot about +how to estimate this those things + + align:start position:0% +how to estimate this those things + + + align:start position:0% +how to estimate this those things +efficiently uh and aiv nvo whose paper + + align:start position:0% +efficiently uh and aiv nvo whose paper + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently uh and aiv nvo whose paper +we discuss after this you know he has + + align:start position:0% +we discuss after this you know he has + + + align:start position:0% +we discuss after this you know he has +contributed to sort of uh you know uh uh + + align:start position:0% +contributed to sort of uh you know uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +contributed to sort of uh you know uh uh +telling people how to estimate these + + align:start position:0% +telling people how to estimate these + + + align:start position:0% +telling people how to estimate these +models there are now uh many good + + align:start position:0% +models there are now uh many good + + + align:start position:0% +models there are now uh many good +sources to dive deeper into all of this + + align:start position:0% +sources to dive deeper into all of this + + + align:start position:0% +sources to dive deeper into all of this +okay so the new IO handbook chapter just + + align:start position:0% +okay so the new IO handbook chapter just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the new IO handbook chapter just +came out in + + align:start position:0% +came out in + + + align:start position:0% +came out in +2021 um if you want to learn about + + align:start position:0% +2021 um if you want to learn about + + + align:start position:0% +2021 um if you want to learn about +demand chapter one and chapter two are + + align:start position:0% +demand chapter one and chapter two are + + + align:start position:0% +demand chapter one and chapter two are +good uh uh sources um if you're really + + align:start position:0% +good uh uh sources um if you're really + + + align:start position:0% +good uh uh sources um if you're really +interested into identification I + + align:start position:0% +interested into identification I + + + align:start position:0% +interested into identification I +somebody wrote me a question about the + + align:start position:0% +somebody wrote me a question about the + + + align:start position:0% +somebody wrote me a question about the +type 1 extreme value error and sort of + + align:start position:0% +type 1 extreme value error and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +type 1 extreme value error and sort of +how restrictive this is right this would + + align:start position:0% +how restrictive this is right this would + + + align:start position:0% +how restrictive this is right this would +be the place to look these are papers + + align:start position:0% +be the place to look these are papers + + + align:start position:0% +be the place to look these are papers +that show you how these models are + + align:start position:0% +that show you how these models are + + + align:start position:0% +that show you how these models are +nonparametrically + + align:start position:0% +nonparametrically + + + align:start position:0% +nonparametrically +identified and I would probably start + + align:start position:0% +identified and I would probably start + + + align:start position:0% +identified and I would probably start +with the annual reviews article which + + align:start position:0% +with the annual reviews article which + + + align:start position:0% +with the annual reviews article which +gives an overview of this econometrical + + align:start position:0% +gives an overview of this econometrical + + + align:start position:0% +gives an overview of this econometrical +paper + + align:start position:0% +paper + + + align:start position:0% +paper +um there's also now a sort of um out of + + align:start position:0% +um there's also now a sort of um out of + + + align:start position:0% +um there's also now a sort of um out of +the box uh estimation with pi uh with + + align:start position:0% +the box uh estimation with pi uh with + + + align:start position:0% +the box uh estimation with pi uh with +python that that you can use you know my + + align:start position:0% +python that that you can use you know my + + + align:start position:0% +python that that you can use you know my +view on this is this is super useful and + + align:start position:0% +view on this is this is super useful and + + + align:start position:0% +view on this is this is super useful and +you know you you may sort of want to + + align:start position:0% +you know you you may sort of want to + + + align:start position:0% +you know you you may sort of want to +check your results with that but I I + + align:start position:0% +check your results with that but I I + + + align:start position:0% +check your results with that but I I +also believe that you should learn how + + align:start position:0% +also believe that you should learn how + + + align:start position:0% +also believe that you should learn how +to estimate those models and do it + + align:start position:0% +to estimate those models and do it + + + align:start position:0% +to estimate those models and do it +yourself because that's the real skill + + align:start position:0% +yourself because that's the real skill + + + align:start position:0% +yourself because that's the real skill +right um and especially if you stay in + + align:start position:0% +right um and especially if you stay in + + + align:start position:0% +right um and especially if you stay in +IO there's you know uh you know part of + + align:start position:0% +IO there's you know uh you know part of + + + align:start position:0% +IO there's you know uh you know part of +of writing iio drop Market paper is to + + align:start position:0% +of writing iio drop Market paper is to + + + align:start position:0% +of writing iio drop Market paper is to +somehow sort of push you know what you + + align:start position:0% +somehow sort of push you know what you + + + align:start position:0% +somehow sort of push you know what you +can do with these models and and and + + align:start position:0% +can do with these models and and and + + + align:start position:0% +can do with these models and and and +show that you understand them deeply as + + align:start position:0% +show that you understand them deeply as + + + align:start position:0% +show that you understand them deeply as +opposed to just apply them okay so this + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just apply them okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just apply them okay so this +is a a great resource but you know I I + + align:start position:0% +is a a great resource but you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +is a a great resource but you know I I +hope that you know once you come to 273 + + align:start position:0% +hope that you know once you come to 273 + + + align:start position:0% +hope that you know once you come to 273 +we can of teach you how to actually do + + align:start position:0% +we can of teach you how to actually do + + + align:start position:0% +we can of teach you how to actually do +those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +things okay so let me then also just say + + align:start position:0% +things okay so let me then also just say + + + align:start position:0% +things okay so let me then also just say +a few things sort of empirically on this + + align:start position:0% +a few things sort of empirically on this + + + align:start position:0% +a few things sort of empirically on this +paper right we had already discussed + + align:start position:0% +paper right we had already discussed + + + align:start position:0% +paper right we had already discussed +this the paper ignores the durable good + + align:start position:0% +this the paper ignores the durable good + + + align:start position:0% +this the paper ignores the durable good +aspect here right that people hold cars + + align:start position:0% +aspect here right that people hold cars + + + align:start position:0% +aspect here right that people hold cars +and that uh substitution to the outset + + align:start position:0% +and that uh substitution to the outset + + + align:start position:0% +and that uh substitution to the outset +option is therefore very heterogeneous + + align:start position:0% +option is therefore very heterogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +option is therefore very heterogeneous +and potentially endogenous to the uh to + + align:start position:0% +and potentially endogenous to the uh to + + + align:start position:0% +and potentially endogenous to the uh to +the counterfactual that you run because + + align:start position:0% +the counterfactual that you run because + + + align:start position:0% +the counterfactual that you run because +if you change prices in a new car market + + align:start position:0% +if you change prices in a new car market + + + align:start position:0% +if you change prices in a new car market +prices in a used car market might + + align:start position:0% +prices in a used car market might + + + align:start position:0% +prices in a used car market might +respond to that okay and so your + + align:start position:0% +respond to that okay and so your + + + align:start position:0% +respond to that okay and so your +counterfactual might be misspecified as + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual might be misspecified as + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual might be misspecified as +a result of that but at least um because + + align:start position:0% +a result of that but at least um because + + + align:start position:0% +a result of that but at least um because +they have the random coefficient on The + + align:start position:0% +they have the random coefficient on The + + + align:start position:0% +they have the random coefficient on The +Intercept they get much more + + align:start position:0% +Intercept they get much more + + + align:start position:0% +Intercept they get much more +hetrogeneous substitution patterns uh to + + align:start position:0% +hetrogeneous substitution patterns uh to + + + align:start position:0% +hetrogeneous substitution patterns uh to +the outside option than you get from + + align:start position:0% +the outside option than you get from + + + align:start position:0% +the outside option than you get from +from a simple logic model okay so it + + align:start position:0% +from a simple logic model okay so it + + + align:start position:0% +from a simple logic model okay so it +captures that to some + + align:start position:0% +captures that to some + + + align:start position:0% +captures that to some +extent uh again there's some great + + align:start position:0% +extent uh again there's some great + + + align:start position:0% +extent uh again there's some great +papers to look at this further there's a + + align:start position:0% +papers to look at this further there's a + + + align:start position:0% +papers to look at this further there's a +paper by go sanker and and Ryman uh that + + align:start position:0% +paper by go sanker and and Ryman uh that + + + align:start position:0% +paper by go sanker and and Ryman uh that +uh looks at um people purchasing durable + + align:start position:0% +uh looks at um people purchasing durable + + + align:start position:0% +uh looks at um people purchasing durable +goods this is I think for + + align:start position:0% +goods this is I think for + + + align:start position:0% +goods this is I think for +camcorders uh and so they endogenize + + align:start position:0% +camcorders uh and so they endogenize + + + align:start position:0% +camcorders uh and so they endogenize +basically how people update uh across + + align:start position:0% +basically how people update uh across + + + align:start position:0% +basically how people update uh across +different uh generations of uh of + + align:start position:0% +different uh generations of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +different uh generations of uh of +camcorders um there is a paper on the + + align:start position:0% +camcorders um there is a paper on the + + + align:start position:0% +camcorders um there is a paper on the +usedc market by gavasa and leri um which + + align:start position:0% +usedc market by gavasa and leri um which + + + align:start position:0% +usedc market by gavasa and leri um which +ignores the uh product differentiation + + align:start position:0% +ignores the uh product differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +ignores the uh product differentiation +aspect of cars so cars here uh just you + + align:start position:0% +aspect of cars so cars here uh just you + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of cars so cars here uh just you +know basically described by their + + align:start position:0% +know basically described by their + + + align:start position:0% +know basically described by their +vintage uh and + + align:start position:0% +vintage uh and + + + align:start position:0% +vintage uh and +um uh yeah so sort of thinks about uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh yeah so sort of thinks about uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh yeah so sort of thinks about uh +the welfare effects of the edcom market + + align:start position:0% +the welfare effects of the edcom market + + + align:start position:0% +the welfare effects of the edcom market +and then there's a more recent paper + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a more recent paper + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a more recent paper +that actually puts the two things + + align:start position:0% +that actually puts the two things + + + align:start position:0% +that actually puts the two things +together again okay so the the + + align:start position:0% +together again okay so the the + + + align:start position:0% +together again okay so the the +differentiation part and the the the + + align:start position:0% +differentiation part and the the the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation part and the the the +fact that cars are aging and at + + align:start position:0% +fact that cars are aging and at + + + align:start position:0% +fact that cars are aging and at +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +consumers you know might hold different + + align:start position:0% +consumers you know might hold different + + + align:start position:0% +consumers you know might hold different +vintages um this is a paper that + + align:start position:0% +vintages um this is a paper that + + + align:start position:0% +vintages um this is a paper that +abstracts from dealerships this is + + align:start position:0% +abstracts from dealerships this is + + + align:start position:0% +abstracts from dealerships this is +actually quite um problematic if you + + align:start position:0% +actually quite um problematic if you + + + align:start position:0% +actually quite um problematic if you +think about the us because the US has + + align:start position:0% +think about the us because the US has + + + align:start position:0% +think about the us because the US has +State uh franchise laws that prohibit uh + + align:start position:0% +State uh franchise laws that prohibit uh + + + align:start position:0% +State uh franchise laws that prohibit uh +prohibit manufacturers to sell directly + + align:start position:0% +prohibit manufacturers to sell directly + + + align:start position:0% +prohibit manufacturers to sell directly +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +Consumers uh and so you might have heard + + align:start position:0% +Consumers uh and so you might have heard + + + align:start position:0% +Consumers uh and so you might have heard +about this in the Contex of T Tesla they + + align:start position:0% +about this in the Contex of T Tesla they + + + align:start position:0% +about this in the Contex of T Tesla they +have you know they have uh been riling + + align:start position:0% +have you know they have uh been riling + + + align:start position:0% +have you know they have uh been riling +against this because they want to sell + + align:start position:0% +against this because they want to sell + + + align:start position:0% +against this because they want to sell +directly to Consumers and do not have + + align:start position:0% +directly to Consumers and do not have + + + align:start position:0% +directly to Consumers and do not have +large dealership networks okay so that + + align:start position:0% +large dealership networks okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +large dealership networks okay so that +might be uh important for local + + align:start position:0% +might be uh important for local + + + align:start position:0% +might be uh important for local +availability of Brands and substitution + + align:start position:0% +availability of Brands and substitution + + + align:start position:0% +availability of Brands and substitution +patterns and could also lead to other + + align:start position:0% +patterns and could also lead to other + + + align:start position:0% +patterns and could also lead to other +problems such as double marginalization + + align:start position:0% +problems such as double marginalization + + + align:start position:0% +problems such as double marginalization +um the model ignores that car prices are + + align:start position:0% +um the model ignores that car prices are + + + align:start position:0% +um the model ignores that car prices are +often negotiated you know I I I think + + align:start position:0% +often negotiated you know I I I think + + + align:start position:0% +often negotiated you know I I I think +for what they're doing that's not too + + align:start position:0% +for what they're doing that's not too + + + align:start position:0% +for what they're doing that's not too +problematic but we know that in reality + + align:start position:0% +problematic but we know that in reality + + + align:start position:0% +problematic but we know that in reality +the the transaction price might be very + + align:start position:0% +the the transaction price might be very + + + align:start position:0% +the the transaction price might be very +different from uh from the list price uh + + align:start position:0% +different from uh from the list price uh + + + align:start position:0% +different from uh from the list price uh +and I think Glenn has uh uh uh taught + + align:start position:0% +and I think Glenn has uh uh uh taught + + + align:start position:0% +and I think Glenn has uh uh uh taught +you paper where that has very different + + align:start position:0% +you paper where that has very different + + + align:start position:0% +you paper where that has very different +implications for different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +implications for different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +implications for different kinds of +consumers so to the extent that you care + + align:start position:0% +consumers so to the extent that you care + + + align:start position:0% +consumers so to the extent that you care +about these distributional effects that + + align:start position:0% +about these distributional effects that + + + align:start position:0% +about these distributional effects that +might be might be an issue okay and + + align:start position:0% +might be might be an issue okay and + + + align:start position:0% +might be might be an issue okay and +lastly it ignores something that is very + + align:start position:0% +lastly it ignores something that is very + + + align:start position:0% +lastly it ignores something that is very +important and uh increasingly so which + + align:start position:0% +important and uh increasingly so which + + + align:start position:0% +important and uh increasingly so which +is the financial transaction that is + + align:start position:0% +is the financial transaction that is + + + align:start position:0% +is the financial transaction that is +involved when you purchase a car because + + align:start position:0% +involved when you purchase a car because + + + align:start position:0% +involved when you purchase a car because +you're typically getting a loan and + + align:start position:0% +you're typically getting a loan and + + + align:start position:0% +you're typically getting a loan and +maybe uh insurance and and other kinds + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh insurance and and other kinds + + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh insurance and and other kinds +of add-ons okay so obviously you know + + align:start position:0% +of add-ons okay so obviously you know + + + align:start position:0% +of add-ons okay so obviously you know +this is an older paper there are many + + align:start position:0% +this is an older paper there are many + + + align:start position:0% +this is an older paper there are many +papers that now uh address all of these + + align:start position:0% +papers that now uh address all of these + + + align:start position:0% +papers that now uh address all of these +uh issues okay so that's that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh issues okay so that's that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh issues okay so that's that's kind of +a good paper to write if they many gaps + + align:start position:0% +a good paper to write if they many gaps + + + align:start position:0% +a good paper to write if they many gaps +to fill and people are willing to do + + align:start position:0% +to fill and people are willing to do + + + align:start position:0% +to fill and people are willing to do +that any any questions otherwise I'm + + align:start position:0% +that any any questions otherwise I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that any any questions otherwise I'm +move on to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Neo + + align:start position:0% +Neo + + + align:start position:0% +Neo +okay okay so so the next two papers are + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so so the next two papers are + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so so the next two papers are +in the spirit of What Glenn has already + + align:start position:0% +in the spirit of What Glenn has already + + + align:start position:0% +in the spirit of What Glenn has already +uh started talking about um bre 1987 and + + align:start position:0% +uh started talking about um bre 1987 and + + + align:start position:0% +uh started talking about um bre 1987 and +Milan Weinberg sort of testing different + + align:start position:0% +Milan Weinberg sort of testing different + + + align:start position:0% +Milan Weinberg sort of testing different +models of conduct against each other so + + align:start position:0% +models of conduct against each other so + + + align:start position:0% +models of conduct against each other so +the idea is you know using uh using our + + align:start position:0% +the idea is you know using uh using our + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is you know using uh using our +estimates to figure out what game is it + + align:start position:0% +estimates to figure out what game is it + + + align:start position:0% +estimates to figure out what game is it +that firms are actually playing right + + align:start position:0% +that firms are actually playing right + + + align:start position:0% +that firms are actually playing right +and I think that's that's a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's that's a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's that's a sort of a +very nice way to to use uh to use this + + align:start position:0% +very nice way to to use uh to use this + + + align:start position:0% +very nice way to to use uh to use this +Machinery um we will look at the ready + + align:start position:0% +Machinery um we will look at the ready + + + align:start position:0% +Machinery um we will look at the ready +to eat serial Market you have red NEOS + + align:start position:0% +to eat serial Market you have red NEOS + + + align:start position:0% +to eat serial Market you have red NEOS +paper and then we'll look at backos + + align:start position:0% +paper and then we'll look at backos + + + align:start position:0% +paper and then we'll look at backos +colon and sinkinson which talks about + + align:start position:0% +colon and sinkinson which talks about + + + align:start position:0% +colon and sinkinson which talks about +the common ownership + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hypothesis okay so uh the question in uh + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis okay so uh the question in uh + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis okay so uh the question in uh +in Neo paper is why does the uh ser + + align:start position:0% +in Neo paper is why does the uh ser + + + align:start position:0% +in Neo paper is why does the uh ser +industry sustain such high gross margins + + align:start position:0% +industry sustain such high gross margins + + + align:start position:0% +industry sustain such high gross margins +you know as measured from accounting + + align:start position:0% +you know as measured from accounting + + + align:start position:0% +you know as measured from accounting +data and the senses of manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +data and the senses of manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +data and the senses of manufacturing +okay so they seem to be this these very + + align:start position:0% +okay so they seem to be this these very + + + align:start position:0% +okay so they seem to be this these very +large margins um there are two competing + + align:start position:0% +large margins um there are two competing + + + align:start position:0% +large margins um there are two competing +explanations um one is that the firms + + align:start position:0% +explanations um one is that the firms + + + align:start position:0% +explanations um one is that the firms +are somehow of which there are few are + + align:start position:0% +are somehow of which there are few are + + + align:start position:0% +are somehow of which there are few are +colluding with each + + align:start position:0% +colluding with each + + + align:start position:0% +colluding with each +other uh and the other one uh and I'm + + align:start position:0% +other uh and the other one uh and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +other uh and the other one uh and I'm +sure you've noticed this this is a + + align:start position:0% +sure you've noticed this this is a + + + align:start position:0% +sure you've noticed this this is a +market in which there a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +market in which there a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +market in which there a lot of different +products okay and it could be that + + align:start position:0% +products okay and it could be that + + + align:start position:0% +products okay and it could be that +consumers have very heterogeneous tastes + + align:start position:0% +consumers have very heterogeneous tastes + + + align:start position:0% +consumers have very heterogeneous tastes +for those products uh and somehow firms + + align:start position:0% +for those products uh and somehow firms + + + align:start position:0% +for those products uh and somehow firms +are you know catering to these very + + align:start position:0% +are you know catering to these very + + + align:start position:0% +are you know catering to these very +ideosyncratic tastes and therefore are + + align:start position:0% +ideosyncratic tastes and therefore are + + + align:start position:0% +ideosyncratic tastes and therefore are +able to sustain High margins in + + align:start position:0% +able to sustain High margins in + + + align:start position:0% +able to sustain High margins in +conjunction with internalizing their + + align:start position:0% +conjunction with internalizing their + + + align:start position:0% +conjunction with internalizing their +multiproduct incentives the fact that + + align:start position:0% +multiproduct incentives the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +multiproduct incentives the fact that +they do not want to cannibalize their + + align:start position:0% +they do not want to cannibalize their + + + align:start position:0% +they do not want to cannibalize their +own products okay um the approach is to + + align:start position:0% +own products okay um the approach is to + + + align:start position:0% +own products okay um the approach is to +use demand estimates to recover uh + + align:start position:0% +use demand estimates to recover uh + + + align:start position:0% +use demand estimates to recover uh +markups okay uh the different + + align:start position:0% +markups okay uh the different + + + align:start position:0% +markups okay uh the different +alternative conduct assumptions it + + align:start position:0% +alternative conduct assumptions it + + + align:start position:0% +alternative conduct assumptions it +should say here okay so you're you're + + align:start position:0% +should say here okay so you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +should say here okay so you're you're +using only your demand + + align:start position:0% +using only your demand + + + align:start position:0% +using only your demand +estimates okay imposing certain models + + align:start position:0% +estimates okay imposing certain models + + + align:start position:0% +estimates okay imposing certain models +of conduct and then see whether those + + align:start position:0% +of conduct and then see whether those + + + align:start position:0% +of conduct and then see whether those +models of conduct with which you can + + align:start position:0% +models of conduct with which you can + + + align:start position:0% +models of conduct with which you can +recover marginal cost and therefore + + align:start position:0% +recover marginal cost and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +recover marginal cost and therefore +compute markups line up with the markups + + align:start position:0% +compute markups line up with the markups + + + align:start position:0% +compute markups line up with the markups +that you actually observe in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data um and he uses uh panel data on uh + + align:start position:0% +data um and he uses uh panel data on uh + + + align:start position:0% +data um and he uses uh panel data on uh +demand for serials across different + + align:start position:0% +demand for serials across different + + + align:start position:0% +demand for serials across different +geograph graic + + align:start position:0% +geograph graic + + + align:start position:0% +geograph graic +markets okay so I thought I use this as + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so I thought I use this as + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so I thought I use this as +an opportunity uh to tell you about the + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity uh to tell you about the + + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity uh to tell you about the +surprisingly uh entertaining origins of + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly uh entertaining origins of + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly uh entertaining origins of +the breakfast cereal Market + + align:start position:0% +the breakfast cereal Market + + + align:start position:0% +the breakfast cereal Market +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um so this year is uh James Caleb + + align:start position:0% +um so this year is uh James Caleb + + + align:start position:0% +um so this year is uh James Caleb +Jackson he lived in uh in Western New + + align:start position:0% +Jackson he lived in uh in Western New + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson he lived in uh in Western New +York he was uh a very religious + + align:start position:0% +York he was uh a very religious + + + align:start position:0% +York he was uh a very religious +vegetarian and he stumbled into + + align:start position:0% +vegetarian and he stumbled into + + + align:start position:0% +vegetarian and he stumbled into +something that + + align:start position:0% +something that + + + align:start position:0% +something that +resembled maybe not too much the modern + + align:start position:0% +resembled maybe not too much the modern + + + align:start position:0% +resembled maybe not too much the modern +breakfast cereals okay so it was kind of + + align:start position:0% +breakfast cereals okay so it was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +breakfast cereals okay so it was kind of +a hard thing to eat not much fun he had + + align:start position:0% +a hard thing to eat not much fun he had + + + align:start position:0% +a hard thing to eat not much fun he had +to soak it overnight in milk okay to + + align:start position:0% +to soak it overnight in milk okay to + + + align:start position:0% +to soak it overnight in milk okay to +make it edible at all okay he called it + + align:start position:0% +make it edible at all okay he called it + + + align:start position:0% +make it edible at all okay he called it +granula + + align:start position:0% +granula + + + align:start position:0% +granula +um uh not much later there's somebody + + align:start position:0% +um uh not much later there's somebody + + + align:start position:0% +um uh not much later there's somebody +else uh and I should should have said + + align:start position:0% +else uh and I should should have said + + + align:start position:0% +else uh and I should should have said +James Cale Jackson ran a sanatorium in + + align:start position:0% +James Cale Jackson ran a sanatorium in + + + align:start position:0% +James Cale Jackson ran a sanatorium in +New York so did John Harvey Kellogg in + + align:start position:0% +New York so did John Harvey Kellogg in + + + align:start position:0% +New York so did John Harvey Kellogg in +Michigan his family is originally from + + align:start position:0% +Michigan his family is originally from + + + align:start position:0% +Michigan his family is originally from +Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts +uh he was he was a surgeon and he + + align:start position:0% +uh he was he was a surgeon and he + + + align:start position:0% +uh he was he was a surgeon and he +invented something very similar that he + + align:start position:0% +invented something very similar that he + + + align:start position:0% +invented something very similar that he +first wanted to call granula then he got + + align:start position:0% +first wanted to call granula then he got + + + align:start position:0% +first wanted to call granula then he got +into some legal trouble and he said call + + align:start position:0% +into some legal trouble and he said call + + + align:start position:0% +into some legal trouble and he said call +it granola + + align:start position:0% +it granola + + + align:start position:0% +it granola +okay um okay so you compare James Caleb + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay so you compare James Caleb + + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay so you compare James Caleb +Jackson kellock and you compare granula + + align:start position:0% +Jackson kellock and you compare granula + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson kellock and you compare granula +granola okay so you you may already + + align:start position:0% +granola okay so you you may already + + + align:start position:0% +granola okay so you you may already +guess whose Legacy was was more enduring + + align:start position:0% +guess whose Legacy was was more enduring + + + align:start position:0% +guess whose Legacy was was more enduring +okay so uh John Harvey kellock had a + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh John Harvey kellock had a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh John Harvey kellock had a +younger brother and you know he was uh + + align:start position:0% +younger brother and you know he was uh + + + align:start position:0% +younger brother and you know he was uh +really onto something because you know + + align:start position:0% +really onto something because you know + + + align:start position:0% +really onto something because you know +for 10 years they worked + + align:start position:0% +for 10 years they worked + + + align:start position:0% +for 10 years they worked +together uh and sort of you know uh ran + + align:start position:0% +together uh and sort of you know uh ran + + + align:start position:0% +together uh and sort of you know uh ran +a company together until they had uh + + align:start position:0% +a company together until they had uh + + + align:start position:0% +a company together until they had uh +some differences about uh including + + align:start position:0% +some differences about uh including + + + align:start position:0% +some differences about uh including +sugar into cereals okay so again you + + align:start position:0% +sugar into cereals okay so again you + + + align:start position:0% +sugar into cereals okay so again you +have to think of the old cereals as sort + + align:start position:0% +have to think of the old cereals as sort + + + align:start position:0% +have to think of the old cereals as sort +of their there this there was sort of a + + align:start position:0% +of their there this there was sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +of their there this there was sort of a +religious impetus and there was a whole + + align:start position:0% +religious impetus and there was a whole + + + align:start position:0% +religious impetus and there was a whole +philosophy around eating healthy and + + align:start position:0% +philosophy around eating healthy and + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy around eating healthy and +then uh we'll suggest no let's put some + + align:start position:0% +then uh we'll suggest no let's put some + + + align:start position:0% +then uh we'll suggest no let's put some +sugar in it we'll make it more + + align:start position:0% +sugar in it we'll make it more + + + align:start position:0% +sugar in it we'll make it more +successful and + + align:start position:0% +successful and + + + align:start position:0% +successful and +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +did okay uh uh John Harvey Kellog also + + align:start position:0% +did okay uh uh John Harvey Kellog also + + + align:start position:0% +did okay uh uh John Harvey Kellog also +had a patient Charles William or CW post + + align:start position:0% +had a patient Charles William or CW post + + + align:start position:0% +had a patient Charles William or CW post +uh so the the brothers also + + align:start position:0% +uh so the the brothers also + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the the brothers also +disagreements about the importance of uh + + align:start position:0% +disagreements about the importance of uh + + + align:start position:0% +disagreements about the importance of uh +Trade Secrets okay and John hary Kell + + align:start position:0% +Trade Secrets okay and John hary Kell + + + align:start position:0% +Trade Secrets okay and John hary Kell +said oh we should our patients our + + align:start position:0% +said oh we should our patients our + + + align:start position:0% +said oh we should our patients our +patients should learn how to do those + + align:start position:0% +patients should learn how to do those + + + align:start position:0% +patients should learn how to do those +things and that's what Charles William + + align:start position:0% +things and that's what Charles William + + + align:start position:0% +things and that's what Charles William +post did that he basically copied the + + align:start position:0% +post did that he basically copied the + + + align:start position:0% +post did that he basically copied the +recipe called The Grape nuts and became + + align:start position:0% +recipe called The Grape nuts and became + + + align:start position:0% +recipe called The Grape nuts and became +a competitor of the of the Kell company + + align:start position:0% +a competitor of the of the Kell company + + + align:start position:0% +a competitor of the of the Kell company +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay so little did they know so this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so little did they know so this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so little did they know so this is +what happened to the market now you have + + align:start position:0% +what happened to the market now you have + + + align:start position:0% +what happened to the market now you have +you know hundreds of different products + + align:start position:0% +you know hundreds of different products + + + align:start position:0% +you know hundreds of different products +um it's also known that there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um it's also known that there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um it's also known that there's a lot of +churn in the market and that the market + + align:start position:0% +churn in the market and that the market + + + align:start position:0% +churn in the market and that the market +is sustained with a very high + + align:start position:0% +is sustained with a very high + + + align:start position:0% +is sustained with a very high +advertising expenditures okay it's just + + align:start position:0% +advertising expenditures okay it's just + + + align:start position:0% +advertising expenditures okay it's just +um it's sort of uh you know funny to + + align:start position:0% +um it's sort of uh you know funny to + + + align:start position:0% +um it's sort of uh you know funny to +look at those but it also illustrates a + + align:start position:0% +look at those but it also illustrates a + + + align:start position:0% +look at those but it also illustrates a +point that there's just this massive + + align:start position:0% +point that there's just this massive + + + align:start position:0% +point that there's just this massive +variety you you could be let's say + + align:start position:0% +variety you you could be let's say + + + align:start position:0% +variety you you could be let's say +interested in C3PO serials or you know + + align:start position:0% +interested in C3PO serials or you know + + + align:start position:0% +interested in C3PO serials or you know +maybe Donkey Kong or maybe Donkey Kong + + align:start position:0% +maybe Donkey Kong or maybe Donkey Kong + + + align:start position:0% +maybe Donkey Kong or maybe Donkey Kong +Jr if you know that's not sort of prec + + align:start position:0% +Jr if you know that's not sort of prec + + + align:start position:0% +Jr if you know that's not sort of prec +catering more precisely enough to your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +taste and I should say um in 1970 there + + align:start position:0% +taste and I should say um in 1970 there + + + align:start position:0% +taste and I should say um in 1970 there +was actually a complained uh by the FDC + + align:start position:0% +was actually a complained uh by the FDC + + + align:start position:0% +was actually a complained uh by the FDC +that this is that that the companies in + + align:start position:0% +that this is that that the companies in + + + align:start position:0% +that this is that that the companies in +this market are uh colluding with each + + align:start position:0% +this market are uh colluding with each + + + align:start position:0% +this market are uh colluding with each +other and proliferating Brands to deter + + align:start position:0% +other and proliferating Brands to deter + + + align:start position:0% +other and proliferating Brands to deter +entry from from Rivals okay and so uh + + align:start position:0% +entry from from Rivals okay and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +entry from from Rivals okay and so uh +schalen who uh teaches at the Sloan + + align:start position:0% +schalen who uh teaches at the Sloan + + + align:start position:0% +schalen who uh teaches at the Sloan +school um has uh has a paper uh on uh on + + align:start position:0% +school um has uh has a paper uh on uh on + + + align:start position:0% +school um has uh has a paper uh on uh on +this in the Bell Journal of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Economics okay and so what is striking + + align:start position:0% +Economics okay and so what is striking + + + align:start position:0% +Economics okay and so what is striking +is you see the number of products in the + + align:start position:0% +is you see the number of products in the + + + align:start position:0% +is you see the number of products in the +market right and then you look at how + + align:start position:0% +market right and then you look at how + + + align:start position:0% +market right and then you look at how +many firms are controlling those + + align:start position:0% +many firms are controlling those + + + align:start position:0% +many firms are controlling those +products and it's very very few right so + + align:start position:0% +products and it's very very few right so + + + align:start position:0% +products and it's very very few right so +with uh the C3 concentration ratio so + + align:start position:0% +with uh the C3 concentration ratio so + + + align:start position:0% +with uh the C3 concentration ratio so +the market share of the top three firms + + align:start position:0% +the market share of the top three firms + + + align:start position:0% +the market share of the top three firms +you know you get you know uh up to More + + align:start position:0% +you know you get you know uh up to More + + + align:start position:0% +you know you get you know uh up to More +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +70% of the market okay so what this + + align:start position:0% +70% of the market okay so what this + + + align:start position:0% +70% of the market okay so what this +tells you is you know this is a market + + align:start position:0% +tells you is you know this is a market + + + align:start position:0% +tells you is you know this is a market +where you want to take into account + + align:start position:0% +where you want to take into account + + + align:start position:0% +where you want to take into account +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +multi-product uh effects right the fact + + align:start position:0% +multi-product uh effects right the fact + + + align:start position:0% +multi-product uh effects right the fact +that firms will internalize you know how + + align:start position:0% +that firms will internalize you know how + + + align:start position:0% +that firms will internalize you know how +much they uh will rival their own + + align:start position:0% +much they uh will rival their own + + + align:start position:0% +much they uh will rival their own +products when they introduce new + + align:start position:0% +products when they introduce new + + + align:start position:0% +products when they introduce new +products or Price + + align:start position:0% +products or Price + + + align:start position:0% +products or Price +those it would not make much sense to + + align:start position:0% +those it would not make much sense to + + + align:start position:0% +those it would not make much sense to +you know not have such a model when you + + align:start position:0% +you know not have such a model when you + + + align:start position:0% +you know not have such a model when you +have four firms and hundreds of of + + align:start position:0% +have four firms and hundreds of of + + + align:start position:0% +have four firms and hundreds of of +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +products okay so um so again to remind + + align:start position:0% +products okay so um so again to remind + + + align:start position:0% +products okay so um so again to remind +you the uh the exercise that Neo engages + + align:start position:0% +you the uh the exercise that Neo engages + + + align:start position:0% +you the uh the exercise that Neo engages +in is he tries + + align:start position:0% +in is he tries + + + align:start position:0% +in is he tries +to um he tries to uh so he first + + align:start position:0% +to um he tries to uh so he first + + + align:start position:0% +to um he tries to uh so he first +measures markups directly in the data + + align:start position:0% +measures markups directly in the data + + + align:start position:0% +measures markups directly in the data +based off of accounting estimates okay + + align:start position:0% +based off of accounting estimates okay + + + align:start position:0% +based off of accounting estimates okay +and sort of the relevant estimate here + + align:start position:0% +and sort of the relevant estimate here + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of the relevant estimate here +is the the retail margin of 46% and then + + align:start position:0% +is the the retail margin of 46% and then + + + align:start position:0% +is the the retail margin of 46% and then +he does some bounding whether or not you + + align:start position:0% +he does some bounding whether or not you + + + align:start position:0% +he does some bounding whether or not you +you include advertising as a uh you know + + align:start position:0% +you include advertising as a uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +you include advertising as a uh you know +whether advertising is a marginal or + + align:start position:0% +whether advertising is a marginal or + + + align:start position:0% +whether advertising is a marginal or +variable cost and uh sorry a a um a + + align:start position:0% +variable cost and uh sorry a a um a + + + align:start position:0% +variable cost and uh sorry a a um a +margin or a fixed cost and um you know + + align:start position:0% +margin or a fixed cost and um you know + + + align:start position:0% +margin or a fixed cost and um you know +we'll in the end use this model + + align:start position:0% +we'll in the end use this model + + + align:start position:0% +we'll in the end use this model +estimated markups to compare it to those + + align:start position:0% +estimated markups to compare it to those + + + align:start position:0% +estimated markups to compare it to those +directly observed markups in the data + + align:start position:0% +directly observed markups in the data + + + align:start position:0% +directly observed markups in the data +okay so this comes from this report here + + align:start position:0% +okay so this comes from this report here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this comes from this report here +but he also has some data from the + + align:start position:0% +but he also has some data from the + + + align:start position:0% +but he also has some data from the +senses of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +manufacturing okay + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing okay + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so the specification that he uh that he + + align:start position:0% +so the specification that he uh that he + + + align:start position:0% +so the specification that he uh that he +uses is very very similar to what we + + align:start position:0% +uses is very very similar to what we + + + align:start position:0% +uses is very very similar to what we +have discussed last week right so um I + + align:start position:0% +have discussed last week right so um I + + + align:start position:0% +have discussed last week right so um I +just want to point out a few things + + align:start position:0% +just want to point out a few things + + + align:start position:0% +just want to point out a few things +here uh so again you have an indirect + + align:start position:0% +here uh so again you have an indirect + + + align:start position:0% +here uh so again you have an indirect +utility + + align:start position:0% +utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility +function uh that's linear in terms of + + align:start position:0% +function uh that's linear in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +function uh that's linear in terms of +product attributes these random + + align:start position:0% +product attributes these random + + + align:start position:0% +product attributes these random +coefficients for product attributes + + align:start position:0% +coefficients for product attributes + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients for product attributes +prices for product J and Fort and the + + align:start position:0% +prices for product J and Fort and the + + + align:start position:0% +prices for product J and Fort and the +random coefficient for + + align:start position:0% +random coefficient for + + + align:start position:0% +random coefficient for +prices now the the one difference here + + align:start position:0% +prices now the the one difference here + + + align:start position:0% +prices now the the one difference here +is that uh he decomposes the unobserved + + align:start position:0% +is that uh he decomposes the unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +is that uh he decomposes the unobserved +product attributes into a fixed effect + + align:start position:0% +product attributes into a fixed effect + + + align:start position:0% +product attributes into a fixed effect +and a deviation from + + align:start position:0% +and a deviation from + + + align:start position:0% +and a deviation from +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +right okay so so I got some questions + + align:start position:0% +right okay so so I got some questions + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so so I got some questions +about this fixed effect right so + + align:start position:0% +about this fixed effect right so + + + align:start position:0% +about this fixed effect right so +haven't people why haven't people done + + align:start position:0% +haven't people why haven't people done + + + align:start position:0% +haven't people why haven't people done +this before and um you know um what what + + align:start position:0% +this before and um you know um what what + + + align:start position:0% +this before and um you know um what what +is sort of the difficulty here um + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the difficulty here um + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the difficulty here um +so so first of all of course you know + + align:start position:0% +so so first of all of course you know + + + align:start position:0% +so so first of all of course you know +this this came not too much later after + + align:start position:0% +this this came not too much later after + + + align:start position:0% +this this came not too much later after +the introduction of blp so you know + + align:start position:0% +the introduction of blp so you know + + + align:start position:0% +the introduction of blp so you know +there were not that many people that + + align:start position:0% +there were not that many people that + + + align:start position:0% +there were not that many people that +sort of actually learned how to estimate + + align:start position:0% +sort of actually learned how to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +sort of actually learned how to estimate +those models that's kind of a you know a + + align:start position:0% +those models that's kind of a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +those models that's kind of a you know a +a perhaps somewhat disappointing answer + + align:start position:0% +a perhaps somewhat disappointing answer + + + align:start position:0% +a perhaps somewhat disappointing answer +but I think there's one sort of + + align:start position:0% +but I think there's one sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but I think there's one sort of +important Point here + + align:start position:0% +important Point here + + + align:start position:0% +important Point here +or maybe two points actually the first + + align:start position:0% +or maybe two points actually the first + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe two points actually the first +one is that if you want to include these + + align:start position:0% +one is that if you want to include these + + + align:start position:0% +one is that if you want to include these +fixed effects you're introducing a lot + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects you're introducing a lot + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects you're introducing a lot +new par lot of new parameters into your + + align:start position:0% +new par lot of new parameters into your + + + align:start position:0% +new par lot of new parameters into your +model right and I walked you last week + + align:start position:0% +model right and I walked you last week + + + align:start position:0% +model right and I walked you last week +through uh the steps of model estimation + + align:start position:0% +through uh the steps of model estimation + + + align:start position:0% +through uh the steps of model estimation +right where you had this sort of outer + + align:start position:0% +right where you had this sort of outer + + + align:start position:0% +right where you had this sort of outer +loop and the inner loop okay now what is + + align:start position:0% +loop and the inner loop okay now what is + + + align:start position:0% +loop and the inner loop okay now what is +important here is that uh if you include + + align:start position:0% +important here is that uh if you include + + + align:start position:0% +important here is that uh if you include +fixed effects you really want to make + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects you really want to make + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects you really want to make +sure that in the Inner Loop you're uh + + align:start position:0% +sure that in the Inner Loop you're uh + + + align:start position:0% +sure that in the Inner Loop you're uh +you're running a regression to back out + + align:start position:0% +you're running a regression to back out + + + align:start position:0% +you're running a regression to back out +those fixed effects right and you + + align:start position:0% +those fixed effects right and you + + + align:start position:0% +those fixed effects right and you +separate uh the linear parameters from + + align:start position:0% +separate uh the linear parameters from + + + align:start position:0% +separate uh the linear parameters from +the nonlinear parameters okay to remind + + align:start position:0% +the nonlinear parameters okay to remind + + + align:start position:0% +the nonlinear parameters okay to remind +you the linear parameters are all the + + align:start position:0% +you the linear parameters are all the + + + align:start position:0% +you the linear parameters are all the +things on on uh on observed or + + align:start position:0% +things on on uh on observed or + + + align:start position:0% +things on on uh on observed or +unobserved uh product attributes in this + + align:start position:0% +unobserved uh product attributes in this + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved uh product attributes in this +case with fixed effects that are only JS + + align:start position:0% +case with fixed effects that are only JS + + + align:start position:0% +case with fixed effects that are only JS +specific and do not depend on the + + align:start position:0% +specific and do not depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +specific and do not depend on the +consumer right and uh and so again fixed + + align:start position:0% +consumer right and uh and so again fixed + + + align:start position:0% +consumer right and uh and so again fixed +effects introduce a lot of parameters if + + align:start position:0% +effects introduce a lot of parameters if + + + align:start position:0% +effects introduce a lot of parameters if +you can just optimize over nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +you can just optimize over nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +you can just optimize over nonlinear +parameters and then back out the fixed + + align:start position:0% +parameters and then back out the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and then back out the fixed +effects through a regression for any + + align:start position:0% +effects through a regression for any + + + align:start position:0% +effects through a regression for any +given guess of those nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +given guess of those nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +given guess of those nonlinear +parameters that's going to uh to help + + align:start position:0% +parameters that's going to uh to help + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that's going to uh to help +you a + + align:start position:0% +you a + + + align:start position:0% +you a +lot so that's sort of one one comment on + + align:start position:0% +lot so that's sort of one one comment on + + + align:start position:0% +lot so that's sort of one one comment on +this the second comment is that you know + + align:start position:0% +this the second comment is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +this the second comment is that you know +it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit +um it's a little bit against the spirit + + align:start position:0% +um it's a little bit against the spirit + + + align:start position:0% +um it's a little bit against the spirit +of these characteristic space models to + + align:start position:0% +of these characteristic space models to + + + align:start position:0% +of these characteristic space models to +to estimate fixed effects not to say you + + align:start position:0% +to estimate fixed effects not to say you + + + align:start position:0% +to estimate fixed effects not to say you +shouldn't do this or that this is not a + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't do this or that this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't do this or that this is not a +good idea this can be a very useful for + + align:start position:0% +good idea this can be a very useful for + + + align:start position:0% +good idea this can be a very useful for +identification but you are introducing + + align:start position:0% +identification but you are introducing + + + align:start position:0% +identification but you are introducing +new parameters uh for each new product + + align:start position:0% +new parameters uh for each new product + + + align:start position:0% +new parameters uh for each new product +right which sort of is something you + + align:start position:0% +right which sort of is something you + + + align:start position:0% +right which sort of is something you +that we try to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +avoid okay + + align:start position:0% +avoid okay + + + align:start position:0% +avoid okay +so okay so one thing that's uh that we + + align:start position:0% +so okay so one thing that's uh that we + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so one thing that's uh that we +had discussed last week but that's new + + align:start position:0% +had discussed last week but that's new + + + align:start position:0% +had discussed last week but that's new +relative to blp that I want to point out + + align:start position:0% +relative to blp that I want to point out + + + align:start position:0% +relative to blp that I want to point out +here is that the random coefficients are + + align:start position:0% +here is that the random coefficients are + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the random coefficients are +now not just there's not just a standard + + align:start position:0% +now not just there's not just a standard + + + align:start position:0% +now not just there's not just a standard +deviation you know of some mysterious + + align:start position:0% +deviation you know of some mysterious + + + align:start position:0% +deviation you know of some mysterious +unobserved distribution they're now + + align:start position:0% +unobserved distribution they're now + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved distribution they're now +written in terms of demog graphic + + align:start position:0% +written in terms of demog graphic + + + align:start position:0% +written in terms of demog graphic +variables of distributions that you + + align:start position:0% +variables of distributions that you + + + align:start position:0% +variables of distributions that you +actually observe for each market okay so + + align:start position:0% +actually observe for each market okay so + + + align:start position:0% +actually observe for each market okay so +the distribution of income distribution + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of income distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of income distribution +of family size and and so on okay so + + align:start position:0% +of family size and and so on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +of family size and and so on okay so +I'll come back to this once more when we + + align:start position:0% +I'll come back to this once more when we + + + align:start position:0% +I'll come back to this once more when we +discuss uh uh the estimates later on + + align:start position:0% +discuss uh uh the estimates later on + + + align:start position:0% +discuss uh uh the estimates later on +okay um a market here is defined as a + + align:start position:0% +okay um a market here is defined as a + + + align:start position:0% +okay um a market here is defined as a +city quarter uh combination I had some + + align:start position:0% +city quarter uh combination I had some + + + align:start position:0% +city quarter uh combination I had some +questions about uh uh Market definitions + + align:start position:0% +questions about uh uh Market definitions + + + align:start position:0% +questions about uh uh Market definitions +uh what you asked about this right + + align:start position:0% +uh what you asked about this right + + + align:start position:0% +uh what you asked about this right +um that's a good question and you know + + align:start position:0% +um that's a good question and you know + + + align:start position:0% +um that's a good question and you know +um so you know the question was uh you + + align:start position:0% +um so you know the question was uh you + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know the question was uh you +know why do we Define it this way why + + align:start position:0% +know why do we Define it this way why + + + align:start position:0% +know why do we Define it this way why +don't we take you know like commuting + + align:start position:0% +don't we take you know like commuting + + + align:start position:0% +don't we take you know like commuting +zones or uh let's say you know a quarter + + align:start position:0% +zones or uh let's say you know a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +zones or uh let's say you know a quarter +or a half a year or a year uh that's + + align:start position:0% +or a half a year or a year uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +or a half a year or a year uh that's +that's um typically a difficult choice + + align:start position:0% +that's um typically a difficult choice + + + align:start position:0% +that's um typically a difficult choice +to make um you know what what could + + align:start position:0% +to make um you know what what could + + + align:start position:0% +to make um you know what what could +happen is that that you if you sort of + + align:start position:0% +happen is that that you if you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +happen is that that you if you sort of +don't draw the right boundaries that you + + align:start position:0% +don't draw the right boundaries that you + + + align:start position:0% +don't draw the right boundaries that you +know firms sort of at at the edge of + + align:start position:0% +know firms sort of at at the edge of + + + align:start position:0% +know firms sort of at at the edge of +your Market are actually competing with + + align:start position:0% +your Market are actually competing with + + + align:start position:0% +your Market are actually competing with +with with firms in other markets right + + align:start position:0% +with with firms in other markets right + + + align:start position:0% +with with firms in other markets right +and you sort of misspecify the number of + + align:start position:0% +and you sort of misspecify the number of + + + align:start position:0% +and you sort of misspecify the number of +competitors that they're responding to + + align:start position:0% +competitors that they're responding to + + + align:start position:0% +competitors that they're responding to +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +so um you know there's there's there's + + align:start position:0% +so um you know there's there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +so um you know there's there's there's +some papers that use clustering + + align:start position:0% +some papers that use clustering + + + align:start position:0% +some papers that use clustering +procedures to figure out uh how to you + + align:start position:0% +procedures to figure out uh how to you + + + align:start position:0% +procedures to figure out uh how to you +know how to separate markets but in + + align:start position:0% +know how to separate markets but in + + + align:start position:0% +know how to separate markets but in +general this is a bit more an art than a + + align:start position:0% +general this is a bit more an art than a + + + align:start position:0% +general this is a bit more an art than a +science to think about how you how you + + align:start position:0% +science to think about how you how you + + + align:start position:0% +science to think about how you how you +designate + + align:start position:0% +designate + + + align:start position:0% +designate +markets but yes that's that's an + + align:start position:0% +markets but yes that's that's an + + + align:start position:0% +markets but yes that's that's an +important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question um + + align:start position:0% +question um + + + align:start position:0% +question um +okay uh so one more issue that comes up + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so one more issue that comes up + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so one more issue that comes up +with including those fixed effects is + + align:start position:0% +with including those fixed effects is + + + align:start position:0% +with including those fixed effects is +that you know brands are not uh or + + align:start position:0% +that you know brands are not uh or + + + align:start position:0% +that you know brands are not uh or +products are not changing their + + align:start position:0% +products are not changing their + + + align:start position:0% +products are not changing their +attributes much over time which means + + align:start position:0% +attributes much over time which means + + + align:start position:0% +attributes much over time which means +that those instruments are completely + + align:start position:0% +that those instruments are completely + + + align:start position:0% +that those instruments are completely +absorbing the variation that would that + + align:start position:0% +absorbing the variation that would that + + + align:start position:0% +absorbing the variation that would that +you would be using when you build the + + align:start position:0% +you would be using when you build the + + + align:start position:0% +you would be using when you build the +blp + + align:start position:0% +blp + + + align:start position:0% +blp +instruments okay so remember the the blp + + align:start position:0% +instruments okay so remember the the blp + + + align:start position:0% +instruments okay so remember the the blp +instruments it was this idea that you + + align:start position:0% +instruments it was this idea that you + + + align:start position:0% +instruments it was this idea that you +know if I'm offering a very sugary + + align:start position:0% +know if I'm offering a very sugary + + + align:start position:0% +know if I'm offering a very sugary +product right and I'm in a market where + + align:start position:0% +product right and I'm in a market where + + + align:start position:0% +product right and I'm in a market where +all the other products are also very + + align:start position:0% +all the other products are also very + + + align:start position:0% +all the other products are also very +sugary then you know I'm I face more + + align:start position:0% +sugary then you know I'm I face more + + + align:start position:0% +sugary then you know I'm I face more +competition and I'm probably going to + + align:start position:0% +competition and I'm probably going to + + + align:start position:0% +competition and I'm probably going to +respond to that in my + + align:start position:0% +respond to that in my + + + align:start position:0% +respond to that in my +prices + + align:start position:0% +prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices +okay okay so what he what he does to get + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what he what he does to get + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what he what he does to get +around this is to introduce two other + + align:start position:0% +around this is to introduce two other + + + align:start position:0% +around this is to introduce two other +instruments um first the housem + + align:start position:0% +instruments um first the housem + + + align:start position:0% +instruments um first the housem +instruments which we had discussed uh + + align:start position:0% +instruments which we had discussed uh + + + align:start position:0% +instruments which we had discussed uh +last week which is basically the idea of + + align:start position:0% +last week which is basically the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +last week which is basically the idea of +using uh prices average prices in other + + align:start position:0% +using uh prices average prices in other + + + align:start position:0% +using uh prices average prices in other +markets for the same firm as proxies for + + align:start position:0% +markets for the same firm as proxies for + + + align:start position:0% +markets for the same firm as proxies for +cost so I got some questions about this + + align:start position:0% +cost so I got some questions about this + + + align:start position:0% +cost so I got some questions about this +I just want to maybe ask does somebody + + align:start position:0% +I just want to maybe ask does somebody + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to maybe ask does somebody +want to sort of uh explain again what + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of uh explain again what + + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of uh explain again what +the idea behind those instruments + + align:start position:0% +the idea behind those instruments + + + align:start position:0% +the idea behind those instruments +exactly is and what are some of the + + align:start position:0% +exactly is and what are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly is and what are some of the +issues that could come up here okay so + + align:start position:0% +issues that could come up here okay so + + + align:start position:0% +issues that could come up here okay so +so again the problem is that you know in + + align:start position:0% +so again the problem is that you know in + + + align:start position:0% +so again the problem is that you know in +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +cases it's not uh typically cost are not + + align:start position:0% +cases it's not uh typically cost are not + + + align:start position:0% +cases it's not uh typically cost are not +observed or it's hard to get at those + + align:start position:0% +observed or it's hard to get at those + + + align:start position:0% +observed or it's hard to get at those +okay remember also that you know just + + align:start position:0% +okay remember also that you know just + + + align:start position:0% +okay remember also that you know just +picture the very simple linear supply + + align:start position:0% +picture the very simple linear supply + + + align:start position:0% +picture the very simple linear supply +and demand uh picture and the + + align:start position:0% +and demand uh picture and the + + + align:start position:0% +and demand uh picture and the +identification problem that we had + + align:start position:0% +identification problem that we had + + + align:start position:0% +identification problem that we had +discussed at the very beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +discussed at the very beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +discussed at the very beginning of the +last lecture right uh that you ideally + + align:start position:0% +last lecture right uh that you ideally + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture right uh that you ideally +want some cost shifters right that that + + align:start position:0% +want some cost shifters right that that + + + align:start position:0% +want some cost shifters right that that +shift around the supply function to + + align:start position:0% +shift around the supply function to + + + align:start position:0% +shift around the supply function to +identify your demand + + align:start position:0% +identify your demand + + + align:start position:0% +identify your demand +function right again cost side + + align:start position:0% +function right again cost side + + + align:start position:0% +function right again cost side +instruments that you believe are + + align:start position:0% +instruments that you believe are + + + align:start position:0% +instruments that you believe are +excluded from the demand side are + + align:start position:0% +excluded from the demand side are + + + align:start position:0% +excluded from the demand side are +typically the the most convincing types + + align:start position:0% +typically the the most convincing types + + + align:start position:0% +typically the the most convincing types +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +instruments okay so uh so instead of + + align:start position:0% +instruments okay so uh so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +instruments okay so uh so instead of +using you know directly observed cost + + align:start position:0% +using you know directly observed cost + + + align:start position:0% +using you know directly observed cost +the idea again beh Behind These house + + align:start position:0% +the idea again beh Behind These house + + + align:start position:0% +the idea again beh Behind These house +mod instruments is to proxy for those + + align:start position:0% +mod instruments is to proxy for those + + + align:start position:0% +mod instruments is to proxy for those +costs with average prices of the same + + align:start position:0% +costs with average prices of the same + + + align:start position:0% +costs with average prices of the same +firm in other + + align:start position:0% +firm in other + + + align:start position:0% +firm in other +markets right and the idea is if I'm + + align:start position:0% +markets right and the idea is if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +markets right and the idea is if I'm +let's say the only uh only cial producer + + align:start position:0% +let's say the only uh only cial producer + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the only uh only cial producer +that uses rice as an ingredient right + + align:start position:0% +that uses rice as an ingredient right + + + align:start position:0% +that uses rice as an ingredient right +and the price of rice goes up then + + align:start position:0% +and the price of rice goes up then + + + align:start position:0% +and the price of rice goes up then +that's going to shift my uh average + + align:start position:0% +that's going to shift my uh average + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to shift my uh average +price right and uh to to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +price right and uh to to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +price right and uh to to the extent that +the the shock to the cost of Rise is uh + + align:start position:0% +the the shock to the cost of Rise is uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the shock to the cost of Rise is uh +uncorrelated to demand trucks across uh + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated to demand trucks across uh + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated to demand trucks across uh +uh different geographic regions right I + + align:start position:0% +uh different geographic regions right I + + + align:start position:0% +uh different geographic regions right I +can use this as as a + + align:start position:0% +can use this as as a + + + align:start position:0% +can use this as as a +proxy uh for a cost shifter right now + + align:start position:0% +proxy uh for a cost shifter right now + + + align:start position:0% +proxy uh for a cost shifter right now +this already sort of uh loes to where + + align:start position:0% +this already sort of uh loes to where + + + align:start position:0% +this already sort of uh loes to where +the error you know where this might go + + align:start position:0% +the error you know where this might go + + + align:start position:0% +the error you know where this might go +wrong is if you have things that uh in + + align:start position:0% +wrong is if you have things that uh in + + + align:start position:0% +wrong is if you have things that uh in +those prices that are actually uh + + align:start position:0% +those prices that are actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +those prices that are actually uh +correlated across different markets okay + + align:start position:0% +correlated across different markets okay + + + align:start position:0% +correlated across different markets okay +so think about advertising campaigns + + align:start position:0% +so think about advertising campaigns + + + align:start position:0% +so think about advertising campaigns +right if I'm running a big advertising + + align:start position:0% +right if I'm running a big advertising + + + align:start position:0% +right if I'm running a big advertising +campaign that leads to more demand for + + align:start position:0% +campaign that leads to more demand for + + + align:start position:0% +campaign that leads to more demand for +for for my Brands right and that's going + + align:start position:0% +for for my Brands right and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +for for my Brands right and that's going +to be uh potentially reflected in in the + + align:start position:0% +to be uh potentially reflected in in the + + + align:start position:0% +to be uh potentially reflected in in the +prices I mean to the extent that we + + align:start position:0% +prices I mean to the extent that we + + + align:start position:0% +prices I mean to the extent that we +think that this is a marginal cost and + + align:start position:0% +think that this is a marginal cost and + + + align:start position:0% +think that this is a marginal cost and +then uh you know it's as if I'm + + align:start position:0% +then uh you know it's as if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +then uh you know it's as if I'm +instrumenting my endogenous uh um as if + + align:start position:0% +instrumenting my endogenous uh um as if + + + align:start position:0% +instrumenting my endogenous uh um as if +I'm instrumenting prices uh you know + + align:start position:0% +I'm instrumenting prices uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +I'm instrumenting prices uh you know +with uh demand and that's not a good + + align:start position:0% +with uh demand and that's not a good + + + align:start position:0% +with uh demand and that's not a good +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +so the other the other instrument that + + align:start position:0% +so the other the other instrument that + + + align:start position:0% +so the other the other instrument that +that he uses are these cost what he + + align:start position:0% +that he uses are these cost what he + + + align:start position:0% +that he uses are these cost what he +calls cite instruments they they have a + + align:start position:0% +calls cite instruments they they have a + + + align:start position:0% +calls cite instruments they they have a +somewhat similar logic okay so he uses + + align:start position:0% +somewhat similar logic okay so he uses + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat similar logic okay so he uses +uh region dummies to pick up things like + + align:start position:0% +uh region dummies to pick up things like + + + align:start position:0% +uh region dummies to pick up things like +Transportation costs City density again + + align:start position:0% +Transportation costs City density again + + + align:start position:0% +Transportation costs City density again +you know uh to this is an issue to the + + align:start position:0% +you know uh to this is an issue to the + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh to this is an issue to the +extent that these things might also be + + align:start position:0% +extent that these things might also be + + + align:start position:0% +extent that these things might also be +uh picking up systematic variation in uh + + align:start position:0% +uh picking up systematic variation in uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh picking up systematic variation in uh +preferences across regions + + align:start position:0% +preferences across regions + + + align:start position:0% +preferences across regions +right any any other questions on on this + + align:start position:0% +right any any other questions on on this + + + align:start position:0% +right any any other questions on on this +you have read the paper so + + align:start position:0% +you have read the paper so + + + align:start position:0% +you have read the paper so +curious yes so one of the things that + + align:start position:0% +curious yes so one of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +curious yes so one of the things that +sort of that utility formulation is that + + align:start position:0% +sort of that utility formulation is that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of that utility formulation is that +the sort of price sensitivity varies + + align:start position:0% +the sort of price sensitivity varies + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of price sensitivity varies +across consumers but it doesn't vary by + + align:start position:0% +across consumers but it doesn't vary by + + + align:start position:0% +across consumers but it doesn't vary by +type of good and so when they present + + align:start position:0% +type of good and so when they present + + + align:start position:0% +type of good and so when they present +the table with sort of price elasticity + + align:start position:0% +the table with sort of price elasticity + + + align:start position:0% +the table with sort of price elasticity +U between cross price elasticity between + + align:start position:0% +U between cross price elasticity between + + + align:start position:0% +U between cross price elasticity between +types of goods that that's only driven + + align:start position:0% +types of goods that that's only driven + + + align:start position:0% +types of goods that that's only driven +by the sort of type of consumer that's + + align:start position:0% +by the sort of type of consumer that's + + + align:start position:0% +by the sort of type of consumer that's +buying that good right okay um but so I + + align:start position:0% +buying that good right okay um but so I + + + align:start position:0% +buying that good right okay um but so I +guess my question is you know how + + align:start position:0% +guess my question is you know how + + + align:start position:0% +guess my question is you know how +reasonable of an assumption is it that + + align:start position:0% +reasonable of an assumption is it that + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable of an assumption is it that +you know all of the price you know cross + + align:start position:0% +you know all of the price you know cross + + + align:start position:0% +you know all of the price you know cross +elasticities that we estimate are only + + align:start position:0% +elasticities that we estimate are only + + + align:start position:0% +elasticities that we estimate are only +driven by differences in consumers and + + align:start position:0% +driven by differences in consumers and + + + align:start position:0% +driven by differences in consumers and +not in sort of types of goods that we're + + align:start position:0% +not in sort of types of goods that we're + + + align:start position:0% +not in sort of types of goods that we're +buying okay that's that's that's an + + align:start position:0% +buying okay that's that's that's an + + + align:start position:0% +buying okay that's that's that's an +interesting question so let me try and + + align:start position:0% +interesting question so let me try and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question so let me try and +say few things so first of all I mean + + align:start position:0% +say few things so first of all I mean + + + align:start position:0% +say few things so first of all I mean +think first about sort of + + align:start position:0% +think first about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +think first about sort of +the the the idea behind the + + align:start position:0% +the the the idea behind the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the idea behind the +characteristic space approach is that + + align:start position:0% +characteristic space approach is that + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic space approach is that +people value characteristics right and + + align:start position:0% +people value characteristics right and + + + align:start position:0% +people value characteristics right and +so if you really believe that that's + + align:start position:0% +so if you really believe that that's + + + align:start position:0% +so if you really believe that that's +sort of the way you construct your + + align:start position:0% +sort of the way you construct your + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the way you construct your +models then you you shouldn't actually + + align:start position:0% +models then you you shouldn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +models then you you shouldn't actually +have uh random coefficients on you know + + align:start position:0% +have uh random coefficients on you know + + + align:start position:0% +have uh random coefficients on you know +to be product + + align:start position:0% +to be product + + + align:start position:0% +to be product +specific okay so that's that's that's + + align:start position:0% +specific okay so that's that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +specific okay so that's that's that's +one uh answer to that now it might uh be + + align:start position:0% +one uh answer to that now it might uh be + + + align:start position:0% +one uh answer to that now it might uh be +that you know there a more flexible + + align:start position:0% +that you know there a more flexible + + + align:start position:0% +that you know there a more flexible +functional + + align:start position:0% +functional + + + align:start position:0% +functional +form uh where let's say your error is + + align:start position:0% +form uh where let's say your error is + + + align:start position:0% +form uh where let's say your error is +not additively separable leads you to a + + align:start position:0% +not additively separable leads you to a + + + align:start position:0% +not additively separable leads you to a +specification like this where your + + align:start position:0% +specification like this where your + + + align:start position:0% +specification like this where your +random coefficient is is is essentially + + align:start position:0% +random coefficient is is is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +random coefficient is is is essentially +J specific because you're multiplying + + align:start position:0% +J specific because you're multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +J specific because you're multiplying +you know either alpha or beta with this + + align:start position:0% +you know either alpha or beta with this + + + align:start position:0% +you know either alpha or beta with this +uh with this unobserved uh term right + + align:start position:0% +uh with this unobserved uh term right + + + align:start position:0% +uh with this unobserved uh term right +um so I think you would probably + + align:start position:0% +um so I think you would probably + + + align:start position:0% +um so I think you would probably +need I would have to think about you + + align:start position:0% +need I would have to think about you + + + align:start position:0% +need I would have to think about you +would probably need some uh again + + align:start position:0% +would probably need some uh again + + + align:start position:0% +would probably need some uh again +variation over time to to estimate such + + align:start position:0% +variation over time to to estimate such + + + align:start position:0% +variation over time to to estimate such +a model because you would supposedly + + align:start position:0% +a model because you would supposedly + + + align:start position:0% +a model because you would supposedly +want to see how does the same + + align:start position:0% +want to see how does the same + + + align:start position:0% +want to see how does the same +consumer right uh vary attributes across + + align:start position:0% +consumer right uh vary attributes across + + + align:start position:0% +consumer right uh vary attributes across +different products and you might need + + align:start position:0% +different products and you might need + + + align:start position:0% +different products and you might need +Micro Data for that um but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +Micro Data for that um but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +Micro Data for that um but I'm not +exactly sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um okay uh any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay um so let me briefly talk + + align:start position:0% +questions okay um so let me briefly talk + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay um so let me briefly talk +about uh his uh his uh table where he + + align:start position:0% +about uh his uh his uh table where he + + + align:start position:0% +about uh his uh his uh table where he +estimates again a simple or as a logic + + align:start position:0% +estimates again a simple or as a logic + + + align:start position:0% +estimates again a simple or as a logic +model you know as I explained before + + align:start position:0% +model you know as I explained before + + + align:start position:0% +model you know as I explained before +that's a good idea and he has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that's a good idea and he has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good idea and he has a lot of +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +specifications uh the first three here + + align:start position:0% +specifications uh the first three here + + + align:start position:0% +specifications uh the first three here +are without any use of + + align:start position:0% +are without any use of + + + align:start position:0% +are without any use of +instruments these are all instrumental + + align:start position:0% +instruments these are all instrumental + + + align:start position:0% +instruments these are all instrumental +variable + + align:start position:0% +variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable +specifications uh and uh I think these + + align:start position:0% +specifications uh and uh I think these + + + align:start position:0% +specifications uh and uh I think these +two here are including fixed effects as + + align:start position:0% +two here are including fixed effects as + + + align:start position:0% +two here are including fixed effects as +controlled so product fixed effects + + align:start position:0% +controlled so product fixed effects + + + align:start position:0% +controlled so product fixed effects +whereas the first one is not okay so + + align:start position:0% +whereas the first one is not okay so + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the first one is not okay so +what you can see is with fixed effects + + align:start position:0% +what you can see is with fixed effects + + + align:start position:0% +what you can see is with fixed effects +you explain a lot more of the variation + + align:start position:0% +you explain a lot more of the variation + + + align:start position:0% +you explain a lot more of the variation +right and the the price coefficients get + + align:start position:0% +right and the the price coefficients get + + + align:start position:0% +right and the the price coefficients get +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +negative uh and even more so when you + + align:start position:0% +negative uh and even more so when you + + + align:start position:0% +negative uh and even more so when you +include consumer Dem Graphics okay so + + align:start position:0% +include consumer Dem Graphics okay so + + + align:start position:0% +include consumer Dem Graphics okay so +this here is uh sort of an interesting + + align:start position:0% +this here is uh sort of an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this here is uh sort of an interesting +uh instrumental variable + + align:start position:0% +uh instrumental variable + + + align:start position:0% +uh instrumental variable +specification um did some of you uh pick + + align:start position:0% +specification um did some of you uh pick + + + align:start position:0% +specification um did some of you uh pick +this up what this is doing the inclusion + + align:start position:0% +this up what this is doing the inclusion + + + align:start position:0% +this up what this is doing the inclusion +of brand dummies as + + align:start position:0% +of brand dummies as + + + align:start position:0% +of brand dummies as +instruments what is this sort of close + + align:start position:0% +instruments what is this sort of close + + + align:start position:0% +instruments what is this sort of close +to in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spirit blp instruments + + align:start position:0% +spirit blp instruments + + + align:start position:0% +spirit blp instruments +right um could you sort of think of a + + align:start position:0% +right um could you sort of think of a + + + align:start position:0% +right um could you sort of think of a +story where this is you know pref Preble + + align:start position:0% +story where this is you know pref Preble + + + align:start position:0% +story where this is you know pref Preble +to let's say the simple blp + + align:start position:0% +to let's say the simple blp + + + align:start position:0% +to let's say the simple blp +instruments why would you want to do + + align:start position:0% +instruments why would you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +instruments why would you want to do +this okay so supposed to capture like um + + align:start position:0% +this okay so supposed to capture like um + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so supposed to capture like um +like advertising effects with a brand + + align:start position:0% +like advertising effects with a brand + + + align:start position:0% +like advertising effects with a brand +exactly yeah you know so okay so let me + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah you know so okay so let me + + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah you know so okay so let me +sort of answer this in in two ways this + + align:start position:0% +sort of answer this in in two ways this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of answer this in in two ways this +is uh this exactly right to the extent + + align:start position:0% +is uh this exactly right to the extent + + + align:start position:0% +is uh this exactly right to the extent +that advertising is not captured in the + + align:start position:0% +that advertising is not captured in the + + + align:start position:0% +that advertising is not captured in the +utility specification which it isn't + + align:start position:0% +utility specification which it isn't + + + align:start position:0% +utility specification which it isn't +here right you may be worried that um + + align:start position:0% +here right you may be worried that um + + + align:start position:0% +here right you may be worried that um +the blp instruments are you know they're + + align:start position:0% +the blp instruments are you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +the blp instruments are you know they're +picking up that I'm responding to the + + align:start position:0% +picking up that I'm responding to the + + + align:start position:0% +picking up that I'm responding to the +fact that that the average sugar uh + + align:start position:0% +fact that that the average sugar uh + + + align:start position:0% +fact that that the average sugar uh +that's in my competitor Brands is very + + align:start position:0% +that's in my competitor Brands is very + + + align:start position:0% +that's in my competitor Brands is very +high right I'm responding to that in + + align:start position:0% +high right I'm responding to that in + + + align:start position:0% +high right I'm responding to that in +some form or the mushiness um but you + + align:start position:0% +some form or the mushiness um but you + + + align:start position:0% +some form or the mushiness um but you +know it might be that you know I you + + align:start position:0% +know it might be that you know I you + + + align:start position:0% +know it might be that you know I you +know I offer the Donkey Kong Cals and my + + align:start position:0% +know I offer the Donkey Kong Cals and my + + + align:start position:0% +know I offer the Donkey Kong Cals and my +competitor offers offers the you know + + align:start position:0% +competitor offers offers the you know + + + align:start position:0% +competitor offers offers the you know +Donkey Kong Junior serials right and you + + align:start position:0% +Donkey Kong Junior serials right and you + + + align:start position:0% +Donkey Kong Junior serials right and you +know advertising kits you know CD ads + + align:start position:0% +know advertising kits you know CD ads + + + align:start position:0% +know advertising kits you know CD ads +and you know of course in all the + + align:start position:0% +and you know of course in all the + + + align:start position:0% +and you know of course in all the +markets where I'm competing with Donkey + + align:start position:0% +markets where I'm competing with Donkey + + + align:start position:0% +markets where I'm competing with Donkey +Kong Jr right I have to compete much + + align:start position:0% +Kong Jr right I have to compete much + + + align:start position:0% +Kong Jr right I have to compete much +harder and those brand dummies would + + align:start position:0% +harder and those brand dummies would + + + align:start position:0% +harder and those brand dummies would +pick that up right so they sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +pick that up right so they sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +pick that up right so they sort of uh +capture not just the you know the way + + align:start position:0% +capture not just the you know the way + + + align:start position:0% +capture not just the you know the way +that firms are responding to observe + + align:start position:0% +that firms are responding to observe + + + align:start position:0% +that firms are responding to observe +product attributes they could uh + + align:start position:0% +product attributes they could uh + + + align:start position:0% +product attributes they could uh +potentially also capture other things + + align:start position:0% +potentially also capture other things + + + align:start position:0% +potentially also capture other things +that that the researcher does not + + align:start position:0% +that that the researcher does not + + + align:start position:0% +that that the researcher does not +directly observe okay so that can be uh + + align:start position:0% +directly observe okay so that can be uh + + + align:start position:0% +directly observe okay so that can be uh +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +useful uh but of course he cannot + + align:start position:0% +useful uh but of course he cannot + + + align:start position:0% +useful uh but of course he cannot +include those and also directly control + + align:start position:0% +include those and also directly control + + + align:start position:0% +include those and also directly control +for them so that's why he uses here um + + align:start position:0% +for them so that's why he uses here um + + + align:start position:0% +for them so that's why he uses here um +these are indicating the house modon + + align:start position:0% +these are indicating the house modon + + + align:start position:0% +these are indicating the house modon +instruments so average prices in other + + align:start position:0% +instruments so average prices in other + + + align:start position:0% +instruments so average prices in other +markets uh as well as these costs side + + align:start position:0% +markets uh as well as these costs side + + + align:start position:0% +markets uh as well as these costs side +instruments okay and so if you sort of + + align:start position:0% +instruments okay and so if you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +instruments okay and so if you sort of +look at these specifications here he + + align:start position:0% +look at these specifications here he + + + align:start position:0% +look at these specifications here he +gets even more negative price + + align:start position:0% +gets even more negative price + + + align:start position:0% +gets even more negative price +coefficient and I think starting + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and I think starting + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and I think starting +somewhere here he finds no longer that + + align:start position:0% +somewhere here he finds no longer that + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere here he finds no longer that +there are any elasticities on the + + align:start position:0% +there are any elasticities on the + + + align:start position:0% +there are any elasticities on the +inelastic portion of demand okay um so I + + align:start position:0% +inelastic portion of demand okay um so I + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic portion of demand okay um so I +think again this is uh this is something + + align:start position:0% +think again this is uh this is something + + + align:start position:0% +think again this is uh this is something +useful it gives the reader a sense of + + align:start position:0% +useful it gives the reader a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +useful it gives the reader a sense of +you know what is sort of driving your + + align:start position:0% +you know what is sort of driving your + + + align:start position:0% +you know what is sort of driving your +estimates and it gives you a sense of + + align:start position:0% +estimates and it gives you a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +estimates and it gives you a sense of +what is driving your estimates uh and + + align:start position:0% +what is driving your estimates uh and + + + align:start position:0% +what is driving your estimates uh and +that's uh you know sort of producing + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you know sort of producing + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you know sort of producing +these tables can can be uh can be very + + align:start position:0% +these tables can can be uh can be very + + + align:start position:0% +these tables can can be uh can be very +very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +useful okay so uh let me say something + + align:start position:0% +useful okay so uh let me say something + + + align:start position:0% +useful okay so uh let me say something +about uh briefly about the main spe + + align:start position:0% +about uh briefly about the main spe + + + align:start position:0% +about uh briefly about the main spe +table uh of the main specification this + + align:start position:0% +table uh of the main specification this + + + align:start position:0% +table uh of the main specification this +is now these are the estimates from uh + + align:start position:0% +is now these are the estimates from uh + + + align:start position:0% +is now these are the estimates from uh +the blp model what he calls the full + + align:start position:0% +the blp model what he calls the full + + + align:start position:0% +the blp model what he calls the full +model um so here sort of a similar + + align:start position:0% +model um so here sort of a similar + + + align:start position:0% +model um so here sort of a similar +observation as before you know somebody + + align:start position:0% +observation as before you know somebody + + + align:start position:0% +observation as before you know somebody +was disappointed that people didn't like + + align:start position:0% +was disappointed that people didn't like + + + align:start position:0% +was disappointed that people didn't like +mushiness on average uh I was also a bit + + align:start position:0% +mushiness on average uh I was also a bit + + + align:start position:0% +mushiness on average uh I was also a bit +disappointed by that because I also like + + align:start position:0% +disappointed by that because I also like + + + align:start position:0% +disappointed by that because I also like +mushers but it seems like it's a top 15% + + align:start position:0% +mushers but it seems like it's a top 15% + + + align:start position:0% +mushers but it seems like it's a top 15% +in the in the distribution of that okay + + align:start position:0% +in the in the distribution of that okay + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the distribution of that okay +so um there's actually somewhat + + align:start position:0% +so um there's actually somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +so um there's actually somewhat +interesting story here that he you know + + align:start position:0% +interesting story here that he you know + + + align:start position:0% +interesting story here that he you know +he had to actually measure that right it + + align:start position:0% +he had to actually measure that right it + + + align:start position:0% +he had to actually measure that right it +was one of his classmates uh Sandy black + + align:start position:0% +was one of his classmates uh Sandy black + + + align:start position:0% +was one of his classmates uh Sandy black +who suggested it uh you know including + + align:start position:0% +who suggested it uh you know including + + + align:start position:0% +who suggested it uh you know including +this as a uh as a characteristic okay + + align:start position:0% +this as a uh as a characteristic okay + + + align:start position:0% +this as a uh as a characteristic okay +but you know it's again sort of the + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's again sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's again sort of the +point here the point that is important + + align:start position:0% +point here the point that is important + + + align:start position:0% +point here the point that is important +right is that you know you see here the + + align:start position:0% +right is that you know you see here the + + + align:start position:0% +right is that you know you see here the +uh demographic effects on this are large + + align:start position:0% +uh demographic effects on this are large + + + align:start position:0% +uh demographic effects on this are large +right and depending on which de in which + + align:start position:0% +right and depending on which de in which + + + align:start position:0% +right and depending on which de in which +demographic you are you actually value + + align:start position:0% +demographic you are you actually value + + + align:start position:0% +demographic you are you actually value +you know the sign on this attribute + + align:start position:0% +you know the sign on this attribute + + + align:start position:0% +you know the sign on this attribute +flips and it again shows that people uh + + align:start position:0% +flips and it again shows that people uh + + + align:start position:0% +flips and it again shows that people uh +you know can vary uh can + + align:start position:0% +you know can vary uh can + + + align:start position:0% +you know can vary uh can +um value different attributes + + align:start position:0% +um value different attributes + + + align:start position:0% +um value different attributes +differently the the one sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +differently the the one sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +differently the the one sort of uh +substantive point that I want to make + + align:start position:0% +substantive point that I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +substantive point that I want to make +here is that if you look at what drives + + align:start position:0% +here is that if you look at what drives + + + align:start position:0% +here is that if you look at what drives +the random + + align:start position:0% +the random + + + align:start position:0% +the random +coefficients you see that many of the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients you see that many of the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients you see that many of the +demographic interaction effects are + + align:start position:0% +demographic interaction effects are + + + align:start position:0% +demographic interaction effects are +significant okay but many of the + + align:start position:0% +significant okay but many of the + + + align:start position:0% +significant okay but many of the +standard deviations which capture this + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations which capture this + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations which capture this +unobserved term in the random + + align:start position:0% +unobserved term in the random + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved term in the random +coefficient which you know blp was uh + + align:start position:0% +coefficient which you know blp was uh + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient which you know blp was uh +you know in the blp random coefficients + + align:start position:0% +you know in the blp random coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the blp random coefficients +that was the only source that led to + + align:start position:0% +that was the only source that led to + + + align:start position:0% +that was the only source that led to +variation right are + + align:start position:0% +variation right are + + + align:start position:0% +variation right are +insignificant okay and so uh so this + + align:start position:0% +insignificant okay and so uh so this + + + align:start position:0% +insignificant okay and so uh so this +suggests that you know you know much + + align:start position:0% +suggests that you know you know much + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that you know you know much +this variation which was sort of + + align:start position:0% +this variation which was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this variation which was sort of +completely unobserved variation in blp + + align:start position:0% +completely unobserved variation in blp + + + align:start position:0% +completely unobserved variation in blp +you know is in fact uh in this market + + align:start position:0% +you know is in fact uh in this market + + + align:start position:0% +you know is in fact uh in this market +driven by demographics okay now let you + + align:start position:0% +driven by demographics okay now let you + + + align:start position:0% +driven by demographics okay now let you +be the judge whether you find these + + align:start position:0% +be the judge whether you find these + + + align:start position:0% +be the judge whether you find these +interaction effects convincing you know + + align:start position:0% +interaction effects convincing you know + + + align:start position:0% +interaction effects convincing you know +it seems like higher income people like + + align:start position:0% +it seems like higher income people like + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like higher income people like +mushy Cals more you know I I don't have + + align:start position:0% +mushy Cals more you know I I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +mushy Cals more you know I I don't have +very strong priors on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so what does he get uh out of + + align:start position:0% +that okay so what does he get uh out of + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so what does he get uh out of +this at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +this at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +this at the end of the +day um so let's focus here on uh his + + align:start position:0% +day um so let's focus here on uh his + + + align:start position:0% +day um so let's focus here on uh his +preferred blp + + align:start position:0% +preferred blp + + + align:start position:0% +preferred blp +specification so to remind you he the + + align:start position:0% +specification so to remind you he the + + + align:start position:0% +specification so to remind you he the +exercise that he engages in is I see + + align:start position:0% +exercise that he engages in is I see + + + align:start position:0% +exercise that he engages in is I see +some markups in accounting data or in + + align:start position:0% +some markups in accounting data or in + + + align:start position:0% +some markups in accounting data or in +from the senses of manufacturing okay + + align:start position:0% +from the senses of manufacturing okay + + + align:start position:0% +from the senses of manufacturing okay +and for for a second let's say these are + + align:start position:0% +and for for a second let's say these are + + + align:start position:0% +and for for a second let's say these are +the true markups and they do not have + + align:start position:0% +the true markups and they do not have + + + align:start position:0% +the true markups and they do not have +the kinds of issues that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of issues that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of issues that we talked about +right uh uh last week that you know they + + align:start position:0% +right uh uh last week that you know they + + + align:start position:0% +right uh uh last week that you know they +don't account for things like + + align:start position:0% +don't account for things like + + + align:start position:0% +don't account for things like +opportunity cost and and so on okay so + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost and and so on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost and and so on okay so +these are not necessarily the correct + + align:start position:0% +these are not necessarily the correct + + + align:start position:0% +these are not necessarily the correct +economic costs that are measured in this + + align:start position:0% +economic costs that are measured in this + + + align:start position:0% +economic costs that are measured in this +accounting + + align:start position:0% +accounting + + + align:start position:0% +accounting +data but let's say for a moment this + + align:start position:0% +data but let's say for a moment this + + + align:start position:0% +data but let's say for a moment this +these are the true markups okay so the + + align:start position:0% +these are the true markups okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +these are the true markups okay so the +idea is you know I estimate my demand + + align:start position:0% +idea is you know I estimate my demand + + + align:start position:0% +idea is you know I estimate my demand +model use different conduct assumptions + + align:start position:0% +model use different conduct assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +model use different conduct assumptions +and then see which conduct assumption + + align:start position:0% +and then see which conduct assumption + + + align:start position:0% +and then see which conduct assumption +replicates the true markups in the data + + align:start position:0% +replicates the true markups in the data + + + align:start position:0% +replicates the true markups in the data +that's that's the essence of this + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the essence of this + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the essence of this +exercise here right and so what he finds + + align:start position:0% +exercise here right and so what he finds + + + align:start position:0% +exercise here right and so what he finds +so he has uh this range of markup + + align:start position:0% +so he has uh this range of markup + + + align:start position:0% +so he has uh this range of markup +estimates depending on whether or not + + align:start position:0% +estimates depending on whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +estimates depending on whether or not +you crude advertising in marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +you crude advertising in marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +you crude advertising in marginal cost +which ranges from 31 to + + align:start position:0% +which ranges from 31 to + + + align:start position:0% +which ranges from 31 to +46% he finds that you know you can + + align:start position:0% +46% he finds that you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +46% he finds that you know you can +soundly reject this collusive model + + align:start position:0% +soundly reject this collusive model + + + align:start position:0% +soundly reject this collusive model +where for the 25 brands that he includes + + align:start position:0% +where for the 25 brands that he includes + + + align:start position:0% +where for the 25 brands that he includes +in his estimation firms jointly maximize + + align:start position:0% +in his estimation firms jointly maximize + + + align:start position:0% +in his estimation firms jointly maximize +profits okay and uh he cannot reject any + + align:start position:0% +profits okay and uh he cannot reject any + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay and uh he cannot reject any +of the alternative models which is + + align:start position:0% +of the alternative models which is + + + align:start position:0% +of the alternative models which is +either firms or you know the each brand + + align:start position:0% +either firms or you know the each brand + + + align:start position:0% +either firms or you know the each brand +compet separately right prices are se + + align:start position:0% +compet separately right prices are se + + + align:start position:0% +compet separately right prices are se +you know set at the Brand level without + + align:start position:0% +you know set at the Brand level without + + + align:start position:0% +you know set at the Brand level without +internalizing these + + align:start position:0% +internalizing these + + + align:start position:0% +internalizing these +um uh these can cannibalization effects + + align:start position:0% +um uh these can cannibalization effects + + + align:start position:0% +um uh these can cannibalization effects +uh as well as the current ownership + + align:start position:0% +uh as well as the current ownership + + + align:start position:0% +uh as well as the current ownership +where he uses the actual ownership + + align:start position:0% +where he uses the actual ownership + + + align:start position:0% +where he uses the actual ownership +Matrix that he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +observes one interesting thing here is + + align:start position:0% +observes one interesting thing here is + + + align:start position:0% +observes one interesting thing here is +that you know with the lit model you get + + align:start position:0% +that you know with the lit model you get + + + align:start position:0% +that you know with the lit model you get +in general much much lower markups and + + align:start position:0% +in general much much lower markups and + + + align:start position:0% +in general much much lower markups and +you would reach a very different + + align:start position:0% +you would reach a very different + + + align:start position:0% +you would reach a very different +conclusion you wouldn't reject the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion you wouldn't reject the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion you wouldn't reject the +collusive uh model okay so this again + + align:start position:0% +collusive uh model okay so this again + + + align:start position:0% +collusive uh model okay so this again +shows you that for this substantive + + align:start position:0% +shows you that for this substantive + + + align:start position:0% +shows you that for this substantive +question which is our firms in this + + align:start position:0% +question which is our firms in this + + + align:start position:0% +question which is our firms in this +market colluding it seems to be + + align:start position:0% +market colluding it seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +market colluding it seems to be +important to account for uh these more + + align:start position:0% +important to account for uh these more + + + align:start position:0% +important to account for uh these more +realistic substitution patterns where + + align:start position:0% +realistic substitution patterns where + + + align:start position:0% +realistic substitution patterns where +different people value product + + align:start position:0% +different people value product + + + align:start position:0% +different people value product +attributes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differently okay so I think this is a + + align:start position:0% +differently okay so I think this is a + + + align:start position:0% +differently okay so I think this is a +well written and explained paper in part + + align:start position:0% +well written and explained paper in part + + + align:start position:0% +well written and explained paper in part +I asked you to read it because it + + align:start position:0% +I asked you to read it because it + + + align:start position:0% +I asked you to read it because it +provides sort of a good explanation of + + align:start position:0% +provides sort of a good explanation of + + + align:start position:0% +provides sort of a good explanation of +uh the blp model without many of the + + align:start position:0% +uh the blp model without many of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the blp model without many of the +technical aspects that we will uh + + align:start position:0% +technical aspects that we will uh + + + align:start position:0% +technical aspects that we will uh +discuss um uh down the line and um you + + align:start position:0% +discuss um uh down the line and um you + + + align:start position:0% +discuss um uh down the line and um you +know um in part uh uh Aviv nvo is also + + align:start position:0% +know um in part uh uh Aviv nvo is also + + + align:start position:0% +know um in part uh uh Aviv nvo is also +known in the profession because he has + + align:start position:0% +known in the profession because he has + + + align:start position:0% +known in the profession because he has +written this practitioners guide at the + + align:start position:0% +written this practitioners guide at the + + + align:start position:0% +written this practitioners guide at the +very beginning that actually taught + + align:start position:0% +very beginning that actually taught + + + align:start position:0% +very beginning that actually taught +graduate students how to estimate these + + align:start position:0% +graduate students how to estimate these + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students how to estimate these +models and you know he put his code out + + align:start position:0% +models and you know he put his code out + + + align:start position:0% +models and you know he put his code out +there so you know it it was very useful + + align:start position:0% +there so you know it it was very useful + + + align:start position:0% +there so you know it it was very useful +for people to sort of understand what is + + align:start position:0% +for people to sort of understand what is + + + align:start position:0% +for people to sort of understand what is +going on + + align:start position:0% +going on + + + align:start position:0% +going on +um this is in in in terms of thinking + + align:start position:0% +um this is in in in terms of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +um this is in in in terms of thinking +about you know picking an industry and + + align:start position:0% +about you know picking an industry and + + + align:start position:0% +about you know picking an industry and +the right model for this industry I what + + align:start position:0% +the right model for this industry I what + + + align:start position:0% +the right model for this industry I what +I what I really like about the paper is + + align:start position:0% +I what I really like about the paper is + + + align:start position:0% +I what I really like about the paper is +you know it would be a bit crazy to + + align:start position:0% +you know it would be a bit crazy to + + + align:start position:0% +you know it would be a bit crazy to +estimate a model for this industry + + align:start position:0% +estimate a model for this industry + + + align:start position:0% +estimate a model for this industry +without accounting for these + + align:start position:0% +without accounting for these + + + align:start position:0% +without accounting for these +multi-product considerations right at + + align:start position:0% +multi-product considerations right at + + + align:start position:0% +multi-product considerations right at +least you know sort of uh as a prior you + + align:start position:0% +least you know sort of uh as a prior you + + + align:start position:0% +least you know sort of uh as a prior you +think that it would matter a lot right + + align:start position:0% +think that it would matter a lot right + + + align:start position:0% +think that it would matter a lot right +you have four large firms that account + + align:start position:0% +you have four large firms that account + + + align:start position:0% +you have four large firms that account +for almost the entire market and you + + align:start position:0% +for almost the entire market and you + + + align:start position:0% +for almost the entire market and you +know there hundreds of different + + align:start position:0% +know there hundreds of different + + + align:start position:0% +know there hundreds of different +products okay so you have to you have to + + align:start position:0% +products okay so you have to you have to + + + align:start position:0% +products okay so you have to you have to +do something about + + align:start position:0% +do something about + + + align:start position:0% +do something about +that um collusion is obviously one of + + align:start position:0% +that um collusion is obviously one of + + + align:start position:0% +that um collusion is obviously one of +the important uh uh topics in IO so it + + align:start position:0% +the important uh uh topics in IO so it + + + align:start position:0% +the important uh uh topics in IO so it +you know it might not uh speak to your + + align:start position:0% +you know it might not uh speak to your + + + align:start position:0% +you know it might not uh speak to your +preferred industry but it speaks to a + + align:start position:0% +preferred industry but it speaks to a + + + align:start position:0% +preferred industry but it speaks to a +substantive economic question um you + + align:start position:0% +substantive economic question um you + + + align:start position:0% +substantive economic question um you +could sort of Baker that you know + + align:start position:0% +could sort of Baker that you know + + + align:start position:0% +could sort of Baker that you know +advertising is not a strategic variable + + align:start position:0% +advertising is not a strategic variable + + + align:start position:0% +advertising is not a strategic variable +we know actually from the paper that + + align:start position:0% +we know actually from the paper that + + + align:start position:0% +we know actually from the paper that +advertising is very important in this + + align:start position:0% +advertising is very important in this + + + align:start position:0% +advertising is very important in this +market right and I I I imagine it's + + align:start position:0% +market right and I I I imagine it's + + + align:start position:0% +market right and I I I imagine it's +particularly important when you + + align:start position:0% +particularly important when you + + + align:start position:0% +particularly important when you +introduce new Brands you want to you + + align:start position:0% +introduce new Brands you want to you + + + align:start position:0% +introduce new Brands you want to you +know make them known to kids that you + + align:start position:0% +know make them known to kids that you + + + align:start position:0% +know make them known to kids that you +know there's a new Donkey Kong uh the + + align:start position:0% +know there's a new Donkey Kong uh the + + + align:start position:0% +know there's a new Donkey Kong uh the +new Donkey Kong Cal okay so + + align:start position:0% +new Donkey Kong Cal okay so + + + align:start position:0% +new Donkey Kong Cal okay so +um I I guess another potential criticism + + align:start position:0% +um I I guess another potential criticism + + + align:start position:0% +um I I guess another potential criticism +is you know what firms actually be able + + align:start position:0% +is you know what firms actually be able + + + align:start position:0% +is you know what firms actually be able +to implement this sort of from their + + align:start position:0% +to implement this sort of from their + + + align:start position:0% +to implement this sort of from their +point first best solution of you know + + align:start position:0% +point first best solution of you know + + + align:start position:0% +point first best solution of you know +full collusion across all the different + + align:start position:0% +full collusion across all the different + + + align:start position:0% +full collusion across all the different +uh products right and so is that the + + align:start position:0% +uh products right and so is that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh products right and so is that the +right comparison + + align:start position:0% +right comparison + + + align:start position:0% +right comparison +Point uh and then as I already said the + + align:start position:0% +Point uh and then as I already said the + + + align:start position:0% +Point uh and then as I already said the +testing approach is predicated on + + align:start position:0% +testing approach is predicated on + + + align:start position:0% +testing approach is predicated on +observing the right accounting cost okay + + align:start position:0% +observing the right accounting cost okay + + + align:start position:0% +observing the right accounting cost okay +and that's not something that uh you + + align:start position:0% +and that's not something that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not something that uh you +know once once you use that as a + + align:start position:0% +know once once you use that as a + + + align:start position:0% +know once once you use that as a +benchmark you can't you can OB obviously + + align:start position:0% +benchmark you can't you can OB obviously + + + align:start position:0% +benchmark you can't you can OB obviously +not no longer say anything about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that any other comments on the + + align:start position:0% +that any other comments on the + + + align:start position:0% +that any other comments on the +paper yeah so in some of the paper he + + align:start position:0% +paper yeah so in some of the paper he + + + align:start position:0% +paper yeah so in some of the paper he +argues that one shortcoming of um the DP + + align:start position:0% +argues that one shortcoming of um the DP + + + align:start position:0% +argues that one shortcoming of um the DP +literature that you take observed + + align:start position:0% +literature that you take observed + + + align:start position:0% +literature that you take observed +product characteristics as given or as + + align:start position:0% +product characteristics as given or as + + + align:start position:0% +product characteristics as given or as +exogenous and then you should + + align:start position:0% +exogenous and then you should + + + align:start position:0% +exogenous and then you should +internalize those because actually + + align:start position:0% +internalize those because actually + + + align:start position:0% +internalize those because actually +um which characteristics will Target + + align:start position:0% +um which characteristics will Target + + + align:start position:0% +um which characteristics will Target +specific + + align:start position:0% +specific + + + align:start position:0% +specific +consumers um so in his model is he + + align:start position:0% +consumers um so in his model is he + + + align:start position:0% +consumers um so in his model is he +implicitly allowing for firms to choose + + align:start position:0% +implicitly allowing for firms to choose + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly allowing for firms to choose +certain product character is I don't + + align:start position:0% +certain product character is I don't + + + align:start position:0% +certain product character is I don't +think he's + + align:start position:0% +think he's + + + align:start position:0% +think he's +improving no he's he's not doing that he + + align:start position:0% +improving no he's he's not doing that he + + + align:start position:0% +improving no he's he's not doing that he +he yeah the only endogenous + + align:start position:0% +he yeah the only endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +he yeah the only endogenous +characteristic is price in his case and + + align:start position:0% +characteristic is price in his case and + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic is price in his case and +again advertising would be a very good + + align:start position:0% +again advertising would be a very good + + + align:start position:0% +again advertising would be a very good +candidate for that right because that's + + align:start position:0% +candidate for that right because that's + + + align:start position:0% +candidate for that right because that's +something that that be potentially think + + align:start position:0% +something that that be potentially think + + + align:start position:0% +something that that be potentially think +varies from let's say quarter to quarter + + align:start position:0% +varies from let's say quarter to quarter + + + align:start position:0% +varies from let's say quarter to quarter +City to city right and uh there are + + align:start position:0% +City to city right and uh there are + + + align:start position:0% +City to city right and uh there are +papers that look at advertising effects + + align:start position:0% +papers that look at advertising effects + + + align:start position:0% +papers that look at advertising effects +and do uh use advertising as an + + align:start position:0% +and do uh use advertising as an + + + align:start position:0% +and do uh use advertising as an +endogenous variable yeah then of course + + align:start position:0% +endogenous variable yeah then of course + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous variable yeah then of course +you know you have to think about in + + align:start position:0% +you know you have to think about in + + + align:start position:0% +you know you have to think about in +additional instruments and so + + align:start position:0% +additional instruments and so + + + align:start position:0% +additional instruments and so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +yeah but he yeah that that's not + + align:start position:0% +yeah but he yeah that that's not + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but he yeah that that's not +something that he tackles in this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me use uh the last um 20 + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me use uh the last um 20 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me use uh the last um 20 +minutes to talk about something that s + + align:start position:0% +minutes to talk about something that s + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to talk about something that s +of we staying in this + + align:start position:0% +of we staying in this + + + align:start position:0% +of we staying in this +industry uh but moving to new topic + + align:start position:0% +industry uh but moving to new topic + + + align:start position:0% +industry uh but moving to new topic +which uh it's it's a fairly recent + + align:start position:0% +which uh it's it's a fairly recent + + + align:start position:0% +which uh it's it's a fairly recent +debate that came up uh in IO which is + + align:start position:0% +debate that came up uh in IO which is + + + align:start position:0% +debate that came up uh in IO which is +called the common ownership hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +called the common ownership hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +called the common ownership hypothesis +it's something that's uh you know fairly + + align:start position:0% +it's something that's uh you know fairly + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that's uh you know fairly +controversial and sort of hotly debated + + align:start position:0% +controversial and sort of hotly debated + + + align:start position:0% +controversial and sort of hotly debated +with you know strong proponents on + + align:start position:0% +with you know strong proponents on + + + align:start position:0% +with you know strong proponents on +either side of the argument + + align:start position:0% +either side of the argument + + + align:start position:0% +either side of the argument +okay so what's what's the idea uh the + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's what's the idea uh the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's what's the idea uh the +idea is that we have seen this uh you + + align:start position:0% +idea is that we have seen this uh you + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that we have seen this uh you +know big Trend towards uh Diversified uh + + align:start position:0% +know big Trend towards uh Diversified uh + + + align:start position:0% +know big Trend towards uh Diversified uh +Investments where people hold large + + align:start position:0% +Investments where people hold large + + + align:start position:0% +Investments where people hold large +portfolios of the you know of the entire + + align:start position:0% +portfolios of the you know of the entire + + + align:start position:0% +portfolios of the you know of the entire +let's say S&P 500 or you know uh stock + + align:start position:0% +let's say S&P 500 or you know uh stock + + + align:start position:0% +let's say S&P 500 or you know uh stock +indices and you know typically they they + + align:start position:0% +indices and you know typically they they + + + align:start position:0% +indices and you know typically they they +purchase those through large + + align:start position:0% +purchase those through large + + + align:start position:0% +purchase those through large +institutional investors like Vanguard + + align:start position:0% +institutional investors like Vanguard + + + align:start position:0% +institutional investors like Vanguard +Black Rock uh and Fidelity okay and so a + + align:start position:0% +Black Rock uh and Fidelity okay and so a + + + align:start position:0% +Black Rock uh and Fidelity okay and so a +lot of people use those to to save uh uh + + align:start position:0% +lot of people use those to to save uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people use those to to save uh uh +for retirement uh and so + + align:start position:0% +for retirement uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +for retirement uh and so +on and and the idea is right that you + + align:start position:0% +on and and the idea is right that you + + + align:start position:0% +on and and the idea is right that you +know these owners you know they might + + align:start position:0% +know these owners you know they might + + + align:start position:0% +know these owners you know they might +hold or these institutional investors + + align:start position:0% +hold or these institutional investors + + + align:start position:0% +hold or these institutional investors +they might hold significant shares in a + + align:start position:0% +they might hold significant shares in a + + + align:start position:0% +they might hold significant shares in a +number of different companies that are + + align:start position:0% +number of different companies that are + + + align:start position:0% +number of different companies that are +actually competing with each + + align:start position:0% +actually competing with each + + + align:start position:0% +actually competing with each +other right so here's an example of the + + align:start position:0% +other right so here's an example of the + + + align:start position:0% +other right so here's an example of the +US Airline Market you have American + + align:start position:0% +US Airline Market you have American + + + align:start position:0% +US Airline Market you have American +Airlines Delta Southwest and United the + + align:start position:0% +Airlines Delta Southwest and United the + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines Delta Southwest and United the +the major airlines right and you look + + align:start position:0% +the major airlines right and you look + + + align:start position:0% +the major airlines right and you look +who are the biggest shareholders of + + align:start position:0% +who are the biggest shareholders of + + + align:start position:0% +who are the biggest shareholders of +these companies + + align:start position:0% +these companies + + + align:start position:0% +these companies +right Vanguard holds 6% of American + + align:start position:0% +right Vanguard holds 6% of American + + + align:start position:0% +right Vanguard holds 6% of American +Airlines it holds 6% of Delta Airlines + + align:start position:0% +Airlines it holds 6% of Delta Airlines + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines it holds 6% of Delta Airlines +it holds 6%% of Southwest and 7% of + + align:start position:0% +it holds 6%% of Southwest and 7% of + + + align:start position:0% +it holds 6%% of Southwest and 7% of +United + + align:start position:0% +United + + + align:start position:0% +United +Airlines okay and so the idea here this + + align:start position:0% +Airlines okay and so the idea here this + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines okay and so the idea here this +hypothesis is that you know if I'm + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is that you know if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is that you know if I'm +holding uh stocks in a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +holding uh stocks in a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +holding uh stocks in a bunch of +companies that should be competing with + + align:start position:0% +companies that should be competing with + + + align:start position:0% +companies that should be competing with +each other you know who says that I + + align:start position:0% +each other you know who says that I + + + align:start position:0% +each other you know who says that I +wouldn't be very interested in making + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be very interested in making + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be very interested in making +these companies compete a a little less + + align:start position:0% +these companies compete a a little less + + + align:start position:0% +these companies compete a a little less +hard right and raise my profit so the + + align:start position:0% +hard right and raise my profit so the + + + align:start position:0% +hard right and raise my profit so the +moving incentives closer to uh Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +moving incentives closer to uh Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +moving incentives closer to uh Monopoly +uh incentives + + align:start position:0% +uh incentives + + + align:start position:0% +uh incentives +okay so um this is something that people + + align:start position:0% +okay so um this is something that people + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um this is something that people +had thought about in sort of a + + align:start position:0% +had thought about in sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +had thought about in sort of a +literature at the intersection of + + align:start position:0% +literature at the intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +literature at the intersection of +corporate finance and IO there's some uh + + align:start position:0% +corporate finance and IO there's some uh + + + align:start position:0% +corporate finance and IO there's some uh +Theory papers that I'll talk uh briefly + + align:start position:0% +Theory papers that I'll talk uh briefly + + + align:start position:0% +Theory papers that I'll talk uh briefly +about just to clarify what this + + align:start position:0% +about just to clarify what this + + + align:start position:0% +about just to clarify what this +hypothesis is about but it wasn't really + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is about but it wasn't really + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is about but it wasn't really +until very recently that this was that + + align:start position:0% +until very recently that this was that + + + align:start position:0% +until very recently that this was that +people paid a lot of attention to this + + align:start position:0% +people paid a lot of attention to this + + + align:start position:0% +people paid a lot of attention to this +and of course in part this attention is + + align:start position:0% +and of course in part this attention is + + + align:start position:0% +and of course in part this attention is +driven by the fact that we have now + + align:start position:0% +driven by the fact that we have now + + + align:start position:0% +driven by the fact that we have now +these large uh Diversified Investments + + align:start position:0% +these large uh Diversified Investments + + + align:start position:0% +these large uh Diversified Investments +that have uh been trending up so there + + align:start position:0% +that have uh been trending up so there + + + align:start position:0% +that have uh been trending up so there +were there was a series of papers uh in + + align:start position:0% +were there was a series of papers uh in + + + align:start position:0% +were there was a series of papers uh in +in 2016 2018 now there many more that + + align:start position:0% +in 2016 2018 now there many more that + + + align:start position:0% +in 2016 2018 now there many more that +document that um that the growth of + + align:start position:0% +document that um that the growth of + + + align:start position:0% +document that um that the growth of +large Diversified common owners led to + + align:start position:0% +large Diversified common owners led to + + + align:start position:0% +large Diversified common owners led to +increase in prices in various Industries + + align:start position:0% +increase in prices in various Industries + + + align:start position:0% +increase in prices in various Industries +for instance for banking services or for + + align:start position:0% +for instance for banking services or for + + + align:start position:0% +for instance for banking services or for +Airlines okay so these these were + + align:start position:0% +Airlines okay so these these were + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines okay so these these were +actually um people that you know this + + align:start position:0% +actually um people that you know this + + + align:start position:0% +actually um people that you know this +was first research in finance okay and + + align:start position:0% +was first research in finance okay and + + + align:start position:0% +was first research in finance okay and +so it was sort of a little bit uh + + align:start position:0% +so it was sort of a little bit uh + + + align:start position:0% +so it was sort of a little bit uh +awkward for Io people or could we have + + align:start position:0% +awkward for Io people or could we have + + + align:start position:0% +awkward for Io people or could we have +possibly missed this that this this big + + align:start position:0% +possibly missed this that this this big + + + align:start position:0% +possibly missed this that this this big +like structural force that let you know + + align:start position:0% +like structural force that let you know + + + align:start position:0% +like structural force that let you know +the the whole economy to become less + + align:start position:0% +the the whole economy to become less + + + align:start position:0% +the the whole economy to become less +competitive right and uh you know and is + + align:start position:0% +competitive right and uh you know and is + + + align:start position:0% +competitive right and uh you know and is +this you know do we really think that + + align:start position:0% +this you know do we really think that + + + align:start position:0% +this you know do we really think that +you know the price that we pay for these + + align:start position:0% +you know the price that we pay for these + + + align:start position:0% +you know the price that we pay for these +cheap Diversified Investments is that + + align:start position:0% +cheap Diversified Investments is that + + + align:start position:0% +cheap Diversified Investments is that +you know Monopoly power as a whole has + + align:start position:0% +you know Monopoly power as a whole has + + + align:start position:0% +you know Monopoly power as a whole has +increased in in in the US + + align:start position:0% +increased in in in the US + + + align:start position:0% +increased in in in the US +economy uh so these papers suggest that + + align:start position:0% +economy uh so these papers suggest that + + + align:start position:0% +economy uh so these papers suggest that +that it did um now they they use an + + align:start position:0% +that it did um now they they use an + + + align:start position:0% +that it did um now they they use an +approach which I think Glenn has talked + + align:start position:0% +approach which I think Glenn has talked + + + align:start position:0% +approach which I think Glenn has talked +about which this structureal conduct + + align:start position:0% +about which this structureal conduct + + + align:start position:0% +about which this structureal conduct +performance approach where we + + align:start position:0% +performance approach where we + + + align:start position:0% +performance approach where we +essentially regress prices on measures + + align:start position:0% +essentially regress prices on measures + + + align:start position:0% +essentially regress prices on measures +of concentration and we know that this + + align:start position:0% +of concentration and we know that this + + + align:start position:0% +of concentration and we know that this +has issues right wellknown issues um in + + align:start position:0% +has issues right wellknown issues um in + + + align:start position:0% +has issues right wellknown issues um in +in part you know because these con + + align:start position:0% +in part you know because these con + + + align:start position:0% +in part you know because these con +concentration measures in themselves + + align:start position:0% +concentration measures in themselves + + + align:start position:0% +concentration measures in themselves +driven by quantities right which are + + align:start position:0% +driven by quantities right which are + + + align:start position:0% +driven by quantities right which are +endogenous okay so so today we're going + + align:start position:0% +endogenous okay so so today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous okay so so today we're going +to talk uh about uh one paper that sort + + align:start position:0% +to talk uh about uh one paper that sort + + + align:start position:0% +to talk uh about uh one paper that sort +of tries to do this in a in a structural + + align:start position:0% +of tries to do this in a in a structural + + + align:start position:0% +of tries to do this in a in a structural +way and a companion paper to that that + + align:start position:0% +way and a companion paper to that that + + + align:start position:0% +way and a companion paper to that that +sort of documents a little bit to what + + align:start position:0% +sort of documents a little bit to what + + + align:start position:0% +sort of documents a little bit to what +extent this is an actual issue in in the + + align:start position:0% +extent this is an actual issue in in the + + + align:start position:0% +extent this is an actual issue in in the +US economy okay so just very briefly um + + align:start position:0% +US economy okay so just very briefly um + + + align:start position:0% +US economy okay so just very briefly um +you know what is what is sort of this + + align:start position:0% +you know what is what is sort of this + + + align:start position:0% +you know what is what is sort of this +idea here formerly the common ownership + + align:start position:0% +idea here formerly the common ownership + + + align:start position:0% +idea here formerly the common ownership +hypothesis according to uh this paper by + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis according to uh this paper by + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis according to uh this paper by +Rottenberg and here I'm using the + + align:start position:0% +Rottenberg and here I'm using the + + + align:start position:0% +Rottenberg and here I'm using the +notation of O'Brien and C is the idea + + align:start position:0% +notation of O'Brien and C is the idea + + + align:start position:0% +notation of O'Brien and C is the idea +that we have in an investor s or + + align:start position:0% +that we have in an investor s or + + + align:start position:0% +that we have in an investor s or +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +investors right that have a that own a + + align:start position:0% +investors right that have a that own a + + + align:start position:0% +investors right that have a that own a +portfolio of shares into in different + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of shares into in different + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of shares into in different +companies right and according to the + + align:start position:0% +companies right and according to the + + + align:start position:0% +companies right and according to the +amount of shares that they hold they're + + align:start position:0% +amount of shares that they hold they're + + + align:start position:0% +amount of shares that they hold they're +entitled to some fraction of the profits + + align:start position:0% +entitled to some fraction of the profits + + + align:start position:0% +entitled to some fraction of the profits +of each of the firms that they that they + + align:start position:0% +of each of the firms that they that they + + + align:start position:0% +of each of the firms that they that they +hold + + align:start position:0% +hold + + + align:start position:0% +hold +right and uh you have + + align:start position:0% +right and uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh you have +firms that uh you know in this model + + align:start position:0% +firms that uh you know in this model + + + align:start position:0% +firms that uh you know in this model +maximizing the value of the + + align:start position:0% +maximizing the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing the value of the +shareholders okay so how do they do that + + align:start position:0% +shareholders okay so how do they do that + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders okay so how do they do that +you know by virtue of having different + + align:start position:0% +you know by virtue of having different + + + align:start position:0% +you know by virtue of having different +portfolios different shareholders might + + align:start position:0% +portfolios different shareholders might + + + align:start position:0% +portfolios different shareholders might +have slightly different interests the + + align:start position:0% +have slightly different interests the + + + align:start position:0% +have slightly different interests the +interest might not be fully aligned so + + align:start position:0% +interest might not be fully aligned so + + + align:start position:0% +interest might not be fully aligned so +in this model the way this is handled is + + align:start position:0% +in this model the way this is handled is + + + align:start position:0% +in this model the way this is handled is +that we're saying the firm places + + align:start position:0% +that we're saying the firm places + + + align:start position:0% +that we're saying the firm places +different weights on what different + + align:start position:0% +different weights on what different + + + align:start position:0% +different weights on what different +shareholders want so these are paror + + align:start position:0% +shareholders want so these are paror + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders want so these are paror +weights okay so you can write the firm's + + align:start position:0% +weights okay so you can write the firm's + + + align:start position:0% +weights okay so you can write the firm's +objective function right which is a + + align:start position:0% +objective function right which is a + + + align:start position:0% +objective function right which is a +function of its own prices and other + + align:start position:0% +function of its own prices and other + + + align:start position:0% +function of its own prices and other +prices in the + + align:start position:0% +prices in the + + + align:start position:0% +prices in the +market as a weighted sum over what its + + align:start position:0% +market as a weighted sum over what its + + + align:start position:0% +market as a weighted sum over what its +shareholders its different shareholders + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want now if you sort of you know pluck + + align:start position:0% +want now if you sort of you know pluck + + + align:start position:0% +want now if you sort of you know pluck +this in here using uh this formula from + + align:start position:0% +this in here using uh this formula from + + + align:start position:0% +this in here using uh this formula from +above right the the shareholder + + align:start position:0% +above right the the shareholder + + + align:start position:0% +above right the the shareholder +objective function you or the the the + + align:start position:0% +objective function you or the the the + + + align:start position:0% +objective function you or the the the +portfolio right you you find that you + + align:start position:0% +portfolio right you you find that you + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio right you you find that you +know you're suddenly in a situation + + align:start position:0% +know you're suddenly in a situation + + + align:start position:0% +know you're suddenly in a situation +where this firm F might be caring about + + align:start position:0% +where this firm F might be caring about + + + align:start position:0% +where this firm F might be caring about +the profits of some firm G in the market + + align:start position:0% +the profits of some firm G in the market + + + align:start position:0% +the profits of some firm G in the market +through the incentives of its + + align:start position:0% +through the incentives of its + + + align:start position:0% +through the incentives of its +shareholders right okay so these are the + + align:start position:0% +shareholders right okay so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders right okay so these are the +paror weights these are these cash flow + + align:start position:0% +paror weights these are these cash flow + + + align:start position:0% +paror weights these are these cash flow +uh shares that the investor s is + + align:start position:0% +uh shares that the investor s is + + + align:start position:0% +uh shares that the investor s is +entitled to terms of firm G + + align:start position:0% +entitled to terms of firm G + + + align:start position:0% +entitled to terms of firm G +okay so so you can rewrite this can do + + align:start position:0% +okay so so you can rewrite this can do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so you can rewrite this can do +some algebra and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +some algebra and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +some algebra and uh uh +normalize the share of firm F to one and + + align:start position:0% +normalize the share of firm F to one and + + + align:start position:0% +normalize the share of firm F to one and +can write the objective function of firm + + align:start position:0% +can write the objective function of firm + + + align:start position:0% +can write the objective function of firm +f as you know its own profits plus a + + align:start position:0% +f as you know its own profits plus a + + + align:start position:0% +f as you know its own profits plus a +weighted sum of other + + align:start position:0% +weighted sum of other + + + align:start position:0% +weighted sum of other +firms uh in the market or you know + + align:start position:0% +firms uh in the market or you know + + + align:start position:0% +firms uh in the market or you know +yeah and so we call these profit weights + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so we call these profit weights + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so we call these profit weights +here Kappa they're function of these par + + align:start position:0% +here Kappa they're function of these par + + + align:start position:0% +here Kappa they're function of these par +weights and these uh + + align:start position:0% +weights and these uh + + + align:start position:0% +weights and these uh +betas so just to sort of Link this back + + align:start position:0% +betas so just to sort of Link this back + + + align:start position:0% +betas so just to sort of Link this back +to what I discussed at the very + + align:start position:0% +to what I discussed at the very + + + align:start position:0% +to what I discussed at the very +beginning of class + + align:start position:0% +beginning of class + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of class +today this should remind you of + + align:start position:0% +today this should remind you of + + + align:start position:0% +today this should remind you of +something that we had uh that we have + + align:start position:0% +something that we had uh that we have + + + align:start position:0% +something that we had uh that we have +seen on the first slide right so here we + + align:start position:0% +seen on the first slide right so here we + + + align:start position:0% +seen on the first slide right so here we +have a firm that's maximizing its own + + align:start position:0% +have a firm that's maximizing its own + + + align:start position:0% +have a firm that's maximizing its own +profits plus some weighted sum of other + + align:start position:0% +profits plus some weighted sum of other + + + align:start position:0% +profits plus some weighted sum of other +firm's + + align:start position:0% +firm's + + + align:start position:0% +firm's +profits this is very simp SAR to this + + align:start position:0% +profits this is very simp SAR to this + + + align:start position:0% +profits this is very simp SAR to this +idea of a multiproduct firm right that + + align:start position:0% +idea of a multiproduct firm right that + + + align:start position:0% +idea of a multiproduct firm right that +owns SE different brands and will take + + align:start position:0% +owns SE different brands and will take + + + align:start position:0% +owns SE different brands and will take +into account that if I you know lower my + + align:start position:0% +into account that if I you know lower my + + + align:start position:0% +into account that if I you know lower my +price on one of my brands that might + + align:start position:0% +price on one of my brands that might + + + align:start position:0% +price on one of my brands that might +potentially cannibalize one of my other + + align:start position:0% +potentially cannibalize one of my other + + + align:start position:0% +potentially cannibalize one of my other +brands you know and and uh uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +brands you know and and uh uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +brands you know and and uh uh sort of +divert some some Market sh share okay so + + align:start position:0% +divert some some Market sh share okay so + + + align:start position:0% +divert some some Market sh share okay so +here you get a very similar first order + + align:start position:0% +here you get a very similar first order + + + align:start position:0% +here you get a very similar first order +condition okay for firm + + align:start position:0% +condition okay for firm + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay for firm +J uh that you know places these profit + + align:start position:0% +J uh that you know places these profit + + + align:start position:0% +J uh that you know places these profit +weights that come again through the that + + align:start position:0% +weights that come again through the that + + + align:start position:0% +weights that come again through the that +are function of the shareholder uh + + align:start position:0% +are function of the shareholder uh + + + align:start position:0% +are function of the shareholder uh +Holdings uh on other firms + + align:start position:0% +Holdings uh on other firms + + + align:start position:0% +Holdings uh on other firms +profits okay so I hope this connection + + align:start position:0% +profits okay so I hope this connection + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay so I hope this connection +is uh is clear right okay so so what can + + align:start position:0% +is uh is clear right okay so so what can + + + align:start position:0% +is uh is clear right okay so so what can +we actually + + align:start position:0% +we actually + + + align:start position:0% +we actually +say about those profit weights okay so + + align:start position:0% +say about those profit weights okay so + + + align:start position:0% +say about those profit weights okay so +this is what this companion paper by uh + + align:start position:0% +this is what this companion paper by uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is what this companion paper by uh +bakus Colin and sinkinson does right the + + align:start position:0% +bakus Colin and sinkinson does right the + + + align:start position:0% +bakus Colin and sinkinson does right the +first document is it indeed true that + + align:start position:0% +first document is it indeed true that + + + align:start position:0% +first document is it indeed true that +just as a pure matter of accounting + + align:start position:0% +just as a pure matter of accounting + + + align:start position:0% +just as a pure matter of accounting +right that firms are placing or have + + align:start position:0% +right that firms are placing or have + + + align:start position:0% +right that firms are placing or have +these incentives to place + + align:start position:0% +these incentives to place + + + align:start position:0% +these incentives to place +more uh uh weight on what their + + align:start position:0% +more uh uh weight on what their + + + align:start position:0% +more uh uh weight on what their +competitors are doing or uh any other + + align:start position:0% +competitors are doing or uh any other + + + align:start position:0% +competitors are doing or uh any other +random firm in the market okay so first + + align:start position:0% +random firm in the market okay so first + + + align:start position:0% +random firm in the market okay so first +if you look at the time series of you + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the time series of you + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the time series of you +know what fraction of the typical firm + + align:start position:0% +know what fraction of the typical firm + + + align:start position:0% +know what fraction of the typical firm +is actually held by one of these large + + align:start position:0% +is actually held by one of these large + + + align:start position:0% +is actually held by one of these large +institutional investors Black Rock + + align:start position:0% +institutional investors Black Rock + + + align:start position:0% +institutional investors Black Rock +Vanguard and State Street you find that + + align:start position:0% +Vanguard and State Street you find that + + + align:start position:0% +Vanguard and State Street you find that +this did indeed go up + + align:start position:0% +this did indeed go up + + + align:start position:0% +this did indeed go up +uh a lot right and um this I mean this + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot right and um this I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot right and um this I mean this +is actually not just this sort of this + + align:start position:0% +is actually not just this sort of this + + + align:start position:0% +is actually not just this sort of this +trend towards Diversified Investments + + align:start position:0% +trend towards Diversified Investments + + + align:start position:0% +trend towards Diversified Investments +not just driven by these institutional + + align:start position:0% +not just driven by these institutional + + + align:start position:0% +not just driven by these institutional +investors this was uh another result in + + align:start position:0% +investors this was uh another result in + + + align:start position:0% +investors this was uh another result in +the paper was already going on uh even + + align:start position:0% +the paper was already going on uh even + + + align:start position:0% +the paper was already going on uh even +before that okay so they they use some + + align:start position:0% +before that okay so they they use some + + + align:start position:0% +before that okay so they they use some +data from SEC filings that large uh + + align:start position:0% +data from SEC filings that large uh + + + align:start position:0% +data from SEC filings that large uh +investment managers have to submit to + + align:start position:0% +investment managers have to submit to + + + align:start position:0% +investment managers have to submit to +sort of document + + align:start position:0% +sort of document + + + align:start position:0% +sort of document +this so then they compute these profit + + align:start position:0% +this so then they compute these profit + + + align:start position:0% +this so then they compute these profit +weights that are just that I've just + + align:start position:0% +weights that are just that I've just + + + align:start position:0% +weights that are just that I've just +shown you right that you can derive from + + align:start position:0% +shown you right that you can derive from + + + align:start position:0% +shown you right that you can derive from +the firm's uh uh uh profit maximization + + align:start position:0% +the firm's uh uh uh profit maximization + + + align:start position:0% +the firm's uh uh uh profit maximization +problem taking into account incentives + + align:start position:0% +problem taking into account incentives + + + align:start position:0% +problem taking into account incentives +of the shareholders okay so the one + + align:start position:0% +of the shareholders okay so the one + + + align:start position:0% +of the shareholders okay so the one +issue that they have here is they don't + + align:start position:0% +issue that they have here is they don't + + + align:start position:0% +issue that they have here is they don't +actually see this par weights so they + + align:start position:0% +actually see this par weights so they + + + align:start position:0% +actually see this par weights so they +make some assumption that these par + + align:start position:0% +make some assumption that these par + + + align:start position:0% +make some assumption that these par +weights are a function of these you know + + align:start position:0% +weights are a function of these you know + + + align:start position:0% +weights are a function of these you know +shareholder weights beta okay and so + + align:start position:0% +shareholder weights beta okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +shareholder weights beta okay and so +they sort of show how uh how this time + + align:start position:0% +they sort of show how uh how this time + + + align:start position:0% +they sort of show how uh how this time +series look for different uh for + + align:start position:0% +series look for different uh for + + + align:start position:0% +series look for different uh for +different um functional forms but the + + align:start position:0% +different um functional forms but the + + + align:start position:0% +different um functional forms but the +general message is and you can also + + align:start position:0% +general message is and you can also + + + align:start position:0% +general message is and you can also +break this by industry that if you take + + align:start position:0% +break this by industry that if you take + + + align:start position:0% +break this by industry that if you take +a firm you know in uh in the US publicly + + align:start position:0% +a firm you know in uh in the US publicly + + + align:start position:0% +a firm you know in uh in the US publicly +traded firm in the US economy and ask + + align:start position:0% +traded firm in the US economy and ask + + + align:start position:0% +traded firm in the US economy and ask +you know how much weight does that firm + + align:start position:0% +you know how much weight does that firm + + + align:start position:0% +you know how much weight does that firm +place on the profits according to these + + align:start position:0% +place on the profits according to these + + + align:start position:0% +place on the profits according to these +you know Diversified Investments on any + + align:start position:0% +you know Diversified Investments on any + + + align:start position:0% +you know Diversified Investments on any +other random firm that this has gone up + + align:start position:0% +other random firm that this has gone up + + + align:start position:0% +other random firm that this has gone up +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +okay so this sort of suggests that in + + align:start position:0% +okay so this sort of suggests that in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this sort of suggests that in +principle you know these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +principle you know these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +principle you know these kinds of +incentives uh uh could be at Play + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here is there any sense of how sensitive + + align:start position:0% +here is there any sense of how sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +here is there any sense of how sensitive +these measurements are to the PRS like + + align:start position:0% +these measurements are to the PRS like + + + align:start position:0% +these measurements are to the PRS like +they did different specifications + + align:start position:0% +they did different specifications + + + align:start position:0% +they did different specifications +tested this trend is not very sensitive + + align:start position:0% +tested this trend is not very sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +tested this trend is not very sensitive +to that the the levels are I mean in the + + align:start position:0% +to that the the levels are I mean in the + + + align:start position:0% +to that the the levels are I mean in the +paper they show you I think three + + align:start position:0% +paper they show you I think three + + + align:start position:0% +paper they show you I think three +different types of Weights yeah but the + + align:start position:0% +different types of Weights yeah but the + + + align:start position:0% +different types of Weights yeah but the +the the the general message is that this + + align:start position:0% +the the the general message is that this + + + align:start position:0% +the the the general message is that this +has been upward trending regardless of I + + align:start position:0% +has been upward trending regardless of I + + + align:start position:0% +has been upward trending regardless of I +mean we can then of course argue is that + + align:start position:0% +mean we can then of course argue is that + + + align:start position:0% +mean we can then of course argue is that +an exhaustive search over the potential + + align:start position:0% +an exhaustive search over the potential + + + align:start position:0% +an exhaustive search over the potential +specification that you could use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so coming back to the serials + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so coming back to the serials + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so coming back to the serials +market so again what what I've just + + align:start position:0% +market so again what what I've just + + + align:start position:0% +market so again what what I've just +shown you is from this um from this + + align:start position:0% +shown you is from this um from this + + + align:start position:0% +shown you is from this um from this +descriptive paper is that they document + + align:start position:0% +descriptive paper is that they document + + + align:start position:0% +descriptive paper is that they document +that these + + align:start position:0% +that these + + + align:start position:0% +that these +incentives uh you know the the fact that + + align:start position:0% +incentives uh you know the the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +incentives uh you know the the fact that +firms May internalize uh profits of + + align:start position:0% +firms May internalize uh profits of + + + align:start position:0% +firms May internalize uh profits of +other firms that they're competing with + + align:start position:0% +other firms that they're competing with + + + align:start position:0% +other firms that they're competing with +could potentially be an issue based on + + align:start position:0% +could potentially be an issue based on + + + align:start position:0% +could potentially be an issue based on +the time series that we observe right + + align:start position:0% +the time series that we observe right + + + align:start position:0% +the time series that we observe right +because of this trend towards more + + align:start position:0% +because of this trend towards more + + + align:start position:0% +because of this trend towards more +Diversified investment if you look at + + align:start position:0% +Diversified investment if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +Diversified investment if you look at +the uh at uh the breakfast cereal market + + align:start position:0% +the uh at uh the breakfast cereal market + + + align:start position:0% +the uh at uh the breakfast cereal market +and the different producers here you'll + + align:start position:0% +and the different producers here you'll + + + align:start position:0% +and the different producers here you'll +find that indeed you know black rock + + align:start position:0% +find that indeed you know black rock + + + align:start position:0% +find that indeed you know black rock +also in 2016 hold held a large share of + + align:start position:0% +also in 2016 hold held a large share of + + + align:start position:0% +also in 2016 hold held a large share of +uh of General mils of Kellog of Quaker + + align:start position:0% +uh of General mils of Kellog of Quaker + + + align:start position:0% +uh of General mils of Kellog of Quaker +Oats and post brand so all the big uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Oats and post brand so all the big uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Oats and post brand so all the big uh uh +producers right so in principle this + + align:start position:0% +producers right so in principle this + + + align:start position:0% +producers right so in principle this +could be an issue in this market as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is it that they're doing so + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is it that they're doing so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is it that they're doing so +I I'm going to be you know I'll give you + + align:start position:0% +I I'm going to be you know I'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +I I'm going to be you know I'll give you +the main economic idea here this paper + + align:start position:0% +the main economic idea here this paper + + + align:start position:0% +the main economic idea here this paper +um does you know big part of the + + align:start position:0% +um does you know big part of the + + + align:start position:0% +um does you know big part of the +contribution is um develop a new and + + align:start position:0% +contribution is um develop a new and + + + align:start position:0% +contribution is um develop a new and +efficient testing procedure for this and + + align:start position:0% +efficient testing procedure for this and + + + align:start position:0% +efficient testing procedure for this and +you know allowing for flexible uh cost + + align:start position:0% +you know allowing for flexible uh cost + + + align:start position:0% +you know allowing for flexible uh cost +function so I'm not going talk to talk + + align:start position:0% +function so I'm not going talk to talk + + + align:start position:0% +function so I'm not going talk to talk +about the econometric details but this + + align:start position:0% +about the econometric details but this + + + align:start position:0% +about the econometric details but this +is very much uh in in uh In The Same + + align:start position:0% +is very much uh in in uh In The Same + + + align:start position:0% +is very much uh in in uh In The Same +Spirit as the other papers that we have + + align:start position:0% +Spirit as the other papers that we have + + + align:start position:0% +Spirit as the other papers that we have +been discussing Neo's paper on conduct + + align:start position:0% +been discussing Neo's paper on conduct + + + align:start position:0% +been discussing Neo's paper on conduct +testing uh so the idea is that you know + + align:start position:0% +testing uh so the idea is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +testing uh so the idea is that you know +I can with my demand model in hand and a + + align:start position:0% +I can with my demand model in hand and a + + + align:start position:0% +I can with my demand model in hand and a +conduct assumption I can invert my first + + align:start position:0% +conduct assumption I can invert my first + + + align:start position:0% +conduct assumption I can invert my first +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +conditions okay as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay as a function of the +observed market shares prices and the + + align:start position:0% +observed market shares prices and the + + + align:start position:0% +observed market shares prices and the +demand model again the demand model is a + + align:start position:0% +demand model again the demand model is a + + + align:start position:0% +demand model again the demand model is a +is of course has some demand parameters + + align:start position:0% +is of course has some demand parameters + + + align:start position:0% +is of course has some demand parameters +right and can back out my my marginal + + align:start position:0% +right and can back out my my marginal + + + align:start position:0% +right and can back out my my marginal +cost a vector of marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +cost a vector of marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost a vector of marginal cost +okay at the same + + align:start position:0% +okay at the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay at the same +time I may be + + align:start position:0% +time I may be + + + align:start position:0% +time I may be +willing to also assume a functional form + + align:start position:0% +willing to also assume a functional form + + + align:start position:0% +willing to also assume a functional form +for the marginal cost directly okay + + align:start position:0% +for the marginal cost directly okay + + + align:start position:0% +for the marginal cost directly okay +again because I know that you know the + + align:start position:0% +again because I know that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +again because I know that you know the +the cost of producing cereals are driven + + align:start position:0% +the cost of producing cereals are driven + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of producing cereals are driven +by the cost of sugar uh wheat flour and + + align:start position:0% +by the cost of sugar uh wheat flour and + + + align:start position:0% +by the cost of sugar uh wheat flour and +so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what they do is they you know + + align:start position:0% +okay so what they do is they you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what they do is they you know +they basically specify this um this + + align:start position:0% +they basically specify this um this + + + align:start position:0% +they basically specify this um this +equation here by allowing for a flexible + + align:start position:0% +equation here by allowing for a flexible + + + align:start position:0% +equation here by allowing for a flexible +uh Supply function or marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +uh Supply function or marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +uh Supply function or marginal cost +function and based off this get + + align:start position:0% +function and based off this get + + + align:start position:0% +function and based off this get +additional moment restrictions that they + + align:start position:0% +additional moment restrictions that they + + + align:start position:0% +additional moment restrictions that they +use for the construction of a GMM + + align:start position:0% +use for the construction of a GMM + + + align:start position:0% +use for the construction of a GMM +objective function under different + + align:start position:0% +objective function under different + + + align:start position:0% +objective function under different +conduct models + + align:start position:0% +conduct models + + + align:start position:0% +conduct models +M okay and of course in particular the + + align:start position:0% +M okay and of course in particular the + + + align:start position:0% +M okay and of course in particular the +conduct model that they are interested + + align:start position:0% +conduct model that they are interested + + + align:start position:0% +conduct model that they are interested +in is uh the common ownership + + align:start position:0% +in is uh the common ownership + + + align:start position:0% +in is uh the common ownership +hypothesis and and and that is again + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis and and and that is again + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis and and and that is again +very similar to this idea that you know + + align:start position:0% +very similar to this idea that you know + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to this idea that you know +I might be internalizing the profits not + + align:start position:0% +I might be internalizing the profits not + + + align:start position:0% +I might be internalizing the profits not +of you know other products that I hold + + align:start position:0% +of you know other products that I hold + + + align:start position:0% +of you know other products that I hold +but of other firms through these + + align:start position:0% +but of other firms through these + + + align:start position:0% +but of other firms through these +Diversified through the incentives of my + + align:start position:0% +Diversified through the incentives of my + + + align:start position:0% +Diversified through the incentives of my +Diversified + + align:start position:0% +Diversified + + + align:start position:0% +Diversified +investors okay + + align:start position:0% +investors okay + + + align:start position:0% +investors okay +so so the the idea here is to you know + + align:start position:0% +so so the the idea here is to you know + + + align:start position:0% +so so the the idea here is to you know +do you know construct this equation for + + align:start position:0% +do you know construct this equation for + + + align:start position:0% +do you know construct this equation for +different conduct models you get some + + align:start position:0% +different conduct models you get some + + + align:start position:0% +different conduct models you get some +GMM objective function out of that and + + align:start position:0% +GMM objective function out of that and + + + align:start position:0% +GMM objective function out of that and +with this GMM objective function you can + + align:start position:0% +with this GMM objective function you can + + + align:start position:0% +with this GMM objective function you can +construct a test statistic this here is + + align:start position:0% +construct a test statistic this here is + + + align:start position:0% +construct a test statistic this here is +a test that's that's uh it's a non- + + align:start position:0% +a test that's that's uh it's a non- + + + align:start position:0% +a test that's that's uh it's a non- +nestive test by rever and Wong the idea + + align:start position:0% +nestive test by rever and Wong the idea + + + align:start position:0% +nestive test by rever and Wong the idea +of this test is that you know there + + align:start position:0% +of this test is that you know there + + + align:start position:0% +of this test is that you know there +there are two different models of + + align:start position:0% +there are two different models of + + + align:start position:0% +there are two different models of +conduct and the null hypothesis is that + + align:start position:0% +conduct and the null hypothesis is that + + + align:start position:0% +conduct and the null hypothesis is that +both of them are sort of equally far + + align:start position:0% +both of them are sort of equally far + + + align:start position:0% +both of them are sort of equally far +from the from the true model right but + + align:start position:0% +from the from the true model right but + + + align:start position:0% +from the from the true model right but +you always testing the two models + + align:start position:0% +you always testing the two models + + + align:start position:0% +you always testing the two models +against each other okay so what at the + + align:start position:0% +against each other okay so what at the + + + align:start position:0% +against each other okay so what at the +end of the day you can say is you know + + align:start position:0% +end of the day you can say is you know + + + align:start position:0% +end of the day you can say is you know +is this model better describing the data + + align:start position:0% +is this model better describing the data + + + align:start position:0% +is this model better describing the data +that I observed in some other + + align:start position:0% +that I observed in some other + + + align:start position:0% +that I observed in some other +model right and so for instance here you + + align:start position:0% +model right and so for instance here you + + + align:start position:0% +model right and so for instance here you +know based on let's say common ownership + + align:start position:0% +know based on let's say common ownership + + + align:start position:0% +know based on let's say common ownership +or you know profit on profit + + align:start position:0% +or you know profit on profit + + + align:start position:0% +or you know profit on profit +maximization you know if this test + + align:start position:0% +maximization you know if this test + + + align:start position:0% +maximization you know if this test +statistic here becomes very large right + + align:start position:0% +statistic here becomes very large right + + + align:start position:0% +statistic here becomes very large right +then I'm uh rejecting model one in favor + + align:start position:0% +then I'm uh rejecting model one in favor + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm uh rejecting model one in favor +of model two right because the the + + align:start position:0% +of model two right because the the + + + align:start position:0% +of model two right because the the +violation of the moment conditions is + + align:start position:0% +violation of the moment conditions is + + + align:start position:0% +violation of the moment conditions is +much larger in under the model one this + + align:start position:0% +much larger in under the model one this + + + align:start position:0% +much larger in under the model one this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +L so this uh it's shown that this is uh + + align:start position:0% +L so this uh it's shown that this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +L so this uh it's shown that this is uh +um ASM totically normal so you can use + + align:start position:0% +um ASM totically normal so you can use + + + align:start position:0% +um ASM totically normal so you can use +just you know standard uh uh uh criteria + + align:start position:0% +just you know standard uh uh uh criteria + + + align:start position:0% +just you know standard uh uh uh criteria +for the normal distribution to test with + + align:start position:0% +for the normal distribution to test with + + + align:start position:0% +for the normal distribution to test with +this test + + align:start position:0% +this test + + + align:start position:0% +this test +statistic okay so just again to sort of + + align:start position:0% +statistic okay so just again to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +statistic okay so just again to sort of +Link this back to what we have already + + align:start position:0% +Link this back to what we have already + + + align:start position:0% +Link this back to what we have already +discussed today so like Neo they + + align:start position:0% +discussed today so like Neo they + + + align:start position:0% +discussed today so like Neo they +estimate demand model for serials you + + align:start position:0% +estimate demand model for serials you + + + align:start position:0% +estimate demand model for serials you +know do this first order condition + + align:start position:0% +know do this first order condition + + + align:start position:0% +know do this first order condition +inversion um and uh like Neo they test + + align:start position:0% +inversion um and uh like Neo they test + + + align:start position:0% +inversion um and uh like Neo they test +for different models of conduct with a + + align:start position:0% +for different models of conduct with a + + + align:start position:0% +for different models of conduct with a +focus on common ownership but unlike Neo + + align:start position:0% +focus on common ownership but unlike Neo + + + align:start position:0% +focus on common ownership but unlike Neo +what what they do is instead of + + align:start position:0% +what what they do is instead of + + + align:start position:0% +what what they do is instead of +comparing the markups that I get from + + align:start position:0% +comparing the markups that I get from + + + align:start position:0% +comparing the markups that I get from +this inversion here of the first uto + + align:start position:0% +this inversion here of the first uto + + + align:start position:0% +this inversion here of the first uto +conditions that directly to observed + + align:start position:0% +conditions that directly to observed + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that directly to observed +markups they're seeing whether the the + + align:start position:0% +markups they're seeing whether the the + + + align:start position:0% +markups they're seeing whether the the +marginal costs that they back out are + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs that they back out are + + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs that they back out are +consistent with a functional form that + + align:start position:0% +consistent with a functional form that + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with a functional form that +are imposed on a marginal cost okay and + + align:start position:0% +are imposed on a marginal cost okay and + + + align:start position:0% +are imposed on a marginal cost okay and +this and they basically now use demand + + align:start position:0% +this and they basically now use demand + + + align:start position:0% +this and they basically now use demand +side variation so um things that move + + align:start position:0% +side variation so um things that move + + + align:start position:0% +side variation so um things that move +around the demand side but I excluded + + align:start position:0% +around the demand side but I excluded + + + align:start position:0% +around the demand side but I excluded +from the supply side as overidentifying + + align:start position:0% +from the supply side as overidentifying + + + align:start position:0% +from the supply side as overidentifying +restrictions to test uh this model and + + align:start position:0% +restrictions to test uh this model and + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions to test uh this model and +construct this test + + align:start position:0% +construct this test + + + align:start position:0% +construct this test +statistic okay so and then this allows + + align:start position:0% +statistic okay so and then this allows + + + align:start position:0% +statistic okay so and then this allows +them to compare + + align:start position:0% +them to compare + + + align:start position:0% +them to compare +uh let's say the common ownership model + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say the common ownership model + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say the common ownership model +against other types of + + align:start position:0% +against other types of + + + align:start position:0% +against other types of +models okay so let me uh tell you what + + align:start position:0% +models okay so let me uh tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +models okay so let me uh tell you what +they find from this again there's some + + align:start position:0% +they find from this again there's some + + + align:start position:0% +they find from this again there's some +details that I haven't touched on which + + align:start position:0% +details that I haven't touched on which + + + align:start position:0% +details that I haven't touched on which +is you know how do you specify the + + align:start position:0% +is you know how do you specify the + + + align:start position:0% +is you know how do you specify the +supply function and what are the the + + align:start position:0% +supply function and what are the the + + + align:start position:0% +supply function and what are the the +best instruments their preferred + + align:start position:0% +best instruments their preferred + + + align:start position:0% +best instruments their preferred +instrument are these optimal demand side + + align:start position:0% +instrument are these optimal demand side + + + align:start position:0% +instrument are these optimal demand side +instruments again now you want to say + + align:start position:0% +instruments again now you want to say + + + align:start position:0% +instruments again now you want to say +something about this flexible Supply s + + align:start position:0% +something about this flexible Supply s + + + align:start position:0% +something about this flexible Supply s +side so you use demand side variation + + align:start position:0% +side so you use demand side variation + + + align:start position:0% +side so you use demand side variation +which moves around the markup right and + + align:start position:0% +which moves around the markup right and + + + align:start position:0% +which moves around the markup right and +under the right model + + align:start position:0% +under the right model + + + align:start position:0% +under the right model +uh your your supply you know these are + + align:start position:0% +uh your your supply you know these are + + + align:start position:0% +uh your your supply you know these are +excluded instruments instruments that + + align:start position:0% +excluded instruments instruments that + + + align:start position:0% +excluded instruments instruments that +are excluded from the supply side your + + align:start position:0% +are excluded from the supply side your + + + align:start position:0% +are excluded from the supply side your +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um uh your uh moment these should be + + align:start position:0% +um uh your uh moment these should be + + + align:start position:0% +um uh your uh moment these should be +orthogonal to the variation in Omega + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to the variation in Omega + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to the variation in Omega +okay and so what you find here is that + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what you find here is that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what you find here is that +you know using these optimal instruments + + align:start position:0% +you know using these optimal instruments + + + align:start position:0% +you know using these optimal instruments +they soundly reject you know different + + align:start position:0% +they soundly reject you know different + + + align:start position:0% +they soundly reject you know different +models of common ownership against on + + align:start position:0% +models of common ownership against on + + + align:start position:0% +models of common ownership against on +profit + + align:start position:0% +profit + + + align:start position:0% +profit +maximization okay and so there's sort of + + align:start position:0% +maximization okay and so there's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +maximization okay and so there's sort of +different specification whether or not + + align:start position:0% +different specification whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +different specification whether or not +you allow for firms responding to a lack + + align:start position:0% +you allow for firms responding to a lack + + + align:start position:0% +you allow for firms responding to a lack +of these profit weights um they also + + align:start position:0% +of these profit weights um they also + + + align:start position:0% +of these profit weights um they also +reject uh perfect + + align:start position:0% +reject uh perfect + + + align:start position:0% +reject uh perfect +competition using these optimal + + align:start position:0% +competition using these optimal + + + align:start position:0% +competition using these optimal +instruments as well as you know a full + + align:start position:0% +instruments as well as you know a full + + + align:start position:0% +instruments as well as you know a full +Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly +model okay so it it it seems that sort + + align:start position:0% +model okay so it it it seems that sort + + + align:start position:0% +model okay so it it it seems that sort +of you know against what these time + + align:start position:0% +of you know against what these time + + + align:start position:0% +of you know against what these time +Trends suggest that firms do not seem to + + align:start position:0% +Trends suggest that firms do not seem to + + + align:start position:0% +Trends suggest that firms do not seem to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +internalizing these common ownership + + align:start position:0% +internalizing these common ownership + + + align:start position:0% +internalizing these common ownership +effects and instead the data is much + + align:start position:0% +effects and instead the data is much + + + align:start position:0% +effects and instead the data is much +more consistent with a with the uh with + + align:start position:0% +more consistent with a with the uh with + + + align:start position:0% +more consistent with a with the uh with +on profit + + align:start position:0% +on profit + + + align:start position:0% +on profit +maximization + + align:start position:0% +maximization + + + align:start position:0% +maximization +okay so um this is of course just a case + + align:start position:0% +okay so um this is of course just a case + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um this is of course just a case +study okay so um this doesn't speak to + + align:start position:0% +study okay so um this doesn't speak to + + + align:start position:0% +study okay so um this doesn't speak to +the to the uh US economy uh in its + + align:start position:0% +the to the uh US economy uh in its + + + align:start position:0% +the to the uh US economy uh in its +entirety so you know again to wrap up + + align:start position:0% +entirety so you know again to wrap up + + + align:start position:0% +entirety so you know again to wrap up +this is a very interesting hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +this is a very interesting hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very interesting hypothesis +that has sort of been very hotly debated + + align:start position:0% +that has sort of been very hotly debated + + + align:start position:0% +that has sort of been very hotly debated +in IO and uh you know people feel very + + align:start position:0% +in IO and uh you know people feel very + + + align:start position:0% +in IO and uh you know people feel very +strongly about it um + + align:start position:0% +strongly about it um + + + align:start position:0% +strongly about it um +you know you could plausibly conjecture + + align:start position:0% +you know you could plausibly conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +you know you could plausibly conjecture +that firms behave in this way based on + + align:start position:0% +that firms behave in this way based on + + + align:start position:0% +that firms behave in this way based on +these time trends that we have observed + + align:start position:0% +these time trends that we have observed + + + align:start position:0% +these time trends that we have observed +right it's not crazy to think that that + + align:start position:0% +right it's not crazy to think that that + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not crazy to think that that +you know they uh they somehow + + align:start position:0% +you know they uh they somehow + + + align:start position:0% +you know they uh they somehow +internalize this this case study rejects + + align:start position:0% +internalize this this case study rejects + + + align:start position:0% +internalize this this case study rejects +this um and more generally people have + + align:start position:0% +this um and more generally people have + + + align:start position:0% +this um and more generally people have +been highly skeptical of this hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +been highly skeptical of this hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +been highly skeptical of this hypothesis +in part due to you know sort of a lack + + align:start position:0% +in part due to you know sort of a lack + + + align:start position:0% +in part due to you know sort of a lack +of a plausible mechanism of how these + + align:start position:0% +of a plausible mechanism of how these + + + align:start position:0% +of a plausible mechanism of how these +firms would actually you know how these + + align:start position:0% +firms would actually you know how these + + + align:start position:0% +firms would actually you know how these +institutional investors would actually + + align:start position:0% +institutional investors would actually + + + align:start position:0% +institutional investors would actually +bring the firms to you know let's say + + align:start position:0% +bring the firms to you know let's say + + + align:start position:0% +bring the firms to you know let's say +soften competition or in less engage in + + align:start position:0% +soften competition or in less engage in + + + align:start position:0% +soften competition or in less engage in +less price competition right so this + + align:start position:0% +less price competition right so this + + + align:start position:0% +less price competition right so this +sort + + align:start position:0% +sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort +of the mechanism is sort of a still a + + align:start position:0% +of the mechanism is sort of a still a + + + align:start position:0% +of the mechanism is sort of a still a +bit Elusive and you know I mean um to to + + align:start position:0% +bit Elusive and you know I mean um to to + + + align:start position:0% +bit Elusive and you know I mean um to to +the best of my knowledge there has been + + align:start position:0% +the best of my knowledge there has been + + + align:start position:0% +the best of my knowledge there has been +No Smoking Gun like a story where it's + + align:start position:0% +No Smoking Gun like a story where it's + + + align:start position:0% +No Smoking Gun like a story where it's +clear that they have uh that they have + + align:start position:0% +clear that they have uh that they have + + + align:start position:0% +clear that they have uh that they have +done this okay some people argue that + + align:start position:0% +done this okay some people argue that + + + align:start position:0% +done this okay some people argue that +managerial incentives could be a + + align:start position:0% +managerial incentives could be a + + + align:start position:0% +managerial incentives could be a +potential explanation for this I think + + align:start position:0% +potential explanation for this I think + + + align:start position:0% +potential explanation for this I think +this is sort of an exciting topic that + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of an exciting topic that + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of an exciting topic that +you know you should make up your own + + align:start position:0% +you know you should make up your own + + + align:start position:0% +you know you should make up your own +mind on um and that's all I have for + + align:start position:0% +mind on um and that's all I have for + + + align:start position:0% +mind on um and that's all I have for +today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/u0h5IUouNk0.txt b/u0h5IUouNk0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8b38f338931ed7f32e8657378b169b1a6ea9be9 --- /dev/null +++ b/u0h5IUouNk0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hello everyone + + align:start position:0% +hello everyone + + + align:start position:0% +hello everyone +today we're going to be working through + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to be working through + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to be working through +goody bag 5 which is on electronic + + align:start position:0% +goody bag 5 which is on electronic + + + align:start position:0% +goody bag 5 which is on electronic +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +namely semiconductors in order to follow + + align:start position:0% +namely semiconductors in order to follow + + + align:start position:0% +namely semiconductors in order to follow +along you'll need a multimeter + + align:start position:0% +along you'll need a multimeter + + + align:start position:0% +along you'll need a multimeter +a pair of alligator clips some large + + align:start position:0% +a pair of alligator clips some large + + + align:start position:0% +a pair of alligator clips some large +leds i'll be using red + + align:start position:0% +leds i'll be using red + + + align:start position:0% +leds i'll be using red +white blue and green and some regular + + align:start position:0% +white blue and green and some regular + + + align:start position:0% +white blue and green and some regular +size leds i'll be using red + + align:start position:0% +size leds i'll be using red + + + align:start position:0% +size leds i'll be using red +blue and purple our main objectives + + align:start position:0% +blue and purple our main objectives + + + align:start position:0% +blue and purple our main objectives +today are to identify differently + + align:start position:0% +today are to identify differently + + + align:start position:0% +today are to identify differently +colored leds by radiating them with + + align:start position:0% +colored leds by radiating them with + + + align:start position:0% +colored leds by radiating them with +light across the visible light spectrum + + align:start position:0% +light across the visible light spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +light across the visible light spectrum +and in the process to explore the + + align:start position:0% +and in the process to explore the + + + align:start position:0% +and in the process to explore the +relationship between the band gap of a + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the band gap of a + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the band gap of a +semiconductor and its critical + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor and its critical + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor and its critical +absorption wavelength + + align:start position:0% +absorption wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +absorption wavelength +as we work through the goody bag i'd + + align:start position:0% +as we work through the goody bag i'd + + + align:start position:0% +as we work through the goody bag i'd +like you to think about how the size of + + align:start position:0% +like you to think about how the size of + + + align:start position:0% +like you to think about how the size of +the band gap of material + + align:start position:0% +the band gap of material + + + align:start position:0% +the band gap of material +may influence which wavelengths of light + + align:start position:0% +may influence which wavelengths of light + + + align:start position:0% +may influence which wavelengths of light +it can absorb let's get started + + align:start position:0% +it can absorb let's get started + + + align:start position:0% +it can absorb let's get started +first connect your black or negative + + align:start position:0% +first connect your black or negative + + + align:start position:0% +first connect your black or negative +lead to the 10 amp port on the + + align:start position:0% +lead to the 10 amp port on the + + + align:start position:0% +lead to the 10 amp port on the +multimeter and then your red + + align:start position:0% +multimeter and then your red + + + align:start position:0% +multimeter and then your red +or positive lead to the voltage ohm + + align:start position:0% +or positive lead to the voltage ohm + + + align:start position:0% +or positive lead to the voltage ohm +milliamp port + + align:start position:0% +milliamp port + + + align:start position:0% +milliamp port +then connect the probe end of each + + align:start position:0% +then connect the probe end of each + + + align:start position:0% +then connect the probe end of each +respective lead to one end of an + + align:start position:0% +respective lead to one end of an + + + align:start position:0% +respective lead to one end of an +alligator clip + + align:start position:0% +alligator clip + + + align:start position:0% +alligator clip +after you do this you should still have + + align:start position:0% +after you do this you should still have + + + align:start position:0% +after you do this you should still have +two free ends of the alligator clips + + align:start position:0% +two free ends of the alligator clips + + + align:start position:0% +two free ends of the alligator clips +grab one of your small leds and connect + + align:start position:0% +grab one of your small leds and connect + + + align:start position:0% +grab one of your small leds and connect +the free end of the alligator clip + + align:start position:0% +the free end of the alligator clip + + + align:start position:0% +the free end of the alligator clip +connected to the red lead probe to the + + align:start position:0% +connected to the red lead probe to the + + + align:start position:0% +connected to the red lead probe to the +positive end of the led + + align:start position:0% +positive end of the led + + + align:start position:0% +positive end of the led +this is the longer leg of the led and + + align:start position:0% +this is the longer leg of the led and + + + align:start position:0% +this is the longer leg of the led and +then connect the other free end that's + + align:start position:0% +then connect the other free end that's + + + align:start position:0% +then connect the other free end that's +connected to the black lead probe to the + + align:start position:0% +connected to the black lead probe to the + + + align:start position:0% +connected to the black lead probe to the +negative end of the led that's the short + + align:start position:0% +negative end of the led that's the short + + + align:start position:0% +negative end of the led that's the short +leg of the led + + align:start position:0% +leg of the led + + + align:start position:0% +leg of the led +then turn on your multimeter and set the + + align:start position:0% +then turn on your multimeter and set the + + + align:start position:0% +then turn on your multimeter and set the +dial to 2000 + + align:start position:0% +dial to 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +dial to 2000 +milli dc volts this is the order of + + align:start position:0% +milli dc volts this is the order of + + + align:start position:0% +milli dc volts this is the order of +magnitude of voltage + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of voltage + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of voltage +we'll measure across our small leds when + + align:start position:0% +we'll measure across our small leds when + + + align:start position:0% +we'll measure across our small leds when +we irradiate them with light from the + + align:start position:0% +we irradiate them with light from the + + + align:start position:0% +we irradiate them with light from the +larger leds + + align:start position:0% +larger leds + + + align:start position:0% +larger leds +finally make sure to keep track of which + + align:start position:0% +finally make sure to keep track of which + + + align:start position:0% +finally make sure to keep track of which +small led you're testing + + align:start position:0% +small led you're testing + + + align:start position:0% +small led you're testing +so that you know which led to refer to + + align:start position:0% +so that you know which led to refer to + + + align:start position:0% +so that you know which led to refer to +when we start comparing data between + + align:start position:0% +when we start comparing data between + + + align:start position:0% +when we start comparing data between +small leds + + align:start position:0% +small leds + + + align:start position:0% +small leds +so now we have our small led hooked up + + align:start position:0% +so now we have our small led hooked up + + + align:start position:0% +so now we have our small led hooked up +to our multimeter + + align:start position:0% +to our multimeter + + + align:start position:0% +to our multimeter +and now we're going to shine each one of + + align:start position:0% +and now we're going to shine each one of + + + align:start position:0% +and now we're going to shine each one of +our large leds onto the small led and + + align:start position:0% +our large leds onto the small led and + + + align:start position:0% +our large leds onto the small led and +record whether or not we have some + + align:start position:0% +record whether or not we have some + + + align:start position:0% +record whether or not we have some +non-zero voltage reading + + align:start position:0% +non-zero voltage reading + + + align:start position:0% +non-zero voltage reading +if the large led has enough energy to + + align:start position:0% +if the large led has enough energy to + + + align:start position:0% +if the large led has enough energy to +excite electrons across the band gap + + align:start position:0% +excite electrons across the band gap + + + align:start position:0% +excite electrons across the band gap +of the small led we should see some + + align:start position:0% +of the small led we should see some + + + align:start position:0% +of the small led we should see some +non-zero voltage across the small led + + align:start position:0% +non-zero voltage across the small led + + + align:start position:0% +non-zero voltage across the small led +so first i'm going to try and shine this + + align:start position:0% +so first i'm going to try and shine this + + + align:start position:0% +so first i'm going to try and shine this +blue light + + align:start position:0% +blue light + + + align:start position:0% +blue light +onto my small led and i'm going to look + + align:start position:0% +onto my small led and i'm going to look + + + align:start position:0% +onto my small led and i'm going to look +at the multimeter and try to see if + + align:start position:0% +at the multimeter and try to see if + + + align:start position:0% +at the multimeter and try to see if +there's some voltage dropped + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay as you can see our voltmeter is now + + align:start position:0% +okay as you can see our voltmeter is now + + + align:start position:0% +okay as you can see our voltmeter is now +measuring + + align:start position:0% +measuring + + + align:start position:0% +measuring +some non-zero value which means that + + align:start position:0% +some non-zero value which means that + + + align:start position:0% +some non-zero value which means that +this blue light has enough energy to + + align:start position:0% +this blue light has enough energy to + + + align:start position:0% +this blue light has enough energy to +excite electrons across + + align:start position:0% +excite electrons across + + + align:start position:0% +excite electrons across +its band gap after you've done this + + align:start position:0% +its band gap after you've done this + + + align:start position:0% +its band gap after you've done this +repeat this for the other + + align:start position:0% +repeat this for the other + + + align:start position:0% +repeat this for the other +large leds and then repeat the entire + + align:start position:0% +large leds and then repeat the entire + + + align:start position:0% +large leds and then repeat the entire +experiment for the other two small leds + + align:start position:0% +experiment for the other two small leds + + + align:start position:0% +experiment for the other two small leds +this should generate a set of 12 data + + align:start position:0% +this should generate a set of 12 data + + + align:start position:0% +this should generate a set of 12 data +points and using our knowledge of band + + align:start position:0% +points and using our knowledge of band + + + align:start position:0% +points and using our knowledge of band +gaps and wavelength absorption as well + + align:start position:0% +gaps and wavelength absorption as well + + + align:start position:0% +gaps and wavelength absorption as well +as the data that you've acquired + + align:start position:0% +as the data that you've acquired + + + align:start position:0% +as the data that you've acquired +we're going to determine which small led + + align:start position:0% +we're going to determine which small led + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to determine which small led +is what color + + align:start position:0% +is what color + + + align:start position:0% +is what color +so after running through your + + align:start position:0% +so after running through your + + + align:start position:0% +so after running through your +experiments you should have some chart + + align:start position:0% +experiments you should have some chart + + + align:start position:0% +experiments you should have some chart +that looks like mine + + align:start position:0% +that looks like mine + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like mine +where i have my small leds going down + + align:start position:0% +where i have my small leds going down + + + align:start position:0% +where i have my small leds going down +the side here and the large leds going + + align:start position:0% +the side here and the large leds going + + + align:start position:0% +the side here and the large leds going +across + + align:start position:0% +across + + + align:start position:0% +across +so each square represents a time when a + + align:start position:0% +so each square represents a time when a + + + align:start position:0% +so each square represents a time when a +small led was irradiated by + + align:start position:0% +small led was irradiated by + + + align:start position:0% +small led was irradiated by +a large led and a check represents when + + align:start position:0% +a large led and a check represents when + + + align:start position:0% +a large led and a check represents when +a non-zero voltage was + + align:start position:0% +a non-zero voltage was + + + align:start position:0% +a non-zero voltage was +measured across the multimeter and an x + + align:start position:0% +measured across the multimeter and an x + + + align:start position:0% +measured across the multimeter and an x +represents when + + align:start position:0% +represents when + + + align:start position:0% +represents when +there was a zero or very low voltage + + align:start position:0% +there was a zero or very low voltage + + + align:start position:0% +there was a zero or very low voltage +reading + + align:start position:0% +reading + + + align:start position:0% +reading +across the led okay so in order to + + align:start position:0% +across the led okay so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +across the led okay so in order to +dig into what this means it's important + + align:start position:0% +dig into what this means it's important + + + align:start position:0% +dig into what this means it's important +to understand the bounds + + align:start position:0% +to understand the bounds + + + align:start position:0% +to understand the bounds +of the visible light spectrum in terms + + align:start position:0% +of the visible light spectrum in terms + + + align:start position:0% +of the visible light spectrum in terms +of energy and wavelength + + align:start position:0% +of energy and wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +of energy and wavelength +so if you remember the visible light + + align:start position:0% +so if you remember the visible light + + + align:start position:0% +so if you remember the visible light +spectrum known uh + + align:start position:0% +spectrum known uh + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum known uh +wonderfully by the acronym origin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where you have red on one end and you + + align:start position:0% +where you have red on one end and you + + + align:start position:0% +where you have red on one end and you +have violet on the other end + + align:start position:0% +have violet on the other end + + + align:start position:0% +have violet on the other end +we know that red corresponds to around + + align:start position:0% +we know that red corresponds to around + + + align:start position:0% +we know that red corresponds to around +700 nanometers in wavelength and we know + + align:start position:0% +700 nanometers in wavelength and we know + + + align:start position:0% +700 nanometers in wavelength and we know +that violet or purple + + align:start position:0% +that violet or purple + + + align:start position:0% +that violet or purple +corresponds to around 420 nanometers + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to around 420 nanometers + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to around 420 nanometers +of wavelength and if we think back to + + align:start position:0% +of wavelength and if we think back to + + + align:start position:0% +of wavelength and if we think back to +the relationship between the energy of + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between the energy of +light + + align:start position:0% +light + + + align:start position:0% +light +and its wavelength we know that the + + align:start position:0% +and its wavelength we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +and its wavelength we know that the +formula is e + + align:start position:0% +formula is e + + + align:start position:0% +formula is e +it is hc over lambda so + + align:start position:0% +it is hc over lambda so + + + align:start position:0% +it is hc over lambda so +as the wavelength of light decreases + + align:start position:0% +as the wavelength of light decreases + + + align:start position:0% +as the wavelength of light decreases +the energy of light increases so going + + align:start position:0% +the energy of light increases so going + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of light increases so going +across as we go from + + align:start position:0% +across as we go from + + + align:start position:0% +across as we go from +red green blue and white we have + + align:start position:0% +red green blue and white we have + + + align:start position:0% +red green blue and white we have +increasing energy because we have + + align:start position:0% +increasing energy because we have + + + align:start position:0% +increasing energy because we have +decreasing wavelength + + align:start position:0% +decreasing wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing wavelength +and just as a reminder white is a + + align:start position:0% +and just as a reminder white is a + + + align:start position:0% +and just as a reminder white is a +composite of + + align:start position:0% +composite of + + + align:start position:0% +composite of +red blue and green so it has all three + + align:start position:0% +red blue and green so it has all three + + + align:start position:0% +red blue and green so it has all three +of these combined + + align:start position:0% +of these combined + + + align:start position:0% +of these combined +in so now let's start to identify which + + align:start position:0% +in so now let's start to identify which + + + align:start position:0% +in so now let's start to identify which +led is what color so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +led is what color so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +led is what color so if you look at +small led1 + + align:start position:0% +small led1 + + + align:start position:0% +small led1 +it was irradiated by red green blue and + + align:start position:0% +it was irradiated by red green blue and + + + align:start position:0% +it was irradiated by red green blue and +white light + + align:start position:0% +white light + + + align:start position:0% +white light +and there was a voltage drop across the + + align:start position:0% +and there was a voltage drop across the + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a voltage drop across the +led for all + + align:start position:0% +led for all + + + align:start position:0% +led for all +that means that at the very least red + + align:start position:0% +that means that at the very least red + + + align:start position:0% +that means that at the very least red +had enough + + align:start position:0% +had enough + + + align:start position:0% +had enough +energy to excite electrons across the + + align:start position:0% +energy to excite electrons across the + + + align:start position:0% +energy to excite electrons across the +band gap of that small led + + align:start position:0% +band gap of that small led + + + align:start position:0% +band gap of that small led +because that's the case and we know that + + align:start position:0% +because that's the case and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +because that's the case and we know that +we're dealing with leds which emit light + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with leds which emit light + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with leds which emit light +the visible light spectrum + + align:start position:0% +the visible light spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +the visible light spectrum +we know that this small led then must be + + align:start position:0% +we know that this small led then must be + + + align:start position:0% +we know that this small led then must be +red so if we look at small led 2 + + align:start position:0% +red so if we look at small led 2 + + + align:start position:0% +red so if we look at small led 2 +we can see that both red and green light + + align:start position:0% +we can see that both red and green light + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that both red and green light +did not have enough energy + + align:start position:0% +did not have enough energy + + + align:start position:0% +did not have enough energy +to excite electrons across the band gap + + align:start position:0% +to excite electrons across the band gap + + + align:start position:0% +to excite electrons across the band gap +the second led but + + align:start position:0% +the second led but + + + align:start position:0% +the second led but +when we shine blue light onto the led we + + align:start position:0% +when we shine blue light onto the led we + + + align:start position:0% +when we shine blue light onto the led we +got a non-zero voltage drop + + align:start position:0% +got a non-zero voltage drop + + + align:start position:0% +got a non-zero voltage drop +and the same thing when we shine white + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing when we shine white + + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing when we shine white +light which also has blue light in it + + align:start position:0% +light which also has blue light in it + + + align:start position:0% +light which also has blue light in it +because like i said in the beginning we + + align:start position:0% +because like i said in the beginning we + + + align:start position:0% +because like i said in the beginning we +knew that our small leds were + + align:start position:0% +knew that our small leds were + + + align:start position:0% +knew that our small leds were +red blue and purple and we've already + + align:start position:0% +red blue and purple and we've already + + + align:start position:0% +red blue and purple and we've already +found a red led + + align:start position:0% +found a red led + + + align:start position:0% +found a red led +that means that this led must be + + align:start position:0% +that means that this led must be + + + align:start position:0% +that means that this led must be +the blue so finally if we look at small + + align:start position:0% +the blue so finally if we look at small + + + align:start position:0% +the blue so finally if we look at small +led number three we can see that + + align:start position:0% +led number three we can see that + + + align:start position:0% +led number three we can see that +red green blue and white light did not + + align:start position:0% +red green blue and white light did not + + + align:start position:0% +red green blue and white light did not +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +sufficient energy to cause some voltage + + align:start position:0% +sufficient energy to cause some voltage + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient energy to cause some voltage +drop across the led + + align:start position:0% +drop across the led + + + align:start position:0% +drop across the led +if we look back to roy g biv and we + + align:start position:0% +if we look back to roy g biv and we + + + align:start position:0% +if we look back to roy g biv and we +think about the energy + + align:start position:0% +think about the energy + + + align:start position:0% +think about the energy +of of red to blue that means that they + + align:start position:0% +of of red to blue that means that they + + + align:start position:0% +of of red to blue that means that they +didn't have enough energy + + align:start position:0% +didn't have enough energy + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have enough energy +to excite anything after it and that + + align:start position:0% +to excite anything after it and that + + + align:start position:0% +to excite anything after it and that +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +that our final led must be violet or + + align:start position:0% +that our final led must be violet or + + + align:start position:0% +that our final led must be violet or +purple + + align:start position:0% +purple + + + align:start position:0% +purple +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so by shining light across the visible + + align:start position:0% +so by shining light across the visible + + + align:start position:0% +so by shining light across the visible +light spectrum onto our small leds we're + + align:start position:0% +light spectrum onto our small leds we're + + + align:start position:0% +light spectrum onto our small leds we're +able to identify + + align:start position:0% +able to identify + + + align:start position:0% +able to identify +which one of our small leds are what + + align:start position:0% +which one of our small leds are what + + + align:start position:0% +which one of our small leds are what +color so right here i have small led1 + + align:start position:0% +color so right here i have small led1 + + + align:start position:0% +color so right here i have small led1 +hooked up to the multimeter and we + + align:start position:0% +hooked up to the multimeter and we + + + align:start position:0% +hooked up to the multimeter and we +determined it was red + + align:start position:0% +determined it was red + + + align:start position:0% +determined it was red +and so we can check that by just turning + + align:start position:0% +and so we can check that by just turning + + + align:start position:0% +and so we can check that by just turning +on the led + + align:start position:0% +on the led + + + align:start position:0% +on the led +so as you can see this led is shining + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see this led is shining + + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see this led is shining +red which means it's the red led + + align:start position:0% +red which means it's the red led + + + align:start position:0% +red which means it's the red led +and we're able to confirm that by using + + align:start position:0% +and we're able to confirm that by using + + + align:start position:0% +and we're able to confirm that by using +our data as well you can check that the + + align:start position:0% +our data as well you can check that the + + + align:start position:0% +our data as well you can check that the +other two leds are the colors that we + + align:start position:0% +other two leds are the colors that we + + + align:start position:0% +other two leds are the colors that we +determined by doing the same thing + + align:start position:0% +determined by doing the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +determined by doing the same thing +so today we looked at a direct + + align:start position:0% +so today we looked at a direct + + + align:start position:0% +so today we looked at a direct +application of semiconductors in leds + + align:start position:0% +application of semiconductors in leds + + + align:start position:0% +application of semiconductors in leds +we looked at the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the relationship between +the band gap of an led semiconductor + + align:start position:0% +the band gap of an led semiconductor + + + align:start position:0% +the band gap of an led semiconductor +and the range of light that can absorb + + align:start position:0% +and the range of light that can absorb + + + align:start position:0% +and the range of light that can absorb +across its band gap + + align:start position:0% +across its band gap + + + align:start position:0% +across its band gap +we found that for semiconductors there + + align:start position:0% +we found that for semiconductors there + + + align:start position:0% +we found that for semiconductors there +are some critical absorption wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +are some critical absorption wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +are some critical absorption wavelengths +some maximum + + align:start position:0% +some maximum + + + align:start position:0% +some maximum +wavelength below which the led will + + align:start position:0% +wavelength below which the led will + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength below which the led will +absorb + + align:start position:0% +absorb + + + align:start position:0% +absorb +all other wavelengths of light \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/u6GHfkq8Aq4.txt b/u6GHfkq8Aq4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d0688969de81269936ca61f2f9a116f9360c873 --- /dev/null +++ b/u6GHfkq8Aq4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1193 @@ +The following content is provided by MIT OpenCourseWare under a creative + +commons license. Additional information about our license and + +MIT OpenCourseWare in general, is available at ocw.mit.edu The + +end of last lecture I got an interesting question about apoptosis + +which I covered very briefly towards the end of that lecture. And the + +question was this: Do healthy cells tell sick cells to die? + +Or in turn, do sick cells tell healthy cells to die? + +So, is there some kind of communication between cells as to + +who is healthy and who is not healthy? For those of you who are + +just coming in, there is a handout outside, + +and up front, it's the same thing. And that's actually a very + +interesting question because they really does seem, in the body, to be + +some sense of monitoring whether cells are healthy or not. + +Now, a lot of the time, cells that are not healthy + +intrinsically activate their own death program, + +or they have the ability, they gain the ability to respond to + +some kind of extrinsic signals. And in fact, signals could be sent both + +ways, we believe, where sick cells will tell healthy + +cells to die under conditions that are obviously not favorable to the + +organism, but more important, that healthy cells can tell sick + +cells not to survive. So, the balance of apoptosis and + +cell survival is a very delicate one and regulated by many, + +many things. So, it's a good question. All right, + +we move on. We move on to a new module. So, you have, in fact, covered + +the foundations of modern biology. You've covered them in a very + +superficial way. And I want to emphasize that. You should, + +by now, know how to take a piece of DNA, conceptually turn it into RNA, + +and conceptually turn that into a protein. You should know what to do + +if the DNA sequence is changed. You should have the expectation that the + +RNA and protein that are made from it will be changed, + +too, and you should have various other nuggets of information that + +are covered by foundations. These foundations are not going to + +go away. We're going to use them throughout the rest of these + +uncovered black boxes. And I'm going to assume that you + +remember a bunch of stuff as I go through the material in the next + +several lectures. But we are going to move in to the + +formation module. And today, we are going to talk about + +things in a kind of overview way. And I'm going to tell you five + +major things that are important. And I'm going to write them on the + +board, and some of the things they need to know about them. And + +we will use the slides as well. So, what is formation? What is this + +module all about? Well, it's about something called + +"development," where development is the process by which one cell, + +the fertilized egg or the zygote goes on to make a multi-cellular and + +complex organism. + +This is not about squishy little embryos. OK, this is about life as + +it began, as it continues in your own bodies. + +And it has immense applications for multiple biomedical and + +bioengineering processes that I'll talk about as we go through. The + +first thing you need to know is what's written up here is that the + +development occurs over time and space. + +And that's one of the things that makes it an incredibly complex set + +of processes to think about. The overtime can be a long time. And + +what's important to understand is that developmental processes occur + +throughout life. Initially, in the formation of the + +organism from a single cell, the fertilized egg, the zygote, + +and later on, early in the formation of the embryo, + +and later, in the renewal of the adult. + +And this is where the stem cells come in. And + +we'll have a lecture on stem cells later on. But + +development is something that occurs throughout life. And + +in fact, I teach an upper-class course on development to graduate + +students. And the first thing I tell them when I + +start to teach them is really there is no such subject as developmental + +biology because it covers, it includes, it encompasses + +biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, protein structure, + +and many different disciplines. And it occurs throughout life. So, + +it really covers everything. But we have put these things together in + +the formation module, and I think you will find them + +interesting. OK, so here's a schematic of how things + +work courtesy of Picasso. And really, this whole process is quite + +remarkable. It starts with two dying cells. + +The egg and the sperm, haploid cells that have a half-life + +that have a life of about 12 hours up to which they are dead. But + +when they fuse, there's magic that happens, and you get a viable cell, + +the zygote, that has the capacity to go on and divide many, + +many times to form an embryo and ultimately an adult organism. And + +as we've mentioned many times, it is estimated that there are about ten + +to the 14th cells in the human. In the adults, + +and even in young adults, there is much replacement of cells + +throughout life. And this whole process obviously takes place over + +time. But that's important because the time component means that things + +change over time. And in order to understand this entire + +slide, you have to factor in this fourth dimension. + +So, what are some of the things that we're going to cover in this module, + +and why are we bothering to talk to you about the subject? + +Well, one of the things that's of interest is the effect of chemicals + +on the formation of a normal body. So, there are these things called + +teratogens, which are chemicals that affect formation of early steps in + +development of the embryo. This is a famous one, the effects of a + +famous one called thalidomide that was given as an anti-nausea + +medication during pregnancy some decades ago. + +It has no effect on rodents on which it was tested, + +but it was not tested on primates before you give it to people, + +and it has the devastating effect of preventing limb formation, + +and a number of people were born in the late 1940s, + +early 1950s, who lacked limbs because of the effect of + +thalidomide. And I have to tell you, + +this is very interesting for those of you who are interested in + +chemistry. Thalidomide has a pretty simple chemical structure. It has + +been studied for many, many decades. It's a very interesting drug because + +it turns out it prevents cachexia, which is the wasting that occurs + +with many disorders including HIV-AIDS infection. So, + +thalidomide is a very, very useful drug. It has a simple chemical + +structure. It's been studied for decades, and we do not know its + +mechanism of action. OK, here's another one that you might be + +familiar with, the drug, not the syndrome, I hope. + +So, fetal alcohol syndrome, so, a normal brain, this is a brain + +taken from a fetus. That is the late stage gestation human whose + +mother drink excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. So, + +during the early stages of pregnancy the first few months, + +alcohol is devastating to formation of the brain and also to the bones + +of the face. And even a reasonable number of drinks, + +apparently, just a few can significantly lower the IQ points of + +a baby. And so, it's a good reason not to drink if + +you're pregnant. This was a very devastating case. + +You can see the brain is very smooth. It doesn't have those nice + +valleys and hills, the sulci and the gyri, + +that the normal brain has, and this fetus would not have been able to + +survive. Here's one. This is the dream of all biologists, + +developmental or otherwise. It's a dream of bioengineers. It's + +probably the dream of everybody. Someone cuts off their arm in an + +accident: can we grow a new one? Well, newts can. So, in this + +example, newts can. So, in this example, the newt limb, + +this poor animal was amputated just above the elbow. But over a period + +of a few months, another limb grew back, + +smaller than the original but perfectly functional. + +We can't do that. How do newts do it, + +and how could we use that information to help people grow new + +limbs, or new hearts, or new eyes? Fish, for example, + +the fisheye work on zebrafish can grow a new heart. You can cut the + +heart into two. Take away half of it. It'll regenerate a new heart. + +There are animals were you can remove half of the retina or all of + +the retina, and it will regenerate a new retina. We do some + +regeneration. You can take away two thirds of the liver, and new + +liver will grow back. And that's one of the principles + +behind liver transplants. But we can't do things like regenerate + +eyes, and hearts, and limbs. It's been the focus of + +study for a long time to try to figure out how newts do it, + +and to ask whether we can capitalize on that knowledge. And + +I have to tell you, it's been a very tough area of biology, + +still wide open. And that's where the great god of stem cells comes + +in. Because it's been so difficult to get limb regeneration, + +for example, and heart regeneration, there is a sense that perhaps we + +could get groups of cells to repair damaged organs. + +And stem cells are the things that hold this promise. And + +we'll have a whole lecture on this later. And part and parcel of stem + +cells is the very newsworthy issue of human cloning, + +making identical replicas of things. And we'll talk about this also in + +a separate lecture. OK, all right, + +so let's move on to the next set of things that you need to know. And + +that's the notion that there are multiple processes that are involved + +in setting up development formation of any multi-cellular organism. + +So, multiple processes are involved. And these are cell division, + +right, a single cell, so, ten to the 14th cells. You figure out how many + +rounds of cell division at us. Actually, that's a tough question. + +You could go and do that, OK, and over spring break if you're + +lying on the beach or hanging out on a mountain, if you can find any snow + +you can go and figure out how many cell divisions it takes to get ten + +to the 14th cells. But it's not so easy because cells + +don't just divide from one to ten to the 14th. As they are dividing, + +there's a balance of cell division, and as we talked about last lecture, + +of cell death. OK, so cell division versus cell death, + +and so I can't tell you how many divisions that takes because there + +are a lot of cells that die along the way to those ten + +to the 14th cells. Here's another one: cell type. + +What's cell type? Different kinds of cells in the + +body, we mentioned this right at the beginning of the course. Skin cells, + +cells that produce the hair, nerve cells, red blood cells, + +and so on. There are probably 500 different cell types, + +and these each have specific functions. And + +the definition of a cell type really is a group of cells with + +a particular function. Something else that's interesting + +about turning that single cell into a multi-cellular organism is the + +notion of position. So, if you look at yourself in the + +mirror with all your imperfections, you likely have your arms coming out + +of your shoulders, and your head coming up above your + +shoulders also. Something has made the decision to put those parts of + +your body in their correct place. And that system is a set of + +positional information. It's kind of like a map. And as you're going + +from a single cell to a multi-cellular organism, + +there is a set of molecular information that really puts the + +coordinates on a map just as it you had a blank map of the world and you + +put on the Cartesian coordinates. So you would do that to the + +developing embryo. So, there's something called positional + +information, and the final thing is three-dimensional structure. + +And we'll have a whole lecture on 3-D structure. But + +suffice to say for now, cells do not work as single + +entities. The blood subsystem, the hematopoietic system, is the + +only real example in the body of cells working as single systems. + +And even there, they don't really. In all cases, + +cells group together to form tissues, and is tissues grouped together + +to form organs. And the precise three-dimensional + +structure by which they form is really important. So, + +here are some examples. I'm going to show you a movie of some stages + +of human development. This is taken from material collected a long time + +ago. And what I want you to see is that over a period of a few weeks + +how the sides of the embryo changes due to cell division. OK, so -- + + So these are all taken at the same + +magnification. And you can see that as time progresses, + +the size of the embryo changes, and this was all due to cell + +division. You can see that shape changes as well, + +and this is due to various processes including modeling through cell + +death. One of the interesting things about this, + +and this will be on your website. You can look at it. + +One of the interesting things about this is that early human embryos + +have a tail. So, you had a tail, a really pretty good + +tail until you were about 56 days old. And then, + +it disappeared. And in these early embryos, + +if you go back and look at this again, you will see the embryo has a + +tail. So, this is a manifestation over the tremendous change in size + +of a human embryo caused by changes in the number of cells. This cell + +death, duck feet, chicken feet, chicken feet are not + +web. Duck feet are webbed. They start + +off looking almost identical. And the difference is that between the + +digits, between the fingers or the toes, the cells die in the case of + +the chicken, and they do not die in the case of the duck. And + +if you go back and look at this, you will see that there are little + +dots between the digits of the chick, and not the digits of the duck, + +and those are the cells dying. So, there is a controlled process of + +cell death that's very important. Tissues, cell type, + +this is really one of the most extraordinary examples in the body + +of different cell types, and different cell types working + +together to a common function. This is a diagram of the retina that I + +took from your book, and it exemplifies two things: one, + +a bunch of different cell types. These are all nerve cells that are + +in the retina, and they are nerve cells that in + +various ways, either sense light or transmit the signal of the light + +once the light has been sensed to other nerve cells. + +You can see, firstly, there are these different cell types, + +and you can see secondly, represented by colors, you can see + +that they're organized in layers. There is a very precise and very + +important layering of cell types in the retina. If you disrupt that + +layering, the retina doesn't work. And in many cases of retinal + +degeneration, the retina doesn't work because the cells have, + +the layering has been disorganized, and the cells can't make the proper + +contacts with one another. Position: we talk about axes in the + +animal, and in the adult as well. We talk about an anterior, + +posterior axis, which is the set of organs from the head to the tail. + +We talk about a dorsal, ventral axis from the back of the + +animal to the belly. And we talk about a left-right axis from + +the left to the right. So, if you look at yourself in a mirror + +again, you'll look pretty symmetric. If you were to peel back your body + +wall and look at your organs inside, you will see that you are not + +symmetric at all. You have an asymmetry along your left-right + +axis. OK, so you will need to know these terms: anterior, + +posterior, dorsal, ventral, and left-right is easy. And + +finally, here's three dimensional structure. Here is the heart. + +The heart is a muscle. It's actually got several different cell + +types. But it is mostly muscle where the muscle is arrayed in + +various, precise, organization. And + +it's this precise organization of the cells that allows the heart to + +pump. How do you get this organization? We'll talk about that + +later on in the course. Can you regenerate this organization either + +artificially, or in some kind of tissue culture system? + +Very tough to do, and as you may know, there is no good artificial + +heart out there right now. This is a great thing for some of + +you to think about for your future careers. It's wide open. Are there + +circumstances where we could regenerate a human heart in a test + +tube or in a large test tube on a Petri plate, for example? + +It would have to be a very large test tube, right, + +a box, a test box? I don't think so. I think that is + +really going to be very, very tough to do, and I think we + +have to think more carefully about how we are going to repair + +damaged hearts. Again, we'll talk more about this. + +So, what I'm going to do now is to show you a movie of the development + +of an early fish embryo. The kind of fish is called a zebra fish. I + +work on these in my laboratory. I have about 10, + +00 of them there, and I'm going to use them. Yes, + +I have 10,000 fish. If you want to come and visit my laboratory and see + +my fish, you can. It's a fantastic model system. + +And I'm going to use this movie and this embryo to show you something + +about the sequence of events that take place during development. I + +want you to look for cell division, and I want you to look for + +structural changes as you watch the movie. Let's look at the movie + +again without the music. And let me show you what you're looking at. So, + +to zebra fish, like the chicken, + +and actually almost like the human develops as a disk of cells, + +or from a little disk of cells. I'll show this to you again when it + +starts again, that sits on top of a yolk cell. Chickens have got a yolk + +cell. That's the yolk of egg. Humans don't. But otherwise things + +are very similar. Let me try to start that. OK, + +good. So, we're going to look at this again. Here is the yolk cell. + +This big round ball here is the so-called yolk cell, + +and that's going to be the food of the embryo. These two bumps + +on top are two cells. This is a two cell stage embryo. + +And as you watch the movie for the last time, and I'll post it on your + +website so you can watch it as much as you want, you'll see these two + +cells divide into four cells, and eight cells, and 16 cells, + +and so on, until they've made a little dome of cells sitting on top + +of the yolk cell. And then, at that point, suddenly at some + +point, and this is very interesting. That group of cells realizes that + +there's enough of them, and they start to move. And they + +spread out to cover the whole yolk cell. + +And as they do this, a bunch of them also move to the + +right hand side of the board. And if you watch, you could see stuff + +happening. And at the end of the movie, + +you could see something that might have been somewhat recognizable to + +you as a developing little animal in that it had an eye, + +and I'll point this out, and it had a tail. So, let's watch + +it again and I'll stop it at various points, and I will point out stuff. + +Where did my mouse go? There it is. OK, so here's the + +cell division. Cells are dividing. They are dividing, + +they're dividing, they're dividing, and making this little dome on top + +of the embryo on top of the yolk. So, this little group of cells is + +going to give rise to the whole fish. And although humans don't + +have a yolk cell like this, human embryos look very similar. + +And now, this group of cells is going to spread out. You will see a + +kind of haze spreading out over this yolk cell. + +That's the cells moving. There they go. They're moving, + +moving, moving, moving, moving down. And at the same time, + +a bunch of them are moving to the side of the embryo. And as you + +watch, take a look. Here is the high. This oval is the eye and the + +brain is going to develop up here. And watch these little shiver and + +shaky things on the side as well. Those are the developing muscles. + +OK, and so, there it goes, a lot of shape forming. + +And we are going to move on from there. OK, so go and take a look at + +this at your leisure. We are going to talk about some of those + +processes again. So, let's move on to the next point that + +we need to deal with, and that is a point that I've called + +here cell fate requires differential gene expression. But + +I'm going to state it more simply on the boards, which are + +now not responsive. + +OK, here's an easy way to state this. Genes control development. + + OK, well, that doesn't sound so + +surprising. Genes control everything as far as you've been + +told, but let's talk about that in a bit more detail. And + +there are three things you should know about this. Firstly, + +the function of a cell depends on the specific proteins present. + +So, cell function depends on specific proteins. + + Second thing: all cells contain the + +same genes or the same set of genes -- + + And the third thing is that only + +some of those genes are used in each cell type. + + And I'm going to use the term + +expressed, which we've encountered before. Only some genes are + +expressed in each cell type. And I'm also going to introduce to + +you a term called fate where the term is similarly used to the + +English term fate, but not quite, where fate and + +development refers to the final form and function of a cell. + + All right, so let's see what we + +have. Here's something we've seen before, this kind of tiresome + +diagram that's useful and that should be really familiar to you, + +the passage of information from DNA through an RNA intermediate to a + +protein product. And the formation of the final product + +from the gene is termed gene expression. Cell types are + +different because they make different proteins. We've talked + +about these three cell types previously. + +Erythrocytes are so because they're making globin, + +which carries oxygen around the body. Neurons are making proteins, + +which send out the filaments, and chemicals that allow nerves to + +communicate with each other and so on. Number 15 on your hand out, + +the first slide on your handout, you need to know this really, + +really clearly. This is important. + +And part of the deal here is something I'm going to write on the + +board, firstly, that in any process of figuring out + +what a cell is going to become, there are multiple steps to a final + +fate. It doesn't just happen at once. + +And secondly, I want to make the distinction between regulatory genes + +and differentiation genes -- + +-- where regulatory genes, we can rephrase this, control cell + +fate, and differentiation genes affect cell fate. + +They carry out cell fate. And here is a litany that I've written + +out for you that is important that you know. In the life of a cell, + +as it's deciding what to become, it goes through multiple stages. It + +starts off not knowing what it's going to become, + +and we call those uncommitted cells. Kind of like you when you came to + +MIT, you were uncommitted and perhaps still are as to what you're + +going to do next. But over time, + +through the passage of time, you get various inputs and you + +decide what you are going to become either as a cell or as an MIT + +student. And at that point, you are called committed or + +determined. That's the jargon. You need to know it. It's very + +important. Committed or determined cells have made the decision what to + +be. But they haven't gone on and become the final thing that + +they're going to be. So, maybe you are premed, + +and by now you have committed to being premed. So, + +you are different than when you came in here, but you certainly are not a + +qualified physician at this point. In order to do that, + +you're going to have to go through another bunch of steps and find your + +final form. You're going to have to differentiate into a physician or + +into a cell type. So, this uncommitted-committed + +differentiated litany triad is something we're going to talk + +about over and over. It's going to come up throughout the + +course probably in most of the lectures that both I and Professor + +Jacks will give you. During this passage, and you've got the slide, + +this is the slide you actually have, is two sets of genes are activated, + +regulatory genes and differentiation genes. As the uncommitted cells + +decide what they're going to be, regulatory genes are activated. + +As the committed cells go on to read out the final thing, + +their final function, the activation of differentiation + +genes takes place. So, how does it work? How does a cell + +decide what to become, and how do different cells decide to + +become different things? Well, this is the way I think about + +this. This isn't the way your book thinks about it, + +but this is the way I think about it. I think that there is a + +combinatorial regulatory code that controls cell type. + +And so, let's have an example of the three cell types I've talked about + +before, your erythrocyte neuron and sperm. And let's look at the + +regulatory genes that each expresses. You can look on the + +screen. You have this in front of you as a handout. So, + +I've arbitrarily said that an erythrocyte is expressing regulatory + +genes, R, F, and K, the neurons expressing A, + +I, and K, and the sperm is expressing A, F, and K. + +OK, now let's look at those. Those three groups of three letters are + +different from one another. And so, for each of these cell types, there + +is a unique set of letters or a unique regulatory code. What's this + +code made up of? Well, it's made up of cell type + +specific factors, or cell type specific regulatory + +genes, regulatory gene products. RNI are expressed in just the + +erythrocyte, or just the neuron. They are cell type specific + +regulators. General factors, K is expressed in all of the cells, + +and restricted factors, F and A, are expressed in just two of the three + +cells. And you can do that for any cell type. You can come up with + +some kind of combinatorial code of gene expression of regulatory genes + +that control cell fate. Now, these regulatory genes will go + +on to activate the expression of a whole bunch of differentiation + +genes. And usually a small set of regulatory genes will activate a + +large set of differentiation genes that carry out the final function. + +So, here I've given you an example for erythrocytes. It's, + +again, on your handouts. The regulatory code for erythrocytes, + +RFK, a small regulatory code, actually it's probably about 20 + +genes, will go on and activate at least a hundred genes which will be + +the gene products that actually carry out the function + +of red blood cells. OK, so regulatory genes activate + +differentiation genes. What's all this regulatory stuff? + +What are these regulatory genes? So, here you have to think back to + +previous lectures. Remember this diagram? You have it. + +You've had it several times. This is the hierarchy of things that + +happened from the gene in the nucleus to the final, + +modified, localized protein products. You can control, + +the cell can control gene expression at any point along this hierarchy. + +It can control transcription, initiation, or termination, RNA + +splicing, stability or exports, translation, the initiation or + +elongation. It can control export of proteins to different parts of + +the cell through protein trafficking, modification and control + +of protein stability. And there are more. OK, + +this is some of the list of steps at which gene expression can be + +regulated. And those hypothetical regulatory + +factors I told you about in the last couple of slides can be anything + +that affect any of these steps from the gene to the final product. OK, + +all right, so here's another one that you need to know. + +Complexity increases with developmental age. + + And what I'm going to tell you + +about is how as development proceeds, as you get different cell types + +forming, you have to make groups of cells with specific + +regulatory codes. + +And these cells -- + +And these regulatory codes will lead to a specific fate. So, + +here's a nice example just by looking at development of an organ, + +for example, and this is important if you're going to try to engineer + +an organ through tissue engineering. You have to understand there are + +normally many, many steps involved. These are the + +beginning steps in formation of the eye. + +And it doesn't matter what each of these steps are, + +but if you look at the progression of cells, each of these lines are + +groups of cells. You can see that they organized in different ways. + +They fold. Bits break off, and you'll end up with a structure + +that's a lot more complex just in a pictorial way than it was in the + +beginning. And that is true in terms of every aspect of this organ. + +It is more complex at the end than at the beginning. And + +somewhere through here, you have to increase the complexity of + +this developing tissue. So, how do you do it? + +This is the way I like to think about this, and this is number 20 of + +your handout. Here's an egg or a zygote, if you like, + +a one cell embryo. It's one cell. There's only one kind of cell there. + +Or, I like to think in terms of territories. There's only one + +territory there. Now, I've also put a red dot in the + +cell. And this red dot can be anything. + +But it really is in terms of our conversation a group of regulatory + +gene products, or one regulatory gene product. + +Watch what happens when in my hypothetical example the cell + +divides. The red dot goes to one cell, and not the other cell. And + +so, now I've got two different kinds of cells. The regulators are in one + +cell and not in the other cell. And then, I've gone through + +this and done it again. When the cells go to four cells, + +suddenly I've magically put a blue dot in one of the cells, + +and there's a red dot in another cell, and there's some cells with no + +dots. And those give me three different kinds of cells, + +or if you like, three different kinds of territories. And + +for territories, you can read regulatory code, set of regulatory + +gene products. So, what have we done? + +What we have done in this example is to take a zygote or an egg, + +if you like, that is symmetric at least along one axis, + +and to divide it so that it's now got two daughters cells that are + +different from one another. So, there is a breaking of symmetry + +somewhere in this process. Now, in actual fact, if you look at the + +egg, it's really only symmetric in one axis. And so, it's not + +uniformly symmetric. But one of the things we think + +about in development is that every time you make a new cell type, + +you have to break symmetry. You get two different kinds of cell from one + +kind of cell. All right -- + +So, I'll come back to that diagram in a moment, but I want to, + +the fifth point I want to give you is that regulatory factors act + +within cells and between cells. + +Really important, that's why it's up on the screen and + +it's on the board. I'm going to tell you about three things. I'm + +going to tell you about regulatory factors that are given the term, + +determinants that work in a cell autonomous way. That means with + +inside the cell that carries them. I want to tell you about regulators + +called inducers that act between cells or in cell-cell signaling. + +And I'm going to tell you about a subset of inducers called morphogens, + +which work in a concentration dependent way. + + So, this is a kind of magic, + +and it isn't a kind of magic. The molecules I'll tell you about our + +molecules that you've heard about previously, OK? + + The phrasing, the jargon is a little + +different and you need to learn it because this is jargon that's used + +throughout biology. Let's first of all talk about these things called + +determinants. And the notion here is that cells become + +different because of what they inherit. And + +I've drawn for you here, and this is number 21 on your + +handout, I've drawn for you here a cell, this blue thing + +with squares in it. The squares are determinants, + +and determinants are some kind of regulatory factor. They may be one + +regulatory factor, maybe more than one regulatory + +factor. They may be transcription factors. They may be splicing + +factors. They may be micro-RNA's. They may be all the things we've + +talked about in previous lectures, but I've drawn them as squares. + +And here's a cell with those little squares. And I've drawn it so that + +all the squares are on one side and not the other. And + +of course, you're sitting there asking, how did the squares get on + +one side but not the other? And that is a really good + +question. And I'm not going to tell you how to get + +on one side but not the other. But there is a whole system in the cell + +of pulleys using things like microtubules where specific squares, + +specific molecules, can actually be pulled to one side of the + +cell or the other. And then, you're going to ask me, + +well, how do they know which side of the cell to move to? + +And that's another great question that I'm not going to answer. But + +suffice to say there is a whole molecular machinery that can move + +regulatory molecules to different places in the cell. But + +let's go back to our cell that's got squares on one side and not on the + +other. When it divides, it gives rise to a cell that's got + +lots of squares, lots of determinants, + +and another cell that doesn't have any. + +The cell with the determinants goes on to make cell type one because it + +has a specific set of regulatory factors. The cell without them goes + +on to make another cell type. It's not that it doesn't have any + +regulators; it just doesn't have the ones in the squares. So, + +cells are different because of what they inherit. Here is a fantastic + +example. These are early worm embryos, early embryos + +of [scientific name]. We mentioned this last time that + +Professor Horvitz in the biology department got the + +Nobel Prize for it several years ago. And this is an example of + +determinants moving to different cells during development. So, + +the top row are cells that have been stained for their nuclei. And + +you can see one cell, two cell, and 32 cell stage embryo. These bottom + +pictures are florescent pictures of things called pea granules. These + +are determinants. And you can see even at the one cell + +stage, there are all located on one side of the cell. At the two cell + +stage, they all go to one of the two cells. And at the 32 cell stage, + +they are all in the cell over here. And those cells or that cell is + +going to give rise to the egg and sperm of [scientific name] + +, and those pea granules are determinants for the germ cells. + +Here's the other big thing. Cell-cell signaling: cells + +may secrete an inducer. This is a ligand. Remember signal + +transduction that you talked about in cell biology II? + +Those same ligands that are secreted by cells bind to receptors + +on target cells. Receptor ligand interaction leads to activation of + +signal transduction pathways, again, from cell biology II. And + +that over time can change the genes that a cell is expressing and + +changed the fate of the cell. So, we call these things inducers + +because of the specific assays involved. But really, + +they're ligands, often proteins, sometimes lipids, that bind + +receptors, activate signal transduction, and change cell fate. + +This is number 23 on your handout. So, induction: a process by which + +cells become different because their neighbors tell them to do so, + +and a variation of induction, oh, here's an example of induction, sea + +urchin embryo, the induction is everywhere. + +But I've picked this one example. Sea urchin embryo goes on through + +time to make this little thing called a pluteus larva. If you + +remove the bottom half of the embryo, it goes on. The rest goes on to + +make a kind of a round thing with lots of cilia sticking out. And + +you can take four little cells that were right on the bottom of the + +normal embryo called micro-mirrors and stick them back on this top half + +of the embryo that didn't make a normal one. + +And it will restore a pretty normal embryo. And it's not that the red + +cells have made all the parts of the embryo that we're missing, + +or the parts of the larva that were missing. It's that those red cells + +have sent out a signal, and that signal has told other cells + +what to become. And in the case of the sea urchin, + +part of that signal is something called the delta protein. This is a + +micrograph of the a sea urchin embryo at a very early stage, + +and this brown-purple group of cells here are those cells that contain + +the delta protein. These are the micro-mirrors, + +and these are involved in inducing the rest of the embryo to become + +what it does. Now, inducers, ligands, can be tricky. + +They can act in different ways at different concentrations. And + +this is one of the big questions of biology. How do they do this? + +So, for example, if you have a lot of an inducer, + +it may tell cells to become cell type one. If you have a little bit + +of an inducer, it may tell cells to become cell + +type two. And we'll talk about in a + +subsequent lecture the molecular basis for this. So, + +an inducer that can induce different fates at different concentrations is + +terms a morphogen -- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/u_LAfG5uIpY.txt b/u_LAfG5uIpY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdcbf9b78d9aa4c19cd5e7757ab9d30c5591c18e --- /dev/null +++ b/u_LAfG5uIpY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,403 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so far in the course we've been studying + + align:start position:0% +so far in the course we've been studying + + + align:start position:0% +so far in the course we've been studying +the motion of collections of particles + + align:start position:0% +the motion of collections of particles + + + align:start position:0% +the motion of collections of particles +we would now like to consider rigid + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to consider rigid + + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to consider rigid +bodies + + align:start position:0% +bodies + + + align:start position:0% +bodies +now rigid bodies can be translated in + + align:start position:0% +now rigid bodies can be translated in + + + align:start position:0% +now rigid bodies can be translated in +space as I move it like this or we can + + align:start position:0% +space as I move it like this or we can + + + align:start position:0% +space as I move it like this or we can +rotate this rigid body about some point + + align:start position:0% +rotate this rigid body about some point + + + align:start position:0% +rotate this rigid body about some point +I can rotate it about the end point I + + align:start position:0% +I can rotate it about the end point I + + + align:start position:0% +I can rotate it about the end point I +can rotate it about a point which recall + + align:start position:0% +can rotate it about a point which recall + + + align:start position:0% +can rotate it about a point which recall +we called the center of mass so I can + + align:start position:0% +we called the center of mass so I can + + + align:start position:0% +we called the center of mass so I can +rotate it about the center of mass I can + + align:start position:0% +rotate it about the center of mass I can + + + align:start position:0% +rotate it about the center of mass I can +take the rigid body and I can rotate it + + align:start position:0% +take the rigid body and I can rotate it + + + align:start position:0% +take the rigid body and I can rotate it +about the center of mass and also + + align:start position:0% +about the center of mass and also + + + align:start position:0% +about the center of mass and also +translate it in space so there's many + + align:start position:0% +translate it in space so there's many + + + align:start position:0% +translate it in space so there's many +types of motions that we can do with + + align:start position:0% +types of motions that we can do with + + + align:start position:0% +types of motions that we can do with +rigid bodies sometimes the motions are + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies sometimes the motions are + + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies sometimes the motions are +quite complicated if I spin it like that + + align:start position:0% +quite complicated if I spin it like that + + + align:start position:0% +quite complicated if I spin it like that +it is a very more complicated motion you + + align:start position:0% +it is a very more complicated motion you + + + align:start position:0% +it is a very more complicated motion you +can see that it's rotating about this + + align:start position:0% +can see that it's rotating about this + + + align:start position:0% +can see that it's rotating about this +axis so what we'd like to do now is + + align:start position:0% +axis so what we'd like to do now is + + + align:start position:0% +axis so what we'd like to do now is +analyze how to think about the motion of + + align:start position:0% +analyze how to think about the motion of + + + align:start position:0% +analyze how to think about the motion of +rigid bodies and what we'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies and what we'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies and what we'd like to do is +idealize our rigid body so let's just + + align:start position:0% +idealize our rigid body so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +idealize our rigid body so let's just +draw even though we looked at a rod here + + align:start position:0% +draw even though we looked at a rod here + + + align:start position:0% +draw even though we looked at a rod here +let's just draw some extended idealized + + align:start position:0% +let's just draw some extended idealized + + + align:start position:0% +let's just draw some extended idealized +rigid body and let's identify two points + + align:start position:0% +rigid body and let's identify two points + + + align:start position:0% +rigid body and let's identify two points +in that rigid body the J point and the K + + align:start position:0% +in that rigid body the J point and the K + + + align:start position:0% +in that rigid body the J point and the K +point and we'll have think of our rigid + + align:start position:0% +point and we'll have think of our rigid + + + align:start position:0% +point and we'll have think of our rigid +body as a bunch of point-like particles + + align:start position:0% +body as a bunch of point-like particles + + + align:start position:0% +body as a bunch of point-like particles +MJ and MK and the important thing that + + align:start position:0% +MJ and MK and the important thing that + + + align:start position:0% +MJ and MK and the important thing that +defines a rigid body is the condition + + align:start position:0% +defines a rigid body is the condition + + + align:start position:0% +defines a rigid body is the condition +that the distance and we'll draw this a + + align:start position:0% +that the distance and we'll draw this a + + + align:start position:0% +that the distance and we'll draw this a +vector from the cape particle to the J + + align:start position:0% +vector from the cape particle to the J + + + align:start position:0% +vector from the cape particle to the J +the particle so we'll draw that as our j + + align:start position:0% +the particle so we'll draw that as our j + + + align:start position:0% +the particle so we'll draw that as our j +k and actually i would like to write it + + align:start position:0% +k and actually i would like to write it + + + align:start position:0% +k and actually i would like to write it +from the k particle to the j particle r + + align:start position:0% +from the k particle to the j particle r + + + align:start position:0% +from the k particle to the j particle r +KJ and our condition is that the + + align:start position:0% +KJ and our condition is that the + + + align:start position:0% +KJ and our condition is that the +magnitude of this vector which will + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of this vector which will + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of this vector which will +denote as r KJ is constant for all + + align:start position:0% +denote as r KJ is constant for all + + + align:start position:0% +denote as r KJ is constant for all +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +J and K now what does that mean that + + align:start position:0% +J and K now what does that mean that + + + align:start position:0% +J and K now what does that mean that +means the distance between any two + + align:start position:0% +means the distance between any two + + + align:start position:0% +means the distance between any two +points in the rigidbody stays fixed no + + align:start position:0% +points in the rigidbody stays fixed no + + + align:start position:0% +points in the rigidbody stays fixed no +matter how the rigid body is moving and + + align:start position:0% +matter how the rigid body is moving and + + + align:start position:0% +matter how the rigid body is moving and +no matter what two points I choose the + + align:start position:0% +no matter what two points I choose the + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what two points I choose the +distance between any two points is fixed + + align:start position:0% +distance between any two points is fixed + + + align:start position:0% +distance between any two points is fixed +so we'll rewrite this as the distance + + align:start position:0% +so we'll rewrite this as the distance + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll rewrite this as the distance +between any two points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is fixed so that doesn't change and + + align:start position:0% +is fixed so that doesn't change and + + + align:start position:0% +is fixed so that doesn't change and +that's what we call the rigid body + + align:start position:0% +that's what we call the rigid body + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we call the rigid body +condition \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ufrYzoR_4xE.txt b/ufrYzoR_4xE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..814a5b0c12b0b0bf65f5176f9b422c1738df80a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/ufrYzoR_4xE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +um okay so let's talk about let's + + align:start position:0% +um okay so let's talk about let's + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so let's talk about let's +continue our discussion monopolies last + + align:start position:0% +continue our discussion monopolies last + + + align:start position:0% +continue our discussion monopolies last +time we talked about monopolies and sort + + align:start position:0% +time we talked about monopolies and sort + + + align:start position:0% +time we talked about monopolies and sort +of talked about how there's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +of talked about how there's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +of talked about how there's sort of a +another extreme of the market structure + + align:start position:0% +another extreme of the market structure + + + align:start position:0% +another extreme of the market structure +spectrum we have perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +spectrum we have perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum we have perfectly competitive +firms where there's facing a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +firms where there's facing a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +firms where there's facing a perfectly +elastic demand curve and competing with + + align:start position:0% +elastic demand curve and competing with + + + align:start position:0% +elastic demand curve and competing with +a essentially infinite number of other + + align:start position:0% +a essentially infinite number of other + + + align:start position:0% +a essentially infinite number of other +firms and taking prices versus a + + align:start position:0% +firms and taking prices versus a + + + align:start position:0% +firms and taking prices versus a +monopolist who owns the market and sets + + align:start position:0% +monopolist who owns the market and sets + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist who owns the market and sets +the price but therefore faces this + + align:start position:0% +the price but therefore faces this + + + align:start position:0% +the price but therefore faces this +poisoning effect which leads them to + + align:start position:0% +poisoning effect which leads them to + + + align:start position:0% +poisoning effect which leads them to +under produce and creates deadweight + + align:start position:0% +under produce and creates deadweight + + + align:start position:0% +under produce and creates deadweight +loss so today we want to continue our + + align:start position:0% +loss so today we want to continue our + + + align:start position:0% +loss so today we want to continue our +discussion op Elise with three sort of + + align:start position:0% +discussion op Elise with three sort of + + + align:start position:0% +discussion op Elise with three sort of +separate topics okay the first topic I + + align:start position:0% +separate topics okay the first topic I + + + align:start position:0% +separate topics okay the first topic I +want to cover is where do monopolies + + align:start position:0% +want to cover is where do monopolies + + + align:start position:0% +want to cover is where do monopolies +come from so sort of the Stork does not + + align:start position:0% +come from so sort of the Stork does not + + + align:start position:0% +come from so sort of the Stork does not +bring monopolies they come from + + align:start position:0% +bring monopolies they come from + + + align:start position:0% +bring monopolies they come from +somewhere else and sort of where you + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and sort of where you + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and sort of where you +know so sort of how do monopolies arise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there's really two sources of + + align:start position:0% +and there's really two sources of + + + align:start position:0% +and there's really two sources of +monopolies that I want to focus on today + + align:start position:0% +monopolies that I want to focus on today + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies that I want to focus on today +the first is what we call but is + + align:start position:0% +the first is what we call but is + + + align:start position:0% +the first is what we call but is +monopolies that arise from cost + + align:start position:0% +monopolies that arise from cost + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies that arise from cost +advantages the opposite arise from cost + + align:start position:0% +advantages the opposite arise from cost + + + align:start position:0% +advantages the opposite arise from cost +advantages so some markets come with a + + align:start position:0% +advantages so some markets come with a + + + align:start position:0% +advantages so some markets come with a +natural built-in cost advantage for one + + align:start position:0% +natural built-in cost advantage for one + + + align:start position:0% +natural built-in cost advantage for one +participant so it could be there's like + + align:start position:0% +participant so it could be there's like + + + align:start position:0% +participant so it could be there's like +an essential input like there's one rock + + align:start position:0% +an essential input like there's one rock + + + align:start position:0% +an essential input like there's one rock +quarry in town okay and like whoever + + align:start position:0% +quarry in town okay and like whoever + + + align:start position:0% +quarry in town okay and like whoever +controls the rock quarry they supply the + + align:start position:0% +controls the rock quarry they supply the + + + align:start position:0% +controls the rock quarry they supply the +rocks for the whole area um in that case + + align:start position:0% +rocks for the whole area um in that case + + + align:start position:0% +rocks for the whole area um in that case +we say that this is an example of a + + align:start position:0% +we say that this is an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +we say that this is an example of a +natural monopoly a natural monopoly a + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly a natural monopoly a + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly a natural monopoly a +natural monopoly is one where is a + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly is one where is a + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly is one where is a +market where for all relevant quantities + + align:start position:0% +market where for all relevant quantities + + + align:start position:0% +market where for all relevant quantities +one firm can always produce more fish at + + align:start position:0% +one firm can always produce more fish at + + + align:start position:0% +one firm can always produce more fish at +a lower average cost than another firm + + align:start position:0% +a lower average cost than another firm + + + align:start position:0% +a lower average cost than another firm +can so for all relevant quantities one + + align:start position:0% +can so for all relevant quantities one + + + align:start position:0% +can so for all relevant quantities one +firm can always produce at a lower + + align:start position:0% +firm can always produce at a lower + + + align:start position:0% +firm can always produce at a lower +average cost than can other firms okay + + align:start position:0% +average cost than can other firms okay + + + align:start position:0% +average cost than can other firms okay +this basically is the same as saying + + align:start position:0% +this basically is the same as saying + + + align:start position:0% +this basically is the same as saying +that it's a marker where average cost is + + align:start position:0% +that it's a marker where average cost is + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a marker where average cost is +everywhere declining at least in the + + align:start position:0% +everywhere declining at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere declining at least in the +relevant production range you can + + align:start position:0% +relevant production range you can + + + align:start position:0% +relevant production range you can +imagine where you know so for some crazy + + align:start position:0% +imagine where you know so for some crazy + + + align:start position:0% +imagine where you know so for some crazy +quantities average cost increases but + + align:start position:0% +quantities average cost increases but + + + align:start position:0% +quantities average cost increases but +we're average cost is everywhere + + align:start position:0% +we're average cost is everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +we're average cost is everywhere +declining is a market with a natural + + align:start position:0% +declining is a market with a natural + + + align:start position:0% +declining is a market with a natural +monopoly so why would this be true let's + + align:start position:0% +monopoly so why would this be true let's + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly so why would this be true let's +consider I think as a simplest case + + align:start position:0% +consider I think as a simplest case + + + align:start position:0% +consider I think as a simplest case +let's think about a water utility + + align:start position:0% +let's think about a water utility + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about a water utility +delivering water to people's houses + + align:start position:0% +delivering water to people's houses + + + align:start position:0% +delivering water to people's houses +through pipes underground okay once + + align:start position:0% +through pipes underground okay once + + + align:start position:0% +through pipes underground okay once +those pipes are laid okay + + align:start position:0% +those pipes are laid okay + + + align:start position:0% +those pipes are laid okay +it is that the giant fixed costs are + + align:start position:0% +it is that the giant fixed costs are + + + align:start position:0% +it is that the giant fixed costs are +paid and the marginal costs are trivial + + align:start position:0% +paid and the marginal costs are trivial + + + align:start position:0% +paid and the marginal costs are trivial +it's the cost of the water the fixed + + align:start position:0% +it's the cost of the water the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +it's the cost of the water the fixed +cost are so large relative to the + + align:start position:0% +cost are so large relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +cost are so large relative to the +marginal cost that average cost always + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that average cost always + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that average cost always +declines in our typical production + + align:start position:0% +declines in our typical production + + + align:start position:0% +declines in our typical production +function remember average cost first + + align:start position:0% +function remember average cost first + + + align:start position:0% +function remember average cost first +declines then goes back up if first + + align:start position:0% +declines then goes back up if first + + + align:start position:0% +declines then goes back up if first +declines you pay off the fixed cost then + + align:start position:0% +declines you pay off the fixed cost then + + + align:start position:0% +declines you pay off the fixed cost then +back up as the rising marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +back up as the rising marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +back up as the rising marginal cost +start to dominate this is a market where + + align:start position:0% +start to dominate this is a market where + + + align:start position:0% +start to dominate this is a market where +that second part just never gets big + + align:start position:0% +that second part just never gets big + + + align:start position:0% +that second part just never gets big +enough say where marginal costs are + + align:start position:0% +enough say where marginal costs are + + + align:start position:0% +enough say where marginal costs are +close to you know Mart where we're + + align:start position:0% +close to you know Mart where we're + + + align:start position:0% +close to you know Mart where we're +essentially marginal productivities + + align:start position:0% +essentially marginal productivities + + + align:start position:0% +essentially marginal productivities +close to flat so the marginal cost curve + + align:start position:0% +close to flat so the marginal cost curve + + + align:start position:0% +close to flat so the marginal cost curve +isn't rising that fast and/or the fixed + + align:start position:0% +isn't rising that fast and/or the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +isn't rising that fast and/or the fixed +costs are enormous okay so we could see + + align:start position:0% +costs are enormous okay so we could see + + + align:start position:0% +costs are enormous okay so we could see +that like in Figure twelve one imagine a + + align:start position:0% +that like in Figure twelve one imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +that like in Figure twelve one imagine a +water utility which has roughly flat + + align:start position:0% +water utility which has roughly flat + + + align:start position:0% +water utility which has roughly flat +marginal cost that is the marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that is the marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that is the marginal cost +as the cost is procuring another gallon + + align:start position:0% +as the cost is procuring another gallon + + + align:start position:0% +as the cost is procuring another gallon +of water now once again at some point if + + align:start position:0% +of water now once again at some point if + + + align:start position:0% +of water now once again at some point if +you want to give every person in America + + align:start position:0% +you want to give every person in America + + + align:start position:0% +you want to give every person in America +one millions of gallons of water it + + align:start position:0% +one millions of gallons of water it + + + align:start position:0% +one millions of gallons of water it +would marginal costs would start to rise + + align:start position:0% +would marginal costs would start to rise + + + align:start position:0% +would marginal costs would start to rise +but for the relevant range it's roughly + + align:start position:0% +but for the relevant range it's roughly + + + align:start position:0% +but for the relevant range it's roughly +flat and yet there's enormous fixed cost + + align:start position:0% +flat and yet there's enormous fixed cost + + + align:start position:0% +flat and yet there's enormous fixed cost +you got to lay those water pipes so in + + align:start position:0% +you got to lay those water pipes so in + + + align:start position:0% +you got to lay those water pipes so in +that world average cost is everywhere + + align:start position:0% +that world average cost is everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +that world average cost is everywhere +declining it asymptotes it's approaching + + align:start position:0% +declining it asymptotes it's approaching + + + align:start position:0% +declining it asymptotes it's approaching +marginal cost but it never crosses + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost but it never crosses + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost but it never crosses +marginal cost okay in such a world once + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost okay in such a world once + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost okay in such a world once +one firm has laid the pipe since + + align:start position:0% +one firm has laid the pipe since + + + align:start position:0% +one firm has laid the pipe since +providing water it never makes sense for + + align:start position:0% +providing water it never makes sense for + + + align:start position:0% +providing water it never makes sense for +another firm to enter never man engineer + + align:start position:0% +another firm to enter never man engineer + + + align:start position:0% +another firm to enter never man engineer +make sense why is that because if + + align:start position:0% +make sense why is that because if + + + align:start position:0% +make sense why is that because if +another firm thinks about entering Vegas + + align:start position:0% +another firm thinks about entering Vegas + + + align:start position:0% +another firm thinks about entering Vegas +they oh look this this water till is + + align:start position:0% +they oh look this this water till is + + + align:start position:0% +they oh look this this water till is +making all this money this would be + + align:start position:0% +making all this money this would be + + + align:start position:0% +making all this money this would be +great market to enter remember we talked + + align:start position:0% +great market to enter remember we talked + + + align:start position:0% +great market to enter remember we talked +about unlimited entry and exit and + + align:start position:0% +about unlimited entry and exit and + + + align:start position:0% +about unlimited entry and exit and +perfect competition I draw + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition I draw + + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition I draw +prophets away well let's say another + + align:start position:0% +prophets away well let's say another + + + align:start position:0% +prophets away well let's say another +firm says look at all this profits I + + align:start position:0% +firm says look at all this profits I + + + align:start position:0% +firm says look at all this profits I +wanted to this market the first firm + + align:start position:0% +wanted to this market the first firm + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to this market the first firm +will say I'm just gonna tell you right + + align:start position:0% +will say I'm just gonna tell you right + + + align:start position:0% +will say I'm just gonna tell you right +now if you enter this market I will + + align:start position:0% +now if you enter this market I will + + + align:start position:0% +now if you enter this market I will +price at marginal cost until you leave + + align:start position:0% +price at marginal cost until you leave + + + align:start position:0% +price at marginal cost until you leave +for the first firm they've already paid + + align:start position:0% +for the first firm they've already paid + + + align:start position:0% +for the first firm they've already paid +to lay down the pipe so as long as the + + align:start position:0% +to lay down the pipe so as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +to lay down the pipe so as long as the +pricing and marginal cost they're not + + align:start position:0% +pricing and marginal cost they're not + + + align:start position:0% +pricing and marginal cost they're not +losing money but for the second firm + + align:start position:0% +losing money but for the second firm + + + align:start position:0% +losing money but for the second firm +they keep they will lose money if the + + align:start position:0% +they keep they will lose money if the + + + align:start position:0% +they keep they will lose money if the +firm stays at marginal cost so they'll + + align:start position:0% +firm stays at marginal cost so they'll + + + align:start position:0% +firm stays at marginal cost so they'll +just never enter because they know the + + align:start position:0% +just never enter because they know the + + + align:start position:0% +just never enter because they know the +first firm has a barrier to entry they + + align:start position:0% +first firm has a barrier to entry they + + + align:start position:0% +first firm has a barrier to entry they +have a natural monopoly having laid down + + align:start position:0% +have a natural monopoly having laid down + + + align:start position:0% +have a natural monopoly having laid down +those pipes having already paid that + + align:start position:0% +those pipes having already paid that + + + align:start position:0% +those pipes having already paid that +fixed cost that sunk they will win any + + align:start position:0% +fixed cost that sunk they will win any + + + align:start position:0% +fixed cost that sunk they will win any +battle they'll just price at or near + + align:start position:0% +battle they'll just price at or near + + + align:start position:0% +battle they'll just price at or near +marginal cost and drive any competitors + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost and drive any competitors + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost and drive any competitors +out of the market okay + + align:start position:0% +out of the market okay + + + align:start position:0% +out of the market okay +so these kinds of essentially natural + + align:start position:0% +so these kinds of essentially natural + + + align:start position:0% +so these kinds of essentially natural +monopolies arrives when enormous fixed + + align:start position:0% +monopolies arrives when enormous fixed + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies arrives when enormous fixed +costs create a barrier to entry okay + + align:start position:0% +costs create a barrier to entry okay + + + align:start position:0% +costs create a barrier to entry okay +when enormous fixed costs create a + + align:start position:0% +when enormous fixed costs create a + + + align:start position:0% +when enormous fixed costs create a +barrier to entry you could see natural + + align:start position:0% +barrier to entry you could see natural + + + align:start position:0% +barrier to entry you could see natural +monopolies and that's a one common way + + align:start position:0% +monopolies and that's a one common way + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies and that's a one common way +monopolies arise in the world think of + + align:start position:0% +monopolies arise in the world think of + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies arise in the world think of +utilities is sort of you know like + + align:start position:0% +utilities is sort of you know like + + + align:start position:0% +utilities is sort of you know like +delivering water as a classic example + + align:start position:0% +delivering water as a classic example + + + align:start position:0% +delivering water as a classic example +that so that's one way we get monopolies + + align:start position:0% +that so that's one way we get monopolies + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's one way we get monopolies +the second way we get monopolies is + + align:start position:0% +the second way we get monopolies is + + + align:start position:0% +the second way we get monopolies is +through government action governments + + align:start position:0% +through government action governments + + + align:start position:0% +through government action governments +also create monopolies remember today I + + align:start position:0% +also create monopolies remember today I + + + align:start position:0% +also create monopolies remember today I +told you we talked about governments as + + align:start position:0% +told you we talked about governments as + + + align:start position:0% +told you we talked about governments as +good guys but there's also still + + align:start position:0% +good guys but there's also still + + + align:start position:0% +good guys but there's also still +government's can do things which are can + + align:start position:0% +government's can do things which are can + + + align:start position:0% +government's can do things which are can +create deadweight loss and now sometimes + + align:start position:0% +create deadweight loss and now sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +create deadweight loss and now sometimes +governments do this for a good reason + + align:start position:0% +governments do this for a good reason + + + align:start position:0% +governments do this for a good reason +like a natural monopoly reason like the + + align:start position:0% +like a natural monopoly reason like the + + + align:start position:0% +like a natural monopoly reason like the +postal service for example local postal + + align:start position:0% +postal service for example local postal + + + align:start position:0% +postal service for example local postal +delivery delivering letters locally has + + align:start position:0% +delivery delivering letters locally has + + + align:start position:0% +delivery delivering letters locally has +all the features of a natural monopoly + + align:start position:0% +all the features of a natural monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +all the features of a natural monopoly +it's a huge fixed cost of building all + + align:start position:0% +it's a huge fixed cost of building all + + + align:start position:0% +it's a huge fixed cost of building all +the post offices and a small marginal + + align:start position:0% +the post offices and a small marginal + + + align:start position:0% +the post offices and a small marginal +cost of transmitting letters from place + + align:start position:0% +cost of transmitting letters from place + + + align:start position:0% +cost of transmitting letters from place +to place + + align:start position:0% +to place + + + align:start position:0% +to place +now however in other cases it's not + + align:start position:0% +now however in other cases it's not + + + align:start position:0% +now however in other cases it's not +necessarily true and the rest in the in + + align:start position:0% +necessarily true and the rest in the in + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily true and the rest in the in +the u.s. we have very few government + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. we have very few government + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. we have very few government +created monopolies the rest of the world + + align:start position:0% +created monopolies the rest of the world + + + align:start position:0% +created monopolies the rest of the world +especially developing world is much more + + align:start position:0% +especially developing world is much more + + + align:start position:0% +especially developing world is much more +common many countries have the + + align:start position:0% +common many countries have the + + + align:start position:0% +common many countries have the +government control the production of + + align:start position:0% +government control the production of + + + align:start position:0% +government control the production of +steel all the production of the + + align:start position:0% +steel all the production of the + + + align:start position:0% +steel all the production of the +airline's are controlled by the governor + + align:start position:0% +airline's are controlled by the governor + + + align:start position:0% +airline's are controlled by the governor +um banking is often controlled by the + + align:start position:0% +um banking is often controlled by the + + + align:start position:0% +um banking is often controlled by the +government these are places where + + align:start position:0% +government these are places where + + + align:start position:0% +government these are places where +probably evidence suggests it would be + + align:start position:0% +probably evidence suggests it would be + + + align:start position:0% +probably evidence suggests it would be +more efficient to not have the + + align:start position:0% +more efficient to not have the + + + align:start position:0% +more efficient to not have the +government control this there's no real + + align:start position:0% +government control this there's no real + + + align:start position:0% +government control this there's no real +natural monopoly in banking but it's + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly in banking but it's + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly in banking but it's +more for political reasons that they're + + align:start position:0% +more for political reasons that they're + + + align:start position:0% +more for political reasons that they're +created but that's not really that + + align:start position:0% +created but that's not really that + + + align:start position:0% +created but that's not really that +relevant in us even the post office + + align:start position:0% +relevant in us even the post office + + + align:start position:0% +relevant in us even the post office +isn't a monopoly anymore right with + + align:start position:0% +isn't a monopoly anymore right with + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a monopoly anymore right with +FedEx and UPS and stuff so so it's not + + align:start position:0% +FedEx and UPS and stuff so so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +FedEx and UPS and stuff so so it's not +really relevant in the US the second the + + align:start position:0% +really relevant in the US the second the + + + align:start position:0% +really relevant in the US the second the +more relevantly for the u.s. wait the + + align:start position:0% +more relevantly for the u.s. wait the + + + align:start position:0% +more relevantly for the u.s. wait the +government freights monopoly is by + + align:start position:0% +government freights monopoly is by + + + align:start position:0% +government freights monopoly is by +creating barriers to entry the + + align:start position:0% +creating barriers to entry the + + + align:start position:0% +creating barriers to entry the +government could create barriers to + + align:start position:0% +government could create barriers to + + + align:start position:0% +government could create barriers to +entry the most prominent which is + + align:start position:0% +entry the most prominent which is + + + align:start position:0% +entry the most prominent which is +patents the most prominent barrier to + + align:start position:0% +patents the most prominent barrier to + + + align:start position:0% +patents the most prominent barrier to +entry is a patent this is the case where + + align:start position:0% +entry is a patent this is the case where + + + align:start position:0% +entry is a patent this is the case where +the fixed cost here is into building a + + align:start position:0% +the fixed cost here is into building a + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed cost here is into building a +pipe it's coming up with an idea and the + + align:start position:0% +pipe it's coming up with an idea and the + + + align:start position:0% +pipe it's coming up with an idea and the +base of the government has a law which + + align:start position:0% +base of the government has a law which + + + align:start position:0% +base of the government has a law which +says that if you have a new idea and you + + align:start position:0% +says that if you have a new idea and you + + + align:start position:0% +says that if you have a new idea and you +patent it you are granted a monopoly to + + align:start position:0% +patent it you are granted a monopoly to + + + align:start position:0% +patent it you are granted a monopoly to +sell the resulting good for 20 years + + align:start position:0% +sell the resulting good for 20 years + + + align:start position:0% +sell the resulting good for 20 years +from the date of patent okay so when you + + align:start position:0% +from the date of patent okay so when you + + + align:start position:0% +from the date of patent okay so when you +patent a good you regret you granted the + + align:start position:0% +patent a good you regret you granted the + + + align:start position:0% +patent a good you regret you granted the +right to a monopoly over that market for + + align:start position:0% +right to a monopoly over that market for + + + align:start position:0% +right to a monopoly over that market for +20 years essentially government is + + align:start position:0% +20 years essentially government is + + + align:start position:0% +20 years essentially government is +creating a monopoly it's saying once you + + align:start position:0% +creating a monopoly it's saying once you + + + align:start position:0% +creating a monopoly it's saying once you +patented that now remembers not very + + align:start position:0% +patented that now remembers not very + + + align:start position:0% +patented that now remembers not very +importantly especially for drug + + align:start position:0% +importantly especially for drug + + + align:start position:0% +importantly especially for drug +development it's not the date at which + + align:start position:0% +development it's not the date at which + + + align:start position:0% +development it's not the date at which +the good comes to market it's the date + + align:start position:0% +the good comes to market it's the date + + + align:start position:0% +the good comes to market it's the date +at which you file so if you file for a + + align:start position:0% +at which you file so if you file for a + + + align:start position:0% +at which you file so if you file for a +patent and it takes you 19 years to + + align:start position:0% +patent and it takes you 19 years to + + + align:start position:0% +patent and it takes you 19 years to +develop the product then you only get + + align:start position:0% +develop the product then you only get + + + align:start position:0% +develop the product then you only get +one year monopoly in the market so it's + + align:start position:0% +one year monopoly in the market so it's + + + align:start position:0% +one year monopoly in the market so it's +the some 20 years as both the + + align:start position:0% +the some 20 years as both the + + + align:start position:0% +the some 20 years as both the +development period and the sales fair + + align:start position:0% +development period and the sales fair + + + align:start position:0% +development period and the sales fair +you get 20 years from the date you file + + align:start position:0% +you get 20 years from the date you file + + + align:start position:0% +you get 20 years from the date you file +okay now patents are quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +okay now patents are quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +okay now patents are quite interesting +because the welfare implications are + + align:start position:0% +because the welfare implications are + + + align:start position:0% +because the welfare implications are +kind of mixed on the one hand um a + + align:start position:0% +kind of mixed on the one hand um a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of mixed on the one hand um a +patent by creating monopolies creates + + align:start position:0% +patent by creating monopolies creates + + + align:start position:0% +patent by creating monopolies creates +deadweight loss okay for 20 years you've + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss okay for 20 years you've + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss okay for 20 years you've +got that weight potentially up to 20 + + align:start position:0% +got that weight potentially up to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +got that weight potentially up to 20 +years you've got deadweight loss in that + + align:start position:0% +years you've got deadweight loss in that + + + align:start position:0% +years you've got deadweight loss in that +market because one firm has the monopoly + + align:start position:0% +market because one firm has the monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +market because one firm has the monopoly +rights to sell the good okay on the + + align:start position:0% +rights to sell the good okay on the + + + align:start position:0% +rights to sell the good okay on the +other hand why my patents be a good idea + + align:start position:0% +other hand why my patents be a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +other hand why my patents be a good idea +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because research and development + + align:start position:0% +right because research and development + + + align:start position:0% +right because research and development +is a huge fixed cost and if you pay that + + align:start position:0% +is a huge fixed cost and if you pay that + + + align:start position:0% +is a huge fixed cost and if you pay that +huge fixed cost in the minute you + + align:start position:0% +huge fixed cost in the minute you + + + align:start position:0% +huge fixed cost in the minute you +develop it someone else can just copy + + align:start position:0% +develop it someone else can just copy + + + align:start position:0% +develop it someone else can just copy +you then you never invest those fixed + + align:start position:0% +you then you never invest those fixed + + + align:start position:0% +you then you never invest those fixed +costs okay so basically we talk it we'll + + align:start position:0% +costs okay so basically we talk it we'll + + + align:start position:0% +costs okay so basically we talk it we'll +talk about this we'll talk later in the + + align:start position:0% +talk about this we'll talk later in the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this we'll talk later in the +course about externalities but you think + + align:start position:0% +course about externalities but you think + + + align:start position:0% +course about externalities but you think +of this is sort of a positive spillover + + align:start position:0% +of this is sort of a positive spillover + + + align:start position:0% +of this is sort of a positive spillover +from R&D when firms do R&D when a firm + + align:start position:0% +from R&D when firms do R&D when a firm + + + align:start position:0% +from R&D when firms do R&D when a firm +invents something it benefits everybody + + align:start position:0% +invents something it benefits everybody + + + align:start position:0% +invents something it benefits everybody +who might produce that good so if I + + align:start position:0% +who might produce that good so if I + + + align:start position:0% +who might produce that good so if I +invent something then everybody you + + align:start position:0% +invent something then everybody you + + + align:start position:0% +invent something then everybody you +could copy me could benefit so I will + + align:start position:0% +could copy me could benefit so I will + + + align:start position:0% +could copy me could benefit so I will +not invest in R&D unless I can be sure + + align:start position:0% +not invest in R&D unless I can be sure + + + align:start position:0% +not invest in R&D unless I can be sure +I'm gonna get some money out of it and + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna get some money out of it and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna get some money out of it and +that's what the patent does it reduces + + align:start position:0% +that's what the patent does it reduces + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the patent does it reduces +those spill overs by saying okay you get + + align:start position:0% +those spill overs by saying okay you get + + + align:start position:0% +those spill overs by saying okay you get +to own this for 20 years and make some + + align:start position:0% +to own this for 20 years and make some + + + align:start position:0% +to own this for 20 years and make some +money on it therefore go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +money on it therefore go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +money on it therefore go ahead and +invest in other words what a patent does + + align:start position:0% +invest in other words what a patent does + + + align:start position:0% +invest in other words what a patent does +is essentially the government saying we + + align:start position:0% +is essentially the government saying we + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially the government saying we +are gonna you're you're going to get a + + align:start position:0% +are gonna you're you're going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna you're you're going to get a +reward for being first to market and + + align:start position:0% +reward for being first to market and + + + align:start position:0% +reward for being first to market and +that reward is 20 years of privilege of + + align:start position:0% +that reward is 20 years of privilege of + + + align:start position:0% +that reward is 20 years of privilege of +being a monopolist in a market therefore + + align:start position:0% +being a monopolist in a market therefore + + + align:start position:0% +being a monopolist in a market therefore +that's an incentive for you to go and + + align:start position:0% +that's an incentive for you to go and + + + align:start position:0% +that's an incentive for you to go and +invent yeah you know that that's a very + + align:start position:0% +invent yeah you know that that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +invent yeah you know that that's a very +detailed concept that's I don't have + + align:start position:0% +detailed concept that's I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +detailed concept that's I don't have +time to get into but there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +time to get into but there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +time to get into but there's a whole +bunch of legal battles around that but + + align:start position:0% +bunch of legal battles around that but + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of legal battles around that but +the bottom line is there's a patent + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is there's a patent + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is there's a patent +trade-off here the trade-off is on the + + align:start position:0% +trade-off here the trade-off is on the + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off here the trade-off is on the +one hand it's sort of a static what we + + align:start position:0% +one hand it's sort of a static what we + + + align:start position:0% +one hand it's sort of a static what we +call sort of a static versus dynamic + + align:start position:0% +call sort of a static versus dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +call sort of a static versus dynamic +trade-off sort of today versus the + + align:start position:0% +trade-off sort of today versus the + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off sort of today versus the +future at any point in time there's a + + align:start position:0% +future at any point in time there's a + + + align:start position:0% +future at any point in time there's a +ton of deadweight loss out there because + + align:start position:0% +ton of deadweight loss out there because + + + align:start position:0% +ton of deadweight loss out there because +monopolists who have patents are under + + align:start position:0% +monopolists who have patents are under + + + align:start position:0% +monopolists who have patents are under +producing at the same time over time we + + align:start position:0% +producing at the same time over time we + + + align:start position:0% +producing at the same time over time we +are getting cool new products because of + + align:start position:0% +are getting cool new products because of + + + align:start position:0% +are getting cool new products because of +patents and that's the trade-off and + + align:start position:0% +patents and that's the trade-off and + + + align:start position:0% +patents and that's the trade-off and +that's sort of how did twenty years get + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of how did twenty years get + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of how did twenty years get +picked ideally you'd have some optimal + + align:start position:0% +picked ideally you'd have some optimal + + + align:start position:0% +picked ideally you'd have some optimal +period to resolve that trade-off the + + align:start position:0% +period to resolve that trade-off the + + + align:start position:0% +period to resolve that trade-off the +Altima resolve the trade off long enough + + align:start position:0% +Altima resolve the trade off long enough + + + align:start position:0% +Altima resolve the trade off long enough +to get creation but short enough to not + + align:start position:0% +to get creation but short enough to not + + + align:start position:0% +to get creation but short enough to not +so that the games in that creation don't + + align:start position:0% +so that the games in that creation don't + + + align:start position:0% +so that the games in that creation don't +exceed the dead weight loss for monopoly + + align:start position:0% +exceed the dead weight loss for monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +exceed the dead weight loss for monopoly +okay and that's an example how a + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's an example how a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's an example how a +monopoly can arise from a government + + align:start position:0% +monopoly can arise from a government + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly can arise from a government +action and the point is that for both + + align:start position:0% +action and the point is that for both + + + align:start position:0% +action and the point is that for both +national monopolies and patents there + + align:start position:0% +national monopolies and patents there + + + align:start position:0% +national monopolies and patents there +are legitimate reasons for monopolies to + + align:start position:0% +are legitimate reasons for monopolies to + + + align:start position:0% +are legitimate reasons for monopolies to +arise so what I want to say is + + align:start position:0% +arise so what I want to say is + + + align:start position:0% +arise so what I want to say is +monopolies are not bad they're not a + + align:start position:0% +monopolies are not bad they're not a + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies are not bad they're not a +necessarily an inherent flaw in the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily an inherent flaw in the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily an inherent flaw in the +system okay there are legitimate reasons + + align:start position:0% +system okay there are legitimate reasons + + + align:start position:0% +system okay there are legitimate reasons +to have monopolies both because of + + align:start position:0% +to have monopolies both because of + + + align:start position:0% +to have monopolies both because of +natural monopolies and because a patent + + align:start position:0% +natural monopolies and because a patent + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopolies and because a patent +but they do at any point in time create + + align:start position:0% +but they do at any point in time create + + + align:start position:0% +but they do at any point in time create +deadweight loss yeah it's a great + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss yeah it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss yeah it's a great +question there are people who do spend + + align:start position:0% +question there are people who do spend + + + align:start position:0% +question there are people who do spend +their lives doing that and basically the + + align:start position:0% +their lives doing that and basically the + + + align:start position:0% +their lives doing that and basically the +way you'd want to do it is essentially + + align:start position:0% +way you'd want to do it is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +way you'd want to do it is essentially +the way you would do it is you would + + align:start position:0% +the way you would do it is you would + + + align:start position:0% +the way you would do it is you would +essentially measure the consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% +essentially measure the consumer surplus + + + align:start position:0% +essentially measure the consumer surplus +created from the new good versus the to + + align:start position:0% +created from the new good versus the to + + + align:start position:0% +created from the new good versus the to +be the triangle sizes be how much + + align:start position:0% +be the triangle sizes be how much + + + align:start position:0% +be the triangle sizes be how much +consumer travels to get from the good + + align:start position:0% +consumer travels to get from the good + + + align:start position:0% +consumer travels to get from the good +versus deadweight loss from that good + + align:start position:0% +versus deadweight loss from that good + + + align:start position:0% +versus deadweight loss from that good +sales being restricted now obviously if + + align:start position:0% +sales being restricted now obviously if + + + align:start position:0% +sales being restricted now obviously if +it's a good that never would have + + align:start position:0% +it's a good that never would have + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good that never would have +existed otherwise by definition that + + align:start position:0% +existed otherwise by definition that + + + align:start position:0% +existed otherwise by definition that +patent is a good thing because who cares + + align:start position:0% +patent is a good thing because who cares + + + align:start position:0% +patent is a good thing because who cares +about to have a loss of you never would + + align:start position:0% +about to have a loss of you never would + + + align:start position:0% +about to have a loss of you never would +have had it in the first place the + + align:start position:0% +have had it in the first place the + + + align:start position:0% +have had it in the first place the +question really is about the + + align:start position:0% +question really is about the + + + align:start position:0% +question really is about the +substitutability if you're patenting + + align:start position:0% +substitutability if you're patenting + + + align:start position:0% +substitutability if you're patenting +something which only incrementally + + align:start position:0% +something which only incrementally + + + align:start position:0% +something which only incrementally +better then maybe it's not worth it + + align:start position:0% +better then maybe it's not worth it + + + align:start position:0% +better then maybe it's not worth it +so that's sort of the trade-off ok other + + align:start position:0% +so that's sort of the trade-off ok other + + + align:start position:0% +so that's sort of the trade-off ok other +questions ok so now let's talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +addressing or regulating monopolies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's go back to think about our sort of + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to think about our sort of + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to think about our sort of +natural monopoly case ok let's think + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly case ok let's think + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly case ok let's think +about our sort of natural monopoly case + + align:start position:0% +about our sort of natural monopoly case + + + align:start position:0% +about our sort of natural monopoly case +ok + + align:start position:0% +ok + + + align:start position:0% +ok +XO I'm going to call this X you're not + + align:start position:0% +XO I'm going to call this X you're not + + + align:start position:0% +XO I'm going to call this X you're not +regular calls addressing monopolies + + align:start position:0% +regular calls addressing monopolies + + + align:start position:0% +regular calls addressing monopolies +because addressing anomalies about + + align:start position:0% +because addressing anomalies about + + + align:start position:0% +because addressing anomalies about +different ways that we can address + + align:start position:0% +different ways that we can address + + + align:start position:0% +different ways that we can address +monopolies and we'll go back to our + + align:start position:0% +monopolies and we'll go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies and we'll go back to our +natural monopoly case to make it easy ok + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly case to make it easy ok + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly case to make it easy ok +the first way we can address monopolies + + align:start position:0% +the first way we can address monopolies + + + align:start position:0% +the first way we can address monopolies +is through government regulation so + + align:start position:0% +is through government regulation so + + + align:start position:0% +is through government regulation so +let's step back here the bottom line is + + align:start position:0% +let's step back here the bottom line is + + + align:start position:0% +let's step back here the bottom line is +we have a monopoly this should exists a + + align:start position:0% +we have a monopoly this should exists a + + + align:start position:0% +we have a monopoly this should exists a +natural monopoly + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly +it exists actually at the same time that + + align:start position:0% +it exists actually at the same time that + + + align:start position:0% +it exists actually at the same time that +is creating a deadweight loss is + + align:start position:0% +is creating a deadweight loss is + + + align:start position:0% +is creating a deadweight loss is +creating an efficiency so the brilliance + + align:start position:0% +creating an efficiency so the brilliance + + + align:start position:0% +creating an efficiency so the brilliance +the insight of the first fundamental + + align:start position:0% +the insight of the first fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +the insight of the first fundamental +theorem of all four economics was the + + align:start position:0% +theorem of all four economics was the + + + align:start position:0% +theorem of all four economics was the +competition through entry and exit will + + align:start position:0% +competition through entry and exit will + + + align:start position:0% +competition through entry and exit will +bring us the efficient production level + + align:start position:0% +bring us the efficient production level + + + align:start position:0% +bring us the efficient production level +and reduce deadweight loss here with a + + align:start position:0% +and reduce deadweight loss here with a + + + align:start position:0% +and reduce deadweight loss here with a +Nash monopoly that doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +Nash monopoly that doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +Nash monopoly that doesn't work +competition can't work therefore we end + + align:start position:0% +competition can't work therefore we end + + + align:start position:0% +competition can't work therefore we end +up with a deadweight loss because the + + align:start position:0% +up with a deadweight loss because the + + + align:start position:0% +up with a deadweight loss because the +firm that owns the market is under + + align:start position:0% +firm that owns the market is under + + + align:start position:0% +firm that owns the market is under +producing ok this is the first case as I + + align:start position:0% +producing ok this is the first case as I + + + align:start position:0% +producing ok this is the first case as I +mentioned last time of what we call a + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time of what we call a + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time of what we call a +market failure the market outcome is not + + align:start position:0% +market failure the market outcome is not + + + align:start position:0% +market failure the market outcome is not +delivering the welfare maximizing result + + align:start position:0% +delivering the welfare maximizing result + + + align:start position:0% +delivering the welfare maximizing result +and once there's a market failure + + align:start position:0% +and once there's a market failure + + + align:start position:0% +and once there's a market failure +there's a potential beneficial role for + + align:start position:0% +there's a potential beneficial role for + + + align:start position:0% +there's a potential beneficial role for +government as said last time with no + + align:start position:0% +government as said last time with no + + + align:start position:0% +government as said last time with no +market failures government's just a bad + + align:start position:0% +market failures government's just a bad + + + align:start position:0% +market failures government's just a bad +guy with no market failures all + + align:start position:0% +guy with no market failures all + + + align:start position:0% +guy with no market failures all +government government is not all + + align:start position:0% +government government is not all + + + align:start position:0% +government government is not all +government can do for an efficiency + + align:start position:0% +government can do for an efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +government can do for an efficiency +perspective it can help with + + align:start position:0% +perspective it can help with + + + align:start position:0% +perspective it can help with +redistribution but an efficiency + + align:start position:0% +redistribution but an efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +redistribution but an efficiency +perspective all the government could do + + align:start position:0% +perspective all the government could do + + + align:start position:0% +perspective all the government could do +is muck up the market but once there's a + + align:start position:0% +is muck up the market but once there's a + + + align:start position:0% +is muck up the market but once there's a +market failure there's a potential role + + align:start position:0% +market failure there's a potential role + + + align:start position:0% +market failure there's a potential role +for the government addressing it ok so + + align:start position:0% +for the government addressing it ok so + + + align:start position:0% +for the government addressing it ok so +to see that let's return to our Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +to see that let's return to our Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +to see that let's return to our Monopoly +exam from last time ok and figure 12 to + + align:start position:0% +exam from last time ok and figure 12 to + + + align:start position:0% +exam from last time ok and figure 12 to +figure 12 2 is our monopoly example from + + align:start position:0% +figure 12 2 is our monopoly example from + + + align:start position:0% +figure 12 2 is our monopoly example from +last time remember we had demand curve + + align:start position:0% +last time remember we had demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +last time remember we had demand curve +that was Q equals 24 minus P we had a + + align:start position:0% +that was Q equals 24 minus P we had a + + + align:start position:0% +that was Q equals 24 minus P we had a +cost curve that delivered the marginal + + align:start position:0% +cost curve that delivered the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +cost curve that delivered the marginal +cost of MC equals to Q and that's + + align:start position:0% +cost of MC equals to Q and that's + + + align:start position:0% +cost of MC equals to Q and that's +graphed here okay and we said last time + + align:start position:0% +graphed here okay and we said last time + + + align:start position:0% +graphed here okay and we said last time +that the monopoly outcome would be at E + + align:start position:0% +that the monopoly outcome would be at E + + + align:start position:0% +that the monopoly outcome would be at E +sub n the monopolist would sell 6 units + + align:start position:0% +sub n the monopolist would sell 6 units + + + align:start position:0% +sub n the monopolist would sell 6 units +the price of 18 creating a deadweight + + align:start position:0% +the price of 18 creating a deadweight + + + align:start position:0% +the price of 18 creating a deadweight +loss of C plus C now what if the + + align:start position:0% +loss of C plus C now what if the + + + align:start position:0% +loss of C plus C now what if the +government came along and simply + + align:start position:0% +government came along and simply + + + align:start position:0% +government came along and simply +mandated that then the monopolist was + + align:start position:0% +mandated that then the monopolist was + + + align:start position:0% +mandated that then the monopolist was +not allowed to charge more than 16 the + + align:start position:0% +not allowed to charge more than 16 the + + + align:start position:0% +not allowed to charge more than 16 the +government says look I understand it's a + + align:start position:0% +government says look I understand it's a + + + align:start position:0% +government says look I understand it's a +monopoly I'm not gonna try to break up + + align:start position:0% +monopoly I'm not gonna try to break up + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly I'm not gonna try to break up +the monopoly it's natural monopoly + + align:start position:0% +the monopoly it's natural monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +the monopoly it's natural monopoly +whatever simple rule price ceiling of 16 + + align:start position:0% +whatever simple rule price ceiling of 16 + + + align:start position:0% +whatever simple rule price ceiling of 16 +now when I mentioned prices a couple of + + align:start position:0% +now when I mentioned prices a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +now when I mentioned prices a couple of +lectures ago you should have learned to + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago you should have learned to + + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago you should have learned to +say boo price ceilings bad creased + + align:start position:0% +say boo price ceilings bad creased + + + align:start position:0% +say boo price ceilings bad creased +deadweight loss terrible + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss terrible + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss terrible +but now suddenly a price ceiling can + + align:start position:0% +but now suddenly a price ceiling can + + + align:start position:0% +but now suddenly a price ceiling can +actually get rid of deadweight loss + + align:start position:0% +actually get rid of deadweight loss + + + align:start position:0% +actually get rid of deadweight loss +how's that possible + + align:start position:0% +how's that possible + + + align:start position:0% +how's that possible +let's take a look in this case the + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look in this case the +monopolist new marginal revenue curve is + + align:start position:0% +monopolist new marginal revenue curve is + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist new marginal revenue curve is +a bit different okay the new larger + + align:start position:0% +a bit different okay the new larger + + + align:start position:0% +a bit different okay the new larger +revenue curve is the old marginal + + align:start position:0% +revenue curve is the old marginal + + + align:start position:0% +revenue curve is the old marginal +revenue curve until you get to the point + + align:start position:0% +revenue curve until you get to the point + + + align:start position:0% +revenue curve until you get to the point +where the first dashed line intersects + + align:start position:0% +where the first dashed line intersects + + + align:start position:0% +where the first dashed line intersects +marginal revenue okay it's it's the old + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue okay it's it's the old + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue okay it's it's the old +marginal revenue curve until until you + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue curve until until you + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue curve until until you +get where the marginal cost crosses + + align:start position:0% +get where the marginal cost crosses + + + align:start position:0% +get where the marginal cost crosses +marginal revenue then it jumps to the + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue then it jumps to the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue then it jumps to the +flat line at 16 so it's basically the + + align:start position:0% +flat line at 16 so it's basically the + + + align:start position:0% +flat line at 16 so it's basically the +new marg revenue curve is basically um + + align:start position:0% +new marg revenue curve is basically um + + + align:start position:0% +new marg revenue curve is basically um +essentially the new marginal revenue + + align:start position:0% +essentially the new marginal revenue + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the new marginal revenue +curve is downward-sloping till the point + + align:start position:0% +curve is downward-sloping till the point + + + align:start position:0% +curve is downward-sloping till the point +where march Costco's marginal revenue + + align:start position:0% +where march Costco's marginal revenue + + + align:start position:0% +where march Costco's marginal revenue +then it jumps back up to the flat part + + align:start position:0% +then it jumps back up to the flat part + + + align:start position:0% +then it jumps back up to the flat part +that goes from 6 to 8 okay + + align:start position:0% +that goes from 6 to 8 okay + + + align:start position:0% +that goes from 6 to 8 okay +now the exact shape doesn't matter it c + + align:start position:0% +now the exact shape doesn't matter it c + + + align:start position:0% +now the exact shape doesn't matter it c +tuition that matters the points of + + align:start position:0% +tuition that matters the points of + + + align:start position:0% +tuition that matters the points of +following think about the monopolist + + align:start position:0% +following think about the monopolist + + + align:start position:0% +following think about the monopolist +decision he decides based on launched + + align:start position:0% +decision he decides based on launched + + + align:start position:0% +decision he decides based on launched +with last time to sell six units that's + + align:start position:0% +with last time to sell six units that's + + + align:start position:0% +with last time to sell six units that's +the point where the poisoning effect + + align:start position:0% +the point where the poisoning effect + + + align:start position:0% +the point where the poisoning effect +offsets the benefits of selling another + + align:start position:0% +offsets the benefits of selling another + + + align:start position:0% +offsets the benefits of selling another +unit now let's say the government comes + + align:start position:0% +unit now let's say the government comes + + + align:start position:0% +unit now let's say the government comes +it says monopolist you can't charge more + + align:start position:0% +it says monopolist you can't charge more + + + align:start position:0% +it says monopolist you can't charge more +than 16 + + align:start position:0% +than 16 + + + align:start position:0% +than 16 +well once again a post is forced to + + align:start position:0% +well once again a post is forced to + + + align:start position:0% +well once again a post is forced to +charge 16 now think about her decision + + align:start position:0% +charge 16 now think about her decision + + + align:start position:0% +charge 16 now think about her decision +to sell the seventh unit okay well + + align:start position:0% +to sell the seventh unit okay well + + + align:start position:0% +to sell the seventh unit okay well +before she want to sell the seventh unit + + align:start position:0% +before she want to sell the seventh unit + + + align:start position:0% +before she want to sell the seventh unit +because sell in the seventh unit meant + + align:start position:0% +because sell in the seventh unit meant + + + align:start position:0% +because sell in the seventh unit meant +she had to lower the price to seventeen + + align:start position:0% +she had to lower the price to seventeen + + + align:start position:0% +she had to lower the price to seventeen +well now she has to lower the price to + + align:start position:0% +well now she has to lower the price to + + + align:start position:0% +well now she has to lower the price to +16 already so why not sell the seventh + + align:start position:0% +16 already so why not sell the seventh + + + align:start position:0% +16 already so why not sell the seventh +unit indeed why not sell the eighth unit + + align:start position:0% +unit indeed why not sell the eighth unit + + + align:start position:0% +unit indeed why not sell the eighth unit +the monopolist is we've essentially + + align:start position:0% +the monopolist is we've essentially + + + align:start position:0% +the monopolist is we've essentially +gotten rid of the poisoning effect by + + align:start position:0% +gotten rid of the poisoning effect by + + + align:start position:0% +gotten rid of the poisoning effect by +pre poisoning them but I already fell in + + align:start position:0% +pre poisoning them but I already fell in + + + align:start position:0% +pre poisoning them but I already fell in +look you can't charge more than 16 + + align:start position:0% +look you can't charge more than 16 + + + align:start position:0% +look you can't charge more than 16 +there's no way to make charge more than + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to make charge more than + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to make charge more than +that so you might as well sell eight + + align:start position:0% +that so you might as well sell eight + + + align:start position:0% +that so you might as well sell eight +units okay so by telling the monopolist + + align:start position:0% +units okay so by telling the monopolist + + + align:start position:0% +units okay so by telling the monopolist +they have to charge the competitive + + align:start position:0% +they have to charge the competitive + + + align:start position:0% +they have to charge the competitive +price you will force them to sell the + + align:start position:0% +price you will force them to sell the + + + align:start position:0% +price you will force them to sell the +competitive quantity and you get rid of + + align:start position:0% +competitive quantity and you get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +competitive quantity and you get rid of +deadweight loss and that's our first + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss and that's our first + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss and that's our first +example of how + + align:start position:0% +example of how + + + align:start position:0% +example of how +government has improved things the + + align:start position:0% +government has improved things the + + + align:start position:0% +government has improved things the +government has gotten rid of the + + align:start position:0% +government has gotten rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +government has gotten rid of the +deadweight loss by setting a price + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss by setting a price + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss by setting a price +ceiling price ceiling in a perfect + + align:start position:0% +ceiling price ceiling in a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +ceiling price ceiling in a perfect +market is only bad but a price ceiling + + align:start position:0% +market is only bad but a price ceiling + + + align:start position:0% +market is only bad but a price ceiling +here can actually improve things okay so + + align:start position:0% +here can actually improve things okay so + + + align:start position:0% +here can actually improve things okay so +that actually sounds pretty good so + + align:start position:0% +that actually sounds pretty good so + + + align:start position:0% +that actually sounds pretty good so +what's the problem why not in reality + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem why not in reality + + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem why not in reality +just say hey we can solve all Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +just say hey we can solve all Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +just say hey we can solve all Monopoly +problems by just having the government + + align:start position:0% +problems by just having the government + + + align:start position:0% +problems by just having the government +and regulate the price at the + + align:start position:0% +and regulate the price at the + + + align:start position:0% +and regulate the price at the +competitive level what's the problem + + align:start position:0% +competitive level what's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +competitive level what's the problem +reality with that solution yeah + + align:start position:0% +reality with that solution yeah + + + align:start position:0% +reality with that solution yeah +how the hell was the government on the + + align:start position:0% +how the hell was the government on the + + + align:start position:0% +how the hell was the government on the +competitive levels great with this chart + + align:start position:0% +competitive levels great with this chart + + + align:start position:0% +competitive levels great with this chart +but in reality the government doesn't + + align:start position:0% +but in reality the government doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +but in reality the government doesn't +know where the competitive level is + + align:start position:0% +know where the competitive level is + + + align:start position:0% +know where the competitive level is +because there's too difficult points + + align:start position:0% +because there's too difficult points + + + align:start position:0% +because there's too difficult points +what does the government need to collect + + align:start position:0% +what does the government need to collect + + + align:start position:0% +what does the government need to collect +first of all the government needs to + + align:start position:0% +first of all the government needs to + + + align:start position:0% +first of all the government needs to +know what the demand curve is well it + + align:start position:0% +know what the demand curve is well it + + + align:start position:0% +know what the demand curve is well it +turns out demand curves aren't like + + align:start position:0% +turns out demand curves aren't like + + + align:start position:0% +turns out demand curves aren't like +written on our foreheads are out there + + align:start position:0% +written on our foreheads are out there + + + align:start position:0% +written on our foreheads are out there +and you know in in on the dark web okay + + align:start position:0% +and you know in in on the dark web okay + + + align:start position:0% +and you know in in on the dark web okay +demand curves are something which you + + align:start position:0% +demand curves are something which you + + + align:start position:0% +demand curves are something which you +have to estimate you have to gather + + align:start position:0% +have to estimate you have to gather + + + align:start position:0% +have to estimate you have to gather +information from people and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +information from people and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +information from people and it turns out +that it's pretty hard because if you + + align:start position:0% +that it's pretty hard because if you + + + align:start position:0% +that it's pretty hard because if you +want to get other information on what + + align:start position:0% +want to get other information on what + + + align:start position:0% +want to get other information on what +people are willing to pay for apples you + + align:start position:0% +people are willing to pay for apples you + + + align:start position:0% +people are willing to pay for apples you +can just go to stores and look at the + + align:start position:0% +can just go to stores and look at the + + + align:start position:0% +can just go to stores and look at the +prices charged for apples but if you + + align:start position:0% +prices charged for apples but if you + + + align:start position:0% +prices charged for apples but if you +want to gather information than willing + + align:start position:0% +want to gather information than willing + + + align:start position:0% +want to gather information than willing +to pay for getting water delivered to + + align:start position:0% +to pay for getting water delivered to + + + align:start position:0% +to pay for getting water delivered to +your house there's no market to turn to + + align:start position:0% +your house there's no market to turn to + + + align:start position:0% +your house there's no market to turn to +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +they turns out to be pretty hard to + + align:start position:0% +they turns out to be pretty hard to + + + align:start position:0% +they turns out to be pretty hard to +figure out how you value a lot of goods + + align:start position:0% +figure out how you value a lot of goods + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how you value a lot of goods +which is natural monopolies now you + + align:start position:0% +which is natural monopolies now you + + + align:start position:0% +which is natural monopolies now you +might say well why don't just ask people + + align:start position:0% +might say well why don't just ask people + + + align:start position:0% +might say well why don't just ask people +what it's worth to them just say to + + align:start position:0% +what it's worth to them just say to + + + align:start position:0% +what it's worth to them just say to +people look tell me you demand for water + + align:start position:0% +people look tell me you demand for water + + + align:start position:0% +people look tell me you demand for water +turns out that's really hard because + + align:start position:0% +turns out that's really hard because + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that's really hard because +people aren't very good at thinking + + align:start position:0% +people aren't very good at thinking + + + align:start position:0% +people aren't very good at thinking +about how to assign prices to things + + align:start position:0% +about how to assign prices to things + + + align:start position:0% +about how to assign prices to things +they don't shop for okay if you think + + align:start position:0% +they don't shop for okay if you think + + + align:start position:0% +they don't shop for okay if you think +what an apple is worth your first thing + + align:start position:0% +what an apple is worth your first thing + + + align:start position:0% +what an apple is worth your first thing +if I say to you what's an Apple worth + + align:start position:0% +if I say to you what's an Apple worth + + + align:start position:0% +if I say to you what's an Apple worth +the first thing your head is you think + + align:start position:0% +the first thing your head is you think + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing your head is you think +about being a supermarket looking at + + align:start position:0% +about being a supermarket looking at + + + align:start position:0% +about being a supermarket looking at +apples and what that cost you don't + + align:start position:0% +apples and what that cost you don't + + + align:start position:0% +apples and what that cost you don't +think about the inherent value to you of + + align:start position:0% +think about the inherent value to you of + + + align:start position:0% +think about the inherent value to you of +consuming an Apple okay but when you + + align:start position:0% +consuming an Apple okay but when you + + + align:start position:0% +consuming an Apple okay but when you +think about what water is worth you have + + align:start position:0% +think about what water is worth you have + + + align:start position:0% +think about what water is worth you have +to think about sort of the inherent + + align:start position:0% +to think about sort of the inherent + + + align:start position:0% +to think about sort of the inherent +value and so you have to rely on + + align:start position:0% +value and so you have to rely on + + + align:start position:0% +value and so you have to rely on +something that we call contingent + + align:start position:0% +something that we call contingent + + + align:start position:0% +something that we call contingent +valuation which is the economists fancy + + align:start position:0% +valuation which is the economists fancy + + + align:start position:0% +valuation which is the economists fancy +word for just asking people what it's + + align:start position:0% +word for just asking people what it's + + + align:start position:0% +word for just asking people what it's +worth to them okay the problem is people + + align:start position:0% +worth to them okay the problem is people + + + align:start position:0% +worth to them okay the problem is people +aren't very good about that + + align:start position:0% +aren't very good about that + + + align:start position:0% +aren't very good about that +so for example a classic case was the + + align:start position:0% +so for example a classic case was the + + + align:start position:0% +so for example a classic case was the +rise in environmental issues how much is + + align:start position:0% +rise in environmental issues how much is + + + align:start position:0% +rise in environmental issues how much is +it worth to have clean air how much + + align:start position:0% +it worth to have clean air how much + + + align:start position:0% +it worth to have clean air how much +worth to save the Grand Canyon so it + + align:start position:0% +worth to save the Grand Canyon so it + + + align:start position:0% +worth to save the Grand Canyon so it +turns out people give sort of crazy + + align:start position:0% +turns out people give sort of crazy + + + align:start position:0% +turns out people give sort of crazy +answers that violate any norms of + + align:start position:0% +answers that violate any norms of + + + align:start position:0% +answers that violate any norms of +violate all the rules we set up in the + + align:start position:0% +violate all the rules we set up in the + + + align:start position:0% +violate all the rules we set up in the +first lecture by utility functions like + + align:start position:0% +first lecture by utility functions like + + + align:start position:0% +first lecture by utility functions like +for example if you ask folks what it's + + align:start position:0% +for example if you ask folks what it's + + + align:start position:0% +for example if you ask folks what it's +worth to save the Grand Canyon as a + + align:start position:0% +worth to save the Grand Canyon as a + + + align:start position:0% +worth to save the Grand Canyon as a +single question and then you ask them as + + align:start position:0% +single question and then you ask them as + + + align:start position:0% +single question and then you ask them as +the third question on the list it's + + align:start position:0% +the third question on the list it's + + + align:start position:0% +the third question on the list it's +worth one-fifth as much to save the + + align:start position:0% +worth one-fifth as much to save the + + + align:start position:0% +worth one-fifth as much to save the +Grand Canyon it's the third question on + + align:start position:0% +Grand Canyon it's the third question on + + + align:start position:0% +Grand Canyon it's the third question on +the list + + align:start position:0% +the list + + + align:start position:0% +the list +does it make any sense doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +does it make any sense doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +does it make any sense doesn't matter +what the other questions are if you ask + + align:start position:0% +what the other questions are if you ask + + + align:start position:0% +what the other questions are if you ask +people how much they would pay to save + + align:start position:0% +people how much they would pay to save + + + align:start position:0% +people how much they would pay to save +seals and whales in that order they'd + + align:start position:0% +seals and whales in that order they'd + + + align:start position:0% +seals and whales in that order they'd +pay saving seals is worth one hundred + + align:start position:0% +pay saving seals is worth one hundred + + + align:start position:0% +pay saving seals is worth one hundred +and forty two dollars and whales one + + align:start position:0% +and forty two dollars and whales one + + + align:start position:0% +and forty two dollars and whales one +hundred ninety five dollars well you ask + + align:start position:0% +hundred ninety five dollars well you ask + + + align:start position:0% +hundred ninety five dollars well you ask +tenants pay whales and then seals so + + align:start position:0% +tenants pay whales and then seals so + + + align:start position:0% +tenants pay whales and then seals so +whales and seals are about the same but + + align:start position:0% +whales and seals are about the same but + + + align:start position:0% +whales and seals are about the same but +when you reverse the order whales are + + align:start position:0% +when you reverse the order whales are + + + align:start position:0% +when you reverse the order whales are +worth about twice what seals are worth + + align:start position:0% +worth about twice what seals are worth + + + align:start position:0% +worth about twice what seals are worth +just by reversing the order or more + + align:start position:0% +just by reversing the order or more + + + align:start position:0% +just by reversing the order or more +relevantly if you ask you what's what + + align:start position:0% +relevantly if you ask you what's what + + + align:start position:0% +relevantly if you ask you what's what +it's worth to save a bird or ten Birds + + align:start position:0% +it's worth to save a bird or ten Birds + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth to save a bird or ten Birds +or a thousand birds or million birds + + align:start position:0% +or a thousand birds or million birds + + + align:start position:0% +or a thousand birds or million birds +they give you pretty much the same + + align:start position:0% +they give you pretty much the same + + + align:start position:0% +they give you pretty much the same +answer okay which doesn't make any sense + + align:start position:0% +answer okay which doesn't make any sense + + + align:start position:0% +answer okay which doesn't make any sense +so basically the problem is has + + align:start position:0% +so basically the problem is has + + + align:start position:0% +so basically the problem is has +continued valuation methods don't really + + align:start position:0% +continued valuation methods don't really + + + align:start position:0% +continued valuation methods don't really +give sensible answers and it's very hard + + align:start position:0% +give sensible answers and it's very hard + + + align:start position:0% +give sensible answers and it's very hard +to get sensible answers and we can talk + + align:start position:0% +to get sensible answers and we can talk + + + align:start position:0% +to get sensible answers and we can talk +in my other course polyatomics we talk + + align:start position:0% +in my other course polyatomics we talk + + + align:start position:0% +in my other course polyatomics we talk +about lots of interesting clever methods + + align:start position:0% +about lots of interesting clever methods + + + align:start position:0% +about lots of interesting clever methods +for trying to get people to reveal their + + align:start position:0% +for trying to get people to reveal their + + + align:start position:0% +for trying to get people to reveal their +preferences for these public goods but + + align:start position:0% +preferences for these public goods but + + + align:start position:0% +preferences for these public goods but +it turns out to be hard so that's one + + align:start position:0% +it turns out to be hard so that's one + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out to be hard so that's one +problem is it's hard to mention demand + + align:start position:0% +problem is it's hard to mention demand + + + align:start position:0% +problem is it's hard to mention demand +curve the other problem is it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +curve the other problem is it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +curve the other problem is it's hard to +measure the supply curve because we're + + align:start position:0% +measure the supply curve because we're + + + align:start position:0% +measure the supply curve because we're +the supply curve comes from its from a + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve comes from its from a + + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve comes from its from a +firm's marginal cost function you as the + + align:start position:0% +firm's marginal cost function you as the + + + align:start position:0% +firm's marginal cost function you as the +regulator do not know what their + + align:start position:0% +regulator do not know what their + + + align:start position:0% +regulator do not know what their +marginal cost function is so how do you + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost function is so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost function is so how do you +find out you ask them you say hey + + align:start position:0% +find out you ask them you say hey + + + align:start position:0% +find out you ask them you say hey +business I'm gonna regulate I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +business I'm gonna regulate I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +business I'm gonna regulate I'd like to +know what your marginal cost is and by + + align:start position:0% +know what your marginal cost is and by + + + align:start position:0% +know what your marginal cost is and by +the way the lower you tell me it is the + + align:start position:0% +the way the lower you tell me it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the way the lower you tell me it is the +lower price I'm gonna let you charge so + + align:start position:0% +lower price I'm gonna let you charge so + + + align:start position:0% +lower price I'm gonna let you charge so +what's your marginal cost Oh God our + + align:start position:0% +what's your marginal cost Oh God our + + + align:start position:0% +what's your marginal cost Oh God our +marginal cost is horribly high terrible + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is horribly high terrible + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is horribly high terrible +you wouldn't believe it + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't believe it + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't believe it +cants can't complain enough about a + + align:start position:0% +cants can't complain enough about a + + + align:start position:0% +cants can't complain enough about a +higher marginal cost this and basically + + align:start position:0% +higher marginal cost this and basically + + + align:start position:0% +higher marginal cost this and basically +the unless the regulator perfectly knows + + align:start position:0% +the unless the regulator perfectly knows + + + align:start position:0% +the unless the regulator perfectly knows +the production function and perfectly + + align:start position:0% +the production function and perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +the production function and perfectly +knows the input price is none of which + + align:start position:0% +knows the input price is none of which + + + align:start position:0% +knows the input price is none of which +are perfectly known by anybody but the + + align:start position:0% +are perfectly known by anybody but the + + + align:start position:0% +are perfectly known by anybody but the +firm they aren't could know what the + + align:start position:0% +firm they aren't could know what the + + + align:start position:0% +firm they aren't could know what the +supply curve looks like what the + + align:start position:0% +supply curve looks like what the + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve looks like what the +marginal cost looks like question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can absolutely do that and you can + + align:start position:0% +you can absolutely do that and you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can absolutely do that and you can +try to collect data but ultimately they + + align:start position:0% +try to collect data but ultimately they + + + align:start position:0% +try to collect data but ultimately they +could that day they show up with the + + align:start position:0% +could that day they show up with the + + + align:start position:0% +could that day they show up with the +inspector have a have a really expensive + + align:start position:0% +inspector have a have a really expensive + + + align:start position:0% +inspector have a have a really expensive +looking setup in their factory or + + align:start position:0% +looking setup in their factory or + + + align:start position:0% +looking setup in their factory or +whatever it's basically very very hard + + align:start position:0% +whatever it's basically very very hard + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it's basically very very hard +so both so basically um the problem is + + align:start position:0% +so both so basically um the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +so both so basically um the problem is +that regulation and so gentle be a + + align:start position:0% +that regulation and so gentle be a + + + align:start position:0% +that regulation and so gentle be a +feature when we talk about the benefits + + align:start position:0% +feature when we talk about the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +feature when we talk about the benefits +of government intervention well say + + align:start position:0% +of government intervention well say + + + align:start position:0% +of government intervention well say +there's market failure makes it possible + + align:start position:0% +there's market failure makes it possible + + + align:start position:0% +there's market failure makes it possible +that government intervention can make + + align:start position:0% +that government intervention can make + + + align:start position:0% +that government intervention can make +things better but not definite so the + + align:start position:0% +things better but not definite so the + + + align:start position:0% +things better but not definite so the +way to think about the logic is in a + + align:start position:0% +way to think about the logic is in a + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about the logic is in a +perfectly competitive market with no + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive market with no + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive market with no +market failure government intervention + + align:start position:0% +market failure government intervention + + + align:start position:0% +market failure government intervention +only makes things less efficient + + align:start position:0% +only makes things less efficient + + + align:start position:0% +only makes things less efficient +we're leaving redistribution aside all + + align:start position:0% +we're leaving redistribution aside all + + + align:start position:0% +we're leaving redistribution aside all +makes things less efficient when you + + align:start position:0% +makes things less efficient when you + + + align:start position:0% +makes things less efficient when you +move to markets with failure you open up + + align:start position:0% +move to markets with failure you open up + + + align:start position:0% +move to markets with failure you open up +the possibility the gum intervention can + + align:start position:0% +the possibility the gum intervention can + + + align:start position:0% +the possibility the gum intervention can +make things better but not for sure that + + align:start position:0% +make things better but not for sure that + + + align:start position:0% +make things better but not for sure that +it will you open up the possibility but + + align:start position:0% +it will you open up the possibility but + + + align:start position:0% +it will you open up the possibility but +not it's a necessary but not a + + align:start position:0% +not it's a necessary but not a + + + align:start position:0% +not it's a necessary but not a +sufficient condition for saying the + + align:start position:0% +sufficient condition for saying the + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient condition for saying the +government improves efficiency so for + + align:start position:0% +government improves efficiency so for + + + align:start position:0% +government improves efficiency so for +example imagine that the government came + + align:start position:0% +example imagine that the government came + + + align:start position:0% +example imagine that the government came +in to this market and said we think the + + align:start position:0% +in to this market and said we think the + + + align:start position:0% +in to this market and said we think the +competitive price is 10 okay we these + + align:start position:0% +competitive price is 10 okay we these + + + align:start position:0% +competitive price is 10 okay we these +better prices 10 well if the government + + align:start position:0% +better prices 10 well if the government + + + align:start position:0% +better prices 10 well if the government +set the price equal to 10 we know that + + align:start position:0% +set the price equal to 10 we know that + + + align:start position:0% +set the price equal to 10 we know that +firms produce where marginal cost firms + + align:start position:0% +firms produce where marginal cost firms + + + align:start position:0% +firms produce where marginal cost firms +are going to produce where marginal + + align:start position:0% +are going to produce where marginal + + + align:start position:0% +are going to produce where marginal +marginal revenue which is now just 10 + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue which is now just 10 + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue which is now just 10 +because it's regulated equals marginal + + align:start position:0% +because it's regulated equals marginal + + + align:start position:0% +because it's regulated equals marginal +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +so we're 10 equals 2 Q 2 Q and little + + align:start position:0% +so we're 10 equals 2 Q 2 Q and little + + + align:start position:0% +so we're 10 equals 2 Q 2 Q and little +qbq are the same right because the + + align:start position:0% +qbq are the same right because the + + + align:start position:0% +qbq are the same right because the +monopolist we're 10 equals to Q or where + + align:start position:0% +monopolist we're 10 equals to Q or where + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist we're 10 equals to Q or where +Q equals 5 so if the government comes in + + align:start position:0% +Q equals 5 so if the government comes in + + + align:start position:0% +Q equals 5 so if the government comes in +and says we're fixing a price of 10 we + + align:start position:0% +and says we're fixing a price of 10 we + + + align:start position:0% +and says we're fixing a price of 10 we +know the firm produce 5 units well with + + align:start position:0% +know the firm produce 5 units well with + + + align:start position:0% +know the firm produce 5 units well with +5 units the deadweight loss is even + + align:start position:0% +5 units the deadweight loss is even + + + align:start position:0% +5 units the deadweight loss is even +bigger + + align:start position:0% +bigger + + + align:start position:0% +bigger +right the key trick would dead weight + + align:start position:0% +right the key trick would dead weight + + + align:start position:0% +right the key trick would dead weight +loss triangles dead we lost essentially + + align:start position:0% +loss triangles dead we lost essentially + + + align:start position:0% +loss triangles dead we lost essentially +proportional to how far you deviate from + + align:start position:0% +proportional to how far you deviate from + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to how far you deviate from +the optimal point so the more you move + + align:start position:0% +the optimal point so the more you move + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal point so the more you move +to the left + + align:start position:0% +to the left + + + align:start position:0% +to the left +the bigger the deadweight loss triangles + + align:start position:0% +the bigger the deadweight loss triangles + + + align:start position:0% +the bigger the deadweight loss triangles +gonna get so Dave I lost with five units + + align:start position:0% +gonna get so Dave I lost with five units + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get so Dave I lost with five units +sold that's bigger than their weight + + align:start position:0% +sold that's bigger than their weight + + + align:start position:0% +sold that's bigger than their weight +lost with six units sold so the + + align:start position:0% +lost with six units sold so the + + + align:start position:0% +lost with six units sold so the +government's actually made things worse + + align:start position:0% +government's actually made things worse + + + align:start position:0% +government's actually made things worse +by coming as taking this price of 10 the + + align:start position:0% +by coming as taking this price of 10 the + + + align:start position:0% +by coming as taking this price of 10 the +government's made things worse okay + + align:start position:0% +government's made things worse okay + + + align:start position:0% +government's made things worse okay +indeed the governor could actually set + + align:start position:0% +indeed the governor could actually set + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the governor could actually set +price solo you shut down the government + + align:start position:0% +price solo you shut down the government + + + align:start position:0% +price solo you shut down the government +set the price below the shutdown point + + align:start position:0% +set the price below the shutdown point + + + align:start position:0% +set the price below the shutdown point +and wipe the whole wipe the whole + + align:start position:0% +and wipe the whole wipe the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and wipe the whole wipe the whole +business off the map so here we have the + + align:start position:0% +business off the map so here we have the + + + align:start position:0% +business off the map so here we have the +trade off the government can potentially + + align:start position:0% +trade off the government can potentially + + + align:start position:0% +trade off the government can potentially +make the market more efficient through + + align:start position:0% +make the market more efficient through + + + align:start position:0% +make the market more efficient through +price regulation but it won't + + align:start position:0% +price regulation but it won't + + + align:start position:0% +price regulation but it won't +necessarily it depends on its level + + align:start position:0% +necessarily it depends on its level + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily it depends on its level +information how well it does send the + + align:start position:0% +information how well it does send the + + + align:start position:0% +information how well it does send the +price for all over to the competitive + + align:start position:0% +price for all over to the competitive + + + align:start position:0% +price for all over to the competitive +price okay um so basically this is a + + align:start position:0% +price okay um so basically this is a + + + align:start position:0% +price okay um so basically this is a +very sort of interesting and difficult + + align:start position:0% +very sort of interesting and difficult + + + align:start position:0% +very sort of interesting and difficult +problem for the government so the other + + align:start position:0% +problem for the government so the other + + + align:start position:0% +problem for the government so the other +way the government can try it so one way + + align:start position:0% +way the government can try it so one way + + + align:start position:0% +way the government can try it so one way +is through regulation take questions + + align:start position:0% +is through regulation take questions + + + align:start position:0% +is through regulation take questions +about that the other way to try to + + align:start position:0% +about that the other way to try to + + + align:start position:0% +about that the other way to try to +address monopolies is by saying is there + + align:start position:0% +address monopolies is by saying is there + + + align:start position:0% +address monopolies is by saying is there +some way to introduce competition that + + align:start position:0% +some way to introduce competition that + + + align:start position:0% +some way to introduce competition that +is even in what feels like a natural + + align:start position:0% +is even in what feels like a natural + + + align:start position:0% +is even in what feels like a natural +monopoly market is there some way to + + align:start position:0% +monopoly market is there some way to + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly market is there some way to +choose competition okay so for example + + align:start position:0% +choose competition okay so for example + + + align:start position:0% +choose competition okay so for example +think about broadband delivery okay now + + align:start position:0% +think about broadband delivery okay now + + + align:start position:0% +think about broadband delivery okay now +we're still wired and the future it's + + align:start position:0% +we're still wired and the future it's + + + align:start position:0% +we're still wired and the future it's +all Wireless is it different it's still + + align:start position:0% +all Wireless is it different it's still + + + align:start position:0% +all Wireless is it different it's still +wired okay the way it works is broadband + + align:start position:0% +wired okay the way it works is broadband + + + align:start position:0% +wired okay the way it works is broadband +delivery has features of a natural + + align:start position:0% +delivery has features of a natural + + + align:start position:0% +delivery has features of a natural +monopoly which is someone has to lay the + + align:start position:0% +monopoly which is someone has to lay the + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly which is someone has to lay the +wires to your house to deliver it okay + + align:start position:0% +wires to your house to deliver it okay + + + align:start position:0% +wires to your house to deliver it okay +at the same time once those lives are + + align:start position:0% +at the same time once those lives are + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time once those lives are +wise we're late it's a zero marginal + + align:start position:0% +wise we're late it's a zero marginal + + + align:start position:0% +wise we're late it's a zero marginal +cost to allow you to connect to the + + align:start position:0% +cost to allow you to connect to the + + + align:start position:0% +cost to allow you to connect to the +internet so what governments do in other + + align:start position:0% +internet so what governments do in other + + + align:start position:0% +internet so what governments do in other +countries but not the u.s. in the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +countries but not the u.s. in the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +countries but not the u.s. in the u.s. +we have competition everybody lays their + + align:start position:0% +we have competition everybody lays their + + + align:start position:0% +we have competition everybody lays their +own lines down okay in Europe they + + align:start position:0% +own lines down okay in Europe they + + + align:start position:0% +own lines down okay in Europe they +recognize that's inefficient it's a + + align:start position:0% +recognize that's inefficient it's a + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that's inefficient it's a +natural monopoly what they do is they + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly what they do is they + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly what they do is they +have one set of publicly laid lines and + + align:start position:0% +have one set of publicly laid lines and + + + align:start position:0% +have one set of publicly laid lines and +you compete to deliver content over + + align:start position:0% +you compete to deliver content over + + + align:start position:0% +you compete to deliver content over +those lines + + align:start position:0% +those lines + + + align:start position:0% +those lines +so there's competition where the + + align:start position:0% +so there's competition where the + + + align:start position:0% +so there's competition where the +monopoly is not natural which is over + + align:start position:0% +monopoly is not natural which is over + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly is not natural which is over +the delivery of it which is over the + + align:start position:0% +the delivery of it which is over the + + + align:start position:0% +the delivery of it which is over the +speed and the quality it's the quality + + align:start position:0% +speed and the quality it's the quality + + + align:start position:0% +speed and the quality it's the quality +the connection but the lines themselves + + align:start position:0% +the connection but the lines themselves + + + align:start position:0% +the connection but the lines themselves +since that's the giant fixed cost they + + align:start position:0% +since that's the giant fixed cost they + + + align:start position:0% +since that's the giant fixed cost they +realize there can't be competition over + + align:start position:0% +realize there can't be competition over + + + align:start position:0% +realize there can't be competition over +that so that's one way you could try to + + align:start position:0% +that so that's one way you could try to + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's one way you could try to +deal with the natural monopolies in + + align:start position:0% +deal with the natural monopolies in + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the natural monopolies in +other words the government could control + + align:start position:0% +other words the government could control + + + align:start position:0% +other words the government could control +the pipes under the ground delivering + + align:start position:0% +the pipes under the ground delivering + + + align:start position:0% +the pipes under the ground delivering +the water and that firms compete over + + align:start position:0% +the water and that firms compete over + + + align:start position:0% +the water and that firms compete over +delivering the water to you okay so + + align:start position:0% +delivering the water to you okay so + + + align:start position:0% +delivering the water to you okay so +that's one way to deal with it another + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to deal with it another + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to deal with it another +example is to think about the public + + align:start position:0% +example is to think about the public + + + align:start position:0% +example is to think about the public +sector and think about education + + align:start position:0% +sector and think about education + + + align:start position:0% +sector and think about education +education deliver now for those of you + + align:start position:0% +education deliver now for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +education deliver now for those of you +who grew up in the u.s. okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you are evidence of the success of the + + align:start position:0% +you are evidence of the success of the + + + align:start position:0% +you are evidence of the success of the +u.s. educational system but you are the + + align:start position:0% +u.s. educational system but you are the + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. educational system but you are the +exception not the rule + + align:start position:0% +exception not the rule + + + align:start position:0% +exception not the rule +okay u.s. educational system by + + align:start position:0% +okay u.s. educational system by + + + align:start position:0% +okay u.s. educational system by +international standards for four is very + + align:start position:0% +international standards for four is very + + + align:start position:0% +international standards for four is very +badly we're kind of probably out of the + + align:start position:0% +badly we're kind of probably out of the + + + align:start position:0% +badly we're kind of probably out of the +top 30 countries we're like 15th in + + align:start position:0% +top 30 countries we're like 15th in + + + align:start position:0% +top 30 countries we're like 15th in +terms of things like math scores and + + align:start position:0% +terms of things like math scores and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of things like math scores and +other things like that + + align:start position:0% +other things like that + + + align:start position:0% +other things like that +um yet we spend more money per pupil + + align:start position:0% +um yet we spend more money per pupil + + + align:start position:0% +um yet we spend more money per pupil +than any other education system in the + + align:start position:0% +than any other education system in the + + + align:start position:0% +than any other education system in the +country by a large amount as you know + + align:start position:0% +country by a large amount as you know + + + align:start position:0% +country by a large amount as you know +system in the world by a large amount + + align:start position:0% +system in the world by a large amount + + + align:start position:0% +system in the world by a large amount +okay so if you look at figure twelve + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you look at figure twelve + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you look at figure twelve +three figure twelve three shows in the + + align:start position:0% +three figure twelve three shows in the + + + align:start position:0% +three figure twelve three shows in the +blue primary cool spending per pupil and + + align:start position:0% +blue primary cool spending per pupil and + + + align:start position:0% +blue primary cool spending per pupil and +in the red a frayed maths course and you + + align:start position:0% +in the red a frayed maths course and you + + + align:start position:0% +in the red a frayed maths course and you +can see the US spends way more than + + align:start position:0% +can see the US spends way more than + + + align:start position:0% +can see the US spends way more than +other people but our scores aren't any + + align:start position:0% +other people but our scores aren't any + + + align:start position:0% +other people but our scores aren't any +better indeed it doesn't look like + + align:start position:0% +better indeed it doesn't look like + + + align:start position:0% +better indeed it doesn't look like +there's very strong relationship here at + + align:start position:0% +there's very strong relationship here at + + + align:start position:0% +there's very strong relationship here at +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +between how much beat how much country + + align:start position:0% +between how much beat how much country + + + align:start position:0% +between how much beat how much country +spend and what you get in return but at + + align:start position:0% +spend and what you get in return but at + + + align:start position:0% +spend and what you get in return but at +least it's quite striking how low the + + align:start position:0% +least it's quite striking how low the + + + align:start position:0% +least it's quite striking how low the +u.s. is given how high our spending is + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is given how high our spending is + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is given how high our spending is +okay now why is that one reason is + + align:start position:0% +okay now why is that one reason is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now why is that one reason is +because we have given local schools a + + align:start position:0% +because we have given local schools a + + + align:start position:0% +because we have given local schools a +monopoly we have said to local schools + + align:start position:0% +monopoly we have said to local schools + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly we have said to local schools +you have monopoly where you get to + + align:start position:0% +you have monopoly where you get to + + + align:start position:0% +you have monopoly where you get to +deliver the education anyone who lives + + align:start position:0% +deliver the education anyone who lives + + + align:start position:0% +deliver the education anyone who lives +within a certain radius of your school + + align:start position:0% +within a certain radius of your school + + + align:start position:0% +within a certain radius of your school +okay we've created that we've created + + align:start position:0% +okay we've created that we've created + + + align:start position:0% +okay we've created that we've created +that natural monopoly and once you + + align:start position:0% +that natural monopoly and once you + + + align:start position:0% +that natural monopoly and once you +create that natural monopoly we reduce + + align:start position:0% +create that natural monopoly we reduce + + + align:start position:0% +create that natural monopoly we reduce +pressures on firms to produce + + align:start position:0% +pressures on firms to produce + + + align:start position:0% +pressures on firms to produce +efficiently okay we've essentially said + + align:start position:0% +efficiently okay we've essentially said + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently okay we've essentially said +to firms you monopoly there's no reason + + align:start position:0% +to firms you monopoly there's no reason + + + align:start position:0% +to firms you monopoly there's no reason +you have to produce efficiently okay we + + align:start position:0% +you have to produce efficiently okay we + + + align:start position:0% +you have to produce efficiently okay we +have reduced because there's no entry + + align:start position:0% +have reduced because there's no entry + + + align:start position:0% +have reduced because there's no entry +and exit which can cause you can put + + align:start position:0% +and exit which can cause you can put + + + align:start position:0% +and exit which can cause you can put +those pressures on you so in some sense + + align:start position:0% +those pressures on you so in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +those pressures on you so in some sense +that's a government created monopoly + + align:start position:0% +that's a government created monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +that's a government created monopoly +right your local public school is a + + align:start position:0% +right your local public school is a + + + align:start position:0% +right your local public school is a +government created monopoly so what can + + align:start position:0% +government created monopoly so what can + + + align:start position:0% +government created monopoly so what can +we do for that what can we do what we + + align:start position:0% +we do for that what can we do what we + + + align:start position:0% +we do for that what can we do what we +can actually introduce competition so + + align:start position:0% +can actually introduce competition so + + + align:start position:0% +can actually introduce competition so +for example we could have public school + + align:start position:0% +for example we could have public school + + + align:start position:0% +for example we could have public school +choice which many cities now have where + + align:start position:0% +choice which many cities now have where + + + align:start position:0% +choice which many cities now have where +in fact you don't have to go to school + + align:start position:0% +in fact you don't have to go to school + + + align:start position:0% +in fact you don't have to go to school +in your neighborhood you can go to you + + align:start position:0% +in your neighborhood you can go to you + + + align:start position:0% +in your neighborhood you can go to you +can enter you can try to go to any + + align:start position:0% +can enter you can try to go to any + + + align:start position:0% +can enter you can try to go to any +school in the district you can + + align:start position:0% +school in the district you can + + + align:start position:0% +school in the district you can +essentially enter a lottery + + align:start position:0% +essentially enter a lottery + + + align:start position:0% +essentially enter a lottery +and try to move around to other schools + + align:start position:0% +and try to move around to other schools + + + align:start position:0% +and try to move around to other schools +in the district and that is competition + + align:start position:0% +in the district and that is competition + + + align:start position:0% +in the district and that is competition +because then the schools that want kids + + align:start position:0% +because then the schools that want kids + + + align:start position:0% +because then the schools that want kids +will have to be better and have to + + align:start position:0% +will have to be better and have to + + + align:start position:0% +will have to be better and have to +produce more efficiently and actually + + align:start position:0% +produce more efficiently and actually + + + align:start position:0% +produce more efficiently and actually +and then a further modeled mode of that + + align:start position:0% +and then a further modeled mode of that + + + align:start position:0% +and then a further modeled mode of that +is we can do you can have charter + + align:start position:0% +is we can do you can have charter + + + align:start position:0% +is we can do you can have charter +schools charter schools are publicly + + align:start position:0% +schools charter schools are publicly + + + align:start position:0% +schools charter schools are publicly +funded but not City provided there + + align:start position:0% +funded but not City provided there + + + align:start position:0% +funded but not City provided there +there's in between public schools and + + align:start position:0% +there's in between public schools and + + + align:start position:0% +there's in between public schools and +private schools okay + + align:start position:0% +private schools okay + + + align:start position:0% +private schools okay +charter schools are separate schools + + align:start position:0% +charter schools are separate schools + + + align:start position:0% +charter schools are separate schools +which are paint which get funding from + + align:start position:0% +which are paint which get funding from + + + align:start position:0% +which are paint which get funding from +the from the government but they aren't + + align:start position:0% +the from the government but they aren't + + + align:start position:0% +the from the government but they aren't +under the local governments control + + align:start position:0% +under the local governments control + + + align:start position:0% +under the local governments control +regulatory control but they aren't + + align:start position:0% +regulatory control but they aren't + + + align:start position:0% +regulatory control but they aren't +delivered by the city as education and + + align:start position:0% +delivered by the city as education and + + + align:start position:0% +delivered by the city as education and +that provides more public school choice + + align:start position:0% +that provides more public school choice + + + align:start position:0% +that provides more public school choice +for individuals and there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +for individuals and there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +for individuals and there's a lot of +evidence much of it by my colleagues + + align:start position:0% +evidence much of it by my colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +evidence much of it by my colleagues +here at MIT which shows that there's + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT which shows that there's + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT which shows that there's +been enormous benefits to these + + align:start position:0% +been enormous benefits to these + + + align:start position:0% +been enormous benefits to these +movements the public school situation + + align:start position:0% +movements the public school situation + + + align:start position:0% +movements the public school situation +charter schools have delivered now I + + align:start position:0% +charter schools have delivered now I + + + align:start position:0% +charter schools have delivered now I +know tell me - unseen the john oliver + + align:start position:0% +know tell me - unseen the john oliver + + + align:start position:0% +know tell me - unseen the john oliver +segment a couple years ago he ragged on + + align:start position:0% +segment a couple years ago he ragged on + + + align:start position:0% +segment a couple years ago he ragged on +charter schools that was i mean i love + + align:start position:0% +charter schools that was i mean i love + + + align:start position:0% +charter schools that was i mean i love +him in general but he was wrong on that + + align:start position:0% +him in general but he was wrong on that + + + align:start position:0% +him in general but he was wrong on that +one there's a couple bad actors but by + + align:start position:0% +one there's a couple bad actors but by + + + align:start position:0% +one there's a couple bad actors but by +and large charter schools have been + + align:start position:0% +and large charter schools have been + + + align:start position:0% +and large charter schools have been +enormous benefit to the education system + + align:start position:0% +enormous benefit to the education system + + + align:start position:0% +enormous benefit to the education system +by choosing competition and getting + + align:start position:0% +by choosing competition and getting + + + align:start position:0% +by choosing competition and getting +allowing students an option to improve + + align:start position:0% +allowing students an option to improve + + + align:start position:0% +allowing students an option to improve +their educational outcomes + + align:start position:0% +their educational outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +their educational outcomes +okay now the furthest out option and + + align:start position:0% +okay now the furthest out option and + + + align:start position:0% +okay now the furthest out option and +something i hear a lot of discussion of + + align:start position:0% +something i hear a lot of discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +something i hear a lot of discussion of +is vouchers those radical option is what + + align:start position:0% +is vouchers those radical option is what + + + align:start position:0% +is vouchers those radical option is what +we call public school vouchers or vet + + align:start position:0% +we call public school vouchers or vet + + + align:start position:0% +we call public school vouchers or vet +just vouchers here's how this would work + + align:start position:0% +just vouchers here's how this would work + + + align:start position:0% +just vouchers here's how this would work +there's a very popular idea on the + + align:start position:0% +there's a very popular idea on the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very popular idea on the +conservative side of the spectrum here's + + align:start position:0% +conservative side of the spectrum here's + + + align:start position:0% +conservative side of the spectrum here's +how this would work so i live in + + align:start position:0% +how this would work so i live in + + + align:start position:0% +how this would work so i live in +lexington what that means is if i send + + align:start position:0% +lexington what that means is if i send + + + align:start position:0% +lexington what that means is if i send +my kid to a lexington public school it's + + align:start position:0% +my kid to a lexington public school it's + + + align:start position:0% +my kid to a lexington public school it's +free but the men and I pull my kid out + + align:start position:0% +free but the men and I pull my kid out + + + align:start position:0% +free but the men and I pull my kid out +and send into a private school it cost + + align:start position:0% +and send into a private school it cost + + + align:start position:0% +and send into a private school it cost +me the entire amount + + align:start position:0% +me the entire amount + + + align:start position:0% +me the entire amount +so imagine Alexa public school education + + align:start position:0% +so imagine Alexa public school education + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine Alexa public school education +is worth ten thousand dollars okay I get + + align:start position:0% +is worth ten thousand dollars okay I get + + + align:start position:0% +is worth ten thousand dollars okay I get +I'm essentially getting ten thousand + + align:start position:0% +I'm essentially getting ten thousand + + + align:start position:0% +I'm essentially getting ten thousand +dollars conditional on sending my kids + + align:start position:0% +dollars conditional on sending my kids + + + align:start position:0% +dollars conditional on sending my kids +to Lexington school the Mennonites you + + align:start position:0% +to Lexington school the Mennonites you + + + align:start position:0% +to Lexington school the Mennonites you +send them elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +send them elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +send them elsewhere +I literally give up that ten thousand + + align:start position:0% +I literally give up that ten thousand + + + align:start position:0% +I literally give up that ten thousand +dollars okay a voucher system would say + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay a voucher system would say + + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay a voucher system would say +the way it would work is everyone in + + align:start position:0% +the way it would work is everyone in + + + align:start position:0% +the way it would work is everyone in +town would get a check + + align:start position:0% +town would get a check + + + align:start position:0% +town would get a check +or we get a voucher for $10,000 to be + + align:start position:0% +or we get a voucher for $10,000 to be + + + align:start position:0% +or we get a voucher for $10,000 to be +used at any school they want so if you + + align:start position:0% +used at any school they want so if you + + + align:start position:0% +used at any school they want so if you +want to go in Lexington just hand it in + + align:start position:0% +want to go in Lexington just hand it in + + + align:start position:0% +want to go in Lexington just hand it in +it's just enough lice never changed but + + align:start position:0% +it's just enough lice never changed but + + + align:start position:0% +it's just enough lice never changed but +now if you wanted a private school we're + + align:start position:0% +now if you wanted a private school we're + + + align:start position:0% +now if you wanted a private school we're +allowing to take your money elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +allowing to take your money elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +allowing to take your money elsewhere +that puts competitive pressure not just + + align:start position:0% +that puts competitive pressure not just + + + align:start position:0% +that puts competitive pressure not just +on schools within a district but on the + + align:start position:0% +on schools within a district but on the + + + align:start position:0% +on schools within a district but on the +whole district the whole district now + + align:start position:0% +whole district the whole district now + + + align:start position:0% +whole district the whole district now +says wait a second if we don't do a good + + align:start position:0% +says wait a second if we don't do a good + + + align:start position:0% +says wait a second if we don't do a good +job people are gonna leave and take + + align:start position:0% +job people are gonna leave and take + + + align:start position:0% +job people are gonna leave and take +their money elsewhere so the idea is to + + align:start position:0% +their money elsewhere so the idea is to + + + align:start position:0% +their money elsewhere so the idea is to +actually set up broader competition to + + align:start position:0% +actually set up broader competition to + + + align:start position:0% +actually set up broader competition to +put pressure on districts to improve the + + align:start position:0% +put pressure on districts to improve the + + + align:start position:0% +put pressure on districts to improve the +performance okay so this has been a + + align:start position:0% +performance okay so this has been a + + + align:start position:0% +performance okay so this has been a +longtime attractive option to many + + align:start position:0% +longtime attractive option to many + + + align:start position:0% +longtime attractive option to many +economists and I spent I've spent a + + align:start position:0% +economists and I spent I've spent a + + + align:start position:0% +economists and I spent I've spent a +whole long time talking about the pros + + align:start position:0% +whole long time talking about the pros + + + align:start position:0% +whole long time talking about the pros +and cons this in my other class but + + align:start position:0% +and cons this in my other class but + + + align:start position:0% +and cons this in my other class but +briefly speaking the pros are all the + + align:start position:0% +briefly speaking the pros are all the + + + align:start position:0% +briefly speaking the pros are all the +reasons we like competition and markets + + align:start position:0% +reasons we like competition and markets + + + align:start position:0% +reasons we like competition and markets +okay to cause more production efficiency + + align:start position:0% +okay to cause more production efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +okay to cause more production efficiency +because schools would have to compete + + align:start position:0% +because schools would have to compete + + + align:start position:0% +because schools would have to compete +the cons are numerous though one con is + + align:start position:0% +the cons are numerous though one con is + + + align:start position:0% +the cons are numerous though one con is +you didn't have to make sure you then + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have to make sure you then + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have to make sure you then +have to have the public sector then as a + + align:start position:0% +have to have the public sector then as a + + + align:start position:0% +have to have the public sector then as a +vested interest in making sure private + + align:start position:0% +vested interest in making sure private + + + align:start position:0% +vested interest in making sure private +schools are delivering a public quality + + align:start position:0% +schools are delivering a public quality + + + align:start position:0% +schools are delivering a public quality +education so I have a great you know + + align:start position:0% +education so I have a great you know + + + align:start position:0% +education so I have a great you know +basically you can set up a private + + align:start position:0% +basically you can set up a private + + + align:start position:0% +basically you can set up a private +school that it's just a football + + align:start position:0% +school that it's just a football + + + align:start position:0% +school that it's just a football +training academy and suddenly people + + align:start position:0% +training academy and suddenly people + + + align:start position:0% +training academy and suddenly people +could take their voucher and go there + + align:start position:0% +could take their voucher and go there + + + align:start position:0% +could take their voucher and go there +and suddenly they wouldn't get education + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly they wouldn't get education + + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly they wouldn't get education +that's one con another con of these + + align:start position:0% +that's one con another con of these + + + align:start position:0% +that's one con another con of these +systems arm is that they're expensive so + + align:start position:0% +systems arm is that they're expensive so + + + align:start position:0% +systems arm is that they're expensive so +think about so take me I live in + + align:start position:0% +think about so take me I live in + + + align:start position:0% +think about so take me I live in +Lexington pretty rich guy I sent my kids + + align:start position:0% +Lexington pretty rich guy I sent my kids + + + align:start position:0% +Lexington pretty rich guy I sent my kids +to private school okay I sent them and I + + align:start position:0% +to private school okay I sent them and I + + + align:start position:0% +to private school okay I sent them and I +paid an Imagine Lexington a voucher + + align:start position:0% +paid an Imagine Lexington a voucher + + + align:start position:0% +paid an Imagine Lexington a voucher +system and they given me a check for + + align:start position:0% +system and they given me a check for + + + align:start position:0% +system and they given me a check for +$10,000 why should Lexington give a + + align:start position:0% +$10,000 why should Lexington give a + + + align:start position:0% +$10,000 why should Lexington give a +relatively rich guy $10,000 that's sort + + align:start position:0% +relatively rich guy $10,000 that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +relatively rich guy $10,000 that's sort +of silly I was already sending my kids + + align:start position:0% +of silly I was already sending my kids + + + align:start position:0% +of silly I was already sending my kids +to private school so who would be the + + align:start position:0% +to private school so who would be the + + + align:start position:0% +to private school so who would be the +big winner from a system like this well + + align:start position:0% +big winner from a system like this well + + + align:start position:0% +big winner from a system like this well +some winners would be kids who'd then + + align:start position:0% +some winners would be kids who'd then + + + align:start position:0% +some winners would be kids who'd then +get a better education but a lot of + + align:start position:0% +get a better education but a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +get a better education but a lot of +where's having rich people already sent + + align:start position:0% +where's having rich people already sent + + + align:start position:0% +where's having rich people already sent +the kids to private school you just be + + align:start position:0% +the kids to private school you just be + + + align:start position:0% +the kids to private school you just be +handing them checks that's not a great + + align:start position:0% +handing them checks that's not a great + + + align:start position:0% +handing them checks that's not a great +outcome so there are definitely + + align:start position:0% +outcome so there are definitely + + + align:start position:0% +outcome so there are definitely +trade-offs in a system like this + + align:start position:0% +trade-offs in a system like this + + + align:start position:0% +trade-offs in a system like this +inherent in a system like this um and + + align:start position:0% +inherent in a system like this um and + + + align:start position:0% +inherent in a system like this um and +there's a lot a few questions let's do a + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot a few questions let's do a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot a few questions let's do a +couple of questions I'll move on yeah + + align:start position:0% +couple of questions I'll move on yeah + + + align:start position:0% +couple of questions I'll move on yeah +the back so say like you have these + + align:start position:0% +the back so say like you have these + + + align:start position:0% +the back so say like you have these +vouchers and instead of going to the + + align:start position:0% +vouchers and instead of going to the + + + align:start position:0% +vouchers and instead of going to the +public school students are leaving to + + align:start position:0% +public school students are leaving to + + + align:start position:0% +public school students are leaving to +the private school and then the fixed + + align:start position:0% +the private school and then the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +the private school and then the fixed +costs are like having like the + + align:start position:0% +costs are like having like the + + + align:start position:0% +costs are like having like the +infrastructure of a public school that's + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure of a public school that's + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure of a public school that's +then spread out + + align:start position:0% +then spread out + + + align:start position:0% +then spread out +over less students so how do you account + + align:start position:0% +over less students so how do you account + + + align:start position:0% +over less students so how do you account +for like the price of teaching one + + align:start position:0% +for like the price of teaching one + + + align:start position:0% +for like the price of teaching one +student might go up if there are these + + align:start position:0% +student might go up if there are these + + + align:start position:0% +student might go up if there are these +students that mean that is an awesome + + align:start position:0% +students that mean that is an awesome + + + align:start position:0% +students that mean that is an awesome +question that there's two elements to + + align:start position:0% +question that there's two elements to + + + align:start position:0% +question that there's two elements to +that question one is there is an actual + + align:start position:0% +that question one is there is an actual + + + align:start position:0% +that question one is there is an actual +natural monopoly feature to local public + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly feature to local public + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly feature to local public +education so we remember competition + + align:start position:0% +education so we remember competition + + + align:start position:0% +education so we remember competition +doesn't make sense when it's a true + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense when it's a true + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense when it's a true +natural monopoly there is some natural + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly there is some natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly there is some natural +monopoly elements so as you strengthen + + align:start position:0% +monopoly elements so as you strengthen + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly elements so as you strengthen +number you you suddenly are raising the + + align:start position:0% +number you you suddenly are raising the + + + align:start position:0% +number you you suddenly are raising the +average cost and that is a potential + + align:start position:0% +average cost and that is a potential + + + align:start position:0% +average cost and that is a potential +problem there's an efficiency she was + + align:start position:0% +problem there's an efficiency she was + + + align:start position:0% +problem there's an efficiency she was +also an equity issue which is who uses + + align:start position:0% +also an equity issue which is who uses + + + align:start position:0% +also an equity issue which is who uses +the vouchers and leaves the people with + + align:start position:0% +the vouchers and leaves the people with + + + align:start position:0% +the vouchers and leaves the people with +motivated parents who are with it who + + align:start position:0% +motivated parents who are with it who + + + align:start position:0% +motivated parents who are with it who +gets left behind people's parents don't + + align:start position:0% +gets left behind people's parents don't + + + align:start position:0% +gets left behind people's parents don't +give a about them okay there's an + + align:start position:0% +give a about them okay there's an + + + align:start position:0% +give a about them okay there's an +equity issue too of suddenly you're + + align:start position:0% +equity issue too of suddenly you're + + + align:start position:0% +equity issue too of suddenly you're +pulling all the smart kids of a + + align:start position:0% +pulling all the smart kids of a + + + align:start position:0% +pulling all the smart kids of a +motivated kids out of the public schools + + align:start position:0% +motivated kids out of the public schools + + + align:start position:0% +motivated kids out of the public schools +and leaving the kids behind you our + + align:start position:0% +and leaving the kids behind you our + + + align:start position:0% +and leaving the kids behind you our +motivators parents aren't motivated + + align:start position:0% +motivators parents aren't motivated + + + align:start position:0% +motivators parents aren't motivated +there's an equity issue there too so + + align:start position:0% +there's an equity issue there too so + + + align:start position:0% +there's an equity issue there too so +that's another trade-off yeah I know + + align:start position:0% +that's another trade-off yeah I know + + + align:start position:0% +that's another trade-off yeah I know +people get a good education well that's + + align:start position:0% +people get a good education well that's + + + align:start position:0% +people get a good education well that's +right that's another problem which is + + align:start position:0% +right that's another problem which is + + + align:start position:0% +right that's another problem which is +competition one of our fundamental + + align:start position:0% +competition one of our fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +competition one of our fundamental +assumptions of perfect competition was + + align:start position:0% +assumptions of perfect competition was + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions of perfect competition was +perfect information that's fine when + + align:start position:0% +perfect information that's fine when + + + align:start position:0% +perfect information that's fine when +you're looking at apples or maybe even + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at apples or maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at apples or maybe even +computers it's not so it's not so easy + + align:start position:0% +computers it's not so it's not so easy + + + align:start position:0% +computers it's not so it's not so easy +looking at schools now schools publish + + align:start position:0% +looking at schools now schools publish + + + align:start position:0% +looking at schools now schools publish +test scores you can leave the test + + align:start position:0% +test scores you can leave the test + + + align:start position:0% +test scores you can leave the test +scores of kids to go to that school but + + align:start position:0% +scores of kids to go to that school but + + + align:start position:0% +scores of kids to go to that school but +once again that's not that reliable + + align:start position:0% +once again that's not that reliable + + + align:start position:0% +once again that's not that reliable +because as smart kids are going to + + align:start position:0% +because as smart kids are going to + + + align:start position:0% +because as smart kids are going to +school have high test scores either the + + align:start position:0% +school have high test scores either the + + + align:start position:0% +school have high test scores either the +teachers suck okay + + align:start position:0% +teachers suck okay + + + align:start position:0% +teachers suck okay +for example Harvard sorry I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +for example Harvard sorry I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +for example Harvard sorry I couldn't +resist so so so basically you can't + + align:start position:0% +resist so so so basically you can't + + + align:start position:0% +resist so so so basically you can't +really tell um that so I grew infirm it + + align:start position:0% +really tell um that so I grew infirm it + + + align:start position:0% +really tell um that so I grew infirm it +another problem in other words we're + + align:start position:0% +another problem in other words we're + + + align:start position:0% +another problem in other words we're +taught there's a number of failures of + + align:start position:0% +taught there's a number of failures of + + + align:start position:0% +taught there's a number of failures of +the private education market that are a + + align:start position:0% +the private education market that are a + + + align:start position:0% +the private education market that are a +problem with this kind of voucher + + align:start position:0% +problem with this kind of voucher + + + align:start position:0% +problem with this kind of voucher +solution but this but it doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +solution but this but it doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +solution but this but it doesn't mean +it's wrong it means it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's wrong it means it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's wrong it means it's interesting +okay there's a trade-off on the one hand + + align:start position:0% +okay there's a trade-off on the one hand + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's a trade-off on the one hand +we need to choose competition which + + align:start position:0% +we need to choose competition which + + + align:start position:0% +we need to choose competition which +would maybe increase efficiency in the + + align:start position:0% +would maybe increase efficiency in the + + + align:start position:0% +would maybe increase efficiency in the +market on the other hand there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +market on the other hand there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +market on the other hand there's a lot +of market failures might get in the way + + align:start position:0% +of market failures might get in the way + + + align:start position:0% +of market failures might get in the way +of this functioning properly fascinating + + align:start position:0% +of this functioning properly fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +of this functioning properly fascinating +topic and if you want to learn more I + + align:start position:0% +topic and if you want to learn more I + + + align:start position:0% +topic and if you want to learn more I +urge you to take 14:41 we spend a whole + + align:start position:0% +urge you to take 14:41 we spend a whole + + + align:start position:0% +urge you to take 14:41 we spend a whole +lecture talking about it okay so that + + align:start position:0% +lecture talking about it okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +lecture talking about it okay so that +was the other second topic I want to + + align:start position:0% +was the other second topic I want to + + + align:start position:0% +was the other second topic I want to +talk about which is once again we've + + align:start position:0% +talk about which is once again we've + + + align:start position:0% +talk about which is once again we've +started down the road of questioning the + + align:start position:0% +started down the road of questioning the + + + align:start position:0% +started down the road of questioning the +wisdom of the market + + align:start position:0% +wisdom of the market + + + align:start position:0% +wisdom of the market +okay we said so the world of market + + align:start position:0% +okay we said so the world of market + + + align:start position:0% +okay we said so the world of market +failures okay the first market fellas + + align:start position:0% +failures okay the first market fellas + + + align:start position:0% +failures okay the first market fellas +monopoly we've talked about the pros and + + align:start position:0% +monopoly we've talked about the pros and + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly we've talked about the pros and +cons of trying to deal with monopolies + + align:start position:0% +cons of trying to deal with monopolies + + + align:start position:0% +cons of trying to deal with monopolies +but I want to talk about one of the + + align:start position:0% +but I want to talk about one of the + + + align:start position:0% +but I want to talk about one of the +topic we're gonna before we leave + + align:start position:0% +topic we're gonna before we leave + + + align:start position:0% +topic we're gonna before we leave +monopolies which is this topic of what + + align:start position:0% +monopolies which is this topic of what + + + align:start position:0% +monopolies which is this topic of what +we call contestable markets which is + + align:start position:0% +we call contestable markets which is + + + align:start position:0% +we call contestable markets which is +sort of an informal tongue but I really + + align:start position:0% +sort of an informal tongue but I really + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an informal tongue but I really +like it as an intuition so I like to + + align:start position:0% +like it as an intuition so I like to + + + align:start position:0% +like it as an intuition so I like to +spend some time on it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contestant markets are monopoly markets + + align:start position:0% +contestant markets are monopoly markets + + + align:start position:0% +contestant markets are monopoly markets +without market power over that much + + align:start position:0% +without market power over that much + + + align:start position:0% +without market power over that much +market power that is we talked about + + align:start position:0% +market power that is we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +market power that is we talked about +monopolist as having lots of market + + align:start position:0% +monopolist as having lots of market + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist as having lots of market +power remember we said the markup was + + align:start position:0% +power remember we said the markup was + + + align:start position:0% +power remember we said the markup was +essentially proportional but we said + + align:start position:0% +essentially proportional but we said + + + align:start position:0% +essentially proportional but we said +that monopolist had a markup price minus + + align:start position:0% +that monopolist had a markup price minus + + + align:start position:0% +that monopolist had a markup price minus +marginal costs over price which is equal + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs over price which is equal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs over price which is equal +to minus 1 over the elasticity of demand + + align:start position:0% +to minus 1 over the elasticity of demand + + + align:start position:0% +to minus 1 over the elasticity of demand +ok that was their markup and so you know + + align:start position:0% +ok that was their markup and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +ok that was their markup and so you know +some markets different monopoly markets + + align:start position:0% +some markets different monopoly markets + + + align:start position:0% +some markets different monopoly markets +those different levels of market power + + align:start position:0% +those different levels of market power + + + align:start position:0% +those different levels of market power +you can be a monopolist but not of much + + align:start position:0% +you can be a monopolist but not of much + + + align:start position:0% +you can be a monopolist but not of much +market power if consumers are very + + align:start position:0% +market power if consumers are very + + + align:start position:0% +market power if consumers are very +elastic but there's another reason why + + align:start position:0% +elastic but there's another reason why + + + align:start position:0% +elastic but there's another reason why +monopolist face pressure + + align:start position:0% +monopolist face pressure + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist face pressure +besides the elasticity of demand which + + align:start position:0% +besides the elasticity of demand which + + + align:start position:0% +besides the elasticity of demand which +is some sense the size of the barrier to + + align:start position:0% +is some sense the size of the barrier to + + + align:start position:0% +is some sense the size of the barrier to +entry so one reason monopolist are + + align:start position:0% +entry so one reason monopolist are + + + align:start position:0% +entry so one reason monopolist are +constrained in the priciest because + + align:start position:0% +constrained in the priciest because + + + align:start position:0% +constrained in the priciest because +demands elastic another reason is + + align:start position:0% +demands elastic another reason is + + + align:start position:0% +demands elastic another reason is +because the barriers to entry might not + + align:start position:0% +because the barriers to entry might not + + + align:start position:0% +because the barriers to entry might not +be that large so you could think of it + + align:start position:0% +be that large so you could think of it + + + align:start position:0% +be that large so you could think of it +roughly speaking for a given elasticity + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking for a given elasticity + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking for a given elasticity +of demand the larger the barrier to + + align:start position:0% +of demand the larger the barrier to + + + align:start position:0% +of demand the larger the barrier to +entry the more market power you have + + align:start position:0% +entry the more market power you have + + + align:start position:0% +entry the more market power you have +because the larger the barrier entry the + + align:start position:0% +because the larger the barrier entry the + + + align:start position:0% +because the larger the barrier entry the +more you can be sure no other firms + + align:start position:0% +more you can be sure no other firms + + + align:start position:0% +more you can be sure no other firms +going to come in or in other words the + + align:start position:0% +going to come in or in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +going to come in or in other words the +amount to which in charge above marginal + + align:start position:0% +amount to which in charge above marginal + + + align:start position:0% +amount to which in charge above marginal +cost for a given elasticity is + + align:start position:0% +cost for a given elasticity is + + + align:start position:0% +cost for a given elasticity is +proportional to how severe are the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to how severe are the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to how severe are the +barriers to entry are if there's no way + + align:start position:0% +barriers to entry are if there's no way + + + align:start position:0% +barriers to entry are if there's no way +a second firm can get in then + + align:start position:0% +a second firm can get in then + + + align:start position:0% +a second firm can get in then +essentially you get to just obey this + + align:start position:0% +essentially you get to just obey this + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you get to just obey this +formula but if a second firm can get in + + align:start position:0% +formula but if a second firm can get in + + + align:start position:0% +formula but if a second firm can get in +easily then you might not even be able + + align:start position:0% +easily then you might not even be able + + + align:start position:0% +easily then you might not even be able +to have this bigger markup because if + + align:start position:0% +to have this bigger markup because if + + + align:start position:0% +to have this bigger markup because if +you try someone's gonna come in and + + align:start position:0% +you try someone's gonna come in and + + + align:start position:0% +you try someone's gonna come in and +steal your profits okay so in other + + align:start position:0% +steal your profits okay so in other + + + align:start position:0% +steal your profits okay so in other +words there's essentially an important + + align:start position:0% +words there's essentially an important + + + align:start position:0% +words there's essentially an important +issue which is that the market + + align:start position:0% +issue which is that the market + + + align:start position:0% +issue which is that the market +monopolist can get as a function both of + + align:start position:0% +monopolist can get as a function both of + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist can get as a function both of +lasas demand and the size the barrier + + align:start position:0% +lasas demand and the size the barrier + + + align:start position:0% +lasas demand and the size the barrier +sentry + + align:start position:0% +sentry + + + align:start position:0% +sentry +this an important issue that came up in + + align:start position:0% +this an important issue that came up in + + + align:start position:0% +this an important issue that came up in +the area of airline deregulation which + + align:start position:0% +the area of airline deregulation which + + + align:start position:0% +the area of airline deregulation which +is what I want to talk about we've been + + align:start position:0% +is what I want to talk about we've been + + + align:start position:0% +is what I want to talk about we've been +talking about now um how do you see how + + align:start position:0% +talking about now um how do you see how + + + align:start position:0% +talking about now um how do you see how +many of you seen Mad Men geez really ok + + align:start position:0% +many of you seen Mad Men geez really ok + + + align:start position:0% +many of you seen Mad Men geez really ok +it's pretty good job I'm it's not static + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty good job I'm it's not static + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty good job I'm it's not static +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +how many seen Breaking Bad ok good ok + + align:start position:0% +how many seen Breaking Bad ok good ok + + + align:start position:0% +how many seen Breaking Bad ok good ok +that you have to all see Mad Men's + + align:start position:0% +that you have to all see Mad Men's + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to all see Mad Men's +pretty good ok but basically what's nice + + align:start position:0% +pretty good ok but basically what's nice + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good ok but basically what's nice +about Mad Men it shows what flying was + + align:start position:0% +about Mad Men it shows what flying was + + + align:start position:0% +about Mad Men it shows what flying was +like when I was a kid ok when I was a + + align:start position:0% +like when I was a kid ok when I was a + + + align:start position:0% +like when I was a kid ok when I was a +kid when you flew it was like luxurious + + align:start position:0% +kid when you flew it was like luxurious + + + align:start position:0% +kid when you flew it was like luxurious +ok you went on there was plenty of + + align:start position:0% +ok you went on there was plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +ok you went on there was plenty of +legroom you had like free meals free + + align:start position:0% +legroom you had like free meals free + + + align:start position:0% +legroom you had like free meals free +movies free drinks it was uh and + + align:start position:0% +movies free drinks it was uh and + + + align:start position:0% +movies free drinks it was uh and +basically um that and the reason was + + align:start position:0% +basically um that and the reason was + + + align:start position:0% +basically um that and the reason was +because well I've sort of skipped ahead + + align:start position:0% +because well I've sort of skipped ahead + + + align:start position:0% +because well I've sort of skipped ahead +in the story when I was a kid + + align:start position:0% +in the story when I was a kid + + + align:start position:0% +in the story when I was a kid +airlines were regulated what that meant + + align:start position:0% +airlines were regulated what that meant + + + align:start position:0% +airlines were regulated what that meant +was that essentially um the government + + align:start position:0% +was that essentially um the government + + + align:start position:0% +was that essentially um the government +viewed Airlines as a natural monopoly + + align:start position:0% +viewed Airlines as a natural monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +viewed Airlines as a natural monopoly +they said look planes are very expensive + + align:start position:0% +they said look planes are very expensive + + + align:start position:0% +they said look planes are very expensive +there's a big fixed cost so it's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a big fixed cost so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a big fixed cost so it's a +natural monopoly we don't think + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly we don't think + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly we don't think +competition will work well here so we're + + align:start position:0% +competition will work well here so we're + + + align:start position:0% +competition will work well here so we're +gonna have regulation of Airlines what + + align:start position:0% +gonna have regulation of Airlines what + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have regulation of Airlines what +that meant was the government set the + + align:start position:0% +that meant was the government set the + + + align:start position:0% +that meant was the government set the +price of every flight and regulated + + align:start position:0% +price of every flight and regulated + + + align:start position:0% +price of every flight and regulated +where planes could go so Airlines + + align:start position:0% +where planes could go so Airlines + + + align:start position:0% +where planes could go so Airlines +however you would submit a set of routes + + align:start position:0% +however you would submit a set of routes + + + align:start position:0% +however you would submit a set of routes +they wanted to fly in a set of prices + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to fly in a set of prices + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to fly in a set of prices +and the government's would approve or + + align:start position:0% +and the government's would approve or + + + align:start position:0% +and the government's would approve or +turn them down + + align:start position:0% +turn them down + + + align:start position:0% +turn them down +okay it was a regulated market okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay it was a regulated market okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay it was a regulated market okay and +it was generally viewed the government + + align:start position:0% +it was generally viewed the government + + + align:start position:0% +it was generally viewed the government +basically sort of screwed this up and + + align:start position:0% +basically sort of screwed this up and + + + align:start position:0% +basically sort of screwed this up and +set the rates too high that was sort of + + align:start position:0% +set the rates too high that was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +set the rates too high that was sort of +general view that base the government + + align:start position:0% +general view that base the government + + + align:start position:0% +general view that base the government +because essentially and really + + align:start position:0% +because essentially and really + + + align:start position:0% +because essentially and really +understand the supply curve they're + + align:start position:0% +understand the supply curve they're + + + align:start position:0% +understand the supply curve they're +being sort of fooled by the manufactory + + align:start position:0% +being sort of fooled by the manufactory + + + align:start position:0% +being sort of fooled by the manufactory +costs were higher than they were and + + align:start position:0% +costs were higher than they were and + + + align:start position:0% +costs were higher than they were and +we're setting prices too high okay but + + align:start position:0% +we're setting prices too high okay but + + + align:start position:0% +we're setting prices too high okay but +economists said look this is not a + + align:start position:0% +economists said look this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +economists said look this is not a +natural monopoly because in fact it's + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly because in fact it's + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopoly because in fact it's +not actually that cheap to get a use + + align:start position:0% +not actually that cheap to get a use + + + align:start position:0% +not actually that cheap to get a use +plane and enter this business okay + + align:start position:0% +plane and enter this business okay + + + align:start position:0% +plane and enter this business okay +because these companies turn over their + + align:start position:0% +because these companies turn over their + + + align:start position:0% +because these companies turn over their +planes all the time and yes buying a new + + align:start position:0% +planes all the time and yes buying a new + + + align:start position:0% +planes all the time and yes buying a new +planes expensive but getting a + + align:start position:0% +planes expensive but getting a + + + align:start position:0% +planes expensive but getting a +well-functioning use plane isn't that + + align:start position:0% +well-functioning use plane isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +well-functioning use plane isn't that +expensive and you could easily create + + align:start position:0% +expensive and you could easily create + + + align:start position:0% +expensive and you could easily create +competitors in this business they said + + align:start position:0% +competitors in this business they said + + + align:start position:0% +competitors in this business they said +is what we call a contestable more + + align:start position:0% +is what we call a contestable more + + + align:start position:0% +is what we call a contestable more +a market with very low barrier century + + align:start position:0% +a market with very low barrier century + + + align:start position:0% +a market with very low barrier century +that in fact if you allowed competition + + align:start position:0% +that in fact if you allowed competition + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact if you allowed competition +you would have a lot of entry into this + + align:start position:0% +you would have a lot of entry into this + + + align:start position:0% +you would have a lot of entry into this +market and it would function fine that + + align:start position:0% +market and it would function fine that + + + align:start position:0% +market and it would function fine that +it wasn't natural monopolies a + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't natural monopolies a + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't natural monopolies a +contestable market ok and they argued in + + align:start position:0% +contestable market ok and they argued in + + + align:start position:0% +contestable market ok and they argued in +fact that if you like competition price + + align:start position:0% +fact that if you like competition price + + + align:start position:0% +fact that if you like competition price +would fall very close to marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +would fall very close to marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +would fall very close to marginal cost +okay price of fall very close to + + align:start position:0% +okay price of fall very close to + + + align:start position:0% +okay price of fall very close to +marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost +so in fact economists carried the day + + align:start position:0% +so in fact economists carried the day + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact economists carried the day +and the 1970s we deregulated the airline + + align:start position:0% +and the 1970s we deregulated the airline + + + align:start position:0% +and the 1970s we deregulated the airline +industry the government stopped setting + + align:start position:0% +industry the government stopped setting + + + align:start position:0% +industry the government stopped setting +prices and regulating routes what + + align:start position:0% +prices and regulating routes what + + + align:start position:0% +prices and regulating routes what +happened okay three three things + + align:start position:0% +happened okay three three things + + + align:start position:0% +happened okay three three things +happened the first thing is price fell + + align:start position:0% +happened the first thing is price fell + + + align:start position:0% +happened the first thing is price fell +enormous ly the cost of flying fell by + + align:start position:0% +enormous ly the cost of flying fell by + + + align:start position:0% +enormous ly the cost of flying fell by +about a third + + align:start position:0% +about a third + + + align:start position:0% +about a third +okay the best example was the airline I + + align:start position:0% +okay the best example was the airline I + + + align:start position:0% +okay the best example was the airline I +took home from MIT in 1984 called + + align:start position:0% +took home from MIT in 1984 called + + + align:start position:0% +took home from MIT in 1984 called +people's Express people's Express their + + align:start position:0% +people's Express people's Express their + + + align:start position:0% +people's Express people's Express their +laws introduced this was sort of shortly + + align:start position:0% +laws introduced this was sort of shortly + + + align:start position:0% +laws introduced this was sort of shortly +after deregulation I could fly from + + align:start position:0% +after deregulation I could fly from + + + align:start position:0% +after deregulation I could fly from +Boston to Newark for $29 okay now how + + align:start position:0% +Boston to Newark for $29 okay now how + + + align:start position:0% +Boston to Newark for $29 okay now how +did that work it was crazy showed up at + + align:start position:0% +did that work it was crazy showed up at + + + align:start position:0% +did that work it was crazy showed up at +the airport there was no reservation + + align:start position:0% +the airport there was no reservation + + + align:start position:0% +the airport there was no reservation +just waited online they let people onto + + align:start position:0% +just waited online they let people onto + + + align:start position:0% +just waited online they let people onto +the plane was fold when you waited for + + align:start position:0% +the plane was fold when you waited for + + + align:start position:0% +the plane was fold when you waited for +the next one + + align:start position:0% +the next one + + + align:start position:0% +the next one +you paid on the plane with the credit + + align:start position:0% +you paid on the plane with the credit + + + align:start position:0% +you paid on the plane with the credit +card I still didn't they don't know what + + align:start position:0% +card I still didn't they don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +card I still didn't they don't know what +happened if you didn't pay they throw + + align:start position:0% +happened if you didn't pay they throw + + + align:start position:0% +happened if you didn't pay they throw +you out the window I don't know but he + + align:start position:0% +you out the window I don't know but he + + + align:start position:0% +you out the window I don't know but he +paid on the plane and it was incredibly + + align:start position:0% +paid on the plane and it was incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +paid on the plane and it was incredibly +competitive and this is what happened + + align:start position:0% +competitive and this is what happened + + + align:start position:0% +competitive and this is what happened +flying got incredibly cheap okay the + + align:start position:0% +flying got incredibly cheap okay the + + + align:start position:0% +flying got incredibly cheap okay the +second thing that happened is you've had + + align:start position:0% +second thing that happened is you've had + + + align:start position:0% +second thing that happened is you've had +many more reps it turned out that the + + align:start position:0% +many more reps it turned out that the + + + align:start position:0% +many more reps it turned out that the +government thought that flying from + + align:start position:0% +government thought that flying from + + + align:start position:0% +government thought that flying from +point A to point B wasn't profitable + + align:start position:0% +point A to point B wasn't profitable + + + align:start position:0% +point A to point B wasn't profitable +often when it was so the government + + align:start position:0% +often when it was so the government + + + align:start position:0% +often when it was so the government +wouldn't let Airlines flight up from + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't let Airlines flight up from + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't let Airlines flight up from +point A to point B when in fact Airlines + + align:start position:0% +point A to point B when in fact Airlines + + + align:start position:0% +point A to point B when in fact Airlines +couldn't make plenty of money you in + + align:start position:0% +couldn't make plenty of money you in + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't make plenty of money you in +that flight + + align:start position:0% +that flight + + + align:start position:0% +that flight +she had cheaper flights and more routes + + align:start position:0% +she had cheaper flights and more routes + + + align:start position:0% +she had cheaper flights and more routes +okay the third thing is flying sucks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I was a kid flying was awesome + + align:start position:0% +okay I was a kid flying was awesome + + + align:start position:0% +okay I was a kid flying was awesome +meals booze big seats now it's terrible + + align:start position:0% +meals booze big seats now it's terrible + + + align:start position:0% +meals booze big seats now it's terrible +no meals no booze tiny seats okay why + + align:start position:0% +no meals no booze tiny seats okay why + + + align:start position:0% +no meals no booze tiny seats okay why +why did this happen why did we suddenly + + align:start position:0% +why did this happen why did we suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +why did this happen why did we suddenly +go flights got cheaper than more of them + + align:start position:0% +go flights got cheaper than more of them + + + align:start position:0% +go flights got cheaper than more of them +but why did they say why + + align:start position:0% +but why did they say why + + + align:start position:0% +but why did they say why +we suddenly why would they suddenly + + align:start position:0% +we suddenly why would they suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +we suddenly why would they suddenly +crash yeah right that's one way to put + + align:start position:0% +crash yeah right that's one way to put + + + align:start position:0% +crash yeah right that's one way to put +it but what there's all the point is + + align:start position:0% +it but what there's all the point is + + + align:start position:0% +it but what there's all the point is +what this example points out is that + + align:start position:0% +what this example points out is that + + + align:start position:0% +what this example points out is that +there's always competition yeah what we + + align:start position:0% +there's always competition yeah what we + + + align:start position:0% +there's always competition yeah what we +gonna say wasn't they still praised + + align:start position:0% +gonna say wasn't they still praised + + + align:start position:0% +gonna say wasn't they still praised +screaming it wasn't quite that but yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they were really fly but what were they + + align:start position:0% +they were really fly but what were they + + + align:start position:0% +they were really fly but what were they +doing before yeah like a review right so + + align:start position:0% +doing before yeah like a review right so + + + align:start position:0% +doing before yeah like a review right so +there were multiple lines before the + + align:start position:0% +there were multiple lines before the + + + align:start position:0% +there were multiple lines before the +government said wooly compete on price + + align:start position:0% +government said wooly compete on price + + + align:start position:0% +government said wooly compete on price +but they said great we'll compete on + + align:start position:0% +but they said great we'll compete on + + + align:start position:0% +but they said great we'll compete on +other stuff + + align:start position:0% +other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +other stuff +remember economic actors wanna be + + align:start position:0% +remember economic actors wanna be + + + align:start position:0% +remember economic actors wanna be +economic actors they want to use + + align:start position:0% +economic actors they want to use + + + align:start position:0% +economic actors they want to use +economic tools okay + + align:start position:0% +economic tools okay + + + align:start position:0% +economic tools okay +so if the government says to the + + align:start position:0% +so if the government says to the + + + align:start position:0% +so if the government says to the +airline's we're not gonna let you charge + + align:start position:0% +airline's we're not gonna let you charge + + + align:start position:0% +airline's we're not gonna let you charge +a higher price they're like great we'll + + align:start position:0% +a higher price they're like great we'll + + + align:start position:0% +a higher price they're like great we'll +compete by having better food better + + align:start position:0% +compete by having better food better + + + align:start position:0% +compete by having better food better +drinks bigger seats okay once the + + align:start position:0% +drinks bigger seats okay once the + + + align:start position:0% +drinks bigger seats okay once the +government said now you have a new mode + + align:start position:0% +government said now you have a new mode + + + align:start position:0% +government said now you have a new mode +of competing they realized people + + align:start position:0% +of competing they realized people + + + align:start position:0% +of competing they realized people +weren't willing to pay for better food + + align:start position:0% +weren't willing to pay for better food + + + align:start position:0% +weren't willing to pay for better food +and better drinks and bigger seats + + align:start position:0% +and better drinks and bigger seats + + + align:start position:0% +and better drinks and bigger seats +they'd rather fly cheaper so they'd + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather fly cheaper so they'd + + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather fly cheaper so they'd +switch the mode of competition from + + align:start position:0% +switch the mode of competition from + + + align:start position:0% +switch the mode of competition from +quality competition to price competition + + align:start position:0% +quality competition to price competition + + + align:start position:0% +quality competition to price competition +they used to use quality competition now + + align:start position:0% +they used to use quality competition now + + + align:start position:0% +they used to use quality competition now +these price competition this means that + + align:start position:0% +these price competition this means that + + + align:start position:0% +these price competition this means that +all of us who complain that flying sucks + + align:start position:0% +all of us who complain that flying sucks + + + align:start position:0% +all of us who complain that flying sucks +should just shut up because we really + + align:start position:0% +should just shut up because we really + + + align:start position:0% +should just shut up because we really +cared that much then there'd be a good + + align:start position:0% +cared that much then there'd be a good + + + align:start position:0% +cared that much then there'd be a good +airline that charged more and gave you + + align:start position:0% +airline that charged more and gave you + + + align:start position:0% +airline that charged more and gave you +better stuff but there's not any + + align:start position:0% +better stuff but there's not any + + + align:start position:0% +better stuff but there's not any +JetBlue's a little better but like by + + align:start position:0% +JetBlue's a little better but like by + + + align:start position:0% +JetBlue's a little better but like by +and large okay there's not airlines that + + align:start position:0% +and large okay there's not airlines that + + + align:start position:0% +and large okay there's not airlines that +charge more you'd be better stuff okay + + align:start position:0% +charge more you'd be better stuff okay + + + align:start position:0% +charge more you'd be better stuff okay +and that's because the end of the day we + + align:start position:0% +and that's because the end of the day we + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because the end of the day we +would rather fly cheaper than have this + + align:start position:0% +would rather fly cheaper than have this + + + align:start position:0% +would rather fly cheaper than have this +extra stuff it wasn't worth the money + + align:start position:0% +extra stuff it wasn't worth the money + + + align:start position:0% +extra stuff it wasn't worth the money +that we're paying for it okay so which + + align:start position:0% +that we're paying for it okay so which + + + align:start position:0% +that we're paying for it okay so which +really says that regulation was failing + + align:start position:0% +really says that regulation was failing + + + align:start position:0% +really says that regulation was failing +here regulation was forcing Airlines to + + align:start position:0% +here regulation was forcing Airlines to + + + align:start position:0% +here regulation was forcing Airlines to +compete in the inefficient way they're + + align:start position:0% +compete in the inefficient way they're + + + align:start position:0% +compete in the inefficient way they're +competing us by giving us nice meals we + + align:start position:0% +competing us by giving us nice meals we + + + align:start position:0% +competing us by giving us nice meals we +would rather when we rather have the + + align:start position:0% +would rather when we rather have the + + + align:start position:0% +would rather when we rather have the +money so it's example that regulation + + align:start position:0% +money so it's example that regulation + + + align:start position:0% +money so it's example that regulation +failed okay so that's all really good + + align:start position:0% +failed okay so that's all really good + + + align:start position:0% +failed okay so that's all really good +news but there's one piece of bad news + + align:start position:0% +news but there's one piece of bad news + + + align:start position:0% +news but there's one piece of bad news +which is that economists aren't + + align:start position:0% +which is that economists aren't + + + align:start position:0% +which is that economists aren't +all-knowing and the economists there's a + + align:start position:0% +all-knowing and the economists there's a + + + align:start position:0% +all-knowing and the economists there's a +fourth outcome we missed + + align:start position:0% +fourth outcome we missed + + + align:start position:0% +fourth outcome we missed +which was the rise of the hub-and-spoke + + align:start position:0% +which was the rise of the hub-and-spoke + + + align:start position:0% +which was the rise of the hub-and-spoke +system which is that what we missed is + + align:start position:0% +system which is that what we missed is + + + align:start position:0% +system which is that what we missed is +that airplanes aren't a natural monopoly + + align:start position:0% +that airplanes aren't a natural monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +that airplanes aren't a natural monopoly +but airports are and what Airlines + + align:start position:0% +but airports are and what Airlines + + + align:start position:0% +but airports are and what Airlines +started doing is essentially taking over + + align:start position:0% +started doing is essentially taking over + + + align:start position:0% +started doing is essentially taking over +Airport slots okay and then saying we + + align:start position:0% +Airport slots okay and then saying we + + + align:start position:0% +Airport slots okay and then saying we +are gonna have all the flights so for + + align:start position:0% +are gonna have all the flights so for + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna have all the flights so for +example my wife's from Minneapolis we + + align:start position:0% +example my wife's from Minneapolis we + + + align:start position:0% +example my wife's from Minneapolis we +used to go to Minneapolis the only + + align:start position:0% +used to go to Minneapolis the only + + + align:start position:0% +used to go to Minneapolis the only +option is Northwest Northwest Oh - all + + align:start position:0% +option is Northwest Northwest Oh - all + + + align:start position:0% +option is Northwest Northwest Oh - all +the slots in Minneapolis Airport and + + align:start position:0% +the slots in Minneapolis Airport and + + + align:start position:0% +the slots in Minneapolis Airport and +they say if you ever fly anywhere on + + align:start position:0% +they say if you ever fly anywhere on + + + align:start position:0% +they say if you ever fly anywhere on +Northwest we're gonna write you through + + align:start position:0% +Northwest we're gonna write you through + + + align:start position:0% +Northwest we're gonna write you through +Minneapolis - wherever you go + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis - wherever you go + + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis - wherever you go +okay what's called the hub-and-spoke + + align:start position:0% +okay what's called the hub-and-spoke + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's called the hub-and-spoke +system you always want your central + + align:start position:0% +system you always want your central + + + align:start position:0% +system you always want your central +point went out so US air had Pittsburgh + + align:start position:0% +point went out so US air had Pittsburgh + + + align:start position:0% +point went out so US air had Pittsburgh +you know Northwest said Minneapolis and + + align:start position:0% +you know Northwest said Minneapolis and + + + align:start position:0% +you know Northwest said Minneapolis and +American had Dallas etc they these hubs + + align:start position:0% +American had Dallas etc they these hubs + + + align:start position:0% +American had Dallas etc they these hubs +you go through what that meant was they + + align:start position:0% +you go through what that meant was they + + + align:start position:0% +you go through what that meant was they +essentially got a monopoly on the route + + align:start position:0% +essentially got a monopoly on the route + + + align:start position:0% +essentially got a monopoly on the route +into the hubs because they didn't adopt + + align:start position:0% +into the hubs because they didn't adopt + + + align:start position:0% +into the hubs because they didn't adopt +Leon the slots at the airport so now you + + align:start position:0% +Leon the slots at the airport so now you + + + align:start position:0% +Leon the slots at the airport so now you +might say well that's easy to fix don't + + align:start position:0% +might say well that's easy to fix don't + + + align:start position:0% +might say well that's easy to fix don't +get monopoly slots in the airport but + + align:start position:0% +get monopoly slots in the airport but + + + align:start position:0% +get monopoly slots in the airport but +that's harder to fix than you think + + align:start position:0% +that's harder to fix than you think + + + align:start position:0% +that's harder to fix than you think +because whenever the airport in + + align:start position:0% +because whenever the airport in + + + align:start position:0% +because whenever the airport in +Minneapolis was saved Northwest we want + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis was saved Northwest we want + + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis was saved Northwest we want +to allow other airlines they say great + + align:start position:0% +to allow other airlines they say great + + + align:start position:0% +to allow other airlines they say great +we're moving our headquarters out of + + align:start position:0% +we're moving our headquarters out of + + + align:start position:0% +we're moving our headquarters out of +Minneapolis see ya and they say okay + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis see ya and they say okay + + + align:start position:0% +Minneapolis see ya and they say okay +fine we won't do that so essentially + + align:start position:0% +fine we won't do that so essentially + + + align:start position:0% +fine we won't do that so essentially +these there became political equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +these there became political equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +these there became political equilibrium +where these local airlines were such big + + align:start position:0% +where these local airlines were such big + + + align:start position:0% +where these local airlines were such big +employers they bullied the government to + + align:start position:0% +employers they bullied the government to + + + align:start position:0% +employers they bullied the government to +delaying them dominate the airports and + + align:start position:0% +delaying them dominate the airports and + + + align:start position:0% +delaying them dominate the airports and +they essentially recreated a monopoly + + align:start position:0% +they essentially recreated a monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +they essentially recreated a monopoly +but then ah Polly wasn't on planes he + + align:start position:0% +but then ah Polly wasn't on planes he + + + align:start position:0% +but then ah Polly wasn't on planes he +was on airport slots and actually flying + + align:start position:0% +was on airport slots and actually flying + + + align:start position:0% +was on airport slots and actually flying +got much more expensive again so flying + + align:start position:0% +got much more expensive again so flying + + + align:start position:0% +got much more expensive again so flying +really so the price of flights really + + align:start position:0% +really so the price of flights really + + + align:start position:0% +really so the price of flights really +came down until Airlines figure this hub + + align:start position:0% +came down until Airlines figure this hub + + + align:start position:0% +came down until Airlines figure this hub +and spoke system and they've gone back + + align:start position:0% +and spoke system and they've gone back + + + align:start position:0% +and spoke system and they've gone back +up since now there's still cheaper than + + align:start position:0% +up since now there's still cheaper than + + + align:start position:0% +up since now there's still cheaper than +they were under regulation but I roughly + + align:start position:0% +they were under regulation but I roughly + + + align:start position:0% +they were under regulation but I roughly +speaking at the price price fault + + align:start position:0% +speaking at the price price fault + + + align:start position:0% +speaking at the price price fault +fell by more like more than 50% + + align:start position:0% +fell by more like more than 50% + + + align:start position:0% +fell by more like more than 50% +initially and they're sort of risen back + + align:start position:0% +initially and they're sort of risen back + + + align:start position:0% +initially and they're sort of risen back +up it's still lower than it was under + + align:start position:0% +up it's still lower than it was under + + + align:start position:0% +up it's still lower than it was under +regulation but it's risen back up + + align:start position:0% +regulation but it's risen back up + + + align:start position:0% +regulation but it's risen back up +because there's a sort of new natural + + align:start position:0% +because there's a sort of new natural + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a sort of new natural +monopoly problem that we didn't um that + + align:start position:0% +monopoly problem that we didn't um that + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly problem that we didn't um that +we didn't see okay so at least the crazy + + align:start position:0% +we didn't see okay so at least the crazy + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't see okay so at least the crazy +things like you know a price of a + + align:start position:0% +things like you know a price of a + + + align:start position:0% +things like you know a price of a +nonstop to San Francisco today is + + align:start position:0% +nonstop to San Francisco today is + + + align:start position:0% +nonstop to San Francisco today is +something like half as much from Boston + + align:start position:0% +something like half as much from Boston + + + align:start position:0% +something like half as much from Boston +as a flight to Minnesota now I know your + + align:start position:0% +as a flight to Minnesota now I know your + + + align:start position:0% +as a flight to Minnesota now I know your +geography skills are but San Francisco's + + align:start position:0% +geography skills are but San Francisco's + + + align:start position:0% +geography skills are but San Francisco's +a lot farther from Boston and Minnesota + + align:start position:0% +a lot farther from Boston and Minnesota + + + align:start position:0% +a lot farther from Boston and Minnesota +is so it's clearly not a marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +is so it's clearly not a marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +is so it's clearly not a marginal cost +issue okay so that's an example + + align:start position:0% +issue okay so that's an example + + + align:start position:0% +issue okay so that's an example +is sort of a nice case study of kind of + + align:start position:0% +is sort of a nice case study of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of a nice case study of kind of +our motivation was right by and large + + align:start position:0% +our motivation was right by and large + + + align:start position:0% +our motivation was right by and large +economist got it right bylaws were + + align:start position:0% +economist got it right bylaws were + + + align:start position:0% +economist got it right bylaws were +better off in a deregulated world okay + + align:start position:0% +better off in a deregulated world okay + + + align:start position:0% +better off in a deregulated world okay +but not as well off as we thought + + align:start position:0% +but not as well off as we thought + + + align:start position:0% +but not as well off as we thought +because we missed this other element + + align:start position:0% +because we missed this other element + + + align:start position:0% +because we missed this other element +natural monopolies okay um so that's + + align:start position:0% +natural monopolies okay um so that's + + + align:start position:0% +natural monopolies okay um so that's +that's why I stopped there um we will + + align:start position:0% +that's why I stopped there um we will + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I stopped there um we will +continue next time by talking about + + align:start position:0% +continue next time by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +continue next time by talking about +oligopoly \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uow6v1EuybE.txt b/uow6v1EuybE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64a0e8fa10b476ee7db39232c7d5db87f7c7d5ed --- /dev/null +++ b/uow6v1EuybE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2974 @@ +We talked about and gone through the history +of the Shuttle a little bit. + +We're going to go into it some more today. + +But, to refresh your memory, there really +were three subsystems on the shuttle that + +were pressing the state of the art. + +One was the thermal protection system which +we talked about, Tom Moser talked about. + +The other was the avionic system with the +computers, the computer synchronized. + +The four computers synchronized because, as +we explained, the Orbiter really needs a computer + +to fly because it is a fly-by-wire system, +which is statically unstable. + +And the other system that was pressing the +state of the art was the Space Shuttle main + +engine. + +It had a high pressure, high temperature and +high performance. + +And so, you're going to hear about that today. + +Now, the person that's going to talk to you +-- + +Many of you, I'm sure, heard the term rocket +scientist but you probably don't really know + +what that means. + +Well, today you're going to meet one. + +You're going to meet a true rocket scientist. + +J.R. Thompson was responsible for the design, +development, test and operation of the space + +shuttle main engine. + +During Apollo J.R. had a very similar function +in the design and working on the launch vehicle + +for the Apollo vehicle. + +He became director of the Marshall Space Flight +Center. + +Then he was deputy administrator at NASA in +Washington. + +And now he's president of Orbital Sciences. + +You're in for a real treat. + +Thanks, Aaron. + +Aaron asked me to consider this talk, I don't +know, several months ago. + +And I was a little hesitant at first, but +then the more I thought about it, it's given + +me a good opportunity to go back and kind +of recount some of the highlights and the + +low points in the program. + +It was some 30 years ago for me. + +So, there is some of this that's going to +be still a little fuzzy. + +But there is a lot of it that it's just like +it was yesterday. + +Actually, the Shuttle main engine has its +roots back in the technology programs that + +were funded and came out of Apollo. + +As early as the mid-1960s, people at the Marshall +Space Flight Center in the same propulsion + +group that I was in, although my attention +was focused on Apollo at that time, were heavily + +involved with Pratt & Whitney, Rocketdyne +and Aerojet in developing the high-pressure + +turbomachinery that would one day be envisioned +to use in the Shuttle, if there ever were + +a Shuttle. + +So, that's back when it started. + +And there was a good bit of effort put in +at that time. + +I think, as you probably know, Rocketdyne +of North America won the contract in July. + +Actually, July 13th of 1971. + +So, shortly after Apollo. + +Apollo was still winding down when the Shuttle +Program got its legs. + +And the Shuttle main engine was one of the +very early awards because, as Aaron indicated, + +it was early on envisioned that that would +be what we called back then the long tent + +pole in the program. + +It came on the heels of a one-year Phase B +competition between Pratt, Rocketdyne and + +Aerojet. + +During this Phase B, NASA funded some technology +demonstrations, requirements definition and + +that kind of thing. + +Actually, Rocketdyne, at that time, did a +very bold demonstration of what they call + +power head. + +And I will show you what that encompassed +in just a minute. + +But it was a demonstration of the heart of +the engine. + +It only operated for a short period of time +but very high pressure. + +It was risky. + +They pulled it off. + +It was actually driven by a fellow called +Paul Castenholz who was a guy coming out of + +Apollo that basically solved or lead the team +that solved the combustion instability on + +the F1 engine. + +Paul was a very ambitious fellow, very aggressive +and very bold in trying to capture this award + +for Rocketdyne. + +At that time, though, NASA envisioned what +they called a fly back booster. + +The Shuttle main engine was envisioned to +be a common engine for the fly back booster, + +as well as the Orbiter. + +In that early concept, there would be 12 SSMEs +on the backend of the fly back booster operating + +at 550,000 pounds of vacuum thrust. + +And on the Orbiter configuration it was three +engines operating at 632,000 pounds of thrust + +in vacuum. + +Because of the money that was forecasted at +that time and that had been appropriated to + +date, NASA was always behind the power curve +in the early phases of the program. + +And they never got everything they wanted. + +And I'm sure that Dale Myers and others that +have preceded me have told you the ins and + +outs of why then NASA scaled back from the +fly back booster to the solid rocket motors. + +And so, at that point, the Shuttle main engine +was refocused at 470,000 pounds of thrust. + +And that was what's called the rated power +level. + +At that time, I think there was a full power +level and an emergency power level of 109% + +of the rated thrust that was in the program, +but I'll show you a view graph in a minute + +that has the specific parameters of the engine +as it finally settled out. + +After the award, Pratt & Whitney protested. + +It was a hard fought competition. + +NASA had specified that they wanted an engine +bell configuration, a nozzle bell as opposed + +to Rocketdyne's aerodynamic spike that they +had promoted in the late `60s. + +I'm not sure if everybody here knows what +an aerospike is. + +You may say one or two things about it. + +Well, it's a truncated nozzle. + +Actually, it's packaged and derives the nozzle +from the expansion of the gases here where + +the nozzle wall is formed by additional gases +that come out in the cooling system. + +And it's a very high performing engine. + +Its +packaging is certainly an advantage where + +you don't need a big boat tail, say like you +would with the engine. + +You're saving about 10 or 12 feet there and +the weight that goes along with it. + +Pratt & Whitney had been focusing on a bell +nozzle all the time. + +And frankly those of us that were kind of +on the periphery of this program and still + +involved in the Apollo kind of figured that +Pratt had the advantage in this because Rocketdyne + +was, of course, awarded the propulsion systems +for the Apollo Saturn Program. + +And it was kind of viewed as Pratt & Whitney's +turn. + +It didn't turn out that way. + +I attribute a lot of that to the good proposal, +the boldness and the demonstration program + +that Rocketdyne accomplished during the competitive +period. + +Anyway, Pratt & Whitney protested. + +It took about nine months for the protest +to be settled. + +It was settled in favor of Rocketdyne. + +In the meantime, Rocketdyne was allowed to +continue to work with the contractors on the + +vehicle side because they hadn't made the +selection at that time there. + +So they could continue to support their work. + +Anyway, in 1972, it was all settled. + +The contract was awarded cost plus. + +And, as I recall, it was $200 million for +the development which was called Phase A, + +and $200 million for the production which +was called Phase B. + +And the Phase B program included, I believe, +26 production engines. + +I won't comment as to what the costs eventually +grew to, but very substantially beyond that. + +Let me kind of highlight for you the characteristics +of the + +engine. + +I think I mentioned the thrust levels. + +The rated power level was 470,000 pounds. + +It had the capability, if an engine was out +early and you wanted to abort the orbit to + +throttle the engine up to 109% of the rated +thrust that was called full power level. + +Early on in the program, I think it was termed +emergency power level. + +But, at the rated conditions, it accommodated +or required a little over 3,000 pounds per + +square inch chamber pressure in the combustion +chamber. + +The area ratio of the nozzle was 77:1. + +It had a very good specific impulse. + +About 453, 454. + +That compares to J2 in Apollo of about 442, +as I recall, somewhere in that range. + +Weight was about 7,000 pounds. + +Life 7.5 hours and 55 missions. + +That's quite misleading, though, let me tell +you. + +And I'll comment more on this as we go through. + +But it was a very tough development program. + +It took from '72, as I mentioned, through +first flight in 1981. + +I joined the program after Apollo and after +Skylab in May of 1974. + +And it was torture from there until the first +flight in April of '81. + +Early on it was envisioned that, as I mentioned, +the SSME would be used for both the fly back + +booster and the Orbiter configuration. + +It would use basically the same power head. + +You would just change out the nozzles to give +you the two engine thrust levels. + +And so it was rather simple in that concept. + +Of course, that's not the way it worked out. + +It went to one configuration to service the +Orbiter. + +And so everything was optimized and focused +on that. + +Now let me say a few words about the schematic +itself and what the engine looked like. + +In conceptual terms, it had two low pressure +pumps which were required to give the proper + +inlet pressures to both high pressure pumps +to avoid cavitation. + +It had the two high pressure pumps. + +It was all fed through a common power head +to a thrust chamber assembly and then into + +the nozzle. + +Starting on the fuel side, the fuel pump increased +the pressure to about 300 pounds per square + +inch. + +And then that went into the high pressure +pump on the fuel side where the pressure was + +boosted to a little over 6,000 pounds per +square inch. + +About 80% of the fuel all went to the two +pre-burners, the fuel and the oxidizer pre-burner + +contrasted to about 12% of the oxidizer. + +That was to provide a very fuel rich power +system to drive the two turbines, the high + +pressure fuel pump turbine and the LOX pump +turbine. + +The turbine temperatures were in the range +of 1750 degrees air ranking. + +Almost all of the housing structure on probably +80% of the engine was Inconel, very tough + +steel. + +Able to take very high pressures. + +As I mentioned, the combustion pressure in +the chamber was about 3,000 pounds per square + +inch. + +At the entry to the pre-burners, the pressure +could get up to 8,000 pounds per square inch. + +It was a very high pressure system up and +down. + +It was all in series. + +In other words, this was the way they achieved +the high efficiency. + +All of the propellant came through the low +pressure system, the high pressure system + +into the pre-burners, in through the cooling +circuits, all in the hot gas manifold, all + +in the main chamber, all of it exited the +nozzle. + +None was dumped overboard to simplify the +flow pad. + +A good bit of the fuel at the exit of the +high pressure pump went directly to feed the + +two pre-burners. + +A good bit of it, about 20% of it went to +cool the nozzle, then up through and cool + +the -- + +Rather drove the turbine because, having cooled +the nozzle, it was converted to a warm gas + +which then drove the low pressure turbine, +came back in and was captured and served to + +cool the shell of the hot gas manifold. + +The same similar thing on the oxidizer side. + +By the way, I'll mention the speed of the +low pressure fuel pump was about 15,000 rpm + +and high pressure fuel pump about 35,000 rpm. + +The speed of the low pressure LOX pump was +5,000 rpm and of the high pressure oxidizer + +pump about 30,000 rpm. + +The discharge of the low pressure LOX pump +was about 250 pounds per square inch entered + +into the main LOX pump where the pressure +was elevated to 4500 pounds per square inch. + +Then it went some to the pre-burners and the +rest directly into the main combustion chamber. + +Some part of the lock flow then was further +boosted to about a little over 8,000 pounds + +per square inch, which fed the oxidizer into +the two pre-burners. + +It was a very efficient cycle, very high pressured +cycle. + +A couple other features that you don't see +on this chart, there was a heat exchanger + +wrapped around the high pressure oxidizer +turbo pump turbine which served to preheat + +gas to pressurize the oxidizer tank. + +I think those are the major points that I +would make on the cycle itself. + +Most of the problems, I'll just point out +here, had very few problems with the two low + +pressure pumps. + +A lot of technology in the high pressure pumps, +both fuel and oxidizer. + +The main problem with the high pressure fuel +pump was sub-synchronous whirl, and I'll say + +a little bit more about this in a moment. + +It was a very traumatic time in the early +period of developing the Shuttle main engine. + +It caused a lot of delays. + +A tough problem to solve. + +And I'll mention what caused it and how we +solved it. + +Then the high pressure oxidizer turbopump +bearing overloads, LOX fires, explosions. + +That was probably the single toughest component +to developing the program as I recall it. + +I think those are the major points that I'll +make there. + +Early on it was planned, because they had +such a head start + +in planning for the development of this program, +to be done in a very methodical way. + +And they had, when I say they I'm talking +about the people at Marshall with the people + +at Rocketdyne, a very elaborate system of +design verification systems where you couldn't + +progress to the next stage until you had passed +certain testing on a valve or on a low pressure + +pump. + +And all this was envisioned to be done at +Santa Suzanna which is right out a short distance + +from Canova Park up in the mountain on some +test facilities that both NASA and Rocketdyne + +owned up at that time and that they were carried +over and upgraded from the Apollo program + +to be done on the component facilities up +there. + +But because of the high pressures involved +it became a very expensive undertaking, a + +lot of money, too much time, huge facilities, +valves that were probably as big as that side + +wall over here, to be able to handle these +high pressures to assist in the development + +of this high pressure turbomachinery. + +I think it became pretty clear, pretty early +in the program, that that very methodical + +way of developing the engine, and that is, +before we go to an engine system test, let's + +develop it at the component level so we eliminate +those problems. + +Although, theoretically it sounded very good. + +It just didn't work. + +The facilities were not available in time +to do that. + +And the money was going to be exorbitant Kind +of a side story. + +There was a contractor Bovey Crail as I recall +was the name of the contractor out in Los + +Angeles. + +And early in the program when they were having +contract discussions and Bovey Crail was late + +and Rocketdyne, at the instance of NASA, was +withholding money until they made certain + +progress. + +And so this fellow who was the president of +Rocketdyne, Bill Brennan, I was spending a + +lot of time out there, and he invited me to +sit in this meeting that he was going to have + +with the head of Bovey Crail. + +I guess he thought maybe it would impress +him that somebody from NASA was watching this + +thing. + +Anyway, so I joined him. + +I think it was a Saturday morning. + +And both Bill and I had on suits, coats and +ties. + +And this contractor or head guy from Bovey +Crail came in with some white bucks. + +He had on some yellow pants and a pink shirt. + +And he plopped down on Bill's sofa there. + +And, before Bill could open his mouth, he +said all I want is my blankety blank money. + +And so it was a short discussion. + +[LAUGHTER] He was there to collect his money +and Brennan couldn't pay him because of some + +of the restrictions that NASA had. + +So, it was a messy deal trying to get those +facilities built. + +And it became clear that we were going to +have to develop the components in parallel + +with the engine test. + +It was the biggest systems engineering challenge +that I think we had in the shuttle program. + +Certainly, there were a lot of challenges +in major systems integrating the shuttle engine + +into the Orbiter, for example. + +But down at the engine level, the systems +engineering, to develop those components, + +the two low pressure pumps, the two high pressure +pumps, the pre-burners, the hot gas manifold, + +the main injector, all the control valves. + +And then we also had on the engine, which +I didn't show on the schematic, a computer, + +redundant computers that were cross-strapped +so that the input or the output could be cross-strapped + +and be very tolerant to failure. + +We went to what we call an integrated subsystem +test bed, ISTB. + +That became the bobtail engine of the program. + +Bobtail was a 35:1 area ratio nozzle which +allows us to not only start the engine but + +to operate it at the throttle condition 50% +of the rated thrust and the nozzle would still + +flow full. + +It would not separate. + +And so then we could proceed with the development +of the testing or the development of the engine + +program. + +It was an efficient way to go about the program +so we didn't stall. + +It was tough because we had to solve the engine +problems in parallel with the component problems + +all at the same time. + +And sometimes it was hard to tell which was +the problem. + +We started our first test in May of 1975. + +That is me there on the left, and Norm Reuel +who replaced Paul Castenholz they're in the + +center, and Dom Sanchini who I view to this +day as the strength of the Shuttle Program, + +or rather the main engine who eventually replaced +Norm. + +A few comments on the evolution of some of +the people on the contractor side. + +I mentioned Paul Castenholz who to me was +the key to Rocketdyne winning the program. + +At that time, and this is a personal view, +I think Rocketdyne took a big sigh of relief + +after they won the contract, probably relaxed +a little too long, got in trouble up at Santa + +Susanna in not developing that component facility. + +The test control centers up there, Coke bottles +were laying around, so it was not a well-disciplined + +operation. + +They had gotten lax, I guess, was the best +way to say it. + +Norm Reuel came in to run the program at the +request of NASA. + +He had done the same job on a J2 and other +programs within Rocketdyne for the Saturn + +Program and worked with me and the other fellows +at Marshall. + +And we appointed Dom to drive this ISTB to +help us learn how to start the engine to how + +we could properly integrate a number of the +components into the engine and proved in the + +long-run to be a very valuable tool. + +This chart depicts the buildup of run time +on the engine. + +Test seconds are plotted on the right in thousands, +and the number of tests plotted on the left + +and the year is shown down here. + +We started, as I mentioned, in 1975. + +We finally flew in April of 1981 on STS-1. + +The title, someone asked me a little earlier, +that's first manned orbital flight. + +That's what we referred to our goal back at +that time. + +I've highlighted along the way, I believe, +14 major engine explosions all of which were + +very traumatic in themselves. + +I'll show you some pictures shortly of what +an engine looks like after it goes through + +that. + +And then you can extrapolate that to envision +what was in the boat tail of the Orbiter had + +it occurred in flight and what it would have +done to the flight itself. + +The test seconds curve is down here. + +You can see the long plateau of about nine +months where a combination of learning to + +properly ignite the engine without over-temping +the turbine blades or other parts of the turbine + +combined with what I'll call this sub-synchronous +whirl on the high pressure fuel pump. + +Sub-synchronous whirl, there is a very exotic +definition of it, but it's an orbiting of + +the shaft within the bearings themselves caused +by a softening of that system. + +And you can imagine the softening is attributed +to overheating of the bearings. + +You don't have the stiffness. + +And so this allows the rotor to orbit there, +vibrations get very high and we have to shut + +the engine down. + +We couldn't get into the test, but about 2.35 +seconds was the nominal time before we would + +encounter this very high vibration and then +have to shut the engine down. + +And then after that the engine and the turbomachinery +were located down in Mississippi where we + +were doing the testing. + +It wasn't like you could just try it again. + +You had to bring it all back, replace the +bearings, try to figure out what the problem + +was and put in some kind of a fix. + +We went through a number of fixes trying to +stiffen the system so we could be able to + +tolerate and drive through. + +I thought at that time that if we could ever +get through this period then we would be all + +right. + +But, as it turned out [NOISE OBSCURES]. + +Well, it manifested itself in overheating +of the bearings, spalling of the bearings + +in their raceways. + +I think turbine speeds at that time, or the +speed of the rotor was probably in the 15,000 + +rpm before you could catch the engine and +shut it down operating for a second or a half + +a second with those high side loads, inadequate +cooling, overheating of the bearings. + +You'd get the bearings back and you'd put +them in your hand and they were very much + +damaged. + +I mean that was the manifestation of the problem. + +We went into this for quite a period of time. + +I think what I wanted to capture was the picture +over here. + +Ignore this. + +This is more dramatic. + +I will come back to that later. + +But this is a high pressure fuel turbopump. + +The sub-synchronous whirl and the overheating +of the bearings occurred on the turbine side. + +The coolant path is probably going to be hard +for you to see, but you come through some + +labyrinth seals here. + +You go down this passage, up through the center +of the shaft and in through some provisions + +that were made to cool the bearings on a turbine +end. + +We brought in a lot of external consultants, +had a lot of cooperation from people across + +the country, but after nine months it was +one of the internal guys at Rocketdyne, Joe + +Stangeland, and some of the people in his +turbomachinery group that came up with the + +idea that there was a vortex that was occurring +in this cavity on a turbine end. + +And what we had to do was to kill that vortex +and then allow the coolant to go through. + +And so he put a little what he called a paddle, +which is this part you see right here, which + +is about the size of dime that was screwed +into here to the rotor at that point. + +And the first task, after we included the +paddle right off the block where the engine + +had been stalled and couldn't get beyond about +2.35 seconds, went right up to the minimum + +power level, which is the power level we had +set and planned all of the tests to accelerate + +to that level if we could make it. + +And so it was a very dramatic solution, fix, +and allowed the program to move on and see + +what was behind the next hurtle we were going +to run into. + +So this problem number one was just being +able to understand and accommodate the start + +sequence. + +You had to start the engine fuel rich. + +Any excessive oxidizer would give you a cutoff +because of all the sensors that we had. + +The second problem and the one that causes +the most time that I've mentioned is the high + +pressure fuel turbopump sub-synchronous whirl. + +And then problem number three, which are duplicated +here several times, are the LOX pump explosions. + +They could be triggered by loss of a turbine +blade on a turbine end which would unbalance + +the rotor, overload the bearings and then +cause a LOX rich fire which very quickly consumed + +the whole engine. + +There were numerous, well, I think three, +rather four highlighted there. + +We had some other problems. + +I've noted a fuel pre-burner burn through, +just a structural burn through of the [OVERLAPPING + +VOICES]. + +How did you eventually solve that, because +the last failure you had was also the liquid + +oxygen explosion? + +Well, I'm not sure I can differentiate between +the LOX pump explosions. + +But late in the program, probably at that +time, we had been having for a long time problems + +with the turbine blades, very limited life. + +Cracks would grow. + +At that time, we didn't really understand +how long we could run them before we had to + +replace them so we went to dampers on the +turbine blades. + +And this occurred fairly late in the program +that eventually solved the vibration of the + +blades within the turbine wheel stack and +allowed us to proceed. + +Whether that was that one that caused the +imbalance of the rotor or some earlier when + +they were primarily driven by bearing problems +considered for some time. + +We used ball bearings in the Rocketdyne turbomachinery. + +Later in the program they had gone to roller +bearings. + +Pratt & Whitney has been contracted to develop +that. + +But the bearing problems and turbine blades +were the major problem, as I recall, that + +caused the LOX pump problem. + +As a matter of fact, +yes. + +Do you think you would have had similar problems +if you had developed an aerospike instead? + +The turbo machinery was going to have to be +basically the same. + +And so, no, I think you'd have the same problems. + +The only problems that we had on the engine, +we had a nozzle steer horn failure. + +That was just a structural feed line that +was in the shape of a steer horn at the aft + +end of the bell nozzle. + +We had two of those structural failures that +were very traumatic for the program. + +No, they were both right here. + +And, of course, as soon as you lose the coolant +to the nozzle, you start shutting down a lot + +of the engine system LOX rich which causes +a fire. + +Certainly, you would have eliminated those. + +You would have eliminated a number of I'll +call them nuisance problems in terms of we + +had 1,080 tubes that made up the nozzle that +we flowed the hydrogen through to keep the + +nozzle cool. + +1,080 of them. + +And we had a number of, again, I would call +them nuisance cracks or splits in those tubes + +that we learned to live with. + +We learned to go out and put a cap on them +post-flight, braise over and just cap off + +the leak. + +Certainly, you wouldn't have had those. + +But all of the other problems I would have +seen come in between the aerospike as well + +as the bell nozzle. + +J.R., the shuttle main engine had the pressures +that you mentioned, the 3,000 pounds per square + +inch up to 8,000. + +Give us some feeling for just how much higher +that was than the previous operational engine + +and whether the pressure itself was causing +a lot of those problems. + +Oh, yes, the J2, chamber pressure was about +700 pounds per square inch, as I recall it. + +RL10, which was the first LOX/hydrogen engine +in the country developed by Pratt & Whitney, + +chamber pressure was a couple hundred pounds +per square inch. + +This was a real push. + +Was it worth it? + +As you look back on the engine, you've now +taken into orbit over 300 of these engines + +and 100 flights three at a time. + +You have had one shut down because of a safety +sensor that failed and shut one engine down + +in flight. + +And we were far enough along in the flight +so we aborted to orbit and the other two burned + +a little longer and went to orbit. + +But it was a very costly program. + +On some reflection, it was almost viewed in +the late `60s as that's the challenge. + +Not the shuttle engine but the technology. + +I mean let's really drive the technology and +make it very efficient, very high pressure. + +Aaron and I were talking a little earlier. + +The engine people, had the Orbiter flown a +100 times and had several major failures, + +people would have expected the Shuttle engine, +I think, to have been the cause. + +That's not the way it turned out. + +And I'll comment on at least a contributor +in just a minute. + +But this is the aftermath. + +When you're in the middle of a development +program, you've got a lot of budget pressures, + +you've got the Shuttle's first flight date +changed several times, you've got all that + +hanging over your head and then you're called +down on Mississippi on a test and you look + +down on the engine and that's what it looks +like, it's like a kick in the stomach. + +You've got to start all over. + +Well, that mental picture was in our minds +14 times in this program where you had to + +start over. + +The recovery was typically it took about a +month. + +We formed a team, usually within Rocketdyne +and one within NASA, to go solve the problem. + +Probably half of the time it was fairly evident +what the problem was quickly after the test. + +Sometimes it took a couple of weeks to narrow +it down it could have been this or that. + +And then you fix both this or that not knowing +exactly what it was. + +And so it was a very tedious and time-consuming. + +We were testing around the clock. + +If it occurred during the holidays you just +cancelled your holidays and jumped in, and + +we did what we had to do. + +I will mention, as I look back, kind of one +of the dumbest things that I did on this program + +was somewhat associated with the testing. + +This happened to be, I think back early on +in the sub-synchronous whirl days, we were + +changing out the turbo machinery after almost +every test because we were doing the damage + +to the bearings that I described a little +earlier. + +And it took about three shifts to change out +a turbopump down in Mississippi. + +And then it took flight time to get the turbopump +back to LA and then tear it down. + +We had others in the meantime that we were +bringing along, but it was very time-consuming. + +And it was in the middle of the summer back +in whenever it was, '75 or whenever, and a + +lot of rain showers. + +And that was holding us up because when it +was raining or it looked like it was going + +to rain, you couldn't open up the engine, +drop the pump and take it back. + +So, that slowed us down. + +And so I had a brilliant idea of first of +all, the engine, if any of you have ever been + +down to Mississippi on those test stands, +it's on about the fifth level is the engine + +position, about the fifth level. + +And so on about the seventh level I wanted +to put here, what I want to call, a rain shield. + +Put a tin roof a couple of levels higher than +the engine so the workers wouldn't have to + +stop when it was raining. + +Well, you can probably imagine what happened. + +That was OK for a while. + +And then we were back into a test and we had +a hydrogen leak. + +And we weren't using the igniters at that +time at the end of the bell to burn off the + +leak. + +So that leak just accumulated on those two +stories up to that rain shield. + +And then, when we went into the test and lit +the engine off, the whole Mississippi sky, + +you know, there wasn't any fuel. + +It burned all the wires. + +It didn't damage the end canal on the engine +structure. + +I certainly got a lot of ribbing after that. + +And, as I recall, the test was toward the +evening. + +I wasn't down there at the time to see it, +but was listening to the test over the phone. + +And the guys almost couldn't speak. + +I mean the whole place went up. + +These kinds of failures -- + +This was not evidence of a little fuel fire. + +This was oxidizer and the fuel was the metal. + +And so it was quite a problem for us. + +I might mention at this time that just this +last summer I attended a little event there + +in Huntsville where the Rocketdyne team came +down. + +And now the engine program had just passed +its millionth test second mark. + +And so you can see, for STS-1, the total test +seconds were about 110,000. + +A little over half of that, 65,000, almost +70,000 at the rated conditions, the conditions + +you flew it at. + +And so it's gone up by about a factor of ten +in the meantime. + +Another key to the Shuttle engine program +was the philosophy imparted by John Yardley. + +I think he recognized early on that we had +bitten off probably a little bit more than + +we could chew to have an engine that you could +solve the problems of where you put the bearings + +in there. + +The earlier view graph I had said 55 starts. + +You ran them for five starts and they came +out in pristine condition. + +That wasn't going to happen. + +And the turbine blades, one blade failure, +I actually forget how many are in those two + +stages on that wheel, probably well over a +hundred, but one would offset or offload the + +balance on that rotor. + +Then you would overload the bearing going +at the high speed of the 35,000 rpm's and + +would fail it. + +The turbine blades, you just could not tolerate +a failure. + +But in evidence after testing, where you can +tear the blades down and de-stack them and + +look at them under a microscope, you could +see fatigue cracks. + +And so all of us, I think, but John provided +the leadership, recognized this fact. + +And if the requirement were going to be that +you wouldn't fly with turbine blade cracks, + +we weren't going to fly. + +And so he encouraged us, in that instance, +in bearings and probably other areas to test + +to failure, drive it to failure, know where +the cliff was and then back off a sufficient + +amount. + +And then conduct your certification with cracked +blades, with spalled bearings so that it was + +clear to everybody, it was clear to the people +that were running the program and others that + +had to fly that the problem was understood, +we thought reasonably well understood, and + +it was tested to accommodate that condition. + +And so that was the philosophy that was engrained +in the Shuttle. + +And probably not enough in some of the other +areas. + +The Shuttle Engine Program was a little bit +blessed with this fear of failure. + +It's the toughest technical problem so we +got the most money. + +I mean it's not all a downside. + +So, we got the money to provide the test depth +that provided the insight to the Shuttle managers + +that could make the call as to when we were +ready to go. + +The squeaky wheel gets oiled. + +I contrast that with maybe the famous O rings +on the booster. + +That was a problem that was kind of observed, +a few tests were run, but not enough, you + +know, not to failure. + +It wasn't ever tested to failure on the ground. + +It was tested so you could see that the O +rings were split maybe but not to be staring + +at a picture like that as to what is going +to happen when that O ring gives and very + +quickly can burn through. + +And the other example I would make is a tank. + +And this is the most frustrating to me because +early on we all saw some of that foam come + +off, but not in the sized pieces that the +Shuttle Program saw three flights before Columbia. + +I mean that was a piece of foam about this +size. + +It came straight down the vehicle. + +It made a small dent in the aft skirt of the +solid rocket boosters that were subsequently + +recovered. + +But that should have been an eye-opener that +that piece of foam doesn't always have to + +go straight down the side of that vehicle. + +It could get out in the slip stream and hit +a wing or something. + +That type of testing was +never done. + +Whereas, on the engine program, there were +a number of flaws that were accommodated and + +we felt comfortable with. + +Now, you go and read the Challenger report, +you read the Columbia report, and they will + +almost tell you that NASA became comfortable +with flaws. + +And that lead to the problem. + +But I take issue with that. + +I viewed it different because that was almost +the foundation of the Shuttle Engine Program. + +It was built on flaws. + +It was tested so wherever the soft spots were +you knew it and you attacked it and tested + +it in the appropriate way. + +John Yardley, I keep coming back to him, as +a part of the certification program of which + +I think prior to the first Orbiter flight +there were eight certifications completed. + +One of those certifications was to be conducted. + +And a certification, as I recall, was about +13 tests. + +One was abort to orbit which was 623 seconds. + +And a nominal shuttle test or mission is 520 +seconds, I think. + +And then an RTLS, return to launch site is +820 something seconds. + +It had a mix of those in there. + +The engine had some FPL, full power level. + +It was tested at all of the limits, but in +some of those certifications we had to go + +into the test with cracked turbine blades. + +We started the test with a known crack. + +And we knew, by analysis, what its growth +rate was that we had judged from other tests. + +And so we planted blades that did that. + +We did the same thing with bearings. + +One time both Dom Sanchini and I were trying +to get the most on every test. + +We put cracked blades and spalled balls and +combined them all in a test. + +Now, Yardley didn't mean that. + +He didn't want to go that far. + +But there was a lot of NASA leadership that +bucked up the back of the program manager's, + +both myself and Sanchini. + +I mean they knew the way to develop the confidence +in this engine was to test it. + +And that became the theme. + +That isn't true today. + +And that's what I worry about. + +And I can come back and comment a little bit +more on that in a minute. + +I will say a few more words about Dom Sanchini. + +He passed away about 15 years ago, probably +in his early sixties, was the deputy program + +manager on the F1 engine to Paul Castenholz, +a good engineer. + +He was a lawyer by trade but had also accumulated +a good background well steeped in engineering. + +He was a hard driver. + +He thrived on failures because he saw a failure +as that's when you're on the steepest part + +of the learning curve. + +You never learn more than in the aftermath +of a failure where you're forced to go through + +and look at all of the data and postulate +a lot of other different failure modes. + +He thrived on it. + +And he made sure that the whole Rocketdyne +team viewed it in that light so he was a real + +strength to the program. + +I want to allow a little bit of time for some +discussion. + +A few minutes ago I alluded to the fact, but +that's not the case now. + +The Shuttle engine, +back in the hay-day or the time period when + +we were in the development program, we were +building them around the clock out of Canova + +Park three shifts out on a manufacturing floor +probably at a rate of about one a month, ten + +a year, that's about right. + +So, a pretty high production right there. + +I could probably ask for a show of hands, +do you know how much a shuttle engine costs, + +you know, just to make one? + +Do you have the foggiest idea? + +My last count was about $40 million. + +I imagine in today's money it's probably closer +to $60 million a copy. + +But today they build about three-quarters +of an engine a year so the production rate + +is way down. + +They test, aside from a lot of the terrible +consequence of the two hurricanes down at + +Slidell, you know, they're not testing anything +right now. + +But, even prior to this time, the testing +was very infrequent. + +That's to save money. + +You don't get that much out of it. + +And that's the Achilles' heel, I view, of +the Shuttle Program. + +If you're not going to do it right, whether +you cannot afford to do it right or you have + +other ambitions, you want to do something +else in the Space Program or within NASA, + +you probably ought to stop it. + +Because it's going to be the next failure +if you don't treat it right. + +Today you've got the Shuttle Program, back +when the engine started. + +It is a little over almost 3.5 decades old. + +That's at a minimum two generational changes +and a lot of small businesses that support + +the Shuttle Program. + +And so you're going to lose a lot of the knowledge +when you have the turnover of these generational + +changes. + +And little things, I'll tell you, when you +look back. + +One of the major disappointments to me or +traumatic times in the program was back in + +the late `70s when we were building the first +three engines that would power Columbia on + +STS-1, when we were building those engines +we had a mix-up of well wire in the Canoga + +plan. + +And the mix-up was the well wire was, you +know, one could take a heat treat and the + +other one couldn't take a heat treat. + +I forget the application where you wanted +the non-heat treatable well wire, but that + +was a mom and pop operation that came in, +got the well wire, took it home and cleaned + +it and then delivered it back in baskets to +Rocketdyne. + +Well, they got it mixed up. + +And so we built the first three flight engines +with well wire that would not take a heat + +treat that we depended on. + +You go out and look at those engines with +inches and inches and rows and rows of wells + +that are not to the proper heat treat. + +We had to go through and analyze every section +and over test those engines at a little higher + +pressure than we normally would have to be +able to show that having been built with the + +wrong well wire it was still good enough because +the design was up to FPL and a little beyond. + +That it could still take it and operate at +the rated thrust condition. + +It is mistakes like that, that without frequent +manufacturing exposure, without frequent test + +use you're going to lose in a program and +will become the next -- + +You know, the program has not been surprised +by a problem yet. + +I'm talking about all the shuttles. + +The O ring failures, they winked early on, +To Thiokol and then to Marshall before Challenger. + +And the foam problem has been winking all +the time. + +And it got worse later. + +I suppose it has something to do with the +change they made in the insulation later on. + +But, as you know and you read, the agency +is at a very critical time today. + +They've got to make some decisions in terms +of where their priorities are and what they + +want to try to do. + +And they don't want to spend money on the +shuttle because they seem to be committed + +to replacing it. + +And if that's what you're going to do, that's +what you're going to do. + +But between now and 2010, if that's the year +they choose to retire the Shuttle, they are + +not going to be motivated to test. + +The program is going to be at more risk over +the next four years than it was in the first + +four years because of that reason. + +You don't know where the ledges are, where +the cliffs are. + +And testing once a month or once every two +months is just not going to do it. + +You said something that I really never recognized. + +You said there could have been a point of +time in the program where you could have gone + +back and reduced the pressure levels and that +type of thing to make the engine a little + +simpler to certify. + +What effect would that have had? + +Well, an easy way to do it, we looked at probably +several years before the first flight. + +We had seen enough, at that time, to know +that even with the philosophy that we had + +adopted, we were on fairly shaky ground. + +I would never have guessed that the Shuttle +would have flown over a hundred times and + +never had a failure of the Shuttle main engine +or some problem. + +I would have never guessed that having looked +at what I looked at. + +We were starting to think. + +And an easy way to do it is open up the throat +on a main combustion chamber. + +If you open up the throat you relax the pressures +up and down the turbine system, the pre-burners, + +the pump requirements. + +You wouldn't have to open it up much. + +You'd lose a little specific impulse. + +You'd gain a little in thrust. + +And so you would get some offset there. + +You may want to adjust the mixture ratio overall +you operate at. + +Instead of 6.0 maybe 6.2. + +You could have done it with a modest performance +here. + +You're not going to get it for free, but you +could have relaxed the pressures throughout + +that whole system by a change in one component. + +And we were contemplating that and the monies +never came. + +It was a configuration change. + +There is a lot of the -- + +What don't you know about that change is what +would bother some people. + +I don't want to oversell it as simple, but +conceptually it was a simple change. + +That would be one. + +I think looking back and knowing the capability +of the shuttle and, to be honest, being somewhat + +troubled, quite a bit troubled by what I hear +and read about NASA wanting to retire it. + +Although, I understand their reasoning. + +Some view it as a flawed design. + +I don't view it as a flawed design. + +I think you need to relook at how you operate +it. + +I hadn't been particularly pleased with the +operation of the Shuttle. + +Watching all this foam fall off and not even +raising your hand. + +But then, after all that occurred, nobody +stopped and stripped all that foam off and + +maybe replaced it with cork that's heavier, +that's got some tensile strength that you + +can anchor it on there with glue or whatever +you want to do. + +And it's going to cost you some performance. + +NASA has been biased too much. + +And they certainly started this in the Shuttle +main engine in the direction of performance + +where if you back off a little bit the system +will be a lot more robust, serve you a lot + +better over the long haul, and maybe you don't +push too much in some of these directions + +that have got us in trouble. + +Do you think that we had a fictitious requirement +with the performance we were trying to achieve + +with the Shuttle? + +I don't think we needed it all. + +Tell me the missions that we needed all that +performance on. + +It's not there. + +You'd have to reset the manifest in some cases. + +Well, speaking for the one element that I +know the most about, the Shuttle engine. + +If you folks were to undertake the job, OK, +what would I do different? + +They're talking about using a Shuttle engine +on this heavy lift launch vehicle for a cryogenic + +upper stage engine. + +I would open that throat up and look hard +at that. + +Rocketdyne knows how to do that. + +They've done it. + +We just haven't incorporated it. + +Although, men aren't envisioned to be on that. + +You're still going to be a lot better off. + +I'll tell you a problem you're going to have +with the vacuum start or at upper stage start + +is that start sequence. + +This start sequence is very, very sensitive, +and you're probably going to have to go to + +Tullahoma to get in some kind of a vacuum +system to demonstrate that. + +That's going to be expensive in itself. + +But, yes, Aaron, I think probably across the +board, we set the bar higher than we really + +needed to. + +And it cost us in money. + +And it has also cost us in margin that we +don't have that we wish we had. + +J.R., usually around this time we take about +a two-minute break. + +OK. + +Give your voice a rest. + +Everybody stand up, turn around and just stretch +a bit. + +Two hours is a long time to go without a stretch. + +I'll just give one statistic that I remember +really impressed me during our initial astronaut + +training when they were talking about the +main engine. + +And you talked a lot about the high pressure +turbopump. + +This is a device that is about the size of +a typical automobile engine, right? + +That's right. + +It produces 50,000 horsepower just to pump +the liquid oxygen at high pressure. + +I mean that really gets your attention. + +When you talk about pushing the state of the +art and trying to get a lot of power out of + +a small volume that just really amazed me. + +As was indicated, I think I would like to +just make a couple more remarks and then maybe + +open it up for some discussion in terms of +points that I haven't covered that are on + +your mind or other questions that you'd like +to ask. + +Just kind of in summary, if I look back on +the program, I think there were two main keys + +that were paramount to the success that the +Shuttle engine enjoyed, and is enjoying through + +its track record today. + +One was a decision to use this ISTB, to get +away from the serial component test and then + +the systems test to try to combine it and +do a systems engineering job on a thing from + +day one. + +In other words, that was key to me. + +It might have been a little extra pain but +saved a lot of time and a lot of money. + +And I'm not sure we could have done it the +other way anyway. + +And the other one which may be a little bit +more important, but just as important, was + +the philosophy in the program of test to failure. + +Know where the failures are. + +And certainly, if you look at that earlier +chart, we had plenty of data points. + +I mean we had encountered a number of them, +some of them three or four times. + +Maybe in some cases we were slow learners, +but there + +wasn't just one problem with that high pressure +LOX turbopump. + +I think I'd be remiss if I didn't acknowledge +some of the people as viewed from the engine + +that made major contributions to the Shuttle. + +Not just the engine now but to Shuttle. + +And in Rocketdyne, I mentioned Dom Sanchini +a couple of time. + +Bob Biggs, who has been there since day one +and has done all of the test planning and + +is key. + +He is the systems engineer on the SSME. + +Byron Wood, who is now the president at Rocketdyne. + +Joe Stangeland who was in charge of turbomachinery +who designed this little paddle and solved + +this vortex problem that uncoupled us from +this terrible time that we were at a standstill. + +Matt Eck who was in charge of turbomachinery +at Rocketdyne before he passed on several + +years ago. + +And then, within NASA, I had mentioned John +Yardley. + +He has now passed on as well. + +I don't think there would be a Shuttle without +John's leadership. + +Bob Thompson who you might get an opportunity +to hear a little bit later, I think he was + +a driving force in the Shuttle. + +Bob Lindstrom, who was my boss for some time. + +Chris Kraft, who I understand you will hear +or have heard. + +Certainly Aaron, we had to interface with +the Orbiter and he had an equal challenge. + +Arnie Aldridge who I've always thought a lot +of, as well as Dick Coors. + +And then I'll mention Bill Lucas who was the +director at Marshall and George Hardy, both + +of whom got caught up in a later controversy +on Challenger. + +Not necessarily fair, but that's life. + +I mean they were both superb engineers and +meant a lot. + +And then also Gene Covert from MIT who, how +shall I say this, came in periodically and + +chastised us appropriately and I think made +a major contribution to the program. + +At the time Gene was also head of the aero-astro +department here at MIT. + +I'm not sure who triggered bringing Gene in, +but I know John Yardley was a key driver in + +that. + +And so I'm not sure I've touched on the kind +of things you'd be interested in, but I'll + +certainly be glad now to try to answer areas +that perhaps I haven't hit or maybe make a + +few broader comments. + +I understand the only element, other than +the Orbiter and maybe the overall system, + +but this is the only propulsion element that +is talked about, I think the tank, I've already + +mentioned there the insulation was their tough +nut. + +And I think having had some data there are +certainly some things that we could have done + +differently. + +The solid rocket boosters, +there's quite a history there. + +Thiokol has now been acquired by ATK in consolidation +of the solid rocket motor industry, but they've + +also made major improvements in the way they +manufacture that. + +Those solid rocket motors are also made with +glue. + +That's put on by hand. + +I remember, in visiting up there, after the +Challenger accident back when I was a director + +at Marshall, a number of changes were made +to automate a lot of that. + +I think probably the solid rocket boosters, +when properly used and appropriately tested + +and backed up by the right analysis, is an +excellent propulsion system. + +ISP is down some but they are more than adequate +to do the job. + +J.R., something that really strikes me as +complicated and didn't really seem, or at + +least I don't think we seemed to have that +much problem was integrating the engine to + +the aft end of the Orbiter. + +That was a complicated system, but it did +go pretty well. + +Was it the main propulsion test article that +did that? + +Well, yes. + +It was earlier when we went to school a lot +on the integration of the J2 into the S4B + +stage and the S2 where the conditioning of +the engine, prior to engine start, was important + +and was a big interface with the stage itself. + +And certainly that was true with the boat +tail of the Orbiter. + +And the main propulsion test article, which +Aaron mentioned, I guess we had a dozen tests + +done there, somewhere between a half dozen +and a dozen. + +As a matter of fact, we had a structural failure +of a main fuel valve crack down in Mississippi + +in that test article. + +And it caused some consternation along the +way. + +But the integration, as Aaron mentioned, went +quite well. + +I don't think in flight we have ever had any +problems with over-pressurizing that boat + +tail or any problems with it. + +There are a number of tests that we didn't +conduct, or a few that we didn't conduct on + +the engine that I would have liked to, A, +for curiosity and then, B, to fill a square + +so we knew exactly what would happen if we +ever got in that condition. + +And that was with a LOX depletion. + +There is some thought that a LOX depletion +is going to allow you to imbalance the rotor + +of the LOX pumps and they're going to rub, +cause a fire and all that. + +On the other hand, it is, by definition, going +to be a fuel rich shutdown, I would tend to + +think. + +But it was one test that we debated quite +a bit about in the Shuttle Program and decided + +that the probability of getting in that situation +probably didn't merit the test. + +I will add that there was a lot of good tension +within the Shuttle Program up and down at + +all levels. + +I thought the whole management team was relatively +cohesive, but there was good tension. + +I mean we got the best out of everybody and +arrived at the best answer by the balance + +that we had between the institutional managers. + +I mentioned the contribution I think that +Chris Kraft made and Bill Lucas. + +I'd also add early on Rocco Petrone. + +And then the program managers. + +The John Yardleys and Bob Thompsons and Arnie +Aldridges. + +And then the so-called level three, which +Aaron and I were. + +I guess you were two. + +I think it was a well-balanced management +structure. + +And I'm not sure you have that today. + +Today, for whatever reason, the program has +gotten into an operational mindset. + +Center directors are more viewed to keep the +grass cut at the centers and that kind of + +thing. + +You don't have that tension. + +Who is holding the program people in check? + +I see that missing. + +I always felt that there was another institutional +side that had my hands cuffed at the right + +time. + +And so I think, as NASA goes forward, and +maybe some of you folks that are going to + +have careers in the industry, you ought to +make sure that, A, you're surrounded by good + +people and that you're surrounded by a good +system, I mean a good system that pulls you + +up at the right time or calls you in-check +at the right time whatever you do. + +Whether it's going back to the moon or mars +or, maybe in retrospect, flying a shuttle + +a little bit more. + +Here, let me slow down and stop a minute now +and see if there are any other areas that + +you all would like to cover. + +Yes. + +We've talked in the past a lot about the slow +kind of turnaround on the Shuttle, and part + +of that has been attributed to having to remove +the engines and I'm not sure if it's overhauling + +them but basically taking them partly apart +and looking at them and examining them. + +And I was wondering if that was part of the +original plan or what kind of changed the + +efficiency of that turnaround time, what caused +it to change and slow down in the original + +plan. + +Well, the original plan was for 55 missions +on an engine. + +But that just didn't materialize at all once +we saw what we had. + +I don't know what today's life on a set of +bearings are, but it's a handful of missions. + +You've got to tear down both of the high pressure +pumps and replace a bearing. + +The same on turbine blades. + +You want to replace that stack after a few +missions that are defined in a current certification + +program. + +It's certainly less than a half a dozen. + +And, yes, that has built in the time. + +But you could overcome that by just dropping +the whole engine and replacing it with another + +one and doing it all in parallel. + +There were a lot of people on this program +that I never envisioned you needed. + +I think NASA did the right thing by turning +it over to a contractor or a team of contractors, + +but they stayed too much involved so it was +all done by a committee. + +I mean +I don't want to pick on anybody, but who was + +in charge? + +Who felt they were really responsible for +that accident? + +I couldn't see it and I followed it and could +offer my opinion, but I didn't sense that + +the program had somebody in charge. + +There was another one. + +Yes. + +I was wondering if you could talk about any +examples that you know where specific technologies + +that came out of the Shuttle main engines +have either been used or avoided in newer + +launch vehicles today. + +No, I think a lot of the materials +will certainly be carried forward. + +Coatings, seal technology, that's probably +one of the areas in the turbomachinery that + +I didn't talk about enough. + +There are a number of seals on those shafts +that are very critical to the operation. + +And there was a lot of technology advancement +made in the development of the SSME on seals. + +Those would be several examples. + +Yes. + +I was wondering if there was much discussion +before the project started on the risks in + +going from 700 psi operating [NOISE OBSCURES] +whether there was some option to go to an + +intermediate pressure. + +I am sure there probably was. + +Again, I came in the program about a year +after it started so I was on a periphery of + +some of the early stuff. + +But I think the risk at that time more focused +on NASA, particularly at Marshall. + +I think they wanted a liquid booster. + +Eberhard Greff, the German felt very comfortable +with liquid boosters because you could shut + +them off, as opposed to the solids. + +But cost and other things, I think they eventually +became comfortable that the solids were fine. + +I think the risk tradeoff was more on the +booster. + +You shut a liquid off. + +When you light those solids you're going somewhere. + +On the engine, I know they knew it was going +to be harder. + +I'm not sure they appreciated how hard it +actually got to end up with those 8,000 psi + +pressures at the head of the pre-burners and +what that did to the rest of the system. + +And what it did to materials and what it did +to crack growth rates and everything from + +then on. + +You wouldn't fly today without it. + +You understood the mechanism, you applied +fraction mechanics, and then you applied several + +factors, and then you certified that and that's +where you went. + +Does the aircraft industry do the same thing +because they have turbine blades, too, that + +crack, don't they? + +I'm really not sure. + +I don't want to fly on an airplane that has +got a cracked blade. + +J.R., you talked about the lack of testing +nowadays compared to at the beginning of the + +program. + +To what extent does the fact that, I mean +after every flight they take the engines out + +and they borescope them and look at that. + +I mean does that, to some extent, constitute +continual testing? + +No. + +What's the difference between that and what +you get out of the tests? + +Well, I think probably -- + +Today's teams, they go to the log book and +they read what was written down by the last + +generation and that's what they inspect. + +That's fine and that's very thorough. + +But the testing, the introduction of some +kind of a small change by a mom and pop operation, + +that I alluded to earlier, that's what a test +program will catch. + +Some new problem that creeps in or will get +caught that's not done there. + +No. + +Let me say it another way. + +I believe it is very dangerous to execute +this program in the way that I understand + +is planned to be executed between now and +when they retire the Shuttle. + +I think that's the most dangerous period in +the life of the Shuttle because of that. + +I mean the people that are in the program +now have not been part of developing it. + +I don't know how many pictures they've seen +of a LOX pump that has burnt up. + +You just think about things differently once +you've been exposed to that first-hand, that's + +my view of it. + +Now, how you transition out of a shuttle program +onto something new, I don't have that answer. + +I mean I think you've got to do both. + +Like the wing-walker, I wouldn't let loose +of a shuttle before I had something else in + +hand. + +And today they're going to let loose this +and hope this other thing comes along. + +And I think there's some risk to that. + +Along that line with the O ring issue and +the foam issue, do you think that those were + +never solved, were never looked at because +of lack of money or just confidence in the + +technology at the time? + +I mean the O ring was kind of carried over +a little bit. + +The foam, I don't know how much of that was +brand-new. + +And nowadays are we just relying on the confidence +that these things have worked for a hundred + +mission or so or is it just lack of money? + +No, I cannot say there was a lack of money +back at the time of the O ring. + +Had +the culture been and if they were inquisitive + +enough to pursue it, I think they could have +gotten the money to do it. + +On the Shuttle engine, out of necessity the +culture was there. + +I mean it was driven by people like Yardley. + +I think another thing at NASA and aerospace, +you know, you can do wonderful things with + +computers today, but too little of all this +analysis is anchored by a good failure. + +You've got the analysis, you've got a lot +of programs, you can do a heck of a job on + +analysis today, but it's not necessarily anchored +in the remnants of a good failure, one that + +has adequate data. + +If I'm building a test bed now, how do I kind +of intelligently justify it to my sponsors + +that I want to have a budget [NOISE OBSCURES]? + +Well, I don't think you're going to sell it +that way. + +[LAUGHTER] Right. + +Well, I think your sponsor or whoever has +got to have a good appreciation of how far + +you're going to be pushing the technology. + +If you oversell it then you're not going to +get the money to be able to stand those. + +If you push too hard in that direction your +sponsor is probably going to get disinterested. + +That's going to be a fine line. + +Pick a current example. + +Pick at least, as I understand it, what NASA +is trying to do with the Lunar project or + +the moon project. + +I, for one, think that their yardstick is +going to be tough. + +Apollo didn't have any failures, why are you +going to have any failure? + +I think they are going to have to be very +careful how they sell that program. + +Just because they're using or will use shuttle-derived +elements, an external tank, maybe a five or + +an additional segment to the solid motors, +the SSME, that's not going to be a freebee. + +I mean, I've already told you, I would do +some things to the shuttle main engine in + +building a different program. + +The tank, +you know, they're not going to keep the foam + +from coming off on the configuration that +they have. + +And I also wouldn't assume that I don't have +a problem now because I don't have an orbiter + +on the side of it. + +The foam is not supposed to come off. + +I would degrade the insulation and put on +something that would stay, as an example. + +Yes. + +How much of the original engine, the current +engine right now, is it exactly the same as + +the original one or what has changed. + +Materials? + +Is the computer the same? + +Is everything exactly the same? + +I think it is the same. + +I'm sure there are, through engineering change +proposals or fairly low-level change traffic, + +some things that have been upgraded. + +But Inconel is still the basic material of +the housing. + +The turbine blades are still Mar-M 246 which +is a high strength copper, I think. + +That's the same thing. + +They still use ball bearings when they fly. + +And I don't know the change point on this, +but Pratt & Whitney makes the high pressure + +turbo pumps now and they used roller bearings. + +And that would be a big change, the two high +pressure pumps that have now been incorporated + +in the Shuttle engine. + +But other areas -- + +[OVERLAPPING VOICES] the high pressure turbo +pumps? + +Yeah. + +At some point a couple of years ago, I think, +they were incorporated and brought in. + +Those would be big part number changes. + +But a lot of other areas of the engine, I +think it's the same. + +And I think that's one of the reasons that +they feel they don't need to test much. + +They've got all that. + +So, we will have to see how the next four +or five years play out. + +Anything else? + +Well, since they're talking about using a +lot of these with the next generation vehicle + +and they won't be reusable, what can be done? + +I mean what's the way to go about kind of +de-rating the Shuttle? + +You talked about opening the throat, but all +the other things that make the engine reusable + +and presumably make it more expensive. + +Will it really be the same engine when they +get finished? + +I mean what has to be done? + +I don't know. + +I mean some may argue and suppose because +the requirement for reusable engine isn't + +there will eliminate some of the things. + +I don't know what they'd be. + +But, having paid all that development, I would +be more inclined to really minimize the change + +for change sake and do some things like open +up the throat. + +I mentioned that as an example that would +reduce the operating pressures and, I think, + +give them more margin across the board. + +On a tank, I would go to an installation system +that is going to be a little less efficient. + +You're going to have more boil off, weigh +a lot more, but something that doesn't give + +you other problems. + +J.R., let me ask a question that was asked +of me and I couldn't answer earlier. + +Did we ever look at putting the insulation +internal to the external tank rather than + +the outside? + +I'm not aware that it was looked at. + +Somebody along the way, I suspect, could have. + +No, I'm not aware of what it was or what it +would have been. + +Anything else? + +Well, I've enjoyed it. + +I hope you don't repeat the same mistakes +that we made this time around. + +And good luck in your projects. + +Thanks, J.R. [APPLAUSE] I'm just going to +take the last three minutes. + +J.R. referred to the fact that we only had +one engine shut down in the whole history + +of the program. + +And that was due to a sensor. + +Just to give you a sense of what goes into +the operation of this system. + +It was always recognized that you have sensors +looking at the temperatures. + +And the idea is that if anything starts to +go wrong with the engine, you want to shut + +it down now before the thing blows up. + +Because we can lose one engine and have an +intact abort, but if the engine blows up and + +takes the whole boat tail with it you're not +going to get back. + +Generally, there's a little switch in the +cockpit which enables the ability of the sensors + +to shut down the engines and you fly with +that on. + +But the problem is if you lose one engine +and you get into an abort mode now, at least + +for the first part of that abort mode, if +you lose a second engine now, with only one + +engine remaining, you cannot complete an intact +abort. + +What the crew does, if you lose an engine, +you take that switch and you disable the automatic + +shutdown. + +Well, what happened was a few minutes into +the launch + +the sensor started to go off scale. + +The engine was shutdown. + +But they were far enough into the launch that +they can actually do an abort to orbit. + +They took the engine switch to disable, normal +procedure. + +When they got a little further along so that +they were in what they would be able to, a + +little further on, I forget the exact details, +but they took the switch back to enable. + +But the main engine flight controller on the +ground noticed that the sensor in one of the + +other engines was also starting to go off +scale. + +And, if that was allowed, it would basically +take down a second engine. + +That would have put them in a single engine, +what we would have called an intact transatlantic + +abort. + +But, by that time, they were too far to land +in the normal abort site, and they would have + +ended up landing somewhere in Africa, I think, +in the dark. + +I mean it would have been a really bad situation. + +And so the flight controller was sharp enough +to tell the flight director we've got another + +bad sensor, tell the crew to take the switch +to inhibit. + +Luckily, the flight director's background +was in propulsion systems. + +He knew exactly what the flight controller +was talking about. + +They called it up to the crew, they took it, +and so the second engine did not shut down. + +And, in fact, they made it into orbit and +they managed to complete the mission. + +But these are decisions which have to be made +in split seconds. + +In fact, the flight controller who made that +call was given a special award from NASA. + +You really have to know these systems inside +and out. + +And that is, of course, why we have so many +simulations where they run those sorts of + +failure cases so that people are able to make +these decisions very quickly in real-time. + +And that basically saved the Shuttle and the +crew from potentially a really bad situation. + +Is the orbit burn done by the main engines? + +No, they're done by the OMS. + +Once the main engines shut down, you've dropped +the tank so you don't have any more propellant. + +And there have been a few, I think four, engine +shutdowns on the pad. + +You start the engines about six seconds before +T zero. + +That gives them enough time to come up to +full operating performance so that you can + +check out that they are OK. + +Remember we talked about the twang because +of the asymmetric thrust that gives you enough + +time for the Orbiter to tilt forward and then +come back? + +And then when you're vertical that is when +you fire the engines. + +I've got some pictures of this. + +At one class I will show you some slow motion +pictures of the launch. + +You can see all that. + +We've had four pad shutdowns. + +Of those two were due to real problems with +the engine and two were due to instrumentation + +problems. + +It's always a problem of how much instrumentation +do you put in and how much do you trust it? + +And I know Aaron has made the point, on several +occasions, of if you put an abort system in + +for the crew, is that going to be triggered +automatically or does it have to be manual? + +You certainly don't want to get shot off the +end of a good working rocket just because + +your sensors have told you that something +wrong is happening. + +There are a lot of interesting engineering +decisions to be made with that. + +End of class. + +We'll see you on Thursday. + +And thanks again to J.R. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/w49WAat6ymk.txt b/w49WAat6ymk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73b0257ef9874415b0c7d7393b3e66a09cf8fe2b --- /dev/null +++ b/w49WAat6ymk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,795 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so let's look at the magnitude square of + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at the magnitude square of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at the magnitude square of +those waves that we've already defined + + align:start position:0% +those waves that we've already defined + + + align:start position:0% +those waves that we've already defined +here so we have two solutions one for no + + align:start position:0% +here so we have two solutions one for no + + + align:start position:0% +here so we have two solutions one for no +potential and one for a real potential + + align:start position:0% +potential and one for a real potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential and one for a real potential +both are for some finite range potential + + align:start position:0% +both are for some finite range potential + + + align:start position:0% +both are for some finite range potential +so we have Phi of x squared is equal to + + align:start position:0% +so we have Phi of x squared is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so we have Phi of x squared is equal to +sine squared of KX and Phi of x squared + + align:start position:0% +sine squared of KX and Phi of x squared + + + align:start position:0% +sine squared of KX and Phi of x squared +is equal to sine squared of KX plus + + align:start position:0% +is equal to sine squared of KX plus + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to sine squared of KX plus +Delta even for from this information you + + align:start position:0% +Delta even for from this information you + + + align:start position:0% +Delta even for from this information you +can get something think of X plotted + + align:start position:0% +can get something think of X plotted + + + align:start position:0% +can get something think of X plotted +here here is x equals 0 and there is + + align:start position:0% +here here is x equals 0 and there is + + + align:start position:0% +here here is x equals 0 and there is +this up sine squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this way for 5x squared so suppose + + align:start position:0% +this way for 5x squared so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +this way for 5x squared so suppose +you're looking at some feature a maximum + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at some feature a maximum + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at some feature a maximum +and minimum of of this function so + + align:start position:0% +and minimum of of this function so + + + align:start position:0% +and minimum of of this function so +suppose the feature happens when the + + align:start position:0% +suppose the feature happens when the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose the feature happens when the +argument KX is equal to some number a + + align:start position:0% +argument KX is equal to some number a + + + align:start position:0% +argument KX is equal to some number a +zero whatever feature this number a zero + + align:start position:0% +zero whatever feature this number a zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero whatever feature this number a zero +could be 0 in which case you're looking + + align:start position:0% +could be 0 in which case you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +could be 0 in which case you're looking +at a minimum it could be PI over 2 in + + align:start position:0% +at a minimum it could be PI over 2 in + + + align:start position:0% +at a minimum it could be PI over 2 in +which case you're looking at the matam + + align:start position:0% +which case you're looking at the matam + + + align:start position:0% +which case you're looking at the matam +some feature of sine squared well the + + align:start position:0% +some feature of sine squared well the + + + align:start position:0% +some feature of sine squared well the +same feature will appear in this case + + align:start position:0% +same feature will appear in this case + + + align:start position:0% +same feature will appear in this case +when the whole argument is equal to a 0 + + align:start position:0% +when the whole argument is equal to a 0 + + + align:start position:0% +when the whole argument is equal to a 0 +so well this one happens at X equal a 0 + + align:start position:0% +so well this one happens at X equal a 0 + + + align:start position:0% +so well this one happens at X equal a 0 +over K here it happens at X tilde equal + + align:start position:0% +over K here it happens at X tilde equal + + + align:start position:0% +over K here it happens at X tilde equal +a 0 over K minus Delta over K so if this + + align:start position:0% +a 0 over K minus Delta over K so if this + + + align:start position:0% +a 0 over K minus Delta over K so if this +is the probability density associated to + + align:start position:0% +is the probability density associated to + + + align:start position:0% +is the probability density associated to +the solution for no potential I has a + + align:start position:0% +the solution for no potential I has a + + + align:start position:0% +the solution for no potential I has a +maximum here well the maximum of the + + align:start position:0% +maximum here well the maximum of the + + + align:start position:0% +maximum here well the maximum of the +true solution say here would appear at a + + align:start position:0% +true solution say here would appear at a + + + align:start position:0% +true solution say here would appear at a +distance equal to Delta over K earlier + + align:start position:0% +distance equal to Delta over K earlier + + + align:start position:0% +distance equal to Delta over K earlier +so this is like the X and this is like + + align:start position:0% +so this is like the X and this is like + + + align:start position:0% +so this is like the X and this is like +the X tilde that feature would appear + + align:start position:0% +the X tilde that feature would appear + + + align:start position:0% +the X tilde that feature would appear +Delta over K in that direction so this + + align:start position:0% +Delta over K in that direction so this + + + align:start position:0% +Delta over K in that direction so this +sigh this is sy squared so we conclude + + align:start position:0% +sigh this is sy squared so we conclude + + + align:start position:0% +sigh this is sy squared so we conclude +for example that when Delta is greater + + align:start position:0% +for example that when Delta is greater + + + align:start position:0% +for example that when Delta is greater +than 0 the wave is pulled you know + + align:start position:0% +than 0 the wave is pulled you know + + + align:start position:0% +than 0 the wave is pulled you know +Delta equals zero the two shapes are on + + align:start position:0% +Delta equals zero the two shapes are on + + + align:start position:0% +Delta equals zero the two shapes are on +top of each other for Delta different + + align:start position:0% +top of each other for Delta different + + + align:start position:0% +top of each other for Delta different +from zero the wave function is pulled in + + align:start position:0% +from zero the wave function is pulled in + + + align:start position:0% +from zero the wave function is pulled in +so Delta greater than 0 sy is pulled in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what could we think of this the + + align:start position:0% +so what could we think of this the + + + align:start position:0% +so what could we think of this the +potential is attractive is pulling in + + align:start position:0% +potential is attractive is pulling in + + + align:start position:0% +potential is attractive is pulling in +the wave function attractive Delta less + + align:start position:0% +the wave function attractive Delta less + + + align:start position:0% +the wave function attractive Delta less +than zero the wave is pushed out would + + align:start position:0% +than zero the wave is pushed out would + + + align:start position:0% +than zero the wave is pushed out would +be in the other direction and the sy is + + align:start position:0% +be in the other direction and the sy is + + + align:start position:0% +be in the other direction and the sy is +pushed out potential is repulsive it's a + + align:start position:0% +pushed out potential is repulsive it's a + + + align:start position:0% +pushed out potential is repulsive it's a +little bit of information even from the + + align:start position:0% +little bit of information even from the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of information even from the +signs of this thing we want to define + + align:start position:0% +signs of this thing we want to define + + + align:start position:0% +signs of this thing we want to define +one last thing and then we'll stop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a the concept of this scattered + + align:start position:0% +it's a the concept of this scattered + + + align:start position:0% +it's a the concept of this scattered +wave what should we call the scatter + + align:start position:0% +wave what should we call the scatter + + + align:start position:0% +wave what should we call the scatter +wave so we will define the scattered + + align:start position:0% +wave so we will define the scattered + + + align:start position:0% +wave so we will define the scattered +wave wave sy s as the extra piece is in + + align:start position:0% +wave wave sy s as the extra piece is in + + + align:start position:0% +wave wave sy s as the extra piece is in +the solution the size solution that + + align:start position:0% +the solution the size solution that + + + align:start position:0% +the solution the size solution that +would vanish vanish without the + + align:start position:0% +would vanish vanish without the + + + align:start position:0% +would vanish vanish without the +potential potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we say you have a pie but if you + + align:start position:0% +so we say you have a pie but if you + + + align:start position:0% +so we say you have a pie but if you +didn't have a potential what part of + + align:start position:0% +didn't have a potential what part of + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have a potential what part of +this pie r would survive so think of + + align:start position:0% +this pie r would survive so think of + + + align:start position:0% +this pie r would survive so think of +writing the size of X as the solution + + align:start position:0% +writing the size of X as the solution + + + align:start position:0% +writing the size of X as the solution +without the potential plus the extra + + align:start position:0% +without the potential plus the extra + + + align:start position:0% +without the potential plus the extra +part the scattered wave sy s so this is + + align:start position:0% +part the scattered wave sy s so this is + + + align:start position:0% +part the scattered wave sy s so this is +the definition the Scarlet the full + + align:start position:0% +the definition the Scarlet the full + + + align:start position:0% +the definition the Scarlet the full +scattering solution the full solution + + align:start position:0% +scattering solution the full solution + + + align:start position:0% +scattering solution the full solution +when you have a potential can be written + + align:start position:0% +when you have a potential can be written + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a potential can be written +as a solution without the potential and + + align:start position:0% +as a solution without the potential and + + + align:start position:0% +as a solution without the potential and +this colored thing now you may remember + + align:start position:0% +this colored thing now you may remember + + + align:start position:0% +this colored thing now you may remember +with those days a second ago that this + + align:start position:0% +with those days a second ago that this + + + align:start position:0% +with those days a second ago that this +original solution and the precise + + align:start position:0% +original solution and the precise + + + align:start position:0% +original solution and the precise +solution have the same incoming wave the + + align:start position:0% +solution have the same incoming wave the + + + align:start position:0% +solution have the same incoming wave the +incoming wave up there is the same for + + align:start position:0% +incoming wave up there is the same for + + + align:start position:0% +incoming wave up there is the same for +the size solution as for this one so the + + align:start position:0% +the size solution as for this one so the + + + align:start position:0% +the size solution as for this one so the +incoming waves are the same so only the + + align:start position:0% +incoming waves are the same so only the + + + align:start position:0% +incoming waves are the same so only the +outgoing waves are different and this + + align:start position:0% +outgoing waves are different and this + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing waves are different and this +represents how much more of an outgoing + + align:start position:0% +represents how much more of an outgoing + + + align:start position:0% +represents how much more of an outgoing +wave you get none from what you would + + align:start position:0% +wave you get none from what you would + + + align:start position:0% +wave you get none from what you would +have gotten with size so this must be an + + align:start position:0% +have gotten with size so this must be an + + + align:start position:0% +have gotten with size so this must be an +outgoing wave going wave so we'll just + + align:start position:0% +outgoing wave going wave so we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing wave going wave so we'll just +plug in the formula here sy s is equal + + align:start position:0% +plug in the formula here sy s is equal + + + align:start position:0% +plug in the formula here sy s is equal +to psi minus Phi and it's equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +to psi minus Phi and it's equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to psi minus Phi and it's equal to 1 +over 2i e to the ikx plus 2i Delta minus + + align:start position:0% +over 2i e to the ikx plus 2i Delta minus + + + align:start position:0% +over 2i e to the ikx plus 2i Delta minus +e to the minus ikx minus 1 over 2i the + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus ikx minus 1 over 2i the + + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus ikx minus 1 over 2i the +phi e to the ikx minus e to the minus + + align:start position:0% +phi e to the ikx minus e to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +phi e to the ikx minus e to the minus +ikx so the incoming waves were the same + + align:start position:0% +ikx so the incoming waves were the same + + + align:start position:0% +ikx so the incoming waves were the same +indeed they cancel but the outgoing + + align:start position:0% +indeed they cancel but the outgoing + + + align:start position:0% +indeed they cancel but the outgoing +waves are not you can factor + + align:start position:0% +waves are not you can factor + + + align:start position:0% +waves are not you can factor +and e to the ikx and you get e to the 2i + + align:start position:0% +and e to the ikx and you get e to the 2i + + + align:start position:0% +and e to the ikx and you get e to the 2i +Delta minus one which is equal to e to + + align:start position:0% +Delta minus one which is equal to e to + + + align:start position:0% +Delta minus one which is equal to e to +the I KX e to the i delta x sine delta + + align:start position:0% +the I KX e to the i delta x sine delta + + + align:start position:0% +the I KX e to the i delta x sine delta +so there we go + + align:start position:0% +so there we go + + + align:start position:0% +so there we go +we have the answer for the scattered + + align:start position:0% +we have the answer for the scattered + + + align:start position:0% +we have the answer for the scattered +wave it's proportional to sine Delta + + align:start position:0% +wave it's proportional to sine Delta + + + align:start position:0% +wave it's proportional to sine Delta +which is again make sense if Delta is + + align:start position:0% +which is again make sense if Delta is + + + align:start position:0% +which is again make sense if Delta is +equal zero there is no scattering + + align:start position:0% +equal zero there is no scattering + + + align:start position:0% +equal zero there is no scattering +it's a outgoing wave and always good so + + align:start position:0% +it's a outgoing wave and always good so + + + align:start position:0% +it's a outgoing wave and always good so +well write it like this + + align:start position:0% +well write it like this + + + align:start position:0% +well write it like this +sy s is equal to a s e to the ikx with a + + align:start position:0% +sy s is equal to a s e to the ikx with a + + + align:start position:0% +sy s is equal to a s e to the ikx with a +s equal e to the i delta signed out \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wB5BYYEOPVA.txt b/wB5BYYEOPVA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fdcf347b1a33a67bb7b0676dc6922c05f3796aa --- /dev/null +++ b/wB5BYYEOPVA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture +we talk about nuclear fusion + + align:start position:0% +we talk about nuclear fusion + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about nuclear fusion +and what remember fusion is the energy + + align:start position:0% +and what remember fusion is the energy + + + align:start position:0% +and what remember fusion is the energy +production by two light nuclei fusing + + align:start position:0% +production by two light nuclei fusing + + + align:start position:0% +production by two light nuclei fusing +together to produce a heavier one + + align:start position:0% +together to produce a heavier one + + + align:start position:0% +together to produce a heavier one +which is more tightly bound and again we + + align:start position:0% +which is more tightly bound and again we + + + align:start position:0% +which is more tightly bound and again we +can understand this + + align:start position:0% +can understand this + + + align:start position:0% +can understand this +from the empirical mass formula + + align:start position:0% +from the empirical mass formula + + + align:start position:0% +from the empirical mass formula +okay so the difficulty in nuclear fusion + + align:start position:0% +okay so the difficulty in nuclear fusion + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the difficulty in nuclear fusion +is that we + + align:start position:0% +is that we + + + align:start position:0% +is that we +now have to overcome the coulomb barrier + + align:start position:0% +now have to overcome the coulomb barrier + + + align:start position:0% +now have to overcome the coulomb barrier +from the other side + + align:start position:0% +from the other side + + + align:start position:0% +from the other side +so we have to bring two light nuclei + + align:start position:0% +so we have to bring two light nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to bring two light nuclei +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +have to overcome the coulomb barrier in + + align:start position:0% +have to overcome the coulomb barrier in + + + align:start position:0% +have to overcome the coulomb barrier in +order to form + + align:start position:0% +order to form + + + align:start position:0% +order to form +this tabular heavier and more tidally + + align:start position:0% +this tabular heavier and more tidally + + + align:start position:0% +this tabular heavier and more tidally +bound state + + align:start position:0% +bound state + + + align:start position:0% +bound state +um you might think that you can just + + align:start position:0% +um you might think that you can just + + + align:start position:0% +um you might think that you can just +take a beam + + align:start position:0% +take a beam + + + align:start position:0% +take a beam +two beams of protons like we do at lhc + + align:start position:0% +two beams of protons like we do at lhc + + + align:start position:0% +two beams of protons like we do at lhc +bombard them + + align:start position:0% +bombard them + + + align:start position:0% +bombard them +and create heavier + + align:start position:0% +and create heavier + + + align:start position:0% +and create heavier +heavier nuclei but the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +heavier nuclei but the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +heavier nuclei but the problem is that +most of the nuclei will scatter + + align:start position:0% +most of the nuclei will scatter + + + align:start position:0% +most of the nuclei will scatter +elastically + + align:start position:0% +elastically + + + align:start position:0% +elastically +and will not lead to the a newborn state + + align:start position:0% +and will not lead to the a newborn state + + + align:start position:0% +and will not lead to the a newborn state +so the practical way to overcome the + + align:start position:0% +so the practical way to overcome the + + + align:start position:0% +so the practical way to overcome the +coulomb barrier is to by + + align:start position:0% +coulomb barrier is to by + + + align:start position:0% +coulomb barrier is to by +creating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a confined mixture and supplying heat + + align:start position:0% +a confined mixture and supplying heat + + + align:start position:0% +a confined mixture and supplying heat +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +the thermal energy is enough to overcome + + align:start position:0% +the thermal energy is enough to overcome + + + align:start position:0% +the thermal energy is enough to overcome +the coulomb barrier now you can estimate + + align:start position:0% +the coulomb barrier now you can estimate + + + align:start position:0% +the coulomb barrier now you can estimate +how much energy is needed + + align:start position:0% +how much energy is needed + + + align:start position:0% +how much energy is needed +if you for example assume a coulomb + + align:start position:0% +if you for example assume a coulomb + + + align:start position:0% +if you for example assume a coulomb +barrier of + + align:start position:0% +barrier of + + + align:start position:0% +barrier of +about 5 mev this implies temperatures + + align:start position:0% +about 5 mev this implies temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +about 5 mev this implies temperatures +of 5 times 10 to the 10 kelvin + + align:start position:0% +of 5 times 10 to the 10 kelvin + + + align:start position:0% +of 5 times 10 to the 10 kelvin +okay so that's really really hot right + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's really really hot right + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's really really hot right +um if you compare this to typical + + align:start position:0% +um if you compare this to typical + + + align:start position:0% +um if you compare this to typical +temperatures + + align:start position:0% +temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures +within stars you'll find that those are + + align:start position:0% +within stars you'll find that those are + + + align:start position:0% +within stars you'll find that those are +only + + align:start position:0% +only + + + align:start position:0% +only +10 to the 8th kelvin + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 8th kelvin + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 8th kelvin +so now you ask why does it still work + + align:start position:0% +so now you ask why does it still work + + + align:start position:0% +so now you ask why does it still work +why do we + + align:start position:0% +why do we + + + align:start position:0% +why do we +see fusion within a stellar medium + + align:start position:0% +see fusion within a stellar medium + + + align:start position:0% +see fusion within a stellar medium +and the answer to this is again quantum + + align:start position:0% +and the answer to this is again quantum + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer to this is again quantum +tunneling + + align:start position:0% +tunneling + + + align:start position:0% +tunneling +and to some degrees also the fact that + + align:start position:0% +and to some degrees also the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +and to some degrees also the fact that +when we have + + align:start position:0% +when we have + + + align:start position:0% +when we have +a medium of a specific temperature the + + align:start position:0% +a medium of a specific temperature the + + + align:start position:0% +a medium of a specific temperature the +kinetic energy of + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of +the particle involved follows a mixture + + align:start position:0% +the particle involved follows a mixture + + + align:start position:0% +the particle involved follows a mixture +of energy distribution + + align:start position:0% +of energy distribution + + + align:start position:0% +of energy distribution +so you find some particles which have + + align:start position:0% +so you find some particles which have + + + align:start position:0% +so you find some particles which have +enough energy + + align:start position:0% +enough energy + + + align:start position:0% +enough energy +to overcome the coulomb potential even + + align:start position:0% +to overcome the coulomb potential even + + + align:start position:0% +to overcome the coulomb potential even +so the mean value + + align:start position:0% +so the mean value + + + align:start position:0% +so the mean value +would be below the processes within the + + align:start position:0% +would be below the processes within the + + + align:start position:0% +would be below the processes within the +sun + + align:start position:0% +sun + + + align:start position:0% +sun +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +they are dominated by a so-called proton + + align:start position:0% +they are dominated by a so-called proton + + + align:start position:0% +they are dominated by a so-called proton +proton cycle or ppi cycle + + align:start position:0% +proton cycle or ppi cycle + + + align:start position:0% +proton cycle or ppi cycle +and this happens in in a number of steps + + align:start position:0% +and this happens in in a number of steps + + + align:start position:0% +and this happens in in a number of steps +you start with + + align:start position:0% +you start with + + + align:start position:0% +you start with +hydrogen or protons you know + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen or protons you know + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen or protons you know +the core of the sun is basically a + + align:start position:0% +the core of the sun is basically a + + + align:start position:0% +the core of the sun is basically a +plasma so we can + + align:start position:0% +plasma so we can + + + align:start position:0% +plasma so we can +forget about electrons in this context + + align:start position:0% +forget about electrons in this context + + + align:start position:0% +forget about electrons in this context +so we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have +two protons fusing together to + + align:start position:0% +two protons fusing together to + + + align:start position:0% +two protons fusing together to +deuteron which is a proton and a neutron + + align:start position:0% +deuteron which is a proton and a neutron + + + align:start position:0% +deuteron which is a proton and a neutron +via the weak interaction + + align:start position:0% +via the weak interaction + + + align:start position:0% +via the weak interaction +here you find for the first time again + + align:start position:0% +here you find for the first time again + + + align:start position:0% +here you find for the first time again +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +neutrinos being produced from the sun + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos being produced from the sun + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos being produced from the sun +then you supply + + align:start position:0% +then you supply + + + align:start position:0% +then you supply +the deuterium again um and together with + + align:start position:0% +the deuterium again um and together with + + + align:start position:0% +the deuterium again um and together with +the proton + + align:start position:0% +the proton + + + align:start position:0% +the proton +you are able to produce a helium and + + align:start position:0% +you are able to produce a helium and + + + align:start position:0% +you are able to produce a helium and +then the helium + + align:start position:0% +then the helium + + + align:start position:0% +then the helium +again is being used to supply the third + + align:start position:0% +again is being used to supply the third + + + align:start position:0% +again is being used to supply the third +step in this + + align:start position:0% +step in this + + + align:start position:0% +step in this +helium-3 supplied to produce helium-4 + + align:start position:0% +helium-3 supplied to produce helium-4 + + + align:start position:0% +helium-3 supplied to produce helium-4 +so this is then the end product is a + + align:start position:0% +so this is then the end product is a + + + align:start position:0% +so this is then the end product is a +helium-4 here + + align:start position:0% +helium-4 here + + + align:start position:0% +helium-4 here +and energy if you combine all of those + + align:start position:0% +and energy if you combine all of those + + + align:start position:0% +and energy if you combine all of those +three steps + + align:start position:0% +three steps + + + align:start position:0% +three steps +you find that you start with four + + align:start position:0% +you find that you start with four + + + align:start position:0% +you find that you start with four +protons you produce + + align:start position:0% +protons you produce + + + align:start position:0% +protons you produce +helium-4 positrons neutrinos + + align:start position:0% +helium-4 positrons neutrinos + + + align:start position:0% +helium-4 positrons neutrinos +photons and energy + + align:start position:0% +photons and energy + + + align:start position:0% +photons and energy +in fact as i was just saying + + align:start position:0% +in fact as i was just saying + + + align:start position:0% +in fact as i was just saying +this all happens within the hot plasma + + align:start position:0% +this all happens within the hot plasma + + + align:start position:0% +this all happens within the hot plasma +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the positrons are basically annihilated + + align:start position:0% +the positrons are basically annihilated + + + align:start position:0% +the positrons are basically annihilated +with electrons which are + + align:start position:0% +with electrons which are + + + align:start position:0% +with electrons which are +part of the plasma adding another mev of + + align:start position:0% +part of the plasma adding another mev of + + + align:start position:0% +part of the plasma adding another mev of +energy to this + + align:start position:0% +energy to this + + + align:start position:0% +energy to this +all right this is one and the dominant + + align:start position:0% +all right this is one and the dominant + + + align:start position:0% +all right this is one and the dominant +energy um + + align:start position:0% +energy um + + + align:start position:0% +energy um +production mechanism within the sun but + + align:start position:0% +production mechanism within the sun but + + + align:start position:0% +production mechanism within the sun but +also it's not the only one + + align:start position:0% +also it's not the only one + + + align:start position:0% +also it's not the only one +also quite interesting is so-called + + align:start position:0% +also quite interesting is so-called + + + align:start position:0% +also quite interesting is so-called +carbon cycle + + align:start position:0% +carbon cycle + + + align:start position:0% +carbon cycle +it's contributing about three percent to + + align:start position:0% +it's contributing about three percent to + + + align:start position:0% +it's contributing about three percent to +the sun's energy output + + align:start position:0% +the sun's energy output + + + align:start position:0% +the sun's energy output +so here um carbon basically uh + + align:start position:0% +so here um carbon basically uh + + + align:start position:0% +so here um carbon basically uh +works as a catalyst so you have a carbon + + align:start position:0% +works as a catalyst so you have a carbon + + + align:start position:0% +works as a catalyst so you have a carbon +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +again a proton producing nitrogen the + + align:start position:0% +again a proton producing nitrogen the + + + align:start position:0% +again a proton producing nitrogen the +nitrogen produces carbon 13 carbon 13 + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen produces carbon 13 carbon 13 + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen produces carbon 13 carbon 13 +together with + + align:start position:0% +together with + + + align:start position:0% +together with +a proton nitrogen 14 nitrogen 14 with + + align:start position:0% +a proton nitrogen 14 nitrogen 14 with + + + align:start position:0% +a proton nitrogen 14 nitrogen 14 with +the proton + + align:start position:0% +the proton + + + align:start position:0% +the proton +oxygen 15 and oxygen 15 + + align:start position:0% +oxygen 15 and oxygen 15 + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen 15 and oxygen 15 +nitrogen 15 and then last but not least + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 15 and then last but not least + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 15 and then last but not least +nitrogen 15 together with a proton + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 15 together with a proton + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 15 together with a proton +produces + + align:start position:0% +produces + + + align:start position:0% +produces +carbon 12 again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and helium so you see that the carbon 12 + + align:start position:0% +and helium so you see that the carbon 12 + + + align:start position:0% +and helium so you see that the carbon 12 +is the catalyst here which is used to + + align:start position:0% +is the catalyst here which is used to + + + align:start position:0% +is the catalyst here which is used to +produce helium + + align:start position:0% +produce helium + + + align:start position:0% +produce helium +and energy so if you produce this cycle + + align:start position:0% +and energy so if you produce this cycle + + + align:start position:0% +and energy so if you produce this cycle +that you would combine this cycle you + + align:start position:0% +that you would combine this cycle you + + + align:start position:0% +that you would combine this cycle you +find that again from four + + align:start position:0% +find that again from four + + + align:start position:0% +find that again from four +protons or what for hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +protons or what for hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +protons or what for hydrogen +atoms you produce helium positrons again + + align:start position:0% +atoms you produce helium positrons again + + + align:start position:0% +atoms you produce helium positrons again +neutrinos three photons + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos three photons + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos three photons +and energy very similar it's still + + align:start position:0% +and energy very similar it's still + + + align:start position:0% +and energy very similar it's still +visible to this + + align:start position:0% +visible to this + + + align:start position:0% +visible to this +combined chain with the exception that + + align:start position:0% +combined chain with the exception that + + + align:start position:0% +combined chain with the exception that +there is one additional photon and again + + align:start position:0% +there is one additional photon and again + + + align:start position:0% +there is one additional photon and again +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +the positrons supply additional energy + + align:start position:0% +the positrons supply additional energy + + + align:start position:0% +the positrons supply additional energy +and they annihilate with electrons + + align:start position:0% +and they annihilate with electrons + + + align:start position:0% +and they annihilate with electrons +great so we have seen that we do two + + align:start position:0% +great so we have seen that we do two + + + align:start position:0% +great so we have seen that we do two +things we create + + align:start position:0% +things we create + + + align:start position:0% +things we create +heavier forms of matter starting from + + align:start position:0% +heavier forms of matter starting from + + + align:start position:0% +heavier forms of matter starting from +hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen +and we produce energy and so this is the + + align:start position:0% +and we produce energy and so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and we produce energy and so this is the +energy production mechanism within the + + align:start position:0% +energy production mechanism within the + + + align:start position:0% +energy production mechanism within the +sun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is nice um you know you produce you + + align:start position:0% +this is nice um you know you produce you + + + align:start position:0% +this is nice um you know you produce you +know you start with hydrogen or + + align:start position:0% +know you start with hydrogen or + + + align:start position:0% +know you start with hydrogen or +deuterium + + align:start position:0% +deuterium + + + align:start position:0% +deuterium +those are two elements which are very + + align:start position:0% +those are two elements which are very + + + align:start position:0% +those are two elements which are very +abundant + + align:start position:0% +abundant + + + align:start position:0% +abundant +and you produce energy so the question + + align:start position:0% +and you produce energy so the question + + + align:start position:0% +and you produce energy so the question +comes up whether or not you can actually + + align:start position:0% +comes up whether or not you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +comes up whether or not you can actually +use this + + align:start position:0% +use this + + + align:start position:0% +use this +on earth in a controlled environment in + + align:start position:0% +on earth in a controlled environment in + + + align:start position:0% +on earth in a controlled environment in +order to produce energy and solve many + + align:start position:0% +order to produce energy and solve many + + + align:start position:0% +order to produce energy and solve many +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +of the ongoing issues we have on this + + align:start position:0% +of the ongoing issues we have on this + + + align:start position:0% +of the ongoing issues we have on this +planet + + align:start position:0% +planet + + + align:start position:0% +planet +there are several efforts on the way and + + align:start position:0% +there are several efforts on the way and + + + align:start position:0% +there are several efforts on the way and +this goes back all the way to the 50s + + align:start position:0% +this goes back all the way to the 50s + + + align:start position:0% +this goes back all the way to the 50s +of the last century the most prominent + + align:start position:0% +of the last century the most prominent + + + align:start position:0% +of the last century the most prominent +one currently is the so-called ita + + align:start position:0% +one currently is the so-called ita + + + align:start position:0% +one currently is the so-called ita +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +which is an international collaboration + + align:start position:0% +which is an international collaboration + + + align:start position:0% +which is an international collaboration +and the project where + + align:start position:0% +and the project where + + + align:start position:0% +and the project where +one tries to build a fusion + + align:start position:0% +one tries to build a fusion + + + align:start position:0% +one tries to build a fusion +reactor in france + + align:start position:0% +reactor in france + + + align:start position:0% +reactor in france +um i can already tell you that the the + + align:start position:0% +um i can already tell you that the the + + + align:start position:0% +um i can already tell you that the the +next stage for this + + align:start position:0% +next stage for this + + + align:start position:0% +next stage for this +is in about five years to complete + + align:start position:0% +is in about five years to complete + + + align:start position:0% +is in about five years to complete +the project or complete the production + + align:start position:0% +the project or complete the production + + + align:start position:0% +the project or complete the production +of construction of the project + + align:start position:0% +of construction of the project + + + align:start position:0% +of construction of the project +and produce energy for the first time + + align:start position:0% +and produce energy for the first time + + + align:start position:0% +and produce energy for the first time +with this project + + align:start position:0% +with this project + + + align:start position:0% +with this project +in this controlled environment it will + + align:start position:0% +in this controlled environment it will + + + align:start position:0% +in this controlled environment it will +take another 10-15 years + + align:start position:0% +take another 10-15 years + + + align:start position:0% +take another 10-15 years +on this roadmap of research in order to + + align:start position:0% +on this roadmap of research in order to + + + align:start position:0% +on this roadmap of research in order to +produce + + align:start position:0% +produce + + + align:start position:0% +produce +or be able to produce nuclear power + + align:start position:0% +or be able to produce nuclear power + + + align:start position:0% +or be able to produce nuclear power +reactors + + align:start position:0% +reactors + + + align:start position:0% +reactors +nuclear fusion power reactors which can + + align:start position:0% +nuclear fusion power reactors which can + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear fusion power reactors which can +be used in some sort of commercial way + + align:start position:0% +be used in some sort of commercial way + + + align:start position:0% +be used in some sort of commercial way +there's a few other interesting projects + + align:start position:0% +there's a few other interesting projects + + + align:start position:0% +there's a few other interesting projects +which use different magnet technologies + + align:start position:0% +which use different magnet technologies + + + align:start position:0% +which use different magnet technologies +which might + + align:start position:0% +which might + + + align:start position:0% +which might +um have a more faster pathway to success + + align:start position:0% +um have a more faster pathway to success + + + align:start position:0% +um have a more faster pathway to success +but coming back to the story here so + + align:start position:0% +but coming back to the story here so + + + align:start position:0% +but coming back to the story here so +you could start with um with protons + + align:start position:0% +you could start with um with protons + + + align:start position:0% +you could start with um with protons +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +in a proton proton reaction but it turns + + align:start position:0% +in a proton proton reaction but it turns + + + align:start position:0% +in a proton proton reaction but it turns +out that this is a rather slow process + + align:start position:0% +out that this is a rather slow process + + + align:start position:0% +out that this is a rather slow process +and not very promising for a + + align:start position:0% +and not very promising for a + + + align:start position:0% +and not very promising for a +controlled reaction but deuterium or + + align:start position:0% +controlled reaction but deuterium or + + + align:start position:0% +controlled reaction but deuterium or +trithium are also very promising + + align:start position:0% +trithium are also very promising + + + align:start position:0% +trithium are also very promising +note that you know for deuterium here we + + align:start position:0% +note that you know for deuterium here we + + + align:start position:0% +note that you know for deuterium here we +have to overcome the same coulomb + + align:start position:0% +have to overcome the same coulomb + + + align:start position:0% +have to overcome the same coulomb +barrier right the charges are + + align:start position:0% +barrier right the charges are + + + align:start position:0% +barrier right the charges are +charges involved are the very same but + + align:start position:0% +charges involved are the very same but + + + align:start position:0% +charges involved are the very same but +the cross sections are higher + + align:start position:0% +the cross sections are higher + + + align:start position:0% +the cross sections are higher +and therefore the likelihood for the + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the likelihood for the + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the likelihood for the +process to occur is higher and therefore + + align:start position:0% +process to occur is higher and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +process to occur is higher and therefore +um this can this can happen much faster + + align:start position:0% +um this can this can happen much faster + + + align:start position:0% +um this can this can happen much faster +um the theorem is again as i was saying + + align:start position:0% +um the theorem is again as i was saying + + + align:start position:0% +um the theorem is again as i was saying +before very abundant you can just + + align:start position:0% +before very abundant you can just + + + align:start position:0% +before very abundant you can just +extract this from water + + align:start position:0% +extract this from water + + + align:start position:0% +extract this from water +tritium is a little bit more difficult + + align:start position:0% +tritium is a little bit more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +tritium is a little bit more difficult +to deal with um to produce into control + + align:start position:0% +to deal with um to produce into control + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with um to produce into control +and because it's radioactive and has + + align:start position:0% +and because it's radioactive and has + + + align:start position:0% +and because it's radioactive and has +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +some really not so good features so this + + align:start position:0% +some really not so good features so this + + + align:start position:0% +some really not so good features so this +is a model picture of ita + + align:start position:0% +is a model picture of ita + + + align:start position:0% +is a model picture of ita +again this is an international project + + align:start position:0% +again this is an international project + + + align:start position:0% +again this is an international project +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it has a rather bad reputation these + + align:start position:0% +it has a rather bad reputation these + + + align:start position:0% +it has a rather bad reputation these +days it's + + align:start position:0% +days it's + + + align:start position:0% +days it's +it's by far the most expensive + + align:start position:0% +it's by far the most expensive + + + align:start position:0% +it's by far the most expensive +scientific endeavor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but again i mean i think this is an + + align:start position:0% +but again i mean i think this is an + + + align:start position:0% +but again i mean i think this is an +investment into the future of this + + align:start position:0% +investment into the future of this + + + align:start position:0% +investment into the future of this +planet + + align:start position:0% +planet + + + align:start position:0% +planet +and uh and hopefully will succeed in the + + align:start position:0% +and uh and hopefully will succeed in the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and hopefully will succeed in the +next years with this project and then + + align:start position:0% +next years with this project and then + + + align:start position:0% +next years with this project and then +the long run with + + align:start position:0% +the long run with + + + align:start position:0% +the long run with +having uh nuclear fission a fusion + + align:start position:0% +having uh nuclear fission a fusion + + + align:start position:0% +having uh nuclear fission a fusion +available sorry nuclear fusion available + + align:start position:0% +available sorry nuclear fusion available + + + align:start position:0% +available sorry nuclear fusion available +for energy creation what you see here is + + align:start position:0% +for energy creation what you see here is + + + align:start position:0% +for energy creation what you see here is +the key feature of this reactor is + + align:start position:0% +the key feature of this reactor is + + + align:start position:0% +the key feature of this reactor is +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +toroidal magnets which confine the + + align:start position:0% +toroidal magnets which confine the + + + align:start position:0% +toroidal magnets which confine the +plasma + + align:start position:0% +plasma + + + align:start position:0% +plasma +and also electric fields are used in + + align:start position:0% +and also electric fields are used in + + + align:start position:0% +and also electric fields are used in +order to heat the plasma up first so you + + align:start position:0% +order to heat the plasma up first so you + + + align:start position:0% +order to heat the plasma up first so you +have to + + align:start position:0% +have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to +provide heat to a point that you know + + align:start position:0% +provide heat to a point that you know + + + align:start position:0% +provide heat to a point that you know +the heat being produced + + align:start position:0% +the heat being produced + + + align:start position:0% +the heat being produced +in the fusion process is sufficient + + align:start position:0% +in the fusion process is sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +in the fusion process is sufficient +to self-sustain and so that you know + + align:start position:0% +to self-sustain and so that you know + + + align:start position:0% +to self-sustain and so that you know +confining the plasma and and + + align:start position:0% +confining the plasma and and + + + align:start position:0% +confining the plasma and and +providing enough energy uh and the + + align:start position:0% +providing enough energy uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +providing enough energy uh and the +radiation in this and so on this is all + + align:start position:0% +radiation in this and so on this is all + + + align:start position:0% +radiation in this and so on this is all +very difficult + + align:start position:0% +very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult +difficult problems to solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wOmfOJyxZ6M.txt b/wOmfOJyxZ6M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad091281663270e325384293e23d5b0fa6374bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/wOmfOJyxZ6M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we now start with our agenda of + + align:start position:0% +we now start with our agenda of + + + align:start position:0% +we now start with our agenda of +developing continuous counterparts of + + align:start position:0% +developing continuous counterparts of + + + align:start position:0% +developing continuous counterparts of +everything we have done for discrete + + align:start position:0% +everything we have done for discrete + + + align:start position:0% +everything we have done for discrete +random variables let us look at the + + align:start position:0% +random variables let us look at the + + + align:start position:0% +random variables let us look at the +concept of expectation in the discrete + + align:start position:0% +concept of expectation in the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +concept of expectation in the discrete +case we have defined expectation as a + + align:start position:0% +case we have defined expectation as a + + + align:start position:0% +case we have defined expectation as a +weighted average of the values X of the + + align:start position:0% +weighted average of the values X of the + + + align:start position:0% +weighted average of the values X of the +random variable weighted according to + + align:start position:0% +random variable weighted according to + + + align:start position:0% +random variable weighted according to +their corresponding probabilities in the + + align:start position:0% +their corresponding probabilities in the + + + align:start position:0% +their corresponding probabilities in the +continuous case we define expectation in + + align:start position:0% +continuous case we define expectation in + + + align:start position:0% +continuous case we define expectation in +a similar way as a weighted average of + + align:start position:0% +a similar way as a weighted average of + + + align:start position:0% +a similar way as a weighted average of +the possible values of X weighted + + align:start position:0% +the possible values of X weighted + + + align:start position:0% +the possible values of X weighted +according to the corresponding value of + + align:start position:0% +according to the corresponding value of + + + align:start position:0% +according to the corresponding value of +the density points where the density is + + align:start position:0% +the density points where the density is + + + align:start position:0% +the density points where the density is +higher for example here will receive a + + align:start position:0% +higher for example here will receive a + + + align:start position:0% +higher for example here will receive a +higher weight in this calculation but of + + align:start position:0% +higher weight in this calculation but of + + + align:start position:0% +higher weight in this calculation but of +course since we are averaging over a + + align:start position:0% +course since we are averaging over a + + + align:start position:0% +course since we are averaging over a +continuous set the summation will have + + align:start position:0% +continuous set the summation will have + + + align:start position:0% +continuous set the summation will have +to be replaced by an integral this will + + align:start position:0% +to be replaced by an integral this will + + + align:start position:0% +to be replaced by an integral this will +be a recurrent theme in this unit + + align:start position:0% +be a recurrent theme in this unit + + + align:start position:0% +be a recurrent theme in this unit +definitions or formulas for the + + align:start position:0% +definitions or formulas for the + + + align:start position:0% +definitions or formulas for the +continuous case look exactly like the + + align:start position:0% +continuous case look exactly like the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous case look exactly like the +discrete ones except that pmf's are + + align:start position:0% +discrete ones except that pmf's are + + + align:start position:0% +discrete ones except that pmf's are +replaced by densities as here the PMF is + + align:start position:0% +replaced by densities as here the PMF is + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by densities as here the PMF is +replaced by a density and summations are + + align:start position:0% +replaced by a density and summations are + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by a density and summations are +replaced by integrals the intuition is + + align:start position:0% +replaced by integrals the intuition is + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by integrals the intuition is +usually the same in both the discrete + + align:start position:0% +usually the same in both the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +usually the same in both the discrete +and the continuous case however the + + align:start position:0% +and the continuous case however the + + + align:start position:0% +and the continuous case however the +intuition is usually much clearer much + + align:start position:0% +intuition is usually much clearer much + + + align:start position:0% +intuition is usually much clearer much +easier to visualize in the discrete case + + align:start position:0% +easier to visualize in the discrete case + + + align:start position:0% +easier to visualize in the discrete case +so the best strategy is to make sure to + + align:start position:0% +so the best strategy is to make sure to + + + align:start position:0% +so the best strategy is to make sure to +understand fully the intuition for the + + align:start position:0% +understand fully the intuition for the + + + align:start position:0% +understand fully the intuition for the +discrete case and just rely on it at + + align:start position:0% +discrete case and just rely on it at + + + align:start position:0% +discrete case and just rely on it at +this point let me add some fine print a + + align:start position:0% +this point let me add some fine print a + + + align:start position:0% +this point let me add some fine print a +mathematical side point this integral or + + align:start position:0% +mathematical side point this integral or + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical side point this integral or +the expectation will not be always + + align:start position:0% +the expectation will not be always + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation will not be always +well-defined for this integral to make + + align:start position:0% +well-defined for this integral to make + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined for this integral to make +sense we will need to make the + + align:start position:0% +sense we will need to make the + + + align:start position:0% +sense we will need to make the +assumption that the integral of the + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the integral of the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the integral of the +absolute value of little X who waited + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of little X who waited + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of little X who waited +according to the density gives us a + + align:start position:0% +according to the density gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +according to the density gives us a +finite result unless we explicitly say + + align:start position:0% +finite result unless we explicitly say + + + align:start position:0% +finite result unless we explicitly say +something different we will always + + align:start position:0% +something different we will always + + + align:start position:0% +something different we will always +assume that we're dealing with random + + align:start position:0% +assume that we're dealing with random + + + align:start position:0% +assume that we're dealing with random +variables that satisfy this condition + + align:start position:0% +variables that satisfy this condition + + + align:start position:0% +variables that satisfy this condition +and so the expectation is well-defined + + align:start position:0% +and so the expectation is well-defined + + + align:start position:0% +and so the expectation is well-defined +mathematically coming back to the big + + align:start position:0% +mathematically coming back to the big + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically coming back to the big +picture regarding expect + + align:start position:0% +picture regarding expect + + + align:start position:0% +picture regarding expect +patience the intuition remains the same + + align:start position:0% +patience the intuition remains the same + + + align:start position:0% +patience the intuition remains the same +as in the discrete case that the + + align:start position:0% +as in the discrete case that the + + + align:start position:0% +as in the discrete case that the +expectation represents the average of + + align:start position:0% +expectation represents the average of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation represents the average of +the values we expect to see in a very + + align:start position:0% +the values we expect to see in a very + + + align:start position:0% +the values we expect to see in a very +large number of independent repetitions + + align:start position:0% +large number of independent repetitions + + + align:start position:0% +large number of independent repetitions +of the experiment in fact there are also + + align:start position:0% +of the experiment in fact there are also + + + align:start position:0% +of the experiment in fact there are also +theorems to this effect but these will + + align:start position:0% +theorems to this effect but these will + + + align:start position:0% +theorems to this effect but these will +have to wait until later in this class + + align:start position:0% +have to wait until later in this class + + + align:start position:0% +have to wait until later in this class +when we study limit theorems another + + align:start position:0% +when we study limit theorems another + + + align:start position:0% +when we study limit theorems another +intuitive interpretation that is true + + align:start position:0% +intuitive interpretation that is true + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive interpretation that is true +for both of the discrete and the + + align:start position:0% +for both of the discrete and the + + + align:start position:0% +for both of the discrete and the +continuous case is that the expectation + + align:start position:0% +continuous case is that the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +continuous case is that the expectation +corresponds to the center of gravity of + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the center of gravity of + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the center of gravity of +the probability distribution so in this + + align:start position:0% +the probability distribution so in this + + + align:start position:0% +the probability distribution so in this +diagram it might be somewhere around + + align:start position:0% +diagram it might be somewhere around + + + align:start position:0% +diagram it might be somewhere around +here and similarly for the continuous + + align:start position:0% +here and similarly for the continuous + + + align:start position:0% +here and similarly for the continuous +diagram the center of gravity might be + + align:start position:0% +diagram the center of gravity might be + + + align:start position:0% +diagram the center of gravity might be +somewhere around here and if it happens + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around here and if it happens + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around here and if it happens +that the distribution the PMF for the + + align:start position:0% +that the distribution the PMF for the + + + align:start position:0% +that the distribution the PMF for the +PDF happens to be symmetric around a + + align:start position:0% +PDF happens to be symmetric around a + + + align:start position:0% +PDF happens to be symmetric around a +certain point then that point will be + + align:start position:0% +certain point then that point will be + + + align:start position:0% +certain point then that point will be +equal to the expectation expectations of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the expectation expectations of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the expectation expectations of +continuous random variables have all the + + align:start position:0% +continuous random variables have all the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous random variables have all the +properties you might expect for example + + align:start position:0% +properties you might expect for example + + + align:start position:0% +properties you might expect for example +non-negative random variables have + + align:start position:0% +non-negative random variables have + + + align:start position:0% +non-negative random variables have +non-negative expectations + + align:start position:0% +non-negative expectations + + + align:start position:0% +non-negative expectations +random variables that lie inside an + + align:start position:0% +random variables that lie inside an + + + align:start position:0% +random variables that lie inside an +interval have average values or + + align:start position:0% +interval have average values or + + + align:start position:0% +interval have average values or +expectations that also lie inside the + + align:start position:0% +expectations that also lie inside the + + + align:start position:0% +expectations that also lie inside the +same interval the derivation is exactly + + align:start position:0% +same interval the derivation is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +same interval the derivation is exactly +the same as for the discrete case there + + align:start position:0% +the same as for the discrete case there + + + align:start position:0% +the same as for the discrete case there +is also an expected value rule in the + + align:start position:0% +is also an expected value rule in the + + + align:start position:0% +is also an expected value rule in the +discrete case it took on this form in + + align:start position:0% +discrete case it took on this form in + + + align:start position:0% +discrete case it took on this form in +the continuous case we obtain an + + align:start position:0% +the continuous case we obtain an + + + align:start position:0% +the continuous case we obtain an +analogous form in which the summation is + + align:start position:0% +analogous form in which the summation is + + + align:start position:0% +analogous form in which the summation is +replaced by integral and instead of + + align:start position:0% +replaced by integral and instead of + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by integral and instead of +weighing according to the PMF we now + + align:start position:0% +weighing according to the PMF we now + + + align:start position:0% +weighing according to the PMF we now +weigh according to the density function + + align:start position:0% +weigh according to the density function + + + align:start position:0% +weigh according to the density function +the derivation of the expected value + + align:start position:0% +the derivation of the expected value + + + align:start position:0% +the derivation of the expected value +rule for the continuous case is a little + + align:start position:0% +rule for the continuous case is a little + + + align:start position:0% +rule for the continuous case is a little +more complicated than the one that we + + align:start position:0% +more complicated than the one that we + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated than the one that we +gave from the discrete case but it's + + align:start position:0% +gave from the discrete case but it's + + + align:start position:0% +gave from the discrete case but it's +sufficient for us to know that it is + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for us to know that it is + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for us to know that it is +true and that it has an intuitive + + align:start position:0% +true and that it has an intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +true and that it has an intuitive +meaning that runs along the same lines + + align:start position:0% +meaning that runs along the same lines + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that runs along the same lines +as the intuitive meaning that we had for + + align:start position:0% +as the intuitive meaning that we had for + + + align:start position:0% +as the intuitive meaning that we had for +the discrete case as an instance of how + + align:start position:0% +the discrete case as an instance of how + + + align:start position:0% +the discrete case as an instance of how +we might apply the expected value role + + align:start position:0% +we might apply the expected value role + + + align:start position:0% +we might apply the expected value role +if you wish to calculate the expected + + align:start position:0% +if you wish to calculate the expected + + + align:start position:0% +if you wish to calculate the expected +value of the square of a continuous + + align:start position:0% +value of the square of a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +value of the square of a continuous +random variable you would proceed as + + align:start position:0% +random variable you would proceed as + + + align:start position:0% +random variable you would proceed as +follows + + align:start position:0% +follows + + + align:start position:0% +follows +you would integrate over the entire real + + align:start position:0% +you would integrate over the entire real + + + align:start position:0% +you would integrate over the entire real +line the value of the function which is + + align:start position:0% +line the value of the function which is + + + align:start position:0% +line the value of the function which is +X square in our case weighted according + + align:start position:0% +X square in our case weighted according + + + align:start position:0% +X square in our case weighted according +to the density finally a most important + + align:start position:0% +to the density finally a most important + + + align:start position:0% +to the density finally a most important +property of expectations is linearity + + align:start position:0% +property of expectations is linearity + + + align:start position:0% +property of expectations is linearity +linearity is still true for continuous + + align:start position:0% +linearity is still true for continuous + + + align:start position:0% +linearity is still true for continuous +random variables as well and the way it + + align:start position:0% +random variables as well and the way it + + + align:start position:0% +random variables as well and the way it +is derived is exactly the same as in the + + align:start position:0% +is derived is exactly the same as in the + + + align:start position:0% +is derived is exactly the same as in the +discrete case namely we apply the + + align:start position:0% +discrete case namely we apply the + + + align:start position:0% +discrete case namely we apply the +expected value rule to this function of + + align:start position:0% +expected value rule to this function of + + + align:start position:0% +expected value rule to this function of +the random variable X and separate out + + align:start position:0% +the random variable X and separate out + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable X and separate out +the various terms the stories regarding + + align:start position:0% +the various terms the stories regarding + + + align:start position:0% +the various terms the stories regarding +variances is exactly the same as in the + + align:start position:0% +variances is exactly the same as in the + + + align:start position:0% +variances is exactly the same as in the +discrete case we define variances using + + align:start position:0% +discrete case we define variances using + + + align:start position:0% +discrete case we define variances using +the same definition and of course here + + align:start position:0% +the same definition and of course here + + + align:start position:0% +the same definition and of course here +mule stands for the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +mule stands for the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +mule stands for the expected value of +the random variable X to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +the random variable X to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable X to calculate the +variance we can use the expected value + + align:start position:0% +variance we can use the expected value + + + align:start position:0% +variance we can use the expected value +rule which takes this form in the + + align:start position:0% +rule which takes this form in the + + + align:start position:0% +rule which takes this form in the +continuous case and we apply the + + align:start position:0% +continuous case and we apply the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous case and we apply the +expected value rule for the case where + + align:start position:0% +expected value rule for the case where + + + align:start position:0% +expected value rule for the case where +we're dealing with the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with the expected value of +this particular function so that in this + + align:start position:0% +this particular function so that in this + + + align:start position:0% +this particular function so that in this +instance the function G of X is X minus + + align:start position:0% +instance the function G of X is X minus + + + align:start position:0% +instance the function G of X is X minus +mu squared so by applying the expected + + align:start position:0% +mu squared so by applying the expected + + + align:start position:0% +mu squared so by applying the expected +value rule we obtain the integral from + + align:start position:0% +value rule we obtain the integral from + + + align:start position:0% +value rule we obtain the integral from +minus infinity to infinity the function + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to infinity the function + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to infinity the function +G of X weighted according to the density + + align:start position:0% +G of X weighted according to the density + + + align:start position:0% +G of X weighted according to the density +and then we carry out the integration we + + align:start position:0% +and then we carry out the integration we + + + align:start position:0% +and then we carry out the integration we +also define the standard deviation same + + align:start position:0% +also define the standard deviation same + + + align:start position:0% +also define the standard deviation same +way as in the discrete case we have a + + align:start position:0% +way as in the discrete case we have a + + + align:start position:0% +way as in the discrete case we have a +property about the variance of linear + + align:start position:0% +property about the variance of linear + + + align:start position:0% +property about the variance of linear +functions of a random variable namely + + align:start position:0% +functions of a random variable namely + + + align:start position:0% +functions of a random variable namely +that if we add a constant to a random + + align:start position:0% +that if we add a constant to a random + + + align:start position:0% +that if we add a constant to a random +variable this has no effect on the + + align:start position:0% +variable this has no effect on the + + + align:start position:0% +variable this has no effect on the +variance but if we multiply a random + + align:start position:0% +variance but if we multiply a random + + + align:start position:0% +variance but if we multiply a random +variable by a constant the variance gets + + align:start position:0% +variable by a constant the variance gets + + + align:start position:0% +variable by a constant the variance gets +multiplied by the square of that + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the square of that + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the square of that +constant finally when calculating the + + align:start position:0% +constant finally when calculating the + + + align:start position:0% +constant finally when calculating the +variance it is often convenient to use + + align:start position:0% +variance it is often convenient to use + + + align:start position:0% +variance it is often convenient to use +this alternative formula in which the + + align:start position:0% +this alternative formula in which the + + + align:start position:0% +this alternative formula in which the +variance is calculated by finding the + + align:start position:0% +variance is calculated by finding the + + + align:start position:0% +variance is calculated by finding the +expected value of the square of the + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the square of the + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the square of the +random variable and also using the + + align:start position:0% +random variable and also using the + + + align:start position:0% +random variable and also using the +expected value of the random variable + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the random variable +but square + + align:start position:0% +but square + + + align:start position:0% +but square +and subtracted from the first term this + + align:start position:0% +and subtracted from the first term this + + + align:start position:0% +and subtracted from the first term this +relation and this relation are both + + align:start position:0% +relation and this relation are both + + + align:start position:0% +relation and this relation are both +derived exactly the same way as in the + + align:start position:0% +derived exactly the same way as in the + + + align:start position:0% +derived exactly the same way as in the +discrete case and there is no reason to + + align:start position:0% +discrete case and there is no reason to + + + align:start position:0% +discrete case and there is no reason to +repeat those derivations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wbB_V78EcVA.txt b/wbB_V78EcVA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f813b951368b31c5f0490814e9ebe21cca0d150 --- /dev/null +++ b/wbB_V78EcVA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hello everybody I want to explain a + + align:start position:0% +hello everybody I want to explain a + + + align:start position:0% +hello everybody I want to explain a +little bit on how we can visualize music + + align:start position:0% +little bit on how we can visualize music + + + align:start position:0% +little bit on how we can visualize music +using music 21 or other tools and how + + align:start position:0% +using music 21 or other tools and how + + + align:start position:0% +using music 21 or other tools and how +important it is to be able to see what + + align:start position:0% +important it is to be able to see what + + + align:start position:0% +important it is to be able to see what +is happening in a piece of music rather + + align:start position:0% +is happening in a piece of music rather + + + align:start position:0% +is happening in a piece of music rather +than going through Jupiter notebook the + + align:start position:0% +than going through Jupiter notebook the + + + align:start position:0% +than going through Jupiter notebook the +users guide to music 21 chapter 22 which + + align:start position:0% +users guide to music 21 chapter 22 which + + + align:start position:0% +users guide to music 21 chapter 22 which +there's a link past into the page that + + align:start position:0% +there's a link past into the page that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a link past into the page that +this is on has a good introduction to + + align:start position:0% +this is on has a good introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +this is on has a good introduction to +some of the things that you can do with + + align:start position:0% +some of the things that you can do with + + + align:start position:0% +some of the things that you can do with +graphing and + + align:start position:0% +graphing and + + + align:start position:0% +graphing and +plotting we can go ahead and start by + + align:start position:0% +plotting we can go ahead and start by + + + align:start position:0% +plotting we can go ahead and start by +importing everything from Usef 21 we + + align:start position:0% +importing everything from Usef 21 we + + + align:start position:0% +importing everything from Usef 21 we +really only need the Corpus and there's + + align:start position:0% +really only need the Corpus and there's + + + align:start position:0% +really only need the Corpus and there's +one piece by the Italian 19th century + + align:start position:0% +one piece by the Italian 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +one piece by the Italian 19th century +opera composer JP Verde from his opera + + align:start position:0% +opera composer JP Verde from his opera + + + align:start position:0% +opera composer JP Verde from his opera +roletto called Ladon Mo which we can + + align:start position:0% +roletto called Ladon Mo which we can + + + align:start position:0% +roletto called Ladon Mo which we can +load in using the Corpus parse function + + align:start position:0% +load in using the Corpus parse function + + + align:start position:0% +load in using the Corpus parse function +and store its variable Verity let's just + + align:start position:0% +and store its variable Verity let's just + + + align:start position:0% +and store its variable Verity let's just +look at the first 10 measures and we can + + align:start position:0% +look at the first 10 measures and we can + + + align:start position:0% +look at the first 10 measures and we can +show + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it you probably may have heard this + + align:start position:0% +it you probably may have heard this + + + align:start position:0% +it you probably may have heard this +before so it's a little piano score + + align:start position:0% +before so it's a little piano score + + + align:start position:0% +before so it's a little piano score +version and so let's just get the vocal + + align:start position:0% +version and so let's just get the vocal + + + align:start position:0% +version and so let's just get the vocal +part and if we go ahead and call on this + + align:start position:0% +part and if we go ahead and call on this + + + align:start position:0% +part and if we go ahead and call on this +exerpt oh by the way I don't know if we + + align:start position:0% +exerpt oh by the way I don't know if we + + + align:start position:0% +exerpt oh by the way I don't know if we +fully explained you can extract a + + align:start position:0% +fully explained you can extract a + + + align:start position:0% +fully explained you can extract a +measure range + + align:start position:0% +measure range + + + align:start position:0% +measure range +with these two numbers uh this is + + align:start position:0% +with these two numbers uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +with these two numbers uh this is +inclusive uh unlike Python and so this + + align:start position:0% +inclusive uh unlike Python and so this + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive uh unlike Python and so this +will include measure one and measure 10 + + align:start position:0% +will include measure one and measure 10 + + + align:start position:0% +will include measure one and measure 10 +and these are the numbers according to + + align:start position:0% +and these are the numbers according to + + + align:start position:0% +and these are the numbers according to +how a musician would think of them okay + + align:start position:0% +how a musician would think of them okay + + + align:start position:0% +how a musician would think of them okay +we can go and plot them and by default + + align:start position:0% +we can go and plot them and by default + + + align:start position:0% +we can go and plot them and by default +it creates sign we usually call a piano + + align:start position:0% +it creates sign we usually call a piano + + + align:start position:0% +it creates sign we usually call a piano +roll because it kind of looks like how + + align:start position:0% +roll because it kind of looks like how + + + align:start position:0% +roll because it kind of looks like how +if you're going to punch the rolls um + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to punch the rolls um + + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to punch the rolls um +outside of things like this um you can + + align:start position:0% +outside of things like this um you can + + + align:start position:0% +outside of things like this um you can +go ahead if you know map plot lib or + + align:start position:0% +go ahead if you know map plot lib or + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead if you know map plot lib or +another plotting software in cre these + + align:start position:0% +another plotting software in cre these + + + align:start position:0% +another plotting software in cre these +things on your own but there's a couple + + align:start position:0% +things on your own but there's a couple + + + align:start position:0% +things on your own but there's a couple +things that music 21 will take care of + + align:start position:0% +things that music 21 will take care of + + + align:start position:0% +things that music 21 will take care of +for you if I zoom in oh there it goes + + align:start position:0% +for you if I zoom in oh there it goes + + + align:start position:0% +for you if I zoom in oh there it goes +oops um and some of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them but there are some things that + + align:start position:0% +them but there are some things that + + + align:start position:0% +them but there are some things that +music 21 will take care of for you for + + align:start position:0% +music 21 will take care of for you for + + + align:start position:0% +music 21 will take care of for you for +instance uh the pitch will have octave + + align:start position:0% +instance uh the pitch will have octave + + + align:start position:0% +instance uh the pitch will have octave +marks just on the C's or wherever + + align:start position:0% +marks just on the C's or wherever + + + align:start position:0% +marks just on the C's or wherever +something is it will have correct flat + + align:start position:0% +something is it will have correct flat + + + align:start position:0% +something is it will have correct flat +signs or sharp signs and choose the + + align:start position:0% +signs or sharp signs and choose the + + + align:start position:0% +signs or sharp signs and choose the +right accident for what's happening here + + align:start position:0% +right accident for what's happening here + + + align:start position:0% +right accident for what's happening here +and things will be plotted by measure + + align:start position:0% +and things will be plotted by measure + + + align:start position:0% +and things will be plotted by measure +even if uh the measures are difficult to + + align:start position:0% +even if uh the measures are difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +even if uh the measures are difficult to +deal with for instance uh here's a + + align:start position:0% +deal with for instance uh here's a + + + align:start position:0% +deal with for instance uh here's a +here's a little example where we use + + align:start position:0% +here's a little example where we use + + + align:start position:0% +here's a little example where we use +some pretty weird + + align:start position:0% +some pretty weird + + + align:start position:0% +some pretty weird +accidentals the only C really is a dble + + align:start position:0% +accidentals the only C really is a dble + + + align:start position:0% +accidentals the only C really is a dble +flat or so on and it will put out you + + align:start position:0% +flat or so on and it will put out you + + + align:start position:0% +flat or so on and it will put out you +can barely see it but it will put double + + align:start position:0% +can barely see it but it will put double + + + align:start position:0% +can barely see it but it will put double +flat there and if your measures are + + align:start position:0% +flat there and if your measures are + + + align:start position:0% +flat there and if your measures are +different lengths it'll do it so it's + + align:start position:0% +different lengths it'll do it so it's + + + align:start position:0% +different lengths it'll do it so it's +probably a decent thing to go go ahead + + align:start position:0% +probably a decent thing to go go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +probably a decent thing to go go ahead +and call the Misa 21 plot if you want to + + align:start position:0% +and call the Misa 21 plot if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +and call the Misa 21 plot if you want to +visualize + + align:start position:0% +visualize + + + align:start position:0% +visualize +something we can load on another piece + + align:start position:0% +something we can load on another piece + + + align:start position:0% +something we can load on another piece +uh this is uh Arnold schernberg uh early + + align:start position:0% +uh this is uh Arnold schernberg uh early + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is uh Arnold schernberg uh early +late 19th and early 20th Century + + align:start position:0% +late 19th and early 20th Century + + + align:start position:0% +late 19th and early 20th Century +composer from Austria who is uh + + align:start position:0% +composer from Austria who is uh + + + align:start position:0% +composer from Austria who is uh +considered one of the creators of a + + align:start position:0% +considered one of the creators of a + + + align:start position:0% +considered one of the creators of a +total music it will load his piano piece + + align:start position:0% +total music it will load his piano piece + + + align:start position:0% +total music it will load his piano piece +opus 19 and will load movement too this + + align:start position:0% +opus 19 and will load movement too this + + + align:start position:0% +opus 19 and will load movement too this +is just another way of loading a + + align:start position:0% +is just another way of loading a + + + align:start position:0% +is just another way of loading a +specific movement for a piece and we'll + + align:start position:0% +specific movement for a piece and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +specific movement for a piece and we'll +excerpt measures 1 through 4 and show + + align:start position:0% +excerpt measures 1 through 4 and show + + + align:start position:0% +excerpt measures 1 through 4 and show +them there's a couple little problems + + align:start position:0% +them there's a couple little problems + + + align:start position:0% +them there's a couple little problems +here you can kind of see this piece um a + + align:start position:0% +here you can kind of see this piece um a + + + align:start position:0% +here you can kind of see this piece um a +lot of bum bum bum bum bum bumps in it + + align:start position:0% +lot of bum bum bum bum bum bumps in it + + + align:start position:0% +lot of bum bum bum bum bum bumps in it +and what we can do is in the plot + + align:start position:0% +and what we can do is in the plot + + + align:start position:0% +and what we can do is in the plot +command we can give it other things so + + align:start position:0% +command we can give it other things so + + + align:start position:0% +command we can give it other things so +we're going to do a scatter plot we're + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do a scatter plot we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do a scatter plot we're +going to map quarter length to pitch and + + align:start position:0% +going to map quarter length to pitch and + + + align:start position:0% +going to map quarter length to pitch and +we'll give it a title see the G and the + + align:start position:0% +we'll give it a title see the G and the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll give it a title see the G and the +B and if we zoom in + + align:start position:0% +B and if we zoom in + + + align:start position:0% +B and if we zoom in +here we can really + + align:start position:0% +here we can really + + + align:start position:0% +here we can really +see oh yeah um we're doing a scatter + + align:start position:0% +see oh yeah um we're doing a scatter + + + align:start position:0% +see oh yeah um we're doing a scatter +plot and we're making it darker the more + + align:start position:0% +plot and we're making it darker the more + + + align:start position:0% +plot and we're making it darker the more +times things appear and we can see the + + align:start position:0% +times things appear and we can see the + + + align:start position:0% +times things appear and we can see the +quarter length log two um so they're + + align:start position:0% +quarter length log two um so they're + + + align:start position:0% +quarter length log two um so they're +equally spaced between 16th notes eighth + + align:start position:0% +equally spaced between 16th notes eighth + + + align:start position:0% +equally spaced between 16th notes eighth +notes quarter and half note and see the + + align:start position:0% +notes quarter and half note and see the + + + align:start position:0% +notes quarter and half note and see the +various pitches + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here the other thing we can do is we can + + align:start position:0% +here the other thing we can do is we can + + + align:start position:0% +here the other thing we can do is we can +do a histogram of uh pit of octaves and + + align:start position:0% +do a histogram of uh pit of octaves and + + + align:start position:0% +do a histogram of uh pit of octaves and +we'll hide little ticks for anything + + align:start position:0% +we'll hide little ticks for anything + + + align:start position:0% +we'll hide little ticks for anything +that doesn't appear and put the number + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't appear and put the number + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't appear and put the number +of pitches here and we can really see + + align:start position:0% +of pitches here and we can really see + + + align:start position:0% +of pitches here and we can really see +these two uh the G and the B showing up + + align:start position:0% +these two uh the G and the B showing up + + + align:start position:0% +these two uh the G and the B showing up +a lot or we can just restrict it to + + align:start position:0% +a lot or we can just restrict it to + + + align:start position:0% +a lot or we can just restrict it to +specific pitch classes and see the pitch + + align:start position:0% +specific pitch classes and see the pitch + + + align:start position:0% +specific pitch classes and see the pitch +classes of g&b without the octaves still + + align:start position:0% +classes of g&b without the octaves still + + + align:start position:0% +classes of g&b without the octaves still +dominate on this + + align:start position:0% +dominate on this + + + align:start position:0% +dominate on this +piece uh you don't really need to + + align:start position:0% +piece uh you don't really need to + + + align:start position:0% +piece uh you don't really need to +install Matt plot web anymore um because + + align:start position:0% +install Matt plot web anymore um because + + + align:start position:0% +install Matt plot web anymore um because +it's now included music 21 but you will + + align:start position:0% +it's now included music 21 but you will + + + align:start position:0% +it's now included music 21 but you will +want if you're using + + align:start position:0% +want if you're using + + + align:start position:0% +want if you're using +um if you're using Jupiter notebooks to + + align:start position:0% +um if you're using Jupiter notebooks to + + + align:start position:0% +um if you're using Jupiter notebooks to +put this magic command at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +put this magic command at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +put this magic command at the beginning +and that will uh allow you to view + + align:start position:0% +and that will uh allow you to view + + + align:start position:0% +and that will uh allow you to view +everything in + + align:start position:0% +everything in + + + align:start position:0% +everything in +line you can go ahead and see what kinds + + align:start position:0% +line you can go ahead and see what kinds + + + align:start position:0% +line you can go ahead and see what kinds +of things are there um horizontal + + align:start position:0% +of things are there um horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +of things are there um horizontal +bars we can plot measure number and + + align:start position:0% +bars we can plot measure number and + + + align:start position:0% +bars we can plot measure number and +quarter length against the pitch and so + + align:start position:0% +quarter length against the pitch and so + + + align:start position:0% +quarter length against the pitch and so +on um various pitches SC Scatter + + align:start position:0% +on um various pitches SC Scatter + + + align:start position:0% +on um various pitches SC Scatter +Plots counts of how often various pitch + + align:start position:0% +Plots counts of how often various pitch + + + align:start position:0% +Plots counts of how often various pitch +and note lengths appear we can uh we'll + + align:start position:0% +and note lengths appear we can uh we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and note lengths appear we can uh we'll +say how this happens later but we can + + align:start position:0% +say how this happens later but we can + + + align:start position:0% +say how this happens later but we can +look at uh what the range of the piece + + align:start position:0% +look at uh what the range of the piece + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh what the range of the piece +is how big it how far apart it is + + align:start position:0% +is how big it how far apart it is + + + align:start position:0% +is how big it how far apart it is +various places or what the keys that are + + align:start position:0% +various places or what the keys that are + + + align:start position:0% +various places or what the keys that are +being detected in various parts of the + + align:start position:0% +being detected in various parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +being detected in various parts of the +piece using Carol Kel Shucker's key + + align:start position:0% +piece using Carol Kel Shucker's key + + + align:start position:0% +piece using Carol Kel Shucker's key +analysis um we can look at when various + + align:start position:0% +analysis um we can look at when various + + + align:start position:0% +analysis um we can look at when various +parts are playing and I believe this is + + align:start position:0% +parts are playing and I believe this is + + + align:start position:0% +parts are playing and I believe this is +how loud they are um some silly 3D + + align:start position:0% +how loud they are um some silly 3D + + + align:start position:0% +how loud they are um some silly 3D +graphs which can be kind of helpful + + align:start position:0% +graphs which can be kind of helpful + + + align:start position:0% +graphs which can be kind of helpful +maybe uh but maybe not and it can also + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh but maybe not and it can also + + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh but maybe not and it can also +plot against Dynamics and you'll kind of + + align:start position:0% +plot against Dynamics and you'll kind of + + + align:start position:0% +plot against Dynamics and you'll kind of +notice that it says met Forte Forte + + align:start position:0% +notice that it says met Forte Forte + + + align:start position:0% +notice that it says met Forte Forte +Forte pianos sportando fortisimo so that + + align:start position:0% +Forte pianos sportando fortisimo so that + + + align:start position:0% +Forte pianos sportando fortisimo so that +there's built in um places for various + + align:start position:0% +there's built in um places for various + + + align:start position:0% +there's built in um places for various +Dynamics we can see what kinds of Atlas + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics we can see what kinds of Atlas + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics we can see what kinds of Atlas +qualities there are and so on so what we + + align:start position:0% +qualities there are and so on so what we + + + align:start position:0% +qualities there are and so on so what we +can do is we can look at how various + + align:start position:0% +can do is we can look at how various + + + align:start position:0% +can do is we can look at how various +composers such as Robert Schuman a mid + + align:start position:0% +composers such as Robert Schuman a mid + + + align:start position:0% +composers such as Robert Schuman a mid +19th Century composer how he uses his + + align:start position:0% +19th Century composer how he uses his + + + align:start position:0% +19th Century composer how he uses his +pitches in a particular um string + + align:start position:0% +pitches in a particular um string + + + align:start position:0% +pitches in a particular um string +quartet versus how chopan uses his in + + align:start position:0% +quartet versus how chopan uses his in + + + align:start position:0% +quartet versus how chopan uses his in +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +Missoura then always important to go + + align:start position:0% +Missoura then always important to go + + + align:start position:0% +Missoura then always important to go +back sorry it's all distorted for the + + align:start position:0% +back sorry it's all distorted for the + + + align:start position:0% +back sorry it's all distorted for the +video but uh and look at how the piece + + align:start position:0% +video but uh and look at how the piece + + + align:start position:0% +video but uh and look at how the piece +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +works in chapter 44 of the music 21 you + + align:start position:0% +works in chapter 44 of the music 21 you + + + align:start position:0% +works in chapter 44 of the music 21 you +this guide completely optional it'll + + align:start position:0% +this guide completely optional it'll + + + align:start position:0% +this guide completely optional it'll +tell you a little bit more on how you + + align:start position:0% +tell you a little bit more on how you + + + align:start position:0% +tell you a little bit more on how you +can customize plots with their title + + align:start position:0% +can customize plots with their title + + + align:start position:0% +can customize plots with their title +change the size of the + + align:start position:0% +change the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +change the size of the +figures change + + align:start position:0% +figures change + + + align:start position:0% +figures change +colors and uh go ahead and um make other + + align:start position:0% +colors and uh go ahead and um make other + + + align:start position:0% +colors and uh go ahead and um make other +plots highlight particular + + align:start position:0% +plots highlight particular + + + align:start position:0% +plots highlight particular +data and um + + align:start position:0% +data and um + + + align:start position:0% +data and um +remove data substitute other things in + + align:start position:0% +remove data substitute other things in + + + align:start position:0% +remove data substitute other things in +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not too much else these are pretty + + align:start position:0% +not too much else these are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +not too much else these are pretty +Advanced things going on but um we can + + align:start position:0% +Advanced things going on but um we can + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced things going on but um we can +look at offset versus cardinality well + + align:start position:0% +look at offset versus cardinality well + + + align:start position:0% +look at offset versus cardinality well +you know what cardinality is now how + + align:start position:0% +you know what cardinality is now how + + + align:start position:0% +you know what cardinality is now how +many pitches are sounding at once notice + + align:start position:0% +many pitches are sounding at once notice + + + align:start position:0% +many pitches are sounding at once notice +this a little nice pickup measures at + + align:start position:0% +this a little nice pickup measures at + + + align:start position:0% +this a little nice pickup measures at +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +beginning and um maybe you want to plot + + align:start position:0% +beginning and um maybe you want to plot + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and um maybe you want to plot +how the frequency in hertz goes against + + align:start position:0% +how the frequency in hertz goes against + + + align:start position:0% +how the frequency in hertz goes against +pitches but show um white and black keys + + align:start position:0% +pitches but show um white and black keys + + + align:start position:0% +pitches but show um white and black keys +or this case red and black keys over + + align:start position:0% +or this case red and black keys over + + + align:start position:0% +or this case red and black keys over +tie and you can use this to make um some + + align:start position:0% +tie and you can use this to make um some + + + align:start position:0% +tie and you can use this to make um some +various other graphs that might not come + + align:start position:0% +various other graphs that might not come + + + align:start position:0% +various other graphs that might not come +from data these are all kind of + + align:start position:0% +from data these are all kind of + + + align:start position:0% +from data these are all kind of +interesting things uh smoothing out how + + align:start position:0% +interesting things uh smoothing out how + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things uh smoothing out how +box motion Works in a particular + + align:start position:0% +box motion Works in a particular + + + align:start position:0% +box motion Works in a particular +Crow there's a lot still to be done with + + align:start position:0% +Crow there's a lot still to be done with + + + align:start position:0% +Crow there's a lot still to be done with +plotting but this is a great way to + + align:start position:0% +plotting but this is a great way to + + + align:start position:0% +plotting but this is a great way to +start I'm also going to put in a link to + + align:start position:0% +start I'm also going to put in a link to + + + align:start position:0% +start I'm also going to put in a link to +Edward Tufts or tufty I'm not exactly + + align:start position:0% +Edward Tufts or tufty I'm not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +Edward Tufts or tufty I'm not exactly +sure visual display of quantitative + + align:start position:0% +sure visual display of quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +sure visual display of quantitative +information which is a book that has + + align:start position:0% +information which is a book that has + + + align:start position:0% +information which is a book that has +absolutely shaped how I think of what + + align:start position:0% +absolutely shaped how I think of what + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely shaped how I think of what +are good ways of creating graphs why we + + align:start position:0% +are good ways of creating graphs why we + + + align:start position:0% +are good ways of creating graphs why we +want to create graphs and how do we make + + align:start position:0% +want to create graphs and how do we make + + + align:start position:0% +want to create graphs and how do we make +the data stand out and still be + + align:start position:0% +the data stand out and still be + + + align:start position:0% +the data stand out and still be +beautiful thanks a lot for listening and + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thanks a lot for listening and + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thanks a lot for listening and +hope to see some beautiful graphs in the + + align:start position:0% +hope to see some beautiful graphs in the + + + align:start position:0% +hope to see some beautiful graphs in the +future \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/whdOtrwi0oM.txt b/whdOtrwi0oM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6910aad812734a354e6d802562af66853dc14ad --- /dev/null +++ b/whdOtrwi0oM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,539 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I'm, you know, fascinated by natural + + align:start position:0% +I'm, you know, fascinated by natural + + + align:start position:0% +I'm, you know, fascinated by natural +materials, um, and how they work and how + + align:start position:0% +materials, um, and how they work and how + + + align:start position:0% +materials, um, and how they work and how +they've evolved their structures over + + align:start position:0% +they've evolved their structures over + + + align:start position:0% +they've evolved their structures over +millions of years to, um, serve a + + align:start position:0% +millions of years to, um, serve a + + + align:start position:0% +millions of years to, um, serve a +particular purpose. + + align:start position:0% +particular purpose. + + + align:start position:0% +particular purpose. +Seashells, turtle shells, antlers, + + align:start position:0% +Seashells, turtle shells, antlers, + + + align:start position:0% +Seashells, turtle shells, antlers, +teeth, bone, they're all put together in + + align:start position:0% +teeth, bone, they're all put together in + + + align:start position:0% +teeth, bone, they're all put together in +a very complex way to withstand the + + align:start position:0% +a very complex way to withstand the + + + align:start position:0% +a very complex way to withstand the +loads that they experience. And so, you + + align:start position:0% +loads that they experience. And so, you + + + align:start position:0% +loads that they experience. And so, you +know, we like to understand the um + + align:start position:0% +know, we like to understand the um + + + align:start position:0% +know, we like to understand the um +design principles behind these so that + + align:start position:0% +design principles behind these so that + + + align:start position:0% +design principles behind these so that +we can design better materials. Our + + align:start position:0% +we can design better materials. Our + + + align:start position:0% +we can design better materials. Our +particular application that we're + + align:start position:0% +particular application that we're + + + align:start position:0% +particular application that we're +looking at is is for body armor. + + align:start position:0% +looking at is is for body armor. + + + align:start position:0% +looking at is is for body armor. +So, we cut very small samples of sea + + align:start position:0% +So, we cut very small samples of sea + + + align:start position:0% +So, we cut very small samples of sea +shell which is the inner layer + + align:start position:0% +shell which is the inner layer + + + align:start position:0% +shell which is the inner layer +of the outer shell of a gastropod + + align:start position:0% +of the outer shell of a gastropod + + + align:start position:0% +of the outer shell of a gastropod +mollisk. + + align:start position:0% +mollisk. + + + align:start position:0% +mollisk. +We cut very small samples with a diamond + + align:start position:0% +We cut very small samples with a diamond + + + align:start position:0% +We cut very small samples with a diamond +saw first and then we polish them down + + align:start position:0% +saw first and then we polish them down + + + align:start position:0% +saw first and then we polish them down +using papers with smaller and smaller + + align:start position:0% +using papers with smaller and smaller + + + align:start position:0% +using papers with smaller and smaller +sand particles until we can get an + + align:start position:0% +sand particles until we can get an + + + align:start position:0% +sand particles until we can get an +extremely fine finish to the surface. + + align:start position:0% +extremely fine finish to the surface. + + + align:start position:0% +extremely fine finish to the surface. +We then take those samples and we put + + align:start position:0% +We then take those samples and we put + + + align:start position:0% +We then take those samples and we put +them in what's called a mechanical + + align:start position:0% +them in what's called a mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +them in what's called a mechanical +tester. + + align:start position:0% +tester. + + + align:start position:0% +tester. +a load is applied to the sample at a + + align:start position:0% +a load is applied to the sample at a + + + align:start position:0% +a load is applied to the sample at a +constant rate and we measure the force + + align:start position:0% +constant rate and we measure the force + + + align:start position:0% +constant rate and we measure the force +that's applied to the sample and how far + + align:start position:0% +that's applied to the sample and how far + + + align:start position:0% +that's applied to the sample and how far +it deforms down and so that gives us an + + align:start position:0% +it deforms down and so that gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +it deforms down and so that gives us an +indication of the mechanical properties + + align:start position:0% +indication of the mechanical properties + + + align:start position:0% +indication of the mechanical properties +of the sample. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So these materials they're um they're + + align:start position:0% +So these materials they're um they're + + + align:start position:0% +So these materials they're um they're +extremely special in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +extremely special in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +extremely special in the sense that +they're built up from units that are + + align:start position:0% +they're built up from units that are + + + align:start position:0% +they're built up from units that are +made at the nanometer scale. They're + + align:start position:0% +made at the nanometer scale. They're + + + align:start position:0% +made at the nanometer scale. They're +made up of very very small subunits + + align:start position:0% +made up of very very small subunits + + + align:start position:0% +made up of very very small subunits +and they have extraordinary mechanical + + align:start position:0% +and they have extraordinary mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +and they have extraordinary mechanical +properties and they're much more complex + + align:start position:0% +properties and they're much more complex + + + align:start position:0% +properties and they're much more complex +than many man-made materials. + + align:start position:0% +than many man-made materials. + + + align:start position:0% +than many man-made materials. +Having the instruments that we have here + + align:start position:0% +Having the instruments that we have here + + + align:start position:0% +Having the instruments that we have here +is having access to the best instruments + + align:start position:0% +is having access to the best instruments + + + align:start position:0% +is having access to the best instruments +in the world. The atomic force + + align:start position:0% +in the world. The atomic force + + + align:start position:0% +in the world. The atomic force +microscope is a new microscope in which + + align:start position:0% +microscope is a new microscope in which + + + align:start position:0% +microscope is a new microscope in which +there's um a very small probe tip. At + + align:start position:0% +there's um a very small probe tip. At + + + align:start position:0% +there's um a very small probe tip. At +the end of the tip, there's only a few + + align:start position:0% +the end of the tip, there's only a few + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the tip, there's only a few +atoms and so it can both image the + + align:start position:0% +atoms and so it can both image the + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and so it can both image the +sample down to molecular resolution + + align:start position:0% +sample down to molecular resolution + + + align:start position:0% +sample down to molecular resolution +um as well as probe the forces that + + align:start position:0% +um as well as probe the forces that + + + align:start position:0% +um as well as probe the forces that +exist on the sample surface and also + + align:start position:0% +exist on the sample surface and also + + + align:start position:0% +exist on the sample surface and also +within the sample as well. + + align:start position:0% +within the sample as well. + + + align:start position:0% +within the sample as well. +Now the the constituent materials the + + align:start position:0% +Now the the constituent materials the + + + align:start position:0% +Now the the constituent materials the +polymers and the ceramics so the calcium + + align:start position:0% +polymers and the ceramics so the calcium + + + align:start position:0% +polymers and the ceramics so the calcium +carbonate are inherently very weak. We'd + + align:start position:0% +carbonate are inherently very weak. We'd + + + align:start position:0% +carbonate are inherently very weak. We'd +like to understand how the materials are + + align:start position:0% +like to understand how the materials are + + + align:start position:0% +like to understand how the materials are +put together in such a way that yield a + + align:start position:0% +put together in such a way that yield a + + + align:start position:0% +put together in such a way that yield a +very strong material and then as + + align:start position:0% +very strong material and then as + + + align:start position:0% +very strong material and then as +material scientists chemists we can + + align:start position:0% +material scientists chemists we can + + + align:start position:0% +material scientists chemists we can +replace those constituent materials with + + align:start position:0% +replace those constituent materials with + + + align:start position:0% +replace those constituent materials with +very strong man-made materials and + + align:start position:0% +very strong man-made materials and + + + align:start position:0% +very strong man-made materials and +improve the the properties by orders of + + align:start position:0% +improve the the properties by orders of + + + align:start position:0% +improve the the properties by orders of +magnitude even further + + align:start position:0% +magnitude even further + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude even further +as we're learning more and more there + + align:start position:0% +as we're learning more and more there + + + align:start position:0% +as we're learning more and more there +are continuous improvements and I mean + + align:start position:0% +are continuous improvements and I mean + + + align:start position:0% +are continuous improvements and I mean +if really would like to see a synthetic + + align:start position:0% +if really would like to see a synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +if really would like to see a synthetic +sea shell on a soldier. I mean, I would + + align:start position:0% +sea shell on a soldier. I mean, I would + + + align:start position:0% +sea shell on a soldier. I mean, I would +say 5 10 years if we continue along + + align:start position:0% +say 5 10 years if we continue along + + + align:start position:0% +say 5 10 years if we continue along +along these lines. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/zR6vXHHQZZA.txt b/zR6vXHHQZZA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a512376b256b51b64ae8ac0f7ca42515b8526c84 --- /dev/null +++ b/zR6vXHHQZZA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7267 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the first of two lectures + + align:start position:0% +this is the first of two lectures + + + align:start position:0% +this is the first of two lectures +spectroscopy and dynamics now I'm a + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy and dynamics now I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy and dynamics now I'm a +spectroscopy and so this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy and so this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy and so this is sort of the +core of what I really love and there are + + align:start position:0% +core of what I really love and there are + + + align:start position:0% +core of what I really love and there are +a lot of questions about well what are + + align:start position:0% +a lot of questions about well what are + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of questions about well what are +we trying to do + + align:start position:0% +we trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +we trying to do +and you heard two lectures from + + align:start position:0% +and you heard two lectures from + + + align:start position:0% +and you heard two lectures from +Professor Van Voorhis II and he talked + + align:start position:0% +Professor Van Voorhis II and he talked + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Van Voorhis II and he talked +about I benicio calculations electronic + + align:start position:0% +about I benicio calculations electronic + + + align:start position:0% +about I benicio calculations electronic +structure calculations where you can get + + align:start position:0% +structure calculations where you can get + + + align:start position:0% +structure calculations where you can get +really close to the exact answer and + + align:start position:0% +really close to the exact answer and + + + align:start position:0% +really close to the exact answer and +it's really a powerful tool and it do + + align:start position:0% +it's really a powerful tool and it do + + + align:start position:0% +it's really a powerful tool and it do +the truth but it gets you so much truth + + align:start position:0% +the truth but it gets you so much truth + + + align:start position:0% +the truth but it gets you so much truth +that you don't know what to do with it + + align:start position:0% +that you don't know what to do with it + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't know what to do with it +and the same thing is true for + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing is true for + + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing is true for +spectroscopy you get a spectrum it + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy you get a spectrum it + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy you get a spectrum it +contains a huge amount of information + + align:start position:0% +contains a huge amount of information + + + align:start position:0% +contains a huge amount of information +and you can take lots and lots of + + align:start position:0% +and you can take lots and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +and you can take lots and lots of +spectra but what are we trying to do + + align:start position:0% +spectra but what are we trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +spectra but what are we trying to do +when I was a graduate student we were + + align:start position:0% +when I was a graduate student we were + + + align:start position:0% +when I was a graduate student we were +doing a unique kind of super high + + align:start position:0% +doing a unique kind of super high + + + align:start position:0% +doing a unique kind of super high +resolution spectroscopy and so we + + align:start position:0% +resolution spectroscopy and so we + + + align:start position:0% +resolution spectroscopy and so we +thought what we were generating was + + align:start position:0% +thought what we were generating was + + + align:start position:0% +thought what we were generating was +excellent tests for quantitative theory + + align:start position:0% +excellent tests for quantitative theory + + + align:start position:0% +excellent tests for quantitative theory +and if you go if in those days I went to + + align:start position:0% +and if you go if in those days I went to + + + align:start position:0% +and if you go if in those days I went to +a lecture by a theorist they were saying + + align:start position:0% +a lecture by a theorist they were saying + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture by a theorist they were saying +we're we're generating stuff to to check + + align:start position:0% +we're we're generating stuff to to check + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're generating stuff to to check +against experiment and it's a circle and + + align:start position:0% +against experiment and it's a circle and + + + align:start position:0% +against experiment and it's a circle and +it's that's not what we're trying to do + + align:start position:0% +it's that's not what we're trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's that's not what we're trying to do +the theory and the experiment are just + + align:start position:0% +the theory and the experiment are just + + + align:start position:0% +the theory and the experiment are just +the beginning and you can start from + + align:start position:0% +the beginning and you can start from + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning and you can start from +either extreme what we want is how does + + align:start position:0% +either extreme what we want is how does + + + align:start position:0% +either extreme what we want is how does +it all work what is going on can we can + + align:start position:0% +it all work what is going on can we can + + + align:start position:0% +it all work what is going on can we can +we build a picture which is intuitive + + align:start position:0% +we build a picture which is intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +we build a picture which is intuitive +and checkable and predictive so that we + + align:start position:0% +and checkable and predictive so that we + + + align:start position:0% +and checkable and predictive so that we +can say oh yeah we can if we want to + + align:start position:0% +can say oh yeah we can if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +can say oh yeah we can if we want to +know something we can get to it this way + + align:start position:0% +know something we can get to it this way + + + align:start position:0% +know something we can get to it this way +and the purpose of this lecture is to + + align:start position:0% +and the purpose of this lecture is to + + + align:start position:0% +and the purpose of this lecture is to +not provide a textbook view of spectra + + align:start position:0% +not provide a textbook view of spectra + + + align:start position:0% +not provide a textbook view of spectra +but to give you a sense of how you can + + align:start position:0% +but to give you a sense of how you can + + + align:start position:0% +but to give you a sense of how you can +get to stuff to challenge your intuition + + align:start position:0% +get to stuff to challenge your intuition + + + align:start position:0% +get to stuff to challenge your intuition +and what we want to do as as scientists + + align:start position:0% +and what we want to do as as scientists + + + align:start position:0% +and what we want to do as as scientists +is to be surprised we want to do a good + + align:start position:0% +is to be surprised we want to do a good + + + align:start position:0% +is to be surprised we want to do a good +experiment or do a good calculation and + + align:start position:0% +experiment or do a good calculation and + + + align:start position:0% +experiment or do a good calculation and +we want to find that the result is not + + align:start position:0% +we want to find that the result is not + + + align:start position:0% +we want to find that the result is not +what we expected and we can figure out + + align:start position:0% +what we expected and we can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +what we expected and we can figure out +why it's not what we expected and that's + + align:start position:0% +why it's not what we expected and that's + + + align:start position:0% +why it's not what we expected and that's +never conveyed in any textbooks now this + + align:start position:0% +never conveyed in any textbooks now this + + + align:start position:0% +never conveyed in any textbooks now this +lecture is based on my little book of + + align:start position:0% +lecture is based on my little book of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is based on my little book of +lecture notes and I have a number of + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes and I have a number of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes and I have a number of +copies of it and if people have a strong + + align:start position:0% +copies of it and if people have a strong + + + align:start position:0% +copies of it and if people have a strong +wish to have a copy you can have what I + + align:start position:0% +wish to have a copy you can have what I + + + align:start position:0% +wish to have a copy you can have what I +can I can give it to you and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +can I can give it to you and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +can I can give it to you and a lot of +this lecture is based on the first + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is based on the first + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is based on the first +chapter of this book but many of the + + align:start position:0% +chapter of this book but many of the + + + align:start position:0% +chapter of this book but many of the +topics are developed throughout the book + + align:start position:0% +topics are developed throughout the book + + + align:start position:0% +topics are developed throughout the book +ok so this is a two lecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence and the first half will will + + align:start position:0% +sequence and the first half will will + + + align:start position:0% +sequence and the first half will will +cover this stuff on this board and it's + + align:start position:0% +cover this stuff on this board and it's + + + align:start position:0% +cover this stuff on this board and it's +in the notes so you don't have to copy + + align:start position:0% +in the notes so you don't have to copy + + + align:start position:0% +in the notes so you don't have to copy +all this stuff and I just want you to + + align:start position:0% +all this stuff and I just want you to + + + align:start position:0% +all this stuff and I just want you to +see where we're going so I've already + + align:start position:0% +see where we're going so I've already + + + align:start position:0% +see where we're going so I've already +talked a little bit about experiment + + align:start position:0% +talked a little bit about experiment + + + align:start position:0% +talked a little bit about experiment +versus theory they complement each other + + align:start position:0% +versus theory they complement each other + + + align:start position:0% +versus theory they complement each other +we can use theory to devise an + + align:start position:0% +we can use theory to devise an + + + align:start position:0% +we can use theory to devise an +experiment which is path-breaking + + align:start position:0% +experiment which is path-breaking + + + align:start position:0% +experiment which is path-breaking +or we can use an experiment to challenge + + align:start position:0% +or we can use an experiment to challenge + + + align:start position:0% +or we can use an experiment to challenge +the theorists to calculate a new kind of + + align:start position:0% +the theorists to calculate a new kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the theorists to calculate a new kind of +thing and I hope that some of these + + align:start position:0% +thing and I hope that some of these + + + align:start position:0% +thing and I hope that some of these +things and those ideas present + + align:start position:0% +things and those ideas present + + + align:start position:0% +things and those ideas present +themselves in this lecture and it's + + align:start position:0% +themselves in this lecture and it's + + + align:start position:0% +themselves in this lecture and it's +really important that if there's + + align:start position:0% +really important that if there's + + + align:start position:0% +really important that if there's +something that you don't understand or + + align:start position:0% +something that you don't understand or + + + align:start position:0% +something that you don't understand or +don't capture the importance of you + + align:start position:0% +don't capture the importance of you + + + align:start position:0% +don't capture the importance of you +should ask me a question I really want + + align:start position:0% +should ask me a question I really want + + + align:start position:0% +should ask me a question I really want +to talk about what it's all for + + align:start position:0% +to talk about what it's all for + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about what it's all for +okay so I'm going to talk about spectra + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to talk about spectra + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to talk about spectra +and that will be what kinds rotation + + align:start position:0% +and that will be what kinds rotation + + + align:start position:0% +and that will be what kinds rotation +vibration electro + + align:start position:0% +vibration electro + + + align:start position:0% +vibration electro +sonic and other other ramifications and + + align:start position:0% +sonic and other other ramifications and + + + align:start position:0% +sonic and other other ramifications and +going from Adam to diatomic the + + align:start position:0% +going from Adam to diatomic the + + + align:start position:0% +going from Adam to diatomic the +polyatomic to condense phase each step + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic to condense phase each step + + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic to condense phase each step +along this path leads to new + + align:start position:0% +along this path leads to new + + + align:start position:0% +along this path leads to new +complexities and new insights then I'll + + align:start position:0% +complexities and new insights then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +complexities and new insights then I'll +talk about okay we got a spectrum what + + align:start position:0% +talk about okay we got a spectrum what + + + align:start position:0% +talk about okay we got a spectrum what +do we expect to be in the spectrum well + + align:start position:0% +do we expect to be in the spectrum well + + + align:start position:0% +do we expect to be in the spectrum well +one of the things that's important is + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's important is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's important is +the transition selection rules or + + align:start position:0% +the transition selection rules or + + + align:start position:0% +the transition selection rules or +transition rules selection rules + + align:start position:0% +transition rules selection rules + + + align:start position:0% +transition rules selection rules +correspond to an operator eigenvalues of + + align:start position:0% +correspond to an operator eigenvalues of + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to an operator eigenvalues of +an operator that commutes with the exact + + align:start position:0% +an operator that commutes with the exact + + + align:start position:0% +an operator that commutes with the exact +Hamiltonian and those correspond to + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and those correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and those correspond to +symmetries and there are propensity + + align:start position:0% +symmetries and there are propensity + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries and there are propensity +rules like okay which are which + + align:start position:0% +rules like okay which are which + + + align:start position:0% +rules like okay which are which +transitions are going to be strong and + + align:start position:0% +transitions are going to be strong and + + + align:start position:0% +transitions are going to be strong and +which are going to be weak and a + + align:start position:0% +which are going to be weak and a + + + align:start position:0% +which are going to be weak and a +beautiful example of propensity rules + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of propensity rules + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of propensity rules +are based on the Franck Condon principle + + align:start position:0% +are based on the Franck Condon principle + + + align:start position:0% +are based on the Franck Condon principle +and the Frank Cownie principle is one of + + align:start position:0% +and the Frank Cownie principle is one of + + + align:start position:0% +and the Frank Cownie principle is one of +the first keys you use to unlock what's + + align:start position:0% +the first keys you use to unlock what's + + + align:start position:0% +the first keys you use to unlock what's +in the spectrum or what a molecule is + + align:start position:0% +in the spectrum or what a molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +in the spectrum or what a molecule is +doing because it's the first level of of + + align:start position:0% +doing because it's the first level of of + + + align:start position:0% +doing because it's the first level of of +complexity that is presented to you in + + align:start position:0% +complexity that is presented to you in + + + align:start position:0% +complexity that is presented to you in +the spectrum what are the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum what are the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum what are the vibrational +bands and how do we assign them and what + + align:start position:0% +bands and how do we assign them and what + + + align:start position:0% +bands and how do we assign them and what +are they telling us there's a very + + align:start position:0% +are they telling us there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +are they telling us there's a very +different kind of information in an + + align:start position:0% +different kind of information in an + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of information in an +absorption spectrum because it's always + + align:start position:0% +absorption spectrum because it's always + + + align:start position:0% +absorption spectrum because it's always +from the lowest electronic state lowest + + align:start position:0% +from the lowest electronic state lowest + + + align:start position:0% +from the lowest electronic state lowest +vibrational level and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +vibrational level and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational level and so there's a +simplicity because of a kind of state + + align:start position:0% +simplicity because of a kind of state + + + align:start position:0% +simplicity because of a kind of state +selection and in admission it's a very + + align:start position:0% +selection and in admission it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +selection and in admission it's a very +different ballgame because in the gas + + align:start position:0% +different ballgame because in the gas + + + align:start position:0% +different ballgame because in the gas +phase the emission is from many + + align:start position:0% +phase the emission is from many + + + align:start position:0% +phase the emission is from many +different levels in the condensed phase + + align:start position:0% +different levels in the condensed phase + + + align:start position:0% +different levels in the condensed phase +it's not why okay and then we get to + + align:start position:0% +it's not why okay and then we get to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not why okay and then we get to +dynamics and the main thing I want to do + + align:start position:0% +dynamics and the main thing I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics and the main thing I want to do +in these two lectures is to whet your + + align:start position:0% +in these two lectures is to whet your + + + align:start position:0% +in these two lectures is to whet your +appetite for dynamics and there are many + + align:start position:0% +appetite for dynamics and there are many + + + align:start position:0% +appetite for dynamics and there are many +kinds of dynamics ranging from a simple + + align:start position:0% +kinds of dynamics ranging from a simple + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of dynamics ranging from a simple +two-level quantum beat + + align:start position:0% +two-level quantum beat + + + align:start position:0% +two-level quantum beat +two intra molecular vibrational + + align:start position:0% +two intra molecular vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +two intra molecular vibrational +redistribution which you can understand + + align:start position:0% +redistribution which you can understand + + + align:start position:0% +redistribution which you can understand +by perturbation theory to the strange + + align:start position:0% +by perturbation theory to the strange + + + align:start position:0% +by perturbation theory to the strange +behavior of electronically excited + + align:start position:0% +behavior of electronically excited + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of electronically excited +states losing their ability to fluoresce + + align:start position:0% +states losing their ability to fluoresce + + + align:start position:0% +states losing their ability to fluoresce +not because the molecule breaks but + + align:start position:0% +not because the molecule breaks but + + + align:start position:0% +not because the molecule breaks but +because the bright state that's an + + align:start position:0% +because the bright state that's an + + + align:start position:0% +because the bright state that's an +important concept the bright state is + + align:start position:0% +important concept the bright state is + + + align:start position:0% +important concept the bright state is +something it's not an eigenstate it's a + + align:start position:0% +something it's not an eigenstate it's a + + + align:start position:0% +something it's not an eigenstate it's a +special state that we understand well + + align:start position:0% +special state that we understand well + + + align:start position:0% +special state that we understand well +it's one of the things that we build + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the things that we build + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the things that we build +perturbation theory around the bright + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory around the bright + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory around the bright +state mixes into an enormous number of + + align:start position:0% +state mixes into an enormous number of + + + align:start position:0% +state mixes into an enormous number of +dark states and the molecule forgets + + align:start position:0% +dark states and the molecule forgets + + + align:start position:0% +dark states and the molecule forgets +that that it knows how to for us because + + align:start position:0% +that that it knows how to for us because + + + align:start position:0% +that that it knows how to for us because +the different components different + + align:start position:0% +the different components different + + + align:start position:0% +the different components different +eigenstates D phase and there's a + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates D phase and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates D phase and there's a +beautiful theory and when I was a + + align:start position:0% +beautiful theory and when I was a + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful theory and when I was a +graduate student this this theory of + + align:start position:0% +graduate student this this theory of + + + align:start position:0% +graduate student this this theory of +radiation 'less transitions Bix and + + align:start position:0% +radiation 'less transitions Bix and + + + align:start position:0% +radiation 'less transitions Bix and +Jordan their theory was just created and + + align:start position:0% +Jordan their theory was just created and + + + align:start position:0% +Jordan their theory was just created and +many people didn't believe it they + + align:start position:0% +many people didn't believe it they + + + align:start position:0% +many people didn't believe it they +thought you know molecules big molecules + + align:start position:0% +thought you know molecules big molecules + + + align:start position:0% +thought you know molecules big molecules +they're really easy to be quenched by + + align:start position:0% +they're really easy to be quenched by + + + align:start position:0% +they're really easy to be quenched by +collision and the loss of the ability to + + align:start position:0% +collision and the loss of the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +collision and the loss of the ability to +fluoresce or the absence of fluorescence + + align:start position:0% +fluoresce or the absence of fluorescence + + + align:start position:0% +fluoresce or the absence of fluorescence +was somehow collision related as opposed + + align:start position:0% +was somehow collision related as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +was somehow collision related as opposed +to a physical process so there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +to a physical process so there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +to a physical process so there's lots of +good stuff and some of the good stuff is + + align:start position:0% +good stuff and some of the good stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +good stuff and some of the good stuff is +offered zua Nobel Prize where he claims + + align:start position:0% +offered zua Nobel Prize where he claims + + + align:start position:0% +offered zua Nobel Prize where he claims +and that's why he got the Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +and that's why he got the Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why he got the Nobel Prize +because people believe that claim now + + align:start position:0% +because people believe that claim now + + + align:start position:0% +because people believe that claim now +I'm not saying it's wrong but you know + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying it's wrong but you know + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying it's wrong but you know +part of getting famous is to have a + + align:start position:0% +part of getting famous is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +part of getting famous is to have a +package which you can sell and he sold + + align:start position:0% +package which you can sell and he sold + + + align:start position:0% +package which you can sell and he sold +the daylights out of it and he calls it + + align:start position:0% +the daylights out of it and he calls it + + + align:start position:0% +the daylights out of it and he calls it +looking at clocking real dynamics in + + align:start position:0% +looking at clocking real dynamics in + + + align:start position:0% +looking at clocking real dynamics in +real time and it's basically wave + + align:start position:0% +real time and it's basically wave + + + align:start position:0% +real time and it's basically wave +packets and but their wave packets doing + + align:start position:0% +packets and but their wave packets doing + + + align:start position:0% +packets and but their wave packets doing +neat stuff and for example one way a + + align:start position:0% +neat stuff and for example one way a + + + align:start position:0% +neat stuff and for example one way a +molecule can lose the ability to + + align:start position:0% +molecule can lose the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +molecule can lose the ability to +fluoresce is because the molecule breaks + + align:start position:0% +fluoresce is because the molecule breaks + + + align:start position:0% +fluoresce is because the molecule breaks +and what is the mechanism by which a + + align:start position:0% +and what is the mechanism by which a + + + align:start position:0% +and what is the mechanism by which a +molecule breaks is it bond just simply + + align:start position:0% +molecule breaks is it bond just simply + + + align:start position:0% +molecule breaks is it bond just simply +break or is there some motion that + + align:start position:0% +break or is there some motion that + + + align:start position:0% +break or is there some motion that +precedes that and what zou L did was to + + align:start position:0% +precedes that and what zou L did was to + + + align:start position:0% +precedes that and what zou L did was to +show what are the motions that lead the + + align:start position:0% +show what are the motions that lead the + + + align:start position:0% +show what are the motions that lead the +molecule into the region of state space + + align:start position:0% +molecule into the region of state space + + + align:start position:0% +molecule into the region of state space +where the bond breaks and of course if + + align:start position:0% +where the bond breaks and of course if + + + align:start position:0% +where the bond breaks and of course if +you want to manipulate molecules you + + align:start position:0% +you want to manipulate molecules you + + + align:start position:0% +you want to manipulate molecules you +either want to get to those regions or + + align:start position:0% +either want to get to those regions or + + + align:start position:0% +either want to get to those regions or +avoid them and so there's all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +avoid them and so there's all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +avoid them and so there's all sorts of +insight there okay now this is this is + + align:start position:0% +insight there okay now this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +insight there okay now this is this is +what I believe that if you understand + + align:start position:0% +what I believe that if you understand + + + align:start position:0% +what I believe that if you understand +small molecules you will see examples of + + align:start position:0% +small molecules you will see examples of + + + align:start position:0% +small molecules you will see examples of +everything you need to know to deal with + + align:start position:0% +everything you need to know to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +everything you need to know to deal with +almost any dynamical process in + + align:start position:0% +almost any dynamical process in + + + align:start position:0% +almost any dynamical process in +chemistry now this is certainly an + + align:start position:0% +chemistry now this is certainly an + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry now this is certainly an +exaggeration but this has been my motto + + align:start position:0% +exaggeration but this has been my motto + + + align:start position:0% +exaggeration but this has been my motto +for years and so I really stress the + + align:start position:0% +for years and so I really stress the + + + align:start position:0% +for years and so I really stress the +small molecules and it's not that small + + align:start position:0% +small molecules and it's not that small + + + align:start position:0% +small molecules and it's not that small +molecules are really hard they're really + + align:start position:0% +molecules are really hard they're really + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are really hard they're really +beautiful and they do enough so that you + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and they do enough so that you + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and they do enough so that you +can anticipate what you need to deal + + align:start position:0% +can anticipate what you need to deal + + + align:start position:0% +can anticipate what you need to deal +with bigger molecules so let's let's + + align:start position:0% +with bigger molecules so let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +with bigger molecules so let's let's +begin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is a molecule as chemists + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is a molecule as chemists + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is a molecule as chemists +we would never think of a molecule as a + + align:start position:0% +we would never think of a molecule as a + + + align:start position:0% +we would never think of a molecule as a +bag of nuclei and electrons we wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +bag of nuclei and electrons we wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +bag of nuclei and electrons we wouldn't +think of it as a bag of atoms either we + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a bag of atoms either we + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a bag of atoms either we +believe in chemical bonds this is an + + align:start position:0% +believe in chemical bonds this is an + + + align:start position:0% +believe in chemical bonds this is an +important thing it's not a conserved + + align:start position:0% +important thing it's not a conserved + + + align:start position:0% +important thing it's not a conserved +quantity bonds can break but we believe + + align:start position:0% +quantity bonds can break but we believe + + + align:start position:0% +quantity bonds can break but we believe +that bonds tell an important story and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so almost all of our pictures for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complicated phenomena are based on the I + + align:start position:0% +complicated phenomena are based on the I + + + align:start position:0% +complicated phenomena are based on the I +had to think that we use the word + + align:start position:0% +had to think that we use the word + + + align:start position:0% +had to think that we use the word +sanctity but the the the importance of + + align:start position:0% +sanctity but the the the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +sanctity but the the the importance of +bonds okay we start now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +bonds okay we start now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +bonds okay we start now I'm going to +erase this because I've made my point + + align:start position:0% +erase this because I've made my point + + + align:start position:0% +erase this because I've made my point +and it's embarrassing to to keep + + align:start position:0% +and it's embarrassing to to keep + + + align:start position:0% +and it's embarrassing to to keep +emphasizing my secret motto but it is + + align:start position:0% +emphasizing my secret motto but it is + + + align:start position:0% +emphasizing my secret motto but it is +true okay we have the born-oppenheimer + + align:start position:0% +true okay we have the born-oppenheimer + + + align:start position:0% +true okay we have the born-oppenheimer +approximation and this is very important + + align:start position:0% +approximation and this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and this is very important +because we can't solve a three-body + + align:start position:0% +because we can't solve a three-body + + + align:start position:0% +because we can't solve a three-body +problem we can solve a two-body problem + + align:start position:0% +problem we can solve a two-body problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem we can solve a two-body problem +but we have molecules which are + + align:start position:0% +but we have molecules which are + + + align:start position:0% +but we have molecules which are +consisting of nuclei and electrons and + + align:start position:0% +consisting of nuclei and electrons and + + + align:start position:0% +consisting of nuclei and electrons and +this born up in our approximation + + align:start position:0% +this born up in our approximation + + + align:start position:0% +this born up in our approximation +enables us to separate the nuclear part + + align:start position:0% +enables us to separate the nuclear part + + + align:start position:0% +enables us to separate the nuclear part +of the problem from the electronic part + + align:start position:0% +of the problem from the electronic part + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem from the electronic part +of the problem because these two things + + align:start position:0% +of the problem because these two things + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem because these two things +move at very different velocities and so + + align:start position:0% +move at very different velocities and so + + + align:start position:0% +move at very different velocities and so +it's a profound simplification we get + + align:start position:0% +it's a profound simplification we get + + + align:start position:0% +it's a profound simplification we get +potential any curves or potential energy + + align:start position:0% +potential any curves or potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +potential any curves or potential energy +surfaces and that is the repository of + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and that is the repository of + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and that is the repository of +essentially everything we want to know + + align:start position:0% +essentially everything we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +essentially everything we want to know +if we know the potential surface we can + + align:start position:0% +if we know the potential surface we can + + + align:start position:0% +if we know the potential surface we can +begin to do almost anything and + + align:start position:0% +begin to do almost anything and + + + align:start position:0% +begin to do almost anything and +certainly for a big molecule + + align:start position:0% +certainly for a big molecule + + + align:start position:0% +certainly for a big molecule +it's not just a simple curve like this + + align:start position:0% +it's not just a simple curve like this + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just a simple curve like this +it's a tendon if you have n atoms + + align:start position:0% +it's a tendon if you have n atoms + + + align:start position:0% +it's a tendon if you have n atoms +there's 3n minus 6 vibrational modes and + + align:start position:0% +there's 3n minus 6 vibrational modes and + + + align:start position:0% +there's 3n minus 6 vibrational modes and +well that that sounds terrible but you + + align:start position:0% +well that that sounds terrible but you + + + align:start position:0% +well that that sounds terrible but you +know even for this you have essentially + + align:start position:0% +know even for this you have essentially + + + align:start position:0% +know even for this you have essentially +an infinite number of vibrational levels + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of vibrational levels + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of vibrational levels +and an infinite number of rotational + + align:start position:0% +and an infinite number of rotational + + + align:start position:0% +and an infinite number of rotational +levels and so if you have a polyatomic + + align:start position:0% +levels and so if you have a polyatomic + + + align:start position:0% +levels and so if you have a polyatomic +molecule you have 3n minus 6 infinities + + align:start position:0% +molecule you have 3n minus 6 infinities + + + align:start position:0% +molecule you have 3n minus 6 infinities +of infinities so you know you you're not + + align:start position:0% +of infinities so you know you you're not + + + align:start position:0% +of infinities so you know you you're not +wanting to get everything you want to + + align:start position:0% +wanting to get everything you want to + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to get everything you want to +generate enough information to be able + + align:start position:0% +generate enough information to be able + + + align:start position:0% +generate enough information to be able +to calculate anything you want and + + align:start position:0% +to calculate anything you want and + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate anything you want and +sometimes you make approximations and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you make approximations and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you make approximations and +you're not sure that those + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure that those + + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure that those +approximations are good and you want + + align:start position:0% +approximations are good and you want + + + align:start position:0% +approximations are good and you want +them to break you want to discover + + align:start position:0% +them to break you want to discover + + + align:start position:0% +them to break you want to discover +something new so the born-oppenheimer + + align:start position:0% +something new so the born-oppenheimer + + + align:start position:0% +something new so the born-oppenheimer +approximation we go from clamped nuclei + + align:start position:0% +approximation we go from clamped nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +approximation we go from clamped nuclei +calculation where the sensitive nuclei + + align:start position:0% +calculation where the sensitive nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +calculation where the sensitive nuclei +move slow compared to the electrons well + + align:start position:0% +move slow compared to the electrons well + + + align:start position:0% +move slow compared to the electrons well +let's not let them move at all + + align:start position:0% +let's not let them move at all + + + align:start position:0% +let's not let them move at all +and then we build a perturbation theory + + align:start position:0% +and then we build a perturbation theory + + + align:start position:0% +and then we build a perturbation theory +picture where we let a move and we can + + align:start position:0% +picture where we let a move and we can + + + align:start position:0% +picture where we let a move and we can +deal with that because we understand + + align:start position:0% +deal with that because we understand + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that because we understand +vibrations and rotations okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +vibrations and rotations okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations and rotations okay so we have +a potential energy surface and there are + + align:start position:0% +a potential energy surface and there are + + + align:start position:0% +a potential energy surface and there are +things that we can anticipate about a + + align:start position:0% +things that we can anticipate about a + + + align:start position:0% +things that we can anticipate about a +potential energy surface and lcao mo + + align:start position:0% +potential energy surface and lcao mo + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy surface and lcao mo +theory enables you to say a lot of + + align:start position:0% +theory enables you to say a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +theory enables you to say a lot of +important things about the potential + + align:start position:0% +important things about the potential + + + align:start position:0% +important things about the potential +energy surface so it provides you know + + align:start position:0% +energy surface so it provides you know + + + align:start position:0% +energy surface so it provides you know +kind of a qualitative framework and so + + align:start position:0% +kind of a qualitative framework and so + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a qualitative framework and so +from molecular orbital theory like and + + align:start position:0% +from molecular orbital theory like and + + + align:start position:0% +from molecular orbital theory like and +this is not what Professor Van Voorhis + + align:start position:0% +this is not what Professor Van Voorhis + + + align:start position:0% +this is not what Professor Van Voorhis +talked about this is the baby stuff and + + align:start position:0% +talked about this is the baby stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this is the baby stuff and +we don't expect to get the exact answer + + align:start position:0% +we don't expect to get the exact answer + + + align:start position:0% +we don't expect to get the exact answer +but we do expect to be able to explain + + align:start position:0% +but we do expect to be able to explain + + + align:start position:0% +but we do expect to be able to explain +trends trends within a molecule and + + align:start position:0% +trends trends within a molecule and + + + align:start position:0% +trends trends within a molecule and +between related molecules + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this provides a framework for + + align:start position:0% +so this provides a framework for + + + align:start position:0% +so this provides a framework for +expectations and there are things that + + align:start position:0% +expectations and there are things that + + + align:start position:0% +expectations and there are things that +we get like bond order and we talk about + + align:start position:0% +we get like bond order and we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +we get like bond order and we talk about +orbitals in a bonding non bonding and + + align:start position:0% +orbitals in a bonding non bonding and + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals in a bonding non bonding and +anti-bonding and this comes directly out + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding and this comes directly out + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding and this comes directly out +of the simple ideas recall when we had + + align:start position:0% +of the simple ideas recall when we had + + + align:start position:0% +of the simple ideas recall when we had +atom with a hydrogen the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +atom with a hydrogen the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +atom with a hydrogen the hydrogen +doesn't make pi bonds and so there are + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make pi bonds and so there are + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make pi bonds and so there are +PI orbitals for the atom a which have + + align:start position:0% +PI orbitals for the atom a which have + + + align:start position:0% +PI orbitals for the atom a which have +nothing to interact with and they're + + align:start position:0% +nothing to interact with and they're + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to interact with and they're +usually nonbonding so we have these + + align:start position:0% +usually nonbonding so we have these + + + align:start position:0% +usually nonbonding so we have these +sorts of things we have we have SP and + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things we have we have SP and + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things we have we have SP and +hybridization and this is just telling + + align:start position:0% +hybridization and this is just telling + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization and this is just telling +you if if a molecule wants to make the + + align:start position:0% +you if if a molecule wants to make the + + + align:start position:0% +you if if a molecule wants to make the +maximum number of bonds you do something + + align:start position:0% +maximum number of bonds you do something + + + align:start position:0% +maximum number of bonds you do something +and if it's SP cubed you know for + + align:start position:0% +and if it's SP cubed you know for + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's SP cubed you know for +tetrahedrally arranged bonds and if it's + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrally arranged bonds and if it's + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrally arranged bonds and if it's +SP cubed it's SP squared is planar with + + align:start position:0% +SP cubed it's SP squared is planar with + + + align:start position:0% +SP cubed it's SP squared is planar with +120 degrees these things tell you + + align:start position:0% +120 degrees these things tell you + + + align:start position:0% +120 degrees these things tell you +something about geometric expectations + + align:start position:0% +something about geometric expectations + + + align:start position:0% +something about geometric expectations +now molecules don't follow the rules + + align:start position:0% +now molecules don't follow the rules + + + align:start position:0% +now molecules don't follow the rules +exactly but they come pretty close and + + align:start position:0% +exactly but they come pretty close and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly but they come pretty close and +so if you have some reason to believe + + align:start position:0% +so if you have some reason to believe + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have some reason to believe +that a particular hybridization is + + align:start position:0% +that a particular hybridization is + + + align:start position:0% +that a particular hybridization is +appropriate then you disco have certain + + align:start position:0% +appropriate then you disco have certain + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate then you disco have certain +expectations for the geometry and how + + align:start position:0% +expectations for the geometry and how + + + align:start position:0% +expectations for the geometry and how +that's going to present itself in the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to present itself in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to present itself in the +spectrum so bond order is related to + + align:start position:0% +spectrum so bond order is related to + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum so bond order is related to +introdu clear distance and vibrational + + align:start position:0% +introdu clear distance and vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +introdu clear distance and vibrational +frequencies SP hybridization has to do + + align:start position:0% +frequencies SP hybridization has to do + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies SP hybridization has to do +with geometry and all of these things + + align:start position:0% +with geometry and all of these things + + + align:start position:0% +with geometry and all of these things +are really important so we have a + + align:start position:0% +are really important so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +are really important so we have a +potential surface and let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +potential surface and let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +potential surface and let's say this is +a bold-faced thing implying that there + + align:start position:0% +a bold-faced thing implying that there + + + align:start position:0% +a bold-faced thing implying that there +are three and minus six different + + align:start position:0% +are three and minus six different + + + align:start position:0% +are three and minus six different +displacement coordinates and they they + + align:start position:0% +displacement coordinates and they they + + + align:start position:0% +displacement coordinates and they they +these this potential encodes the normal + + align:start position:0% +these this potential encodes the normal + + + align:start position:0% +these this potential encodes the normal +modes now what's the normal mode well + + align:start position:0% +modes now what's the normal mode well + + + align:start position:0% +modes now what's the normal mode well +it's a classical mechanical concept and + + align:start position:0% +it's a classical mechanical concept and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a classical mechanical concept and +it's basically corresponds to situations + + align:start position:0% +it's basically corresponds to situations + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically corresponds to situations +where all of the atoms move at the same + + align:start position:0% +where all of the atoms move at the same + + + align:start position:0% +where all of the atoms move at the same +frequency in each normal mode and and + + align:start position:0% +frequency in each normal mode and and + + + align:start position:0% +frequency in each normal mode and and +these normal modes have each has an + + align:start position:0% +these normal modes have each has an + + + align:start position:0% +these normal modes have each has an +expected frequency and expected geometry + + align:start position:0% +expected frequency and expected geometry + + + align:start position:0% +expected frequency and expected geometry +because if it's a polyatomic molecule + + align:start position:0% +because if it's a polyatomic molecule + + + align:start position:0% +because if it's a polyatomic molecule +you have not just two things moving + + align:start position:0% +you have not just two things moving + + + align:start position:0% +you have not just two things moving +they'll always be moving at the same + + align:start position:0% +they'll always be moving at the same + + + align:start position:0% +they'll always be moving at the same +frequency but you have three or four or + + align:start position:0% +frequency but you have three or four or + + + align:start position:0% +frequency but you have three or four or +100 and okay so you you learn about the + + align:start position:0% +100 and okay so you you learn about the + + + align:start position:0% +100 and okay so you you learn about the +shape of the potential and the force + + align:start position:0% +shape of the potential and the force + + + align:start position:0% +shape of the potential and the force +constants and so on now we have the + + align:start position:0% +constants and so on now we have the + + + align:start position:0% +constants and so on now we have the +rotational structure now molecules are + + align:start position:0% +rotational structure now molecules are + + + align:start position:0% +rotational structure now molecules are +not rigid rotors but it's useful to + + align:start position:0% +not rigid rotors but it's useful to + + + align:start position:0% +not rigid rotors but it's useful to +think about molecules as rigid voters to + + align:start position:0% +think about molecules as rigid voters to + + + align:start position:0% +think about molecules as rigid voters to +develop a basis set for describing + + align:start position:0% +develop a basis set for describing + + + align:start position:0% +develop a basis set for describing +rotation and perturbation theory enables + + align:start position:0% +rotation and perturbation theory enables + + + align:start position:0% +rotation and perturbation theory enables +us to describe the energy levels of a + + align:start position:0% +us to describe the energy levels of a + + + align:start position:0% +us to describe the energy levels of a +non rigid vibrating rotor and it's + + align:start position:0% +non rigid vibrating rotor and it's + + + align:start position:0% +non rigid vibrating rotor and it's +straightforward it may be ugly but it's + + align:start position:0% +straightforward it may be ugly but it's + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward it may be ugly but it's +it tells you how you take information + + align:start position:0% +it tells you how you take information + + + align:start position:0% +it tells you how you take information +from the spectrum and learn about say + + align:start position:0% +from the spectrum and learn about say + + + align:start position:0% +from the spectrum and learn about say +the inter nuclear distance dependence of + + align:start position:0% +the inter nuclear distance dependence of + + + align:start position:0% +the inter nuclear distance dependence of +molecular constants like a spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +molecular constants like a spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +molecular constants like a spin orbit +constant or are some hyperfine constant + + align:start position:0% +constant or are some hyperfine constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant or are some hyperfine constant +or just the rotational constant and it's + + align:start position:0% +or just the rotational constant and it's + + + align:start position:0% +or just the rotational constant and it's +a simple thing and I'm toying with the + + align:start position:0% +a simple thing and I'm toying with the + + + align:start position:0% +a simple thing and I'm toying with the +idea of do using this sort of ID problem + + align:start position:0% +idea of do using this sort of ID problem + + + align:start position:0% +idea of do using this sort of ID problem +on the exam and I'm not sure whether I + + align:start position:0% +on the exam and I'm not sure whether I + + + align:start position:0% +on the exam and I'm not sure whether I +did on the second exam but you if I did + + align:start position:0% +did on the second exam but you if I did + + + align:start position:0% +did on the second exam but you if I did +you'll have a chance to redeem yourself + + align:start position:0% +you'll have a chance to redeem yourself + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have a chance to redeem yourself +okay okay then in the gas phase nothing + + align:start position:0% +okay okay then in the gas phase nothing + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay then in the gas phase nothing +much happens you can have collisions but + + align:start position:0% +much happens you can have collisions but + + + align:start position:0% +much happens you can have collisions but +the time between collisions can be + + align:start position:0% +the time between collisions can be + + + align:start position:0% +the time between collisions can be +controlled by what the pressure used and + + align:start position:0% +controlled by what the pressure used and + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by what the pressure used and +so you can sort of think of the above + + align:start position:0% +so you can sort of think of the above + + + align:start position:0% +so you can sort of think of the above +the gas phase as something where the + + align:start position:0% +the gas phase as something where the + + + align:start position:0% +the gas phase as something where the +molecules are isolated and another way + + align:start position:0% +molecules are isolated and another way + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are isolated and another way +of saying that is the expectation value + + align:start position:0% +of saying that is the expectation value + + + align:start position:0% +of saying that is the expectation value +of the Hamiltonian in any state is I'm + + align:start position:0% +of the Hamiltonian in any state is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of the Hamiltonian in any state is I'm +independent the Hamiltonian is energy + + align:start position:0% +independent the Hamiltonian is energy + + + align:start position:0% +independent the Hamiltonian is energy +energy is conserved and unless there are + + align:start position:0% +energy is conserved and unless there are + + + align:start position:0% +energy is conserved and unless there are +collisions energy will be conserved and + + align:start position:0% +collisions energy will be conserved and + + + align:start position:0% +collisions energy will be conserved and +so but in the condensed phase you have a + + align:start position:0% +so but in the condensed phase you have a + + + align:start position:0% +so but in the condensed phase you have a +lot of collisions they're very fast and + + align:start position:0% +lot of collisions they're very fast and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of collisions they're very fast and +and so one big difference between the + + align:start position:0% +and so one big difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +and so one big difference between the +gas phase and the condensed phase is + + align:start position:0% +gas phase and the condensed phase is + + + align:start position:0% +gas phase and the condensed phase is +energy is not conserved and it's not + + align:start position:0% +energy is not conserved and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +energy is not conserved and it's not +conserved at different rates for + + align:start position:0% +conserved at different rates for + + + align:start position:0% +conserved at different rates for +different kinds of motions and you want + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of motions and you want + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of motions and you want +to understand that okay so now let's + + align:start position:0% +to understand that okay so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +to understand that okay so now let's +talk about the kinds of spectra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have rotational spectra and that + + align:start position:0% +we have rotational spectra and that + + + align:start position:0% +we have rotational spectra and that +usually is in the microwave region of + + align:start position:0% +usually is in the microwave region of + + + align:start position:0% +usually is in the microwave region of +the spectrum and it requires that the + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum and it requires that the + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum and it requires that the +electric dipole moment be not equal to + + align:start position:0% +electric dipole moment be not equal to + + + align:start position:0% +electric dipole moment be not equal to +zero I'll talk about this some more in a + + align:start position:0% +zero I'll talk about this some more in a + + + align:start position:0% +zero I'll talk about this some more in a +minute we have vibration and vibrational + + align:start position:0% +minute we have vibration and vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +minute we have vibration and vibrational +spectrum is in the infrared and the + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is in the infrared and the + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is in the infrared and the +requirement for a vibration is that the + + align:start position:0% +requirement for a vibration is that the + + + align:start position:0% +requirement for a vibration is that the +dipole moment which is a vector quantity + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment which is a vector quantity + + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment which is a vector quantity +if you don't have a dietary diatomic + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have a dietary diatomic + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have a dietary diatomic +molecule changes with displacements each + + align:start position:0% +molecule changes with displacements each + + + align:start position:0% +molecule changes with displacements each +of the normal modes and so we have a + + align:start position:0% +of the normal modes and so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +of the normal modes and so we have a +molecule like co2 co2 does not have a + + align:start position:0% +molecule like co2 co2 does not have a + + + align:start position:0% +molecule like co2 co2 does not have a +dipole moment at equilibrium it's a + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment at equilibrium it's a + + + align:start position:0% +dipole moment at equilibrium it's a +linear molecule symmetric but it can do + + align:start position:0% +linear molecule symmetric but it can do + + + align:start position:0% +linear molecule symmetric but it can do +this and that is a change in dipole + + align:start position:0% +this and that is a change in dipole + + + align:start position:0% +this and that is a change in dipole +moment it can do this and that produces + + align:start position:0% +moment it can do this and that produces + + + align:start position:0% +moment it can do this and that produces +a new dipole moment it produces a dipole + + align:start position:0% +a new dipole moment it produces a dipole + + + align:start position:0% +a new dipole moment it produces a dipole +moment and it can do this which does not + + align:start position:0% +moment and it can do this which does not + + + align:start position:0% +moment and it can do this which does not +so you have different modes which are + + align:start position:0% +so you have different modes which are + + + align:start position:0% +so you have different modes which are +infrared active infrared inactive and + + align:start position:0% +infrared active infrared inactive and + + + align:start position:0% +infrared active infrared inactive and +it's related to this dipole moment now + + align:start position:0% +it's related to this dipole moment now + + + align:start position:0% +it's related to this dipole moment now +notice I put a vector sign on it or it + + align:start position:0% +notice I put a vector sign on it or it + + + align:start position:0% +notice I put a vector sign on it or it +corresponds to motion directions in the + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to motion directions in the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to motion directions in the +body frame where the dipole one changes + + align:start position:0% +body frame where the dipole one changes + + + align:start position:0% +body frame where the dipole one changes +when you do this the dipole moment is + + align:start position:0% +when you do this the dipole moment is + + + align:start position:0% +when you do this the dipole moment is +perpendicular to the axis when you do + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the axis when you do + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the axis when you do +this it's along the axis and so there's + + align:start position:0% +this it's along the axis and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +this it's along the axis and so there's +stuff really a lot of stuff just looking + + align:start position:0% +stuff really a lot of stuff just looking + + + align:start position:0% +stuff really a lot of stuff just looking +at what vibrational modes are active and + + align:start position:0% +at what vibrational modes are active and + + + align:start position:0% +at what vibrational modes are active and +then there's electronic and that's + + align:start position:0% +then there's electronic and that's + + + align:start position:0% +then there's electronic and that's +mostly in the visible and UV but the + + align:start position:0% +mostly in the visible and UV but the + + + align:start position:0% +mostly in the visible and UV but the +electronic spectrum could be in the + + align:start position:0% +electronic spectrum could be in the + + + align:start position:0% +electronic spectrum could be in the +x-ray region even but mostly molecules + + align:start position:0% +x-ray region even but mostly molecules + + + align:start position:0% +x-ray region even but mostly molecules +break when they gets a get outside of + + align:start position:0% +break when they gets a get outside of + + + align:start position:0% +break when they gets a get outside of +the ordinary UV + + align:start position:0% +the ordinary UV + + + align:start position:0% +the ordinary UV +region and so there's not much there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what's needed well we what's needed + + align:start position:0% +okay what's needed well we what's needed + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's needed well we what's needed +is the electronic transition moment + + align:start position:0% +is the electronic transition moment + + + align:start position:0% +is the electronic transition moment +let's call this e1 e2 going from two + + align:start position:0% +let's call this e1 e2 going from two + + + align:start position:0% +let's call this e1 e2 going from two +different electronic states there is an + + align:start position:0% +different electronic states there is an + + + align:start position:0% +different electronic states there is an +electric dipole transition moment which + + align:start position:0% +electric dipole transition moment which + + + align:start position:0% +electric dipole transition moment which +is not equal to zero so h2 which has no + + align:start position:0% +is not equal to zero so h2 which has no + + + align:start position:0% +is not equal to zero so h2 which has no +vibrational spectrum and no rotational + + align:start position:0% +vibrational spectrum and no rotational + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational spectrum and no rotational +spectrum has some electronic spectrum + + align:start position:0% +spectrum has some electronic spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum has some electronic spectrum +everything has an electronic spectrum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now a diatomic molecule here is + + align:start position:0% +okay now a diatomic molecule here is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now a diatomic molecule here is +sort of a template for everything a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a template for everything a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a template for everything a +diatomic molecule can do now they're + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecule can do now they're + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecule can do now they're +cleverer than this but this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +cleverer than this but this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +cleverer than this but this is sort of +in preparation for dealing with greater + + align:start position:0% +in preparation for dealing with greater + + + align:start position:0% +in preparation for dealing with greater +complexity and then we could have up + + align:start position:0% +complexity and then we could have up + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and then we could have up +here okay so this is the electronic + + align:start position:0% +here okay so this is the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so this is the electronic +ground state and normally if you have a + + align:start position:0% +ground state and normally if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +ground state and normally if you have a +diatomic molecule you could predict what + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecule you could predict what + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecule you could predict what +is the electronic ground state and how + + align:start position:0% +is the electronic ground state and how + + + align:start position:0% +is the electronic ground state and how +is it going to look in turn how is it + + align:start position:0% +is it going to look in turn how is it + + + align:start position:0% +is it going to look in turn how is it +the potential curve going to look + + align:start position:0% +the potential curve going to look + + + align:start position:0% +the potential curve going to look +relative to the excited States that's + + align:start position:0% +relative to the excited States that's + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the excited States that's +something you should be able to do using + + align:start position:0% +something you should be able to do using + + + align:start position:0% +something you should be able to do using +lql CA o mo theory okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +lql CA o mo theory okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +lql CA o mo theory okay so this is the +ground state this is a repulsive state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and usually the ground state correlates + + align:start position:0% +and usually the ground state correlates + + + align:start position:0% +and usually the ground state correlates +with ground state of the atoms and so + + align:start position:0% +with ground state of the atoms and so + + + align:start position:0% +with ground state of the atoms and so +here we have a repulsive state which + + align:start position:0% +here we have a repulsive state which + + + align:start position:0% +here we have a repulsive state which +also correlates with the ground state of + + align:start position:0% +also correlates with the ground state of + + + align:start position:0% +also correlates with the ground state of +the atom so this is an excited state and + + align:start position:0% +the atom so this is an excited state and + + + align:start position:0% +the atom so this is an excited state and +that correlates with an excited state of + + align:start position:0% +that correlates with an excited state of + + + align:start position:0% +that correlates with an excited state of +the atoms and this is + + align:start position:0% +the atoms and this is + + + align:start position:0% +the atoms and this is +a B+ was an electron so that's the + + align:start position:0% +a B+ was an electron so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +a B+ was an electron so that's the +that's one way the molecule breaks and + + align:start position:0% +that's one way the molecule breaks and + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way the molecule breaks and +this is this dotted curve is represents + + align:start position:0% +this is this dotted curve is represents + + + align:start position:0% +this is this dotted curve is represents +red Berg states their red Berg States + + align:start position:0% +red Berg states their red Berg States + + + align:start position:0% +red Berg states their red Berg States +converging to every rotation vibration + + align:start position:0% +converging to every rotation vibration + + + align:start position:0% +converging to every rotation vibration +level of this excited state and it can + + align:start position:0% +level of this excited state and it can + + + align:start position:0% +level of this excited state and it can +be complicated but it's beautiful + + align:start position:0% +be complicated but it's beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +be complicated but it's beautiful +because I know the magic magic decoder + + align:start position:0% +because I know the magic magic decoder + + + align:start position:0% +because I know the magic magic decoder +for what you how do you deal with red + + align:start position:0% +for what you how do you deal with red + + + align:start position:0% +for what you how do you deal with red +Berg States because there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Berg States because there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Berg States because there's a lot of +them but they're closely related to each + + align:start position:0% +them but they're closely related to each + + + align:start position:0% +them but they're closely related to each +other and we can exploit that + + align:start position:0% +other and we can exploit that + + + align:start position:0% +other and we can exploit that +relationship and this is in guiding an + + align:start position:0% +relationship and this is in guiding an + + + align:start position:0% +relationship and this is in guiding an +experiment and so here now we have a + + align:start position:0% +experiment and so here now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and so here now we have a +curve crossing between a repulsive state + + align:start position:0% +curve crossing between a repulsive state + + + align:start position:0% +curve crossing between a repulsive state +and a bound state and that leads to what + + align:start position:0% +and a bound state and that leads to what + + + align:start position:0% +and a bound state and that leads to what +we call pre-dissociation so the + + align:start position:0% +we call pre-dissociation so the + + + align:start position:0% +we call pre-dissociation so the +vibrational levels of this state which + + align:start position:0% +vibrational levels of this state which + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational levels of this state which +would normally be bound above the curve + + align:start position:0% +would normally be bound above the curve + + + align:start position:0% +would normally be bound above the curve +crossing are not bound and that's + + align:start position:0% +crossing are not bound and that's + + + align:start position:0% +crossing are not bound and that's +encoded in the spectrum too and so for + + align:start position:0% +encoded in the spectrum too and so for + + + align:start position:0% +encoded in the spectrum too and so for +more complicated molecules they're going + + align:start position:0% +more complicated molecules they're going + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated molecules they're going +to be these curve crossings or surface + + align:start position:0% +to be these curve crossings or surface + + + align:start position:0% +to be these curve crossings or surface +crossings and we want to know how do we + + align:start position:0% +crossings and we want to know how do we + + + align:start position:0% +crossings and we want to know how do we +deal with them and what is a diatomic + + align:start position:0% +deal with them and what is a diatomic + + + align:start position:0% +deal with them and what is a diatomic +like way of dealing with them and the + + align:start position:0% +like way of dealing with them and the + + + align:start position:0% +like way of dealing with them and the +important thing is okay at that inter + + align:start position:0% +important thing is okay at that inter + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is okay at that inter +nuclear distance where the curves cross + + align:start position:0% +nuclear distance where the curves cross + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear distance where the curves cross +then you could be at a at a level of + + align:start position:0% +then you could be at a at a level of + + + align:start position:0% +then you could be at a at a level of +starting at a level on this state the + + align:start position:0% +starting at a level on this state the + + + align:start position:0% +starting at a level on this state the +bound state and it will have the same + + align:start position:0% +bound state and it will have the same + + + align:start position:0% +bound state and it will have the same +momentum at the crossing radius as the + + align:start position:0% +momentum at the crossing radius as the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum at the crossing radius as the +repulsive state and that's where it goes + + align:start position:0% +repulsive state and that's where it goes + + + align:start position:0% +repulsive state and that's where it goes +that's where it leaks out + + align:start position:0% +that's where it leaks out + + + align:start position:0% +that's where it leaks out +I mean we're normally used to thinking + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're normally used to thinking + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're normally used to thinking +about processes non-radiative processes + + align:start position:0% +about processes non-radiative processes + + + align:start position:0% +about processes non-radiative processes +all kinds of processes as an integral + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of processes as an integral + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of processes as an integral +over all space but + + align:start position:0% +over all space but + + + align:start position:0% +over all space but +because the momenta are the same on the + + align:start position:0% +because the momenta are the same on the + + + align:start position:0% +because the momenta are the same on the +two curves at this radius they can go + + align:start position:0% +two curves at this radius they can go + + + align:start position:0% +two curves at this radius they can go +freely from one to the other the + + align:start position:0% +freely from one to the other the + + + align:start position:0% +freely from one to the other the +molecules can go for either went from + + align:start position:0% +molecules can go for either went from + + + align:start position:0% +molecules can go for either went from +one to the other we get a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +one to the other we get a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +one to the other we get a tremendous +simplification and this is something + + align:start position:0% +simplification and this is something + + + align:start position:0% +simplification and this is something +that is always ignored in textbooks and + + align:start position:0% +that is always ignored in textbooks and + + + align:start position:0% +that is always ignored in textbooks and +it's a profound insight because you know + + align:start position:0% +it's a profound insight because you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's a profound insight because you know +exactly where things happen and why they + + align:start position:0% +exactly where things happen and why they + + + align:start position:0% +exactly where things happen and why they +happen and so you can you can arrange + + align:start position:0% +happen and so you can you can arrange + + + align:start position:0% +happen and so you can you can arrange +the information to describe what's going + + align:start position:0% +the information to describe what's going + + + align:start position:0% +the information to describe what's going +on at this point and this is where + + align:start position:0% +on at this point and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +on at this point and this is where +semi-classical theory is really valuable + + align:start position:0% +semi-classical theory is really valuable + + + align:start position:0% +semi-classical theory is really valuable +because not only do you know that you + + align:start position:0% +because not only do you know that you + + + align:start position:0% +because not only do you know that you +have stationary phase at this point but + + align:start position:0% +have stationary phase at this point but + + + align:start position:0% +have stationary phase at this point but +you know what the awesome spatial + + align:start position:0% +you know what the awesome spatial + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the awesome spatial +oscillation frequency is because the + + align:start position:0% +oscillation frequency is because the + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation frequency is because the +spatial oscillation frequency is H or + + align:start position:0% +spatial oscillation frequency is H or + + + align:start position:0% +spatial oscillation frequency is H or +the wavelength is H over P and so and + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength is H over P and so and + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength is H over P and so and +you know what the momentum is at this + + align:start position:0% +you know what the momentum is at this + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the momentum is at this +point and so you know you know where the + + align:start position:0% +point and so you know you know where the + + + align:start position:0% +point and so you know you know where the +nodes are how far far the nodes are + + align:start position:0% +nodes are how far far the nodes are + + + align:start position:0% +nodes are how far far the nodes are +apart and what the amplitude is here and + + align:start position:0% +apart and what the amplitude is here and + + + align:start position:0% +apart and what the amplitude is here and +so it tells you exactly what you want to + + align:start position:0% +so it tells you exactly what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +so it tells you exactly what you want to +know in order to describe this non + + align:start position:0% +know in order to describe this non + + + align:start position:0% +know in order to describe this non +radiative process and my belief is that + + align:start position:0% +radiative process and my belief is that + + + align:start position:0% +radiative process and my belief is that +almost all of the complex things that + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the complex things that + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the complex things that +molecules do happen at a predictable + + align:start position:0% +molecules do happen at a predictable + + + align:start position:0% +molecules do happen at a predictable +region in coordinate space and you can + + align:start position:0% +region in coordinate space and you can + + + align:start position:0% +region in coordinate space and you can +get the information you need to + + align:start position:0% +get the information you need to + + + align:start position:0% +get the information you need to +understand them because all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +understand them because all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +understand them because all of a sudden +the molecule is behaving in a kind of + + align:start position:0% +the molecule is behaving in a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule is behaving in a kind of +classical way and we're entitled to + + align:start position:0% +classical way and we're entitled to + + + align:start position:0% +classical way and we're entitled to +think locally rather than globally okay + + align:start position:0% +think locally rather than globally okay + + + align:start position:0% +think locally rather than globally okay +I'm going very slowly oh we may get + + align:start position:0% +I'm going very slowly oh we may get + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going very slowly oh we may get +through most of what I plan to talk + + align:start position:0% +through most of what I plan to talk + + + align:start position:0% +through most of what I plan to talk +about today I have 11 pages of notes and + + align:start position:0% +about today I have 11 pages of notes and + + + align:start position:0% +about today I have 11 pages of notes and +this is I'm on page three so maybe we'll + + align:start position:0% +this is I'm on page three so maybe we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this is I'm on page three so maybe we'll +take off okay + + align:start position:0% +take off okay + + + align:start position:0% +take off okay +so how do you do spectra well in the old + + align:start position:0% +so how do you do spectra well in the old + + + align:start position:0% +so how do you do spectra well in the old +days you had some light source like a + + align:start position:0% +days you had some light source like a + + + align:start position:0% +days you had some light source like a +candle and you had a lens and you had a + + align:start position:0% +candle and you had a lens and you had a + + + align:start position:0% +candle and you had a lens and you had a +absorption cell + + align:start position:0% +absorption cell + + + align:start position:0% +absorption cell +there would be some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +there would be some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +there would be some sort of a +spectrometer here it could be a grating + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer here it could be a grating + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer here it could be a grating +it could be a prism it could be anything + + align:start position:0% +it could be a prism it could be anything + + + align:start position:0% +it could be a prism it could be anything +but it's something that that says okay I + + align:start position:0% +but it's something that that says okay I + + + align:start position:0% +but it's something that that says okay I +looked at the selected wavelengths at + + align:start position:0% +looked at the selected wavelengths at + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the selected wavelengths at +which the the gas in this cell removed + + align:start position:0% +which the the gas in this cell removed + + + align:start position:0% +which the the gas in this cell removed +light from the continuum and then you + + align:start position:0% +light from the continuum and then you + + + align:start position:0% +light from the continuum and then you +have a detector which in the old days + + align:start position:0% +have a detector which in the old days + + + align:start position:0% +have a detector which in the old days +was a photographic plate and but it + + align:start position:0% +was a photographic plate and but it + + + align:start position:0% +was a photographic plate and but it +could be a photomultiplier and you're + + align:start position:0% +could be a photomultiplier and you're + + + align:start position:0% +could be a photomultiplier and you're +looking at the spectrum by scanning the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the spectrum by scanning the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the spectrum by scanning the +the grating or something like that and + + align:start position:0% +the grating or something like that and + + + align:start position:0% +the grating or something like that and +so what you would get is some kind of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +record where you have dark regions + + align:start position:0% +record where you have dark regions + + + align:start position:0% +record where you have dark regions +corresponding to where there has been no + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to where there has been no + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to where there has been no +no absorption and well actually would be + + align:start position:0% +no absorption and well actually would be + + + align:start position:0% +no absorption and well actually would be +the other way around + + align:start position:0% +the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +the other way around +there'd be bright regions because + + align:start position:0% +there'd be bright regions because + + + align:start position:0% +there'd be bright regions because +there'd be no exposure of the emotion on + + align:start position:0% +there'd be no exposure of the emotion on + + + align:start position:0% +there'd be no exposure of the emotion on +the plane and dark regions were there + + align:start position:0% +the plane and dark regions were there + + + align:start position:0% +the plane and dark regions were there +whether yes where the light hits okay so + + align:start position:0% +whether yes where the light hits okay so + + + align:start position:0% +whether yes where the light hits okay so +but we're much cover than this and we + + align:start position:0% +but we're much cover than this and we + + + align:start position:0% +but we're much cover than this and we +can do all sorts of wonderful things and + + align:start position:0% +can do all sorts of wonderful things and + + + align:start position:0% +can do all sorts of wonderful things and +again I've been around for a long time + + align:start position:0% +again I've been around for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +again I've been around for a long time +and lasers were just beginning to be + + align:start position:0% +and lasers were just beginning to be + + + align:start position:0% +and lasers were just beginning to be +used when I was a graduate student and I + + align:start position:0% +used when I was a graduate student and I + + + align:start position:0% +used when I was a graduate student and I +was one of the first small molecule + + align:start position:0% +was one of the first small molecule + + + align:start position:0% +was one of the first small molecule +spectroscopy to use lasers but not as a + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy to use lasers but not as a + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopy to use lasers but not as a +graduate student I wanted them but we + + align:start position:0% +graduate student I wanted them but we + + + align:start position:0% +graduate student I wanted them but we +had such lasers were so terrible in the + + align:start position:0% +had such lasers were so terrible in the + + + align:start position:0% +had such lasers were so terrible in the +90 in the region when I between 1965 and + + align:start position:0% +90 in the region when I between 1965 and + + + align:start position:0% +90 in the region when I between 1965 and +1971 when I was a graduate student and + + align:start position:0% +1971 when I was a graduate student and + + + align:start position:0% +1971 when I was a graduate student and +so lasers were things to be admired but + + align:start position:0% +so lasers were things to be admired but + + + align:start position:0% +so lasers were things to be admired but +hardly to be used but one of the crucial + + align:start position:0% +hardly to be used but one of the crucial + + + align:start position:0% +hardly to be used but one of the crucial +things was dialyzers because these guys + + align:start position:0% +things was dialyzers because these guys + + + align:start position:0% +things was dialyzers because these guys +are monochromatic and they can be tuned + + align:start position:0% +are monochromatic and they can be tuned + + + align:start position:0% +are monochromatic and they can be tuned +to and tuned continuously over a wide + + align:start position:0% +to and tuned continuously over a wide + + + align:start position:0% +to and tuned continuously over a wide +region of the spectrum and so that's way + + align:start position:0% +region of the spectrum and so that's way + + + align:start position:0% +region of the spectrum and so that's way +better than a candle or light bulb + + align:start position:0% +better than a candle or light bulb + + + align:start position:0% +better than a candle or light bulb +because it's monochromatic and you're + + align:start position:0% +because it's monochromatic and you're + + + align:start position:0% +because it's monochromatic and you're +asking + + align:start position:0% +asking + + + align:start position:0% +asking +at a time as you to the laser now lasers + + align:start position:0% +at a time as you to the laser now lasers + + + align:start position:0% +at a time as you to the laser now lasers +enable you to do many kinds of + + align:start position:0% +enable you to do many kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +enable you to do many kinds of +experiments you can you can so because + + align:start position:0% +experiments you can you can so because + + + align:start position:0% +experiments you can you can so because +it simply tuned the laser through a + + align:start position:0% +it simply tuned the laser through a + + + align:start position:0% +it simply tuned the laser through a +series of transitions and you did you + + align:start position:0% +series of transitions and you did you + + + align:start position:0% +series of transitions and you did you +get fluorescence every time the laser + + align:start position:0% +get fluorescence every time the laser + + + align:start position:0% +get fluorescence every time the laser +Tunes through a transition and if one + + align:start position:0% +Tunes through a transition and if one + + + align:start position:0% +Tunes through a transition and if one +laser is good two lasers are better and + + align:start position:0% +laser is good two lasers are better and + + + align:start position:0% +laser is good two lasers are better and +so you can do all sorts of things like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose this spectrum is really + + align:start position:0% +suppose this spectrum is really + + + align:start position:0% +suppose this spectrum is really +complicated and so you want to be able + + align:start position:0% +complicated and so you want to be able + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and so you want to be able +to simplify it and so you can do a + + align:start position:0% +to simplify it and so you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +to simplify it and so you can do a +double resonance experiment where you + + align:start position:0% +double resonance experiment where you + + + align:start position:0% +double resonance experiment where you +tune this laser to one line and then you + + align:start position:0% +tune this laser to one line and then you + + + align:start position:0% +tune this laser to one line and then you +tune this laser through a series of + + align:start position:0% +tune this laser through a series of + + + align:start position:0% +tune this laser through a series of +transition that spectrum is going to be + + align:start position:0% +transition that spectrum is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +transition that spectrum is going to be +simple and it's gonna be telling you who + + align:start position:0% +simple and it's gonna be telling you who + + + align:start position:0% +simple and it's gonna be telling you who +this was and you know it gets you know + + align:start position:0% +this was and you know it gets you know + + + align:start position:0% +this was and you know it gets you know +there's just no end of tricks and often + + align:start position:0% +there's just no end of tricks and often + + + align:start position:0% +there's just no end of tricks and often +instead of detecting the fluorescence + + align:start position:0% +instead of detecting the fluorescence + + + align:start position:0% +instead of detecting the fluorescence +you tune the laser let's do this and so + + align:start position:0% +you tune the laser let's do this and so + + + align:start position:0% +you tune the laser let's do this and so +starting here is some kind of a + + align:start position:0% +starting here is some kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +starting here is some kind of a +continuum ionization continuum and so + + align:start position:0% +continuum ionization continuum and so + + + align:start position:0% +continuum ionization continuum and so +you have this photon being used twice + + align:start position:0% +you have this photon being used twice + + + align:start position:0% +you have this photon being used twice +one for one here and want to take it + + align:start position:0% +one for one here and want to take it + + + align:start position:0% +one for one here and want to take it +above the ionization limit and so you + + align:start position:0% +above the ionization limit and so you + + + align:start position:0% +above the ionization limit and so you +have an excitation which you do want to + + align:start position:0% +have an excitation which you do want to + + + align:start position:0% +have an excitation which you do want to +know how strong it is and so you might + + align:start position:0% +know how strong it is and so you might + + + align:start position:0% +know how strong it is and so you might +monitor the fluorescence but you don't + + align:start position:0% +monitor the fluorescence but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +monitor the fluorescence but you don't +know who this is + + align:start position:0% +know who this is + + + align:start position:0% +know who this is +and you find out by tuning this but you + + align:start position:0% +and you find out by tuning this but you + + + align:start position:0% +and you find out by tuning this but you +you would detect the excitation here by + + align:start position:0% +you would detect the excitation here by + + + align:start position:0% +you would detect the excitation here by +subsequent ionization it's easy to + + align:start position:0% +subsequent ionization it's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent ionization it's easy to +connect collect the hands every eye and + + align:start position:0% +connect collect the hands every eye and + + + align:start position:0% +connect collect the hands every eye and +you produce you can you could detect + + align:start position:0% +you produce you can you could detect + + + align:start position:0% +you produce you can you could detect +every photon you produce you can't + + align:start position:0% +every photon you produce you can't + + + align:start position:0% +every photon you produce you can't +detect because you're you have a solid + + align:start position:0% +detect because you're you have a solid + + + align:start position:0% +detect because you're you have a solid +angle consideration and photomultipliers + + align:start position:0% +angle consideration and photomultipliers + + + align:start position:0% +angle consideration and photomultipliers +are not perfect and so ionization + + align:start position:0% +are not perfect and so ionization + + + align:start position:0% +are not perfect and so ionization +detection + + align:start position:0% +detection + + + align:start position:0% +detection +way more sensitive so you can do that + + align:start position:0% +way more sensitive so you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +way more sensitive so you can do that +kind of thing and you can also do this + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing and you can also do this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing and you can also do this +is a kind of a sequential excitation you + + align:start position:0% +is a kind of a sequential excitation you + + + align:start position:0% +is a kind of a sequential excitation you +could imagine doing an experiment where + + align:start position:0% +could imagine doing an experiment where + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine doing an experiment where +you have an energy level here and you + + align:start position:0% +you have an energy level here and you + + + align:start position:0% +you have an energy level here and you +have a laser which is not on resonance + + align:start position:0% +have a laser which is not on resonance + + + align:start position:0% +have a laser which is not on resonance +that's a coherent process it uses the + + align:start position:0% +that's a coherent process it uses the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a coherent process it uses the +oscillator strength of this level to get + + align:start position:0% +oscillator strength of this level to get + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator strength of this level to get +to here and that's related to many other + + align:start position:0% +to here and that's related to many other + + + align:start position:0% +to here and that's related to many other +kinds of current experiments and that's + + align:start position:0% +kinds of current experiments and that's + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of current experiments and that's +neat okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now we're recording spectra and we + + align:start position:0% +okay now we're recording spectra and we + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we're recording spectra and we +need to know what the rules are and so + + align:start position:0% +need to know what the rules are and so + + + align:start position:0% +need to know what the rules are and so +there are certain transitions that are + + align:start position:0% +there are certain transitions that are + + + align:start position:0% +there are certain transitions that are +allowed and certain transitions that are + + align:start position:0% +allowed and certain transitions that are + + + align:start position:0% +allowed and certain transitions that are +forbidden now I talked about the + + align:start position:0% +forbidden now I talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden now I talked about the +transition requirements for these for + + align:start position:0% +transition requirements for these for + + + align:start position:0% +transition requirements for these for +rotation vibration and electronic but + + align:start position:0% +rotation vibration and electronic but + + + align:start position:0% +rotation vibration and electronic but +let's just talk about the electronic + + align:start position:0% +let's just talk about the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +let's just talk about the electronic +spectrum because the other two is simple + + align:start position:0% +spectrum because the other two is simple + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum because the other two is simple +the transition operator the is it's + + align:start position:0% +the transition operator the is it's + + + align:start position:0% +the transition operator the is it's +equal to the sum over electrons of e + + align:start position:0% +equal to the sum over electrons of e + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the sum over electrons of e +times hours of its a one electron + + align:start position:0% +times hours of its a one electron + + + align:start position:0% +times hours of its a one electron +operator and that means if we have wave + + align:start position:0% +operator and that means if we have wave + + + align:start position:0% +operator and that means if we have wave +functions which are slater determinants + + align:start position:0% +functions which are slater determinants + + + align:start position:0% +functions which are slater determinants +of spin orbitals like 2's alpha this one + + align:start position:0% +of spin orbitals like 2's alpha this one + + + align:start position:0% +of spin orbitals like 2's alpha this one +electron operator can only have a non + + align:start position:0% +electron operator can only have a non + + + align:start position:0% +electron operator can only have a non +zero matrix element if the two states + + align:start position:0% +zero matrix element if the two states + + + align:start position:0% +zero matrix element if the two states +differ by one spin orbital that's a big + + align:start position:0% +differ by one spin orbital that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +differ by one spin orbital that's a big +simplification + + align:start position:0% +simplification + + + align:start position:0% +simplification +and so one can actually use this to + + align:start position:0% +and so one can actually use this to + + + align:start position:0% +and so one can actually use this to +selectively access different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +selectively access different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +selectively access different kinds of +states by designing an experiment but + + align:start position:0% +states by designing an experiment but + + + align:start position:0% +states by designing an experiment but +the important thing is that for + + align:start position:0% +the important thing is that for + + + align:start position:0% +the important thing is that for +electronic transitions we have the + + align:start position:0% +electronic transitions we have the + + + align:start position:0% +electronic transitions we have the +selection rule Delta s o is equal to one + + align:start position:0% +selection rule Delta s o is equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +selection rule Delta s o is equal to one +not two not zero and now the operator + + align:start position:0% +not two not zero and now the operator + + + align:start position:0% +not two not zero and now the operator +doesn't have any spin involved with it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have any spin involved with it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have any spin involved with it +and so that means Delta s equals zero + + align:start position:0% +and so that means Delta s equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +and so that means Delta s equals zero +you do not change you not go from a + + align:start position:0% +you do not change you not go from a + + + align:start position:0% +you do not change you not go from a +singlet state to a triplet state and the + + align:start position:0% +singlet state to a triplet state and the + + + align:start position:0% +singlet state to a triplet state and the +only way you can get from us singlet + + align:start position:0% +only way you can get from us singlet + + + align:start position:0% +only way you can get from us singlet +state to a triplet state as if the + + align:start position:0% +state to a triplet state as if the + + + align:start position:0% +state to a triplet state as if the +triplet state is perturbed by a singlet + + align:start position:0% +triplet state is perturbed by a singlet + + + align:start position:0% +triplet state is perturbed by a singlet +state so this picture I drew where I had + + align:start position:0% +state so this picture I drew where I had + + + align:start position:0% +state so this picture I drew where I had +a a repulsive state crossing through a + + align:start position:0% +a a repulsive state crossing through a + + + align:start position:0% +a a repulsive state crossing through a +bound state it might have been that one + + align:start position:0% +bound state it might have been that one + + + align:start position:0% +bound state it might have been that one +of those was a triplet and as a result + + align:start position:0% +of those was a triplet and as a result + + + align:start position:0% +of those was a triplet and as a result +you get the and the others a singlet and + + align:start position:0% +you get the and the others a singlet and + + + align:start position:0% +you get the and the others a singlet and +you have spin-orbit interactions and you + + align:start position:0% +you have spin-orbit interactions and you + + + align:start position:0% +you have spin-orbit interactions and you +get extra states extra lines appearing + + align:start position:0% +get extra states extra lines appearing + + + align:start position:0% +get extra states extra lines appearing +but so you get this wonderful selection + + align:start position:0% +but so you get this wonderful selection + + + align:start position:0% +but so you get this wonderful selection +rule there's also for the electric + + align:start position:0% +rule there's also for the electric + + + align:start position:0% +rule there's also for the electric +dipole that we have plus 2 minus parity + + align:start position:0% +dipole that we have plus 2 minus parity + + + align:start position:0% +dipole that we have plus 2 minus parity +now what's parody that I don't like + + align:start position:0% +now what's parody that I don't like + + + align:start position:0% +now what's parody that I don't like +talking about parody because the the + + align:start position:0% +talking about parody because the the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about parody because the the +useful definition it leads to complexity + + align:start position:0% +useful definition it leads to complexity + + + align:start position:0% +useful definition it leads to complexity +but basically parody corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the symmetry the inversion symmetry + + align:start position:0% +the the symmetry the inversion symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +the the symmetry the inversion symmetry +in the laboratory frame now you say well + + align:start position:0% +in the laboratory frame now you say well + + + align:start position:0% +in the laboratory frame now you say well +molecule doesn't have any inversion + + align:start position:0% +molecule doesn't have any inversion + + + align:start position:0% +molecule doesn't have any inversion +symmetry but space is isotropic and so + + align:start position:0% +symmetry but space is isotropic and so + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry but space is isotropic and so +you can go from a left-handed to a + + align:start position:0% +you can go from a left-handed to a + + + align:start position:0% +you can go from a left-handed to a +right-handed coordinate system and + + align:start position:0% +right-handed coordinate system and + + + align:start position:0% +right-handed coordinate system and +that's what happens when you invert + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens when you invert + + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens when you invert +space and so you can classify levels + + align:start position:0% +space and so you can classify levels + + + align:start position:0% +space and so you can classify levels +according to whether they're odd or even + + align:start position:0% +according to whether they're odd or even + + + align:start position:0% +according to whether they're odd or even +with respect to space inversion this is + + align:start position:0% +with respect to space inversion this is + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to space inversion this is +close to the truth + + align:start position:0% +close to the truth + + + align:start position:0% +close to the truth +close to all you need to know unless + + align:start position:0% +close to all you need to know unless + + + align:start position:0% +close to all you need to know unless +you're actually going to do stuff with + + align:start position:0% +you're actually going to do stuff with + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually going to do stuff with +the parity operator but it's a useful + + align:start position:0% +the parity operator but it's a useful + + + align:start position:0% +the parity operator but it's a useful +way of saying okay I put parity labels + + align:start position:0% +way of saying okay I put parity labels + + + align:start position:0% +way of saying okay I put parity labels +on things I learn how to do that and + + align:start position:0% +on things I learn how to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +on things I learn how to do that and +that's enough okay now you follow + + align:start position:0% +that's enough okay now you follow + + + align:start position:0% +that's enough okay now you follow +selection rules we're good quantum + + align:start position:0% +selection rules we're good quantum + + + align:start position:0% +selection rules we're good quantum +numbers are conserved or they change in + + align:start position:0% +numbers are conserved or they change in + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are conserved or they change in +a way that you predict based on the way + + align:start position:0% +a way that you predict based on the way + + + align:start position:0% +a way that you predict based on the way +you did the experiment a good quantum + + align:start position:0% +you did the experiment a good quantum + + + align:start position:0% +you did the experiment a good quantum +number I remind you is an opera is the + + align:start position:0% +number I remind you is an opera is the + + + align:start position:0% +number I remind you is an opera is the +eigenvalue of an operator that commutes + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue of an operator that commutes + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue of an operator that commutes +with the exact Hamiltonian so and there + + align:start position:0% +with the exact Hamiltonian so and there + + + align:start position:0% +with the exact Hamiltonian so and there +are very few rigorously good quantum + + align:start position:0% +are very few rigorously good quantum + + + align:start position:0% +are very few rigorously good quantum +numbers but if a molecule as any + + align:start position:0% +numbers but if a molecule as any + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but if a molecule as any +symmetry group theory tells you a bunch + + align:start position:0% +symmetry group theory tells you a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry group theory tells you a bunch +of things that commute with the + + align:start position:0% +of things that commute with the + + + align:start position:0% +of things that commute with the +Hamiltonian and it gives you symmetry + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and it gives you symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and it gives you symmetry +labels and that's very important in in + + align:start position:0% +labels and that's very important in in + + + align:start position:0% +labels and that's very important in in +organic chemistry where you have either + + align:start position:0% +organic chemistry where you have either + + + align:start position:0% +organic chemistry where you have either +molecules with symmetry or molecules + + align:start position:0% +molecules with symmetry or molecules + + + align:start position:0% +molecules with symmetry or molecules +with Lee Adams with ligands in a + + align:start position:0% +with Lee Adams with ligands in a + + + align:start position:0% +with Lee Adams with ligands in a +symmetric arrangement and since the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric arrangement and since the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric arrangement and since the +transition is on the center atom usually + + align:start position:0% +transition is on the center atom usually + + + align:start position:0% +transition is on the center atom usually +and that you can classify them using + + align:start position:0% +and that you can classify them using + + + align:start position:0% +and that you can classify them using +group theory as allowed or forbidden + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if we have an electronic + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we have an electronic + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we have an electronic +transition the easiest thing to observe + + align:start position:0% +transition the easiest thing to observe + + + align:start position:0% +transition the easiest thing to observe +is vibrational bands if you have a + + align:start position:0% +is vibrational bands if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +is vibrational bands if you have a +relatively low-resolution spectrum + + align:start position:0% +relatively low-resolution spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +relatively low-resolution spectrum +you're going to see vibrational bands + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see vibrational bands + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see vibrational bands +you have to work harder to see the + + align:start position:0% +you have to work harder to see the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to work harder to see the +rotational transitions in each + + align:start position:0% +rotational transitions in each + + + align:start position:0% +rotational transitions in each +vibrational bad but you get almost an + + align:start position:0% +vibrational bad but you get almost an + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational bad but you get almost an +enormous amount of qualitative + + align:start position:0% +enormous amount of qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +enormous amount of qualitative +information just looking at the + + align:start position:0% +information just looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +information just looking at the +vibrational bands because the + + align:start position:0% +vibrational bands because the + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational bands because the +vibrational bands and code the + + align:start position:0% +vibrational bands and code the + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational bands and code the +difference between the ground state + + align:start position:0% +difference between the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the ground state +potential and the excited state + + align:start position:0% +potential and the excited state + + + align:start position:0% +potential and the excited state +potential now this is a universal + + align:start position:0% +potential now this is a universal + + + align:start position:0% +potential now this is a universal +notation ground state is always double + + align:start position:0% +notation ground state is always double + + + align:start position:0% +notation ground state is always double +prime upper state is always single prime + + align:start position:0% +prime upper state is always single prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime upper state is always single prime +very strange but that's the way it is + + align:start position:0% +very strange but that's the way it is + + + align:start position:0% +very strange but that's the way it is +and so if these potentials are different + + align:start position:0% +and so if these potentials are different + + + align:start position:0% +and so if these potentials are different +the vibrational bands encodes the + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational bands encodes the + + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational bands encodes the +difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this comes from the Frank common + + align:start position:0% +and this comes from the Frank common + + + align:start position:0% +and this comes from the Frank common +principle which says nuclei move slowly + + align:start position:0% +principle which says nuclei move slowly + + + align:start position:0% +principle which says nuclei move slowly +electrons move fast the transition is an + + align:start position:0% +electrons move fast the transition is an + + + align:start position:0% +electrons move fast the transition is an +instantaneous process as far as the + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous process as far as the + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous process as far as the +nuclei are concerned and so there's no + + align:start position:0% +nuclei are concerned and so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei are concerned and so there's no +change in nuclear coordinates and there + + align:start position:0% +change in nuclear coordinates and there + + + align:start position:0% +change in nuclear coordinates and there +is no change in nuclear momentum this is + + align:start position:0% +is no change in nuclear momentum this is + + + align:start position:0% +is no change in nuclear momentum this is +what's in all the textbooks and nobody + + align:start position:0% +what's in all the textbooks and nobody + + + align:start position:0% +what's in all the textbooks and nobody +ever talks about this because we don't + + align:start position:0% +ever talks about this because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +ever talks about this because we don't +really we don't normally know or think + + align:start position:0% +really we don't normally know or think + + + align:start position:0% +really we don't normally know or think +about by momentum but we do know what it + + align:start position:0% +about by momentum but we do know what it + + + align:start position:0% +about by momentum but we do know what it +is we do know what the operator is and + + align:start position:0% +is we do know what the operator is and + + + align:start position:0% +is we do know what the operator is and +we know that kinetic energy is is as + + align:start position:0% +we know that kinetic energy is is as + + + align:start position:0% +we know that kinetic energy is is as +related to the momentum squared over the + + align:start position:0% +related to the momentum squared over the + + + align:start position:0% +related to the momentum squared over the +two times the mass and so you can now so + + align:start position:0% +two times the mass and so you can now so + + + align:start position:0% +two times the mass and so you can now so +what is this + + align:start position:0% +what is this + + + align:start position:0% +what is this +this means transitions are vertical in + + align:start position:0% +this means transitions are vertical in + + + align:start position:0% +this means transitions are vertical in +other words if we have a pair of + + align:start position:0% +other words if we have a pair of + + + align:start position:0% +other words if we have a pair of +electronic states we draw these vertical + + align:start position:0% +electronic states we draw these vertical + + + align:start position:0% +electronic states we draw these vertical +lines not slanting lines + + align:start position:0% +lines not slanting lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines not slanting lines +this means momentum is conserved and + + align:start position:0% +this means momentum is conserved and + + + align:start position:0% +this means momentum is conserved and +this so here at this vertical point we + + align:start position:0% +this so here at this vertical point we + + + align:start position:0% +this so here at this vertical point we +have this much momentum and well there's + + align:start position:0% +have this much momentum and well there's + + + align:start position:0% +have this much momentum and well there's +this much more the same amount here now + + align:start position:0% +this much more the same amount here now + + + align:start position:0% +this much more the same amount here now +usually this just mean so the Delta P is + + align:start position:0% +usually this just mean so the Delta P is + + + align:start position:0% +usually this just mean so the Delta P is +equal to zero means that of all the + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero means that of all the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero means that of all the +strong transitions turning point two + + align:start position:0% +strong transitions turning point two + + + align:start position:0% +strong transitions turning point two +turning point transitions are the + + align:start position:0% +turning point transitions are the + + + align:start position:0% +turning point transitions are the +strongest because at a turning point the + + align:start position:0% +strongest because at a turning point the + + + align:start position:0% +strongest because at a turning point the +vibrational amplitude is large but it's + + align:start position:0% +vibrational amplitude is large but it's + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational amplitude is large but it's +there's more to it than that because + + align:start position:0% +there's more to it than that because + + + align:start position:0% +there's more to it than that because +there are secondary maxima in the + + align:start position:0% +there are secondary maxima in the + + + align:start position:0% +there are secondary maxima in the +vibrational transition intensities this + + align:start position:0% +vibrational transition intensities this + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational transition intensities this +correspond to stationary phase between + + align:start position:0% +correspond to stationary phase between + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to stationary phase between +the initial state in the final state and + + align:start position:0% +the initial state in the final state and + + + align:start position:0% +the initial state in the final state and +so in addition to the strongest + + align:start position:0% +so in addition to the strongest + + + align:start position:0% +so in addition to the strongest +transitions you get other transitions + + align:start position:0% +transitions you get other transitions + + + align:start position:0% +transitions you get other transitions +that you can explain by this Delta P + + align:start position:0% +that you can explain by this Delta P + + + align:start position:0% +that you can explain by this Delta P +equals zero now + + align:start position:0% +equals zero now + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero now +you don't know anything when you start + + align:start position:0% +you don't know anything when you start + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know anything when you start +you know something maybe about the + + align:start position:0% +you know something maybe about the + + + align:start position:0% +you know something maybe about the +ground state and this could be a this + + align:start position:0% +ground state and this could be a this + + + align:start position:0% +ground state and this could be a this +could be a polyatomic molecule we were + + align:start position:0% +could be a polyatomic molecule we were + + + align:start position:0% +could be a polyatomic molecule we were +just looking at one mode and suppose we + + align:start position:0% +just looking at one mode and suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at one mode and suppose we +have an excited state where the + + align:start position:0% +have an excited state where the + + + align:start position:0% +have an excited state where the +vibrational frequency is the same in + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency is the same in + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency is the same in +other words there's no change in bonding + + align:start position:0% +other words there's no change in bonding + + + align:start position:0% +other words there's no change in bonding +character and so what you end up getting + + align:start position:0% +character and so what you end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +character and so what you end up getting +is just the 0 to 0 transition in + + align:start position:0% +is just the 0 to 0 transition in + + + align:start position:0% +is just the 0 to 0 transition in +absorption or if you have many + + align:start position:0% +absorption or if you have many + + + align:start position:0% +absorption or if you have many +vibrational levels up here you see V 2 V + + align:start position:0% +vibrational levels up here you see V 2 V + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational levels up here you see V 2 V +Delta V equals 0 now you can have a + + align:start position:0% +Delta V equals 0 now you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V equals 0 now you can have a +bound state and it's usually true that + + align:start position:0% +bound state and it's usually true that + + + align:start position:0% +bound state and it's usually true that +that the excited state is less bound and + + align:start position:0% +that the excited state is less bound and + + + align:start position:0% +that the excited state is less bound and +so you would have the Frank on an active + + align:start position:0% +so you would have the Frank on an active + + + align:start position:0% +so you would have the Frank on an active +region corresponds to the turning point + + align:start position:0% +region corresponds to the turning point + + + align:start position:0% +region corresponds to the turning point +two turning point in the lower state so + + align:start position:0% +two turning point in the lower state so + + + align:start position:0% +two turning point in the lower state so +I shouldn't draw this let's draw a + + align:start position:0% +I shouldn't draw this let's draw a + + + align:start position:0% +I shouldn't draw this let's draw a +vertical transition well I missed let me + + align:start position:0% +vertical transition well I missed let me + + + align:start position:0% +vertical transition well I missed let me +just start again so we have an excited + + align:start position:0% +just start again so we have an excited + + + align:start position:0% +just start again so we have an excited +state and we have a ground state and the + + align:start position:0% +state and we have a ground state and the + + + align:start position:0% +state and we have a ground state and the +ground state is bound ok and this is V + + align:start position:0% +ground state is bound ok and this is V + + + align:start position:0% +ground state is bound ok and this is V +equals zero and so we go from here to + + align:start position:0% +equals zero and so we go from here to + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero and so we go from here to +there so if if the excited state is less + + align:start position:0% +there so if if the excited state is less + + + align:start position:0% +there so if if the excited state is less +bound it's a larger inner cleanness and + + align:start position:0% +bound it's a larger inner cleanness and + + + align:start position:0% +bound it's a larger inner cleanness and +smaller vibrational frequency we have + + align:start position:0% +smaller vibrational frequency we have + + + align:start position:0% +smaller vibrational frequency we have +many vibrational levels that accessed by + + align:start position:0% +many vibrational levels that accessed by + + + align:start position:0% +many vibrational levels that accessed by +the franck-condon principle and if we + + align:start position:0% +the franck-condon principle and if we + + + align:start position:0% +the franck-condon principle and if we +have in the other other sense we have an + + align:start position:0% +have in the other other sense we have an + + + align:start position:0% +have in the other other sense we have an +excited state which is more bound than + + align:start position:0% +excited state which is more bound than + + + align:start position:0% +excited state which is more bound than +the ground state and the franck-condon + + align:start position:0% +the ground state and the franck-condon + + + align:start position:0% +the ground state and the franck-condon +region is is narrower and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because this wall is nearly vertical you + + align:start position:0% +because this wall is nearly vertical you + + + align:start position:0% +because this wall is nearly vertical you +have more transitions when it's this + + align:start position:0% +have more transitions when it's this + + + align:start position:0% +have more transitions when it's this +place this way and this this branch of + + align:start position:0% +place this way and this this branch of + + + align:start position:0% +place this way and this this branch of +the potential is nearly much flatter and + + align:start position:0% +the potential is nearly much flatter and + + + align:start position:0% +the potential is nearly much flatter and +you have fewer transitions here so the + + align:start position:0% +you have fewer transitions here so the + + + align:start position:0% +you have fewer transitions here so the +vibrational pattern tells you + + align:start position:0% +vibrational pattern tells you + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational pattern tells you +qualitatively from the get-go whether + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively from the get-go whether + + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively from the get-go whether +you're going to a more bound or less + + align:start position:0% +you're going to a more bound or less + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to a more bound or less +bound State that's very useful + + align:start position:0% +bound State that's very useful + + + align:start position:0% +bound State that's very useful +information okay + + align:start position:0% +information okay + + + align:start position:0% +information okay +now you want to go further you want to + + align:start position:0% +now you want to go further you want to + + + align:start position:0% +now you want to go further you want to +say oh well I'm observing a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +say oh well I'm observing a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +say oh well I'm observing a bunch of +vibrational levels in the excited state + + align:start position:0% +vibrational levels in the excited state + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational levels in the excited state +what are their quantum numbers which are + + align:start position:0% +what are their quantum numbers which are + + + align:start position:0% +what are their quantum numbers which are +we seeing the V equals zero level how do + + align:start position:0% +we seeing the V equals zero level how do + + + align:start position:0% +we seeing the V equals zero level how do +we know what vibrational level we're + + align:start position:0% +we know what vibrational level we're + + + align:start position:0% +we know what vibrational level we're +observing or levels and we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +observing or levels and we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +observing or levels and we can calculate +Franck Condon factors but you can do + + align:start position:0% +Franck Condon factors but you can do + + + align:start position:0% +Franck Condon factors but you can do +many things + + align:start position:0% +many things + + + align:start position:0% +many things +so I mean if you have a situation like + + align:start position:0% +so I mean if you have a situation like + + + align:start position:0% +so I mean if you have a situation like +this you might not get to the lowest + + align:start position:0% +this you might not get to the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +this you might not get to the lowest +vibrational level but if you have a + + align:start position:0% +vibrational level but if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational level but if you have a +situation like this you probably will + + align:start position:0% +situation like this you probably will + + + align:start position:0% +situation like this you probably will +get to the lowest vibrational level so + + align:start position:0% +get to the lowest vibrational level so + + + align:start position:0% +get to the lowest vibrational level so +one way to get the vibrational numbering + + align:start position:0% +one way to get the vibrational numbering + + + align:start position:0% +one way to get the vibrational numbering +is seeing the vibrational pattern + + align:start position:0% +is seeing the vibrational pattern + + + align:start position:0% +is seeing the vibrational pattern +terminate that's a good sign it's of + + align:start position:0% +terminate that's a good sign it's of + + + align:start position:0% +terminate that's a good sign it's of +equal zero if it terminates abruptly + + align:start position:0% +equal zero if it terminates abruptly + + + align:start position:0% +equal zero if it terminates abruptly +it's of equal zero if it terminates + + align:start position:0% +it's of equal zero if it terminates + + + align:start position:0% +it's of equal zero if it terminates +slowly you're not sure but there are + + align:start position:0% +slowly you're not sure but there are + + + align:start position:0% +slowly you're not sure but there are +other really wonderful things about this + + align:start position:0% +other really wonderful things about this + + + align:start position:0% +other really wonderful things about this +and you can do isotope separation + + align:start position:0% +and you can do isotope separation + + + align:start position:0% +and you can do isotope separation +isotope shifts since the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +isotope shifts since the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +isotope shifts since the vibrational +frequency is the square root of K over + + align:start position:0% +frequency is the square root of K over + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is the square root of K over +mu we can change the reduced mass that + + align:start position:0% +mu we can change the reduced mass that + + + align:start position:0% +mu we can change the reduced mass that +changes which vibrational bands you + + align:start position:0% +changes which vibrational bands you + + + align:start position:0% +changes which vibrational bands you +observe and it changes it in a + + align:start position:0% +observe and it changes it in a + + + align:start position:0% +observe and it changes it in a +quantitative way and so you can often + + align:start position:0% +quantitative way and so you can often + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative way and so you can often +use that to tell another thing you can + + align:start position:0% +use that to tell another thing you can + + + align:start position:0% +use that to tell another thing you can +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +is to know if you have an excited state + + align:start position:0% +is to know if you have an excited state + + + align:start position:0% +is to know if you have an excited state +the vibrational wave function is going + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational wave function is going + + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational wave function is going +to look like this and there's a note + + align:start position:0% +to look like this and there's a note + + + align:start position:0% +to look like this and there's a note +here and a node here a note here note + + align:start position:0% +here and a node here a note here note + + + align:start position:0% +here and a node here a note here note +here not here and so if we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +here not here and so if we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +here not here and so if we're looking at +the vibrational progression of observed + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational progression of observed + + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational progression of observed +from such a level the intensities will + + align:start position:0% +from such a level the intensities will + + + align:start position:0% +from such a level the intensities will +have minima corresponding how many nodes + + align:start position:0% +have minima corresponding how many nodes + + + align:start position:0% +have minima corresponding how many nodes +there are in the excited state in the + + align:start position:0% +there are in the excited state in the + + + align:start position:0% +there are in the excited state in the +number of nodes is the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +number of nodes is the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +number of nodes is the vibrational +quantum number so there are lots of ways + + align:start position:0% +quantum number so there are lots of ways + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number so there are lots of ways +of doing it and then there's something + + align:start position:0% +of doing it and then there's something + + + align:start position:0% +of doing it and then there's something +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +if you observe at moderately low + + align:start position:0% +if you observe at moderately low + + + align:start position:0% +if you observe at moderately low +resolution of vibrational band in an + + align:start position:0% +resolution of vibrational band in an + + + align:start position:0% +resolution of vibrational band in an +electronic spectrum it will have the + + align:start position:0% +electronic spectrum it will have the + + + align:start position:0% +electronic spectrum it will have the +peculiar shape like that or like that + + align:start position:0% +peculiar shape like that or like that + + + align:start position:0% +peculiar shape like that or like that +this is called a band head and it + + align:start position:0% +this is called a band head and it + + + align:start position:0% +this is called a band head and it +corresponds to the fact that because the + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the fact that because the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the fact that because the +rotational constants in the upper and + + align:start position:0% +rotational constants in the upper and + + + align:start position:0% +rotational constants in the upper and +lower state are different one of the + + align:start position:0% +lower state are different one of the + + + align:start position:0% +lower state are different one of the +branches you have Delta J equals plus or + + align:start position:0% +branches you have Delta J equals plus or + + + align:start position:0% +branches you have Delta J equals plus or +minus 1 0 and the Delta J plus 1 is + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 0 and the Delta J plus 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 0 and the Delta J plus 1 is +called the our branch and minus 1 is + + align:start position:0% +called the our branch and minus 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +called the our branch and minus 1 is +called the P branch and and Delta J 0 is + + align:start position:0% +called the P branch and and Delta J 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +called the P branch and and Delta J 0 is +called the Q branch now these two guys + + align:start position:0% +called the Q branch now these two guys + + + align:start position:0% +called the Q branch now these two guys +they are such that depending on the sign + + align:start position:0% +they are such that depending on the sign + + + align:start position:0% +they are such that depending on the sign +of the difference in B values you get a + + align:start position:0% +of the difference in B values you get a + + + align:start position:0% +of the difference in B values you get a +head on the high frequency side or a + + align:start position:0% +head on the high frequency side or a + + + align:start position:0% +head on the high frequency side or a +head on the low frequency side well + + align:start position:0% +head on the low frequency side well + + + align:start position:0% +head on the low frequency side well +actually it's the other way around but + + align:start position:0% +actually it's the other way around but + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's the other way around but +it tells you then the rotational + + align:start position:0% +it tells you then the rotational + + + align:start position:0% +it tells you then the rotational +constant which is also a signal of how + + align:start position:0% +constant which is also a signal of how + + + align:start position:0% +constant which is also a signal of how +bound the state is the rotational + + align:start position:0% +bound the state is the rotational + + + align:start position:0% +bound the state is the rotational +constant the shading of these band heads + + align:start position:0% +constant the shading of these band heads + + + align:start position:0% +constant the shading of these band heads +confirms your vibrational assignment and + + align:start position:0% +confirms your vibrational assignment and + + + align:start position:0% +confirms your vibrational assignment and +typically if you have a slower a smaller + + align:start position:0% +typically if you have a slower a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +typically if you have a slower a smaller +vibrational frequency you'll also have a + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency you'll also have a + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency you'll also have a +a smaller rotational constant it's not + + align:start position:0% +a smaller rotational constant it's not + + + align:start position:0% +a smaller rotational constant it's not +always true + + align:start position:0% +always true + + + align:start position:0% +always true +and it's always interesting when it + + align:start position:0% +and it's always interesting when it + + + align:start position:0% +and it's always interesting when it +doesn't happen and so the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen and so the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen and so the vibrational +bands have this asymmetric shape unless + + align:start position:0% +bands have this asymmetric shape unless + + + align:start position:0% +bands have this asymmetric shape unless +Delta V the the rotational constant + + align:start position:0% +Delta V the the rotational constant + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V the the rotational constant +upstairs and downstairs are the same and + + align:start position:0% +upstairs and downstairs are the same and + + + align:start position:0% +upstairs and downstairs are the same and +then you have a branch going this way + + align:start position:0% +then you have a branch going this way + + + align:start position:0% +then you have a branch going this way +and a branch going this way and a gap in + + align:start position:0% +and a branch going this way and a gap in + + + align:start position:0% +and a branch going this way and a gap in +the middle it might be filled with some + + align:start position:0% +the middle it might be filled with some + + + align:start position:0% +the middle it might be filled with some +Q branch lines and the Q branch lines + + align:start position:0% +Q branch lines and the Q branch lines + + + align:start position:0% +Q branch lines and the Q branch lines +tell you oh yeah that was a transition + + align:start position:0% +tell you oh yeah that was a transition + + + align:start position:0% +tell you oh yeah that was a transition +where the the lambda the projection of L + + align:start position:0% +where the the lambda the projection of L + + + align:start position:0% +where the the lambda the projection of L +on the internuclear axis changed and if + + align:start position:0% +on the internuclear axis changed and if + + + align:start position:0% +on the internuclear axis changed and if +it doesn't have this Q branch should + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have this Q branch should + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have this Q branch should +tell you this delta lambda equals zero + + align:start position:0% +tell you this delta lambda equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +tell you this delta lambda equals zero +all sorts of stuff and if you have no + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of stuff and if you have no + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of stuff and if you have no +sign of band heads but just this double + + align:start position:0% +sign of band heads but just this double + + + align:start position:0% +sign of band heads but just this double +hump structure it tells you that the + + align:start position:0% +hump structure it tells you that the + + + align:start position:0% +hump structure it tells you that the +rotational constant is about the same as + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant is about the same as + + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant is about the same as +in the ground state and it tells you + + align:start position:0% +in the ground state and it tells you + + + align:start position:0% +in the ground state and it tells you +also the vibrational frequency is + + align:start position:0% +also the vibrational frequency is + + + align:start position:0% +also the vibrational frequency is +expected to be about to say okay I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better stop so as soon as you go to + + align:start position:0% +better stop so as soon as you go to + + + align:start position:0% +better stop so as soon as you go to +polyatomic molecules instead of having + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic molecules instead of having + + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic molecules instead of having +just one vibration you have 3a minus six + + align:start position:0% +just one vibration you have 3a minus six + + + align:start position:0% +just one vibration you have 3a minus six +and so 3a minus six downstairs 3 and + + align:start position:0% +and so 3a minus six downstairs 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +and so 3a minus six downstairs 3 and +minus six upstairs that looks bad but + + align:start position:0% +minus six upstairs that looks bad but + + + align:start position:0% +minus six upstairs that looks bad but +only some of the vibrational modes + + align:start position:0% +only some of the vibrational modes + + + align:start position:0% +only some of the vibrational modes +correspond to a distortion from the be a + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a distortion from the be a + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a distortion from the be a +difference in geometry between the + + align:start position:0% +difference in geometry between the + + + align:start position:0% +difference in geometry between the +ground state and the excited state and + + align:start position:0% +ground state and the excited state and + + + align:start position:0% +ground state and the excited state and +so most of the vibrational modes are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correspond to identical frequencies and + + align:start position:0% +correspond to identical frequencies and + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to identical frequencies and +what we call that is franck-condon dark + + align:start position:0% +what we call that is franck-condon dark + + + align:start position:0% +what we call that is franck-condon dark +because the only transitions that are + + align:start position:0% +because the only transitions that are + + + align:start position:0% +because the only transitions that are +allowed our Delta V equals zero for that + + align:start position:0% +allowed our Delta V equals zero for that + + + align:start position:0% +allowed our Delta V equals zero for that +mode and so only the modes that + + align:start position:0% +mode and so only the modes that + + + align:start position:0% +mode and so only the modes that +correspond to a change in structure + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a change in structure + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a change in structure +appear has long progressions and so + + align:start position:0% +appear has long progressions and so + + + align:start position:0% +appear has long progressions and so +they're only a few and so the spectrum + + align:start position:0% +they're only a few and so the spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +they're only a few and so the spectrum +of a polyatomic molecule is not too much + + align:start position:0% +of a polyatomic molecule is not too much + + + align:start position:0% +of a polyatomic molecule is not too much +different from a diatomic molecule + + align:start position:0% +different from a diatomic molecule + + + align:start position:0% +different from a diatomic molecule +because of the small number of + + align:start position:0% +because of the small number of + + + align:start position:0% +because of the small number of +franck-condon active modes + + align:start position:0% +franck-condon active modes + + + align:start position:0% +franck-condon active modes +but you look closer and you see big + + align:start position:0% +but you look closer and you see big + + + align:start position:0% +but you look closer and you see big +differences okay so will well we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +differences okay so will well we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +differences okay so will well we'll talk +more about this on Friday and we might + + align:start position:0% +more about this on Friday and we might + + + align:start position:0% +more about this on Friday and we might +go to three lectures on this because + + align:start position:0% +go to three lectures on this because + + + align:start position:0% +go to three lectures on this because +this is really you know the whole point + + align:start position:0% +this is really you know the whole point + + + align:start position:0% +this is really you know the whole point +of this course is to be able to + + align:start position:0% +of this course is to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +of this course is to be able to +understand how molecules talk to us \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/zYVWQpCitKQ.txt b/zYVWQpCitKQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e554ac2cd61c770eb87158458b98c8955a6bd8fb --- /dev/null +++ b/zYVWQpCitKQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,475 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we have a list L + + align:start position:0% +So we have a list L + + + align:start position:0% +So we have a list L +originally life + + align:start position:0% +originally life + + + align:start position:0% +originally life +answer 42 and zero + + align:start position:0% +answer 42 and zero + + + align:start position:0% +answer 42 and zero +and this example + + align:start position:0% +and this example + + + align:start position:0% +and this example +if you don't know Hitchhiker's Guide to + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know Hitchhiker's Guide to + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know Hitchhiker's Guide to +the Galaxy that's why 42 is important as + + align:start position:0% +the Galaxy that's why 42 is important as + + + align:start position:0% +the Galaxy that's why 42 is important as +a as a scientist if I didn't have + + align:start position:0% +a as a scientist if I didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +a as a scientist if I didn't have +example one at least one example with + + align:start position:0% +example one at least one example with + + + align:start position:0% +example one at least one example with +the number 42 I'd probably hear about it + + align:start position:0% +the number 42 I'd probably hear about it + + + align:start position:0% +the number 42 I'd probably hear about it +so here it is okay so we have this + + align:start position:0% +so here it is okay so we have this + + + align:start position:0% +so here it is okay so we have this +original list L which contains the + + align:start position:0% +original list L which contains the + + + align:start position:0% +original list L which contains the +string life the string answer 42 the + + align:start position:0% +string life the string answer 42 the + + + align:start position:0% +string life the string answer 42 the +number 42 and the number zero here I'm + + align:start position:0% +number 42 and the number zero here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +number 42 and the number zero here I'm +writing a loop that iterates over every + + align:start position:0% +writing a loop that iterates over every + + + align:start position:0% +writing a loop that iterates over every +element directly in L right so I'm so + + align:start position:0% +element directly in L right so I'm so + + + align:start position:0% +element directly in L right so I'm so +originally + + align:start position:0% +originally + + + align:start position:0% +originally +thing sorry originally thing is going to + + align:start position:0% +thing sorry originally thing is going to + + + align:start position:0% +thing sorry originally thing is going to +be the string life then thing is going + + align:start position:0% +be the string life then thing is going + + + align:start position:0% +be the string life then thing is going +to be the string answer then thing is + + align:start position:0% +to be the string answer then thing is + + + align:start position:0% +to be the string answer then thing is +going to be the number 42 and so what am + + align:start position:0% +going to be the number 42 and so what am + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the number 42 and so what am +I doing inside the loop as I'm iterating + + align:start position:0% +I doing inside the loop as I'm iterating + + + align:start position:0% +I doing inside the loop as I'm iterating +Well, if thing is equal to zero, then + + align:start position:0% +Well, if thing is equal to zero, then + + + align:start position:0% +Well, if thing is equal to zero, then +I'm going to do this and otherwise I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do this and otherwise I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do this and otherwise I'm +going to do this. So for the first two + + align:start position:0% +going to do this. So for the first two + + + align:start position:0% +going to do this. So for the first two +iterations when thing is equal to life + + align:start position:0% +iterations when thing is equal to life + + + align:start position:0% +iterations when thing is equal to life +or answer, I'm not doing anything. + + align:start position:0% +or answer, I'm not doing anything. + + + align:start position:0% +or answer, I'm not doing anything. +As soon as I hit 42 though, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm saying L at position one + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying L at position one + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying L at position one +is going to get this value here. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +is going to get this value here. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +is going to get this value here. Okay. +So when I've iterated over this element + + align:start position:0% +So when I've iterated over this element + + + align:start position:0% +So when I've iterated over this element +here, I'm saying L at position one, I'm + + align:start position:0% +here, I'm saying L at position one, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here, I'm saying L at position one, I'm +going to change its value, which says, + + align:start position:0% +going to change its value, which says, + + + align:start position:0% +going to change its value, which says, +well, I'm going to keep life the same, + + align:start position:0% +well, I'm going to keep life the same, + + + align:start position:0% +well, I'm going to keep life the same, +but this is going to be everything. + + align:start position:0% +but this is going to be everything. + + + align:start position:0% +but this is going to be everything. +And then we're keeping the rest the + + align:start position:0% +And then we're keeping the rest the + + + align:start position:0% +And then we're keeping the rest the +same, 42 and zero, because we're only + + align:start position:0% +same, 42 and zero, because we're only + + + align:start position:0% +same, 42 and zero, because we're only +modifying L at position one. + + align:start position:0% +modifying L at position one. + + + align:start position:0% +modifying L at position one. +As soon as we do that, we finish with + + align:start position:0% +As soon as we do that, we finish with + + + align:start position:0% +As soon as we do that, we finish with +the loop when L was 42. And then we go + + align:start position:0% +the loop when L was 42. And then we go + + + align:start position:0% +the loop when L was 42. And then we go +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +zero. + + align:start position:0% +zero. + + + align:start position:0% +zero. +So now thing takes on the value zero and + + align:start position:0% +So now thing takes on the value zero and + + + align:start position:0% +So now thing takes on the value zero and +we say if thing is equal to zero well + + align:start position:0% +we say if thing is equal to zero well + + + align:start position:0% +we say if thing is equal to zero well +we're good on that. L at position thing + + align:start position:0% +we're good on that. L at position thing + + + align:start position:0% +we're good on that. L at position thing +is equal to universe. So L at position 0 + + align:start position:0% +is equal to universe. So L at position 0 + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to universe. So L at position 0 +is equal to universe. So that says okay + + align:start position:0% +is equal to universe. So that says okay + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to universe. So that says okay +I'm going to replace life with universe + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to replace life with universe + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to replace life with universe +and then everything else stays the same + + align:start position:0% +and then everything else stays the same + + + align:start position:0% +and then everything else stays the same +42 and zero. Okay. So that would be my + + align:start position:0% +42 and zero. Okay. So that would be my + + + align:start position:0% +42 and zero. Okay. So that would be my +answer. Universe everything 42 and zero. + + align:start position:0% +answer. Universe everything 42 and zero. + + + align:start position:0% +answer. Universe everything 42 and zero. +Great. That's the majority. + + align:start position:0% +Great. That's the majority. + + + align:start position:0% +Great. That's the majority. +Good job. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/zkFZY6esNOU.txt b/zkFZY6esNOU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca357cb461b7fe88c115292ef76895f2933dc20 --- /dev/null +++ b/zkFZY6esNOU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Okay. Uh this is the second video on + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh this is the second video on + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh this is the second video on +second order differential equations + + align:start position:0% +second order differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +second order differential equations +constant coefficients. But now we have a + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients. But now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients. But now we have a +right hand side. The first and the first + + align:start position:0% +right hand side. The first and the first + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side. The first and the first +one was free harmonic motion with a + + align:start position:0% +one was free harmonic motion with a + + + align:start position:0% +one was free harmonic motion with a +zero. But now I'm making this + + align:start position:0% +zero. But now I'm making this + + + align:start position:0% +zero. But now I'm making this +motion I'm pushing this motion but at a + + align:start position:0% +motion I'm pushing this motion but at a + + + align:start position:0% +motion I'm pushing this motion but at a +frequency cosine omega at a frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequency cosine omega at a frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequency cosine omega at a frequency +omega this is my forcing term. So I + + align:start position:0% +omega this is my forcing term. So I + + + align:start position:0% +omega this is my forcing term. So I +think of having a forcing frequency + + align:start position:0% +think of having a forcing frequency + + + align:start position:0% +think of having a forcing frequency +omega and remember that for this one for + + align:start position:0% +omega and remember that for this one for + + + align:start position:0% +omega and remember that for this one for +the null solution there was a natural + + align:start position:0% +the null solution there was a natural + + + align:start position:0% +the null solution there was a natural +frequency omega n. It's very important + + align:start position:0% +frequency omega n. It's very important + + + align:start position:0% +frequency omega n. It's very important +are the are those close are those well + + align:start position:0% +are the are those close are those well + + + align:start position:0% +are the are those close are those well +separated that that governs whether the + + align:start position:0% +separated that that governs whether the + + + align:start position:0% +separated that that governs whether the +bridge that you're walking over + + align:start position:0% +bridge that you're walking over + + + align:start position:0% +bridge that you're walking over +oscillates too much and eventually falls + + align:start position:0% +oscillates too much and eventually falls + + + align:start position:0% +oscillates too much and eventually falls +or in the extreme case are they equal? + + align:start position:0% +or in the extreme case are they equal? + + + align:start position:0% +or in the extreme case are they equal? +If omega n is equal to omega that's + + align:start position:0% +If omega n is equal to omega that's + + + align:start position:0% +If omega n is equal to omega that's +called resonance. Let me put that word + + align:start position:0% +called resonance. Let me put that word + + + align:start position:0% +called resonance. Let me put that word +in resonance. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +When omega equals omega n and that's + + align:start position:0% +When omega equals omega n and that's + + + align:start position:0% +When omega equals omega n and that's +we're not going to deal with today but + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to deal with today but + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to deal with today but +you should know that always the formula + + align:start position:0% +you should know that always the formula + + + align:start position:0% +you should know that always the formula +has uh an omega minus omega n dividing + + align:start position:0% +has uh an omega minus omega n dividing + + + align:start position:0% +has uh an omega minus omega n dividing +by that. So if that is zero, if omega + + align:start position:0% +by that. So if that is zero, if omega + + + align:start position:0% +by that. So if that is zero, if omega +equals omega n, our formula has to + + align:start position:0% +equals omega n, our formula has to + + + align:start position:0% +equals omega n, our formula has to +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +today. This won't happen. + + align:start position:0% +today. This won't happen. + + + align:start position:0% +today. This won't happen. +No. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +No. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +No. Okay. +So what's the formula? + + align:start position:0% +So what's the formula? + + + align:start position:0% +So what's the formula? +What is omega yp? I'm looking for a + + align:start position:0% +What is omega yp? I'm looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +What is omega yp? I'm looking for a +particular solution. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +That's a that's a nice function and also + + align:start position:0% +That's a that's a nice function and also + + + align:start position:0% +That's a that's a nice function and also +important in practice. So I would like + + align:start position:0% +important in practice. So I would like + + + align:start position:0% +important in practice. So I would like +to hope that the particular solution + + align:start position:0% +to hope that the particular solution + + + align:start position:0% +to hope that the particular solution +could be some multiple of that cosine + + align:start position:0% +could be some multiple of that cosine + + + align:start position:0% +could be some multiple of that cosine +omega t + + align:start position:0% +omega t + + + align:start position:0% +omega t +and in this problem that's possible + + align:start position:0% +and in this problem that's possible + + + align:start position:0% +and in this problem that's possible +because if I have a cosine + + align:start position:0% +because if I have a cosine + + + align:start position:0% +because if I have a cosine +I've got a cosine on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +I've got a cosine on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a cosine on the right hand side +and if that cosine comes here it's on + + align:start position:0% +and if that cosine comes here it's on + + + align:start position:0% +and if that cosine comes here it's on +the left side and the second derivative + + align:start position:0% +the left side and the second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +the left side and the second derivative +of the cosine is again a cosine I I'm + + align:start position:0% +of the cosine is again a cosine I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of the cosine is again a cosine I I'm +going to have a match of cosine omega t + + align:start position:0% +going to have a match of cosine omega t + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a match of cosine omega t +terms and then I'll just choose the + + align:start position:0% +terms and then I'll just choose the + + + align:start position:0% +terms and then I'll just choose the +right number capital y. + + align:start position:0% +right number capital y. + + + align:start position:0% +right number capital y. +I won't be able to do that when there's + + align:start position:0% +I won't be able to do that when there's + + + align:start position:0% +I won't be able to do that when there's +a first derivative in there because the + + align:start position:0% +a first derivative in there because the + + + align:start position:0% +a first derivative in there because the +first derivative of cosine will bring in + + align:start position:0% +first derivative of cosine will bring in + + + align:start position:0% +first derivative of cosine will bring in +signs. + + align:start position:0% +signs. + + + align:start position:0% +signs. +I'll have a mixture of cosiness and ss + + align:start position:0% +I'll have a mixture of cosiness and ss + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have a mixture of cosiness and ss +and then I I better allow for that + + align:start position:0% +and then I I better allow for that + + + align:start position:0% +and then I I better allow for that +mixture. But here I don't have to. + + align:start position:0% +mixture. But here I don't have to. + + + align:start position:0% +mixture. But here I don't have to. +There's the forcing function. the + + align:start position:0% +There's the forcing function. the + + + align:start position:0% +There's the forcing function. the +response. This is the This is the forced + + align:start position:0% +response. This is the This is the forced + + + align:start position:0% +response. This is the This is the forced +response. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'd like to get used to that word + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to get used to that word + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to get used to that word +response for the solution. + + align:start position:0% +response for the solution. + + + align:start position:0% +response for the solution. +Here's the input. The response is the + + align:start position:0% +Here's the input. The response is the + + + align:start position:0% +Here's the input. The response is the +output. Okay. So, let me just plug that + + align:start position:0% +output. Okay. So, let me just plug that + + + align:start position:0% +output. Okay. So, let me just plug that +into the equation and find capital Y. So + + align:start position:0% +into the equation and find capital Y. So + + + align:start position:0% +into the equation and find capital Y. So +here I have m + + align:start position:0% +here I have m + + + align:start position:0% +here I have m +second derivative is going to be a y and + + align:start position:0% +second derivative is going to be a y and + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative is going to be a y and +it will second derivative will bring out + + align:start position:0% +it will second derivative will bring out + + + align:start position:0% +it will second derivative will bring out +a minus omega^ 2 right times the cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here I have k y is y * the cosine + + align:start position:0% +and here I have k y is y * the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +and here I have k y is y * the cosine +equal the cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I could have a constant there, but the + + align:start position:0% +I could have a constant there, but the + + + align:start position:0% +I could have a constant there, but the +whole thing would be no more + + align:start position:0% +whole thing would be no more + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing would be no more +interesting, no more difficult than with + + align:start position:0% +interesting, no more difficult than with + + + align:start position:0% +interesting, no more difficult than with +a one there. Okay. So, what do I do? I'm + + align:start position:0% +a one there. Okay. So, what do I do? I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a one there. Okay. So, what do I do? I'm +the nice thing is here I have all + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing is here I have all + + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing is here I have all +cosiness. So, I'm just going to have + + align:start position:0% +cosiness. So, I'm just going to have + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness. So, I'm just going to have +minus omega^ 2 m and a k. So it's k + + align:start position:0% +minus omega^ 2 m and a k. So it's k + + + align:start position:0% +minus omega^ 2 m and a k. So it's k +minus m omega^ 2. Can I write it that + + align:start position:0% +minus m omega^ 2. Can I write it that + + + align:start position:0% +minus m omega^ 2. Can I write it that +way? Times y. + + align:start position:0% +way? Times y. + + + align:start position:0% +way? Times y. +I'm going to cancel the cosiness. + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to cancel the cosiness. + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to cancel the cosiness. +That's just a one on the side as a one. + + align:start position:0% +That's just a one on the side as a one. + + + align:start position:0% +That's just a one on the side as a one. +I've canled the cosine. So I've kept k + + align:start position:0% +I've canled the cosine. So I've kept k + + + align:start position:0% +I've canled the cosine. So I've kept k +y. I've kept the one and I've kept the + + align:start position:0% +y. I've kept the one and I've kept the + + + align:start position:0% +y. I've kept the one and I've kept the +minus omega^ 2 m y. So that tells me why + + align:start position:0% +minus omega^ 2 m y. So that tells me why + + + align:start position:0% +minus omega^ 2 m y. So that tells me why +right away. just it's just like plugging + + align:start position:0% +right away. just it's just like plugging + + + align:start position:0% +right away. just it's just like plugging +in an exponential and cancelling + + align:start position:0% +in an exponential and cancelling + + + align:start position:0% +in an exponential and cancelling +exponentials all the way along. Here I'm + + align:start position:0% +exponentials all the way along. Here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials all the way along. Here I'm +cancelelling cosiness all the way + + align:start position:0% +cancelelling cosiness all the way + + + align:start position:0% +cancelelling cosiness all the way +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +every term was a cosine. So I know why. + + align:start position:0% +every term was a cosine. So I know why. + + + align:start position:0% +every term was a cosine. So I know why. +So I know the answer. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So the so the final answer is yt is yn. + + align:start position:0% +So the so the final answer is yt is yn. + + + align:start position:0% +So the so the final answer is yt is yn. +Well let me put y particular first plus + + align:start position:0% +Well let me put y particular first plus + + + align:start position:0% +Well let me put y particular first plus +yn. So I've just found y particular. + + align:start position:0% +yn. So I've just found y particular. + + + align:start position:0% +yn. So I've just found y particular. +y particular + + align:start position:0% +y particular + + + align:start position:0% +y particular +is this capital y cosine omega t. So + + align:start position:0% +is this capital y cosine omega t. So + + + align:start position:0% +is this capital y cosine omega t. So +it's cossine omega t* + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y. And y is 1 over this. Here it goes y. + + align:start position:0% +y. And y is 1 over this. Here it goes y. + + + align:start position:0% +y. And y is 1 over this. Here it goes y. +Down below I have k - m omega^ 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Right? That's what we just found. that + + align:start position:0% +Right? That's what we just found. that + + + align:start position:0% +Right? That's what we just found. that +particular solution the capital Y the + + align:start position:0% +particular solution the capital Y the + + + align:start position:0% +particular solution the capital Y the +the multiplying constant was one over + + align:start position:0% +the multiplying constant was one over + + + align:start position:0% +the multiplying constant was one over +that constant. Okay. And now comes the + + align:start position:0% +that constant. Okay. And now comes the + + + align:start position:0% +that constant. Okay. And now comes the +C1 + + align:start position:0% +C1 + + + align:start position:0% +C1 +cosine of omega NT and the C2 sine of + + align:start position:0% +cosine of omega NT and the C2 sine of + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of omega NT and the C2 sine of +omega NT. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Remember omega n + + align:start position:0% +Remember omega n + + + align:start position:0% +Remember omega n +is different from omega actually this is + + align:start position:0% +is different from omega actually this is + + + align:start position:0% +is different from omega actually this is +pretty nice here + + align:start position:0% +pretty nice here + + + align:start position:0% +pretty nice here +I can I could write that another way so + + align:start position:0% +I can I could write that another way so + + + align:start position:0% +I can I could write that another way so +you would see the important here so + + align:start position:0% +you would see the important here so + + + align:start position:0% +you would see the important here so +remember what is omega n^2 can I just + + align:start position:0% +remember what is omega n^2 can I just + + + align:start position:0% +remember what is omega n^2 can I just +remember that omega n^2 is k over m + + align:start position:0% +remember that omega n^2 is k over m + + + align:start position:0% +remember that omega n^2 is k over m +right yep so k minus + + align:start position:0% +right yep so k minus + + + align:start position:0% +right yep so k minus +K is the same as K is I'm going to put + + align:start position:0% +K is the same as K is I'm going to put + + + align:start position:0% +K is the same as K is I'm going to put +that M up here. K is the same as M + + align:start position:0% +that M up here. K is the same as M + + + align:start position:0% +that M up here. K is the same as M +omega N^2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K is the same as M omega N^ 2. And here + + align:start position:0% +K is the same as M omega N^ 2. And here + + + align:start position:0% +K is the same as M omega N^ 2. And here +I'm subtracting M omega^ 2. + + align:start position:0% +I'm subtracting M omega^ 2. + + + align:start position:0% +I'm subtracting M omega^ 2. +Huh? You see the whole point of + + align:start position:0% +Huh? You see the whole point of + + + align:start position:0% +Huh? You see the whole point of +resonance or near resonance when the + + align:start position:0% +resonance or near resonance when the + + + align:start position:0% +resonance or near resonance when the +bridge is getting uh forced by a + + align:start position:0% +bridge is getting uh forced by a + + + align:start position:0% +bridge is getting uh forced by a +frequency close to its resonant + + align:start position:0% +frequency close to its resonant + + + align:start position:0% +frequency close to its resonant +frequency. This difference omega squar + + align:start position:0% +frequency. This difference omega squar + + + align:start position:0% +frequency. This difference omega squar +the difference between the two + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the two + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the two +frequencies squared is in the + + align:start position:0% +frequencies squared is in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies squared is in the +denominator and will be small and then + + align:start position:0% +denominator and will be small and then + + + align:start position:0% +denominator and will be small and then +the effect is large. And if we get those + + align:start position:0% +the effect is large. And if we get those + + + align:start position:0% +the effect is large. And if we get those +too close, the effect is too large. + + align:start position:0% +too close, the effect is too large. + + + align:start position:0% +too close, the effect is too large. +Okay. So we're seeing this cosine omega + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So we're seeing this cosine omega + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So we're seeing this cosine omega +t over this is I I would call the + + align:start position:0% +t over this is I I would call the + + + align:start position:0% +t over this is I I would call the +frequency response + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +is this factor + + align:start position:0% +is this factor + + + align:start position:0% +is this factor +1 / m + + align:start position:0% +1 / m + + + align:start position:0% +1 / m +omega n^2 + + align:start position:0% +omega n^2 + + + align:start position:0% +omega n^2 +- omega^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +- omega^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +- omega^ 2 +that that's the that that's The key + + align:start position:0% +that that's the that that's The key + + + align:start position:0% +that that's the that that's The key +multiplier + + align:start position:0% +multiplier + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier +for when the forcing term is a pure + + align:start position:0% +for when the forcing term is a pure + + + align:start position:0% +for when the forcing term is a pure +frequency that frequency gets exploded. + + align:start position:0% +frequency that frequency gets exploded. + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that frequency gets exploded. +And now of course what are capital C1 + + align:start position:0% +And now of course what are capital C1 + + + align:start position:0% +And now of course what are capital C1 +and capital C2? We find those from the + + align:start position:0% +and capital C2? We find those from the + + + align:start position:0% +and capital C2? We find those from the +initial conditions + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions + + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions +at t=0. We put in t=0 + + align:start position:0% +at t=0. We put in t=0 + + + align:start position:0% +at t=0. We put in t=0 +and that tells us what c1 has to be. And + + align:start position:0% +and that tells us what c1 has to be. And + + + align:start position:0% +and that tells us what c1 has to be. And +we put in t equals0 again to match the + + align:start position:0% +we put in t equals0 again to match the + + + align:start position:0% +we put in t equals0 again to match the +velocity y prime at zero. And that tells + + align:start position:0% +velocity y prime at zero. And that tells + + + align:start position:0% +velocity y prime at zero. And that tells +us c2. Are you okay with that? + + align:start position:0% +us c2. Are you okay with that? + + + align:start position:0% +us c2. Are you okay with that? +Just look at the beauty of that + + align:start position:0% +Just look at the beauty of that + + + align:start position:0% +Just look at the beauty of that +uh solution. The this is the null part. + + align:start position:0% +uh solution. The this is the null part. + + + align:start position:0% +uh solution. The this is the null part. +This is the forced part. the particular + + align:start position:0% +This is the forced part. the particular + + + align:start position:0% +This is the forced part. the particular +part the cosine divided by that + + align:start position:0% +part the cosine divided by that + + + align:start position:0% +part the cosine divided by that +constant. + + align:start position:0% +constant. + + + align:start position:0% +constant. +There's one more equation one more + + align:start position:0% +There's one more equation one more + + + align:start position:0% +There's one more equation one more +forcing term I'd like often and always + + align:start position:0% +forcing term I'd like often and always + + + align:start position:0% +forcing term I'd like often and always +and now to in to to discuss + + align:start position:0% +and now to in to to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +and now to in to to discuss +and that is a delta function an impulse. + + align:start position:0% +and that is a delta function an impulse. + + + align:start position:0% +and that is a delta function an impulse. +So I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +So I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +So I'm going to +add one more example. M yp prime plus k + + align:start position:0% +add one more example. M yp prime plus k + + + align:start position:0% +add one more example. M yp prime plus k +y equal the delta function. + + align:start position:0% +y equal the delta function. + + + align:start position:0% +y equal the delta function. +Delta function. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's called an impulse. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I'd like to solve that equation also. + + align:start position:0% +So I'd like to solve that equation also. + + + align:start position:0% +So I'd like to solve that equation also. +when the forcing term just happens at + + align:start position:0% +when the forcing term just happens at + + + align:start position:0% +when the forcing term just happens at +one second at the at the initial second + + align:start position:0% +one second at the at the initial second + + + align:start position:0% +one second at the at the initial second +at t equals z the delta function I'm + + align:start position:0% +at t equals z the delta function I'm + + + align:start position:0% +at t equals z the delta function I'm +hitting the spring + + align:start position:0% +hitting the spring + + + align:start position:0% +hitting the spring +so the spring is sitting there or the + + align:start position:0% +so the spring is sitting there or the + + + align:start position:0% +so the spring is sitting there or the +pendulum is sitting there + + align:start position:0% +pendulum is sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +pendulum is sitting there +actually let's sit it at rest here's my + + align:start position:0% +actually let's sit it at rest here's my + + + align:start position:0% +actually let's sit it at rest here's my +pendulum I'll try to draw a pendulum so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know that's not much of a + + align:start position:0% +I don't know that's not much of a + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know that's not much of a +pendulum but it's good enough Okay, this + + align:start position:0% +pendulum but it's good enough Okay, this + + + align:start position:0% +pendulum but it's good enough Okay, this +equation says what happens if I hit it + + align:start position:0% +equation says what happens if I hit it + + + align:start position:0% +equation says what happens if I hit it +with a + + align:start position:0% +with a + + + align:start position:0% +with a +a a point source at t equals z. I hit it + + align:start position:0% +a a point source at t equals z. I hit it + + + align:start position:0% +a a point source at t equals z. I hit it +but I give it a finite velocity. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It it doesn't move it in that instant + + align:start position:0% +It it doesn't move it in that instant + + + align:start position:0% +It it doesn't move it in that instant +second. Now this is this is where delta + + align:start position:0% +second. Now this is this is where delta + + + align:start position:0% +second. Now this is this is where delta +functions come in. So let me give you + + align:start position:0% +functions come in. So let me give you + + + align:start position:0% +functions come in. So let me give you +the result of what happens and then + + align:start position:0% +the result of what happens and then + + + align:start position:0% +the result of what happens and then +we'll see them again. So what am I + + align:start position:0% +we'll see them again. So what am I + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see them again. So what am I +doing? I want to solve this equation + + align:start position:0% +doing? I want to solve this equation + + + align:start position:0% +doing? I want to solve this equation +when the forcing function is a delta + + align:start position:0% +when the forcing function is a delta + + + align:start position:0% +when the forcing function is a delta +function. So I'm going to call y the + + align:start position:0% +function. So I'm going to call y the + + + align:start position:0% +function. So I'm going to call y the +impulse response. It's the solution that + + align:start position:0% +impulse response. It's the solution that + + + align:start position:0% +impulse response. It's the solution that +comes when the forcing function is an + + align:start position:0% +comes when the forcing function is an + + + align:start position:0% +comes when the forcing function is an +impulse. So y is the impulse response. + + align:start position:0% +impulse. So y is the impulse response. + + + align:start position:0% +impulse. So y is the impulse response. +In fact, it's so important I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +In fact, it's so important I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +In fact, it's so important I'm going to +give it its own letter G. G. Now, can I + + align:start position:0% +give it its own letter G. G. Now, can I + + + align:start position:0% +give it its own letter G. G. Now, can I +turn that y into a g? So that g + + align:start position:0% +turn that y into a g? So that g + + + align:start position:0% +turn that y into a g? So that g +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +g of t + + align:start position:0% +g of t + + + align:start position:0% +g of t +is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +impulse response. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, if I can solve that equation, you + + align:start position:0% +Okay, if I can solve that equation, you + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, if I can solve that equation, you +might say not so easy with a delta + + align:start position:0% +might say not so easy with a delta + + + align:start position:0% +might say not so easy with a delta +function. Uh, it's not even a genuine + + align:start position:0% +function. Uh, it's not even a genuine + + + align:start position:0% +function. Uh, it's not even a genuine +function. It's a little bit crazy. It + + align:start position:0% +function. It's a little bit crazy. It + + + align:start position:0% +function. It's a little bit crazy. It +all happens in 1 second. But I'm sorry, + + align:start position:0% +all happens in 1 second. But I'm sorry, + + + align:start position:0% +all happens in 1 second. But I'm sorry, +in one instant. Not over one second, but + + align:start position:0% +in one instant. Not over one second, but + + + align:start position:0% +in one instant. Not over one second, but +one moment. Okay. But I can solve it. I + + align:start position:0% +one moment. Okay. But I can solve it. I + + + align:start position:0% +one moment. Okay. But I can solve it. I +can solve it for this reason. + + align:start position:0% +can solve it for this reason. + + + align:start position:0% +can solve it for this reason. +I can think of it as an impulse here or + + align:start position:0% +I can think of it as an impulse here or + + + align:start position:0% +I can think of it as an impulse here or +I have an option another way which + + align:start position:0% +I have an option another way which + + + align:start position:0% +I have an option another way which +clearly I can think of it as solving it + + align:start position:0% +clearly I can think of it as solving it + + + align:start position:0% +clearly I can think of it as solving it +with no force + + align:start position:0% +with no force + + + align:start position:0% +with no force +mgp prime same + + align:start position:0% +mgp prime same + + + align:start position:0% +mgp prime same +problem same solution is zero + + align:start position:0% +problem same solution is zero + + + align:start position:0% +problem same solution is zero +but I start from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I start from less Nothing's happening. Y + + align:start position:0% +I start from less Nothing's happening. Y + + + align:start position:0% +I start from less Nothing's happening. Y +of 0 is zero. + + align:start position:0% +of 0 is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 is zero. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +it starts from an initial velocity. Y + + align:start position:0% +it starts from an initial velocity. Y + + + align:start position:0% +it starts from an initial velocity. Y +prime of 0. I give it a the impulse + + align:start position:0% +prime of 0. I give it a the impulse + + + align:start position:0% +prime of 0. I give it a the impulse +starts it out like a golf ball. Just go + + align:start position:0% +starts it out like a golf ball. Just go + + + align:start position:0% +starts it out like a golf ball. Just go +and it it there's a one over m there. I + + align:start position:0% +and it it there's a one over m there. I + + + align:start position:0% +and it it there's a one over m there. I +I'll discuss that another time. + + align:start position:0% +I'll discuss that another time. + + + align:start position:0% +I'll discuss that another time. +What I want to see now is that I have + + align:start position:0% +What I want to see now is that I have + + + align:start position:0% +What I want to see now is that I have +either this somewhat mysterious + + align:start position:0% +either this somewhat mysterious + + + align:start position:0% +either this somewhat mysterious +equation or this totally normal equation + + align:start position:0% +equation or this totally normal equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation or this totally normal equation +even a no equation starting from y of 0= + + align:start position:0% +even a no equation starting from y of 0= + + + align:start position:0% +even a no equation starting from y of 0= +0 but with an initial velocity that the + + align:start position:0% +0 but with an initial velocity that the + + + align:start position:0% +0 but with an initial velocity that the +impulse gave to the system and I should + + align:start position:0% +impulse gave to the system and I should + + + align:start position:0% +impulse gave to the system and I should +be calling this g + + align:start position:0% +be calling this g + + + align:start position:0% +be calling this g +this is the g we'll see impulse + + align:start position:0% +this is the g we'll see impulse + + + align:start position:0% +this is the g we'll see impulse +responses again but let's see it this + + align:start position:0% +responses again but let's see it this + + + align:start position:0% +responses again but let's see it this +time by solving this equation. So I plan + + align:start position:0% +time by solving this equation. So I plan + + + align:start position:0% +time by solving this equation. So I plan +to solve that equation and actually we + + align:start position:0% +to solve that equation and actually we + + + align:start position:0% +to solve that equation and actually we +solved it last time. + + align:start position:0% +solved it last time. + + + align:start position:0% +solved it last time. +You remember the solution to that this + + align:start position:0% +You remember the solution to that this + + + align:start position:0% +You remember the solution to that this +one. When it starts from zero there's no + + align:start position:0% +one. When it starts from zero there's no + + + align:start position:0% +one. When it starts from zero there's no +cosine + + align:start position:0% +cosine + + + align:start position:0% +cosine +but when the initial velocity is 1 / m + + align:start position:0% +but when the initial velocity is 1 / m + + + align:start position:0% +but when the initial velocity is 1 / m +there is a sign. So I'm going to just + + align:start position:0% +there is a sign. So I'm going to just + + + align:start position:0% +there is a sign. So I'm going to just +write down + + align:start position:0% +write down + + + align:start position:0% +write down +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +g of t + + align:start position:0% +g of t + + + align:start position:0% +g of t +which is just sine of omega nt. And why + + align:start position:0% +which is just sine of omega nt. And why + + + align:start position:0% +which is just sine of omega nt. And why +is it the natural frequency? Because I'm + + align:start position:0% +is it the natural frequency? Because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is it the natural frequency? Because I'm +solving the I'm solving the null. I'm + + align:start position:0% +solving the I'm solving the null. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +solving the I'm solving the null. I'm +looking for a null solution. The + + align:start position:0% +looking for a null solution. The + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a null solution. The +previous video on no solutions gets me + + align:start position:0% +previous video on no solutions gets me + + + align:start position:0% +previous video on no solutions gets me +this only I have to divide by get get 1 + + align:start position:0% +this only I have to divide by get get 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this only I have to divide by get get 1 +/ m + + align:start position:0% +/ m + + + align:start position:0% +/ m +as the initial velocity. Do you see + + align:start position:0% +as the initial velocity. Do you see + + + align:start position:0% +as the initial velocity. Do you see +that? That will solve the null equation. + + align:start position:0% +that? That will solve the null equation. + + + align:start position:0% +that? That will solve the null equation. +This is what happens to the the uh + + align:start position:0% +This is what happens to the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +This is what happens to the the uh +uh pendulum or the golf ball. Well, + + align:start position:0% +uh pendulum or the golf ball. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +uh pendulum or the golf ball. Well, +pendulum much better. Actually, golf + + align:start position:0% +pendulum much better. Actually, golf + + + align:start position:0% +pendulum much better. Actually, golf +balls are poor poor example. Sorry about + + align:start position:0% +balls are poor poor example. Sorry about + + + align:start position:0% +balls are poor poor example. Sorry about +that. Golf balls don't swing back and + + align:start position:0% +that. Golf balls don't swing back and + + + align:start position:0% +that. Golf balls don't swing back and +forth. They tend to go. I'm looking at + + align:start position:0% +forth. They tend to go. I'm looking at + + + align:start position:0% +forth. They tend to go. I'm looking at +pendulums, springs going up and down. + + align:start position:0% +pendulums, springs going up and down. + + + align:start position:0% +pendulums, springs going up and down. +So, the spring starts out has an initial + + align:start position:0% +So, the spring starts out has an initial + + + align:start position:0% +So, the spring starts out has an initial +velocity of 1 / m and then after that + + align:start position:0% +velocity of 1 / m and then after that + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of 1 / m and then after that +nothing happens. So, that is the impulse + + align:start position:0% +nothing happens. So, that is the impulse + + + align:start position:0% +nothing happens. So, that is the impulse +response. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the response to an impulse. And why do I + + align:start position:0% +the response to an impulse. And why do I + + + align:start position:0% +the response to an impulse. And why do I +like that? First of all, it's beautiful. + + align:start position:0% +like that? First of all, it's beautiful. + + + align:start position:0% +like that? First of all, it's beautiful. +Simple answer. Secondly, every forcing + + align:start position:0% +Simple answer. Secondly, every forcing + + + align:start position:0% +Simple answer. Secondly, every forcing +function every and the output comes from + + align:start position:0% +function every and the output comes from + + + align:start position:0% +function every and the output comes from +this one. We'll see that point. So we've + + align:start position:0% +this one. We'll see that point. So we've + + + align:start position:0% +this one. We'll see that point. So we've +we've introduced forcing functions cos + + align:start position:0% +we've introduced forcing functions cos + + + align:start position:0% +we've introduced forcing functions cos +omega t + + align:start position:0% +omega t + + + align:start position:0% +omega t +where the particular solution was a + + align:start position:0% +where the particular solution was a + + + align:start position:0% +where the particular solution was a +multiple of cos omega t and now we've + + align:start position:0% +multiple of cos omega t and now we've + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of cos omega t and now we've +introduced the forcing function delta + + align:start position:0% +introduced the forcing function delta + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the forcing function delta +the delta function where the response is + + align:start position:0% +the delta function where the response is + + + align:start position:0% +the delta function where the response is +a sign function. Okay, thank you. \ No newline at end of file